LiBRARV OF /iNGLo Saxon Poetrv 1 VOL.L I •BEOVULF- Harrison AND Sharp GiNN, Heath ^ Co. ANGLO-SAXON COLLECTroKl THE BEQUEST OF Professor of Exgush Literatttre ef the corxeu. university 18TO-1911 h.-x^i-rv^y -va \rJ *»*^^^*4955^H S The date shows when this volume was taken. To renew this book copy the call No. and give to ' , ^ the librarian. 5 (V^j\r> , , HOME USERULES"^ All Books subject to Recall. , Books not in use for ' . 1? V'"' / ' instruction or researf:li '"''■' - ' - are returnable within 4 w^eks. Volumes of periodi- cals and of pamphlets are held in the library AUG 8 ~ 1940 1 as much as possible. ^*''' For special purposes they are given out for a limited time. ■ , ■ Borrowers ' should not use their library J privileges for ^he bene- U fit of other persons. ' Students must re- turn all books before leaving town. Officers should arrange for the return of books wanted during their absence from town. Books "needed by more than one person are held on the reserve list. ^ Books of special value and gift books, when the" giver wishes it, are not allowed to tirculate. Readers .are asked to iepovt all cases of books marked or tnuti- lated. Do not deface books by marks and writi^e. M- ^ Cornell University ^1' kj Library The original of tliis book is in tlie Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31 924031 292604 I. BEOWULF: ■ AN ANGLO-SAXON POEM. II. THE FIGHT AT FINNSBUEH: A FRAGMENT. WITH TEXT AND GLOSSAEY ON THE BASIS OF M. HBYNE. EDITED, CORRECTED, AND ENLARGED, BY JAMES A. HARRISON, rnoi'EssoB oi" English and modern lansuagbs, Washington and LEE UNIVEBSITT, and ROBERT SHARP (Ph.D. Lips.), PEOPESSOB OF GREEK AND ENGLISH, DHIVBKSITT OE LOUISIANA. BOSTON : PUBLISHED BY GINN, HEATH, & CO. 1883. Entered according to Act of Congreee, in the year 1883, by James Ai^bebt Harbison and Robebt Shabf, in the Oi£ce of the Librarian of Congress^ at Washington. 1. I-'- J. S. CnsHiNo & Co., Tbinters, 115 High Street, Boston. JS'OTE I. rpHE present work, carefully edited from Heyne's fourth edition, -*- (Paderborn, 1879), is designed primarily for college classes in Anglo-Saxon, rather than for independent investigators or for seekers after a restored or ideal text. The need of an American edition of "Beowulf" has long been felt, as, hitherto, students have had either to send to Germany for a text, or secure, with great trouble, one of the scarce and expensive English editions. Heyne's first edition came out in 1863, and was followed in 1867 and 1873 by a second and a third edition, all three having essen- tially the same text. So many important contributions to the "Beowulf" literature were, however, made between 1873 and 1879 that Heyne found it necessary to put forth a new edition (1879). In this new, last edi- tion, the text was subjected to a careful revision, and was fortified by the views, contributions, and criticisms of other zealous scholars. In it the collation of the unique " Beowulf " Ms. (Vitellius a. 15 : Cottonian Mss. of the British Museum), as made by E. Kolbing in Herrig's Archiv (Bd. 56 ; 1876), was followed wherever the present condition of the Ms. had to be discussed; and the researches of Bugge, Rieger, and others, on single passages, were made use of. The discussion of the metrical structure of the poem, as occurring in the second and third editions, was omitted in the fourth, owing to the many controversies in wh'ich the subject is still involved. The present editor has thought it best to do the same, though, happily, the subject of Old English Metrik is undergoing a steady illumination through the labors of Schipper and others. IV NOTE I. Some errors and misplaced accents in Heyne's text have been corrected in the present edition, in which, as in the general revision of the text, the editor has been most kindly aided by Prof. J. M. Garnett, late Principal of St. John's CoUegej Maryland. In the preparation of the present school edition it has been thought best to omit Heyne's notes, as they concern themselves principally with conjectural emendations, substitutions of one read- ing for another, and discussions of the condition of the Ms. Until A^'ulcker's text and the photographic fac-simile of the original Ms. are in the hands of all scholai's, it will be better not to introduce such matters in the school room, where they would puzzle without instructing. For convenience of reference, the editor has added a head-line to each "lit" of the poem, with a view to facilitate a knowledge of its episodes. Washington and Lee UNiVERSiiy, Lexington, Va., June, 1882. ITOTE II. THE editors now have the pleasiire of presenting to the public a complete text and a tolerably complete glossary of "Beowulf." The edition is the first published in America, and the first of its special kind presented to the English public, and it is the initial volume of a "Library of Anglo-Saxon Poetry," to be edited under the same auspices and with the cooperation of distinguished schol- ars in this country. Among these scholar's may be mentioned Professors F. A. March of Lafayette College, T. K. Price of Colum- bia College, and W. M. Baskervill of VanderbUt University. In the preparation of the Glossary the editors found it necessary to abandon a literal and exact translation of Heyne for several reasons, and among others fromi the fact that Heyne seems to be wrong in the translation of some of his illustrative quotations, and even translates the same passage in two or three different ways under different headings. The orthography of his glossary differs considerably from the orthography of his text. He fails to discriminate with due nicety the meanings of many of the words in his vocabulary, while criticism more recent than his latest •edition (1879) has illustrated or overthrown several of his ren- derings. The references were found to be incorrect in innumerable instances, and had to be verified in every individual case so far as . this was possible, a few only, which resisted all efforts at verifica- tion, having to be indicated by an interrogation point (?). The references are exceedingly numerous, and the labor of verifying them was naturally great. To many passages in the Glossary, where Heyne's translation could not be trusted with entire cer- tainty, the editors have added other translations of phrases and sentences or of special words ; and in this they have been aided by a careful study of the text and a comparison and utilization of the views of Kemble and Professor J. M. Gamett (who takes Grein for his foundation). Many new references have been added ; vi NOTE n. and the various passages in which Heyne fails to indicate whether a given verb Ls weak or strong, or fails to point out the number, etc., of the illustrative form, have been corrected and made to harmonize with the general plan of the work. Numerous misprints in the glossary have also been corrected, and a brief glossary to the Finnsburh-fragraent, prepared by Dr. Wm. Hand Browne, and supplemented and adapted by the editor-in-chief, has been added. The editors think that they may without immodesty put forth for themselves something more than the claim of being re-trans- lators of a translation : the present edition is, so far as they were able to make it so, an adaptation, correction, and extension of the work of the great German scholar to whose loving appreciation of the Anglo-Saxon epic all students of Old English owe a debt of gratitude. While following his usually sure and cautious guidance, and in the main appropriating his results, they have thought it best to deviate from him in the manner above indicated, whenever it seemed that he was wrong. The careful reader will notice at once the marks of interrogation which point out these deviations, or which introduce a point of view illustrative of, or supplementary to, the one given by the German editor. No doubt the editors are wrong themselves in many places, — " Bedwulf " is a most difficult poem, — but their view may at least be defended by a reference to the original text, which they have faithfully and constantly con- sulted. A good many cognate Modem English words have been intro- duced here and there in the Glossary with a view to illustration, and other addenda wiU be found between brackets and parentheti- cal marks. It is hoped that the present edition of the most famous of Old English poems will do something to promote a valuable and interesting study. James A. Hareison, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Va. April, 1883. KoBEET Sharp, tTniversiiy of Louisiana, Kern Orleans. The responsibility of the editors is as follows : H. is responsible for the Text, and for the Glossary from tarinan on ; S. for the List of Kames, and for the GlosEfliy as far as hrlaan. DEDICATED PROFESSOR F. A. MARCH, OF LAFATETTE COLLEGE, FA., FREDERICK J. FURNIVALL, Esq. PODNDBR OF THE " HEW SHAKSPBRB SOOIETT," THE " CHAXTCEB SOCIEIT," ETC., ETC. ARGUMENT. The only national [Anglo-Saxon] epic which has been preserved entire is Beowulf. Its argument is briefly as follows : — The poem opens with a few verses in praise of the Danish Kings, especially Scild, the son of Sceaf. His death is related, and his descendants briefly traced down to Hro^gar. Hro%ar, elated with his prosperity and suc- cess in war, builds a magnificent hall, which he calls Heorot. In this hall Hro^gar and his retainers live in joy and festivity, until a malig- nant fiend, called Grendel, jealous of their happiness, carries off by night thirty of Hro'Sgar's men, and devours them in his moorland re- treat. These ravages go on for twelve years. Beowulf, a thane of Hygelac, King of the Goths, hearing of HrolSgar's calamities, sails from Sweden with fourteen warriors to help him. They reach the Danish coast in safety ; and, after an animated parley with Hro^gar's coast- guard, who at first takes them for pirates, they are allowed to proceed to the royal hall, where they are well received by Hro:5gar. A banquet ensues, during wliich Beowulf is taunted by the envious HunferhS about his swimming-match with Breca, King of the Brondings. Beowulf gives the true account of the contest, and silences Hunferh^. At night-fall the King departs, leaving Beowulf in charge of the hall. Grendel soon breaks in, seizes and devours one of Beowulf's companions ; is attacked by Beowulf, and, after losing an arm, which is torn off by Beowulf, escapes to the fens. The joy of HrofSgar and the Danes, and their fes- tivities, are described, various episodes are introduced, and Beowulf and Ms companions receive splendid gifts. The next night Grendel's mother revenges her son by carrying off -iEschere, the friend and coun- cillor of HroBgar, during the absence of Beowulf. Hro%ar appeals to Beowulf for vengeance, and describes the haunts of Grendel and his mother. They all proceed thither ; the scenery of the lake, and the mon- sters that dwell in it, are described. Beowulf plunges into the water, and attacks Grendel's mother in her dwelling at the bottom of the lake. He at length overcomes her, and cuts off her head, together with that of Grendel, and brings the heads to HrotSgar. He then takes leave of HrcSgar, sails back to Sweden, and relates his adventures to Hygelac. X ARGUMENT. Here the first half of the poem ends. The second begins with the accession of Beowulf to the throne, after the fall of Hygelac and his son Heardred. He rules prosperously for fifty years, till a dragon, brooding over a hidden treasure, begins to ravage the country, and des- troys Beowulf's palace with fire. Beowulf sets out in quest of its hiding- place, with twelve men. Having a presentiment of his apptoaching end, he pauses and recals to mind his past life and exploits. He then takes leave of his followers, one by one, and advances alone to attack the dragon. Unable, from the heat, to enter the cavern, he shouts aloud, and the dragon comes forth. The dragon's scaly hide is proof against Beowulf's sword, and he is reduced to great straits. Then Wiglaf, one of his followers, advances to help him. Wiglaf's shield is consumed by the dragon's fiery breath, and he is compelled to seek shelter under Beo- wulf's shield of iron. Beowulf's sword snaps asunder, and he is seized by the dragon. "Wiglaf stabs the dragon from underneath, and Beowulf cuts it in two with liis dagger. Feeling that his end is near, he bids Wiglaf bring out the treasures from the cavern, that he may see them before he dies. Wiglaf enters the dragon's den, which is described, returns to Beowulf, and receives his last commands. Beowulf dies, and Wiglaf bitterly reproaches his companions for their cowardice. The disastrous consequences of Beowulf's death are then foretold, and the poem ends with his funeral. — H. Sweet, in Warton's History of English Poetry, Vol. II. (ed. 1871). Cf. also Ten Brink's History of English Literature. BEOWULF. I. The PASsiNa op Scyld. TTWAT! we G§,r-Dena in geAr-daguin -^-*- ]je6d-cynmga Irj-m gefrunon, M ]>& atSelingas ellen fremedon. Oft Scj-ld Scfifing sceatSena fredtum, 5 monegum maegSum meodo-setla oftedh. Egsode eorl, sySSan aerest weai^ fe4-sceaft funden : he fas fi"6fre gebM, we6x under wolcnum, •weorS-mj-ndum S4h, 6S fat.him aeghwj'lc ])4ra ymb-sittendra 10 ofer hron-rMe hjTan scolde, gomban gyldan: fat was g6d cyning! f am eafera was after cenned geong in geardum, fone god sende folce td frOfre; fyren-fearfe ongeat, 15 fat hie ser drugon aldor-Zedse lange hwile. Him fas llf-fred, wuldres wealdend, worold-^'e forgeaf ; Be6wulf was breme (bleed wide sprang), ^Seyldes eafera Scede-landum in. 20 Sw§, sceal geong guma. g6de gewyrcean, fromum feoh-giftum on fader wine, fat hine on j-lde efb gewunigen wil-gesl6as, fonne wig cume, le6de gelaesten: lof-daedum sceal 25 in mse^a gehwaere man gefe6n. Him ]>k Scyld gewAt t6 gescap-hwlle fela-hrdr ffiran on fredn ware ; hi h3-ne ]&. atbaeron t6 brimes faroSe, 2 2 BEOWTTLF. [29-59. swaese gesltSas, swA he selfa bad, 30 fenden wordum we61d wine Scyldiuga, le6f land-fruma lange Ahte. pser at hy^e stdd hringed-stefna, Isig and fitffts, at5elinges far; a-16don ]>k le6fne fedden, 35 bedga bryttan on bearm scipes, maerne be maste. pser was mAdma fela, of feor-wegum fratwa gelaeded : ne hj-rde ic cymllcor ce61 gegyrwan hilde-waepnum and heaSo-wsedum, 40 billum and bymum; him on bearme ISg mMma manigo, ]>^ him mid scoldon on flddes seht feor gewltan. Nalas hi hine lassan Mcum te6dan, fe6d-gestre6num, ponne fS, dj'don, 45 fe hine at frumsceafte forS onsendon senne ofer ySe umbor wesende : fA gyt hie him Asetton segen gyZdenne hedh ofer hedfod, Ifiton hohn beran, geAfon on g&r-secg : him was gedmor sefa, 50 murnende m6d. Men ne cunnon secgan t6 s65e s61e raedenne, haleS under heofenum, hwd fam hlaste onftog. II. The Hall Heorot. pA was on burgum Be6wulf Scyldinga, le6f le6d-cyning, longe prage 55 folcum gefraege (fader ellor hwearf, aider of earde) , 6S fat him eft onwdc hedh Healfdene; he61d fenden lifde, gamol and g(i«-re6w, glade Scyldingas. pam fe6wer beam fortS-gerlmed 60-94.] BEOWULF. 60 in worold wdcnn, weoroda rseswan, HeorogAr and HrdSgAr and Haiga til; hyrde ic, fat Elan cwfin Ongeripedwes w^s HeaSoscilflnges heals-gebedde. p& was HrdtSg^re here-sp6d gyfen, 65 wlges weorS-mynd, fat Mm his wine-mdgas georne hyrdon, 68 fat se6 geogotS gewe6x, mago-driht micel. Him on m6d beam, fat heal-reced h^tan wolde, medo-arn micel men gewyrcean, 70 fone yldo beam sefre gefrunon, and fser on innan eall gedselan geongum an5 ealdum, swylc him god sealde, buton folc-scare and feorum gumena. pa ic wide gefriign weorc gebannan 75 manigre mseg^e geond fisne middan-geard, folc-stede fratwan. Him on fyrste gelomp adre mid j'ldum, fat hit wearS eal gearo, heal-arna meest ; sc6p him Heort naman, se fe his wprdes geweald wide hafde. 80 He be6t ne M6h, bedgas diElde, sine at sj'mle. Sele hlifade hedh and horn-gedp : heatSo-wylma bM, M6an Uges ; ne was hit lenge fd gen. fat se ecg-hete ^Sum-swerian 85 after wal-nl6e wacnan scolde. pa se ellen-gaest earfotSlice frage gefolode, se fe in fy-strum bM, fat he dfigora gehwam dredm gehj-rde hlfldne in healle ; f aer was hearpan sw6g, 90 swutol sang sc6pes. Sagde se fe cAtSe frum-sceaft flra feorran reccan, cwaS fat se almihtiga eorSan worhie, wlite-beorhtne wang, swd water bebftgeS, gesette sige-hr6^ig sunnan and m6nan 4 BBdWULF. [96-125, 95 le6maii t6 le6hte land-btlendum, and gefratwade foldan sceitas leomum and ledfum ; llf e&c gescedp cynna gehwylcum, y&xa, fe cwiee hwyrfaS. SwA f A driht-guman dre^mum lifdon 100 eddigllce, 6S fat An ongan f3Tene fremman, fe6nd on helle: was se grimma gast Grendel Mten, msere mearc-stapa, se fe mdras he61d, fen and fasten ; f ifel-cj'nnes eard 105 won-sselig wer weardode hwlle, sitJSan him scyppend forscrifen hafde. In Caines cynne fone cwealm gewrac, 6ce drihten, fas fe he Abel sl6g; ne gefeah he faere faehtSe, ac he hine feor forwi'ac, 110 metod for fj' m^ne man-cynne fram. panon untydras ealle onw6con, eotenas and ylfe and orcn6as, swjice gigantas, fA wit5 gode wunnon lange frage; he him fas ledn fbrgeald. III. Grbndel's Visits. 115 Gewat fS, ne6sian, sytSSan niht becom, hedn hAses, hft hit Hring-Dene after be6r-fege gebftn hafdon. Fand ]>k f ser inne atSelinga gedriht swefan after symble; sorge ne c6Son, 120 won-sceaft wera. Wiht unhaslo gi-im and grsedig gearo s6na was, re6c and rfiSe, and on raste genam fritig fegna: fanon eft gew4t hftSe hr^mig td hAm faran, 125 mid tsere wal-fylle wlca ne6san. 126-160.] BEOWULE. pA was on uhtan mid ser-dage Grendles gftS-crafb gumum undyrne: f^ was after wiste w6p up Ahafen, micel morgen-sw6g. Maere fe6deii, 130 a^eling 8er-g6d, unblKSe sat, folode fryS-swy^, fegn-sorge dredh, sy^San hie fas MtJan Idst scedwedon, wergan g&stes; was fat gewin t6 Strang, MS and longsum. Nas hit lengra fyrst, 135 ac ymb dne niht eft gefremede morS-beala mdre and n6 mearn fore fsehtSe and fyrene; was t6 fast on fAm. pa was edS-fj^nde, fe him elles hwser gerAmllcor raste sdhte, 140 bed after bfirum, fd him gebedcnod was, gesagd s6Slice sweotolan tdcne heal-fegnes hete; he61d hine syStSan fyr and fastor, se fam fe6nde atwand. Swd rixode and wiS rihte wan . 145 dna wiS eallum, 6S fat Idel st6d hdsa shiest. • Was se6 hwtl micel : twelf wintra tid torn gef olode wine Scyldinga, wedna gehwelcne, sldra sorga; forfam syS^an weartS 150 ylda bearnum undj-rne cftS, gyddum ge6more, fatte Grendel wan hwlle wit5 HrdtSgto; — hete-nlSas wag, fyrene and faeht5e fela misserq,, singale sace, sibbe ne wolde 155 wis manna hwone magenes Deniga feorh-bealo feorran, fe6 fingian, ne fser naenig witena w6nan forfte beorhtre b6te t6 banan folmum; atol aglseca ^htende was. 160 deorc dedS-scfta duguSe and geogoSe, i (6 Be6wULF. [161-192. seomade and syrede. Sin-nihte he61d mistige m6ras ; men ne cunnon, hwyder hel-rftnan hwyrftum scrl6a8. SwA fela fyrena fe6nd man-cynnes, 165 atol An-gengea, oft gefremede heardra hynt5a; Heorot eardode, sinc-fSge eel sweartum nihtum (n6 he fone gif-st61 grfitan mdste, miSSum for metode, ne his vayne wisse); 170 fat was wraee micel wine Scyldinga, m6des brecSa. Monig-oft gesat rtee t6 rftne ; raed eahtedon, hwat swl5-ferhSum sfilest wsere wi^ fser-gryrum td gefremmanne. 175 Hwllum hie gehfiton at harg-trafum wig-weorSunga, wordum baedon, pat him g^st-bona ge6ce gefremede wis pe6d-))re4um. Swylc was peAw hyra, haeSenra hj-ht; helle gemundon 180 in mdd-sefan, motod hie ne cflSon, dseda dfimend, ne wiston hie drihten god, ne hie htra heofena helm hfirian ne eftSon, wuldres waldend. Wk biS pam pe sceal purh sUSne nl5 sdwle bescftfan 185 in fyres faSm, fr6fre ne wSnan, wihte gewendan ; wel bit5 pam pe mdt after dedS-dage drihten sficean and td fader faSmum freotJo wilnian. IV. Hygelao's Thane, SwA pa msel-ceare maga Healfdenes 190 singala se4tS ; ne mihte snotor haletS wedn onwendan : was pat gewin t6 sw;^, laS and longsum, pe on pa le6de becom, . 1 93-227. ] BEOWULF. nyd-wracu ni8-grim, niht-bealwa mifist. pat fram h4m gefragn Higeldces fegn, 195 g6d mid Gedtum, Grendles daeda: se was mon-cynnes magenes strengest on fSm dage fysses Itfes, aSele and e&cen. H6t him ;yS-lidan gddne gegyrwan; cwaS he gftS-cyning 200 ofer swan-rAde sfecean wolde, mserne }>e6den, f^ him was manna fearf. pone sl6-fat him snotere ceorlas lyt-hwon 16gon, fedh he him le6f wsere ; hwetton higerdfae, hsel scedwedon. 205 Hafde se g6da Gedta le6da cempan gecorone, f S,ra fe he cdnoste findan mihte ; flftena sum sund-wudu s6hte ; secg wlsade, lagu-craftig mon, land-gemyrcu. 210 Fyrst fortS gewdt: flota was on yt5um, bat under beorge. Beornas gearwe on stefn stigon ; stredmas wundon sund wifS sande ; secgas bseron on bearm nacan beorhte fratwe, 215 g(!l8-searo geatollc; guman At scufon, weras on wil-stS wudu bundenne. Gew^t fd ofer waeg-holm winde gefyaed flota fdmig-heals fugle gelicost, 68 fat ymb i,n-tid 6t5res ddgores 220 wunden-stefna gewadeh hafde, fat fd llSende land gesdwon, ' brim-clifu bllcan, beorgas steApe, side sse-nassas : ]>&, was sund liden, eoletes at ende. panon up hratSe 225 Wedera le6de on wang stigon, sae-wudu sseldon (syrcan hrysedon, gftS-gewsedo) ; gode fancedon, 8 BEOWULF. [228-257. fas fe him yS-lMe edSe wurdon. pa of wealle geseah weard Scildinga, 230 se \>e holm-clifa healdan scolde, beran ofer bolcaa beorhte randas, fyrd-searu fAsUcu ; hine fyrwyt brae m6d-gehygdum, hwat fA men wseron. Gewdt him Tpk t6 warot5e wicge ridaa 235 fegn Hr6Sg4res, frymmum cwehte magen-wudu mundum, meSel-wordum fragnt "Hwat syndon ge searo-habbendra "by mum werede, fe fus brontne ce61 "ofer lagu-straete laedan cw6mon, 240 "hider ofer holmas helmas bceron? "Ic was ende-saeta, aeg-wearde he61d, "fat on land Dena IdSra naenig "mid scip-herge sce'S'San ne meahte. " N6 her ctiSlicor cuman ongnnnon 245 " lind-habbende ; ne ge ledfnes-word " gftS-fremmendra gearwe ne wisson, " m4ga gemMu. Nasfre ic mdran geseah " eoria ofer eorSan, fonne is e6wer sum, " secg on searwum ; nis fat seld-guma 250 " waspnum geweorSad, nafne him his wlite le6ge, " senile an-syn. Nu ic e6wer seeal " frum-cj-n witan, ser ge fyr heonan " ledse sceAweras on land Dena "fm-^ur fSran. Nu ge feor-bftend 255 " mere-llSende mlnne gehj'rafS "an-fealdne gefdht: 6fest is ablest "t6 gecytSanne, hwanan e6wre cyme syndon." 258-289.] BEOWULF. V. The Eeeand. Him se yldesta andswarode, werodes wisa word-hord onledc: 260 "We synt gum-cynnes Gedta le6de " and HigelAces heorS-gene4tas. "Wiis mta fader folcum gec^ed, " aSele ord-fruma Ecgpe6w Mten; " gebid wintra -worn, ser he on weg hwnrfe, 265 " gamol of geardum ; hine gearwe geman "witena wel-hwj'lc wide geond eorSan. — " We furh holdne hige hUford finne, " suuu Healfdenes, sficean cw6mon, " le6d-gebyrgean : wes pu As Mrena g6d! 270 "HabbatS we t6 fam mseran micel ferende "Deniga fredn; ne sceal faer dj-rne sum "wesan, fas ic w^ne. pu wtet, gif hit is, " swS, we s6Mce secgan bJTdon, "pat mid Scyldingum sceatSa ic n^t hwj'lc, 275 " de6gol dsed-hata, deorcnm nihtnm " edwetS furh egsaa uncftSne niS, "hynSu and hva-fyl. Ic fas HrdSgAr mag "purh rflmne sefan rsed gelseran, "hft he fr6d and g6d fe6nd oferswySeS, 280 "gyf him ed-wendan sefre scolde "bealuwa bisign, b6t eft cuman "and J>a cear-wj'lmas c61ran wurSaS; "oSSe k sy6«an earfoS-prage, "pred-njd polaS, penden peer wunatS 285 "on hedh-stede hftsa s61est." Weard matSelode, peer on wicge sat ombeht unforht: "^ghwaSres sceal " scearp scyld-wlga gescM witan, "worda and worca, se pe wel penceS. 10 BEOWULF. [290-319. 290 " Ic fat gehjTe, fat fis is hold weorod "freAn Scyldinga. GewltaS foi-S beran "waepen and gewsedu, ic e6w wisige: " swylce ic magu-fegnas mine h^te "wits fe6nda gehwone flotan e6werne, 295 " niw-tyrwedne nacan on sande " arum healdan, 66 fat eft byreS " ofer lagu-stredmas le6fne mannan " wudu wunden-hals t6 Weder-mearce. " GftS-fremmendra swyleum gifeSe bitS, 300 "fat fone hilde-rses Ml gedtgeS." Gewiton him f4 ffiran (flota stille bM, seomode on sdle sld-fa6med scyp, on ancre fast) ; eofor-llc sci6non ofer hle6r-beran gehroden golde 305 f&h and fyr-heard, ferh wearde he61d. GASm6de grummon, guman onetton, sigon atsomne, 6S fat hy sal timbred geatolic and gold-fdh ongytan mihton ; fat was fore-maerost fold-bftendum 310 receda under roderum, on fam se rlca b4d; lixte se le6ma ofer landa fela. Him f 4- hilde-de6r hof mddigra torht getaehte, fat hie him t6 mihton gegnum gangan; g&, eUen-r6f andswarode, wlanc Wedera le6d word after sprac, heard under helme : ' ' "We synt HigelAces " he6d-genei,tas ; Be6wulf is min nama. ""WiUe ic Aseggan suna Healf denes, 345 "mserum I)e6dne mln aerende, " aldre ftnum, gif he As geunnan wile, "fat we hine swS, g6dne grfitan m6ton." Wulfgir maSelode (fat was Wendla Je6d, was his m6d-sefa manegum gecj'tSed, 350 wig and wls-d6m) : "ic fas wine Deniga, "fredn Scildinga frinan wille, 12 BEOWULF. [362-382. "bedga bryttan, sw^ fu bfina eart, "))e6deri mserne ymb finne sl6 ; " and ]>e fd, andsware adre gecySan, 355 " fe me se gdda %ifan fencetS." Hwearf ]>& hradlice, fEer HrdSgdr sat, eald and unhdr mid his eorla gedriht ; code ellen-r6f, fat he for eaxlam gestdd Deniga fredn, cfiSe he dugut5e fedw. 360 Wulfg^r maSelode t6 his wine-drihtne : "Her syndon geferede feorran cumene " ofer geofenes begang Gedta le6de : "fone yldestan oret-mecgas "Be6wulf nemna^. Hy bfinan synt, 365 "fat hie, ])e6den mln, wiS fe m6ton " wordum' wrixlan ; n6 fu him wearne getedh, " f Inra gegn-cwida gladnian, Hrdig&vl " Hy on wlg-geatwum wyrSe finceaS "eorla gesehtlan; hfiru se aider dedh, 370 " se fsem heat5o-rincum hider wfeade." VII. Heothgae's Welcome, He6Sgak maSelode, helm Scyldinga: "Ic hine ctiSe cniht-wesende. "Was Ms eald-fader Ecgfe6 hdten, "fam t6 hdm forgeaf Hr6Sel Gedta 375 "dngan ddhtor ; is his eafora nu "heard her cumen, s6hte holdne wine, "ponne sagdon fat s£e-liSende, " f4 ])e gif-sceattas Gedta fyredon "fyder td ])ance, fat he frittiges 380 "manna magen-craft on his mund-gripe "heatSo-r6f hjibbe. Hine hdlig god "for dr-stafum & se rlca, j-mb hine rinc manig, 400 fryfSKc f egna hedp ; sume f aer bidon, heaSo-redf he61don, swd him se liearda bebedd. Snyredon atsomne, fd secg wlsode under Heorotes hr6f ; hyge-rdf eode, heard under helme, fat he on he6Se gestdd. 405 Be6wulf maSelode (on him. byrne scdn, searo-net se6wed smi'Ses or-fancum) : ' ' Wes f u Hr65gdr hdl ! ic eom Higeldces " mseg and mago-fegn ; habbe ic maerSa fela " ongunnen on geogoSe. Me weaHS G-rendles fing 410 "on mlnre 6Sel-tyrf undyrne cA6 : " secgaS sse-ltSend, fat fes sele stande, ' ' reced sfilesta, rinca gehwylcum ' ' idel and unnyt, siSSari 8efen-le6ht "under heofenes hddor beholen weoi^e®. 415 " pd me fat gelserdon le6de mine, " f d s^lestan, snotere ceorlas, "fe6den HrOSgdr, fat ic fe s6hte; 14 Be6wULF. [418-452. ' forfan hie magenes craft mlnne cfttSoa : ' selfe ofersAwon, ]>&, ic of searwum cwom, ' f&h from fedadum, paer ic fife geband, 'ySde eotena cyn, and on ySum sl6g ' niceras nihtes, nearo-pearfe dredh, ' wrac Wedera nl6 (wedn Ahsodon) ' forgrand gramum ; and nu wi6 Grendel sceal, ' wiiS f am aglaecan, kna gehegan ' fing wis fyrse. Ic fe nu fA, ' brego Beorht-Dena, biddan wille, ' eodor Scyldinga, dnre b6ne ; ' fat fu me ne forwjrrne, wigendra hle6, ' fre6-wine folca, nu ic fus feorran com, 'fat ic m6te Ana and mlnra eorla ^gedryht, ' fes hearda hedp, Heorot faslsian. ' Habbe ic edc gedhsod, pat se aglaeca ' for his won-hj'dum woepna ne r6ce?S ; ' ic pat ponne forhicge, sw4 me HigelAc sle, ' mln mon-drihten, m6des bllSe, ' pat ic sweord here oSSe stdne scj-ld ' geolo-rand t6 gftSe ; ac ic mid grdpe sceal ' f6n wis fe6nde and j-mb feorh sacan, ' Ids wis IdSum ; paer gelj-fan sceal ' dryhtnes d6me se pe hine dedS nimeS. ' W6n' ic pat he wille, gif he wealdan m6t, ' in pam gftS-sele Gedtena le6de ' etan unforhte, sw4 he oft dj'de ' magen HrfiSmanna. Nd pu minne pearft ' hafalan hj'dan, ac he me habban wUe ' dre6re fdhne, gif mec dedS nimeS, 'byreS bl6dig wal, byrgean penceS, 'eteS dn-genga unmurnltce, 'mearcaS m6r-h6pu : n6 pu ymb mines ne pearft ' llces feorme leng sorgian. ' Onsend HigelAce, gif mec hild nime, 453-483.] ' Be6wULF. 15 " beadu-scrftda taetst, fat mine bre6st weretS, "liragla shiest; pat is HrfiSlan W, 455 " Wfelandes geweorc. GseS k Wyrd swA hi6 seel ! " VIII. Heothgae tells of Geendel. Hr66gar matSelode, helm Scj'ldinga: "for were-fyhtum }>u, wine mtn Be6wulf, "and for ar-stafum 6sic sdhtest. " Gesldh fin fader faeliSe mseste, 460 " wears he HeaSol^fe td hand-bonan ' ' mid Wilfingum ; ]>k bine Wedera cyn "for here-br6gan habban ne mihte. "panon he ges6bte SiiS-Dena folc " ofer j-Sa gewealc, Ar-Scyldinga ; 465 " }i& ic furSum we61d folce Deninga, " and on geogo^e he61d gimme-rlce "hord-burh haleSa : }& was HeregAr dedd, "min yldra mseg unliflgende, ' ' beam Healfdenes. Se was betera fonne ic ! 470 " SiSSan fS, fsehSe fe6 fingode ; " sende ic Wj-lfingum ofer wateres hrycg ' ' ealde mMmas : he me 4Sas sw6r. "Sorb is me t6 secganrie on sefan minum " gumena sengum, hwat me Grendel hafaS 475 " hj'nSo on Heorote mid his hete-fancmn, "fser-niSa gefremed. Is mln flet-werod, " wig-hedp gewanod ; hie Wyrd forswe6p " on Grendles gryre, God edSe mag " fone dol-scatSan deeda getwsefan! 480 "Ful oft gebe6tedon be6re druncne " ofer ealo-w£ege oret-mecgas, " fat hie in be6r-sele bidan woldon ' ' Grendles gftSe mid grj-rum ecga. ] 16 BEOWULF. ' [484-CU. "ponne was ])e6s medo-hcal on morgen-tld, 485 " driht-scle drc6r-fah, l>oniie diig lixte, " eal benc-felu bl6dc bestymcd, "hcall heoru-dre6i'e : Ahte ie holdra ])y las, " dc6rre duguSe, fe ]>ti dedS fornam. "Site nu t6 S3-nile and onssel mcoto, 490 " sige-hr66 secgum, swA fin scfa hwette!" pa was Gcdt-macgum geador atsomne on be6r-sele bene gerj^med ; ])8er swlS-ferMc sittan eodon frySum dealle. pcgn nytte behe61d, 495 se fe on handa bar hroden ealo-waege, scencte sclr wered. Scop hwllum sang hMor on Heorote ; fser was hiilctSa dredm, dugutS unlytel Dena and "Wedera. IX. HuNFBRTi-i Objects to Be6wulf. HunferS maSelode, EcglAfes beam, 500 ])C at f6tum sat fredn Scj'ldinga ; onband beadu-rflne (wiis him Be6wulfes slt5, m6dges mere-faran, miccl ilf-]niuea, forfon ))e he nc fitSe, fat tenig OScr man sefre moerSa fon mil middan-geardes 505 gehfiddo under heofennm fonne he sylfa) : "Eart ])U se Be6wulf, se fe wi5 Brecan wunne, "on sldne sae ymb sundflite, " fffir git for wlence wada cunnedori " and for dol-gilpe on de6p water 510 " aldrum n68don? Ne inc asnig mon, "ne le6f ne ldt5, beledn- mihte "sorh-fuUne slS; ]>&, git on sund re6n, "fser git edgor-stredm earmum Jiehtori, "maston mere-strseta, mundum briigdon, 515-549.] BEOWULF. 17 515 520 525 530 535 540 545 'glidon ofcr gdr-secg; geofon ySum we61, ' wintres wylme. Git on wtiteres oeht ' seofon niht swuncou ; he pe at sunde oferfl^t, 'hafde m&re magen. pd hine on morgen-tid ' on HeaSo-rsemas holm up atbar, 'fonon he ges6hte swsesne 68el ' le6f his le6dum lond Brondinga, ' freotSo-hurh fagere, faer he folc dhte, 'burg and bedgas. Be6t eal wlS ])e ' sunu BednstAnes s6Se gelseste. ' ponne wfine ic t6 ]>e wyrsan gejiinges, ' fedh fu hedSo-rsesa gehwser dohte, ' grimre gtiSe, gif ])u Grendles dearst ' niht-longne fyrst nedn bldan ! " Be6wulf maSelode, beam Ecg])e6wes : ' Hwat fu worn fela, wine min HfinferS, ' be6re druncen ymb Brecan sprsece, ' sagdest from his siSe ! S68 ic talige, ' fat ic mere-strengo mdran dhte, ' eafe^o on ySum, ponne £enig 6Ser man. ' Wit pat gecwsedon cniht-wesende ' and gebe6tedon (wasron begen pd git ' on geogof5-feore) pat wit on gdr-secg tit ' aldrum nfiSdon ; and pat geafndon swd. ' Hafdon swm-d nacod, pd wit on sund re6n, ' heard on handa, wit unc wit5 hron-fixas ' werian pdhton. N6 he wiht fram me ' fl6d-ySum feor fle6tan meahte, 'hratSor on holme, n6 ic fram him wolde. ' pd wit atsomne on sae waeron ' fif nihta fyrst, 6S pat unc fl6d tddrdf , ' wado weallende, wedera cealdost, ' nlpende niht and norSan wind ' heaSo-grim andhwearf ; hre6 wseron ySa. ' Was mere-fixa m6d onhrfired : 18 BEOWULF. [550-580. 550 " J)£er me wiS ia,tSum Hc-syrce mln, "heard hond-loeen, helpe gefremede ; "beado-hragl broden on bre6stum lag, "golde gegyrwed. Me td grunde teAb "f^h fe6nd-scaSa, fiiste liafde 555 "grim on grdpe: hwaSre me gyfe8e wearS, "fat ic aglaecan orde geraehte, " hilde-bille ; heat5o-raes fornam "mibtig mere-de6r furh mine hand. X. Beowulf's Contest with Beeoa. — The Feast. 560 565 570 575 580 ' SwA mec gel6me MS-gete6nan * fredtedon fearle. Ic him pfinode ' de6ran sweorde, 8wA hit gedfife was ; 'uas hie fsere fylle gefedn hafdon, ' man-fordaedlanf fat hie me p6gon, ' symbel ymb-sseton sae-grunde nedh, ' ac on mergenne m^cum wuude 'be yS-ldfe uppe laegon, ' sweordum dswefede, fat sjiSSan n§L 'ymb brontne ford brim-liSende ' lade ne letton. Le6ht edstan com, ' beorht bedcen godes ; brimu swatSredon, 'fat ic sae-nassas gese6n mihte, ' windige weallas. Wyrd oft neretS 'unfasgne eorl, Sonne his ellen dedh! ' HwaSefe me gesaelde, fat ic mid sweorde ofsldh 'niceras nigene. N6 ic on niht gefragn 'under heofones hwealf heardran feohtan, ' pe on 6g-stredmum earmran . mannan ; ' hwaSere ic fdra feng feore gedlgde, slSes wfirig. pa mec sas 68bar, fl6d after farotJe, on Finna land, 681-615.] BEdwULF. 19 "wadu weallendu. N6 ic wiht fram fe " swylora searo-ntSa secgari hyrde, "billa br6gan: Breca nsefre git " at hea^o-Mce, ne gehwaSer incer 585 " sw^ de6rllce daed gefremede ' ' f&gum sweordum " n6 io fas gylpe; "])edh pu flnum brdtSrum t6 banan wurde, " hedfod-msegum ; fas fu in helle scealt 590 " werhtSo dre6gan, fedh fin wit duge. " Secge ie fe t6 s6tSe, sunu EcgMfes, "pat naefre Grendel sw^ fela gryra gefremede, "atol aglaeca ealdre finum, "hyn?5o on Heorote, gif pin hige waere, 595 '^ sefa sw^ searo-gi-im, swA pu self talast. "Ac he hafatS onfunden, pat he ]>& faehSe ne pearf, ' ' atole ecg-prace e6wer le6de " swlSe onsittan, Sige-Scyldinga ; "nymetS nyd-bMe, nsenegum Ara'S 600 "le6de Deniga, ac he on lust wlg6i5, " swefeS ond sendee, sacce ne -wfineS " td Gftr-Denum. Ac him Gedta sceal " eafoS and ellen ungedra nu ".gASe gebe6dan. GseS eft se pe m6t 605 "td medo m6dig, sitSSan morgen-le6ht " ofer j'^lda beam 6&es d6gores, " sunne swegl-wered s& fre611e wlf ful gesealde aerest Edst-Dena 66el-wearde, bad hine bltSne at fsere be6r-])ege, le6dum le6fiie ; ho on lust gepeah 620 symbel and sele-ful, sige-r6f kyning. Ymb-eode fft ides Helminga duguSe and geogoSe dsel ffighwjlcne; sinc-fato sealde, 6t5 fat sael aiamp, fat hi6 Be6wulfe, bedg-hroden cwSn, 625 mdde gefungen, medo-ful atbar ; gr6tte Gedta le6d, gode fancode wls-fast wordum, fas fe hire se willa gelamp, fat he6 on senigne eorl gelyfde fyrena fr6fre. He fat ful gefeah, 630 wal-re6w wlga at 'W"ealhfe6n, and fd gyddode gflSe gefysed, Be6wulf matSelode, beam Ecgfe6-wes : " Ic fat hogode, fd ic on holm gestdh, " sae-bdt gesat mid mlnra secga gedriht, 635 "fdt ic dntinga e6wra le6da " willan geworhte, otStSe on wal crunge, " fe6nd-grdpum fast. Ic gefremman sceal " eorllc ellen, oSSe ende-dag " on fisse meodu-healle mlnne gebldan." 640 pam wife fd word wel llcodon, gilp-cwide Gedtes ; code gold-hroden fre611cu folc-cw6n td hire fredn sittan. pd was eft swd ser inue on healle fryS-word sprecen, fe6d on saelum, 645 sige-folea 8w6g, 65 fat semninga sunu Healfdenes sficean wolde aefen-raste ; wiste cit f am ahlaecan t6 fam hedh-sele hilde gefinged, si66an hie sunnan le6ht gese6n we meahton, 650 oS6e nipende niht ofer ealle, 651-681.] BEOWULF. 21 scadu-helma gesceapu seiiSan cw6man, wan under wolcnum. Wcrod eall Ards. Grfitte f A giddum guma 65erne, HrdSgdr Be6wulf, and him tel Abedd, 655 win-arnes geweald and ])at word Acwa'S : "Naefre ic senegum men aer Alyfde, " siSSan ic bond and rond hebban mihte, " fry^-arn Dena baton fe nu ])&. "Hafa nu and geheald hftsa sMest; 660 " gemyne mser^o, magen-ellcn cf^, "waca wi6 wr4^um! Ne MS pe wilna gM, "gif fu fat ellen-weorc aldre gedigest." XI. The Watch foe Gtrendel. pA him Hr6iSg&r gewa,t mid his halet5a gedryht, eodur Scyldinga At of healle ; 665 wolde w!g-fruma Wealh))e6 sfiean, cw6n t6 gebeddan. Hafde kyninga wuldor Grendle t6-gednes, sw4 guman gefrungon,. sele-weard Aseted: sundor-nytte behe61d ymb aldor Dena, eoton weard fi,bedd ; 670 liftru Gedta le6d georne trflwode- m6dgan magnes, metodes hyldo. pa, he him of dyde isern-byrnan, helm of hafelan, sealde his hjTsted swebrd, irena cyst ombiht-pegne, 675 and gehealdan h6t hilde-geatwe. Gesprac ])d se g6da g3-lp-worda sum Be6wulf Gedta, aer he on bed stige : " N6 ic me an here-waesmum hndgran talige " gflS-geweorca, fonne Grendel hiue ; 680 "forpan ic hine sweorde swebban nelle, " aldre bene6tan, ]'cdh ic eal mjege. ; 22 BEOWULF. [682-710. "NAt he fdra g6da, fat he me on-gedn sled, "rand gehedwe, fedh fe he rOf sie ' ' niS-geweorca ; ' ac wit on niht sculon 685 " secge ofersittan, gif he gesficean dear "wig ofer waepen, and siSiSan witig god " on sw& hwaSere bond hfl,lig dryhten "mserSo dSme, sw4 him gemet pince." Hylde hine ]>& heaSo-de6r, hle6r-bolster onf6ng 690 eorles andwlitan ; and hine ymb monig snelllc sae-rinc sele-reste gebedh. Nsenig heora ffihte )jat he fanon scolde eft eard-lufan aefre gesficean, folc aSHe fre6-hurh, fser he iffided was, 695 ac hie hafdon gefrunen, pat hie asr t6 fela micles in fam win-sele wal-de48 fornam, Denigea le6de. Ac him dryhten forgeaf wlg-spMa gewiofu, "Wedera le6dnm frdfor and fultum, pat hie fe6nd heora 700 pui-h dnes craft ealle oferc6mon, selfes mihtum : s6tS is gecySed, pat mihtig god manna cynnes we61d wlde-ferh6. Com on wanre niht scriSan sceadu-genga. Sce6tend swsefon, 705 J)A pat horn-reced healdan scoldon, ealle buton toum. pat was yldum cftS, pat hie ne mdste, pa metod nolde, se syn-scaSa under sceadu bregdan ; ac he waccende wrASum on andan 71,0 bM bolgen-mdd beadwa gepinges. 711-742.] BEOWULF. 23 XII. Geendel's Raid. pA com of mdre under mist-hleo^iun Grendel gongan, godes yrre bar. Mynte se infi,n-scat5a manna cynnes snmne besyrwan in sele fam hedn; 715 w6d under wolcnum, t6 fas fe he win-reced, gold-sele gumena, gearwost wisse fattum fdhne. Ne was fat forma sl6, fat he HrdSgdres hS,m gesdhte : nisfre he on aldor-dagum aer ne siSSan 720 heardran hale, heal-fegnas fand ! Com f & t6 recede rinc slSian dredmum-bedteled. Duru s6na onarn fyi'-bendum fast, sySSan he hine folmum hika ; onbrad fd bealo-hydig, fS. he dbolgen was, 725 recedes mftSan. EatSe after fon on fdgne flor fe6nd treddode, eode yiTe-m6d ; him of edgum stdd llge gellcost le6ht unfager. Geseah he in recede rinca manige, 730 swefan sibbe-gedriht samod atgadere, mago-rinca hedp : fa his m6d 4hl6g, mynte fat he gedselde, ffir fon dag cw6me, atol aglseca, S.nra gehwylces Itf wis lice, fft him Mumpen was 73o wist-fylle w6n. Ne was fat wyrd fd gen, fat he m& m6ste manna cynnes ficgean ofer ]>& niht. pryS-swyS behe61d mseg Higeldces, lA se mdn-scaSa under fser-gripum gefaran wolde. 740 Ne fat se aglseca yldan f6hte, ac he geffing hraSe forman stSe slaependne rinc, sldt unwearnum, 24 BEOWULF. [743-777. hkt ba,n-locan, bl6d fidrum dranc, syn-snsedum swealh: s6na hafde 745 unlyfigendes eal gefeormod ffit and folma. ForS neir atstdp, nam ]>& mid handa hige-fihtigne rinc on raste ; raahte ongedn fe6nd mid folme, he onffing hratSe 750 inwit-fancum and wiS earm gesat. S6na fat onfunde fyrena liyrde, fat he ne mfitte middan-geardes eor6an scedta on eh'an men mund-gripe m^ran : he on m6de wear^ 755 forht on ferhSe, n6 fy ser fram meahte ; hyge was him hin-fk was wundor micel, fat se win-sele wiShafde heaSo-de6rum, fat he on hrusan ne fe61, fager fold-bold; ac he fas faste was 775 inuan and dtan Iren-bendum searo-foncum besmii5od. pser fram sylle Abedg medu-benc monig ntilne gefraege, 778-808.] BEOWULF. 25 golde geregnad, ])i3er }&, grainau wunnon; pas ne ■\\eiidon sei- witan Scyldiuga, 780 pat hit &, mid gemete manna renig betllc and _bS,n-fi1,g t6brecan meahte, listum tdldcan, nj-m'Se liges fa6m swulge on swaiSule. Sw6g up Ast% niwe genealilie ; NorS-Denum st6d 785 atellc egesa Anra geliwylcum pdra pe of wealle w6p geh^rdon, giyre-le65 galan godes andsacan, sige-ledsue sang, sS,r witnigean helle haftan. He61d hine t6 faste 790 se pe manna was magene strengest on pam dage pysses Itfes. XIII. Be6"wulf Teaes^off Gbendel's Arm. NoLDE eoria lile6 {Bnige pinga . pone cwealm-cuman cwicue forlsetan, ne his lif-dagas le6da fenigum 795 nj^tte tealde. p£er genehost bragd eorl Be6wulfes ealde l&fe, wolde fred-dribtnes feorh ealgian mieres pe6dnes, peer hie meahton sw& ; hie pat ne wiston, ]>& hie gewin drugon, 800 heai'd-hicgcnde hilde-mecgas, and on healfa gehwone hedwan p6hton, sAwle s6can, pelt pone syn-scat5an ffinig ofer eoi-San Irenna cyst, gftS-billa ndn grfitan nolde ; 805 ac he sige-waepnum forsworen hafde, ecga gehwylcre. Scolde his aldor-gedS.1 on piim dage pysses lifes earmlic wurSan and se ellor-gdst 26 BEOWULF. [809-837. on fe6nda geweald feor slSian. 810 p4 pat onfunde se ];e fela jeror m6des myrSe manna cynne fyrene gefremede (he was f^g witS god) fat him se llc-homa Isestan nolde, ac hine se m6dega mseg HygeMces 815 hafde be honda; was gehwatSer 6«ram lifigende MS. Llc-sAr gebM atol aglaeca, him on eaxle weartS syn-dolh sweotol, seonowe onsprungon burston b§,n-locan. Be6wulfe wear8 820 g&, gefaelsod, se pe aer feorran com, snotor and swyt5-ferhS sele Hr6SgAres, genered witS nlSe. Niht-weorce gefet, ellen'maei'Sum ; hafde Edst-Denum 830 Gedt-mecga le6d gilp gelaested, swylce oncy^tSe ealle gebfitte, inwid-sorge, pe hie aer dragon and for pred-nydum polian scoldon, torn unljtel. pat was t^cen sweotol, 835 sytSSan hilde-de6r hond diegde, earm and eaxle (paer was eal geador Grendles grdpe) under gedpne hidf. 838-869.] BEOWULF. 27 XIV. The Joy at Heoeot. pA was on morgen mine. gefr£Ege ymb fa gif-healle gftS-rinc monig: 840 f^rdon folc-togan feorran and nedn geond wid-wegas . wundor scedwian, IkiSes Idstas. N6 Ms lif-gedfl,l sdrlic ffthte secga aenegum, Jj^ra fe tir-ledses trode scedwode, 845 M he w6rig-ni6d on weg fanon, nl6a ofercumen, on nicera mere faege and geflymed feorh-ldstas bar. par was on bl6de brim weallende, atol y^a geswing eal gemenged 850 bdtan heolfre, lieoro-dre6re we61; dedtS-faege de6g, sitSSan dredma leds in fen-freot5o feorh Alegde bseSene sdwle, fser him hel onfSng. panon eft gewiton eald-gesl8as, 855 swylce geong manig of gomen-wdSe, fram mere mddge, mearum rtdan, beornas on blancum. pser was Be6wulfes mserf5o mcened ; monig oft gecwaS, fatte sAS ne nor8 be ssem tweonum 860 ofer eormen-grund 6Ser naenig under swegles begong *s61ra nsere rond-habbendra, rices wyrSra. Ne hie hAru wine-drihten wiht ne Idgon, gladne Hr6'Sgdr, ac >at was g6d cyning. 865 Hwilum heaSo-r6fe hiedpan ISton, on geflit faran fealwe mearas, Jjser him fold-wegas fagere ffthton, cystum cftSe; hwilum cyninges fegn, guma gilp-hladen gidda gemyndig, 28 BEdwULF. [870-904. 870 se ye eal-fela eald-gesegena worn gemunde, word 66er fand sd6e gebunden: secg eft ongan sis Be6wulfes sn;y;ttrum styrian and on sp6d wrecan spel gerMe, 875 wordum wrixlan, wel-hwylc gecwatS, pat he fram Sigemunde- secgan hyrde, ellen-daedum, uncftSes fela, Walsinges gewin, wide slSas, p4ra pe gumena beam gearwe ne wiston, 880 fffihtSe and fyrene, buton Fitela mid bine, ponne he swylces hwat secgan wolde edm his nefan, sw^ hie A wseron at nlSa gehwam ny^d-gesteallan : hafdon eal-fela eotena cynnes 885 sweordum gesseged. Sigemunde gesprong after deAt5-dage d6m unlytel, sytStSan wlges heard wyrm ^.cwealde, hordes hyrde ; he under hdrne st4n, atSelinges beam, Ana gen66de 890 frficne daede ; ne was him Fitela mid. Hwa6re him gesaelde, pat pat swurd purhwdd wratllcne W3'rm, pat hit on wealle atst6d, dryhtllc Iran ; draca morSre swealt. Hafde agteea elne gegongen, 895 pat he bedh-hordes brftcan mOste selfes d6me : sae-bAf gehldd, ' bar on bearm scipes beorhte fratwa, Walses eafera ; wj-rm hdt gemealt. Se was wreccena wide mjerost 900 ofer wer-pe6de, wlgendra hle6 ellen-daedum (he pas ser onpih), siStJan Heremddes hild sweSrode eafoS and elleh. He mid eotenum weai^ on fe6nda ge weald forS forldcen, 905-934.] BEOWULF. 29 905 snfide forsended. Hine sorh-wylmas lemede t6 lange, he his le6dum weariS, eallum aSehngum t6 aldor-ceare ; swylce oft bemearn serran maelum swltS-ferhSes si6 snotor ceorl monig, 910 se fe him bealwa t6 b6te gelyfde, fat fat fe6diies beam gefedn. scolde, fader-aSelum onfdn, folc gehealdan, hord and hle6-burh, haletSa rice, 6t5el Scyldinga. He feer eallum wearS, 915 meeg HigeMees manna cynne, fre6ndum gef agra ; hine fyren onw6d. Hwilum flttende fealwe strsete mearum maeton. p& was morgen-le6ht scofen and scynded. Eode scealc monig 920 switS-hicgende t6 sele fam hedn, searo-wundor se6n, swylce self cyning, of bryd-b& se aglseca, fyren-dsedum f4g on fledm gewand, aldres or-wfina. N6 fat y^e bjt5 t6 befle6nne (fremme se fe wille !) 1005 ac gesacan sceal sAwl-berendra nyde genydde niSt5a bearna grand-b&, mseg^e m^ran weorode ymb hyra sinc-gyfan s61 gebseran. Bugon fA t6 bence blsed-Agende, 1015 fylle gefsegon. Fagere gefsegon medo-ful manig ra^gas f f^ra swl8-hicgende on sele fam hedn, Hr6tSgfl,r and Hr6Sulf. Heorot innan was fredndum fl-fylled ; nalles fAcen-stafas 1020 pe6d-Scyldingas penden fremedon. Forgeaf ]ik Be6wulfe beam Healfdenes segen gyldenne sigores t6 ledne, hroden hilte-cumbor, helm and byrnan ; . msere mil?58um-sweord manige gesdwon 1025 beforan beorn beran. Be6wulf gefah ful on flette ; n6 he f sere feoh-gyfte for sce6tendum seamigan porfte, ne gefragn Ic fl:'e6ndltcor fe6wer mMmas golde gegyTede gum-manna fela 1030 in ealo-bence 6^rum gesellan. Ymb fas helmes hr6f hedfod-beorge wlrum bewunden walan fttan he61d, fat him f61a Idfe frficne ne meahton scfir-heard sceSSan, fonne scyld-freca 1035 ongedn gramum gangan scolde. 1036-10G4.] BEOWULF. 33 . H6ht ]>& eorla hle6 eahta mearas, fated-lile6re, on flet te6n in under eoderas ; J'Ara ftnum stdd sadol searwum f^h since gewur^ad, 1040 fat was hilde-setl hedh-cyninges, fonne sweorda gelAc sunu Healfdenes efnan wolde ; usefre on 6re lag ■wld-cfttSes wtg, fonne walu fe611on. And ])& Be6wulfe bega geliwaSres 1045 eodor Ingwina onweald getedh, wicga and weepna ; hfit hine wel brftcan. Sw& manlice mffire ])e6den, • hord-weard haleSa heaSo-rsesas geald mearum and mddmum, swA hf najfre man lyM, 1050 se fe secgan wile s6S after rihte. XVII. Song of Heothgae's Poet — The Lay of Hnaef and Hbngest. pi. gyt seghwj'lcum eorla drihten ]>iLTa ]>e mid Be6wulfe brim-lMe tedh, on faere medii-bence m^SStim gesealde, yrfe-ldfe, and pone senne h6ht 1055 golde forgyldan, pone pe Grendel ser m&ne Acwealde, swS, he hyra md, wolde, nefne him witig god wyrd forstdde and pas mannes m6d : metod eallum we61d gumena cynnes, swA he nu git d&6 ; 1060 forpan bi8 andgit seghwser shiest, ferhSes fore-pane ! fela sceal gebldan le6fes and \&Ses, se pe longe her on pyssum win-dagum worolde brAceS. pser was sang and swfig samod atgadere 34 BEdwiILF. [1065-1099. 1065 fore Healfdenes hilde-wisan, gomen-wudu grated, • gld oft wrecen, fonne heal-gamen Hr6l5g4res sc6p after medo-bence msenan scolde Finnes eaferum, fd hie se faer begeat: 1070 "HaleS Healfdenes, Hnaf Scyldinga, " in Fr . . es wale feallan scolde. "Ne hiiru Hildeburh hfirian forfte " eotena tre6we : unsynnum wearS "beloren le6fum at fam lind-plegan 1075 "beamum and brdtJrum; hie on gebyrd hruron "gSje wunde; fat was gedmuru ides. "Nalles hdlinga H6ces ddhtor " meotod-sceafb bemeam, sySSan morgen com, " Tpd, he6 under swegle gese6n meahte 1080 " morSor-bealo m^ga, pser he6 aer maeste he61d "worolde wynne: wig ealle fomam "Finnes fegnas, nemne fedum ^num, "fat he ne mehte on fam metSel-stede "wig Hengeste wiht gefeohtan, 1085 " ne Tp& wed-Mfe wlge forpringan "pe6dnes fegne; ac hig him gefingo budon, "pat hie him 6^er flet eal ger^mdon, "healle and hedh-setl, pat hie healfre geweald "wis eotena beam S.gan mdston, 1090 " and at feoh-gyftum Folcwaldan sunu " d6gra gehwylce Dene weoi^ode, "Hengestes hedp hringum wenede, "efne swd swlSe sinc-gestre6num "fattan goldes, swd he Fresena cyn 1095 "on be6r-sele byldan wolde. "pa hie getrflwedon on twd healfk "faste ftio?5u-wa2re ; Fin Hengeste "elne unflitme aSum benemde, "pat he pa wed-iafe weotena ddme 1100-1130.] BEOWULF. 35 1100 " Arum heolde, fat faer senig m'on 'wordum ne worcum wsere ne braece, ' ne f urh inwit-searo ssfre gemsenden, ' f edh hie hira bedg-g3-fan banan folgedon ' ]je6den-ledse, ]>& him swS, gefearfod was: 1105 "gyf fonne Frysna hwylc frfienan sprsEce 'fas mor^or-hetes myndgiend ware, 'fonne hit sweordes ecg syS^an scolde. 'AS was geafned and icge gold ' dhafen of horde. Here-Scyldinga 1110 "betst beado-rinca was. on basl gearu; ' at fam dde was 6S-gesyne ' swAt-f&h S5'rce, swyn eal-gylden, ' eofer tren-heard, aSeling manig ' wundum Awyrded ; sume on wale crungon. 1115 "H6t ]>k Hildeburh At Hnafes Me ' hire selfre sunu sweoloSe befastan, ' bS,n-fatu barnan and on bffil d6n. ' Earme on eaxle ides gnornode, 'ge6mrode giddum; gdtS-rinc dstah. 1120 "Wand td wolcnum wal-fyra mtest, ' hlynode for hMwe ; hafelan multon, ' ben-geato burston, fonne bl6d atspranc 'MS-bite liees. Llg ealle forswealg, ' gsesta* gtfrost, fdra fe fser gftS fornam 1125 "bega folces; was hira blsed scaeen. XVIII. The Gieema^'s Tale is Ended. "Gewiton him fd wigehd wlca ne6sian, "fre6ndum befeallen Frysland gese6n, "hdmas and hed-burh. Hengest ]>& gyt "wal-fdg'ne winter wunode mid Finne 1130 "ealles unhHtme ; eard gemunde, 36 BEOWULF. [1131-1165. "fedh fe he ne meahte on mere diifau " hringed-stefnan ; holm storme we61, "won wis winde; winter ySe beledc "Is-gebinde 6f5 Jiat 6Ser com 1135 " gear in geardas, swS, nu gj't d6S, "fa fe sj'ngales s61e bewitiaS, " wuldor-torhtan weder. pa was winter scacen, "fager foldan bearm ; fundode wrecca, "gist of geardum; he td gyrn-wrace 1140 "swltSor ])6hte, fonne td sae-iade, " gif he torn-gemdt , furhte6n mihte, "pat he eotena beam inne gemunde. " Swa he ne forwymde worold-raedenne, "fonne him Hftniafing hilde-le6man, 1145 "billa s61est, on bearm dj-de: ")>as wjeron mid eotenum ecge ciiSe. "Swylee ferhS-frecan Fin eft begeat " sweord-bealo sHfSen at his selfes hdm, " siSSan grimne gripe GftSMf ond 6siaf 1150 " after sae-sl5e sorge maendon, " atwiton wedna dael; ne meahte wafre mdd "forhabban in hret5re. pa was heal hroden "fe6nda feorum, swUce Fin slagen, " cyning on colore, and se6 cw6n numen. 1155 " Sce6tend Scyldinga t6 scypum feredon " eal in-gesteald eorS-cyninges, "swylee hie at Finnes ham findan meahton " sigla searo-gimma. Hie on sse-iade " drihtllce wlf td Denum feredon, 1160 "laeddon t6 le6dum." Le68 was asungen, gle6-manne8 gyd. G-amen eft astah, beorhtode benc-sw6g, bjTelas sealdon win of wunder-fatum. pa cwom Wealh))e6 foii5 gan under gyldnum hedge, paer pa g6dan twegen 1 1G5 sfEton suhter-gefaderan ; pa gyt was hiera sib atgadere 1166-1192.] BEOWULF. 37 £Eghwylc 6«rum trfwe. Swylce fser Hftufei-S jiyle at fdtum sat fredn Scyldinga : gehwylc Mora his ferhSe tre6wde, fat he hafde m6d mieel, fedh pe he his mitgum nsere tofast at ecga geMcum. Sprac ]>& ides Scyldinga: 1170 "Onf6h pissum fulle, fre6-di-ihten min, " sinces brytta ; ]>n on sselum wes, "gold- wine gumena, and t6 Gedtum spree "mildum wordum! SwA sceal man d6n. "Be6 wis Gedtas glad, geofena gemyndig; 1175 "nedn and feorran pu nu fri^u hafast. "Me man sagde, pat pu pe for sunu wolde " here-rine habban. Heorot is gefselsod, "bedh-sele beorhta ; brtlc penden pu mdte ' ' manigra m6da and ptnum magum Isef 1180 " folc and rice, ponne pu forS scyle " metod-seeaft se6n. Ic mtnne can ' ' gladne Hr6Sulf, pat he ]>k geogoSe wile " Arum healdan, gyf pu ser ponne he, ' ' wine Scildinga, worold oflaetest ; 1185 " w6ne ic, pat he mid g6de gyldan wille " uncran eaferan, gif he pat eal gemon, ' ' hwat wit t6 wiUan and t6 wort5-rnyndum " umbor wesendum £er krna, gefremedon." Hwearf pd bl bence, pser hj're byre waeron, 1190 Hr6Sric and HrdSmund, and haletSa beam, giogofS atgadere ; pser se g6da sat Be6wulf Gedta be pseta gebrdtSrum twsem. 38 Be6wIILP. [1193-1222. SIX. Be6wtjlf's Jewelled Collae. The Heroes Eest. Him was ful boren and fre6nd-la«a wordum bewagned and wunden gold 1195 6stum geeAwed, earm-hreide twA, hragl and hringas, heals-bedga msest |?fl,ra ]>e ic on foldan gefragen habbe. Naenigne ic under swegle sfilran h^de bord-mASiSum hale«a, sjiSSan Hama atwag 1200 t6 faere byrbtan byrig Brosinga mene, sigle and sine-fat, searo-nlSas fealh Eormenrlces, geceds 6cne raed. pone bring hafde HigeMe Gedta, nefa Swertinges, nybstan siSe, 1205 sit5t5an he under segne sine ealgode, wal-reAf werede ; hyne Wyrd fornam, sySSan he for wlenco wedn fl,hsode, fsehfSe td Frysum ; he ]>& fratwe wag, eorclan-stfl,nas ofer ^a ful, 1210 rice. }>e6den, be under rande gecranc; gehwearf ]>k in Franena faSm feorh cyninges, bre6st-gew8edu and se bedh somod: wjTsan wlg-frecan wal redfedon after gftS-seeare, Gedta le6de 1215 hre4-wlc he61don. Heal swfige onffing. Wealb])e6 maSelode, he6 fore fam werede sprac: " Brftc pisses hedges, Be6wulf, le6fa "hyse, mid hsele, and pisses bragles ne6t " f e6d-gestre6na, and gepe6h tela, 1220 " cen pec mid crafte and pyssum cnyhtum wes "Idra 116e! ic pe pas ledn geman. , ' ' Hafast pu geffired, piit pe feor and nedh 1223-1251.] BEOWULP; 39 " ealne wlde-ferh^ weras elitigatS, "efne sw^ side swd see bebftgetS. 1225 "-windige weallas. Wes, fenden J)u lifige, "atSeling eddig! ic fe an tela " sinc-gestre6na. Be6 fu suna mlnum " dfedum ged^fe dredm healdende! "Her is seghwylc eoii • 6Srum getrywe, 1230 "m6des milde, man-dribtne hold, "fegnas syndon gefwffire, fe6d eal gearo: " druncne dryht-guinan, d6S swS, ic bidde ! " Eode ]>&, td setle. peer was symbla cyst, •druncon win weras : w3Td ne ctiSon, 1235 ge6-sceaft grimme, swA hit ftgangen wearS eorla manegum, sy^San aefen cwom and him Hr6Sg4r gew4t t6 hofe slnum, rice t6 raste. Reced weardode unrlm. eorla, swi hie oft ser dydon : 1240 benc-pelu beredon, hit geond-brssded wearS beddum and bolstrum. Be6r-scealca sum ffls and fsege flet-raste gebedg. Setton him td heAfdiim hUde-randas, bord-wudu beorhtan ; f ser on bence was 1245 ofer aiSelinge yt5-ges6ne heaSo-stedpa helm, hringed byrue, frec-wudu frymllc. Was pekw hyra,- fat hie oft wseron an wig gearwe, ge at hS,m ge on herge, ge gehwa^er f&ra 1250 efne swylce msela, swylce hira man-drj'htne fearf gesaelde ; was se6 f e6d tilu. 40 Be6wULI'. [1252-1282. Gteendel's Mother Attacks the RrNO-DANES. SiGON ]>k td slaepe. Sum sAre angeald sefen-raste, swA him ful-oft gelamp, siSBan gold-sele Grendel warode, 1255 miriht afnde, 6S fat ende becwom, Bwylt after synnum. pat ges^ne weariS, wtd-cAS weram, fatte wreeend fS. gyt lifde after 14Sum, lange frage aft«r gftS-ceare; Grendles mddor, 1260 ides agtec-wlf yrmtSe gemunde, se pe water-egesan wunian scolde, cealde stredmas, sitSSan Cain weariS td ecg-banan Angan brfiSer, f aderen-maege ; he ]>&, f4g gewAt, 1265 morSre gemearcod man-dredm fle6n, wfisten warode. panon wde fela ge6sceafl^g^ta ; was fsera Grendel sum, heoro-wearh hetellc, se at Heorote fand waccendne wer wtges bldan, 1270 ffEr him aglaeca at-grsepe weari5 ; hwaSre he gemunde magenes strenge, gim-faste gife, ]>e him god sealde, and him t6 anwaldan Are gelyfde, fr6fi-e and fultum: ])f he fone fe6nd ofercwom, 1275 gehnaegde helle-gdst: ]>&, he hedn gewAt, dredme bedseled ded^-wtc se6n, man-cynnes fe6nd. And his m6dor }& gyt gtfre and-galg-m6d geg&n wolde sorh-fulne sl5, suna dcdS wrecan. 1280 Com ]id td Heorote, faer Hring-Dene geond fat said swseftin. p4 fser s6na weai^ ed-hw3'rft eorlum, siSSan inne fealh 1283-1317.] BEOWULF. 41 Grendles ia6dor; was se gryre lassa efne sw4 micle,. sw& bits magtSa craft, 1285 wlg-grj-re wifes be w£epned-men, ponne heoru bunden, hamere gepiiren, sweord swfi,te f4h swin ofer helme, ecgum dyhtig andweard scireS. pA was on healle heard-eeg togen, 1290 sweord ofer setlum, sid-rand manig hafen handa fiist ; helm ne gemunde, byrnan side, pe bine se brdga angeat. He6 was on 6fste, wolde At fanon feore beorgan, ]>&, lie6 onfunden was ; 1295 hraSe he6 aSelinga dnne hafde faste befangen, fS, he6 t6 fenne gang; se was Hr6Sgdre haleSa le6fost on gesltSes hM be saem tweonum, rice rand-wlga, pone pe be6 on raste ^bredt, 1300 blsed-fastne beorn. Nas Be6wulf pser, ac was 6Ser in ser geteohhod. after ni466um-gife mrerum Gedte. Hredm wear6 on Heorote. He6 under heolfre genam cASe folme ; cearu was geniwod 1305 geworden in wlcum : ne was pat gewrlxle til, pat hie on hd, healfa bicgan scoldon ire6nda feorum. p4 was fr6d cyning, h^r hUde-rinc, on hre6n m6de, sy^San he aldor-pegn unlyfigendne, 1810 pone de6restan deddne wisse. HraSe was t6 btoe Be6wulf fetod, sigor-eMig secg. Samod ser-dage eode eorla sum, aSele cempa self mid geslSum, pser se snottra bM, 1315 hwaSre him al-walda sefre wille after wed-spelle wyrpe gefremman. Gang ]>&. after fl6re fjTd-wyrSe man 42 BEOWULF. [1318-1348. mid his hand-scale (heal-wudu dynede) fat he fone wlsan wordum hnoegde 1320 fredn Ingwina ; Mga gif him wsere after ne6d-laSu niht getaese. XXI. SoKEow AT Heoeot : ^soheee's Death. HrASgak maSelode, helm Scildinga : ' Ne frin fu after sffilum ! Sorh is geniwod ' Denigea le6dum. Dedd is Asc-here, 1325 "YrmenMfes yldra brdtSor, 'mln rdn-wita and mln raed-bora, ' eaxl'gestealla, fonne we on orlege 'hafelaa weredon, fonne hniton f66an, ' eoferas cnysedan ; swylc scolde eorl wesan 1330 " aQeling £er-gdd, swylc Asc-here was. 'Wears him on Heorote t6 hand-banan ' wal-gisst wafj-e ; ic ne wS,t hwader ' atol aese wlanc eft-sliSas tedh, 'fylle gefraegnod. He6 fA fsehtSe wrac, 1335 "fe J7U gystran niht Grendel cwealdest ' furh hffistne hM heardum clammum, 'forfan he t6 lange le6de mine ' wanode and wyrde. He at wlge gecrang ' ealdres scyldig, and nu 6Ser cwom 1340 "mihtig mAn-scaSa, wolde hyre mseg wrecan, 'ge feor hafatS fsehtSe gestaeled, ' fas fe fincean mag fegne monegum, ' se fe after sinc-gyfan on sefan gredteS, ' hreSer-bealo hearde; nu se6 hand ligetS, 1845 " se fe e6w wel-hwylcra wilna dohte. ' Ic fat lond-b6end le6de mine ' sele-rsedende secgan hyrde, ' fat hie gesAwon swylce twegen 1349-1383.] BEOWULF. 43 "micle mearc-stapan mdras healdan, 1350 " ellor-gsestas : paera 6Ser was, ' ' fas fe hie gewisltcost gewitan mealitoa "idese onlicnes, 6Ser earm-seeapen " on weres wastmum wrac-ldstas trad, ' ' nafne he was m&xa fonne senig man 6Ser, 1355 " f one on ge&r-dagum Grendel nemdon " fold-bflende : nd hie fader cannon, " hwa'8er him senig was aer Scanned ^ " dyrnra gftsta. Hie. dygel lond "warigeaS, wulf-hleoSu, windige nassas, 1360 "frfiene fen-gelM, fser fyrgen-stredm "under nassa genipu niSer gewite?5, "Add under foldan ; nis fat feor heonon " mil-gemearces, fat se mere standetS, "ofer fam hongiat? hrinde bearwas, 1365 "wudu wyrtum ffist, water oferhelmaS. " Pser mag nihta gehwam nl5-wundor se6n, "fyr on fl6de; n6 fas fr6d leofaS "gumena bearna, fat fone grand wite ; " fe4h fe hset5-stapa hundum geswenced, 1370 "heorot hornum trum holt-wudu s6ce, " feorran geflymed, ser he feorh seletS, "aldor on bfre, ser he in wille, "hafelan h^dan. Nis fat he6ru st6w: "fonon ytS-geblond up ^stigeS 1375 "won t6 wolcnum, fonne wind styreS "laS gewidru, 65 fat Ij-ft drysmaS, "roderas re6taS. Nu is rsed gelang "eft at fe ^num! Eard git ne const, "Mcne st6we, fser fu findan miht 1380 "sinnigne secg: s6c gif fu dyrre! " Ic fe f ^ faehSe fe6 lednige, " eald-gestre6num, sw^, ic ser dyde, " wundnum golde, gyf fu on weg cymest." 44 BEOWULF. [1384-1413. XXII. Beowulf Seeks the Mo^cstee in the Haunts of THE Nixies. Be6wulf maSelode, beam Ecgfe6wes : 1385 "Ne sorga, snotor guma! s61re biS seghwam, "fat he his fre6iid wreee, fonne he fela murne; " fire aeghw3ic sceal ende gebldan "woroldc Ufes; wyrce se fie mdte "ddmes £er de4tSe! fat biS driht-guman 1390 " unlifgendum after shiest. " Arls, rices weard ; uton hraSe ffiran, " Grendles m^gan gang scedwigan! "Ic hit fe gehate: n6 he on helm losatS, " ne on foldan faSm, ne on fyrgen-holt, 1395 " ne on gyfenes grand, gk faar he wUle. "pj's ddgor fu gefyld hafa "wedna gehwjlces, sw4 ic fe w6ne td!" Ahle6p f4 se gomela, gode fancode, mihtigan drihtne, fas se man gesprac. 1400 p4 was Hi'dSgdre hors gebated, ■wicg wunden-feax. Wlsa fengel geatoUc gengde ; gum-fSSa stdp lind-habbendra. Ldstas wieron after wald-swaSum wide gesyne, 1405 gang ofer grundas ; gegnum f6r fd ofer myrcan m6r, mago-pegna bar fone sfilestan s^wol-ledsne, fdra fe mid Hr6tSgare hdm eahtode. Ofer-eode f 4 atSeUnga beam 1410 stedp stdn-hliSo, stlge nearwe, enge an-paSas, un-cfl3 gelM, neowle nassas, nicor-hflsa fela ; he fedra sum beforan gengde 1414-1448.] BEOWULF. 45 wlsra monna, wong scedwian, 1415 6S fat he foeringa fyrgen-bedmas ofer harne sUn hleonian funde, wyn-ledsne wuda ; water under st6d dre6rig and gedrfifed. Denum eallnm was, winiun Scyldinga, weorce on m6de, 1420 t6 gefolianne pegne monegum, oncyS eorla gehwam, sy&6an Asc-heres on fam holm-clife hafelan mfitton. F16d bl6de we61 (folc t6 SEegon) hMan heolfre. Horn stundum song 1425 fAsllc fyrd-\Q&&. F6Sa eal gesat; gesdwon f 4 after watere wyrm-cynnes fela, selltee sse-dracan sund cunnian, swj'lce on nas-hleoSum nicras licgean, ])& on undern-msel oft bewitigaS 1430 sorh-fulne sitS on segl-rMe, wyrmas and wil-de6r ; Me on weg hruron bitere and gebolgne, bearhtm onge^ton, gn mund-bora mlnum mago-fegnum, " hond-gesellum, gif mec Mid nime: " swj'lce ]m ]>& mMmas, fe ])u me sealdest, "Hr6tSg4r le6fa, HigeMce onsend. 1485 "Mag ])onne on fam golde ongitan Gedta dryhten, " gesedn sunu HrfiSles, fonne he on fat sine staratJ, ' ' fat ic gum-cystum g6dne funde "bedga bryttan, bredc fonne m6ste. "And fu Htofer« Iset ealde Idfe, 1490 " wratltc waeg-sweord ■wld-cftSne man ' ' heard-ecg habban ; ic me mid Hruntinge " d6m gewyrce, o^Se mec dedS nime^." After f sem wordum Weder-Gedta le6d fifste mid elne, nalas andsware 1495 btdan wolde ; brim-wylm onffing hilde-rince. pd was hwll dages, ser tie fone grund-wong ongytan mehte. S6na fat onfunde, se fe fldda begong heoro-glfre belie61d bund missera, 1500 grim and graedig, fat faer gumena sum al-wihta card ufan cunnode. Grdp fd t6gednes, gftS-rinc geffing atolan clommum ; n6 fy ser in gescdd bdlan lice: bring Man ymb-bearh, 1505 fat he6 fone fj'rd-bom fm'b-f6n ne mihte, locene leoSo-syrcan IdSan fingrum. Bar fd se6 brim-wylf, fd he6 t6 botme com, hringa fengel t6 hofe slnum, swd he ne mihte n6 (he fas m6dig was) 1510 wsepna gewealdan, ac hine wundra fas fela swencte on sunde, sse-deor monig ■ hilde-tuxum here-sj'rean brae, Shton aglsecan. pd se eorl ongeat, fat he in ni«-sele ndt-hwylcum was, 48 BEOWULF. [1516-1549. 1515 faer him niEnig water wihte ne sceSede, ne him for hr6f-sele hrlnan ne mehte faer-gripe fl6des : f3T-le6ht geseah, bMcne le6maii beorhte seinaii. Ongeat ]>& se gdda grund-wyrgenne, 1520 mere-wif mihtig ; magen-rses forgeaf hilde-bille, hond swenge ne oftedh, fat hire on hafelan hring-mael ^gdl graedig gAt5-le6S. p& se gist onfand, ])at se beado-le6ma bltan nolde, 1525 aldre sceSSan, ac se6 ecg geswAo J)e6dne at fearfe : folode ser fela hond-gem6ta, helm oft gescar, fseges fyrd-hragl: fat was forma sltJ de6rum mdSme, fat his d6m aiag. 1530 Eft was ftn-rsed, nalas elnes lat, maerSa gemyndig mseg Hygel3,ces ; wearp f 4 wunden-masl wrattum gebunden yrre oretta, fat hit on eorSan lag, stl6 and styl-ecg ; strenge getrAwode, 1535 mund-gripe magenes. Sw4 sceal man ddn, fonne he at gftSe gegin fenced longsumne lof, ndymb his llf cearatS. Geffing f 4 be eaxle (nalas for faztiSe mearn) GA8-Ge^ta le6d Grendles m6dor; 1540 bragd ffl, beadwe heard, \>& he gebolgeh was, feorh-genlSlan, fat he6 on flet gebedh. He6 him eft hraSe and-ledn forgeald giimman gr^pum and him t6gednes fSng; oferwearp ]>& w6rig-m6d wlgena strengest, 1545 f66e-cempa, fat he on fj-lle wearS. Ofsat fa fone sele-gj'st and hyre seaxe getedh, brM and bi- gewdt him hdm f onon gold-wine gumena. Gistas sfitan, mfldes se6ce, and on mere staredon, 1605 wiston and ne wfindon, fat hie heora wine-drihteu selfne gesdwon. pA fat sweord ongan after heaSo-swdte hilde-gicelum wig-bil wanian ; fat was wundra sum, fat hit eal gemealt Ise gellcost, 1610 fonne forstes bend fader onlsetetS, onwindeS wal-rdpas, se fe geweald hafaiS ssela and maela ; fat is s6S metod. Ne nom "he in fsem wlcum, Weder-Gedta le6d, mdSm-aehta md, f6h he fser monige geseah, 1G10-1G49.] BEOWULF. 5] 1615 bftton pone hafelan and pA hilt somod, since fftge ; sweord ozr gemealt, forbarn broden mal: was pat bldd td pas hU, settren ellor-gsest, se pasr inne swealt. S6na was on snnde, se pe asr at sacce gebM 1620 wig-hryre wrAiSra, water up purh-dedf ; waeron ji5-gebland eal gefsslsod, edcne eardas, p4 se ellor-gast ofl6t Itf-dagas and pds Icenan geseeaft. Com pa t6 lande lid-manna helm 1625 swiS-m6d swymman, siE-Mco gefeah, magen-byrSenne piira fc he him mid hafde. Eodon him pA t6gednes, gode pancodon, pry'Sllc pegna hedp, ' pe6dnes geffigon, ])as pe hi hyne gesundne gese6n m6ston. 1630 pa was of pam hr6ran helm and byrne lungre Alysed: lagu drusade, water under wolcnum, wai-dre6re fdg. F^rdon foi-S ponon f6Se-14stum ferhSum fagne, fold-weg mceton, 1635 ctSe strffite ; cyning-balde men from pam holm-clife hafelan baeron earfoSllce heora seghwaSrum fela-m6digra : fe6wer seoldon on Sam wal-stenge weorcum geferian 1610 t6 pam gold-sele. Grendles hedfod, 6S pat semninga t6 sele c6mon frome fyrd-hwate fe6wer-tyne Gedta gongan ; gum-dryhten mid mddig on gemonge meodo-wongas trad. 1645 pa com in gAn ealdor pegna, daed-c6ne mon d6me gewurSad, hale hilde-de6r, HrdSgdr grfitan : pa wSs be feaxe on flet boren Grendles hedfod, pser guman druneon, 52 BEOWULF. [1650-1680. 1650 egesltc for eorlum and fEere idese mid: wlite-se6n wratUc weras ons&won. XXV. Heothgae's Gratitude : He Discourses. BEdwTJLF ma^elode, beam Ecgfedwes : "Hwat! we fe ]>&s sse-Mc, sunu Healfdenes, "le6d Scyldinga, lustum brdhton, 1655 "tires td tacne, ])e fu her -t6 16cast. "Ic fat uns6fte ealdre gedlgde: " wlge Tinder watere weorc gen65de • " earfoSllce, at-rihte was "gAS getwsefed, nymSe mec god scylde. 1660 " Ne meahte ic at hUde mid Hruntinge "wiht gewyrcan, \>eih pat wsepen duge, " ac me geftSe ylda waldend, "fat ic on wage geseah wlitig hangian " eald sweord eicen (of tost wisode 1665 " winigea ledsum) fat ic fy wsepne gebrad. " Ofsl6h pa at paere sacce (pa me sfel Ageald) "hftses hyrdas. pa pat liUde-bil "forbarn, brogden mael, swa pat bl6d gesprang, " hatost liea^o-swata : ic pat hilt panan 1670 "fe6ndum atferede; fyren-daeda wrae, " dedS-cwealm Denigea, swa hit gedfife was. " Ic hit pe ponne gehate, pat pu on Heorote m6st " sorh-Ieds swefan mid plnra secga gedryht, " and pegna gehwylc plnra le6da, 1675 " dugu^e and iogotSe, pat pu him ondrsedan ne pearft, "pe6den Scyldinga, on pa healfe, "aldor-bealu eorlum, swa pu ffir dydest." pa was gj-lden hilt gamelum rince, harum hild-fruman, on hand gyfen, 1G80 enta aer-geweorc, hit on seht gehwearf 1681--17U.] BEOWULF. 53 after de6fla hiyre Denigea fredn, ■svuudor-smiSa geweorc, and fa pAs worold ofgeaf grom-heort giima, godes andsaca, moi-Sres scyldig, and liis m6dor edc; 1685 on geweald geliwearf worold-cyninga yam sfilestan be ssem twe6num f&ra fe on Sceden-igge sceattas dselde. Hr6Sgar matSelode, liylt scBdwode, ealde l^fe, on fam was 6r writen 1690 fyrn-gewinnes : sy«t5an fl6d ofsldh, gifen ge6tende, giganta cyn, Mcne geffirdon: fat was fremde fe6d 6cean drylitne, him fas ende-ledn furh wateres wj-lm waldend sealde. 1695 Sw4 was on faem scennum sctran goldes furh rto-stafas rihte gemearcod, geseted and gesaed, hwam fat sweord geworht, irena cyst Eerest wsere, wreoSen-hilt and wjTm-ftih. pd, se wisa sprac 1 700 sunu Healfdenes (swJgedon ealle) : " pat la mag secgan, se fe s6S and riht " fremeS on folce, (feor eal gemon ' ' eald 66el-weard) , fat f es eorl w£ere " gebpreu betera! Bleed is ^raared 1705 "geond wld-wegas, wine mtn Be6wulf, ' ' fin ofer f e6da gehwylce. Eal f u hit gef yldum healdest, ' ' magen mid mddes snj'ttrumj Ic f e sceal mine gelsestan " fre6de, sw^ wit furSum sprseeon ; f u scealt t6 frdfre weorSan " eal lang-twidig le6dum fimim, 1710 " haleSum t6 helpe. Ne wearS Herem6d swA "eaforum Ecgwelan, Ar-Seyldingum ; " ne gewe6x he him td willan, ac t6 wal-fealle "and t6 dedS-cwalum Deniga le6dum; "breAt bolgen-mdd be6d-genedtas, 54 BEOWULF. [1715-1745. 1715 " eaxl-gesteallan, 68 fat he Ana hwearf, "maere fe6clen. mon-dredmum from: "fedh fe hine mihtig god magenes wj'nnum, " eafeSum stepte, ofer ealle men " foi^ gefremede, hwaSere him on ferhSe gre6w 1720 " bre6st-hord bl6d-re6w: nallas bedgas geaf ' ' Denum after d6me ; dredm-leds gebdd, " fat he fas gewinnes weorc fi'owade, " le6d-bealo longsum. pu fe Iser be fon, "gum-cyste ongit! ic fis gid be pe 1725 " Awriie wintrum fr6d. Wundor is Ui secganne, "hft mihtig god manna cynne "furh sldne sefan snyttru brj-tta^, " card and eorl-scipe, he dh ealra geweald. ' ' Hwllum he on lufan l£ete8 hworfan 1730 "monnes mdd-geponc maeran cj'nnes, " seleS him on 681e eorSan wynne, "t6 healdanne hle6-burh wera, " gedfiS him swd gewealdene worolde daelas, "side rice, fat he his selfa ne mag 1735 "for his un-snyttrum ende gef encean ; " wunaS he on wiste, n6 hine wiht dwele'5, ' ' ddl ne j'ldo, ne him inwit-sorh "on sefan sweoreetS, ne gesacu 6hw£er, " ecg-hete e6\ve8, ac him eal worold 1740 "wendetS on willan; he fat wyrse ne con, " 6S fat him on innan ofer-hygda dsel "weaxeS and wridatS, fonne se weard swefetS, " sdwele hyrde : bitS se slaep t6 fast, "bisgum gebunden, bona swlSe nedh, 1745 " se fe of fldn-bogan fyrenum sce6tetS. 1746-] 774.] BEOWULF. 55 XXVI. The Discouese is Ended. — Be6wulp Peepaees TO Leave. 'pONNE biS on hreSre under helm drepen ' biteran strale : laim bebeorgan ne con ' worn wuudor-bebodum wergan g^stes ; ' pinceS him td lytel, pat he td lange he61d, 'gytsaS grom-hj-dig, nallas on gylp seleS ' f atte bedgas and he ]i& forS-gesceaft ' forgytetS and forgymeS, pas pe him aer g'od sealcle, ' wuldres waldend, weorfS-mynda dsel. ' Hit on ende-staf eft gelimpetJ, ' pat se lic-homa Isene gedre6setS, ' fffige gefealleS ; f6hS 6«er td, ' se pe Linmurnllce mMmas dseletS, ' eorles £er-gestre6n, egesan ne gymecS. ' Bebeorh pe pone bealo-nltS, Be6wulf lc6fa, ' secg se betsta, and pe pat sfih'e gece6s, ' 6ce I'sedas ; oferhyda ne gym, ' maere cempa ! Nu is pines magnes bleed ' ^ne hwile ; eft s6na biS, ' pat pec 4dl o88e ecg eafoSes getwaefe^, ' o'5'Se fyres feng oSSe flddes W3im, ' oStSe gripe mfices oSSe gdres fliht, ' o88e atol yldo, oSSe edgena bearhtm ' forsitetS and forsworcetS semninga bit5. ' pat pec, drj'ht-guma, dedtS oferswy^e'S. ' Swd ic Hring-Dena hund missera ' we61d under wolcnum, and hig wlge beledc ' manigum mseg^a geond pysne middan-geard, ' ascum and ecgum, pat ic me senigne ' under swegles begong gesacan ne tealde. 56 BEOWULF. [1775-1809. 1775 "Hwat! me .fas ou 661e edwendeu cwom, "gj-rn after gomene, seoSSaa Grendel -wear^, " eald-gewinna, in-genga mln : " ie fsere s6cne singales wag "ni6d-ceare micle. pas sig metode fane, 1780 "6ceaa drihtne, fas fe ic on aldre gebdd, " fat ic on fone hafelan heoro-dre6rigne " ofer cald gewin edgum starige ! " Gft nu td setle, symbel-wynne dre6h ' ' wlg-geweoi-Sad : unc sceal worn fela 1785 "mdSma gem£enra, siS6an morgen bi6." Gedt was glad-m6d, ge6ng s6na t6, setles ne6san, swA se snottra hfiht. pA was eft sw4 ser ellen-r6fum, flet-sittendum fagere gereorded 1790 ni6wan stefne. Kiht-helm geswearc deorc ofer dryht-gumum. DnguS eal &v&s; wolde blonden-feax beddes ne6san, gamela Scylding. Gedt uugemetes wel, rdfne rand-wlgan restan lyste : 1795 s6na him sele-fegn sl^es wfirgum, feorran-eundum foi'S wlsade, se for andrj'snum ealle beweotede fegnes fearfe, sw^'lce fy d6gore bedSo-llSende habban scoldon. 1800 Keste liine fd rftm-heoi't; reced hlifade ge4p and gold-f4h, gast inne swiif, 66 fat hrefn blaca heofones wynne bliS-heort bodode. pd com beorht sunne scacan ofer grundas; scaSan onetton, 1805 wseron a^elingas eft t6 le6dum fClsc t6 farenne, wolde feor fanon cmna collen-ferhtS ce61es nc6san. H^-ht fd se hearda Hrunting beran, sunu Ecgldfes, hfilit Lis swoord niman, 1810-1840.] BEOWULF. 57 1810 le6fllc Iren ; sagde him fas lednes fane, cwa^ he fone gfit5-wine g6dne tealde, wlg-craftigne, nales -wordum 16g mfices ecge : fat was ni6dig secg. And ]>& sl6-frome searwum gearwe 1815 -wlgeud wasron, eode weorS Denum aSeling t6 j-ppan, ]>sev se 68er was hale hilde-de6r, Hv6Sgar grfitte. XXVII. The Parting Woeds. Be6wulf maSelode, beam Ecgfe6wes : " Nu we sa3-li6end secgan wj'UatS 1820 " feoiTan cumene, fat we fundiaS " Higel^c sfican. Wisroa her tela " willum heweuede ; fu fts wel dohtest. " Gif ic ponne on eorSan 6wihte mag " f hire m6d-lufan mdran tilian, 1825 " gumena drj'hten, fonne ic gj't dyde, " g&, word-cwjxlas wittig drihten ' ' on sefan sende ! ne hyrde ic snotorltcor "on sw4 geongum feore gnmau pingian : 1846 "fiu eart magenes Strang and on m6de frdd, "wis word-cwida. W&i ic talige, " gif fat gegangeS, pat pe gS,r nj^meS, " hild heoru-grimme HrSSles eaferan, " ddl oSSe Iren ealdor piune, 1850 " folces hyrde, and ]'n pin feorh hafast, "pat pe Sffi-Gedtas s6kan nabben " td gece6senne cyning senigne, " hord-weard haleSa, gif pu healdan wylt " maga rice. Me pin m6d-sefa 1855 "llcaS long swA wel, le6fa Be6wulf: "hafast pu gefdred, pat p3,m folcum sceal, " GeAta le6dum and G^r-Denum " sib gemcenum and sacu restan, " inwit-nl5as, pe hie aer drugon ; 1860 " wesan, penden ic wealde widan rices, " ma,6mas gemsene, manig 6Serne ' ' g6dum gegrfitan ofer ganotes baS ; ' ' sceal hring-naca ofer he^^u bringan "Uc and luf-t4cen. Ic pfi, Ie6de w^t 1865 " ge wis fe6nd ge wii5 fre6nd faste geworhte, " iEghwas untsele ealde wlsan." pk git Hm eorla hle6 inne gesealde, mago Healfdenes m^tSmas twelfe, hfit hine mid piBm Mcum le6de swaese 1870 sficean on gesyntum, snAde eft cuman. Gecyste ]>& cyning aSelum g6d, pe6dcn Scildinga pegen betstan and be healse genam ; hruron him tedras, blonden-feaxnm : him was bega w6n, 1875 raldiim infrddum, 65res swtSor, 1876-1903.] Be6wULF. 59 pat M seoSSan gese6n mdston m6dige on meSle. Was him se man td fon le6f, pat he pone bre6st-wylm forberau ne niehte, ac him on hreSre hyge-bendum fast 1880 after de6rum men dyrne langa8 beorn wi5 bl6de. Him Be6wulf panan, gftS-rinc gold-wlanc gras-moldan triid, since hr6mig: sse-genga bM Agend-fredn, se pe on ancre rM. 1885 pa was on gange gifu Hr6t5gdres oft geaehted: pat was kn cyning Eeghwas orlealitre, 68 pat hine yldo benam magenes wynnum, se pe oft manegum sc6d. XXVIII. Beowulf Returns- to Geatland. — The Queens Hygd and Theytho. CwoM p4 td fl6de fela-m6digra 1890 hag-stealdra hedp; hring-net baeron, ■ locene leoSo-sjTcan. Land-weard onfand eft-slt5 eorla, sw4 he ler dyde ; nd he mid hearme of hliSes nosan gastos grfitte, ac him t6ge4nes rM; 1895 cwaS pat wilcuman Wedera le6dnm scawan scir-hame t6 soipe f6ron. J>k was on sande sse-gedp naca hladen here-w£edum, hringed-stefua mearum and m^tSmum : mast hlifade 1900 ofei- Hr6t5g4res hord-gestre6num. He ])am b^t-wearde bunden golde swnrd gesealde, pat he sy15l5an was on meodu-bence m^Sme py weorfJra, 60 BEOWULF. [1904-1938. j-rfe-lAfe, GewAt him on iZ/S-nacan, 1905 drfifan de6p water, Dena land ofgeaf. p4 was be maste mere hragla sum, segl sale fast. Sund-wudu funede, nd p£er w6g-flotan wind ofer y^um slSes getwaefde; s£E-genga f6r, 1910 fledt famig-heals foi-S ol'er jiSe, bimden-stefna ofer brim-stredmas, fat hie Gedta clifu ongitan meahton, cflSe nassas. Ce61 up gefrang, Ijft-geswenced on lande st6d. 1915 Hrat5e was at holme hyS-weard gearo, se pe ser lange tld, le6fra manna fCls, at faroSe feor wUtode ; saslde t6 sande sid-fai5me scip oncer bendum fast, ]>f las hym ;^a frym 1920 wudu wynsuman forwrecan meahte. H6t }>A up beran atSelinga gestre6n, fratwc and fat-gold ; nas him feor f anon t6 gesficanne sinces bryttan : Higel^c Hr6Sling faer at hAm wunaS, 1925 selfa mid ges!6um siE-wealle nedh ; bold was betlic, brego-r6f cj-ning, bed on healle, Hygd swlSe gepng, wis, wel-fungen, pedh ])e wintra lyt under burh-Iocan gebiden habbe 1930 HareSes d6htor: nas hi6 hnfth swd fedh, ne td gnedS gifa Gedta le6dum, mdt5m-gestre6na. M6d prySo wag, fremn folces cwfin, flren ondrysne: na'nig fat dorste de6r gen6t5an 1935 swaesra geslSa, nefne sin-fred, fat hire an diiges oi'igum starede ; ac him wal-bende wcotode tealde, hand-gewriSene : hraSe seo&5au was 1939-1968.] BEOWULF. 61 after mund-gripe mfice gepinged, 1940 pat hit sceaSen-msel sovran mdste, cwealm-bealu cySan, Ne biS swj'lc cwfinltc fedw idese t6 efnanne, fedh pe hi6 senllcu af, piitte freoSu-webbe feores onsace after lige-torne le6fne mannan. 1945 Hflru pat onh6hsnode Heminges mseg; ealo drincende 6t5er stedan, pat M6 le6d-beale\va las gefremede, in\^it-ni6a, syt56an serest wearS gj'fen gold-hroden geongum eempan, 1950 atSelum di6re, syS8an hi6 Offan flet ofer fealone Add be fader 14re si6e gesdbte, peer hi6 syt5t5an wel in gum-stdle, g6de maere, • lif-gesceafta liflgende breic, 1955 hi61d bedh-lufan wit5 lialeSa brego, ealles mon-cynnes mine gefrsege pone sfilestan bl ssem twe6num eormen-cynnes ; forpam Offa was geofum and gASum g4r-c6ue man, 1960 wide geweorSod ; wisddme he6Id 6Sel slnne, ponon E6miEr w6c MletSum t6 helpe, Heminges maeg, nefa Gdrmundes, nl6a craftig. XXIX. His Arrival. Hygelao's Reception. Gewat him pd se hearda mid his hond-scole 1965 sylf after sande sffi-wong tredan, wide waroiSas. Woruld-candel sc4n, sigel sAtSan fds : hi slS drugon, elne geeodon, t6 pas pe eorla hle6, 62 BEOWULF. [1969-2003. bonan Ongenpe6wes burgum on innan, 1970 geongae gftS-cj'ning g6dne gefrunon hringas dselan. HigeMce was sl6 Be6wulfes snflde gecySed, fat f£er on worSig wigendra hle6, lind-gestealla liflgende cwom, 1975 heatSo-iaces h&l t6 hofe gongan. HraSe was ger^med, sw4 se r!ca bebedd, fS^e-gestum flet innan-weard. Gesat ]>& wis sylfne, se ]ik sacce genSs, mseg wis msege, sySSan man-dryhten 1980 furh hle6Sor-cwj'de holdne gegrStte meaglum wordum. Meoda-scencum hwearf geond J>at reced HareScs d6htor : lufode f a. Ie6de, liS-waege bar hjelum t6 banda. Higelftc ongan 1985 slnne geseldan in sele fam hedn fsigre fricgean, hyne fjTwet brae, hwylce Sse-Gedta slSas weeron : "HA lomp e6w on IMe, le6fa Bi6wulf, "fa fu fseringa feorr gehogodest, 1990 "sacce sficean ofer sealt water, "hilde t6 Hiorote? Ac pu Hr66gare "wld-cftSne wedn wihte gebfittest, " maerum pe6dne? Ic pas m6d-ceare " sorh-wylmum sedS, siSe ne trftwode 1995 "le6fes mannes ; ic pe lange bad, "pat pu pone wal-gasst wihte ne grfitte, "16te SftS-Dene sj'lfe geweorSan "gliSe wis Grendel. Gode ic pane secge, "pas pe ic pe gesundne gese6n m6ste." 2000 Bi6wulf maSelode, beam Ecgpi6wes : " pat is und3Tne, dryhten Higeldc,- " mcere gemfiting monegum flra, " hwylc o?'feg'-hwil uncer Grendles 2004-2032.] BEOWULF. 63 'wears on fam wange, faer he worna fela ' Sige-Scildingum sorge gefremede, 'yrmtSe t6 aldre ; ic pat eal gewrac, ' swA ne gylpan f earf Grendeles maga ' (snig ofer eorSan uht-hlem fone, ' se fe lengest leofaS lASan cynnes, 'fewne bifougen. Ic fser furiSum cwom, ' t6 fam hring-sele HrdSgAr gr^tan : ' s6na me se mjera mago Healfdenes, ' sySSan he m6d-sefan minne cASe, ' wicS his sylfes siinu setl getsehte. ' Weorod was on wynne ; ne seah ic widan feorh ' under heofenes hwealf heal-sittendra ' medu-dredm mdran. HwUum mseru cw6n. ' friSu-sibb folca flet eall geond-hwearf, ' bsedde byre geonge ; oft hi6 bedh-wriSan ' seege sealde, ser hi6 t6 setle geong. ' Hwilum for duguf5e ddhtor I-Ir6SgAres ' eorlum on ende ealu-wsege bar, ' ]>& ic Freeware flet-sittende ' nemnan hyrde, fser hi6 nagled sine ' haleSnm sealde : si6 gehdten was, ' geong gold-hroden, gladum suna Frddan ; 'hafaS ]>as geworden wine Scyldinga 'rices hjrde and fat rsed talaS, ' fat he mid f>y wife wal-faehSa dsel, ' sacca gesette. Oft nd seldan hwser ' after le6d-luyre lytle hwile 'bon-g^r bOlgeS, fedh se6 bryd dugel 64 BEOWULF. [2033-20G3. XXX. Beowulf's Stoey of the Slayings. Mag fas fonne ofpjucan \ie6den Heai5obeardna and fegna gehwam fdra le6da, ponne he mid faemnan on flett gseS, dryht-bearn Dena duguSa biwenede : on him gladiaS gomelra Ufe heard and hring-mael, HeaSobeardna gestre6n, fenden hie ]>&m waepnum wealdan ra6ston, 6S }>at hie forlseddan t6 fam lind-plegan swsese geslSas ond hyra Sj'lfra feorh. ponne cwiS at be6i'e, se fe bedh gesyhS, eald asc-wlga, se fe eall geman g&r-cwealm gumena (him bi6 grim sefa), onginneS ge6mor-m6d geongne cempan furh hreSra gehygd higes cunnian, wig-bealu weccean and fat word AcwyS : 'Meaht fu, mln wine, mfice gecn^wan, ' fone fin fader t6 gefeohte bar ' under here-grlman hindeman slSe, ' dyre Iren, fser hyne Dene sl6gon, ' we61don wal-st6we (s3rSgan wiSer-gyld lag ' after haleSa hryre) hwate Scyldungas ? ' Nu her f4ra banena byre n3,t-hwylces, ' fratwum hrfimig on flet gaet5, ' morSres g34pei5 and fone m&Mura byreS, ' fone f e f u mid rihte . rsedan sceoldest ! ' " ManaS sw4 and myndgaf5 msela gehwylce s^rum wordum, OS fat sael cymeS, fat se faemnan fegn fore fader dsedum after billes bite bIOd-f% swefe«, ealdres scyldig; him se 6t5er fonan losaS Kflgende, con him land geare. 20G4-2098.] BEOWULF. 65 'ponne bi6S brocene on M healfe ' aS-sweord eorla ; s?/8Saii Iiigelde ' weallaS wtil-niSas and him wif-lufan ' after cear-walinum c61ran weortSaS. 'py ic HeaSobeardna hyldo ne telge, ' dryht-sibbe dsel Denum unfaecne, ' fre6nd-scipe fastne. Ic sceal forS sprecan ' gen ymbe Grendel, fat pa geare cunne, ' sinees brytta, t6 bwan sySSah wearS ' hond-rses haletSa. SyStSan lieofones gim 'glM ofer grundas, gast yrre ewom, ' eatol oefenrgrdm, tiser ne6san, ' fser we gesunde sal weardodon ; ' pser was Hondsci6 Mid onsaege, 'feorh-bealu faegum, he fyrmest lag, ' gyrded cempa ; him Grendel wear^, ' maerum magu-fegne t6 mdS-bonan, ' le6fes mannes lie eall forswealg. 'N6 fy aer fit ]>&, gen idel-hende ' bona bl6dig-t6S bealewa gemyndig, ' of pam gold-sele gongan wolde, ' ac he magnes r6f mln costode, ' grApode gearo-folm. G16f hangode ' sld and sylltc searo-bendum fast, ' si6 was orponcum eall gegyrwed ' de6fles craftum and dracan fellum : ' he mec paer on innan nnsynnigne, ' di6r daed-fruma, geddn wolde, ' manigra sumne : hyt ne mihte sw4, ' sySSan ic on yrre upp-riht dstdd. ' T6 lang ys t6 receenne, hft ic pam le6d-scea^an ' yfla gehwylces ond-ledn forgeald ; ' paBr ic, pe6den min, pine le6de ' weorSode weorcum. He on weg losade, ' lytle hwile llf-wynna bredc ; 66 BEdWULF. [2000-2133. ' hwafSre him si6 swl6re swa?5e weardade ' hand on Hiorte and he hedn fonan, ' mddes gedmor mere-grand gefe611. 'Me fone wal-raes wine Scildunga ' f attan golde fela lednode, ' manegum mASmum, sjiSSan mergen com ' and we t6 syrable geseten hafdon. 'poer was gidd and gle6; gomela Scilding ' fela fricgende feorran rehte ; ' hwllum hilde-de6r hearpan wj-nne, ' gomen-wudu gr6tte ; hwllum gyd Awrac ' s6tS and sArllc ; hwllum sylllc spell ' rehte after rihte rAm-heort eyning. ' Hwllum eft ongan eldo gebunden, ' gomel gftS-wlga gioguSe cwiSan ' hilde-strengo ; hretSer inne we611, ' f onne he wintrum fr6d worn gemunde. ' SwA we faer inne andlangne dag ' ni6de nd.man, 68 fat niht becwom ' 6t5er td yidum. pfl, was eft hratJe ' gearo gym-wi'ace Grendeles mddor, ' slSode sorh-full ; sunu dedS fornam, ' wlg-hete Wedra. Wlf unhyre ' hjTe beam gewrac, beorn dcwealde ' ellenllce ; f ser was Asc-here, ' fr6dan fyrn-witan, feorh fttSgenge ; ' n68er hy hine ne mdston, sySSan mergen cwom, ' dedS-w6rigne Denia le6de 'bronde forbaman, ne on bael hladan ' le6fne mannan : hi6 fat lie atbar ' fe6ndes fa^WMm wnder flrgen-stredm. 'pat was Hr6t5gdre hre6wa tornost ' fdra f e le6d-fruman lange begedte ; , ' f 4 se f e6den mec fine lyfe 'healsode hre6h-mdd, fat ic on holma gefring 2134-21G0.] BEOWULF. 67 "eorl-scipe efnde, ealdre gea6«de, 2135 "maer^o fremede : he me mfide gehfet. "Ic fa fas wiilmes, ])e is wide cftS, "grimne gryrellcne grund-hyrde fond, "pser una hwlle was hand gemaene ; "holm heolfre we611 and ic hedfde becearf 2140 "in fam g'™nd-sele Grendeles mddor "edcnum ecgum, uns6fte fonan " feorh 6Sferede ; nas ic fsege ]>& gyt, "ac me eoria hle6 eft gesealde "rndSma menigeo, maga Healfdenes. XXXI. He gives Presents to Hygelac. Hygelao Eewards Him. Hygelao's Death. Beowulf Reigns. 2145 " SwA se fedd-kyning fedwum lyfde ; " nealles ic fAm lednum forloren hafde, " magnes mfide, ac he me md^mas geaf, " sunu Healfdenes, on stjiije sylfes d6m; "fd ic fe, beorn-cyning, bringan wylle, 2150 " 6stum geywan. Gen is eall at fe " lissa gelong: ic lyt hafo " hedfod-m^ga, nefne HygeMc fee!" H^t ]>k in beran eafor, hedfod-segn, heatSo-stedpne helm, hdre byrnan, 2155 gClS-sweord geatolic, gyd after wrac : "Me fis hilde-sceorp Hr6Sgdr sealde, " snotra fengel, siime worde hfit, "fat ic his serest fe eft gesagde, " cwaS fat hyt hafde Hiorog^r cyning, 2160 "le6d Scyldunga lange hwlle: 68 BEOWULF. [21G1-2195. " nd fy aer suua sinum syllan wolde, " hwatum Heorowearde, j-'cdh he him hold waere, " bre6st-ge\TaBdu. Brtlc ealles well!" Hyrde ic fat ])&m fratwum fe6wer mearas 2165 lungre gellce Iftst weardode, appel-fealuwe ; he him fist getedh meara and m^Sma. SwA sceal raaeg d6n, neaUes inwit-net 6Srum bregdan, dyrnum crafte dedS rfiman 2170 hond-gesteallan. • Hj-geMce was, nlSa heardum, uefa swySe hold and gehwaSer 6f5rum hr6Sra gemyndig. Hjrde ic fat he fone heals-bedh Hj'gde geseaJde, wratUcne wundur-mdSSum, fone f e him Wealhpe6 geaf, 2175 ))e6dnes d6htor, J)ri6 wicg somod swancor and sadol-beorht ; hjTe sj^San was after bedh-fege bre6st geweorSod. Swd bealdode beam Ecg))e6wes, guma gfiSum cflS, g6dum diedum, 2180 dredh after d6me, uealles druncne sldg heorS-genedtas ; nas him hre6h sefa, ac he man-c3"nnes maeste crafte gin-fastan gife, fe him god seakle, heold hilde-de6r. Hedu was lange, 2185 swd hyne Gedta beam gddne ne tealdon, ne hyne on medo-bence micles wyiiSne drihteu wereda ged6n wolde ; swySe oft scf/don, fat he sleac waere, atSehng unfrom : • edwenden cwom 2190 th'-eddigum menu torna gehwj'lces. H6t fd eorla hle6 in gefetian, hea«o-r6f cyning, HrfiSles Idfe, gokle gegyrede ; nas mid Gedtum fa, sinc-mdi5<5um sfilra on sweordes hdd ; 2195 ])at he on Bi6wulfes bearm dlegde. 2196-2220.] BEOWULF. QQ and him gesealde seofan pdsendo, bold and brego-st61. Him was bftm samod on ])am le6d-scipe lond gecynde, eard 6tSel-riht, 66nim swlSor 2200 side rice, fam ])a3r sdlra wiis. Eft fat geiode ufaran d6grum hilde-hlammum, sj'SSan HygelAc lag and Heardrfide liilde-m6ceas under bord-lire66an t6 bonan wurdon^ 2205 ]>&. hyne ges6htan on sige-])e6de liearde hilde-frecan, Hea«o-Scilfingas, nlSa gensegdan nefan Hererlces. Sy&San Be6wulfe brMe rice on hand gehwearf : he gehe61d tela 2210 flftig wintru (was ])& fr6d cyning, eald 66el-weard), 68 fat An ongan deoreum nihtnm draca rlcsijin, se fe on hedre hoeSe hord beweotode, st&n-beorh stedpne : stig under lag, 2215 eldum uncA^. pter on iunan gi6ng nKa ndt-hwylces neodu gefdng haeSnum horde bond . d . . gej> . . hwylc since fdhne, 'he fat sygSan . . . f . . . 16 . f . . 1 . g 2220 slfepende be fyre, fyrena hyrde f e6fes crafte, fat sie . . . . SioS . idh . folc-beorn, fat he gebolgen was. XXXII. The Fiee-Deake. The Hoaed. Neailes mid geweoldum wyrm-horda . . . craft' sdhte sylfes wiUum, se fe him scire gesce6d, 2225 ac for fred-nfidlan feJiw ndt-hwylces lialeSa bearna hete-swengeas llodh, 70 BE6wtrLr. [2227-2261. for ofer-]>ea.rfe and p£er inne fealh secg sj'ii-bysig. S6na in ]>& tide fat fam gyste .... br . g . st6d, 2230 hwilSre earm-sceapen . . S . . . sceapen o . . . . i r . . e se faes begeat, sine-fat geseaJi: Tpsev was swylcra fela in fam eorS-so'afe aer-gestre6na, swa hy on gedr-dagum gumena ndt-hwylc 2235 eormen-Mfe aSelan cj'nnes fanc-liycgende faer gehydde, de6re md'Smas. Ealle hie de&6 fornam serran maelum, and se &n ]>& gen le6da duguSe, se fser lengest hwearf, 2240 weard wine-gedmor wlscte pas j'ldan, fat he lytel fac long-gestre6na brdcan mdste. Beorh eal gearo wunode on wonge water-y15um nedh, niwe be nasse nearo-eraftum fast : 2245 fser on innan bar eorl-gestre6na hringa hyrde hard-fyrdne dsel fattan goldes, fed worda cwaS : ■'Heald fu nu hruse, nu hale8 ne m6ston, " eorla sehte. Hwat! hit aai- on fe 2250 "g6de bege^ton; gtS-de&S fornam, "feorh-bealo frfiene fyra gehwjdcne, "le6da mlnra, f^ra fe fis l\f ofgeaf, " gesa.won sele-dredm. NAh liwA sweord wege " oSSe fe^e fated waege, 2255 " drync-fat de6re: dugM8 ellor sc6c. "Scealse hearda helm hyrsted golde "fatum befeallen: feormiend swefaS, " f^ pe beado-grlman b^wan sceoldon, "ge sw^'lce se6 here-pM, si6 lit hilde gebM 2260 "ofer borda gebrac bite irena, " brosnaS after beorne. Ne mag byrnan bring 22G2-2296.] BEOWULF. 71 "after wig-framan wide ffiran " haleSum be healfe ; nas hearpan wj'n, "gomen gle6-bedines, ne g6d hafoc 2265 " geond sal swingeS, ne se swifta mcarh " burli-stede bedteS. Bealo-cwealm hafaS "fela feorh-cynna feorr onsended ! " SwA gi6mor-m6d gioMo msende, 4n after eallum unbllSe hwe6p, 2270 dages and nihtes, 6tS fat dedSes wylm hrdn at heortan. Hord-wynne fond eald nht-sceaSa opene staiidan, se fe bjTnende biorgas s6ceS nacod nl6-draca, nihtes fle6geS 2275 fyre befangen ; byne fold-bAend tolde gesdwon. He gewwrnian sceall bUw under brusan, faer he hseSen gold waraS wintmm fr6d ; ne by^ him wihte ]>& s61. SwA se ]7e6d-sceaSa fre6 bund wintra 2280 he61d on hrusan hord-arna sum edcen-craftig, 6S fat byne ^n ^bealh mon on m6de : man-dryhtne bar fated wsege, frioSo-waere bad hWford stnne. pk was hord r^sod, 2285 onboren bedga bord, b6ne getltSad fed-sceaftum men. Fred, scedwode flra fyrn-geweorc forman slSe. pft se -wyrm onw6c, wr6ht wds geniwad ; stone fd after stdne, stearc-heort onfand 2290 fe6ndes f6t-ldst ; he t6 forS gestdp, dyrnan crafte, dracan hedfde nedb. Swd mag unfsege edf5e gedlgan wedn and wrae-slS, se fe waldendes hyldo gebealdetS. Hord-weard s6hte 2295 georne after gTunde, wolde guman findan, fone fe him on sweofote sdre gete6de: 72 Be6'WDLF. [2297-232G. hat and hre6h-m6d hlsew oft ymbe hwearf, ealne Atan-weardne ; ne paer £enig mon was on faere wfistenne. Hwa^re hilde gefeh, 2300 beado-weorces : hwllum on beorh athwearf, sine-fat s6hte ; he fat _s6na onfand, fat bafde gumena sum goldes gefandod hedh-gestre6na. I-Iord-weard onbM earfo51!ce, 6S fat aefen ewom ; 2305 was fd gebolgen beorges hjTde, wolde se Ikta, Uge forgyldan drinc-fat dyre. pa was dag seeaceh wj'rme on willan, n6 on wealle leng btdan wolde, ac mid b£ele f6r, 2310 fyre gef|^sed. Was se fruma egesllc le6dum on lande, swA hyt kingi-e wear6 on hyra sinc-gifan sAre geendod. XXXIII. Beowulf Resolves to Kill the Fiee-Deake. pA se gast ongan glfidum splwan, beorht hofu barnan ; bryne-le6ma stdd 2315 eldum on andan ; n6 f ffir &ht cwices Ids lyft-floga laefan wolde. Was fas wyrmes w)g wide gesyne, nearo-fdges niS nedn and feorran, hft se gftS-sceat5a Gedta le6de 2320 hatode and hj^nde : hord eft gescedt, dryht-selc djTnne ter dages hwlle. Hafde land-wara Uge befangen, bffile and bronde ; beorges getrftwode, wlges and wealles : him se6 w6n geledh. 2325 pa was Bi6wulfe br6ga gecj>i5ed snftde t6 s66e, fat his sylfes him 2327-236 L J BEOWULF. 73 boldti shiest biyne-vvjdmuin mealt, gif-stdl Gedta. pat pam g6dan was hre6w on hreSre, hyge-sorga m£est: 2330 wfinde se wlsa, fat he wealdende, ofer ealde riht, ficean dryhtne bitre gebulge : bre6st innan we611 fefistrum gefoncum, swfi. him gefywe ne was. Hafde Itg-draca le6da fasten, 2335 ed-lond fttan, eorS-weard fone gifidum forgrunden. Him fas g(!l6-C3-ning, Wedera J)i6den, wrace leornode. Heht him ])t\ gewj'rcean wlgendra hle6 eall-lrenne, eorla dryhten 2340 wlg-bord wratllc ; wisse he gearwe, fiit him holt-wudu heZjjaji ne meahte, lind wi8 llge. Sceolde Iffin-daga aSeling aer-gdd ende gebldan worulde llfes and se wj'rm somod, 2345 fedh fe hord-wolan he61dc lange. Oferhogode ]>h hringa fengel, fat he fone wid-flogan weorode ges6hte, sldan herge ; n6 he him fd sacce ondrfid, ne him fas wyrmes wig for wiht d^-de, 2350 eafot5 and ellen ; forfon he ser fela nearo nfiSende nlSa gedlgde, hilde-hlemma, sy^'San he Hr6Sgdres, sigor-eddig seog, sale ftelsode and at gOSe forgrdp Grendeles miBgum, 2355 IdSan cynnes. N6 fat lasest was hond-gemota, fser mon Hygel^c sl6h, sySSan Gedta cyning gASe rsesum, f red- wine folces Freslondum on, HrfiSles eafora hioro-dryncum swealt, 2360 bille gebedten ; ])onan Bi6wulf com sylfes cfafte, sund-uytte dredh; 74 BEOWIXLF. [2362-2391. t hafde him on earme . . . XXX hilde-geatwa, ]>& he td holme st&g. Nealles Hetware hrfimge forfton 2365 f6t5e-wlges, pe him foran ongedn linde basron : Ij-t eft becwom fram fam hild-frecan h^mes iii6san. Oferswam ]>& si61eSa bigong suna Ecgpe6wes, earm An-haga eft t6 lc6dum, 2370 |)aer him Hj-gd gebedd herd and lice, bedgas and brego-stOl : bearne ne trdlwode, fat he wis al-fjicum 6Sel-st61a8 healdan cflSe, ]>& was HygeUc dedd. N6 fy aer fed-sceafte findan meahton 2375 at pam aSelinge senige pinga, fat he HeardrMe hldford waere, o56e pone cyne-d6m ci6san wolde ; hwaSre he him on folce fre6nd-li!lrum he61d, 6stara mid dre, 66 fat he yldra yrearS, 2380 Weder-Gedtum weold. Hync wrac-macgas ofer sse s6htan, suna Ohteres : hafdon hy forhealden helm Scylflnga, fone sfilestan sae-cyninga, fdra fe in Swi6-rlce sine brytnade, 2385 maeme fe6dcn. Him fat t6 mearce weari5 ; he f£Er on feorme feorh-wunde hledt sweordes swengum, sunu HygelAces ; and him eft gewM Ongenf i6wes beam hdmes m6san, sySSan Heardrfid lag ; 2390 Mt fone brego-st61 Bi6wulf healdan, Gedtmn wealdan: fat was gdd cyning. 2302-2421.] BEOWULF. 75 XXXIV. Reteospeot of Beowulf. — Strife between SWEONAS AND GeATAS. Se fas le6d-hryres ledn gemunde uferan ddgrum, Eddgilse wearS fed-sceaftum fe6nd. Folce gestepte 2395 ofer sse stde sunu Ohteres wlgum and wsEpnum : he gewrac sj^San cealdum cear-stSum, cj'ning ealdre binedt. Swd he. niSa gehwane genesen hafde, sliSra geslj-hta, sunu Ecg]7i6wes, 2400 ellen-weorca, 6t5 ])oue dnne dag, fe he wis fam wjTme gewegan sceolde. Gewdt ]>&, twelfa sum torne gebolgen dryhten Gedta dracan scedwian ; hafde fd gefrunen, hwanau si6 fsehS drds, 2405 bealo-niS biorna ; him t6 bearme cwom mdSSum-fat maere ])urh fits meldan hond. Se was on pam fredte preotteoSa secg, se' fas orleges 6r onstealde, haft hyge-gi6mor, sceolde hedn J>ouon 2410 wong wisian : he ofer willan gi6ng t6 fas fe he eorS-sele dnne wisse, hljEw under hrusan liohn-wylme nfih, yS-gewinne, se wits innan full wratta and wtra : weard unhi6re, 2415 gearo gdS-freca, gold-mdSmas he61d, eald under eorSan ; nils fat ySe cedp, td gegangenne gumena senigum. Gesat ])d on niisse nlS-heard cyning, fenden hselo dbedd heortS-genedtum 2420 gold-wine Gedta : him was ge6mor sefa, wafre and wal-fds, Wyrd ungemete nedh, 76 BEOWULF. [2122-245G. se fone gomelan gr6tau sceolde, sficean sAwle hord, sundur gedaelan lif wis lice : n6 fon lange was 2425 feorh aSelinges flsesce bewunden. Bi6wulf maSelade, beam Ecgfeiwes : "Fela ic on giogoSe g£i«-raesa genas, " orleg-hwlla : ic fat eall gemon. " Ic was sj'fan-winti-e, ]>&, mec sinca baldor, 2430 " fred-wine folea at mlnum fader genam, " he61d mec and hafde Hr6Sel eyning, " geaf me sine and sj'mbel, sibbe gemunde ; " nas ic him tO life M6ra 6wihte " beorn in burgum, fonne his bearna hwylc, 2435 " Herebeald and HaeScjm, oS8e Ilygeldc mln. ' ' Was ])am yldestan ungedfifelice ' ' maeges dajdum morSor-bed strfid, " sjiSSan hyne HasScyn of horn-bogan, "his fred-wine fldne geswencte, 2440 " miste mercelses and his mseg ofsc^t, " brdSor 66erne, bl6digan gdre: " fat was feoh-leds gefeoht, fyrenum gesyngad, ' ' hreSre hj-ge-m6t5e ; sceolde hwaSre swA ]'edh " atSeling unwrecen ealdres linnan. 2445 " Swd bis ge6morltc gomelum ceorle '■t6 gebidanne, fat his bjTe ride •'giong on galgan, fonne he gyd wrece, " sdrigne sang, fonne his sunu hangaS " hrefne t6 hr6Sre and he him helpan ne mag, 2450 " eald and in-fr6d, senige gefremman. " Symblc biS gemyndgad morna gehwylce ' ' eaforan ellor-slS ; 65res nc gymei ' ' to gebidanne burgum on innan '• yrfe-weardes, fonne se dn hafatS 2455 '-Jiurh dca6es nj'd dseda gefondad. " GesyhS sorh-ecarig on his suna htae ''457-2484.] BEOWULF. 77 " win-sele w^stne, wind-gereste, "reote berofene ; rtdend swefa«, " hiileS in hoSman ; nis pasr liearpau swfig, 2460 " gomen in geardum, swylce fser iri waeron. XXXV. Memoeies op Past Time. — The Fetjd with THE Fiee-Dkake. " GEWiTEtS ])onne on sealman, sorli-le6t5 galeS " An after anum : }tihte him eall t6 rflm, "wongas and w5c-stede. Swft Wedra helm " after Herebealde heortan sorge 2465 " weallende wag, wihte ne meahte "on pam feorh-bonan fashSe gebfitan : " nd ]>j £er he fone hea^o-rinc hatian ne meahte " lA^um dasdum, ]>e&h him le6f ne was. " He ]>& mid psere sorge, ];e Iiim si6 skv belamp, 2470 ' ' gum-dredm ofgeaf, godes le6ht geceds ; " eaferum Isefde, sw4 d6t5 eMig mon, "lond and le6d-byrig, fa he of life gew4t. ' ' pk was synn and sacu Sweona and Gedta, " ofer wid water wr6ht gemsene, 2475 " here-niS hearda, syStSan Hr^Sel swealt, " otSSe him Ongenf>e6wes ■ eaferan waeran " frome fyrd-hwate, fre6de ne woldon "ofer heafo healdan, ac ymb Hreosna-beorh " eatolne inwit-scear oft gefremedon. 2480 " pat m£eg-wine mine gewreecan, " fseli^e and fj-rene, swA hyt gefrsege was, " Tpe&h ]>e 66er hit ealdre gebohte, " heardan ceApe : HaeScj'nne weartS, " Gedta dryhtne, gCitS onssege. 78 BEOWULF. [2485-2519. 2485 "pa ic on morgnc gefragn mseg 65erne " billes ecgum on Ijonan stselau, ' ' ffEi- Ongenf e6w Eofores ni6sacle : "g(iS-l)elm tdglM, gomela Scylflng " lireds heoro-\)\&G ; bond gemnnde 2490 " fffihSo gendge, feorli-sweng ne oftedh. " Ic him ]'& md6mas, fe he me sealde, "geald at gft'Se, swd me gifet5e was, " le6htan sweorde : he me lond forgeaf, "card eSel-wyn. Nas him senig fearf, 2495 " fat he t6 GifSum oS6e t6 GAr-Denum " oSSe in Swi6-rlce sficean jnirfe ' ' wyrsau wlg-frecan, weorSe gecypau ; " symle ic him on ffiSan beforan wolde, " dna on orde, and swA t6 aldre sceall 2500 " sacce fremman, fenden fis sweord folatS, " fat mec oar and siS oft gelffiste, " sySfSan ic for dugeSnm Daghrefne wearS " t6 hand-bonan, Huga cempan : " nalles he fd fratwe Fres-cyninge, 2505 " bre6st-'weor6unge bringan m6ste, " ac in campe gecrong cumbles hyrde, " iiSeUng on elne. Ne was ecg bona, " ac him hilde-grdp heortan wylmas, " bdn-hfts gebrac. Nu sceall billes ecg, 2510 '-hond and heard sweord ymb hord wlgan." Be6wulf maSelode, be6t-wordum sprac nidhstan slSe : " Ic genfiSde fela " gftSa on geogoSe ; gyt ic wylle, " fr6d folces weard, fsehSe sfican, 2515 " miserSum fremman, gif mec se m^n-sceaSa " of eor8-sele id ges6ceS ! " Gegrfitte yd, gumena gehwylcne, hwate helni-berend hindemau sl6e, swiEse geslSas : " Nolde ic sweord beran, 2520-2S54.] BEOWULF. 79 2520 "waepen tO wyrnie, gif ic wiste lift "wis ]?am aglsecean elles meahte "gylpe wiSgrlpan, swA ic gi6 wiS Grendle dyde; " ac ic fffir heatSu-fyres h^tes w6ne, "r6Ses and-hdtti-es : forfon ic me on hafa 2525 " bord and byrnan. Nelle ic beorges -weard " oferfle6n fdtes trem, fednd unhyre, ' ' ac unc sceal weorSan at wealle, swA nnc Wyrd gete6t5, "metod manna gehwas. Ic eom on m6de from, " fat ic wi'5 fone gftS-flogan gylp ofersitte. 2530 "Gebldo ge on beorge byrnum werede, " secgas on searwum, hwaSer s61 magge " after wal-rsese wunde gedygan " uncer twega. Nis fat e6wer slS, " ne gemet mannes, nefne min Anes, 2535 "fat he wiS aglsecean eofoSo dsele, " eorl-scype efne. Ic mid elne sceall " gold gegangan oSt5e gftS nimeS, "feorh-bealu frficne, fredn e6werne ! " Ax&s ]>& bl ronde r6f oretta, 2540 heard under helm, hioro-sercean bar under stS,n-cleofu, strengo getrftwode Anes mannes : ne biS swylc earges sKS. Geseah ]>k be wealle, se fe worna fela, gum-cystum g6d, gft^a gedlgde, 2545 hilde-hlemma, fonne hnitan ffitSan, (st6d on stAn-bogan) stredm ftt fonan brecan of beorge ; was fsere burnan wahn heaSo-fyrum h^t: ne meahte horde nedh unbyrnende senige hwJle 2550 de6p gedygan for dracan 16ge. Lfit ]>& of bre6stum, fA he gebolgen was, Weder-Gedta le6d word ftt faran, stearc-heort styrmde ; stefn in becom heatSo-torht hlvnnan under h3.rne st^n. 80 BEOWULF. [2555-2589. 2555 Hete was onhrfired, hord-weard oncni6w mamies reorde ; nas fser mdra fyrst, fre6de td friclan. From terest cwom oruS aglsecean At of st4ne, hat hilde-swdt; hruse djmede. 2560 Biorn under beorge bord-rand onsw&f wi(5 fam grj-re-gieste, Gedta dryhten: f 9. was hring-bogan heorte gefysed sacce t6 sficeanne. Sweord ffir gebrad g6d gfttS-cyiiing gomele Mfe, 2565 ecgum uugledw, seghwaSrum was bealo-h3'cgendra br6ga fram 6Brum. Stl6-m6d gestdd wiS stedpne rond winia bealdor, ]>& se wyrm gebedli snftde t6somne : he on searwum bM. 2570 Gew&t ]>&, byrnende gebogen scriSan td, gesclfe scyhdan. Scyld wel gebearg life and Itee lassan hwile mEErum Jie6dne, fonne his myne s6hte, peer he ])f fyrste forman d6gore 2575 wealdan mdste, swA him Wyrd ne gescrAf hrfiS at hilde. Hond up Abrad Gedta dryhten, gryre-fdhne sl6h incge Mfe, J>at si6 ecg gewdc br6n on bdne, bAt unswlSor, 2580 fonne Ms ])i6d-cyning fearfe hafde, bysigum gebseded. pA was beorges weard after heaSu-swenge on hre6um m6de, wearp wal-fyre, wide sprungon hilde-le6man : hrfiS-sigora ne gealp 2585 gold-wine Gedta, gftt5-bill geswAc nacod at niSe, swS, hjt n6 sceolde, Iren £Er-g6d. Ne was fat 6t5e sitS, fat se maera maga Ecg)je6wes grund-wong f one ofgyfan wolde ; 2590-2620.] BEOWULF. yi 2590 sceolde wyrmes willan -wlc eardiau elles hwei'geii, sw4 sceal seghwylc mou aisetan loan-dagas. Nas ffl, long t6 fon, Y&t ]>&, agltecean liy eft gemetton. Hyrto hyue hord-weard, hreSer setSme we611, 2595 niwan stefne nearo frowode fyre befongen se fe asr folce we61d. Nealles him on heApe hand-gesteallan, aSelinga bearn ymbe gestddon hilde-cystum, ac hy on holt bugon, 2600 ealdre burgan. Hiora in Anum we611 sefa wis sorgnm : sibb sefre ne mag wiht onwendan, fam fe wel fencetS. XXXVI. WiGXAF Helps Beowulf in the Feud. WIglaf was h^ten Weoxstfl,nes sunn, le6flic lind-wiga, le6d Seylflnga, 2605 maeg Alfheres : geseah his mon-diyhten under here-griman h^t ])rowian. Gemunde )>& fA dre, . fe he him £er forgeaf wlc-stede weligne Wsegmundinga, folc-rihta gehwylc, swA his fader 'Mite ; 2610 ne mihte ]>§l forhabban, bond rond geffing, geolwe linde, gomel swyrd getedh, fat was mid eldum Ednmimdes 14f, suna Ohteres, fam at sacce wearS wracu wine-ledsiim Weohst^nes bana 2615 mfices ecgum, and his m&gmTi atbar br&, fffih^e sprac, 2620 fedli fe he his br66or bearn Abredwade. 82 BEOWULF. [2621-2665. He fratwe gehe61d fela missera, bill and byrnan, 68 fat his byre mihte eorl-sftipe efnan, swA his ser- fader ; geaf him ]>&. mid Gedtum gfttS-gewseda 2625 iEghwas unrim ; fd he of ealdre gewftt, fr6d on forS-weg. pk was forma slS geongan cempan, fat he gtSe r£es mid his fre6-dryhtne fremman sceolde ; ne gemealt him se m6d-sefa, ne his mseges l^f 2630 gewAc at wlge: pat se wyrm onfand, syt5San hie t6gadre geg^n hafdon. Wlgiaf maSelode word-rihta fela, sagde geslSum, him was sefa ge6mor: " Ic fat mael geman, fiEr we medu ffigun, 2635 "fonne we gehdton Assum hMorde "in bi6r-sele, fe As ]>iLa bedgasgeaf, " fat we him fd gdS-geatwa gj'ldan woldon, "gif him fysllcu fearf gelumpe, ' ' helmas and heard sweord : f 6 he ftsic on herge geceds 2640 "t6 fyssum slS-fate sylfes willum, " onmunde at he Ana scyle " Gedta duguSe gnorn frowian, 2GG0 " gesigan tit sacce : sceal tlrum fat sweord and helm, " bjTue and byrdii-scrM bS,m gemsene." W6d ffl, ])urh fone wal-r6c, wtg-heafolan bar fredn on fultum, fed worda cwaS : " Le6fa Bi6wulf, Iffist eall tela, 2665 " SW& ])u on geoguS-feore ge^ra gecwsede, ' ' fat ])U ne dlsete be fe lifigendum " d6m gedre6san: scealt nu dsedum r6f, ' ' aSeling An-hydig, ealle magene "feorh ealgian; ic fe fuUsestu ! " 2670 After ]>kni wordum wyrm yrre cwom, atol inwit-gast 6Sre siSe, fyr--wylmum f4h fi6nda ni6san, l&SiSL manna ; lig-y^um forborn bord wis ronde : byrne ne meahte 2675 geongum g3,r--wigan ge6ce gefremman : ac se maga geonga under his mseges seyld elne geeode, ]>&, his Agen was glfidum forgruuden. pk gen giiS-cyning mcej-Sa gemunde, magea-strengo, 2680 sl6h hilde-bille, fat hyt on heafolan stdd niSe genyded : Nagling forbiirst, geswdc at sacce sweord Bi6wnlfes gomol and gi-seg-msel. Him fat gifeSe ne was, fat him irenna ecge mihton 2685 helpan at hilde ; was si6 bond t6 strong, se fe mfica gehwane mine gefrsege swenge ofers6hte, fonne he t6 sacce bar waepen wundrum heard, nas him wihte ffi s61. ])k was fe6d-sceaSa friddan siSe, 2690 frficne fyr-draca ftehSa gemyndig. 84 BEOWULE. [2091-2721. rsesde on jjoue rdfan, ]>& him rflm Ageald, hat and hea'So-gi-im, heals ealne j-inbef6ng biteran banum; he geblddegod weai-S sawul-dri6re ; swat y(5um we611. XXXVII. Beowulf Wounded to Death. 2695 pi ic at fearfe gefrdgn pe6d-C3-ninges and-longne eorl ellen cySan, craft and cfinSn, swa him gecynde was ; ne hddde he fas heafolan, ac si6 hand gebarn m6diges mannes, fsEr he his maeges healp, 2700 ]'at he fone nlS-gast nioSor hw^ne sldh, secg on searwum, fat J>at sweord gededf fah and fated, fat fat fyr ongon sweSrian sj'SSan. pa gen sylf cyning gewe61d his gewitte, wall-seaxe gebrad, 2705 biter and beadu-scearp, fat he on bj'rnan wag: forwrat Wedra helm wj^m on middan. Fe6nd gef3ldan (ferh ellen wrac), and hi hyne fa began.. Abroten hafdon, sib-aSelingas : swylc sceolde secg wesan, 2710 fegn at fearfe. pat fam fe6dne was siSast slge-hwile sylfes daedum, worlde geweorces. pa si6 wund ongon, fc him se eorS-draca ter geworhte, swfilan and sweUan. He fat s6na onfand, 2715 fat him on bre6stum bealo-nlS we6U, attor on innan. pa se aSeling gi6ng, fat he bl wealle, wls-hycgende, gesat on sesse ; seah on enta geweorc, hA fa stan-bogan stapulum faste 2720 6ce eorS-reced innan he61don. Hyne fa mid handa heoro-dre6rigne 2722-2752.] BEOWULF. 85 ) c6den niiurne I'Ogii ungemete till, wine-cliyhten his \viitere gelafede, hilde-sadne and his helm onspe6n. 2725 Bi6wulf maSelode, he ofer benne sprac, wunde wiil-bledte (wisse he gearwe, pat he dag-hwUa gedrogen hiifde eorSau wjnne ; ]>&, was.eall sceacen d6gor-gerlmes, dedS ungemete nedh) : 2730 " Nu ic suna minum sj'llan wolde " g-£lS-gew£edu, pser me gifeSe swA " £Bnig A-rfe-weard after wiirde, ' ' Itce gelenge. Ic f>ds le6de he61d " f tftig wintra: nas se folc-cj^ning ''.TSo ' ' ymbe-sittendra ffinig p&ra, " fe mec gftS-winum grfitan dorste, " egesan }>e6n. Ic on earde bM " m£el-gesceafta, he61d mln tela, " ne s6hte searo-nlSas, ne me swdr fela 2740 " fi,Sa on unriht. Ic pas ealles mag, ' ' feorh-bennum se6c, gefedn habban : ' ' forpam me witan ne pearf waldend fira " morSor-bealo m^ga, ponne mln sceaceS " Itf of lice. Nu pu lungre 2745 " geong, hord scedwian under h^rne stdn, " Wlgiaf le6fa, nu se wjTm lige«, " swefeti sdre wund, since beredfod. " Bid nu on 6foste, pat ic ser-welan, " gold-seht ongite, gearo scedwige 2750 " swegle searo-gimmas, pat ic py' s6ft msBge " after m^SSum-welan mln dlaetan '•lif and le6d-scipe, pone ic longe he61d." J^6 BEOWULF. [2753-2782, XXXVIII. The Jewel-Hoaed. The Passing of Beowulf. pA ic snftde gefragn sunu "WihstS,iies after word-cwyclum wundum dryhtne 2755 h;^ran liea5o-si6cum, hring-net beran, brogdne beadu-sercean under beorges hr6f. Geseali f a sige-hr6^ig, Tpk be bl sesse ge6ng, mago-fegn m6dig mS,SSum-sigla fela, gold glitinian grunde getenge, 2760 wundur on wealle and fas wyrmes denn, ealdes ubt-flogan, orcas stondan, fyrn-manna fatu feormend-ledse, hyrstum behrorene : fser was helm monig, eald and 6mig, earm-bedga fela, 2765 searwum gesseled. Sine eA'Se mag, gold on grunde, gumena cynnes gebwone ofer-higian, byde se fe wylle ! Swjice be siomian geseah segn eaU-gylden he4h ofer horde, hond-wundra m£est, 2770 gelocen leoSo-craftum : of fam le6ma st6d, fat he pone gruud-wong ongitan meahte, wrate.giond-wlltau. Nas pas wyrmes paer onsyn aenig, ac hyne ecg fornam. p& ic on hlaswe gefragn hord re^flan, 2775 eald enta geweorc tone mannan, him on bearm hladan bunan and discas sylfes d6me, segn edc genom, bedcna beorhtost ; bill ajr-gesc6d (ecg was Iren) eald-hlAfordes 2780 pam pAra m46ma mund-bora was longe hwlle, llg-egesan wag hatne for horde, hioro-weallende, 2783-2817.] BEOWULF. 87 middel-nihtum, 68 fat he morSre swealt. Ar was -on 6foste eft-stSes georn, 2785 fratwum gefyrSred : Iiyiie fyrwet brae, liwaSer collen-ferS cwicne gemfitte in fam -wong-stede "Wedra fe6den, elleii-si6ene, fser he hine ser forl6t. He ]>& mid ykm m^Smum maarne fi6den, 2790 dryhten sinne dri6rigne fand ealdres at ende : he hine eft ongon watere weorpan, 6S fat wordes ord bre6st-hord furhbrac. Bedwulf maSelode, gomel on giohSe (gold seedwode) : 2795 "Ic fAra fratwa fredn ealles pane " wuldur-cyninge wordum secge, " 6cum dryhtne, fe ic her on starie, ' ' fas f e ic mdste minum le6dum "ser swylt-dage swylc gestrynan. 2800 " Nu ic on m^^ma hord mine bebohte ■^ " fr6de feorh-lege, fremmaS ge nu "le6da f earfe ; ne mag ic her leng wesan. " H^taS hea^o-meere hlsew gewyrcean, ' ' beorhtne after b^ele at brimes nosan ; 2805 " se seel t6 gemjndum mlnum le6dum " hedh hlifian on Hrones nasse, ' ' fat hit sse liSend syStSan h^tan " Bi6wulfes biorh, ]>k fe brentingas " ofer fl6da genipu feorran drlfa^." 2810 D5'de him of healse bring gyldenne fi6den frlst-hydig, fegne gesealde, geongum gAr-wigan, gold-ftone helm, he&h and byrnan, h6t hyne br6ean well : " pu eart ende l^f lisses cj^nnes, 2815 " Wsegmimdinga ; ealle WjTd forswe6f, "mine mdgas t6 metod-seeafte, " eorlas on elne : ic him after seeal." 88 Be6wULF. [2818-2848. pat was pam gomelan gingeste word bre6st-gehygclum, ffir he bsel cure, 2820 hdte hea^o-wylmas : him of hreSre gewAt sfiiwol sficean, s66-fastra d6m. XXXIX. The Cowaed-Thanes. pA was gegongen guman unfrddum earfoSllce, fat he on eortSan geseah pone le6festaa Ufes at ende 2825 ble4te gebasran. Bona sw^-lce lag, egesllc eoi-S-draca, ealdre beredfod, bealwe gebajded : bedh-hordum leng wj-rm woh-bogen wealdan ne m6ste, ac him irenna eega fornAmon, 2830 hearde heaSo-scearpe homera Idfe, pat se wld-floga wundum stille hreds on hrusan hord-arne nedh, nalles after Ij-fte Idcende hwearf middel-nihtum, mdSm-sehta wlonc 2835 ansyn ywde : ac he eor^an gefe611 for pas hild-fruman hond-geweorce. Hk lie dorston ser dareSum lAcan 2850 on hyra maii-dryhtnes uiidan fearfe ; ac hy scamiende scyldas ba2ran, gflS-gewaedu, fser se gomela lag : wlitan on Wiglftf. Ho gewfirgad sat, f&Se-cempa freAn eaxlum ne4h, 2855 wehte hyne wiiti'e ; him wiht ne spe6w ; ne meahte he on eor'San, ]>edh he ASe wel, on ]mm fram-gfl,re feorh gehealdan, ne ])as wealdendes imllan wiht oncirran ; wolde d6m godes dsedum raedan 2860 gumena gehwylcum, sw4 he nu gen dSt5. pd wiis at fam geongum grim andswaru 66-beg6te fAm ];e £er his elne forleds. WlglAf maSelode, Weohst&ues sunu, secg sArig-ferS seah on unle6fe : 2865 "pat l& mag secgan, se fe wj'le s6'S sprecan, " fat se mon-di'3'hten, se Q6yf p4 mS,Smas geaf, " c6red-geatwe, fe ge fser on standat5, " ponne he on ealu-bence oft gesealde " heal-sittendum helm and byrnan, 2870 " fedden his fegnum, swylce he frySlleost " dhwfflr feor oSSe ne^h findan meahte, ' ' fat he genunga g&, hyne si6 frag becwom. 2885 " Nil sceal siac-fego and swyrd-gifu " eall 66el-wj-n e6wi'um cynne, "lufen ^licgean: lond-rihtes m6t " Jjsere mseg-burge moniia seghwylc ' ' Idel hweorfan, sy8t5aii aSelingas 2890 " feorran gefricgean fle^m e6werne, " ddm-ledsan daed. DedS bitS s611a " eorla gehwylcum fonne edwlt-llf!" XL. The Soldier's Diege and PnoPHEcy, Heht ]>t!b fat heaSo-weorc t6 hagan bi6dan up ofer 6g-clif, fser fiit eorl-weorod 2895 morgen-longne dag m6d-gi6mor sat, bord-habbende, bega on wfinum ende-d6gores and eft-cj'mes le6fes monnes. Lj't swlgode niwra spella, se ]>e nas gerM, 2900 ac he s6f511ce sJigde ofer ealle ; " Nu is wil-geofa "Wedra le6da, ' ' drj-hten Gedta dedS-bedde fast, " wunaS wal-reste wyrmes daedum ; ' ' him on. efn ligeS ealdor-gewinna, 2905 " siex-bennnm se6c : sweorde ne meahte ' ' on ])am aglaacean senige finga " wunde gewjTcean. WlgUf siteS "oferBiowulfe, byre Wihst^nes, " eorl ofer 68rum unlifigendum, 2910 "heakleS hige-mfifSum hedfod-wearde, "le6fes and lASes. Nu j's le6dum w6a " orleg-hwile, sj-^6an underne "Froncum and Frysum fyll cyninges "wide weoi'SeS. Was si6 wr6ht scepen 2915-2946.] Be6wULP. 91 'heard wlS Hugaa, sy^San Higeldc cwom ' faran flot-liel'ge on Fresna land, ' fffir hjaae Hetware hilde gehnfEgdon, ' elne geeodon mid ofer-magene, ' pat se bj'rn-wlga bUgan seeolde, ' fe611 on ffiSan : nalles fratwe geaf ' ealdor dugoSe ; As wiis k syStJan ' Merewioinga milts imgyfeSe. ' Ne ic t6 Swe6-])e6de sibbe oS6e tre6we ' wihte ne w6ne ; ac was wide ciiS, ' fatte Ongenpi6 ealdre besnySede 'Hae^cyn HrfiSling wiS Hrefna-wudu, ' ]>k for on-mfidlan Eerest ges6hton ' Ged,ta le6de GAt5-scilfingas. * S6na him se fr6da fader Ohtheres, ' eald and eges-full ond-slyht dgeaf, ' ^bre6t brim-wlsan, bryd S,he6rde, ' gomela i6-meowlan golde berofene, ' Onelan m6dor and Ohtheres, ' and ])& folgode feorh-geniSlan ' 68 fat hi 6«eodon earfoSlice ' in Hrefnes-holt hMford-ledse. ' Besat ]>& sin-herge sweorda l^fe ' wundum wfirge, wedn oft gehdt ' earmre teohhe andlonge niht : ' cwaS he on mergenne mfices ecgum ' getan wolde, sume on galg-tre6wum '■fuglum t6 gamene. Fr6for eft gelamp ' sArig-mddum somod ser-dage, ' syS^an hie HygeMees horn and byman ' gealdor onge^ton. pi se g6da com 'le6da dugotSe on Mst faran. 92 BEOWULF. [2947-29; c. XLT. He Tells of the Swedes and the Geatas. 'Was si6 swM-swaSu Sweona and Gedta, ' wiil-rffis wera wide ges^ne, 'M ]!&, folc mid him ftebtSe t6wehton. ' GewAt him pfl, se g6da mid his gadelingum, ' fr6d fela ge6mor fasten sfieean, ' eorl Ongen))i6 ufor oncirde ; ' hafde Higel^ces hilde gefrunen, ' wlonces wig-craft, wiSres ne trftwode, ' flit he siE-mannum onsacan mihte, ' hedSo-IiSendum hord forstandan, ' beam and bryde ; bedh eft fonan • eald under eoi^-weall. pA was seht boden ' Sweona le6dum, segn Higeldce. ' FreoSo-wong ])one forS ofereodon, ' syf5San HrfiSlingas t6 hagan frungon. ' pa3r weai-tS Ongenfid eegum sweorda, ' blonden-fexa on bid wrecen, ' pat se ]'e6d-eyning faflan sceolde ' Eofores 4nne d6m : hyne yrringa ' Wulf Wonrfiding wsepne geraelite, ' piit him for swenge swdt £edrum sprong 'forS under fexe. Nas he forlit sw^. ffih, ' gomela Scilfing, ac forgeald hraSe ' w3Tsau wrixle wal-hlem fone, ' sjiSSan ])e6d-C3-ning fyder oncirde : ' ne meahte se snella sunu Wonrfides ' ealdum ccorle ond-slyht giofan, ' ac he him on hedfde helm asr gescer, ' fiit he b]6de fdh bftgan sceolde, ' fe611 on foldan ; nas he faege ]>& git, 'ac he hyne gewyrpte, pedh fe him wund hrinc. ' L6t se heanla IligeMces ]jegn 2979-3012.] Be6wUL]?. 93 "brMne mfice, ]>k Ms br6Sor liig, 2980 " eald sweord eotoiiisc, entiscne helm, "brecan ofer bord-weal: p& gehe&h cyniiig, " folces lij-rde, wiis in feorh dropen. "pa waeron monige, fe his maeg -wri^on, " ricone arserdon, pd him gerymed weailS, 2985 " fat hie wal-st6we -wealdan m6ston. " penden redfode rinc 6Serne, " nam on Ongenpid iren-byrnan, "heard swyrd hilted and his helm somod; "hdres hjTste HigeMce bilr. 2990 "He ]>dm fratwum f^ng and him fagre gehdt ' ' ledna fore leodum and geleeste swd : " geald fone gAS-roes Gedta diyhten, "HrfiSles eafora, ]>k he t6 hfi,m becom, "Jofore and Wulfe mid ofer-mdSmum, 2995 " sealde Mora gehwaSrum hund pftsenda "landes and locenra bedga; ne porfte him pd ledn 6t5wltan " mononmiddan-gearde, syt5SanMep4m8erSagesl6gon ; "and ]>& Jofore forgeaf dngan d6htor, " hdm-weorSunge, hj'ldo t6 wedde. 3000 "pdt ys si6 fsehtSo and se fe6nd-scipe, " wal-niS wera, pas pe ic w^n hafo, "pe iis sficeaS t6 Sweona le6de, ' ' sj'SSan hie gefricgeaS fredn ftserne " ealdor-ledsne, pone pe ser gehe61d 3005 "wi8 hettendum hord and rice, , " after haleSa hryre hwate Scylflngas, "folc-rsed fremede oMe furSur gen "eorl-scipe efnde. Nu is 6fost betost, ' ' pat we pe6d-C3'ning pa3r scedwian 3010 "and pone gebringan, pe tls bedgas geaf, "on M-fare. Ne seel dnes hwat " meltan mid pam mAdigan, ac paer is mdSma hord, 94 BEdwULF. [3013-S047. "gold imrlme grimme geceApod " and nu at slSestan sylfes feore 3015 "bedgas geboJite; y&. sceal brond f retail, " aled feccean, nalles eorl wegaa "maSSum t6 g&myndum, ne magS scyne "habban on healse bring- weortSunge, " ac sceall ge6mor-m6d golde beredfqd 3020 " oft nalles aene el-land tredan, "nu se bere-wlsa hleabtor ^legde, " gamen and gle6-dredni. Forfon sceall g3,r wesan "monig morgen-ceald mundum bewunden, " bafen on banda, nalles hearpan sw6g 3025 " wigend weccean, ac se wonna brefn " ffts ofer faegum, fela reordian, ' ' earne secgan, hA him at sete spe6w, "fenden he wiS wulf wal re4fode." SwA se secg hwata secgende was 3030 laSra spella ; he ne le&g fela wyrda ne wtjrda. Weorod call Arts, eodon unbliSe under Earna nas wollen-tedre wundur scedwian. Fundon fA on sande s^wul-ledsne 3035 hlim-bed healdan, fone fe him hringas geaf seiTau mselum : fd wis ende-dag g6dum gegongen, fat se gftS-cyning, Wedra pe6den, wundor-dedSe swealt. JEr hi gesfigan sylllcran wiht, 3040 wyrm on wonge wiSer-rahtes faer MSne licgean : was se Ifig-draca, giimllc gvyre-gust, glfidum beswseled ; se was flftiges f6t-gemearces lang on legere, lyft-wynnc be61d 3045 nihtcs hvvilum, nySev eft gew4t dennes ni6sian ; was ]>& dedtSe fast, hafde eorS-scrafa ende genyttod. 3048-3075.] BEOWULF. 95 Him big st6clan "bunaa and orcas, discas l%on and dyre swjTd, 3050 6mige furh-etone, swil hie wiS eorSan fatSm pftsend wintra far eardodon : fonne was fat yrfe edcen-craftig, id-monna gold galdre bewunden, fat fam hring-sele lirlnan ne mdste 3055 gumena senig, nefne god sylfa, sigora s6S-cyning, sealde fam pe he wolde (he is manna gehyld) hord openian, efne sw& hwylcum manna, sw^ him gemet ])at gifetSe t6 swl6, 'fe fone yedden fyder ontyhte. ' Ic was faer inne and fat eall geond-seh, 'recedes geatwa, ffl, me gerfmed was, ' nealles swsesllce sl8 ^lyfed ' inn under eorS-weall. Ic on 6foste geffing ' micle mid mundum magen-byrSenne ' hord-gestre6na, hider At atbar ' cyninge mlnum : cwico was fA gena, ' wis and gewittig ; worn eall gesprac ' gomol on gehCo and e6wic grfitan h6t, 'bad pat ge geworhton after wines daedum ' in bsel-stede beorh f one hedn ' micelne and meerne, sw^ he manna was ' wlgend weorS-fullost wide geond eoriSan, 'penden he burh-welan brftcan mdste. ' Uton nu fifstan 6Sre sJSe ' se6n and sficean searo-geprac, ' wundur under wealle ! ic e6w wlsige, 'pat ge gen6ge nedn scedwiaS ' bedgas and brM gold. Sle si6 bser gearo ' adre geafned, ponne we fit cymen, ' and ponne geferian freda fiserne, ' le6fne mannan, peer he longe sceal ' on pas waldendes waere gepolian." 3111-3137.] BEOWULF. 97 H6t ]>& gebe6dan bj're WihstAues, hale Mlde-didr, hsile'Sa monegum bold-Agendra, ]iiit hie bael-wudu feorran feredon, folc-iigende 3115 g6dum t6gSnes : " Nu sceal gl6d fretan " (weaxan wonna 16g) wlgeiia strengel, " Jjone fe oft gebM Isern-scAre, " Jionne straela storm, strengum gebseded, " sc6c ofer scild-weall, sceft nytte he61d, 3120 " fe«er-gearwum Ms Mm fuU-eode." HAru se snotra sunu Wihstines ^clgde of cor^re cj'ninges fegnas syfone tdsomne ]ik sfilestan, eode eahta sum under inwit-hr6f ; 3125 hilde-rinc sum on handa bar aled-le6man, se fe on orde ge6ng. Nas J)4 on hlytme, hwfl, fat hord strude, syt5San or-wearde senigne dsel secgas ges6gon on sele wunian, 3130 Isene licgan : lyt asnig mearn, pat hi 6fostlice ixt geferedon dyre mfl,Smas ; dracan 6c scufun, wyrm ofer weall-chf, Ifiton wseg niman, fl6d fa(5mian friitwa hyrde. 3135 pser was wunden gold on wsen hladen, seghwas unrim, aSeling boren, hdr hilde-rinc td Hr6nes nasse. 98 BEOWULF. [al38-3ie;; XLIII. Beowulf's Funeral Pyee. Him )j4 gegiredan GeAta le6de M on eorSan ua-wa,clicne, 3140 helmum behongen, hilde-bordum, beorhtum byrnum, sw^ he bfina was ; aiegdon ]>&, td-middes mseme ]'e6den haletS H6fende, hlAford le6fne. Ongunnon pt on beorge bsel-fyra maest 3145 wlgend weccan: wudu-rdc &st&h sweart ofer swioSole, sw6gende l6g, w6pe bewnnden (wind-blond gelag) 6S fat be ]>& h&n-htis gebrocen bafde, hdt on lu-eSre. Higum uur6te 3150 mOd-ceare meendon mon-dryhtnes cwealm; swylce gi6mor-gyd t lat . ™" meowle wunden heorde . . . serg (?) cearig sselde geneahhe fat hio hyre .... gas hearde 3155 ede wSlfyUa woiin . . hildes egesan hySo haf mid heofon r6ce swealh (?) Geworhton ]>&, Wedra le6de hlsew on hlif5e, se was he4h and brdd, 3160 wseg-llSendum wide gesyne, and betimbredon on tyn dagum beadu-r6fes bficn : bronda hetost wealle beworbton, sw4 hyt weoi^licost fore-snotre men findan mihton. 3165 HI on beoi^ dydon b6g and siglu, eall swylce hyrsta, swylce on horde ser nlS-hj-dige men genumen hafdon; forlfiton eorla gestre6n eoi-San healdan, gold on gre6te, faer hit mi gen lifaS 3170-3184.] BEOWULF. 99 3170 eldum swd unnj't, swA hit ceror was. pfl. j'mbe hlsew riodan hilde-de6re, aiSelinga bearn ealra twelfa, woldoa ceare cwiSan, kyaing maenan, word-gyd wrecan and ymb wer sprecan, 3175 eaModan eorl-sclpe and bis ellen-weorc dugutSum d^mdon, swS, bit ge-(Mfe biS, fat mon Ms wine-di-yhten wordum hSrge, ferbtSum fre6ge, ])onne be forS scile of Uc-baman loene weortSau. 3180 SwA begnornodon Geita lci6de bUfordes Jiryve, beortS-genedtas, cwaedon fat be wsere woruld-cyning mannum mildust and mon-fwjerust, le6dum ItSost and lof-geornost. APPEI^^DIX. The Attack in Finnsbueq * " nas byrnaS nsefre." HleoSrode fa hea^o-geong cyning: "Ne fis ne dagatS edstan, ne her draca ne fle6get5, "ne her fisse healle hornas ne byrnaS, 5 "ac f6r forS beraS, fugelas singa«, "gylleS grseg-hama, gftS-wudu hlynneS, " scyld scefte oncwyS. Nu scyneS fes m6na "waSol under wolcnum ; nu ArisaS wed-daeda, " fe fisne folces nlS fremman willaS. 10 "Ac onwacnigeaS nu, wlgend mine, "hebbaS e6wre handa, hicgeatJ on ellen, "winnaS on orde, wesa8 on mdde!" pa drds monig gold-hladen fegn, gyrde hine his swurde ; ]ih t6 dura eodon drihtUce cempan, 15 SigeferS and Eaha, hyra sweord getugon, and at ASrum durum Ordldf and GftSldf, and Hengest sylf ; hwearf him on Idste. pa git Gdrulf GdSere styrode, fat hie swA fre611c feorh forman slSe 20 t6 faere healle durum hyrsta ne bseran, nu hj-t niSa heard Anyman wolde : ac he fragu ofer eal undearninga, de6r-m6d hiileS, hwd ]>& duru he61de. " Sigeferi5 is mln nama (cwaS he), ic eom Seegena le6d, * See V. 1069 seqq. 25-48.] Be6wULE. 101 25 "wreeca wide cM. Fela ic wedna gebM, " heardra hilda ; pe is gyt her witod, " swa^er fu sylf 16 me secean wjile." pa, was on wealle wal-slihta gelilyn, sceolde cfilod bord c6num on handa 30 b^n-helm berstan. Buruh-pelu dynede, 6t5 ])at at fcere g& wigend hyra wunda genceson oSSe hwaSer fsera hyssa LIST OF NAMES GLOSSARY. ABBREVIATIONS. m. : masculine. f . : feminine. n. : neuter. nom,, gen., etc.: nominative, genitive, etc. ■w. : weak. ■w. V. : weak verb. St.: strong. St. V. : strong verb. I., II., III.: first, second, third person. comp. : compound. imper. : imperative. ^r. : with. instr. : instrumental. G. and Goth. : Gothic. O.N.: Old Norse. O.S.: Old Saxon. O.H.G. : Old High German. M.H.G. : Middle High German. The vowel ii = a in alad 1 f- apijroximately. The diphtliong m = i? in hair > The names Leo, Bugge, Eieger, etc., refer to authors of emendations. Words beginning with ge- will be found under their root-word. Obvious abbreviations, like subj., etc., are not included in this list. LIST OF NAMES. Abel, Cain's brother, io8. Alf-liere (gen. Alf-heres, 2605), a kinsman ofWigUf's, 2605. Asc-here, confidential adviser of King HroiSgSr (1326), older broth- er of Vrmenlaf (1325), killed by Grendel's mother, 1295, 1324,2123. Be&n-st^n, father of Breca, 524. Beo-wulf, son of Scyld, king of the Danes, i8, 19. After the death of his father, he succeeds to the throne of the Scyldings, 53. His son is Healfdene, 57. Beo-wulf (Bio wulf, 1988,2390; gen. Beovvulfes, 857, etc., Biowulfes, 2195, 280S, etc.; dat. Beowulfe, 610, etc., Biowulfe, 2325, 2843), of the race of the Geatas. His father is the WjEgmmiding Ecgt>e6w (263, etc.); his mother a daughter of Hrg'Sel, king of the Geatas (374), at whose court he is brought up after his seventh year with HrSSel's sons, Herebeald, HieScyn, and Hygelac, 2429 ff. In his youth lazy and unapt (2184 f., 218S f.) ; as man he attains in the gripe of his hand the strength of thirty men, 379. Hence his victories in his combats with bare hands (711 ff., 2502 ff.), while f.ite denies him thevictory in the battle with !:,\vords, 2683 f. His swimming-match with Breca in liis youth, 506 ff. Goes with fourteen Geatas to the assist- ance of the Danish king, Hro^gSr, against Grendel, 198 ff. His combat with Grendel, and his victory, 7 1 1 ff., 819 ff. He is, in consequence, pre- sented with rich gifts Ijy HroSgar, 1021 ff. His combat with Grendel's mother, 1442 ff. Having again re- ceived gifts, he leaves HrSJSg^r ( 1 8 1 8-1 888) , and returns to Hyge- lac, 1964 ff. — After Hygelac's last battle and death, he fiees alone across the sea, 2360 f. In this bat- tle he crushes Diighrefn, one of the Hfigas, to death, 2502 f. He re- jects at the same time HygelSc's kingdom and the hand of his widow (2370 ff.), but carries on the gov- ernment as guardian of the young HeardrSd, son of Hygeldc, 2378 ff. After HeardrSd's death, the king- dom falls to Beowulf, 2208, 2390. — Afterwards, on an expedition to avenge the murdered HeardrSd, he kills the Scylfing, Eadgils (2397), and probably conquers his country. — Ilis fight with the dralie, 2539 ff. His death, 2818. His burial, 3135 ff. Breca (ace. Brecan, 506, 531), son of Beanstin, 524. Chief of the Brondings, 521. His swimming- match with Beowulf, 506 ff. Broudingas (gen. Brondinga,52i). Breca, their chief, 521. Bi-osinga iiioae, corrupted from, or according to MUUenholT, written by 106 LIST OF NAMES. mistake for, Breosinga mene (O.N., Brisinga men, cf. Haupts Zeitschr. XII. 304), collar, which the Bri- singas once possessed. Cain (gen. Caines, 107) : descended from him are Grendel and his kin, 107, 1262 ff. Dag-hrefn (dat. Daghrefne, 2502), a warrior of the Hflgas, who, accord- ing to 2504-5, compared with 1203, and with 1 208, seems to have been the slayer of King HygelSc, in his battle against the allied Franks, Frisians, and Hflgas. Is crushed to death by Beowulf in a hand-to- hand combat, 2502 ff. Dene (gen. Dena, 242, etc., Denia, 2126, Deniga, 271, etc.; dat. De- num, 768, etc.), as subjects of Scyld and his descendants, they are also called Scyldings; and after the first king of the East Danes, Ing (Run- enlied, 22), Ing-wine, 1045, 1320. They are also once.calledHrSSmen, 445. On account of their renowned warlike character, they bare the names Gdr-Dene, I, 1857, Hring- Dene (Armor-Danes), 116, 1280, Beorht-Dene, 427, 5io. The great extent of this people is indicated by their names from the four quarters of the heavens : East-Dene, 392, 617, etc., West-Dene, 383, 1579, Sflfi-Dene, 463, NoriS-Dene, 784.— Their dwelling-place " in Scedelan- dum," 19, "on Scedemgge," 1687, "be saem tweonum," 1686. Ecg-laf (gen. Ecglifes, 499), Hftn- fertS's father, 499. Kcg-J»c6w (nom. Ecgl>e6w, 263, Ecg)>e6, 373; gen. Ecg)3e6wes,529, etc., EcgH<5wes, 2000), a far-famed hero of the Geatas, of the house of the Wasgmundings. Beowulf is the son of Ecgl^eow, by the only daugh- ter of HrSSel, king of the Geatas, 262, etc. Among the Wylfings, he hasslain HealSolSf (460), and in con- sequence he goes over the sea to the Danes (463), whose king, HroSg^r, by means of gold, arranges the strife for him, 470. Ecg-Tvela (gen. Ecg-welan, 1711). The Scyldings are called his de- scendants, 1 71 1. Grein considers him the founder of the older dynas- ty of Danish kings, which closes with Heremod. See Hcremdd. Elan, daughter of Healfdene, king of the Danes, (?) 62. According to the restored text, she is the wife of Ongen>e6w, the Scylfing, 62, 63. Karna-nas, the Eagle Cape in the land of the Geatas, where occurred Beowulf's fight with the drake, 3032. E&dgUs (dat. Eadgilse, 2393), son of Ohthere, and grandson of Ongen- Jjeow, the Scylfing, 2393. His older brother is Ednmund (gen. Eanmundes, 2612). What is said about both in our poem (2201-2207, 2380-2397, 2612-2620) is obscure, but the following may be conjectured : — The sons of Ohthere, Eanmund and Eadgils, have rebelled against their father (2382), and must, in consequence, depart with their fol- lowers from Swiortce, 2205-6, 2380. They come into the country of the Geatas to HeardrSd (2380), but whether with friendly or hostile in- tent is not stated; but, according to 2203 f., we are to presume that they came against HeardrOd with de- signs of conquest. At a banquet (onfeorme; orfeonne, MS.) Ilear- drSd falls, probably through treach- ery, by the hand of one of the LIST OF NAMES. 107 brothers, 2386, 2207. The murderer must have been Eanmund,to whom, according to 2613, "in battle the revenge of WeohstSn brings death." WeohstSn talces revenge for his murdered king, and exercises upon Eanmund's body the booty-right, and robs it of helm, breastplate, and sword (2616-17), which the slain man had received as gifts from his uncle, Onela, 2617-18, ButWeoh- stSn does not speak willingly of this fight, although he has slain Onela's brother's son, 2619-20. — After HeardrSd's and Eanmund's death, the descendant of Ongen- theow, Eadgils, returns to his home, 2388. He must give way before Beowulf, who has, since Heardr^d's death, ascended the throne of the Geatas, 2390. But Beowulf remem- bers it against him in after days, and the old feud breaks out anew, 2392-94. Eadgils makes an inva- sion into the land of the Geatas (2394-95), during which he falls at the hands of Beowulf, 2397. The latter must have then obtained the sovereignty over the Sweonas (3005- 6, where only the version, Scylfin- gas, can give a satisfactory sense) . Eofor (gen. Eofores, 2487, 2965; dat. Jofore, 2994, 2998), one of the Geatas, son of WonrSd and brother of Wulf (2965, 2979), kills the Swedish king, Ongenjjeow (2487 ff., 2978-82), for which he receives from King Hygeldc, along with other gifts, his only daughter in marriage, 2994-99. Eormen-ric (gen. Eormenrtces, 1202), king of the Goths (cf. about him, W. Grimm, Deutsche Helden- sage, p. 2, ff.). H^ma has wrested the Brosinga mene from him, 1 202. Edmaer, son of Offa and prytSo (cf. prySo), 1961. Finn (gen. Finnes, 1069, etc. ; dat. Finne, 11 29), son of Folcwalda (logo), king of the North Frisians and of the Eotenas, husband of Hildeburg, a daughter of Hoce, 1072, 1077. He is the hero of the inserted poem on the Attack in Finnsburg, the obscure incidents of which are, perhaps, as follows : In Finn's castle, Finnsburg, situ- ated in Jutland (1126-28), the Hoeing, Hnaf, a relative — per- haps a brother — of Hildeburg is spending some time as guest. Hnaf, who is a liegeman of the Danish king, Healfdene, has sixty men with him (Finnsburg, 38). These are treacherously attacked one night by Finn's men, 1073. For five days they hold the doors of their lodging-place without losing one of their number (Finnsburg, 41, 42). Then, however, Hnaf is slain (1071), and the Dane, Hen- gest, who was among Hnaf 's fol- lowers, assumes the command of the beleaguered band. But on the attacking side the fight has brought terrible losses to Finn's men. Their numbers are dimin-. ished (1081 f.), and Hildeburg be- moans a son and a brother among the fallen (1074 f., cf. 1116,1119). Therefore the Frisians offer the Danes peace (1086) under the conditions mentioned (1087-1095), and it is confirmed with oaths (1097), and money is given by Finn in propitiation ( 1 108) . Now all who have survived the battle go together to Friesland, the home proper of Finn, and here Hengest remains during the winter, pre-i 108 LIST OF NAMES. vented by ice and storms from re- turning home (Grein). But in spring the feud breaks out anew. GftiSiaf and Osiaf avenge Hnaf's fall, probably after they have brought help from home (1150). In the battle, the hall is filled with the corpses of the enemy. Finn himself is killed, and the queen is captured and carried away, along mth the booty, to the land of the Danes, 1147-1160. Finna land. Beowulf reaches it in his swimming-race with Breca, 580. Fitela, the son and nephew of the Walsing, Sigemund, and hb com- panion in arms, 876-890. (Sige- mund had begotten Fitela by his sister, Signy. Cf. more at length Leo on Beowulf, p. 38 ff., where an extract from the legend of the Walsungs is given.) Polc-walda (gen. Folc-waldan, logo), Finn's father, logo. Francan (gen. Francna, 121 1 ; dat. Froncum, 2gi3). King Hygel3.c fell on an expedition against the allied Franks, Frisians, and Hflgas, 1211, 2gi7. Fresan, Frisan, Frysan (gen. Fresena, log4, Frysna, 1 105, Fres- na,2gi6; dat.Frysum, 1208,2913). To be distinguished, are : i) North Frisians, whose king is Finn, lo6g S. ; 2) West Frisians, in al- liance with the Franks and Hftgas, in the war against whom Hygel^ falls, 1208, 2gi6. The country of the former is called Frysland, 1 1 27 ; that of the latter, Fresna land, 2916. Fr ..eswal (in Fr . .es wale, 1071), mutilated proper name. Freeware, daughter of the Danish king, HroSglr; given in marriage to Ingeld, the son of the HeatSo- beard king, Froda, in order to end a war between the Danes and the HealSobeardnas, 2023 ff., 2065. Fr3da (gen. Frodan), father of In- geld, the husband of Freaware, 2026. G3.nnund (gen. Girmundes, 1963), father of Offa. His grandson is Eomxr, 1961-63. Gedtas (gen. Geata, 205, etc. ; dat. Geatum, 195, etc.), a tribe in South- ern Scandinavia, to which the hero of this poem belongs ; also called Wedergeatas, 1493, 2552; or, We- deras, 225, 423, etc.; GflSgeatas, 1539; Saegeatas, 1851, 1987. Their kings named in this poem are : HrSBel; HaeUcyn, second son of HrSSel; Hygeiac, the brother of HaeScyn; Heardr?d, son of Hyge- Idc; then Beowulf. Gif9as (dat. GifSum, 2495), Ge- pidse, mentioned in connection with Danes and Swedes, 2495. Grendcl, a fen-spirit (102-3) "f Cain's race, 107, ill, 1262, 1267. He breaks every night into HroS- gar's hall and carries off thirty war- riors, 115 ff., 1583 ff. He contin- ues this for twelve years, till Beo- wulf fights with him (147, 71 1 ff.), and gives him a mortal wound, in that he tears out one of his arms (817), which is hung up as a tro- phy in the roof of Heorot, 837. Grendel's mother wishes to avenge her son, and the following night breaks into the hall and carries off Aschere, 1295. Beowulf seeks for and finds her home in the fen-lake (1493 ff.), fights with her (1498 ff.), and kills her (1567) ; and cuts off the head of Grendel, who lay there dead ( 1 589) , and brings it to Hro'S- g^r, 1648. LIST OF NAMES. 109 Gfiff-iaf and Osllf, Danish war- riors under Hnaf, whose death they avenge on Finn, 1 149. HS.Igii, with the surname, til, the younger brother of the Danish king, HrotSgSr, 61. His son is Hro«u1f, 1018, 1165, 1182. H^ina wrests the Brosinga viene from Eormenric, 1199. Hareff (gen. Hare'Ses, 1982), father of Hygd, the wife of HygelSc, 1930, 1982. HseaCcyn (dat. Hs^cynne, 2483), second son of HrS^el, king of the Geatas, 2435. Kills his oldest brother, Herebeald, accidentally, with an arrow, 2438 ff. After HrS- ■Sel's death, he obtains the king- dom, 2475, 2483. He falls at Ra- venswood, in the battle against the Swedish king, Ongen>e6w, 2925. His successor is his younger broth- er, HygelSc, 2944 ff., 2992. Helmingas (gen. Helminga, 621). From them comes Wealhlieow, Hro'Sg^r's wife, 621. Heming (gen. Heminges, 1945, 1962). 0£fa is called Heminges maeg, 1945 ; EomEer, 1962. Ac- cording to Bachlechner (Pfeififer's Germania, I., p. 458), Heming is the son of the sister of GSrmund, Offa's father. Hengest (gen. Hengestes, 1092; dat. Hengeste, 1084) : about him and his relations to Hnaf and Finn, see Finn. Here-beald(dat.Herebealde,2464), the oldest son of HrlSel, king of the Geatas (2435), accidentally killed with an arrow by his younger brother, Hse'Scyn, 2440. Here-mdd (gen. Heremodes, 902), king of the Danes, not belonging to the Scylding dynasty, but, ac- cording to Grein, immediately pre- ceding it; is, on account of his unprecedented cruelty, driven out, 902 ff., 1 7 10. Heve-rlc (gen. Hererices, 2207). HeardrSd is called Hererices nefa, 2207. Nothing further is known of him. Het-ware or P'ranks, in alliance with the Frisians and the Hflgas, conquer HygelSc, king of the Gea- tas, 2355, 2364 ff., 2917. Healf-dene (gen. Healfdenes, 189, etc.), son of Beowulf, the Scyl- ding (57) ; rules the Danes long and gloriously (57 f.); has three sons, HeorogSr, HrotSgSr, and HSlga (61), and a daughter, Elan, who, according to the renewed text of the passage, was married to the Scylfing, Ongenjiedw, 62, 63. Heard-red (dat. Heardr&de, 2203, 2376), son of HygelSc, king of the Geatas, and Hygd. After his fath- er's death, while still under age, he obtains the throne (2371, 2376, 2379) ; wherefore Beowulf, as nephew of HeardrM's father, acts as guardian to the youth till he becomes older, 2378. He is slain by Ohthere's sons, 2386. This murder Beowulf avenges on Ead- gils, 2396-97. Heaffo-beardnas (gen. -beardna, 2033, 2038, 2068), the tribe of the Lombards. Their king, Fr6da, has fallen in a war with the Danes, 2029, 2051. In order to end the feud. King HrolSgSr has given his daughter, Freaware, as wife to the young Ingeld, the son of Froda, a marriage that does not result hap- pily; for Ingeld, though he long defers it on account of his love for his wife, nevertheless takes revenge 110 LIST OF NAMES. for his father, 2021-2070 (WidslS, 45-49)- Ilea,fSo-lS,t (dat. HeatSo-ISfe, 460), a Wylfingish warrior. Ecgbedw, Beowulf's father, kills him, 460. Heaffo-raemas reaches Breca in the swimming-race with Beowulf, 519. Heoro-gar(nom.6i; Heregir,467; Hiorogtr, 2159), sonof Healfdene, and older brother of HroSgSr, 61. His death is mentioned, 467. He hasason, Heoroweard, 2162. His coat of mail Beowulf has received from Hr& Sg^r (2156), and presents it to Hygeiac, 2158. Heoro-Tveard (dat, Heorowearde, 2162), HeorogSr's son, 2161-62. Heort, 78. Heorot, 166 (gen. Heo- rotes, 403; dat. Heorote, 475, He- orute, 767, Hiorte, 2100). HroS- glr's throne-room and banqueting hall and assembly-room for his liegemen, built by him with un- usual splendor, 69, 78. In it oc- curs Beowulfs fight with Grendel, 720 ff. The hall receives its name from the stag's antlers, of which the one-half crowns the eastern gable, the other half the western. Hildeburh, daughter of Hoce, rela- tive of the Danish leader, Hnaf, consort of the Frisian king, Finn. After the fall of the latter, she be- comes a captive of the Danes, 1072, 1077,1159. See also under Finn. IJnaf (gen. Hnafes, 1 1 15), a H3- cing ( WldsllS, 29) , the Danish King Healfdene's general, 1070 ff. For his fight with Finn, his death and burial,.see under Finn. Hond-sci6, warrior of the Geatas : dat. 2077. HOce (gen. Hoces, 1077)^ father of Hildeburh, 1077; probably also of Hnaf (Wldsl«, 29). Hreffei (gen, Hr&Sles, i486), son of Swerting, 1204. King of the Geatas, 374. He has, besides, a daughter, who is married to Ecg- t>e6vv, and has born him Beowulf, (374), three sons, Herebeald, HseiS- cyn, and Hygelic, 2435. The eld- est of these is atcidentally killed by the second, 2440. On account of this inexpiable deed, HrSSet be- comes melancholy (2443), and dies, 2475. Hrgffla (gen. HrS«lan, MS. Hrad- lan, 454), the same as HrSSel (cf. MullenhofF in Haupts Zeitschrift, 12, 260), the former owner of Bedwulf's coat of mail, 454. HrSl5-inen(gen. HrStS-manna, 445), the Danes are so called, 445, HreiSf-rJc, son of Hr6%ar, 1 190, 1837- Hrefnarwudu, 2926, or Hrefnes- halt, 2936, the thicket near which the Swedish king, OngenJ>e6w, slew Hae'Scyn, king of the Geatas, in battle. Hreosna-beorh, promontoiy in the land of the Geatas, near which On- gen>e6w's sons, Ohthere and One- la, had made repeated robbing in- cursions into the country after HrSSel's death. These were the immediate cause of the war in which HrSSel's son, King HselScyn, fell, 2478 ff. HrOff-gar (gen. Hro'Sgares, 235, etc.; dat. Hrb^-giie, 64, etc.), of the dynasty of the Scyldings; the second of the three sons of King Healfdene, 61. After the death of his elder brother, Heorogir, he assumes the government of the Danes, 465, 467 (yet it is not cer- tain whether HeorogSr was king of the Danes before HroiSgSr, or LIST OF NAMES. Ill whether his death occurred while his father, Healfdene, was still alive) . His consort is Wealhjieow (613), of the stock of the Hel- mings (621), who has born him two sons, Hr&Sitc and HroiSmund (iigo), and a daughter, Freaware (2023), who has been given in marriage to the king of the Hea- •Sobeardnas, Ingeld. His throne- room (78 ff.), which has been built at great cost (741?.), is visited every night by Grendel (i02, 115), who, along with his mother, is slain by Beowulf (71 1 ff., 1493 ff) . HroS- gar's rich gifts to Beowulf, in con- sequence, 1021,1818; heispraised as being generous, 71 ff.,80, 1028 ff., 1 868 ff. ; as being brave, 1041 ff., 1771 ff.; and wise, 1699, 1725. — Other information about HroXgSr's reign for the most part only sug- gested : his expiation of the murder which EcgJ)e6w, Beowulfs father, committed upon HeatSolif, 460, 470; his war with the HeaSobeard- nas ; his adjustment of it by giving his daughter, Freaware, in mar- riage to their king, Ingeld; evil re- sults of this marriage, 2021-2070. — Treacheiy of his brother's son, HroSulf, intimated, 1165-1166. HrOSr-inund, Hrol^gSr's son, 1190. Hr5S-ulf, probably a son of H^ga, the younger brother of King Hro^- gSr, 10 1 8, 1 1 82. Wealhbeow ex- presses the hope (11S2) that, in case of the early death of HroSgir, Hroi5-ulf would prove a good guar- dian to Hro'SgSr's young son, who would succeed to the government; a hope which seems not to have been accomplished, since it appears from 1165, 1 166 that Hr6'S-ulf has abused his trust towards Hr3t5gir. Hrones-uiis (dat. -nasse, 2806, 3137), a promontory on the coast of the country of the Geatas, vis- ible from afar. Here is Beowulf's grave-mound, 2806, 3137. Hrunting (dat. Hruntinge, 1660), HClnferS's sword, is so called, 1458, 1660. Hligas (gen. Hflga, 2503), HygelS.c wars against them allied with the Franks and Frisians, and falls, 2195 ff. One of their heroes is called Daghrefn, whom Be6vvulf slays, 2503. Hun-ferU, the son of EcglSf, Jjyle of King HroSgSr. As such, he has his place near the throne of the king, 499, £00, 1 167. lie lends his sword, Hrunting, to Beowulf for his battle with Grendel's mother, 1456 f. According to 588,^168, he slew his brothers. Since his name is always alliterated with vowels, it is probable that the origi- nal form was, as Rieger (Zachers Ztschr., 3, 414) conjectures, Unfer'S. Hun-I3.fing, name of a costly sword, which Finn presents to Hengest, 1 144. Hygd (dat. Hygde, 2173), daughter of HareiS, 1930 ; consort of Hyge- lic, king of the Geatas, 1927; her son, Heardr&d, 2203, etc. — Her noble, womanly character is em- phasized, 1927 ff. Hyge-iac(gen.Hige-lSces, I94,etc., HygelSces, 2387; dat. HigelSce, 452, Hygeldce, 2170), king of the Geatas, 1203, etc. His grandfather is Swerting, 1204; his father, Hr6- i5el, J486, 1848; his older brothers, Herebeald and Has'Scyn, 2435 > ^^^ sister's son, Beowulf, 374, 375. Af- ter his brother, HaelScyn, is killed by OngenJ>e6w, he undertakes the 112 LIST OF NAMES. government (2992 in connection with the preceding from 2937 on). To Eofor he gives, as reward for slayingOngenlieow, his only daugh- ter in marriage, 2998. But much later, at the time of the return of Beowulf from his expedition to HroSgir, we see him married to the very young Hygd, the daugh- ter of Haere'S, 1930. The latter seems, then, to have been his sec- ond wife. Their son is Heardr^d, 2203, 2376, 2387. — HygeUc falls during an expedition against the Franks, Frisians, and Hflgas, 1206, 1211,2356-59,2916-17. Ingeld (dat. Ingelde, 2065), son of Froda, the HealSobeard chief, who fell in a battle with the Danes, 2051 ff. In order to end the war, Ingeld is married to Freaware, daughter of the Danish king, HrSSg^r, 2025- 30. Yet his love for his young wife can make him forget only for a short while his desire to avenge his father. He finally carries it out, excited thereto by the repeated ad- monitions of an old warrior, 2042- 70 (WtdslS, 45-59). Ing-wine (gen. Ingwina, 1045, 1320), friends of Ing, the first king of the East Danes. The Danes are so called, 1045, 1320. Mere-Tvioingas (gen. Mere-wioin- ga, 2922), a name of the Franks, 2922. Nagling, the name of Be6wulf's sword, 2681, Offa (gen, Offan, 1950), king of the Angles (WidsltS, 35), the son of GSrmund, 1963; married (1950) to prySo (1932), a beautiful but cruel woman, of unfeminine spirit (1932 ff.), by whom he has a son, E<5m£er, 1961. 6ht-here (gen. Ohtheres, 2929, 2933 ; Ohteres, 2381, 2393, 2395, 2613), son of Ongenjieow, king of the Swedes, 2929. His sons are Eanmund(26l2)andEadgils, 2393. Onela (gen. Onelan, 2933), Oht- here's brother, 2617, 2933. Ongen-J>e6w (nom. -]>e6w, 2487, ->id, 2952 ; gen. Jieowes, 2476, -jjiowes, 2388; dat. -Jiio, 2987), of the dynasty of the Scylfings; king of the Swedes, 2384. His wife is, perhaps. Elan, daughter of the Danish king, Healfdene (62), and mother of two sons, Onela and Ohthere, 2933. She is taken pris- oner by HaeScyn, king of the Gea- tas, on an expedition into Sweden, which he undertakes on account of her sons' plundering raids into his country, 2480 ff. She is set free by Ongenjjeow (2931), who kills Has^cyn, 2925, and encloses the Geatas, now deprived of their lead- er, in the Ravenswood (2937 ff.), till they are freed by Hygelic, 2944. A battle then follows, which is un- favorable to Ongen\>e6v/'s army. OngenJ>e6w himself, attacked by the brothers, Wulf and Eofor, is ^ slain by the latter, 2487 ff., 2962 ff. Os-llLt, a warrior of Hnaf'.s, who avenges on Finn his leader's death, 1 149 f. Scede-land, 19. Sceden-Ig (dat. Sceden-lgge, 1687), O.N., Scan-cy, the most southern portion of the Scandinavian peninsula, belonging to the Danish kingdom, and, in the above-mentioned passages of our poem, a designation of the whole Danish kingdom. Scef or Scedf, the father of Scyld, 4. Scyld (gen. Scyldes, 19). a ScSfing, 4. His son is Beowulf, 18, 53; LIST OF NAMES. 113 his grandson, Healfdene, 57; his great-grandson, Hro SgSr, who had two brothers and a sister, 59 ff. — Scyld dies, 26 ; his body, upon a decorated ship, is given over to the sea (32 ff.) , just as he, when a child, drifted alone, upon « ship, to the land of the Danes, 43 ff. After him his descendants bear his name. Scyldingas (Scyldungas, 2053 ; gen. Scyldinga,53,etc.,Scyldunga,2l02, 2160; dat. Scyldingum, 274, etc.), a name which is extended also to the Danes, who are ruled by the Scyldings, 53, etc. They are also called Ar-Scyldingas, 464; Sige- Scyldingas, 598, 2CX)5 ; peod-Scyl- dingas, 1020 ; Here-Scyldingas, 1 109. Scylflngas, a Swedish royal family, whose relationship seems to extend to the Geatas, since WiglSf, the son of WihstSn, who in another place, as a kinsman of Beowulf, is called a Wsegmunding (2815), is also called leod Scylfinga, 2604. The family connections are per- haps as follows : — Scylf. Wsegraund. ± Ecgbedw. WeohstSn. OngenJ^eow. Beowulf. WfglSf. Onela. 6hthere. Eanraund. Eadgils. The Scylfings are also called Hea'So- Scilfingas, 63, GClS-Scylfingasi 2928. Sige-mund (dat. -munde, 876, 885), the son of Wals, 878, 898. His (son and) nephew is Fitela, 880, 882. His fight with the drake, 887 ff. Swerting (gen. Swertinges, 1204), HygelSc's grandfather, and Hr§- Bel's father, 1204. Sweon (gen, Sweona, 2473, 2947, 3002), also Swe(5-})e6d, 2923. The dynasty of the Scylfings rules over them, 2382, 2925. Their realm is called Swiorice, 2384, 2496. Jjryffo, contort ot the Angle Icing, Offa, 1932, 1950. Mother of E6- mjer, 1961, notorious on account of her cruel, unfeminine character, 1932 ff. She is mentioned as the opposite to the mild, dignified Hygd, the queen of the Geatas. Wals (gen. Walses, 898), father of Sigemund, 878, 898. Wseg-mundlngas (gen. Wsegmun- dinga, 2608, 2815). The Wseg- mundings are on one side, WihstSn and his son Wigl^f; on the other side, Ecgbeow and his son Beowulf (2608, 281 5) . See under Scylfiu- gas. Wederas (gen. Wedera, 225, 423, 498, etc.), or Weder-geatas. See Gedtas. Weland (gen. WSlandes, 455), the maker of Beowulf's coat of mail, 4SS- Wendlas (gen. Wendla, 348) : their chief is WulfgSr. See Wulfg3,r. The Wendlas are, according to Grundtvig and Bugge, the inhabi- tants of Vendill, the most northern part of Jutland, between Limfjord and the sea. Wealh-Jje6w (613, Wealh-Jjeo, 665, 1 163), the consort of King HroS- gSr, of the stock of the Helmings, 621. Her sons are HrS&lc and HrotSmund, 1190; her daughter, Freaware, 2023. Weoh-st3.n(gen.Weox-stSnes, 2603, Weoh-stSnes, 2863, Wih-sl4nes, 114 LIST OF NAMES. 2753. 2908, etc.), a Waegmunding (2608), father of Wigiaf, 2603. In what relationship to him Alf here, mentioned 2605, stands, is not clear. — WeohstSn is the slayer of Eanmund (2612), in that, as it seems, he takes revenge for his murdered king, HeardrSd. See Kdnmund. Wlg-iaf, Weohstdn's son, 2603, etc., a Wsegmunding, 2815, and so also a Scylfing, 2604; a kinsman of Alf- here, 2605. For his relationship to Bedwulf, see the genealogical table under Scylfingas — He supports Bedw'ulf in his fight with the drake, 2605 ff., 2662 ff. the hero gives him, before his death, his ring, his helm, and his coat of mail, 2810 ff. Won-r8d (gen. WonrSdes, 2972), father of Wulf and Eofor, 2966, 2979. Wulf (dat. Wulfe, 2994), one of the Geatas, WonrSd's son. He fights in the battle between the armies of HygelSc and Ongen))e6w with On- genjiefiw himself, and gives him a wound (2966), whereupon Ongen- i>e6w, by a stroke of his sword, dis- ables him, 2975. Eofor avenges his brother's fall by dealing Ongen- i>e6w a mortal blow, 2978 ff. Wulf-gar, chief of the Wendlas, 348, lives at HrSSg^r's court, and is his " Sr and ombiht," 335. Wylfingas (dat. Wylfingum, 461). Ecg))e6w has slain HeaiSolSf, a war- rior of this tribe, 460. Yrmen-iaf, younger brother of Asc- here, 1325. GLOSSARY. ac, conj. denoting contrariety : hence l) but (lilce N.H.G. sondern), 109, '35. 339. etc. — 2) but (N.H.G. aber), nevertheless, 602, 697, etc. — 3) in direct questions : nonne, numquid, 1991. aglaeca, atalseca, aglseca, -cea, w. m. (Goth. agl3, trouble; agl-s, Ags. egle, troublesome ; O.H.G. egileihhi, trouble) ; original mean- ing, ■ bringer of trouble : hence l) evil spirit, demon, a demon-like being; of Grendel, 159, 433, 593, etc.; of the drake, 2535, 2906, etc. — 2) great hero, mighty warrior; of Sigemund, 894 ; of Beowulf : gen. sg. aglaecan(?), 1513; of Beo- wulf and the drake: nom. pi. \>k aglsecean, 2593. aglsec-wif, adj., demoniacal, in the form of a woman ; of Grendel's mother, 1260. aldor. See ealdor. al-wealda. See eal-w. ani-biht (from and-b., Goth, and- baht-s), St. m., servant, man-ser- vant : nom. sg. ombeht, of the coast-guard, 287; ombiht, of Wulf- gSr, 336. ainbllit-]>ega (from ambiht n. offi- cium and >egn, which see), servant, man-servant: dat. sg. ombiht- tegne, of Beowulf's servant, 674. an, prep, with the dat., on, in, with respect to, 678 ; with, among, at, upon (position after the governed word), 1936; with the ace, 1248. Elsewhere on, which see. ancor, st. m., anchor: dat. sg. ancre, 303, 1884. ancor-bend, m. (?) f. (?), anchor- cable : dat. pi. oncer-bendum, 1919. and, conj. (the form ond is rare; for example, 601, 1149, 2041), and 33, 39, 40, etc. anda, w. m., excitement, vexation, horror: dat.wra'Sum on andan, 709, 2315- and-git, st. n., insight, understand- ing : nom. sg., 1060. See gitan. and-li3.tor, st. m. n., heat coming against one: gen. sg. r^^es and hSttres, 2524. and-Iang, -long, adj., very long: hence l) at whole length, raised up high : ace. andlongne eorl, 2696 (cf. Bugge upon this point, Zach- ers Ztschr., 4, 21 7) . — 2) continual, entire; andlangne dag, 21 16, the whole day ; andlonge niht, 2939. and-ledn, st. n., reward, payment in full : ace. sg., 1542, 2095 (hand-, hond-lean, MS.). and-risno, f. (von risan suvgere, decere), that which is to be ob- served, that which is proper, eti- quette : dat. pi. for andrysnum, ac- cording to etiquette, 1 797. 116 GLOSSARY. and-saca, w. m., adversary : godes andsaca (Grendel), 787, 1683. and-slyht, st. m., blow in return : ace. sg., 2930, 2973 (MS. both times hond-slyht). and-swaru, f., act of accosting: i) to persons coming up, an address, 2861. — 2) in reply to something said, an answer, 354, 1494, 1841. and-weard, adj., present, existing: ace. sg. n. swln ofer helme and- weard {the image of the boar, tahich stands on his helni), 1288. and-wlita, m., countenance: ace. sg. -an, 690. an-sund, adj., entirely unharmed : nom. sg. m., looi. an-s^ii, f., the state of being seen : hence l) the exterior, the form, 251 : ansyn ywde, showed his form, i.e. appeared, 2835. — 2) aspect, appearance, 'i'lt); on-syn, 2773. an-vralda, m.. He who rules over all. Cod, 1273. atol, adj. (also eatol, 2075, etc.), hos- tile, frightful, cruel : of Grendel, 159, 165, 593, 2075, etc.; of Gren- del's mother's hands (dat. pi. ato- lan), 1503 ; of the undulation of the waves, 849 ; of battle, 597, 2479. — cf. O.N. atall, fortis, stre- nuus. atelic, adj., terrible, dreadful: ate- Itc egesa, 785. a, adv. (Goth, aiv, ace. from aiv-s &tv\sxa),ever, always, 455, 882,931, 1479 : ^ sySSan, ever afterwards, ever, ever after, 283, 2921. — ever, 780. — Comp. nS. Ad, m., funeral pile : ace. sg. Sd, 3139; dat. sg. dde, nil, 1115. a.d-faru, f., way to the funeral pile : dat. sg. on id-fare, 301 1. adl, f., sickness, 1737, 1764, 1849. aff, m., oath in general, 2740; oath of allegiance, 472 ( ?) ; oath of reconciliation of two warring peo- ples, 1098, 1 108. aiS-sweord, u., the solemn taking of an oath, the swearing of an oath : nom. pi., 2065. See sweord. affnm-swerlan, m. pi., son-in-law and father-in-law : dat. pi., 84. agan, verb, pret. and pres., to have, to possess, w. ace. : III. prs. sg. Sh, 1728 ; inf. Sgan, 1089 ; prt. fihte, 487, 522, 533; with object, ge- weald, to be supplied, 31 . Form con- tracted with the negative : prs. sg. I. nSh hwd sweord wege {I have no one to wield the sword), 2253. agen, adj., own, peculiar, zb'ji. agend (prs. part, of igan), possessor, owner, lord: gen. sg. igendes, of God, 3076. — Compounds : blad-, bold-, folc-, magen-igend. agend-fre^ m., owner, lord : gen. sg. igend-frean, 1884. ahsjan, ge-ahsjan, w. v. : i) to ex- amine, to find out by inquiring: pret. part, ge-ihsod, 433. — 2) to experience, to endure: pret. Sh- sode, 1207; pi. ihsodon, 423. aht, n. (contracted from i-wiht, which see), something, anything: Sht cwices, 2315. an, num. The meaning of this word betrays its original demonstrative character: i) this, that, 241 1, of the hall in the earth mentioned before ; similarly, 100 (of Grendel, already mentioned), cf. also 2775. — 2) one, a particular one among many, a single one, in numerical sense : ymb Sne niht {the next night), 135; ))urh Snes craft, 700; GLOSSARY. 117 )>ara anum, 1038; Sn after Snum, one for the other (Hre'Sel for Herebeald), 2462: similarly, dn after eallum, 2269 ; dnes hwat, some single thing, u part, 301 1 ; se Sn ledda duguSe, the one of the heroes of the people, 2238; Snes -fi\Wz.\\,for the sake of a single one, 3078, etc. — Hence, again, 3) alone, distin- guished, 1459, 1886. — 4) «, in the sense of an indefinite article : Sn . . . fepnd, loo; gen. sg. ^nre bSne (or to No.2[?]),428; Sn...draca, 2211 — 5) gen. pi. inra, in connection with a pronoun, single; Snra gehwilces, every single one, 733; Snra geh- wylcum, 785. Similarly, the dat. pi. in this sense : nemne feaiim Snum, except a few single ones, 1082. — 6) solus, alone: in the strong form, 1378, 2965; in the weak form, 145, 425, 431, 889, etc.; with the gen., ina Geata duguSe, alone of the warriors of the Gedtas, 2658. — 7) solitarius, alone, lonely, see sen. — Comp. nSn. &ii-feald, adj., simple, plain, without reserve : ace. sg. dnfealdne gejioht, simple opinion, 256. d.n-geng'a, -gengea, w. m., he who goes alone, of Grendel, 165, 449. ^n-liaga, w. m., he who stands alone, solitarius, 2369. an-hydig, adj. (like the O.N. ein- rW-r, of one resolve, i.e. of firm re- solve), of one opinion, i.e. firm, brave, decided, 2668. S-nga, adj. (only in the weak form), single, only : ace. sg. ingan dohtor, 375. 2998; Sngan eaferan, 1548; dat. sg. Sngan brSSer, 1263. An-palS, m., lonely way, path : ace. pi. inpa^as, 141 1. Sn-raed, adj. (cf. under fin-hydig). of firm resolution, resolved, 1530, 1576- &n-ttd, 11., one time, i.e. the same time : ymb in-tld o&es dogores, abottt the same time the second day (they sailed twenty-four hours), 219. — Sn stands as in in-mod, O.H.G. ein-muati, harmonious, of the same disposition. SiHunga, adv., throughout, entirely, wholly, 635. S.r, m., ambassador, messenger, 336, 2784. 3,r, f., i) honor, dignity : Srum heal- dan, to hold in honor, 296; similar- ly, 1 100, 1 183. — 2) favor, grace, support: ace. sg. fire, 1273, 2607; dat. sg. Sre, 2379; gen. pi. hwat . . . drna, 1188. — Comp. worold-ir; also written ser. 3.r-fast, adj., honorable, upright, 1 169; of H&nfer'S (with reference to 588). See fast. Syrian, w.v., {to be gracious) , to spare : Ill.sg. prs. w. dat. nsenegum SraiS; of Grendel, 599. S.r-staf, m. (elementum honoris), grace, favor : dat. pi. mid Srstafum, ■>,11. — Help, support: dat. pi. for Sr-stafum, to the assistance, 382, 458. See staf. 3.ter-t^n, ra., poisonous branch: dat. pi. Iren Ster-t^num fSh (steel which is damaskeened by the sap of branches used in sorcery), 1460. Sttor, n., poison, here of the poison of the dragon's bite : nom., 2716. Sittor-sceaSTa, m., poisonous enemy, of the poisonous dragon : gen. sg. -scea'San, 2840. S.W&, adv. (certainly not the dative, but a reduplicated form of k, which see), ever : Swi t3 aldre, for ever and ever, 956. 118 GLOSSAKY. adre, adv., hastily, directly, imme- diately, 77, 354, 3107. a9ele, adj., noble : nom. sg., of Beo- wulf, 198, 1313; of Beowulf's fath- er, 263, where it can be understood as well in a moral as'in a genealo- gical sense; the latter prevails de- cidedly in the gen. sg. a^elan cyn- nes, 2235. aS'eling, st. m., nobleman, man of noble descent, especially the appel- lation of a man of royal birth ; so of the kings of the Danes, 3; of Scyld, 33; of HroiSglr, 130; of Sigemund, 889; of Beowulf, 1226, 1245, 'S97> 1816, 2189, 2343, 2375, 2425, 2716, 3136; perhaps also of Daghrefn, 2507; — then, in a broader sense, also denoting other noble-born men : Ascheve, 1 295 ; HrSiSg^r's courtiers, 118, 983; HeremSd's courtiers, 907; Hengest's warriors, 1 1 13; Beowulf's retinue, 1805,1921, 3172; noble-born in general, 2S89. — Comp. sib-aSeling. affelu, n., only in the pi., nable de- scent, nobility, in the sense of noble lineage : ace. pi. aSelu, 392; dat. pi. cyning alSelum g8d, the king, of noble birth, 1871 ; a^elum di(5re, worthy on account of no- ble lineage, 1950 ; aSelum (hsele- ))um, MS.), 332. — Comp. fader- iiSelu. afnan, w. v. w. ace, to perform, to carry out, to accomplish : inf. ellen- weorc afnan, to do a heroic deed, 1465; pret. unriht afnde, perpe- trated wrong, 1255. ge-afnan, 1) to carry out, to do, to accomplish : pret. pi. Jjat geafndon swa, so carried that out, 538; pret. part. S5 was geiifned, the oath was sworn, 1 108. — 2) get ready, pre- pare: pret. part, geafned, 3107. See efnan. after (comparative of af, Ags. of, which see; hence it expresses the idea ol forth, away, from, bad), a) aiv ., thereupon, afterwards, 12, 341, 1390, 2155. — ic him after sceal, T shall go after them, 2817; in word after cwiilS, 315, the sense seems to be, spoke bach, having turned ; b) prep. w. dat., i) (tem- poral) after, 119, 128, 187, 825, 1939, etc.; after beorne, after the (death of) the hero, 2261, so 2262; after mSSBum-welan, after (obtain- ing) the treasure, 2751. — 2) (causal) as proceeding from something, de- noting result and purpose, hence, in consequence of, conformably to ; after rihte, in accordance zvith right, 1050, 21 1 1 ; after farolSe, with the current, 580; so 1321, 1721, 1944, 2180, etc., after heaSo-swSte, in consequence of the blood of battle, 1607; after walnitJe,;'?? consequence of mortal enmity, 85 ; in accordance with, on account of, after, about: after aSelum (h:Ele)Jum,MS.)fragn, asked about the descent, 332 ; ne frin >u after saelum, ask not after my welfare, 1 323 ; after sincgy fan gre6- te^, weeps for the giver of trea- sure, 1343; him after de6rum men dyrne langa^, longs in secret for the dear man, 1880; 4n after Snum, one for the other, 2462, etc. — 3) (local), along: after guracynnum, throughout the races of men, among men, 945; sohte bed after bClrum, sought a bed among the rooms of the castle (the castle was fortified, the hall was not), 140; after recede wlSt, looked along the hall, 1573; stone after stSne, smelt along the GLOSSARY. 119 rocks, 2289; after lyfte, along the air, through the air, 2833; simi- larly, 996, 1068, 13 1 7, etc. af-J»unca, w. m., anger, chagrin, vexatious affair : nom., 502. aglaecea. See aglsecea. aled (Old Sax. eld, O.H.G. eld-r), St. m.,fire, 3016. aled-leoina, w. m., {fire- light), torch: ace. sg. leoman, 3126. See le6ina. al-fylce (from al-, Goth, ali-s, &Wos, and fylce, O.H.G. fylki, collective furm from folc), n., other folk, hostile army : dat. pi. wi^ alfyl- cum, 2372. al-inlhtig (for eal-m.), adj., al- mighty : nom. sg. m., of the weak form, se al-mihtiga, 92. al-wiht, it. m., being of another spe- cies, monster : gen. pi. al-wihta eard, of the dwelling-place of Gren- del's kindred, 1501. appel-fealu, adj., dappled sorrel, or dappled yellow : nom. pi. appel- fealuwe mearas, dappled yellow steeds, 21 65. arn, st. n., house, in the compounds heal-, hord-, medo-, Jry^-, win-am. asc, St. m., ash (does not occur in Beowulf in this sense) , lance, spear, because the shaft consists of ash wood : dat. pi. (qud instr.) ascum and ecgum, with spears and swords, I773- asc-holt, St. n., ash wood, ashen shaft : nom. pi. asc-holt ufan grieg, the ashen shafts gray above (spears with iron points), 330. asc-wlga, w. m., spear-fighter, war- rior armed with the spear : nom. sg., 2043. at, prep. w. dat., with the.fundamen- tal meaning of nearness to some- thing, hence i) local, a) with, near. at, on, in (rest) : atlij^e, in har- bor, 32; at symle, at the meal, 81 ; at Sde, o» the funeral-pile, 11 11, 1 1 15; at JjeSnum, tuith thee alone, 1378; atvflge, in the fight, 1338; at hilde, 1660, 2682; at sete, in eat- ing, 3027, etc. b) to, towards, at, on (motion to) : dea^es wylm hrSn at heortan, seized upon the heart, 2271; gehSton at hargtrafum, vowed at (or to) the temples of the gods, 175. c) with verbs of taking away, away from (as starting from near an object) : ge)ieah Jiat ful at Wealhtieon, took the cup from W., 630; fela ic gebSd grynna at Gren- i\e, from Grendel, g'^l ; at minum fader genam, took me from my fath- er to himself, 2430.— 2) temporal, «/, ' in, at the time of: at frumsceafte, in the beginning, 45; at ende, at an end, 224; fand slnne dryhten ealdres at ende, at the end of life, dying, 2791 ; similarly, 2823; at feohgyftum, in giving gifts, 1090; at si^estan,^«o//)', 3O14. at-grsepe, adj., laying hold of, pre- hendens, 1270. at-rihte, adv., almost, 1658. sedre, 6dre, st. f., aqueduct, canal (not in Be6w.),t'f«« (not in Beow.), stream, violent pouring forth : dat. pi. swSt Eedrum sprong, the blood sprang in streams, 2^6^ ; blod edrum dranc, drank the blood in streams(^'i), 743. aiiSva, St. m., breath, gasp, snort: instr. sg. hre^er se'Sme wedll, the breast (of the drake) heaved with snorting, 2594. sefen, st. m., evening, 1236. 120 GLOSSARY. {efen-gram, adj., hostile at evening, night-enemy: nom. sg. m. sefen- grom, of Grendel, 2075. sefen-Ieoht, st. i.,, evening-light : nom. sg., 413. sefen-rast, st. f., evening-rest : ace. sg. -raste, 647, 1253. sefen-spraec, st. f., evening-talk : ace. sg. gemunde . . . sefen-spraece, thought about what he had spoken in the evening, 760. sefpe, adv., ever, at any time, 70, 280, 504, 693, etc. : ill negative sentences, sefre ne, never, 2601. — Comp. nsefre. aeg-hwa (O.H.G. eo - ga - hwei), pron., every, each : dat. sg. 8eg- hwam, 1385. The gen. sg. in adver- bial sense, in all, throughout, thor- oughly : aeghwas untaele, thoroughly blameless, 1866; oegh-was unrtm, entirely innumerable quantity, i.e. an enormous multitude, 2625, 3136. aeg-hivaffer (O.H.G. 80-ga-hwe- dar) : l) each (of two) : nojn. sg. hafde asghwaSer ende gefSred, each of the two (Beowulf and the drake) had reached the end, 2845; dat. sg. Eeghwa 5rum was broga framo 5rum, to each of the two (Beowulf and the drake) zvas fear of the other, 2565 ; gen. sg. aeghwaSres . . . vvorda and worca, 287.-2) each (of several) : dat. sg. heora seghwaSrum, 1637. aeg-hwser, adv., everywhere, 1060. aeg-hwilc (O.H.G. So-gi-hwelih), pron., unusquisque, every (one) : l) used as an adj. : ace. sg. m. dsel Eeghwylcne, 622. — 2) as substan- tive, a) with the partitive genitive : nom. sg. seg-hwylc, 9, 2888; dat. sg. seghwylcum, 1051. b) without gen. : nom. sg. aeghwylc, 985, 988; (was) seghwylc otSrum trywe, each one (of two") true to the other, 1 166. aeg-'weard, st. f., watch on the sea- shore : ace. sg. seg-wearde, 241. aeht (abstract form from 4gan, de- noting the state of possessing), st. f. : I ) possession, poiver : ace. sg. on ilodes aaht, 42; on wateres aeht, into the power of the water, 516; on aeht gehwearf Denigea frean, passed over into the possession of a Danish master, 1680. — 2) prop- erty, possessions, goods: ace. pi. ashte, 2249. — Comp. m^Bm-, gold- aeht. seht (O.H.G. ahta), st. i., pursuit : nom. \>% was aeht boden Sweona leodum, segn Higeldce, then was pursuit offered to the people of the Sweonas, {their) banner to Hy- gelac (i.e. the banner of the Swedes, taken during their flight, fell into the hands of Hygel^c), 2958. ge-sehtan, w. v., to prize, to speak in praise of: pret. part, geaehted, 1886. ge-sehtia, w. m., or ge-sehtle, w. f., a speaking of with praise, high esteem : gen. sg. hy . . . ^vyrtSe Hncea'SeorlageaehtlaniJ^^wzfor/liy ' of the high esteem of the noble-born, 369. sen (parallel form of 4n), num., one : ace. sg. m. Jjone aenne J^one . . ., the one whom . , ., 1054; oftormicle J>onne on aenne si^, much oflener than one time, 15 80; for^ onsen- don EEnne, sent him forth alone, 46. a:ne, adv., once: oft nalles aene, 3020. senlg, pron., one, any one, 474, 503, 510, 534, etc. -. instr. sg. nolde . . . asnige tinga, would in no way, not at all, 792J lyt eenig raearn, little did any one sorrow (i.e. no one), 3130. — With the article: nas se folccyning . . . aenig, no people's king, 2735. — Comp. ncenig. GLOSSARY. 121 aen-Uc, adj., alone, excellent, distin- guished: senile ans^n, distinguished appearance, 2^1; Jieah he hi<5 zen- llcu s^, though she be beautiful, '942. ser (comparative form, from S) : i) adv., sooner, before, beforehand, 15, 656, 69s, 758, 901, etc., for a long time, 2596 : eft swS aer, again as formerly, 643 ; ier ne si'SSan, neither sooner nor later, 719 ; ser and sl'S, sooner and later {?i.\\ times), 2501 ; no ]>y ser (riot so much the sooner"), yet not, 755, 1503, 2082, 2161, 2467. — 2) conjunct., before, ere : a) with the ind. ; £er hio to setle gedng, 2020. b) w. subjtrac: a:r ge fyr f8ran, before you travel farther, 25 2 ; ser he on weg hwurfe, 264, so 677, 2819 ; aer ton dag cwome, ere the day break, 732; ser correlative to ser adv. : ser he feorh sele'5, aldor an ofre, isx he wille . . ., he will sooner (rather) leave his life upon the shore, before (than) he will . . ., 1372. — 3) prepos. vpith dat., before : mt deaSe, before death, 1389 ; ser dages hwile, be- fore daybreak, 2321 ; asr swylt- dage, before the day of death, 2799. aeror, comp. adv., sooner, before- hand, 810; formerly, 2655. aerra, comp. adj., earlier : instr. pi., a^rran mtelum, in former times, 908, 2238, 3036. aerest, superl. : i) adv., first of all, foremost, 6, 617, 1698, etc. — 2) as subst. n., relation i}i the begin- ning: ace. hat ic his serest he eft gesagde {told thee, in what rela- tion it stood at first to the coat of mail that has been presented), 2158. aer-dag, m. (before-day), morning- ftt'ilight, gray of morning : dat. sg. mid serdage, 126; samod serdage, 1312, 2943. aerende, st. n., errand, trust: ace. sg-. 270, 345. aer-fader, st. m., late father, de- ceased father : nom. sg. swi his sarfader, 2623. aer-gestreon, st. n., old treasure, possessions dating from old times : ace. sg., 1758; gen. sg. swylcra fela sergestreona, much of such old treasure, 2233. See gestreon. aer-geweorc, st. n., work dating from old times : nom. sg. enta ser- geweorc, the oldwork of the giants (of the golden sword-hilt from Grendel's water-hall), 1680. See geweorc. aer-gOd, adj., good since old times, long invested with dignity or ad- vantages : a&ling sergod, .130 ; (eorl) sergod, 1330; Iren sergod {excellent sword), 990, 2587. aer-\irela, vv. m., old possessions, riches dating from old times : ace. sg. serwelan, 2748. See ivela. ses, St. n., carcass, carrion : dat. (instr.) sg. sese, of Asehere's corpse, 1333- aet, St. ra., food, meat : dat. sg., hfl him at sete speow, how he fared well at meat, 3027. aettren (see Sttor), ad]., poisonous : was J>at blod t8 Jias hSt, settren ellorgSst, se J>ser inne swealt, so hot was the blood, (and) poisonous the demon (Grendel's mother) tuho died therein, 1618 bana, bona, st. m., murderer, 158, 588, 1 103, etc.: ace. sg. bohan Ongenjieowes, of HygelSc,although 122 GLOSSARY. in reality his men slew Ongen^edw (2965 ff.), 1969. Figuratively of inanimate objects : ne was ecg bona, 2507; wear's wracu Weoh- stUnes bana, 2614. — Comp. : ecg-, feorh-, gSst-, hand-, mfttS-bana. bon-gSr, St. f., murdering spear, 2032. ge-bannan, st. v. w. ace. of the thing and dat. of the person, to command, to bid : inf., 74. bd.cl, f., pledge, only in comp. : n^d- bSd. ba.11, St. 11., bone : dat. .sg. on bine (on the bony skin of the drake), 2579; dat. pi. heals ealne ymbe- fgng biteran bSnura (here of the teeth of the drake), 2693. ban-cOfa, w. m.j "cubile ossium" (Grimm) of the body: dat. sg. -c8fan, 1446. b&n-f^g, adj. {variegated with bones), either with ornaments made of bone-work, or adorned with bone, perhaps deer-antlers; of Hr6«gar's hall, 781. The last meaning seems the more probable. b^n-fat, St. 11., hone-vessel, i.e. the body: ace. pi. bin-fatu, 1 1 17. ban-hring, st. m,, the bone-struc- ture, joint, bone-joint : ace. pi. hire witS halse . . . bSnhringas brae {broke her neck-joini), 1568. b3.ii-hfis, St. n., bone-house, i.e. the body : ace. sg. binhfls gebrac, 2509; similarly, 3148. b3.ii-loca, w. ni., the enclosure of the bones, i.e. the body: ace. sg. bSt bSnlocan, bit the body, 743; nom. pi. burston binlocan, the body burst (of Grendel, because his arm was torn out), 819. b3.t, St. m., boat, craft, ship, 211. — Comp. s£E-bSt. bat-weard, st. m,, boat-watcher, he who keeps watch over the craft; dat. sg. -wearde, igoi. balff, St. n., bath : ace. sg. ofer gano- tes baS, over the diver's bath (i.e. the sea), 1862. barnan, w. v., to cause to burn, to burn : inf. hSt . . . bSnfatu bar- nan, bade that the bodies be burned, 1 1 1 7 ; ongan . . . beorht hofu bar- nan, began to consume the splendid country-scats (the dragon), 2314. for-barnan, w. v., consume uuith fire ; inf. hy hine ne mSston . . . brondefor-barnan,//i?j'(the Danes) could not burn him (the dead Aschere) upon the funeral-pile, 2127. bsedan (Goth, baidjan, Q.H.G. bei- ISn^ito incite, to encourage : pret. bsedde byre geonge, encouraged the youths (at the banquet), 2019. ge-bsedan, w. v., ^u press hard: pret. part, bysigum gebasded, distressed by trouble, difficulty, danger (of battle), 2581; to drivcj to send forth : sti-asla storm strengum ge- bieded, the storm of arrows sent from the strings, 31 18; overcome: draca . . bealwe gcbsded, the dragon . . . overcome by the ills of battle, 2827. basl (O.H.G, b41), st. n..,fire,flames : (wyrm) mid basle f6r, passed {through the air) with fire, 2309 ; hafde landwara Itge befangan, bsle and bronde, with fire and burn- ing, 2323. — Especially, the fire of the funeral-pile, the funeral-pile, 1110,1117,2:27; xr he bsEl cure, ere he sought the burning (i.e. died), 2819 ; hitaS . . . hlxw ge- wyrcean . . . afte bsele, after I am burned, let a burial mound be thrown up (Bedwulf's words), 2804. GLOSSARY. 123 bael-f^r, st. n., bale-fire, fire of the funeral - pile : gen. pi. bself^ra masst, 3144. bael-stede, st. m., place for the fu- neral-pile : dat. sg. in beel-stede, 3098. bael-wudn, st. m., wood fof the fu- neraL-pile, 3113. bser, St. f., bier, 3106. g e - bseran, vr.v..io conduct one's self, behave ; inf. w. adv., ne gefragn ic \>&. mseg^e . . . sel gebjeran, / did not hear that a troop bore itself better, maintained a nobler de- portment, 1013 ; he on eorlSan geseah ))one leofestan lifes at ende bleate gebseran, saw the best-beloved upon the earth, at the end of his life, struggling miserably (i.e. in a helpless situation), 2825. g e - bsetan (denominative from bsete, the bit), w. v., to place the bit in the mouth of an animal, to bridle : pret. part. )>& was HrotSgare hors gebeeted, 1400. be, prep. w. dat. (with the funda- mental meaning near, "but not of one direction, as at, but more gen- eral ") : i) local, near by, near, at, on (rest) : be ydlSfe uppe lae- gon, lay above, upon the deposit of the 'waves (upon the strand, of the' slain nixies), 566; hafde be honda, held by the hand (Beowulf held Grendel), 815 ; be saem tweo- num, in the circuit of both the seas, 859, 1686 ; be maste, on the mast, igo6; be i'^r^, by the fire, 2220; be nasse, at the promontory, 2244; sat be )«em gebro^rum twsem, sat by the two brothers, 1192; was se gryre lassa efne swS micle swa bilS mag& craft be waepnedmen, the terror was just so much less, as is the strength of woman to the •warrior (i.e. is valued by), 1285, etc. — 2) also local, but of motion from the subject in the direction of the object, on, upon, by : gefeng be eaxle, seized by the shoulder, 1538; S18don ledfne Redden be maste, laid the dear lord near the mast, 36 ; be healse genam, took him by the neck, fell upon his neck, 1873 ; wjepen hafenade be hiltum, grasped the weapon by the hilt, 1575, etc. — 3) with this is con- nected the causal force, on account of, for, according to': ic t>is gid be )>e Swrac, / spake this solemn speech for thee, for thy sake, 1724 ; J>ft {le Issr be Jjon, learn according to this, from this, 1723; be fader ISre, according to her father'' s di- rection, 1951. — 4) temporal, a'^jV^, during : be be liHgendum, while thou livest, during thy life, 2666. See bi. bed, St. n., bed, couch : ace. sg. bed, 140, 677; gen. sg. beddes, 1792; dat. pi. beddum, 1 241. — Comp. : dea'S-, hlin-, lager-, morSor-, wal- bed. g e - bedde, w. f ., bed-fellow : dat. sg. wolde sScan cwSn t3 gebeddan, wished to seek the queen as bed-fel- low, to go to bed with her, 666. — Comp. heals-gebedde. begen, fem. "b&yboth: nom. m., 536, 770, 2708; ace. fem. on bS healfa, on two sides (i.e. Grendel and his mother), 1306; dat. m. bSm, 2197; and in connection with the posses- sive instead of the personal pro- noun, firum bSm, 2661; gen. n. bega, 1874, 2896 ; bega gehwaSres, each one of the two, 1044 ; bega folces, of both peoples, 1 125. g e - belgan, st. v. (properly, to cause to swell, to sweW), to irritate : w. 124 GLOSSARY. dat. (pret. subj.) yit he Scean dryhtne bitre gebulge, /Aai he had bitterly angered the eternal Lord, 2332; pret. part, gebolgen, 1540; (gebolge,MS.),2222; pl.gebolgne, 1432; move according to the origi- nal meaning in tome gebolgen, 2402. E-belgan, to anger: pret. sg. w. ace. oS )jat hyne Sn Ebealh mon on mode, till a man angered him in his heart, 2281 ; pret. part, ibol- gen, 724. ben, St. f., wound : ace. sg. benne, 2725. — Comp. : feorh-, seax-ben. bene, St. f., bench : nom. sg. bene, 492; dat. sg. bence, 327, 1014, 1 1 89, 1 244. — Comp. : ealu-, medu- bene. benc-sw6g, st. ni., (bench-rejoie- ing"), rejoicing which resounds from the benches, 1 162. benc-]jel, st. n., bench-board, the wainscotted space where the benches stand; nom. pi. benc-Jielu, 486; aec. pi. benc)jelu beredon, cleared the bench-boards (i.e. by taking away the benches, so as to prepare couches), 1240. bend, st. m., bond, fetter : ace. sg. forstes bend, frosfs bond, 1610; dat. pi. -bendum, 978. — Comp.: fjr-, hell-, hyge-, tren-, oncer-, searo-, wal-bend. ben-geat, st. n., {wound -gate"), wound-opening: nom. pi. ben- geato, 1 1 22. bera (O.N. beri), w. m., bearer : in comp. hleor-bera. beran, st. v. w. ace, to carry : III. sg. pres. byreS, 296, 448; >one ml'5'Sum byre^, carries the treas- ure (upon his person), 2056; pres. subj. beta, 437; pi. beren, 2654; inf. beran, 48, 231, 291, etc.; hSht )>i se hearda Hrunting beran, to bring Hrunting, 1808; up beran, 1921; in beran, 2153; pret. bar, 495, 712, 847, etc.; mandryhtne bar fated waege, brought the lord the costly vessel, 2282; pi. bseron, 213, 1636, etc.; basran, 2851; pret. part, boren, 1193, 1648, 3136. — The following expressions are po- etic paraphrases of the forms go, come : )>a.t we rondas beren eft to earde, 2654; gewltatS foriS beran wsepen and gewoedu, 29 1; ic ge- fragn sunu WihstSnes hringnet be- ran, 2755; wtgheafolan bar, 2662; helmas bseron, 240 (conjecture); scyldas basran, 2851: they lay stress upon the connection of the man with his weapons. at-beran, to carry to : inf. tS bea- dolfce {battle) atberan, 1562; pret. t>4 hine on morgenttd on HeatSorsmas holm up atbar, the sea bore him up to the I/ea'Soriemas, 519; hi6 Beowulfe medoful atbar, brought Beiivulf the mead-cup, ii2t); magenbyr^enne . . . hider fit atbar cyninge mtnum, bore the great burden hither to my king, 3093; pi. ht hyne atbajron to brimes fa- rolSe, 28. for-beran, /o hold, to suppress : inf. );at he Jjone bredstwylm forberan ne mehte, that he could not suppress the emotions of his breast, 1 878. ge-beran, /o bring forth, to hear: pret. part. ViX IS mag secgan se );e sols and riht freme'S on folce . . . bat J^es eorl wa;re geboren betera {that may every just man of the people say, that this nobleman is better born), 1704. 61S-beran, to bring hither : pret. ))i mec S3e StSbar on Finna land, 579- GLOSSARY. 125 on-beran (O.H.G. in beran, intpe- lan, but in the sense of carere), au- ferre, to carry off, to take atiiay : inf. !ren sergod Jjat Jias ahlaecan blodge beadufolme onberan wolde, excellent sword which would sweep off the bloody hand of the demon, 991; pret. part, (was) onboren beaga hord, the treasure of the rings had been carried off, 2285. — Compounds with the pres. part. : helm-, s^wl-berend. beriau (denominative from bar, naked), w. v., to make bare, to clear : pret. pi. bencj;elu beredon, cleared the bench-place (by remov- ing the benches), 1240. berstan, st. v., to break, to burst; pret. pi. burston bSnlocan, 819; bengeato burston, 1 1 22. — to crack, to make the noise of breaking : fin- gras burston, the fingers cracked (from Beowulf's gripe), 761. for-berstan, break, to fly asunder pret. Nagling forbarst, Nagling (Beowulf's sword) broke in two, 2681. betera, adj. (comp.), better: nom. sg. m. betera, 469, 1704. bet-lie, adj., excellent, splendid: nom. sg. n., of HroSgir's hall, 781; of HygelSc's residence, 1926. betst, betost (superl.), best, the best : nom. sg. m. betst beadurinca, 1 1 10; neut. nu is ofost betost, bat we . . ., now is haste the best, that ■we . . ., 3008; voc. m. secg betsta, 948; neut. ace. beaduscr&da betst, 453; ace. sg. ra. Jiegn betstan, 1872. b§cn, St. n., {beacon), token, mark, sign : ace. sg. betimbredon beado- rofes l3ecn (of BeowulFs grave- mound), 3162. See beacen. bSg. See beAg. bSn, St. f., entreaty : gen. sg. bSne, 428, 2285. bSna, w. m., suppliant, supplex : nom. sg. SW& J^u bSna eart {as thou entreatest), 352; swd he b8na was {as he had asked), 2^^l; nom.pl. hy bSnan synt, 364. ge-b6tan: l) to make good, to re- move: pret. ac J)u HrS^gSre wtdcM- ne wean wihte gebSttest, hast thou in any way relieved Hro^gdr of the evil known afar, 1992; pret. part, ace. sg. swylce oncylSSe ealle ge- bStte, removed all trouble, 831. — 2) to avenge : inf. wihte ne meahte on ham feorhbonan fashtSe gebStan, could in no way avenge the death upon the slayer, 2466. beadu, st. f., battle, strife, combat : dat. sg. (as instr.) beadwe, in com- bat, 1540; gen. sg. b^d beadwa ge-Hnges, waited for the combats (with Giendel) that were in store for him, 710. beadu-folm, st. f., battle-hand : ace. sg. -folme, of Grendel's hand, 991. beado-grima, w. m., {battle-mask), helmet: ace. pi. -grlman, 2258. beado-hragl, st. n., {battle -gar- ment), corselet, shirt of mail, 552. beado-13.c, st. n., {exercise in arms, tilling) , combat, battle : dat. sg. to beado-lSce, 1562. beado-le6ina, w. m., {battle-light), sword: nom. sg., 1524. beado-mece, st. ra., battle-sword : nom. pi. beado-mScas, 1455. beado-rinc, st. m., battle-hero, war- rior: gen. pi. betst beadorinca, mo. beadu-r8f, adj., strong in battle: gen. sg. -rofes, of Beowulf, 3162. beadu-rfin, st. f., mystery of battle : ace. sg. onband beadu-rtlne, solved the mystery of the combat, i.e. gave battle, commenced the fight, 501. 126 GLOSSARY. beadu-scearp, adj., battle-sharp, sharp for the battle, 2705. beadu-scrud, st. n., {battle-dress'), corselet, shirt of mail: gen. pi. beaduserflda betst, 453. beadu-serce, w. i., {battle-garment), • corselet, shirt of mail; ace. sg. brogdne beadu-sercean (because it consists of interlaced metal rings), 2756. bcado-weorcj-st. n., {battle-work'), battle : gen. sg. gefeh beado- weorces, rejoiced at the battle, 2300. beald, adj., bold, brave : in comp. cyne-beald. bealdian, w. v., to show one's self brave ; pret, bealdode godum dae- dum {through brave deeds), 2178. bealdor, st. m., lord, prince : nom. sg. sinca baldor, 2429; winia beal- dor, 2568. bealu, St. n., evil, ruin, destruction : instr. sg. bealwe, 2827 ; gen. sg. bealuwa, 281 ; bealewa, 2083 ; bealwa, 910. — Comp.: cwealm-, ealdor-, hreSer-, ledd-, moriSor-, niht-, sweord-, wtg-bealu. bealu, adj., deadly, dangerous, bad: instr. sg. hyne sSr hafa% befongen balwon bendum, pain has en- twined him in deadly bands, 978. bealo-cwealm, st. m., violent death, death by the sword {1), 2266. bealo-hycgende, pres. part., think- ing of death, meditating destruc- tion : gen. pi. aeghwa'Srum bealo- hycgendra, 2566. bealo-hydig, adj., thinking of death, meditating destruction : of Gren- del, 724. bealo-nt!?, st. m., {zeal for destruc- tion), deadly enmity: nom. sg., 2405 ; destructive struggle : ace. sg. bebeorh Jie hone bealonK, be- ware of destructive striving, 1759; death-bringing rage : nom. sg. him on breostum bealo-ntS weoll, in his breast raged deadly fury (of the dragon's poison), 2715. bearhtm (see beorht) : i) st. m., splendor, brightness, clearness : nom. sg. eagena bearhtm, 1767. — 2) sound, tone : ace. sg. bearhtm ongeiton, gd'Shorn galan, they heard the sound, {heard) the bat- tle-horn sound, 1432. bearm, m., gremium, sinus, lap, bosom : nom. sg. foldan bearm, 1 138; ace. sg. on bearm scipes, 35, 897 ; on bearm nacan, 214 ; him on bearm hiadan bunan and discas, 2776. — 2) figuratively, /Of - session, property, because things bestowed were placed in the lap of the receiver (so 40 and 2195, on bearm licgan, Slecgan); dat. sg. him to bearme cwom m^SSum- fat ma;re, came into his posses- sion, 2405. beam, n.: l) child, son: nom. sg. beam Healfdenes, 469, etc. ; EcglS- fes beam, 499, etc. ; dat. sg. bearne, 2371 ; nom. pi. beam, 59; dat. pi. bearnum, 1075. — 2) in a broader sense, scion, offspring, descendant : nom. sg. Ongenjiedw's beam, of his grandson, 2388 ; nom. pi. yldo beam, 70; gumena beam, chil- dren of men, 879 ; halelSa beam, 1190; a'Selinga beam, 3172 ; ace. pi. ofer ylda beam, 606 ; dat. pi. ylda bearnum, 150; gen. pi. ni'S'Sa bearna, 1006. — Comp. : bro&r-, dryht-bearn. bearn-gebyrdu, f., birth, birth of a son : gen. sg. Jiat hyre eald- metod Sste waere beam-gebyrdo, has been gracious through the birth of such a son (i.e. as Bedwulf ), 947. GLOSSARY. 127 bearu, st. m., {the bearer, hence properly only the fruit-tree, espe- cially the oak and the beech), tree, collectively yb;-«/ .■ nom. pi. hrtnde bearwas, rustling trees (or rustling forests), 1364. bedcen, st. n., sign, banner, vexil- lum : nom. sg. beorht beacen godes, of the sun, S70; gen. pi. beacna beorhtost, 2778. See bScn. ge -be&cnian, w. v., to mark, to in- dicate ; pret. part, ge-beacnod, 140. bedg, St. m., ring, ornament: nom. sg. beah (neck-ring), 1212; ace. sg. beah (the collar of the mur- dered king of the Hea^obeardnas), 2042 ; bSg (collective, for the ace. pi.), 3165 ; dat. sg. cwom Wealh- >ed forS gSn under gyldnum beage, she walked along under it- golden head-ring, wore a golden diadem, 1 1 64; gen. sg. beages (of a col- lar), 1217; ace. pi. beagas (rings in general), 80, 523, etc.; gen. pi. beaga, 35, 352, 1488, 2285, etc. — Comp. : earm-, heals-beag. bedg-gyfa, w. m., ring-giver, des- ignation of the prince : gen. sg. -gyfan, 1103. bedg-hroden, adj., adorned with rings, ornamented with clasps : nom. sg. beaghroden, cwSn, of HrSSgSr's consort, perhaps with reference to her diadem (cf. 1 164), 624. bedU-hord, st. n., ring-hoard, treas- ure consisting of rings : gen. sg. beah-hordes, 895 ; dat. pi. beah- hordum, 2827 ; gen. pi. beah-hor- da vceard, of King Hr8%ar, 922. bedh-sele, st. m., ring-hall, hall in which the rings were distributed : nom. sg., of Heorot, 11 78. bedta-J^egu, St. f., the receiving of the ring: d-it. sg. after beah-t>ege, 2177. bedh-wriffa, w., ring-band, ring with prominence given to its having the form of a band : ace. sg. beah- wriSan, 2019. bedm, st m., tree, only in the com- pounds fyrgen-, gleo-beam. bedtan, st. v., thrust, strike : pres. sg. mearh burhstede beateiS, the steed beats the castle-ground (place where the castle is built), i.e. with his hoofs, 2266 ; pret. part, swealt bille ge-beaten, died, struck by the battle-axe, 2360. beorb, st. m. : i) mountain, rock : dat. sg. beorge, 211 ; gen. sg. be- orges, 2525, 2756; ace. pi. beorgas, 222. — 2) grave-mound, tomb-hill : ace. sg. biorh, 2808; beorh, 3098, 3165. A grave-mound serves the drake as a retreat (cf. 2277, 2412) : nom. sg. beorh, 2242 ; gen. sg. be- orges, 2323. — Comp.-stSn-beorh. beorh, st. f., veil, covering, cap; only in the comp. heaford-beorh. beorgan, st. v. (w. dat. of the in- terested person or thing), to save, to shield : inf wolde fepre beorgan, place her life in safety, 1294; here- byrne . . . sed )>e bSncofan beorgan cflSe, which could protect his body, 1446; pret. pi. ealdre burgan, 26cx3. be-beorgan (w. dat. refl. of pers. and ace. of the thing), to take care, to defend one's self from : inf. him be-beorgan ne con worn, cannot keep himself from stain (fault), 1747; imp. bebeorh Jje Jjone bea- lontS, 1759. ge-beorgan (w. dat. of person or thing to be saved), to save, to pro- tect : pret. sg. t>at gebearh. feore, protected the life, 1549; scyld wel gebearg life and Itce, 2571. ymb-beorgan, to surround pro- 128 GLOSSAEY. tectingly : pret. sg. bring fttan ymb- bearh, 1504. beorht, byrht, adj.: i) gleaming, shining, radiant, shimmering: nom. sg. beorht, of the sun, 570, 1803; beorhta, of Heorot, 1178; >at beorhta bold, 998; ace. sg. beorhtne, of Bedwulf's grave- mound, 2804; dat. sg. t3 tsere byrhtan (here-byrhtan, MS.) byrig, 1200; ace. pi. beorhte fratwe, 214, 897; beorhte randas, 231; bord- wudu beorhtan, 1244; n. beorht hofu, 2314. Superl. : beacnabeorh- tost, 2778. — 2) excellent, remark- able: gen. sg. beorhtre bote, 158. — Comp. : sadol-, wlite-beorht. beorhte, adv., brilliantly, brightly, radiantly, 1518. beorbtla,n, w. v., to sound clearly : pret. sg. beorhtode benc-sw8g, Ii6z. beorn, st. m., hero, warrior, noble man: nom. sg. (HrotJgSr), 1881,. (Beowulf), 2434, etc. ; ace. sg. (Bedw.), 1025, (Aschere), 1300 ; dat. sg. beorne, 2261 ; nom. pi. beornas (Beowulf and his com- panions), 211, (HrS'Sgir's guests), 857; gen. pi. beorna (Beowulf's liege-men), 2405. — Comp.: folc-, gfttS-beorn. beornan, st. v., to burn : pres. part, byrnende (of the drake), 2273. — Comp. un-byrnende. for-beornan, to be consumed, to burn: pret. sg. for-barn, 1617, 1668 ; for-born, 2673. ge-beornan, to be burned: pret. gebarn, 2698. beorn-cynlng, st. m., king of war- riors, king of heroes : nom. sg. (as voc), 2149. be6dan, st. v. : i) to announce, to inform, to make known : inf. bio- dan, 2893. — 2) to offer, to proffer (as the notifying of a transaction in direct reference to the person concerned in it) : pret. pi. him geHngo budon, offered them an agreement, 1086 ; pret. part. JjS was aeht boden Sweona leodum, then was pursuit offered' the Swed- ish people, 2958; inf. ic Jiam godan sceal mSISmas beddan, I shall offer the excellent man treasures, 385. 3-be6dan,i'o present, to announce : pret. word inne ibead, made known the words within, 390 ; to offer, to tender, to wish : pret. him hsel ibead, wished him health (greeted him), 654. Similarly, haelo Sbead, 2419 ; eoton weard dbead, offered the giant a watcher, iiii<). be-be6dan,?o command, to order : pret. sw3 him se hearda bebead, as the strong man commanded them, 401. Similarly, sw^ se rtca be- head, 1976. ge-beddan: l) to command, to order : inf. het JjS gebeddan byre Wihstines hale& monegum, Jjat hie . . ., the son of Wihstan caused orders to be given to many of the men . . ., 3111. — 2) to offer : him Hygd gebead hord and rice, of- fered him the treasure and the chief power, 2370; inf. gdSe ge- beddan, to offer battle, 604. be6d-gene&t, st. m., table-compan- ion : nom. and ace. pi. geneatas, 343. 1714- be6n, verb, to be, generally in the future sense, will be : pres. sg. 1. gfltSgeweorca ic bed gearo sSna, / shall immediately be ready for warlike deeds, 1826; sg. III. w4 biS J>am Jie sceal . . ., woe to him who . . .\ 183; so, 186; gifetSe bilS is given, 299 ; ne bi^ J>e wilna GLOSSARY. 129 gftd {no wis A will be denied thee), 66l; Jj£er J>e bK manna )>earf, if thou shall need the warriors, 1836 ; ne bW swylc cwSnlic Jjeaw, is not becoming, honorable to a woman, 1941 ; eft sona biS, will happen directly, 1763; similarly, 1768, etc.; pi. tonne bid'S brocene, then are broken, 2064 ; feor cytSfie bedfS sSlran gesohte J>am te . . ., " terrae longinquae meliores sunt visitatu eiqui . . ." (Grein), 1839; imp. beo (bio) J)U on Sfeste, hasten ! 386, 2748 ; beo wis Geatas glad, be gracious to the Gedtas, 1 1 74. beor, St. n., beer : dat. sg. at bedre, at beer-drinking, 2042 ; instr. sg. beoie druncen, 531 ; bedre drunc- ne, 480. beor-scealc, st. m., keeper of the beer, cup-bearer : gen. pi. bedr- scealca sum (one of HrotSgir's fol- lowers, because they served the Geatas at meals), 1241. be6r-sele, st. m., beer-hall, hall in which beer is drunk: dat. sg. in (on) bedrsele, 482, 492, 1095 ; bidrsele, 2636. be6r-]>egu, st. f., beer-drinking, beer-banquet : dat. sg. after bedr- J>ege, 117; at Jjoere bedrjiege, 618. be6t, St. n., promise, binding agree- ment to something that is to be undertaken : ace. sg. he bedt ne SXth, did not break his pledge, 80 ; bedt eal . . . gelaeste, performed all that he had pledged himself to, 523. ge-be6tian, w. v., to pledge one's self to an undertaking, to bind one's self: pret. gebedtedon, 480, 536. beot-'word, st. n., same as bedt: dat. pi. bedt-wordum sprac, 25 1 1 . biddan, st. v., to beg, to ask, to pray: pres. sg. I. dots sw^ ic bidde ! 1232; inf. (w. ace. of the pers. and gen. of the thing asked for) ic t>e bid- dan wille Snre bSne, beg thee for one, 427; pret. sw& he selfa bad, as he himself had requested, 29 ; bad hine bli^ne (supply wesan) at Jjsere bedrhege, begged him to be cheerful at the beer-banquet, 618 ; ic J)e lange bad )>at J)u . . ., begged you a long time that you, 1995 ; frio^owsere bad hlSford sinne, begged his lord for protection (ace. of pers. and gen. of thing), 2283 ; bad J)at ge geworhton, asked that you . . ., 3097; pi. wor- dum basdon J;at . . ., 1 76. on-bidlan, w. v., to await: inf. laeta'S hilde-bord her onbidian . . . worda ge>inges, let the shields await here the result of the con- ference (lay the shields aside here), 397- bil, n., sword: nom. sg. bil, 1568 ; bill, 2778 ; ace. sg. bil, 1558 ; , instr. sg. bille, 2360; gen. sg. billes, 2061, etc. ; instr. pi. billum, 40 ; gen. pi. billa, 583, 1 145. — Comp. : gfl'S-, hilde-, wig-bil. blndan, st. v., to bind, to tie : pret. part. ace. sg. wudu bundenne, the bound wood, i.e. the built ship, 216; bunden golde swurd, a sword bound with gold, i.e. either having its hilt inlaid with gold, or having gold chains upon the hilt (swords of both kinds have been found), 1901 ; nom. sg. heoru bunden, 1286, has probably a similar mean- ing. ge-bindan, to bind: pret. sg. ))£er ic fife geband, where I had bound five{J), 420; pret. part, cyninges Jiegn word o^er fand sS'Se gebun- den, the king's man found (after many had already praised BedwulP* 130 GLOSSARY. deed) other words (also refemng to Be6wulf, but in connection with Sigemund) rightly bound together, i.e. in good alliterative verses, as are becoming to a gid, 872; wun- denmael wrattum gebunden, sword bound with ornaments, i.e. inlaid, 1532; bisgum gebunden, bound together by sorrow, 1744; gomel gftlSwlga eldo gebunden, hoary hero bound by old age (fettered, oppressed), 2112. on-bindan, to unbind, to untie, to loose : pret. onband, 501 . ge-bind, st. n. coll., that which binds, fetters : in comp. Is-gebind. bite, St. m., bite, figuratively of the cut of the sword: ace. sg. bite liena, the swords' bite, 2260; dat. sg. after billes bite, 2061. — Comp. ia«-bite. biter (primary meaning that of bit- ing), adj.: l) sharp, cutting, cut- ting in : ace. sg. biter (of a short sword), 2705; instr. sg. biteran strale, 1747; instr.pl. biteran bd- num, with sharp teeth, 2693. — 2) irritated, furious : nom. pi. bitere, 1432. bit re, adv., bitterly (in a moral sense), 2332. bS, big (fuller form of the prep, be, which see), prep. w. dat. : i) near, at, on, about, by (as under be. No. i) : bi ssem twednum, in the circuit of both seas, 1957; SrSs b! ronde, raised himself up by the shield, 2539 ; bl wealle gesat, sat by the wall, 2718. With a freer posi- tion: him big stSdan bunan and orcas, round about him, 3048. — 2) to, towards (motion) : hwearf J>i bt bence, turned then towards the bench, 1189; gedng bl sesse, went to the seat, 2757. bid (see btdan), st. n., tarrying, hesitation : bser wear® Ongen))id on bid wrecen, forced to tarry, 2963. btdan, st. v.: l) to delay, to stay, to remain, to wait : inf. no on wealle leng bldan wolde, would not stay longer within the wall (the drake), 2309; pret. in >ystnim bSd, re- viained in darkness, 87; flota stille bdd, the craft lay still, 301; rece- da . . . on >am se rtca b4d, where the mighty one dwelt, 310; Jiasr se snottra bUd, where the wise man (HrS^gSr) waited, 1314; he on searwum hid, he (Bedwulf) stood there armed, 2569; ic on earde b4d mselgesceafta, lived upon the pater- nal ground the time appointed me by fate, 2737; pret. pi. sume J>aet bidon, some remained, waited there, 400. — 2) to await, to wait for, with the gen. of that which is awaited : inf. bidan woldon Gren- dles gtlSe, wished to await the com- bat with Grendel, to undertake it, 482; similarly, 528; wlges bldan, await the combat, 1269; nalasand- sware bldan wolde, would await no answer, ngy, pret. bad beadwa geHnges, awaited the event of the battle, 710; saegenga bid Sgend- frean, the sea-goer (boat) awaited its owner, 1883; sele . . . hea'So- wylma bid, U'San llges (the poet probably means to indicate by these words that the hall Heorot was destroyed later in a fight by fire; an occurrence, indeed, about which we know nothing, but which 1165 and 1 166, and again 2068 ff. seem to indicate), 82. 4 -bidan, to await, with the gen.: inf., 978. ge-bldan: 1) to tarry, to wait: GLOSSARY. 131 imp. gebtde ge on beorge, wait ye on the mountain, 2530; pret. part. Jjeah t>e winlra lyt under burhlocan gebiden hiibbe HarelSes dohtor, although H's daughter had dwelt only a few years in the castle, 1929. — 2) to live through, to experience, to expect (w. ace.) : inf. sceal endedag raSnne gebldan, shall live my last day, 639; ne wSnde . . . bSte gebldan, did not hope . . . to live to see reparation, 935 ; fela sceal gebldan leofes and l&Ses, experience much good and much affliction, io5i; ende gebl- dan, 1387, 2343; pret. he Jjas frofre gebid, received consolation (com- pensation) therefor, 7; gebSd win- tra worn, lived a great number of years, 264; in a similar construc- tion, 816, 930, 1619, 2259, 3117. With gen. : inf. to gebldanne oSres yrfeweardes, to await another heir, 2453. With depend, clause : inf. to gebldanne J'at his byre ride on galgan, to live to see it, that his son hang upon the galltnvs, 2446; pret. dream-leas gebSd bat he . . ., joy- less he experienced it, that he . . ., 1 721 ; Jias t>e ic on aldre gebSd J)at ic . . ., for this, that I, in my old age, lived to see that . . ., 1780. on-bldan,/o wait, to await : pret. hordweard onbSd earfoSUce 8S bat sefen cwom, scarcely waited, could scarcely delay till it was evening, 2303- bStan, St. v., to bite, of the cutting of swords: inf. bltan, 1455, 1524; pret. bit bSnlocan, bit into his body (Grendel), 743; bSt unswl15or, fa/ with less force (Beowulfs sword), 2579. blanca, w. m., properly that zuhich f/mes ^?r? ef th? jiorse, not so much of the white horse as the dappled : dat. pi. on blancum, 857. ge-1>land, ge-blond, st. a., ?nix- ture, heaving mass, a turning. — Comp. : sund-, J'S-geblond, wind-, blond. blanden-feax, blonden-feax, adj ., mixed, i.e. having gray hair, gray- headed, as epithet of an old man : nom. sg. blondenfeax, 1792; blon- denfexa, 2963; dat. sg. blonden- feaxum, 1874; nom. pi. blonden- feaxe, 1595. blac, adj., dark, black : nom. sg. hrefn blaca, 1802. blSiC, adj.: l) gleaming, shining: ace. sg. blScne ledman, a brilliant gleam, 15 18. — 2) of the white death-color, /(z/f/ in comp. heoro- biae. bised, m. ; i) strength, force, vigor : nom. sg. was hira blaed scaeen (of both tribes), strength was gone, i.e. the bravest of both tribes lay slain, 1125; nu is Hnes magnes blxd Sne hwile, no2V the fulness of thy strength lasts for a time, 1 762. — 2) reputation, renown, knovjledge (with stress upon the idea of filling up, spreading out) : nom. sg. blsed, 18; (Mn) blsed is Sraered, thy re- nown is spread abroad, 1 704. blsed-3.gend, m., having renown, renowned : nom. pi. blsed-Sgende, 1014. blsed-fast, adj.,^rOT in renown, re- nowned, known afar; ace. sg. blaedfastne beorn (of Aschere, with reference to 1329), 1300. bledt, adj., miserable, helpless ; only in comp. wal-bleat. bleate, adv., miserably, helplessly, 2825. bUcan, st. v., shine, gleam : inf., 222. bliffe, adj. : i) blithe, joyous, happy : 132 GLOSSARY. ace. sg. bMne, 6l8. — 2) gracious, pleasing: nom. sg. bll'Se, 436.; — Comp. un-bll'Se. bUff-heort, adj., joyous in heart, happy : nom. sg., 1803. bldd, St. n., blood: nom. sg., 11 22; ace. sg., 743; dat. sg. Mode, 848; after dedrummen hiralanga'S beorn wW blode, the hero (Hr8^gSr) longs for the beloved man contrary to blood, i.e. he loves him although he is not related to him by blood, 1881 ; dat. as instr. bl8de, 486, 935, 1595, etc. bldd-fag, adj., spotted with blood, bloody, 2061. blOdig, adj., bloody : ace. sg. f. blod- ge, 991 ; ace. sg. 1.. blSdig, 448; instr. sg. bl3digan gSre, 2441. ge-blddian, w. v., to make bloody, to sprinkle with blood: pret. part. ge-bl8degod, 2693. blOdlg-tdff, adj., with bloody teeth : nom. sg. bona blodig-to'S (of Gren- del, because he bites his victims to death), 2083. bl6d-re6w, adj., bloodthirsty, bloody- minded: nom. sg. him on ferh'Se gredvv bredst-hord blod-redw, in his bosom there grew a bloodthirsty feeling, 1720. be- bod, St. n., command, order ; in comp. vfundor-bebod. bodian, w. v., (^to be a messenger'), to a7ijtounce, to make known : pret^ hrefn blaca heofones wynne bliS- heort bodode, the black raven an- nounced joyfully heaven's delight (the rising sun), 1803. boga, w. m., bow, of the bended form; here of the dragon, in comp. hring-boga; as an instrument for shooting, in the comp. flin-, horn- boga; bow of the arch, in comp. stin-boga. bolca, VI. m., " forus navis " (Grein), gangway; here probably the planks which at landing are laid from the ship to the shore: ace. sg. ofer bolcan, 231. bold, St. II., building, house, edifice : nom. sg. (Heorot), 998; (Hyge- ISc's residence), 1926; (Bedwulf's residence), 2197, 2327. — Comp. fold-bold. bold-3;gend, m., house-owner, prop- erty-holder : gen. pi. monegum boldSgendra, 3113. bolgen-mOd, adj., angry at heart, angry, 710, 1714. bolster, st. n., bolster, cushion, pil- low : dat. pi. (reced) geond-brae- ded wearS beddum and bolstrum, was covered luith beds, and bolsters, 1 24 1 . — Comp. hledr-bolster. bon-. See ban-. bora, w. m., carrier, bringer, leader: in the comp. mund-, rsed-,waeg-bora. bord, St. n., shield: nom. sg., 2674; ace. sg., 2525; gen. pi. ofer borda gebrac, over the crashing of the shields, 2260. — Comp. : hilde-, wlg-bord. bord-habbeiid, m., one having a shield, shield-bearer : nom. pi. hab- bende, 2896. bord-bredSTa, w. n,, shield-cover, shield with particular reference to its cover (of hides or linden bark) : dat. sg. -hredtJan, 2204; bord-rand, st. m., shield : ace. sg., 2560. bord--weal], st. m., shield-wall, wall of shields : ace. sg., 2981; bord-wudu, st. m., shield-wood, shield: ace. pi. beorhtan beord- wudu, 1244. botm, St. m., bottom : dat. sg. l3 botme (here of the bottom of tUs fen-lake), 1507. GLOSSAEY. 133 bOt (emendation, cf. bStan) : i) re- lief, remedy : nom. sg., 281 ; ace. sg. b8te, 935; dat. sg. bote, 910. — 2) a performance in expiation, a giving satisfaction, tribute : gen. sg. bote, 158. brand, brond, st. m. : i) burning, fire : nom. sg. ^S sceal brond fre- tan [the burning of the body) , 3015; instr. sg. hy hine ne moston . . . bronde forbarnan {could not be- stow uponhini the solemnburning), 2127; hafde landvvara llge befan- gen, beele and bronde, with glow, fire, and flame, 2323. — 2) in the passage, Jiat hine no brond ne bea- dom^cas bitan ne meahton, 1455, brond has been translated sword, brand (after the O.N. brand-r). The meaning fire may be justified as well, if we consider that the old helmets were generally made of leather, and only the principal parts were mounted with bronze. The poet wishes here to emphasize the fact that the helmet was made entirely of metal, a thing which was very unusual. — 3) in the passage, forgeaf J>a Beowulfe brand Healf- denes segen gyldenne, 1021, our text, with other editions, has emen- dated, beam, since brand, if it be intended as a designation of HroSgSr (perhaps son), has not up to this time been found in this sense in A.-S. brant, bront, adj., raging, foaming, going high, of ships and of waves : ace. sg. brontne, 238, 568. brS.d, adj. : l) extended, wide : nom. pi. brS.de rtce, 2208. — 2) broad: nom. sg. heah and brSd (of Beo- wulf's grave-mound), 3159; ace. sg. brfidne m?ee, 2979; (seax) brSd [and] brftnecg, the broad. short s^vord with bronze edge, 1547. — 3) massive, in abundance : ace. sg. brdd gold, 3106. ge-brac, st. n., noise, crash: ace. sg. borda gebrac, 2260. g e o n d - brsedan, w. v., to spread over, to cover entirely : pret. part, geond-brseded, 1240. brecan, st. v. : 1) to break, to break to pieces: pret. bSnhringas brae, (the sword) broke the joints, 1568. In a moral sense : pret. subj. Jjat Jjaer senig mon w£ere ne braece, that no one should break the agreement, I loi ; pret. part. Jjonne bid^ bro- cene . . . SS-sweord eorla, then are the oaths of the men broken, 2064. — 2) probably also simply to break in upon something, to press upon, w. ace. : pret. sg. ssededr monig hildetuxum heresyrean brae, many a sea-animal pressed with his bat- tle-teeth upon the shirt of mail (did not break it, for, according to 1549 f., 1553 f., it was still unharmed), 1 51 2. — 3) to break out, to spring out : inf. geseah . . . stream fit bre- can of beorge, saiv a stream break out from the rocks, 2547; IStdse hearda Higellees Jiegn brSdne mSce . . . brecan ofer bordweal, caused the broads^vord to spring out over the wall of shields, 2981. — ■ 4) figuratively, to vex, not to let rest: pret. hine fyrwyt brae, curi- osity tormented (N.H.G. brachte die Neugier um), 232, 1986, 2785. ge-brecan,/!) break to pieces : pret. bSnhfls gebrac, broke in pieces his body (Beowulf in combat with Daghrcfn), 2509. t8-brecan,/o break in pieces : inf., 781 ; pret. part, to-brocen, 998. hurh-brecan, to break through: pret. wordes ord breosthord J>urh: 134 GLOSSARY. brae, the word's point broke through his dosed breast, i.e. a word burst out from his breast, 2793. ■breclff, St. f., condition of being brok- en, breach : nom. pi. modes brectSa {sorrow of heart'), 171. S-bredwian, w. v. w. ace, to fell to the ground, to kill ( ?) : pret. Sbredwade, 2620. bregdan, st. v., properly to swing round, hence: \) to swing: inf. undersceadubregdan,jTOZ«^3ff;£>»^ the shadows, to send into the realm of shadows, 708; pret. bragd ealde lafe, swung the old weapon, 796; bragd feorh-genHSlan, sioung his mortal enemy (Grendel's mother), threw her down, 1541; pi. git eagorstream . . . mundum brugdon, stirred the sea with your hands (of the movement of the hands in swim- ming), 514; pret. part, broden (brogden) msel, the drawn sword, 1617, 1668. — 2) to knit, to knot, to plait : inf., figuratively, inwitnet oiSrum bregdan, to weave a way- laying net for another (as we say in the same way, to lay a trap for another, to dig a pit for another), 2168; pret. part, beadohragl bro- den, a woven shirt of mail (because it consisted of metal rings joined together), 522; similarly, 1549; brogdne beadusercean, 2756. 3-bregdan, to swing: pret. hond up 4-brad, swung, raised his hand, 2576. ge-bregdan: l) swing: pret. hring- msel gebragd, swung the ringed sword, 1565; eald sweord eacen . . . tat ic }j^ wsepne gebriid, an old heavy sword that I swung as my weapon, 1665 ; with interchanging instr. and ace. walseaxe gebrad, biter and beadu-scearp, 2704; also, to draw out of the sheath : sweord £Er gebrad, had drawn the sword before, 2563. — 2) to knit, to knot, to plait : pret. part, here-byrne hondum gebroden, 1444. o n - b r e g d a n , to tear open, to throia open : pret. onbrad ^3 recedes mftiSan, had then thrown open the entrance of the hall (onbregdan is used because the opening door swings upon its hinges), 724. brego, m., prince, ruler : nom. sg., 427, 610. brego-rOf, adj., powerful, like a ruler, of heroic strength : nom. sg. m., 1926. brego-stOl, st. m., throne, figura- tively for rule: ace. sg. him ge- sealde seofon Jjflsendo, bold and hxe.%o-Aa\,gavehim seven thousand (see under sceat), a country- seat, and the dignity of a prince, 2197; t^' '^™ Hygd gebead . . . brego-stol, where 11. offered him the chief power, 2371; l?t Jjone bregostol Beowulf healdan, gave over to Beiivulf the chief power (did not prevent Bedwulf from entering upon the government), 2390. breme, adj., known afar, reno^oned: nom. sg., 18. brentlng (see brant), st. m., skip, craft: nom. pi. brentingas, 2808. d-bredtan, st. v., to break, to break in pieces, to kill : pret. Sbrefit brim- wlsan, killed the sea-king (King HaelScyn), 2931. See breotan. bre6st, st. n. : i) breast: nom. sg., 2177; often used in the pi., so ace. )>at mine bredst ware's, which pro- tects my breast, 453; dat. pi. bea- dohragl broden on bredstum lag, 552. — 2) the inmost thoughts, the mind, the heart, the bosom : nom. GLOSSARY. 135 sg. breSst in nan we611 Jie6strum ge- Jjoncum, his breast heaved with troubled thoughts, 2332; dat. pi. ISt JiS of bredstum word fit faran, caused the words to come out from his bosom, 2551, bre6st-gehygd, st.n., breast-thought, secret thought : dat. pi. -gehygdum, 2819. bre6st-ge\yseau, n. ^\., breast-cloth- ing, garment covering the breast, of the coat of mail: nom., 1 21 2; ace, 2163. bre6st-llord, st. m., breast-hoard, that which is locked in the breast, heart, mind, thought, soul: nom. sg., 1720; ace. sg., 2793. bre6st-net, st. n., breast-net, shirt of chain-mail, coat of mail: nom. sg. breost-net broden', 1549. bre6st-Tveorffung, st. f., ornament that is worn upon the breast : ace. ~- sg. bredst-weor^unge, 2505 : here the collar is meant which Beowulf receives from WealhJ>edw (1196, 2 1 74) as a present, and which B., according to 2173, presents to Hygd, while, according to 1203, it is in the possession of her husband Hygelac. In front the collar is trimmed with ornaments (fratwe), which hang down upon the breast, hence the name bredst-weor'Sung. breost-'wylm, st. m., heaving of the breast, emotion of the bosom : ace. sg., 1878. breotan, st. v., to break, to break in pieces, to kill : pret. breat beddge- neatas, killed his table-companions (courtiers), 1714. d-bredtan, same as above: pret. Jjone ]je hed on raste threat, whom she killed upon his couch, 1299; pret. part. ))a J>at monige gewear'S, )>at hine sed brimwylf ibroten haf- de, many believed that the sea-zvolf (Grendel's mother) had killed him, 1600; hi hyne . . . Sbroten hafdon, had killed him (the dragon), 2708. brim, st. n., flood, the sea : nom. sg.,- 848, 1595; gen. sg. t8 brimes fa- roiSe, to the sea, 28 ; at brimes no- san, at the sea's promontory, 2804 ; nom. pi. bvimu swa'Sredon, the waves subsided, 570. briiu-clif, st. a., sea-cliff, cliff zvashed by the sea : ace. pi. -clifu, 222. brim-lSd, st. {., flood-way, sea-way : ace. sg. [j^ra he mid Beowulfe biim- ISde teah, -who had travelled the sea-way with B., 1052. brim-liffend, m., sea-farer, sailor : ace. pi. -li'Sende, 568. brlm-stredm, st. m., sea-stream, the flood of the sea : ace. pi. ofer brim- strearaes, 191 1. brim-wisa, w. m., sea-king : acc.sg. brimwlsan, of Hse'Scyn, king of the Geatas, 2931. brim-wylf, st. f., sea-wolf (designa- tion of Grendel's mother) : nom. sg. sed brimwylf, 1507, 1600. brim-wylm, st. m., sea-wave : nom. sg., I49S- brlngan, anom. v., to bring, to bear : prs. sg. I. ic Jje ))flsenda );egna bringe to helpe, bring to your assist- ance a thousand warriors, 1S30; inf.sceal hringnaca ofer hea^ubrin- gan ISc and luftScen, shall bring gifts and love-tokens over the high sea, 1863; similarly, 2149, 2505; pret. pi. we Jjas sselSc . . . brohton, brought this sea-offering (Grendel's head), 1654. ge-biingan,^ bring: pres. subj. pi. }>at we [jone gebringan ... on Sdfare, that we bring him upon the funeral-pile, 3010. brosnian, w. v., to crumble, to be- 136 GLOSSARY. come rotten, to fall to pieces ; pre. sg. III. herep4d . . . brosnatS after heotae,ihe coat ofmail falls to pieces after (the death o() the Aero, 2261. brOffor, st. m., brother: nom. sg., 1325, 2441 ; dat. sg. brSiSer, 1263; gen. sg. his brflSor beam, 2620; dat. pi. bro'Srum, 588, 1075. ge-brStSru, ^\., brethren, brothers : dat. pi. sat be J>£em gebroSrum twsEin, sat by the two brothers, 1 192. brOga, w. m., terror, horror : nom. sg., 1292, 2325, 2566; ace. sg. billa brogan, 583. — Comp. : gryre-, here-br8ga. brfican, st. v. w. gen., to use, to make use of : prs. sg. III. se he longe her worolde brttce^, who here long makes use of the world, i.e. lives long, 1063; imp. brflc manigra mSda, make use of many reivards, give good rewa rds, 1 1 79 ; to enjoy : inf. >at he beahhordes brflcan mSs- te, could enjoy the ring-hoard, 895 ; similarly, 2242, 3101 ; pret. breac Ufgesceafta, enjoyed the appointed life, lived the appointed time, 1954. With the genitive to be supplied : breac );onne moste, 1488; imp. brflc )>isses beages, enjoy this ring, fake this ring, 121 7. Upon this meaning depends the form of the wish, wel brfican (compare the German geniesze froh!): inf. h£t hine wel brfican, 1046 ; hSt hine brfican well, 2813; imp. brflc ealles well, 2163. brQn, adj., having a metallic Ittstre, f^«»zn^.' nom. sg.sioecgbrfln, 2579. brdn-ecg, adj., having a gleaming blade : ace. sg. n. (hyre seax) brSd [and] brflnecg, her broad sword with gleaming blade, 1 547. brfln-f^g, adj., gleaming like metal: ace. sg. brflnflgne helm, 2616. bryne-ledma, w. m,, light of a con- flagration, gleam of fire : nom.sg., 2314. bryne-wylm, st. m., wave of fire : dat. pi. -wylmum, 2327. bry tnlan (properly to break in small pieces, cf. bredtan), w. v., to bestow, to distribute : pret. sine brytnade, distributedpresents, i.e. ruled (since the giving of gifts belongs espe- cially to rulers), 2384. brytta, w. m., giver, distributer, always designating the king : nom. sg. sinces brytta, 608, 1171, 2072; ace. sg. beaga bryttan, 35, 352, 1488; sinces bryttan, 1923. bryttian ifo be a dispenser'), w. v., to distribute, to confer : prs. sg. III. god manna cynne snyttru bryttaiS, bestows wisdom upon the human race, 1727. br^d, St. f . : i) wife, consort: ace. sg. bryd, 2931 ; bryde, 2957, both times of the consort of Ongen- Jieow ( ?) . — 2) betrothed, bride : nom. sg., of HrSSg^c's daughter, Freaware, 2032. br^d-bflr, st. n., woman's apart- ment : dat. sg. code . . . cyning of br^dbflre, the king came out of the apartment of his wife (into which, according to 666, he had gone), 992. bunden-stefna, w. m., {that which has a bound stern'), the framed ship : nom. sg., 191 1. bune, w. f., can or cup, drinking- vessel : nom. pi, bunan, 3048 ; ace. pi. V;unan, 2776. burh, burg, st. f., castle, city, forti- fied house: ace. sg. burh, 523 ; dat. sg. byrig, 1200; dat. pi. burguin, 53, 1969, 2434. — Comp. : fred-, freolSo-, hea-, hied-, hord-, leod-, ma;g-burg. GLOSSARY. ia7 burh-loca, w. m., castle-bars : dat. sg. under burh-locan, under the castle-bars, i.e. iu the castle (Hy- gelSc's), 1929. burh-stede, st. m., castle-place, place where the castle or city stands ; ace. sg. burhstede, 2266. burta-Trela, w. m., riches, treasure of a castle or city ; gen. sg. (lenden he burh-welan brflcan m6ste, 3101. burne, w. f., spring, fountain : gen. )jjEre burnan walm, the bubbling of of the spring, 2547. buan, St. v. ; l ) /o stay, to remain, to dwell: inf. gif he waccende weard onfunde on beorge, if he had found the watchman watching on the mountain, 2843. — 2) to in- habit, w. ace. : meduseld bfian, to inhabit the mead-house, 3066. ge-bfian, w. ace, to occupy a house, to take possession : pret. part, hean hftses, hfl hit Hring Dene after bedrjiege gebftn hafdon, how the Danes, after their beer-carouse, had occupied it (had made their beds in it), 117. — With the pres. part, bfiend are the compounds ceaster-, fold-, grund-, lond-bfiend. bugan, St. v., to bend, to bow, to sink; to turn, to flee : prs. sg. III. bon-gdr bflgetS, the fatal spear sinks, i.e. its deadly point is turned down, it rests, 2032; inf. Jjat se byrnwlga bfigan sceolde, that the armed hero had to sink down (having re- ceived a deadly blow), 2919; sim- ilarly, 2975; pret. sg. beah eft under eor'Sweall, turned, fled again behind the earth-wall, 2957; pret. pi. bugon t8 bence, turned to the bench, 327, 1014; by on holt bu- gon,/led to the wood, 2599. A-bflgan,^ bend off, to curve away from : pret. fram sylle toeag me- dubenc monig, from the threshold curved away many a mead-bench, 776. be-bQgan, w. ace, to surround, to encircle: prs. swS {which') water bebfigelS, 93; efne swS side sw4 SEe bebfigeiS windige weallas, as far as the sea encircles windy shores, 1224. ge-biigan, to bend, to bow, to sink : a) intrans. ; bed on flet gebeah, sank on the floor, 1541 ; J)S gebeah cyning, then sank the king, 2981 ; Jjd se wyrm gebeah snflde tosomne {when the drake at once coiled it- self up), 2568; gewSt JiS gebogen scrldan t6, advanced with curved body (the drake), 2570. — b) w. ace. of the thing to which one bends or sinks : pret. selereste gebeah, sank iipon the couch in the hall, 691; similarly gebeag, 1242. bur, St. n., apartment, room : dat. sg. bClre, ijil, 2456; dat. pi. bft- rum, 140. — Comp. brjd-bflr. bfltan, buton (from be and fitan, hence in its meaning referring to what is without, excluded) : i) conj. with subjunctive following, lest: bfltan his He swJee, lest his body escape, 967. With ind. follow- ing, but: bflton hit was- mSre Jponne senig mon olSer t6 beadu- ISce atberan meahte, but it (the sword) was greater than any other man could have carried to battle, 156:. After a preceding negative verb, except : Jiara te gu- mena beam gearwe ne wiston bd- ton Fitela mid hine, which the children of men did not know at all, except Fitela, who was with him, 880; ne nom he mS'Sm-sehta md bftton Jjone hafelan, etc., he took no more of the rich treasure than 138 GLOSSARY. the head alone, 1615. — 2) prep, with dat., except : bClton folcscare, 73; b&ton )je, 658; ealle bdton £num, 706. byegan, w. v., to buy, to pay : inf. ne was Jiat gewrixle til Jiat hie on bS healfa bicgan scoldon fteonda feorum, that'was no good transac- tion, that they, on both sides (as well to Grendel as to his mother), had to pay with the lives of their friends, 1306. be-bycgan, /d j«//.- pret. nu ic on mSSma hord mine bebohte frode feorhlege {nov) I, for the treasure- hoard, gave up my old life), 2S00. ge-bycgan, to buy, to acquire; to pay: pret. w. ace. nS ))ser aenige . . . frSfre gebohte, obtained no sort of help, consolation, 974; hit (his, MS.) ealdre gebohte, paid it with his life, i/i,%z; pret. part, sylfes feore beagas [gebohjte, bought rings with his own life, 3015. byldan {to malte beald, which see), to excite, to encourage to brave deeds : inf. w. ace. swS he Fresna cyn on beorsele byldan wolde (by distributing gifts), 1095. go -byrd, st. n., " fatum destinatum " (Grein) ( ?) : ace. sg. hie on gebyrd hruron gSre wunde, 1075. ge-byrdu, st. f., birth; in com- pound, bearn-gebyrdu. byrdu-scpud, st. n., shield-orna- ment, design upon a shield(^ ?) : nom. sg., 2661. byre, st. m., (born") son : nom. sg., 2054, 2446, 2622, etc. ; nom. pi. byre, 1 189. In a broader sense, young man, youth : ace. pi. baedde byre geonge, encouraged the youths (at the banquet), 2019. byrSen, st. f., burden; in comp. magen-byr'Sen. byrele, st. m., steward, waiter, cup- bearer : nom. pi. byrelas, 1162. byrgan, w. v., to feast, to eat : inf., 448. ge-byrgea, w. m., protector; in comp. ledd-gebyrgea. byrht. See beorht. byrne, w. f., shirt of mail, mail : nom. sg. byrne, 405, 1630, etc.; hringed byrne, ring-shirt, consist- ing of interlaced rings, 1246; ace. sg. byrnan, 1023, etc.; side byr- nan, large coal of mail, 1292; hringde byrnan, 2616; hSre byr- nan, gray coat of mail (of iron), 2154; dat. sg. on byrnan, 2705; gen. sg. byrnan bring, the ring of the shirt of mail (i.e. the shirt of mail), 2261; dat. pi. byrnum, 40, 238, etc.; beorhtum byrnum, with gleaming mail, 3141. — Co.mp. : gftS-, here-, heafSo-, !ren-, isern- bytne. byrnend. See bcornan. byrn-wiga, w. m., warrior dressed in a coat of mail: nom. sg,, 2919. bysgu, blslgu, st. f., trouble, diffi- culty, opposition : nom. sg. bisigu, 281; dat. pi. bisgum, 1744, bysi- gum, 2581. bysig, adj., opposed, in need, in the compounds llf-bysig, syn-bysig. b^me, w. f., a ivind-instrument, a trumpet, a trombone : gen. sg. byman gealdor, the sound of the trumpet, 2944. b^wan, w. v., to ornament, to pre- pare : inf. \% Jie beado-griman by wan sceoldon, who should pre- pare the helmets, 2258. GLOSSARY. 130 camp, St. ra., combat, fight between two : dat. sg. in campe (Beowulf's with Daghrefn ; cempan, MS.), 2506. candel, st. f., light, candle. • noni. sg. rodores candel, of the sun, 1573. — Comp. woruld-candel. cempa, w. m., fighter, luarrior, hero : nom. sg. aSele cempa, 1313; Geata cempa, 1552; rSSe cempa, 1586 ; mtere cempa (as voc), 1762; gyrded cempa, 2079; dat. sg. geongum (geongan) cempan, 1949, 2045, 2627; Huga cempan, 2503 ; ace. pi. cempan, 206. — Comp. f6'5e-cempa. cennan, i) to bear, w. ace: efne swS hwylc magSaswS Jjone magan cende, ititio bore the son, 944 ; pret. part, bam eafera was after cenned, to hijji was a son born, 12. — 2) reflexive, to show one's self, to reveal one's self: imp. cen Jjcc mid crafte, prove yourself by your strength, 1220. S-cennan, to bear: pret. part, no hie fader cunnon, hwaiSer him aanig was xt icenned dyrnra gSsta, they (the people of the country) do not know his (Grendel's) father, nor ■^ whether any evil spirit has been before born to him (whether he has begotten a son), 1357. cSniTu, St. f., boldness : ace. sg. c6n^u, 2697. c6ne, adj., keen, warlike, bold : gen. pi. cSnra gehwylcum, 769. Superl., ace. pi. cSnoste, 206. — Comp. : deed-, gSr-cSne. ceald, adj., cold: ace. pi. cealde streamas, 1262 ; dat. pi. cealdum cearsMum, with cold, sad journeys, 2397. Superl. nom. sg. wedera cealdost, 546. — Comp. morgen- ceald, cearian, w. v., to have care, to take care, to trouble one's self: prs. sg. III. nS ymb his lif cearalS, takes no care for his life, 1537. cearig, adj., troubled, sad : in comp. sorh-cearig. cear-siff, st. m., sorrowful way, an undertaking that brings sorrow, i.e.' a warlike expedition : dat. pi. cearst^um (of Bedwulf's expedi- tions against Eadgils), 2397. cearu, st. f., care, sorrow, lamenta- tion : nom. sg., 1304; ace. sg. [ceare], 3173. — Comp. ; ealdor-, gM-, rasel-, mod-cearu. cear-walm, st. m., care-agitation, waves of sorrow in the breast : dat. pi. after cear-walmum, 2067. cear-wylm, st. m., same as above : nom. pi. JjS. cear-wylmas, 282. ceaster-bucnd, ra., inhabitant of a fortified place, inhabitant of a castle : dat. pi. ceaster-bftendum, of those established in HroSgSr's castle, 769. cedp, st. m., purcluisc, transaction : figuratively, nom. sg. nas J)at ySe ceap, no easy transaction, 2416 ; instr. sg. {>eah )je o^er hit ealdre gebohte, heavdan ceape, although the one paid it.with his life, a dear purchase, 2483. g e - ce&pian, w. v., to purchase . pret. part, gold unrime grimme geceapod, gold without measure, bitterly purchased (with Beowulf's life), 3013. be-ceorfan, st. v., to separate, to cut off (with ace. of the pers. and instr. of the thing) : pret. hine >ii heafde becearf, cut off his liead, 1592 ; similarly, 2139. ceorl, St. m., man : nom. sg. snotot 140 GLOSSARY. ceorl monig, many a wise man, 909 ; dat. sg. gomelum ceorle, the old man (of King HrfiSel), 2445; so, ealdum ceorle, of King Ongen- ^edw, 2973 ; nom. pi. snotere ceor- \as, 7oise men, 202, 416, 1592. ce6l, St. m., keel, figuratively for the ship: nom. sg., 1913 ; ace. sg. ce61, 38, 238 ; gen. sg. ceoles, 1807. ce6saD, to choose, hence, to assume : inf. J>one cynedom cidsan wolde, would assttjue the royal dignity, 2377 ; to seek : pret. subj. aer he bsel cure, before he sought his fu- neral-pile (before he died), 2819. ge-cedsan, to choose, to elect ; gerund, to gecedsenne cyning aenigne (sSlran), to choose a belter king, 1852; imp. \>e bat sSlre ge- ceds, choose thee the better (of two : bealoni^ and See raedas), 1759; pret. he usic on herge geceas t3 Jiyssum siSfate, selected us among the soldiers for this undertaking, 2639 ; geceas 6cne raed, chose the everlasting gain, i.e. died, 1 202 ; similarly, godes ledht geceas, 2470; pret. part. ace. pi. hafde . . . eempan gecorone, 206. on- clrran, w. v., to turn, to change : inf. ne meahte . . . (las wealdendas [willan] wiht on-cirran, could not change the will of the Almighty, 2858; pret. ufor oncirde, turned higher,2g^2; ]>ydeToncicde, turned thither, 2971. ^-ctgaD, w. v., to call hither ; pret. ictgde of eortSre cyninges hegnas syfone, called from the retinue of the king seven men, 3122. clam, clofn, st. m., fetter, figura- tively of a strong gripe: dat. pi. heardan clammum, 964; heardum elammum, 1336; atolan elommum (horrible claws of the mother of Grendel), 1503. clif, cleof, St. ii., cliff, promontory : aec. pi. Geata clifu, 1912. — Comp.: brim-, Sg-, holm-, stin-cUf. ge-cn^tvan, st. v., to know, to rec- ognize: inf. meaht hu, min wine, mice geenSwan, mayst thou, my friend, recognize the sword, 2048. on-cniwan, to recognize, to dis- tinguish: hordweai'd oncnidw man- nes reorde, distinguished the speech of a man, 2555. ciiiht, St. m., boy, youth: dat. pi. t>yssum cnyhtum, to these boys (Hro^Sr's sons), 1220. cniht-viresende, prs. part., being a boy or a youth : ace. sg. ic hine cfllSe cniht-wesende, kne^a him while still a boy, 372; nom. pi, wit )jat gecwaedon cniht-wesende, we both as young men said that, 535. cnyssan, w. v., to strike, to dash against each other : pret. pi. J>onne . . . eoferas enysedan, when the bold warriors dashed against each other, stormed (\n battle), 1329. coUcn-ferhff, -ferS, adj., (properly, of swollen mind), of uncommon thoughts, in his way of thinking, standing higher than others, high- minded : nom. sg. cuma eoUen- ferbS, of Bedwulf, 1807; collen- ferSS, of Wigiaf, 2786. corijer, st. n., troop, division of an army, retinue : dat. sg. J>a was . . . Fin slagen, cyning on coriSre, then was Fin slain, the king in the trSop (of warriors), 11 54; of cor- •Sre cyninges, out of the retinue of the king, 3122. costian, w. v., to try : pret. (w. gen.) he mln costode, tried me, 2085. cOfa, w. m., apartment, sleeping- room, couch : in comp. bin-cSfa. GLOSSARY. 141 cftl, adj., cool: compar. cearwylmas colran wurUaB, the waves of sorrow become cooler, i.e. the mind becomes quiet, 282; him wlflnfan . . . coUan weor'Sa'S, his love for his wife cools, 2067. craft, .St. m., the condition of being able, hence : i) physical strength : nom.sg. mag 5a craft, 1284; ace. sg. magenes craft, 418; burh dnes craft, 700; craft and c^n^u,- 2697; dat. (instr.) sg. crafte, 983, 1220, 2182, 2361. — 2) art, craft, skill: dat. sg. as instr. dyrnum crafte, with se- «v^(magic)(7f/,2i69 ; dyrnan craf- te, 2291 ; Jjeofes crafte, xuith thief s craft, 2221 ; dat. pi. deofles craf- tum, by deviPs art (sorcery), 2089. — 3) great quantity{T) : ace. sg. wyrm-horda craft, 2223. — Comp. : leo'iSo-, magen-, nearo-, wig-craft. craftig, adj. : l) strong, stout : nom. sg. eafo'Ses craftig, 1467; nllSa craftig, 1963. Comp. w!g-craftig. — 2) adroit, skilful: in comp. lagu-craftig. — 3) rich (of treas- ures) ; in comp. eacen-craftig. cringan, st. v., to fall in combat, to fall with the writhing movement of those mortally wounded: pret. subj. on wal crunge, would sink into death, would fall, 636; pret. pi. for the pluperfect, sume on wale crungon, II 14. ge-cringan, same as above: pret. he under rande gecranc,/^// under his shield, 1 2 10; at wlge gecrang, fell in battle, 1338; hed on flet gecrong, fell to the ground, W569; in campe gecrong, fell in single combat, 2506. cuma (Jie who comes), w. ni., nezo- comer, guest: nom. sg. 1807. — Comp. -. cwealm-, wil-cuma. cuman, st.,v., to come : pres. sg. II. gyf (ju on weg cymest, if thou com- est from there, 1 383 ; III. cyme^, 2059; pres. subj. sg. III. cume, 23; pi. Jionne we &t cymen, when we come out, 3107; inf. cuman, 244, 281, 1870; pret. sg. com, 430, 569, 826, 1134, 1507, 1 601, etc.; cwom, 419, 2915; pret. subj. sg. cworae, 732; pret. part, cumen, 376; pi. cumene, 361. Often with the inf. of a verb of motion, as, com gon- gan, 71 1; com simian, 721 ; com in gan, 1645; cwom gSn, 1 1 63; com scacan, 1803; cwomon laedan, 239; cwomon sScean, 268; cwo- man scrlSan, 651, etc. be - cuman, to come, to approach, to arrive : pret. syS'San niht becom, after the night had come, 1 15; J;e on I'd leode becom, that had come over the people, 192; J>d he t6 hSm becom, 2993. And with inf fol- lowing ; stefn in becom . . . hlyn- nan under hSrne stan, 2553; lyt eft becwom . . . hSmes nidsan, 2366 ; otS Jiat ende becwom, 1255; simi- larly, 2117. With ace. of pers. : J)d hyne sid J)rag becwom, when this time of battle ca/ue over him, 2884. ofer-cuman,/£7 overcome, to com- pel: pret. \>^ he J>one fednd ofer- cwom, thereby he overcame the foe, 1274 ; pi. hie fednd heora . . . ofer- c6mon, 700; pret. part. (w. gen.) nl& ofercumen, compelled by com- bats, 846. cumbol, cumbor, st. n., banner : gen. sg. cumbles hyrde, 2506. — Comp. hilte-cumbor. cund, adj., originating in, descend- ed from : ih comp. feorran-cund. cunnan, verb pret. pres. ; i) to know, to be acquainted with (w. ace. or depend, clause) : sg. pres. I. ic mtnne can gladne Hr6Sulf 142 GLOSSARY. )>at he . . . wile, / know my gra- cious If., that he 'Mill . . ., 1181; II. eard git ne const, thou hiojocst not yet the land, 1378; III. he l>at wyrse ne con, knows no worse, 1 740. And reflexive : con him land geare, knows ilie land well, 2o(>y, pi. men ne cunnon hwyder helrQnan scrl- ■Sati, men do not know whither . . ., 162; pret. sg. ic hine cftSe, knew him, 372; cii^e he dugu^ J^eawe, kne^v the customs of the distin- guished courtiers, 359; so with the ace, 2013; seolfa ne cftlSe Jiurh hwat . . ., he himself did not know through what . . ., 3068; pi. sorge ne cflSon, 119; so with the ace, 180, 418, 1234. With both (ace. and depend, clause) : no hie fader cunnon (scil. no hie cunnon) hwa- ■Ser him ijenig was a:r Scenned dyrnra g^sta, 1356. — 2) with inf. following, can, to be able : prs. sg. him bebeorgan ne con, cannot de- fend himself, \1i,T, prs. pi. men ne cunnon secgan, cannot say, 50; pret. sg. cfl^e reccan, 90; beorgan cfitSe, 1446; pret. pi. hSrian ne c^on, could not praise, 182; pret. subj. healdan cftSe, 2373. cnnnlan, w. v., to inquire into, to try, w. gen. or ace. ; inf. sund cun- nian (figurative for roam over the sea), 1427, 1445; geongne cem- pan higes cunnian, to try the young warrior's mind, 2046; pret. eard cunnode, tried the home, i.e. came to it, 1501; pi. wada cunncdon, tried the flood, i.e. swam through the sea, 508. cfiKT; adj. : i) known, well known ; manifest, certain : nom. sg. un- dyrne cflS, 150, 410; wide cCiS, 2924; ace. sg. fern. cftSe folme, 1304; cfttSe stroete, 1635; nom.pl. ecge cfltSe, 1 146; ace. pi. cftSc nassas, 1913. — 2) renowned : nom. sg. gCltium cd?, 2179; nom. pi. cystum cfl^e,868. — 3) iSao, friend- ly, dear, good (see un*cii3F), — Comp. : un-, wltS-cftS. cfilS-lice, adv., openly, publicly : comp. no her cfttSlicor cuman on- gunnon lind-habbende, no shield- bearing men undertook more bold- ly to come hither (the coast-watch- man means by this the secret land- ing of the Vikings), 244. cwalu, St. f., murder, fall ; in comp. deaS-cwalu. cweccan (Jo make alive, see cwic), w. v., to move, to swing: pret. cwehte magen-wudu, swung the wood of strength (= spear), 235. cwelffan, st. v., to say, to speak : a) ab- solutely : prs. sg. III. cwi'S at beore, speaks at beer-drinking, 2042. — b) w. ace. : pret. word after cwaS, 315; fea worda cwaS, 2247, 2663. — c) with Jjat following: pret. sg. cwatJ, 92, 2159; pi. cwaedon, 3182. — d) with Jiat omitted: pret. cwa5 he gfl^-cyning sScean wolde, said he would seek out the war-king, 199; similarly, 1811, 2940. i - c w e tS a n , /» say, to speak, w. ace. ; prs. YiX. word Scwy'5, speaks the word, 2047; pret. J;at word dcwaS, 655. ge-cwe'5an,/oj«j', to speak ; a) ab- solutely: pret. sg. II. Bwl |;u ge- cw3ede,2665. — b)w.acc.: piet.wel- hwylc gecwaS, spoke everything, 875; pi. wit Jiat gecwsedon, 535. — c) w. J>at following : pret. gecwaS, 858, 988. civellan, w. v., {to make die), to kill, to murder : pret. sg. II. Jju Gren- dcl cwealdest, 1335. 4-cwelIan, to kill: pret. sg. (he) GLOSSARY. 143 wyrm &cwealde, 887 ; Jione Jie Gren- del sev m&ne Scwealde, whom Gr en- del had before wickedly murdered, 1056; beorn Scwealde, 2122. cw6n, St. f. : i) wife, consort (of noble bi'th) : nom.' sg. cwSii, 62; (Hro'SgSi's), 614, 924; (Finn's), 1 154. — 2) pavticularly denoting the queen : nom. sg. beaghroden cwin (Wealh)iedw), 624; maeru cw^n, 2017; fremu folces cw6n (piyiSo), 1933; ace. sg. cwSn (Wealh})eow), 666. — Comp. folc- cw&n. cwen-llc, Tvd]., feminine, 7iiomanly : nom. sg. ne biS swylc cw8nllc l^eaw {such is not the custom of women, does not become a womaii) , 1941. cwealm, st. m., violent death, mur- der, destruction : ace. sg. )J0ne , cwealm gewrae, avenged the death (of Abel by Cain), 107; meendon mondrilitnes cwealm, lamented the ruler's fall, ■^lyi. — Comp.: bealo-, deatS-, gar -cwealm. cwealm-bealn, st. n., the evil of mtirder : ace. sg., 1941. cw^ealm-cuma, w. m., one coming for murder, a new-comer who con- templates murder : ace. sg. Jione cwealm-cuman (of Grendel), 793. cwlc and ctfIco, adj., quick, having life, alive : ace. sg. cwicne, 793, 2786; gen. sg. Sht cwices, some- thing living, 2315; nom. pi. cwice, 98; cwico was J)3 gena, was still alive, 3094. cwide, St. m., word, speech, saying: in comp. gegn-, gilp-, hied-, ISor-, word-cwide. cwlffan, St. v., to complain, to la- ment : inf. w. ace. ongan . . . gio- gu'Se cwi'San hilde-strengo, began to lament the (departed) battle- strengthof his youth, 21 13; [ceare] cwl 5an, lament their cares, 3173. cyme, st. m., coming, arrival : nom. pi. hwanan edwre cyme syndon, whence yotir coming is, i.e. whence ye are, 257. — ^Comp. eft-cyme. cyinlice,adv., (convenienter), splen- didly, grandly; comp. cymllcor, 38. cyn, St. n., race, both in the general sense, and denoting noble lineage : nom. sg. Fresena cyn, 1094; We- dera (gara, MS.) cyn, 461 ; ace. sg. eotena cyn, 421 ; giganta cyn, 1691; dat. sg. Caines cynne, 107; manna cynne,8ii, 915, 1726; edw- runi (of those who desert Bedwulf in battle) cynne, 2886; gen. sg. manna (gumena) cynnes, 702, etc.; maeran cynnes, 1730; ISiSan cynnes, 2009, 2355; fisses cynnes Wseg- mundinga, 2814; gen. pi. cynna gehwylcum, 98. — Comp.: eormen-, feorh-, frum-, gum-, man-, wyrm- cyn. cyn, St. II., that tvhich is suitable or proper: gen. pi. cynna (of eti- quette) gemyndig, 614. ge-cynde, adj., innate, peculiar, natural: nom. sg., 2198, 2697. cync-dSm, st. m., kingdom, royal dignity : ace. sg., 2377. cyning, at. m., king: nom. ace. sg. cyning, 11, 864, 921, etc.; kyning, 620, 3173; dat. sg. cyninge, 3094; gen. sg. eyninges, 868, 121 1; gen. pi. kyning[a] wuldor, of God, 666. — Comp. beorn-, eorlS-, fole-, gfl'S-, heah-, ledd-, sae-, BO'S-, Jiedd-, worold-, wuldor-eyning. cyning-beald, adj., "nobly bold" (Thorpe), excellently brave (?): nom. pi. cyning-balde men, 1635. ge-cyssan, w. v., to kiss : pret. ge- cyste >a cyning . . . Kgen betstan. 144 GLOSSARY. kissed the best thane (Beowulf), 1871. cyst {choosing, see ce6saii), st. f., the select, the best of a thing, good quality, excellence : nom. sg. Iren- na cyst, of the swords, 803, 1698; wzepna cyst, 1560; symbla cyst, choice banquet, 1233; ace. sg. Irena cyst, 674; dat. pi. foldwegas . . . cystum cfi^e, known through ex- cellent qualities, 868; (cyning) cystiim gec^tSed, 924. — Comp. gum-, hilde-cyst. c^a. See on-cjff. cyffau (see cuS), w. v., to make knoivn, to manifest, to show : imp. sg. mageu-ellen cJIS, show thy he- roic strength, 660; inf. cwealmbealu cySan, 1941; ellen cylSan, 2696. ge-c^^an(/!) make known, hence) : l)togiveinforntation,toannounce: inf. andsware gec^'San, to give an- swer, 354; gerund, t8 gecyiSanne hwanan eowre cyme syndon {to show whence ye corns'), 257; pret. part. SB'S is gecJtSed Jiat . . . {the truth has become known, it has shown itself to be true), 701; Higeldce was st^ Beowulfes snflde gec^ed, the arrival of B. was quickly an- nounced, 1972; similarly, 2325. — 2) to make celebrated, in pret. part. : was mln fader folcum gec^lSed {my father was renowned in the world), 262; was his mSdsefa manegum gecy5ed,349; cystumgecySed,924. cJ-lSfffu (properly, condition of being knoivn, hence relationship), st, f., home, country, land: in comp. feor-cy^Su. ge-c^pan, w. v., to purchase : inf. nas him jenig bearf Jiat he , . , turfe wyrsan wlgfrecan weor^e gecypan, had need to buy with treasures no inferior warrior, 2^i)y. D dares', st. m., spear : dat. pi. dare- ^um IScan {tofghf), 2849. ge-dai, St. n., parting, separation: nom. sg. his worulde gedil, his separation from the world (his death), 3069. — Comp. ealdor-, Uf- gedai. dag, St. m., day : nom. sg. dag, 485, 732, 2647 ; ace. sg. dag, 2400; and- langne dag, the whole day, 21 16-, mox%sxAox\%r^ii!i%{thewholemorn- ing), 2895; otS domes dag, //// judgment-day, 3070; dat. sg. on >am dage Jjysses Ufes (eo tempore, tunc), 197, 791, 807 ; gen.sg.dages, 1601, 2321 ; hwll dages, a day's time, a whole day, 1496; dages and nihtes, day and night, zzyo; dages, by day, 1936; dat. pi. on tyn dagum, in ten days, 3 161. — Comp. aer-, dea'S-, ende-, ealdor-, fyrn-, geSr-, laen-, llf-, swylt-, win-dag, an- dages. dag-hwtl, St. f., day-time : ace. pi. J>at he daghwlla gedrogen hafde eor'San wynne, that he had enjoyed earth's pleasures during the days (appointed to him), i.e. that his life was finished, 2727. — (After Grein.) dag-rim, st. n., series of days, fixed number of days : nom. sg. d3gera dagrtm {number of the days of his life), 824. dsBd, St. f., deed, action : ace. sg. dedrlice djed, 585; dSmleasan dsed, 2891 ; frficne daede, 890; doed, 941; ace. pi. Grendles dseda, 195; gen. pi. dseda, 181,479,2455, etc.; dat. pl.daedum, 1228, 2437, etc. — Comp. ellen-, fyren-, lof-daed. daed-cSnc, adj., bold in deed : nom. sg. dsed-cSne mon, 1646. GLOSSARY. 145 dsed-fk-uma, w. m., doer of deeds, doer : nom. sg., of Grendel, 2091. dsed-taata, w. m., he who pursues with his deeds : nom. sg., of Gten- del, 275. diedla, w. m., doer: in comp. mkn- for-dsedla. dael, St. m., par/, portion : ace. sg. deel, 622, 2246, 3128; ace. pi. dse- las, 1733. — Often dael designates the portion of a thing or of a qual- ity which belongs in general to an individual, as, o^ Jiat him on innan oferhygda dsel weaxe'5, /;// «« his I'osom his portion of arrogance in- creases ; i.e. whatever arrogance he has, his arrogance, 1741. Bio- wulfe weavS dryhtmSSma dael dea- ■Se, forgolden, to Beiwttlf his part of the splendid treasures was paid with death, i.e. whatever splendid treasures were allotted to him, whatever part of them he could win in the fight with the dragon, 2844; similarly, 1151, 1753, 2029, 2069, 3128. dselan, w. v., to divide, to bestow, to share with, w. ace. : pres. sg. III. midmas daeleS, 1757; pres. subj. Jjat he wiiS aglsecean eofo'So dsele, that he bestow his strength upon (strive with) the bringer of misery (the drake), 2535 ; inf. hringas daelan, 1971; pret. beagas dtelde, 80; sceattas dselde, 1687. be-dselan, w. instr., (Jo divide"), to tear away from, to strip of: pret. part, dreamum (dreame) bedaeled, deprived of the heavenly joys (of Grendel), 722, 1276. ge-djelan: i) to distribute: inf. (w. ace. of the thing distribtited) ; Jjser on innan call gedselan geon- gum and ealdum swylc him god sealde, distribute therein to young and old all that God/tad given him, 71. — 2) to divide, to separate, with ace. : inf. sundur gedselan Itf wiS lice, separate life from the body, 2423; so pret. subj. ))at he gedjelde . . . Snra gehwylces llf wiiS lice, 732. denn (cf. denu, dene, vallis),st. n., den, cave: ace. sg. JjSs W7rmes denn, 2761 ; gen. sg. (draca) ge- wSt dennes nidsian, 3046. ge-d6fe, adj. : i) (impersonal) /ro/S- er, appropriate : nom. sg. swS hit gedefe was (bi*S), as was appro- priate, proper, 561, 1671, 3176. — 2) good, Jiind, friendly ; nom sg. beo Jju suna minum daedum gedSfe, be friendly to my son by deeds (sup- port my son in deed, namely, when he shall have attained to the gov- ernment), 1228. — Comp. un-ge- defelice. deman (see d5m), w. v.: i) to judge, to award justly : pres. subj. mser&'o dSme, 688. — 2) to judge favorably, to praise, to glorify : pret. pi. his ellenweorc dugu'Sum demdon, praised his heroic deed with all their might, 3176. d e m e n d, y«(^,f .• d:eda dSmend (of God), 181. deal, adj., " superbus, clarus, fretus" (Grimm) : nom. pi. J>rySum dealle, 494. dedd, adj., dead: nom. sg. 467, 1324, 2373; ace. sg. deadne, 1310. de&3F, St. m., death, dying: nom. sg. deaS, 441, 447, etc.; acc.sg. dea15, 2169; dat. sg. deaSe, 1389, 1590, (as instr.) 2844, 3046; gen. sg. deaSes wylm, 2270; dea'Ses npd, 2455. — Comp. gd^-, wal-, wundor- dea«. ded9-bed, st. n., death-bed: dat. sg. deaS-bedde fast, 2902. dedff-cwalu, st. f., violent death. 146 GLOSSARY. ruin and death : dat. pi. tS deaS- cwalum, 171 3. Ae&S-cwealm, st. m., violent death, murder : nom. sg. 1671. de&ar-dag, st. m., death-day, dying day: dat. sg. after dealS-dage («/?f 7- his death), 187, 886. de&CT-fsege, z.di.,given over to death: nom.sg. (Grendel)dea5-faegede6g, had hiddenhimself, being given over to death (mortally wounded), 851. Axs&S -s,cxia, w. in., death bringing, ghostly being, demon of death : nom. sg. deorc dealS-scfta (of Grendel), 160. deAff-werig, adj., weakeitedby death, i.e. dead: ace. sg. deaiS-wSrigne, 2126. See ■w6rig. deiiff-'wic, st.m., death's house, home of death : ace. sg. gew^t deaiSwIc scon {Jiad died), 1276. dedgan (O.H.G. pret. part, tougan, hidden),to conceal one's self, to hide: pret. (for ploperf.) deog, 851. — Leo. deorc, adj., darh : of the night, nom. sg. (nihthelm) deorc, 1791 ; dat.pl. deorcum nihtum, 275, 2212; of the terrible Grendel, nom. sg. deorc deaiS-scfta, 160. deofol, St. m., devil : gen. sg. ded- fles, 2089; gen. pi. deofla, of Gren- del and his troop, 757, 1681. dedgol, d^gol, adj., concealed, hid- den, inaccessible, beyond informa- tion, unknoian : nom. sg. dedgol dxdhata (of Grendel), 275; ace. sg. d^gel lond, inaccessible land, 1358- deop, St. n., deep, abyss : ace. sg., 25 50. deup, adj., deep: ace. sg. dedp wa- ter, 509, 1905. d i 6 p e , adj ., deep : hit M domes dag didpe benemdon J>e6dnas moere, the illustrious rulers had charmed it deeply till the judgment-day, had laid a solemn spell upon it, 3070. de6r, st. n., animal, wild animal : in comp. mere-, sae-de6r. de6r, adj.: i) wild, terrible: nom. sg. didr daed-fruma (of Grendel), 2091. — 2) bold, brave : nom. nae- nig . . . dedr, 1934. — Comp. : hea- ^u-, hilde-dedr. de6re, d^re, adj.; i) dear, costly (high in price) : ace. sg. dpre tren, 2051; drincfatdyre (dedre), 2307, 2255; instr. sg. dedran sweorde, 561; dat. sg.dedrumma'5me,i529; nom. pi. dyre swyrd, 3049; ace. pi. dedre (d^re) mi^mas, 2237, 3132. — 2) dear, beloved, worthy : nom. sg. f., aSelum didre, worthy by reason of origin, 1950; dat. sg. after dedrum men, 1880; gen. sg. dedrre dugulSe, 488; superl. ace. .sg. aldorjjegn Jjone dedrestan, I3I0- deor-lSc, adj., bold, brave : ace. sg. deorlice djed, 585. See de6r. disc, St. m., disc, plate, fiat dish : nom. ace. pi. discas, 2776, 3049. ge-dfgan. See ge-d^gan. dol-gilp, St. m ., promise of bold deeds, binding agreement to a bold under- taking: dat. sg. for dolgilpe, 509. dol-lic, adj., audacious: gen. pi. maest . . . dseda dolUcra, 2647. dol-sceaffa, w. m., bold enemy : ace. sg.l>one dol-scalSan (Grendel), 479. ddgor, St. m. n., day : i) day as a period of 24 hours: gen. sg. ymb SntSd S'Sres dogores, at the same time of the next day, 219; morgen- ledht oiSres dogores, the morning- light of the second day, 606. — 2) day in the usual sense : ace. sg. n. Jjys dogor, during this day, 1396; instr. J>J dogore, 1798; for- man d6gore, 2574; gen. pi. d8gora GLOSSARY. 147 gehwam, 88; dogra gehwylce, logi; dogera dagrim, the nitmber of his days (the days of his life), 824. — 3) day in the wider sense of time: dat. pi. ufaran dogrum, in later days, times, 2201, 2393. — Comp. ende-dogor. dOgor-gerim, st. n., series of days : gen. sg. was eall sceacen d3gor- gerlmes, the whole number of his days (his life) was past, z^j^i). dOhtor, f., daughter : nom. ace. sg. dohtor, 375, 1077, 1930, 1982, etc. ddm, St. m. : I., condition, state in general ; in comp. cyne-, wls-dom. — II., having reference to justice, hence : i) jtidgment, judicial opin- ion : instr. sg. weotena d3me, ac- cording to the judgment of the Witan, 1099. 2) custom : after dome, according to ctistom, 1721. 3) court, tribunal ; gen. sg. mic- lan d8mes, 979; 0IS domes dag, 3070, both times of the last judg- ment,: — III., condition of freedom or superiority, hence : 4) choice, free will : ace. sg. on slnne sylfes dom, according to his own choice, 2148; instr. sg. selfes dSme, 896, 2777. 5) might, power : nom.sg. d8m godes, 2859; ace. sg. Eofo- res Snne d3m, 2965 ; dat. sg. driht- nes d6me, 441. 6) glory, honor, renown: nom. sg. [dom], 955; dom unlytel, not a little glory, 886; J>at was forma slIS deorum mMme Jiat his d6m dlag, it was the first iitne to the dear treasure (the sword Hrunting) that its fame was not made good, 1529; ace. sg. ic me dom gewyrce, make renown for myself, 1492; Jiat J)u ne Slcete dom gedreosan, that thou let not honor fall, 2667; dat. instr. sg. \ns.x he dome forleas, here he lost his repu- tation, 1471; dome gewur&d, adorned 'it'ith glory, 1646; gen. sg. wyrce se J)e mote domes, let him make himself reputation, whoever is able, 1389. 7) splendor (in heaven) : ace. s81S-fastra dom, the glory of the saints, 2821. dOm-le&s, adj., without reputation, inglorious: ace. sg. f. d8ml6asan daed, 2891. dSn, v., to do, to make, to treat : l) absolutely : imp. d6'S swi ie bidde, do as I beg, 1232. — 2) w. ace. : inf. hSt hire selfre sunu on bael don, 1 1 17; pret. \i% he him of dyde Isernbyrnan, took off the iron corse- let, 672; ()3onne) him HflnlSfing, . . . billa selest, on bearm dyde, when he made a present to him of Htinldfing, the best of swords, 1 145 ; dyde him of healse bring gyldenne, took off the gold ring from his neck, 2810; ne him )>as vvyrmes wig for wiht dyde, eafo'S and ellen, nor did he reckon as anything the drake's fighting, p07ver, and strength, 2349; pi. hi on beorg dydon beg and %\^yx, placed in the {grave-') mottnd rings and ornaments, 3165. — 3) representing preceding verbs ; inf. 16 Geatum spree mildum wordum ! sw^ seeal man d3n, as one should do, 1173; similarly, 1535, 2167; pres. metod eallum weold, swS he nu git &.V&, the creator ruled over all, as he still does, 1059; similarly, 2471, 2860, and (sg. for pi.) 1 135; pret. II. swd J>u ser dydest, 1677; III. swS he nu gyl dyde, 957; sim- ilarly, 1382, 1892, 2522; pi. swS hie oft :er dydon, 1239; similarly, 3071. With the case also which the preceding verb governs : wSn' ic }>at he wille . . . Geatena leode etan unforhte, swS he oft dyde 148 GLOSSARY. magen Hr&Smanna, / believe he •will ivish to devour the Gedt peo- ple, the fearlcsSy as he often did (de- vouied) the bloom of the Hrir&men, 444; gif ic (jat gefiicge . . . )>at )>ec ymbsittend egesan tywalS, swd tec hettende hwllum dydon, that the neighbors distress thee as once the enemy did thee (i.e. distressed), 1829; gif icowihtemagMnremod- lufan mSran tilian Jjonne ic gyt dydc, if lean with anything obtain thy greater love than I have yet done, 1825; similarly, pi. Jjonne J)d dydon, 44. ge-don, to do, to make, with the ace. and predicate adj. ; prs. (god) gedSS him swd gewealdene worol- de dajlas, jnakes the parts of the world (i.e. the whole world) so sub- ject that . . ., 1733; inf. ne hyne on medo-bence micles wyrtSne drihten wereda ged3n wolde, nor ■would the leader of tlu people much honor him at the mead-banquet, 2187. With adv. . he mec ^scr on innan . . . gedon wolde, wished to place me in there, 101)1. draca, w. m., drake, dragon : nom. sg-. 893, 2212; ace. sg. dracan, 2403. 3132; gen. sg., 2089, 2291, 2550.— Comp.: eor«-, f^r-, IJg-, Ug-, ntlS-draca. on-drsedan, st. v., w. ace. of the thing and dat. of the pers., to fear, to be afraid of : inf. Jiiit ))U him on- drsedan ne Jjearft . . . aldorbealu, needcst not fear death for them, 1675; pret. no he him W sacce ondrSd, was not afraid of the com- bat, 2348. ge-drag (from dragan, in the sense se gerere), St. n., demeanor, actions : ace. sg. s6can dedfla gedrag, 757. drepan, st. \.,to hit, to strike : pret. sg. sweorde drep ferhS-geniiSlan, 2881 ; pret. part. biS on hre'Sre . . . drepen biteran stride, struck in the breast with piercing arrow, 1746; wiis in feorh dropen (^fatally hit), 2982. drepc, St. m., bloiv, stroke : ace. sg. drepe, 1590. drSfan, ge-drSfan, w. v., to move, to agitate, to stir up : inf. gewSt . . . drSfan dedp water (fo navi- gate'), 1905; pret. part, water under stSd dredrig and gedrSfed, 141 8. dredm, st. m., rejoicing, joyous ac- tions, joy : nom. sg. haleSa dream, 497; ace. sg. dream hlfldne, 88; )/U . . . dream healdende, thou who livest in rejoicing (at the drinking- carouse), wJio art joyous, 1228: dat.instr.sg.dreamebedasled, 1276; gen. pi. dreama leas, 85 1; dat. pi. drearaum (here adverbial) lifdon, lived in rejoicing, joyously, 99; dreamum bedaeled, 722; the last may refer also to heavenly joys. — Corap. gleo-, gum-, man-, scle- dream. dredm-Ie&s, adj., without rejoicing, joyless : nom. sg. of King Here- mod, 1721. drcogan, st. v. : i) to lead a life, to be in a certain condition : pret, dreah after dSme, lived in honor, honorably, 2180; pret. pi. fyren- jiearfe ongeat, ))at hie aar drugon aldorlease lange hwile, {God) had seen the great distress, {had seen) that they had lived long without a ruler^l), 15. — 2) to experience, tn live through, to do, to make, to en- joy : imp. dreoh symbelwynne, pass through the pleasure of the meal, to enjoy the meal, 1783; inf. driht- scype dredgan {do a heroic deed), 1471 ; pret. sundnytte dreah {had GLOSSARY. 149 the occupation of swimming, i.e. swam through the sea), 2361 ; piet. pi. hie gewin drugon f^foiighi), 799; ht SI'S drugon, made the loay, went, 1967. • — ■ 3) to experience, to bear, to suffer : scealt werhiSo dreogar, shalt suffer damnation, 590; pret. Jiegn-sorge dreah, bore sorroiu for his heroes, 131; nearojpearfe dreah, 422; pret. pi. inwidsorge l^e hie £er drugon, 832; similarly, 1859. 6-dre6gan, to suffer, to endure : inf. wrsEC idieogan, 3079. ge-dreogan, to live through, to enjoy, pret. part. |jat he . . . gedrogen hafde eor^an wynne, that he had now en- joyed the pleasures of earth (i.e. that he was at his death), 2727. dreor, st. m., blood dropping or flow- ing from 7uounds: instr. sg. dreore, 447. — Comp. heoru-, sSwul-, wal- dreor. dre6r-f3.h, adj., colored with blood, spotted with blood: nom. sg. 485. dredrig, adj., bloody, bleeding : nom. sg. water stod dreorig, 1418; ace. sg. dryhten slnne driorigne fand, 2790. — Comp. heoru-dredrig. g e - dre6saii, st. v., to fall down, to sink: pres. sg. III. lic-homa Isene gedredse'S, the body, belonging to death, sinks doivn, 1755; inf. J>at Jjtt ne dlsEte dom gedreosan, honor fall, sink, 2667. drincan, st. v., to drink (with and without the ace.) : pres. part. nom. pi. ealo drincende, 1946 ; pret. blod Sdrum dranc, drank the blood in streams{T) , 743; pret. pi. drun- conwin weras,//;^ men drankwine, 1234; Jiaer guman druncon, where the men drank, 1649. The pret. part., when it stands absolutely, has an active sense : nom. pi. druncne dryhtguman, ye warriors who have drunk, are drinking, 1232; ace. pi. nealles druncne slog heorS-genea- tas, sleia not his hearth-companions who had drunk with him, i.e. at the banquet, 2180. With the instr. it means drunken : nom. sg. beore (wine) druncen, 531, 1468; nom. pi. beore druncne, 480. drifan, st. v., to drive : pres. pi. }>i Jie brentingas ofer fl6da genipu feoran drifa'S, who drive their ships thither from afar over the darkness of the sea, 2809; inf. (w. ace.) beah Jje he [ne] meahte on mere drifan hringedstefnan, although he 'could not drive the ship on the sea, 1 131. to-drlfan, to drive apart, to dis- perse : pret. 6^ Jat unc flod todrdf, 545- drohtoff, st. m., mode of living or acting, calling, employvient ; nom. sg. ne was his drohtolS \xx swylce he ?sx gemStte, there was no em- ployment for him (Grendel) there such as he had found formerly, 757. drusian, w. v. (cf. dreosan, prop- erly, to be ready to fall; hereof water), to stagnate, to be putrid . pret. lagu drusade (through the blood of Grendel and his mother), 1631. dryht, drilit, st. f, company, troop, band of warriors ; noble band : in comp. mago-driht. ge-dryht, ge-driht, st. f., troop, band of noble warriors : nom sg. mtnra eorla gedryht, 431; ace. sg. a^elinga gedriht, 118; mid his eorla (hale&) gedriht (gedryht), 357. 663; similarly, 634, 1673.— Comp. sibbe-gedriht. dryht-bearn, st. n., youth from a noble warrior band, noble yoting man : nom. sg. dryhtbearn Dena, 2036. 150 GLOSSARY. dryhten, drihten, st. m., command- er, lord: a) temporal lord : nom. sg. dryhten, 1485, 2001, etc.; drih- ten, 105 1; dat.dryhtne, 2483, etc.; dryhten, 1832. — b) God: nom. drihten, 108, etc.; dryhten, 687, etc.; dat. sg. dryhtne, 1693, etc.; drihtne, 1399, etc.; gen. sg. dryht- nes, 441 ; drihtnes, 941. — Comp. : freah-, fre<5-, gum-, man-, sige-, wine-dryhten. dryht-guma, w. m., one of a troop of warriors, noble warrior : dat. sg. drihtguman, 1389; nom. pi. drihtguman,99; dryhtguman,l232; dat. pi. ofer dryhtgumum, 1791 (of Hr3Sg4r's warriors). dryht-lic, adj., {that which befits a noble troop of warriors'), noble, ex- cellent : dryhtllc iren, excellent sword, 893 ; ace. sg. f. (with an ace. sg. n.) drihllice wif (of Hildeburh), 1159. dryht-maffum, st. m., excellent jewel, splendid treasure : gen. pi. dryhtmSSma, 2844. dryht-scipe, st. ra., {warrior-ship'), warlike virtue, bravery; heroic deed : ace. sg. drihtscipe dreogan, to do a heroic deed, 1471. dryht-sele, st. ni ., excellent, splendid hall: nom. sg. driht-sele, 485; dryhtsele, 768 ; ace. sg. dryhtsele, 2321. dryht-sib, st. f., peace or friendship between troops of noble warriors : gen. sg. dryhtsibbe, 2069. drync, st. m., drink : in comp. heoru- drync. drync-fat, st. n., vessel for drink, to receive the drink : ace. sg., 2255 ; drinc-fat, 2307. drysmian, w. v., to become obscure, gloomy (through the falling rain) : pres. sg. III. lyft drysmatS, 1376. drj'sne, adj. See on-dr}'sno. dugan, v., to avail, to be capable, to be good: pres. sg. III. hClru se aldor deah, especially is the prince capn- able, 369; tSonne his ellen deah, if his strength avails, is good, 573; he him selfa deah, who is capable of himself, who can rely on himself, 1840; pres. subj. Jieah J)in wit duge, though, indeed, your un- derstanding be good, avail, 590; similarly, 1661,2032; pret. sg. )>u Qs wel dohtest, you did us good, con- ducted yourself well towards us, 1822; similarly, nu seo hand ligeiS se Jie eow welhwylcra wilna dohte, which was helpful to each one of your desires, 1345; pret. subj. Jieah Jju hea&rsesa gehwser dohte, though thou wast everywhere strong in bat- tle, c^z(). duguSF {state of being fit, capable"), St. f. : l) capability, strength : dat. pi. for dugeSum, in ability{T), 2502; dugu^um dSmdon, praised withalltheir might{'i), 3176. — 2) men capable of bearing arms, band of warriors, esp., noble warriors : nom. sg. duguS unlytel, 498; dugulS, 1791, 2255; dat. sg. for duguiSe, before the heroes, 2021 ; nalles fratwe geaf ealdor dugu^e, gave the , band of heroes no treasure (more), 2921; leoda dugutSe on ISst, upon the track of the heroes of the people, i.e. after them, 2946; gen. sg. cfltSe he dugutJe J>eaw, the custom of the noble warriors, 359; de6rre dugu'Se,488; similarly, 2239, 2659; ace. pi. duguSa, 2036. — 3) contrasted with geogcS, dugu'S designates the noted warriors of noble birth (as in the Middle Ages, knights in contrast with squires) : so gen. sg. dugulSe and geogoSe, GLOSSAUY. 151 i6o; gehwylc . . . dugu^e and iogo- •Se, 1675; dugu'Se and geogotSe doel seghwylcne, 622. duran, v. pret. r.nd pies, to dare : prs. sg. II. \>n dearst bidan, danst to expect, 527 J III. he ges6cean dear, 685 ; pres. subj. sSc gyf Jju dyrre, seek (Grendel's mother), if thou dare, 1380 ; pret. dorste, ' 1463, 1469, etc.; pi. dorston, 2849. dura, f ., door, gate, wicket : nom. sg., 722; ace. sg. [duru], 389. ge-dufan, st. v., to dip in, to sink into : pret. )>at sweord gedeaf {the szvord sank into the drake, of a blow), 2701. Jjurh-dflfan, to dive through; to s^vivt through, diving: pret. water up J>urh-deaf, swam through the water upwards (because he was before at the bottom), 1620. dvrellan, w. v., to mislead, to hinder: prs. III. nS hine wiht dwelcS, Sdl ne yldo, him nothing misleads, neither sicktiess nor age, 1736. dyhtig, adj., -useful, good for : nom. sg. n. sweord . . . ecgum dyhtig, 1288. dynlan, w. v., to sound, to groan, to roar: pret. dryhtsele (healwudu, hruse) dynede, 768, 1318, 2559. dyrne, adj. : i) concealed, secret, re- tired: nom. sg. dyrne, 271 ; ace. sg. dryhtsele dyrnne (of the drake's cave-hall), 2321. — 2) secret, mali- cious, hidden by sorcery : dat. instr. sg. dyrnan crafte, with secret magic art, 2291; dyrnura crafte, 2169; gen. pi. dyrnra gSsta, of malicious spirits (of Grendel's kin), 1358. — Comp. un-dyrne. dyrne, adv., in secret, secretly : him . . . after dedrum men dyrne lan- gaS, longs in secret for the dear man, 1880. dyrstig, adj., bold, daring: peah J>e he dteda gehwas dyrstig wsere, althotigh he had been courageous for every deed, 2839. ge-d^gan, ge-dtgan, w. v., to en- dure, to overcome, with the ace. of the thing endured : pres. sg. II. gif Jju Jjat ellenweorc aldre gedlgest, if thou survivest the heroic work with thy life, 662; III. {lat Jjone hilderaes hSl gedigeiS, that he sur- vives the battle in safety, 300; sim- ilarly, inf. unfEEge gedlgan wean and wracsi'S, 2293; hwa^er sel mte- ge wunde gedygan, which of the two can staiid the wounds better (come oflfwith life) , 2532 ; ne meah- te unbyrnende dedp gedlgan, could not endure the deep without burn- ing (could not hold out in the deep), 2550; pret. sg. I. III. ge- digde, 578, 1656, 2351, 2544. d^^ol. See de6gol. d^re. See de6re. E ecg, St. f., edge of the sword, point : nom. sg. svveordes ecg, 1107; ccg, 1525, etc.; ace. sg. wiS ord and wis ecge ingang forstod, defended the entrance against point and edge (i.e. against spear and sworci), 1550; mSces ecge, 1813; nom.pl. ecge, 1 146. — Sword, battle-axe, any cutting weapon: nom. sg. ne was ecg bona {itot the sword killed him), 2507; sid ecg brfin (Beo- wulf's sword Nagling) , 25 78 ; hyne ecg fornam, the s-uoord snatched him away, 2773, etc.; nom. pi. ecga, 2829; dat. pi. ascum and ecgum, 1773; dat. pi. (but denoting only one sword) eacnum ecgum, 2141; 152 GLOSSARY. gen.pl. ecga, 483, 806, 1169; — blade : ecg was Iren, 1460. — Comp. : brfln-, heard-, styl-ecg, adj. ecg-bana, w. m., murderer by the sword: dat. sg. Cain wearS to ecg- banan Sngan brStSer, 1263. ecg-hete, st. m.. sword-hate, enmity which the sword carries out : nom. sg., 84, 1739. ecg-]>racu, ist. f., sword-storm (of violent combat) : ace. atole ecg- >race, 597. ed-h'wyrft, st. m., return (of a for- mer condition): l)a J>£er s6na weartS cdhwyrft eorlum, siSSan inne fealh Grendles modor (i.e. after Gren- del's mother had penetrated into the hall, the former perilous con- dition, of the time of the visits of Grendel, returned to the men), 1282. ed-wendan, w. v., to turn back, to yield, to leave off: inf. gyf him edwendan eefre scolde bealuwa bisigu, if for him the affliction of evil should eiier cease, 280. ed-wenden, st. f , turning, change : nom. sg. edwenden, 1775; ed-wen- den torna gehwylces {reparation for former neglect'), 2189. edwit-lif, St. n., life in disgrace : nom. sg,, 2892. efn, adj., even, like, with preceding o n , and with depend, dat., tipon the same level, near : him on efn ligeS ealdorgewinna, lies near him, 2904. efnan (see afnan), to carry out, to perform, to accomplish : pres. subj. eorlscype efne {accomplish knightly deeds), 2536; inf. eorlscipe efnan, 2623; sweordagelAc efnan {to bat- tle), 1042; gerund, to efnanne, 1942; pret. eorlscipe efnde, 2134, 3008. efne, adv., eveit, exactly, precisely, just, united with swi or swylc : efne swi swlSe swi, just so viuch a, him was elnes Jjearf, 2877. — Comp. magen-ellen. ellen-dsed, st. f., heroic deed: dat. pi. -daedum, 877, 901. ellen-gaest, st. m., strength-spirit, demon with heroic strength : nom. sg. of Grendel, 86. ellen-Iice, adv., strongly, with heroic strength, 2123. ellen-mEerlS'u, f., renown of heroic strength, dat. pi. -maer'Sum, 829, 1472. ellen-r&f, adj., renowned for strength : nom. sg. 340, 358, 3064; dat. pi. -rofum, 1788. ellen-se6c, adj., infirm in strength : ace. sg. Jjeoden ellensiocne {the mortally wounded hi ng,Beiwulf), 2788. ellen-weorc, st. n., {strength-work), heroic deed, achievement in battle: ace. sg. 662, 959, 1465, etc.; gen. pi. ellen-weorca, 2400. elles, adv., else, otherwise : a (modal), in' another manner, 2521. — b (local), elles \i^^ex, somewhere else, 138; elles hwergen, 2591. ellor, adv., to some other place, 55, 2255- ellor-gast, -gaest, st. m., spirit liv- ing elsewhere (standing outside of the community of mankind) : nom. 154 GLOSSARY. sg. se ellorgist (Grendel), 808; (Giendel's mother), 1622 ; ellor- gjest (Grendel's mother), 1618; ace. pi. ellorgDestas, 1350. eUor-siff, St. m., departure, death : nom. sg. 2452. elra, adj. (comparative of a not existing form, ele, Goth, aljis, alias), anot/ier : dat. sg. on elran men, 753. el-]»e6dlg, adj., of another people : foreign : ace. pi. el->eddige men, 336- ende, st. m., the extreme : hence, i) end: nom. sg. aklres (Itfes) ende, 823, 2845; 65 ))at ende becwom (scil. unrihtes), 1255 ; ace. sg. ende lifgesceafta (lifes, Isen-daga), 3064, 1387,2343; hafde eor^crafa ende genyttod, had used the end of the earth-caves (had made use of the caves for the last time) , 3047 ; dat. sg. ealdres (lifes) at ende, 2791, 2824; eoletes at ende, 224. — 2) boundary: ace. sg. side rice ))at he his selfa ne mag . . . ende ge- tencean, the wide realm, so that he himself cannot comprehend its boundaries, 1735. — 3) suminil, head: dat. sg. eorlum on ende, to the nobles at the end (the highest cour- tiers) , 2022. — Comp. woruld-ende. ende-dag, st. m., last day, day of death : nom. sg. 3036; ace. sg. 638 cnde-dOgor, st. m., last day, day of death: gen. sg. bega on wenum endedogores and eftcymes leofes monnes (Jiesitating between the be- lief in the death and in the return of the dear man), 2897. ende-l^f, st. f., last remnant: nom. sg. Jju eart ende 13f ftsses cynnes, a7-t the last of our race, 2814. ende-ledn, st. n., final reparation : ace. sg. 1693. cndc-saeta, st. m., he who sits on the border, boundary-guard : nom. sg. (here of the strand-watchman), 241. ende-staf, st. m. (elementum finis), end : ace. sg. hit on endestaf eft gelimpeS, then it draws near to the end, 1754. ge-endian, w. v., to end: pret.part. ge-endod, 2312. enge, adj., narrow: ace. pi. enge Snpa^as, narrow paths, 141 1. ent, St. m., giant : gen. pi. enta aer- geweorc (the sword-hilt out of the dwelling-place of Grendel), 1680; enta geweorc (the dragon's cave), 2718; eald-enta Eer-geweorc (the costly things in the dragon's cave), 277S- entisc, adj., coming from giants: ace. sg. entiscne helm, 2980. etan, st. v., to eat, to consume : pres. sg. III. blodig wal . . . eteS in- genga, he that goes alone (Grendel) will devour the bloody corpse, 448; inf. Geatena le6de . . . etan, 444. burh-etan, to eat through: pret. part. pi. nom. swyrd . . . Jjurhetone, swords eaten through (by rust), 3050. §c. See eAc. 6cc, adj., everlasting: nom. See drihten (God), 108; ace. sg. See eortSreced, the everlasting earth- hall (the dragon's cave), 2720; geceas Scne Ked, chose the everlast- ing gain (died), 1202; dat. sg. ecean dryhtne, 1693, 1780, 2331 ; ace. pi. geceds See raedas, 1761. edre. See sedre. eaF-beg6te, adj . , easy to obta in, ready: nom. sg. J)S was at ham geongura GLOSSARY. 155 grim andswaru SS-begSte, then from the yottng man (WlglSf ) it was an easy thing to get a gruff ansiuer, 2862. ©ffe. See e&tTe. 6ffel, St. m., hereditary possessions, hereditary estate : ace. sg. swfesne S5el, 520; dat. sg. on eSle, 1731. — In royal families the hereditary possession is the whole realm : hence, ace. sg. SSel Scyldinga, of the kingdom of the Scyldings, 914; (Offa) wisd&me heold eSel stnne, ruled with loisdom his inherited kingdom, 1961. 6lSel-riht, st. n., hereditary privi- leges (rights that belong to a here- ditary estate) : nom. sg. eard 6Sel- riht, estate andinherited privileges, . 2199. 6ffel-st01, St. m., hereditary seat, in- herited throne: ace. pi. e'Sel-stolas, 2.372. 6Sel-turf, st. i., inherited ground, hereditary estate : dat. sg. on minre 6'Seltyrf, 410. gffel-weard, st. m., lord of the here- ditary estate (realm) : nom. sg. feiSelvveard {king'), 1703, 221 1; dat. sg. East-Dena eSel wearde (King HroSgar), 617. 6ffel-wyn, st. f., joy in, or enjoyment of, hereditary possessions : nom . sg. nu sceal , . . eall SSelwyn edwrum cynne, lufen Slicgean, now shall your race want all home-joy, and subsistence{l) (your race shall be banished from its hereditary abode), 2886; ace. sg. he me lond forgeaf, eard eSelvvyn, presented me with land, abode, and the en- joyment of home, 2494.. 615-gesyue, ^ff-gesSne, adj., easy to see, visible to all: nom. sg. nil, 1245. Sfstan, w. v., to be in haste, to hasten: inf. uton nu Sfstan, let us hurry noju, 3102; pret. efste mid elne, hastened with heroic strength, 1494. eg-clif, St. 11., sea-cliff: ace. sg. ofer Sg-cHf (ecg-clif, MS.), 2894, feg-streAm, st. m., sea-streavi, sea- Jlood: dat. sg. on 6g-streamuni, in the sea-floods, 577. See edgor- stre&m. chtau (M.H.G. aechten; cf. aeht and ge-sehtla), w. v. w. gen., to be a pursuer, to pursue : pres. part. aglEeca 6htende was duguSe and geogoiSe, 159; pret. pi. &hton aglte- can, they ptcrsued the bringer of sorrow (Beowulf )(?), 1513. 6st, St. {., favor, grace, kindness: ace. sg. he him Sst geteah meara and m^Sma {honored him with horses and jcitiels), 2166; gearwor hafde Sgendes Sst £er gesceawod, would rather have seen the grace of the jCord^ofGod) sooner, 3076. — dat. pi., adverbial, libenter : him on folce heold, @stum mid Sre, 2379; Sstum geywan (to present), 2150; him was . . . wunden gold Sstum geeawed {presented), 1195; we Jiat ellenweorc Sstum miclum fre- medon, 959, @ste, adj., gracious: vv. gen. Sste bearn-gebyrdo, gracious through the birth (of such a son as Beo- wulf), 946. EA eafoi$, St. n., power, strength : nom. sg. eafoS and ellen, 603, 903; ace. sg. eafoiS and ellen, 2350; we frgcne geneSdon eafo^ nncft'Ses, we have boldly ventured against thestrenglhoftlu enemy (Grendel), 156 GLOSSARY. have withslood him, t)(>\; gen. sg. eafoiSes craftig, 1467; ))at );ec 4dl o'SSe ecg eafo'Ses getwEefed, shall rob of strength 1 764 ; ace. pi. eafe'So (MS. earfetSo), 534; dat. pi. hine mihtig god . . . eafe^um stSpte, made him great through strength, 1718. eafor, st. m., boar ; here the image of the boar as banner: ace. sg. eafor, 2153. eafora {offspring), w. m. : l) son : nom. sg. eafera, 12, 898; eafora, 375; ace. sg. eaferan, 1548, 1848; gen. sg. eafera, 19; nom. pi. eafe- ran, 2476; dat. pi. eaferum, 1069, 2471 ; uncran eaferan, 1 186. — 2) in broader sense, successor: dat. pi. eaforum, 171 1. eahta, num., eight: ace. pi. eahta mearas, 1036; eode eahta sum, ■went as one of eight, with seven others, 3124. eahtlan, w. v. : \) to consider, to deliberate: pret. pi. w. aec. rsed eahtedon, consulted about help, 172; pret. sg. (for the plural) Jione sSlestan liSra \>i mid HroiSgIre him eahtode, the best one of those who with Hri'&gdr deliberated ctbout their home (ruled), 1408. — 2) to speak with reflection o/" (along with the idea of praise) : pret. pi. eahtodan eorlscipe, spoke of his noble character, 3175. eal, eall, adj., all, whole: nom. sg. werod call, 652; eal bencjjelu, 486; eall eSelwyn, 2886; eal wo- rold, 1739, etc.; YiX. hit wear^ eal gearo, healarna maest, 77; YiX. hit (wlgbil) eal gemealt, 1 609. And with a following genitive : Iwer was eal geador Grendles gr^pe, there was all together Grendel's hand, the whole hand of Grendel, 836; eall . . . lissa, all favor, 2150; was eall sceacen dogorgertmes, 2728. With apposition : )>tthte him eall to rflm, wongas and wtcstede, 2462 ; ace. sg. bedt eal, 523; similarly, 2018,2081; QTicf&'&eeafAz, all dis- tress, 831 ; heals ealne, 2692; htew . . . ealne (Itan-weardne, 2298; gif he VaX. eal gemon, 1 186, 2428; )>at eall geondseh, recedes geatwa, 3089; ealne wlde-ferh'S, through the whole wide life, through all time, 1223; instr. sg. ealle magene, with all strength, 2668; dat. sg. eallum . . . manna cynne, 914; gen. sg. ealles moncynnes, 1956. Subst. jc Jias ealles mag . . . gefean habban, 2740; brflc ealles well, 2163; frean ealles Jjanc secge, ^/ot thanks to the Lord of all, 2795 ; nom. pi. untydras ealle, 1 1 1 ; seed- tend . . . ealle, 706; we ealle, 942; ace. pi. feond ealle, 700; similarly, 1081, 1797, 2815; subst. ofei- ealle, 650; ealle hie deaS fornam, 2237 ; lig ealle forswealg hdra Jie Jjcer gQS fornam, all of those whom the war had snatched away, 1 1 23 ; dat. pi. eallum eeaster-bflendum, 768; simi- larly, 824,907,1418; subst. Sna wis eallum, one against all, 145; with gen. eallum gumena cynnes, 1058; gen.pl. aBelinga beam ealra twelfa, the kinsmen of all twelve nobles (twelve nobles hold the highest positionsof the court), 3172 ; subst. he 3h ealra geweald, has power over all, 1728. Uninflected : bil eal >urhw3d flseschoman, the battle-axe cleft the body through and through, 1568; hafde ... eal gefeoimod fSt and folma, had devoured entirely feet and hands, 745 ; se ))e eall geman gSr-cwealm gumena, who remem- GLOSSARY. 157 bers thoroughly the death of the men by the spear, 2043, etc. Adverbial : t;eah ic eal moege, although [ am entirely able, 68 1; ht on beorg dydon bSg and siglu call svvylce hyrsta, they placed in the grave-mound rings, and orna- ments, all such adornments, 3165. — The gen. sg. ealles, adverbial in the sense of entirely, l.ooi, 1 130. eald, adj., old: a) of the age of liv- ing beings : nom. sg. eald, 35 7, 1 703, 2211, etc.; dat. sg. ealdum, 2973; gen. sg. ealdes uhtflogan (dragon), 2761 ; dat. pi. ealdum, 1875 ; geongum and ealdum, 72. — b) of things and of institutions : nom. sg. helm monig eald and omig, 2764 ; ace. sg, ealde ISfe {sword), 796, 1489 ; ealde wisan, 1866 ; eald sweord, 1559^ 1664, etc.; eald ge- win, old (lasting years), distress, 1782; eald enta geweorc (the pre- cious things in the drake's cave), 2775; ace. pi. ealde mSSmas, 472; ofer ealde riht, against the old laws (namely, the Ten Commandments; Beowulf believes that God has sent him the drake as a punishment, because he has unconsciously, at some time, violated one of the com- mandments), 2331. yldra, compar. older: mtn yldra maeg, 468; yldra broSor, 1325; oS fat he (HeardrSd) yldra vi-earlS, 2379- yldesta, superl. oldest, in the usual sense; dat. sg. t>am yldestan, 2436; ' in a moral sense, the most respected: nom. sg. se yldesta, 258; ace. sg. J)one yldestan, 363, both times of Beowulf. eald-fiider, m., old- father, father who lived long ago : nom. sg. 373. eald-gesegen, st. f., traditions from old times : gen, sg. eal-fela eald- gesegena, very many of the old traditions, 870. eald-gestSF, st. m., companion ever since old times, courtier for many years : nom. pi. eald-gesliSas, 854. eald-gestreon, st. n., treasure out of the old times : dat. pi. eald-ges- treonum, 1382; gen. pi. -gestreona, 1459- eald-gewinna, w, m., old-enemy, enemy for many years : nom. sg. of Grendel, 1777. eald-gewyrht, st. n., merit on ac- count of services rendered during . many years : nom. pi. Jpat natron eald-gewyrht, Jjat he dna scyle gnorn J^rowian, that has not been his desert ever since long ago, that he should bear the distress alone, 2658. eald-hiaford, st, m., lord through many years: gen. sg. bill eald- hlafordes (of the old Bedwulf(?)), 2779. eald-inctod, st. m., Cod ruling ever since ancient times : nom. sg. 946. ealdor, aldor, st. m., lord, chief (king or powerful noble) : nom, sg. ealdor, 1645, 1849, 2921; aldor, 56> 3691 392; ace. sg. aldor, 669; dat. sg. ealdre, 593 ; aldre, 346. ealdor, aldor, st, n., life : ace. sg. aldor, 1372; dat. sg. aldre, 1448, 1525; ealdre, 2600; him on ^Idre stod herestral hearda (in vitalibus), 1435 ; nalles for ealdre mearn, was not troubled about his life, 1443; of ealdre gewftt, luent out of life, died, 2625 ; as instr. aldre, 662, 681, etc.; ealdre, 1656, 2134, etc.; gen. sg.aldres,.823; ealdres, 2791,2444; aldres orwSna, despairing of life, "*> 1003, 1566; ealdres scyldig, hav- ing forfeited life, 1339, 2062; dat. 158 GLOSSARY. pi. .ildrum n^^don, 510, 538. — Phrases: on aldie {in life), ever, 1780; to aldre {for life), always, 2006, 2499; awa to aldre, yor ever and ever, 956. ealdor-bealu, st. n., life's evil: ace. sg. I'll . . . ondriedan ne pearft . . . aldorbealu eorlum, thou needest not fear death for the courtiers, 1677. ealdor-cearu, w. f., trouble that en- dangers life, great trouble : dat. sg. he his leodum wearS ... to aldor- ceare, 907. ealdor-dagas, st. m. pi., days of one's life : dat. pi. nEefre on aldor- dagum (never in his life), 719; on, ealder-dagum set {in former days), 758. ealdor-gedS.!, st. n., severing of life, death, end: nom. sg. aldor-gedSl, 806. ealdor-ge\^nna, w. m., life-enemy, one who strives to take his enemy's life (in N.H.G. the contrary con- ception, Tod-feind) : nom. sg. eal- dorgewinna {the dragon), 2904. ealdor-Ic&s, adj., without u rul- er{?) : nom. pi. aldor-lease, 15. ealdor-ledts, adj., lifeless, dead: ace. sg. aldor-leasne, 1588; ealdor- leasne, 3004. ealdor-J»egn, st. m., nobleman at the court, distinguished courtier : ace. sg. aldor-)>egn (HrofigSr's con- fidential adviser, Aschere), 1309. eal-fela, adj., very much : with fol- lowing gen., eal-fela eald-gesegena, very many old traditions, 870; eal- fela eotena cynnes, 884. ealgian, w. v., to shield, to defend, to protect: inf. w. ace. feorh ealgian, 797, 2656, 2669; pret. siSSan he ' (HygelSc) under segne sine eal- gode, walreaf weredc, while under his banner he protected the treas- tires, defended the spoil of battle (i.e. while he was upon the Viking expeditions), 1205. eal-gylden, adj., all golden, entirely of gold : nom. sg. sw^n ealgylden, 1 1 1 2 ; ace. sg. segn eallgylden, 2768. eal-Irenne, adj., entirely of iron : ace. sg. eall-irenne wigbord, a wholly iron battle-shield, 2339. ealu, St. n., ale, beer : ace. sg. ealo drincende, 1946. ealu-benc, St. f., ale-bench, bench for those drinking ale: dat.sg. in ealo- bence, 1030; on ealu-bence, 2868. ealu-scerwen, st. f., terror, under the figure of a mishap at an ale- drinking, probably the sudden tak- ingawayoftheale: nom.sg.Denum eallum wear's . . . ealuscerwen, 770. ealu-wsegc, st. n., ale-can, portable vessel out of which ale is poured into the cups: ace. sg. 2022; hroden ealowsege, 495 ; dat. sg. ofer calo- Wiege {at the ale-carouse), 481. eal-'wealda, w. adj ., allruling^GoA): nom.sg. fader alwalda, 316; alwal- da, 956, 1315; dat. sg. al-wealdan, 929. eard, st. m., cultivated ground, estate, hereditary estate; in a broader sense, ground in general, abode, place of sojourn : nom. sg. him was bSm . . . lond gecynde, eard SfSel- riht, the land was bequeathed to them both, the land and the privileges at- tached to it, 2199; ace. sg. fifel- cynnes eard, the ground of the giant race, place of sojourn, 104; simi- larly, alwihta eard, 1 501; eard ge- ravinis, thought of his nativeground, his home, 1 130; eard git ne const, thou knowest not yet the place of sojourn, 1378; eard and eorlscipe, prmdium et nobilitatem, 1728; eard StSelwyn, land and the enjoyment GLOSSARY. 159 of home, 2494; dat. sg. ellor hwearf of earde, went elsewhere from his place of abode, i.e. died, 56; J>at we rondas beren eft to earde, that we go again to our homes, 2655; on earde, 2737; ace. pi. eacne eardas, the broad ex- panses (ill tlie fen-sea wliere Gren- del's home was), 1622. eardiau, vv. v. : i ) to have a dwelling- place, to live; to rest: pret. pi. dyre swyrd swS hie wi^ eor'San faISm }wer eardodon, costly swords, as they hadrestedin the earth's bosom, 305 1 . — 2) also transitively, to inhabit: pret. sg. Heorot eardode, 166; inf. wic eardian elles hvvergen, inhabit a place elsewhere (i.e. die), 2590. eard-lufa, w. m., the living upon one's land, home-life : ace. sg. eard- lufan, 693. earfoS-lice, adv., with trouble, with difficulty, 1637, 1658; with vexa- tion, angrily, 86 ; sorrowfully, 2823 ; with difficulty, scarcely, 2304, 2935- earfoff-prag, st. f., time full of trou- bles, sorrowful time .'ace. sg. -Jrage, 283. earh, adj., cowardly: gen.sg. ne biS swylc earges slB (ko co^aard under- takes thai), 2542. earm, st. m., arm : ace. sg. earm, 836, 973 ; wi5 earm gesat, supported himself with his arm, 750 ; dat. pi. earmum, 513. earm, adj.,/flo?-, miserable, unhappy: nom. sg. earm, 2369 ; earme ides, the unhappy woman, 1 118; dat. sg. earmre teohhe, the unhappy band, 2939. — Comp. ace. sg. earmran mannan, a more wretched, more forsaken man, 577. earm-bcdg, st. m., arm-ring, brace- let : gen. pi. earm-beaga feln sear- wum gesjeled, many arm-rings in- terlaced, 2764. earm-hreAd, st. f., arm-ornament : nom. pi. earm-hreade twS, 1195 (Grein's conjecture, MS. earm reade). earm-Uc, adj., wretched, miserable: nom. sg. sceolde his ealdor-ged^I earmlic wurtSan, his end should be wretched, 808. earm-seeapen, pret. part, as adj. (properly, wretched by the decree of fate'), wretched: nom. sg. 1352. earn,st.m.,ra^/if.- dat. sg.earne, 3027. eatol. See atol. eaxi, St. f., shoulder : ace. sg. eaxle, 836, 973; dat. sg. on eaxle, 817, 1548; be eaxle, 1538; on eaxle ides gnornode, the woman sobbed on the shoulder {of her son, who has fallen and is being burnt), 11 18; dat.pl. sat frean eaxlum neah, sat near the shoulders of his lord (Beowulf lies lifeless upon the earth, and WlglSf sits by his side, near his shoulder, so as to sprinkle the face of his dead lord), 2854; he for eaxlum gestod Deniga frean, he stood before the shoulders of the lord of the Danes (i.e. not directly before him, but somewhat to the side, as etiquette demanded), 358. eaxl-gestealla, w. m., he who has his position at the shoulders (sc. of his lord) , trusty courtier, counsellor of a prince: nom. sg. 1 327; ace. pi. -gesteallan, 1 715. EA edc, conj., also: 97, 388,433, etc.; gc, 3132. edceu (pret. part, of a not existing eacan, augere), ai\.,7oide-spread. 160 GLOSSARY. large: ace. pi. eacne ea.riias,iroaii plains, 1622. — greal, heavy: eald sweord eacen, 1664; dat. pi. eac- num ecgum, 2141, both times of the great sword in Grendel's habi- tation. — gi'cal, mighty, powerful : a^ele and eacen, of Beowulf, 198. e&cen-craftig, adj., immense (of riches), enormously great : ace. sg. hord-arna sum eacen-craftig, that enormous treasure-house, 2281 ; nom. sg. J)at yrfe eacen-craftig, ifimanna gold, 3052. e&dig, adj., blessed with possessions, rich, happy by reason of property : nom. sg. wes, ])enden J>u lifige, alSeling eadig, be, as long as thou livest, a prince blessed with riches, 1226; eadig mon, 2471. — Comp. sige-, sigor-, ttr-eadig. eddig-llce, adv., in abundance, in joyous plenty: dreamum lifdon eadigUceJ lived in rejoicing and plenty, 100. edicVe, felSe, ^ffe, adj., easy, pleasant: nom. pi. gode Jiancedon Jjas lie him yS-lSde eaSe wurdon, thanked God that the sea-ways (the navigation) had become easy to them, 228; ne was J>at 6Se SI'S, no pleasant way, 2587; nas l^at y'Se ceap, no easy purchase, 2416; no ))at ySe by'5 to befleonne, not easy (as milder ex- pression for in no way, not at all"), 1003. ea'Se, ^^e, adv., easily: ea^e, 478, 2292, 2765. eA9-fynde, adj., easy to fiiid: nom. sg. 138. e&ge, w. a., eye: dat. pi. him of eagura stod ledht unfager, out of his eyes came a terrible gleam, ']2'j; \>a\. ic . . . eagum starige, see with eyes, behold, 1782; similarly, 1936; gen. pi. eagena bearhtm, 1767. edgor-streAm, st. m., sect-stream, sea: ace. sg. 513. c&-land, St. n., land with abundant water (of the land of the Geatas) : ace. sg. ea-lond, 2335. e&m, St. m., uncle, mother' s brother : nom. sg. 882. e&stan, a.6.\.,from the east, 569. e&wau, w. v., to disclose, to shew, to prove: pres. sg. III. eaweS . . . uncft'Sne nIS, shows evil enmity, 276. See c6wan, ^wan. ge-eawan, to show, to offer : pret. part, him was . . . wunden gold Ss- tum ge-eawed, was graciously pre- sented, 1 195. EO eode. See gangan. eodor, st. m., fence, hedge, railing. Among the old Germans, an estate was separated by a fence from the property of others. Inside of this fence the laws of peace and pro- tection held good, as -well as in the house itself. Hence eodor is sometimes used instead of house: ace. pi. hSht eahta mearas on flet teon, in under eoderas, gave orders to lead eight steeds into the hall, into the house, 1038. — 2) figuratively, lord, prince, as protector : nom. sg. eodor, 428, .1045 ; eodur, 664. eotoiS,si.n,,strenglh: acc.pl.eofo^o, 2535. See eafoSr. eofer, st. m. : i) boar, here of the metal boar-image upon the helmet : nom. sg. eofer Irenheard, IH3. — 2) figuratively, bold hero, brave fighter (O. N. iofur) : nom. pi. Jjonne . . . eoferas cnysedan, when the heroes rushed upon each other, 1329, where eoferas and fStSan GLOSSARY. 161 stand in the same relation to each other as cnysedan and h niton. eofor-lic, st. m., boar-image (on the helmet) : nom. pi. eofor-Uc scionon, 303. eofor-spre6t, st. m., boar-spear: dat. pi. mid eofer-spreotum hedro- hocyhtum, with hunting-spears ■which were provided with sharp hooks, 1438. eogu9, logu9. See geogoff. eolct, St. m., «a ( ?) : gen. sg. eoletes, 224. eorclan-st&n, st. m., precious stone : ace. pi. -stEnas, 1209. eoriS-cyning, st.m.,iingo/i/te land.- gen.sg.eortS-cyninges(Finn), 1 156. eorlff-draca, w. m., earth-drake, dragon that lives in the earth : nom. sg. 2713, 2826. eor9e, w. f. : i) earth (in contrast with heaven), world: ace. sg. al- mihtiga eortSan worhte, 92; wide geond eorlSan, far over the earth, through the 'wide world, 266; dat. sg. ofer eor&n, 248, 803 ; on eor- •San, 1823, 2856, 3139; gen. sg. eor&n, 753. — 2) earth, ground: ace. sg. he eor^an gefedll, fell to the ground, 2835 ; forlSton eorla gestredn eortSan healdan, let the earth hold the nobles' treasure, 3168; dat. sg. bat hit on eor^an lag, 1533; under eor'San, 2416; gen. sg. wiS eor^an fafim {in the bosom of the eartii), 3050. corth-reced, st. n., hall in the earth, rock-hall: ace. sg. 2720. eorff -scraf, st.n ., earth-cavern, cave: dat. sg. eor'S-[scrafe], 2233; gen. pi. eor^S-scrafa, 3047. eorlS'-sele, st. m., hall in the earth, cave: ace. sg. eor^-sele, 241 1 ; dat. sg. of eorSsele, 2516. eorlS-Treall, st. m., earth-wall : ace. sg. (Ongenbedw) beah eft under eor'Sweall, Jled again under the earth-wall (into his fortified camp), 2958; JjS me was . . . st« Sl^fed inn under eor'Sweall, then the way in, under the earth-wallwas opened to me (into the dragon's cave), 3091-. eorS-weard, st. m., land-property, estate : ace. sg. 2335. eorl, St. m., noble born man, a man of the high nobility : nom. sg. 762, 796, 1229, etc.; ace. sg. eorl, 573, 628, 2696; gen. sg. eorles, 690, 983, 1758, etc.; ace. pi. eorlas, 2817; dat. pi. eorlum, 770, 1282, 1650, etc.; gen. pi. eorla, 248, 357, 369, etc. — Since the king himself is from the stock of the e orlas, he is also called eorl, 6, 2952. eorl-gestre6n, st. n., wealth of the nobles : gen. pi. eorl-gestredna . . . hardfyrdne dael, 2245. eorl-gewaede, st. n., knightly dress, armor : dat. pi. -gewsedum, 1443. eorllc (i.e. eorl-Uc), adj., what it be- comes a noble born man to do, chiv- alrous : ace. sg. eorlic ellen, 638. eorl-scipe, st. m., condition of being noble born, chivalrous nature, nobility :. ace. sg. eorl-scipe, 1728, 3175; eorl-scipe efnan, to do chiv- alrous deeds, 2134, 2536, 2623, 3008, eorl-weorod, st. n., followers of nobles : nom. sg. 2894. eornien-cyn, st. n., very extensive race, mankind: gen. sg. eormen- cynnes, 1958. eormen-grund, st. m., immensely wide plains, the whole broad earlh : ace. sg. ofer eormen-grund, 860. eonnen-iaf, st. f., enormous legacy; ace. sg. eormen-lSfe aSelan cynnes (Jhe treasures of the dragon's cave\ 2235. 1G2 GLOSSARY. eorre, adj., angry, enraged: gen. sg. eorres, 1448. eoton, St. m. : i) giant: nom. sg. eoten (Grendel), 762; dat. sg. un- inflected, eoton (Grendel), 669; nom. pi. eotenas, 112. — 2) harm- ful enemy, in general(?) : gen. pi. eotena, 421, 884, (of the Danes) 1073, (of the Frisians) 1089, 1142; dat. pi. eotenmn, 1 146. eotonlsc, v^X)., gigantic, coming from giants : ace. sg. eald sweord eote- nisc (eotonisc), 1559, 2980, (eto- nisc, MS.) 2617. e6 e6red-geatwe, st. f. pi., warlike adornments : ace. pi., 2867. e6wan, w. v., to shoio, to he seen: pres. sg. III. ne gesacu ohwoer, ecghete eovve^, nowhere shows it- self strife, sword-hate, 1739. See edwan, ^wan. e6wer: i) gen. pi. pers. pron., ves- trum : eower sum, that one of you (namely, Beowulf), 248; fsehlSe eower leode, the enmity of the peo- ple of you (of your people), 597; nis t>at eower slS . . . nefne miu Snes, 2533. — 2) poss. pron., _)/o«r, 251. 257, 294, etc. F g e -f^ndlan, -fQndian, w. v., to try, to search for, t^ find out, to expe- rience: w.gen. pret. part, tat h^fde gumena sum goldes gpfandoc), that a man had discovered the gold, 2Tf:i2 ; tonne se dn hafa'S >urh deS'Ses nyd dzeda gefondad, «ow M^ oBf ( Herebeald) /^ai with death's pang experienced the deeds (the unhappy bow-shot of HieScyn), 2455- fara, w. m., farer, traveller: in comp. mere-fara. faran, st. v., to move from one place to another, to go, to wander :m{. t5 ham faran, to go home, 124; ISton on geflit faran fealwe mearas, Lt the fallow horses go in emulation, 865 ; cwom faran flotherge on Fres- na land, had come to Frieslandwith a fleet, 2916; com ledda dugoBe on Idst faran, came logo upon the track of the heroes of his people, i.e. to follow them, 2946; gerund wteron a'Selingas eft to le6dum fflse to farenne, the nobles were ready to go again to their people, 1 806 ; pret. sg. gegnum for [J)E] ofer rayrcan mor, there had (Grendel's mother) gone away oz'er the dark fen, 1405; siEgenga for, the seafarer (the ship) drove along, 1909; (wyrm) mid bsele f8r, (the dragon) fled away with fire, 2309 ; pret. pi. Jjat . . . scawan sctihame tS scipe foron, that the visitors in glittering attire betook themselves to the ship, 1896. gefaran, to proceed, to act: inf. hfl se m^nsceaSa under faergripum ge- faran wolde, how he would act in his sudden attacks, 739. fit faran, to go out : w. ace. 18t of breostum . . . word (It faran, let words go out of his breast, tittered words, 2552. farotS', St. m., stream, flood of the sea : dat. sg. to brimes farotSe, 28; after faro'Se, with .the stream, 580 ; iit farolSe, 191 7. faru, St. f., way, passage, expedition : in corap. Sd-faru. faccn-staf (elementum nequitiae), St. m ., wickedness, treachery, deceit: aec pi, fJcgn-gtafas, 1013, GLOSSARY. 163 lah, fag, adj., many-colored, varie- gated, of varying color (especially said of the color of gold, of bronze, and of blood, in which the beams of light are refracted) : nom. sg. fih {coveredioith blood\^20; blSde flh, 935; StertSnum fSh (sc. Iren), 1460; sadol searwum fdh {saddle artistically ornamented 2uith gold\ 1039; sweordswttefah, 1287; brim blode fSh, 1595; wSldredrefSg, 1632; (draca) fyrwylmum fah {because he spewed flame), 2672; sweord fSh and fated, 2702; blode fih, 2975; ace. sg. dreore fahne, 447 ; goldsele fattiim fShne, 717; on f^gne flSr treddode, trod the shining floor (of Heorot), 726; hrof golde flhne, the roof shining with gold, 928; nom. pi. eoforllc . . . fdh and f^r- heard, 305; ace. pi. J)d hilt since fSge, 1616; dat. pi. fSgum sweor- dum, 586. . — Comp. bSn-, blod-, brfln-, dreor-, gold-, giyre-, searo-, sine-, stSn-, swSt-, wal-, wyrm-fSh. fah, fag, fa, adj. : i) hostile : nom. sg. fSh feond-scealSa, 554; he was fSg wiS god (Grendel), 812; ace. sg. f4ne (^the dragon), 2656; gen. pi. fSra, 578, 1464. — 2) liatle to pursuit, without peace, outlawed : nom. sg. fSg, 1264; mdne fSh, out- lawed through crime, 979; fyren- d^edum fSg, 1002. — -Comp. nearo- fah. f^mlg-beals, adj., with foaming neck: nom. sg. flota fSniig-heals, 218; (ssegenga) fSmig-heals, 1910. fac, St. n., period of time : ace. sg. lytel fac, during a short time, 2241. fader, m. , father : nom. sg. fader, 55, 262,459, 2609; of God, 1610; fader alwalda, 316; ace. sg. fader, 1356; dat. sg. fader, 2430; gen. sg. fader. 21, 1480; of God, 188. — Comp.: Der-, eald-fader. fadera, w. m., father's brother : in comp. suhter-gefaderan. fader-aUfelo, st. n. pi., patermts principatus { ?) : dat. pi. fader- ii'Selum, 912. faderen-maeg, st. m., kinsman de- scended from the same father, co- descendant: dat. sg. faderen-niEEge, 1264. faffm, St. m.i l) the outspread, en- circling arms : instr. pi. feondes fa'5[mum], 2129. — 2) embrace, encircling : nom. sg. liges fa^m, 782; ace. sg. in f^res faSm, 185. — -3) bosom, lap : ace. sg. on foldan faiSm, 1394; wis eor^an fa^m, , 3050; dat. pi. to fader (God's) faS- mum, 1 88. — 4) power, property : ace. in Francna faSm, 1211. — Cf. std-fa'Smed, sl^-faBme. faSTmian, w. v., to embrace, to take up into itself: pres. subj. pat mlnne llchaman . . . glSd fatSmie, 2653; inf.lfitonflodfatimianfratwahyrde, 3«34- ge-fag, adj., agreeable, desirable (Old Eng., fawe, willingly) : comp. ge-fagra, 916. fagen, adj., glad, joyous : nom. pi. ferh^um fagne, the glad at heart, 1634. fager, adj., beautiful, lovely : nom. sg. fager fold-bold, 774; fager fol- dan bearm, 1 138; ace. sg. freo&- burh fagere, 522; nom. pi. ]'£er him fold-wegas fagere >fihton, 867. — Comp. un-fager. fagere, fagre, adv., beautifully, well, becomingly, according to eti- quette : fagere gejjsegon niedoful manig, 1015; }>§. was flet-sittendum fagere gereorded, becomingly the repast was served, 1 789; HigelSo 1G4 GLOSSAUY. ongan . . . fagre fricgean, 1986; similarly, 2990. fiir, St. n., craft, ship : nom. sg., 33. fast, adj., bound, fast : nom. sg. biS se step to fast, 1743; ace. sg. fiSondscipe fastne, 2070; faste frio'SuwEere, 1097. — The prep, on stands to denote the where or wherein : was t8 fast on ^Hm (so. on faeh^e and fyrene), 137; on ancre fast, 303. Or, oftener, the dative: feond-grSpum fast, (Ae/rf) fast in his antagonists clutch, 637; fyrbendum fast, fast in the forged hinges, 723 ; handa fast, 1291, etc.; hygebendum fast (bebrn him lan- ga^), fast {shut') in the botids of his bosom, the man longs for (i.e. in secret), 1879. — Comp.: Sr-, bted-, gin-, s6B-, tlr-, wis-fast. faste, zAv.,fast : 554, 761, 774, 789, 1296. — Comp. faston, 143. be-fastan, w. v., to give over : inf. hSt Hildeburh hire selfre sunu sweolo^e befastan, to give over to the flames her own son, 1 116. fasten, st.n., fortified place, or place difficult of access : ace. sg. le<5da fasten, the fastness of the Gedtas (with ref to 2327), 2334; fasten (Ongenjiedw's castle or fort) , 295 1 ; fasten (Grendel's house in the fen- sea), 104. fast-raed, &6].,frmly resolved : ace. sg. fast-i-asdne gejjoht, firm deter- mination, 611. fat, St. ni., way, journey : in comp. stS-fat. fat, St. n., vessel ; vase, cup : aec. pi. fyrn-manna fatu, the {drinking-) vessels of men of old times, 2762. — Comp. : bSn-, drync-, mSSSum-, sine-, wimdor-fat. fat, St. n. (?), plate, sheet of metal, t%Y>^cia\\y gold plate (Dietrich Hpt. Ztschr. XI. 420) : dat. pi. gold- sele . . . fiittum fahne, shining with gold plates (the walls and the inner part of the roof were partly cov- ered with gold), 717; sceal se hearda helm hyrsted golde fatum befeallen (sc. wesan), the gold or- naments shall fall away from it, 2257. fated, fatt, part., ornamented with gold beaten into plate-form .- gen. sg. fattan goldes, 1094, 2247; iiistr. sg. fattan golde, 2103. Elsewhere, covered, ornamented with gold plate : nom. sg. sweord . . . fated, 2702; ace. sg. fated waege, 2254, 2283; ace. pi. fatte scyldas, 333; fatte beagas, 1751. fated-hleor, adj., phaleratus . gena (Dietr.) : aec. pi. eahta mearas fated-hle(5re (eight horses with bri- dles covered with plates of gold), 1037- fat-gold, St. n., gold in sheets or plates : ace. sg., 1922. fsege, adj. i i) forfeited to death, allotted to death by fate : nom. sg. fsege, 1756, 2142, 2976; fiEge and ge-flymed,847; ffls and fsege, 1242; ace. sg. fjegne flsesc-homan, 1569; dat. sg. fasgum, 2078; gen. sg. faeges, 1528. — 2) dead: dat. pi. ofer faegum (over the warriors fallen in the battle), 3026, — Comp. : deaS-, un-fa;ge. faihff (state of hostility, see tSiti), St. f., hostile act, feud, battle : nom. sg. faehS, 2404, 3062; aec. sg. fash'Se, 153, 459, 470, 596, 1334, etc.; also of the unhappy bow- shot of the HrSSling, Hieticyn, by which he killed his brother, 2466; dat. sg. fore faehtSe and fyrene, 137; nalas for faehtSe mearn (did not recoil from the combat), 1538; GLOSSARY. 165 gen. sg. ne gefeah he J)sere fehlSe, 109; gen. pi. fjehSa geinyndig, 2690. — Comp. wal-fsEhlS. tsebSo, St. f., same as above : nom. sg. sio fseh^o, 3000; ace. fseh'So, 2490. faelsian, \v. v., to bring into a good condition, to cleanse : inf. l-iit ic mote . . . Heoiot falsian (from the plague of Grendel), 432; pret. HroSgSres . . . sele fjelsode, 2353. ge-faelsian, w. v., same as above; pret. part, hafde gefaelsod . . . sele Hro'Sglres, 826; Heorot is gefiel- sod, U77; wseron y^-gebland eal gefaelsod, 1621. fsemne, w. f., virgin, recens nupta : dat. sg. fsemnan, 2035; gen. sg. fsEmnan, 2060, both times of Hro'5- gSr's daughter Freaware. fser, St. m., sudden, unexpected at- tack: nom. sg. (attack upon Hnaf's band by Finn's), 1069. fser-gripe, st. m., sudden, treacher- ous gripe, attack : nom. sg. faer- gripe fiodes, 1517; dat. pi. under fsergripum, 739. f aer-gryre, st. m., fright caused by a sudden attack : dat. pi. wi5 faer- gryrum (against the inroads of Grendel into Heorot), 174. fseringa, adv., suddenly, unexpect- edly, 1415, 1989. tasi-vSSS, St. m., hostility with sud- den attacks : gen. pi. hwat me Grendel hafa^ . . . faernlSa gefre- med, 476. faes, St. m. (?), 2231. feiSer-gearTPe, st. f. pi. (^feather- equipment), the feathers of the shaft of the arrow : dat. (instr.) pi. sceft fe^er-gearwum ffls, 3120. fel, St. n., skin, hide : dat. pi. glof ■ ■ • gegyrwed dracan fellum, made of the skins of dragons, 2089. fela, I., adj. indecl., mucJi, many : as subst. : ace. sg. fela fricgende, 2 107. With worn placed before : hwat );u worn fela . . . ymb Brecan sprtece, how very much you spoke about Breca, 530. — With gen. sg. : ace. sg. fela fyrene, Sio; wyrm- cynnes fela, 1426; worna fela sor- go, 2004; to fela micles . . . Denigea leode, too mtich of the race of the Danes, 695; uncdSes fela, 877; fela ISSes, 930; fela leofes and li'Ses, 106 1. — With gen. pi. : nom, sg. fela m&dma, 36; fela J>£era wera and wlfa, 993, etc.; ace. sg. fela missera, 153; fela fyrena, 164; ofer landa fela, 311; ma'SSum- sigla fela (falo, MS.), 2758; ne me sw6r fela SSa on unriht, swore no false oaths, 2739, etc.; worn fela mS'Sma, 1784; worna fela gfitSa, 2543. — Comp. eal-fela. II., adverbial, wry, 1386, 2103, 2951. fela-hrSr, adj., valde agitatus, very active against the enemy, very war- like, 27. fela-mOdig, adj., very courageous : gen. pi. -modigra, 1638, 1889. fela-synnig, adj., very criminal, very guilty : ace. sg. fela-sinnigne secg (in MS., on account of the alliteration, changed to simple sin- nigne), 1380. felgan, st. v., to betake one's self into a place, to conceal one's self: pret. siS^an inne fealh Grendles modor (in Heorot), 1282; >£er inne fealh secg syn-bysig (in the dragon's cave), 2227. — to come to any place, to arrive : searonlSas fealh, 1201. at-felgan, w. dat., insistere, adhae- rere : pret. no ic him )>as georne at- (e&Va{did not hold him so fast), gtij. 166 GLOSSARY. fen, St. n., fen, moor : ace. sg. fen, 104; dat. sg. to fenne, 1296; feri- ne, 2010. fen-freoUo, f., refuge in the fen : dat. sg. in fen-freo'So, 852. feng, St. m., gripe, embrace: nom. sg. fyies feng, 1765; ace. sg. fSra feng (of the hostile sea-monsters), 578. — Comp. inwit-feng. fengel (probably he who takes pos- session, cf, to fon, 1 756, and fon to rice, to enter upon the government^ , St. m., loni, prince, king: nom. sg. wisa fengel, 1401 ; snottra fen- gel, 1476, 2157; hringa fengel, 2346. fen-ge-iad, st. n., fen-paths, fen with paths : ace. pi. frScne fen- gelSd {^fens difficult of access"), 1360. fen-Mis', st. n., marshy precipice : acc.pl. under fen-hleoiSu, 821. fen-h6p, st. n., refuge in the fen : ace. pi. on fen-hopu, 765. ferh, St. m. n., life ; see feorh. ferh, St. m., hog, boar, here of the boar-image on the helmet: nom. sg-, 305- ferhSF, st. m., heart, soul : dat. sg. on ferh«e, 755, 949, 1719; gehwylc hiora his ferhlSe treowde, ))at . . ., each of them trusted to his (Hfln- ferS's) heart, that . . ., I167; gen. sg. ferh^es fore-J)anc, 1061; dat. pi. (adverbial) ferh'Sum fagne,//^/- py at heart, 1634; hat mon . . . ferh'Sum freoge, that one . . . hearti- ly love, 3178. — Comp. : ' eoUen-, sSrig-, swllS-, wlde-ferh'S. teirW5-tv^c,aS]., having good courage, bold, brave: ace. sg. ferh^-frecan Fin, 1 147. ferhifir-genlffla, w. m., mortal ene- my : ace. sg. feth^-genfiSlan, of the drake, 2882. fcrian, w. v. w. ace, to bear, to bring, to conduct: pres. II. pi. hwanon ferigeafi fatte scyldas, 333; pret. pi. to scypum feredon eal inges- teald eorScyninges, 1155; simi- larly, feredon, 11 59, 31 14. at-ferian, to carry away, to bear off: pret. ic J>at hilt ))anon fe6n- dum atferede, 1670. ge-ferian,^ bear, to bring, to lead: pres. subj. I. pi. bonne (we) ge- ferian frean ftserne, 3108; inf. geferian . . . Grendles heafod, 1639; pret. yiX hi fit geferedon dyre mJtJ- mas, 3x31; pret. part, her syndon geferede feorran cumene . . . Geata leode, men of the Gedtas, come from afar, have been brought hither (by ship), 361. olS-ferian, to tear away, to take away : pret. sg. I. uns8fte panon feorh 6'S-ferede, 2142. of-ferian, to carry off,to take away, to tear away : pret. otSer swylc fit offerede, took away another such (se. fifteen), 1584. fetel-hilt, st. n., sword-hill, with the gold chains fastened to it : ace. (sg. or pi.?), 1564. (.See "Leitfaden f. nord. Altertumskunde,"pp.45,46.) fetian, w. v., to bring near, bring : pres. subj. nSh hwS . . . fe[tige] fated waege, bring the gold-chased tankard, 2254; pret. part. hratSe was to bftre Beowulf feted, 131 1. ge-fetian, to bring: inf. hSt J>3 eorla hleo in gefetian HrS'Sles lafe, caused Hre^eV s sword to be brought, ■2.\t)\. S-fedan, w. v., to nourish, to bring up : pret. part. Jiser he Sfeded was, 694. f eaa (O.H.G. fendo), w. m. : \) foot- soldiers : nom. pi. fSiJan, 1328, 2545. — 2) collective in sing., band GLOSSARY. 167 of foot-soldiers, troop of warriors : nom. feSa eal gesat, 1425; dat. on fSSan, 2498, 2920. — Comp. gam- fe«a. felSfe, St. n., gait, going, pace : dat. sg. was to foremihtig feond on fSSe, the enemy was too strong in going (i.e. could flee too fast), 971. f effe-cempa, w. m., foot-soldier : nom. sg., 1545, 2854. fSffe-gast, St. m., guest coming on foot : dat. pi. feSe-gestum, 1977. f SSe-13.st, St. m., signs of going, foot- print: dat. pi. f^rdon for'S )>onon fSSe-lSstum, went forth from there upon their trail, i.e. by the same way that they had gone, 1633. f 6l3fe-^vig, St. m., battle on foot : gen. sg. nealles Hetware hrSmge Jjorf- ton (sc. wesan) feSe-wlges, 2365. fel (= feol), St. I., fie : gen. pi. fgla lafe, what the files have left behind (that is, the swords), 1033. fSran, w. v., iter (A.S. for) facere, to come, logo, to travel : pres. subj. II. pi. ser ge . . . on land Dena furtSur fSran, ere you go farther into the land of the Danes, 254; inf. feran on frean ware {to die), 27; gewiton him J^S fSian {set otit upon their way) , 301 ; msel is me to fgran, 316; feran . . . gang sceawi- gan, go, so as to see the footprints, 1 39 1; wide feran, 2262; pret. fSrdon folctogan . . . wundor scea- wian, the princes came to see the wonder, 840; fSrdon for^, 1633. ge-fSran: l) adire, to arrive at : pres. subj. J^onne eorl ende gefere lifgesceafta, reach the end of life, 3064; pret. part, hafde aeghwaiSer ende gefSred la;nan lifes, frail life's end had both reached, 2845. — 2) to reach, to accomplish, to bring about : pret. hafast t>u gefS- red Jiat . . ., 1222, 1856. -3) to behave one's self, to conduct one's self: pret. frScne gcf^rdon, had shoiun themselves daring, 1692. feal, St. ra., fall ; in comp. wal-feal. fcallan, st. v., to fall, to fill head- long : inf. feallan, 107 1; pret. sg. Jjat he on hrusan ne fedl, that it (the hall) did not fall to the ground, 773; similarly, fedll on foldan, 2976; feoU on feSan (dat. sg.), fell in the band (of his warriors), 2920; pret. pi. J)onne walu feoUon, 1043. be-feallen, pret. part., w. dat. or instr., deprived of, robbed : freon- dum befeallen, robbed of friends, 1 1 27; sceal se hearda helm . . . fatum befeallen (sc. wesan), be robbed of its gold mountings (the gold mounting will fall away from it moldering), 2257. ge-feallan,/o fall, to sink down : pres. sg. III. Jiat se lic-homa . . , fsege gefealletS, that the body doomed to die sinks down, 1756. — Also, with the ace. of the place whither : pret. nieregrund gefeoll, 2loi ; he eorSan gefeoll, 2835. fealu, &6.]., fallow, dun-colored, taw- ny : ace. sg. ofer fealone flod {over the sea), 1951; fealwe strjete (with reference to 320), 917; ace. pi. leton on geflit faran fealwe mea- ras, 866. — Comp. appel-fealo. feax, St. n., hair, hair of the head : dat. sg. was be feaxe on flet boren Grendles heafod, was carried by the hair into the hall, 1648; him . . . swit . . . sprong fortS under fexe, the blood sprang out under the hair of his head, 2968. — Comp.; blonden-, gamol-, wunden-feax. ge-feA, w. ra., joy : ace. sg. psere fylle gefean, joy at the abundant 168 GLOSSARY. repast, 562; ic JjSs ealles inag . . . gefean habban (<:«» rejoice at alt this), 2741. fed, adj.,y^z£/ .• clat. pi. nemne feaum Snum, except some few, 1082; gen. pi. feara sum, as one ofafezo, with a few, 1413; feara sumne, o«« 0/ a few {some few), 3062. With geu. following : ace. pi. fea worda cwaS, spoke few words, 2663, 2247. fei-sceaft, adj., miserable, imltappy, helpless : nom. sg. sySISan ferest weartS feasceaft funden, 7 ; fea- sce.-ift guma (Giendel), 974; dat. sg. feasceaftum men, 2286; Ead- gilse . . . feasceaftum, 2394; nom. pi. feasceafte (the Geatas robbed of their king, HygeUc), 2374. feoh, fc6, n., (properly cattle, herd), here, possessions, property, treas- ure ; instr. sg.ne wolde . . . feorh- bealo fed Hngian, wottld not allay life's evil for treasure (tribute), 156; similarly, J>i fash^e fed \)\t\- gode, 470; ic Jie J)^ fsehlSe fed leanige, 1381. ge-feohan, ge-fe6n, st. v., w. gen. and instr., to enjoy one's self, to rejoice at something: a) w. gen.: pret. sg. ne gefeah he J'xre foe^'Se, 109; hilde gefeh, beado-weorces, . 2299; pi. fylle gefsEgon, enjoyed ' themselves at the bottnteous repast, 1015; beddnes gefSgon, rejoiced at (the return of) the ruler, 1628. — b) w. inslr. ; niht-weorce gefeh, ellen-mjEriSum, 828; secg weorce gefeh, 1570; sjelice gefeah, magen- byrSenne (iSra be he him mid haf- de, rejoiced at the gift of the sea, and at the great burden of thai (Grendel's head and the sword- hilt) which he had with him, 1625. leoh-gift, -gyft, st. f., bestowing of gifts or treasures: gen. sg. bsere feoh-gyfte, 1026; dat. pi. at feoh- gyftum, 1090; fromum feohgiftum, with rich gifts, 21. feoh-leds, adj., that cannot be atoned for through gifts ; nom. sg. bat was feoh-leas gefeoht, a deed of arms that cannot be expiated (the killing of his brother by Has^cyn), 2442. ge-feoht, St. u., combat; warlike deed: nom. sg. (the killing of his brother by Hae'Scyn), 2442; dat. sg. mSce bone bin fader t3 gefeohte bar, the sword which thy father bore to the combat, 2049. ge-feohtan, st. v., to fight : inf. w. ace. ne mehte . . . wig Hengeste wiht gefeohtan {could by no means offer Hengest battle), 1084. feohte, w. f., combat : ace. sg. feoh- tan, 576, 960. See werc-fyhte. feor, adj., /(jr, remote : nom. sg. nis bat feor heonon, 1362; nas him feor banon to gesScanne sinces bryttan, 1922; ace. sg. feor eal {all that is far, past), 1702, feor, adv., far, far away: a) of space, 42, 109, 809, 1806, 1917; feor and (olSiSe) la^Ha, far and {or) near, 1222, 2871; feorr, 2267. — b) of time : ge feor hafa'S fsehlSe gestiEled {has placed us under her enmity henceforth), 1341. Comparative, fyr, feorr, and feor: fyr and fastor, 143; fyr, 252; feorr, 1989; feor, 542. feor-bfieiid, dwelling far away: nom. pi. ge feor-bflend, 254. feor-c^Ufliu, st. f, home of those liv- ing far away, distant land: nbm. pi. feor-cpS^e bedS selran gesShte bam be him selfa deah, who trusts to his own ability, for him is it better that he seek foreign lands, 1839. feorh, ferh (Goth . fairhvu-s, world). GLOSSARY. 169 St. m. and n., life, principle of life, soul: nom. sg. feorh, 2124; no Jjon lange was feoih aiSelinges flaes- ce bewunden, not for much longer was the soul of the prince enveloped in the body (he was near death), 2425; ferh alien wrac, life ex- pelled the strength (i.e. with the departing life the strength disap- peared also), 2707; ace. sg. feorh ealgian, 797, 2656, 2669; feorh gehealdan, preserve his life, 2857 ; feorh 41egde, gave up his life, 852; similarly, ter he feorh seletS, 1371; feorh otSferede, tore away her life, 2142; 85 bat hie forlseddan tS Jiam lindplegan swjese gesltSas ond hyra sylfra feorh, till in an evil hour they carried into battle their dear cojHpanions and their lives (i.e. led them to their death), 2041; gif >u Mn feorh hafast, 1850; ymb feorh sacan (to fight for life) , 439 ; was in feorh dropen, was wounded into his life, i.e. mortally, 2982; widan feorh, as temporal ace, through a wide life, i.e. always, 2015; dat. sg. feore, 1294, 1549; to wldan kore,for n %vide life, i.e. at all times, 934; on swS geongum feore {at a so youthful age), 1844 ; as instr., 578, 3014; gen. sg. feores, 1434, 1943; dat. pi. buton . . . feo- rum giimena, 73; freonda feorum, 1307. — Mso, body, corpse : liSwas heal hrodeu feonda feorum {the hall was covered with the slain of the enemy), 1153; gehwearf J;S in Francna faCm feorh cyninges, then the body of the king (HygeISc) fell into the power of the Fra nks, 1 2 1 1 . — Comp. geogo'S-feorh. feorli-bana, w. m., {life-slayer), man-slayer, murderer : dat. sg. feorh-bonan, 2466. feorh-ben, st. f., wound that takes aiuay life, mortal wound: dat. (instr.) pi. feorh-bennum sedc, 2741. feorh-bealu, st. n., evil destroying life, violent death : nom. sg., 2078, 2251, 2538; ace. sg., 156. feorli-cyn, st. n., race of the living, mankind : gen. pi. fela feorh-cyn- na, 2267. feorh-genlS'la, w. m., he who seeks life, life's enemy (N.H.G. Tod- feind), mortal enemy: ace. sg. -genlSlan, 1541; dat. sg. -genlS- lan, 970; ace. pi. folgode feorh- genlSlan, 970; ace. pi. folgode feorh-genl^lan, (Ongenl^eow) pur- sued his mortal enemies, 2934. feorh-lagu, st. f., the life allotted to anyone, life determined by fate : ace. sg. on mS^ma hord mine (mlnne, MS.) bebohte frSde feorh- lege, for the treasure-hoard I sold my old life, 2801. feorh-I&st, st. m., trace of (vanish- ing) life, sign of death : ace. sg. feorh-lSstas bar, 847. feorh-seoc, adj., mortally wounded: nom. sg., 821. feorh-sweng, st. m., (stroke rob- bing of life), fatal bloiv : ace. sg., 2490. feorh-wund, st. f., mortal vjound, fatal injury : ace. sg. feorh-wunde hieat, 2386. feorm, St. f., subsistence, entertain- ment : ace. sg. no Jiu ymb mines ne ];earft lices feorme leng sorgian, thou needest no longer have care for the sustenance of my body, 451. — 2) banquet : dat. on feorme (or feorme, MS.), 2386. feormend-Ieds, adj., wanting the cleanser : ace. pi. geseah . . . fyrn- nianna fatu feormend-leasc, 2762. 170 GLOSSARY. feormlan, w. v., lo clean, to cleanse, to polish: pres. part, nom pi. feor- miend swefatS (feoimynd, MS.), 2257- ge-feormian,w. v.j/oyfrtj/, to eat: pret. part, sona hafde unlyfigendes eal gefeormod fet and folma, 745. feorran, w. v., w. ace, to remove : inf. sibbe ne wolde wiS manna hvvone magenes Deniga feorh-bea- lo feorran, fed Hngian, (Grendel) would not from friendship free any one of the race of the Danes of life's evil, nor allay it for tribute, 156. feorran, adv., from afar : a) of space, 361, 430, 826, 1371, 1820, etc.; siSSan aSelingas feorran ge- fricgean fleam eowerne, when noble men afar learn of your flight (when the news of your flight reaches distant lands), 2890; fer- don folctogan feorran and nean, from far and from near, 840; similarly, nean and feorran J>u nu [friSu] hafast, 1175; wasHswyr- mes wig wide ges^ne . . . nean and feorran, visible from afar, far and tiear, 2318. — b) temporal: se l^e cfllSe frumsceaft fira feorran reccan (^since remote antiquity'), 91 ; sim- ilarly, feorran rehte, 2107. feorran-cund, adj., foreign-born : dat. sg. feorran-cundum, 1796. feor-weg, st. xw., far way : dat. pi, m^dma fela of feorwegum, many precious things from distant paths (from foreign knds), 37. ge-fe6n. See feohan. fe6nd, st. m., enemy : nora. sg., 164, 726, 749; fednd on helle (Gren- del), loi ; ace. sg., 279, 1S65, 2707; dat. sg. fe6nde, 143, 439; gen. sg. feondes, 985, 2129, 2290; ace. pi. fednd, 699; dat. pi. fedn- dum, 420, 1670; gen. pi. feonda, 294, 809, 904. fe6nd-gr3.p, st. f., foe''s clutch : dat. (instr.) pi. fednd-grSpura fast, 637. fe6nd-sceaffa, w. m., one wlio is an enemy and a robber : nom. sg, fSh fednd-scaiSa (« gleaming sea-mon- ster), 554. fe6nd-sclpe, st. m., hostility : nom. sg., 3°°o- fe6wcr, num., four : nom. fedwer beam, 59; fedwer mearas, 2164; fedwer, as substantive, 1638; ace. fedwer mdSmas, 1028. fe6wer-tync, nnxa., fotirteen : nom. with following gen. pi. fedwertyne Geata, 1642. findan, st. v., to find, to invent, to attain : a) with simple object in ace. i inf. jiSra Jjc he cSndste findan mihte, 207; swylce hie at Finiies- him findan meahton sigla searo- gimma, 1 157; similarly, 2871;' mag I'EEr fela frednda findan, 1839; wolde guman findan, 2295; swd hyt weorlSlicost fore-snolre men findan mihton, so splendidly as only very wise men could devise it, 3164; pret. sg. healt>egnas fand, 720; word olSer {a.nA, found other words, i.e. went on to another narrative, 871; grimne gryrellcne grund- hyrde fond, 2137; bat ic godne funde beaga bryttan, 1487; pret. part. sy'SSan cerest wearS feasceaft funden {discovered), 7. — b) with ace. and pred. adj. : pret. sg. dryh- ten slnne dridrigne fand, 2790. — c) with ace. and inf. : pret, fand Jia baer inne aSelinga gedriht swe- fan, 118; fand waccendne wer wlges bldan, 1268; hord-wynne fond opene standan, 2271 ; o'S bat he fyrgen - beamas . . . hleonian funde, 1416; pret. pi. fundon \>i GLOSSARY. 171 slwulleasne hlitn - bed healdan, 3034. — d) with dependent clause : inf. no i>y aer feasceafte findan meahton at bam aSelinge )jat he HeardrSde hliford wtere (^could by no means obtain it from the prince), 2374. on-findan, to be sensible of, to per- ceive, to notice : a) w. ace. : pret. sg. landweard onfand eftsitS eorla, the coast-guard observed the return of the earls, 1892 ; pret. part. J)S he6onfundenwas(w«j(/jjfo»erifa?), 1294. — b) w. depend, clause : pret. sg. tS se gist onfand Jiat se beado- ledma bltan nolde, the stranger (Be6wulf ) perceived that the sword would not cut, 1523 ; sona J^at on- funde, tat . . ., immediately per- ceived that . . ., 751; similarly, 810, 1498. finger, st. m., finger : nom. pi. fin- gras, 761; ace. pi. fingras, 985; dat. (instr.) pi. fingrum, 1 506;. gen. pi. fingra, 765. flras, fyras (O.H.G. firah!, i.e. the living; cf. feorh), St. m., only in pi., men: gen. pi. fira, 91, 2742; monegumfira, 2002; fyragehwylc- ne leoda minra, 2251 ; fira fyrnge- vveorc, 2287. firen, fyren, st. f., cunning way- laying, insidious hostility, malice, outrage : nom. sg. fyren, 916; ace. sg. fyrene and fseh^e, 153; fsehSe and fyrene, 880, 2481; firen' on- drysne, 1933; dat. sg. fore fseh'Se and fyrene, 137; gen. pi. fyrena, 164,629; and fyrene, 812; fyrena hyrde (of Grendel), 751. The dat. pi., fyrenum, is used adverbially in the sense of maliciously, 1745, or fallaciously, with reference to HselS- cyn's killing Herebeald, which was done unintentionally, 2442. firen-dsed, st. f., wicked deed : ace. pi. fyren-daeda, 1670 ; instr. pi. fyren-dsedum, 1002 ; both times of Grendel and his mother, with refer- ence to their nocturnal inroads. firen-}>earf, st. f., misery through the malignity of enemies : ace. sg. fyren-Jiearfe, 14. flrgen-beAm, st. m., tree of a moun- tain-forest: ace. pi. fyrgen-beamas, HIS- flrgen-holt, st. m,, mountain-wood, mountain-forest : ace. sg. on fyr- gen-holt, 1394. flrgen-stredm, st. m., mountain- stream : nom. sg. fyrgen-stream, 1360; ace. sg. under fyrgen-stream ' (marks the place where the moun- tain-stream, according to 1360, empties into Grendel's sea), 2129. flsc, St. m., fish : in comp. hron-, mere-fisc. fif, num., five : uninflect. gen. fif. nihta fyrst, 545; ace. fife{?), 420. flfel-cyn (O.N. fttl, stultus and gigas), St. m.', giant-race : gen. sg. fifelcynnes eard, 104. f tf-tene, f if-tyne, num., fifteen : ace. fyftyne, 1583; gen. flftena sum, 207. f If-tig, num.,yf/?j/ .• I ) as substantive with gen. following ; ace. fiftig wintra, 2734 ; gen. se vi'Ss flftiges f6t-gemearces lang, 3043. — 2) as adjective ; ace. fiftig wintru, 2210. fl^n, St. m., arrow : dat. sg. flSne, 3 1 20 ; as instr., 2439. flSiii-boga, w. m., bow which shoots the fidn, bow: dat. sg. of flSn- bogan, 1434, 1745. flaesc, St. n., fiesh, body in contrast with soul : instr. sg. no J>on lange • was feorh aSelinges flzesce bewun- den, not much longer was the soul 172 GLOSSARY. of the prince contained in his body, 2425. flsesc-hama, w. m., clothing of flesh, i.e. the body : ace. sg. flsesc-homan, 1569- flet, St. u.i l) ground, floor of a hall: ace. sg. heo on flet gebeah, fell to the ground, 1541; similarly, 1 569. — 2) hall, mansion : nom. sg. 1977; ace. sg. flet, 1037, 1648, 1950, 2018, etc. ; flett, 2035 ; |)at hie him otSer flet eal geiymdon, that they should give up entirely to them another hall, 1087 ; dat. sg. on flette, 1026, flet-rast, st. f., resting-place in the hall: ace. sg. flet-raste gebeag, reclined upon the couch in the hall, 1242. flet-sittend, pres. part., sitting in the hall : ace. pi. -sittende, 2023 ; dat. pi. -sittendum, 1789. flet-werod, st. n., troop from the hall : nom. sg., 476. fledm, St. m., flight: ace. sg. on fleam gewand, had turned to flight, 1002 ; fleam e6werne, 2890. fle6gan, st. v., to fly : prs. sg. III. fleogcS, 2274. fle6i], St. v., tojlee : inf. on heolster fledn, 756; fle6n on fenhopu, 765; fleon under fen-hleo^u, 821 ; w. ace. hete-swengeas fleah, 2226. be-fleon, w. ace, to avoid, to es- cape: gerund no \>a.\. ySe byS to befleonne, that is not easy (i.e. not at all) to be avoided, 1004. ofer-fledn, w. ace, to flee from one, to yield: inf. nelle ic beorges weard oferfle6n fotes trem, will not yield to the warder of the mountain (the drake) « foofs breadth, 2'ii2(i. flc6toii, St. v., to float upon the water, to swim : inf. no he wiht fram me fiod-J'Sum feor flefitan meahte, hra'Sor on holme, no whit, could he swim from me farther on the waves (regarded as instrumental, so that the waves marked the distance), more swiftly in the sea, 542 ; pret. saegenga fleat fSmigheals forlS ofer JSe, floated away over the waves, 1910. fllht. See flyht. flitme. See un-flitine. flitan, St. v., to exert one's self, to strive, to emulate : pres. part, fli- tende fealwe sti^te mearum maeton {rode u race), 917; pret. sg. II. eart >u se Bedwulf, se J>e wiS Brecan . . . ymb sund flite, art thou the Bedwulf who once contended with Breca for the prize in swim- ming? 507. ofer-flltan, to surpass one in a contest, to conquer, to overcome: pret. w. ace. he he at sunde ofer- fl^t {overcome thee in a swimming- wager'), 517. ge-flit, St. n., emulation: ace. sg. ISton on gefllt faran fealwe niearas, let the fallow horses go in emula- lion, 866. floga,w.m.,y7)'^/',' in the compounds : gft-S-, lyft-, uht-, wt6-floga. ilota (see fledtan), w. m., float, ship, boat: nom. sg., 210, 218, 301 ; ace. sg. flotan edwerne, 294. — Comp. wasg-flota. flot-here, st. n., fleet: instr. sg. cwom faran flotherge on Fresna land, 2916. flOd, St. m., flood, stream, sea-cur- rent: nom. sg., 545, 580, 1362, etc.; ace. sg. flSd, 3134; ofer fealone flod, 1951; dat. sg. to flode, 1889; gen. pi. floda begong, the region offloads, i.e. the sea, 1498, 1827; floda genipu, 2809. GLOSSARY. 173 fl6d-^ff, St. f., flood-wave : instr. pi. flod-J^um, 542. flOr, St. m., floor, stone-floor : ace. sg. on fSgne flor (the floor was probably a kind of mosaic, made of colored flags), 726 ; dat. sg. gang i>k after flore, along the floor (i.e. along the hall), 1317. flyht, fliht, St. m., flight : nom. sg. gires fScA, flight of the spear, 1 766. g e - flyman, w. v., to put to flight : pret. part, geflymed, 847, 1371. folc, St. n., troop, hand of warriors ; folk, in the sense of the whole body of the fighting men of a na- tion : ace. Sg. folc, 522, 694, 912 ; Sfi'Sdene fole, 464 ; folc and r!ce, 1 180; dat. sg. folce, 14, 2596; folce Deninga, 465 ; as instr. folce gestepte ofer sa; side, xuent with a band of warriors over the wide sea, 2394; gen. sg. folces, 1 1 25; folces Denigea, 1583. — The king is called folces hyrde, 611, 1833, 2645,2982; freawine folces, 2358 ; or folces weard, 25 14. The queen, folces cwen, 1933. — The pi., in Xhesenseoiwarriors,flghtingmen: nom. pi. folc, 1423, 2949; dat. pi. folcum, 55, 262, 1856; gen. pi. freo- (frea-) wine lo\za.,of the king, 430, 2430 ; friSu-sibb folca, of the queen, 2018. — Comp. sige-folc. folc-^gend, pres. part., leader of a band of warriors : nom. pi. folc- Sgende, 3114. folc-beorn, st. m., vian of the mul- titude^ a common man : nom. sg. folc-beorn, 2222. folc-cwSn, St. f., queen of a warlike host : nom. sg., of Wealhjjeow, 642. folc-cyning, st. m., king of a war- like host: nom. sg., 2734, 2874. folc-rsed, st. m., what best serves a warlike host : ace. sg., 3007. folc-riht, St. n., the rights of the flghtingmcn of a nation: gen.pl. him ser forgeaf . . . folcrihta ge- hwylc, sw^ his fader ihte, 2609. folc-scearu, st. f., part of a host of warriors, nation : dat. sg. folc- seare, 73. folc-stede, st. m., position of a band of warriors, place where a band of luarriors is quartered : aec. sg. folcstede, of the hall, Heorot, 76 ; folestede fSra (Jhe 'battle-field), 1464. folc-toga, w. m., leader of a body ofwarriors, duke: nom. pi., power- ful liege -men of HrotSgar are called folc-togan, 840. fold-bold, St. n., earth-house (i.e. a house on earth in contrast with a dwelling in heaven) : nom. sg. fa- ger fold-bold, of the hall, Heorot, 774- fold-buend, pres. part., dweller on earth, man : nom. pi. fold-bfiend, 2275; fold-bftende, 1356; dat.pl. fold-bflendum, 309. folde, w. f., earth, ground : ace. under foldan, 1362; fedll on fol- dan, 2976; gen. sg. foldan bearm, the bosom of the earth, 1 138; fol- dan sceatas, 96; foldan fa'Sm, 1394. — Also, earth, world: dat, sg. on foldan, 1 197. fold-^reg, St. m., fleld£ere feohgyfte for sce6tendum scami- gan Jjorfte, had no need to be ashamed of the gift before the war- riors, 102']; for Jiam werede, 1216; for eorlum, 1650; for dugu'Se, be- fore the noble band of toarriors, 2021 ; for dugetSum, 2502, — Causal, a) to denote a subjective motive, on account of, through, from : for wlenco, from bravery, through ■warlike courage, 338, 1207; for wlence, 508; for his wonhydum, 434; for onmSdlan, 2927, etc. — b) objective, partly denoting a cause, through, from, by reason of: for metode, for the creator, on account of the creator, 169; for J>reanydum, 833; for lireanSdlan, 2225; for dolgilpe, o« account of, in accordance with the promise of bold deeds (because you claimed bold deeds for yourself), 509; him for hrofsele hrinan ne mehte faer- gripe flodes, on account of the roofed hall the malicious grasp of the flood could not reach him, 15 16; Ug- egesan vifag for horde, on account of (the robbing of) the treasure, 2782; for mundgripe mtnum, on account of, through the gripe of my hand, 966; for J^as hildfruman handgeweorce, 2836; for swenge, through the stroke, 2967 ; ne meah- te . . . defip ged^gan for dracan ISge, could not hold out in the deep on account of the heat of the drake, 2550. Here may be added such passages as ic J^am gSdan sceal for his m3dt>race mSSmas be6dan, will offer him treasures on account of his boldness of character, for his high courage, 385 ; ful-oft for liis- san lean teohhode, gave often re- ward for what was inferior, 952; nalles for ealdre mearn, was not uneasy about his life, 1443; simi- larly, 1538. Also denoting pur- pose : for Srstafum, to the assist- ance, 382, 458. — 2) w. instr. causal, because of, for : he hine feor forwrac for J^ mine, 1 10. — 3) w. ace., for, as, instead of: for sunu fre6gan, love as a son, 948; for sunu habban, 1 176; ne him |>as wyrmes wig for wiht dyde, held the drake's fighting as nothing, 2349. foran, adv., before, among the first, forward : siSSan . . . sceawedon fedndes fingras, foran asghwylc (^each before himself), 985 ; |>at viras Sn foran ealdgeslredna, that was one among the first of the old treasures, i.e. a splendid old treas- ure, 1459 ; ^e him foran ongean linde bseron, bore their shields for- ward against him (went out to fight against him), 2365. be-foran: l) adv., local, before: he . . . beforan gengde, went be- fore, 1413; tem'pox3.\,before, earlier, 2498. — 2) prep. w. ace. before, in conspectu : msere mSSSum-svveord manige gesSwon beforan beorn beran, 1025. ford, St. m., ford, water-way : ace. sg. ymb brontne ford, 568. forff: l) local, forth, hither, near: for'S near 'i.isXii-g,approachednearer, 746; l^a ewom Wealhjjed foriSg4n, GLOSSARY. 175 1 163; similarly, 613 ; himselej)egn forS wlsade, led him (Beowulf) forth (to the couch that had been prepared for him inHeorot),i796; |3at him swSt sprong for'S under fexe, forth under the hair of his head, 2968. Forward, further : -gewttaiS foriS beran vvsepen and gewasdu, 291 ; he to for'S gestop, 2290 ; freoBo-wong tone foriS ofer- eodon, 2960. Away, forth, 45, 904; fyrst for'S gewSt, the time (of the way to the ship) was out, i.e. they had arrived at the ship, 210 ; me . . . forS-gewitenum, to me the departed, 1480 ; ffirdon forlS, went forth (from Grendel's sea), 1633 ; I'onne he forS scile, lahen he must {go) forth, i.e. die, 3t78; hine mihtig god . . . ofer ealle men foriS gefremede, carried him forth, over all men, 1719. — 2) temporaI,/o?-//5, from no7v on : heald for'S tela niwe sibbe, 949 ; ic sceal foriS sprecan gen ymbe Grendel, shall from now on speak again of Grendel, 2070. See furffum and furij'or. forSf-gerimed, pres. part., in un- broken succession, 59. forff-gesceaft, st. f., that which is determined for farther on, future destiny: ace. sg. he H for^-ge- sceaf t forgy teS and forg Jme'S, 1751. forff-weg, St. m., road that leads away, journey : he of ealdre ge- wat frod on for'S-weg (upon the way to the next world), 2626. fore, prep. w. dat., local, before, coram, in conspectu: heo fore )3am werede sprac, 1216. Causal, through, for, because of: nS mearn fore fceh'Se and fyrene, 136 ; fore fader diedum, because of the father's deeds, 2o5o. — Allied to this is the meaning, about, de, super: ]>ier was sang and swSg samod atgiidere fore Healfdenes hildewisan, song and musicabout Healfdene's gene- ral (the song of Hnaf), 1065. fore-inaere, adj., renowned beyond (others), priEclarus : superl. J)at was fore-mserost foldbflendum re- ceda under roderum, 309. fore -mihtig, adj., able beyond (others), praspotens : nom. sg. was t3 foremihtig feond on fSSe, the enemy was too strong in going (could flee too rapidly), 970. fore-snotor, adj., wise beyond (others), sapientissimus : nom.pl. foresnotre men, 3164. fore-)>anc, st. m., forethought, con- sideration, deliberation : nom. sg., 1061. forht, a.A)., fearful, cowardly: nom. sg. forht, 2968; he on m8de weartS forht on ferh'Se, 755. — Comp. un- forht. forma, ^.d]., foremost, first : nom. sg. forma SI'S (the first time) , 717, 1464, 1528, 2626; instr. sg. forman sl^e, 741, 2287 ; forman dogore, 2574- fyrmest, adv. superl., ^?-j^ of all, in the first place .-he fyrmest lag, 2078. forst, St. m., frost, cold: gen. sg. forstes bend, 1610. for-]>am, for-J»an, for-]>on, adv. and conj., therefore, on that ac- count, then: forjiam, 149; forman, 418, 680, 1060; forJ>on Jie, because, 503- fSn, St. v., to catch, to grasp, to take hold, to take : prs. sg. III. fSh'S 6'Ser to, another lays hold (takes possession), 1756; inf ic mid grSpe sceal fon wiS fednde, 439 ; pret. sg. him tSgeanes fSng, caught at him, grasped at him, 1543; w. 176 GLOSSARY. dat. he \>im fratwum fSng, received the rich adornments (Ongen>e6w's equipment), 2990. be-fon, to surround, to ensnare, to encompass, to embrace: pret. part, hyne s^r hafa^ . . . nearwe befongen balwon bendum, 977 ; he6 aSelinga ifine hafde fiiste be- fangen {had seized him firmly), 1296; helm . . . befongen freawrSs- num {encircled by an ornament like a diadem"), 1452 ; fenne bi- fongen, surrounded by the fen, 2010 ; (draca) fjre befongen, en- circled by fire, 2275, 2596 ; hafde landwara llge befangen, encom- passed by fire, 2322. ge-f6n, vv. ace, to seize, to grasp: pres. he gef^ng slaependne rinc, 741 ; gftSrinc gefSng atolan clom- mum, 1502; gefSng bS be eaxle . . . GflSgeata ledd Grendles m8dor, 1538 ; gefSng \A fetelhilt, 1564 ; bond rend gefSng, geolwe linde, 2610; ic on ofoste gefSng micle mid mundum magen - byrSenne, hastily I seized with my hands the enormous burden, 3091. o n - f n , w. dat., to receive, to accept, to take : pres. imp. sg. onfoh Jjjs- sum fuUe, accept this cup, 1 1 70; inf. J>at Yi!i )>eddnes beam . . . scolde fader-atSelum onf3n, receive the paternal rank, 912; pret. sg. hw4 ham hlaste onfSng, who re- ceived the ship's lading, 52; hledr- bolster onfSng eorles andwhtan, the pillow received the nobleman's face, 689 ; similarly) 853, 1495 ; heal swfige onfSng, the hall re- ceived the loud noise, 1215 ; he onfSng hralSe inwit-hancum, he (Beowulf) at once received him (Grendel) devising malice, 749. )>urh-f8n,w. ace, to break through with grasping, to destroy by grasp- ing: inf. l^at hed >one fyrd-hom J)Urh-f6n ne mihte, 1505. witS-f6n, w. dat., {to grasp at), to seize, to lay hold of: pret. sg. him faste wiU-fSng, 761. ymbe-f6n, w. ace, to encircle: pret. heals ealne ymbefSng biteran binum, encircled his (Bcdwulf 's) whole neck with sharp bones {teeth), 2692. f5t, St. m., foot : gen. sg. f6tes trem {the measure of a foot, a foot broad), 2526 ; ace. pi. f8t, 746 ; dat. pi. at f6tum, at the feet, 500, 1 167. fat-gemearc, St. u., measure, deter- mining by feet, number of feet : gen. sg. se was fiftiges fdtgemearces long {fifty feet long), 3043. fdt-lS/St, St. m., foot-print : ace. sg, (draca) onfand fedndes fSt-lSst, 2290. fracod, adj., objectionable, useless: nom. Sg. nas sed ecg fracod hilde- rince, 1576. fram, froin,I.prep.w.dat.loc.a!«(7;' from something: Jiaer fram sylle 4beag medubenc monig, 776, 1716; Jpanon eft gewiton ealdgesWas . . . fram mere, 856; cyning-balde men from (jam holmclife hafelan baeron, 1636; similarly, 541, 543, 2367. Standing after the dat.: he hine feor forwrac . . . mancynne fram, 1 10; similarly, 1716. A\so, hither from something : \>^ ic cwom . . . from fedndum, 420; EeghwalSrum wiis . . .' broga fram S^rum, 2566. — Causal with verbs of saying and hearing, of, about, concerning : sagdest from his sl^e, 532; n3 ic wiht fram lie swylcra searo-nl'Sa secgan hyrde, 581; Jiat he fram Sigemunde secgan hyrde, 876. GLOSSARY. 177 II. adv., away, thence: nS tj ser fram meahte, 755; forth, out: from ierest cwom oru^ aglsecean dt of stSne, the breath of the dragon came forth first from the rock, 2557. fram, from, adj.: l) directed for- inards, striving forwards ; in comp. sl^-fram. — 2) excellent, splendid, of a man with reference to his war- like qualities : nom. sg. ic eom on mode from, 2528; nom. pi. frome fyrd-hwate, 1642, 2477. Of things: instr. pi. fromum feoh-giftum, 21. — Comp. un-from ; see f reme, forma. ge-fragen. See frignan. fratwe, st. f. pi., ornament, any- thing costly, originally carved ob- jects (cf. Dietrich in Hpts. Ztschr. X. 216 ff.), afterwards of any costly and artistic work : ace. pi. fratwe, 2920; beorhte fratwe, 214; beorhte fratwa, 897 ; fratwe . . . eorclan- stinas, 1208 ; fratwe, . . . breost- weor'Sunge, 2504, both times of HygelSc's collar; fratwe and fat- gold, 1922 ; fratwe (Eanmund's sword and armor), 2621; dat. instr. pi. J>Sm fratwum, 2164; on frate- wum, 963; fratwum (Hea^obeard sword) hrSmig, 2055 ; fratwum, of the drake's treasures, 2785; frat- wum (OngenJ>e6w's armor), 2990; gen. pi. fela . . . fratwa, 37; ^Sra fratwa (drake's treasure), 2795 ; fratwa hyrde (drake), 3134. f ratwan, w. v., to supply with or- naments, to adorn : inf. folc-stede fratwan, 76. ge-fratwian,w. v., /o adorn : pret, sg. gefratwade foldan sceatas leo- mum and leafum, 96; pret. part. \)t was hSten Heort innanweard folmum gefratwod, 993. ge-fraege, adj., known by reputa- tion, renowned : nom. sg. ledd- cyning . . . folcum gefrsege, 55; swS hyt gefrage was, 2481. %&-f.TaAS,i&,H.Vi.,information through hearsay : instr. sg. mine gefrjege {as I learned through the narra- tive of others^, 777, 838, 1956, etc. g e - frsegnian, w. v., to become known through hearsay: pret. part, fylle gefroegnod (of Grendel's mother, who had become known through the carrying off of Aschere), 1334. f reca, w. m., properly a wolf, as one that breaks in, robs; here a desig- nation of heroes : nom. sg. freca Scildinga, of Beowulf, 1564. — Comp. :gfliS-,hilde-,scyld-,sweord-, wlg-freca; ferhlS-frec (adj.). fremde, adj., properly distant, for- eign ; then estranged, hostile : nom. sg. tat was fremde hedd 6cean dryhtne, of the giants, 1692. freme, adj., excellent, splendid: nom. sg. fem. fremu folces cw&n, of pryiSo, 1933. fremman, w. v., to press forward, to further, hence: i) in general, to perform, to accomplish, to do, to make: pres. subj. without an ob- ject, fremme se J>e wille, let him do {it') whoever will, 1004. With ace. : imp. pi. fremma'5 ge nu leoda . Jjearfe, 2801; inf. fyrene fremman, loi; sacce fremman, 2500; foeh& . . . mserlSum fremman, 2515, etc.; pret. sg. folcraed fremede {did what was best for his men, i.e. ruled wisely), 3007; pj. hft J)^ iiSelingas ellen fremedon, 3 ; feohtan fre- medon, 960; nalles f^censtafas . . . tenden fremedon, 1020; pret. subj. Jjat ic . . . masrSo fremede, 2135. — 2) to help on, to support : inf. tat he mec fremman wile wordum 178 GLOSSARY. and woicum (to an expedition), 1833- ge-fieinman, w. ace, to do, to make, to render : inf. gefremman eorllc ellen, 637 ; helpan gefrem- man, to give help, 2450; after weaspelle wyrpe gefremman, to work IT change after sorrow (to give joy after sorrow), 1316; ge- rund, to gefremmanne, 174, 2645; pret. sg. gefremede, 135, 165, 551, 585, etc. ; J>eah );e hine mihtig god . . . ofer ealle men forS gefremede, placed him away, above all men, i.e. raised iiim, 1719; pret. pi. ge- fremedon, 1188, 2479; pret. subj. gefremede, 177; pret. part, gefre- med, 476 ; fem. nu scealc hafa'S . . . diEd gefremede, 941 ; abso- lutely, l>u Jie self hafast dDedum gefremed, ))at . . ., hast brought it about by thy deeds that, 955. f retan, A.y.,to devour, to consume : inf. )>S (the precious things) sceal brond fretan, 301 5 ; nu sceal glSd fretan wigenastrengel, 3115; pret. sg. (Grendel) slsepende frat folces Denigea fyftyne men, 1582. frEcne, adj., dangerous, bold: nom. sg. frScne fpr-draca, 2690; feorh- bealo frScne, 225 1 , 2538; ace. sg. fr§cne deede, 890; frScne fengelSd, 1360; frScne stowe, 1379; inslr. sg. frecnan sprsece (through pro- voking words'), 1 105. frScne, adv., boldly, audaciously, 960, 1033, 1692. fred, vv. m., ruler, lord, of a tempo- ral ruler : nom. sg. frea, 2286; ace. sg. frean, 351, 1320, 2538, 3003, 3108; gen. sg. frean, 359,500,1167, i68t; dat. sg. frean, 271, 291, 2663. Of a husband : dat. sg. eode ... to hire frean sittan, 642. Of God : dat. Eg. frean ealles, the Lord of all, 2795; gen. sg. frean, 27. — Comp. : igend-, llf-, sin-frea. fre&-dryhten, St. m., lord, ruling lord: gen. sg. frea-drihtnes, 797. fred-^vine, st. m., lord and friend, friendly rtiler : nom. sg. frea-wine folces (folca), 2358, 2430; ace. sg. his frea-vcine, 2439. fred-wr^sn, st. f., encircling orna- ment Hie a diadem : instr. pi. helm . . . befongen freawrSsnum, 1452; see WT&sn. f reoffu, f riS'u, f., protection, asy- lum, peace : ace. sg. wel biS bam ))e m6t . . . t& fader faSmum freo- ■So wilnian, who may obtain an asy- lum in God's arms, 188; neanand feorran J)u nu [friSu] hafast, 11 75. — Comp. fen-freoiSo. freoffo-burh, st. f., castle,city afford- ing protection : ace. sg. freolSoburh fagere, 522. freoffo-wong, st. ra., field of peace, field of protection : ace. sg., 2960; seems to have been the proper name of a field. freoSo-waer, st. f., peace-alliance, security of peace : ace. sg. ]>^ hie getrflwedon on twS healfa faste frio'Su-WEere, 1097; gen. sg. friolSo- vfEere bad hlSford slnne, entreated his lord for the protection of peace (i.e. full pardon for his delinquen- cy), 2283. f rcoaCo-webbe, w. f., pacis textrix, designation of the royal consort (often one given in marriage as a confirmation of a peace between tK'o nations) : nom. sg., 1943. freo-bnrh, st. {., = frea-burg (?), ruler's castle (?) (according to Grein, arx ingenua) : ace. sg. fred- burh, 694. f re6d, st. f., friendship : ace. sg. fre6de ne woldon ofer heafo heal- GLOSSARY. 179 dan, 2477; gen. sg. nas ))Der mSra fyrst freode to friclan , was no longer time to seek for friendship, 2557 ; — favor, acknowledgement: ace. sg. ic Jje sceal mine gelsestan freode (^will show myself grateful, with reference to 1381 ff.), 1708. frefi-dryliteii (= frea-dryhten), st. m., lord, ruler; according toGrein, dominusingenuusvelnobilis : nom. sg. as voc. freo-drihtenmln! 1170; dat. sg. mid his freo-dryhtne, 2628. freogan, w. v., to love; to think of lovingly : pres. subj. tat mon his wine-dryhten . . . ferh'Sum freoge, 3178; inf. nu ic Jiec . . . me for sunu wylle freogan on ferhlSe, 949. fre6-lic, adj., free, free-born (here of the lawful wife in contiast with the bond concubine) : noni. sg. freoltcwif, 616; freolicu folc-cw^n, 642. freond, st. m., friend; ace. sg. freond, 1386, 1865; dat. pi. fredn- dum, 916, 1019, 1127; gen. pi. freonda, 1367, 1839. freond-laSu, st. f., friendly invita- tion : nom. sg. him was ful boren and freond-la'Su (^friendly invita- tion to drink") vvordum bewagned, IJ93- fre6nd-13.r, st. i., friendly counsel: dat. (instr.) pi. freond-lSrum, 2378. freond-lice, adv., in a friendly manner, kindly : compar. frednd- llcor, 1028. fi-eond-scipe, st. m., friendship: ace. sg. freond-scipe fastne, 2070. fred-Ttvine, st. ra. (see fredwine), lord and friend, friendly ruler ; according to Grein, amicus nobilis, princeps amicus : nom. sg. as voc. ' freo-wine folea ! 430. &icgean, w. v., to ask, to inquire into: inf. ongan stnne geseldan fagre fricgean hwylce Sse-Geata sl"as waeron, 1986 ; pres. part, gomela Scilding fela fricgende feorran rehte, the old Scilding, asking many questions (having many things related to him), told of old times (the conversation was alternate), 2107. ge-fricgean, to learn, to learn by inquiry : pres. pi. sy^an hie ge- fricgea'S frean fiserne ealdorleasne, ■when they learn that our lord is dead, 3003 ;. pres. subj. gif ie J>at gefricge, J>at . . ., 1827; pi. sy^an aiSelingas feorran gefriegean fleam eowerne, 2890. frlcIan (see freca), w. v. w. gen., to seek, to desire, to strive Jbr ; inf. nas J>£er mSra fyrst freode t3 friclan, 2557. fi-id'o-sib, St. f., kin for the confirm- ing of peace, designation of the queen (seefreoSo-\vebbe),/fa«- bringer : nom. sg. fri^u-sibb folca, 2018. frignan, fringan, frinan, st. v., to ask, to inquire : imp. ne frin Jju after saelum, ask not after the well- being! 1323 ; inf. ic (las wine Deni- ga frinan wille . . . ymb t>inne SI'S, 351; pret.sg.fragn,236,332; fragn gif . . ., asked whether . . ., 1 320. ge-frignan, ge-fringan, ge- frinan, to find out by inquiry, to learn by narration ; pret. sg. (w. ace.) Jiat fram hSm gefragn HigelSces tegn Grendles dseda, 194; no ic gefragn heardran feoh- tan, 575; (w. ace. and inf.) ))a ic wide gefragn weorc gebannan, 74; similarly, 2485, 2753, 2774; ne gefragen ic J)d maeg^e mSran weo- rode ymb hyra sincgyfan s81 ge- bseran, I never heard that any peo- ple, richer in warriors, conducted 180 GLOSSARY. itself better about its chief, 1012; similarly, 1028; pret. pi. (w. ace.) we Jjeodcyninga ))rym gefrunon, 2 ; (w. ace. and inf.) geongne gCl3- cyning godne gefrunon hringas dselan, 1970; (parenthetical) swS guman gefrungon, 667 ; (after Jjonne) medo-arn mieel (^greater') . . . tone yldo beam refre gefru- non, 70 ; pret. part, hafde Hige- Uceshildegefrunen, 2953; hafdon gefrunen Jjiit . . ., /laii learned that . . ., 695; hafde getrunen hwanan sio faehtS SrSs, 2404 ; healsbeaga msest ))ira )>e ic on foldan gefragen habbe, 1197. from. See fram. frOd, adj.: l) Eetate provectus, old, gray : nom. sg. frod, 2626, 295 1 ; fr8d cyning, 1307, 2210 ; frod folces weard, 2514; wintrum frod, 1725, 2115, 2278; se froda, 2929; ace. sg. frode feorhlege {the laying down of my old life), 2801 ; dat. sg. frSdan fyrnwitan (may also, from its meaning, belong under No. 2), 2124. — 2) mente excellen- tior, intelligent, experienced, wise : nom. sg. fr8d, 1367; fr8d and g3d, 279; on mdde frod, 1845. — Comp. : in-, un-frod. f rSfor, St. f., consolation, compensa- tion, help: nom. sg. frofor, 2942; ace. sg. frofre, 7, 974; fyrena fro- fre, 629; frofre and fultum, 1274; frSfor and fultum, 699; dat. sg. to frofre, 14, 1708; gen. sg. fr8fre, 185. f ruma (see forma), w. m., the fore- most, hence: l) beginning : nom. sg. was se fruma egesUc leodum on lande, sw^ hyt lungre vvearlS on hyra sincgifan s2re geendod {the be- ginning of the dragon-combat was terrible, its end distressing through the death of Bedwulf), 2310. — 2) he who stands first, prince ; in comp. doed-, hild-, land-, le6d-, ord-, w!g-fruma. frum-cyn, st. n., (genus primiti- viim), descent, origin : ace. sg. nu ic eower sceal frumeyn witan, 252. frum-gftr, st. m., primipilus, duke, prince : dat. sg. frumgdre (of Beo- wulf), 2857. f rum-sceaft, st. f., prima creatio, beginning; ace. sg. se Jie cfiSe frumsceaft fira feorran reccan, who could tell of the beginning of man- kind in old times, 91; dat. sg. frum- sceafte, in the beginning, i.e at his birth, 45. fugol, w. m., bird: dat. sg. fugle gelicost, 2i8; dat. pi. [fuglum] to gamene, 2942. ful, adj., full, filled: nom. sg. w. gen. pi. se was innan full wratta and wira, 2413. — Comp.: eges-, sorh", weortS-ful. ful, adv., plena, very : ful oft, 480, 952. ful, St. n., cup, beaker : nom. sg., 1 193; ace. sg. ful, 616, 629, 1026; ofer JSa ful, over the cup of the waves (the basin of the sea filled with waves), 1209; dat. sg. onfoh Hssum fulle, 1 1 70. — Comp. : medo-, sele-fuU. f uUaestian, w. v. w. dat., to give help : pres. sg. ic Jie fuUsestu, 2669. fultum, St. m., help, support, protec- tion : ace. sg. fr8for (frofre) and fultum, 699, 1274; magenes ful- tum, 1836; on fultum, 2663. — Comp. magen-fultum. f undian, w. v., to strive, to have in view : pres. pi. we fundia'S Hige- Idc sScan, 1820; pret. sg. fundode, of geardum, 1138., furlSrum, adv., primo, just, exactly; GLOSSARY. 181 then first : J>a ic fur^um wedld folce Deninga, then first governed the people of the Danes (had just assumed the government), 465 ; JjS hie to sele furSutn . . . gangan cwomon, 323; ic Jjier fui'Sum cwom to )jain hringsele, 2010; — before, previously : ic Jjc sceal mine ge- testan freode, swS wit furSum spKecon, 1708. f urSur, adv., further, forward, more distant, 254, 762, 3007. ffls, adj., inclined to, favorable, ready : nom. sg. nu ic eom stSes ffls, 1476; leofra manna ffls, pre- pared for the dear men, i.e. expect- ing them, 1917; sigel sfliSan ffls, the sun inclinedfront thesoulhiraii- day sun), 1967; se wonna hrefn ffls ofer fcegum, eager over the slain, 3026; sceft . . . felSer-gear- wum ffls, 3120; nom. pi. wieron ... eft to leodum fflse t6 farenne, 1806. — Sometimes ffls means ready for death, moribundus : ffls and fjege, 1242. — Comp. : hin-, ut-ffls. fiis-ltc, adj., prepared, ready : ace. sg. ffls-llc f[yrd]-le6S, 1425; fyrd- searo ffls-llc, 2619; ace. pi. fyrd- searu ffls-licu, 232. fyl, St. m., fall : nom. sg. fyll cyn- inges, the fall of the king (in the dragon-fight), 2913; dat. sg. J>at he on fylle wear's, that he came to a fall, fell, 1545. — ^Comp. hrS-fyl. ^'Ice (collective form from folc), St. n., troop, band of warriors ; in comp. al-fylce. ge-fyllan (see feal), w. v., to fell, to slay in battle.- inf. fine gefyl- lan, to slay the enemy, 2656; pret. pi. feond gefyldan, they had slain the enemy, 2707. S-fyllan (see fnl), w. v., to fill : pret. part. Heorot innan was freon; dum Sfylled (was filled with trusted men'), 1019. fyllo, f., plenty, abundant meal: dat. (instr.) sg. fylle gefrcegnod, 1 334 ; gen. sg. nas hie )jsere fylle gefean hafdon, 562 ; fylle gefjegon, 1015. — Comp. : wal-, wist-fyllo. fS'l-werig, adj., weary enough to fall, faint to death, moribundus : ace. sg. fyl-werigne, 963. fyr. See feor. :fta'ian, w. v. w. ace. (= ferlan), to bear, to bring, carry : pret. pi. JjS }>e gif-sceattas Geata fyredon tyder tS >ance, 378. fyras. See firas. fyren. See firen. fyrde, adj., movable, that can be moved. — Comp. hard-fyrde. — Leo. fyrd-gestealla, w. m., comrade on an expedition, companion in bat- tle : dat. pi. fyrd-gesteallum, 2874. fyrd-ham, st. m., war-dress, coat of mail: ace. sg. Jjone fyrd-hom, 1505. fyrd-hragl, st. m., coat of mail, war-dress : ace. sg. fyrd-hragl, 1528. fyrd-hwat, adj., sharp, good in war, warlike : nom. pi. frome fyrd-hwate, 1642, 2477. fyrd-le63', st. n., war-song, warlike music: ace. sg. horn stundum song fflsltc f[yrd]leo^, 1425. fyrd-searu, st. n., equipment for an expedition : ace. sg. fyrd-searu fflslic, 2619 ; ace. pi. fyrd-searu fflsllcu, 232. fyrd-'wyi'Se, adj., ofiuorth in war, excellent in battle : nom. sg. fyrd- wyr'Se man (Beowulf), 131 7. ge-fyrffran (see forS), w. v., to bring forward, to further : pret. part. %x was on ofoste, eftsiSes 182 GLOSSARY. georn, fratwum gefyr&ed, he was hurried fortvard by the treasure (i.e. after he had gathered up the treasure, he hasted to return, so as to be able to show it to the mortally-wounded Beowulf), 2785. fyrmest. See forma. fyrn-dagas, st. m. pi., by-gone days: dat. pi. fyrndagum {in old times), 1452. f yrn-geweorc, st. n., work, some- thing done in old times : ace. sg. fira fyrn-geweorc (the drinking- cup mentioned in 2283), 2287. fyrn-gewln, st.n., combat in ancient times : gen. sg. 8r fytn-gewinnes {the origin of the battles of the giants'), 1690. fyrn-man, m., man of ancient times : gen. pi. fyrn-manna fatu, 2762. fyrn-wlta, w. m., counsellor ever since ancient times, adviser for many years : dat. sg. frodan fyrn- witan, of Aschere, 2124. fyrst, St. m., portion of time, definite time, time: nom. sg. nas hit lengra fyrst, ac ymb ane niht . . ., 134; fyrst forlS gew^t, the time (of going to the harbor) was past, 210; nas Jrcr m^ra fyrst fredde t6 friclan, 2556 ; ace. sg. niht-longne fyrst, 528; fif nihta fyrst, 545; instr. sg. ^ fyrste, 2574; dat, sg. him on fyrste gelomp . . ., within the fixed time, 76. fyr-wit, -wet, -wyt, st. n., prying spirit, curiosity : nom. sg. fyrwyt, 232; fyrwet, 1986, 2785. ge-f^san (fus), w. v., to make ready, to prepare: part, winde gefjsed flota, the ship provided with wind (for the voyage), 217 ; (wyrm) f^re g&{fiei, provided with fire, 2310; W was hringbogan (of the drake) heorte gef^sed sacce to sScanne, 2562 ; with gen., in an- swer to the question, for what? gfltSe gef^sed, ready for battle, de- termined to fight, 631, f^r, St. n.,fre: nom. sg., 1367, 2702, 2882 ; dat. sg. fyre, 2220; as instr. fyre, 2275, 2596; gen. sg. f^res faSm, 185; fjies fang, 1765.— Comp. : M-, bsel-, healSu-, wal-fyr. f^r-bend, st. m., band forged in fire : dat. pi. duru . . . fyr-bendum fast, 723. f^r-draca, w. m., fire-drake, fire- spewing dragon : nom. sg., 2690. fjr-heard, adj., hard through fire, hardened in fire : nom. pi. (eofor- Itc) fih and fjr-heard, 305. f^r-le6ht, st. a., fire-light : acc.sg., 1517. f^r-wylm, st. m., wave offire,flame- wave : dat. pi. wyrm , . . f^rwyl- mum fih, 2672. G galan, st. v., to sing, to sound: pres. sg.sorh-leoS galeS, 2461; inf. gryre- ledS galan, 787 ; bearhtm ongedton, gftShorn galan, heard the clang, the battle-trumpet sound, 1433. S-galan, to sing,to sound: pret. sg. )>at hire on hafelan hringmsel Igol griedig gdiSled^, that the sword caused a greedy battle-song to sound upon her head, 1522. gamban, or, according to Bout., gambe, vi.i.,iribule, interest: ace. sg. gomban gyldan, 11. gainen, st. n., social pleasure, re- joicing, joyous doings: nom. sg. gamen, 1161; gomen,246o; gomen gledbeames, the pleasure of the harp, 2264; ace. sg. gamen and GLOSSARY. 183 glefidream, 3022; dat. sg. gamene, 2942; gomene, 1776. — Comp.heal- gamen. ganien-waffu, st. f., way offering social enjoyment, journey in joyous society: dat. sg. of gomen-wdKe, 85S- gamen-'wudu, st. m., wood of social enjoyment, i.e. harp : noin. sg. )j£er was . . . gomenwudu grSted, 1066; ace. sg. gomenwudu grStte, 2109. gamol, gomol, gomel, adj., old ; of persons, having lived many _j'ifa?-.r,^3y .'gamol, 58, 265; gomol, 3096; gomel, 21 13, 2794; se go- niela, 1398; gamela (gomela) Scylding, 1 793, 2106; gomela,2932; ace. sg. Jjone gomelan, 2422; dat. sg. gamelumrince, 1678; gomelum ceorle, 2445; t>am gomelan, 2818; nom. pi. blondenfeaxe gomele, 1 596. — Also, late, belonging to former time : gen. pi. gomelra life {legacy), 2037. — Of things, old, from old times: nom. sg. sweord . . . gomol, 2683 ; ace. sg. gomele ISfe, 2564; gomel swyrd, 261 1; gamol is a more respectful word than eald. gamol-feax, adj., with gray hair : nom. sg., 609. gang, St. m. : l) gait, way : dat. sg. on gange, 1885 ; gen. sg. ic hine ne mihte . . . ganges ge-tw£eman, could not keep him from going, 969. — 2) step, foot-step : nom. sg. gang (the foot-print of the mother of Grendel),i405; acc.sg. utonhraiSe firan Grendles mSgan gang scea- wigan, 1392. — Comp. in-gang. be-gang, bi-gang, st. m., (jo/a>- as something goes) , extent: acc.sg. ofer geofenes begang, over the ex- tent of the sea, 362; ofer fl6da be- gang, 1827; under swegles begong, 861, 1774; fl6da begong, 1498; sio- le'Sa bigong, 2368. gangan. See under g^n. ganot, St. m., diver, fulica marina : gen. sg. ofer ganotes baS (i.e. the sea), 1862. g&d, St. ii., lack : nom. sg. ne bitS J^e wilna gsld {thou shall have no lack oy^/wiVai/i? [valuable] things),(>iil ; similarly, 950. g&n, expanded — gangan, st. v., to go : pres. sg. III. gsetS a Wyrd swa hio seel, 455; gse'S eft . . . to medo, 605 ; Jjonne he . . . on flett gas's, 2035; similarly, 2055; pres. subj. III. sg. gi }>£er he wille, let him go whither he will, 1395; imp. sg. II. gS nu to setle, 1783; nu ^u lungre geong, hord sceawian, under hSrne stin, 2744; inf. in gSn, to go in, 386, 1645 > ^O"^^ S^"> '" go forth, to go thither, 1164; J)at hie him to mihton gegnum gangan, to go towards, to go to, 314; to sele . . . gangan cwomon, 324 ; in a similar construction, gongan, 1643; nu ge moton gangan . . . HroSgSr geseon, 395; J>i com of m8re . . . Grendel gong2^w, there cajne Grendel{going) from the fen, 712; ongean gramum gangan, to go to meet the enemy, to go to the war, 1035; cwom ... to hofe gongan, 1975; wutun gangan to, let us go thither, 2649. — As preterite, serve, i ) geong or giong : he to healle geong, 926; similarly, 2019; se be on orde geong, who went at the head, ivent in front, 3126; on innan giong, went in, 2215; he . . . giong to Yas J^e he eor&ele 4nne wisse, went thither, where he knew of that earth-hall, 2410; JjS se a'Seling, giong, liat he bl wealle gesat, then went the prince (Be6wulf) that he might sit down 184 GLOSSAEY. iy the wall, 2716. — 2) gang : to healle gang Healfdenes sunu, loio; similarly, 1296; gang j?a after flore, went along the floor, along the hall, 1317.— 3) gengde (Goth, gaggida) : he . . . beforati gengde . . ., wong sceawian, went in front to inspect the fields, 1413; gengde, also of riding, 1402. — 4) from another stem, eode (Goth, iddja) : code ellenr3f, J;at he for eaxlum gest3d Deniga frean, 358; similar- ly, 403; [wiS duru healle Wulfgslr eode], went torvards the door of the hall, 390; eode Wealhjjeow forS, went forth, 613; eode t8 hire frean sittan, 641 ; eode yrremSd, went with angry feeling, 727 ; eode . . . to sele, 919; similarly, 1233; eode . . . Jiaer se snottra bid, 1313; eode weor^ Denum aSeling to yppan, the prince (Beowulf), honored by the Danes, went to the high seat, 1815; eode . . . under inwit-hrof, 3124 ; pi. >ser swiiSferhlSe sittan eodon, 493 ; eodon him J^S tS- geanes, went to meet him, 1627 ; eodon under Earna nas, 3032. il-gangan, to go out, to go forth, to befall: pret. part, swi hit Sgangen wearS eorla manegum {as it befell many a one of the earls), 1235. full-gangan, to emulate, to follow after : pret. sg. Jionne . . . sceft nytte he61d, fe'Ser-gearwum ffts Mne fuU-eode, wheji the shaft had employment, furnished with feath- ers it followed the arro'w, did as the arrow, 3120. ge-gdn, ge-gangan: 1) to go, to approach : inf. (w. ace.) his m3dor . . . gegSn wolde sorhfulne stS, 1 278 ; se J)e gryre-sltSas gegdn dorste, who dared to go the ways of terror (to go into the combat), 1463; pret. sg. se maga geonga under his mseges scyld elne geeode, went quickly under his kinsman's shield, 2677; pi. elne geeodon tS J)as Jje . . ., went quickly thither where . . ., 1968; pret. part. sytSSan hie t6-gadre gegdn hafdon, when they (Wlglaf and the drake) had come together, 2631; J>at his aldres was ende gegongen, that the end of his life had come, 823 ; J>4 was ende- dag godum gegongen, )jat se gfltS- cyning . . . swealt, 3037. — 2) to obtain, to reach; inf. (w. ace.) Jjonne he at gH'Se geg4n tiencelS longsumne lof, 1536; ic mid elne sceallgoldgegangan,2537; gerund, nas Jjat JlSe ceap t3 gegangenne gumena ainigum, 2417; pret. pi. elne geeodon . . . J>at se byrnwlga bflgan sceolde, 2918; pret. part, hafde . . . gegongen J)at, had at- tained it, that . . ., 894; hord ys gesceawod, grimme gegongen, 3086. — 3) to occur, to happen : pres. sg. III. gif )?ai gegangetS ViX . . ., if that happen, that . . ., 1847; pret. sg. J>at geiode ufaran dSgrum hilde-hlammum, it happened in later times to the warriors (the Geatas), 2201 ; pret. part. )>d was gegongen guman unfrodum ear- fo'SIice Ym, then it had happened to the young man in sorrowful wise that . . ., 2822. otS-gangan, to go thither; pret. pi. o^ tat hi otSeodon ... in Hrefnes- holt, 2935. ofer-gangan, vf. ace, to go over ; pret. sg. ofereode \>^ atSelinga beam steap stdn-hli'So, went over steep, rocky precipices, 1409; pi. freotSo- wong J>one for^ cfereodon, 2960. ymb-gangan, w. a.cc,,to go around: pret. ymb-eode Ji^ ides Helminga GLOSSARY. 185 duguSe and geogo'Se dsel aegh- wylcne, went around in every part, among the superior and the inferior warriors, 621. g&r, St. m., spear, javelin, missile : nom. sg., 1847, 3°22 ; instr. sg. gSi-e, 1076 ; biSdigan gSre, 2441 ; gen. sg. gires fliht, 1766; nom. pi. garas, 328; gen. pi., i6l(?).— Comp. : bon-, frum-gSr. gSir-cSne, adj., spear-bold: nom. sg., 1959- gftr-cwealm, st. m., murder, death by the spear : ace. sg. gSr-cwealm gumena, 2044. g3,r-holt, St. n., forest of spears, i.e. crowd of spears : ace. sg., 1835. g&r-secg, St. m. (cf. Grimm, in Haupt 1. 578), sea, ocean : ace. sg. on gSr- secg, 49, 537 ; ofer gSr-secg, 515. gftr-wiga, w. m., one who fights with the spear : dat. sg. geongum gSr- wtgan, of WIglaf, 2675, 2812. gS,r-wigend, pres. part., fighting with spear, spear-fighter : ace. pi. gSr-wigend, 2642. g^st, gsest, St. m., ghost, demon : ace. sg. helle gSst (Grendel), 1275 ; gen. sg. wergan gSstes (of Grendel), 133; (of the tempter), 1748; gen. pi. dyrnra g^sta (Grendel's race), 135S; gsesta gtfrost {flames con- suming corpses'), 1 1 24. — Comp.: ellor-, geo-sceaf-gSst ; ellen-, wal- gaest. g&st-bana, w. m., slayer of the spirit, i.e. the devil : nom. sg. gdst- bona, 177. gadellng, st. m., he who is connected with another, relation, companion: gen. sg. gadelinges, 2618; dat. pi. mid his gadelingmn, 2950. at-gadere, adv., together, united r 321, 1165, 1191; samod atgadere, 329. 387. 730. 1064. to-gadere, adv., together, 2631. gast, gist, gyst, st. m., stranger, guest: nom. sg. gast, 1 801; segast (the drake), 2313; se grimmagast (Grendel), 102; gist, 1139, 1523; ace. sg. gryre-ltcne gist (the nixy slain by Beowulf), 1442; dat. sg. gyste, 2229; nom. pi. gistas, 1603; ace. pi. gas[tas], 1894. — Comp.: fSde-, gryre-, invvit-, niS-, sele-gast (-gysO- gast-sele, st. m., hall in which tite guests spend their time, guest-hall: ace. sg., 995. ge, eonj., and, 1341 ; ge . . . ge . . ., as well . . . as . . ., \%(yf^; ge . . . ge . . ., ge . . ., 1 249 ; ge swylce, and likewise, and moreover, 2259. ge, pron., ye, you, plur. of J>u, 237, 245, etc. gegn-cwide, st. m., reply : gen. pi. Jjinra gegn-ewida, 367. gegnuin, adv., thither, towards, aiuay, with the prep, to, ofer, giving the direction: bat hie him to mihton gegnum gangan {that they might go thither), 314; geg- num f6r[J)a] ofer myrean mSr, azoay over the dark moor, 1405. gehd'u, geohS'u, f., sorrow, care : instr. sg. giohfc masnde, 2268 ; dat. sg. on gehlSo, 3096; on giohlSe, 2794. gen (from gegn), adv., yet, again : ne was hit lenge J>4 gen, bat . . ., it was not then long again that . . ., 83 ; ic sceal for'S sprecan gen ymb Grendel, shall from now on speak again of Grendel, 2071 ; no by asr fit Jji gen . . . gongan wolde {still he would not yet go out'), 2082 ; gen is eall at be lissa gelong {yet all my favor belongs to thee'), 2150; |)S gen, then again, 2678, 2703; swS he nu gen d§6, as he 186 GLOSSARY. still does, 2860 ; furiSur gen, fur- ther still, besides, 3007 ; nu gen, now again, 3 1 69 ; ne gen, no more, no farther : ne was- )jat wyrd Jjd gen, that was no more fate (fate no longer willed that), 735. gena, still: cwico was JjS gena, was still living, 3094. genga, w. m., goer ; in conip. in-, sse-, sceadu-genga. gengde. See gan (3). genge. See flij-gengc. genunga (from gegnunga), adv., precisely, completely, 2872. gerwan, gyrwan, w. v. : l) /d prepare, to make ready, to put in condition : pret. pi. gestsele gyre- don, 995. — 2) to equip, to arm for battle: pret. sg. gyrede hine Beowulf eorl-gewEedum {dressed himself in the armor), 1442. ge-gyrwan: i) to make, to pre- pare : pret. pi. him )ji gegiredan Geata ledda %A . . . unwadlcne, 3138; pret. part, glof . . . call ge- gyrwed de6fles craftum and dracan fellum, 2088. — 2) to fit out, to make ready: inf. cedl gegyrwan hilde-wjepnum and hea'Sowsedum, 38; het him ySlidan godne gegyr- wan, had {his') good ship fitted up for him, 199. Also, to provide warlike equipment : pret. part, sy tS- ^San he hine tQ gfiSe gegyred hafde, 1473. — 3) to endow, to provide, to adorn : pret. part. nom. sg. bea- do-hragl . . . golde gegyrwed, 553; ace. sg. life . . . golde gegyrede, 2193; ace. pi. mMmas . . . golde gegyrede, 1029. getan, w. v., to injure, to slay : inf., 2941. be -gete, adj., to find, to attain ; in comp. efS-begSte. geador, adv., unitedly, together, jointly, 836 ; geador atsomne, 491. on-geador,adv., unitedly, together, 1596. gealdor, st. n, : i) sound: ace. sg. b^man gealdor, 2944. — 2) magic song, incantation, spell : instr. sg. tonne was Jiat yrfe . . . galdre be- wunden {placed under a spell), 3053- gcalga, w. m., gallows : dat. sg. )jat his byre ride giong on galgan, 2447, gealg-mOd, nd}., gloomy : nom. sg. gifre and galgmdd, 1278. gealg-tre6w, st. n., gallows : dat. pi. on galg-tre6wu[m], 2941. geard, st. ni., residence ; in Beowulf corresponding to the house-com- plex of a prince's residence, used only in the plur. : ace, in geardas {in Finn's castle), 1 135; dat. in geardum, 13, 2460; of geardum, 1 1 39 ; aer he on weg hwurfe ... of geardum, before he went away from his dwelling-place, i.e. died, 265. — Comp. middan-geard. gearo, adj., properly, made, pre- pared; hence, ready, finished, equipped : nom. sg. Jiat hit wearS eal gearo, heal-arnamaest, 77; wiht unhxlo . . . gearo s8na was, the demon of destruction was quickly ready, did not delay long, 121; Here-Scyldinga betst beadorinca was on bael gearu, was ready for the funeral-pile (for the solemn burning), 1 1 10 ; beod (is) eal gearo, the -luarriors are altogether ready, always prepared, I2'i\\ hra^ewas at holme h^S-weard gearo (geara, MS.), 1915; gearo gftlS-freca, 2415; sie si6 baer gearo adre ge- afned, let the bier be made ready at once, 2ilo6. With gen.: gearo gyrnwrace, ready for revenge for GLOSSARY. 187 harm done, 211I); ace. sg. gearwe stowe, 1007; nom. pi. beonias gearwe, 21 1; similarly, 1814. gearwe, gearo, geare, adv., com- pletely, entirely: ne ge . . . gearwe ne wisson, yoii do not know at all . . ., 246; similarly, 879; hine gearwe gemau witena welliwylc (remembers him very 7uell), 265; wisse he gearwe l;at . . ., /le Iineiv very well that . . ., 2340, 2726; bat ic . . . gearo sceawige swegle searogimmas (that I may see the treasures altogether, as many as they are), 2749; ic wSt geare bat . . ., 2657. — Comp. gearwor, more readily, rather, 3077. — Super), gearwost, 716. gearo-folin, adj., with ready hand, 2086. gearvre, st. f., equipment, dress ; in comp. felSer-gearwe. geat, St. n., opetting, door ; in comp. ben-, hilde-geat. geato-lic, adj., well prepared, hand- some, splendid : of sword and ar- mor, 215, 1563, 2155; of Heorot, 308. Adv. : wisa fengel geatolic gengde, passed on 'in a stately manner, 1402. geatwe, st. f. pi., equipment, adorn- ment : ace. recedes geatwa, the ornaments of the dragon's cave (its treasures), 3089. — Comp.: edied-, gryre-, g&^-, hilde-, wig-geatwe. ge&n (from gegn), adv. in on-gean, adv. and prep., against, towards : bat he me ongean slea, 682; rtehte ongean fednd mid fol- rae, 748 ; foran ongean, forward towards, 2365. With dat. : ongean gramum, against the enemy, 1035. tO-geanes, to-gSnes, prep, ffjB»w/, towards:(jrsnA\etogea.'nes,towards Grendel, against Grendel, 667; grSp bi togeanes, she grasped at (Bedwulf), 1502; similarly, him togeanes f6ng, 1543; eodon him bi tSgeanes, went towards him, 1627; het \>k gebeddan . . . bat hie ba;l-wudu feorran feredon go- dum togSnes, had it ordered that they should bring the wood from far for the funeral-pyre towards the good man (i.e. to the place where the dead Beowulf lay), 3115. ge&p, adj., roomy, extensive, wide : nom. sg. reced . . . geap, the roomy hall, 1 8oi ; ace. sg. under geapne hr6f,837.— Comp. : horn-, sse-geap. gear, St. n., year : nom. sg., 1135 ; gen. pi. geSra, in adverbial sense, olim, in former times, 2665. See un-geftra. ge3.r-dagas, st. m. pi., former days : dat. pi. in(on) geSr-dagum, 1, 1355. geofe. See gifu. geofon, gifen, gyfen (see Kuhn Zeitschr. I. 137), st. n., sea, flood : nom. sg. geofon, 515 ; gifen geo- tende, the streaming flood, 1691 ; gen. sg. geofenes begang, 362 ; gyfenes, 1395. geogoS, St. f . : l) youth, time of youth : dat. sg. on geogo^e, 409, 466, 2513; ongiogotSe, 2427; gen. giogu'Se, 21 13. — 2) contrasted with dugu^, the younger warriors of lower, rank (about as in the Middle Ages, the squires with the knights) : nom. sg. geogoiS, 66 ; giogo^, 1191 ; ace. sg. geogo&, 1 1 82; gen. dugu^e and geogo'Se, 160 ; dugu^e and iogotSe (geo- go'Se), 1675, 622. geoguKT-feorh, st. n., age of youth, i.e. age in which one still belongs in the ranks of the geogoiS: on geogo15-(geogu'S-) feore, 537, 2665. geoharo. See geh9o. 188 GLOSSARY. geolo, adj., yellow: ace. sg. geolwe linde {the shield of yellow linden bark), 261 1. geolo-rand, st. m., yellow shield (shield with a covering of inter- laced yellow linden bark) : ace. sg., 438- geond, prep. w. ace., through, throughout, along, over: geond Hsne middangeard, through the earth, over the earth, 75 ; wide geond eortSan, 266, 3100; fSrdon folctogan . . .geond wid-wegas,7e/«n< along the ways coming from afar, 841; similarly, 1705; geond ))at said, through the hall, through the extent of the hall, 1281; similarly, 1982, 2265. geong, adj., young, youthful : nom. sg., 13, 20, 855, etc.; giong, 2447; w. m. se maga geonga, 2676; ace. sg. geongne gftScyning, 1970; dat. sg. geongum, 1949, 2045, 2675, etc. ; on swS geongum feore, at a so youthful age, 1844; gepngan cempan, 2627; ace. pi. geonge, 2019; dat. pi. geongum and eal- duni, 72. — -Superl. gingest, the last : nom. sg. w. f. gingeste word, 2818. georn, adj., striving, eager, w. gen. of the thing striven for : eft stiSes georn, 2784. — Comp. lof-georn. georne, adv., readily, willingly: Jjat him wine-m^gas georne har- den, 66; georne trflwode, 670. — zealously, eagerly : s8hte georne after grunde, eagerly searched over the ground, 2295. — carefully, in- dustriously : no ic him J>as georne atfealh {did not hold him so fast'), 969. — completely, exactly : comp. wiste ))S geornor, 822. ge6y 16, adv., once, formerly, earlier, 1477; gi'^, 2522; iia, 2460. ge6c, St. f., help, support: ace. sg. gedce gefremman, 2675; tat him gast-bona geoce gefremede wiS Jjeod-jireaum, 177; geoce gel^fde, believed in the help (of Beowulf), 609; dat. sg. to geoce, 1835. ge6cor, adj., ill, bad: nom. sg., 766. — See Haupt's Zeitsehrift 8, p. 7. ge6-man, Ifi-man, m., man of for- mer times : gen. pi. id-manna, 3053- geo-meoTvle, w. f., {formerly a vir^ gin'), wife: ace. sg. io-meowlan, 2932. geOmor, adj ., with depressed feelings, sad, troubled: nom. sg. him was geomor sefa, 49, 2420, 2633, 295 1 ; modes geSmor, 2101 ; fem. J)at was geSmuru ides, 1076. geomore, adv., sadly, 151. geSmor-gid, st. n., dirge : aec. sg. giomor-gyd, 3151. ge6mor-lic, adj., sad, painful : sw4 bits geSmorlic gomelum ceorle t6 gebldanne Jjat . . ., it is painful to an old man to experience it, tJiat ■ ■ ., 2445. geOmor-mOd, adj., sad, sorrowful: nom. sg., 2045, 3019; gi6mor-m6d, 2268. geOmrian, w. v., to complain, to lament: pret. sg. geomrode gid- dum, 1 1 19. * ge6-sceaft, st. f., {fixed in past times), fate : ace. sg. gedsceaft grimme, 1235. ge6sceaft-gd.st, st. m., demon sent by fate : gen. sg. fela geoseeaft- gSsta, of Grendel and his race, 1267. ge6tan, st. v. intrans., to pour, to flow, to streafn : pres. part, gifen gedtende, 1691. glcel, St. m., icicle : in comp. hilde- gieel. gld, gyd, St. II., speech, solemn alii- GLOSSARY. 189 tefative song: nom. sg. J^ser was . . . gid oft wrecan, 1066; leoS was Ssungen, gleomannes gyd, the song was sung, the gleeman's lay, 1161; JjEer was gidd and gle<5, 2106; ace. sg. ic Ms gid ivvrac, 1724; gyd Swrac, 2109; gyd after wrac, 2155; Jjonne he gyd wiece, 2447; dat. pi. giddum, 151, 1119; gen. pi. gydda gemyndig, 869. — Comp.: ge8mor-, word-gid. giddian, w. v., to speak, to speak in alliteration : pret. gyddode, 631. gif, conj.: 1) if, vr. ind., 442, 447, 527, 662, etc.; gyf, 945, etc. With subj., 452, 594, 1482, etc.; gyf, 280, 1 105, etc. — 2) whether, w. ind., 272; w. subj., 1141, 1320. gifa, geofa, w. m., giver ; in comp. gold-, sine-, wil-gifa (-geofa) . gifan, St. v., to give: inf. glofan, 2973 ; pret. sg. nallas beagas geaf Denum, 1720; he me [mfi'Smas] geaf, 2147; and similarly, 2174, 2432, 2624, etc.; pret. pi. geJfon (hyne) on gSrsecg, 49 ; pret. part. )ii was Hro'SgSre here-spSd gyfen, 64; JjS was gylden hilt gamelum rince ... on hand gyfen, 1679; sy^anserestwear'5 gyfen . . . geon- gum cempan {given in marriage), 1949. S-gifan, to give, to impart: inf. andsware . . . ^gifan, to give an answer, 355; pret. sg. sona him se froda fader Ohtheres . . . ondslyht Sgeaf {gave him a counter-blo-tv) , {hand-blowT) , 2930. for-gyfan, to give, to grant: pret. sg. him Jpas lif-frea . . . worold-Sre forgeaf, 17; >am to hSm forgeaf HrStSel Geata ingan dohtor {gave in viarriage'), 374; similarly, 2998; he me lond forgeaf, granted me land, 2493; similarly, 697, 1021, 2607, 2617; magen-rtes forgeaf hil- de-bille, he gave with his battle- sword a mighty blow, i.e. he struck with full force, 1520. of- gifan, {to give up"), to leave: inf. J)at se msera maga Eeg)>e6wes grund-wong Jjone • ofgyfan wolde {was fated to leave the earth- plain), 2589; pret. sg. >Ss worold ofgeaf gromheort guma, 1682; sim- ilarly, gumdream ofgeaf, 2470; Dena land ofgeaf, 1905; pret. pi. nas ofgeSfon hwate Scyldingas, left the promontory, 1601; Jiat J^S hildlatan holt ofgSfan, that the cow- ards left the wood (into which they had fled), 2847; sg. pret. for pi. ))ira ])e Jiis [llf] ofgeaf, 2252. gifeSe, adj., given, granted : GftlS- fremmendva swylcum gifelSe biS J^at . . ., to such u warrior is it granted that . . ., 299; similarly, 2682; sw& me gifelSe was, 2492; Jjser me gifeSe swi aenig yvfeweard after wurde, if an heir, (living) after me, had been given me, 2731. — Neut. as subst. ; was Jiat gife^e to swHS, J>e bone [Redden] J^yder ontyhte, the fate was too harsh that has drawn hither the king, 3086; gyfelSe, 555, 820. — Comp. un-gifeSe. gif-heal, st. f., hall in which fiefs were bestowed, throne-hall: ace. sg. ymb JjS gifhealle, 839. gif-sceat, si. m., gift of value : aec. pi. gif-sceattas, 378. gif-st61, St. m., seat from which fiefs are granted, throne : nom. sg., 2328; ace. sg., 168. gift, St. f., gift, present: in comp. feoh-gift. gifu, geofu, St. f., gift, present, grant; fief: nom. sg. gifu, 1885; 190 GLOSSARY. ace. sg. gimfaste gife |>e him god sealde, the great gift that God had granted hint (i.e. the enormous strength), 1272; ginfastan gife J)e him god sealde, 2183; dat. pi. (as instr.) geofuni, 1959; gen. pi. gifa, '93'; gebfena, 1174. — Comp. : mS6"5um-, sinc-gifu. glgant, St. m., giant; nom. pi. gi- gantas, 113; gen. pi. giganta, 1563, 1691. gild, gyld, St. n., reparation . in comp. wi'Ser-gyld ( ?) . gildan, gyldan, st. v., to do some- thing in return, to repay, to re- ward, to pay ; inf. gomban gyldan, pay tribute, II; he mid g5de gyl- dan wille uncran eaferan, 1 1 85; we him \ik gQ'Sgeatwa gyldan wol- don, 2637; pret. sg. hea^orzesas geald meaium and m&'Smum, re- paid the latlles with horses and treasures, 1048; similarly, 2492; geald J>one gfttSraes . . . Jofore and Wnlfe mid ofermSSmuni, repaid Eofor and Wulfthe battle with ex- ceedingly great treasures, 2992. an-gildan, to pay for: piet. sg. sum s&re angeald Eefeniaste, one (Aschere) paid for the evening- rest with death's pain, 1252. S-gildan, to offer one's self: pret. sg. Jjft me sael Sgeald, when the fa- vorable opportunity offered itself, 1666; similarly, bfi him rClm Sgeald, 2691. for-gildan, to repay, to do some- thing in return, to reward : pres. subj. sg. III. alvvalda )iec gode for- gylde, may the ruler of all reward thee with good, 957; inf. )>one osnne hSht golde forgyldan, he ordered that the one (killed by Grendel) be paid for (atoned for) with gold, 1055; he . . . vvolde Grendle for- gyldan gCl^rsEsa fela, wished to pay Grendel for many attacks, 1578; wolde se Ifi'Sa llge forgyldan drinc- fat d^re, the enemy 'loished to repay •with fire the costly drinking vessel (the theft of it), 2306; pret. sg. he him |)as lean forgeald, he gave them the rnvnrd therefor, 114; simi- larly, 1542, isSs, 2095; forgeald hratSe wyrsan wrixle walhlem I'one, repaid the murderous bloia with a worse exchange, 2969. gllP) gylPj St, ra., speech in which one promises great things for him- self in a coming combat, defiant speech, boasting speech : ace. sg. hafde . . . Geat-mecga le6d gilp geljESted (Jiad fulfilled what he had claimed for himself before the battle), 830; nallas on gylp sele'5 fatte beagas, gives no chased gold rings for a boastful speech, 1750; Jjat ic will' I'one gfliSflogan gylp ofer- sitte, restrain myself from the speech of defiance, 2529; dat. sg. gylpe wiSgrSpan {fulfil my prom- ise of battle), 2522. — Comp. dol- gilp- gUpan, gylpan, st. v. w. gen., ace, and dat., to make a defiant speech, to boast, to exult insolently : pres. sg. I. n6 ic )jas gilpe (after a break in the text), 587; sg. III. morlSres gylpetS, boasts of the murder, 2056; inf. swS ne gylpan J>earf Grendles maga senig . . . uhthlem tone, 2007; neallcs folc-cyning fyrdgesteallum gylpan Jiorfte, had no need to boast of his fellow-warriors, 2875 ; pret. sg. hvSiSsigora ne gealp goldwine Geata, did not exult at the glorious victory (could not gain the victory over the drake), 2584. gilp-cwlde, St. m., speech in which a man promises much for himself GLOSSARY. 191 for a coming combat, speech of de- fiance : nom. sg., 641. gUp-hladen, pret. part., laden with boasts of defiance (i.e. he who has made many such boasts, and consequently has been victorious in many combats), covered with glory : nom. sg. guma gilp-hladen, 869. gilp-sprsec, same as gilp-cwide, speech of defiance, boastful speech : dat. sg. on gylp-spraece, 982. gllp-Tivord, St. n., defiant word be- fore the coming combat, vaunting word : gen. pi. gesprac . . . gylp- worda sum, 676. glm, St. m., gem, precious stone, jewel: nom. sg. heofones gim, heaven's jewel, i.e. the sun, 2073. Comp. searo-gim. gimme-riee, adj., rich in jewels : ace. sg. gimme-rice hord-burh ha- lelSa, 466. gin (according to Bout., glnne), adj., properly ^«/jK^, hence, wide, extended ; ace. sg. gynne grund (the bottom of the sea), 1552. gin-fast, adj., extensive, rich : ace. sg. gim-faste gife (gim-, on account of the followingy), 1272; in weak form, gin-fastan gife, 2183. ginnan, st. v., original meaning, to be open, ready ; in on -ginnan, to begin, to undertake: pret. o'S Jiat dn ongan fyrene frem- man feond on helle, loo; secg eft on- gan sM Bedwulfes sny ttrum styrian, .872; J>^ J)at sweord ongan . . . wa- nian, the Sword began to diminish, 1606; Higel^c ongan sinne gesel- dan . . . fagve fricgean, began with propriety to question his compan- ion, 1984, etc.; ongon, 2791; pret. pi. n6 her cMlicor cuman ongun- non lindhabbende, no shield-bear- ing men e'er undertook more openly to come hither, 245 ; pret. part, hiibbe ic mser'Sa fela ongunnen on geogo'Se, have in my youth under- taken many deeds of renown, 409. gist. See gast. gistran, adv., yesterday: gystran xSiA, yesterday night, 1335. git, pron., ye two, dual of ]»n, 508, 512, 513, etc. git> gyt> adv., yet; then still, 536, 1128, 1165, 2142; hitherto, 957; nffifre git, never yet, 853; still, 945, 1059, 1135; once more, 2513; moreover, 47, 105 1, 1867. gitan (original meaning, to take hold of, to seize, to attain), in be-gitan, w. &cc., to grasp, to seize, to reach : pret. sg. begeat, 1 147, 2231 ; H hine wig beget, when 7var seized him, ca?ne upon him, 2873; similarly, begeat, 1069; pret. pi. hit ser on Jje gode be-geiton, good men received it formerly from thee, 2250; subj. sg. for pi. )>at was HrolSgSre hreowa tornost J>Sra fie leddfruman lange begeSte, the bitterest of the troubles that for a long time had befalleti the peo- ple's chief, 2131. for-gitan, w. ace, to forget: pres. sg. III. he Jja for^gesceaft forgyte'S and forg^nie^, 1752. an-gitan, on-gitan, w. ace. ; i) to take hold of, to grasp : imp. sg. gumcyste ongit, lay hold of manly virtue, of what becomes the man, 1724; pret. sg. J>e hine se brSga angeat, whom terror seized, 1292. — 2) to grasp intellectually, to co?iipre- hend, to perceive, to distinguish, to behold: pres. subj . I. Jjat ic ierwelan . . . ongite, that I may behold the ancient wealth (the treasures of the drake's cave), 2749; inf. sal 192 GLOSSARY. timbred . . . ongytan, 308, 1497; Geata clifu ongitan, 1912; pret. sg. fyren-])earfe ongeat, had perceived their distress from hostile snares, 14; ongeat . . . grund-wyrgenne, beheld the she-wolf of the bottom, 1519; pret. pi. bearhtm ongeSton, gil^horn gaXan, perceived the noise, (heard) the battle-trumpet sound, 1432; syiSSan hie Higelaces horn and b^man gealdor ongedton,.2944. gifre, adj., greedy, eager : nom. sg. gtfre and galgmod, of Grendel's mother, 1278. — Superl. : Itg . . ., giEstaglfrost, 1124. — Comp.heoro- gtfre. gitsian, w. v., to be greedy : pres. sg. III. g^tsalS, 1750. gio-, gi6-. See geo-, ge6-. gladian, w. v., to gleam, to shimmer: pres. pi. III. on him gladiaS go- melra life, upon him gleams the legacy of the men of ancient times (annor), 2037. glad, adj., gracious, friendly (as a form of address for princes) : nom. sg. beo wis Geatas glad, 1 1 74; ace. sg. gladne HrStSgar, 864; gladne HrSSulf, 1 182; dat. sg. gladum suna Frodan, 2026. glade, adv., in a gracious, friendly way, 58. gladnian, w. v., to rejoice : inf. w. gen., 367. glad-mOd, ad.]., joyous, glad, 1786. glSd, St. f., fire, flame : nom. sg., 2653. 3115; i guma oSerne, 653; Hr6^gir grStte, 1 81 7. — 2) to come on, to come near, to seek out; to touch; to take hold of: inf. gifstol grgtan, take possession of the throne, mount it as ruler, 168; nas se folccyning aenig . . . J'e mec gCltSwinum grStan dorste {attack with swords), 2736; Wyrd . . . se Jione gomelan grStan sceolde, 2422 ; l>at tone sin-sca&n gftSbilla nin grStan nolde, that no sword would take hold upon the irreconcilable enemy, 804; pret. sg. grette goldhroden guman on healle, the gold-adorned (queen) greeted the men in the hall, 615; n6 he mid hearme . . . gastas grette, did not approach the stran- gers with insults, 1 894; gomenwu- du grette, touched the wood of joy, played the harp, 2109; pret. subj. II. sg, bat )>u Jjone walgaest wihte ne grStte, that thou shouldst by no means seek out the murderous spirit GLOSSARY. 195 (Grendel), 1996; similarly, sg. III. ))at he ne grStte goldweard Jjone, 3082; pret. part. J)£er was . . . go- menwudu grSted, 1066. ge-grStan, w. ace. . i) to greet, to salute, to address : pret. sg. holdne gegrStte meaglum wordum, greeted the dear man with formal words, 1981 ; gegrette 1>4 gumena ge- hwylcne . . . hindeman si'Se, spoke then the last time to each of the men, 2517. — 2) to approach, to come near, to seek out: inf. sceal . . . manig oiSerne godum gegrStan ofer ganotes baS, many a one will seek another across the sea with gifts, 1862. gre6t, St. m., grit, sand, earth : dat. sg. on gredte, 3169. gre6tan, st. v., to weep, to mourn, to lament: pres. sg. III. se \ie. after sincgyfan on sefan gredte^, who laments in his heart for the treasure-giver, 1343. grim, adj., grim, angry, wild, hos- tile: nom. sg., 121, 555, 1500, etc.; weak form, se grimma gast, 102; ace. sg. m. grimne, 1 149, 2137; fem. grimme, 1235; gen. sg. grim- re gfi'Se, 527; instr. pi. grimman gripum, 1543. — Comp. : beado-, hea'So-, heoro-, searo-grimra. grimme, adv., grimly, in a hostile manner, bitterly, 3013, 3086. grim-lIc, adj., grim, terrible : nom. sg. grimllc gry[re-gast], 3042. grimman, st. v., (properly /o j»o?-/) , to go forward hastily, to hasten : pret. pi. grummon, 306. grindan, st. v., to grind, in f 01- giindan, to destroy, to ruin: pret. sg. w. dat. forgrand gramum, destroyed the enemy, killed them ( ?), 424; pret. part. w. ace. hafde lig- draca ledda fasten . , . gledum for- grunden, had with flames destroyed the people's feasts, 2336; J>i his Agen (scyld) was glSdum foi-grun- den, since his own {shield) had been destroyed by the fire, 2678. gripe, St. rc^., gripe, attack: nom. sg. gripe mSces, 1766; ace. sg. grimne gripe, 1 149. — Comp. : foer-, mund-, nl^-gripe. grtma, w. m., mask, visor : in comp. beado-, here-grlma. grim-helm, st. m., mask-helmet, hel- met with visor : ace. pi. gulm-hel- mas, 334. gripan, st. v., to gripe, to seize, to grasp : pret. sg. grSp ]>k togeanes, then she caught at, 1502. for-grlpan {to gripe vehemently'), to gripe so as to kill, to kill by the gi-asp, w. dat. : pret. sg. at gftSe forgrSp Grendeles msegum, 2354. witS-grlpan, w. dat., {to seize at),' to maintain, to hold erect : inf. htt wis tam agtecean elles meahte gylpe wiS-grlpan, how else /might viaintain my boast of battle against the monster, 2522. gr6waii, St. v., to grow, to sprout : pret. sg. him on ferh^e greow breosthord blodreow, 1 719. grund, St. m.: 1) ground, plain, fields in contrast with highlands ; earth in contrast with heaven : dat. sg. sShte . . . after grunde, sought along the grotind, 2295; ace. pi. ofer grundas, 1405, 2074. — 2) bot- tom, the lowest part : ace . sg. grund (of the sea of Grendel), 1368; on • gyfenes grund, 1395; under gynne grund {bottom of the sea), 1552; dat. sg. to grunde (of the sea), 553; grunde (of the drake's cave) getenge, 2759; so, on grunde, 2766. — Comp. : eormen-, mere-, sa;-grund. 196 GLOSS.tRY. grund-buend, pres. part., inhaH- ianl of the earth : gen. pi. grund- bflendra, 1007. grund-hyrde, st. m., warder of the bottom (of the sea) : ace. sg. (of Grendel's mother), 2137. grund-sele, st. m., hall at the bottom (of the sea) : dat. sg. in J>am [grundjsele, 2140. grund-Tirang, st. m., ground sur- face, lowest surface : ace. sg. t>one grund-wong (^bottom of the sea), 1497; (bottom of the drake's cave), 2772, 2589. grund-wyrgen, st. f., she-wolf of the bottom (of the sea) : ace. sg. grund-wyrgenne (Grendel's moth- er), 1519. gryn (cf. Gloss. Aldh. "retinacu- lum, rete grin," Hpts. Ztschr. IX. 429), St. n,, net, noose, snare : gen. pi. fela . . . grynna, 931. See gym. gryre, st. m., horror, terror, any- thing causing terror: nom. sg., 1283; ace. sg. wits Grendles gryre, 384; hie Wyrd forswedp on Gren- dles gryre, snatched them away into the horror of Grendel, to the horrible Grendel, 478 ; dat. pi. mid gryrum ecga, 483 ; gen. pi. swS felagryra, 592. — Comp. : faer-, wSg-gryre. gryre-brSga, w. m,, terror and horror, amazement : nom. sg. [gryre-]br[8]g[a], 2229. gryre-fah, adj., gleaming terribly : ace. sg. gryre-fShne (^the fire-spew- ing drake, cf. also [draca] fyr- wylmum fdh, 2672), 2577. gryre-gast, st. m., terror-guest, stranger causing terror : nom. sg. grimllc gry[regast], 3042; dat. sg. wi^ J;am gryregieste (the dragon), 2561. gryrc-geatwe, st. f. pi., terror-ar- mor, 'warlike equipment : dat. pi. in hyra gryre-geatwum, 324. gryre-le6l3F, st. n., terror-song, fear- ful song : ace. sg. gehyrdon gryre- leoSgalan godes and-sacan (heard Grendel's cry of agon}!), 787. gryre-lic, adj., terrible, horrible: ace. sg. gryre-ltcne, 1442, 2137. gryre-silS, way of terror, way caus- ing terror, i.e. warlike expedition : ace. pi. se te gryre-sISas geg^n dorste, 1463. guma, w. m., man, human being : nom. sg., 653, 869, etc.; ace. sg. guman, 1844, 2295; dat. sg. guman (gumum, MS.), 2822; nom. pi. gu- man, 215, 306, 667, etc.; ace, pi. guman, 615; dat. pi. gumum, 127, 321 ; gen. pi. gumena, 73, 328, 474, 716, etc. — Comp.: driht-, seld-guma. gum-cyn, st. m., race of men, people, nation : gen. sg. we synt gum- cynnes Geata leode, people from the nation of the Gedtas, 260 ; dat. pi. after gum-cynnum, along the nations, among the nations, 945. gum-cyst, St. f., man's excellence, man's virtue: ace. sg. (or pi.) gumcyste, 1724; dat. pi. as adv., excellently, preeminently : gum- cystum gSdne beaga bryttan, 1487; gumcystum g8d . . . hilde-hlemma (Beowulf), 2544. gum-dredm, st. m., joyous doings of men : ace. sg. gum-dream of- geaf (died), 2470. gum-dryhten, st. m., lord of men : nom. sg. 1643. gum-f S?Fa, w. m., troop of men going on foot : nom. sg., 1402. gum-man, m., man : gen. pi. gum- manna fela, 1029, gum-stdl, St. m., man's seat kot' GLOSSARY. 197 ((ox'liv, ruler's seat, throne : dat. sg. in gumstole, 1953. gu9, St. f,, combat, battle : iiom. sg., 1124, 1659, 2484, 2537; ace. sg. gMe, 604; instr. sg. gilSe, 1998 ; dat. sg. to (at) gfliSe, 438, 1473, 1 536, 2354, etc. ; gen. sg. gflSe, 483, 527,631, etc.; dat. pi. gCl'Sum, 1959, 2179; gen. pi. gCl«a, 2513, 2544. gfiBP-beorn, st. m., marrior : gen. pi. g&tS-beorna sum {the strand- guard on the Danish coast'), 314. guff-bil, St. m., battle-bill : nom. sg. gdSbill, 2585 ; gen. pi. gft^-billa nSn, 804. gii8F-byrne, w. f., battle-corselet : nom. sg., 321. guff-cearu, st. f., sorrow which the combat brings : dat. sg. after gfl'S- ceare, 1259. guff-craft, St. m., warlike strength, power in battle : nom. sg. Grendles gfttS-craft, 127. gflff-cyning, st. m., king in battle, king directing a battle : nom. sg., 199, 1970, 2336, etc. gfld'-dedff, St. m., death in battle : nom. sg., 2250. guff-floga, w. m., flying warrior : ace. sg. wi'S Jjone gfi'Sflogan (the drake), 2529. gfiff-freca, w. ra., hero in battle, warrior (see freca) : nom. sg. gearo g&tS-freca, of the drake, 2415. gfiiff-freininend, pres. ■paxt.,Jighting a battle, warrior : gen. pi. gfi'5- fremmendra, 246; g&'S- (god-, MS.) fremmendra swyleum, such a warrior (meaning Beowulf), 299. guSf-ge^rsede, st. n., battle-dress, ar- mor : nom. pi. gfl^-gewsedo, 227; ace. pi. -gewaedu, 2618, 2631 (?), 2852,2872; gen.pl. -gewEeda, 2624. gflff-geweorc, st. n., battle-work, warlike deed: gen. pi., -geweorca, 679, 982, 1826. guS-geatwe, st. f. pi., equipment for combat: ace. ))ft gfl'5-geatwa (-getawa, MS.),2637; dat. in eow- rum giitS-geatawum, 395. gfi3'-helin, St. m., battle-helmet: nom. sg., 2488. gu9-horn, st. n., battle-horn : ace. sg.. 1433- gfiff-lir63', St. m., battle-fame : nom, sg., 820. guff-leoff, St. 11., battle-song: ace. sg., 1523. gflff-inQd, adj., disposed to battle, having an inclination to battle: nom. pi. gfl^-mSde, 306. gflaf-raes, st. m., storm of battle, at- tack : ace. sg., 2992; gen. pi. gfl^- riesa, 1578, 2427. gu3'-re6w, adj., fierce in battle : nom. sg., 58. gflff-rinc, St. m., man of battle, fighter, warrior: nom. sg., 839, 1 1 19, 1882; ace. sg., 1502; gen. pi. gftiS-rinca, 2649. gflar-rSf, adj., renoivned in battle: nom. sg., 609. gfiff-sceaffa, w. m., battle-foe, en- emy in combat: nom. sg., of the drake, 2319. gfiff-scearu, st. f., decision of the bat- tle : dat. sg. after gfitS-seeare, 1214. guS-sele, St. m., battle-hall, hall in which a battle takes place : dat. sg. in tarn gfl&ele (in Heorot), 443. guS'-searo, st. n. pi., battle-equip- ment, armor: ace., 215, 328. gulS-sweord, st. n., battle-sword : ace. sg., 2155. gul8f-TV§rig, adj., wearied by battle, dead : ace. sg. gft^-wSrigne Gren- del, 1587. guff-wine, st. m., battle-friend, com- rade in battle, designation of the 198 GLOSSARY. sword: ace. sg., 1811; instr.pl. te mec gftS-winum gretan dorste, who dared to attack tne with his war- friends, 2736. guff-wlga, w. m., fighter of tattles, warrior : nom. sg., 21 12. gyd. See gid. gyfan. See gifan. gyldan. See gildan. gylden, adj., ^o/flt«.- nom. sg. gyl- den hilt, 1678; ace. sg. segen gyl- denne, 47, 1022; bring gyldenne, 2810; dat. sg. under gyldnum beage, 1164. . — Comp. eal-gylden. gylp. See gilp. gyrdan, w. v., to gird, to lace : pret. part, gyrded cempa, the (sword-) girt laarrior, 2079. gyrn, St. n., sorrow, harm : nom. sg., 1776. gyrn-Trracu, st. f., revenge for harm : dat. sg. to gyrn-wraee, 1 139; gen. sg. \i%. was eft hra'Se gearogyrn-wrace Grendeles mSdor, then was Grendel 's mother in turn immediately ready for revenge for the injury, 21 19. gyrwan. See gerwan. gystran. See gistran. g^man, w. v. w. gen., to take care of, to be careful about : pres. III. g)>me«, 1758, 2452; imp. sg. ofer- hyda ne gym ! do not study arro- gance (despise it), 1761. for-gyman, w. ace., to neglect, to slight : pres. sg. III. he JjS for'S- gesceaft forgytcS and forgJmeS, 1752. g$'tsian. See gitslan. H habban, w. v., to have : l) w. ace. : pres. sg. I. J;as ic w6n habbe (as I hope"), 383; ];e ic geweald habbe 951 ; ic me on hafu bord and byr- nan, have on me shield and coat of mail, lijil; hafo, 300I; sg. II. l>u nu [friSu] hafast, 11 75; pi. I. habba'iS we . . . raicel eerende, 270; pres. subj. sg. III. J^at he j;rittiges manna magencraft on his mund- gripe habbe, 381. Blended with the negative: pi. III. ))at J>e Sse- Geatas sSlran nabben t8 geceosen- ne cyning aenigne, that the Sea- Gedtas will have no better king than you to choose, 1851; imp. hafa nu and geheald hflsa sSlest, 659; inf. habban, 446, 462, 3018; pret. sg. hafde, 79, 518, 554; pi. hafdon, 539. — 2) used as an aux- iliary with the pret. part. : pres. sg. I. habbe ic . . . ongunnen, 408; habbe ic . . . geShsod, 433; II. ha- fast, 954, 1856; III. hafalS, 474, 596; pret. sg. hafde, 106, 220,666, 2322, 2334, 2953, etc.; pi. hafdon, 117, 695, 884, 2382, etc. Pret. part, inflected: nu scealc hafaS daed gefremede, 940; hafde segoda . . . cempan gecorene, 205. With the pres. part, are formed the com- pounds : bord-, rond-habbend. for-habba'n, to hold back, to keep one's self: inf. ne meahte wafre mod forhabban in hretSre, the ex- piring life could not hold itself back in the breast, i\z,2; ne mihte bS for-habban, could not restrain himself, 2610. wi^-habban, to resist, to offer re- sistance : pret. Jjat se winsele wiiS- hafde hea^o-dedrum, that the hall resisted them furious in fight, 773. hafela, heafola, w. ra., head: ace. sg. hafelan, 1373, 1422, 1615, 1636, 1 781 ; n4 J>u minne >earft hafalan hydan, 446; )>onne we on orlege hafelan weredon, protected our GLOSSARY. 199 heads, defended ourselves, 1328 ; se hwlta helm hafelan wetede, 1449; dat. sg. hafelan, 673, 1522; heafolan, 2680 ; gen. sg. heafolan, 2698; nom. pi. hafelan, 1121. — Comp. wig-heafola. hafenian, w. v., to raise, to uplift : pret. sg. wsepen hafenade heard be hiltum, raised the weapon, the strong man, by the hilt, 1575. bafoc, St. m., hawk : nom. sg., 2264. haga, w. na., enclosed piece of ground, hedge, farm-enclosure : dat. sg. to hagan, 2893, 2961, haga, w. m. See S;n-haga. bama, homa, w. m., dress: in the comp. flaesc-, fyrd-, lic-hama, sctr- ham (adj.). taanier, st. m., hammer : instr. sg. hamere, 1286 ; gen. pi. homera life (swords), 2830. band, bond, st. f., hand: nom. sg. 2138; sid swISre . . . hand, the right hand, 2100 ; hond, 1521, 2489, 2510; ace. sg. hand, 558, 984 ; hond, 657, 687, 835, 928, etc.; dat. sg. on handa, 495, 540; mid handa, 747, 2721 ; be honda, 815; dat. pi. (as instr.) hondum, 1444, 2841. band-bana, w. m., murderer with the hand, or in hand-to-hand com- bat : dat. sg. to hand-bonan (-ba- nan), 460, 1331. hand-gemGt, st. n., hand-to-hand conflict, battle : gen. pi. (ecg) J^o- lode Eer fela hand-gemota, 1527; no tat lasest was hond-gemota, 2356. , hand-gesella, w. m., hand-compan- ion, man of the retinue : dat. pi. hond-gesellum, 1482. band-gestealla, w. m., {one whose position is near at hand), comrade. coinpanion, attendant: dat. ?g. hond-gesteallan, 2170 ; nom. pi. hand-gesteallan, 2597. band-geweorc, st. n., work done with the hands, i.e. achievement in battle : dat. sg. for fas hild-fruman handgeweorce, 2836. baud-gewi'i3'en, pret. part., hand- wreathed, bound witti the hand: ace. pi. wiilbende . . . hand-gewri- ■Sene, 1938. band-Iocen, pret. part., joined, united by hand: nom. sg. (gftiJ- byrne, Ilc-syrce) handlocen (be- cause the shirts of mail consisted of interlaced rings), 322, 551. band-rses, st. m., hand-battle, i.e. combat with the hands : nom. sg. hond-rses, 2073. band-scalu, st. f., hand-attendance, retinue: dat. sg. mid his hand- scale (hond-scole), 1318, 1964. band-sper, st. 11., finger (on Gren- del's hand), under the figure of a spear ; nom. pi. hand-speru, 987. hand-wundor, st. n., luonder done by the hand, wonderful handwork : gen. pi. hond-wundra raaest, 2769. bangan. See b3n. bangian, w. v., to hang: pres. sg. III. Jionne his sunu hanga'S hrefne to hr6^re, when his son hangs, a joy to the ravens, 2448 ; pi. III. ofer Jiam (mere) hougia'S hrlnde bearwas, over which rustling for- ests hang, 1364; inf. hangian, 1663; pret. hangode, hung doivn, 2086. batian, w. v. w. ace, to hate, to be an enemy to, to hurt : inf. he Jione healSo-rinc hatian ne meahte li'Sum dffidum {could not do him any harm), 2467; pret. sg. h(i se gulS- scea^a Geata ledde hatode and hjnde, 2320. 200 GLOSSARY. h&d, St. m., form, condition, posi- tion, manner : ace. sg. Jjurh haestne hSd, in a powerful manner, 1336; on gesWes hid, in the position of follower, as follower, 1 298 ; on sweoides hSd, in the form of a sword, 2194. See under on. h^dor, St. m., clearness, brightness : ace. sg. under heofenes hSdor, 414. hS,dor, adj., clear, fresh, loud: nora. sg. scop hwllum sang hSdor on Heorote, 497. hidre, adv., clearly, brightly, 1572. hS,l, adj., hale, whole, sound, un- hurt: nom. sg. h&l, 300. With gen. hea^o-lices hal, safe from battle, 1975. As form of saluta- tion, wes . . . hSl, 407 ; dat. sg. hSlan lice, 1504. b&Iig, adj., holy: nom. sg. hSlig god, 381, 1554; hUlig dryhten, 687. h^m, St. m., home, residence, estate, land : ace. sg. hSm, 1408; HrotS- gires hSm, 718. Usually in ad- verbial sense : gewit him hdm, betook himself home, 1602; to him, 124, 374, 2993; fram him, from home, 194; at him, at home, 1249, 1924, 1 157; gen.sg. himes, 2367; ace. pi. himas, 11 28. — Comp. Finnes-him, 1157. ham-weorlSung, st. f., honor or ornament of home : ace. sg. him- weor^unge (designation of the daughter of Hygelic, given in mar- riage to Eofor), 2999. Ii'^r, adj., gray : nom. sg. hir hilde- rinc, 1308, 3137; ace. sg, under (ofer) hirne stin, 888," 1416, 2554; hire byrnan (i.e. iron shirt of r^ail), 2154; dat. sg. hirum hild- fiuraan, 1679; f. on heire hse^e (on heaw ... h ... Be, MS.), 2213; gen. sg. hires, of the old man, 2989. — Comp. un-hir. hat, adj., hot, glowing, flaming: nom. sg., 1617, 2297, 2548, 2559, etc.; wyrm hit gemealt, the drake hot {pi his own heat) melted, 898; ace. sg., 2282(?) ; inst. sg.hitanheolfre, 850, I424;g.sg.hea'5u-f^reshites,2523; ace. pi. hite hea^o-vfylmas, 2820. — Sup. : hitost hea^o-swita, 1 669. hat, St. n., heat, fire : ace. sg. geseah his mondryhten . . . hit Irowian, saw his lord endure the (drake's) heat, 2606. / hata, w. m., persecutor: in comp. dsed-hata. hatan, St. v. : l) to bid, to order, to direct, with ace. and inf., and ace. of the person: pres. sg. I. ic magu- J>egnas mine hite . . . flotan edwer- ne irum healdan, / bid my thanes take good care of your craft, 293; imp. sg. II. hit in gin . . . sibbe- gedriht, 386; pi. II. hit.i« hea^o- niEEre hlsew gewyrcean, 2803 ; inf. J>at healreced hitan wolde . . . men gewyrcean, that he wished to command men to build a hall-edi- fice, 68. Pret. sg. h8ht : hSht . . . eahla mearas ... on flet te6n,gave command to bring eight horses into tlie hall, 1036; J>onne aenne heht golde forgyldan, commanded to make good that one with gold, 1054-, h6ht Jii J>at healSo-weorc t6 hagan biddan, ordered the combat to be announced at the hedge{T), 2893; swi se snottra h6ht, as the wise (Hr6%ir) directed, 1787; so, 1808,1809. h&t: hSthim^Slidan godne %s%yriian, ordered a good vessel to be prepared for him, 198; so,h&t, 391, 1115, 3111. As the form of a wish: h6t hine wel brQcan, 1064; so, 2813; pret. part. J)i was hiten hratSe Heort innan-weard folmum gefratwod, forthwith was GLOSSARY. 201 orderedHeorot,adornedbyhandon the inside(\.e. that the edifice should be adorned by hand on the inside), 992. — 2) to name, to call ; pres. subj. III. pi. Jiat hit sseliSend . . . h^tan Biowulfes biorh, that mari- ners may call it Beitoulf's grave- mound, 2807; pret. part, was se grinima gast Grendel h^tan, 102; so. 263, 373, 2603. ge-hStan, to proviise, to give one's word, to vow, to threaten : pres. sg. I. ic hit Jje gehSte, 1393; so, 1672; pret. sg. he me m§de gehSt, prom- ised me reward, 2135; him fagre geh^t leana (gen. pi.), promised them proper re^oard, 2990; wean oft geh&t earmre teohhe, with woe often threatened the unhappy band, 2938; pret. pi. gehSton at harg- trafiim wig-weor'5unga, vmved of- ferings at the shrines of the gods, 175; Jjonne we geheton flssum hlSforde tat . . ., when we prom- ised our lord that . . ., 2635 ; pret. part, slo gehEtan [was] . . . gladum suna Frodan, betrothed to the glad son of Froda, 2025. h&tor, St. m, n., heat: in comp. and-hitor. haft, adj., held, bound, fettered: nom. sg., 2409 ; ace. Sg. helle haftan, him- fettered by hell (Grendel), 789. haft-mece, st. m., sword with fetters or chains (cf. fetel-hilt) : dat. sg. Jiam haft-mSce, 1458. bag-steald, m., tiian, liegematt, youth : gen. pi. hag-stealdra, 1890. hale, St. m., man : nom. sg., 1647, 1817, 3112; ace. sg. hale, 720; dat.pl. htelum (haenum, MS.), 1984. haleff, St. m., hero, fighter, wari-ior, man : nom. sg., igo, 331, 1070; nom. pi. hale^', 52, 2248, 2459, 3143; dat. pi. hale'Sum, 1710, 1962, etc.; gen. pi. hale'Sa, 467, 497, 612, 663, etc. hiirg. See hcarg. haelff, St. f., heath: dat. sg. hse'Se, 2213. hseSFen, adj., heathenish; ace. sg. hseiSene sSwle, 853; dat. sg. hae'5- num horde, 2217; gen. sg. haeSe- nes, of the heathen (Grendel), 987; gen. pi. hseSenra, 179. heeS-stapa, w., m., that which goes about on the heath (stag) : nom. sg., 1369. hael, St. n. : i) health, welfare, luck : ace. sg. him hsel dbead, 654; mid ' haele, 12 18. — 2) favorable, sign, favorable omen : hael sceawedon, observed favorable signs (for Beo- wulfs undertaking), 204. hselo, f., health, welfare, luck : ace. sg. hiElo ahead heor^-geneatum, 2419. — Comp. un-hselo. hsest (O.H.G. haisteri hantl, manu violenta; heist, ira; heis- tigo, iracunde), &A].,violent, vehe- ment: ace. sg. ))urh haestne hSd, 1336- he, fem. heo, neut. hit, pers. pron., he, she, it; in the oblique cases also reflexive, himself, herself, aV- i.?{^.- acc.sg. hine, hi, hit; dat. sg. him, hire, him; gen. sg. his, hire, hit; plur. ace. nom.- ht, hig, hie; dat. him; gen. hira, heora, hiera, hiora. — he omitted before the verb, 68, 300, 2309, 2345. hebban, st. v., to raise, to lift, w. ace. : inf. siSSan ic hond and rond hebban mihte, 657; pret. part, ha- fen, 1291; hafen, 3024. S-hebban, to raise, to lift from, to take away : was . . . icge gold Sha- fen of horde, taken up from the hoard, 1 109 ; )>lt was . . . w6p up ahafen, a cry of distress raised, 1 28, 202 GLOSSARY. ge-hegan (O.H.G. hagjan), w. v., to enclose, to fence : ting gehegan, to mark off the court, hold court. Here figurative : inf. sceal . . . ana gehegan Hng wiS Jjyrse {shall alone decide the matter with Cren- del), 425. Iiel,st. i.,heU: nom. sg., 853; ace. sg. helle, 179; dat. sg.helle, 101,589; (asinstr.), 789; gen. sg. helle, 1275. hel-toend, St. {., bond of hell : instr. pi. hell-bendum fast, 3073. hel-rflna, w. m., sorcerer : nom. pi. helrClnan, 163. be-helan, st. v., to conceal, to hide : pret. part, be-holen, 414. helm, St. m. : l) protection Ui gen- eral, defence, covering that protects: ace. sg. on helm, 1393; under helm, 1746. — 2) helmet : nom. sg., 1630; ace. sg. helm, 673, 1023, 1527, 2988; (helo, MS.), 2724; brfln-fSgne, gold-fihne helm,26l6, 2812; dat. sg. under helme, 342, 404; gen. sg. helmes, 1031; ace. pi. helmas, 240, 2639. — 3) defence, protector, designation of the king: nom. sg. helm Scyldinga (Hro^- g^Oi 371.456. 1322; ace. sg. heo- fena helm Qfie defender of the heavens = God), 182; helm Scyl- finga, 2382. — Comp. : grim-, gftt)'-, hea^o-, niht-helm. ofer-helinlan, w. v. w. ace., to cov- er over, to overhang: pres. sg. III. ofer-helmaB, 1365. helm-'berend, pres. part., helm- -cvearing (warrior) : ace. pi. helm- berend, 2518, 2643. helpan, st. v., to help : inf. Jjat him holt-wudu helpan ne meahte, lind wilS lige, that a wooden shield could not help him, a linden shield against flame, 2341 ; )jat him !ren- na ecge mihton helpan at hilde, 2685; wutun gangan tS, helpan hildfruman, let us go thitherto help the battle-chief, 2650; w. gen. on- gan . . . maeges helpan, began to help my kinsman, 2880; so, pret. sg. twr he his maeges (MS. mage- nes) healp, 2699. help, helpe, I., help, support: in strong form, i ace. sg. helpe, 551, 1553 ; dat. sg. to helpe, 1831. In weak form: ace. sg. helpan, 2449. hende, adj.,-^t wel herige, 1834. — Leo. hete, St. m., hate, enmity : nom. sg. 142,2555. — Comp. : ecg-, mor^or-, wlg-hete. hete-Uc, adj., hated: nom. sg., 1268. betend, hettend, (pres. part, of hetan, see hatlan), enemy, hostis : nom. pi. hetende, 1829 ; dat. pi. wi'S hettendum, 3005. hete-niS', st. m., enmity full of hate: ace. pi. hete-ni'Sas, 152. hete-swenge, st. m., a blow from hate : ace. pi. hete-swengeas, 2226. hete-]>anc, st. ni., hate-thoiight, a hostile design : dat. pi. mid his hete-J>ancum, 475. hSdan, ge-hgdan, w. v. w. gen.; i) to protect: pret. sg. ne hSdde he bas heafolan, did not protect his head, 2698. — 2) to obtain : ,%\i>0). pret. sg. III. gehSdde, 505. hSrian, w. v. w. ace, to praise, to commend; with reference to God, to adore : inf. heofena helm herian ne cCl^on, could not worship the defence of the heavens (God), 182; ne hftru Hildeburh hSrian Jiorfte eotena tredwe, had no need to praise the fidelity of the yules, 1072; pres. subj. hat mon his wine- dryhten wordum hSrge, 3177. g e - heafferlan, w. v., to force, to press in : pret. part, ge-hea^erod, 3073- heaSo-byrne, w. f ., battle-mail, shirt of mail : nom. sg., 1553. heaffo-dedr, adj., bold in battle, brave : nom. sg,, 689 ; dat. pi. hea^o-dedrum, 773. heaUo-fyr, st. n., battle-fire, hostile fire : gen. sg. heatSu-fJres, 2523 ; instr. pi. healSo-fJrum, 2548, of the drake's fire-spewing. heaSfo-grim, adj., grim in battle, 548. heaffo-helm, st. m., battle-helmet, war-helmet : nom. sg., 3i57(?). heaffo-iac, st. n., battle-play, battle : dat. sg. at hea'So-lSce, 584 ; gen. sg. heaiSo-lSces hSl, 1975. heaffo-msere, adj., renowned in battle:' ace. pi. -maere, 2803. heaffe-raes, st. m., storm of battle, attack in battle, entrance by force: nom. sg,, 557; acc.pl. -rsesas, 1048; gen. pi. -rsesa, 526. heaffo-redf, st. m,, battle-dress, eqttipment for battle : ace. sg. ')xs.^o-x^i.i\ie.d\&o'a(^kepttheeqtiip- ments), 401. heaSo-rinc, st. m., battle-hero, tvar- ■rior ; ace. sg. hone hea^o-rine (HrS'Sel's son, tfe'Scyn), 2467 ; dat. pi. hsem healSo-rincum, 370. heaffo-r6f, adj., renowned in battle : nom. sg., 381 ; nom. pi. hea"So- rofe, 865. heaffo-scearp, adj., sharp in battle. 204 GLOSSARY. bold: nom. pi. (-scearde, MS.), 2830. liealffo-se6c, adj., battle-sick: dat. sg. -siocum, 2755. heaffo-stedp, adj., high in battle, excelling in battle: nom. sg. in weak form, hea'So-steapa, 1 246 ; ace. sg. hea^o-steapne, 2154, both times of the helmet. heaSo-swat, st. m., blood of battle : dat. sg. heaSo-swdte, 1607 ; as instr., 1461 ; gen. pi. hStost hea^o- swSta, 1669. heaUo-sweng, st. m., battle-stroke (blow of the sword) : dat. sg. after hea^u-swenge, 2582. heaffo-torht, adj., 'loud, clear in battle : nom. sg. stefn . . . hea'So- torht, the voice clear in battle, 2554. heatCo-waed, st. f., battle-dress, coat of mail, armor : instr. pi. heatSo- wa;dum, 39. heaffo-Tveorc, st. f., battle-work, battle : ace. sg., 2893. heaffo-wylm, st. m ., hostile {flame-') wave : ace. pi. hSte heaSo-wylmas, 2820; gen. pi. heaSo-wylma, 82. heaf, St. n., sea : ace. pi. ofer heafo, 2478. heafola. See hafela. beal, St. f., hall, main apartment, large building (consisting of an assembly-hall and a banqueting- hall) : nom. sg. heal, 1 152, 1215 ; heall, 487; ace. sg. healle, 1088; dat. sg. healle, 89, 615, 643, 664, 926, loio, 1927, etc. ; gen. sg. [healle], 389. — Comp. : gif-, meodo- heal. heal-arn, st. n., hall-building, hall- house : gen. sg. heal-arna, 78. heal-gamen, st. n., social enjoyment in the hall, hall-joy : nom. sg., 1067.* heal-reced, st. n., hall-building: ace. sg., 68. beal-slttend, pi-es. part., sitting in the hall (at the banquet) : dat. pi. heal-sittenduni,2869; gen.pl.heal- sittendra, 2016. heal-]jegn, st. m., hall-thane, i.e. a warrior who holds the hall: gen. sg. heal-Jjegnes, of Grendel, 142; ace. pi. heal-l'egnas, of BedwulPs band, 720. heal-wudu, hall-wood, i.e. hall built of wood: nom. sg., 1318. taealdan, st. v. w. ace: i) to hold, to hold fast; to support : pret. pi. hft \>t stSnbogan . . . 8ce eorfSreced innan heoldon (MS. healde), how the arches of rock within held the everlasting earth-house, 2720. Pret. sg., with a person as object : hedld hine t8 faste, held him too fast, 789; w. the dat. he him freondUrum heold, supported him with friendly advice, 2378. — 2) to hold, to watch, to preserve, to keep ; reflexive, to maintain one's self, to keep one's self: pres. sg. II. eal Jju hit ge)>yl- dum healdest, magen mid m6des snyttrum, all that preservest thou continuously, strength and wisdom of mind, \']ofi; III. healdel! hige- mSSum heafod-wearde, holds for the dead the head-watch, 2910; imp. sg. II; heald for'S tela niwe sibbe, keep well, from n07V on, the newrelationship,^^^;\i&a\.i(hto\d, MS.) l>u nu hruse . . . eorla aehte, preserve thou now. Earth, the noble men's possessions, 2248 ; inf. se >e holmclifu healdan scolde, watch the sea-cliffs, 220; 50,705; nacan . . . drum healdan, to keep well your vessel, 296; wearde healdan, 319; forlgton eorla gestreon eoriSan heal- dan, 3168; pres. part, dream heal- GLOSSARY. 205 dende, holding rejoicing (i.e. thou who art rejoicing), 1228; pret. sg. he61d hine sy'S^an fyr and faster, kept himself afterwards afar and more secure, 142; segwearde he61d, I have (Jdtherto) kept watch on the sea, 241 ; so, 305 ; hiold heah- lufan wiS halelSa brego, preserved high love, 1955; ginfastan gife , . . hedld, 2184; gold-mSSmas heold, took care of the treasures of gold, 2415; heold mln tela, protected ivell mine own, 2738 ; tonne . . . sceft . . . nytte heold, had employment, was employed, 3119; heold mec,^ro^f^/- ed, i.e. brought me up, 243 1 ; pret. pi. hea*5o-reaf heoldon, watched over the armor, 401 ; sg. for pi. heafodbeorge . . . walan fltan he61d, outwards, bosses kept guard over the head, 1032. — Related to the preced- ing meaning are the two following ; 3) to rule and protect the father- land: inf. gif J>u healdan vvylt maga rice, 1853; pret. heold, 57, 2738. — 4) to hold, to have, to possess, to in- habit : inf. 18t ))one brego-st61 Beo- wulf healdan, 2390; gerund, to healdanne hledburh wera, 1732; pret. sg. heold, 103, 161,466, 1749, 2752; lyftwynne heold nihtes hwt- lum, at night-time had the enjoy- ment of the air, 3044; pret. pi. Geata ledde hreSwtc heoldon, the Gedtas held the place of corpses (lay dead upon it), 1215; pret. sg. ])aer he6 asr mseste heold worolde Wynne, in which she formerly pos- sessed the highest earthly joy, 1080. — 5) /» win, to receive : pret. pi. I. heoldon heah gesceap, we received a heavy fate, heavy fate befell us, 3085. be-healdan, w. ace: l) to take care of, to attend to : pret. sg. Jjegn nytte behe61d, a thane discharged the office, 494 ; so, 668. — 2) to hold: pret. sg. se >e fl6da begong . . . behedld, 1499. — 3) to look at, to behold: J>ry'Sswy'S behedld msg HigelSces hCl . . ., great woe saw H.'s kinsman, how . . ., ^3^. for-healdan,w. ace, (_to hold bad- ly), to fall away from, to rebel: pret. part, hafdon hy forhealden \yAm.%Q.-'j\^n^&,had rebelled against the defender of the Scylfings, 2382. ge-healdan : l) to hold, to receive, to hold fast: pres. sg. III. se )>e waldendes hyldo gehealde'5, who receives the Lord's grace, 2294 ; pres. subj. Sder alwalda . '. . eowic gehealde sKSa gesunde, keep you sound on your journey, ■31'] ; inf. ne meahte he ... on J>am frum- gSre feorh gehealdan, could not hold back the life in his lord, 2857. — 2) to take care, to pre- serve, to watch over ; to stop : imp. sg. hafa nu and geheald hflsa s§- lest, 659; inf. gehealdan hSthilde- geatwe, 675; pret. sg. he fratwe geheold fela missera, 2621; jjone Jje £Er gehedld \vi^ hettendum hord and rice, him who before preserved treasure and realm, 3004. — 3) to rule: inf. folc gehealdan, 912; pret. sg. geheold tela (billde rice), 2209. bealf,'st. f., half, side, part: ace. sg. on hd healfe, towards this side, i6y6; dat. sg. haletSum be healfe, at the heroes' side, 2263; ace. pi. on twS healfa, upon two sides, mu- tually, 1096; on bH healfa (healfe), on both sides (to Grendel and his mother), 1306 ; on two sides, on both sides, 2064 ; gen. pi. on healfa gehwone, in half, through the middle, 801. 206 GLOSSARY. healf, adj., half: gen. sg. healfre, 1088. heals, St. m., neck : ace. sg. heals, 2692; dat. sg. wis halse, 1567; be healse, 1873. — Comp. : the ad- jectives fSmig-, wunden-heals. heals-beAh, st. m ., neck-ring, collar: ace. sg. l)One heals-beah, 2173 ; gen. pi. heals-beaga, 1196. heals-gebedde, w. f., beloved bed- fellow, -wife: nom. sg. healsge- bedde (MS. healsgebedda), 63. healslan, w. v. w. ace, to entreat earnestly, to implore : pi'et. sg. \>k se Jpeoden mec . . . healsode hredh- m6d )jat . . ., entreated ine sorrotv- ful, that . . ., 2133. heard, adj.; i) of persons, able, efficient in war, strong, brave: nom. sg. heard, 342, 376, 404, 1575, 2540, etc. ; in weak form, se hearda, 401, 1964; se hearda Jiegn, 2978; (les hearda heap, 432; nom. pi. hearde hilde-frecan, 2206; gen. pi. heardra, 989. Compara- tive : ace. sg. heardran hale, 720. With accompanying gen. : wlges heard, strong in battle, 887; dat. sg. nl^a heardum, 21 71. — 2) of the implements of war, good, firm, sharp, hard : nom. sg. (gflS-byrne, llc-syrce) heard, 322, 551. In weak form: masc. here-stral hearda, 1436; seheardahelm, 2256; neutr. here-net hearde, 1554; ace. sg. (swurd, W9epen), heard, 540, 2688, 2988; nom. pi. hearde . . . homera ISfe, 2830; heard and hring-mael Hea^obeardna gestreon, 2038 ; ace. pi. heard sweord, 2639. Of other things, hard, rough, harsh, hard to bear: nom.sg. hrelSer-bealo hearde, 1344 ; wr6ht . . . heard, 2915; here-ni^ hearda, 2475 ; ace. sg. heoro-sweng heardne, 1591 ; instr. sg. heardan eeape, 2483; instr. pi. heardan, heardum clam- mum, 964, 1336; gen. pi. heardra hynfe, 166. Compar. : ace. sg. heardran feohtan, 576. — Comp.: f^r-, tren-, nl^-, regen-, scttr-heard. hearde, adv., hard, very, 1439. heard-ecg, st. f., sharp sword, sword good in battle : nom. sg., 1 289. heard-f yrde, adj ., hard to lake away, heavy : ace. sg. hard-fyrdne, 2246. — Leo. heard-hycgend, pres. part., of a ■warlike disposition, brave : nom. pi. -hiegende, 394, 800. hearg-traf, st. n., tent of the gods, temple: dat. pi. at harg-trafum (MS. hraerg trafum), 175. hearm, st. m., harm, injury, insult : dat. sg. mid hearme, 1893. taearm-sceaffa, w. m., enemy caus- ing injury or grief: nom. sg. hearm-sca'Sa, 767. hearpe, w. f., harp : gen. sg. hear- pan swSg, 89, 3024; heatpan Wynne (wyn), 2108, 2263. hed9u, f., sea, waves: ace. sg.heaSii, 1863. he^ffu-lfSTend, pres. ^art.,sea-farcr, sailor: nom. pi. -IttSende, 1799; dat. pi. -ItUendum (designation of the Geatas), 2956. he^od, St. n., head: ace. sg., 48, 1640; dat. sg. heafde, 1591, 2291, 2974; dat. pi. heafdum, 1243. heAfod-bcorh, st. f., head-defence, protection for the head: ace. sg. heafod-beorge, 1031. hedfod-mseg, st. m.,head-kinsman, near blood-relative : dat. pi. hea- fod-maegum {brothers), 589; gen. pi. heafod-maga, 2152. hedfod-scgn, st. n., head-sign, ban- ner : ace. sg., 2153. hedfod-weard, st. f., head-watch : GLOSSARY. 207 ace. sg. healde'S . . . heafod-wearde ledfes and \§cSes, for the friend ffnrf^/«/oir(Be6wulf andthe drake, who lie dead near each other), 2910. liedh, hed, adj., high, noble (in composition, also primus) : nom. sg. heah Healfdene, 57; hea (Hi- gelSc), 1927; heah (sele), 82; heah hlzew, 2806, 3159; ace. sg. heah (segn), 48, 2769;. heahne (MS. heanne) hrSf, 984; dat. sg. in (tS) sele ))am hean, 714, 920; gen. sg. hean h&ses, 116. — high, heavy : ace. heah geseeap {an un- usual, heavy fate"), 3085. hcd-burli, st. f., high city, first city of a country : ace. sg., 1 1 28. bedh-cyning, st. m., high king, mightiest of the kings; gen. sg. -eyninges (of IlrB'iSgSr) , 1040. lieAh - gestre6n, st. n., splendid ireasicre : gen. pi. -gestredna, 2303. heih-lufe, w. f., high love : ace. sg. heah-lufan, 1955. hedh-sele, st. m., high hall,first hall in the land, hall of the ruler : dat. sg. heah-sele, 648. hedh-setl, st. n., high seat, throne : ace. sg., 1088. IieAh-stede, st. m., high place, rul- er's place: dat. sg. on heah-stede, 285. licdn, adj., depressed, Imv, despised, miserable: nom. sg., 1275, 2100, 2184, 2409. hedp, St. m., heap, crowd, troop : nom. sg. J>egna heap, 400; }>es hearda heap, this brave band, 432; ace. sg.here-seeafta heap, the crowd of spears, 335 ; mago-rinca heap, 731 ; dat. sg. on heape, in a compact body, as many as there were of them, 2597. — Comp. wig- heap. hedwan, st. v., to hew, to cleave : mi., 801. ge-heawan, cleave: pres. subj. ge- heawe, 683. heo9u, St. f., the interior of a build- ing: dat. sg. ))at he on heolSe ge- stod, in the interior (of the hall, Heorot), 404. taeofon, st. m., heaven : nom. sg., 3157; dat. sg. hefene, 1572; gen. sg. heofenes, 414, 576, 1802, etc.; gen. pi. heofena, 182; dat. pi. under heofenum, 52, 505. heolfor, st. n., putrid or festering blood: dat. instr. sg. hStan heol- fve, 850, 1424; heolfre, 2139; un- der heolfre, 1303. heolster, st. n., haunt, hiding-place : ace." sg. on heolster, 756. heonan, adv., _ hence, from here : heonan, 252; heonon, 1362. heor, St. m., door-hinge . nom. pi. heorras, 1000. heorde, adj. See wunden-heorde. heorff-genedt, st. m., hearth-com- panion, i.e. a vassal of the king, in whose castle he receives his liveli- hood: nom. pi. heor'S-geneatas, 261,3181; ace. pi. heor'S-geneatas, 1581, 2181; dat. pi. heor^-genea- tum, 2419. heorot, st. m., stag : nom. sg., 1 370. heorte, w. n., heart: nom. sg., 2562; dat. sg. at heortan, 2271 ; gen. sg. heortan, 2464, 2508. — Comp. : the adjectives bliiS-, grora-, rflm-, starc-heort. heoru, st. m., sword: nom. sg. heoru bunden (cf. under bludan), 1286. In some of the following com- pounds heoro- seems to be con- founded with here- (see here) . heoro-blS.c, adj., pale through the sword, fatally wounded: nom. sg. [heoro-]bUc, 2489. 208 GLOSSARY. heoru-dre6r, st. m., sword-blood.' instr. sg. heoni-dre6re,487; heoro- dreore, 850. Iieoro-dreorig, adj., bloody through the sword: nom. sg., 936; ace. sg. heoro-dredrigne, 1781, 2721. heoro-drync, st. m., sword-drink, i.e. blood shed by the sword : instr. pi. hioro-dryncum swealt, died through sword-drink, i.e. struck by the sword, 2359. heoro-glfrc, adj., eager for Iiostile inroads : nom. sg., 1499. heoro-grim, adj., sword-grim, fierce in battle : nom. sg. m., 1565; fem. -grimme, 1848. hcoro-hOclht, adj., provided with barbs, sharp like swords : instr. pi. mid eofer-spreotum heoro-hocyh- tum, 1439. heoro-serce, w. f., shirt of mail : ace. sg. hioro-sereean, 2540. heoro-sweng, st. m., sword-stroke : ace. sg. 1591. heoro-vceallende, pres. part., roll- ing around fighting, of the drake, 2782. See -wealUan. liooro-wearh, st.ia. ,hewho is sword- cursed, who is destined to die by the sword : nom. sg., 1268. heofan, st. v., to lament, to moan: part. nom. pi. hiofende, 3143. S-heoran, to free (?) : w. ace. pret. sg. bryd Sheorde, 2931. heope, adj., pleasant, not haunted, secure : nom. sg. fem. nis J^at he6ru stSw, that is no secure place, 1373. — Comp. un-heore (-hjre). hider, adv., hither, 240, 370, 394, 3093, etc. ofer-lilglan, w. v. (according to theeonneetion,probably),&^.r«^(f, 2767. (O.H.G. ubav-hugjan, to be arrogant^ hlld, St. f., battle, combat : nom. sg., 452, 902, 1482, 2077; hild heoru- grimme, 1848; ace. sg. hilde, 648; instr. sg. hilde, through the combat, 2917; dat. sg. at hilde, 1 46 1. hilde-bil, st. n., battle-sword : nom. sg., 1667; instr. dat. sg. hilde-bille, 557. 1521- hilde-bord, st. u., battle-shield: ace. pi. hilde-bord, 397; instr. pi. -bor- dum, 3140. hilde-cystj st. f., excellence in battle, bravery in battle: instr.pl. -eystum, 2599- Iillde-de6r, adj., bold in battle, brave in battle : nom. sg., 3 1 2, 835, 1647, 1817; hilde-didr, 31 12; nom.pl. hilde-deore, 3171. hUde-f reca, w. m., hero in battle : nom. pi. hilde-frecan, 2206; dat. sg. hild-freean, 2367. hilde-geatwe, st. f. pi., equipment for battle, adornment for combat : ace. hilde-geatwe, 67s; gen. -geat- wa, 2363. hllde-gicel, st. m., battle-icicle, i.e. the blood which hangs upon the sword-blades like icicles : instr. pi. hilde-gicelum, 1607. hUde-grap, st. f., battle-gripe : nom. sg., 1447, 2508. hilde-hlemma, w. m., one raging in battle, warrior, fighter : nom. sg., 2352, 2545 ; dat. pi. eft J>at ge-eode . . . hilde-hliimmum, it happened to the warriors (the Geatas), 2202. hilde-Ie6ina, w. m., battle-light, gleam of battle, hence : l) the fire- spewing of the drake in the fight : nom. pi. -leoman, 2584. — 2) the gleaming sword : ace. sg. -leoman, 1 144. hilde-mecg, st. m., man of battle, warrior: nom. pi. hilde-meegas, 8cxj. GLOSSARY. 209 hilde-mSce, st. m., battle-sword : nom. pi. -miceas, 2203. hilde-rand, st. m., battle-shield : ace. pi. -randas, 1243. Iiilde-raes, st. m., storm of battle : ace. sg., 300. MIde-rliic, St. m., man of battle, •warrior, hero: nom. sg., 1 308, 3125, 3137; dat. sg. hilde-rince, 1496; gen. sg. hilde-rinces, 987. hilde-sat, adj., satiated with battle, not wishing to fight any more .'ace. sg. hilde-sadne, 2724. bilde-sceorp, st. n., battle-dress, armor, coat of mail: ace. sg., 2156. Mlde-setl, st. n., battle-seat (saddle) : nom. sg., 1040. hilde-strengo, f., battle-strength, bravery in battle: ace., 21 14. hilde-swat, st. m., battle-sweat: nom. sg. hSt hilde-swSt (the hot, damp breath of the drake as he rushes on), 2559. hllde-tux, St. m., battle-tooth : instr. pi. hilde-tuxum, 1512. hilde-waepen, st. m., battle-weapon : instr. pi. -waepnum, 39. hilde-wisa, w. m., leader in battle, general : dat. sg. fore Healfdenes hildewlsan, of Healf dene's general (Hnaf), 1065. hild-freca. See hilde-freca. hild-f ruma, st. m., battle-chief: dat. sg. -fruma, 1679, 2650 ; gen. sg. J)as hild-fruman, 2836. hild-Iata, w. m., he who is late in battle, coward : nom. pi. J>S hild- latan, 2847. hilt, St. n., sword-hilt: nom. sg. gylden hilt, 1678; ace. sg. J)at hilt, 1669; hylt, 1668. Also used in the plural; ace. J>a hilt, 1615; dat.pl. be hiltum, 1575. — Comp. : fetel-, wreo'Sen-hilt. hilte-cumbor, st. n., banner with a staff: ace, sg., 1023. hilted, piet. part., provided with a hilt or handle : aec. sg. heard swyrd hilted, sword with a (rich) hilt, 2988. hin-fus, adj., ready to die : nom. sg. hyge was him hinffts (i.e. he felt that he should not survive), 756. blndema, adj. superl., hindmost, last : instr. sg. hindeman sKe, the last time, for the last time, 2050, 2518. hlrde, hyrde, st. m., {herd) keeper, guardian, possessor: nom. sg. folces hyrde,6ii, 1833, 2982; rices hyrde, 2028 ; fyrena hyrde, the guardian of mischief, wicked one, 75 1, 2220; wuldres hyrde, the king of glory, God, 932; hringa hyrde, the keeper of the rings, 2246; eumbles hyrde, the possessor of the banner, the bearer of the banner, 2506 ; folces hyrde, 1850; fratwa hyrde, 3134; rices hyrde, 3081; ace.pl. hdses hyrdas, 1667. — Comp. ; grund-hyrde. hit (O.N. hita), st. f.( ?), heat : nom. sg. benden hyt s^, 2650. hladan, st. v.: \) to load, to lay: inf. on bael hladan ledfne man- nan, lay the dear man on the funeral-pile, 2127; him on bearm hladan bunan and diseas, laid cups and plates upon his bosom, loaded himself with them, 2776; pret. part. Jjser was wunden gold on wien hla- den, laid upon the 7aain, 3135. — 2) to load, to burden : pret. part. >4 was . . . ssegeap naca hladen herewaedum, loaded with armor, 1898. — Comp. gilp-hladen. ge-hladan, w. ace, to load, to bur- den : pret. sg. ssebSt gehlod (MS. gehleod), 896. 210 GLOSSARY. hl&ford, St. m., lord, ruler : nom. sg., 2376; ace. sg., 267; dat. sg. hiaforde, 2635; gen. sg. hlSfoides, 3181. — Comp. eald-hlaford. hiaford-lcds, adj., without a lord: nom. pi. hlaford-lease, 2936. hl&vp, hljEw, St. ra.,hill, grave-hill : ace. sg. hlaew, 2803, 3159, 3171; dat. sg. for hldwe, 1121. Also, grave-chamber (the interior of the grave-hill), cave: ace. sg. hlSw [under] hrusan, 2277 ; hla;w under hrusan, 2412; dat. sg. on hlaewe, 2774. The drake dwells in the rocky cavern which the former owner of his treasure had chosen as his burial-place, 2242-2271. blast, St. n., burden, load : dat. sg. hlaste, 52. hleni, St. m., noise, din of battle, noisy attack: in the compounds, uht-, wal-hlem. hlemma, w. m., one raging, one who calls ; see liilde-hlemma. S - hlehhan, st. v., to laugh aloud, to shout, to exult : pret. sg. his mod Shlog, his mood exulted, 731. Weahtor, st. m., laughter: nom. sg,, 612; ace. sg., 3021. hledpan, st. v., to run, to trot, to spring: inf. hleapan ISton . . . feal- we mearas, 865. i-hleapan, to spring up: pret. ahleop, 1398. hleoffu. See hUaF. hleonian, w. v., to incline, to hang over : inf. o^ hat he . . . fyrgen- beamas ofer hSrne st^n hleonian funde, till he found mountain-trees hanging over the gray rods, 1416. hlc6, St. m., shady, protected place ; defence, shelter; figurative desig- nation of the king, or of powerful nobles : wigendra hied, of Hr3^- gdr, 489; of Sigemund, 900; of Beowulf, 1973, 2338; eorla hied, of HrotSgar, 1036, 1867; of Bed- wulf, 792; of Hygellc, 2191. hieo-burh, st. f.; ruler's castle or city : ace. sg., 913, 1732. hlc68for-cwyde, st. m., speech of solemn sound, ceremonious words, 1980. hle6r, st. n., cheek, jaw : in comp. fated-hledr (adj.). hlc6r-bera, w. m., cheek-bearer,\he part of the helmet that reaches down over the cheek and protects it:acc.pl.oferhledr-beran(wwff?-?), 304- hle6r-bolster, st. m., cheek-bolster, pillow : nom. sg., 689. bledtaii, st. v. w. ace., to obtain by lot, to attain, to get : pret. sg. feorh- wunde hleat, 2386. hlifian, w. v., to rise, to be promi- nent: inf. hlifian, 2806; pret. hli- fade, 81, 1800, 1899. Miff, St. n., cliff, precipice of a moun- tain: dat. sg. on hlilSe, ^159; gen. sg. hli^es, 1893; pi. hlilSu in com- position, stSn-hli^u; hleo^uinthe compounds fen-, mist-, nas-, wulf- hleolSu. lilln-bed(Frisian hlen-bed, Richt- hofen 206''', for which another text has cronk-bed), st. n., k\i- yiSiov, bed for reclining, sick-bed : ace. sg. hlim-bed, 3035. to-hlidan, st. v., to spring apart,to burst : pret. part. nom. pi. t3-hli- dene, 1000. hliid, adj., loud: ace. sg. dreatn . . . hlfldne, 89. hlyn, St. m., din, noise, clatter: nom. sg., 612. talynnan, hlynian, w. v., to sound, to resound: inf. hlynnan (of the voice), 2554; of fire, to crackle: pret. Sg. hlynode, 1121. GLOSSARY. 211 hlynsian, w. v., to resound, to crash : pret. sg. rcced hlynsode, 771. hlytm, St. m., tot : dat. sg. nas }pi on hlytme, hwS Jjat hord strude, it did not depend upon lot who should plunder the hoard, i.e. its posses- sion was decided, 3127. hnab, adj.: l) low, inferior : comp. ace. sg. hnSgran, 678; dat. sg. hn^hran rince, an inferior hero, one less brave, 953. — 2) famil- iarly intimate; nom. sg. nSs hi6 hndh swi ]>eah, was nevertheless not familiarly intimate (with the Geatas, i.e. preserved her royal dig- nity towards them), (niggardly'!'), 1930. hnaegan, w. v. w. ace., (fornsegan), io speak to, to greet : pret. sg. J>at he Jjone wisan wordum hnaegde frean Ingwina, 1319. ge-hnsegan, w. ace., to bend, to humiliate, to strike down, to fell ; pret. sg. ge-hnaegde helle gSst, 1275 ; J>£er hyne Hetware hilde gehnsegdon, 2917. hnttan, st. v., to dash against, to encounter, here of the collision of hostile bands : pret. pi. Jjonne hni- ton (hnitan) fSlSan, 1328, 2545. holSFma, w. m., place of concealment, cave, hence, the grave : dat. sg. in hodman, 2459. bof, st. n., enclosed space, court-yard, estate, manor-house: ace. sg. hof (HroSgSr's residence), 312; dat. sg. t8 hofe sinum (Grendel's home in the sea), 1508; tS hofe (Hyge- ISc's residence), 1975 ; ace. pi. beorhthofu,23l4; dat. pl. to hofum Geata, 1837. hogode. See hycgan. bold, adj., inclined io, attached to, gracious, dear, true : nom. sg. w. dat. of the person, hold weorod frean Scyldinga, a band well dis- posed to the lord of the Scyldings, 290 ; mandrihtne hold, 1230; Hy- gelSce was . . . nefa swy'Se hold, to H. was his nephew (Beowulf) very much attached, 2171 ; ace. sg. >urh holdne 'h.ige, from a kindly feeling, with honorable mind, 267; holdne wine, 376; holdne, 1980; gen. pl. holdra, 487. hold. See bealdan. holm, St. m., deep sea : nom. sg., 5 1 9, 1132,2139; ace. sg., 48, 633; dat. sg.holme, 543, 1436, 1915 ; ace. pl. holmas, 240. — Comp. waeg-holm. holm-clif, St. n., sea-cliff: dat. sg. onJ)amholm-clife, 1422; from tiam holmclife, 1636 ; ace. pl. holm- clifu, 230. holm-wylm, st. m., the waves of the sea : dat. sg. holm-wylme, 2412. holt, St. n., wood, thicket, forest: aec. sg. on holt, 2599 ; holt, 2847. — Comp. : asc-, fyrgen-, gSr-, Hrefnes-holt. holt--wudu,st. m.,yor«^ra/(JO(/.- 1) of the /material : nom. sg., 2341. — 2) = forest: ace. sg., 1370. • hord, St. m. and n., hoard, treasure : nom. sg., 2284, 3085; beaga hord, 2285; mS'Sma hord, 3012; ace. sg. hord, 913, 2213, 2320, 2510, 2745. 2774, 2956, 3057; sawle hord, 2423; ))at hord, 3127; dat. sg. of horde, 1 109; for horde, on account of (the robbing of) the hoard, 2782 ; hse'Snuni horde, 2217; gen. sg. hordes, 888. — Comp. : beah-, breost-, word-,wyrm- hord. hord-arn, st. n., place in which a treasure is kept, treasure-room : dat. hord- arne, 2832; gen.pl.hord- arna, 2280. hord-burh, st. f., city in which is 212 GLOSSARY. the treasure (of the king's), ruler^s castle : ace. sg., 467. hord-gestreon, st. n., hoard-treas- ure, preciot4s treasure : dat. pi. hord-gestiednum, 1900; gen. pi magen-byrSenne hord - gestredna, the great burden of rich treasures, 3093- hord-mS^SSum, st. m., treasure- jewel, precious jewel: ace. (-inadmum, MS.), 1 199. hord-wcla, w. m., treasure-riches, abundance of treasures : ace. sg. hord-welan, 2345. hord-Tveard, st. m., warder of the treasure, hoard-warden : l) of the king: nora. sg., 1048; ace. sg., 1 853. — 2) of the drake : nom. sg., 2294, 2303, 2555, 2594. hord-weor3ung, st. f., ornament out of the treasure, rich ornament : ace. sg. -weorlSunge, 953. hord-Tpyn, st. f., treasure-joy, joy- giving treasure : ace. sg. hord- wynne, 2271. born, St. n., horn: l) upon an ani- mal : instr. pi. heorot hornum trum, 1370. — 2) wind-instrument : nom. sg., 1424; ace. sg., 2944.— Comp. gft'5-horn. horn-boga, w. m., bow made of horn : dat. sg. of horn-bogan, 2438. born-gedp, adj., of great extent be- tween the (stag-)horns adorning the gables (?) : nom. sg. sele . . . heah and horn-geap, 82. horn-reced, st. n., building whose two gables are crowned by the halves of a stag's antler(?) : ace. sg., 705. Cf. Heyne's Treatise on the Hall, Heorot, p. 44. bors, St. n., horse : nom. sg., 1400. b6ciht, adj., provided with hooks, hooked: in comp. heoro-h3ciht. be-bOfian, w. v. w. gen., to need, to want: pres. sg. IH. nu is se dag cumen Jjat Are man-dryhten mage- nes behofaiS godra gflSrinca, nom is the day come when our lord needs the might of strong warriors, ■2.(si^. on- bdbsnian, w.v.,to hinder: pret. sg. Jiat onhShsnode Heminges majg (on hohsnod, MS.), 1945. hdllnga, adv., in vain,without rea- son, 1077. be- bdn, st. v., to hang with : pret. part, helmum behongen, 3140. bdp, St. n., protected place, place of refuge, place of concealment, in the compounds fen-, m8r-h3p. hds (Goth, hansa), st. f., accompany- ing troop, escort : instr. sg. magtJa h3se, with an accompanying train of sermngwomen, 925. braffe, adv., hastily, quickly, imme- diately, 224, 741, 749, 1391, etc.; hralSe, 1438; hrefSe, 992; compar. hratSor, 543. bran-fix, st. m., whale: ace. pi. hron-fixas, 540. bran-r&d, st. m., whale-road, i.e. sea : dat. sg. ofer hron-rSde, 10. hrS., St. n., corpse : nom. sg., 1589. br3,-f yl, st. m., fall of corpses, kill- ing, slaughter: ace. sg., 277. ' bradlice, adv., hasty, quick, imme- diate, 356, 964. brafn, brefn, st. m., raven : nom. sg. hrefn blaca, black raven, 1802; se wonna hrefn, the dark raven, 3025 ; dat. sg. hrefne, 2449. bragi, St. 11., dress, garment, armor: nora. sg., 1 196 ; gen. sg., hragles, 1218 ; gen, pi. hragla, 454. — Comp. : beado-, fyrd-, mere-hragl. breate. See braffe. breiSer, st. m., breast, bosom : nom. sg. hreSer inne weoll (it surged in GLOSSARY. 213 his breast'), 2114; hre&r re^me weoU, 2594 ; dat. sg. in hie'Sre, 1 152; of hre'Sre, 2^20. — Breast as the seat of feeling, heart: dat. sg. Jiat was . . . hre'Sre hygem^lSe, that was depressing to the heart (of the slayer, Hae'Scyn'), 2443 ; on hre'Sre, 1879, 2329; gen. pi. J>urh hre^ra gehygd, 2046. — Breast as seat of life : instr. sg. hre^re, parallel with aldre, 1447. hreffer-bealo, st. n., evil that takes holdon the heart, evil severely felt: ace. sg., 1344. hrefn. See hrafn. hreaf, St. f., glory; in composition, gCliS-hrSS ; renown, assurance of victory, in sige-hr8'S. hr§ffe, adj., renowned in battle: nom. sg. hreS (on account of the following at, final e is elided, as wenicforwSne ic,442; fr8for and fiiltum for frofre and fultum, 699; firen ondrysne for firene ondr., 1933), 2576. hrelS-sIgor, st. m., glorious victory : dat. sg. hrfe'S-sigora, 2584. hrSmig, adj., boasting, exulting: with instr. and gen. hClSe hrSmig, 124; since hrSmig, 1883; fratwum hremig, 2055 ; nom. pi. nealles Hetware hrSmge Jjorfton (sc. we- san) fetSe-wlges, 2365. o n - hr€ran, w. v., to excite, to stir up: pret. part. on-hr8red, 549, 2555- hrea-'wlc, st. n., place of corpses : ace. sg. Geata ledde hreS-wlc heol- Aon, held the place of corpses, 121 5. hre&d, st. f., ornamentiT), in comp. earm-hread. See hre6l$an. bredm, st. m., noise, alarm : nom. sg., 1303- hredSra, w. m., ewer, in the com- pound bord-hredtSa. tareol^an, g e - hreoSan, st. v., to cover, to clothe ; only in the pret. part, hroden, gehroden, dressed, adorned: hroden, 495, 1023; ])S was heal hroden fednda feorum, then was the hall covered with the corpses of the enemy, 1 152; ge- hroden golde, adorned with gold, 304. — Comp. : beag-, gold-hroden. Ureoli, hreo-Wj hre6, adj., excited, stormy, wild, angry, raging; sad, troubled: nom. sg. (Bedwulf) hreoh and heoro-grim, 1565; tat Jiam gSdan was hreow on hre&e, {that came with violence upon him, pained his heart), 2329 ; hreo wjeron ^'Sa, the waves were angry, the sea stormy, 548; nas him hreoh sefa, his mind was not cruel, 2181; dat. sg. on hreon mode, of sad heart, 1308; on hreoum mode, angry at heart, 2582. hredb-mdd, adj., of sad heart, 21 ^y, angry at heart, 2297. hreosan, st. v., to fall, to sink, to rush : pret. hreas, 2489, 2832 ; pret. pi. hruron, 1075; hie on weg hruron, they rushed away, 1431; hruron him tearas, tears burst from him, 1873. be-hreosan, to fall from, to be di- vested of: pret. part. ace. pi. fyrn- manna fatu . . . hyrstum behrorene, divested of ornaments (from which the ornaments had fallen away), 2760. hredw, st. m., distress, sorrow : gen. pi. )>St was Hro%^re hredwa tor- nost, that was to Hrb^gdr the bit- terest of his sorrows, 2130. bring, st. m. : l) ring: ace. sg. Jjone hring,l203; bring gyldenne,28lO; ace. pi. hringas, 1196, 1971, 3035; gen. pi. hriiiga, 1508, 2246.— 2)shirt (t/"?;/!*?'/ (of interlaced rings) : nom. 214 GLOSSARY. sg. bring, 1 504 ; byrnan bring, 2261 . — Conip. bSn-hring. hringan, w. v., to give forth a sound, to ring, to rattle : pret. pi. byrnan hringdon, 327. hring-boga, w. m,, ojie who bends himself ijito a ring: gen. sg. bring- bogan (of the drake, bending him- self into a circle), 2562. hringed, pret. part., made of rings : nom. sg. hringed byrne, 1246; ace. sg. hringde byrnan, 2616. hringed-stefna, w. m., sAiJi whose stem is provided with iron rings (cramp-irons), especially of sea- going ships (cf. FriS-Jiiofs saga, i : ^orsteinn Stti skip )>at er Ellidi h8t, . . . bor'Sit war spengt iami) : nom. sg,, 32, 1898 ; ace. sg. hringed- stefnan, 1 132. hring-lren, st. u., sword ornament- ed with rings : nom. sg., 322. hrlng-mael, adj., marked with rings, i.e. ornamented with rings, or marked with characters of ring- form : nom. ace. sg., of the sword, 1522, I562(?); nom. pi. heard and bring-mael HealJobeardna ge- stredn {rich armor), 2038. hring-naca, w. m., ship with iron rings, sea-going ship: nom. sg., 1863. hring-net, st. n., ring-net, i.e. a shirt of interlaced rings : ace. sg., 2755; ace. pi. hring-net, 1890. hring-sele, st. m., ring-hall, i.e. hall in which are rings, or in which rings are bestowed : ace. sg,, 2841 ; datsg., 2011,3054. hriug-weorlffung, st. f., ring-or- nament: ace. sg. -weor^unge, 3018. hrinan, st. v. w. dat. : l) to touch, lay hold of: inf. )>at him heardra ndn hrinan wolde Iran ;Erg8d {that no good sword of valiant men would make an impression on him), 989; him for hrof-sele hrinan ne mehte fzergripe flodes {the sud- den grip of the flood might not touch him owing to the hall-roof), 15 16; Jjat Jiam hring-sele hrinan ne m6ste gumena a:nig {so that none might touch the ringed-hall), 3054; pret. sg. siiSISan he hine fol- mum [hr]in {as soon as he touched it with his hands), 723 ; 6'5 Jiat dealSes wylra hr^n at beortan {seized his heart), 2271. Pret. subj. )>eah te him wund hrlne {al- though he was wounded), 2977. — 2) (O.N. brina, sonare, clamare), to resound, rustle : pres. part. nom. pi. hrlnde bearwas (for brlnende), 1364. hroden. See hre63?an. hron-fix. See bran-flx. hrOffor, st. m., joy, beneficium : dat. sg. hrefne to hroiSre, 2449; gen. pi. hr8Sra, 2172. hrdf, St. m., roof, ceiling of a house : nom. sg., 1000 ; ace. sg. under Heorotes hrof, 403 ; under geapne brof, 838; geseah steapne hr8f (here inner roof, ceiling), 927 ; so, ofer heahne brof, 984 ; ymb J>as helmes hrSf, 1031 ; under beorges brGf, 2756. — Comp. inwit- brof. IirOf-sele, adj., covered hall: dat. sg. hrSf-sele, 1516. hrOr, adj., stirring, wide-awake, valorous : dat. sg. of Jiam brSran, 1630. — Comp. fela-hrSr. hruron. See hreosan. hruse, w. f., earth, soil : nom. sg., 2248, 2559; ace. sg. on hrusan, 773) 2832 ; dat. sg. under hrusan, 2412. hrycg, St. m., back: ace. sg. ofet GLOSSARY. 215 wateres ' hrycg (over the water's back, surface), 471. hryre, si.m., fall, destruction, ruin : acc.sg., 3181 ; dat. sg., 1681, 3006. — Comp. : leod-, wig -hryre. hryslan, w, v., to shake, be shaken, clatter: pret. pi. syrcan hrysedon (corselets rattled, of men in mo- tion), 226. hund, St. m., dog: instr. pi. hundum, 1369- hund, num., hundred : treo hund, 2279; w. gen. pi. hund missera, 1499 ; hund J>ftsenda landes and locenra beaga, 2995. hu, adv., how, quomodo, 3, 116, 279, 738, 84s, 2319, 2520, 2719, etc. hud', St. f., booty, plunder : dat. (instr.) sg. hflSe, 124. huru, adv., at least, certainly, 369; indeed, truly, 182, 670, 1072, 1466, 1945, 2837; yet, nevertheless, 862; now, 3121. hus, St. n., house: gen. sg. hflses, 116; gen. pi. hftsa sSlest (Heorot), 146, 285, 659, 936. hyran, adv., whither : to hwan sy'S^an wearB hondrses hale& {what issue the hand-to-hand fight of the heroes had), 2072. hwanan, hwanon, adv., whence: hwanan, 257, 2404; hwanon, 333. hw&, interrog. and indef. ■pxon.,who : nom. sg. m. hwH, 52, 2253, 3127; neut. hwat, 173; aneshwat (s/a?-^ only), 3011; hwat J>i men wa;ron (who the men were), 233, etc. ; hwat syndon ge searo-habbendra (what armed men are ye ?) , 2yj; acc.sg. m.wi'S manna hwone (from(l) any man), 155; neut. ^urh hwat, 3069; hwat wit ged sprtecon, 1477; hwat . . . hjn& (gen.), fer-nlSa (what shame and sudden woes),^']^; so, hwat JJU worn fela (how very much thou), 530; swylces hwat, 881 ; hwat . . . Srna, 1 187; dat. m. hwam, 1697. — Comp. £Eg-hwS. hwat, interj., what! lo ! indeed! i, 943. 2249. ge-hwS, w. part, gen., each, each one : ace. sg. m. wi'S fe6nda ge- hwone, 294; nfSa gehwane, 2398; mSca gehwane, 2686; gum-cynnes gehwone, 2766; fem. on healfa gehvyone, 801 ; dat. sg. in. dogora gehwam, 88 ; at nl& gehwam, 883; J'egna gehwam, 2034; eorla gehwam, 1421 ; fem. in mseg'Sa gehw£Ere,25; nihta gehwam, 1366; gen. sing. m. manna gehwas, 2528; fem. dasda gehwas, 2839. hwSr. See hivaer. hwader. See h'wlder. hwaffer, pron., which of two: nom. sg. hwaSer . . . uncer twega, 2531 ; swS. hwaiSer, utercunque : ace. sg. on swi hwalSere hond swi him gemet Jiince, 687. — Comp. .xg- hwaSev. ge-hvva^er, each of two, eitlier- otlier : nom. sg. m. was gehwa^er otSrum lifigende IS'5, 815; was . . . gehvi'aSer o&um hroiSra gemyn- dig, 2172; ne gehwalSer incer (nor either of you two), 584; nom. sg. neut. gehvvatSer JiSra (either of them, i.e. ready for war or peace), 1249; dat. sg. hiora gehwa^rum, 2995; gen. sg. bega gehwa^res, 1044. hwalSer, h^vaSere, hwaiSfre, i) adv., yet, nevertheless : hwalSre, 555, 891, 1271, 2099, 2299, 2378, etc. ; hwatSre swS Jjeah, however, notwithstanding, 2443 ; hwa^ere, 574. 578. 971. 1719- — 2) conj., = iitrum, witether : hwa'Sre, 1315; hwatSer, 1357, 2786. hwat, adj., sharp, bold, valiant: 216 GLOSSAKY. noni. sg. se secg hwata, 3029; dat. sg. hwatum, 2162; nom.pl. hwate, 1602, 2053 ; ace. pi. hwate, 2643, 3006. — Comp. : fyrd-, gold-hwat. hwat. See hwS.. bwxT, adv., where : elles hwier, elsewhere, 138; hwser, somewhere, 2030. In elliptical question : wun- dur hw3r l)onne . . ., is it a wonder when .. .? 3063. — Comp. 8-hwaer. ge-h\va;r, everywhere; l^eah Jju hea'So-rsesa gehwa^r dohte (every- where goodin bailie), 526. hwelc. See h'wylc. hwergen, adv., anywhere: elles hwergen, elsewhere, 2591. hwcttan, w. v., lo encourage, urge : pres. subj. swS Hn sefa hwette {as Ihy mind urges, as Ihou likesi), 490; pret. pi. hwetton higerdfne {they whetted the brave one), 204. hwfiiie, a.iw.,a liltle,paululum, 2700. hwealf, St. m., vault : ace. sg. under heofones hwealf, 576, 2016. hiveorfan, st. v., to stride deliber- ately, turn, depart, move, die : pies. pi. t>Sra Jje cwice hwyrfa^, 98; inf. hwllum he on lufan Ise- te^ hworfan monnes m6d-geJ>one {sometimes on love (?) posses- sions {Tj permits the thoughts of man to turn), 1729; londrihtes m6t . . . monna seghwylc Idel hweorfan {of rights of land each one of men must be deprived), 2889; pret. sg. fader ellor hwearf ... of earde {died), 55; hwearf J>i hradltce >aer Hro'Sgar sat, 356; hwearf >& bl bence {turned then to the bench), w'^; so, hwearf J>4 be wealle, 1574; hwearf geond >at reced, 1982; hljew oft ymbe hwearf {went oft round the cave), 2297; nalles after lyfte ISeende hwearf {not at all through the air did he go springing), 2833; subj. pret. sg. aer he on weg hwurfe ... of gear- dum {died), 264. and-hweorfan, tomove against: pret. sg. 6B J;at . . . norlSan wind hea'So-grim and-hwearf {till the fierce north wind blew in our faces), 548. at-hweorfan, to go to: pret. sg. hwllum he on beorh St-hwearf {at times returned to the mountain), 2300. ge-hweorfan, to go, come: pret. sg. gehwearf JjS in Francna fa^m feorh cyninges, 121 1; hit on aeht gehwearf. . . Denigea frean, 1680; so, 1685, 2209. geond-hweorfan, to go through from end to end: pres. sg. flet call geond-hwearf, 2018. hwider,adv., whither : hwryder, 163; hwader (hwatSer, MS.), 1332. hTvil, St. f., time, space of time : nom. sg. was seo hwll micel {it was a longtime), 146; J;3 was hwll dages {the space of a day), 1496; ace. sg. hwlle, for a time, 2138; a while, 105, 152; lange (longe) hwtle, a long while, 16, 2781 ; dne hwlle, u while, 1763; lytle hwlle, brief space, 2031, 2098; Eenige hwile, any while, 2549; lassan hwlle, a lesser while, 2572; dat. sg. tsx da- ges hwlle, before daybreak, 2321 ; dat. pi. nihtes hwllum, sometimes at night, 3045. Adv., sometimes, often : hwllum, 175,496, 917, 1729, 1829, 2017, 21 12, etc.; hwllum . . . hwllum, 2108-9-10. — Comp.: dag-, gescap-, orleg-, sige-hwll. hwtt, adj., brilliant, flashing : nom. sg. se hwlta helm, 1449. hworfan. See hw^eorfan. hwdpan, St. v., to cry, cry out,, mourn : pret. sg. hwedp, 2269. GLOSSARY. 217 hwyder. See hwlder. hwylc, •peon., which, what, any : i) adj. : nom. sg. m. scea^a ic nSt hwylc, 274; fem. hwylc orleghvvtl, 2003; nom. pi. hwylce Stegeata sllSas wEeron, 1987. — 2) subst., w. gen. pi. nom. m. : Frisna hwylc, 1 105 ; fem. efne swS hwylc magtia swS Jjone magan cende (whatever worn an brought forth this son), onne his bearna hwylc {than any one of his sons'), 2434; dat. sg. efne swS hwylcum manna swS. him gemet ))(lhte, 3058. — Comp. : Eeg-, nSt-, wel-hwylc. ge-hwylc, ge-hwilc, ge-hwelc, w. gen. pi., each : nom. sg. m. ge- hwylc, 986, 1 167, 1674; ace. sg. ra. gehwylcne, 937, 2251, 2517; ge- hwelcne, 148; fem. gehwylce, 1706; neut. gehwylc, 2609; instr. sg. d8gra gehwylce, 1091; so, 2058, 2451 ; dat. sg. m. gehwylcum, 412, 769, 785, etc.; fem. ecga gehwyl- cre, 806; neut. cynna gehwylcum, 98; gen. sg. m. and neut. gehwyl- ces, 733, 1397, 2095. hwyrft, St. m., circling movement, turn: dat.pl. adv. hwyrftumscri^alS {wander to and fro), 163. — Comp. ed-hwyrft. hycgan, w. v., to think, resolve upon : piet. sg. ic tat hogode ()at . . . {my intention was that . . .), 633. — Comp.w.pres.part. : bealo-, heard-, swKS-, )>anc-, wls-hycgend. for-hycgan,^o despise, scorn, reject with contempt : pres. sg. I. ic J>at tonne for-hicge J>at . . ., reject with scorn the proposition that . . ., 435. ge-hycgan, to think, determine upon : pret. sg. ti Jju . . . feorr ge- hogodest sacce sScean, 1989. ofer-hycgan, to scorn: pret. sg. ofer-hogode Jia hringa fengel tat he tone widflogan weorode ges6hte {scorned to seek the wide-flier with a host), 2346. hydlg (for hygdig), adj., thinking, of a certain mind: comp. Sn-, bealo-, grom-, nlS-, trist-hydig. ge-hygd, st. n., thought, sentiment: ace. sg. turh hretSra gehygd, 2046. — Comp. ; breost-, mod-gehygd, won-hyd. hyge, hige, st, m., mind, heart, thought: nom.sg. hyge, 756; hige, 594; ace. sg. turh holdne hige, 267; gen. sg. higes, 2046; dat.pl. higum, 3149. hyge-bend, st. m. i., mind-fetter, heart-band : instr. pi. hyge-bendum fast, fast in his mind's fetters, secretly, 1879. hyge-geSmor, adj., sad in mind : nom. sg. hyge-giomor, 2409. hyge-mSffe, adj. -. i) sorrowful, soul-crushing : nom. sg., 2443. — 2) life-weary, dead : dat. pi. hyge- mS^um (-mse^um, MS.), 2910. hyge-r6f, adj., brave, valiant, vig- orous-minded: nom. sg. [hygerof], 403; ace. sg. hige-rofne, 204. hygc-sorh, st. i.,heart-sorrow : gen. pi. -sorga, 2329. Iiygc-l'yiitig, adj ., doughty, courage- ous : ace. sg. hige-tihtigne (of Bedwulf), 747. See Jjyhtig. hyge-Jjrym, st. m., animi majestas, high-mindedness : dat. pi. for hige- trymmum, 339. hyht, St. m., thought, pleasant thought, hope (Dietrich) : nom. sg., 179. ge-hyld (see healdan), st. n., «//- port, protection : nom. sg., 3057. — Leo. hyldan, w. v., to incline one's self, lie down to sleep : pret. sg. hylde hine, inclined himself, lay down, 689. 218 GLOSSARY. hyldo, St. f., inclination, friendli- ness, grace : ace. sg. hyldo, 2068, 2294; gen. sg. hyldo, 671, 2999. S-hyrdan, w. v., harden: pret. part. S-hyrded, 1 461. hyrde. See hlrde. hyrst, St. f., accoutrements, orna- ment, armor : ace. sg. hyrste (On- genbedw's equipments and arms') , 2989; ace. pi. hyrsta, 3166; instr. pi. hyrstum, 2763. hyrstan, w. v., to deck, adorn : pret. part, hyrsted sweord, 673; helm [hyr]sted golde, 2256. hyrtan, w. v., to take heart, be em- boldened : pret. sg. hyrte hyne hord- weard {the drake took heart ; see 2566, 2568, 2570), 2594. hyse, St. m., youth, young man : nom. sg. as voc, 1 218. hyt. See hit. h^dan, w. v., to hide, conceal, pro- tect, preserve: pres. subj. h^de [hine, himself ~\ se J>e wylle, 2767; inf. w. ace. no j)U minne pearft ha- falan h^dan, 446; £er he in wille hafelan [h^dan] {ere in it he [the stag] will hide his head'), 1373. ge-h^dan, w. ace, to conceal, pre- serve : pret. sg. geh^dde, 2236, 3061. h^S, St. f., haven : dat. sg. at h^(Se, 32- h^8f-^veard, st. m., haven-warden : nom. sg., 1915. hyiian (see hedn), w. v. w. ace, to crush, afflict, injure : pret. sg, h^nde, 2320. hynffa, st. f., oppression, affliction, injury: ace. sg. h^n'Sii, 277 ; gen. sg. hwat . . . h^n^o, 475 ; fela . . . h^n'So, 594; gen. pi. heardra h^n- tSa, 166. b^rau, w. v.: i) to hear, perceive, learn : a) w. inf. or ace. with inf. : I. pret. sg. h^rde ic, 38, 582, 1347, 1843, 2024; III. sg. J>at he fram Sigemunde secgan hjrde, 876; I. pi. sw3 we so Slice seegan h^rdon, 273. b) w. aec. : nsenigne ic . . . sSlran h^rde hordmSfS^um {Ilieard of no better hoard-jewel'), 1 198. e) w. dependent clause : I. sg.pret. h^rde ie J^iit . . ., 62, 2164, 2173. — 2) w. dat. of person, to obey : inf. &1S bat him ieghwilc \ikxs. ymbsitten- dra h5>ran seolde, 10; h^ran heaSo- sidcum, 2755; pret. pi. );at him winemSgas georne harden, 66. ge-h^ran, to liear, learn: a) w. ace. : II. pers. sg. pres. mtnne ge- h^rafianfealdne gejjoht, 255; III. sg. pret. gehjrde on Bedwulfe fast- rsedne ge)>oht, 610. "b) w. ace. and inf. : III. pi. pret. geh^rdon, 786. c) w. depend, clause : I. pres. sg. ic Jjat geh^re |;at . . ., 290. ic, pers. pron. /.• aec. mec, dat. me, gen.mtn; dual nom. wit, ace. uncit, unc, dat. unc, gen. uncer; pi. nom. we, ace. fisie, (Is, dat. (Is, gen. flser. ic omitted before the verb, 470. lege, gold (perhaps related to Sans- krit 1?, = dominare, imperare, O.H.G. Sht, wealth, opes), treas- ured, sword (edge) ?, 1 108. — KOr- NER. ides, St. f., woman, lady, queen : nom. sg., 621, 1076, 1118, 1169; dat. sg. idese, 1650, 1942. Also of Giendel's mother : nom. sg., 1260; gen. sg. idese, 1352. in. See inn. in: I. prep. w. dat. and aec. : i) w. dat. (local, indicating rest), in: in geardum, 13, 2460; in \ma gftS- sele, 443 ; in bedrsele, 2636 ; so, 89, 482, 589, 696, 729, 2140, 2233, GLOSSARY. 219 etc.; in msegiSa gehwa^re, 25 ; in tjstrum, 87 ; inCaines cynne, 107; in hyra gryregeatvvum (in their ac- coutrements 0/ terror, war-weeds), 324; so, 395; in canine (in battle), 2506; hiora in inum (in one of theni), 2600. Prep, postpositive: Scedelandum in, 19. Also, on, upon, like on : in eolo-bence, 1030; in gumstole, 1953; in t>am wongstede (on the grassy plain, the battle-field), 2787; in bjelstede, 3098. Temporal: in geSr-dagum, I. — 2) w. ace. (local, indicating motion), tK.jWo.' in woruld, 60; in fyres fiiSm, 185; so, 121 1; in Hrefnesholt, 2936. Temporal, in, at, about, tmoard : in ]>&. tide (in watide, MS.), 2228. II. adv., in (here or there), 386, 1038, 1372, 1503, 1645, 2153, 2191, 2228; inn, 3091. inege, adj. (perhaps related to icge), instr. sg. incge ISfe (with the costly sword 1 or 7iiith mighty swordT), 2578. — \^Edge : incge Ufe, edge of the sxaord. — K. Korner ?] In-frOd, adj., very aged: nom. sg., 2450; dat. pi. in-frodum, 1875. in-gang, st. m., entrance, access to : ace. sg., 1550. in-genga, w. m., in-goer, visitor: nom. sg., of Grendel, 1777. in-gesteald, st. m., house-property, possessions in the house : ace. sg., 1 1 56. inn, St. n., apartment, house : nom. sg. in, 1 301. innan, adv., within, inside, 'j'j^, 1018, 2413, 2720; on innan (i}t the interior), luithin, 174I, 2716; )>£er on innan (in there), 71; bur- gum on innan (within his city), 1969. Also, therein : hter on in- nan, 2ogo, 2215, 2245. Innam-'weard, adv., inwards, in- side, within, 992, 1977 ; inne- weard, 999. Inne, adv.: i) inside, within, iit^T,, 1282,1571,2114,3060; wordinne abead (called, sent word, in, i.e. standing in the hall door), 390; in it (i.e. the battle), 1142; \kex inne (therein), 118, 1618, 2116, 2227, 3088. — 2) = insuper, still further, besides, 1867. Inwit, St. n., evil, mischief, spite, cunning hostility, as in in"wit-feng, st. m., maliciotis grasp, grasp of a cunning foe : nom. sg., 1448. inwlt-gast, st. m., evil guest, hostile stranger : nom. sg., 2671. inwit-IirSf, st. m., hostile roof, hid- ing-place of a cunning foe: ace. sg. under inwit-hrof, 3124. inwit-net, st. n., mischief-net, cun- ning snare : ace. sg., 2168. inwit-niSy, st. u., czmning hostility, hostile contest : nom. pi. invi'it- nt^as (hostility through secret at- tack), 1859; gen. pi. inwit-ni^a, 1948. inwit-scear, st. m., massacre through cunning, murderous attack : ace. sg. eatolne inwit-scear, 2479. inwit-searo, st. n., cunning, artful intrigue : ace. sg. }>urh inwit-searo, 1 102. See searo. Inwlt-sorh, st. f., grief, remorse, mourning springing from hostile cunning: nom. sg., 1737; ace. sg. inwid-sorge, 832. inwit-J>anc, adj., ill-disposed, mali- cious : dat. sg. he onfSng hra& inwit-J>ancum (he quickly grasped the_ cunning-in-mind [Grendel]), 749- iruan(forrinnan), st. v., to run; so b e - i r n a n , /» ;-a« »/ ^0, occur : pret. 220 GLOSSARY. sg. him on mSd be-arn {came into his mind), 67. on-irnan, to open: pret. sg. duru s8na onarn, 722. Irre-mOd, adj. See yrre-mOd. Idcl, adj., empty, bare ; deprived of : nom. sg., 145, 413; \v. gen. lond- rihtes (>aere maegburge Idel (de- privedofhis land-possessions among the people [of the Geatas]), 2889. tdel-bende, adj., empty-handed, 2082. iren, st. n., iron, sword: nom. sg. drihtUc Iren {the dottghty, lordly sword), 893; Iren ser-g3d, 990; ace. sg. ledfllc Iren, 1 810; gen. pi. !rena cyst {choicest of swords'), 674; trenna cyst, 803; Irenna ecge {edges of swords), 2684. iren, adj., of iron : nom. sg. ecg was Iren, 1460. iren-bend, st. f., iron band, bond, rivet : instr. pi. Iren-bendum fast (bold), 775, 999. iren-byrne, w. f., iron corselet: ace. sg. Iren-byrnan, 2987. See tsern- byrne. ircn-beard, adj., hard as iron : nom. sg., 1 1 13. irennc, adj., of iron : in comp. eall- Irenne. ireii-]»reAt, st. m., iron troop, ar- mored band : nom. sg., 330. is, St. n., ice : dat. sg. tse, 1 609. Ssern-byrne, w. f., iron corselet: ace. sg. Isern-byrnan, 672. See iren-byrne. isern-scflr, st. f., iron shower, shower of arrows : gen. sg. |jone \>& oft gebSd Isern-scflre, 31 1 7. is-geblnd, st. n., fcltcrs of ice : instr. sg. !s-gebinde, 1134. Islg, adj., shining, brilliant (like brass) : nom. sg. Isig (said of a vessel covered with plates(?) of metal), 33. — Leo. 10 lU ifi. See ge6. iti-man. See ge6-man. i6-nie6TrIe. See ge6-nie6T7le. laffu, St. f., invitation. — Comp. : frednd-, nedd-la'Su. ge-laflan, w. v. w. ace. pers. and instr. of the thing, to refresh, lave : pret. sg. wine-dryhten his watere gelafede, 2723. lagu, st.m.,/a/v,j^3.- nom.sg., 1 63 1. lagu-criiftlg, adj., acquainted with the sea : nom. sg. lagu-craftig mon {pilot), 209. lagu-strset, st. f., path over the sea : ace. sg. ofer lagu-stnete, 239. lagu-stre&in, st. m., sea-current, flood: ace. pi. ofer lagu-streamas, 297. land, St. n., land: nom. sg. lond, 2198; ace. sg. land, 221, 2063; lond, 2472, 2493; land Dena, 242, 253; lond Brondinga, 521; Finna land, 580; dat. sg. on lande {in the land), 231 1, 2837; at, near, land, shore, 1 9 14; tS lande {to the land,ashore), l(>2^; gen.sg.Iandes, 2996 ; gen. pi. ofer landa fela {over much country, space; afar), 311. — Comp. : el-, ea-land. land-bfiend, part, pres., terricoU, inhabitant of the land : nom. pi. lond-bflend, 1346; dat. pi. land- bfiendum, 95. land-f ruma, w. m., ruler, prince of the country : nom. sg., 31. GLOSSARY. 221 land-gemyrcu, st. n. pi., frontier, land-mark : ace. pi., 209. land-geweorc, st. n., land-work, fortified place : ace. sg. ledda land- geweorc, 939. See weorc, ge- weorc. land-riht, st. n., prerogatives based upon land-possessions, right to pos- sess land, hence real estate itself: gen. sg. lond-rihtes Idel, 2887. land-waru, st. f., inhabitants, popu- lation : ace. pi. land-wara, 2322. land-weard, st. m., guard, guar- dian of the frontier : nom. sg., 1891. lang, long, adj., long: 1) temporal : nom. sg. t8 lang, 2094 ; nas J)i long (lang) to J)on {not long after'), 2592, 2846 ; ace. sg. lange hwlle (^for a long time), 16, 2160, 2781 ; longe (lange) Jrage, 54. 1 14, 1258; lange tld, 1916. Compar. nom. sg. lengra fyrst, 134. — 2) local, nom. sg. se was ftftiges fotge- mearces lang, 3044. — Comp. : and-, morgen-, niht-, up-Iang. lange, longe, adv., long: lange, 31, 1995, 2131, 2345, 2424; longe, 1062, 2752, 3109 ; t8 lange {too long, excessively long), 906, 1337, 1749. Compar. leng, 451, 1855, 2802, 3065 ; no Jj^ leng {none the longer), 975. Superl. lengest {longest), 2009, 2239. ge-lang, adj., extending, reaching to something or somebody, hence ready, prepared : nft is rsed gelang eft at )>e Snum {novi is help [^coun- sel'] at handitt thee alone), 1377; gen is eall at }je lissa gelong {all of favor is still on thee dependent, is thine), 21^1. See ge-lenge. Iang-ge-stre6n, st. n., long-lasting treasure : gen. pi. long-gestreona, 2341. — Leo. langian, w. v., reflex, w. dat., to long, yearn : pres. sg. III. him . . . after deorum men dyrne langa15 beorn {the hero longeth secretly after the dear man), 1880. lang-sum, adj., long-lasting, con- tinuing: nom. sg. longsum, 134, 192, 1723 ; ace. sg. long-sumne, 1537- lang-twidlg, adj., long-granted, assured: nom. sg., 1709. lata, w. m., a lazy, cowardly one ; in comp. hild-lata. la, interj., ^«.' indeed! 1701,2865. lac, St. n. : i) measured movement, play : in comp. beadu-, heaSo-l^c. — 2) gift, offering: ace. pi. ISe, 1864; laiSltcu 19e {loathly offer- ing, prey), 1585; dat. pi. lUcuni, , 43, 1869. — Comp. sse-lSc. ge-l^e, St. n., sport, play : ace. pi. svveorda gelic {battle), 1041 ; dat. pi. at eega gelScum, 1 1 69. lacan, St. v., to move in measured time, dancing, playing, fighting, flying, etc. : inf. dare^um IScan {fight), 2849; part. pres. after lyfte lacende {flying through the air), 2833- for-iacan,;o deceive, betray : part, pret. he weartS on fednda geweald forts forlScen {deceitfully betrayed into the eitemy's hands), 904. ia,d, St. f., street, way, journey : dat. sg. on ISde, 1988; gen. sg. \Me, 569. — Comp. -, brim-, sae-lSd. ge-lad, st.-n., way, path, road: ace. sg. uncflS gelSd, 141 1. \&'S, adj., loathly, evil, hateful, hos- tile : nom. sg. \&S, 816; laS lyft- floga, 2316; laS {enemy), 440; ne ledf ne liS, 51 1; neut. U5, 134, 192; in weak form, se IdiSa (of the dragon), 2306 ; ace. sg. ISSne (wyrm), 3041 ; dat. sg. ISiSum, 222 GLOSSARY. 440, 1258; gen. sg. la'Ses (of the enemy), 842 ; fela lii'Ses {inuch evil), 930 ; so, 1062 ; IMan l!ges, 83 ; UtSan cynnes, 2009, 2355 ; >as laSan (of the enemy), 132 ; ace. pi. neut. 138 gewKru {hateful storms), 1376; dat. instr. pi. witS ISiSum, 550 ; liSum scuccum and scynnum,939; ISfSum dsedum (zczVA evil deeds), 2468; IS^an fingrum, 1506; gen. pl. lUSra manna, spella, 2673, 3030 ; IMra (Jhe enemy), 242. Compar. nom. sg. UlSra . . . beorn, 2433. laff-blte, St. m., hostile bite: dat. sg. latS-bite Itces {the body's hostile bite = the wound), 1 123. Id;Sr-gcte6na, w. m., evil-doer, in- jurer : nom. sg., 975; nom. pl. IStS-getednan, 559. Idi9-lic, adj., loathly, hostile : ace. pl. ia«-l!cu, 1585. ia,f, St. f. : l) what is left, relic; in- heritance, heritage, legacy : nom. sg. HrSSlan Uf (Beowulf's corse- let), 454; nom. pl. fSla life {the leavings of files r^ swords, Grein), 1033; so, homera life, 2830; on him gladia^ gomelra life, heard and hringmsel HealSobeardna ge- streon {on him gleams the fori- father's bequest, hard and ring- decked, the Hea'Sobeardas' treasure, i.e. the equipments taken from the slain king of the Hea^Sobeardas), 2037; ace. sg. sweorda life {leav- ings of the sword, i.e. those spared by the sword), 2937. — 2) the sword as a specially precious heir-loom : nom. sg., 2629; ace. sg. life, 796, 1489, 1689, 2192, 2564; instr. sg. incge life, 2578. — Comp. : ende-, eormen-, wea-, yrfe-, J^-llf. i&r, St. f., lore, instruction, prescrip- tion: dat. sg. be fader lire, 1951; gen. pl. lira, 1221; larena, 269. — Comp. freond-llr. last, St. m., footstep, track : ace. sg. list, 132, 972, 2165 ; on list {on the traces of, behind), 2946; nom. pl. llstas, 1403; ace. pl. Ilstas, 842. — Comp. : fStSe-, feorh-, fot-, wrac-llst. lager. See leger. lager-bed, st. n., bed to lie on : instr. sg. leger-bedde, 1008. las, adv., /«j, 1947; \i^\zs, {the less), 487; quominus {that not, lest), 1919. lassa, adj., less, fewer: nom. sg. lassa, 1283; ace. sg. m. lassan, 43; fem. Jassan hwUe, 2572; dat. sg. for lassan {for less, smaller), 952. Superl. nom. sg. n3 J>at lasest was hond-gem8t[a], 2355. lat, adj., negligent, neglectful; w. gen.: nom. sg. elnes lat, 1530. laedan, w. v. w. ace. : to lead, guide, bring: inf. Isedan, 239; pret. pl. lasddon, 1 160. for-laedan, tomislead: pret.pl. for- laeddan, 244o(?). ge-\xd.an, to lead, bring .-part. pret. ge-laeded, 37. leetan, w. v. : l), to bequeathe, leave : imper, sg. )>lnum magum Isef folc and rice, 1 179; pret. sg. eaferum Ijefde . . . lond and leddbyrig, 2471. — 2) spare, leave behind : Iht cwices laefan {to spare aught liv- ing), 2316. lasn-dagas, st. m. pl., loan-days, transitory days (of earthly exist- ence as contrasted with the heav- enly, unending) : ace. pl. Iten- dagas, 2592; gen. pl. lain-daga, 2342. lasne, adj., inconstant, perishable, evanescent, given over to death or destruction : nom. sg., 1755, 3179; GLOSSARY. 223 of rust-eaten treasures, 3130; ace. sg. )>Ss Ijenan gesceaft (Jhis fleet- ing life), 1623 ; gen. sg. Isenan Ufes, 2846. laeran, w. v., to teach, instruct: imper. sg. fru he Iser be hon {learn this, take this to heart), 1723. ge-lseran, to teach, instruct, gi.ve instruction : inf. ic \>'is Hr6'SgSr mag . . . Tied gelseran (/ can give if. good advice about this), 278; so, 3080; pret. pi. 1)S me Jiat ge- laerdon le6de mine (gave me the advice), 415. Isestan, w. v. : i ) to follow, to sustain, serve : inf. hat him se Itc-homa lasstan nolde (Jhat his body would not sustain him), 813. — 2) per- form : imper. test eall tela (do all well), 2664. ge-ltestan: i) to follow, serve : pret. sg. (sweord) Jiat mec asr and oft geteste, 2501. — 2) to fulfil, grant: subj. pres. pi. J)at . . . wilgesIiSas, Jjonne wig cume, leode getestan (render war service), 24; inf. ic he sceal mine getestan freode (shall grant thee my friendship, be grateful), 1707; pret. sg. beot . .'. geteste (fulfilled his boast), 524; gelaeste swS (kept his word), 2991; pres. part, hafde East-De- num . . . gilp getested (had ful- filled for the East Daties his boasi), 830. Isetan, st. v., to let, allow, w. ace. and inf. : pres. sg. III. teteS, 1729; imper. pi. II. teta'S, 397; sg. II. tet, 1489 ; pret. sg. let, 2390, 255i.2978,3iSi(?); pret.pl.lgton, 48, 865, 3133; subj. pret. sg. II. ISte, 1997; sg. III. Igte, 3083. d-lsetan: 1) to let, allow : subj. pres. sg. II. Jjat I'u ne ^Isete . . . dom ge- dreosan, 2666. — 2) to leave, lay aside : inf. Stetan ten-dagas (die), 2592; so, Stetan lif and leddscipe, 2751. for-lsetan : i) to let, permit, w. ace. andinf. : pret. sg. for-let, 971 ; pret. pi. for-lSton, 3168. Also with inf. omitted : inf. nolde eoria hleo . . . )jone cwealmcuman cwicne (i.e. wesan) fortetan (would not let the murderous spirit go alive), 793. — 2) to leave behind, leave : pret. sg. in ham wong-stede . . . hser he hine aer forlSt (where he had previously left him), 2788. of-laetan, to leave, lay aside: pres. sg. II. gyf hu XX honne he worold oflsetest (leavest the world, diest), 1 184; so pret. sg. oflSt llf-dagas and JjSs tenan gesceaft, 1623. on-lastan, to release, liberate:' pres. sg. III. honne forstes bend fader on-tete'S (as soon as the Father looseth the frosts fetters), 1 610. d-Iecgan, w. y.\\)to lay, lay down : pret. sg. sy^San hilde-dedr hond S-legde . . . under geapne hrSf, 835; hat he on Beowulfes bearm S-legde (this [the sword] he laid in B.'s bosom, presented to him), 2195 ; pret. pi. d-lSdon \>k leofne hedden ... on bearm scipes, 34; S-legdon \>& to raiddes misrne hed- den (laid the mighty prince in the midst [of the pyre]), 3142. — 2) to lay aside, give up : siSSan ... in fen-freotSo feorh S-legde (laid down his life, died), 852; nu se here-wlsa hleahtor d-legde, gamen andgled-dream (now the war-chief has left laughter, etc.), 3021. leger, st. n., jcouch, bed, lair : dat. sg. on legere, 3044. lemiau, w. v., to lame, hinder, op- press: pret. sg. (for pi.) hine sorh- wylmas lemede to lange, 906. 224 GLOSSARY. leng. See lang. lenge, adj., extending along or to, near (of time) : nom. sg. neut. ne was hit lenge J)i gen (jior was it yet long), 83. ge'-lenge, adj., extending, reaching to, belonging : nom. sg. yrfe-weard . . . lice gelenge {an heir belong- ing to one's body), 2733. let, St. m., place of rest, sojourn : in comp. e6-let (voyage}). lettan, w. v., to hinder : pret. pi. (ace. pers. and gen. thing), J^at syWSan ni . . . btim-irSende IMe ne letton {might no longer hinder seafarers from journeying), 569. S-ledon. See i-lecgan. 16g, St. ni., flame, fire : nom. sg. wonnal@g](i'/i^ lurid flame), 3116; swSgende ISg, 3146; dat. sg. for dracan ISge, 2550. See llg. ISg-draca, w. m., fire-drake, flam- ing dragon : nom. sg., 3041. leahan, ledn, st. v. w. ace, to scold, blame: pres. sg. III. lyhtS, 1049; pret. sg. log, 1812; piet. pi. 16gon, 203, 863. be-lean, /a dissuade, prevent : inf. ne inc senig mon . . . belein mihte sorhfuUne sK {no one might dis- suade you twain from your diffi- cult journey), 511. leahtre. See or-leahtre. Icdf, St. n., leaf, foliage : instr. pi. leafum, 97. leAfnes-word, st. n., permission, leave : ace. pi., 245. ledn. See leataan. \e&a, St. n., reward, compensation : ace. sg., 114, 952, 1221, 1585, 2392; dat. sg. leane, 1022. Often in the pi.: ace. J>S lean, 2996;. dat. )>£m leanum, 2146; gen. lea- na, 2991. — Comp.: and-, ende- lean. lean (for l£en,.O.H.G. IShan), st. n., loan, 1810. lednian, w. v., to reward, compen- sate : pres. sg. I. ic Jie JiS fa:ht$e feo leanige {repay thee for the con- test with old-time treasures), 1381 ; pret. sg. me J'one wal-rses wine Scyldinga fattan golde fela leanode {the friend of the Scyldings re- warded me richly for the combat with plated gold) , 2 1 03 . le&s, Z.&]., false ; nom. pi. lease, 253. le&s, adj., deprived of, free from, w. gen.: nom. sg. dreama leas, 851; dat. sg. winigea leasum, 1665. — Comp. : d6m-, dream-, ealdor-, feoh-, feormend-, hlSford-, sSwol-, sige-, sorh-, tir-, Redden-, wine-, wyn-leas. ledsig, adj., concealing one's self; in comp. sin-leasig(?). leoBfo-craft, st. m., tlie art oftveav- ing or working in meshes, wire, etc. : instr. pi. segn eall-gylden . . . gelocen leoSo-craftum {a banner all hand-wrought of interlaced gold), 2770. leoffo-syrce, w. f., shirt of mail {limb-sark) : ace. sg. locene leolSo- syrcan {locked linked sark) , 1506; ace. pi. locene leolSo-syrcan, 1891. leomum. See llm. leornian, w. v., to learn, devise, plan : pret. him )jas gfltS-cyning . . . wrace leornode {the war-king planned vengeance therefor), 2337. Ic6d, St. m., prince : nom. sg., 34I, 348, 670, 830, 1433, 1493, 1613, 1654, etc.; ace. leod, 626. Ic6d, St. f., people : gen. sg. ledde, 597, 600, 697, 1214. In pi. indicates individuals, people, kinsmen : nom. pl.le6de,362,4i5, I2i4(gen.sg.?), 2i26,etc.; gum-cynnesGeataleode {people of the race of the Geilas), GLOSSAEY. 225 260; ace. pi. ledde, 24, 192, 443, 1337, 1346, etc.; dat. pi. leodum, 389, 521, 619, 698, 906, 1160, etc.; gen. pi. ledda, 205, 635, 794, 1674, 2034, etc. le6d-beaIo, st. n., {niischief, misfor- ttme affecting an entire people"), great, unheard-of calaviity : ace. sg-> 1723; gen. pi. ledd-bealewa, 1947- Ie6d-burb, st. f., princely castle, stronghold of a ruler, chief city : ace. pi. -byrig, 2472. leod-cyning, st. m., king of the peo- ple : nom. sg., 54. Ie6d-fruina, w. m., prince of the people, ruler : ace. sg. leod-frii- man, 2131. Ie6d-gebyrgea, w. m., protector of the people, prince : ace. sg. -gebyr- gean, 269. Ie6d-hryre, st. m., fall, overthrow, of the prince, rider : dat. sg. after ledd-hryre {after the fall of the king of the Hea%obeardas, Froda, cf. 2051), 2031; gen. sg. t>as leod- hryres (of the fall of Heardred, ef. 2389), 2392. le6d-sceaSFa, w. m., injurer of the people : dat. sg. J)am ledd-scea'San, 2094. leod-scipc, st. m., the whole nation, people : ace. sg., 2752; dat. sg. on t>am ledd-scipe, 2198. Ie63', St. n., song, lay: nom. sg., 1 160. — Comp. : fyrd-, giyre-, gfi^-, sorh-le6^. Ie6f, adj., lief, dear: nom. sg., 31, 54. 203, 511, 521, 1877, 2468; weak form m., ledfa, 1217, 1484, 1855, 2664; ace. sg. m. leofne, 34, 297, 619, 1944, 2128, 3109, 3143; gen. sg. leofes (m.), 1995, 2081, 2898; (neut.), 1062, 291 1; dat. pi. leofum, 1074; gen. pi. ledfra, 1916. Compar. nom. sg. neut. led- fre, 2652. Superl. nom. sg. m. ledfost, 1297; ace. sg. J>one ledfe- stan, 2824. leoflic, dear, precious, valued: nom. sg. m. ledfllclind-wlga, 2604; ace. sg. neut. ledfltc iren, 1810. Ie6gan, st. v., to lie, belie, deceive : subj. pres. nafne him his wlite ledge {unless his looks belie hint), 250; pret. sg. he ne leag fela wyrda ne worda, 3030. S-ledgan, to deceive, leave unful- filled: pret. sg. he bedt ne a-lSh {he left not his promise unful- filled), 80. ge-ledgan, to deceive, betray : pret. sg. him sed wSn geleah {hope de- ceived him), 2324. leobt, St. n., light, brilliance : nom. sg-, 569. 728, 1751 (?); ace. sg. sunnanledht, 649; godes ledht ge- ceas {chose God's light, died), 2470; dat. sg. to ledhte, 95. — Comp. : £efen-, fjr-, morgen-ledht. Ie6bt, adj., luminous, bright: instr. sg. ledhtan sweorde, 2493. ledma, w. m. : i) light, splendor : nom. sg., 311, 2770; ace. sg. led- man, 1518; sunnan and m8nan led- man {light of sun and moon), 95. — 2) (as beadu- and hilde-ledma), the glittering sword : nom. sg. lixte se ledma {the blade-gleam flashed), 1571- leosan, St. v., = amitti, in be-ledsan, to deprive, be deprived of: pres. part, (hed) wearB be- loren leofum bearnum and brotS- rum {was deprived of her dear children and brethren), 1074. for-ledsan, with dat. instr., to lose something : pret. sg. J>£er he dome for-leas, ellen-mser^um {there lost he the glory, the repute, of his heroic 226 GLOSSAEY. deeds), 1471; pret. sg. for pi. JiSm K xr his eine for-leas {to him who, before, had lost his valor), 2862; part. pret. nealles ic ^txa leanum for-loren hafde {not at all had I lost the rewards), 2146. Ubban, w. v.; to live, be, exist: pres. sing. III. lifaS, 3169; lyfatS, 945; leofatS, 975, 1367, 2009; subj. pres. sg. II. lifige, 1225; pres. part, lifi- gende, 816, 1954, 1974, 2063; dat. sg. be Jie liBgendum {in thy life- time), 2666; pret. sg. lifde, 57, 1258; lyfde, 2145; pret.pl. lifdon, 99. See unlifigende. Ucgan, St. v.: i) to lie, lie down or low : pres. sg. nu sed hand ligetS {now the hand lies low), 1344; nu se wyrm ligelS, 2746, so 2904; inf. licgan, 3130; licgean, 967, 3083; pret. sg. lag, 40, 552, 2078; syS&n HeardrSd lag {after I-Ieardrid had fallen), 2389 ; pret. pi. ISgon, 3049 ; Isegon, 566. — 2) to lie pros- trate, rest, fail: pret. sg. naefre on ore lag wid-cfltSes wig {never failed the far-famed one's valor at the front), 1042; sy^'San wiiSer-gyld lag {after vengeance failed, or, •when Withergyld lay dead, if W. is a proper name), 2052. ^-licgan, to succumb, fail, yield : inf. 2887 ; pret. sg. ()at his dom a-lag {that its power failed it), 1529- ge-licgan,/tf rest, lie still : pret. sg. wind-blond gelag, 3147. lida, w. m., boat, ship (as in motion) ; in comp. : sund-, ^fS-lida. lid-man, st, m., seafarer, sailor : gen. pi. lid-manna, 1624. lim, St. n., limb, branch : instr. pi. leomum, 97. liinpan, st. v., to succeed, befall {v/eW or ill) ; impers. w. dat. piet. sg. hfl lomp e<5w on Ude {haw went it with you on the journey ?), 1988. i- lim pan, to come about, offer it- self: pret. sg. oiS )?'aX. sjel S-lamp {till the opportunity presented itself), 623 ; pret. part. JjS him R-lumpen was wistfylle wSn {since a hope of a full meal had befallen him), 734. be-Iimpan, to happen to, befall: pret. sg. him sid s3r belamp, 2469. ge-limpan,/o happen, occur, turn out : pres. sg. III. hit eft gelimpeS bat . . ., 1754; subj. pres. J^isse an- sjne alwealdan banc lungre gelimpe {thanks to the Almighty forthwith for this sight !) , 930 ; pret. sg. him on fyrste gelamp Jiiit . . ., 76; sw3 him ful-oft gelamp {as often hap- pened to them), 1253; |jas lie hire se willa gelamp hat . . . {because her wish had been fulfilled), 627; fr8for eft gelamp sSrig-modura, 2942; subj. pret. gif him J>yslicu l>earf gelumpe, 2638 ; pret. part. Denum eallum wearS . . . willa ge- lumpen, 825. lind, St. f. (properly linden ; here, a a wooden shield covered with lin- den-bark or pith) : nom. sg., 2342 ; ace. sg. geolwe linde, 261 1 ; ace. pi. linde, 2366. lind-gestealla, w. m., shield-com- rade, war-comrade : nom. sg., 1974- lind-hiibbend, pres. ^att., provided with a shield, i.e. warrior : nom. pi. -habbende, 245; gen. pi. hilbben- dra, 1403. lind-plega, w. m., shield-play, i.e. battle : dat. sg. lind-plegan, 1074, 2040. Iind--wiga, w. m., shield-fighter,war- rior : nom. sg., 2604. linnan, st. v., to depart, be deprived GLOSSARY. 227 of: inf. aldre linnan {depart from life), 1479; ealdres linnan, 2444. lis, St. i\, favor, affection : gen. pi. eall . . . lissa, 2151. list, St. m., art, skill, cleverness, cun- ning : dat. pi. adverbial, listum {cunningly), 782. llxan, w. v., to shine, flash : pvet. sg. lixte, 311, 485, 1571. He, St. n. : l) body, corpse : noni. sg., 967 ; ace. sg. lie, 2081 ; liat lie {the body, corpse), 2128; dat. sg. lice, 734, 1504, 2424, 2572, 2733, 2744; gen. sg. Itces, 451, 1123.— 2) form, -figure : in comp. eofor-, swin-Uc. ge-llc, adj., like, similar: noni. pi. m. ge-lice, 2165. Superl. ge-licost, 218, 728, 986, 1609. lJc-haina,-lioma,w.m. {body-home, garment), body: nom. sg. llc-homa, 813,1008,1755; ace. sg. Uc-haman, 2652; dat. sg. lic-haman, 3179. lician, w. v., to please, like (impers.) : pres. sg. III. me J>in m8d-sefa II- calS leng sw4 wel, 1855; pret. pi. J)ain wife >& word wel licodon, 640. licncs. See on-Ucnes. Iic-sd.r, St. f., bodily pain : ace. sg. lic-sSr, 816. llc-syrce, w. f., body-sark, shirt of mail covering the body : nom. sg., 55°- liS'an, St. -v., to move, go : pres. part, nom. pi. )jS llSende {navigantes, sailors), 221; \>W was sund liden {the •water was then traversed), 223. — Comp. : hea'Su-, mere-, woeg- IMend. Uffe (O.H.G. VindU), ai].,gentle, mild, friendly : nom. sg. w. instr. gen. Ui-a li6e, 1221. Superl. nom. sg. liSost, 3184. lilS-Wc'Bge, St. 11., can in which US (a wine-like, foaming drink) is contained: ace. sg., 1983. lif, St. m., life : aec. sg. lif, 97, 734, 1537. 2424, 2744, 2752; dat. sg. life, 2572; tS life {in one's life, ever), 2433 ; gen. sg. lifes, 197, ■791, 807, 2824, 2846; worolde Itfes {of the earthly life), 1388, 2344. — Comp. edwlt-llf. Uf-ljyslg, adj. {striving for life or death), weary of life, in torment of death : nom. sg., 967. Itf-dagas, St. m. pi., lifetime : ace. -dagas, 794, 1623. Itf-f red, w. m., lord of life, God : nom. sg., 16. IJf-ged3.1, St. n., separation from life: nom. sg., 842. llf-gesceaft, st. f., fate, destiny : gen. pi. -gesceafta, 1954, 3065. llf-wraff u, St. f., protection for one's life, safety : aec. sg. lif-wralSe, 2878; dat. Sg. to lif-wra^e, 972. llf-wyn, St. f., pleasure, enjoyment, joy (of life) : gen. pi. llf-wynna, 2098. -ISg, St. m., flame, fire : nom. sg., 1 1 23 ; dat. instr. sg, llge, 728, 2306, 2322, 2342; gen. sg. Uges, 83, 782. See Igg. lig-draca, w. ra., fire-drake, flaming dragon : nom. pi., 2334. See leg- draca. Ifg-egesa, w. m., horror arising through fire, flaming terror : aec. sg., 2781. llge-torn, st. m., false, pretended in- sult or injury, fierce anger {7): dat. sg. after llge-torne {on account of a pretended insult ? or fierce anger ? of Bugge in Zacher's Zeits. 4, 208), 1944. Ug-^S, St. m., wave of fire : instr. pi. llg-^Sum, 2673. lihan, St. v., to lend : pret. sg. Jiat 228 GLOSSARY. him on (learfe ISh J>yle HiSBgSies (which H.^s spokesman lent hint in need), 1457. on-lihan,;o lend, grant as a loan, with gen. of thing and dat. pers. : pret. sg. \>% he J>as wospnes on-lSh Shiran sweord-frecan, 1468. lOca, w. m., bolt, lock: in comp, bin-, burh-loca. locen. See liican. lond, long. See land, lang. lof, St. m., praise, repute : ace. sg. lof, 1537. lof-daed, st. {., deed of praise : instr. pi. lof-d£edum, 24. lof-georn, adj., eager for praise, ambitious : superl. nom. sg. lof- geornost, 3184. loga, w. m., liar ; in comp. treow- loga. losian, w. v., to escape, flee: pres. sg. III. losa*, 1393, 2063; pret. sg. he on weg losade {fled away), •201)1. lOcian, w. v., to see, look at: pres. sg. II. sse-lic . . . );e Jju her to 16- cast {booty of the sea that thou lookeston), 1655. ge-IOme, adv., often, frequently, 559- lufe, w. f., love: in comp. heah-, mod-, wif-lufe. lufa (cf. and-leofa, big-leofa, nour- ishment), w. ni., food, subsistence ; property, real estate : ace. sg. on lufan {on possessions), 1729. — Comp. eard-lufa. lufen, St. f. (cf. lufa), subsistence, food; real estate, {enjoyment}) : nom. sg. lufen (parallel with SiSel- wyn), 2887. Iuf-tS,cen, St. n., love-token : ace. pi. luf-tScen, 1864. llifian, w. v., to love, serve affection- ately : pret. sg. III. lufode J>4 leode {was on affectionate terms with the people), 1983. luugre, adv.: i) hastily, quickly, forthwith, 930, 1631, 2311, 2744. — 2) quite, very, fully : feower mearas lungre gelice {four horses quite alike), 2165. lust, St. m., pleasure, joy : dat. pi. adv. lustum {joyfully), 1654; so, on lust, 619, cf. 600. lucan, St. v., to twist, wind, lock, in- terweave : pret. part. ace. sg. and pi. locene leo^o-syrcan {shirt of mail wrought of meshes or rings interlocked), 1506, 1891; gen. pi. locenra beaga {rings wrought of gold wire), 2996. be-ldcan: i) to shut, close in or around : pret. Sg. winter ^tSe be- leac Is-gebinde {winter locked the waves with icy bond), 1 133. — 2) to shut in, off, preserve, protect : pret. sg. I. hig wige beleac mane- gura mseg^a {I shut them in, pro- tected them, from war a rising from many a tribe), 1 771. Cf. me wige belflc wrdBum feondum {protect me against mine enemies), Ps. 34, 3. ge-lflcan, to unite, link together, make : pret. part, gelocen, 2770. o'n'-lflcan, to unlock, open : pret.sg. word-hord on-leac {opened the ' word-hoard, treasure of speech), ^259. to-lttcan,(/(j twist, wrench, in two), to destroy : inf., 782. lyft, St. f. (m. n.?), air : nom. sg., 1376; dat. sg. after lyfte {along, through, the air), 2833. lyft-floga, w. m., air-flier: nom. sg. (of the dragon), 2316. lyft-geswenoed, pret. part., urged, hastened on, by the wind, 1914. lyft-'wyn, st. f., enjoyment of the air : ace. sg. lyft-wynne, 3044. GLOSSARY. 229 Iyh3'. See leahan. lystan, w. v., to lust after, long for : pret. sg. Geat ungemetes wel . . . restan lyste {the Gedt [Beowulf] longed sorely to rest), 1794. lyt, adv. neut. (= parum), little, very little, fexu : lyt eft becwom . . . h^mes niosan (t^^c escaped hovie- ward), 2366; lyt jenig (noite at all),^iy); usually with gen. : win- tra lyt, 1928; lyt . . . heafod-mSga, 2151; wergendra to lyt (^too fetu defenders), 2883; lyt swigode niwra spella (^/le kept to himself little, none at all, of the new tid- ings), 2898; dat. sg. lyt manna {too few of men), 2837. lytel, adj., small, little: nom. sg. neut. to lytel, 1749; ace. sg. f. lytle hwlle {a little while), 2031, 2098; llf-wra'Se lytle {little protection for his life), 2878. — Comp. un-lytel. lyt-hwon, adv., little = not at all : lyt-hwon logon, 204. Ij^fe, St. n., leave, pertiiission, {life'}) : instr.sg. J>Inel^fe (life, MS.), 2132. — Leo. Cf. O.N. leyfi, n., leave, permission, in Mobius' Glossary, p. 266. I^fan, w. v., (fundamental meaning to believe, trust) in S-l^fan, to alloiv, grant, entrust: pret. sg. nsefie ic senegum men asr Sl^fde . . . l^ryS-arn Dena {never before to any man have I entrusted the palace of the Danes), ^^^•, pret. part, (ba me was) stS . . . Sl^fed inn under eorlS-weall {the way in under the wall of earth was allowed me), 3090. ge-l^fan, w. v., to believe, trust: i) w. dat.: inf. ])£er gel^fan sceal dryhtnes dome se J)e hine deaiS nimeS {^uhomever death carrieth away, shall believe it to be the judg- ment of God, i.e. in the contest between Beowulf and Grendel), 440. — 2) w. ace. : pret. sg. geoce geljfde _ brego Beorht-Dena {be- lieved in, expected, help, etc.), 609; J)at he6 on oenigne eorl geljfde fyrena frofre {that she at last should expect from any earl comfort, help, out of these troubles), 628; se I>e him bealwa t8 bSte geljfde {who trusted in him as a help out of evils), 910; him to anwaldan Sre gel^fde {relied for himself in the help of God), 1273. ^-lysan, w. v., to loose, liberate: pret. part. JjS was of tam hr8ran helm and byrne lungre d-l^sed {helm and corselet were straight- way loosed from him), 1631. M maSfelian, w. y. (sermocinari), to speak, talk : pret. sg. maSelode, 28^ 348, 360, 371, 405, 456, 499, etc.; ma^elade, 2426. maga, w. m., son, male descendant, young man : nom. sg. maga Healf- denes (Hro'Sgar), 189, 1475,2144; maga EcgJ>e6wes (Beowulf), 2588; maga (Grendel), 979 ; se maga geonga (WlglSf), 2676; Grendles maga {a descendant of Grendel), 2007; ace. sg. t>one magan, 944. magan, v. with pret.-pres. form, to be able : pres. sg. I. III. mag, 277, 478, 931. 943. 1485. 1734. etc.; IL meaht J>u, 2048; subj. pres. msege, 2531, 2750; J>eah ic eal m^ge {even though I could), (&\; subj. pi. we ma^gen, 2655 ; pret. sg. ■ meahte, 542, 755, 1131, 1660,2465, etc.; mihte, 190, 207,462, 511, 571, 657,1509,2092,2610; mehte, 1083, 230 GLOSSARY. 1497,1516,1878; pi. meahton, 649, 942. 145s. 1912, 2374, 3080; mih- ton, 308, 313, 2684, 3164; subj. pret. sg. meahte, 243, 763, 2521 ; pres. sg. mag, sometimes = licet, may, can, will {ivX.'), 1366, 1701, 1838, 2865. mago (Goth, magu-s), st. m., male, son ; nom. sg. mago EcglSfes (Hiin- ferS), 1466 ; mago Healfdenes (Hr8«gaO, 1868, 2012. mago-dryht, st. f., troop of young men, band of men : nora. sg. mago- driht, 67. mago-rlnc, st. m., hero, man (pre- eminently) : gen. pi. mago-rinca, heap, 731. inagu-]>egn, inago-J>egn, st. ni., vassal, war-thane : nom. sg. 408, 2758; dat. sg. magu-jjegne, 2080; ace. pi. magu-tegnas, 293; dat.pl. mago-begnum, 1481; gen.pl. mago- Jjegna . . . J>one sSlestan (the best of vassals'), 1406. man, mon, st. m.: l) man, human being: nom. sg. man, 25, 503, 534, 1049. 1354. 1399, 1535. 1877, etc.; mon,209,sio,i56i,i646,2282,etc.; ace. sg. w. mannan, 297, 577, 1944, 2128,2775; wld-c(WSne man, 1490; dat. sg. men, 656, 753, 1880; menn, 2190; gen. sg. mannes, II95(?), 2081, 2534, 2542; monnes, 1730; nom. pi. men, 50, 162, 233, 1635, 3167; ace. pi. men, 69, 337, 1583, 1718; dat. pi. mannum, 3183; gen. pi. manna, 155, 201, 380, 702, 713, 736, etc.; monna, 1414, 2888.— 2) indef. pron. = one, they, people (Geim. man) : man, 1173, 1176; mon, 2356, 3177. — Comp. : fyrn-, gleo-, gum-, id-, lid-, soe-, wjepned- man. man. See munan. inan-cyn, st. n., mankind : dat. sg. man-cynne, no; gen. sg. man- cynnes, 164, 2182; mon-cynnes, 196, 1956. man-dredm, st. m., human joy, mundi voluptus : ace. sg. man- dream, 1265; dat. pi. mon-dvea- mum, 1716. man-dryhten, st. m. (lord of men), ruler of the people, prince, king : nom. sg. man-dryhten, 1979, 2648; mon-drihten, 436 ; mon-dryhten, 2866; ace. sg. mon-dryhten, 2605; dat. sg. man-drihtne, 1230; man- dryhtne, 1250, 2282; gen. sg. man- dryhtnes, 2850; mon-dryhtnes, 3'50- ge-mang, st. m., troop, company: dat. sg. on gemonge (in the troop [of- the fourteen Geatas that re- turned from the sea]), 1644. manlan, w. v., to warn, admonish : pres. sg. III. manaS swS and mynd- ga^ . . . s4rum wordum (so warn- eth and remindeth he with hitter , words), 2058. manlg, monlg, adj., many, many a, much : i) adjectively : nom. sg. rinc manig, 399 ; geong manig (many a young man), 855 ; monig snelllc S£e-rinc, 690 ; medu-benc monig, 777; so 839, 909, 919, 151 1, 2763, 3023, etc.; ace. sg. medo-ful manig, 1016 ; dat. sg. m. );egne monegum, 1342, 1420; dat. sg. f. manigre ma^g^e, 75; ace. pi. man- ige men, 337; dat. pi. manegum rai%num, 2104; monegum maeg- t!um, 5; gen. pi. manigra mSda, 1 1 79. — 2) substantively : nom. sg. manig, 1861; monig, 858; dat. sg. manegum, 349, 1888; nom. pi. manige, 1024; monige, 2983; ace. pi. monige, 1 599 ; gen. pi. manigra, 2092. — 3) with depend, gen. pi. ; dat. manegum niEEgSa, 1772; mone- GLOSSAEY. 231 gum fira, 2002; hale^a monegum bold-Sgendra, 3112; ace. pi. rinca manige, 729 ; (mliSn^)-£Ehta monige, 1614. manig-oft, adv., very often, fre- quently, 171 [if manig and oft are to be connected]. man-lice, adv., man-like, manly, 1047. man-Jjwsere, adj., kind, gentle to- ward men, philanthropic; nom. sg. superl. mon-l)waerust, 3183. in&, contracted adv. compar., more : with partitive gen., 504, 736, 1056. in^Srum, m^SS'uni, st. m., gift, jewel, object of value: ace. sg. matSSum, 169, 1053, 2056, 3017; dat. instr. sg. mS-Sme, 1529, 1903; nom. pi. mS^raas, 1861 ; ace. pi. mSdmas, 385, 472, 1028, 1483, 1757, 1868, etc.; dat. instr. pi. mS^mum, mddmum, 1049, 1899, 2104, 2789; gen. pi. mS^ma, 1785, 2144, 2167, etc.; mSdma, 36, 41. — Comp. : dryht-, gold-, hord-, ofer-, sine-, wundor-mSSum. mSiffm-seht, st. f., treasure in jew- els, costly objects : gen. pi. mS^m- sehta, 1 614, 2834. mSffffum-fat, st. n., treasure-casket or cup, costly vessel.- nom. sg., 2406. maSm-gestreon, st. n., precious jewel: gen. pi. mS^m-gestredna, 1932. maS'uiu-gifu, st. {., gift of valuable objects, largess of treasure : dat. sg. after mS"S'Sum-gife, 1 302. ia%^\\xa.-si^,%'i..n.,costly, sun-shaped ornametit, vahtable decoration .■ gen. pi. m4OTum-sigla, 2758. maSum-sweord, st. n., costly sword (inlaid with gold and jewels) : ace. sg., 1024. mS.ISruin-'wela, w. m., wealth ofje^u- els, valuables : dat. sg. after-matJ- •Suni-welan {after the sight of the wealth of jewels), 2751. in&gas. See inseg. m&ge, w. f., female relative: gen. sg. Grendles niSgan {itioiher'), 1392. m&n, St. n., crime, misdeed: instr. sg. niSne, no, 979; adv., crimi- nally, 1056. inS.n-for-dsedla, w. m., evil-doer, criminal : nom. pi. mSn-for-da;d- lan, 563. inS.n-s(;a3Fa, w. m., mischievous, hurtful foe, hostis ncfastus : nom. sg- 713. 738, 1340; mSn-scea'Sa, 2515- m&ra (comp. of micel), Sidi.,greater, stronger, mightier: nom. sg. m. mSra, 1354, 2556; neut. mSre, 1561 ; ace. sg. m. mSran, 2017; mund-gripe mSran {a mightier hand-grip), 754; with following gen. pi. mSian . . . eorla {a more powerful earl), 247; fem. mSran, 533, 1012; neut. mSre, 518; with gen. pi. morlS-beala mSre {more, greater, deeds of murder), 136; gen. sg. f. mSran, 1824. m^st (superl. of micel, va.kt3),great- est, strongest: nom. sg. neut. (with partitive gen.), msest, 78, 193; fem. mjest, 2329; ace. sg. fem. fsehiSe msESte, 459 ; nueste . . . worolde Wynne {the highest earthly pleas- ure), 1080; neut. (with partitive gen.) msest maertSa, 2646; hond- wundra niEESt, 2769 ; bscl-fyra mcest, 3144; instr. sg. m. mseste crafte, 2182. macg. See mecg. magff, St. f., wife, maid, woman : nom. Sg., 3017; gen. pi. maglSa h6se {accompanied by her maids of honor), 925; mag'Sa, 944, 1284. magen, st. n. : i) might, bodily 232 GLOSSARY. strength, heroic power: ace. sg. magen, 518, 1707; instr. sg. ma- gene, 78o(?), 2668; gen. sg. ma- genes, 418, 1271, 1535, I7i7,etc.; miignes, 671, 1762; magenes Strang, strengest (^greatin strength'), 1845, 196 ; magenes rof (id.), 2085. — 2) prime, flower (of a nation), forces available in war: ace. sg. svv3 he oft (i.e. etan) dyde magen HreiSmanna {the best of the Hrtfi- meii), 445 ; gen. sg. witS manna hwone magenes Deniga (^fromCJ) any of the forces of the Danes), 155. — Comp. ofer-magen. magcn-agend, pres. part., having great strength, valiant: gen. pi. -Sgendra, 2838. magen-ljyr3'en, st. f., httge burtlun : ace. sg. magen-byrlSenne, 3092 ; dat. (instr.) sg., 1626. magen-craft, st. m., great, hero- like, strength : ace. sg., 380. magen-ellen, st. n. (the same), aee. sg., 660. magen-fultum, st. m., material aid: gen.pl. nas tat J;onne maetost magen-fultuma {that was not the least of strong helps, i.e. the sword Hrunting), 1456. miigen-raes, st. m., mighty attack, onslaught: ace. sg., 1520. inagen-strengo,st.f.,?««««i/;-f7?^.'/;, heroic power : ace. sg., 2679. magen-wudu, st. m., might-wood, i.e. the spear, lance ; ace. sg., 236. mast, St. m., mast : nom. sg., 1899; dat. sg. be maste {beside the mast) , 36; to the mast, 1906. maeffum. See mSa^um, hyge- masSFum. mseg, St. m., kinsman by blood: nom. sg. ma;g,408, 738, 759, 814, 915, 1531. 194s. etc.; {brother), 468, 2605? ace. sg. mseg {soii), 1340; {brother), 2440, 2485, 2983; dat sg. maege, 1979 ; gen. sg. msges, 2629, 2676, 2699, 2880; nom. pi. mSgas, 1016; aee. pi. mSgas, 2816; dat. pi. mSgum, 1179, 2615, 3066; {to brothers), 11 68; mscgum, 2354; gen. pi. mSga, 247, 1080, 1854, 2C07, 2743. — Comp. -. faderen-, heafod-, wine-maeg. niaeg-burh, st. f., borough of blood- kinsmen, entire population united by ties of blood; (in wider sense) race, people, nation : gen. sg. lond- rihtes . ; . Jjiere maeg-burge {of land possessions among the people, i.e. of the Geatas), 2888. msegKF, st. f., race, people: ace. sg. mEeg^e, 1012; dat. sg. maeg^e, 75; dat. pi. maegSum, 5; gen. pi. maeg- •Sa, 25, 1772. maeg-'wlne, st. m., blood kinsman, friend, 2480. ma;], st. n.: l) time, point of time : nom. sg. 316; t>4 was sael and moel {there was [appropriate] chance and time), 1009 ; ace. sg. ma;l, 2634; instr. pi. aerran mjelum, 908, 2238, 3036; gen. pi. maela, 1250; SEela and mxla, 1612; mxla ge- hwylce {each time, without inter- mission), 2058. — 2) swordjWcap- on : nom. .sg. broden (brogdcn) ma;l {the drawn sword ), 1 6 1 7, 1 668 (cf. Grimm, Andreas and Elene, p. 156). — 3) mole, spot, mark. — Comp. : graeg-, bring-, scea^en-, wunden-masl. mael-cearu, st. f., long-continued sorrow, grief: ace. sg. mael-ceare, 189. mael-gesceaft, st. i.,fate, appointed time : ace. pi. ic on earde bid mael- gesceafta {awaited the time allotted for me by fate), 2738. meenan, w. v., with ace. in the sense GLOSSARY. 233 of (i) to rememher, vientio7i,fio- daim : inf. maenan, 1068 ; piet. part. Jjaer was Beowulfes nioerSo msened, 858. — 2) /o mention sor- rowfully, mourn: inf. 3173; pret. sg. gioh^o nicende (ntourned sor- rowfully), 2268; pret. pi. mcendon, 1 150, 3150. ge-msenan (see m&n), w. v. with ace, to injure maliciously, break : subj. pret. pi. ge-m:enden, 1 102. ge-msene, adj., common, in com- mon : nom. sg. gemaene, 2474; Jjser unc hwile was hand gemtene (i.e. in battle), 2138; sceal drum Jiat sweord and helm bSm gemsene (i.e. wesan), 2661 ; nom. pi. ge- m£Ene, 1S61; dat. pi. >at \>km fol- cum sceal... sib gemEenum (at- traction for gemsene, i.e. wesan), 1858; gen. pi. unc sceal (i.e. we- san) fela mS^ma gemsenra {we two shall share many treasures to- gether), 1785. mserd'u, st. f. : l) glory, u hero's ^ffjf.- nom . sg. 85 8 ; ace. sg. masr^o, 6oo(?), 688; ace. pi. masr'Sa, 2997; instr. pi. mseriSum (gloriously), 2515: gen. pi. maertJa, 504, 1531. — 2) deed of glory, heroism : ace. sg. mEer'So, 2135; gen. pi. mserSa, 408, 2646. — Comp. ellen- mseriJu. msere, adj., memorable ; celebrated, noble; wellknmmt, notorious: nom. sg. m.msere, 103, 129, 1716, 1762; se maera, 763, 2012, 2588; also as vocative m. se maera, 1475; nom. fem. maeru, 201 7 ; m£ere,i953; neut. maere, 2406; ace. sg.m. maerne, 36, 201, 353. 1599. 2385, 2722, 2789, 3099; neut. nixre, 1024; dat. sg. maerum, 345, 1302, 1993, 2080, 2573; tojjammaeran, 270; gen. sg. mseres, 798; maeran, 1 730; nom. pi. maere, 3071; superl. maerost, 899. — Comp.: fore-, hea^o-msere. msest. See intlra. niEete, adj., moderate, small: superl. nom. sg. mxtost, 1456. mecg, luacg, st.m., son,youth, man : in comp. hilde-, oret-mecg, wrac- macg. media. See on-medla. medu, St. m., mead : ace. sg. medu, 2634; dat. sg. to medo, 605. medo-arn, st. n., mead-hall : ace. sg. medo-arn (Heorot), 69. mcdu-beuc, st. f., mead-bench, bench in the mead-hall : nom. sg. medu- benc, 777 ; dat. sg. medu-bence, 1053 ; medo-bence, 1068, 2186; meodu-bence, 1903. medu-dredm, st. m., mead-joy,joy- ous carousing during mead-drink- ing : ace. sg. 2017. medo-ful, st. n., mead-cup: ace. sg. 625, 1016. medo-heal, st. f., mead-hall ; nom. sg., 484; dat. sg. meodu-healle, medu-scenc, st. f., mead-can, ves- sel : instr. pi. meodu-scencum, 1981. medu-seld, st. 11., mead-seat, mead- house: ace. sg., 3066. medo-setl, st. n., mead-seat upon which one sits mead-drinking: gen. pi. meodo-setla, 5. medo-stig, st. f., mead-road, road to the mead-hall : ace. sg. medo- stig, 925. medo - Tvang, st. m., mead-field (where the mead-hall stood) : ace. pi. raedo-wongas, 1644. meffel, st. n., speech, conversation : dat. sg. on meSle, 1877. meffel-stede, st. m., (properly place of speech, judgment-seat), here meeting-place, battle-field (so, also, 234 GLOSSARY. 425, the battle is conceived under the figure of a parliament or con- vention) ; dat. sg. on (jam meSel- stede, 1083. meffel-word, st. m., words called forth at a discussion ; address : instr. pi. metSel-wordum, 236. melda, \v. m., finder, informer, be- trayer ; gen. sg. J^as meldan, 2406. meltan, st. v. intrans., to consume by fire, melt or waste away : inf., 3012; pret. sg. mealt, 2327; pi. multon, 1 1 21. ge-raeltan, thesame: pret.sg. ge- mealt, 898, 1609, 1616; negemealt him se mod-sefa (Jiis courage did not desert him"), 2629. men. See man. mene, st. n., neck ornament, neck- lace, collar : ace. sg., 1200. mengan, w. v., to mingle, unite, with, w. ace. of thing : inf. se J^e mere- grundas mengan scolde, 1450. ge-mengan, to mix with, commin- gle : pret. part., 849, 1594. menigeo, st. f., multitude, many : nom. and ace. sg. mWma menigeo (jnultitude of treasures, presents), 2144; so, manigo, 41. mercels, st. m., mark, aim : gen. sg. mercelses, 2440. mere, st. m., sea, ocean : nom. sg. se mere, 1363; ace. sg. on mere, 1 131, 1604; on nicera mere, 846; dat. sg. fram mere, 856. merc-dedr, St. n., sea-beast: ace. sg., 558. mere-fara, w. m., seafarer: gen. sg. mere-faran, 502. mere-flx, st. m., sea-fish : gen. pi. mere-fixa {the whale, cf. 540), 549. mere-grund, St. m., sea-bottom : ace. sg., 2101; ace. pi. mere-grundas, 1450- mere-bragl, st. m., sea-garment. i.e., sail: gen. pi. mere-hragla sum, 1906. mere-liSJend, pres. part., moving on the sea, sailor : nom. pi. mere-li- ^ende, 255. mcre-straet, st. f., sea-street, way over the sea : ace. pi. mere-stroeta, 514- mere-strengo, st. f., sea-power, strength in the sea : ace. sg., 533. mere-wSf, st. n., sea-woman, mer- woman : ace. sg. (of Grendel's mother), 1520. mcrgen. See morgen. met, St. n., thought, intention (cf. metian = meditari) : ace. pi. onsael meoto, 489 (meaning doubtful; see Bugge, Journal 8, 292; Die- trich, Haupt's Zeits. 11,411; Kor- ner, Eng. Stud. 2, 251). g e - met, st. n., a « apportioned share ; might, power, ability : nom. sg. nis bat . . . gemet mannes nefne mln ines {nobody, myself excepted, can do that), 2534; ace. sg. ofer mtn gemet (beyond my power), 2880; dat. sg. mid gemete, 780. ge-met, adj., well-measured, meet, good: nom. sg. swi him gemet tince ((jfthte), (as seemed meet to him), 688, 3058. See un-gemete, adv. metan, st. v., to measure, pass over or along: pret. pi. fealwe stra;te mearum ma;ton (measured the yel- low road with their horses), 918 ; so, 514, 1634. ge-metan, the same: pret. sg. medu-stIggemat(OT^«i;(;'«(',«'(jtt«(/ over, the road to the mead-hall), 925- metod, St. m. (the measuring, ar- ranging) Creator, God: nom. sg., no, 707, 968, 1058, 2528; sclr metod, 980; s6^ metod, 1 61 2; ace. GLOSSARY. 235 sg, metod, l8o; dat. sg. metode, 169, 1779; gen. sg. metodes, 671. — Comp. eald-metod. metod-sceaft, st. f. : i) the Creator's determination, divine purpose, fate : ace. sg. -sceaft, 1078. — 2)- the Creator's glory : ace. sg. metod- sceaft se6n (i.e. die), 1181; dat. sg. to metod-sceafte, 2816. in6ce, St. \a.,sword: nom.sg., 1939; ace. sg. mSce, 2048; brMne mSce, 2979; gen. sg. meces, 1766, 1813, 2615, 2940; dat. pi. instr. mj^cum, 565 ; gen. pi. m^ca, 2686. — Comp. : beado-, haft-, hilde-mSce. lued, St. f., 7need, re-ward : ace. sg. mSde, 2135; dat. sg. m§de, 2147; gen. pi. mSda, 1179. ge-mede, st. n., approval, permis- sion (Grein) : ace. pi. ge-mSdu, 247- mfiSe, adj., tired, exhausted, de- jected: in comp. hyge-, sae-meSe. mStan, w. v., to meet, find, fall in ■with: with ace, pret. pi. sylS^an Aescheres . . .hafelan metton,i422; subj. pret. sg. I^at he ne mStte . . . on elran man mundgripe mdran {tliat he never met, in any other man, with a mightier hand-grip), 752- ge-mStan, with ace, the same: pret. sg. gemStte, 758, 2786; pi. nas J>i long to ))on, tat J)i aglaeeean hy eft gemStton {it was not long after that the warriors again met each other), 2593. ge- meting, st. f., meeting, hostile coming together : nom. sg., 2002. meagol, adj., mighty, immense; for- mal, solemn: insti-. pi. meaglum wordum, 1 981. mearc, it. i., frontier, limit, end: dat. sg. t3 mearce (the end of life), 2385. — Comp. Weder-mearc, 298. ge-mearc, st.n., measure, distance : comp. f6t-, mll-ge-mearc. mearclan, w. v., to mark, stain : pres. ind. sg. mearea^ m6rh6pu (will stain, mark, the moor with the blood of the corpse), 450. ge-mearcian, the same: pres. part. (Cain) morSre gemeareod (inurder-marked [ef. i Book Mos. IV. 15]), 1265; swi was on }>£Em scennum . . . gemeareod . . . hwam J)at sweord geworht wsere {en- graved for whom the sword had been wrought), 1696. niearc-stapa, w. m., march-strider, frontier-haunter (applied to Gren- del and his mother) : nom. sg., 103; ace. pi. mearc -stapan, 1349. mearh, st. m., horse, steed : nom. pi. mearas, 2164; ace. pi. mearas, 866, 1036; dat. pi. inst. mearum, 856, 918; mearmn and mS'Smum, 1049, 1899 ; gen. pi. meara and raS'Sma, 2167. mearn. See murnan. meoda. See medu. meoto. See met. meotud. See metod. meowle, w. f., maiden : eomp. ge6- meowle. micel, adj., great, huge, long (of time) : nom. sg. m., 129, 502; fem., 67, 146, 170; nent., 772; ace. sg. m. micelne, 3099; fem. miele, 1779, 3092; neut. micel, 270, 1168. The comp. mare must be supplied before Jjone in: medo-arn mieel . . . (mSre) hone yldo beam sefre ge-frunon, 69; instr. sg. ge-trume miele, 923; miele (by much, much) ; micle leofre (^far dearer), 2652; efne swS micle (lassa), (^lessl even by so much), 1284; of tor micle (much oftener), 1580; dat. sg. weak form mielan; 2850; gen. sg. 236 GLOSSARY. miclan, 979. The gen. sg. micles is an adv. = much, very : micles wyr^ne gedon {deem worthy of OT«i/4, i.e. honor very highly), 2186; Xo{&\z^mv^e.'i(^far too much, viany'), 695; ace. pi. micle, 1349. Compar., see m^ra. mid, I. prep. w. dat., instr., and ace, signifying preeminently union, community, with, hence: l) w. dat. : a) with, in company, coju- munity, with: mid Finne, 1 129; mid Hr6?g&re, 1593; mid scip- herge, 243; mid gesiSum (with his comrades), 1314; so, 1318, 1964, 2950, etc.; mid his fred- drihtne, 262S; mid J«!m IScum {with the gifts), 1869; so, 2789, 1 25 ; mid hasle {with good luck I), 1 218; m\i.\x£\s {iix {sped off amid fire), 2309. The prep, postponed : him mid {with him, in his compa- ny), ^l; with him, 1626; ne was him Fitela mid {was not with him), 890. b) with, among: mid Gea- tum {among the Gedtas), 195, 2193,2624; midScyldingum, 274; raid Eotenum, 903; mid yldum (eldum), 77, 2612; mid Vaa.{with, among, one another), 2949. In temporal sense: mid aer-dage {at dawn), 126. — 2) with, with the help of, through, w. dat. : raid 3r-stafiim {through his grace) ,317; so, 2379; raid grSpe {with the fist), 438; so, .1462, 2721 ; mid his hete- >oncum {through his hatred) , 475 ; mid sweorde, 574; so, 1660, 2877 ; mid gemete {through, by, his power), 780; so, 1220, 2.536, 2918; mid gode {with benefits), 1 185; mid hearme {with harm, insult), 1893; mid Jjaere sorge {with [through'!'] this sorrow), 2469; mid rihte (*_)/ j-j^fto), 2057. With instr. : mid J^ wife {through [tnar- riage with'] the woman), 2029. — 3) w. ace, with, in community, company, with : mid his eorla ge- driht, 357; so, 634, 663, 1673; mid hine, 880; mid minne gold- gyfan, 2653. II. adv., mid, thereamong, in the company, 1643; at the same time, likewise, 1650. mlddan-geard, st. m., globe, earth: ace. sg., 75, 1772; dat. sg. onmid- dan-gearde, 2997; gen.sg.middan- geardes, 504, 752. midde, adj., middle ■= medius : dat. sg. on middan {through the viiddle, in two), 2706; gen. sg. (adv.) t8- raiddes {in the midst), 3142. mlddel-niht, st. f., midnight: dat. pi. middel-nihtum, 2783, 2834. mlht, St. f., might, power, authority: ace. sg. )jurh drihtnes miht {through the Lord's help, power), g^l; instr. pi. selfes mihtum, 701. mihtlg, adj. : l) physically strong, powerful: nom. sg. mihtig mere- de6r, 558; mere-wlf mihtig, 1520. — 2) possessing authority, mighty : nom. sg. mihtig god, 702, 1717, 1726; dat. sg. mihtigan drihtne, ' 399- — Comp. : al-, fore-mihtig. mllde, adj., kind, gracious, gener- ous : nom. sg. m6des milde {kind- hearted), 1230; instr. pi. mildum ■v/otdi\x\a{graciously),ii'!'i, Superl. nom. sg. vvorold-cyning mannum raildust {a king most liberal to men), 3183. inllts, St. f., kindness, benevolence : nom. sg., 2922. mlssan, w. v. with gen., to miss, err in : pret. sg. miste mercelses {missed the mark), 2440. missere, st. n., space of a semester, half a year : gen. pi. hund missera GLOSSARY. 237 ijifty winters), 2734, 2210; gen- erally, a long period of time, season, 1499, 1770; felamissera, 153,2621. mist-hllff, St. 11., misty cliff, cloud- capped slope : dat. pi. under mist- hleo'Sum, 711. mistig, adj., misty : ace. pi. mistige moras, 162. mil-gemearc, sf. n., measure by miles : gen. sg. mll-gemearces, 1363- min: i) poss. pron., my, mine, 255, 345, etc. ; Hygeiac mIn {my lord, otking, //.), 2435.-2) gen. sg. of pers. pron. ic, of me, 2085, 2534, etc. molde, w. f., dust; earth, field: in comp. gras-mblde. inon. See man. g e - inong. See g e - mang. morS-bealu, st. n., m.urder, deadly bale or deed of murder : gen. pi. mor'S-beala, 136. morSor, st. n., deed of violence, mur- der : dat. instr. sg. mor'Sre, 893, 1265,2783; gen.sg.mor'Sres,2o56; morSres scyldig (victim of a violent death), 1684. morffor-bed, st. n., bed of death, murder-bed : ace. sg. was Jiam yldestan . . . morSor-bed;.stred (a bed of death was spread for the eldest, i.e. through murder his death- bed was prepared), 2437. morSFor-bealu, st. ii., death-bale, destruction by murder : ace. sg. mortSor-bealo, 1080, 2743. niorffor-hete, st. m., murderous hate : gen. sg. J^as mor^or-hetes, 1 106. morgen, morn, mergen, st. m., morning, forenoon ; also ijiorro%o : nom. sg. morgen, 1785, 2125; {morro'iU), 2104; ace. sg. on mor- gen {in the morning), 838; dat. sg. on morgne, 2485 ; on mergenne, 565, 2940; gen. pi. morna ge- hwylce {every morning), 2451. morgen-ceald, adj., morning-cold, dawn-cold : nom. sg. %^x. morgen- ceald {spear chilled by the early air of morn), 3023. morgen-Iang, adj., lasting through the morning: ace. sg. morgen- longne dag {the whole forenoon), 2895- morgen-leohtjSt.n., m»?-»iK^-/!^/^/.- nom. Sg., 605, 918. morgen-swSg, st. m., morning-cry, cry at morn : nom. sg., 129. morgen-tid, st. f., morning-tide : ace. sg. on morgen -tide, 484, 8i8(?). morn. See morgen. mdd, St. n. ; l) heart, soul, spirit, mood, mind, manner of thinking : nom. Sg., 50, 731 ; wafre m8d {the flickering spirit, the fading breath) , 1 15 1; ace. sg. on mod {into his mind), 67; dat. instr. sg. m6de gejjungen {of mature, lofty spirit), 625; on mode {in heart, mind), 754,1845,2282,2528; onhreoum mode {fierce of spirit), 2582; gen. sg. m6des, 171, 811, 1707; modes bllSe {gracious - minded, kindly disposed), 436; so, m8des milde, 1230; m6des sedce {depressed in mind), 1604. — 2) boldness, cour- age : nom. and ace. sg., 1058, 1 1 68. 3) passion, fierceness : nom. sg., 549. — Comp. form adj.: galg-, geSmor-, glad-, gd^-, hredh-, irre-, sSrig-, stitS-, swl^-, w§rig-m6d. mOd-cearn, st. f., grief of heart : ace. sg. mod-ceare, 1993, 3150. mOd-gehygd, st. n., thought of the heart; mind: Instr. pi. mod-ge- hygdum, 233 mdd-ge-J»aiic, st. n., mood-thought ; 238 GLOSSARY. meditation : ace. sg. mod-ge-^onc, 1730- mOd-giSmor, &&]., grieved at heart, dejected: nom. sg., 2895. mddlg, adj., courageous : nom. sg., 605, 1644, 1813, 2758 ; he J>as ()>am, MS.) modig was racu, st. f, boldness, courage, strength of mind: dat. sg. for his m6d-t>race, 385. mddor, f., mother : nom. sg., 1259, 1277, 1283, 1684, 21 19; ace. sg. mSdor, 1539, 2140, 2933. mdna, w. m., moon : gen. sg. mS- nan, 94. mdr, St. m., moor, morass, swamp : ace. sg. ofer myrcan m8r, 1406; dat. sg. of m3re, 711 ; ace. pi. mSras, 103, 162, 1349. mdr-hOp, St. n., place of refuge in the moor, hiding-place in the swamp : ace. pi. m6r-h8pu, 450. ge-mSit, St. n., nieeting : in comp. hand-, torn-ge-mSt. mdtan, pret.-pres. v.: l) power or permission to have something, to be permitted; may, can : ptes. sg. I., III. mot, 186, 442, 604; II. most, 1672; pi. moton, 347, 365, 395 ; pres. subj. ie m8te, 431 ; III. se )je mote, 1388; pret. sg. moste, 168, 707, 736, 895, 1488, 1999, 2242, 2505, etc.; pi. m6ston, 1629, 1876, 2039, 2125, 2248; pres. subj. sg. II. >at ]>u hine selfne geseon moste (inightest see), 962. — 2) shall, must, be obliged : pres. sg. m8t, 2887 ; pret. sg. mSste, 1940; J«er he JjJ fyrste foiman dSgore wealdan mSste, sw4 him Wyrd ne gescrSf, hr£S at hilde (Jf he must for the first ti7ne that day be victo- rious, as Fate had denied him vic- tory, ef. 2681, 2683 seqq.), 2575. ge-muuan, pret.-pres. v., to have in mind, be mindful; remember, think of, w. aec. : pres. sg. hine gearwe geman witena wel-hwylc {each of the knowing ones still re- members him: well), 265; icl.-e t>as lean geman (/ shall not forget thy reward for this), 1221 ; ic bat call gemon (/ remember all that), 2428; so, 1702, 2043; gif he J)at eall gemon hwat . . . {if ,he is mindful of all that which . . .), 1 1 86; ic J>at msel gemon hwser . . . (/ remenber the time when . . .), 2634; pret. sg. w. gemunde . . . a^fen-sprsece {recalled his evening speech), "J tig; 30,871, 11 30,. 1260, 1271, 1291,2115,2432,2607,2679; se J>as ledd-hryres lean ge-munde {■was mindful of reward for the fall of the ruler), 2392; >at he Eotena beam inne gemunde {that he in this should remember, take vengeance on, the children of the Jutes), 1142; so, hond gemunde feh^o gen8ge {his hand remem- bered strife enough), 2^go; ne ge- GLOSSARY. 239 munde niago EcglSfes bat . . . (re- ntemicred not that which . . .), 1466; pret. pi. helle gemundon in m8d-sefan {their thoughts [as heathens] fixed themselves on, re- membered, hell), 179. on-munan, w. ace. pers. and gen. of thing, to admonish, exhort: piet. sg. onmunde fisic mserlSa {ex- horted us to deeds of glory), 2641. mund, St. f., hand: instr. pi. mun- dum, mid mundum, 236, 514, 1462, 3023, 3092. vaVia&-\>OVii,\v .xa.,frotector , guardi- an, preserver : nom. sg., 1481, 2780. mund-gripe, st. m., hand-grip, seizure : ace. sg. mund-gripe, 754; dat. sg. mund-gripe, 28o(?), 1535; after mund-gripe {after having seized the criminal), 1939. murnan, st. v., to shrink from, be afraid of, avoid: pret. sg, n6 mearn fore faeh'Se and fyrene, 136; so, 1538; nalles for ealdre mearn {was not apprehensive for his life) , 1 443. — 2) to mourn, grieve : pres. part, him was . . . murnende mod, 50; pres. subj ., Jionne he fela murne {than that he should mourn much), 1386. be-murnan, be-meornan, with ace, to mourn over: pret., be- mearn, 908, 1078. murn-lice. See un-inurn-Uce. muSF-bana, w. m., mouth-destroyer : dat. sg. to mftiS-bonan (of Grendel because he bit his victim to death), 2080. mfiffa, w. m., mouth, entraiice : ace. sg. recedes mfl'San {mouth of the house, door), 725. ge-mynd, St. f., memory, memorial, remembrance : dat. pi. to gemyn- dum, 2805, 3017. See weoraf- mynd. myndian, w. v., to call to mind, remember : pres. sg. myndgalS, 2058; pres. part, w, gen. gif Jjonne Fresna hwylc . . . l^as -morlSor- hetes myndgieiid wsere {were to call to m ind the bloody feud ) , 1 1 06. ge- myndian, w. v. w. ace, to re- member : bi'S gemyndgad . . . ea- foran ellor-sIS {is reminded of his son's decease), 2451. ge-myndig, adj., mindful: nom. sg. w. gen., 614, 869, 1174, 1531, 2083, etc. inyne,.st,m.: \) mind, wish: nom. sg-i 2573. — 2) love{1): ne his myne wisse {whose [God's] loi'e he knew no£), 1 69. ge-mynian, w. v. w. ace, to be mindful of: imper. sg. gemyne mtertSo ! 660. myntan, w. v., to intend, think of, resolve : pret. sg. mynte . . . man- na cynnes sumne besyrwan (/«(?««/ to entrap all{'>) [see sum], some one of{T), the men), 713; mynte >at he gedselde . . . {thought to sever), 732; mynte se msera, Jjier he meahte sw3, wtdre gewindan {intended to fiee) , 763. myrce, adj., mtirky, dark : ace. sg. ofer myrcan m6r, 1406. myrff, st. f.,joy, mirth : dat. (instr.) sg. modes myr^e, 811. N naca, w. m., vessel, ship : ace. sg. nacan, 295 ; gen. sg. nacan, 214. — Comp. : bring-, ^IS-naca. nacod, adj., naked : nom. and ace. sg. swurd, gftlS-bill nacod, 539, 2586; nacod niS-draca, 2274. nalas, nales, nallas. See nealles. nama, w. m., name : nom. sg. Bed- 240 GLOSSARY. wulf is mtn nama, 343 ; was )>am haft-mSce Hrunting nama, 1458; ace. sg. scop him Heort naman (^gave it the name Hart), 78. na (from ne-S), strength, negative, never, not all, 445, 567, 1537. n^h, from ne-dh. See ^gan. nan (from ne-Sn), indef. pron., none, no: with gen. pi. gQ'5-billa nin, 804; adjectively, ndn . . .Iren ser- god, 990. nat, from ne-wSt ; I know not= ne- scio. See witan. nat-hwylc (nescio quis, ne-wit- hwylc, know not who, which, etc.), indef. pron., any, a certain one, some or other : l) w. partitive gen. : nom. sg. gumena nat-hwylc, 2234; gen.sg.nSt-hwylces (Wra banena), 2054; niSa n9t-hwylces(?), 2216; nit-hwylces hale^a bearna, 2225. — 2) adjectively : dat. sg. in ni'5- sele nSt-hwylcum, 1 5 14. nabben, from ne-habben (subj. pres.). See babban. nafne. See nefae. nagel, st. m., nail : gen. pi. nagla (of the finger-nails), 986. nagled, part., nailed'!, nail-likel, buckledt: ace. sg. neut. nagled (MS. gled) sine, 2024. nas, St. m., . naze, rock projecting into the sea, cliff, promontory : ace. sg. nas, 1440, 1601, 2899; dat. sg, nasse, 2244, 2418; ace. pi. windige nassas, 1412; gen. pi. nassa, 1361. nas, from ne-was (tuas not). See wesan. nas, neg. adv., not, not at all, 562, 2263. nas-hlilff, st. n., declivity, slope of a ■ promontory that sinks downward to the sea : dat. pi. on nas-hleo'Sum, 1428. nsefre, adv., never, 247, 583, 592, 656, 719, 1042, 1049, etc.; also strengthened by ne : naefre ne, 1461. ge-naegan, w. v. vf. ace. pers. and gen. of thing, to attack, press : pret. pi. nttSa gensegdan nefan Hererices (in combats pressed hard upon H.'s nephew), 2207; pret. part. weartS . . .nl& genseged, 1440. nsenig (from ne-senig), pron., not any, none, no : 1) substantively w. gen. pi.: nom. sg., 157, 242, 692; dat. sg. nsnegum, 599; gen. pi. nasnigra, 950. — 2) adjectively: nom. sg. 8'Ser naenig, 860; naenig virater, 1515; naenig . . . dedr, 1934; ace. sg. nDenigne . . . hor^-maSum, 1 199. nsere, fromne-wsere {were not, would not be). See vresan. ne, simple neg., not, 38, 50, 80, 83, 109, etc.; before imper. ne sorga ! 1385; neg^m! I76i,etc. Doubled = certainly not, not even that : ne ge . . . gearwe ne wisson (ye cer- tainly have not known, etc.), 245; so, 863; ne ic . . . vifihte ne w6ne (nor do I at all in the least expect), 2923; so, 182. Strengthened by other neg. : nSfe ... ne, 2125; swd he ne mihte no . . . (so that he ab- . solutely could not), 1509. ne . . . ne, not . . . and not, nor; neither . . . nor, 154-157, SII, 1083-1085, etc. Another neg. may supply the place of the first ne: so, n8 . . . ne, 575-577, 1026-1028, 1393-1395. etc.; nsefre . ..ne, 583- 584; nalles . . . ne, 3016-3017. The neg. may be omitted the first time : ser ne si'SIJan (neither before nor after, before nor since). Jig; sfl^ ne norlS (south nor north), 859; adl ne yldo (neither illness nor old age), 1737; wordum ne GLOSSARY. 241 ■worcum (neither by word nor deed'), lioi; wiston and ne wSn- don (knew not and weened not), 1605. nefa, w. m., nephew, grandson : nom. sg. nefa (grandson), 1204; 50,1963; (nephew), zi"]!; ace. sg. nefan (nephew), 2207; dat. sg. nefan (nephnu), 882. nefnc, uafne, nemne (orig. from ni-iba-ni) : i) subj. ; a) with de- pend, clause = unless : nefne him witig god wyrd forstode (if fate, the wise God, had not prevented him), 1057; nefne god sylfa . . . sealde (unless God himself, etc.), 3055; nafne him his wlite lefige (MS. naefre) (unless his face belie him), 250; nafne he was mira (except that he was huger), 1354; nemne him hea&-byrne helpe ge- fremede, 1553; so, 2655. — b) w. follow, substantive = except, save, only : nefne sin-frea (except the husband), 1935; ic lyt hafo hea- fod-mSga nefne Hygelic Jiec (have no near kin but thee), 2152; nis J)at edwer (gen. pi.) slS . . . nefne mtn Snes, 2534. — 2) Prep, with dat., except: nemne feaum Snum, 1082. g e - nebost. See g e - neabhe. nelle, from lie-wille (/ will not). See willau. nemnan, w. v. w. ace. : \) to name, call : pres. pi. J>one yldestan oret- mecgas Bedwulf nemna'S (the war- riors call the most distinguished one Bedwulf), 364; so inf. nem- nan, 2024; pret. pi. nemdon, 1355. — 2) to address, as in be-nemnan,/'o pronounce solemn- ly, put under a spell : pret. sg. Fin Hengeste . . . 415um be-nemde J^at (fisseried, promised under oath that . . .), 1098; pret. pi, swS hit 8« ddmes dag didpe benemdon jieod- nas mtere (put under a curse), 3070. nemne. See nefne. nerian, ge-nerian, w. v., to save, rescue, liberate: pres. sg. Wyrd oft nere^ unfsegne eorl, 573; pret. part, hafde . . . sale HrS'Sgares ge- nered wi'5 nfSa (saved from hos- tility), 828. ge-nesan, st. v.: l) intrans., to re- main over, be preserved ; pret, sg. hrof Sna genas ealles ansund (the roof alone was quite sound), 1000. — 2) w. ace, to endure successfully, survive, escape from : pret. sg. se ))S sacce ge-nas, 1978; fela ic . . . gft'5-r£esa ge-nas, 2427; pret. part, swd he nKa gehwane genesen haf- de, 2398. net, St. n., net: in comp. bredst-, here-, bring-, inwit-, searo-net. nSdIa, w. m., dire necessity, distress : in comp. J>rea-n6dla. nSSFau (G. nanjjjan), w. v., to ven- ture, undertake boldly : pres. part, nearo nS^ende (encountering per- il), 235 1; pret. pi. J>ser git ... on dedp water aldrum nStSdon (where ye tiao risked your lives in the deep water), 510; so, 538. ge-nS^an, the same : inf. ne dorste under J& gewin aldre ge-nSISan, 1470. With depend, clause : nae- nig Jiat dorste genSiSan J>at (none durst undertake to . . .), 1934; pret. sg. he under hSrne stSn Sna gen6^de frScne dsede (he risked alone the bold deed,venturing under the grey rock), 889; (ic) w!ge under watere weorc gejiS^de ear- foS-lice (/ with difficulty stood the work under the water in battle, i.e. could hardly win the victory). 242 GLOSSARY. 1657; ic gen&^de fela gftSa {ven- tured on, risked, many contests), 2512; pres. pi. (of majesty) we . . . frSpne genSSdon eafo'S uncd- Ses {we have boldly risked, dared, the !?tonster^s power'), 961. neh. See nedb. g e - neahbe, adv., enovgh, sufficient- ly, 784, 3153; superl. genehost bragd eorl Beowulfes ealde We {many an earl of B's), 795. nealles (from ne-ealles), adv., om- nino non, not at all, by no means : nealles, 2146, 2168, 2l8o, 2223, 2597, etc.; nallas, 1720, 1750; nalles, 338, 1019, 1077, 1443, 2504, etc.; nalas, 43, 1494, 1530, 1538; nales, 1812. nearo, st. 11., strait, danger, distress : ace. sg. nearo, 2351, 2595. nearo, adj., narrow: ace. pi. f. nearwe, 1410. near we, adv., narrowly, 977. nearo-craf t, st. m., art ofrendering difficult of access"!, inaccessibility (see 2214 seqq.) : instr. pi. nearo- craftum, 2244. nearo-fah, m., foe that causes dis- tress, war-foe: gen. sg. nearo- Kges, 2318. nearo-Jjearf, st. f, dire need, dis- tress: ace. sg. nearo-Jiearfe, 422. g e - nearwian, w. v., to drive into a corner, press upon : pret. part, genearwod, 1439. De&h, neh: i) adj., ruar, ni^ : nom. sg. neih, 1744, 2729. In superl. also = /af/.- instr. sg. njh- stan siiSe {for the tast time), 1204; nifShstan slBe, 2512. 2) adv., near : feor and (o^e) neah, 1222, 2871; w. dat. sse- grunde neah, 564; so, 1925, 2243; holm-wylme neh, 2412. Compar. near, 746. nedn, adv., near by, {front) close at hand, 528; (neon, MS.), 3105; feorran and nean, 840; nean and feorran, 1 175, 2318. ge-nedt, st. m., comrade, companion: in comp. beod-, heor'5-geneat. nioffor. See niSTer. neotpoi, adj., steep, precipitous: ace. pi. neowle, 1412. Iie6cl, St. f ., polite intercourse regu- lated by eiiqueitel, hall-joy! : ace. sg. niode, 21 17. neodu?, 2216. ne6d-laffu, st. f., polite invitation ; wish : dat. sg. after nedd-laSu {ac- cording to his wishes), 1321. iie6saii, ne6slaii, w. v. w. gen., to seek out, look for ; to attack: inf. neosan, 125, 1787, 1792, 1807, 2075; niosan, 2389, 2672; neo- sian, 115, 1 126; niosian, 3046; pret. sg. nidsade, 2487. ne6tan, st. v., to take, accept, w. gen.; to use, enjoy: imper. sg. nedt, 1 2 18. be-ne6tan,w. dat., to rob, deprive of: inf. hine aldre be-neotan, 681 ; pret. sg. cyning ealdre bi-neat {de- prived the king of life), 2397. nicor, st. m., sea-horse, walrus, sea- monster (cf. Eugge in Zacher's Journal, 4, 197) : ace. pi. niceras, 422. 575; nicras, 1428; gen. pi. nicera, 846. nicor-hiis, st. n., house or den of sea- monsters: gen.pl. nicor-hQsa,i4i2. nils', St. m., man, human being: gen. pi. nilSiSa, 1006; ni'Sa? (passage corrupt), 2216. nl9er, nylSfer, neoiSTor, adv., domn, downward : ni^er, 1361; nioSor, 2700; ny«er, 3045. niff-sele, st. m., hall, room, in the deep (Crein) : dat. sg. [in] niB- sele nit-hwylcum, I5I4> GLOSSARY. 243 nigen, num., nine : ace. sg. nigene, 575- nibt, St. f. night: nom. sg., 115, 547, 650, 1321, 2117; ace. sg. niht, 135, 737, 2939; gystvan niht {y ester-night), 1335; dat. sg. on niht, 575, 684; on wanre niht, 703; gen. sg. nihtes hwllum {sometimes at night, in the hotirs of the night), 3045 ; as adv. >= of a night, by night, G. nachts, 422, 2274; dages and nihtes, 2270; ace. pi. seofon niht {se'nnight, seven days, cf. Tae. Germ. 11), 517; dat. pi. sweartum nihtum, 167; deorcum nihtum, 275, 221; gen. pi. nihta, 545, 1366 - Comp. : middel-, sin-nihl. nibt-bealu, st. n., night-bale, de- struction by night: gen. pi. niht- bealwa, 193. niht-helm, st. m., veil or canopy of night: nom. sg., 1790. nlht-long, adj., lasting through the night : ace. sg. m. niht-longne fyrst {space of a night), 528. niht-Tveorc, st. n., night-work, deed done at night: instr. sg. niht- weorce, 828. nimajEi, st. v. w. ace. : l) to take, hold, seize, undertake : pret. sg. nam \&. mid handa hige-Hhtigne rinc, 747; pret. pi. we . . . niode n^an, 21 1 7. — 2) to take, take amay, deprive of: pres. sg. se J^e hine dea'S nimetJ (Jie %uhom death carriet/i off), 441; so, 447; ny- meS, 1847; nymeS n^d-b4de, 599; subj. pres. gif mec hild nime, 452, 1482; pret. sg. ind. nam on Ongen- J)io Iren-byrnan, 2987; ne nom he . . . md'Sm-oehta md (he took no more of the rich treasures), 1613; pret. part. JjE was . . . se6 cwSn numen {the queen carried off), "54- be-niman, to deprive of: pret. sg. OS J^at hine yldo benam magenes wynnum {till age bereft him of joy in his strength), 1887. for-niman, to carry off : pres. sg. ])e J)S dea'S for-nam {whom death carr:.d off), 488; so, 557, 696, io8i, H24, 1206, I437,etc. Also, dat. for ace. : pret. pi. him Irenna ecge forn&mon, 2829. ge-niman: 1) to take, seize-: iiitet.sg. (hine) be healse ge-nam {clasped him around the neck, embraced him), 1873. — 2) to take, take away : pret. on reste genam )>ritig }>egna, 122; heo under heolfre ge- nam cil^e folme, 1303; segn eac genom, 2777; ]>i. mec sinca bal- dor ... at mtnum fader genam {took me at my father^s hands, adopted me), 2430; pret. part, ge- numen, 3167. g e - nip, St. n., darkness, mist, cloud : ace. pi. under nassa genipu, 1361; ofer fioda genipu, 2809. nls, from ne-is {is not) : see wesan. niwe, nio'we, adj., new, novel; un- heard-of: nom. sg. swSg up S.-stdg niwe geneahhe {a monstrous hub- bub arose), 784; beorh . . . niwe {a newly-raised{'>) grave-mozind), 2244; ace. sg. niwe sibbe {the new kinship), 950; instr, sg. niwan stefne (properly, novS. voce; here = de novo, iterum, again), 2595; nidwan stefne ((T^ajw), 1790; gen. pi. niwra spella {new tidings) , 2899. ge-nliYlaii, w. v., to renew: pret part, ge-niwod, 1304, 1323; geni- wad, 2288. ni'w-tyr'wed, pret. part., newly- tarred: ace. sg. nlw - tyrwedne (-tyrvvydne, MS.) nacan, 295. vSS, St. m., properly only zeal, en- deavor ; then hostile endeavor, hos- 244 GLOSSARY. iility, baUle,war : nom. sg., 2318; ace. sg. HI'S, 184, 276; Wedera ni'5 {enmity against the W., the sorrows of the Weders"), 423; dat. sg. wiS (at) nilSe, 828, 2586; instr. nliSe, 2681; gen. pi. nfSa, 883, 2351, 2398, ete.; also \ns,\x.= by, in, battle, 846, 1440, 1963, 2171, 2207. — Comp. : bealo-, faer-, here-, hete-, inwit-i searo-, wal-nllS. nilir-draca, w. m., battle-dragon : nom. sg., 2274. nfff-gast, St. m., hostile alien, fell demon : ace. sg. tone nllS-gast (JJie dragon"), 2700. nSff-geweorc, st. n., work of enmity, deed of evil : gen. pi. -geweorca, 684. nlSf-grlm, adj., furious in battle, savage : nom. sg., 193. nlff-heard, adj., valiant in war : ^ nom. sg., 2418. niff-hydig, adj., eager for battle, valorous: nom. pi. nl^-hydige men, 3167. ge-nSlffla, w. m., foe, persecutor, waylayer ; in comp. ferh^-, feorh- genlSla. nlff-'wiindor, st. n., hostile wonder, strange marvel of evil : ace. sg., 1366. nipan, st. v., to veil, cover over, ob- scure ; pres. part, nlpende niht, S47. 650- nolde, from ne-wolde {would not) ; see wUlan. noriS', adv., northward, 859. norSVan, z.is.,from the north, 547. nose, w. {., projection, cliff, cape : dat. sg. of hliiSes nosan, 1893; at brimes nosan, 2804. no (strengthened neg.), not, not at all, by no means, 136, 244, 587, 755. 842, 969. 1736, etc.; strength- ened by following ne, 459(?), 1509; no . . . n8 {neither . . . nor), 541-543; so, no . . . ne, 168. See nc. nSSer (from nS-hwa^er), neg., and not, nor, 2125. g e - nOh, adj ., sufp-cient, enough : ace. sg. fteh'So genSge, 2490; ace. pi. genoge . . . beagas, 3105. n8n, St. f., [Eng. »«<»«], ninth hour of the day, three cf clock in the after- noon of our reckoning (the day was reckoned from six o'clock in the morning; cf. Bouterwek Screa- dunga, 24 2 : we h^taS zenne dag fram sunnan upgange otS aefen) : nom. sg. n6n, 1601. nu, adv.: 1) now, at present, 251, 254, 375. 395. 424, 426, 489. etc.: nu gyt {up to now, hitherto), 957; nu gen {now still, yet), 2%(X); {now yet, still), 3169. — 2) con}., since, inasmuch as : nu Jju lungre geong , . . nu se wyrm lige^S {go now quickly, since the dragon lieih dead), 2746; so, 2248; )>at >u me ne forwyrne . . . nu ic J)us feorran com {that do not thou refuse me, since I am come so far), 430; so, 1476; nu ic on mStima hord mine bebohte fr3de feorh-lege, fremma^ ge nu {as I now . . ., so do ye), 2800; so, 3021. nymffe, conj. w. subj.,»/«ai, unless, 782; nymtSe mec god scylde (;/ God had not shielded me), 1659. nyt, St. f., duty, service, office, em- ployment: ace. sg. tegn nytte be- heold, {did his duty), 494; so, 31 19. — Comp. : sund-, sundor-nyt. nyt, adj., useful : ace. pi. m. nylte, 795; comp. un-nyt. ge-nyttian, w. v., to make use of, enjoy : pret. part, hafde eorU- scrafaendege-nyttod(/ia(/«!/tfy«'^, made use of), 3047. GLOSSARY. 245 n^d, St. f., force, necessity, need, pain . ace. sg. Jjurh cleaSes. njd, 2455; instr. sg. n^de, 1006. In comp. (like n^d-maga, consangui- neus, in .(Ethelred's Laws, VI. 12, Schmid, p. 228; nSd-maga, in Cnut's Laws, I. 7, ibid., p. 258) ; also, tie of Hood. — Comp. ^rea-n^d. ge-n^dan, w. v. : \) to force, com- pel; pret. part. nlSe ge-njded (^forced by hostile power); 2681. — 2) to force K/o»."pret. part. ace. sg.f. n^de gen^dde . . . gearwe stfiwe {the inevitable place prepared for each, i.e. the bed of death), 1006. n^d-bad, St. f., forced pledge, pledge demanded by force : ace. pi. njd- bMe, 599. n^d-gestealla, w. m., comrade in need or united by ties of blood ; nom. pi. njd-gesteallan, 883. nyd-gripe, st. m., compelling grip : dat. sg. in njd-gripe (mid-gripe, MS.), 977- n^d-wrracu, st. f., distressful perse- cution, great distress : nom. sg., 193- n^hst. See ne&h. O offffe, conj. : l) or; otherwise, 283, 437. 636, 638, 694, "492. 1765. e'c- — 2) and^t), Hll(T), 650, 2476 (whilst ?) . of, prep. w. dat., from, off from : i) from some point of vieio: ge- seah of wealle (from the wall), 229; so, 786; of hefene seine's (shineth from heaven), 157^; of hlilSes nosan gastas grStte (from the cliff's projection), 1893; of J)am leoma stSd (from which light streamed), 2770; Jjser was md'Sma fela of feorwegum . . . geteded (from distant lands), 37; ])S com of mSre (from the moor), 711, 922. — 2) forth from, out of : hwearf of earde (wandered from his home, died), 56; so, 265, 855, 2472; \>k ic of searwum com (when I had escaped from the persecutions of the foe), 419; >a him HreiSgar gewSt ... fit of healle (out of the hall), 664; so, 2558, 2516; 1 139, 2084,2744; wudu-rSc a-stSh sweart of (ofer) swio'Sole (black wood- reek ascended from the smoking fire), 3145; (icge gold) S-hafen of horde (lifted from the hoard), 1 109; ISt J>a of bre6stum . . . word Clt faran (from his breast), 2551; dyde . . . helm of hafelan (doffed his helmet), 673; so, 1130; seal- don win of wundei:-fatmn (pre- sentedwine from wondrous vessels) , 1163; silJSan hyne HselScyn of horn-bogan . . . flSne geswencte (with an arrow shot from the horned bow), 2438; so, 1434. Prep, postponed : J>S he him of dyde Isern-byrnan (doffed his iron corse- let), 672. ofer, prep. w. dat. and ace., over, above: 1) w. dat., over (rest, lo- cality): Wigiaf siteS ofer Bio- wulfe, 2908; ofer aWinge, 1245; ofer eortSan, 248, 803, 2008; ofer wer-^eode (over the earth, atnong mankind), %. niht {through the night, by night), 737.- b) w. verbs of saying, speaking, about, of, concerning: he ofer benne sprac, 2725. c) beyond, over ; ofer m!n ge-met {beyond my power), 2880; — hence, against, contrary to : he ofer willan giong {went against his will) , 2410; oferealde riht {against the ancient laws, i.e. the ten commandments), 2331; — also, without : wig ofer wjepen {war sans, dispensing with, weap- ons), 686; — temporal = after : ofer eald-gewin {after long, an- cient, suffering), 1782. ofer-hygd, st. m., arrogance, pride, conceit : gen. pi. ofer-hygda, 1741; ofer-hyda, 1 76 1. ofer-maSum, st. m., very rich treas- ure : dat. pi. ofer-md^raum, 2994. ofer-magen, st. n., over-might, su- perior numbers : dat. sg. mid ofer- magene, 2918. ofer-]>earf, st. f., dire distress, need : dat. sg. [for ofer] t>ea[rfe], 2227. oft, adv., often, 4, 165, 444, 572, 858, 908, 1066, 1239, etc.;' oft [n3] seldan, 2030; oft nalles aene, 3020; so, 1248, 1888. Compar. of tor, 1580. Superl. oftost, 1664. om-, on-. See am-, an-. Cmbiht. See ambibt. oncer. See ancer. ond. See and. onsyn. See ans^n. on, prep. w. dat. and ace, signifying primarily touching on, contact with: I. local, w. dat. : a) on, upon, in at (of exterior surface) : on heah- stede {in the high place), 285; on mtnre 8'Sel-tyrf {in my native place), 410; on Jjam metJel-stede, 1083; so, 2004; on Jiam holm- clife, 1422; so, 1428; on foldan {on earth), 1 197; so, 1533,2997; on jjsere medu-bence {on the mead- bench), 1053; beornas on blancum {the heroes on the dapple-greys), 857, etc. ; on raste {in bed), 1299; on stapole {at, near, the pillar), 927; onwealle, 892; on wage (d« the wall), 1663; on J>am wiil- stenge {on the battle-lance), 1639; on eaxle {on his shoulder), 817, 1548; on bearme, 40; on bre6s- tum, 552; on hafelan, 1522; on handa {in his hand), 495, 540; s°' SSS' 766; °" W™ by™6 spdn {on him shotie the corselet), ifit,; on ore {at the front), 1042; on cor^re {at the head of, among, his troop), 1 154; scip on ancre {the ship at anchor), 303; ))at he on heaiSe ge-st6d {until he stood in the hall), 404; on fader stale {in a failures place), 1480; on ^um {on the waves, in the water), 210, .421, 534, 1438; on hohne, 543; on 6g-streamum, 577; on segl-rdde, 1438, etc.; on fl8de, 1367. The prep, postponed : Freslondum on, 2358. — b) in, inside of {oi ixisiAe surface) : secg on searwum {a champion in armor), 249; so, 963; on w5g-geatwum, 368; (re- ced) on J>am se rlca bSd {inwhich the mighty one abode), 310; on GLOSSARY. 247 Heorote {in Heoroi), 475, 497, 594, 1303 ; on bedr-sele, 492, 1095 ; on healle, 615, 643; 80,639, 1017, 1026, etc.; on burgum (in the cities, boroughs), 53; on helle. Id; on sefan mlnum (in my mind), 473; on m6de, 754; so, 755. 949> 1343. '719. etc.; on aldre (in his vitals), 1435; °^ niiddan (in medio), 2706. — c) among, amid: on searwum (among the arms), 1558; ongemonge (among the troop), 1644; on \>a.ra leod- scipe (among the people), 2198; nym^e llges fa'Sm swulge on swa- tSule (unless the embracing Jlaine should sioallow it in smoke), 783; — in, with, touched by, possessing something: H was on sSIum sinces brytta (then was the dispenser of treasure in joy), 608; so, 644, 2015; was on hreon m8de, 1308; on sweofote (insleep), 1582, 2296; heo was on ofste (she was in haste), 1293; so, 1736, 1 870; )>& was on bl8de brim weallende (there was the flood billowing in, with, blood), 848; (he) was on sunde (was a- swimmittg), 1619; was t8 fore- ' mihdg feond on fStJe (too powerful in speed), 971; {.asr was swtgra secg ... on gylpsprasce (there was the champion more silent in his boasting speech), 982; — in ; full of, representing, something: on weres wSstmum (in man^s form), 1353. — d) attaching to, hence pro- ceeding from ; from something : ge-h^de on Beowulfe fast-rsedne ge-]joht (heard in, from, B. the fixed resolve), 610; J>at he ne mSt- te . . . on eban men mund-gripe mSran, 753; — hence, with verbs of taking: on raste genam (took from his bed), \Z2% so, 748, 2987; hit aer on ))e g6de be-geSton (took it before from thee), 2249. — e) with : swS hit lungre weartS on hyra sinc-gifan sSre ge-endod (as it, too, soon painfully came to an endwith the dispenser of treasure), 2312. — f) by: mag Jjonne on Jjam golde ongitan Geata dryhten (the lord of the Gedtas may per- ceive by the gold), 1485. — g) to, after weoriSan : Jjat he on fylle wear's (that he came to a fall ) , 1 545. With ace. : a) w. verbs of mov- ing, doing, giving, seeing, etc., up to, on, upon, in : S-lSdon J)S ledfne Jjedden ... on bearm scipes, 35 ; on stefn (on wang) stigon, 212, 225 ; J)S him mid scoldon on flodes Eeht feor ge-witan, 42; se ))e wiS Brecan wunne on sldne sse (who strovestin a swimming-match with B. on the broad sea), 507, cf. 516; ))at ic on holma ge-})ring eorlscipe efnde (that T should venture on the sea to do valiant deeds), 2133; on feonda geweald siSian, 809; J)Sra Jie on swylc stara'S, 997 ; so, 1 781; on lufan leete'S hworfan (lets him turn his thoughts to love'?, to possessions!), 1729; him on mod beam (came into his mind, oc- curred to him), 67; rsesde on |pone rofan (rushed 071 the powerful one), 2691 ; (cwom) on wor'Sig (came into the palace), 1973; so, 27, 242, 253. 512, 539. 580, 677, 726, etc.; on weg (away), 764, 845, 1383, 143 1, 2097. — h) against (= wi'5) : g6de gewyrcean ... on fader wine (pi.), 21. — c) aim or object, to, for the object, for, as, in, on : on Jjearfe (in his need, in his strait), ' 1457; so, on hyra man-dryhtnes miclan Jiearfe, 2850; wrS^um on andan (as a terror to the foe), 709; 248 GLOSSARY. Hro^gar maBelode him on and- sware {saidto him in reply), 1841; betst beado-rinca was on bsel gearu (on the pyre ready), mo; wlg- heafolan bar fiean on fultum (for help), 2663; weartS on bid wrecen (forced to ivait) , 2963 .^ d) ground, reason, according to, in conformity with : rodeia reedend hit on lyht gescSd (decided it in accordance with right), 1556; ne me swor fela S5a on unriht (swore no oaths un- justly, falsely), 2740; on sp8d(j/JzV- fully), 874; nallas on gylp- seletJ fatte heiga.s(giveth no gold-wrought rings as he promised), 1750; on sinne selfes dora (boastingly, at his own will), 2148; him eal worold wende'Son willen (according to his will), 1740. — e) w. verbs of buy- ing, for, in exchange for : me ic on md"5ma hord mine be-bohte frode feorh-lege (for the hoard of jewels), 2800. — f) of, as to: ic on Higelice wSt, Geata dryhten (/ know with respect to, as to, of, H.), 1831; so, 2651; t>at heo on senigne eorl ge-l^fde fyrena fr6fre (that she should rely on any earl for help out of trouble), 628; hd hie ge-trflwedon on twi healfa (on both sides, mutually), 1096; so, 2064; hat Jiu him ondrscdan ne hearft . . . on )>S healfe (from, on this side), 1676. — g) after super- latives or virtual superlatives = among: nas . . . sinc-mSS'Sum sSlra (=J)atwassinc-mi^masSlest) on sweordes hSd (there was no bet- ter jewel in sword's shape, i.e. among all swords there was none better), 2194; se was HrS'SSgEre hale'Sa ledfost on ge-sl^es hSd (dearest of men as, in the charac- ter of, follower, etc.), 1298. II. Of time: a) w. dat., in, inside of, during, at: on fyrste (in time, within the time appoint- ed), 76; on uhtan (at dawn), 126; on mergenne (at morn, on the morrow), 565, 2940; on niht, 575; on wanre niht, 703; on tyn dagum, 3161; so, 197, 719, 791, 1063, etc.; ongeogoBe (in youth), 409, 466; on geogoB-feore, 537; so, 1844; on orlege (in, during, battle), 1327; hfi lomp eow on ISde (on the way), 1988; on gange (in going, en route), 1885; on sweo- fote (in sleep), 1582, — b) w.acc, towards, about : on undern-mael (in the morning, about midday), 1429; on morgen-tld, 484, 518; on morgen, 838; on ende-staf (toward the end, at last), 1754; oftor micle Jionne on jenne sW (far oftener than once),,\^%a. III. With particles : him on efn (beside, alongside of, him), 2904; on innan (inside, within), 71, 1741, 1969, 2453, 2716; ))ser on innan (2»/'.4^r«), 2090,2215,2245. With the relative he often separated from its case : he ic her on starie (that I here look on, at), 2797; he ge h^Er on standalS (that ye there stand in), 2867. on-c^S (cf. Dietrich in Haupt's Zeits. XI., 412), St. f., pain, suffer- ing : nom. sg., 1421; ace. sg. or pi. on-c^tSiSe, 831. on-drysne, ai]., frightful, terrible: ace. sg. firen on-drysne, 1933. onettan (for anettan, from root an-, Goth. inf. anan, to breathe, pant), w. v., to hasten: prat. pi. onetton, 306, 1804. on-Ilcnes, st. f., likeness, form, fig- ure : nom. sg., 1352. on-medla, w. m., pride, arrogance : GLOSSARY. 249 dat. sg. for on-m8dlan, 2927. Cf. Bugge in Zachei's Zeits. 4, 218 seqq. on-SEEge, adj., tending to fall, fatal : nom. sg. ))S was Hondscio (dat.) hild on-ssege, 2077 ; Hae&ynne wearS . . . gQ^ on-ssege, 2484. on-TPeald, st. m., power, authority : ace. sg. (him) bega ge-hwa'Sres . . . onweald ge-teah (gave him power over, possession of, both'), 1044. open, adj., open: ace. sg. hord- wynne fond . . . opene standan, 2272. openlan, \v. v., to open, w. ace. : inf. openian, 3057. ore (O.S. ore, Goth, adrlcei-s), st. m., crock, vessel, can . nom. pi. orcas, 3048; ace. pi. orcas, 2761. orcnS, St. m., sea-monster ; nom. pi. orenSas, 112. ord, St. m., point : nom. sg. oS ))at wordes ord breost-hord J^urh-brae (till the word-point broke through his breast-hoard, came to utter- ance'), 2792; ace. sg. ord (sword- point), 1550; dat. instr. orde (id.), 556; on orde (at the head of, in front [of a troop]), 2499, 3126. ord-fruma, w.-m., head lord, high prince: nom. sg., 263. oret-meeg, st. m., champion, war- rior, military retainer: nom. pi. oret-meegas, 363, 481; ace. pi. oret-mecgas, 332. oretta, w. m., champion, fighter, hero: nom. sg., 1533, 2539. or-leg, St. n., war, battle: dat. sg. on orlege, 1327; gen. sg. or-leges, 2408. or-leg-hwll, st. f., time of battle, war-time: nom. sg. [or-leg]-hwIl, 2003; gen. sg. orleg-hwile, 2912; gen. pi. orleg-hwila, 2428. or-leahtre, adj., blameless : nom. sg. 1887. or-]>anc (cf. Gloss. Aldhelm. mid or-}>ance = argumento in Haupt XI., 436; orJ>aneum = machina- mentis, ibid, i,"]"]; or-J>anc-scipe = mechanica, 479), st. m., mechani- cal art, skill : instr. pi. or-toncum, 2088; smitSes or-Jjancum, 406. or-wSna, adj. (weak form), hopeless, despairing, w. gen. : aldres or- wSna (hopeless of life), 1003, 1566. or-wearde, adj., unguarded, ■with- out watch ox guard : nom. sg., 3128. orud, St. m., breath, snorting: nom. sg., 2558; dat. ore'Se, 2840. O Off (Goth, und, O.H.G.' unt, unz) : i) prep. w. ace., to, till, up to, only temporal: 6'S bone 4nne dag, 2400; oti d8mes dag, 3070; 6'S woruld- ende, 3084. — 2) 6S J;at, conj. w. depend, indicative clause, till, un- til, 9, 56, 66, 100, 145, 219, 296, 307, etc. Offer (Goth. an>ar),num. : i) one or other of two, a second,=^ alter : nom. sg; subs. : se 6^er, 2062; o^er (one, i.e. of my blood-relations, HselScyn and HygelSc), 2482; 6"5er . . . otSer (the one . . . the other), 1350-1352. Adj.: 6'Ser . . . mihtig mSn-scealSa (the second mighty, fell foe, refer- ring to 1350), 1339; se 6^er . . . hale, 1816; fern, niht oSer, 2118; neut. 61Ser geSr (the next, second, year), 1134; ace. sg. m. 6'Serne, 653, 1861, 2441, 2485; t>enden reafode rinc oSerne (whilst one warrior robbed the other, i.e. Eofor robbed Ongenjieow), 2986; neut. o^er s\vylc (another such, an equal 250 GLOSSARY. number), 1584; instr. sg. 8Bre sWe (^for the second time, again), 2671, 3102; dat. sg. S^rum, 815, 1030, 1166, 1229, 1472, 2168, 2172, etc.; gen. sg. m. 6Sies dogores, 219, 606; neut.6«res,i875. — 2)anolher, a different one, = alius : nom. sg., subs, o^er, 1756; eiSer nEcnig («o other), ?,(30. Adj.: ienig otSer man, 503. 534; so, 1561; 6-iSer in {a different house or room), 1301; ace. sg. oSer flet, 1087; gcsn. sg. 6t$res . . . yrfe-weardes, 2452; nom. pi. ealo diincende StSer sasdan {ale drinkers said other things), 1946; ace. pi. neut. word SSer, 871. 6fcr, St. n., shore : dat. sg. on 6fre, 1372- dfost, St. f., haste : nom. sg. 6fost ist sSlest to gec^Sanne (Jiaste is best to make known, besf to say at once), 256; so, 3008; dat. sg. bed Jju on 6feste (8foste) (Jie in haste, hasten), ■^b, 2748; on ofste, 1293; on dfoste, 2784, 3091. 6fost-llce, adv., in haste, speedily, 3'3i- 6-hwa;r, adv., anywhere, 1738, 2871. Omlg, adj., rusty : nom. sg., 2764; nom. pi. omige, 3050. dr, St. n., beginning, origin; front : nom. sg., 1689; ace. sg., 2408; dat. sg. on 8re, 1042. d-'wlht, anything, aught : insti'. sg. o-wihte {in any way), 1823, 2433. p3.d, St. f., dress; in comp. here- pSd. pa9, St. m., path, road, way; in comp. 3n-paiS. plega, w. m., play, emulous contest ; lind-plega, 1074. R raffc, adv., quickly, immediately, 725, Cf. hraffe. rand, rond, st. m., shield : ace. sg. rand, 683; rond, 657, 2567, 2610; dat, ronde (rond, MS.), 2674; underrande, I2IO; bl ronde, 2539; ace. pi. randas, 231; rondas, 326, 2654. — Comp. : bord-, hilde-, sld- rand. rand-habbend, pres. part., shield- bearer, i.e. man at arms, war- rior;- gen.pl. rond-habbendra, 862. raud-Tviga, w. m., shield-warrior, shield-bearing warrior ; nom. sg., 1299; ace. sg. rand-wlgan, 1794. r3.d, St. f., road, street; in comp. hran-, segl-, swan-rAd. ge-rad, adj., clever, skilful, ready: ace. pi. neut. ge-rSde, 874. r3,p, St. m., rope, bond, fetter : in comp. wal-r3p. rasian, w. v., to find, discover : pres. part. )ji was hord risod, 2284. riist. See rest. rascan, w. v., to reach, reach after : pret. sg. rsehte ongedn feSnd mid folme {reached out his handtoward the foe), 748. ge-ro;can, ^i5 attain, strike, attack : pret. sg. hyne . . . wsepne ge-rshte {struck him with his sword), 2966; so, 556. rsed, St. m. : i) advice, counsel, res- olution ; good counsel, help : nom. sg. nu is raed gelong eft at ))e 3,num {now is help to be found with thee alone), 1377; ace. sg. ra;d, 172, 278, 3081. — 2) advantage, gain, use : ace. sg. J>at raed talat$ {counts that a gain), 2028; Scne raed {the eternal gain, everlasting lif e),l202; ace. pi. See ra;das, 1 761 . — Comp. : folc-i-icd, and adj., dn-, fast-raed. GLOSSARY. 251 rsedan, st. v., to rule; reign; to possess : pres. part, rodera ra^dend {the ruler of the heavens), 1556; inf. Jjone \>z J)u mid rilite rjedan sceoldest {that thou shouldst pos- sess by rights'), 2057; wolde dom godes dsedum rjedan gumena ge- hwylcum {Cod's doom would rule over, dispose of, 4very vian in deeds), 2859. See sele-raedend. rsed-bora, w. m. counsellor, adviser : nom. sg., 1326. rajden, st. f., order, arrangement, law: ace. sg. r£edenne(?), 51; comp. worold-rsEden. S - raeran, w. V. : 1) to raise, lift up : pret. pi. JjS wseron monige Jje his maeg . . . ricone d-rserdon {there were many thai lifted up his brother^ quickly), 2984. — 2) figuratively, to spread, disseminate ; pret. part, blaed is S-rjered {thy renown is far-spread), 1704. rais, St. m., on-rush, attack, storm : ace. Sg. g&tSe rses {the storm of bat- tle, attack), 2627; instr. pi. gfiSe ra2Sum,2357. — Comp. : gfi^-,hand-, hea'So-, magen-, wal-rses. raesan, w. v., to rush {upon) : pret. sg. raesde onjione rofan, 2691. TBesiva, w. m., prince, ruler : dat. sg. weoroda raeswan, 60. reccan, w. v., to explicate, recount, narrate : inf. frum-sceaft fira feor- ran reccan {recount the origin of man from ancient times), 91 ; gerund, to lang is to reccenne, hu ic . . . {too long to tell how I . . .), 2094; pret. sg. sylltc spell rehte {told a wondrous tale), 2Hi; so intrans. feorran rehte {told of olden times), 2107. rcced, st, n., building, house ; hall (complete in itself) : nom. sg., 412, 771, 1800; ace. sg., 1238; dat. sg. recede, 721, 729, 1573; gen. sg. recedes, 326, 725, 3089; gen. pi. receda, 310. — Comp.; eor^-, heal-, horn-, win-reced. regn-heard, adj., immensely strong, firm : ace. pi. rondas regn-hearde, 326. regnian, renian, w. v., to prepare, bring on or about : inf. dea'S r&n[ian] hond-gesteallan {prepare death for his comrade), 2169. ge-regnian, /o /rf^srf, deck out, adorn : pret. part, medu-benc mo- nig . . . golde ge-regnad, 778. regn-, rSn-weard, st. m., mighty guardian .' nom. pi. r6n-weardas (of Beowulf and Grendel contend- ing for the possession of the hall), 771. rest, rast, st. f. : l) bed, resting- place : ace. sg. raste, 139; dat. .sg. onraste (genam) {from his resting- place), 1299, 1586; to raste {to bed), 1238. Comp.: flet-riist, sele- rest, wal-rest. — 2) repose, rest; in comp. sefen-rast. ge-reste (M.H.G. reste), f., rest- ing-place : in comp. wind-gereste. restan, w. v.: l) to rest: inf. res- tan, 1794; pret. sg. reflex, reste hine b^ rfim-heort, 1800. — 2) to rest, cease : inf., 1858. rec (O.H.G. rouh), st. m., reek, smoke: instr. sg. r8ce, 3157. — Comp. : wal-, wudu-rSc. rScan (O.H.G. ruohjan), w. v. w. gen., to reck, care about something, be anxious : pres. sg. III. wsepna ne rSce'S {recketh not for weapons, weapons cannot hurt him) , 434. rfeiffe, adj., wroth, furious : nom. sg., 122, 1586; nom. pi. rSISe, 771. Also, of things, wild, rough, fierce: gen. sg. rS^es and-hittres {fierce, penetrating heat), 2524. 252 GLOSSARY. re&t, St. n., ifoty, plunder in war; clothing, garments (as taken by the victor from the vanquished) : in comp. hea'8o-, wal-reaf. rtsk&aM,-w.y.,toplunder,rob,-w. ace. : inf. hord reafian, 2774; pret. sg. Jjenden reafode rinc 8'Serne, 2986; wal reafode, 3028; pret. pi. wal reafedon, 1213. be-reafian, w. instr., to bereave, rob of: pret. part, since be-reafod, 2747; golde be-reafod, 3019. reord, st. f., speech, language ; tone of voice : ace. sg. on-cni6w mannes reorde {knew, heard, a human voice), 2556. reordlan, w. v., to speak, talk : inf. fela reordian {speak much), 3026. ge-reordian,/o entertain, to pre- pare for : pret. part. J;^ veas eft swS ser . . . flet-sittendum fagere ge-reorded {again, as before, the guests were hospitably entertained), 1789. reot, St. m.?, f.?, noise, tumult! {gravel) : instr. sg. reote, 2458. Bugge, in Zacher's Zeits. 4, 215, takes re6te as dat. from re6t {rest, repose). reoc, adj., savage, furious : nom. sg., 122. be- re6fan, st. v., to rob of, bereave : pret. part. w. instr. ace. sg. fem. golde berofene, 2932; ace. pi. n. reote berofene, 2458. rc6n. See rOwan. re6tan, st. v., to weep : pres. pi. 6S tat . . . roderas redtaS, 1377. re6w, adj., excited, fierce, wild : in comp. blod-, gCl5-, wal-re6w. See hre6w. riconc, hastily, quickly, immediate- ly, 2984. riht, St. n., right or privilege ; the (abstract) right: ace. sg. on ryht {according to right), 1556; sotS and riot {truth and right), 1701; dat. sg. wilS rihte, 144; after rihte .{in accordance with right), 1050; . sylUc spell rehte after rihte {told a wondrous tale truthfully), 21 II; mid rihte, 2057 ; ace. pi. ealde riht {the ten commandtnents), .2331; — 'Comp. in.S^el-, folc-, land-, un-, word-riht. riht, adj., straight, right: in comp. up-riht. rihte, adv., rightly, correctly, 1696. See at-rihte. rlnc, St. n., man, warrior, hero : nom. sg., 399, 2986; alsoofGren- del, 721; ace. sg. rinc, 742, 748; dat. sg. rince, 953; of HrS'Sgar, 1678; gen. pi. rinca, 412, 729. — Comp. in beado-, gft^S-, here-, hea- %o-, hilde-, mago-, sse-rinc. ge-rlsne, ge-rysne, adj., appro- priate, proper: nom. sg. n. ge- rysne, 2654. rtce, St. 11.: i) realm, land ruled over : nom. sg., 2200, 2208; ace. sg. rice, 913, 1734, 1854, 3005; gen. sg. rices, 862, 1391, i860, 2028, 3081. Comp. Swid-rlce. — 2) council of chiefs, the king with his chosen adviser s{T); nom. sg. oft gesat rice to rftne, 172. rice, adj., mighty, powerful : nom. sg. (of Hr6«gar), 1238; (of Hy- gel^c), 1210; (of Asc-here), 1299; weak form, se rlca (HrStSgSr), 310; (Bedwulf ), 399; (Hygeiac), 1976. — Comp. gimme-rlce. ricsian, rixian, w. v. intrans,, to rule, reign: inf. ricsian, 2212; pret. sg. rixode, 144. ridan, st. v., to ride : subj. pres. bat his byre ride giong on gealgan, 2446; pres. part. nom. pi. rldend, 2458; inf. wicge rldan, 234; mea- GLOSSAEY. 253 rum ridan, 856; pret. sg. sse-genga . . . se ))e on ancre rid, 1884; him t6-geanes rSd {rode to meet them'), 1894; pret. pi. ymbe hlsew riodan {rode round the grave-?nound\ 3171- ge-rldan, w. ace, to ride over: pret. sg. se J>e nas ge-rSd {who rode over the promontory), 2899. rim, St. n., series, number : in comp. dag-, un-rlm. ge-rtm, st. n., series, number: in comp. d6gor-ge-rlm. ge-rtman, w. v., to count together, enumerate in all: pret. part, in comp. for^-gerlmed. i - risan, st. v., to arise, rise : imper. sg. a-rls, 1 391; pret. sg. i-rSs >a se rlca, 399; so, 652, 1791, 3031; S-rSs Jid bt ronde {arose by his shield), 2539; hwanan sid fsehtS S-rSs {whencethe feud arose), 2404. rodor, st. m., ether, firmament, sky (from radiusl, Bugge) : gen. sg. rodores candel, 1573; nom. pi. roderas, 1377; dat. pi. under rode- rum, 310; gen. pi. rodera, 1556. r5f, adj., fierce, of fierce, heroic, strength, strong: nom. sg., 1926, 2539; also w. gen. magenes rof {strong in might), 2085; so, ))eah Jie he rof sie ntS-geweorca, 683; ace. sg. rofne, 1794; on J>one r6fan, 2691. — Comp.: beadu-, brego-, ellen-, heatSo-, hyge-, sige-rof. rOt, adj., glad, joyous ; in comp. un- 'rot. rdwan, st. v., to row (with .the arms), swim -'.pret. pi. redn (for reowon), 512, 539- rum, St. m., space, room : nom. sg., 2691. rum, adj.: l) roomy, spacious : nom. sg. Jjflhte him eall to rQm, wongas and wlc-stede {fields and dwelling seemed to him all too broad, i.e. could not hide his shame at the unavenged death of his murdered son), 2462. — 2) in moral sense, great, magnanimous, noble-heart- ed: ace. sg. Jjurh rflmne sefan, 278. ruiu-heort, adj., big-hearted, noble- spirited: nom. sg., 1800, 21 1 1; g e - rum-Itce, adv., commodiously, comfortably : compar.ge-rflm-licor, 139- run, st. f., secrecy, secret discussion, deliberation or counsel: dat. sg. ge-sat rice to r^ne, 172. — Comp. beado-rfln. run-staf, st. m.; rune-stave, runic letter : ace. pi. J>urh rfln-stafas, 1696. run-tvita, w. m., rune-wit, privy councillor, trusted adviser : nom. sg., 1326. g e - rysne. See g e - rlsne. ge - ryman, w. v. : \)to make room for, prepare, provide room : pret. pi. Jjat hie him 6'Ser flet eal ge- rjmdon, 1087; pret. part. >& was Geat-macgura . . . bene ger^med, 492; so, 1976. — 2) to alloiv, grant, admit : pret. part. >d me ge-r^med was (sKS) {as access was permitted ?/«^), 3089; >a him ger^med weartS; Jjat hie wal-stowe wealdan moston, 2984. 8 g e - saca, w. m., opponent, antago- nist, foe : ace. sg. ge-sacan, 1 744. sacan, st. v., to strive, contend: inf. ymb feorh sacan, 439. ge-sacan, to attain, gain by con- tending (Grein) : inf. gesacan sceal sSwl-berendra . . gearwe stowe {gain the place prepared, i.e. the death-bed), 1005. 254 GLOSSARY. on-sacan: l) (originally in a law- suit), to withdraw, take away, de- prive of: pres. subj. Jiatte freolSu- webbe feores on-sace . . . ledfne mannan, 1943. — 2) to contest, dis- pute, withstand:, inf. Jiat he sse- mannura on-sacan mihte (i.e. hord, beam, and br^de), 2955. gacu, St. f., strife, hostility, feud: nom. sg., 1858, 2473; ace. sg. sace, 154; sacce, 1978,1990, 2348,2500, 2563; dat. sg. at (t8) sacce, 954, 1619, 1666, 2613, 2660, 2682, 2687; gen. sg. secce, 601 ; gen. pi. sacca, 2030. g e - s a c u , St. f., strife, enmity : nom. sg-, 1738. sadol, St. m., saddle : nom. sg., 1039. sadol-beorht, adj., with bright sad- dles ( ?) : ace. pi. sadol - beorht, 2176. ge-saga. See secgan. samne, somne, adv., together, uni- ted; in at-somne, together, united, 307, 402, 491, 544, 2848. t6-somne {together'), 3123; J>4 se wyrm ge-beah snflde t3- somne (when the dragon quickly coiled together), 2569. samod, somod : I. adv., simultane- ously, at the same time: somod, 1212, 1615, 2175, 2988; samod, 2197; samod at-gadere, 387, 730, 1064. — II. prep. vi. dat., with, at the same time with : samod jer-dage {with the break of day), 1312; somod £Er-dage, 2943. sand, St. m., sand, sandy shore : dat. sg. on sande, 295, 1897, 3043(?); after sande {along the shore), 1965; wiS sande, 213. sang, St. m., song, cry, noise : nom. sg. sang, 1064; swutol sang sco- pes, 90; ace. Eg. sige-leasne sang (Grendel's cry of woe), 788; sS- rigne sang (HrSiSers dirge fof Herebeald), 2448. sai, St. m., rope: dat. sg. sSle, 1907; on sSIe (sole, MS.), 302. sSX. See ssel. s3r, St. f., wound, pain (physical or spiritual) : nom. sg. sSr, 976; sid sir, 2469; ace. sg. sSr, 788; sSre, 2296; dat. (instr.) sg. sSre, 1252, 2312, 2747. — Comp. llc-sSr. sS/F, adj., sore, painful: instr. pi. sirum wordum, 2059. s S r e , adv., sorely, heavily, ill, gravi- ter : se J>e him [sS]re gesce6d {who injured him sorely), 2224. s&rig, adj., painful, woeful: ace. sg. sSrigne sang, 2448. s&rig - f erff, adj ., sore - hearted, grieved: nom. sg. sSrig-ferB (Wlg- laf ), 2864. 88.rig-in6d, adj., sorrowful-minded, saddened: dat. pi. sirig-mSdum, 2943- sftr-Uc, adj., painful: nom. sg., 843; ace. sg. neut., 21 10. sa.wol, sS.'wI, St. f ., soul (the immor- tal principle as contrasted with Uf, the physical life) : nom. sg. sSwol, 2821 ; ace. sg. sSwle, 184, 802; hs'Sene s4wle, 853; gen. sg. s4- wele, 1743; sawle, 1743. sftwl-berend, pres. part., endowid with a soul, human being: gen. pi. sJwl-berendra, 1005. 8ftwul-dre6r, st. n., (blood gushing from the seat of the soul), soul- ■ gore, heart's blood, life's blood: instr. sg. sSwul-driore, 2694. s3.wul-le48, adj., soulless, lifeless: ace. sg.s^wol-leasne, 1407; sSwul- leasne, 3034. sace, sacce. See sacu. sad, adj., satiated, wearied : in comp. hilde-sSd. sal, St. n., habitable space, house. GLOSSARY. 255 kail: dat. sg. sel, 167; sal, 307, 2076, 2265. said, St. n., hall, king's hall or pal- ace : ace. sg. geond tat said (Heo- rot), 1281. sse, St. m. and f., sea, ocean : nom. sg., 579, 1224; ace. sg. on sldne sae, 507; ofer sae, 238 1; ofer soe side, 2395; dat. sg. t8 sse, 318; on see, 544; dat. pi. be SiEm tweonum, 859, 1298, 1686, 1957. B8e-bS.t, St. m., sea-boat: ace. sg., 634, 896. ssB-cyning, st. m., sea-ki«g, king ruling the sea : gen.pl. sae-cyninga, 2383- sse-de6r, st. n., sea-beast, sea-mon- ster : nom. sg., 15 1 1. sse-draca, w. ni., sea-dragon : ace. pi. see-dracan, 1427. ge-s£egan, w. v., to fell, slay : pret. part, hafdon eal-fela eotena cynnes sweordum ge-sseged (^felled with the sword), 885. ssege. See on-saege, sse-genga, w. m., sea-goer, i.e. sea- going ship: npm. sg., 1883, 1909. sae-ge&p, adj., spacious (broad enough for the sea) : nom. sg. S2&- geap naca, 1897. sse-grund, st. m., sea-bottom, ocean- bottom : dat. sg. sae-grunde, 564. sael, sai, s61, st. f. : i) favorable opportunity , good or ft time : nom. sg. sael, 623, 1666, 2059; sael and mcel, 1009; ace. sg. sSle, 1136; gen. pi. ssela and maela, 1612. — 2) Fate(^) : gen. sg. sSle raedenne, 51. — 3) happiness, joy : dat. pi. on sSlum, 608; saelum, 644, 1 171, 1323. See 861, adj. ge-sselan, w. v., to turn out favor- ably, succeed: pret. sg. him ge- scelde j^iit . . . (^he was fortunate enough to, etc.), 891; so, 574; efne swylce maela, swylce hira man-dryhtne Jiearf ge-sselde {at such times as need disposed it for their lord), 1 25 1. SEelan (see sfil), w. v., to tie, bind : pret. sg. SEelde . . . st'S-falSme scip, 1918; pi. sae-wudu saeldon, 226. ge-saelan,/o bind together, weave, interweave : pret. part, earm-beaga fela searwum ge-saeled itnany cu- riously interwoven armlets, i.e. made of metal wire : see Guide to Scandinavian Antiquities, p. 48), 2765. on-saelan, with ace, to unbind, unloose, open : on-sasl meoto, sige- hrSS secgum {disclose thy views to the men, thy victor's courage ; or, thy presage of victory 'i), 489. sse-I3.c, St. n., sea-gift, sea-booty: instr. sg. sse-lSce," 1625 ; ace. pi. ))Ss sse-lSc, 1653. sse-l&d, St. f., sea-way, sea-journey : dat. sg. sse-lSde, 1140, 11 58. sse-li8fend, pres. part., seafarer: nom. pi. sae-li'Send, 411, 1819, 2807; SEE-U'Sende, 377. sse-man, m., sea-man, sea-warrior : dat. pi. see-mannum, 2955; gen. pi. sae-manna, 329 (both times said of the Geatas). scemra, weak adj. compar., the worse, the weaker: nom. sg. saemra, 2881; dat. sg. saemran, 954. sse-mSS'e, adj., sea-weary, exhausted by sea-travel: nom. pi. sae-m8"5e, 32s. sse-niis, st. m., sea-promontory, cape, naze : ace. pi. sae-nassas, 223, 571. ssene, adj., careless, slow: compar. sg. nom. he on holme was sundes t)S SEenra, )>e hyne swylt fornam {was the slower in swimming in the sea, whom death took away')^ 1437- 256 GLOSSARY. sse-rinc, st. m., sea-warrior or hero : nom. sg., 691. sse-st9, St. m., sea-way, path, jour- ney : dat. sg. after sas-siSe, 1 1 50. sse-'cvang, st. m., sea-shore or beach : ace. sg. sse-wong, 1965. sae-Tveal, st. m., {sea-wall), sea- shore: dat. sg. sae-wealle, 1925. sae-Tnidu, st. m., {sea-wood'), vessel, ship : ace. sg. sae-wudu, 226. Bae-wylm, st. m., sea-surf, billow : ace. pi. ofer sae-wylmas, 393. scacan, sceacan, st. v., properly, lo shake one's self; hence, to go, glide, pass along or away : pres. sg. Jionne mln sceace'5 Uf of lice, 2743; inf. J)i com beorht [sunne] scacan [ofer grundas], {the bright sun came gliding over the fields), 1804; pret. sg. dugu'S ellor scoc {the chiefs are gone elsewhither, i.e. have died), 2255 ; Jjonne strsela storm . . . scoc ofer scild-weall {when the storm of arrows leapt over the wall of shields), 3119 ; pret. part, was hira bljed scacen {their strength {breath'!) had passed away), 11 25; Jj4 was winter sca- cen {the winter was past), 1 137; so, sceacen, 2307, 2728. scadu, sceadu, st. m., shadow, con- cealingveil of night : ace. sg. under sceadu bregdan (i.e. kill), 708. scadu-genga, w. m., shadow-goer, twilight-stalker (of Grendel): nom. sg. scesdu-genga, 704. Bcadu-helm, st. m., shadow-helm, veil of darkness : gen. pi. scadu- helma ge-sceapu {shapes of the shadow, evil spirits wandering by night), 651. Ecalii, St. f., retinue, band (part of an armed force) ; in comp. hand- scalu: mid his hand-scale (hond- scole), 1318, 1964. scamlan, w. v., to be ashamed: pres. part. nom. pi. scamiende, 285 1; n8 he baere feoh-gyfte . . . scami- gan Jjorfte {needed not be ashamed of his treasure-giving) , 1027. sca'wa (see scedwian) , w. m., obser- ver, visitor : nom. pi. scawan, 1896. ge-sc&d, St. n., difference, distinc- tion : ace. sg. seg-hwa^res gescid, worda and worca {difference be- tween, of, bothwords and deeds), 288. ge - sc&dan, st. v., to decide, adjudge: pret. sg. rodera r^dend hit on lyht gescSd {decided it in accordance with right), 1556. sc3.nan, redupl. verb?, to shine: pret. pi. scionon, 303. Cf. O.S. pret. an-skian, from an-sk8nan (Heliand, 5800). ge-scap-hwSle, st. f., fated hour, hour of death {appointed rest?) : dat. sg. to gescap-hwile {at the fated hour), 26. sccffffan, w. v., to scathe, injure: inf. w. dat. pers., 1034 ; aldre sce'S- ■8an {hurt her life), 1525; Jiat on land Dena IStSra naenig mid scip- herge sce'S^an ne meahte {injure through robber incursions), 243; pret. sg. t>3er him naenig water wihte ne scelSede, 1515. ge-sce'S'San, the same : inf J>at him . . . ne mihte eorres inwit-feng aldre gesceiStSan, 1448. scene, St. f., vessel, can : in comp. medu-scenc. sccncan, w. v., to hand drink, pour out: pret. sg. scencte sclr wered, 496 (cf. skinker = cup-bearer) . scenne, w. f.?, sword-guard!: dat. pi. on l)aem scennum sclran goldes, 1695. seeran, st. v., to shear off, cleave, hew to pieces : pres. sg. ))onne heoru bunden . . . swin ofer helme and- GLOSSARY. 257 weard scire^ {hews off the boar- head on the helni), 1288. ge-sceran, to divide, hew in tzuo : pret. sg. helm oft ge-scar (often clove the helm in two), 1527; so, gescer, 2974. scerwen, st. f. ?, in comp. ealu-scer- wen {ale-scare or panic'!), 770. scSt. See sce6taii. sceadu. See scadn. sceaffa, w. m. -. l) scather,/oe : gen. pi. scea'Sena, 4. — 2) fighter, war- rior : nom. pi. seaman, 1804. — Comp. i attor-, dol-, feond-, gfilS-, hearm-, ledd-,. mSn-, sin-, J;e6d-, uht-sceatSa. scealiFan, st. v. w. dat., to scathe, in- jure, crush : pret. sg. se i>e oft manegum scod {which has oft op- pressed many), 1888. ge-sceatSan, w. dat., the same: pret. sg. sw4 him £er gescod hild at Heorote, 1588; se I'e him s4re ge- sceod {who injured him sorely), 2224; no >^ ser in gesc8d hSlan lice, 1503; bill ser gescSd eald- hlSfordes )>am J>ira mStSma mund- bora was {the weapon of the anciejtt chieftain had before laid low the dragon, the guardian of the treas- ure), 2778 (or, sheathed in brass?, if ser and gescod form compound) . sce^iS'en-inEBl, st. n., deadly weapon, hostile sword: nom. sg., 1940. sceaft, St. m., shaft, spear, missile : nom. sg. sceft, 3119. — Comp.: here-, wal-sceaft. ge-sceaft, st. f. : i) creation, earth, earthly existence : ace. sg. J>Ss Ice- nan ge-sceaft, 1623. — 2) fate, des- tiny : in comp. forS-, lif-, m^l- gesceaft. scealc, St. m., servant, military re- tainer : nom. sg., 919; (of Beo- wulf), 940. — Comp. bedr-scealc. ge-BCeap, st. n. : l) shape, creature : nom. pi. scadu-helma ge-sceapu, 65 1 . — 2) fate, providence : ace. sg. heah ge-sceap {heavy, fate), 3085. sccapan, sceppan, scyppan, st. v., to shape, create, order, arrange, establish : pres. part, scyppend {the Creator), 106; pret. sg. scop him Heort naman {shaped, gave, it the name Heorot), 78; pres. part, was sio wroht scepen heard wis Hugas, syOTan HygelSc cwom {the contest with the Hugas became sharp after H. had come), 2915. ge-sceapan, to shape, create: pret. sg. ilf ge-sce8p cynna gehwylcum, 97- scear, st. m., massacre : in comp. gfl'5-, inwit-scear, 2429, etc.^ scearp, adj., sharp, able, brave: nom. sg. scearp scyld-wiga, 288. — Comp. : beadu-, heatSo-scearp. scearu, st. f., division, body, troop .- in comp. folc-scearu; that is de- cidedox determined, in gfllS-scearu {overthrow!), 1214. sceat, St. m., money ; also unit of value in appraising (cf. Rieger in Zacher's Zeits. 3, 415) : ace. pi. sceattas, 1687. When numbers are given, sceat appears to be left out, cf. 2196, 299s (see Wsend). — Comp. gif-sceat. sce&t, St. m., region, field : ace. pi. gefratwade boldan sceatas leomum and leafum, 96; — top, surface, part: gen. pi. eoriSan sceata, 753. sceAwere, st. m., observer, spy : nom. pi. sceaweras, 253. sce&wian, w. v. w. ace, to see, look at, observe : inf. sceawian, 841, 1414, 2403, 2745, 3009, 3033; sceawigan, 1392; pres. sg. II. bat ge genSge nean sceawiatJ beagas 258 GLOSSARY. and brSd gold, 3105; subj. pres. Jjat ic . . . sceawige swegle searo- gimmas, 2749; pret. sg. scea- wode, 1688, 2286, 2794; sg. for pi., 844; pret. pi. sceawedon, 132, 204, 984, 1441. ge-sceawian, to see, behold, observe : pret. part, ge-sceawod, 3076, 3085. sceorp, St. n., garment: in corap. hilde-sceorp. scedtan, st. \., to shoot, hurl missiles : pres. sg. se {>e of flSn-bogan fyre- num sceote^, 174S; pres. part, nom. pi. sceotend [the warriors, bowmen), 704, 115S; dat. pi. for scedtenduin(MS.scotenum), 1027. ge-sce6tan, w. ace, to shoot off, hurry : pret. sg. hord eft gesceat (^the dragon darted again back to the treasure), 2320. of-scedtan, to kill by shooting .'pret. sg. his maeg of-sc8t . . . bl3digan gSre (Jiilled his brother with bloody dart), 2440. Bcild, Bcyld, st. m., shield: nom. sg. scyld, 2571 ; ..ace. sg. scyld, 437, 2676 jacc.pl.scyldas, 325,333, 2851. scUdan, scyldan, w. v., to shield, frotect : pret. subj. nym'Se mec god scylde {if Cod had not shielded me), 1659. scUd-freca, w. m., shield-warrior (warrior armed with a shield) : nom. sg. seyld-freca, 1034. scUd-weal), st. m., wall of shields : ace. sg. scild-weall, 31 19. scild-'wfga, w. m., shield-warrior : nom. sg. scyld-wlga, 288. scinna, w, m., apparition, evil spirit: dat. pi. scynnum, 940. sclp, St. n., vessel, ship : nom. sg., 302; ace. sg., 1918; dat. sg. t8 scipe, 1896; gen. sg. scipes, 35, 897; dat. pi. tS seypum (scypon, MS.), 1155. scip-here, st. m., (exercitus navalis), armada, fleet: dat. sg. mid scip- herge, 243. ge-sclfe (for ge-sc^e), adj., ad- vancing (of the dragon's move- ment), 2571. scinan, st. v., to shine, flash : pres. sg. sunne . . . sft&n sclneS, 607; so, 1572; inf. geseah blScne le6- man beorhte scinan, 15 18; pret. sg. (gflS-byme, woruld - candel) scin, 321, 1966; on him byrne sc&n, 405 ; pret. pi. gold-fig sclnon web after wagum, 995; scionon, 303; cf. sc3.nan. sclr, adj., sheer, pure, shining: nom. sg. hriSg-iren sclr, 322; sclr me- tod, 980; ace. sg. n. sclr wered, 496; gen. sg. sciran goldes, 1695. sclr-ham, adj., bright-armored, clad in bright mail: nom. pi. sclr-hame, 1896. scoten. See sce6teii. g e - sc6d, pret. part ., j-/«o^(calceatus) , covered: in comp. a;r-ge-sc8d(?). See ge-sceaffan. scOp, St. m., singer i shaper, poet : nom. sg., 496, 1067; gen. sg. sc8- pes, 90. scraf, St. n., hole in the earth, cav- ern : in comp. eorlS-scraf. scriSffaii, St. v., to stride, go : pres. pi. scrlSalS, 163; inf. scriSan, 651, 704; scrMan to, 2570. scrifan, st. v., to prescribe, impose (punishment) : inf. hd him (Gien- del) sclr metod scrifan wille, 980. for-scrlfan, w. dat.pers., to pro- scribe, condemn : pret. part. si5- ■San him scyppend for-scrifen haf- de, 106. ge-scrifan, to permit, prescribe: pret. sg. swS him Wyrd ne ge-scrSf {as Weird did not permit him), 2575- GLOSSAEY. 259 scrfid, St. m., clothing, covering; or- nament : in comp. beadu-, byrdu- scrQd. scucca, w. m., shadowy sprite, de- mon : dat. pi. scuccum, 940. sculan, aux. v. w. inf.: i) shall, must (obligation) ; pres. sg. I., III. sceal, 20,^24, 183, 251, 271, 287, 440,978, 1005, 1173, 1387, IS3S. etc.; seel, 455, 2805, 301 1; II. scealt, 589, 2667; subj. pres. scyle, 2658; scile, 3178; pret. ind. sg. I., III. scolde, 10,806,820,966,1071, 1444, 1450, etc.; sceolde, 2342, 2409, i2443, 2590, 2964; II. sceol- desf, 2057; pi. scoldon, 41, 833, 1306, 1638; subj. piet. scolde, 1329, 1478; sceolde, 2709. — 2) w. inf. following it expresses futurity, — shall, will: pres. sg. I., III. sceal beodan {shall offer), 384; so, 424, 438, 602, 637, 1061, 1707, 1856, 1863, 2070; sceall, 2499, 2509, etc.; II. scealt, 1708; pi. wit sculon, 684; subj. pret. scolde, 280, 692, 911 ; sceolde, 3069. — 3) sculan sometimes forms a peri- phrastic phrase or circumlocution for a siiiiple tense, usually with a slight feeling of obligation or ne- cessity: pres. sg. he ge-wunian sceall (Jie inhabits; is said to in- ImbitT), 2276; pret sg. se l)e water- egesan wunian scolde, 1261; wac- nan scolde (woj to awake), 85; se }>one gome'lan gretan sceolde {%oas to, should, approach), 2422; tat se byrn-wiga bflgan sceolde {the corseleted warrior had to bow, fell), 2919; pi. J)i te beado-gri- man b^wan sceoldon (Jhey that had to polish or deck the battle- masks), 2258; so, 230, 705, 106S. — 4) w. omitted inf., such as wesan, gangan: unc sceal worn fela mStSma ge-masnra (i.e. wesan), 1784; so, 2660; sceal se hearda helm . . . fatum befeallen (i.e. we- san), 2256; ic him after sceal (i.e. gangan), 2817; subj. Jjonne hu foriS scyle (i.e. gangan), 1180. -A verb or inf. expressed in an ante- cedent clause is not again expressed with a subsequent sceal: gae^ S Wyrd swS hid seel ( Weird goeth ever as it shall [go]), 455; g&'S- bill ge-swSc swS. hit nS sceolde (i.e. ge-swlcan), 2586. BCua, w. ni., shadowy demon : in comp. dea'S-scfla. scufan, St. V. i i ) intrans., to move forward, , hasten : pret. part. JjS was morgen-leoht scofen and scyn- ded, 919. — 2) w. ace, to shove, push : pret. pi. guman fit scufon . . . wudu bundenne {pushed the vessel from the land), 215; dracan scufun . . . ofer weall-clif {pushed the dragon over the wall-like cliff), 3132. See wtd-scofen. be-scflfan, w. ace, to push, thrust down, in : inf. wd biS J)am he sceal . . . sSwle be-scfifan in fyres faSm {woe to him that shall thrust his soul into fire^s embrace), 184. scur, St. m., shower, battle-shower ■ in comp. Isern-scflr. scii'r-heard, adj., fight-hardenedf {file-hardened}) : nom. pi. scflr- heard, 1034. scyld, scyldan. See scUd, scildan . scyldig, adj., under obligations or bound for ; guilty of, w. gen. and instr. ; ealdres (mor'Sres) scyldig, 1339, 1684, 2062; synnum scyldig {guilty of evil deeds), 3072. scyndan, w. v., to hasten : inf. scyn- dan,257l; pret. part, scynded, 919. scynna. See scinna. scyppend. See sccapau. m- 260 GLOSSARY. 8cyran, w. v., to arrange, decide : inf. (lat hit scealSen-mEel scyran moste {thai the sword must decide it), 1940. O.N. skora, to score, decide. sc^ne, adj., sheen, well-formed, beau- tiful : nom. sg. magS scjne, 3017. se, pron. dem. and article, the : m. nom., 79, 84, 86, 87, 90, 92, 102, etc.; fem. seo, 66, 146, etc.; neut. J)at; — relative: se {who), 1611, 2866; se be {he who), 2293; seo J)e {she who), 1446; se }pe (for seo K), 1345, 1888, 2686; cf. 1261, 1498; (Grendel's mother, as a wild, demonic creature, is conceived novir as man, now as woman; woman, as having borne a son; man, as the incarnation of savage cunning and power); se for seo, 2422; dat. sg. l>am (for Jjam J^e), 2780. secce. See sacu. secg, St. m., man, warrior, hero, spdkesman (secgan?) : nom. sg., 208, 872, 2228, 2407, etc.; (Be6- wulf ), 249, 948, 1312, 1570, 1760, etc.; (WulfgSr), 402; (Hflnfer«), 981; (Wigiaf), 2864; ace. sg. synnigne secg (Grendel's mother, cf. se), 1380; dat. sg. secge, 2020; nom. pi. secgas, 213, 2531, 3129; dat. pi. secgum,490; gen. pi. secga, 634, 843, 997. 1673. secg, St. f., sword{%z&%fiT) : ace. sg. secge, 685. secgan, w. v., to say, sfeak : i) w. ace. : pres. sg. gode ic Jianc secge, 1998; so, 2796; pres. part, swd se secg hwata secgende was ISSra spella (partitive gen.), 3029; inf. secgan, 582, 876, 881, 1050; pret. sg. sagde him )>as leanes Jianc, 1810; pret. sg. II. hwat Jju worn fela . . . sagdest from his slSe, 532. — 2) without ace. : inf. swS we s6tSlIce secgan harden, 273; pret. sg. sagde, 2633, 2900. — 3) w. de- pend, clause : pres. sg. ic secge, 591; pi. III. secga'5, 411; inf. secgan, 51, 391, 943, 1347, 1701, 1819, 2865, 3027; gerund. t6 sec- ganne, 473, 1 725 ; pret. sg. sagde, 90, 1 176; pi. sagdon, 377, 2188; S£edan, 1946. S-secgan (edicere), to say out, de- liver : inf. wille ic d-secgan suna Healfdenes . . . mln ierende, 344. ge-secgan, to say, relate: imper. sg. II. ge-saga, 388; Jjat ic his [6r] oerest \>t eft ge-sagde {that I should first tell thee its origin), 2158; pret. part, gesagd, 141 ; ge- ssed, 1697. sefa, w. m., heart, mind, soul, spirit: nom. sg., 49, 490, 595, 2044, 2181, 2420, 2601, 2633; ace. sg. sefan, 278, 1727, 1843; dat. sg. sefan, 473, 1343, 1738. — Comp. mod-sefa. ge-segen, st. f., legend, tale : in comp. e'ald-ge-segen. segl, St. n., sail : nom. sg., 1907. segl-rad, St. f., sail-road, i.e. sea: dat. sg. on segl-rSde, 1430. segn, St. n., banner, vexilluni : nom. sg., 2768, 2959; ace. Sg. segen, 47, 1022; segn, 2777, 2959; dat. sg. under segne, 1205; — Comp. hea- fod-segn. sel, St. n., hall, palace. See sal. seld, St. n., dwelling, house : in comp. medu-seld. ge-selda, w. m., contubernalis, com- panion : ace. sg. geseldan, 1985. scldan, adv., seldom : oft [n6] sel- dan, 2030. seld-guma, w. m., house-man, home- stay er{'i); cotnmon man'i, house- carH : nom. sg., 249. sele, St. m. and n., building consist- GLOSSARY. 261 ing of one apartment ; apartment, room : nom. sg., 8:, 411; ace. sg. sele, 827, 2353; dat. sg. t8 sele, 323, 1641; in (on, t6) sele tam hean, 714, 920, 1017, 1985; on sele (in the den of the dragon), 3129. — Comp.:beah-,be6r-,dryht-, eorS-, gest-, gold-, grund-, gflS-, heah-, hring-, hrof-, nilS-, win-sele. sele-dre&m, st. m., hall-glee, joy in the hall : ace. sg. bSra be ))is Itf of- geaf, gesSwon sele-dream (refer- ring to the joy of heaven?), 2253. sele-ful, St. n., hall-goblet : ace. sg., 620. sele-gyst, st. m., hall-guest, stranger in hall or house : ace. sg. |jone sele- gyst, 1546. sele-raedend, pres. part., hall-ruler, guardian or possessor of the hall : ace. ledde mine Sele-rsedende, 1347. sele-rest, st. f., bed in the hall : ace. sg. sele-reste, 691. sele-]>egn, st. m., retainer, hall- thane, chamberlain : nom.sg., 1795. sele-weard, st. m., hall-ward, guar- dian of the hall : ace. sg., 668. self, sylf, pron., self: nom. sg. strong form, self, 1314, 1925 (? sel- fa); t>u self, 595; J>a )je self, 954; self cyning (the king himself, the king too"), 921, loil; sylf, 1965; in weak form, selfa, 1^69 ; he selfa, 29> 1734; fcam J)e him selfa deah {that can rely upon, trust to, him- self), 1840; seolfa, 3068; he syl- fa, 505; god sylfa, 3055; ace. sg. m. selfne, 1606; hine selfne (him- self), 962; hyne selfne (himself, reflex.), 2876; wi^ sylfne (oppo- site), 1978; gen. sg. m". selfes, 701, 896; his selfes, 1148; on slnne sylfesdom (at his own will), 2148; sylfes, 2224, 2361, 2640, 271 1, 2777, 3014; his sylfes, 2014, 2326; fem. hire selfre, 11 16; nom. pi. selfe, I9(?) ; Sfl'S-Dene sylfe, 1997. ge-sella, w. m., house-compajdon, comrade : in comp. hand-gesella. sellan, syllan, w. v. : i) w. ace. of thing, dat. of pers., to give, deliver; permit, grant, present : pies. sg. III. seletS him on SISle eorlSan Wynne, 1731; inf. syllan, 2161, 2730; 'pret. sg. sealde, 72, 673, 1272, 1694, 1752, 2025, 2156, 2183, 2491, 2995 ; nefne god sylfa sealde )>am \>s he wolde hord openian (unless God himself gave towhom he wouldtoopenthe hoard),y>^6; pret. sg. II. sealdest, 1483. — 2) to give, give up (only w. ace. of thing) : £Er he feorh sele^ (he prefers to, give itp his life), 1371; nallas on gylp seletS fatte beagas (giveth out gold-wrought rings, etc.), 1750; pret. sg. sine-fato sealde, 623; pi. byrelas sealdon win of wunder- fatmn, 1 162. ge-sellan, w. ace. and dat. of pers,, to give, deliver; grant, present: inf. ge-sellan, 1030; pret. sg. ge- sealde, 616, 1053, 1867, 1902,2143, etc. sel-llc, syl-llc (from seld-lle), adj., strange, wondrous : nom. sg. glof . . . syllic, 2087; ace. sg. n. syllic spell, 21 10; ace. pi. selliee sse-dra- can, 1427. Compar. ace. sg. syl- lieran wiht (the dragon), 3039. semrAnsii,aAv.,straightway;atonce, 645, 1641, 1768. sendan, w. v. w. ace. of thing and dat. of pers., to send: pret. sg. Jjone god sende folce t8 frofre (whom God sent as a comfort to the peo- ple), 13; so, 471, 1843. for-sendan, to send away, drive off: pret. part, he wearS on feonda ge- weald . . . snflde for-sended, 905. 262 GLOSSARY. on-sendan, lo send forth, away, w. ace. of thing and dat. of pers. : imper. sg. on-send, 452, 1484; pret. sg. on-sende, 382; pi. be hine . . . for^ on-sendon zenne ofer ^5e {who sent him forth alone over the Jra), 45; pret. part, bealo-cwealm hafa^ fela feorh-cynna feorr on- sended, 2267. sendan (cf. Gl. Aldhelm, sanda = ferculorum, epularum, in Haupt IX. 444), w. v., to feast, banquet: pres. sg. III. sende'S, 601. — Leo. serce, syrce, w. f., sark, shirt of mail: nom. sg. syrce, 1112; iiom. pi. syrcan, 226; ace. pi. graege syr- can, 334. — Ojmp. : beadu-, heoro- serce; here-, leo^o-, lic-syrce. sess, St. m., seat, place for sitting : dat. sg. sesse, 2718; I'd he bt sesse gedng {by the seat, i.e. before the dragon's lair), 2757. SCO, St. n., seat, settle : ace. sg., 2014; dat. sg. setle, 1233, 1783, 2020; gen. sg. setles, 1787; dat. pi. set- lum, 1 290. — Comp. : heah-, hilde-, meodu-setl. settan, w. v., to set : pret. sg. setton sa;-m81Se side scyldas . . . wiS [las recedes weall {the sea-wearied ones set their broad shields against the ■wall of the halt), yit^; so, 1243. S-scttan, to set, place, appoint: pret. pi. hie him d-setton segen [gyl]- denne heah ofer hcafod, 47; pret. part.hafde kyninga wuldor Grendle t3-geanes...sele-wearda-seted,668. be-settan, to set with, surround: pret. sg. (helm) besette swln-licum (set the helm with swine-bodies'), 1454. ge-settan: i) to set, set down: pret. part. sw4 was . . . I'urh rfln- stafas rihte ge-mearcod, ge-seted and ge-Sied {thus was . . . in rune- staves rightly marked, set do^vn and said), 1697. — 2) to set, or- dain, create : pret. sg. ge-sette . . . sunnan and monan lefiman tS le6hte land-bflendum, 94. — 3) = eomponere, to lay aside, smooth over, appease: pret. sg. bat he mid Vj wtfe wal-fajhtSa . . . dtel . . . ge-selte, 2030. sScan, w. v., to follow after, hence : l) to seek, strive for, w. ace. : pret. sg. sine-fat a8hte {sought the costly cup), 2301 ; ne s8hte searo-nKSas, 2739; so, 3068. Without ace.: Jjonne his myne sohte {than his wish demanded), 2573; hord- weard s6hte georne after grunde {the hoard-warden sought eagerly along the ground), 2294. — 2) to look for, come or go some whither, attain something, w. aec. : pres. sg. III. se be . . . biorgas s8ce«, 2273; subj. beah J>e hceS-stapa holt-wudu sSce, 1370; imper. sSc gif J>u dyrre {look for her, i.e. Gren- del's mother, if thou dare), 1 380; inf. sSeean, 200, 268, 646, 1598, 1870, 1990, 2SI4(?), 3103, etc.; sScan, 665, 1451; drihten sScean {seek, goto, the Lord), 187; sgeean wyn-leas wic {Grendel was to scck^ a joyless place, i.e. Hell), 822; so, sScan dedfla gedrag, 757; sdwle sScan {seek the life, kill ) , 802 ; so, s§cean sSwle hord, 2423; gerund, sacee to sSceanne, 2563; pret. sg. I., III. sohte, 139, 208, 376, 417, 2224; II.s3htest,4s8; pi. s8hton, 339- — 3) to seek, attack: be fls sScea^ tS Swedna ledde, 3002; pret. pi. hine wrae-macgas ofer siE s3htan, 2381. ge-sSean : l) toseek, w. ace. : inf. gif he gesScean dear wig ofer wa;pen, 685. — 2) to look for, come ox go to GLOSSARY. 263 attain, w. ace. : inf. ge-sScean, 693; gerund. tS ge-s6canne, 1923; pret. sg. ge-s6hte, 463, 520, 718, 1952; pret. part. aec. pi. feor-cyOTe beoS selran ge-s6hte \>an\ J^e hine selfa deah, 1840. — 3) to seek with hos- tile intent, to attack : pres. sg. ge- sSce'S 2516; pret.' sg. ge-s6hte, 2347; pi. ge-s6hton, 2927; ge- sohtan, 2205. ofer-sScan, w. ace, to surpass, outdo (in an attack) : pres. sg. was sio hond t6 strong, se J>e mSca gehwane . . . swenge ofer-sohte, {>onne he to sacce bar wsepen wundrum heard {too strong was the hand, that sur- passed every sivord in stroke, when he [Beowulf] bore the wondrous weapon to battle, i.e. the hand was too strong for any sword; its strength made it useless in battle), 2687. B@l, St. f. See ssel. s61, ssel, adj., good, excellent. Jit, only in compar. : nom. sg. m. selra, 861, 2194; )>sera Jjffir'sSlra was (to the one that was the better, i.e. Hy- gelSc), 2200; deli's bitS sella J>onne edwit-llf, 2891 ; neut. sSlre, 1385; aec. sg. m. sSlran Je {a better than thee), 1851; sSlran, 1 198; neut. Jiat sSlre, 1760; dat. sg. m. selran sweord-frecan, 1469; ace. pi. fem. sSlran, 1840. Superl., strong form : nom. sg. neut. sSlest, 173, 1060; hflsa sSlest, 146, 285, 936; ofost is sSlest, 256; boldasSlest, 2327; ace. sg. neut. hragla sliest, 454; hfisa s81est, 659; billa s81est, 1 145; — weak form: nom. sg. m. reced s§- lesta, 41 2 ; aec. sg. m. Jpone sSlestan, 1407, 2383; (J>as, MS.), 1957; dat. sg. m. Jiam sSlestan, 1 686; nom. pi. sSlestan, 416; ace. pi. >S sSlestan, 3123. sel, compar. adv., better, fitter, more excellent, 1013, 2531 ; ne byS him wihte 1)8 s81 {he shall be nozight the better for it), ZZ-jZ; so, 2688. sealina(Frisianselraa,inbed-selma), w. m., bed-chamber, sleeping-place : aec. sg. on sealman, 246 1. sealt, adj., salty : ace. sg. neut. ofer sealt water (Jhe sea), 1990. searo (G. sarwa, pi.), st. n.: l) ar- mor, accoutrements, war -gear: nom. pi. sse-manna searo, 329; dat. pi. secg on searwum (a man, war- rior, in panoply), 249, 2701 ; in (on) searwum, 323, 1558; 2531, 2569; instr. pi. searwum, 1814. — 2) insidiae, ambuscade, waylaying, deception, battle : JjS ic of searwum cwom, fSh from feondum, 419. — 3) cunning, art, skill: instr. pi. sadol searwum f^h (saddle cun- ningly ornamented), \ot,()\ earm- beaga fela, searwum ge - sasled (many cunningly-linked armlets), 2765. — Comp. fyrd-, gfiiS-, inwit- searo. searo-bend, st. f., band, bond, of curious workmanship : instr. pi. searo-bendum fast, 2087. searo-f^h, adj., cunningly inlaid, ornamented, with gold : nom. sg. here-byrne hondum ge-broden, sid and searo-fSh, 1445. searo-ge-]>rac, st. n., heap of treas- ure-objects : ace. sg., 3103. searo-gim, st. m., cunningly set gem, rich jewel: ace. pi. searo- gimmas, 2750; gen. pi. searo-gim- ma, 1 158. searo -grim, adj., cunniitg and fierce : nom. sg., 595. searo-habbend,pres.part. as subst., arms-bearing, warrior with his trappings : gen. pi. searo-habben- dra, 237. 264 GLOSSARY. Bcaro-net, st. n., armor-net, shirt of mail, corselet : nom. sg., 406. searo-nta?, st. m. ; l) cunning hos- tility, plot, wiles: ace. pi. searo- ■aVSas, I20I, 2739. — 2) also, only hostility, feud, contest: ace. pi. searo-nlSas, 3068; gen. pi. searo- niSa, 582.- 8earo-)>anc, st. m., ingenuity : instr. pi. searo-Jioncum, 776. searo-'wundor, st. n., rare wonder : ace. sg., 921. seax, St. n., shortsword, hip-knife ; dagger : instr. sg. seaxe, 1546. — Comp. wal-seax. seax -ben, st. f., dagger-wound: instr. pi. siex-bennuni, 2905. seofon, num., seiien, 517; seofan, 2196; decl. ace. syfone, 3123. seomian, w. v. : i ) intrans., to be tied; lie at rest : inf. siomian, 2768; pret. Eg. seomode, 302., — •£) w. ace., to put in bonds, entrap, catch: pret. sg. dugulSe and geo- goBeseomade((;f. 2086-2092), 161. seonu, St. f., sinew: nom. pi. seo- nowe, 818. se6c, adj., feeble, weak ; fatally ill : nom. sg. feorh-bennum seoc (of Be6wulf, sick unto death"), 2741 ; siex-bennum se6e (of the dead dragon), 2905; nom. pi., modes seoce(sickofsoul'), 1604. — Comp. : ellen-, feorh-, hea^o-seoc. sc6i!la,n, st. v. w. ace, to seethe, boil ; figuratively, be excited over, brood: pret. sg. ic )>as mod-ceare sorh- wylmum seaS (^I pined in heart- grief for that'), 1994; so, 190. se61oS, St. m. ?, bight, bay (cf. Die- trich in Haupt XI. 416) : gen. pi. siole'Sa bi-gong {the realm of bights = the [surface of the] sea?), 2368. 6e6n, s^n, st. f., aspect, sight: in comp. wlite-, wundor-seon, an-sjn. 8e6ii, St. v., to see : a) w. ace. ; inf. searo-wunder sedn, 921 ; so, 387, 1181, 1276, 3103; t>aer mag nihta ge-hwsem nKS-wundor seon {there may every night be seen u repul- sive marvel), 1366; pret. sg. ne seah ic . . . heal-sittendra medu- dream mdran, 2015. — b) w. ace. and predicate adj. : ne seah ic el- teodige \>\is manige men m8dig- llcran, 336. — c) w. prep, or adv. : pret. sg. seah on enta ge-weorc, 2718; seah on un-leofe, 2864; pi. folc to SDegon {looked on), 1423- ge-sedii, to see^ behold: a) w. ace.: pres. sg. III. se J>e beah ge-syh?5, 2042; inf. ge-sedn, 396, 571, 649, 962, 1079, etc.; pret. sg. geseah, 247.927.1558,1614; pl.ge-sawon, 1606, 2253. — b) w. ace. and pred- icate adj., pres. sg. III. ge-syhtS . . . on his suna bftre win-sele wgstne {sees in his son's house the wine- hall empty ; or, hall of friends'}), 2456. — c) w. inf. ; pret. sg. ge-seah . . . beran ofer bolcan beorhte landas {saw shining shields borne over the gang-plank), 229; pret. pi m£cre mdlSBum-sweord monige ge^ sSwon beforan beorn beran, 1024. — d) w. ace. and inf. : pret. sg. ge- seah, 729, 1517, 1586, 1663, 2543, 2605, etc.; pi. ge-s3won, 221, 1348, 1426; ge-s8gan, 3039; ge-sSgon, 3129. — e) w. depend, clause: inf. mag )jonne . . . gesedn sunu HreS- les, J.at ic {may the son of II. see that /...), i486; pret. pi. ge- sSwon, 1592. geond-seon, to see, look through, over, w. ace. : pret. sg. (ic) )jat call geond-seh, 3088. ofer-seon, to see clearly, plainly : pret. pi. ofer-sSwon, 419. GLOSSARY. 265 on- s^ fin, to look o?j, «/, w. acc.:pret. pi. on-sSwon, 1 65 1. seowian, w. v., to seiv, put together, liit/i : pret. part, searo-net sedwed smKes or-J)ancum (Mf corselet xaoven by the smith's craft), 406. sib, St. i.ypetfce, friendship, relation- skip : noni. sg., 1 165, 1858; sibb, 2601 ; ace. sibbe, 950, 2432, 2923; instr. sg. sibbe {in peaceT), 154. — Comp. i dryht-, friSo-sib. Bib-affeling, st. m., nobilis consan- guineus, kindred prince or noile- man : nom. pi. -aSelingas, 2709. sibbe-gedryht, st. f., body of allied or related warriors : ace, sg. sibbe- gedriht (the Danes), 387; (the Geatas), 730. siSfS'aii, sylffS'an : i ) adv. : a) since, after, from now on, further, 142, 149, 283, 567, 1903, 2052, 2065, 2176,2703,2807, 2921; seo'S^an, 1876. — b) then, thereupon, after, 470, 686, 1454, 1557, 1690, 2208; seo'iraan, 1938; ser ne sitSSan (neither before nor after), 719. 2) Conj. : a) w. ind. pres., as soon as, when, 413, 605, 1785, 2889, 2912. — b) w. ind. pret., when, whilst, 835, 851, 1205, 1207, 1421, 1590. 2357. 2961, 2971. 3128; seo'S- ■San, 1776; — f««e6d, st. f., victorious warrior troop : dat. sg. on sige-Jieode, 220J. sige-wsepen, st. n., victor-weapon, sword: dat. pi. sige-wspnum, 805. sigl, St. n. : l) stm: nom. sg. sigel, 1967. — 2) sun-shaped ornament : ace. pi. siglu, 3165; sigle (bracte- ates of a necklace), I20I; gen.pl. sigla, 1 158. — Comp. mSOTum- sigl. sigor, St. m., victory : gen. sg. sigo- res, 1022; gen. pi. sigora, 2876, 3056. — Comp. : hrS^-, wig-sigor. sigor-e&dig, adj., victorious : nom. sg. sigor-eadig secg (of Beowulf), 1312, 2353. sin. See syn. sine, St. n., treasure, jewel, property: nom. sg., 2765^ ace. sg. sine, 81, 1205, i486, 2384, 2432; instr. sg. since, 1039, 1451, 1616, 1883,2218, 2747; gen. sg. sinces, 608, H71, 1923, 2072; gen. pi. sinca, 2429. sinc-fSih, adj., treasure-decked : ace. sg. neut. weak form, sinc-fSge sel, 167. fiinc-fat, St. n., costly vessel: ace. sg., 2232, 2301 ; — a costly object : ace. 266 GLOSSARY. sg., I20I (i.e. mene); ace. pl.sinc- fato, 623. Binc-ge-stre6a,st.T\,,precious treas- ure, jewel of value : instr. pi. -ge- strednum, 1093; 6^"- P'- -gestred- na, 1227. sinc-gtfa, w. m., jewel-giver, treas- ure-giver = prince, ruler : ace. sg. sinc-gyfan, 1013; dat. sg. sine- gifan (of Beowulf), 2312; (of Asehere), 1343. sinc-m^ffffum, st. m., treasure: nom. sg., 2194. slnc-J>ego, f., acceptance, taking, of jewels : nom. sg., 2885. sin-dolh, st. m., perpetual, i.e. in- curable, wound: nom. sg. syn-dolh, 818. sln-fred, w. m., wedded lord, hus- land : nom. sg., 1935. sin-gal, adj., continual, lasting: ace. sg. fem. sin-gale sace, 154. sin-gales, adv. gen. sg., continu- ally, ever, 1778; syngales, 1136. s i n g a 1 a , adv. gen. pi., the same, 1 90. singan, st. v., to sound, ring, sing: pret. sg. hring-lren sclr song in sear- wum Qhe ringed iron rang in the armor'), 323; horn stundum song ffls-lic f[yrd]-le6« (at times the horn rang forth a ready battle- song), 1424; scop hwtlum sang (the singer sang at whiles), 496. S-singan, to sing out, sing to an end: pret. part. ledtS wiis i-sungen, 1160. sin-here, st. m., (army without end}), strong army, host: instr. sg. sin-herge, 2937. siu-niht, st. f., perpetual night, night after night: ace. pi. sin-nihte (night after night), 161. sin-scead'a, w. m., irreconcilable foe : nom. sg. syn-sealSa, 708; ace. sg. syn-sca^an, 802. sln-snaed, st.f., (continuous biting'), bite after bite : dat. pi. syn-snaedum swealh (swallowed bite after bite, in great bites) , 744. slttan, St. v.: i) to sit: pres. sg. WlgUf site's ofer Bidwulfe, 2907 ; imper. sg. site nu t3 symle, 489; inf. )»er swltS-ferh^e sittan eodon (whither the strong-minded 'event and sat), ^gy, eode . . . t& hire frean sittan (went to sit by her lord), 642; pret. sg. on vificge sat (sat on the horse), 286; at fStum sat (sat at the feet), 500, 1167; hser HrStS- gir sat (where H. sat), 356; so, 1191, 2895; he gewSrgad sat . . . frean eaxlum neah, 2854; pret. pi. sjEton, 1 165; gistas sStan (MS. sScan) . . . and on mere staredon (the strangers sat and stared on the sea), 1603. — 2) to be in a cer- tain state or condition (quasi cop- ula) : pret. sg. maere Redden . . . unbMe sat, 1 30. — Comp. : flet-, heal-sittend. be-sittan, obsidere, to surround, besiege, w. aee. : besat Jj^ sin-herge sweorda ISfe wundum wfirge (then besieged he with a host the leav- ings of the sword, wound-weary), 2937- for-sittan, obstrui, to pass away, fail : pres. sg. eagena bearhtm far- site's (the light of the eyes passeth away),\'j(i%. ge-sittan: l) to sit, sit together : pret. sg. monig-oft ge-sat rice to rftne (very often sat the iing delib- eratingwith his council(&ee rice)), 171 ; WiS earm ge-sat (supported himself upon his arm, sat on his armt), 750; fSKa eal ge-sat (the whole troop sat down), 1425; ge- sat 1j4 wi^ sylfne (sat there beside, opposite'>,him,i.e. HygelSc), 1978; GLOSSAEY. 267 ge-sat J)Son nasse, 2418; so, 2718; pret. part, (sy^an) ... we to symble ge-seten hafdon, 2105. — 2) w. ace, to seat one's self upon or in something, to hoard: pret. sg. bS ic . . . SEe-bit ge-sat, 634. of-sittan, w. ace, to sit over or upon : pret. sg. of-sat hS J>one sele- gyst, 1546. ofer-sittan, w. ace, to dispense with, refrain from (cf. ofer, 2 [c]) : pres. sg. I. J^at ic witS tone g&'S-flogan gylp ofei^-sitte, 2529; inf. secge ofer-sittan, 685. on-sittan (O.H.G. int-sizzan, to start from one's seat, to be startled), w. ace, to fear : inf. \'% fiehSe, • eatole ecg-);race eower leode swi& onsittan {to dread the hostility, the fierce contest, of your people'), 598. ymb-sittan, to sit around, w. ace : pret. pi. (J>at hie) . . . symbel ymb- saston (sat round the feast), 564. See ymb-sittend. sId, adj.: i) wide, broad, spacious, large : nom. sg. (here-byrne, glof ) std, 1445, 2087; ace sg. m. sidne scyld, 437; on sldne see, 507 ; fern, byrnan side (of a corselet extend- ing over the legs), 1292; ofer see side, 2395; neut. side rice, 1734, 2200 ; instr. sg. sidan herge, 2348; ace. pi. side sse-nassas, 223; side scyldas, 325; gen. pi. sidra sorga (of great sorrows), 149. — 2) in moral sense, great, noble : ace sg. Jjurh sidne sefan, 1727. side, aAs. , far andwide, afar, 1224. std-faSTme, adj., broad-bosomed: ace sg. sld-fatSme scif, 1918. sid-faSFmed, quasi pret. part., the same : nom. sg. sld-fa^med scip, 302. std-rand, st. m., broad shield : nom. sg., 1290. I siiSf (G. seij>u-s), adj., late : superl. nom. sg. stSast sige-hwlle (the last hour, day, of victory), 271 1; dat. sg. at sKSestan (in the end, at last), 3014. SI'S, adv. compar., later : ser and sKS (sooner and later, early and late), 2501. siff (G. sinlj-s), st. m. : l) road, way, journey, expedition ; esp., road to battle : nom. sg., 501, 3059, 3090; nas Jjat S^e stS (that was no easy road, task), 2587; so, >at was ged- cor siS, 766; ace sg. sIfS, 353, 512, 909, 1279, 1430, 1967; instr. dat. sISe, 532, 1952, 1994; gen. sg. siSes, 579, 1476, 1795, 19Q9. Also, return : nom. sg., 1972. — 2) un- dertaking, enterprise ; esp., battle- work ; nom. sg. nis Jjat eower siS, 2533; ne biB swylc earges siS (such is no coioard's enterprise), 2542; ace sg. sitS,.873. In pi. = adventures: nom. slSas, 1987; ace sKSas, 878; gen. sltSa, 318. — 3) time (as iterative) : nom. sg. nas . Jjat forma siiS (that was not the first time), 717, 1464; so, 1528, 2626; ace sg. oftor micle Jjonne on a;nne siS, 1580; instr. sg. (forman, 6&e, >riddan) siSe, 741, 1204, 2050, 2287,2512, 2518, 2671, 2689, 3102. — Comp. : cear-, eft-, ellor-, gryre-, sas-, wil-, wrsec-siS. ge-siiS, St. m., comrade, follower: gen. sg. ge-slSes, 1298; nom. pi. ge-stSas, 29; ace. pi. ge-slSas, 2041, 2519; dat. pi. ge-si^um, 1314,1925,2633; gen. pi. ge-si«a, 1935. — Comp.: eald-, wil-gesi^. gld'-fat, St. m., way, journey : ace sg. Jjone si^-fat, 202; dat. sg. slS- fate, 2640. slff-fram, -from, adj., ready for the journey : nom. pi. si'S-frome, 1 814. 268 GLOSSARY. sitSian, w. v., io journey, march : inf., 721, 809; pret. sg. sKJode, 2120. for- simian, i/er fatale inire (Grein) : pret, sg. hafde JiS for- sl'Sod sunu Ecg-J'edwes under gyn- ne grund {would have found his death, etc.), 1551. s!e, s$^. Seewesan. sigan, St. v., to descend, sink, incline : pret. pi. sigon at-somne {descended together'), 307; sigon )>& to slsepe {they sank to sleep'), 1252. ge-slgan, to sink, fall : inf. ge- stgan atsacce {fall in tattle) , 2660. sin, poss. pron., his : ace. sg. m. sinne, 1961, 1985, 2284, 2790; dat. sg. sinum, 1508. slaep, St. m., sleep.- nom. sg., 1743; dat. sg. to slaep-!, 1252. sleepan, st. v., to sleep : pres. part, nom. sg. slaepende, 2220; ace. sg. he gef 8ng . . . sloependne rinc {seized a sleeping warrior), 742; ace. pi. slaapende frat folces Denigea fif- tyne men {devoured, sleeping, fif- teenof the people of the Danes'), IS§2. sleac, adj., slack, lazy; nom. sg., 2188. sleahan, sled.n: 1) to strike, strike at: a) intrans. : pres. subj. sg. )>at he me ongean slea {that he should strike at me), 682; pret. sg. yrrin- ga sloh {struck angrily), 1566; so,sl8hhilde-bilIe, 2680. b) trans. : pret. sg. J>at he lione nlS-gast nio- •Sor hwSne sl8h {that he struck the dragon somewhat lower, etc.), 2700. — 2) w. ace. : to slay, kill: pret. sg. l^as be he Abel sl6g {be- cause he slew /}.), 108; so, sl8g, 421, 2180; -sldh, 1582, 2356; pi. slogon, 205 1; pret. part. ))^ was Finslagen, 1153. i;e-slean, w.acc: l) tofghta bat- tle : pret. sg. ge-sl6h J>tn fader fsehfSe mseste, 459. — 2) to gain by fighting: sy'SiJan hie ^4 mser'Sa ge- slogan, 2997. of-slean, to ofslay, kill, w. ace. ; pret. sg. of-sl8h, 574, 1666, 3061. gli!ffe (0. sleit>-s), adj., savage, fierce, dangerous : ace. sg. J^urh sllSne . \\V&, 184; gen. pi. slitSra ge-slyhta, 2399- sltSFen, adj.ifurious, savage, deadly : nom.sg. sweord-bealo slHSen, 1 148. slitan, St. v., to slit, tear to pieces, w. ace. : pret. sg. slSt (slaependne rinc), 742. slylit, St. m., blo^o : in comp. and- slyht. ge-slyht, St. n. (collective), battle, conflict: gen. pi. slltSra ge-slyhta, 2399- smlQ', St. m., smith, armorer : nom. sg. wsepna smiB, 1453; gen. .sg. smi'Ses, 406. — Comp. wundor - smitS. b e - smlfflan, w. v., to surround with iron-work, bands, etc. ; pret. part, he (the hall Heorot) tas faste \ias innan and fitan Iren-bendum searo- toncum besmiSod (i.e. the beams out of which the hall was built were held together skilfully, within and without, by iron clamps), 776. sncll, adj., fresh, vigorous, lively; of martial temper ; nom. sg. se snella, 2972. snelltc, adj ., the same : nom. sg., 69 1 . snotop, snottor, adj., clever, -wise, intelligent: nom. sg. snotor, 190, 827, 909, 1385; in weak form, (se) snottra, 1314, I476,'i787; sno- tra, 2157, 3121 ; nom. pi. snotere, 202, 416; snottre, 1592. — Comp. fore-snotor. snotor-Itcc, adj., intelligent, wise : compar. snotor-licor, 1843. GLOSSARY. 269 snude, adv., hastily, quickly, soon, 90s, 1870, 1972, 2326, 2569, 2753. b e - snyffian, w. v., to rob, deprive of: pret. sg. Jjatte OngenHiS eal- dre be-snyiSede Hse'Scyn, 2925. snyrian, w. v., to hasten, hurry : pret. pi. snyredon at-somne (har- ■ ried forward together^, 402. snyttru, f., intelligence, wisdom: ace. sg. snyttru, 1727; dat. pi. mid modesisnyttrum, 1707; Jie we ealle ser ne meahton snyttrum be-syr- wan (o deed which all of tts together could not accomplish before with all our wisdom'), 943. Aiv.,wisely, 873- Bomne. See samne. Borgian, w. v. : i') to be grieved, sorrow: imper. sg. II. ne sorga! 1385. — 2) to care for, trouble one's self about : inf. n6 J>u ymb mines ne })earft lices feorme leng sorgian {thou needst not care longer about my life's [body's] suste- nance), 451. Borh, St. f., grief, pain, sorrow : nom. sg., 1323 ; sorh is me to sec- ganne {pains me to say), 473; acc.sg. sorge, 119,2464; dat. instr. sg. mid Jjsere sorge, 2469; sorge {in sorrow, grieved^, 1150; gen. sg. worna fela . . . sorge, 2005; dat. pi. sorgum, 2601 ; gen. pi. sorga, 149. — Comp. : hyge-, in- wit-, jiegn-sorh. sorh-cearig, adj., curis sollicitus, heart-broken : nom. sg., 2456. sorli-ful, adj., sorrowful, trouble- some, difficult: nom. sg., 21 20; ace. sg. sorh-fuUne (sorh-fulne) sis, 512, 1279, 1430. Borh-le&s, z.^]., free from sorrow or grief: nom. sg., 1673. BOrh-Ieoff, st. n., dirge, song of sor- row : ace. sg., 2461. sorh-^rylm, st. m., wave of sorrow : nom. pi. sorh-wylmas, 905. sdcn, St. f., persecution, hostile pur- suit or attack (see sScan) : dat. .(instr.) Jisere s8cne (by reason of Grendel's persecution), 1778. s6ff, St. n., sooth, truth : ace. sg. sd'S, 532, 701, 1050, 1 701, 2865; dat. sg. t6 so^e {in truth"), 51, 591, 2326. s6ff, adj., true, genuine: nom. sg. J>at is soS metod, 1612; ace. sg. n. gyd Swrac s815 and sSr-llc, 21 10. so'Se, adv., truly, correctly, accti- rately, 524; s6^e gebunden (of alliterative verse : accurately put together), 872. B6ff-cynlng, st. m., true king : nom. sg. sigora s6^-cyning {God), 3056. s63'-fast, adj., soothfast, established in truth, orthodox (here used o'f the Christian martyrs) : gen. pi. s8^-fastra d6m {glory, realm, of the saints), 2821. sSff-llce, adv., in truth, truly, truth- fully, 141, 273, 2900. s6f te, adv., gently, softly : conipar. J3J sSft {the more easily), 2750. — Comp. un-s6fte. s5na, adv., soon, immediately, 121, 722, 744, 751, 1281, 1498, 1592, 1619, 1763, etc. on-spannan, st. v., to un-span, 'unloose : pret. sg. his helm on- spedn {loosed his helm), 2724. spel, St. n., narrative, speech: ace. sg. spell, 21 10; ace. pi. spel, 874; gen. pi. spella, 2899, 3030. — Comp. wea-spel. spSd, St. f. : l) luck, success : in comp. here-, wlg-spSd. — 2) skill, facility : ace. sg. on spSd {skil- fully), 874. spttvan, St. v., to spit, spew, w. instr. : inf. glSdum spi.vian{spitjire) , 23 1 3. 270 GLOSSAEY. spor, St. 11., spur: in comp. hand- spor. spO-wan, St. v., to speed well, help, avail : pret. sg. him wiht ne speSw {availed him naughf), 2855; hfl him at zete spedw (Jioio he sped in the eating), 3027. spraec, st. f., speech, language : instr. sg. fr&cnan spruece {through liold, challenging, discourse), 1105. — Comp. : sefen-, gylp-spi'sec. sprecan, st. v., to speak : inf. ic sceal for^ sprecan gen ymbe Grendel {I shall go on speaking ahut C), 2070; w. ace. se t>e vvyle s8S spre- can {he who will speak the truth), 2865; imper. t3 Geatum spree (sprsec, MS.), 1172; pret. sg. III. sprac, 1169, 1699, 2511, 2725; word after sprac, 341 ; n6 ymbe JiS fash& sprac, 2619; Il.hwat hu worn fela . . . ymb Brecan sprjEce {hcrw much thou hast spoken of Breca!), 531; pi. hwat wit ge6 sprzecon {what we two spoke of lie- fore), 1477; gomele ymb godne on-geador spraecon, Jiat hig . . . {the graybeards spoke together about the valiant one, that they . . .), 1596; sw3 wit fur^um sprtecon {as we two spoke, engaged, before), 1708; pret. part. )jd was . . , J'ry'5- word sprecen, 644. ge-sprecan, w. ace, to speak: pret. sg. ge-sprac, 676, 1399, 1467, 3095- Bpre6t, St. m., pole ; spear, pike : in comp. eofor-spredt. springan, st. v., to jump, leap ; flash : pret. sg. hrS wJde sprong {the body bounded far), 1589; sw4t Eedrum sprong for^ under fexe {the blood burst out in streams from under his hair), 2967; pi. wide sprungon hilde-lefiman {flashed afar), 2583. Also figuratively: blasd wide sprang {his repute spread afar), 18. at -springan, to spring forth: pret. sg. swS Jiat blod ge-sprang {as the blood burst forth), 1668. Figuratively, to arise, originate: pret. sg. Sigemunde gesprong after dealS-dage d8m un-lytel, 885. on-springan, to burst in two, spring asunder : pret. pi. seonowe onsprungon, burston bSn locan, 818. Btandan, st. v. : i) absolutely or with prep., to stand: pres. III.pl. e6ied- geatwe \>& ge J^a^r on standa'5 {the warlike accoutrements wherein ye there stand), 2867; inf. ge-seah . . . orcas stondan {saw vessels standing), 2761 ; pret. sg. at h^Se st6d hringed-stefna {in the harbor stood the curved-prowcdt , metal- coveredl, ship), 32; stod on sta- pole {stood near the [^middle"] col- umn), 927; so, 1914, 2546; )3at him on aldre st8d here-stral hearda {that the sharp war-arrow stood in his vitals), 1425', so, 2680; pi. gSras st&don . . . samod at-gadere {the spears stood together), 328; him big stodan bunan and orcas {by him stood cans and pots), 3048. Also of still water: pres. sg. III. nis bat feor heonon . . . J'at se mere standees, 1363. — 2) with predicate adj., to stand, continue in a certain state : subj . pres. ))at )>es sele stande . . . rinca ge-hwylcum Idel and unnyt {that this hall stands empty and useless for every warrior), 41 1; inf. hord-wynne fand eald uht-scea& opene standan, 2272; pret. sg. eiS );at Mel stSd hflsa sg- lest, 145; so, 93G; water under st6d dredrig and ge-drSfed, 1418. GLOSSARY. 271 — 3) to belong or attach to ; issue : pret. sg. Nor'S-Denum st8d atelic egesa {great terror clung to, over- came, the North Danes), 784; J)&ra Sniim stod sadol seavvvum fdh {on one of the steeds lay an ingeniously- inlaid saddle), 1038; byrne-ledma eldum on andan {turning light stood forth, a horror to meii), 2314; ledht inne st6d (« light stood in it, i.e. the sword), 1571; him of ea- gum stSd . . . Ie6ht unfager {an uncaymy light issued from his eyes), 727; so, )>at [fram] Jiam gyste [gryre-] broga stod, 2229. S-standan, to stand up, arise : •pret. sg. S-stod, 760, 1557, 2093. at-standan,^o stand at, near, or in : pret. sg. Jaat hit (i.e. (lat swurd) on wealle at-stod, 892. for-standan, to stand against or before, \ie.nc& : \) to hinder, prevent: pret. sg. (breost-net) wi'S ord and wi^ ecge in-gang for-stod {the shirt of mail prevented point or edge from entering), 1550; subj. nefne him witig god wyrdfor-stode {if the wise God had not warded off such a fate from them, i.e. the men threatened by Grendel), 1057. — 2) defend, w. dat. of person against whom : inf. J>at he . . . mihte heaiSo- ItSendnm hord for-standan, beam and brjde {that he might protect his treasure, his children, and his spouse from the sea - farers), 2956. ge-standan, intrans., to stand: pret. sg. ge-st6d, 358, 404, 2567; pi. nealles him on heape hand-ge- steallan . . . ymbe gestodon {not at all did his boon-companions stand serried around hini), 2597. Stapa, w. m., stepper, strider : in comp. hse^-, mearc-stapa. stapan, st. v., to step, stride, go for- ward : pret. sg. eorl fur'Sor stop, 762; gum-fetSa stSp lind-habben- dra {the troop of shield-warriors strode on), 1402. at-stapan,/o stride up or to : pret. sg. for'S near at-st8p {strode up nearer), 746. ge-stapan, to walk, stride : pret. sg. he to for^ gestop dyrnan crafte, dracan heafde neah {he, i.e. the man that robbed the dragon of the vessel, had through hidden craft come too near the dragon's head), 2290. stapol, St. m., (=;Sci(ns), trunk of a tree; hence, support, pillar, col- umn : dat. Sg. st6d on stapole {stood by or near the wooden mid- dle column of Heorot), 927; instr. pi. t>S stin-bogan stapulum faste {the arches of stone upheld by pil- lars), 2719. starian, w. v., to stare, look intently at : pres. sg. I. bat ic on ))one ha- felan . . . eagum starige {that I see the headxvith my eyes), 1782; Jj&ra fratwa . . . )>e ic her on starie {for the treasures . . . that I here look «/o»), 2797; III. Jionne he on tat sine staralS, i486 : sg. for pi. Jj^ra J>e on swylc stara'S, 997; pret. sg. }>at (sin-frea) hire an dages eagum starede, 1936; pi. on mere stare- don, 1604. st&n, St. m. : l) stone : in comp. eorclan-stin. — 2) rock : ace. sg. under (ofei) hSrne stSn, 888, 1416, 2554, 2745; dat. sg. stSne, 2289, 2558. st&n-beorh, st. m., rocky elevation, stony mountain : ace. sg. stSn- beorh steapne, 2214. st&in-boga, w. m., stone arch, arch hewn out of the rock : dat. sg. stSn- 272 GLOSSARY. bogan, 2546; nom. pi. stSn-bogan, 2719. stan-cUf, St. n., rocky cliff: ace. pi. stan-cleofu, 2541. st3,ii-fa,h, adj., stone-laid, pavedwith stones of different colors : nom. sg. strset was stan-fSh {the street was of different colored stones), 320. std,ii-hlil9, St. n., rocky slope: ace. pi. stSn-hli'So, 1410. staf, St. m. ; i) staff: in eomp. rfln- staf. — 2) elementum : in comp. Sr-, ende-, fScen-staf. still, St. m., place, stead: dat. sg. bat )>u me S wsere fortS-gewitenum on fader stiile {that thou, if I died, wouldst represent a father's place to me), 1480. staelan, w. v., to place; allure or instigate: inf. )>i ic on morgne ge-fragn maeg 6'Serne billes ecgum on bonan staelan {then I learned thai on the morrow one brother in- stigated the other to murder with the sword's edge ; or, one avenged the other on the murdererl, cf. 2962 seqq.), 2486. ge-st£elan,^ place, impose, insti- tute : pret. part, ge feor hafatS fjeh'Se ge-staeled {Grendel's mother has further begun hostilities against us), 1341. stedc, St. m., place, -stead : in comp. bzel-, burh-, folc-, heah-, melSel-, wang-, wic-stede. stefn, si. i., voice : nom. sg., 2553; instr. sg. niwan (niowan) stefne (properly novi voce) = denuo, anew, again, 2595, 1 790. stefn, St. m., prow of a ship : ace. sg., 213; see bunden-, hringed-, wunden-stefna. on-stellan, w. v., constituere, to cause, bring about : pret. sg. se J>as or-leges 6r on-stealde, 2408. steng, st. m., pole, pike : in comp. wal-steng. g e - steppan, w. v., to stride, go : pret. sg. folce ge-stepte ofer sae side sunu Ohtheres (O.'j son, i.e. Eadgils, went with warriors over the broad sea), 2394. st6de (O.H.G. stati, M.H.G. stsete), adj., firm, steady: nom. sg. was stSde naglage-hwylc st^le ge-llcost {each nail-place was firm as steel), 986. stSpan, w. V. w. ace, to exalt, honor : pret. sg. teah J>e hine mihtig god . . . eafe^um stSpte, 1718. ge-steald, st. n., possessions, prop- erty : in comp. in-gesteald, 1156. ge-stealla, w. m., (contubernalis), companion, comrade: in comp. eaxl-, fyrd-, hand-, lind-, njd-ge- stealla. stearc-beort, adj., (fortis animo), stout-hearted, courageous: nom. sg. (of the dragon), 2289; (of Bedwulf), 2553. ste&p, adj., steep, projecting, tower- ing: ace. sg. steapne hrof, 927; stSn-beorh steapne, 2214; witS steapne rond, 2567; acc.pl.m.beor- gas steape, 222; neut. steap st^n- hli'So, 1410. — Comp. hea'So- steap. stiile, adj., still, quiet: nom. sg. wid-floga wundum stiile, 2831. stiile, adv., quietly, 301. stincan, st. v., to smell; snuff: pret. sg. stone J>a after stUne {snuffed along the stone), 2289. stiff, adj., hard, stiff : nom. sg. wun- den-msel (swurd) . . . stiS and stjl- ecg, 1534- stiff-mOd, adj., stout-hearted, un- flinching: nom. sg., 2567. stSg, St.- f., way, path : nom. sg., 320, 2214; ace. pi. stige nearwe, 1410, — Comp. medu-stlg. GLOSSARY. 273 Bttgan, St. v., to go up, ascend : pret. sg. W he to holme [st]ag (^zvAen he plunged forward into the' sea), 2363J pi. beornas ... on stefn sti- gon, 212; Wedera ledde on wang stigon, 225; subj. pret. jer he on bed stige, 677. S-st Igan, /o ai««i/.' pres. sg. J)o- non J'S-geblond up S-stlge^ won to wolcnum, 1374 ; gM-rinc S-stSh {the fierce hero ascended, i.e. was laid on the pyre? or, the fierce smoie\r^c\ ascendedT), 1 119; ga- men eft S-stih {joy again went up, resounded^, 1161; wudu-rSc S-st^h sweart of swio^ole, 3145 ; swSg up a-stSg, 783. %&-%'s.\%&Ti,to ascend, go up : pret. sg. {jS ic on holme ge-stSh, 633. storm, St. m., storm : nom. sg. strsela storm {storm of missiles), 31 18; instr. sg. holm storme we61 {the sea billowed stormily), 1132. stCI, St. m., chair, throne, seat : in comp. brego-, 8^el-, gif-, gum-st81. Et6vr, St. f., place, -stow : nom. sg. nis tat heoru stSw {a haunted spo{),\y]y, ace. sg. frScne stowe, '379; grund-bfleudragearwest6we (the place prepared for men, i.e. death-bed; see gesacan and ge- n^dan), 1007 : comp. wal-stow. Btrang, strong, adj., strong; val- iant ; mighty : nom. sg. was )>at ge-win to Strang {that sorrow was too great), 133; J>u eart magenes %\Xi.n% {strong of body), \%^^; was sio bond t3 strong {the hand was too powerful), 2685; superl. wi- gena strengest {strongest of war- riors), 1544; magenes strengest {strongest in mighty, 196; magene strengest, 790. BtrS.dan (cf. strsede = passus, gres- sus), to tread, '{be)-stride, stride over (Grein) : subj. pres. se Jpone wong strSde, 3074. strsel, St. m., arrow, missile: instr. sg. biteran strjele, 1747; gen. pi. strsela storm, 31 18. BtraBt, St. f., street, highway: nom. sg., 320; ace. sg. strjEte, 1635; fealwe strsete, 917. — Comp.: lagu-, mere-strset. strengel, st. m., {endowed with strength), ruler, chief: ace. sg. wJgena strengel, 31 16. stvG\iSO,i.,streng/h,power,violeHce: ace. sg. magenes strenge, 1271; dat. sg. strenge, 1534; strengo, 2541 ; — dat. pi. strengum = OTo- lently, powerfully [loosed from the strings}], 3118: in comp. hilde-, magen-, mere-strengo. strSgan (O. S. str8wian), w. v., to strew, spread : pret. part, was J>am yldestan . . . mor'Sorbed strSd {the death-bed was spread for the eld- est one), 2437. stream, st. m., stream, flood, sea : ace. sg. stream, 2546; nom. pi. streamas, 212; ace. pi. streamas, 1262 : comp. brim-, eagor-, firgen-, lagu-stream. g e - stredn (cf. stre6n = robur, vis), St. Tx., property, possessions ; hence, valuables, treasure, jewels : nom. pi. Hea&-beardna ge-streon {the costly treasure of the Heathobear- das, i.e. the accoutrements belong- ing to the slain H.), 2038; ace. pi. a'Selinga, eorla ge-streon, 1921, 3168. — Comp.: ser-, eald-, eorl-, heah-, hord-, long-, mS'Sm-, sine-, Jieod-ge-streon. strfidan, st. v., to plunder, carry off: subj. pres. nas J>a on hlytme hwd tat hord strude, 3127. ge-stp^nan, w. v. w. ace, to ac- quire, gain : inf. \>as \>e {because) 274 GLOSSARY. ic m6ste minum le6dum . . . swylc ge-strynan, 2799. stund, St. f., time, space of time, ivhile : adv. dat. pi. stundum (a/ times), 1424. styrian, \v. v. w. ace. : \) to ar- range, piii in order, tell : inf. secg eft on-gan sIS Beowulfes snyttrum styrian (Jhe poet then began to tell B.'s feat skilfully, i.e. put in poetic form), 873. — 2) to rouse, stir up : pres. sg. III. Jjonne wind sty- re's W& ge-wi^Sru {when the wind siirreth tip the loathly weather'), 1375. — 3) to move against, attack, disturb: subj. pres. >at he . . . hring-sele hondum styrede [that he should attack the ring-hall with his hands), 2841. styrinan, w. v., to rage, cry out: pret. sg. styrmde, 2553. stJJl, St. m., stee,: dat. sg. st^le, 986. styi-ecg, adj., steel-edged : nom. sg., 1534- be- st^man, w. v., to inundate, wet, flood: pret. part, (wseron) eal benc-Jjelu bI3de be-stjtned, 486. suhtor-ge-fiideran (collective), w. m. pi., uncle and nephew, father''s brother and brother's son : nom. pi., 1165. sum, pron. ; l) indef., one, a, any, a certain; ■ae.xsi.. something : a) with- out part. gen. : nom.sg.sum, 1252; hilde-rinc sum, 3125; neut. ne sceal JjEer dyrne sum wesan [naught there shall be hidden), 271; ace. sg. m. sumne, 1433; instr. sg. sume worde [by a word, expressly), 2157; nom. pi. sume, 400, 1114; ace. pi. sume, 2941. b) with part, gen. : nom. sg. gumena sum [one of men, a man), 1500, 2302; mere- hragla sum, igo6; Jat was wundra sum, 1608; ace. sg. gylp-worda sum, 676. c) with gen. of cardi- nals or notions of multitude : nom. sg. f tftena sura [one of fifteen, with fourteen companions), 207; so, eahta sum, 3124; feara sum [one of few, with a few), 1413; ace. sg. manigra sumne [otie of many, with many), 20Q2; manna cynnes sum- ne [one of the men, i.e. one of the watchmen in Heorot), 714; feara sumne [some few, otie of fe^v ; or, one of the foesi), 3062. — 2) with part. gen. sum sometimes = this, that, the afore-mentioned : nom. sg. edwer sum [a certain one, that one, of you, i.e. Beowulf), 248; gfliS-beorna sum [the afore-moi- tioned warrior, i.e. who had shown the way to HrSSgSr's palace), 314; eorla sum [the said knight, i.e. Bei5- wulf), 1313; ace. sg. hord-arna sum [a certain hoard-hall), 2280. sund, St. ra. : l) swimming: ace. sg. ymb sund, 507; dat. sg. at sun- de [in swimming), 517; on sunde [a-swimming), 1619; gen.sg. sun- des, 1437. — 2) sea, ocean, sound : nom. sg., 223; ace. sg. sund, 213, 512. 539, 1427. 1445- ge-sund, 3.i]., sound, healthy, un- impaired: ace. sg. m. ge-sundne, 1629, 1999; nom. pi. ge-sunde, 2076; ace. pi. w. gen. fader al- walda . . . edwic ge-healde sISa ge-sunde [the almighty Father keep you safe and sound on your journey f), 318. — Comp. an-sund. sund-ge-bland, st. n., [the commin- gled sect), sea-surge, sea-wave : ace. sg., J4SI. sund-nyt, st. f., swimming-power or employment, swimming: ace. sg. sund-nytte dreah [swam through the sea), 2361. BDudur, sundor, adv., asunder, in GLOSSARY. 275 twain : sundur gedaslan (/o sepa- rate, sunder'), 2423. sundor-nyt, st. f., special service (service in a special case) : ace. sg. sundor-nytte, 668. sund-wudu, st. m., {sea-wood'), ship : nom. ace. sg. sund-wudu, 208, 1907. sunne, w. f., sun: nora. sg., 607; gen. sg. snnnan, 94, 649. sunu, St. m., son .-^nom. sg., 524, 591, 646, 981, 1090, i486, etc.; ace. sg. siinu, 268, 948, 11 16, 11 76, 1809, 2014, 2120; dat. sg. suna, 344, 1227, 2026, 2161, 2730; gen. sg.suna, 2456, 2613, (1279) ; nom. pi. suna, 2381. sfiff, adv., soui/i, southward, 859. suSaDj adv., from the south, 607; sigel sd'San ffis (Jhe sun inclined from the south), 1967. swaffrian, w. v., to sink to rest, grow calm : brimu swa^iedon {the waves became calm), 570. See sweSFrian. swaifTu, St. f ., trace, track, pathway : ace. sg. swalSe, 2099. — Comp. : swSt-, wald-svi-aSu. swaSal, St. m.? n.?, smoke, mist (Dietrich in Haupt V. 215) : dat. sg. on swatSule, 783. See sweo- STvancor, adj., slender, trim : ace. pi. Jrio wicg swancor, 2176. swan-rad, st. f., swan-road, sea : ace. sg. ofer swan-ride, 200. and- s^varian, w. v., to answer : pret. sg. him se yldesta and-swa- rode, 258; so, 340. swS, : i) demons, adv., so, in such a manner, thus : swi sceal man don, "73> '535; swi J>i driht-guman dreamum lifdon, 99; Jiat ge-afndon swS {that we thus accomplished), 538; Jjser hie meahton (i.e. feorh ealgian), 79S; so, 20, 144, 189, 559, 763. 1 104. 1472, 1770. 2058, 2145, 2178, 2991 ; swimanllce {so like a man), 1047; swS fela {so many), 164, 592; swS. dedrllce d;Ed {so valiant a deed), 585; hine swS godne {him so good), 347 ; on swS geongum feore {in so youthful age), li^; ge-dS^him swi ge-wealdene worolde dselas tat . . . {makes parts of the world so subject to him that . . .), 1733. In comparisons = ever, the (adv.) : me J)Jn m6d-sefa Ilea's leng swS wel {thy mind pleases me ever so well, the longer the better), 1855. As an.asseverative = io.' swi me HigelSc sle . . . m3des blWe {so be Higelac gracious - minded to me!), 435; swS J^eah {neverthe- less, however), 973, 1930, '2.%1<); swi Jj^h, 2968; hwaiSre swi Jjeah {yet however) ,2^1. — 2) : a) conj., as, so as : 81S J>at his byre mihte eorlscipe efnan swi his asrfader {until his son might do noble deeds, as his old father did), 2623; eft swi Kr {again as before), 643; — with indie. :■ swa he selfa bad {as he himself requested), 29; swi he oft dyde {as he often did), 444; gJE'S i Wyrd swi hio sceal, 455; swi guman gefrungon, 667; so, 273, 352, 401, 561, 1049, 1056, 1059, 1 135, 1232, 1235, 1239, 1253, 1382, etc.; — with subj.; swi Wn sefa hwette {as pleases thy mind, i.e. any way thou pleasest), 490. b) as, as then, how, 1 143; swi hie i -vvEEron . . . nyd-gesteallan {as they were ever comrades in need), 882; swihitdiope . . . be-nemdon Jjeddnas msere {as, \howT\ the mighty princes had deeply cursed it), 3070; swi he manna was wl- 27G GLOSSAEY. gend weor'SfuUost (as he of men the worthiest warrior was), 3099. c) just as, the moment when : swi >at bl6d gesprang, 1668. d) so that: swi he ne mihte no (io that he might not . . .), 1509; so, 2185, 2007. — 3) = qui, quae, quod, Ger- man so : worhte wUte-beorhtne wang swi water bebftge^ (wrought the beauteous plain which (ace.) water surrounds), 93. — 4) swd . . . swa = so . . .as, 595, 687-8, 3170; efne swd . . . swS {men so . . . as), 1093-4, 1224, 1284; efne swa hwylc mag^a swS {such a woman as, whatsoever woman), 944; efne swS hwylcum manna swS {even so to each man as), 3058. for-s'wS.fan, st. v., to carry away, sweep off: pret. sg. ealle Wyrd for- sweof mine migastS metod-sceafte, 2815. for-swapan, st. v., to sweep off, force : pret. sg. hie Wyrd forsweop on Grendles gryre, 477. sw^at, St. m., {sweat), wound-blood : nom. sg., 2694, 2967; instr. sg. swite,i287. — Comp.hea'So-,hilde- swit. S'wS.t-fS.h, adj., blood-stained : nom. sg., 1 1 12. swatig, aS].,gory: nom. sg., 1570. awSit-svpaSru, st. f., blood-trace: nom. sg., 2947. be- sivselan, w. v., to scorch : pret. part, was se ISg-draca . . . glSdum beswseled, 3042. swaes, adj., intimate, special, dear : ace. sg. sweesne SlSel, 520; nom. pi. swsese ge-stSas, 29; ace. pi. ledde swsese, 1869; swaese ge- siSas, 2041, 2519; gen. pi. swjesra ge.sl«a, 19-35. STvees-llce, adv., pleasantly, in a friendly manner, 3090. STrebban, w. v., {to put to sleep), to kill : inf. ic hine sweorde swebban nelle, 680; pres. sg. III. (abso- lutely) swefeiS, 601. a-swebban, to kill, slay: pret. part. nom. pi. sweordum ^-swefede, 567. s-weffrian, w. v., to lessen, diminish : inf. Jiat J)at fyr ongan swelSrian, 2703; pret. sitfSan Herem6des hild swe&ode, 902. swefan, st. v.: i) to sleep : pres. sg. III. swefe-fi, 1742; inf. swefan, 119, 730, 1673; pret. sg. swaf, 1801 ; pi. swaefon, 704; swasfun, 1 28 1. — 2) to sleep the death-sleep, die : pres. sg. III. swefeB, 1009, 2061, 2747; pi. swefaS, 2257, 2458. STFegel, St. n., ether, clear sky : dat. sg. under swegle, 1079, 1198; gen. sg. under swegles begong, 861, '774- STvegle, adj., bright, etherlike, clear : ace. pi. swegle searo-gimmas, 2750. s-wegel-wered, quasi pret. part., ether-clad: nom. sg. sunne swegl- wered, 607. swelgan, st. v., to swallow : pret. sg. w. instr. syn-snsedum swealh {swallowed in great bites), 744; object omitted, subj. pres. nym^e liges fatSm swulge on swa-Sule, 783. for-swelgan, w. ace., to swallow, consume: pret. sg. for-swealg, 1 123, 2081. swellan, st. v., to swell: inf. \>i. sid wund on-gan . . . swSlan and swel- lan, 2714. B-weltan, st. v., to die, perish : pret. sg. swealt, i6i8, 2475; ry'S-swi'S(?). swift, adj., swift : nom. sg. se swifta mearh, 2265. 278 GLOSSARY. s^vimman, swyinman, st. v., to swim : inf. swymman, 1625. ofer-swimman, w. ace, to swim over or through . pret. sg. ofer- swam sioletSa bigong {swam over the sea), 2368. swincan, st. v., to struggle, labor, contend: pret. pi. git on wateres seht seofon niht swuncon, 517. ge-s'wlng, St. ii.,surge,eddy : nom. sg. atol ^Sa geswing, 849. swingan, st. v., to swing one's self, fly: pres. sg. III. ne god hafoc geond sal swingeS, 2265. svifican, st. v. : \) to deceive, leave in the lurch, abandon : pret. sg. naefre hit [the sword) at hilde ne swSc manna oengum, 1461. — 2) to escape: subj. pres. bfttan his He swlce, 967. ge-swlcan, to deceive, leave in the lurch : pret. sg. gfi^-bill ge-sw&c nacod at nt^e, 2585, 2682; w. dat. seo ecg ge-sw^c ^eodne at J>earfe {the sword failed the prince in need), 1525. swiff, sw^lS (Goth. swinj)-s), adj., strong, mighty : nom. sg. was >at ge-win to sw^, 191. — Comp. nom. sg. sid swl&e hand {the right hand), 2099. swllSe, adv., strongly, very, much, 598, 998, 1093, 1744, 1927; swJHSe, 2171, 2188. Compar. swlSor, more, rather, more strongly, 961, 1 140, 1875, 2199. — Comp. un-swl^e. o f e r - STpiffian, w. v., to overcome, vanquish, w. ace. of person : pres. sg. III. ofersw^tSe^, 279, 1769. swiff-ferhff, adj., {fortis animo), strong-minded, bold, brave: nom. sg. swJ^-ferhtS, 827; gen. sg. swllS- f erhlSes, 909 ; nom. pi. swllS-ferhSe, 493; dat. pi. swi^-ferh^ura, 173. BwSff-hycgend, pres. part, {strenue^ cogitans), bold-minded, brave in spirit: nom. sg. swltS-hycgende, 920; nom. pi. swlS-hycgende, loi 7. swlff-indd, adj., strong-minded: nom. sg., 1625. on-swifan, St. v. w. ace, to swing, turn, at or against, elevate : pret. sg. biorn (Beowulf) bord-rand on- swSf wit5 ^'am gryre-gieste, 2560. swiglan, w. v., to be silent, keep silent: pret. sg. lyt swlgode niwra spella (kept little of the new tidings silent), 2898; pi. swlgedon ealle, 1700. sivlgor, adj., silent, taciturn : nom. sg. weak, )>& was swigra secg . . . on gylp-sprsece gft^ - ge-weorca, 981. swin, STF^n, St. n., swine, boar (image on the helm): nom. sg. sw^n, H12; ace. sg. swln, 1287. Bwln-ltc, St. n., swine-image or body: instr. pi. swln-llcum, 1454. swdgan, st. v., to whistle, roar : pres. part. swSgende ISg, 1346. s^vutol. See Bweotol. Bwyle, swilc (Goth. swa-leiU-s), demons, adj. = talis, such, such a; relative = qualis, as, which : nom. sg. swylc, 178, 1941, 2542, 2709; swylc . . . swylc = talis . . . qualis, 1329; ace. sg. swylc, 2799; eall . . . swylc {all . . . which, as), 72; 6Ser swylc {such another, i.e. hand), 1584; on swylc {on such things), 997; dat. sg. gft'S-frem- mendra syyicum {to such a battle- worker, i.e. Beowulf), 299; gen. sg. swylces hwat {some such), 881 ; ace. pi. swylce, 2870; eall swylce . . . svi7lce, 3166; svi^lce twegen {two such), 1348; ealle J)earfe swylce {all needs that), 1798; swylce hie . . . findan meahton sigla searo-gimma {suck as they GLOSSARY. 279 might find of jewels and cunning gems), 1157; efne swylce mEEla swylce {at just such times as), 1250; gen. pi. swylcra searo-nllSa, 582; swylcra fela . . . ar-gestredna, 2232. swylce, adv., as, as also, likewise, similarly, 113, 293, 758, 831, 855, 908, 921, M47, 1 166, 1428, 1483, 2460, 2825; ge swylce {and like- wise), 2259; swilce, 1153. swylt, St. m., death : nom. sg., 1256, 1437- swylt-dag, st. m., Ueath-day : dat. sg. ser swylt-dage, 2799. swynsian, w. v., to sound: pret. sg. hlyn swynsode, 612. stvyrd. See sweord. swyS. See swiff. sw^n. See st^in. sySffan (se^ian, Gen. 1525), w. v., to punish, avenge, w. ace. : inf. tonne hit sweordes ecg syOTan scolde (then the edge of the sword shouldavenge it), 1107. syffffan. See slffffan. . syfan-wintre, adj., seven-winters- old : nom. sg., 2429. syhiff. See seon. syl (O.H.G. swella), st. i.,sill, bench- support; dat. sg. fram sylle, 776. sylfa. See selfa- syllan. See sellan. sylllc. See selUc. symbel, syml, st. n., banquet, entertainment: ace. sg. symbel, 620, loil; geaf me sine and symbl (gave me treasure and feast- ing, i.e. made me his friend and table-companion), 2432; J>at hie . . . symbel ymbsseton {that they might sit round their banquet), 564; dat. sg. symle, 81, 489, 1009 ; symble, 119, 2105; gen. pi. sym- bla, 1233. symble, symle, adv., continually, ever: symble, 2451 ; symle, 2498; symle was h^ szemra {he was ever the worse, the weaker, i.e. the dragon), 2881. symbel-wyn, st. f., banqueting- fleasure, joy at feasting: ace. sg. symbel-wynne dredh, 1783. syn, St. f., sin, crime : nom. synn and sacu, 2473; dat. instr. pi. syn- num, 976, 1256, 3072. syn. See sin. syn-bysig, adj., (culpa laborans), persecuted on account of guiWi {^iege^), guilt-hauntedJ : nom.sg. secg syn-[by]sig, 2228. g e - synglan, w. v., to sin, commit a crime : pret. part, l^at was feohleas ge-feoht, fyrenum ge-syngad, 2442. syunig, adj., sin-laden, sinful: ace. sg. ra. sinnigne secg, 1380. — Comp. ; fela-, un-synnig. ge-synto, f., health: dat. pi. on gesyntum, 1870. syrce. See serce. syrwan, w. v. w. ace, to entrap, catch unawares : pret. sg. diigu'Se and geogo'Se .seomade andsyrede, 161. be-syrwan:l)/o compass or nccoin- ' plish by finesse ; effect : inf. dted |je we ealle asr ne meahton snyttrum be-syrwan {a deed that all of us could not accomplish before with all our wisdom), 943. — 2) to en- trap by guile and destroy: inf. mynte se m^nsca^a manna cynnes sumne be-syrwan {the fell foe thought to entrap some one {alll, see sum) of the men), 714. s5^n, f., seeing, sight, scene : comp. an-sjn. ge-s^ne, adj., visible, to be seen: nom. sg. 1256, 1404, 2948, 3059, 3160. — Comp.. 61S-ge-s^ne, J3- ge-sSne. 280 GLOSSAKY. taligean, w. v. : i) /o count, reckon, number; esteem, think: pres. sg. I. n5 ic me . . . hnSgran gd'S-ge- weorca J>onne Grendel hine {count myself no worse than G. in battle- works), 678; wgn ic talige . . . J^at (/ count on the hope . . . that), 1846; telge, 2068; sg. III. J)at rsedtalat) Jiat {counts it gain thai), 2028. — 2) to tell, relate : soS ic talige {I tell facts), 532; swi Jju self talast {as thou thyself sayst), 595- t3.cen, St, n., token, sign, evidence : nom. sg. tacen sweotol, 834; dat. instr. sg. sweotolan tScne, 141 ; tires to tScne, 1655. — Comp. luf- tScen. t3.li, St. ij., twig: in comp. dtev-tSn. g e - taecan, w. v., to show, point out: pret. sg. him >i hilde-deor hof modigra torht ge-taehte {the war- rior pointed out to them, the bright dwelling of the bold ones, i.e. Danes), 313. Hence, to indicate, assign : pret. sona me se msera mago Healf- denes . . . witS his sylfes sunu set! getashte {assigned me a seat by his own son), 2014. tsele, adj., blameworthy: in comp. un-taele. ge-taese, adj., quiet,still: nom. sg. gif him wsere' ... niht ge-t£ese {whether he had a pleasant, quiet, night), 1321. tela, adv., fittingly, well, 94^, 1219, 1226, 1821, 2209, 2738. telge. See tallan. tellan, w. v., to tell, consider, deem : pret. sg. ne his Itf-dagas gumena renigiim nytte tealde {nor did he count his life useful to any man), 795 ; J'St ic me senigne under swe- gles begong ge-sacan ne tealde (/ believed not that I had any foe under heaven), 1774; cwa'S he Jjone gfttS-wine godne tealde {said he counted the war-friend good), 1811; he dsic gSr-wIgend g3de tealde {deemed us good spear-war- riors), 2642; pi. sw4 {so that) hine Geata beam godne ne teal- don, 2185. — 2) to ascribe, count against, impose : pret. sg. (prylSo) him walbende weotode tealde hand- gewritSene, 1937. ge-tenge, adj., attached to, lying on : w. dat. gold . . . grunde ge- tenge, 2759. te&t, St. m., tear: nom. pi. tearas, 1873- teoh, St. f., troop, band : dat. sg. earmre teohhe, 2939. (ge?) -teohhlan, w. v., to fix, de- termine, assign : pret. sg. ic for lassan lean teohhode . . . hnfihran rince, 952; pres. part, was o^er in 3er geteohhod {assigned) . . . mse- rum Geate, 1301. te6n, St. v., to draw, lead: inf. h6ht . . . eahta mearas ... on flet teon {bade eight horses be led into the halt), 1037; pret. sg. me to grunde • teah fSh fe6nd-scea& {the many- hued fiend-foe drew me to the bot- tom), 553; eft-stSas teah {ivith- drew, returned), 1333; sg. for pi. seg-hwylcum . . . JiSra he mid Beo- wulfe brim-llde teah {to each of those that crossed the sea with B.), 1052 ; pret. part. Jjd was . . . heard- ecg togen {then was the hard edge drawn), 1289; wear's ... on nas togen {was drawn to the promon- tory), 1440. S - 1 e 6 n , to wander, go, intrans. : pret. sg. t8 Heorute S-teah {dr rw to Heorot), 767. GLOSSARY. 281 ge-te6n: i) to dram: pret. sg. gomel swyrd ge-leah, 261 1 ; w. instr. and ace. hire seaxe ge-teah, brSd br&n-ecg, 1546. — 2) to grant, give, lend: imp. no bu him wearne getedh Hnra gegn-cwida gladnian {refuse not to gladden them with thy annver), 366; pret. sg. and . i>i Beowulfe bega^ehwa&es eodor Ingwina onweald ge-teah {and the prince of the Ingwins gave B. power over both), 1045; so, he him 8st geteah {gave possession of), 2166. oi-ie6n,to deprive, withdraw, w. gen. of thing and dat. pers. : pret. sg. Scyld ScSfing . . . monegum mseg^um meodo-setla of-teah, 5 ; w. ace. of thing, hond . . . feorh- sweng ne of-teah, 2490; w. dat. hond (hord, MS.) swenge ne of- teah, 1 521. I>urh-te6n, to effect: inf. gif he torn-gem6t Jjurh-teon mihte, 1141. te6n (cf. te6h, materia, O.H.G. zinc), w. V. w. ace, to make, work : pret. sg. tedde, 1453;— ^0 fur- nish out, deck : pret. pi. nalas hi hine lassan IScum teodan {pro- vided him with no less gifts), 43- ge-teon,^o provide, do, bring on : pres. sg. unc sceal weortSan . . . swS unc Wyrd ge-teo^, 2527; pret. sg. te him . . . sire ge-tedde {who had done him this harm), 2296. ge -te6na, \v. m., injur er, harmer : in comp. IS.'S-ge-teona. til, ^&y, good, apt, fit : nom. sg. m. H^lga til, 6l; [legn ungemete till (of WIglSf), 2'^22; fem. was seo Jiedd tilu, 1 25 1 ; neut. ne was J;at ge-wrixle til, 1305. tiliaiij w. V. w. gen., to gain, win : inf. gif ic . . . 8wihte mag Jilnre mod-lufan mSran tilian {if I . . . gain), 1824. timbrian, w. v., to build : pres. part. ace. sg. sal timbred {the well-built halt), 307. b e - 1 i m b r i a n , (construere), to fin- ish building, complete : pret. pi. betimbredon on tyn dagum beadu- rofes b?cn, 3161. tSd, St. f., -tide, time : ace. sg. twelf wintra tid, 147; lange tid, 1916; in ta tide, 2228. — Comp.: Sn-, morgen-tld. ge-tlfflan (from tig'Sian), w. v., to grant : pret. part, impers. was . . . bSne (gen.) ge-tKad feasceaftum men, 2285. tir, St. m., glory, repute in war : gen. sg. tires, 1655. tJr-eddig, adj., glorious, famous : dat. sg. tir-eadigum menn (of Bed- wulf), 2 1 go. tir-fast, adj., famous, rich in glory : nom. sg. (of HroSgSr), 923. tir-leAs, adj., without glory, infa- mous : gen. sg. (of Grendel), 844. toga, w. m., leader : in comp. folc- toga. torht, adj., bright, brilliant: ace. sg. neut. hof . . . torht, 313.— Comp. : wuldor-torht, hea'So-torht {loudjn battle). torn j St. m. : l ) wrath, insult, dis- tress : ace. sg. torn, 147, 834; gen. •pi. torna, 2190. — 2) ai^er : instr. sg. torne ge-bolgen,2402. — Comp. lige-torn. torn, adj., bitter, cruel : nom. sg. hreowa tornost, 2130. torn-ge-mSt, st. n., {^Lorathful mcet- i^g) 3 angry engagement, battle : ace. sg., 1 141. to, I. prep. w. dat. indicating direc- tion or tending to, hence : i) local = whither after verbs of motion, 282 GLOSSARY. to, up to, at : com to recede {to the halt), 721; eode to sele, 920; code tS hire frean sittan, 642; gae^ eft , . . t8 medo {goetli again to mead), 605; wand to wolcnum (wound to the welkin), 1120; sigor t3 slaepe (sank to sleep), 1252 ; 28, 158, 234, 438. 553. 926, loio, 1014, 1155, 1 159, 1233, etc.; li'S-wxge bar halum t6 handa (bore the ale-cup to the hands of the mettl athandT), 1984; 0% J;at niht becom oiSer to yldum, 21 18; him t6 bearme cwom md'SSum-fat m£ere (came to his hands, into his possession), 2405; sselde to sande sid-fa'Sme scip (fastened the broad-bosomed ship to the shore), 19 1 8; ^at se harm- sca^a to Heorute S-teah (went forth to Heorot), 767. After verb sittan : sitte nu to symble (sit now to the meat), 489; silSSan ... we t5 symble geseten hafdon, 2105; tShim (home, at home), 124, 374, 2993. With verbs of speaking : matJelodetohiswine-drihtne (spake to his friendly lord), 36OJ t6 Gea- tum spree, 1 172; so, hSht J)at hea- ■So-weorc t3 hagan biodan (bade the battle-'tuork be told at the hedge), 2893. — 2) with verbs of bringing and taking (cf. under on, I., d) : hra"5e was t3 bftre Beowulf fetod (B. was hastily brought to the hall), 131 1; siWSan HSma at-wag to Jwere byrhtan byrigBrosingamene (^since H. carried the Brosing- necklace off to(l:) the bright city), 1200: wean ^hsode. fa;h^o to Frv- sum (suffered woe, feud as to, from, the Frisians), 1208. — 3) = end of motion, hence : a) to, for, as, in : tone god sende folce to frofre (for, as, a help to the folk), 14; gesette . . . sunnan and monan ledman to leohte (as a light), 95; ge-sat ... to rftne (satin counsel), 172; weartS he Heafio-lSfe to hand-bonan, 460; bringe . . . t6 helpe (bring to, for, help), 1831; Eofore forgeaf Sngan dohtor . . . hyldo to wedde (as a pledge of his favor), 2999; so, So8(?), 666, 907,972, 1022, 1187, 1263, 1331, 1708, 1712, 2080, etc.; secgan tS s3Se (to say in sooth), 51 ; so, 591, 2326. b) with verbs of thinking, hoping, etc., on, for, at, against : he to gyrn-wrace swiSor Jjohte Jjonne to sse-Ude (thought more on vengeance than on the sea- voyage), 1 1 39; sacce ne wSnetS t3 GSr-Denum (nor weenelh of con- flict with the Spear-Danes), 602; honne wSne ic t3 Jje wyrsan ge- tinges (then I expect for thee a worse result), 525; ne ic tS Swed- Jiedde sibbe olSBe tredwe wihte ne w8ne (nor expect at all of, from, the Swedes . . ,), 2923; wiste bam ahlsecan tS Jiam heah-sele hilde ge-Hnged (battle prepared for the monster in the high hall), 648; wel biiS )3am Jje mSt to fader faS- mum freolSo wilnian (well for him that can find peace in the Father's arms),\%%; ))4ra J>e he ge-worhte to West-Denum (of those that he wrought against the West-Danes), 1579. — 4) with the gerund, inf.: t3 gefremmanne (to do), 174; to ge-c^5anne (to makeknown), 257; to secganne (to say), ^"jy, t3 bc- fleonne (to avoid, escape), 1004; so, 1420, 1725, 1732, 1806, 1852, 1923, 1942, etc. With inf.: to fSran, 316; t3 friclan, 2557. — 5) temporal: gewSt him t3 ge- scap-hwtle (went at(7) the hour of fate ; or, to his fated restT), 26; GLOSSARY. 283 to widan feore {^er, in their lives), 934; Swa to aldte (Jbr life, forever), 956; so, to aldre, 2006, 2499; to life (^during life, ever), 2433. — 6) with particles : wod under wolcnura tS I'as J>e . . . (went under the welkin to the point where . . .), 715; so, elne ge-eodon to jias be, 1968 ; so, 241 1 ; lie him bos lean for-geald ... to bas Jie he on reste geseah Grendel licgan {he paid him for that to the point that he saw G. lying dead), 1586; was )>at blod to J>as hdt {the blood was hot to that degree), 161 7; niis H long t6 ]Jon bat {'twas not long till), 2592, 2846; was him se man t3 bon leof bat {the man was dear to him to that degree), 1877; to hwan si^San wear's hond-rnss ha- le'Sa {up to what point, haw, the hand-contest turned out), 20']2; t8 middes {in the midst), 3142. II. Adverbial modifier, quasi preposition [better explained in many cases as prep, postponed] : l) to, towards, up to, at: geong sSnato, 1786; so, 2649; feh^ o^er to, 1756; sss-lSc . . . be bu her to Idcast {upon which thou here look- est), 1655; folc to sasgon {the folk looked on), 1423; bat ht him to mihton gegnum gangan {might proceed thereto), 313; se be him bealwa to bote geljfde {who be- lieved in help out of evils from, him, i.e. Beowulf), 910; him to anwal- dan Sre ge-lyfde {trusted for him- self to the Almighty's help), 1273; be fis sSceatS to Sweona leode {that the Swedes will come against us), 3002. — 2) before adj. and adv., too : to Strang {too mighty), 133; to fast, 137; to swj«, 191; so. 789, 970. '337. 1743, 1749, etc-; to fela micles {far too much), 695 ; he t6 forlJ ge-st8p {he had gone too far), ■2,1^. toar (G. tunbu-s), St. m., tooth: in comp. bl8dig-t6^ (adj.). tredan, st. v. w. ace, to tread : inf. sae-wong tredan, 1965; el-land tre- dan, 3020; pret. sg. wrac-Ustas trad, 1353; medo-wongas trad, 1644; gras-moldan trad, 1882. treddlan, tryddlan (see trod), w. v., to stride, tread, go : pret. sg. treddode, 726; tryddode getrunie micle {strode about with a strong troop), 923. trem, st. n., piece, part : ace. sg. ne . . . fotes trem {not a foot's breadth), 2526. treow, St. f., fidelity, good faith : ace. sg. tredwe, 1073; sibbe o'SSe tredwe, 2923. treoTV, St. n., tree : in comp. galg- tredw. tre6wian. See truwlan. tred^w-loga, w. m., troth-breaker, pledge-breaker : nom. pi. treow- logan, 2848. trod, St. f., track, step : ace. sg. or pi. trode, 844. ge-trum, st. n., troop, band : instr. sg. ge-trume micle, 923. trum, adj., strong, endowed with : nom. sg. heorot hornum trum, 1370. ge-truwan, w. v. w. ace, to con- firm, pledge solemnly : pret. sg. b^ hie getrflwedon on twi healfe faste frio^u-ware, 1096. truwian, treowan, w. v., to trust in, rely on, believe in ': 1) w. dat. : pret. sg. stSe ne trfiwode leofes mannes (/ trusted not in the dear man's enterprise), 1994; bearne ne trfiwode bat he . . . {she trusted not the child that . . .), 2371 ; ge- hvi^lc hiora his ferh'Se treowde 284 GLOSSARY. Jjat he . . . {each trusted his heart that . . .), 1167. — 2) w. gen.: pret. sg. Geata ledd georne tifl- wode mSdgan magnes, 670; wK- res ne trftwode, 2954. ge-trttwian, to rely on, trust in, w. dat. : pret. sg. strenge ge-trft- wode, mund-gripe magenes, 1534; — w. gen. pret. sg. beorges ge- trftwode, wiges and wealles, 2323; strenge ge-trflwode ^nes mannes, 2541. tryddlan. See treddlan. tr^Tre, adj., true, faithful: nom. sg. W gyt was . . . jeghwylc otSrum try we, 1 1 66. ge-tr^we, adj., yfejV4/»/.' nom. sg. her is seghwylc eorl 6&um ge- ti-Jwe, 1229. turf, St. f., sod, soil, seat : in comp. S«el-turf. tux, St. m., tooth, tusi : in comp. hilde-tux. ge -twsBfan, w. v. w. ace. of person and gen. thing, to separate, divide, deprive of, hinder : pres. sg. III. |)at (lec 3dl oStSe ecg eafo^es ge- twsefe^i (robs of strengtii), 1764; inf. god eaSe mag Jione dol-sca'San daeda ge-twsefan ( God moji. easily restrain the fierce foe from his deeds), 479; pret. sg. sumne Gea- ta le6d . . . feores getwsefde (cut him off front life), 1434; n3 t>jer waeg-flotan wind ofer ySum sllSes ge-twaefde (the wind hindered not the wave-floater in her course over the water), 1909; pret. part, at- rihte was g(15 ge-twtefed (almost had the struggle been ended), 1659. ge-tivajman, w. v. ace. pars, and gen. thing, to hinder, render inca- pable of, restrain : inf. ic hine ne mihte . . . ganges getwasman, 969. twegen, f. neut. twa, num., twain. two: nom. m. twegen, 1164; ace. m. twegen, 1348; dat;twsem, 1 192; gen. twega, 2533; ace. f. twS, 1096, II9S- twelf, num., twelve: gen. twelfa, 3172- ttveono (Frisian twine), num. = bini, two : dat. pi. be ssem tweo- num, 859, 1298; 1686. twidig, adj., in comp. lang-twidig (long-assured), 1709. tyder, st. m., race, descendant : in comp. un-tyder, III. tydre (Firisian teddre), adj., weak, unwarlike, cowardly: nom. pi. tydre, 2848. tyn, num., ten : uninflect. dat. on tyn dagum, 3161 ; inflect, nom. tyne, 2848. tyrwian, w. v., to tar: pret. part. tyrwed in comp. : niw-tyrwed. on-tyhtan, w. v., to urge on, incite, entice : pret. sg. on-tyhte, 3087. I'aflan, w. v. w. ace, to submit to, endure: inf. >at se Jieod-cyning J>a- fian sceolde Eofores Snne d6m, 2964. }>anc, St. m. : i) thought: in comp. fore-, hete-, or-, searo-Jianc; inwit- J;anc (adj.). — 2) thanks (w. gen. of thing): nom. sg., 929, 1779; ace. sg. J>anc, 1998, 2795. — 3) con- tent, favor, pleasure : dat. sg. JjS )pe gif-sceattas Geata fyredon Jjyder t8 Jjance (those that tribute for the Gedtas carried thither for favor), 379- ge-hanc, st. m., thought: instr. pi. Jiedstrum ge - Jjoncum, 2333. — Comp. mod-ge-Jjanc. >anc-hycgende, pres. part., thought- ful, 2236. GLOSSARY. 285 panclan, w. v., to thank: pret. sg. gode ]>ancode . . . JjSs be hive se willa ge-lamp {thanked God that her wish was granted'), 626; so, 1398; pl- I'ancedon, 627(?). ^anon, ]>onoii, ttonan, adv., thence: l) local : J>anon eft gewit (^he went thence back), 123; J>anon up . . . stigon (went tip thence), 224; so, Jjanon, 463, 692, 764, 845, 854, 1293; >anan, 1881; Jjonon, 520, 1374, 2409; );onan, 820, 2360, 2957. — 2) personal: Jjanon un- tydras ealle on-w6con (from him, i.e. Cain,, etc.), Ill; so, banan, 1266; l>onon, 1961; unsofte Jjonon feorh SlS-ferede (i.e; from Gren- del's mother), 2141. J>a,, adv.: 1) there, then, 3, 26, 28, 34. 47. S3, etc. With Jjser: >a basr, 331. With nu : nu J>S (now then), 658. — 2) conjunction, when, as, since, w. indie, 461, 539, 633, etc. ; — because, whilst, during, since, 402,465, 724, 2551, etc. Jjat, I. demons, pron. ace. neut. of se : demons, nom. Jiat (thai), 735, 766, etc.; instr. sg. J>y, 1798, 2029; Jiat ic Jj^ w!Epne ge-brad (that I brandished as(?) a weapon; that I brandished the weaponf) , 1665; b^ weoriSra (the more honored), '9°3 j t^ seft (the more easily), 2750; 1)^ las hym JlSe. Kym wudu wynsuman for-wrecan meahte (lest the force of the waves the winsome boat might carry away), 1919; n6 >y £er (not sooner), 755, 1503, 2082, 2374, 2467; no >y leng (ito longer, none the longer), 975. )>$■ ^HlHw., therefore, hence, 1274, 2068; J>6 . . . J>6 = on this account ; for this reason . . . that, because, 2639- 2642; wiste >S geornor (k/iew but too well), 822; he . . . was simdes J>S saanra Jjc hine swylt fornam (he was the slower ■ in swimming as [whom!'] death carried him off), 1437 ; nas him wihte JjS s61 (it zuas none the better for him), 2688; so, 2278. Gen. sg. )fas = adv., for this reason, therefore, 7, 16, 114, 35°. 589. 901, 1993. 2027, 2033, etc. J>as J>e, especially after verbs of thanking, = because, lo8, 228, 627, 1780, 2798; — also = secun- dum quod : Jias ))e hie gewislicost ge-witan meahton, 1351 ; — there- fore, accordingly, 1342, 3001; t8 J>a8 (to that point; to that degree), 715, 1586, 1617, 1968, 2411; );as georne (so firmly), 969; ac he Jjas faste was . . . besmi'Sod (it was too firmly set), jy^; n3 ))as fr3d leo- fa^ gumena bearna J^at Jjone grund wite (none liveth among men so wise that he should know its bot- tom), 1368; he )>as (bam, MS.) m6dig was (had the courage for it), 1509. II. conj. (relative), that, so that, 15. ^\ 84, 221, 347, 358, 392, 571, etc.; 0% Jiat (up to that, until); see dSF. Jjatte (from Jiat \>e, see J»e), that, 151. 859. 1257, 2925, etc.; Jjat >e (that), 1847. ]>aer : i) demons, adv., there (where), 32, 36, 89, 400, 757, etc.; mor'Sov- bealo mSga, taer heo ser maeste hedld worolde vvynne (the death- bale of kinsmen where before she had most worldly joy), 1080. With JjS : \:% Jjzer, 331; Jjssr on innan (therein), 71. Almost like Eng. expletive there, 271, 550, 978, etc.; — then, at that time, 440 ; ■ — ■ thither: Jiasr swI5-ferh'Se sittan eodon (thither went the bold ones to sit, i.e. to the bench), 493, etc. 286 GLOSSARY. — 2) relative, where, 356, 420, 508, 513, 522, 694, 867, etc.; eode . . . Jjjer se snotera bSd {went where the wise one tarried'), 1314; so, 1816; — if, 763. 798, ioo8» 1836, 2731, etc.; — whither : gi Jiser he wille, I39S- ]»e, I. relative particle, indecl., partly standing alone, partly associated with se, seo, bat : Hunfer'S ma^e- lode, \>e at fotum sat {N., who sat at his feet, spake), 500; so, 138, etc.; was tat gewin to sw^S he on tS ledde be-com {the misery that had eome on the people was too great), 192, etc.; ic wille . . . j^e H and-sware adre ge-cj&n l>e me se g6da S-gifan J>encetS (/ will straightway tell thee the answer that the good one shall give), 355; 6'S Jione Snne dag t>e he . . . {Jill that very day that he , . .), 2401; he6 J>4 fseh'Se wrac he Jju . . . Grendel cwealdest {the fight in which thou slewest G.), 1335; mid J>sere sorge he him sid s^r belamp {with the sorrow wherewith the pain had vis- ited him), 2469 ; pi. tonne JjS dydon J>e . . . {than they did that . . .), 45; so, 378, 1136; H mI'Smas \>e he me sealde {the treasures that he gave me), 2491; so, gimfastan gife i>e him god sealde {the great gifts that God had given him), 2183. After hara be {of those that), the depend; verb often takes sg. instead of pi. (Dietrich, Haupt XI., 444seqq.): wundor-siona fela sec- ga ge-hwylcum Jj^ra \>e on swylc stara'5 {to each of those that look on such), 997; so, 844, 1462, 2384, 2736. Strengthened by se, se6, Jjat : sagde se \>e cftSe {said he that knew), 90; was se grimma gast Grendel hSten, se Jie m6ras hedid {the grim stranger highl Grendel, he that held the moors), 103; here-byrne . . . sed Jie bin- cofan beorgan cfl'Se {the corselet that could protect the body), 1446, etc.; b^r ge-ljfan sceal dryhtnes dome se \>t hine deatS nimeS {he shall believe in God's judgment whom death carrieth off), 441 ; so, 1437, 1292 (cf. Heliand I., 1308). ]>as \^. See }>at. ]>e&b >e. See ]7e&h. for}>ain]>e. See f o r - ]>ain. J>^, ]>6, the, by that, instr. of se : 4hte ic holdra Jj^ las . . . >e dea'S for- nam (/ had the less friends whom death snatched away), 48S; so, 1437- ]>eccaii, w. v., to cover (thatch), cover over: inf. Jj^ sceal brond fretan, aled beccean {fire shall eat, flame shall cover, the treasures), 3016; pret. pi. J)£Er git iii%a^- stream earmum J>ehton {in swim- ming), 513. ]>egn, St. m., thane, liegeman, king's higher vassal; knight : nom. sg., 23s, 494, 868, 2060, 2710 ; (Beo- wulf), 194; (WlgUf), 2722; ace. sg. >egen (Beowulf, MS. hegn), 1872; dat. sg. Jjegne, 1342, 1420; (Hengest), 1086; (WIgiaf), 281 1 ; gen. sg. hegnes, 1798; nom. pi. J>egnas, 1231; ace. pi. J)egnas, 1082, 3122; dat. pi. >egnum, 2870; gen. pi. Jiegna, 123, 400, 162S, 1674, 1830, 2034,-etc. — Comp. : ambiht-, ealdor-, heal-, magu-, sele- tegn. ]>egniaii, ]>@nlan, w. v., to serve, do liege service; pret. sg. ic him henode dedran sweorde (/ served them with my good sword, i,e. slew them with it), 560. GLOSSARY. 287 ]>egn-sorh, st. f., thane-sorrcnv, grief for a lie'geman ': ace. sg. >egn- sorge, 131. l>egu, St. f., taking: in comp. : beah-, be6r-, sinc-J;egu. ]>el, St. n., deal-hoard, board for benches : in comp. benc-Jjel, 486, 1240. ]>eiican, \v. v. : l) to think : abso- lutely: pres. sg. III. se Jie wel fen- ce's, 289; so, 2602. With depend, clause : pres. sg. nsenig heora J>6hte Jiat he . . . (^none of them thought that he), 692. — 2) w. inf., to in- tend: pres. sg. III. {j^ and-sware . . . Jje me se g6da d-gifan JjenceS (the anszver that the good one in- tendethto give me'), 355; (bl8dig will) byrgean hence^, 448; tonne he . . . gegSn >ence1S longsumne lof (Jifhe will win eternal fame), 1536; pret. sg. ne Jjat aglseca yldan J)8hte {the monster did not mean to delay that), 740; pret. pi. wit unc wis hronfixas werian J)6hton, 541 ; (hine) on healfa ge-hwone heawan ))6hton, 801. S-hencan, to intend, think out : pret. sg. (he) Ms ellen-weorc Sna S-Jjohte to ge-fremmanne, 2644. ge-J)encan, w. ace: l) to think of: ya he his selfa ne mag . . . ende ge-J>encean {so that lie him- self may not think of, know, its limit), 1735. — 2) to be mindful: imper. sg. ge-J>enc nu . . . hwat wit ged sprcecon, 1475. ]>enden : i) adv., at this time, then, ■whilst: nalles fScen-stafas Jjeod- Scyldingas J>enden fremedon {not at all at this time had the Scyl- dings done foul deeds), 1020 (re- ferring to 1 1 65; cf. Wldsi^, 45 seqq.); Jienden reafode rinc oSer- ne {whilst one v)arrior robbed another, i.e. Eofor robbed Ongen- Jjedw), 2986. — 2) conj., so long as, whilst, 30, 57, 284, i860, 2039, 2500, 3028; — whilst, 2419. With subj., whilst, as long as : Jienden Jju mote, 1 178; Jjenden t>u lifige, 1255; ))enden hit s^ {whilst the heat lasts), 2650. Jjengel, st. m., prince, lord, ruler : ace. sg. hringa >engel (Bedwulf ), 1508. Jjes (m.), ]>e6s (f.), J>ls (n.), de- mons, pron.i this: nom. sg. 411, 432, 1703; f., 484; nom. ace. neut., 2156, 2252, 2644; bys, 1396; ace. sg. m. J)isne, 75; f. JjSs, 1682; dat. sg. neut. Jiissum, 1 170; >ys- sum, 2640; f. >isse, 639; gen. m. >isses, 1217; f. J>isse, 929; neut. Jjysses, 791, 807; nom. pi. and ace. >as, 1623, 1653, 2636, 2641; dat. J>yssum, 1063, 1220. Jje. See J>at. l^Sh. See ]>edh. J>earf, st. f., need : nom. sgf. Jiearf, 1251, 2494, 2638; JjS him was manna l^earf {as he zuas in need of men), 201 ; ace. sg. I^earfe, 1457, 2580, 2850; frerama'S ge nu leoda Jiearfe {do ye now what is needful for the folk), 2801 ; dat. sg . at Jiearfe, 1478, 1526, 2695, 2710; ace. pi. se for andrysnum ealle be- weotede tegnes Jjearfe {who xuould ' supply in courtesy all the thane's needs), 1798 (cf. sele-}>egn, 1795). — Comp. : firen-, nearo-, ofer-Jjeaif. ]>earf. See }>urfan. ge-]>earfian, w. v., = necessitatem imponere : pret. part. JjS him swS ge-Jiearfod was {since so they found it necessary), 1104. 'Jjearle, adv., very, exceedingly, 560. ]>edb,}>&h, conj., though, even though or ;/.- l) with subj. Jieah, 203, 288 GLOSSAEY. 526, 588, 590, 1 168, 1661, 2032, 2162. Strengthened by te : J>eah J.e, 683, 1369, 1832, 1928, 1942, 2345, 2620; Jieah . . . eal {although), 681. — 2) with indie. : Jieah, 1 103; >£h, 1 614. — 3) doubtful: ^eah he fltSe wel, 2856; swi teah {never- theless), 2879; no . . . swa teah (««/ M«» however), 973; nas Jje forht swa J)§h {he was not, though, afraid), 2968; hw^'Sre sw4 >eah {yet however), 2443. ]>edwr, St. m., custoiii, usage : nom. sg., 178, 1247; ace. sg. Jieaw, 359; instr. pi. Jieawura {in accordance with custom), 2145. ]>e6d, St. f. : \)war-troop, retainers : nom. sg., 644, 1231, 1251. — 2) na- tion, folk: nom. sg., 1692; gen. pi. ))e6da, 1 706. — Comp. : sige-, wer-l>e6d. }>e6d-cyiilng, st. m., (= folc-cy- ning), warrior-king, king of the people : nom.sg. (Hro'Sglr), 2145; (OngenJ>e6w), 2964, 2971; Jiiod- cyning (Beowulf), 2580; ace. sg. J)edd-cyning(Be6wulf ),3009; gen. sg. l>e6d-cyninges(Be6wulf), 2695 ; gen. pi. Jiedd-cyninga, 2. ]>e6e6den-le&s, adj., without chief or king : nom. pi. Redden - lease, 1 104. ]>e6d-gestre6na, st. n., people' s- jewel, precious treasure : instr. pi. Jjedd-ge-strednum, 44; gen. pi. Jiedd-ge-stredna, 1219. ]>e6dig, adj., appertaining to a )>edd ; in comp. el-Jieddig. }>e6d-sca<$a, w. m., foe of the people, general foe : nom. sg. t>edd-sceatSa {the dragon), 2279, 2689. J>e6d-]>re^ st. f., popular misery, general distress : dat. pi. wi^ i-edd- Jireaum, 178. J>e6f, St. m., thief: gen. sg. J>edfes crafte, 2221. ]>e6n (for Jjlhan), st. v. : i) to grow, ripen, thrive: pret. sg. weorfl- myndum JiSh {grew in glory), 8. — 2) to thrive in, succeed : pret. sg. hflru hat on lande lyt manna J>ih {that throve to few), 2837. ge-))edn,/'i7 grow, thrive ; increase in power and influence : imper. ge-tedhtela, 1219; inf. lof-daedum seeal . . . man gejiedn, 25 ; J>at >at >e6dnes beam ge-)>edn scolde, 911. on-J>edn, to begin, undertake, w. gen. : pret. he Vis, ser onJ>dh, 901 (O.H.G. inthlhan, w. gen., Otfrid I. i, 30- }>edn (for l>e6wan), w. v., to op- press, restrain : inf. nas se fole- cyning ymb-sittendra a;nig JiSra he mec . . . dorste egesan hedn {thai durst oppress me with terror), 2737. Jeostor, adj., dark, gloomy: instr. pi. ))edstrum ge-^oncum, 2333. ]>lcgan, St. V. w. ace., to seize, attain, eat, appropriate : inf. J;at he (Gren- del) ra.% m6ste manna cynnes J>ic- gean ofer )>S niht, 737 ; symbel Hegan {take the meal, enjoy the feast), ion ; pret. pi. hat hie me tSgon, 563; JjiEr we niedu )>&gun, 2634. ge-J)iegan, w. ace, to grasp, take: pret. sg. (symbel and sele-ful, ful) ge-^eah, 619, 629 ; Beowulf ge. GLOSSARY. 289 J>ah fill on flette, 1025 ; pret. pi. (medo-ful manig) ge-))aegon, 1015. J>lder, ]>yder, adv., thither : )>yder, 3087. 379. 2971. ]>ihtig, Jjyhtig, adj., doughty, vigor- ous, firm : ace. sg. neut. svveord . . . ecgum tyhtig, 1559. — Comp. hyge->ihtig. ]>iiicaii. See }(f ncan. }>ing, St. n. : i) thing: gen. pi. senige J)inga {ullo modd), 792, 2375, 2906. — 2) affair, contest, controversy: nom. sg. me wearlS Grendles Hug . . . undyrne cfitS {GrendeVs doings became known to me^, 409. — 3) judgment, issue, judicial assem- bly (J^ : ace. sg. sceal . . . Sna ge- hegan \>xag wM Jjyrse {shall bring the matter alone to an issue against the giant : see began), 426. ge-t>ing,st.n.: l) terms, covenant: ace. pi. ge-Hngo, 1086. — 2) fate, providence, issue : gen. sg. ge- Jjinges, 398, 710; (ge-J>ingea, MS.), 525- ge-]7lngan, st. v., to grow, mature, thrive (Dietrich, Haupt IX., 430) : pret. part. cwSn mode ge-J>ungen {mature - minded, high - spirited, queen), 625. See vrel-Jiungeii. ge-J>ingan (see ge-]»ing), w. v.: 1) to conclude a treaty: w. refl. dat., enter into a treaty : pres. sg. III. gif him tonne HrS'Srlc tS hofum Geata ge-J>ingeiS {if H, en- ters into a treaty (seeks aid at?) with the court of the Gedtas, refer- ring to the old German custom of princes entering the service or suite of a foreign king), 183^. Leo. — 2) to prepare, appoint : pret. part, wiste [at] Jam ahlsecan . . . hilde ge-Jiinged, 648; hra^e was . . . mice ge-Hnged, 1939. ]>lDglan, w. V. : i) to speak in an assembly, make an address: inf. ne h^rde ic snotor-licor on sw4 geongum feore guman Jjingian (/ never heard a man so young speak so wisely), 1844. — 2) to compound, settle, lay aside: inf. ne wolde feorh- bealo . . . fed )>ingian {would not compound the life-bale for money), 156; so, pret. sg. \ik fEehtSe fe6 Jjingode, 470. J^Shan. See ]>e6ii. }>in, possess, pron., thy, thine, 267, 346, 353. 367. 459, etc. ge-}>Oht, St. m., thought, plan : ace. sg. Sn-fealdne ge-J>8ht, 256; fast- rsedne ge-J)oht, 611. ]70lian, w. v. w. ace. : l) to endure, bear : inf. (inwid-sorge) )>olian, 833; pres. sg. III. Jirea-n^d MatS, 284; instr. sg. })olode Iry'Sswy'S, 131. — 2) to hold out, stand, sur- vive: pres. sg, (intrans.) Jienden |>is sweord ))ola^ {as long as this sword holds out), 2500; pret. sg. (sed eeg) )>olode a:r fela hand-ge- mota, 1526. ge-Jjolian: 1) to suffer, bear, en- dure: gerund, to ge-J)0lianne,l42O; pret. sg. earfotS-Uce firage ge-J)olode . . ., J>&t he . . . dream gehjrde {bore ill that he heard the sound of joy), 87 ; torn ge-l>olode {bore the misery), 147. — 2) to have pa- tience, wait: inf. Jjjer he longe sceal on JjSs waldendes wsere ge- )jolian, 31 10. ]>on (Goth, tan) = turn, then, now, 504; after ))on {after that), 725; ser l)on dag cwSnie {ere day came), 732 ; n8 ton lange {it was not long till then'), 2424; nSs ))S long to J>on {it was not long till then) , 2592, 2846 ; wiis him se man t3 ton ledf l>at . . . {the man was to that degree dear to him that , . .), 1877. 290 GLOSSARY. ]>onne: l) adv., there, then, nozu, 377. 435. 525. "OS. HS^, 1485. 1672, 1823, 3052, 309S(?). — 2) con}., i/, ivhen, zvhile .• a) w. indie; 573. 881, 935, 1034, 1041, 1043, 1144, 1286, 1327, 1328, 1375, etc.; J>at ic gum-cystum godne funde beaga bryttan, breac Jjonne moste {that T found a good ring-giver and enjoyed hivi whilst I could^, 1488. b) w. subj., 23, 1 180, 3065 ; Jjonne , . . ))onne {then . . . when), 484-85, 2447-48 ; gif tonne . . . Jjonne {if then . . . then), 1105- 1107. c) than after comparatives, 44, 248, 469, 505, 534, 679, 1 140, 1183, etc.; a comparative must be supplied, 1. 70, before J>one : ]>at he . . . hdtan wolde medo-arn mice! men ge-wyrcean I'one yldo beam sefre ge-frunon {a great mead- house (greater) than men had ever known) , ]>racu, St. f , strength, boldness : in comp. .mod-)>racu ; = impetus in ecg-)>racu. ]7rag, St. f., period of time, time : nom. sg. b^ hine si6 l>rag be-cwom {when the [haMe]-hour befell him^, 2884; ace. sg. );rage {for a time), 87; longe (lange) kage, 54, 114. — Comp. earfo'5-J)rag. ge-Jjriic, st. n., multitudif, crowd: in comp. searo-ge-Kac. J>rec-wudu, st. m., {might-wood), spear (of. mSgen-wudu) : ace. sg., 1247. }>Ted, St. f., misery, distress : in comp. {.eddrlrei, [.feil-nSdla, rn^d. ]>red-ii@dla, w. m,, (rushing dis- tress, misery: dat. sg. for J;re4= n^dlan, 2225. J»re4-n^d, st. f., oppression, distress : ace. sg. Jjrea-n^d, 284; dat. pi. Jrea-n^dum, 833. Jjredt, St. m., troop, band: dat. sg. on ))am J>reate, 2407 ; dat. pi. scea^ena [.reatum, 4. — Comp. iren- treiit. >redtlan, w. v. w. ace, to press, op- press : pret. pi. mec . . . Jireatedon, 560. Jjreot-teolS'a, num. adj. w. m., thir- teenth : nom. sg. >reot-teo^a secg, 2407. ]>re6, num. (neut.), three : ace. trio wicg, 2175 ; Jred hund wintra, 2279. }>ridda, num. adj. w. m., third: instr. J>riddan siSe, 2689. ge-]»ring, st. n., eddy, whirlpool, ^?'aj/«.'acc.onholmage-l)ring,2i33. Jjringan, st. v., to press : pret. sg. wergendia to lyt ^rong ymbe lieo- den {too few defenders pressed round the prince), 2884; pret. pi. sySfSan Hr8tSlingaS to hagan trun- gon {after the Ilrethlingas had pressed into the hedge), 2961. for-J;ringan,^(j press out; rescue, protect: inf. t>at he ne mehte . . . H wea-iafe wlge for-]jringan ^efidnes )>egne {that he could not rescue the wretched remnant from the king's thane by 7var), 1085. ge-|)ringan, to press : pret. sg. ce61 up gebrang {the ship shot up, i.e. on the shore in landing), 1913. Jritlg, num., thirty (neut. subst.) : ace. sg. w. partitive gen. : britig I'eg- na, 123; gen. Jjrittiges (XXXtiges, MS.) manna, 379. Jjrlst-hydlg, adj., bold-minded, val- orous : nom. sg. Hoden Jirlst-hydig (Be6wulf), 28U. ]>roTvian, w. v. w. ace, to suffer, endure : inf. (h^t, gnorn) Jrowian, 2606, 2659 ; pret. sg. Jirowade, 1590, 1722; J>rowode, 2595. J»ryaf, St. f., abundance, multitude. GLOSSARY. 291 excellence, power : instr. pi. l^rylSum (excellently, extremely ; excellent in strengthT), 494. JjryS-arn, st. n., excellent house, royal hall: acc.sg. (of Heorot), 658. JjrySlic, adj., excellent, chosen : nom. sg. \>ty%'\ic Jiegna heap, 400, 1628; superl. ace. pi. JjrytS-licost, 2870. J»ryff-swyff, St. n.?, great painiT) : ace, 131, 737 [? adj., very power- ful, exceeding strong\ . ]>rylff-'Word, st. n., bold speech, choice discourse: ace. sg., 644. (Great store was set by good table-talk : cf. Lachmann's Nibelunge, 1612; RlgsmSl, 29, 7, in Mobius, p. 79 b, 22.) ]>ryni, st.m. : \) power, might, force : nom. sg. yfe Jrym, 1919; instr. pi. = adv. Jjrymmum (powerfully), 235. — 2) glory, renown : ace. sg. t>rym, 2. — Comp. hyge-)>rym. ]>ryin-ISc, adj., powerful, mighty : nom. sg. )jrec-wudu trym-lic {the mighty spear) , 1 247. J>u, pron., thou, 366, 407, 445,-etc.; ace. sg. ))ec (poetic), 948, 2152, etc.; t>e, 417, 426, 517, etc.; after compar. szelran J>e {a better one than thee), 1851. See ge, eow. ]>unca, vv. m. See af-Jjunca. ge-]>ungen. See J»ingan. Jjurfan, pret.-pres. v., to need : pres. sg. II. nS |ju ne I'earft . . . sorgian [needest not care), 450; so, 445, 1675; III. ne ]>earf . . . onsittan {need not fear), 596; so, 2007, 2742; pres. subj. tat he . . . secean ))urfe, 2496; pret. sg. Jjorfte, 157, 1027, 1072, 2875, 2996; pi. nealles Netware hrSmge Jiorfton (i.e. we- san) fStSe-wiges {needed not boast of their foot-fight) , 2365. ge-]>uren. See Jjweran. ]>urh, prep. w. ace. signifying mo- tion through, hence : I. local, through, throiighout : w6d J>d Jmrh Jjone wal-rSc {went then through the battle-reek), 2662.— II. causal: \) on account of, for the sake of, owingto : J>urh sll'Sne nl5 {through fierce hostility, heathenism), 184; |>urh holdne hige {from friendli- ness), 267; so, j>urh rftmne sefan, 278; J>urh stdne sefan, 1727; eo- we'5 >mh egsan uncfi^ne ni5 {shows unheard-of hostility by the terror he causes), 276; so, 1 102, 1336, 2046. 2) by means of, through : heaSo-rses for-nam mihtig mere-deor hurh mine hand, 558; J)urh Snes craft, 700; so, 941, 1694, 1696, 1980, 2406, 3069. l>us, adv., so, thus, 238, 337, 430. }>uiilan, w. v., to din, sound forth : pret. sg. sund-wudu J>unede, 1907. ]>iiseiid, num., thousand: i) fem. ace. ic J)e bi^senda begna bringe t3 helpe, 1830. — 2) neut. with meas- ure of value (sceat) omitted : ace. sedfon l>flsendo, 2196; gen. hund- J>flsenda landes and locenra beaga {\,0wiEre. ge-t>vir£ere, aHi]., gentle, mild : nom. pi. ge-JJWDere, 1 23 1. g e - ]»waeran, st. v., to forge, strike : pret. part, heoru . . . hamere ge- >uren (for ge-jjworen) {hammer- forged sword) , 1286. J>yhtig. See ]>lh«g. ge-]>yld (see J>olian), st. f. : i) patience, endurance : ace. sg. ge-J>yld, 1396. — 2) steadfastness: instr. pi. = adv. : ge-Jiyldum {stead- fastly, patiently), 1706. 292 GLOSSARY. ]?yle, St. m., spokesman, leader of the conversation at court : nom. sg., 1 166, 1457. ]>yncan, J^incean, w. v. w. dat. of peis., to seem, appear : pres. sg. III. {lince'S him tS lytel (it seems to him too little'), 1 749 ; ne JiynceB me gerysne, hat we {it seemeth to me not fit that we ...'), 2654; pres. pi. hy . . . wyrtSe Jjincea'S eorla ge- sehtlan (Jhey seem worthy contend- ers with{T) earls; or, worthy warriors), 368; pres. subj. swd him ge-met Mnce, 688; inf. tin- cean, 1342; pret. sg. Jjflhte, 2462, 3058 ; nS his lif-gedai sSr-llc Jjflhte secga senigum {his death seemed painful to none of men), 843; pret. pi. \issx him fold-wegas fagere J)Qhton, 867. ofrtincan, to displease, offend: inf. mag J)as tonne of-}>yncan Red- den (dat.) Hea'So-beardna and Jjegna gehwam tSra ledda, 2033. , I'yrs, St. m., giant: dat. sg. wi'S }>yrse (Grendel), 426. }>ys-lic, adj., such, of such a nature : nom. sg. fem. )jys-licu {"earf, 2638. }>^. See J>at. Jj^vvan (M.H.G. diuhen, Q.H.G. ddhan), w. v., to crush, oppress: inf. gif bee ymb-sittend egesan J^- wa^ {if thy neighbors oppress thee with dread), 1828. ]>^stru, f., darkness: dat. pi. in Jjjstrum, 87. ge-Jj^'we, adj., customary, usual: nom. sg. sw4 him ge-jjj>we ne was {as was not his custom), 2333. U ufan, 2k&s.,from above, 1501; above, 33°- ufera .(prop, higher), adj., later: dat. pi. ufaran dogrum, 2201. ufor, adv., higher, 2952. uhte, w. f., twilight or dawn : dat. or ace. on ubtan, 126. uht-floga, w. m., twilight -flier, ifozcw^/^r (epithet of the dragon) : gen. sg. uht-flogan, 2761. uht-hlem, st. m., twilightrcry, dawn- cry : ace. sg., 2008. uht-sceaffa, w. m., twilight- or dawn-foe : nom. sg., 2272. umbor, st. n. ?, child, infant : nom. sg., 46, 1 188. un-Wiffe, adv.(?), unblithely, sor- rowfully, 130, 2269; (adj., nom. pi.?), 3032. un-byrnende, pres. part., unburn- ing, without l>urning,^c,^(). unc, dat. and ace. of the dual wit, us two, to us two, 1 784, 2138, 2527 ; gen. hwa'Ser . . . uncer twega (which of us two), 2533; uncer Grendles (of us two, G. and me), 2003. uncer, poss. pron., of us two : nom. sg. [uncer], 2002(?); dat. pi. un- cran eaferan, 11 85. nn-cfiifF, adj.: i) unknown: nom. sg. stJg . . . eldum uncftS, 2215; ace. sg. neut. uncfiS ge-lSd (tin- knownways), 1411. — 2) unheard- of, barbarous, evil: ace. sg. un- cfliSne nits, 276; gen. sg. un-cfltSes (of the foe, Grendel), 961. under, I. prep. w. dat. and ace. : i) w. dat., answering question where? = under (of rest), contrasted with over : bSt (was) under beorge, 211; J)d cwom Wealh^ed fortS gdn under gyldnumbeage (W. walked forth under a golden circlet, i.e. decked with), 11 64; si®San he under segne sine ealgode (under his banner), iio^; he under rande ge-cranc (sank under his shield). GLOSSARY. 293 I2IO; under wolcnum, 8, 1632; under heofenum, 52, 505; under roderum, 310; under helme, 342, 404 ; under here - griman, 396, 2050, 2606; so, 711, 1 198, 1303, 1929, 2204, 2416, 3061, 3104.— 2) vv. ace. : a) answering question whither? = under (of motion) : J)^ secg wisode under Heorotes hr8f, " 403; si'SiSan aefen-leolit under heo- fenes hSdor be-holen weor'Se'S, 414; under sceadu bregdan, 708; fleon under fen-hleo^u, 821 1 bond Slegde . . . under geapne hrof, 837; teon in under eoderas, 1038; 50,1361, 1746, 2129, 2541, 2554, 2676, 2745 ; so, hafde i>t for-sKod sunu Ecg-J)e6wes under gynne grund, 1552 (for-siSian requires ace.), b) after verbs of venturing and fighting, with ace. of object had in view : he under h^rne stin . . . Sna ge-nSSde frScne diede, 888; ne dorste under J5a ge-wiu aldre ge-nStSan, 1470. c) indicating extent, with ace. after expressions of limit, etc.: under swegles be- gong (as far as the sky extends), 861,1774; under heofenes hwealf {as far as heaven^s vault reaches'), 2016. II. Adv., beneath, below: stig under lag (a path lay beneath, i.e. the rock), 2214. undcrn-mael, st. n., midday: ace, sg., 1429. un-dyrnfe, un-derne, adj., without concealment, plain, clear : nom. sg., 127, 2001 ; un-derne, 2912. u n - d y r n e , ad v., plainly, evidently; un-dyrne cfi15, 150, 410. un-fager, adj., unlovely, hideous : nom. sg. leoht un'fager, 728. un-faecne, adj., without malice, sin- cere : nom. sg., 2069. un-faege, adj., not death-doomed or "fey" : nom. sg., 2292; ace. sg. un-fjEgne eorl, 573. un-flitme, adv., solemnly, incontest- ably : Finn Hengeste elne unflitme Sfium benemde (F. swore solemnly to H. with oaths) [if an adj., elne un-f. = unconquerable in valorl, 1098. iin-forht, ad)., fearless, bold : nom. sg., 287; acc. pi. unforhte (adv.?), 444- un-from, adj., tmfit, unwarlike: nom. sg., 2189. un-frSd, adj., not aged, young: dat. sg. guman un-frodum, 2822. un-gedg£ellce, adv., unjustly, con- trary to right and custom, 2i,jia. un-gemete, adv., immeasurably, exceedingly, 2421, 2722, 2729. un-gemetes, adv. gen. sg., the same, 1793. uii-geS,ra, adv., {not old), recently, lately, 933; soon, 603. un-gifelSe, adj., not to be granted; refused: nom. sg., 2922. un-gled^v, adj., regardless, reckless : acc. sg. sweord . . . ecgum un- gleaw (of a sharp-edged sword), 2565- uii-hS,r, adj., very gray : nom. sg., 357- nn-hselo, st. f ., mischief, destruction : gen. sg. wiht un-haslo {the demon of destruction, Grendel), 120. un-heore, un-hyre, adj., monstrous, horrible : nom. sg. m., weard un- hiore (the dragon), 2414; neut. wif un-h^re (Grendel's mother), 2121; nom. pi. neut. hand-speru . . . unheoru (of Grendel's claws), 988. iin-lilytme, un-hUtme, adv. (cf. A.S. hlytm = lot ; O.N. hluti =part, division) , undivided, unseparated. 294 GLOSSAEY. united, 1 1 30 [unless = un-flittne, 1098]. un-le6f, adj., hated: ace. pi. seah on un-leofe, 2864. un-llfigendc, pres. part., unliving, lifeless : nom. sg. un - lifigende, 468; aee. sg. un-lyfigendne, 1309; dat. sg. un-lifgendum, 1390; gen. sg. iin-lyfigendes, 745. un-lytel, adj., not little, very large : nom. sg. dugulS un-lytel (a great land of warriors'i or great joyf), 498; d8m un-lytel {110 little glory) , 886; ace. sg. torn un-lytel {very great shame, misery"), 834. un-murnUce, adv., unpityingly, without sorrowing, 449, 1757. unnan, pret.-pres. v., to grant, give ; wish, will: pret.-pres. sg. I. ic Jie an tela sinc-gestredna, 1226; weak pret. sg. I. fl'iSe ic swKSor J>at ))u hine selfne ge-se6n mSste, 961 ; III. he ne fllSe bat . . . {he granted not that . . .), 503; him god filSe Jiat . . . he hyne sylfne ge-wriic {Godgranted to himthathe avenged himself), ^liit,; J>eah he fl'Se wel {though he well would), 2856. ge-unnan, to grant, permit: inf. gif he fls ge-unnan wile t>at we hine . . . gr^tan moton, 346 ; me ge-fliSe ylda waldend, J>at ic . . . ge-seah hangian {the Ruler of men permitted me to see hanging . . .), 1662. un-nyt, adj., useless : nom. sg., 413, 3170- un-riht, st. n., unright, injustice, wrong: ace. sg. unriht, 1255, 2740; instr. sg. un-rihte {unjustly, wrong- ly), 3060. un-iim, St. n., immense number : nom. sg., 1239, 3136 ; ace. sg., 2625. un-rlme, adj., countless, measure- less : notn.sg. gold un-rlme, 3013. un-r6t, adj., sorrowing: nom. pi. un-rote, 3149. un-snyttru, f., lack of wisdom : dat. pi. for his un-snyttrum (_/»/• his Unwisdom), 1735. un-softc, adv., unsoftly, with vio- lence {hardly ?), 2141 ; scarcely, 1656. un-sw^ffe, adv., not strongly or powerfully : compar. (ecg) bdt unswWor >onne his J>idd-cyning )>earfe hafde {the sword bit less sharply than the prince of the people needed), 2579; f^r unswt- t5or weoU, 2882. un-synnlg, adj., guiltless, sinless : ace. sg. un-synnigne, 2090. un-synnum, adv. instr. pi., guilt- lessly, 1073. un-taele, adj., blameless: ace. pi. un-tsele, 1866. un-tyder, st. m., evil race, monster: nom. pi. un-tydras, 1 11. [Cf. Ger. un-mensch.3 un-wadlc, adj., that cannot be shaken ; firm, strong : ace. sg. id . . . un-wadlcne, 3139. un-wcarnum, adv. instr. pi., una- wares, suddenly; {unresistinglyl) , 742. un-vrrecen, pret. part., unavenged, 2444. op, adv., «/, upward, 224, 519, 1374, 1620, 1913, 1921, 2894; (of the voice), \>k was . . . wop up ihafen, 128; 50,783. up-Iang, adj., upright, erect : nom. sg., 760. nppc (adj.,fife, flffe), adv., aiow, 566. up-riht, adj., upright, erect: nom. sg., 2093. uton. See wuton. GLOSSARY. 295 U fiST-genge, adj., transitory, evanes- cent, ready to depart, {/ledt) : >£er was Asc-here . . . feorh, ftS-genge, 2124. us, pers. pron. dat. and ace. of we (see we), us, to us, 1822, 2636, 2643, 2921, 3002, 3079 ; ace. (poetic), flsic, 2639, 2641, 2642 ; — gen. fire : fire Eeg-hwilc (each of us), 1387; fiser, 2075. user, possess, pron. : nom. sg. fire man-drihten, 2648; dat. sg. flssunj hiaforde, 2635 '• g^"- sg- neut. fisses cynnes, 2814 ; dat, pi. firum . . . bSm (fe us iotk, two) (for unc bSm), 2660. fit, adv., out, 215, 537, 664, 1293, 1584, 2082, 2558, 3131. fitan, adv., from without, without, t ^ 77S. 1032, 1504, 2335. ut-fus, adj., ready to go : nom. sg. hringed-stefna Isig and Clt-ftts, 33. ut-weard, adj., outward, outside, free: nom. sg. eoten (Grendel) was fit-weard, 762. fitan-weard, adj., without, out- ward, from without ; ace. sg. hisew . . . ealne fitan-weardne, 2298. W wacan, st. v., to awake, arise, origi- nate : pret. sg. Jianon (from Cain) w6c fela ged-sceaft-gSsta, 1266 ; so, 1961; pi. J>am fedwer beam ... in worold wocon, 60. on-wacan: i) to awake (intrans.): pret. sg. ]>k se wyrm on-w6c (when the drake awoke), 2288. — 2) to be born : pret. sg. him on-woc heah Healfdene, 56; pi. on-wScon, in. wacian, w. v., to watch : imper. sg. waca wilS wrd'Sum ! 661, wadan, st. v., (cf. wade, waddle), to traverse; stride, go: pret. sg. w8d Jjurh >one wiil-rSc, 2662; wod under wolcnum (stalked beneath the clouds), 715. ge-wadan, to attain by moving, come to, reach : piet. part. 83 Jjat . . . wunden-stefna ge-waden hafde, J)at )>a liSende land ge-s4won (till the ship had gone so far that the sailors saw land), 220. on-wadan, w. ace, to invade, be- fall: pret. sg. hine fyren on- .w6d(?), 916. Jjurh-wadanj/o penetrate, pierce : pret. sg. J>at swurd >urh-w6d wrat- llcne wyrm, 891 ; so, 1568. wag, St. m., wall: dat. sg. on wage, 1663; dat. pi. after wagum (along the walls), 996. ^fala, w. m., boss : nom. pi. walan, 1032 (cf. Bouterwek in Haupt XI., 8s seqq.). walda, w. m., wielder, ruler : in comp. an-, eal-walda. wald-sw^affu, st. f., forest-path : dat. pi. after wald-swa^um (along the wood-paths), 1404. w^am, w^om, st. m., spot, blot, sin : ace. sg. him be-beorgan ne con worn (cannot protect himself from evilot from the evil strange orders, etc. ; worn = wogum ? = crookedT), 1748; instr. pi. wommum, 3074. "wan, won, adj., wan, lurid, dark : nom. sg, ^S-geblond . . . won (the dar k waves), i^y^; sewonnahrefn (the black raven), 3025; wonna 16g (lurid flame) , 31 16; dat. sg. f. on wanre niht, 703; nom. pi. neut. scadu-helma ge-sceapu . . . wan, 652. wang, St. m., mead, field; place: ace. sg. wang, 93, 225; wong, 1414, 2410, 3074; dat. sg. wange, 2004; 296 GLOSSAEY. wonge, 2243, 3040; ^cc. pi. wongas, 2463. — Comp. : freo^o-, grund-, medo-, sse-wang. ivang-stede, st. m., (locus campes- tris), spot, place: dat. sg. wong- stede, 2787. wan-hjd (for hygd), st. f., heedless- ness, recklessness : dat. pi. for his won-h^dum, 434. 'wanlan, w. v. : i) intrans., to de- crease, wane : inf. J>4 hat sweord ongan . . . wanian, 1608. — 2) w. ace, to cause to wane or lessen : prat. sg. he t6 lange le6de mine wanode, 1338. ge-wanian,^o decrease, diminish : pret. part, is mln flet-werod . . . ge-wanod, 477. vran-sseligjadj., unhappy, wretched; nom. sg. won-saelig wer (Grendel), 105. Tvan-sceaft, st. f., misery, want: ace. sg. won-sceaft, 120. virarian, w. v. w. ace, to occupy, guard, possess : pres. sg. III. ter he hse^en gold waratS {where he guards heathen gold), 2278; pi. III. hie (Grendel and his mother) d^gel land warigea'S, 1359; pret. sg. (Grendel) goldsele warode, 1254; (Cain) wSsten warode, 1266. waroS, St. m., shore: dat. sg. to waro'Se, 234; ace. pi. wide waro- ^as, 1966. waru, St. f., inhabitants, (collec- tive) population : in comp. land- wavu. wa, interj., woe I wS bitS Vixa )>e . . . {_woe to hitn that . . .), 183. wa,lffu, St. f., way, journey : in comp, gamen-wfi'Su. \v&nlan, w. v., to weep, whine, hoivl, w. ace. : inf. geh^rdon . . . sHr wS- nigean helle haftan {they heard the heli- fastened one lamenting his pain), 788; pret. sg. [wanode], 3i52(?)- wat. See wltan. Traccan, w. v., to watch : pret. part, waccende, 709, 2842; ace. sg. m. waccendne wer, 1269. See wa- clan. ^vacnan, w. v., to be awake, come forth : inf., 85. wad, St. n., (the moving) sea, ocean : ace. wado weallende, 546; w?du weallendu, 581; gen. pi. wada, 508. -wafre, adj., wavering (lilce flame), ghostlike, without distinct bodily form : nom. sg. wal-gsest wafre (of Grendel's mother), 1332; — flick- ering, expiring: nom. sg. wafre m6d, 1 15 1; him was geSmor sefa, wafre and wal-ffls, 2421. be'-wagnan, w. v., to offer : piet. part, him was . . . frednd-latSu wor- dum be-wiigned, 11 94. ■wal, St. n., battle, slaughter, the slain in battle : ace. sg. wal, 1213, 3028; bl3dig wal, 448; olS^e on wal crunge {or in battle, among the slain, fall), 636; dat. sg. sume on wale crungon {some fell in the slaughter), 11 14; dat. sg. in Fr . . . es wale (proper name in MS. destroyed), 1071 ; nom. pi. walu, 1043. ■will-lbed, St. n., slaughter-bed, death- bed: dat. sg. on wal-bedde, 965. wal-bend, st. f., death-bond: ace. sg. or pi. wal-bende . . . hand-ge- wri^ene, 1937. wal-bleAt, adj., deadly, deadly- pnle{ ?) : ace. sg. wunde wal-bleate, 2726. wal-deAff, st. m., death in battle: nom. sg., 696. wal-dre6r, st. m., battle-gore : instr. sg. wal-dreore, 1632. GLOSSARY. 297 yral-tSib, adj., slaughter - stained, blood-stained: ace. sg. wal-fSgne winter, 1129. wal-faehff, st. f., deadly fetid : gen. pi. wal-faehtSa, 2029. wal-feall, st. m., {fall of the slain'), death, destruction : dat. sg. to wal- fealle, 171 2. wal-ffls, adj., ready for death, fore- boding death : nom. sg., 2421. wal-tyUo, f., f II of slaughter : dat. sg. raid Jjsere wal-fulle (i.e. the thirty men nightly slaughtered at Heorot by Grendel), 125; wal- fylla? 3155. wal-f^r, St. n. : l) deadly fire : instr. sg. wal-fjre (of the fire-spew- ing dragon), 2583. — 2) corfse- consumingfire, funeral pyre : gen. pi. wal-f Jra m:Est, 1 1 20. wal-gaest, st. m., deadly sprite (of Grendel and his mother) : nom. sg. wal-gsest, 1332; ace. sg. Jjone Wal-gaest, 1996. wal-Mem, st. m., death-stroke : ace. sg. wal-hlem J>one, 1996. Tvalm, St. vx.,flood, whelming water: nom. sg. tasre human walm, 2547; gen. sg. fias walmes {of the surf), 2136. — Comp. cear-walm. wal-niS, St. m., deadly hostility : nom. sg., 3001 ; dat. sg. after wal- nlSe, 85; nom. pi. wal-niSas, 2066. wal-rSp, St. ra., flood-fetter, i.e. ice : ace. pi. wal-ripas, 161 1 ; (cf. wall, wel, ■wjyS.=: well, flood : leax sceal on wale mid sceote scrKan, Gnom. Cott. 39). wal-raes, st. m., deadly onslaught : nom. sg., 2948; dat. sg. wal-raese, 825, 2532. will-rest, st. f., death-bed: ace. sg. wal-reste, 2903. wal-rec, st. m., deadly . reek or smoke : ace. sg. w8d JjS ^urh J>one wal-r6c, 2662. wal-reAf, st, n., booty of the slain, battle-plunder : ace. sg., 1 206. ■wal-re6w, adj., bold in battle : nom. sg., 630. wal-sceaft, st. m., deadly shaft, spear: ace. pi. wal-sceaftas, 398. ■wal-seax, st. n., deadly knife, war- knife : instr. sg. wall-seaxe, 2704. wal-stenge, st. m., battle-spear : dat. sg. on J)am wal-stenge, 1639. Tval-stdTT, St. f., battle-field: dat. sg. wal-st6we, 2052, 2985. wastm, St. ra., growth, form, figure : dat. sg. on weres wastmum {in man^s form), 1353. water, st. n., water : nom. sg., 93, 1417, 1515, 1632; ace. sg. water, 1365,1620; &s6^-vi'i.Kex {the deep), 509, 1905; ofer wtd' water {over the high sea), 2474; dat. sg. after watere {along the Grendel-sea), 1426; ■o.n&^r ■^'iX&xa {at the bottom of the sea), 1657; instr. watere, 2723; watre, 2855; gen. sg. ofer wateres hrycg {over the surface of the sea), 47 1 ; on wateres aeht, 516; Jiurh wateres wylm {through the sea-wave), 1694; gen. = instr. wa- teres weorpan {to sprinkle with ivater), 2792. w^ater-egesa, st. m., water-terror,' i.e. the fearful sea : ace. sg., 1261. water-^IS," st. f., water-wave, bil- low : dat. pi. water-^um, 2243. waed, St. f., {weeds), garment: in comp. here-, hilde-wied. ge-wEede, St. n., f/o/Am^, especially battle - equipments : ace. pi. ge- wsedu, 292. — Comp. eorl-gewsede. ■wseg, St. m., wave : ace. sg. wseg, 3133- Tvseg-bora, w. m., wave-bearer, swimmer (bearing or propelling 298 GLOSSARY. tlie waves before him) : nom. sg. wundorllc wseg-bora (of a sea- monster), 1441. ■wseg-flota, w. m., sea-sailer, ship : ace. sg. wSg-flotan, 1908. waeg-holm, st. m., the wave-filled sea: ace. sg. ofer wseg-holm, 217. waege, st. n., cup, can : ace. sg. fated wsege, 2254, 2283. — Comp. : ealo-, US- waege. wasg-liffend, pres. part., sea-farer : dat. pi. wzeg-ltSendum (et liSen- dum, MS.), 3160. waeg-S'weord, st. n., heavy sword: ace. sg., 1490. fvaen, st. ra., wain, wagon : ace. sg. on waen, 3135. YTsepen, st. n., weapon; sword: nom. sg., 1 661 ; ace. sg. wsepen, 686, 1574, 2520, 2688 ; instr. waspne, 1665, 2966; gen. waepnes, 1468 ■; ace. pi. wKpen, 292 ; dat. pi. wsepnum, 250, 331, 2039, 2396. — Comp. -. hilde-, sige-wjepen. waepned-man, st. m., war^'ior, man: dat. sg. wsepned-men, 1285. waer, st. f., covenant, treaty : ace. sg. wiEre, I loi ; — protection, care : dat. sg. on frean (on )>as walden- des) wasre {into God^s protection'), 27,3110. — Comp.: frio^o-waer. ^vaesma, w. ra., fierce strength, war- strength: in comp. here-waesma, 678. we, pers. pron., we, 942, 959, 1327, 1653, 1819, 1820, etc. web, St. n., woven work, tapestry : nom. pi. web, 996. Tvebbe, w.f., webster, female weaver: in comp. freo'Su-webbe. w^eccan, weccean, w. v. w. ace, to wake, rouse ; recall : int. wlg-bealu weccan {to stir up strife), 2047 ; nalleshearpanswSg (sceal) wigend weccean {the sound of the harp shall not wake up the warriors'), 3025 ; ongunnon J>S . . . bael-f^ra maest wigend weccan {the warriors then began to start the mightiest of funeral pyres), 3145 ; pret. sg. wehte hine watre {roused Aim with water, i.e.WIglSf recalled Beowulf to consciousness), 2855. to-weccan, to stir up, rouse : pret. pi. hft \>Sl folc mid him {with one another), faehlSe t6-wehton, 2949. w^ed, St. n., (cf. wed-ding), pledge: dat. Sg. hyldo tS wedde {as a pledge of his favor"), 2999. weder, st. n., weather: nom. pi. wuldor-torhtan weder, 11 37; gen. pi. wedera cealdost, 546. ge-wef, St. n., woof, weaving: ace. pi. wig-spSda ge-wiofu {the woof of war-speed: the battle -woof woven for weal or woe by the Wal- kyries; cf. Njals-saga, 158), 698. weg, St. m., way : ace. sg. on wag {away, off), 264, 764, 845, 1431, 2097; gyf J>u on weg cymest {if thou comest off safe, i.e. from the battle with Grendel's mother); 1383. — Comp.: feor-, fold-, for*-, wid-weg. wegan, st. v. w. ace, to bear, wear, bring, possess : subj. pres. nSh hwd sweord wege (/ have none that may bear the sword), 2253; inf. nalles (sceal) eorl wegan mS^ISum t3 ge-myndum {no earl shallwear a memorial jewel), 3016; pret. ind. he )>i. fratwe wag . . . ofer JtSa ful {bore the jewels over the goblet of the waves), 1208; wal-seaxe . . . Jjat he on byrnan wag, 2705 ; heortan sovge wag {bore heart's sorrow) ; so, 152, 1778, 1932, 2781. at-vi ega.n = auferre, to carry off: sytStSan HSma at-wag to }>aere byrhtan byrig Brosinga niene . GLOSSARY. 299 (^since H. bore from (to ?) the bright city the Brosing-collar^, 1 199. ge-wegan (O.N. wega), to fight : inf. ))e he wiS ^am wyrme ge-wegan sceolde, 2401. wel, adv. : l) well : wel biS l>am Jie . . . {well for him that . . . !), 186; se {le wel Jience'S (he that well thinketh, judgetli) , 289 ; so, 640, 1046, 1822, 1834, 1952, 260Z ; well, 2163, 2813. — 2) very, very much ; Geat ungemetes wel . . . restan lyste {the Geat longed sorely to rest), 1793. — 3) indeed, to be sure, 2571, 2856. wela, w. m., wealth, goods, posses- sions : in comp. jer-, burg-, hord-, mSS"5um-wela. wel-hwlc, indef. pron., = quivis, any you please, any (each, all) : gen. pi. wel-hwylcra wilna, 1345; w. partitive gen. ; nom. sg. witena wel-hwylc, 266; — substantively: ace. neut. wel-hwylc, 875. wellg, adj., wealthy, rich : ace. sg. wic-stede weligne Wasgmundinga, 2608. weljjungen, pres. part., well-thriv- en (in mind) , mature, high-minded: nom. sg. Hygd (was) swiSe geong, wis, vvel-J>ungen, 1928. wenlan, w. v., to accustom, attract, honor : subj. pret. Jiat . . . Folc- waldan sunu . . . Hengestes heap hringum wenede {honored^, 1092. b e -(bi-)we ni a n , /o entertain, care for, attend : pret. sg. mag Jjas J^onne of-))yncan Jieoden Hea"5o-beardna . . . Jjonne he mid fsemnan on flet gseS, dryht-bearn Dena dugu^a bi-wenede {may well displease the prince of the H. . . . when he with the woman goes into the hall, that a noble scion of the Danes should entertain, bear wine to, the knights. cf. 494 seqq.; or, a noble scion of the Danes should attend on herT), 2036; pret. part. nom. pi. wa;ron her tela willum be-wenede, 1822. wendau, w. v., to turn : pres. sg. III. him eal worold wgnde^ on willan {all the world turns at his will), 1740. ge-wendan, w." ace: i) to turn, turn round : pret. sg. wicg ge- wende {turned his horse'), 315. — 2) to turn (intrans.), change : inf. wd biS Jjaiii J>e sceal . . . fr6fre ne wSnan, wihte ge-wendan {woe to him that shall have no hope, shall not change at all), 186. on-wendan, to avert, set aside : i) w. ace. inf. ne mihte snotor hale^ wean on-wendan, 191. — 2) intrans. : sibb sefre ne mag wiht on-wendan Jiam Jjc wel (jenceS {in, to, him that is well thinking friend- ship can not be set aside), 2602. wer, St. m., man, hero : nom. sg. (Grendel), 105; acc. sg. wer (Beo- wulf), 1269, 3174; gen. sg. on weres wastmum {in man's form), 1353 ; nom. pi. weras, 216, 1223, 1234, 1441, 1651; dat. pi. werum, 1257; gen. pi. wera, 120, 994, 1732,3001; (MS. weora), 2948. ■wered, st. n., (as adj. = sweet), a sort of beer (probably without hops or such ingredients) : acc. sg. scir wered, 496. were-feohte, f., defensive fight, fight in self-defence : dat. pi. for wg re- fyhtum (fere fyhtuni, MS.), 457. VFerliffo, St. f., curse, outlawry, con- demnation : acc. Sg. |>u in helle scealt werh^o dreogan, 590. werian, to defend, protect: w. acc, pres. Sg. III. beaduscrfid ... bat mine breost weretS, 453; inf. wit unc wi'5 hron-fixas werian Jjohton, 300 GLOSSARY. S4I ; pres. part. w. gen. pi. wer- gendra t8 lyt {too few defenders), 2883 ; pret. ind. wal-reaf weiede (^guarded the battle-spoil), 1206; se hwlta helm hafelan werede {the shining helm protected his head), 1449; pi. hafelan weredon, 1328; pret. part. noni. pi. ge . . . byrnum werede {ye . . . corselet-clad), 238, 2530. he-v/etian, to protect, defend: pret. pi. J>at hie . . . lefida land-geweoic IdBiim be-weredon scuccum and scynnum {that they the people's land-work from foes, from mon- sters and demons, might defend), 939- werlg, adj., accursed, outlawed: gen. sg. wergan gistes (Greridel), 133; (of the devil), 1748. werod, weorod, st. n., band of men, warrior- troop : nom. sg. werod, 652; weorod, 290, 2015, 3031 ; ace. sg. werod, 319; dat. instr. sg. weorode, 1012, 2347 ; werede, 1216; gen. sg. werodes, 259; gen. pi. wereda, 2187; weo- roda, 60. — Comp.: eorl-,flet-werod. wer-Jjeod, st. f., people, humanity : dat. sg. ofer wer-)ie6de, 900. wesan, v., to be : pres. sg. I. ic eom, 335. 407; II- J'u eart, 352, 506; III. is, 256, 272, 316, 343, 375, 473, etc. ; nu is Knes magenes bted Sne h\iW&{the prime \^faiiiel'\ of thy powers lasteth now for a ■while), I'jdl; ys, 2911,300x3, 3085; pi. I. we synt, 260, 342 ; II. syn- don, 237, 393; III. syndon, 257, 361, 1231; synt, 364; sint, 388; subj. pres. sle, 435, 683, etc.; sj, 1832, etc.; sig, 1779, etc.; imper. sg. II. wes, 269 (of. was- sail, wes hael), 407, 1 171, 1220, 1225, etc.; inf. wcsan, 272, 1329, i860, 2709, etc. The inf. wesan must sometimes be supplied : nalles Hetware hrSmge )>orfton (i.e. we- san) fS'Se-wiges, 2364 ; so, 2498, 2660, 6i8, 1858; pres. part, wc- sende, 46 ; dat. sg. wesendum, 1 188; pret. sg. I., III. was, 11, 12, 18, 36, 49, 53, etc.; was on sunde {was a-swimming), 1619; so, 848, 8S0(?), 970, 981, 1293; progres- sive, was secgende (forsoede), 3029; II. wsere, 1479, etc.; pi. wa;ron, 233. 536, 544. etc. ; wseran (w. reflex, him), 2476; pret. subj. W£ere, 173, 203, 594, 946, etc.; progressive, myndgiend wasre (for myndgie), 1 106. — Contracted neg. forms: nis = ne + is, 249, 1373, etc.; nas = ne -|- was, 134, 1300, 1922,2193, etc. (cf. uncontracted : ne was, 890, 1472); n!Eron=ne H- waaron, 2658; naare = ne -|- wtere, 861, 1168. See cnlht-vvesende. w6g. See waeg. w6n, St. f., expectation, hope : nom. sg-. 735. 1874, 2324; nu is leddum w&n orlSg-hwile (gen.) {now the people have weening of a time of strife), 291 1; ace. sg. has ic wSn habbe {as I hope, expect), 383; so, ))as Jje ic [wgn] hafo, 3001; wSn ic talige, 1846; dat. pi. l^ega on wSnum {in expectation of both, i.e. the death and the return of Be6wulf ), 2896. See Or-wcna. fvgnan, w. v., to ween, expect, hope : l) absolutely; pres. sg. I. pas ic w8ne {as I hope), 272; swS ic J^e wgne t8 {as I hope thou wilt: Beo- wulf hopes HrStigar will'now suffer no more pain), 1397. — 2) w. gen, or ace. pres. sg. I. bonne wSne ic t6 he wyrsan ge-hinges, 525 ; ic bser hea'Su-f^res h^tes wgne, 2523; III. sjicce nc wGne'S to Gdr- GLOSSARY. 301 Denum (lueeneih not of contest with the Gar-Danes), 6oi ; inf. (beorhtre bote) wSnan (Jo expect, count on, a brilliant [ ? a lighter penalty"] atonement'), 157; pret.pl. Jjas ne wSndon asr witan Scyldinga, ))at . . . (the wise men of the Scyl- dings weened not of this before, that.. .),779; hat hig )jas aSelinges eft ne wSndon >at he . . . sScean cwome {that they looked ttot for the atheling again that he.. . would come to seek . . .), 1597. — 3) w. ace. and inf. : pret. sg. wSnde, 934. — 4) w. depend, clause ; pres. sg. I. w6ne ic tat . . ., 1185; w8n' ic )jat ..., 338, 442 ; pret. sg. wSnde, 2330; pi. wSndon, 938, 1605. w§pan, St. v., to weep : pret: sg. [wedp], 3IS2(?)- wferig, adj., weary, exhausted, w. gen. : nom. sg. sliSes werig (weary from' the journey, way-weary), 579; dat. sg. slSes wergum, 1795; — w. instr. : ace. pi. wundum w8rge (wound-weary), 2938. — Comp. : dea«-, fyl-, gfl«-wgrig. ge-w6rlgean, w. v., to weary, ex- haust: pret. part. ge-w§fgad, 2853. werlg-mOd, adj., weary -minded (animo defessus) : nom. sg., 845, 1544. w6ste, z.&\.,waste, uninhabited: ace. sg. win-sele \v8stne, 2457. wSsten, St. n., waste, wilderness : ace. sg. wSsten, 1266. westen, f., waste, wilderness : dat. sg. on Jjsere westenne, 2299. weal, St. m. : i) wall, rampart: dat. instr. sg. wealle, 786, 892, 3163; gen. sg. wealles, 2:308. — 2) elevated sea-shore : dat. sg. of wealle, 229; ace. pi. windige weal- las, 572, 1225. — 3) wall of a build- ing : ace. sg. wis \>%.% recedes weal. 326; dat. sg. be wealle, 1574; hence, the inner and outer rock- walls of the dragon's lair (cf. Heyne's essay: Halle Heorot, p. 59): dat. sg., 2308, 2527, 2717, 2760, 3061, 3104; gen. sg. wealles, 2324. — Comp. : bord-, eortS-, sse-, seyld-weal. ge-wealc, st. u., rolling: ace. sg. ofer JSa ge-wealc, 464. g e - weald, st. n., power, might : ace. sg. on feonda ge-weald (into the power of his foes), ^xxj, 904; so, 1685 ; geweald Sgan, habban, fi-be6dan (w. gen. of object = to present) = to have power over,, 79, 655. 765. 95'. 1088, 1611, 1728. See on--weald. wealdan, st. v., to wield, govern, rMe over, prevail : i) absolutely or with depend, clause : inf. gif he wealdan mot (if he may prevail), 442; \>sx he . . . wealdan moste sw^ him Wyrd ne "ge-scrSf (if [where?] he was to prevail, as Weird had not destined for him) , 2575; pres. part, waldend (Co(/), 1694; dat. wealdende, 2330; gen. waldendes, 2293, 2858, 3 1 10. — 2) with instr. or dat. :■ inf. J>am WEepnum wealdan (to wield, pre- vail with, the weapons), 2039; Geatura wealdan (to rule the Ged- toj), 2391; beah-hordum wealdan .(/o rule over, control, the treasure of rings), 2828; wal-stowe weal- dan (to hold the field of battle), 2985 ; pret. sg. weold, 465, 1058, 2380, 2596; hendenwordum weold v?ine Scyldinga (while the friend of the S. ruled the C), 30; pi. weoldon, 2052. — 3) with gen.: pres. sg. I. benden ic wealde w'idan rices, i860; pres. part, wuldres wealdend (waldend), 17, 183, 1753; 302 GLOSSARY. ylda waldend, 1662; waldend fira, 2742; sigora waldend, 2876 (des- ignations of God) ; pret. sg. weold, 703. 1771- ge-wealdan,^<7 wield, have power over, arrange: l) w. ace: pret. sg. hSlig god ge-we61d wig-sigor, 1555. — 2) w. dat. : pret. cyning ge- weold his ge-witte {the king ppssessed his senses), iio^. — 3) «'. gen. : inf. he ne mihte n6 . . . WEepna ge-wealdan, 1 5 10. ge-weald^i, pret. part., subject, subjected : ace. pi. ged§3 him swS gewealdene worolde dcelas, 1733. -weallan, st. v.: 1) to toss, be agi- tated (of the sea) : pres. part. nom. pi. wadu weallende (weallendu), 546, 581 ; nom. sg. brim weallende, 848; pret. ind. we61, 515, 850, 1 132; we611, 2139. — 2) figura- tively (of emotions), to be agitated: pres. pi. III. sySSan Ingelde weal- lafS wiil-niSas (deadly hate thus agitates Ingeld), 2a6i(>; pres. part, weallende, 2465 ; pret. sg. hre'Ser inne we6Il Qiis heart was moved within him), 2ll\; hreSer se^me weoU {his breast [the dragon's] swelled from breathing, snorting), 2594; bredst innan we611 beostrura ge-Jjoncum, 2332; so, we611, 2600, ■2715, 2883. weall-clif, st. n., sea-cliff: ace. sg. ofer weall-clif, 3133. wealllan, w. v., to wander, rove about : pres. part, in comp. heoro- weallende, 2782. wcard, st. m., warden, guardian; owner : nom. sg. weard Scyldinga {the Scyldings' warden of the march), 229; weard, 286, 2240; se weard, siwele hyrde, 1742; the king is called beah-horda weard, 922; rices weard, 1391; folces weard, 2514; the dragon is called weard, 3061 ; weard un-hi6re, 2414; beorges weard, 2581 ; ace. sg. weard,669; (dragon), 2842; beor- ges weard (dragon), 2525, 3067. — Comp.: bat-, S'Sel-, gold-, hea- fod-, hord-, h^S-, land-, rSn-, sele-, yrfe-weard. weard, st. m., possession (Dietirich in HauptXI.,415) : in comp.eorS- weard, 2335. weard, st. f., watch, ward: ace. sg. wearde healdan, 319; wearde hedld, 305. — Comp. £Eg-weard, \veard, adj., -ward-; in comp. and-, innan-, fit-weard, 1288, etc. weardian, w. v. w. ace. : l) to watch, guard, keep : inf. he his folme for- 16t to lif-wra^e, Ifet weardian ( Grendel left his hand behind as a life-support, to guard his track [Kemble]), 972; pret. sg. him sio swiSre swa'Se weardade hand on Hiorte {his right hand kept guard for him in II., i.e. showed that he had been there), 2099; sg. for pi. h^rde ic Jiat t>4m fratwum fedwer mearas lungre gelice ISst weardode (/ heard that four horses, quite alike, followed in the traces of the armor), 2165. — 2) to hold, possess, inhabit : pret. sg. f ifel-cynnes card . . . weardode {dwelt in the abode of the sea-fiends), 105; reced wear- dode un-rim eorla {an immense number of earls held the hall), 1 238 ; pi. J)£er we gesunde sal wear- dodon, 2076. wearh, st. m., the accursed one ; wolf: in comp. heoro-wearg, 1 268. wearn, st. f. : i) resistance, refusal, 366. — 2) warning}, resistance^. See un-wearnum, 742. Tveaxan, st. v., to wax, grow .• pres. sg. III. 05 bat him on innan ofer- GLOSSARY. 303 hygda dsel weaxe'S {till within him pride ivaxeth), 1742; inf. weaxan, 3116; pret. sg. weox, 8. ge-weaxan, to grmo up: pret. sg. oS J)at sed geogo^ ge-weox, 65. ge-weaxan to, lo grow to or for something: pret. sg. ne ge-weox he him t6 willan {grew not for their benefit), 1 71 2. we&, w. m., woe, evil, misfortune : nom. sg., 937; ace. sg. wean, 191, 423, 1207, 1992, 2293, 2938; gen. pi. weana, 148, 934, 1151, 1397. ived-I^f, St. f., wretched remnant: ace. pi. J)S wea-life {the wretched remnant, i.e. Finn's almost anni- hilated band), 1085, 1099. vred-spel, st. n., woe-spell, evil tid- ings : dat. sg. wea-spelle, 1316. ge-'weoldum. See ge-wlld. ■weorc, strn. ; l) work, labor, deed : ace. sg., 74; {war-deed), 1657; instr. sg. weorce, 1570; dat. pi. weorcum, 2097; wordum ne (and") worcum, iioi, 1834; gen. pi. wor- da and worca, 289. — 2) work, trouble, suffering : ace. sg. Jias ge- winnes weorc {misery on account of this strife), 1722; dat. pi. adv. weorcum {with labor), 1639. — Comp.: beado-, ellen-,hea^o-,niht- weorc. ge-weorc, st. n.: 1) work, deed, ^. labor : nom. ace. sg., 455, 1563, 1682, 2718, 277s; gen. sg. ge- weorces, 2712. Comp. : ser-, fym-, gfttS-, bond-, nKS-ge-weorc. — 2) fortification, rampart : in comp. land-geweorc, 939. ■weorce, adj., painful, bitter : nom. sg., 1419. weorlS, St. n., precious object, valu- able : dat. sg. weortSe, 2497. iveorlS, adj., dear, precious : nom. sg. weorB Denum a'Seling {the atheling dear to the Danes, Beo- wulf), 1815; compar. nom. sg. t>at he sylSiSan was . . . mS'Sme ^ weov'Sra {more honored from the jewel), 1903; cf. wyrffe. weorffan, st. v. : 1) to become : pres. sg. III. beholen weoriSe^ {is con- cealed), 414; underne weortie'5 {becomes known), 2at he on fylle wear's {that he came to a fall), 1545. — 4) to happen, befall: inf. unc sceal weor'San . . . swS unc Wyrd ge-teo'S {it shall be- fall 2*r two as Fate decrees), 2527; Jjurh hwat his worulde gedSl weor- 'San sceolde, 3069; pret. sg. ))S - J,aer sona wear's ed-hwyrft eorlum {there was soon a renewal to the ^«?-/r,i.e. of the former perils), 1281. ge-weor^an : l)to beco?ne:^rei.sg. ge-wearlS, 3062; pret. part, cearu was geniwod ge-worden {care was renewed), 1305; swft fls ge-wor- den is, 3079. — 2) to finish; com- plete! : inf. J,at Jju . . . 16te Sft«-- Dene sylfe ge-weor'San gtt'Se wiS Grendel {that thou wouldst let the S. D. put an end to their war with Grendel), 1997. — 3) impersonally with ace, to seem, appear : pret. sg. >S tas monige ge-wear^ J>at . . . {since it seemed to many that . . ■), 304 GLOSSARY. '599; prst- paff- hafa^ \>Ss ge- worden wine Scyldinga, rices hyr- de, and yit rsed tala'S Jiat he . . . (therefore hath it so appeared'*, happened}, to the friend of the S., the guardian of the realm, and he counts it a gain that . . .)> 2027. weorS-ful, adj., glorious, full of worth: nom. sg. weorS-fuUost, 3100. ■weorffian, w. v., to honor, adorn : pret. sg. J>aer ic . . . tine leode weor- fiode weovcum [there honored I thy people by my deeds), 2097; subj. pret. (J>at he) at feoh-gyftum . . . Dene weorlSode (that he would honor the Danes at, by, treasure- giving), 1091. ge-weorSian, ge-wur'Sian, to deck, ornament: pret. part, hire sylSiSan was after beah-^ege bredst ge-weor^od, 2177; weepnum ge- weortSad, 250; since ge-weor&d, 1451; so, ge-wur«ad, 331, 1039, 1646; wtde ge-weor^ad (Jinown, honored, afar), i960. ■wcorff-lice, adv., worthily,»nobly : superl. weortS-llcost, 3163. ■weorSf-mynd, st. f., dignity, honor, glory : nom. sg., 65 ; ace. sg. ge- seah hS eald sweord . . ., wlgena weor^mynd (saw an ancient sword there, the glory of warriors), 1560; dat. instr. pi. weortS-riiyndum, 8; t6 worlS-myndum, 11 87; gen. pi. weor'5-mynda dsel, 1753. weorlSrung, st. f., ornament : in comp. bre6st-, him-, heorS-, bring-, w)g-weor'5ung. * weorod. See werod. weorpan, st. v.: l) to throw, cast away, w. ace. : pret. sg. wearp Jj^ wunden-msel wrattum gebunden yrre oretta, tat hit on eor^an lag (the wrathful warrior threw the ornamented sword, that it lay on the earth), 1532.-2) to throw around or about, w. instr. : pret.sg. beorges weard . . . wearp wal-fjre (threw death-fire around), 2583. — 3) to throw upon : inf. he hine eft ongan wateres (instr. gen.) weorpan (began to cast water upon him again), 2792. for-weorpan,w. ace, /'oat he ge- nunga gd^-gewsedu wrfitSe for- wurpe (that he squandered useless- • ly the battle-weeds, i.e. gave them to the unworthy), 2873. ofer-weorpan, to stumble: pret. sg. ofer-wearp J>^ . . . wjgena strongest, 1544. weotian, w. v., to provide with, ad- just( ?) : pret. part. ace. pi. wal- bende weotode, 1937. b?-weotian,be-witian,w. V. w. ace, to regard, observe, care for : pres. pi. III. be-witia'S, 1136; pret. sg- J>egn . . . se J>e . . . ealle be- weotede t>egnes Jiearfe (who would attend to all the needs of a thane), 1 797 ; draca se {>e . . . hord be- weotode (the drake that guarded a treasure), 2213; — to carry out, undertake : pres. pi. III. J)S . . .oft be-witigalS sorh-fulne sltJ on segl- rSde, 1429. wicg, St. n., steed, riding-horse : nom. sg., 1401; acc.sg.wicg, 315; dat. instr. sg. wicge, 234; on wicge, 286; ace. pi. vidcg, 2175; gen.pl. wicga, 1046. ge-Tvldor, st. n., storm, tempest: ace. pi. la^ ge-widru (loathly weather), 1376. ■vtdff, prep. w. dat. and ace, with fundamental meanings of division and opposition : i) w. dat., against, ^^^/.^(in hostile sense),from: t>i wi'5 GLOSSARY. 305 gode vvunnon, 113; Sna (wnn) wi^ eallimi, 145 ; ymb feorh sacan, ItlS wi'5 IS'Sum, 440; so, 426, 439, 550, 2372,2521,2522,256:, 2840,3005; Jiat him holt-wudu . . . helpan ne raeahte, lind wiS l!ge, 2342 ; hwat . . . selgst WEere wi"5 faer-giyrum to ge-fremmanne, 174; J)at him gSst- bona gedce gefvemede wi'5 ))ei5d- ]>reaum, 178; witS rihte wan (strove against right'), 144 ; hafde . . . sele Hro^gSres ge-nered wilS nlUe (had saved H.^s hall from strife), 828; (him dyrne langaS . . .) beorn wiS blode (the hero longeth secretly contrary to his blood, i.e. H. feels a secret longing for the non-re- lated Be6wulf), 1881; sundur ge- dcelan llf wiS lice {to sunder soul from body), 2424; streamas wun- don sund wiiS sande (the currents rolled the sea against the sand), 213; lig-JSum forborn bord wilS ronde (rend, MS.) (with waves of flame burnt the shield against, as far as, the rim), 2674 ; holm storme we6I, won wliJ winde (the sea surged,wresiledwiih thewind) , 1 133; so, hiora in Snum wedll sefa wi'5 sorgum (i/i one of them surged the soul with sorrow [against ?, Heyne]), 2601 ; J)at hire wilS healse heard grSpode (that the sharp sword bit against her neck), 1567. — 2) w. ace: a) against, towards: wan wi'5 Hro^Sr (fought against H.), 152; wiS fednda ge- hwone, 294; wi^ wrSSwerod,3i9; so, 540, 1998, 2535 ; hine hSIig god (is on-sende ■wi^ Grendles gryre, 384; J^at ic wi^ >one gClS- flogan gylp ofer-sitte (that I re- frain from boastful speech against the battle-flyer), 2529; lie wolde wi^ manna ge-hwone . . . feorh- bealo feorran (would not cease his life -plotting against any of the men ; or, withdraw life-bale from, etc.? 01c, peace would not have with any man . . ., mortal bale loith- drawl, Kemble), 155; ic l^S ledde wSt ge wi'5 fednd ge wi5 frednd faste geworhte (towards foe, and friend), 1865; hedld heah-lufan wi^ hale& brego (cherished high love towards the prince of heroes), '955; wilS ord and wiS ecge in- gang forstdd (prevented entrance to spear-point and sword-edge), 1550. b) against, on, upon, in . setton side scyldas .. . . wi^ Jias re- cedes weal (against the wall of the halt), 326; wi^ eor'San faISm (eardodon) (in the bosom of the earth), 3050; wiS earm ge-sat (sat on, against, his arm), 750 ; so, stHS-mod ge-st8d wi5 steapne rond, 2567 ; [wiiS dui'U healle code] (went to the door of the hall) , 389; wi'5 Hrefna-wudu (over against, near, H.), 2926; wi'5 his sylfes sunu sell ge-t£ehte (showed me to a seat with, near, beside, his own son), 2014. c) towards, with (of contracting parties) : fiat hie healfre ge-weal'd wi'5 eotena beam Sgan m8ston (that they power over half the hall with the enemies' (Jutes ?) sons were to possess), 1089; J^en- den he wiU wulf wal reafode (whilst with the wolf he was rob- bing the slain), 3028. — .3) Alter- nately with dat. and ace, against: nu wi^ Or end el sceal, wi'5 J>am aglsecan, ^na gehegan Mng witS )jyrse, 424-426; —;-av!V/i, beside: ge-siit i>& wis sylfne . . ., mseg vi'iS maege, 1978-79. ■wiffer-gyld, st. n., compensation : nom. sg., 2052, [proper name?]. 306 GLOSSABY. ■wiffer-rahtes, adv., offosiie, in front of, 3040. wiUre, st. n., resistance : gen. sg. wiSres ne trflwode, 2954. wig-weorSung, st. f., idol-worship, idolatry, sacrifice to idols : nom. pi. -weoi-^unga, 176. wiht, St. m. n. : l) wight, creature, demon : nom. sg. wiht unhselo {the demon of destruction, Grendel), 120 ; ace. sg. sylllcran wiht (the dragon), 3039. — 2) thing, some- thing, aught : nom. sg. w. negative, ne bine viiht dwelelS {nor does aught cheek him"), 1736; him wiht ne speow {it helped him naught'), 2855; ace. sg. ne him tas wyrmes wig for wiht dyde {nor did he count the worm's warring for aughf), 2349 ; ne meahte ie . . . wiht gewyrean (/ could not do aught . . .), 1661; — w. partitive gen. ; nS . . . wiht svi^lcra searo- nl^a, 581 ; — ttie ace. sg. = adv. like Germ, nicht : ne hie hflru wine-drihten wiht ne 18gon {did not blame their friendly lord aught"), &by, so,ne\i\ht = naught, in no wise, 1084, 2602, 2858 ; no wiht, 541 ; instr. sg. wihte {in aught, in any way), 1992; ne . . . wihte {by no means), 186, 2278, 2688; wihte ne, 1515, 1996, 2465, 2924. — Comp. : 4-wiht (^ht = aught"), al-wiht, 8-wiht. wll-cuina, w. m., one welcome (qui gratus advenit) : nom. pi. wil- cuman Denigea Ie6dum {welcome to the people of the Danes), 388; so, him (the lord of the Danes) wil-eu- man, 394; wil-cuman Wedera leo- dum {welcome to the Gedtas), 1895. ge-wild, St. f., free-will 1 dat. pi. nealles mid ge-weoldum {sponte, voluntarily, Bugge), 2223. ■wil-deor (for wild-de6r), st. n., wild beast : ace. pi. wil-deor, 1431. ■wil-geslff, St. m., chosen or willing companion : nom. pi. -ge-sfSas, 23. wU-geofa, w. m., ready giver (= voti largitor : princely designation), /oj/- giverl : nom. sg. wil-geofa Wedra leoda, 2901. willa, w. m. ; i) will, wish, desire, sake : nom. sg. 627, 825; ace. sg. willan, 636, 1740, 2308, 2410; instr. sg. ^nes willan {for the sake of one), 3078; so, 2590; dat. sg. to willan, 1187, 1712; instr. pi. willum {according to wish), 1822; sylfes viTllum, 2224, 2640; gen. pi. wilna, 1345. — 2) desirable thing, valuable: gen.pl. wilna, 661,951. willan, aux. v., will : in pres. also shall (when the future action is depend, on one's free will) : pres. sg. I. wille ic i-secgan {I will set forth, tell out), 344; so, 351, 427; ic t6 sae wille {I will to sea), 318; wylle, 948, 2149, 2513; sg. II. J>u wylt, 1853; sg. III. he wile, 346, 446, 1050, 1182, 1833; wyle, 2865; wille, 442, 1004, 1185, 1395; lEr he in wille {ere he will in, i.e. go or flee into the fearful sea), 1372; wylle, 2'jii'j; pi. I. we . . . wyllaS, 1819; pret. sg. I., III. wolde, 68, 154, 200, 646, 665, 739, 756, 797, 881, etc.; no ic fram him wolde (i.e. fle6tan), 543; so, swdhehira mit wolde (i.e. S-cwellan), 1056; pret. pi. woldon, 482, 2637, 3 '73; subj. pret., 2730. — Forms con- tracted w. negative : pres. sg. I. nelle (= ne -i- wille, / will not, nolo), 680, 2525(7); pret. sg. III. nolde (= ne -|- wolde), 792, 804, 8i3,J524; w. omitted inf. bdmetod nolde, 707, 968; pret. subj. nolde, 2519- GLOSSARY. 307 wllnlan, w. v., to long for, beseech : inf. wel biS Jiam Jjc mot ... to fa'Ser fa'Smiim freo^o wilnian {well for him that may beseech protection in the Fdther^s arms), 1 88. vril-siff, St. m., chosen journey : ace. sg. wil-sIS, 216. ge-vvin, st. n.: j) strife, struggle, enmity, tonjlict ; ace. sg., 878; t>S hie ge-win drugon {endured strife"), 799; under ^^a ge-win {under the tumult of the waves), 1470; gen. sg. \>as ge-winnes weorc {misery for this strife), 1722, — 2) suffering, oppression : nom. sg., I33> 191; ace. sg. eald ge-win, 1782. — Comp.: fyrn-, J^-ge-win. win-am, st. n., hall of hospitality, hall {wine-hallT) : gen. sg. win- arnes, 655. wind, St. m., wind, storm : nom. sg., S47> I37S> 1908; dat. instr. sg. winde, 217; wiS winde, 1133. wlndan, st. v. : i) intrans., to wind, whirl : pret. sg. wand t8 wolcnum wal-f^ra msest, 1120. — 2) w. ace, to twist, windfCurl: pret. pi. strea- mas wundon sund wi^ sande, 212; pret. pai-t. wunden gold {twisted, spirally-twined, gold), n 94, 3 1 35 ; instr. pi. wundnum (wundum, MS.) golde, 1383. at-windan,/i!; wrest one's self from, escape : pret. sg. se )>am feonde at- wand, 143. be-windan,^o wind with est round, clasp, surround, envelop (invol- vere) : pret. sg. >e hit (the sword) mundumbe-wand, 1462; pret. part, wlnim be-wunden {wound with wires), 1032; feorh . . . flsesce be- wunden. {fl'esh-enclosed), 2425; gRr . . mundum be-wunden {a spear grasped with the hands), 3023; id-manna gold galdre be- wunden {spell - encircled gold), 3053; (Sstah . . .) ISg wope be- wunden {uprose the flame mingled with a lament), 3147. ge-windan, to writhe, get loose, escape .• inf. widre ge-windan {to flee further), 764; pret. sg.-on fleam ge-wand, 1002. on-windan, to unwind, loosen : pres. sg. (Jjonne fader) on-windelS wal-rSpas, 161 1. win-dag, st. m., day of struggle ' or suffering: dat. pi. on Jjyssum win- dagum {in these days of sorrow, i.e. of earthly existence), 1063. wind-bland (blond), st. n., wind- roar : nom. sg., 3147. w^ind-gereste, f., resting-place of the winds : ace. sg., 2457. ■windig, adj., windy : ace. pi. win- dige (weallas, nassas), 572, 1359; windige weallas (wind geard weal- las, MS.), 1225. wine, St. m., friend, protector, es- pecially the beloved ruler : nom. sg. wine Scyldinga, leof land-fru- ma (Scyld), 30; wine Scyldinga (HrS-Sgar), 148, 1 1 84. As voca- tive : min wine, 2048; wine mln, Beowulf (Hunfer^), 457, 530, 1 705 ; ace. sg. holdne wine (Hro^- gSr), 376; wine Deniga, Scyldinga, 350, 2027; dat. sg. wine Scyldinga, 1 70; gen. sg. wines (Beowulf), 3097; ace. pi. wine, 21; dat. pi. Denum eallum, winum Scyldinga, 1419; gen. pi. winigea leasum, 1665 ; winia bealdoi-, 2568. — Comp. : frea-, fred-, gold-, gM-, msEg-wine. wine-dryhten, st. ra., (dominus amicus), friendly lord, lord and friend: ace. sg. wine-drihten, 863, 1605; wine-dryhten, 2723, 3177; dat. sg. wine-drihtne, 360. 308 GLOSSAEY. wjnc-geOmor, adj., friend-mourn- ing : nom. sg., 2240. wine-Icds, adj., friend/ess: dat. sg. wine-leasiim, 2614. wine-maeg, st. m., dear kinsman : nom. pi. wine-mSgas, 65. g e - winna, w. m., striver, slruggler, foe : comp. eald-, ealdor-gewinna. Tvintian, st. v., io struggle, fight: pret. sg. III. wan 3na wW eallum, 144; Grendel wan . . . wW Hi-31S- gSr, 151 ; holm . . . won wilS winde (the sea fought with the wind : cf. wan wind endi water, Heliand, 2244), 1:33; II. eart >u se Beo- wulf, se )>e wits Brecan wunne, 506; pi. wi'S gode wunnon, 113; Jiaer \>^ graman wunnon {where the foes fought'), 778. Tvin-reced, st. \i., friend-hall, guest- hall, house for entertaining guests (wine-hall}') : ace. sg., 715, 994. ■wln-sele, st. n., the same (wine- hallT) : nom. sg., 772; ace. sg, win-sele, 696 (cf. Heliand Glossary, 369 [364])- winter, st. m. : 1) winter: nom. sg-, 1 133, "37; ace. sg. winter, 1 129; gen. sg. wintres, 516. — 2) year (counted by winters) : ace. pi. flftig wintru (neut.), 2210; instr. pi. wintrum, 1725, 2115, 2278; gen. pi. wintra, 147, 264, 1928, 2279, 2734, 3051. wintre, adj., so many winters (old) : in comp. syfan-wintre. g e - wlsllce, adv., certainly, un- doubtedly: superl. gewislicost,i35i. wist, St. f., fundamental meaning = existentia, hence: I) good condi- tion, happiness, abundance: dat. sg. wuna'S he on wiste, 1 736. — 2) food, subsistence, booty : dat. sg. ta was after wiste w6p up i-hafen (a cry was then uplifted after the meal, i.e. Grendel's meal of thirty men), 128. ^■wist-fyllo, St. f., fulness or fill of food, rich meal: gen. sg. wist-fylle, 73S- wit, St. II., (wit), understanding : nom. Sg., 590. — Comp. : fyr-, in- wit. ge-wit, st, n. i i) cop-scioustiess : dat. sg. ge-weold his ge-witte, 2704. — 2) heart, breast : dat. sg. f Jr unswiSor weoU (the fire surged less strongly from the dragon's breast), 2883. w^it, pers. pron. dual of we, we two, 535. 537. 539. 54°, 544. "87. etc. See unc, uncer. wita, weota, w. m., counsellor, royal adviser ; 'pi., the kin^s coun- cil of nobles : nom. pi. witan, 779; gen. pi. witena, 157, 266, 937; weotena, 1099 Comp. ; fyrn-, rfln-wita. witan, pret.-pres. v., io wot, know : i) w. depend, clause: pres. sg. I., III. wat, 1332, 2657; ic on Hige- Mce wit J)at he . . . (J know as to H., that he . . .), 1831; so, god wSt on mec hat , . . {God knows of me, that . . .), 2651 ; sg. II. J.u wdst, 272; weak pret. sg. I., III. wiste, 822; wisse, 2340, 2726; pi. . wiston, 799, 1605 ; subj. pres. I. gif ic wiste, 2520. — 2) w. ace. and inf.: pres. sg. I. ic wSt, 1864, — 3) w. object, predicative part, or adj. : pret. sg. III. t6 Vis, he win- reced . . . gearwost wisse, fattum fahne, 716; so, 1310; vriste >am ahlascan hilde ge-Jringed, 647. — 4) w. ace, to know: inf. witan, 252, 288 ; pret. sg. wisse, 169 ; wiste his fingrage-weald on graraes grdpum, 765; pi. ll. wisson, 246; wiston, i8i. GLOSSARY. 309 n&t= ne + wilt, I know not : i) ellip- tically with hwilc, indef. pronoun = some or other ; sceaiSa ic nSt hwilc. — 2) w. gen. and depend, clause : nSt he JjSra goda, tat he me on-gean slea, 682. ge-witan, to know, perceive : inf. J>as )je hie gewis-licost ge-witan nieahton, 1351. b e - witiaii. See be- ■weotian. wltlg, adj., wise, sagacious: nom. sg. witig god, 686, 1057 ; witig drihten (God),i555; wittigdrihten, 1842. ge-wittig, adj., conscious: nom. sg- 3095- ge-^tnian, w. v., to chastise, pun- ish : wommum gewitnad (^punished with plagues'), 3074. Tsvic, St. n., dwelling, house : ace. sg. wic, 822, 2590; — often in pi. be- cause houses of nobles were com- plex : dat. wjc^um, 1305,1613,3084; gen. wica, 125, 1126. g e - wtcan, st. v., to soften, give way, yield (htxe chiefly of swords) : pret. sg. ge-wSc, 2578, 2630. wlc-stede, st. m., dwelling-place: nom. sg. 2463; ace. sg. wlc-stede, 2608. wld, adj., jfiflSf, extended: 1) space: ace. sg. neut. ofer \yld water, 2474 ; gen. sg. wldan rices, i860; ace. pi. wtde sKSas, waro&s, 878, 1966. — 2) temporal : ace. sg. wldan feorh (ace. of time), 2015; dat. sg. to wldan feore, 934. wide, adv., widely, afar, 18, 74, 79, 266, 1404, 1589, i960, etc.; wide cfllS {widely, universally, knowii), 2136, 2924 ; so, underne wide, 2914; wide geond eor'San {over the whole earth, widely"), 3100 ; — modifier of superl. : wreccena wide mierost {the most famous of wan- derers, exiles'), 899. — Compar. wldre, 764. ■wld-cflff, adj., widely known, very celebrated: nom. sg. neut., 1257; ace. sg. m. wld-cfl'5ne man (Beo- wulf), • 1490 ; wld-cfl5ne wean, 1992; wid-cfltSes (HruiSgir), 1043. wlde-ferhS, st.m., {long life) , great length of time : ace. sg. as ace. of time : wIde-ferh'S {down to distant times, always), 703, 938; ealne wIde-ferh'S, 1223. ■wld-floga, w. m,, wide-flier (of the dragon) : nom, sg., 2831; ace. sg. wid-flogan, 2347. ■wld-scofen, pret. part., wide-spread'i causing fear far and wide ? 937. wld-weg, St. m., wide way, long journey : ace. pi. wid-wegas, 841, 170s- wif, St. li., wo7iian, lady, wife : nom, sg. freo-llc wIf (Queen Wealh- teow), 616 ; wlf un-h^re (Gren- del's mother), 2121 ; ace. sg. dliht- lice wif (Finn's wife), 1159; instr. sg. mid Yj wife (Hro^gEr's daugh- ter, Freaware), 2029; dat. sg. >am wife (Wealhjieow), 640; gen. sg. wifes (as opposed to man), 1285; gen. pi. wera and wifa, 994. — Comp. : aglsec-, mere-wlf. wif-lufe, w. f., wife-love, love for a wife, woman^s love : nom. pi. wlf- lufan, 2066. ■wig, St. m. : i) war, battle: nom. sg., 23, 1081, 2317, 2873; acc.sg., 686, 1084, 1248 ; dat. sg. wlge, 1338,2630; as instr., 1085; (wigge, MS.), 1657, 1 771 ; gen. sg. wiges, 65, 887, 1269. — ■ 2) valor, warlike prowess : nom. sg. was his mod- sefa manegum ge-c^lSed, wig and wisdom, 350; wig, 1043; wig . . . eafo'S and ellen, 2349 ; gen. sg. wlges, 2324. — Comp. f&'Se-wlg. 310 GLOSSARY. Tvriga, si.ra,, warrior, Jighler : nom. sg., 630; dat. pi. wlgum, 2396; gen. pi. wtgena, 1544, 1560, 3116. — Comp. : asc-, byrn-, g&c-, gii^-, lind-, rand-, scyld-wlga. wigan, St. v., to fight : pres. sg. III. wlge^, 600; inf., 2510. wlgend, pres. -patt., fighter, war- rior : nom. sg., 3100 ; nom. pi. wJgend, 1 126, 1815, 3145; acc.pl. wJgend, 3025 ; gen. pi. wigendra, 429, 900, 1973, 2338.— Comp. g4r- wlgend. MrSg-bealu, st. 11., war-bale, evil con- test : ace. sg., 2047. vrtg-bll, St. n., war-bill, battle-sword: nom. sg., 1608. ■wtg-bord, St. II., war-board or shield : ace. sg., 2340. ■wig-craft, st. m., war-power : ace. sg., 2954. vrtg-craftig, adj., vigorous in fight, strong in war: ace. sg. wlg- eraftigne (of the sword Hrunting), 1812. wig-freca, w. m., war-wolf, legr- hero : ace. sg. wlg-freean, 2497; ■ nom. pi. wtg-frecan, 1213. ■wSg-f ruma, w. m., war-chief or king : nom. sg., 665; ace. sg. wlg- fruman, 2262. wig-geatwe, st. f. pi., war-orna- ments, war -gear: dat. pi. on wlg-geatwum (-getawum, MS.), 368. Wfg-ge-weoriSad, pret. part, war- honored, distinguished in war, 1784. ■wig-gryre, st. m., war-horror or terror : nom. sg., 1285. wlg-hete, St. m., war-hate, hostility : nom. sg., 2I2I. tdg-taeafola, w. m., war head-piece, helmet : aec. sg. wig-heafolan, 2662. — Leo. tvtg-hedp, St. m., war-band : nom. sg-. 447- wig-hryre, st. m., war-ruin, slaugh- ter, carnage : ace. sg., 1620. ■wig-sigor, St. m., war-victory : aec. sg-. 1555- wig-sped, St. f. ?, war-speed, success in war : gen. pi. wtg-spSda, 698. ^vin, St. n., wine: ace. sg., 1 1 63, 1234; instr. w!ne, 1468. wlr, St. n., wire, spiral ornament of -liiire : instr. pi. wtrum, 1032; gen. pi. w!ra, 2414. ■WIS, adj ., wise, experienced, discreet : nom. sg. m. wis (^in his mind, con- scions'), 3095; f. wis, 1928; in w. form, se wisa, 1401, 1699, 2330; ace. sg. Jjone wisan, 1319 ; gen. pi. wlsra, 1414; w. gen. nom. sg. wis wordcwida [wise of speech), 1846. wtsa, w. m., guide, leader: nom. sg. werodes wtsa, 259. — Comp. : brim-, here-, hilde-wlsa. ■wlscte. See ■w^scan. ■wi8-d9in, St. m., wisdom, experi- ence : nom. sg., 350; instr. sg. wls- dome, i960. wise, w. f., fashion, wise, custom .- aec. sg. (instr.) ealde wlsan (after ancient custom), 1866. ■wis-fast, adj., ibise, sagacious (sa- pientii firmus) : nom. sg. f., 627. wis-hycgende, pres. part, wise- thinking, wise, 2717. ■wlsian, w. v., to guide or lead to, direct, point out : l) w. aec. r inf. hean wong wlsian, 2410; pret. sg. secg wlsade land-gemyrcu, 208. — 2) w. dat. : pres. sg. I. ic e6w wlsige (/ shall guide you), 292, 3104; pret sg. se Jiaem hea^o- rincum hider wlsade, 370; sona him sele-Jiegn . . . Tor's wlsade {the hall-thane led him thither forth- with, i.e. to his couch), 1796; stlg GLOSSARY. 311 wlsode gumum at-gadere, 320; so, 1664. — 3) w. prep.? : pret. sg. H secg wlsode under Heorotes hrof {when the warrior showed them the way under Heorot's roof, [but under H.'s hrof depends rather on snyredon atsomne]), 402. witan, St. v., properly to look at ; to look at with censure, to blame, re- proach, accuse, w. dat. of pers. and ace. of thing: inf. for-))am me witan ne ))earf waldend lira mor- &r-bealo niSga, 2742. at-wttan, to blame, censure (cf. 'twit), w. ace. of thing: pret.pl. at-witon weSna dsel, 1151. ge-witan, properly spectare ali- quo ; to go (most general verb of motion) : 1) with inf. after verbs of motion : pret. sg. J^anon eft ge- wSt . t . to hSm faran, 1 23 ; so, 2570; pi. Jjanon eft gewiton . . . mearum ridan, 854. Sometimes with reflex, dat. : pres. sg. him )>%. Scyld ge-wlt . . . fSran on frean ware, 26; gewat him . . . ridan, 234; so, 1964; pi. ge-witon, 301. — 2) associated with general infin- itives of motion and aim : imper. pK ge-wlta'5 forS beran wspen and gewEedu, 291; pret. sg. ge-w3t >S nedsian hean hiises, 115; he J>d fig ge-wat . . . man-dream fleon, 1264; nySer eft gewSt dennes nio- sian, 3045; so, 1275, 2402, 2820. So, with reflex, dat. : him eft ge- wSt . . . hSmes nidsan, 2388; _ so, 2950; pl.ge-witon, 1126. — 3) with- out inf. and with prep, or adv. : pres. sg. III. >ser firgen-stream under nassa genipu ni^er ge-wite^, 1361 ; ge-wIte'S on sealman, 2461 ; inf. on flodes seht feor ge-witan, 42 ; pret. sg. ge-wit, 217; him ge- wat, 1237, 1904; of life, ealdre ge-wSt (died), 2472, 2625; fyrst for'S ge-wSt {time went on), 2io; him ge-wdt Qt of healle, 663 ; ge- vvSthimhSm, 1602; pret.part.dat. sg.. me for'iS ge-witenum {me de- fuizcto, I dead), 1480. 6 IS- wi tan, to blame, censure, re- proach : inf. ne Jiorfte him )>S lean olS-wttan man on middan-gearde, 2996. wlanc, wlonc, adj., proud, exult- ing : nom. sg. wlanc, 341 ; w. instr. Eese wlanc '{proud of, extilling in, her prey, meal), 1333; wlonc, 331; w. gen. mS'Sm-sehta wlonc {proud of the treasures), 2834; gen. sg. wlonces, 2954. — Comp. gold-wlanc. Wiatian, w. v., to look or ga%e out, forth : pret. sg. se )>e Eer . . . feor wlStode, 191 7. wlenco, St. f., pride, heroism : dat. sg.wlenco, 338, 1207 ; wlence, 508. ■wllte, St. TO.., form, noble form, look, beauty : nom. sg., 250. ■wlite-beorht, adj., beauteous^ bril- liant in aspect: ace. sg. wlite- beorhtne wang, 93. ■wllte-se6ii, st. n., sight, spectacle: ace. sg., 165 1. wlitig, adj., beautiful, glorious, fair in form : ace. sg. wlitig (sweord), 1663. wlJtan, St. v., to see, look, gaze : pret. sg. he after recede wlit {looked along the hall), 1 5 73; pret. pi. on holm wliton {looked on the sea), 1593; wlitan on WiglSf, 2853. geond-wlltan, w. ace, to exam- ine, look through, scan : inf. wrate giond-wlitan, 2772. woh - Itjogen, pret. part., {bent crooked), crooked, twisted: nom. sg. wyrm woh-bogen, 2828. wolceu, St. n., cloud {ci. welkin); 312 GLOSSARY. dat. pi. under vvolcnum {under the clouds, on earili), 8, 652, 715, 1771 ; to wolcnum, 1 1 20, 1375. woUeii-teAr, adj., lear-Jlowing, with flowing tears : nom. pi. wollen- teare, 3033. worn. See warn. "won. See \van. wore. See weorc. "word, St. n. : l) word, speech : nom. sg., 2818; ace. sg. |jat word, 655, 2047; word, 315, 341, 390, 871, 2552; inst;:. sg.worde, 2157; gen. sg. wordes, 2792; nom. pi. )>% word, 640; word, 613; ace. pi. word (of an alliterative song), 871; instr.pl. wordum, 176, 366, 627, 875, iioi, 1 173, 1 194, 1319, 1812, etc.; ge-saga him wordum {tell them in words, expressly), 388. The instr. wordum accom- panies biddan, I'ancian, be-wag- nan, secgan, h§rgan, to empha- size the verb, 176, 627, 1194, 2796, 3177; gen. pi. worda, 289, 398, 2247, 2263 (?), 3031. — 2) com- viand, order ■ gen. sg. his wordes geweald habban {to rule, reign), 79; so, instr. pi. wordum weold, 30. — Comp. : bedt-, gylp-, meiSel-, ijry'S-word. word-cwide, st. m., {word-utter- ance), speech : ace. pi. word-cwy- das, 1842; dat. pi. word-cwydum, 2754; gen. pi. word-cwida, 1846. ■word-gid, st. n., speech, saying: ace. sg. word-gyd, 3174. word-hord, st. n., word-hoard, treasury of speech, mouth : ace. sg. word-hord on-leac {unlocked his word-hoard, opened his mouth, spoke), 259. word-viht, st. m., right speech, suit- able word : gen. pi. Wiglif mat5e- lode word-rihla fela, 2632." worff-mynd. See weor9-mynd. worfflg (for Tvcorfflg), st. m., pal- ace, estate, court: ace. sg. on wor- ^ig {into the palace), 1973. worn, St. n., multitude, number: ace. sg. worn eall {very many), 3095; wintra worn {many years), 264 ; ))onne he wintrum frod worn ge-munde {when he old in years thought of their number), 21 15. Used with fela to strengthen the meaning : nom. ace. sg. worn fela, 1 784 ; hwat J)u worn fela . . . sprcece {how very much thou hast spoken I) , 530; so, eal-fela eald-gesegena worn, 871; gen. pi. worna fela, 2004, 2543. w^oruld, ^vorold, st. f., humanity, world, earth : nom. sg. eal worold, 1739; ace. sg. in worold (wacan) {to be born, come into themworld) , 5o; worold oflsEtan, of-gifan {die), 1 1 84, 1 682 ; gen. sg. worolde, 95 1 , 1081, 1388, 1733; worulde, 2344; his worulde ge-d^l {his separation from the world, death), 3069; worolde brftcan {to enjoy life, live), 1063; worlde, 2712. worold-&r, st. f., worldly honor or dignity: ace. sg. worold-Sre, 17. woruld-candel, st. f., world-candle, sun: nom. sg., 1966. worold-cyning, st. m., world-king, mighty king: nom. sg., 3182; gen. pi. worold-cyninga, 1685. woruld-ende, st. m., world's end: ace. sg., 3084. ^vo^o^d-^8eden, st. f., tisual course, fate of the world, customary fate : dat. sg. worold-rasdenne, 1 143. ■wOp, St. m., {whoop), cry of grief, latnent : nom. sg., 128; ace. sg. w8p, 786; instr. sg. w8pe, 3147. ■wraoiijSt. i., persecution, vengeance, revenge : nom. sg. wracu (MS. GLOSSARY. 313 uncertain), 2614; ace. sg. vvrace, 2337. — Comp. : gyrn-, njd-wracu. ■wraffu, St. f., protection, safety ; in comp. llf-wra^u. wrSiS, adj., "wroth, furious, hostile : ace. sg. neut. wr^'S, 319; dat. sg. wrS^um, 661, 709; gen. pi. wrd- •Sra, 1620. wr&'Se, adv., contemptibly, disgrace- fully, 2873. wraiS-llce, adv., wrathfully, hos- tilely (in battle), 3063. wr3.sn, st. f ., circlet of gold for the head, diadem, crown : in comp. frea-wrSsn. wrac-l&st, St. m., exile-step, exile, banishment: ace. sg. wiac-lSstas trad {trod exile-steps, wandered in exile), 1 35 3. wrac-macg, st. m., exile, outcast : nom. pi. wrac-macgas, 2380. wrac-slff, St. m., exile-journey, ban- ishment, exile, persecution : ace. • sg., 2293; dat. sg. -slSum, 338. wrat, St. f., ornament, jewel ; ace. pi. wrate (viToeee, MS.), 2772, ■ 3061; instr. pi. wrattum, 1532; gen. pi. wratta, 2414. w'rat-llc, adj.; i) artistic, orna- mental; valuable: ace. sg. wrat- licne wundor - mSOTum, 2174; wrat-lic waeg-sweord, 1490; wlg- bord wrat-lic, 2340. — 2) . won- drous, strange: ace. sg. wrat-llene vi^rm [from its rings or spots?], S92; wlite-seon wrat-lte, 1651. wraec, st, f., persecution ; hence, wretchedness, misery : nom. sg., 170; ace. sg. wrsee, 3079. wrecan, st. v. w. ace. : i) to press, force : pret. part, hoar was Ongen- Jieo ... on bid wrecen, 2963. — 2) to drive out, expel: pret. sg. ferh ellen wrac, 2707. — 3) to ■zoreak ur utter : gid, spel wrecan (Jo utter words or songs) ; subj. pres. sg. III. he gyd wrece, 2447; inf. wrecan spel ge-r^de, 874; word- gyd wrecan, 3174; pret. sg. gyd after write, 2155; jares. part. J)S wiis . . . gid wrecen, 1066. — 4) to avenge, ptmish : subj. pres. bat he his frednd wrece, 1386; inf. wolde hire maag wrecan, 1340; so, 1279, 1547; pres. part, wrecend {an avenger),- 1257; pret. sg. wrac Wedera ni5, 423; so, 1334, 1670. S-wrecan, to tell, recount: pret. sg. ic J>is gid be be S-wrac {I have told this tale for thee), 1725; so, 2109. for-wrecan,w. ace, to drive away, expel ; carry away : inf. \>^ las him ySa })rym wudu wyn-suman for-wrecan meahte (lest the force of the waves might carry away the winsome ship), 1920; pret. sg. he hine feor for-wr^c . . . man-cynne fram, 109. ge-wrecan, w. ace, to avenge, wreak vengeance upon, punish : pret. sg. ge-wrac, 107, 2006; he ge-wrac (i.e. hit, this) cealdum cear-siSum, 2396; he hine sylfne ge-wrac (avenged himself), 2876; pi. ge-wrsecan, 2480; pret. part, ge-wrecen, 3063. wrecca, w. m., (wretch), exile, ad- venturer, wandering soldier, hero: nora.sg. wrecca (Hengest), 1138; gen. pi. wreccena wide meerost (Sigemund), 899. \VT^o'Sea-'\alt,^A]-,wreathen-hilted, with twisted hilt : nom. sg., 1699. wridian, w. v., to flourish, spring up : pret. sg. III. wridaB, 1742. ■wriiSfa, w. m., band : in comp. beag- wri'Sa {bracelet), 2019. wrix], St. n., exchange, change : instr. Sg. wyrsan wrixle {in a worse 314 •GLOSSARY. way, with a worse exchange), 2970. ge-wrixle, st. u., exchange, ar- rangement, bargain : nom. sg. ne .was ))at ge-wrixle til (it was not a good arrangement, trade), 1 305. 'wrixlan, w. v., to exchange: inf. wordum wrixlan (to exchange words, converse), 366; 875 (tell). ■wriSTan, st. v. w. ace. : i) to Hnd, fasten, wreathe together : inf. ic hine (him, MS.) ... on wal-bedde wriSan Jjohte, 965. — 2) to bind up (a wounded person, a wound) : pret. pi. \>3. woeron monige he his ma^g wriSon, 2983. See hand- gewriffen. ■WTitan, St. v., to incise, engrave': I^ret. part, on Jiam (hilte) was or writen fyrn-gewinnes (on which was engraved the origin of an ancient struggle) , 1689. for-writan, to cut to pieces or in two : pret. sg. for- writ Wedra helm wyrm on middan, 2706. wr9ht, st. f., blame, accusation, crime; here strife, contest, hostility: noni. sg., 2288, 2474, 2914. fvudu, St. m., wood: i) material, timber: nom. pi. wudu, 1365; hence, the wooden spear : ace. pi. wudu, 398. • — 2) forest, wood: ace. sg. wudu, 141 7. — 3) wooden ship : nom. sg. 298; ace. sg. wudu, 216, 1920. — Comp. : bxl-, bord-, gamen-, heal-, holt-, magen-, bee-, sund-, t>rec-wudu. ■wudu-rec, st. m., wood-reek or smoke: nom. sg., 3145.- wuldor, St. m., glory : nom. sg. kyninga wuldor (God), 666; gen. sg. wuldres wealdend, 17, 183, 1 753 ; wuldres hyrde, 932, (desig- nations of God). •vf\3L\A.ov-cymTi,%,%i.'ca., king of glory. God: dat. sg. wuldur-cyninge, 2796. Tvuldor-torht, adj., glory- bright, brilliant, clear : nom. pi. wuldor- torhtan weder, 1137. wul^ St. m., wolf: ace. sg., 3028. wulf-hliff, St. n., wolf-slope, wolfs retreat, slope whereunder wolves house: ace. pi. wulf-hleo^u, 1359. wund, St. f,, wound: nom. sg., 2712, 2977; ace. sg. wunde, 2532, 2907 ; dat. Sg. wunde, 2726 ; instr. pi. wundum, II 14, 2831, 2938. — Comp. feorh-wund. Vfund, adj., wounded, sore: nom. sg-, 2747; dat. sg. wundum, 2754; nom. pi. wunde, 565, 1076. %vunden-feax, adj., curly-haired (of a horse's mane) : nom. sg., 1401. wunden-heals, adj., with twisted or curved neck 01 prow : nom. sg. wudu wunden-hals (the' ship), 298. WTinden-heorde ?, curly-haired ? : nom. sg. f., 3153. ^vunden-msel, adj., damascened, etched, with wavy ornaments(l) : nom. sg. neut., 1532 (of a sword). wunden-stefnajW. m.,c'urved prow, ship : nom. sg., 220. wundor, st. n. : i) wonder, wonder- work: nom. sg., 772,1725; wundur, 3063; ace. sg. wundor, 841; wun- der, 932; wundur, 2760, 3o83(?), 3104; dat. sg. wundre, 932; inbtr. pi. wundrum (wondrously), 1453, 2688; gen. pi. wundra, 1608. — 2) portent, monster : gen. pi. wun- dra, 1510. — Comp.: hand-, nIS-, searo-wundor. wundor-bebod, st. n., wondrotcs command, strange order : instr, pi. -bebodum, 1748. wundor-dedS, st. ni., wonder-death, strange death : instr." sg. wundor deaSe, 3038. wundor-fiit, st. i.., wonder-vat. VN GLOSSARY. 315 strange vessel: dat.pl. of wundor- fatum (^from wondrous vessels), 1 163. wundor-lic, adj., wonderlike, re- markable: nom. sg., 1441. wundor-m&S'S'uni, st. m., wonder- jewel, wonderful treasure : ace. sg., 2174. xi!\xTaAov-savTS5,^'i.ra..,wonder-smith, skilled smith, worker of marvellous things: gen. pi. wundor-smKSa ge- weorc (the ancient giant's sword), 1682. Tmndor - Be6ii, st. f., wondrous sight : gen. pi. wunder-siona, 996. wunlan, w. v. : i) to stand, exist, remain : pres. sg. III. J>enden >£er wuna'S on heah-stede hftsa sglest {as long as the best of houses stands there on the high place), 284 ; wuna^he onwiste (Jives inplenty), 1736; inf. on sele wunian {to re- main in the hall), 3129; pret. sg. wunode mid Finne {remained with K), 1129. — 2) w. ace. or daX., to dwell in, to inhabit, to possess : pres. sg. III. wunaS wal-reste {holds his death-bed), 2903; inf. water-egesan wunian, cealde streamas, 1261 wieum wunian, 3084; w. prep, pres. sg. HigelSc >jer at Mm wu na'5, 1924. ge-wunian, w. ace. : i) to inhabit: inf. ge-[wuman], 2276. — 2) to rernain with, stand by : subj. pres. J>at hine on ylde eft ge.:wunigen •wil-ge-sJ6as, 22. w^urffan. See -weorffan. wuton, V. from witan, used as interj., let us go t up I w. inf. : wutun gangan t6 {let -us go to him !), 2649; u t o n hra'Se fSran ! 1391 j uton nu Sfstan, 3102. wylf, St. f., she-'wolf: in comp. brim-wylf. ■wylm, St. m., sttrge, surf, billow: nom. sg. fl6des wylm, 1765 ; dat. wintres wylme {with winter's flood), 516; ace. sg. Jjurh wateres wylm, 1694; ace. pi. heortan wyl- mas, 2508. — Comp. : breost-, brim-, byrne-, cear-, fyr-, hea'So-, holm-, see-, sorh-wylm. See Ttralm. wyn, St. f., pleasantness, pleasure, joy, enjoyment : ace. sg. mseste . . . worolde Wynne {the highest earthly joy), 1081; eor&n Wynne {earth- joy, the delightful earth), 1731 ; heofenes wynne {heaven's joy, the rising sun), 1802; hearpan wynne {harp -joy, the pleasant harp), 2108; J>at he . . . ge-drogen hafde eorSan wynne {that he had had his earthly joy), 2728 ; dat. sg. weorod was on wynne, 201 5 ; instr. pi. magenes wynnum {in joy of ■ strength), 1717; so, 1888.— Comp. : &^el-, hord-, llf-, lyft-, symbel-wyn. ■wyn-leds, adj., joyless : ace. sg. wyn-leasne wudu, 1417; wyn-leas .wic, 822. ■wyn-sum, adj., winsome, pleasant : , ace. sg. wudu wyn-suman {the ship), 1920; nom. pi. wordwceron \17n-sume, 613. ■wyrcan, v. irreg. : 1) to do, effect, w. ace. : inf. (wundor) wyrcan, 931. — 2) to make, create, w. ace. : pret. sg. >at se al-mihtiga eoriSan worh[te], 92; swd hine {the hel- met) worhte waepna smilS, 1453. — 3) to gain, win, acquire, w. gen. : subj. pres. wyree, se \>e m6te, domes ser dea'Se, 1388. be-wyrean, to gird, surround: pret. pi. bronda betost wealle be- worhton, 3163. ge-wyrcan: l) intrans., to act, be- have : inf. swS sceal geong guma gode gewyrcean ... on fader wine, 316 GLOSSARY. Jiat . . . (« young man shall so act ■with benefits towards his father's friends that. . .), 20. — 2) w. ace, to do, make, effect, perform : inf. lie meahte ic at hilde mid Hrun- tinge wiht ge-wyrcan, 1661 ; sweorde ne meahte on Jiam aglse- can . . . wunde ge-wyrcean, 2907 ; pret. sg. ge-vvorhte, 636, 1579, 2713; pret.' part. ace. ic Jid ledde wSt . . . faste ge-worhte. 1865. — 3) to make, construct : inf. (medo- arn) ge-wyrcean, 69; (wig-bord) ge-w-yrcean, 2338 ; (hlsew) ge- wyrcean, 2803; pret. pi. II. ge- worhton, 3097; III. ge-worhton, 3158; pret. part, ge-worht, 1697. — 4) to win, acquire : pres. sg. ic me mid Hruntinge dom ge-wyrce, 1492. Wyrcl, St. f., Weird (one of the Norns, guide of human destiity; mostly weakened down = fate, providence') : nom. sg., 455, 477, 572. 735. '206, 2421, 2527, 2575, 2815; ace. sg. wyrd, 1057, 1234; gen. pi. wyrda, 3031. (Cf. Weird Sisters of Macbeth.) wyrdan, w. v., to ruin, kill, de- stroy: pret. sg. he t6 lange ledde mine wanode and wyrde, 1338. ft- wyrd an, w. v., to destroy, kill: pret. part. : a^eling monig wun- dum S-wyrded, 11 14. wyrffe, adj., noble; worthy, honored, valued: ace. sg. m, wyrSne (ge- don) (Jo esteem worthy), 2186 ; nom. pl.wyr^'e, 368; compar. nom. sg. rices wyrlSra (worthier of rule), 862. — Comp. fyrd-wyrlSe. See ■weorlS. wyrgen, st, f., throttler [cf. sphinx], she-wolf; in comp, grund-wyr- gen. ge-wyrbt, st. n., work ; desert : in comp. eald-gewyrht, 2658. ■wyrm, st. m., worm, dragon, drake : nom. sg., 898, 2288, 2344, 2568, 2630, 2670, 2746, 2828; ace. sg. wyrm, 887, 892, 2706, 3040, 3133; dat; sg. wyrme, 2308, 2520; gen. wyrmes, 2317, 2349, 2760, 2772, 2903; acc.pl. wyrmas, 1431. ■wynm-cyn, st. m., worm-kin, race of reptiles, dragons : gen. sg. wyrm- cynnes fela, 1426. wyrm-fah, adj., dragon-ornament- ed, snake - adorned (ornamented with figures of dragons, snakes, etc. : cf. Dietrich in Germania X., 278) : nom. sg. sweord . . . wreo- •Sen-hilt and wyrm-fSh, 1 699. ■wyrm-liord, st. n., dragon-hoard : gen. pi. wyrm-horda, 2223. for-wyrnan, w. v., to refuse, re- ject: subj. pres. XI. t>at (ju me n6 for-wyrne, Jjat . . . (that thou re- fuse me not that . . .), 429; pret. sg. he ne for-wyrnde worold-rae- denue, 1143. ge-wyrpan, w. v. reflex., to raise one's self, spring up : pret. sg. he . hyne ge-wyrpte, 2977. wyrpe, st. m., change : ace. sg. after wea-spelle wyrpe ge-fremman (after the woe-spell to bring about a change of things), 1316. wyrsa, compar. adj., worse : ace. sg. neut. yHi wyrse, 1740; instr. sg. wyrsan wrixle, 2970; gen. sg. wyrsan ge>inges, 525; nom. ace. pi. wyrsan wig-frecan, 1213, 2497. wyrt, St. f., \_-wor(\, root: instr. pi. wudu wyrtum fast, 1365. ■w^scan, w. v., to wish, desire : pret. sg. wiscte (rihde, MS.) J>as yldan (wished to delay that or for this reason), 2240. GLOSSARY. 317 yfel, St. n., evil : gen. pi. yfla, 2095. yldan, w. v., io delay, put off: inf. ne {lat se aglasca yldan hShte, 740; weard wine-geomor wlscte Jias yl- dan, J>at he lytel fac long-gestrefina brflcan mdste, 2240. ylde, St. m. pi., men : dat. pi. yldum.s 77, 706, 21 18; gen. pi. ylda, 150, 606, 1662. See elde. yldest. See eald. yldo, St. f., age {senectus), old age: nom. sg., 1737, 1887; atol yldo, 1 767 ; dat. sg. on ylde, 22. — 2) age (aeias), time, era : gen. sg. yldo beam, 70. See eldo. yldra. See eald. ylf, St. n., elf {incubus, alp') : nom. pi. ylfe, 112. ymb, prep. w. ace. : I ) local, around, about, at, upon : ymb hine {around, with, him'), 399. With prep, post- poned : hine ymb, 690; ymb bront- ne ford {around the seas, on the high sea), 568; ymb )>S gif-healle {around the gifl-hall, throne-halt), 839; ymb })as helmes hrof {around the helmes roof, crown), 1031. — 2) temporal, about, after: ymb Sn- tid oiSres dogores {about the same time the next day), 219; ymb S.ne niht {after a night), 135. — -3) causal, about, on account of, for, owing to : (frinan) ymb Knne sI5 {on account of, concerning'', thy journey), 353; hwat >u . . . ymb Brecan spraece {hast spoken about .e.), 531; 50,1596,3174; nSymb his lif ceara^ {careth not for his life), 1537; so, 450; ymb feorh sacan, 439; sundor-nytte beheold ymb aldor Dena, 669; ymb sund {about the swimming, the prize for swimming), 507, ymbe, I. prep. w. ace. = ymb: i) local, 2884, 31 71; hlaew oft ymbe hwearf (prep. . postponed), 2297. 2) causal, 2071, 2619. — II. adv., around : him . . . ymbe, 2598. ymb-sittend, pres. part., neighbor : gen. pi. ymb-sittendra, 9. ymbe-sittend, the same: nom. pi. ymbe-sittend, 1828; gen. pi: ymbe-sittendra, 2735. yppe, w. f., high seat, dais, throne : dat. sg. eode . . . t8 yppan, 1816. yrfe, st. n., bequest, legacy : nom. sg., 3052. yrfe-lS-f, st. f., sword left as a be- quest : ace. sg. yrfe-l^fe, 1054; instr. sg. yrfe-lSfe, 1904. yrfe-weard, st. m., heir, son : nom. sg., 2732; gen. sg. yrfe-weardes, 2454. yrmlSFo, st. f,, misery, shame, wretch- edness : ace. sg. yrmlSe, 1260, 2006. yrre, st. m., anger, ire, excitement : ace. sg. godes yrre, 712; dat. sg. on yrre, 2093. yrre, adj., angry, irate, furiotis : nom. sg. yrre oretta (Beowulf), 1533; J^egnyrre (the same), 1576; gast yrre (Gvendel), 2074; nom. pi. yrre, 770. See eorre. yrrlnga, adv., angrily, fiercely, 1566, 2965. yrre-mdd, adj., wrathful-minded, wild : nom. sg., 727. ys, he is. See wesan. yS (O.H.G. unda), st. f., wave; sea: nom. pi. ^Sa, 548; ace. pi. J&, 46,1133,1910; dat. pi. yiSum, 210, 421, 534, 1438, 1908; ^5um weal- Ian {to surge ivith waves), 515, 2694; gen.pl. JSa, 464, S49, 1209, 318. GLOSSARY. 1470, 1919. — Comp: flod-, llg-, ■wSiei-flS. fSaa, w. v., lo ravage, devastate, de- stroy : pret. sg. ^'Sde eotena cyn, 421 (cf. ItSende = depopulating, Bosworth, from jElfric's Glossary; pret. ytSde, Wanderer, 85). ^ae. See e4Se. ^ffe-Uce, adv., easily: ^'Se-lice he eft S-stod (Jie easily arose after- wards), 1557. • yff-gebland, st. a., mingling or surging waters, water - tumult : nova. sg. -geblond, 1374, 1594; nom. pi. -gebland, 1 621. ^'ff-geTvln, St. ii., strife with the sea, wave-struggle, rushing of water : dat. sg. J'S-gewinne, 2413; gen. sg. -gewinnes, 1435. ^ff-lad, St. f., water-journey, sea- voyage : nom. pi. ^"5-lSde, 228. ^ff-iaf, St. f., water-leaving, what is left by the water {undarum reli- quiae'), shore : dat. sg. be ^IJ-life, 566. ^ff-lida, w. ra.,wave-traverser, ship: ace. sg. J'5-lidan, 198. ^3'-naca, w. m., sea-boat: ace. sg. [yS-]nacan, 1904. ^ff-ges6iie. See eff-ges^ne. ^wan, w. V. w. ace, to show : pret. sg. an-sjn ^wde {showed itself, ap- peared), 2835. See eAwan, c6- wan. ge-^wan, w. ace. of thing, dat. of pars., to lay before, offer: inf., 2150. GLOSSARY TO FINNSBURH. d/brecan, st. v., to shatter : part, his byrne Sbrocen wsere (Jiis byrne was shattered). 3,nyiuaii, st. v., to take, take away. bSin-helin, st. m., bone-helmet ; skull, [shield, Bosw.]. buruh-}>elu, st. f., castle-floor. celod, part, (adj.?), i4f/;/f<^, i.e. boat- shaped or hollow. daglan, w. v., to dawn : ne ]>\s ne dagialS eastan (this is tiot dawning from the east). de6r-in5d, adj., brave in mood: de6r-m8d bale's. driht-gesl3?, st. m., companion, associate. edstan, i\.yrl, SiA]., pierced, cloven. undearninga, adv., without con- cealment, openly. wandrlan, w. v., to fly abottt, hover : pret. sg. hrafn wandrode {the raven hovered). walSTol, St. m., the full moon [Grein] ; [adj., wandering, Bosw.]. ■wal-sliht (-sleaht), st. m., combat, deadly struggle : gen. pi. wal- slihta gehlyu {the din of combats). ■wea.-dsed, st. f., deed of woe : nom. pi. SrisaiS wea-dteda. ^vitian (weotian), w. v., to appoint, determine : part, l^e is . . . witod. wuvSlice ( weorSlice) , adv., zvor- thily, gallantly: compar. wur^-licor. English Literature. {For explanation of prices, see first inside page of cover ^ Arnold's English Literature. Historical and Critical : With an Appendix on English Metres, and summaries of the different literary periods. By Thomas Arnold, M.A.j ^ of University College, Oxford. American edition. Revised. i2mo. Cloth. 558 pages. Mailing price, $i.(>i ; Introduction (with or without pamphlet), ^1.30. Exchange, 75 cts. The Anglo-Saxon and Norman Periods have just been republished, from the fourth revised English edition, and can be furnished in paper binding. Mailing price, 30 cts. ; Introduction price, 24 cts. The high esteem' in which the great teacher and author. Dr. Arnold, is held by the educational profession in America ought to predispose us to a cordial reception of any book written by his son. Thomas Arnold inherits with his father's name the sympathetic regard of thousands. He is well known as a scholar and as the author of several excellent books, among which is the notable work entitled " From Chaucer to Wordsworth,'' which ranks very high amongessays in literary criticism. The topics of the Historical chapters of his English Literature are as follows : .Anglo-Saxon and Norman Period ; Early English Period; Revival of Learning; Elizabethan Period ; Civil War Period ; Eighteenth Century ; Modern Times. The first chapter of the crit- ical section relates to poetical compositions ; the second chapter to prose writings. A distinguished English educator says: " In the Historical por- tion of the book I know not which to admire most, the happy art with which the dry facts of dates and names are woven into lucid, readac 'e paragraphs, full of instruction, or the easy intelligence with which the leading characteristics of the more important writers are brought before the reader. In the Critical section the author is still more at home. The various styles of prose and verse are fully de- GINN, HEATH, &• CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. scribed ; and this section, as well as the Historical, is illustrated by hundreds of well-chosen quotations. In an Appendix, a very useful account of English Metres is given, a subject I do not remember seeing treated with the same fulness in any other book of the kind.''" Mr. Arnold has selected and arranged his material with system and symmetry. Only the most important facts about authors and books are stated. Minor writers are jiot mentioned. Reasonable expansion is rightly given to such topics as Chaucer, Spenser, Bacon, and Shakespeare. The student of this manual will receive just impressions of the relative value of names and books, as well as po- litical and religious influences. Indeed, the adjustment and arrange- ment of material is managed with wonderful dexterity and analytic clearness. T. H. Kimpton, Prof, of Eng. Lit., Boston Univ. : I consider it tlie best book for class use that has yet been issued. B. H. Griffln, Pmf of Eng. Lit., Williams Coll. : I introduced it here several years ago, iTiinking, after a care- ful examination of tlie various text- books, lliat it was, on the whole, the best. This is still my opinion. M. H. Eichards, Prof of Eng. Lit., Muhlcnburgh Coll., Pa. : I have used it and am well satisfied with the' results. I do not know of any Manual that is better for the length of tijne which we have to devote to the sub- ject, or which ■ more clearly presents and more judiciously selects for presen- tation its subject-matter. E. N. Potter, Prcs. of Union Coll. : The book abounds in striking passages of clear, fresh, and original thought upon a hackneyed subject. J. Isham Bliss, Prof, of Rhet., Univ. of Vermont: I know of no Manual of English Literature so useful as a text-book for College classes. H.. H. Morgan, Prin. of High Sch., St. Louis: I should most fully recommend it to any one whose interest in literature was that of the student ; for he would find much which could otherwise be obtained only by extensive reading. Recognizing the res{3onsibili- tics of the historian, the author has not written before he has acquainted him- self at first hantl with his subjects. B. L. Ilurd, Pres. of Blackburn Univ.. Afiur testing it in this Univer- sity for tsvo years, I know no other book which so nearly meets the want. T. O. Lowe, B.A., Prin. of Hamstcad Hill Sch., Birmingham, Eng.: For cleariiess of exposition, simplicity of arrangement, and fulness of information, it ought to be specially recommended to students. John M. BUis, Prof, of Eng. Lit., Obcrlin Coll., Ohio : An excellent trea- tise and well adapted for the use of classes in High schools and colleges. I believe the book is doing, and will do, much to promote this important study. D. S. Stephens, Prof.of Eng. Lit., Adrian Coll., Mich. : It is still in use here, and gives good satisfaction. {March 7, 1882.} ENGLISH LITERATURE. The following Colleges are already using the book : Yale College, New Haven, Conn. Amherst College, Mass. Williams College, Mass. Boston University, Mass. University of Vermont. St. Lawrence University, N.Y. Muhlenburg College, Pa. Franklin and Marshall College, Pa, Ohio Wesleyan University. Otterbein University, Ohio. Bethel College, Ky. Kentucky University, Lexington. University of Missouri. University of Va. Simpson Centenary College, la. Iowa College, Grinnell, la. Chicago University, 111. Blackburn University, 111. Northwestern University, 111. Adrian College, Mich. S.W. Presbyt. Univ., Clarksville, Tenn.; S.W. Baptist Univ., Jackson, Tenn. Also used in numerous High Schools, Normal Schools, and Seminaries. Craik's English of Shakespeare. Illustrated in a Philological Commentary on Julius Caesar. By George L. Craik, Queen's College, Belfast. Edited from the third revised London edition by W. J. RoLFE, Cambridge, Mass. i6mo. Cloth. 386 pages. Mailing price, ^l. 00; Introduction, go cts. In this volume Mr. Craik gives an exposition in regard both to the language or style of Shakespeare, and to the English language generally. He believes the text to be more nearly authentic than any that has yet appeared. The only kind of criticism which this Commentary on the Play attempts, is what is called verbal criticism. Its whole aim, in so far as it relates to the particular work to which it is attached, is, as far as may be done, first, to determine the text ; secondly, to explain what Shakespeare really wrote, and how what he has written is to be read and construed. The Prolegomena treats of — 1 . Shal!espeare''s Personal History. ' 2. Shakespeare'' s Works. * 3. The Sources for the Text of Shakespeare'' s Plays, 4. The Shakespearian Editors and Commentators. 5. The Modern Shakespearian Texts. 6. The Mechanism of English Verse, and the Prosody of the Plays of Shakespeare. 7. Shakespeare''^ fulius Cczsar, 4 GIMN, HEATH, ^ CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. Carpenter's Anglo-Saxon Grammar and Reader. An Introduction to the study of the Anglo-Saxon Language, comprising an Elementary Grammar and carefully graded Selections for Reading, followed by Explanatory Notes and a Vocabulaiy. By Stephen H. Carpenter, late Professor of Rhetoric and English Literature in the University of Wisconsin. i2mo. Cloth. 212 pages. Mailing price, 80 cts.; Introduction, 60 cts. This book is designed rather to prepare the way for more ad- vanced works like those of Dr. March, than to supersede or come into competition with them. The Anglo-Saxon, from its great age, its wonderful continuity of development, and the opportunity afford- ed for illustration by kindred dialects, offei'S a tempting field to the student of Comparative Philology. In order to advantageously cul- tivate this field, a certain amount of preparation is indispensable; and such preparation it is the aim of this book to afford. Carpenter's English of the XIV. Century. Illustrated by Notes, Grammatical and Philological, on Chaucer's Pro- logue and Knight's Tale. By Stephen H. Carpenter, late Professor of Rhetoric and English Literature in the University of Wisconsin. l2mo. Cloth. 313 pages. Mailing price, ^i. 00; Introduction, 90 cts. Prepared with the design of affording the means of a critical study of early English, to a younger class of pupils than have hitherto been able to pursue it profitably ; and, as it is only from a careful study of literature that a thorough acquaintance with a lan- guage can be gained, the work is also intended to serve as an intro- duction to the study of English Literature. F.A.March, Prof, of Anglo-Saxon, Lafayette Coll. : It has a great deal of good work in it. Surely any College or good High School class can read Chaucer with ease and interest from this volume. The Nation : The Notes are the special merit of the book. They are not merely explanatory, but discuss the words at liberal length, telling us in- teresting facts about (he derivation, changes of meaning, historical sugges- tions, and the like, of the words in Chaucer and any of their kindred. There is a great deal of good work in them. There are also frequent expla- nations of obscure idioms and other grammatical matters by references to the Anglo-Saxon. Students who know little literature and less philology, and who will not give their days, much less their nights, to the -study of scientific grammars and dictionaries, may here find plenty of attractive philological matter served up in such a way as to tempt their taste witliout much tasking their patience. 226 ENGLISH LITERATURE. The Glossary to Beowulf, the text of which was pub- lished in July last, will, it is hoped, be ready by April 15. The Academy, London : We are glad to see this additional witness to the interest taken in the study of Anglo- Saxon in America. It contrasts most happily with the apathy here, where all publishers think that "Anglo-Saxon doesn't pay," and would as soon under- take an Urdu library as an Anglo- Saxon one. Yet, surely, a volume of Modern English translations of our best Anglo-Saxon pieces would pay in one of Bohn's libraries. There must be enough students of English litera- ture who desire to know what its earli- est writers thought and said. (March 17, 1883.) Two Shakespeare Examinations. With some Remarks on the " Class-Room Study of Shakespeare." By William Taylor Thom, M.A., Professor of English in HoUins Insti- tute, Va. The aim of this little book is practical, — the book itself being the direct outgrowth of class-room work. The examina- tions were held at HoUins Institute, — in 1881 on Hamlet, in 1882 on Macbeth, — for the annual prize offered by the iVifW Shakspere Society of England. The " Remarks on the Class- Room Study of Shakespeare " are in the nature of an essay on the limitations of teaching and studying Shakespeare in schools, and they contain suggestions of method, as well as some notes on text-books. It is hoped that the book will prove of especial value to teachers who must do their work on Shakespeare within prescribed limits of time, and without advantages of access to good libraries ; and, also, to young persons studying alone. History Topics. Part I. : Dynastic and Territorial History of Ancient and Modsrn Times. Part II. : History of the United States. With an Introduc- tion upon the Topical Method of Instruction in History. By William Francis Allen, A.M., Professor in the University of Wisconsin. ^ S_Ready in July.