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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR 
 BUREAU OF THE CENSUS 
 
 ^ S. N. D. NORTH, DIRECTOR 
 
 SPECIAL REPORTS 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES 
 
 1902 
 
 PREPARED UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF WILLIAM M. STEUART 
 CHIEF STATISTICIAN FOR MANUFACTURES 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
 1905 
 
 \ 
 
/\ '7_oU-]^.>'' 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 
 Letter of transmittal _ _ _ xxix 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 PLAN AND .SCOPK OF IXQUIliY. 
 
 I. Provisions of law 1-3 
 
 II. Development of mining statistics 3-18 
 
 Table 1. — Character of inquiries concerning mines and quarries: 1850 to 1902 4 
 
 Table 2. — Subjects included in Census reports concerning mines and quarries: 1850 to 1902 4, 5 
 
 Table 3. — Mining statistics reported at censuses: 1850 to 1902 6 
 
 Census of 1870 i - - - 6 
 
 Census of 1880 6, 7 
 
 Census of 1890 „ 7-9 
 
 Table 4. — Summary of mineral industries : ] 889 8 
 
 Census of 1902 9 
 
 Mining and manufacturing 9-14 
 
 Special schedules 14, 15 
 
 Expert special agents 15, 16 
 
 Collaboration with the United States Geological Survey 16-18 
 
 III. Difficulties and defects of the enunjcration 18-22 
 
 I\'. (_^ffice and field work 22-24 
 
 V. Classification of minerals 24-.3o 
 
 Percentage of metal contained in ores of economic impijrtance 33-135 
 
 CHAPTER li. 
 
 SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS. 
 
 I. General review of the mining industi-y 36-55 
 
 Table 1.— Summary : 1902 36 
 
 Table 2. — Comparative .'<tatement, quantities and values of minerals: 1902 and 1889 36, 37 
 
 Decreases in 1902 38, 39 
 
 Early development 39, 40 
 
 Rank of the United States in mining 41, 42 
 
 Table 3. — Production of coal, iron ore. copper, lead, gold, and silver in the principal jjroducing countries: 1902. 41 
 
 Increase since 1880 42-44 
 
 Table 4. — Increase in populatiijn and in value of agricultural proilucts, manufactures, and mineral products: 
 
 1880 to 1900 42 
 
 Table 5.— Mineral products: 1892 to 1902 42 
 
 Leading minerals 44 
 
 Table 6. — Summary for leading minerals, and pert-entage each formed of total: 1902 44 
 
 Table 7. — Summary for metallic and nonmetallic products: 1902 44 
 
 Table 8. — Summary for minerals grouped according to character of ores and uses: 1902 4.5 
 
 Table 9. — Percentage each group of minerals forms of total: 1902 48 
 
 Mineral products by states 48-51 
 
 Table 10. — Summary by states and territories: 1902 50 
 
 Table 11. — Rank of states and territories in population, agriculture, manufa^'tures, and mining 50, 51 
 
 Mineral products by geographic divisions 54, 55 
 
 Table 12. — Population, value of agricultural jiroducts, manufactures (gross and net), and mineral products, 
 
 with rank of each, by geographic divisions 55 
 
 II. I)evelopment work 55-57 
 
 Table 13. — Productive and unproductive mines, quarries, and wells: 1902 56 
 
 Table 14. — Development work, l)y states and territories : 1902 ,57 
 
 III. Limitations of the use of census statistics of mining 57, 58 
 
 IV. Number of mines, quarries, and wells 58-60 
 
 Number of producing mines for principal minerals: 1902 and 1889 59 
 
 Table 15. — Number of active and idle mines by classification (if minerals: 1902 60 
 
 (iii) 
 
iv CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 V. Number of operators _ 60-64 
 
 Table 16.— Average number of wage-earners, wages, and value of products i>er operator, for the prmcipal minerals: 
 
 1902 '^0 
 
 Large and small operators 
 
 Table 17.— Number of operators and value of their products, grouped by minerals into classes based on \-alue of 
 
 product: 1902 - ^^ • '^^ 
 
 Table 18.— Number of operators, classed by value of product, with percentage each class is of total : 1902 62, 6.^ 
 
 Table 19. — Number of operators, natural gas and petroleum, classed by value of product: 1902 - 
 
 Table 20.— Natural gas and petroleum, classed by value of product, with percentage each class is of total: 1902 
 
 VI. Character of ownership - 04-/ 
 
 Table 21. — Number of operators and \'alue of product, by character of ownership: 1902 
 
 Table 22.— Per cent distribution, by character of ownership, of number of operators, and value of product for each 
 
 mineral and group of minerals: 1902 
 
 Individual ownership bb, 67 
 
 Firms or partnerships 
 
 Incorporated companies - 
 
 Table 23. — Comparison of statistics for incorporated companies and for all other forms of ownership, by minerals, 
 
 and groups of minerals: 1902 "S-i 
 
 Petroleum - ' " 
 
 Table 24. — Summary for petroleum for incorporated and unincorporated operators: 1902 '- 
 
 I ndustrial combinations 72-74 
 
 Table 25. — Summary for minerals for which industrial combinations are reported: 1902 74 
 
 VII. Capital '. - "-1-89 
 
 Reasons for not securing statistics 74, 7.5 
 
 Capitalization of incorporated companies, by minerals 7.5-80 
 
 Table 26. — Capitalization of incorporated companies, by minerals and groups of minerals: 1902 78,79 
 
 Dividend paying companieg 80-84 
 
 Table 27. — Capitalization of incorporated companies paying either dividends on stock or interest on bonds, 
 
 by minerals: 1902 ". 82,83 
 
 Table 28. — Capital stock of incorporated companies paying dividends on common or preferred stock, by 
 
 minerals: 1902 84 
 
 Common stock 84, 85 
 
 Table 29. — Common stock of incorporated companies paying dividends on such stock: 1902 85 
 
 Table 30. — Capitalization of incorporated companies paying dividends on preferred stock but not on common 
 
 stock : 1902 85 
 
 Preferred stock 1^6 
 
 Tal)Ie 31. — Preferred stock of incorporated companies paying dividends on such stock, by minerals: 1902 86 
 
 Bonds 86 
 
 Table 32. — Bonds of incorporated companies paying interest on bonds, ]>y minerals: 1902 86 
 
 Natural gas and petn jleum 86, 87 
 
 Table 33. — Capitalization of incorporated companies producing natural gas and petroleum and reporting 
 
 capitalization: 1902 87 
 
 Taljle .34. — Capitalization of natural gas and petroleum companies paying dividends or interest on bonds: 
 
 1902 '. 87 
 
 Capitalization of incorporated companies, by states and territories 87-89 
 
 Table 35. — Capitalization of incorporated companies, by states and territories: 1902 gg 89 
 
 VI II. Employees and wages gO_] 01 
 
 Table 36. — Employees by classes: 1902 9^ 
 
 Table 37. — Distribution of wage-earners according to occupations, by minerals and groups of minerals: 1902 92 
 
 Table 38. — Wage-earners, men and boys, by minerals: 1902 gg 
 
 Table 39. — Average number of wage-earners employed during each month: 1902 g^ 
 
 Table 40. — Average number of wage-earners employed during each month, by minerals, in the mining of which 
 
 more than 2,000 were employed : 1902 gg 
 
 Average earnings of wage-earners 95 96 
 
 Wage-earners at speciiied daily rates of pay 96-101 
 
 Table 41. — ^Distribution of wage-earners according to daily rates of pay, by minerals: 1902 96 97 
 
 Table 42. — Average number of wage-earners, and per cent of total number, at specified daily rates of pay. In- 
 occupations : 1902 QQ 
 
 Table 43. — Average number of wage-earners at specified daily rates of ])ay, by states and territories: 1902 100 
 
 Table 44. — Di.stribution of wage-earners according to daily rates of pay, by geographic divisions: 1902 ]01 
 
 IX. Contract ujining and quarrying 101-104 
 
 Table 45. — Comparison of contract miners with all miners, by minerals: 1902 i.y. 
 
 Table 46. — W^ages paid for contract coal mining, and amount paid in allowances, by states and territories: 1902 103 
 
 X. Contract work - - - 104-106 
 
 Table 47. — Comparison of contract work with value of product, by minerals: 1902 _ ,q. 
 
 Table 48. — Contract work at nonproducing mines, by minerals: 1902 I„ , 
 
 XI. Production without employees ^qu ^q-. 
 
 Table 49. — Production without employees, by minerals: 1 902 ' , „» 
 
CONTENTS. V 
 
 Page. 
 XII. Irregular producers 107, 108 
 
 XIII. Time in operation 108-111 
 
 Table 50.— Time in operation: 1902 .' 109, 110 
 
 XIV. Miscellaneous expenses 111-114 
 
 Tal)le 51. — Miscellaneous expenses, by groups of )ninerals and percentage each group is of total : 1902 111 
 
 Royalties and rent 111-114 
 
 Table 52. — Coal, anthracite — number of operators at various rates of royalty: 1902 Ill 
 
 Table 53. — Coal, bituminous — number of operators in each state at various rates of royalty : 1902 112 
 
 XV. Cost of supplies and materials 1 14, 115 
 
 Table .54. — Cost of supplies and materials, and percentage this is of value of product, by minerals and groups of 
 
 minerals: 1902 , 115 
 
 XVI. Power and machinery 115-122 . 
 
 Table 55. — Number of operators reporting use of power and the value of their products compared with totals for 
 
 all operators, by minerals and groups of minerals: 1902 116 
 
 Table 56.— Horsepower: 1870 to 1902 117 
 
 Table 57. — Number of operators reporting the use of the different Ivinds of power, and total horsepower: 1902 118 
 
 Per cent of each kind of power employed in the different groups of minerals: 1902 119 
 
 Per cent of operators reporting power, and per cent of these reporting steam, gas, water, or other power, by groups 
 
 of minerals : 1902 1 19 
 
 Numljer of hoisting and pumping engines employed in gold and silver and copper mining: 1902 120 
 
 Power driven mining and ore dressing machinery 120-122 
 
 XVII. Quantity and value of products 122-126 
 
 Scope of the statistics 122, 123 
 
 Standard of measurement 123 
 
 Table 58. — Production and commercial value of silver ■. 123 
 
 Table 59. — Production of anthracite and bituminous coal 123 
 
 Value of products for 1902 : 124-126 
 
 Value of products for groups of minerals and percentage each is of the total : 1902 124 
 
 Value of products by geographic divisions: 1902 124 
 
 Value per unit of measure 125, 126 
 
 Table 60. — Comparative summary of quantity, value, and average value per unit of measure of products for 
 
 selected minerals: 1902 and 1889 125 
 
 By-products 126 
 
 Abrasive materials and the quantity and value of such materials obtained from quarries included under other 
 
 classifications: 1902 126 
 
 XVIII. Mining operations of governmental institutions 126-129 
 
 Table 61. — Summary, mining operations of governmental institutions: 1902 127 
 
 Table 62. — J\Iines, quarries, and natural gas wells operated by the United States and city or town governments: 1902. ■ 127 
 
 Penal institutions 128 
 
 Table 63. — Mines and quarries operated by penal institutions: 1902 128 
 
 Eleernosynary institutions 128, 129 
 
 Table 64. — Quarries and natural gas wells operated by eleemosynary institutions: 1902 129 
 
 XIX. The verification (A the mining census 129-131 
 
 Comparison with Geological Survey 129-131 
 
 Table 65. — Comparison of minerals and mineral products reported Ijy the Bureau of the Census and the Geo- 
 logical Survey: 1902 _ 129 
 
 Comparison with state reports 131 
 
 Table 66. — Yearly production of coal as reported by United States Census and state offices 131 
 
 XX. Mining and manufacturing 131-135 
 
 Table 67.— Mining and manufactures: 1902 and 1900 132 
 
 Table 68. — Interdependent growth in the mining and manufactures of coal and iron in Alabama and Colorado: 1902 
 
 and 1 889 133 
 
 Taljle 69. — Value of mine and quarry products and manufactures thereof, by geographic divisions 1.34 
 
 Table 70. — Movement of iron ore on the Great Lakes: 1902 134 
 
 Table 71. — Mine and quarry products and the chief manufacturing industries utilizing same 135 
 
 XXI. Exports and imports of minerals 136-143 
 
 Table 72. — Exports of domestic merchandise and products of mines, exclusive of gold and silver and phosphate 
 
 rock: 1889 to 1902 136 
 
 Table 73. — Value of exports of products of mines, including crude mineral oils: 1889 to 1902 136 
 
 Table 74. — ^''alue of production and imports of certain comparable minerals : 1 902 137 
 
 Table 75. — Imports for consumption: 1889 to 1902 140-143 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Electricity in mining. By Thomas Commerford Martin 145-161 
 
 Table 1. — Electric power, by minerals: 1902 _ 145 
 
 Power generation and transmission i46_i49 
 
 Coal cutting machinery 149-151 
 
 Drills 151 
 
 Shot firing 15]^ ]^5o 
 
VI CONTENTS. 
 
 Electricity in mining— Continued. Page. 
 
 Mining traction 1.52-1.5.5 
 
 Telpherage _ - 155 
 
 Hoisting , _ _ 1.55, 156 
 
 Pumping _ - 156,157 
 
 Lighting "^ !"!""' !'!!!! ''..'" - 157-159 
 
 Ventilation - - - l^^ 
 
 Placer mining _ ^'^^' ■'^™ 
 
 Miscellaneous uses of electricity - 1 60, 161 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES BY STATES AND TERRITORIES. 
 
 Introductory statement _ - ^^^ 
 
 Alabama . . " - 166-169 
 
 Arizona 170-172 
 
 Arkansas - 173-176 
 
 California - 177-182 
 
 Colorado :.. 183-188 
 
 Connecticut - - - ■ ■ 189-191 
 
 Delaware - 192, 193 
 
 Florida 194-196 
 
 Georgia 197-202 
 
 Idaho ---- 203-205 
 
 Illinois 206-209 
 
 Indian Territory 210, 211 
 
 Indiana ....- 212-214 
 
 Iowa 215, 216 
 
 Kansas 217-220 
 
 Kentucky , 221-224 
 
 Louisiana 225 
 
 Maine 226-228 
 
 Maryland 229-233 
 
 Massachusetts 234-236 
 
 Michigan 237-240 
 
 Minnesota 241, 242 
 
 Mississippi 243 
 
 Missouri 244-247 
 
 Montana 248-252 
 
 Nebraska 253 
 
 Nevada 254-256 
 
 New Hampshire 257, 2.58 
 
 New Jersey 259-263 
 
 New Mexico 264-266 
 
 New York 267-274 
 
 North Carolina 27.5-279 
 
 North Dakota 280 281 
 
 Ohio - 282-285 
 
 Oklahoma 286 287 
 
 Oregon 288-290 
 
 Pennsylvania 291-301 
 
 Rhode Island _. 302 oq^ 
 
 South Carolina 304-307 
 
 South Dakota - 308-311 
 
 Tennessee 312-317 
 
 Texas 318-321 
 
 Utah - - - 322-325 
 
 Vermont - - 326-328 
 
 Virginia : 329-333 
 
 Washington 334-336 
 
 West Virginia 337-340 
 
 Wisconsin 341-343 
 
 "^yyomiug 344-346 
 
 GENERAL TABLES. 
 
 TaWe 1. — Detailed summary, by minerals and groups of minerals: 1902. 348_-n'i 
 
 Table 2. — Detailed summary, by states and territories; 1902 .jg ,_.,„_ 
 
 Table 3. — Detailed summary, states and territories, by minerals: 1902 3^0-391 
 
CONTENTS. vii 
 
 REPORTS ON SEPARATE MINERALS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Iron ore. By John Birkinbine .39.3-431 
 
 Table 1.— Comparative aummary : 1880 to 1902 395 
 
 Development work 396, 397 
 
 Table 2. — Development work, by state.s: 1902 397 
 
 Capital stock of incorporated companies 397-399 
 
 Table 3. — Capitalization of incorporated companies: 1902 398 
 
 Employees and wages „ 399-402 
 
 Table 4.— Average number of wage-earners employed during each montli, by states and territories: 1902... 399 
 
 Table 5.— Tons of iron ore produced per wage-earner, by states : 1902 and 1889 399 
 
 Table 6.— Distribution of wage-earners according to dail)' rates of pay, by states and territories: 1902 400 
 
 Table 7. — Distribution of wage-earners according to daily rates of pay: 1902 401 
 
 Mechanical power 402 
 
 Production 402-406 
 
 Production of iron ore: 1860 to 1902 402 
 
 Table 8.— Production of iron ores by varieties, with per cent of total: 1902, 1889, and 1880 403 
 
 Table 9. — Production of iron ore, by states and territories and varieties 403 
 
 ' Minnesota 403, 404 
 
 Production and value of Minnesota iron ore: 1889 and 1902 404 
 
 Michigan 404 
 
 Production and value of Michigan iron ore: 1880 to 1902. 404 
 
 Alabama 404 
 
 Production and value of Alabama iron ore: 1880 to 1902 404 
 
 Virginia and West Virginia 404 
 
 Production and value of Virginia and West Virginia iron ore: 1880 to 1902 404 
 
 Tennessee 404 
 
 Production and value of Tennessee iron ore: 1880 to 1902 404 
 
 Pennsylvania 404, 405 
 
 Production and value of Pennsylvania iron ore: 1880 to 1902 405 
 
 Wisconsin 405 
 
 Production and value of Wisconsin iron ore: 1880 to 1902 405 
 
 New York 40,5 
 
 Production and value of New York iron ore: 1880 to 1902 405 
 
 Other states and territories 405 
 
 Table 10. — Quantity and value of iron ore, by states and territories: 1880 to 1902 405 
 
 Table 11.— Summary, by districts: 1902 405 
 
 Imports 406 
 
 Table 12.— Quantity and value of iron ore imported: 1889 to 1902 406 
 
 Descriptive 406-425 
 
 Production of pig iron : 1894 to 1902 : 406 
 
 Classification of iron ore .' 407, 408 
 
 Distribution of ore deposits 408—415 
 
 The Lake Superior region 409-411 
 
 Production of Lake Superior iron ore, 1893 to 1902, with previous shipments 409 
 
 Typical analyses of Lake Superior iron ores 41 1 
 
 Analyses of siliceous ores 411 
 
 Alabama-Tennessee, or Southern district 411 
 
 Production of iron ores. Southern district, by states and varieties: 1902 411 
 
 New York and New England 411-413 
 
 New Jersey 413 
 
 Pennsylvania 413, 414 
 
 Delaware and Maryland — 414 
 
 The Virginias and Carolinas 414 
 
 Ohio - - 414 
 
 Wisconsin and Iowa 414 
 
 Missouri and Arkansas - 414 
 
 Texas - - 414 
 
 Eocky Mountain region 414, 415 
 
 Value of iron ore deposits - - - 415, 416 
 
 Commercial value of the product 416, 417 
 
 Talile 13. — Quantity, value, and average value per ton of iron ore, liy states and territories: 1899 to 1902 417 
 
 Mining methods - 417, 418 
 
 Fine ores - - --- 418-120 
 
 Concentration of iron ores - - 420 
 
 Roasting iron ores 420—422 
 
 Advantages of mixing iron ores 422 
 
viii CONTENTS. 
 
 Iron ore — Continueil. 
 
 Descriptive — Continued. ' Page. 
 
 Classification of iron ore production - - 422, 42."> 
 
 Production of iron ore in large mines -..-.- 4'£'> 
 
 Contemporaneous production of iron ore in the United States, ( in-at liritain, and < icnnany 42:i 
 
 Table 14. —Detailed summary : 1902 - - - - 426-4:!l 
 
 M.\SG.\NESE ORE. By John Birkinl)ine - - 433-442 
 
 Table 1.— Comparative summary: 1880 to UI02 - 435 
 
 Capital stock of incorporated companies - -" 
 
 Table 2. — Capitalization of incorporated <'ompanies: 1!«I2 - '■'^ 
 
 Employees and wages - - - '^^^> '^" 
 
 Production 4'^*' 
 
 Table 3.— Production (jf manganese ores: 1893 to 1902 - 436 
 
 Table 4. — Production and value, and average value per ton, ni manganese ores, by states: 19(12 436 
 
 Table 5. — Production of manganese ores, by states: 1889 to 1902. - - - - 436 
 
 Imports of manganese ore - 437 
 
 Table 6. — Imports of manganese ore, by countries: 1902 - 437 
 
 Table 7. — Imports of manganese ore: 1889 to 1902 437 
 
 World's production 437, 438 
 
 Table 8. — World's production of manganese (jres - 437 
 
 Value of manganese ores — - 438 
 
 Prices paid for manganese ore delivered in the Pittsburg ( Pa. ) district 438 
 
 Manganiferous iron ores - 438, 439 
 
 Production of manganiferous iron ores: 1902 _ 438 
 
 Table 9. — Production of manganiferous iron ores: ISSH to 1!M)2 439 
 
 Argentiferous manganiferous iron ores 439 
 
 Manganiferous zinc ores 439 
 
 U.seful minerals produced containing manganese in notable propiirtiims: 191)2 an<l bs.Sil 439 
 
 Review of the industry by states 439, 440 
 
 Arkansas 439, 440 
 
 California 44O 
 
 Colorado 44(1 
 
 Productiun of manganiferous ores in Colorado: 1902 and 1,SS9 44O 
 
 Georgia 44O 
 
 Montana 44O 
 
 South Carolina 440 
 
 Virginia _ 440 
 
 Descrij.tive _ 440_ 44I 
 
 Table 10.— Detailed sunnnary: 1902 _ 440 
 
 Le,\d and zrxc ore. By Isaac A. Hourwich, Pli. D 44:;_K35 
 
 Table 1.— Comparative summary: 1902, 1880, and 1870 445 
 
 Table 2. — Comparative summary, ex<'lusive of zinc mines in Missouri: 1902 and 18,S9 445 
 
 Table 3.— Distribution of the value of the lead and zinc [iroduction of Kansas and Missnuri liy cla.ss (.f operatnrs: 19112 44(i 
 
 Table 4. — Cla.ssificatirin of lead and zinc mines, by character of ownership: 1902 441J 
 
 Table 5. — Summary for incorporated and imincorporated o])erators: 1902 441; 
 
 Quantity and value of high-grade zinc ore, nuned liy incnrpdrateil and uninciirpnratcd ..peratnrs: 19112 44ti 
 
 Capital stock of incorporated companies 44^ 44^ 
 
 Table 6. — Capitalization of incorporated cumiianies: 19112 44- 
 
 Incorporated companies grouped by class 1 if st( ick ; 1 902 44- 
 
 Table 7. — Incorporated companies, dividend and nondividend paying, by kin<l of stock : 1902 44,s 
 
 Table 8. — Summary for dividend paying and nondivideml paving companies: 1902 44,S 
 
 Employees and wages _ 44S_4i^a 
 
 Table 9.— Average number of wage-earners enijildycd .hiring each nionth, by states and territories: 1902 449 
 
 Table 10. — Distribution of wage-earners acccjrding to daily rates of p;iy, by occupatidus: 1902 
 
 Table 11. — Lead and zinc mines, classified by nundier ..f days in operatinn, liy state's and territories: 1902 
 
 Mechaniial power. 
 
 Table 12. — Steam engines, liy states ami tiTritories: H1112, Issil, and l.S7() 
 
 ProductidU . . _ 
 
 Value of the lead and zinc jjroduct: 1902. 
 
 Table 13.— (Quantity, total value, and a\crage value pi-r tmi of le;i,l and zinc or<-, by states and territories: 1902 
 
 Table 14.— Comparative summary, ijnantity and value of lead ore, by stat<-s and territories: 1902 and 1889 
 
 Table 15.— rjomiiarative smiimary, ipiantity and value of zine ore, by slates an<l territories: 1902 and 1889 
 
 Quantity and value of lead and zine ore, (lensiis and Missouri mine inspector's returns: 1902 
 
 Table It;.— ( 'oniparafive siunmar)', lead and zine mines, Missouri: 1902, 1 SSO, and 1 S70 
 
 Talile 17.— Comjiarative suinniary ot mines prodneing |,.a,| on' only, Missoiu-i: 1902 and ISS9 
 
 Table IH.— (iiianlity and \alne of zinc orv, Missouri: Is?:; to 1902 
 
 Lead contents of lead and zine ores 
 
 Zinc contents of lead and zinc ori's 
 
 Table 19. — Zinc eon ten Is of ..res mined in I lie principal pro.lni-ing states: 1902 
 
 44tt 
 450 
 451 
 451 
 
 451-453 
 451 
 451 
 452 
 452 
 452 
 453 
 153 
 153 
 
 ^ 53, 451 
 454 
 454 
 
CONTENTS. ix 
 
 Lead and zinc ore — Continued. Page. 
 
 General summary of lead and zinc mines, by state.s and character of nune 4.54, 4r>!) 
 
 Table 20. — Summary of lead and zinc mines, by states: 1902 454 
 
 Table 21. — Summary of mines, by character of product: 1902 455 
 
 Table 22. — Summary for mines producing zinc ore exclusively, by distri(;ts: 1902 455 
 
 Table 23. — Summary for mines producinf; lead ore exclusively, by districts: 1902 455 
 
 Auriferous and argentiferous lead and zinc ores _ 455, 455 
 
 Value of lead and zinc in all ores, by sources of production: 1902 455 
 
 Assay contents of the zinc ores of Colorado: 1902 456 
 
 Classification of zinc bearing ores of Colorado Ijy the commercial value of the principal njetals: .1902 456 
 
 Consumption of zinc ore 456, 457 
 
 Production and consumption of zinc: 1902 457 
 
 Tendency toward centralization 457-459 
 
 Table 24. — Classification of lead mines by value of product: 1902 457 
 
 Table 25. — Classification of zinc mines by value of product; 1902 457 
 
 Missouri 457 
 
 Table 26. — Classification of lead mines, Missouri, l)y value of X'roduct: 1902 457 
 
 Table 27. — Classification of zinc mines, Missouri, by value of product: 1902 458 
 
 Table 28. — Lead mines of Missouri, acreage owned, and value of product; 1902 458 
 
 Table 29. — Zinc mines of Missouri, acreage owned, and value of product: 1902 458 
 
 Table 30. — Depth of shaft and value of product in Missouri: 1902 459 
 
 Production on a small scale 459 
 
 Table 31. — Average production for all mines and for those using hand and animal power only, by states; 1902 459 
 
 Table 32. — Isumber and value of production of mines without mechanical power, by states: 1902 459 
 
 Table 33. — Summary for mines operated without mechanical power, by states: 1902 459 
 
 Descriptive 459-463 
 
 Methods of mining and smelting 460, 461 
 
 Utilization of zinc ore 461 
 
 Business organization 461, 462 
 
 Mining in a small way 462, 463 
 
 Table 34.— Detailed summary: 1902 46.3-465 
 
 Copper ore. By Isaac A. Hourwich, Ph. D 467-506 
 
 Table 1.— Comparative summary : 1860 to 1902 469 
 
 Development work: 1902 469 
 
 Number of mines and operators 470 
 
 Character of ownership 470 
 
 Table 2. — Summary, by character of ownership: 1902 470 
 
 Capital stock of incorporated companies 470-473 
 
 Table 3. — Capitalization of incorporated companies; 1902 471 
 
 Table 4.— Incorporated companies grouped by class of stock; 1902 472 
 
 Table 5. — Capitalization of the Amalgamated Copper Company and its constituent companies: 1902 472 
 
 Dividends — 472, 473 
 
 Table 6. — Incorporated companies, classified with relation to dividends, capital stock, and bonds: 1902 472 
 
 Classes of stock and bonds on which dividends and interest were paid ; 1902 473 
 
 Table 7. — Comparative summary of <lividend paying and nondividend paying comjianies: 1902 473 
 
 Employees and wages ' 473-475 
 
 Table 8. — Average number of wage-earners employed during each month ; 1902 474 
 
 ■ Table 9. — Distribution of wage-earners according to daily rates of pay, by occupations; 1902 474 
 
 Table 10. — Distribution of wage-earners according to daily rates of pay, by states; 1902 475 
 
 Days in operation 475 
 
 Table 11. — Number of mines, classified according to time in operation, l)y states and territories; 1902 475 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses - - 475, 476 
 
 Supplies and materials - 476 
 
 Mechanical power 476-478 
 
 Horsepower used and tons mined, by states and territories; 1902 476 
 
 Steampower used: 1902, 1880, and 1870 477 
 
 Table 12. — Hoists, pumps, and power drills, in Western and Southern states and territories, classified l)y kind of power 
 
 used: 1902 477 
 
 Tonnage mined and wages paid to miners and njiners' helpers in mines with and without power drills: 1902 477 
 
 Production - - 478-481 
 
 Table 13.— Copper contents of all ores mined, and production of copper mines, values less charges; 1902.. 47s 
 
 Table 14. — Bullion contents of cojiper ores sold and treated, by states and territories; 1902 479 
 
 Average price per pound of copper in the ore, liy states and territories: 1902 479 
 
 Method of treatment of copper ore: 1902. 479 
 
 Copper contents and gross value of western cruiie ores; 1902 479 
 
 Table 15. — Value of ore sold and smelted by owner, cost of reduction, and value at mine, by states and territories; 1902. . 480 
 
 Cost of reduction of ores: 1902 481 
 
X CONTENTS. 
 
 Copper ore — Continued. Page. 
 
 Mines and mills 481, 482 
 
 Table 16. — Summary of mines combined with mills where separately reported : 1902 - - - - 482 
 
 Table 17.— Summary, exclusive of mills, for mines with mill connections compared with mines not connected with milLs: 
 
 1902 -- 482 
 
 Comparison by geographic; divisions - ■*^^' '**^''' 
 
 Table 18.— Production of the United States, and of the Lake Superior, Montana, and Arizona districts: 18H.S to 1902. . . 482 
 
 Table 19. — Comparative summary of western. Lake Superior, and southern copper mines; 1902 - - ■ ^ ' ■-• 
 
 Lake Superior district - "*■ ' 
 
 Table 20.— Comparative summary, Michigan: 1860 to 1902 - '^ 
 
 Steam engines and horsepower in Michigan: 1902, 1880, and 1870 - 
 
 Production and dividends of Lake I'opper mines, by quadrennial periods: 1879 to 1902 
 
 Capital stock issued and total dividends paid since organization by Lake Superior mining companies 
 
 Quincy Mining Company: 1866 to 1902 '^^'^ 
 
 Montana, Arizona, and New Mexico - - - 484, 48o 
 
 Table 21. — Comparative summary for Arizona, Montana, and New Mexico: 1902 and 18S9 - - 485 
 
 Smelters connected with mines - - - 485 
 
 Table 22. — Summary of smelters and refineries connected with mines : 1902 - 485 
 
 Copper contents of all ores mined, including gold and silver ores - 485, 486 
 
 Copper contents of all ores mined, by sources of production: 1902 - 485 
 
 Table 2.3. — Copper contents of all ores mined, by states and territories: 1902 486 
 
 Consumption of copper ores - 486, 487 
 
 Production of metallic copper and matte in the United States: 1902 - 486 
 
 Mineral lands 487, 488 
 
 Table 24. — Summary of mineral 'lands, by states and territories: 1902. 487 
 
 Table 25. — NuQiber of mines operating exclusively on leased lands, acres leased, value of product, and royalties paid: 
 
 1 902 ! 487 
 
 Table 26, — .Acreage of mineral lands, by states and territories: 1902 - 488 
 
 Table 27. — Acreage owned and leased, and value of product: 1902 - - 488 
 
 Concentration of the industry 488-490 
 
 Table 28. — Acreage of mineral lands, by districts: 1902 488 
 
 Table 29. — Classification of copper mines by value of production: 1902 — 488 
 
 Production of the United Copper Company : 1902 and 1901 489 
 
 Percentage production of eleven companies formed of total: 1902 489 
 
 American production of copper, as reported by the American Producers' Association : 1 K92 ti) 1 902 490 
 
 Number of shareholders in Lake copper companies: 1896 to 1902 490 
 
 Production on a small scale 490-491 
 
 Table 30. — Summary of mines using only water wheels, or gas or gasoline engines: 1 902 490 
 
 The world's production and the world's copper market 491-498 
 
 Table 31. — Production of copper mines of the world: 1879 to 1902 491 
 
 Table 32. — Copper output of mines and smelters of all countries: 1889 to 1902 492 
 
 Table 33. — Growth of the world's copper production in the nineteenth century 492 
 
 Table 34. — Output of copper mines of the United States and other countries, by quadrennial periods: 1879 to 1902 492 
 
 Table 35. — World's production and consumption of coppjer, by countries: 1895 to 1902 493, 494 
 
 Table 36. — World's production, domestic consumption, and supply available for export, with percent of total production: 
 
 1895 to 1902 " 494 
 
 Table 37. — Consumption of copper in importing countries and exports of domestic copi.er from the United States: 1895 
 
 to 1902 494 
 
 Table 38. — Trade of the principal exporting countries with Europe: 1895 to 1902 _ 49,5 
 
 Table 39. — Copper consumption of Great Britain, Germany, and France, and imjiorts from the United States: 1895 to 
 
 1902 496 
 
 International organization among producers _ 49y_49g 
 
 Table 40. — World's production and output of American and foreign reporting nnnes: 1893 to 1902 498 
 
 Prices - 498-504 
 
 Table 41. — Average prices of copper, London and New York: 1879 to 1902 _ 493 
 
 Supply and demand and prices in the United States: 1900 to 1902 5qq 
 
 Production, prices, and dividends; 1895 to 1902 504 
 
 Table 42. — Detailed summary; 1902 504_50(3 
 
 Gold and silver. By Isaac A. Ilourwich, Ph. D ,507-589 
 
 Table 1.— Comparative suirimary: 1860 to 1902 5j0 
 
 Development work - 5] 
 
 Table 2, — Comparative summary of productive and of developing and producing miTies withmit ndll cinnection in the 
 
 United States; 1902 _ 5^0 
 
 Number of mines and operators .51(1 51 j 
 
 Table 3, — Mining prospects upon which assessujent work was done, by states and territories; 19(12 .Ml 
 
 Table 4. — Distribution of mining prospectors by number of claiuis held; 1902.. 51 ] 
 
 Character of ownership 511-513 
 
 Table 5. — All mines, classified by character of ownership; 1902 5jo 
 
 TaVjle 6. — Producing mines, classified by character of ownership and value of proiluct; 1902 5]^2 
 
 Table 7,— Summary for all mines, i)y character of ownership: 1902 5;^2 
 
CONTENTS. xi 
 
 Gold and silver — Continued. Page. 
 
 Location of general offices of mines by cities: 1902 .51.3 
 
 General offices, whether within or without tlie state where thi^ mine is situated: 1H02 51.3 
 
 Capital stock of incorporated companies 51 .3-518 
 
 Tal)le 8. — Capitalization of incorporated companies operating producing mines: 1902 , . 514 
 
 Table 9. — Capitalization of incorporated companies reporting development work without production: 1902 515 
 
 Incorporated companies, grouped by class of stock: 1902 516 
 
 Table 10. — Authorized cajiitalization of incorporated companies, producing and nonproducing mines, liy states and 
 
 territories: 1902 and 1880 516 
 
 Capitalization of dividend paying and nondividend paying comj)anies with dividends and interest paid: 1902 517 
 
 Table 11. — vSummary for dividend paying and nondividend paying companies, by classes of mines: 1902 517 
 
 Employees and wages 518-521 
 
 Table 12. — Distribution of wage-earners according to ilaily rates of pay, by occupations: 1902 518 
 
 Table 13. — Distribution of wage-earners according to daily rates of pay, by states and territories: 1902 519 
 
 Table 14. — Summary for mines worked on shares: 1902 520 
 
 Table 15. — Summary for mines operated without hired labor: 1902 _ 521 
 
 Contract work 521 
 
 Time in operation 521-523 
 
 Table 16. — Number of mines, classified according to number of days in operation, by states and territories: 1902 522 
 
 Table 17. —Number of mills, classified according to number of days in operation, by states and territories: 1902 522 
 
 Table 18. — Number of mines and mills in the United States, classified according to number of working shifts per day, 
 
 and number of hours per shift: 1902 522 
 
 Table 19. — Number of mines, classified according to number of working shifts per day and number of hours per shift, 
 
 by states and territories: 1902 522 
 
 Table 20. — Number of mills, classified according to number of working shifts per day and number of hours per shift, 
 
 by states and territories ; 1902 523 
 
 Supplies and materials and miscellaneous expenses 523, 524 
 
 Rents and royalties paid by producing mines: 1902. , .524 
 
 Mineral lands 524-526 
 
 Table 21. — Classification of mines according to acreage, by states and territories: 1902 524, 525 
 
 Table 22. — Classification of deep and placer mines by acreage and value of product: 1902 526 
 
 Table 23. — Value of product and royalties of deep mines operating on leased land only: 1902 526 
 
 Table 24. — Summary for deep mines operated on leased land only: 1902 .526 
 
 Mechanical power 526-.530 
 
 ' Table 25. — Power used in producing mines: 1902 .527 
 
 Table 26. — Deep mines using hand and animal power only: 1902 527 
 
 Table 27. — Placer mines using mechanical or other power: 1902 527 
 
 Table 28. — Steam engines and horsepower, by states and territories: 1870 to 1902 527 
 
 Table 29. — Machinery, by kinds and by states and territories: 1902 528 
 
 Table 30. — Steam hoists at deep mines, by states and territories: 1902 and 1880 529 
 
 Table 31. — Pumps at deep mines, by states and territories: 1902 and 1880 529 
 
 Table 32. — Number of power drills at deep mines, by states and territories: 1902 and 1880 529 
 
 Table 33. — Comparison of power drills and hand power at deep mines: 1902. 530 
 
 Water plants - - - - - - - 530 
 
 Table 34. — Water plants — length of ditches, flumes, pipes, etc., by states and territories: 1902 530 
 
 Production - - 530-537 
 
 Table 35.— Value of product at mine : 1902 531 
 
 Bullion contents - - 5.32, 533 
 
 Table 36. — Bullion contents of the product of gold and silver mines, classified by character of mine: 1902 , 533 
 
 Table 37. — Bullion contents of the product of gold and silver mines, by states and territories; 1902 533 
 
 Gold and silver as by-products of other ores 533, 534 
 
 Table 38. — Gold and silver contents of the product of all mines: 1902 533 
 
 Table 39. — Summary of mines producing argentiferous iron ore: 1902 534 
 
 Table 40. — Gold and silver contents of all ores mined, by states and territories: 1902 534 
 
 Comparisons with the report of the Director of the Mint 534-.536 
 
 Precious metal contents, Bureau of the Census, and ]\Iint returns 535 
 
 Table 41. — Comparative .statement of the gold contents of the product mined, as reported to the Bureau i>f the 
 
 Census, and by Mint officers and agents, by states and territories: 1902 535 
 
 Table 42. — Comparative statement of the .silver contents of the product mined, as reported to the Bureau of the 
 Census, and the product of silver refineries, as estimated by the Director of the Mint, by states and 
 
 territories: 1902 536 
 
 Gold and silver contents of placer bullion, as reported by Mint agents: 1902 536 
 
 Comparison with smelter returns 536, 537 
 
 Shipping and milling ores 537-.541 
 
 Taljle 43. — Tonnage treated and bullion contents of ores reduced at mine and shipped in crude state: 1902. 538 
 
 Charges for treatment and freight 539 
 
 Table 44. — Treatment charges and freight on the product of mines and mills: 1902 ,5.39 
 
 Table 45. — Tonnage treated at outside works, treatment charges, and freight, by states and territories: 1902 539 
 
xii CONTENTS. 
 
 Gold and silver— Continued. 
 
 Shipping and milling ores— Continued. ^i^se- 
 
 Grade of ore 539-541 
 
 Table 46.— Gold and silver values contained in the product of precious metal mines, classified by grade of ore, by 
 
 states and territories: 1902 •- ■ -. ; •'^"'*^' 
 
 Table 47.— Tons of ore treated, gold and silver contents, total and average per ton, liy states and territories: 1902 
 
 and 1880 - ^'^^ 
 
 Classification of mines by metals produced - ' '° 
 
 Table 48. — Summary of deep mines, classified by metals produced: 1902 - - - ' 
 
 Table 49. — Dividend paying productive deep mines, classified by metals produced: 1902 - ^ ' " 
 
 Deep mines - o4--. 
 
 Mines with and without reduction works - ' " 
 
 Table 50. — Deep mines with and without mill connection : 1902 . . _ - — 
 
 Arrastras - ^'*-' ^'^^' 
 
 Table 51.— Summary for arrastras: 1902 '^'^'^ 
 
 Ore treated by hand - - ■ 
 
 Table 52. — Summary for mines where the ore was treated in hand mortars: 1902 '^^'^ 
 
 Custom mills .' - : - ^-'•^' ^'^'^ 
 
 Table 5.3. — Summary for custom mills: 1902 '^ -" 
 
 Tons of ore bought and treated for a stipulated comiiensation: 1902 ^'^•' 
 
 Mills in 1902 and 1880 5-^ 
 
 Production of mills: 1902 and 1880 - - • ■ ^-^ 
 
 Methods of treating the ore 544-547 
 
 Method of treating ore, by classes nf mills: 1902 -. - — ^^'^ 
 
 Amalgamation and concentration 544, 545 
 
 Table 54. — Mines and mills, with amalgamation and concentration plants: 1902 ' 54o 
 
 Chlorination plants - - - 545 
 
 Table 55. — Mines and mills, with chlorination plants: 1902 545 
 
 Cyaniding plants ._ - - 546 
 
 Table 56. — Mines and mills, with cyaniding plants: 1902 546 
 
 Bullion contents of ore sold crude: 1902 - 547 
 
 Reworking old dumps and tailings 547 
 
 Table 57. — Summary of mills operating principally on old dumi)S and tailings: 1902 547 
 
 Placer mines 547-.550 
 
 Table 58. — Gold product of placer mines, by .states and territories: 1902 and 1880 547 
 
 Methods of working 547-550 
 
 Products of placers, classified by method used : 1902 547 
 
 Table 59. — Summary for placer mines, Ijy method of working: 1902 .548 
 
 Hydraulicking .548 
 
 Table 60. — Summary for hydraulic mines: 1902 ,548 
 
 Summary for hydraulic mines: 1902 and 1 870 _ , 548 
 
 Placer mines combined with stamp njills 548 
 
 Table 61. — Summary for placer mines equipped with stamp mills: 1902 548 
 
 Dredging 548-550 
 
 Table 62. — Summary for gold mines dperated by dredges: 1902 549 
 
 Table 63. — Cajiitalization of incorporated gold dre<lging companies, by states and territories: 1902 549 
 
 Gold dredging mineral lands owned and lease<l, by states and territories: 1902 5.50 
 
 Mineral lands, classified by area held : 1902 ,5,50 
 
 Tendency toward concentration 5,50--553 
 
 Table 64. — Classification of mines Vjy value of product: 1902 ,"i,50 
 
 Table 65. — Custom mills, classified by value of proiluct _ ,5,51 
 
 Table 66. — Classification of mines and mills according td value <if product, and the percentage that each grouji is of the 
 
 total, by states and territories: 1902 551 
 
 Table 67. — Classification of deep mines by metals mined and by value of product: 1902 _ .551 
 
 Table 68. — Dividend paying and nondividend paying jirodnctive mines, deep and jilacer, classified by value of 
 
 product: 1902 ^ 553 
 
 Production of gold and silver in the United States from 1889 to 1902 _ 553 
 
 Table 69.— Product of mines and refineries: 1889 to 1902 ,553 
 
 Review of the industry Ijy states .55,3-503 
 
 Alaska 555-558 
 
 Table 70. — Sumnjary ai deep mines in Alaska: 1902 55g 
 
 Table 71.— Production of gold in Alaska: 1.890 to 1902 _ 55g 
 
 Bullion shipments from Paris or Tread well mine: 1890 to 1902 ^t^y 
 
 Bullion shipments from Alaska-Mexican mine: 1894 to 1902 55y 
 
 Profit and loss account of the Alaska Treadwell, Alaska-Me\ii'a]i, and .Maska United gold mining conipanioi.i. ,55f< 
 
 California --.... - 5;5y 55;) 
 
 Table 72. — Deeji mines, with and \\ itiiont njill connections in California: 1902 -,59 
 
 Table 73. — Summary for placer mines in California: 1902 551) 
 
 Table 74. — Mines ojierated without hired labor in California: 1902 559 
 
 Table 75.— Summary for dividend paying productive mines in California: 1U02 5,59 
 
CONTENTS. xiii 
 
 Gold and bilvek— Continued. 
 
 Review of the industry by states — Continued. Paee. 
 
 Colorado 559-561 
 
 Table 76. — Suniniary for deep mines with and without mills in Col(jrado: 1902 560 
 
 Taljle 77. — Summary for deep mines operated on leased land only in Colorado: 19(12 560 
 
 Table 78. — Summary for mines worked on shares in Colorado: 1902 561 
 
 Table 79. — Summary for dividend paying; productive mines in Colorado: 1902 561 
 
 Idaho 561 , 562 
 
 Table 80. — Summary tor deep mines, with and without in IDs in Jdahn: 1902 561 
 
 Table 81. — Summary for argentiferous lead mines in Idaho: 1902 561 
 
 Table 82. — Summary for diviilend paying ])roductive mines in Idaho: 1902 562 
 
 Nevada 562, 56:^ 
 
 Table 83. — Summary for deep mines with and without nulls in Nevada: 1902 , 562 
 
 Table 84. — Summary for dividend paying productive mines in Nevada : 1 902 562 
 
 Comstock total gold and silver jiroduction, from discovery and commencement: 1859 to 1900 56.3 
 
 Forty years' assessments and dividends of Comstock mines 56.3 
 
 World's production of gold and silver in 1902 563-566 
 
 Table 85. — World's production of gold and silver tor the calendar year 1902 564 
 
 Table 86. — World's production of silver from mines and smelters: 1889 to 1901 565, .566 
 
 Production of lead 566-571 
 
 Lead contents of ores smelted in the United States: 1894 to 1902 566, 567 
 
 Table 87. — Lead contents of ores smelted by the works in the United States, by states ami territories: 1894 to 1902. 567 
 
 Table 88. — World's production and consumption of lead: 1889 to 1902 567, 568 
 
 Table 89. — Total exports of lead ore and base bullion from Mexico and British America, and exports from those coun- 
 tries to the United States: 1889 to 1902 571 
 
 Prices of silver and lead 571 
 
 Prices of silver in London, by months: 1902 and 1901 571 
 
 Descriptive 571-577 
 
 Placer mines 572, 573 
 
 Deep mines 57.3-575 
 
 Reduction of ores 575-577 
 
 General industrial conditions 577 
 
 Table 90. — Detailed summary, producing mines: 19(12 578-583 
 
 Table 91. — Detailed summary, mines reporting development work without production: 1902 ."^84—589 
 
 Precious metals recovered by cyanide processes. By Charles K. Munroe, Ph. D .591-645 
 
 Occurrence of gold 593, 594 
 
 Mining and recovery of gold 594, .595 
 
 Placers ..'. 594 
 
 Free milling ores 594 
 
 Refractory ores — old methods. l 594, 595 
 
 The cyanide process 595-602 
 
 History 595, 596 
 
 Methods 596-601 
 
 Description of ores used in cyaniding, with precipitation by zinc 599 
 
 Methods of treatment and results in cyaniding, with precipitation liy zinc 599 
 
 Results of simultaneous cyaniding, agitation, amalgamation, and electro-deposition 600 
 
 Scope 601, 602 
 
 Working costs 602 
 
 Effect on the world's supply of the precious metals 602 
 
 Calendar of events and discoveries relative to the precious metals 602 
 
 Literature — 603 
 
 Appendix — Digest of T'nited States i)atents relating to cyanide processes for the recovery of precious metals 60.5-645 
 
 Class 75.— Metallurgy 60.5-635 
 
 Subclass 18. — Solution and Precipitation 605-614 
 
 Subclass 86. — Solution and precipitation — Apparatus 614-629 
 
 Subclass 185.— Cyanides 629-635 
 
 Class 204.— Electrolysis - - - 635-645 
 
 Subclass 15. — Aqueous Bath, Ores 63.5-645 
 
 Quicksilver. By Joseph Struthers, Ph. D 647-657 
 
 Table 1.— Comparative summary: 1902 and 1889 649 
 
 Development work : 1902 -• 649 
 
 Capital stock of incorporated companies 649 
 
 Table 2. — Capitalization of incorporated companies: 1902 (549 
 
 Employees and wages , 650 
 
 Mechanical power - - - 650 
 
 Production in the United States 650 
 
 Table 3. — Production of quicksilver in California and the average jirice per flask at San Francisco: 1889 to 1902 6.50 
 
 Prices - 650, 651 
 
 Table 4. — Average monthly price of quicksilver per flask at San Francisco during 1902 (350 
 
XIV CONTENTS. 
 
 Quicksilver— Continued. Page. 
 
 Imports and exports 651 
 
 Table 5.— Quicksilver imported and entered for consumption in the United States: 1889 to 1902 651 
 
 Table 6.— Exports of quicksilver from the United States: 1889 to 1902 
 
 Production in the principal producing countries of the world '^ 
 
 Table 7.— World's production and value of quicksilver in 1899, 1900, and 1901 
 
 Descriptive - - 651-65/ 
 
 Historical - _ ^^l 
 
 Physical and chemical characteristics - " " ^' ' ," 
 
 Occurrence _ _ _ — 
 
 List of the mercury ores 
 
 Important compounds of mercury - - ', ' 
 
 The extraction of mercury from its ores - ' '""' 
 
 Uses 654 
 
 Review of the quicksilver industry in the United States during 1902 - 654-t)5b 
 
 The quicksilver industry in foreign countries ' '^ 
 
 Table 8.— Detailed summary: 1902 - - ^^'^ 
 
 Pmtinum. By David T. Day, Ph. D - - - - 659-662 
 
 Occurrence ". 661 , 662 
 
 Production 662 
 
 Table 1.— Production of crude platinum in the United States, 1880 to 1900, and <.jf refined metal from domestic ores in 
 
 1901 and 1902 662 
 
 Table 2.— Production of platinum in Russia: 1824 to 1901 - - 662 
 
 Prices 662 
 
 Imports 662 
 
 Table 3. — Platinum imported and entered for consumption in the United States: 1880 to 1902 662 
 
 Coal. By Edward AV. Parker - 663-717 
 
 Table 1.— Comparative summary: 1850 to 1902 - 665 
 
 Table 2.— Comparative summary: 1902 and 1889 666 
 
 Table 3. — Capitalization of incorporated companies: 1902 — 667 
 
 Employees and wages — 667, 668 
 
 Table 4. — Average number of wage-earners employed during each month: 1902 667 
 
 Percentage of wage-earners above and below gi'ound and by occ:upations : 1902 668 
 
 Production 668-671 
 
 Table 5. — Production of anthracite and bituminous coal: 1850 to 1902 668 
 
 Table 6.— Population and coal production: 1830 to 1902 669 
 
 Average production per mine and per employee for each census year: 1850 to 1902 669 
 
 Table 7. — AVorld's production of coal, by countries, with per cent each is of total, and per cent of increase: 1870 to 1902. 671 
 
 Anthracite 671-676 
 
 Table 8. — Summary, Pennsylvania anthracite, by counties: 1902 671 
 
 Employees and wages 671-674 
 
 Table 9. — Coal, anthracite — wage-earners at specified daily rates of pay, bj' occupations: 1902 673 
 
 Table 10. — Coal, anthracite — wage-earners at specified daily rates of pay, by counties: 1902 674 
 
 Coal, anthracite — contract mining, Ijy counties: 1902 674 
 
 Contract work _ 674 
 
 Supplies, materials, and miscellaneous expenses 674 
 
 Mechanical power g74 
 
 Production 674, 675 
 
 Percentage of anthracite production (375 
 
 Table 11. — Anthracite production and distriljution for consumption, by counties: 1902 675 
 
 Anthracite coal fields, by field, local district, and trade region _ ^75 
 
 The Northern basin 675 g7g 
 
 The Eastern Middle field ' (376 
 
 The Southern basin 676 
 
 The Western Middle basin 676 
 
 Table 12. — Annual shipments from the Schuylkill, Lehigh, and Wyoming regions: 1820 to 1902 676 
 
 Bituminous _ 677-705 
 
 Table 13. — Summary, coal, bituminous: 1902 qjj 
 
 Capital stock of incorporated companies 677 678 
 
 Table 14. — Coal, bituminous — capitalization of incorporated companies: 1902 _ 677 678 
 
 Employees and wages 678 679 
 
 Table 15. — Coal, bituminous — distribution of wage-earners according to daily rates of jiay. by occupations: 1902 678 679 
 
 Contract work _ Q~q 
 
 Supplies, materials, and miscellaneous expenses , gj.g 
 
 Production by states ■ 679-703 
 
 Table 16. — Coal, bituminous — production, by states and territories: 1902 q^q 
 
 Alabama 680,681 
 
 Table 17. — Coal production of Alabama, by counties: 1902 ^^q 
 
 Table 18. — Summary by counties having a production of 200,000 tons or over: 1902 ggj^ 
 
CONTENTS. > XV 
 
 Coal— Oontinuecl. 
 
 Bituininous — Continued. 
 
 Production liy states — Continued. Page. 
 
 Alaska _ 681 , 682 
 
 Production of coal on the Yukon river: 1897 to 11102 682 
 
 Arkansas 682, 683 
 
 Table 19. — Coal production of Arkan.sas, by counties; 1902 682 
 
 Table 20. — Sunnnary by counties having a production of 200,000 tf>ns or over: 1902 68.3 
 
 California 683 
 
 Colorado 683, 684 
 
 Table 21.— Coal production of Colorado, by counties: 1902 683 
 
 Table 22. — Summary by counties having a production of 200,000 tons or over: 1902 684 
 
 Illinois. 684, 685 
 
 Table 23.— Coal production of Illinois, by counties: 1902 684 
 
 Table 24. — Summary by counties having a production of 200,000 tons or over: 1902 68.5 
 
 Indian Territory _ _ 685 
 
 Indiana 685, 686 
 
 Table 25. — Coal production of Indiana, by counties: 1902 686 
 
 Table 26. — Summary by counties having a production of 200,000 tons or over: 1902 686 
 
 Iowa 686, 687 
 
 Table 27. — Coal production of Iowa, by counties: 1902 686 
 
 Table 28. — Summary by counties having a production of 200,000 tons or over: 1902 687 
 
 Kansas 687, 688 
 
 Table 29. — Coal production of Kansas, by counties: 1902 687 
 
 Table 30. — Summary by counties having a production of 200,000 tons or over: 1902 688 
 
 Kentucky 688, 689 
 
 Table 31. — Coal production of Kentucky, by counties: 1902 689 
 
 Talkie 32. — Summary by counties having a production of 200,000 tons or over: 1902. . . 689 
 
 Maryland 690 
 
 Michigan 690, 691 
 
 Talile 33. — Coal production of Michigan, by counties: 1902 690 
 
 Table 34. — Summary Viy counties having a production of 200,000 ti ms or over: 1902 691 
 
 Missouri 691 
 
 Table 35. — Coal production of Missouri, by counties: 1902 691 
 
 Table 36. — Summary by counties having a production of 200,000 tons or over: 1902 691 
 
 Montana 692 
 
 Table 37.— Coal production of Montana, by counties: 1902 692 
 
 Table 38, — Summary by counties having a production of 200,000 tons or over: 1902 692 
 
 New Mexico 692, 693 
 
 Table 39. — Coal production of New Mexico, by counties: 1902 693 
 
 Talile 40. — Summary by counties having a production of 200,000 tons or over: 1902 693 
 
 North Carolina 693 
 
 North Dakota. 693, 694 
 
 Table 41.— Coal production of North Dakota, by counties: 1902 694 
 
 Ohio - 694, 695 
 
 Table 42.— Coal i)roduction of Ohio, by counties: 1902 694 
 
 Table 43. — Summary by counties having a production of 200,000 tons or over: 1902 695 
 
 Oregon - - 695 
 
 Pennsylvania - - - - 695-697 
 
 Table 44. — C!oal, bituminous, of Pennsylvania — production, l>y counties: 1902 696 
 
 Tal lie 45, — Summary by counties having a production of 200,000 tims or over: 1902 697 
 
 Tennessee - - 697, 698 
 
 Table 46. — Coal production of Tennessee, by counties: 1902. 698 
 
 Table 47, — Summary by counties having a production iif 200,000 tons or over: 1902 698 
 
 Texas - - - 698, 699 
 
 Table 48.— CVjal production of Texas, by counties: 1902 699 
 
 Utah -- - - 699 
 
 Table 49.— Coal production of Utah, Ijy counties: 1902 699 
 
 Table 50. — Summary by counties having a proiluction of 200,000 tons or over: 1902. 699 
 
 Virginia - - - - - 699, 700 
 
 Table 51. — Coal production of Virginia, liy counties: 1902 700 
 
 Talsle 52, — Summary by counties having a production of 200,000 tons or over: 1902 700 
 
 Washington - - - 700, 701 
 
 Table 53. — Coal jiroduction (jf Washington, by counties: 1902 701 
 
 Table -54. — Sunnnary by counties having a production of 200,000 tons or ■ >ver: 1902 701 
 
 West Virginia - 701 , 702 
 
 Table 55. — Coal production of West Virginia, by counties: 1902 702 
 
 Table 56. — Summary by counties having a production of 200,000 tons (jr over: 1902 702 
 
 30223—04 11 
 
xvi CONTENTS. 
 
 Coal — ContimieiL 
 
 Bituminous — Continued. 
 
 Production bv states — Continued. ^"^"^ 
 
 70''' 
 
 Wyoming l_ 
 
 Table 57. — Coal production of Wyoming, by counties: 1902 ' " ' ' 
 
 Table 5S. — Summary by counties having a production of 200,000 tons or over: V.W2 ^ ^ ' ■ 
 
 Occurrence _ _ " ' ' ''~„ 
 
 Table 59. — Coal, Pennsylvania anthracite — detailed summary, by counties: 1902 - " _^ ' „ _ 
 
 Table 60. — Coal, bituminous — detailed summary, by states and territories: 1902 - „ j^ ., 
 
 Petroleum. By F. PI. Oliphant _ - ' ' ~l 
 
 Tal)le 1. — Comparative summary: 1S60 to 1902 - „_^ 1,.,^ 
 
 Wells and tankage ' " ' 
 
 » " 722 
 
 Table 2. — Record of wells and tankage, liy states and territories: 1902 - - - - _,_ „ 
 
 Capital stock of incorporated companies - '__" ' ^ 
 
 Table 3. — Capitalization of incorporated companies: 1902 l"^' l^' 
 
 Employees and -n'ages. i 2-i, /- 
 
 Table 4. — Average number of wage-earners employed during each month : 1902 - 
 
 Table 5. — Average number of wage-earners at specified daily rates of pay, by occu{>ations: 1902 - - ^- 
 
 Contract work - - ' " 
 
 Supplies, materials, and miscellaneous exjienses. 
 
 ^Mechanical power - ' " 
 
 Production - - - / _4, / _o 
 
 T^ble 6. — Quantity and value, with percentages, Ijy states and territories: 1902 - '^''^ 
 
 Table 7. — Production, value, and average price per barrel, by states and territories, and by districts: 1902 and 1901 i -r> 
 
 Petroleum and natural gas < 2o, / -6 
 
 Table 8. — Value of petroleum and natural gas: 1902 '2" 
 
 Exports ^ - - - - V2B-729 
 
 Table 9. — Production and exports of crude and manufactureil products: 1S54 to 1902 i-^, '"' 
 
 Table 10.— Exports of petroleum in its various forms from the United States, by countries, f<ir the fiscal years 1S94 to 
 
 1902 727, 728 
 
 Table 11. — Exports of petroleum and petroleum products to Europe, North and South America, .\sia and (Ireania, and 
 
 Africa, with percentages for the fiscal year ending .Inne 30, 1902. 729 
 
 Prices "29 
 
 Average j'early prices per gallon of refined petroleum : 1892 to 1902 - 729 
 
 Table 12. — Monthly average prices per gallon of oil exported from the United States in bulk: 1899 to ];i02 729 
 
 Production in the United States since 1859 729-731 
 
 Table 13. — Production, by states and territories; 1859 to 1902 730 
 
 Table 14.— Quantity and value of production: 1859 to 1902 731 
 
 Review of the industry by fields 731-737 
 
 Table 15.— Production, by fields and states; 1889 to 1902 731 
 
 Per cent of total eruile petroleum produced in the several fields: 1896 to 1902 732 
 
 Appalachian field 732, 733 
 
 Table 16.— Producti(jn of petroleum in the Appalachian oil field, by states: 1889 to 1902 732 
 
 Table 17.— Total number of wells completeil in the Appalachian oil field, bj' districts: 1892 to 1902 733 
 
 Table 18.— Well record in the Appalachian oil field: 1902 733 
 
 Appjalachian, Lima-Indiana, and all other fields 7.33-737 
 
 Table 19. — Production of petroleum in the Appalachian, Lima-Indiana, and' all other fields, percentages of each, 
 
 value per barrel, and the value of petroleum and natural gas, separate and cumbined: 1896 to 1902 733 
 
 Table 20. — Production and value of natural lubricating petroleum, by states and districts: 1896 to 1902 734 
 
 Table 21. — Pipe line runs in the Appalachian field, in detail: 1888 to 1902 734 
 
 Table 22. — Totals of pipe line runs in the Appalachian and Lima-Indiana fields: 1S88 to 1902 735 
 
 Table 23. — Shipments in the .Appalachian and Lima-Indiana fields: 1894 to 1902 735 
 
 Table 24. — Stocks of petroleum in the Appalachian and Lima-Indiana fields at the close of the year; 1894 to 1902.. 735 
 
 Table 25. — Stocks of petroleum held in the several fields, states, and territories at the close of 1902, 1901, and 1900. 735 
 
 Table 26. — .Average yearly price of all the petroleum produced; 1889 to 1902 736 
 
 Table 27. — Range of prices paid for petrnlemri in the Appalachian oil region bv the Seep I'urchasing Agency during 
 
 1902 '. 736 
 
 Table 28. — Average monthly prices of Appalachian crude petroleum; 1902 and 1901 736 
 
 Table 29. — Average monthly prices of Ohio and Indiana crude petroleum; 1902 and 1901 736 
 
 Table 30. — Fluctuations in prices of Lima (Ohio) and Indiana crude petroleum: 1902 737 
 
 Table 31. — Highest, lowest, and average prices of Lima (Ohio) crude petroleum; 1887 to 1902... 737 
 
 Review of the industry by states and territories 737-748 
 
 Alaska 737 
 
 Log of well east of Clatella bay. Kayak district, drilled in 1902. 737 
 
 California 737-739 
 
 Table .32. — Production of crude petroleum in California, by counties: 1897 to 1902 739 
 
 Colorado 739 
 
 Ilhnois - 739, 740 
 
 Table 33.— Production of petroleum in Illinciis: 1889 to 1902 740 
 
CiJNTENTS. xvii 
 
 Petroleum — Continued. 
 
 Review of flie industry by states and territories — Continueil. , Page 
 
 Indiana 740 
 
 Table 34.— I'roduction of petroleum in Indiana; IHHl to lil(l2 740 
 
 Kansas 740, 741 
 
 Table 35.— I'roductiun of iietroleuni in Kansas: IHWt t,) 1V)02 741 
 
 Kentucky 741 
 
 Louisiana 741 
 
 Missouri 741 
 
 Michigan 741 
 
 Montana 741 
 
 Nevada 741, 742 
 
 New Mexico 742 
 
 New York 742 
 
 Ohio 742, 743 
 
 Table 36. — Total quantity and value of crude petroleum produceil in Ohio: 1902 and 1901 742 
 
 Table 37.— Production of petroleum in the Lima (Ohio) district: 1889 to 1902 742 
 
 Table 38.— Production of petroleum in the southeast*ern Ohio district: 1889 to 1902 743 
 
 Oklahoma 743 
 
 Oregon 743 
 
 Pennsylvania 743, 744 
 
 Table 39. — Production <if crude pctruleum in Pennsylvania and New York, by districts: 1S91 to 1902 744 
 
 Tennessee 744 
 
 Texas 744-747 
 
 Table 40.— Value oi petroleum sold in Texas, l)y fields : 1902 and 1901 746 
 
 Total production in Beaumont district: 1902 and 1901 746 
 
 Stock of petroleum in tanks in the Beaumont fields at the close of 1902 and 1901 746 
 
 Exports from Port Arthur and Sabine Pass, Texas: 1902 747 
 
 Utah 747 
 
 Washington 747 
 
 West Virginia 747 
 
 Table 41. — T( ital (juantity and value of crude jietrolcum produced in West Virginia: 1889 to 1902 747 
 
 Wyoming 747, 748 
 
 Review by years, 1890 to the close of 1901 748-751 
 
 Review of the industry in foreign countries — 751-753 
 
 Canada 751 
 
 Peru 751 
 
 Russia - 751-753 
 
 Table 42. — Production of crude petroleum in Russia, by districts: 1889 to 1902 752 
 
 Table 43. — Comparative production of crude petroleum of Russia and the United States: 1894 to 1902 752 
 
 Table 44. — Shipments of Russian petroleum from Black Sea ports: 1902 and 1901 752 
 
 World's production 753 
 
 Table 45. — World's production of crude petroleum : 1900 to 1902 753 
 
 Descriptive - 753-763 
 
 Origin 753 
 
 Chemical and physical propierties 753, 754 
 
 General structural conditions influencing occurrence 754 
 
 Geological occurrence of petroleum and natural gas in the United States 754, 755 
 
 Character and composition of petroleum produced in the United States 755-757 
 
 Average products from the petroleum produced in the Appalachian and Lima-Indiana fields: 1902 755 
 
 Average products from petroleum produced in the .4ppalachian field : 1902 755 
 
 Average products from petroleum produceil in the Lima-Indiana field: 1902 T.55 
 
 Average products from petroleum produced in the Kansas field: 1902 756 
 
 Analysis of petroleum developed near Boulder, Colorado: 1902 756 
 
 Analysis of petroleum produced in the Corsicana (Texas) district: 1902 756 
 
 Composition of American and Russian crude petroleum 757 
 
 Analysis of petroleum produced in southern California: 1902 757 
 
 Analysis of petroleum produced in Fresno County, California: 1902 7,=i7 
 
 The calorific value of petroleum 757, 758 
 
 Comparative calorific value of fuel petroleum from the principal fields of the United States and in nn Russia 758 
 
 The comparative fuel value of petroleum and bituminous coal 758 
 
 Liquid fuel for marine purposes - 758 
 
 Character of lubricating petroleum in the United States 758 
 
 Early development of petroleum in the United States 759, 760 
 
 Transportation - - - 760-763 
 
 Table 46.— Detailed summary ; 1902 763, 764 
 
xviii contp:nts. 
 
 Phkc-. 
 
 Natural gas. By F. H. Oliphant 765-7S1 
 
 Table 1 . — Comparative nummary : 1902 ami iSXi) "''" 
 
 Table 2.— Value of natural gas produced, record of avcIIh, ami length of jiipe laid, by states: 1902 ''''^ 
 
 Capital .stock of incorporated comjianies '^^^ 
 
 Table 3. — Capitalization of incorporated companies: 1902 '^*'*^ • 
 
 Employees ami wages ~^^' '^''■' 
 
 Table 4. — Average number of wage-earners emjiloyed during each month : 1902 - '' 
 
 Table 5. — Average number of wage-earners at specitied daily rates of pay: 1902 - ' 
 
 Contract work "^^^^ 
 
 Supplies, materials, and miscellaneous expenses '^" 
 
 Mechanical power 769, 770 
 
 Production 770, 771 
 
 Table 6.— Value of production of natural gas: 1872 to 1902. '^"^ 
 
 Table 7. — Value of natural gas produced and consumed, by states: 1H99 to 1902 ''"1 
 
 Descriptive 771-776 
 
 Occurrence _ 771-773 
 
 Historical _ 773, 774 
 
 Uses 774, 775 
 
 The measurement rif the output of gas wells 775 
 
 Compressors 775 
 
 The natural gas engine '. 775, 776 
 
 Distriliutiou of natural gas to the consumer 776 
 
 Table 8.— Detailed summary : 1902 778-781 
 
 Stone. By George P. Merrill, Ph. D 783-835 
 
 Table 1.— Comparative sunmiary: 1880 to 1902 785 
 
 Capital stock of incorporated companies 785, 786 
 
 Table 2. — Caf)italization of incorporated comjianics: 1902 785 
 
 Table 3.— Operators by value of product: 1902 786 
 
 Employees and wages 786, 787 
 
 Table 4, — Average number of wage-earners euiplc lycd during each month : 1902 786 
 
 Table 5. — Distribution of wage-earners accor<ling to daily rates of pay, liy occupations: 1902 787 
 
 Supplies, materials, ami miscellaneous expenses 787 
 
 Mechanical power 7H7, 788 
 
 Production 7H8 
 
 TaVjle 6.— Value of annual production of stone: 1890 to 1902 788 
 
 Classification and occurrence 788, 7X9 
 
 Limestones and dolomites 788 
 
 Marble 788 
 
 Sandstones and <juartzites 788 
 
 Silica sand 7S8 
 
 Siliceous crystaliim- miks 788 
 
 Slate 788 
 
 Occurrence 788, 789 
 
 Limestones and dolomites 789-791 
 
 Table 7. — Comparative summary: 1902 and ISWI 789 
 
 Employees and wages 7S9, 790 
 
 Table 8. — Average number of wage-earners employed during each montli: 1902 ' 790 
 
 Table 9. — Distribution of wage-earners according to daily rates of \my, by occupations: 1902... 790 
 
 Suijplies, materials, and miscellaneous expenses . , , 790 
 
 Mechanical jiower 790 
 
 Production 790, 791 
 
 Table 10. — \'aUic of annual i)roduction of liuicstoues ami dolomites: IS90 tn 1902 7V)1 
 
 Table 1 1. — Limestones and dolomites, classitied by uses: 1894 to 1902.. 791 
 
 Occurrence 791 
 
 Marble - 791 -795 
 
 Table 12.— Comparative summary: 1902, 1K89, bs.so, un.l I,s7(i _,. 791 
 
 Capital stock of incorporated companies _ 799^ 793 
 
 Table 13. — Cajiitalization of incorporated companies: 19(12 _ 799 
 
 Employees and wages 793 
 
 Table 14. — Average number of wage-earners employeil during cac-h niontli: 1902 79;^ 
 
 Table 15. — Distribution of wage-earners according to daily rates of pay, by occupations; 1902 79;; 
 
 Supplies, materials, and miscellaneous exjicnses 7,14 
 
 Mecliariical jiowcr 794 
 
 Production 794 
 
 Table 16. — \'aluc of annual production of niarblc: l,S90 to 1902 _ 794 
 
 Table 17.— .Marble, classified >iy uses: 1,S96 to 1902 794 
 
 Table 18. — Production of marble, Ijy principal states rankecl by value of produci : 19112 ami 18.S9... 794 
 
CONTENTS. XIX 
 
 Stone — Continued. 
 
 Marble— Continued. Page. 
 
 Occurrence 794, 795 
 
 Vermont - 794, 795 
 
 Massachusetts - 795 
 
 New Yorli 795 
 
 Pennsylvania 795 
 
 Maryland 795 
 
 Georgia 795 
 
 Tennessee , 795 
 
 Washington 795 
 
 Sandstones and quartzites _ 795-797 
 
 Table 19.— Comparative sunmiary: 1902, 1889, and 1880 795 
 
 Employees and wages 795, 796 
 
 Tai)le 20. — Average number of wage-earners employed during eacli month: 1902 795 
 
 Table 21. — Distribution of wage-earners according to daily rates of i)ay, by occupations: 1902 796 
 
 Supplies, materials, and miscellaneous expenses 796 
 
 Mechanical power _ 796 
 
 Production _ 796, 797 
 
 Table 22. — Value of annual production of sandstones and quartzites: 1890 to 1902 797 
 
 Table 23. — Sandstones and quartzites, classified by uses: 1899 to 1902 797 
 
 Table 24. — Sandstones and (juartzites, by principal states ami territories ranked by value of product: 1902 and 
 
 1889 - 797 
 
 Occurrence 797 
 
 Silica sand 798 
 
 Table 25.— Summary : 1902 798 
 
 Employees and wages 798 
 
 Supplies, materials, and miscellanecms expenses 798 
 
 Mechanical power 798 
 
 Production 798 
 
 Occurrence 798 
 
 Siliceous crystalline rocks 799-802 
 
 Granite 799 
 
 Gneiss 799 
 
 Syenite 799 
 
 Elaeolite (nepheline) syenite. 799 
 
 Diabase and gabbro 799 
 
 Diorite 799 
 
 Basalt 799 
 
 Andesite - 799 
 
 Mica schist 799 
 
 Table 26.— Comparative summary : 1880 ti ■ 1902 799 
 
 Employees and wages — 799, 800 
 
 Table 27. — Average number of wage-earners employed during each month: 1902 799 
 
 Table 28. — Distribution of wage-earners according to daily rates of pay, })y occupations: 1902 800 
 
 Supplies, materials, and miscellaneous expenses 800 
 
 Mechanical poiver '. 800 
 
 Production 801 , 802 
 
 Table 29. — Value of annual production of siliceous crystalline rocks, classified by uses: 1896 to 1902 801 
 
 Table 30. — Value of annual production of siliceous crystalline rocks: 1890 to 1902 801 
 
 Table 31. — Production of siliceous crystalline rocks, by principal states ranked by value of product: 1902, 1889, 
 
 and 1880 801 
 
 Slate - - - - - - - - 802-805 
 
 Table 32. —Comparative summary: 1870 to 1902 802 
 
 Employees and wages 802-804 
 
 Table 33. — Average number of wage-earners employed during each month: 1902 802 
 
 Table 34. — Distribution of wage-earners according to liaily rates of pay, by occupations: 1902 803 
 
 Table 35. — Distribution of wage-earners according to daily rates of pay, by principal states: 1!)02. 803 
 
 Supplies, materials, and niiscellaneous expenses 804 
 
 Mechanical power - - - 804 
 
 Production 804 
 
 Table 36.— Value of annual producticm of slate, classified liy uses: 18H0 to 1902 804 
 
 Occurrence - — - - - 804 
 
 Uses - - - - - 804, 805 
 
 Quarrying and stone dressing machines 805, 806 
 
 Table 37.— Detailed summary, by classes: 1902 806-808 
 
 Table 38. — Limestones and dolomites— detailed summary, l>y states and territories: 1902 810-817 
 
 Table 39. — Marble— detailed summary, by states and territories: 1902 _ , 818, 819 
 
 Table 40. — Sandstones and quartzites— detailed summary, by states and territories: 1902 820-827 
 
XX CONTENTS. 
 
 Stone — Continued. ' Page. 
 
 Table 41.— Silica sand— detaileil summary, by states: 1902 - - - ^~^ 
 
 Table 42.— Siliceous crystalline rocks— detailed summary, by states and territories: 1902 - - - - - 830-833 
 
 Table 43.— Slate— detailed summary, by states: 1902 --- 834,835 
 
 Cement. By Story B. Ladd ."...." .'^^^^'''"'^'''. - 837-854 
 
 Table 1.— Comparative summary : 1850 to 1902 - **■'■* 
 
 Capital stock of incorporated companies _ _ ^^^' '^■*'-' 
 
 Table 2. — Capitalization of incorporated companies: 1902 - - ^ 
 
 Employees and wages _ - ^'^^' ^^ 
 
 Table 3.— Distribution of wage-earners according to daily rates of pay, by occupations: 1902 ^'^^ 
 
 Contract work ^41 
 
 Supplies, materials, and miscellaneous expenses _ - ^^^ 
 
 Mechanical power - 841 
 
 Production !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!''!!!!!! ^ - - 841-843 
 
 Table 4.— Cement production: 1902 842 
 
 Table 5. — Cement production and imports: 1H90 to 1902 - 8"*^ 
 
 Kilns 843 
 
 Nonproducers 843, 844 
 
 Table 6. — Nonproducing mines or quarries: 1902 843 
 
 Table 7. — Capitalization of nonproducing incorporated companies: 1902 - 843 
 
 Summary, nonproducing mines or quarries: 1902 843 
 
 Descriptive 844-846 
 
 Portland cement 844, 845 
 
 Ingredients used 844, 845 
 
 Mixing 845 
 
 Burning 845 
 
 Grinding 845 
 
 Natural rock cement 845, 846 
 
 Rosendale cements , 845, H46 
 
 Louisville cements 846 
 
 Manufacturing process 846 
 
 Slag cement 846 
 
 Inventions 846 
 
 Table 8.— Detailed summary: 1902 847, 848 
 
 Appendix — Digest of United States patents relating to cement 849-854 
 
 Cl-\ V. By Jefferson IMiddleton 855-867 
 
 Table 1.— Summary : 1902 857 
 
 Capital stock of incorporated companies 857, 858 
 
 Table 2. — Capitalization of incorporated companies: 1902 858 
 
 Employees and wages 858, 859 
 
 Table 3. — Distribution of wage-earners according to daily rates of pay, by occupations: 1902 859 
 
 Mechanical power 859 
 
 Production 859, 860 
 
 Table 4. — Quantity and value oi each kiml of clay produced: 1897 to 1902 _ ^59 
 
 Rank of states 860 
 
 Table 5.— Rank of states according to value of clay produced: 1902 _ s60 
 
 Imports - - - - 860 
 
 Table 6.— Imports of clay, classified liy kinds: 1885 to 1902 ygg 
 
 Descriptive 861-863 
 
 Kaolin - 861 
 
 Analysis of washed kaolin from North Carolina. _ i^^j 
 
 Ball clay - S61 
 
 Analysis of ball clay fn mi Florida _ yj^j 
 
 Fire clay - - - s61 
 
 Analyses of various fire clays _ ^^^-y 
 
 Vitrified ware clay - - - Sii2 
 
 Analysis of vitrified paving brick clay j^go 
 
 Brick clay - - • yfjo 
 
 Analysis of common brick clay. 11(52 
 
 Slip clay - - - - Hi^ 
 
 Paper clay.. - - - _.. §(50 
 
 Analysis of paper clay from Wiscijnsin _ gg^ 
 
 Methods of mining - - sgo 
 
 Preparation - - 862, 863 
 
 Uses - 863 
 
 TaWe 7. — Detailed summary: 1902 864-867 
 
CONTENTS. xxi 
 
 Page. 
 
 Abrasive materials. By Joseph Hyde Pratt 869-88.3 
 
 Table 1.— Comparative summary; 1902 and 1889 _ 872 
 
 Capital stock of incorporated C( mipanies 872, 87.3 
 
 Table 2. — Capitalization of incorporated companies, by kinds of abrasives: 1902 ■ 873 
 
 Employees and wages 873, 874 
 
 Supplies, materials, and miscellaneous expenses 874 
 
 Mechanical power 874 
 
 Production S74-876 
 
 Table 3. — Abrasive materials — value of dcjmestic products and imports, by kinds: 1880 to 1902 874 
 
 Descriptive „ 876-879 
 
 Grindstones 876, 877 
 
 Oilstones, whetstones, and scythestones 877, 878 
 
 Buhrstones and millstones 878 
 
 Garnet 878, 879 
 
 Crystalline quartz 879 
 
 Infusorial earth and tripoli 879 
 
 Pumice 879 
 
 Corundum and emery 879 
 
 Table 4.— Detailed summary, ))y states: 1902 880, 881 
 
 Table .5.— Detailed summary, Ijy clas.ses: 1902 882, 883 
 
 Borax. By Joseph Struthers, Ph. D 885-893 
 
 Table 1.— Summary : 1902 887 
 
 Capital stock of incorporateil compianies 887 
 
 Table 2. — Capitalization of incorporated companies: 1902 887 
 
 Employees and wages 887, 888 
 
 Mechanical power. 888 
 
 Production 888 
 
 Table 3,— Production of borax in California: 1 8S9 to 1902 888 
 
 Table 4. — The production of borax, borates, etc., in the principal producing countries of the world: 1896 to 1901 888 
 
 Table ,5.— Imports of borax and borates into the United States: 1889 to 1902 889 
 
 Descriptive 889-892 
 
 Historical 889 
 
 Review, of the borax industry during 1902 889, 890 
 
 Occurrence 890 
 
 Physical and chemical characteristics 890, 891 
 
 Boric acid 891 
 
 The chlorine or Moore process 891 
 
 The hydrochloric acid process 891 
 
 The sulphuric acid process 891 
 
 The ammonia process or bigot process 891 
 
 The manufacture of borax from boric acid 891, 892 
 
 The manufacture of borax from colemanite 892 
 
 Table 6.— Detailed summary: 1902 892, 893 
 
 Fluorspar. By Joseph Hj-de Pratt 89.5-899 
 
 Table 1.— Comparative summary: 1902 and 1889 897 
 
 Development work: 1902. 897 
 
 Capital stock of incorporated compianies 897 
 
 Table 2. — Capitalization of incorporated companies: 1902 897 
 
 Employees and wages 897, 898 
 
 Supplies, materials, and miscellaneous expenses 898 
 
 Mechanical power 898 
 
 Production 898 
 
 Table 3.— Pnjduction of fluorspar: 1882 to 1902 898 
 
 Descriptive - 898, 899 
 
 Occurrence and use 898, 899 
 
 Table 4.— Detailed summary: 1902 899 
 
 Gypsum. By Story B. Ladd 901-91.5 
 
 Table 1.— Comparative summary: 1850 to 1902 903 
 
 Capital stock of incorporated companies 904, 905 
 
 Table 2. — Capitalization of incorporated companies: 1902 904 
 
 Employees and wages 905 
 
 Supplies, materials, and miscellaneous expenses 905 
 
 Mechanical power 905 
 
 Production 905, 906 
 
 Table 3.— Production of gypsum : 1880 to 1902 906 
 
 Table 4.— Gypsum imported into the United States: 1889 to 1902 906 
 
 Table 5.— The world's production of gypsum: 1893 to 1902 906 
 
xxil CONTENTS. 
 
 Gypsum — Continued. ■ Page. 
 
 Descriptive 906-:i 1 
 
 Origin _ - - '■ " 
 
 Occurrence -- '"'' 
 
 Use ■"'' 
 
 Land plaster - - • - - '"''"• '"'^ 
 
 Analyses ot clnver 
 
 Jr^laster oi 1 ans - 
 
 Analysis of boiler iucrustatinn froni a trans-Atlantic steamer ■ ^|^ 
 
 Manufacture - , . ' ' 
 
 T, , , 909, !(10 
 
 Ketari lers - - - 
 
 Accelerators - - ' ^ 
 
 910 
 Processes for hardening plaster 
 
 Landrin's anah'ses of aliuii plasters - ■^'■^ 
 
 Table 6.— Detailed sunnuary : 1902 - - - ■^^^' ^^^ 
 
 Appendix— Digest of United States patents - - 913-915 
 
 Gypsum and plaster of Paris 913-915 
 
 I. Processes 
 
 913 
 
 n. Retarders - 913-915 
 
 Phosphate eock. By Joseph Strnthers, Ph . D - - ^'^ ' ~'*'^f 
 
 Table 1.— Comparative summary: 1902 an<l 1.S89 ._ - 919 
 
 Development work: 1902 - ''IS* 
 
 Capital stock of incorporated companies - - "20 
 
 Table 2. — Capitalization of incorporated companies: 19(12 920 
 
 Employees and wages - - "20 
 
 Table 3. — Average nundier of wage-earners by specified daily rates of ]]ay : 19(12 _ > 920 
 
 Mechanical power - - 920 
 
 Production - 920, 921 
 
 Table 4.— Production of ph(.sphate rock: 1SS9 to 1992 920 
 
 Table 5.— "World's production of phosphate rock: 1S9{1 to 19(11 921 
 
 Descriptive 921 . 929 
 
 Historical - 921 
 
 Occurrence - 92 1 , 922 
 
 Characteristics and use 922, 923 
 
 Estimated mean annual quantity ami value of certain vegetable products in the United States 923 
 
 Review of the industry in the United States 923-929 
 
 Florida 923-925 
 
 South Carolina ' 925-927 
 
 Tennessee 927, 928 
 
 Other states 92S, 929 
 
 Table (3.— Detailed summary: 19(12 . 929, 930 
 
 ScLPHUR AXD I'YEiTK. By Joseph Strnthers, I'll. D 931, 942 
 
 Table 1. — Comparative summary: 1S80 to 19(12 933 
 
 Capital stock of incorporated companies 933 
 
 Taljle 2. — Caiiitalization of incoriKjrate.l coni|ianies: 1902 933 
 
 Employees and wages 933, 9.'!4 
 
 Mechanical power i)34 
 
 Production 934, 935 
 
 Table 3. — ,\nnual cloniestic jiroduction, imports, and total cnnsnni|ition of snipbiw and of pyriti-, with percentage domes- 
 tic prodncticpn is of total consumption, and (|uantity of sidiihnr displaced by p\rite: bS.sO Ui 1902 934 
 
 Imports of suljihur 93.5 
 
 Table 4. — Imports, by countries and by custonjs distrii'ls, into the United States, of crude s(d|ihur or brimstone, for 
 
 the fiscal year ending June .30: 1900 to 1902 <)3,5 
 
 Relative production of sulphur by various countries 93,5 
 
 Table 5.-- World's production of sulphur: 1S99, 1900, and 1901 _ 93.5 
 
 Descriptive 935-941 
 
 Sulphur 935-939 
 
 Physical and chemical characteristics 93,5 93(1 
 
 Uses . 936 
 
 Minerals of sulphur 9;:{(5 
 
 Sulphide and sulphate comliiiiations _ 93(3 
 
 Occurreni'e ij;\r,^ 937 
 
 Review of the indnstry in the t'nited States 9:;7-9;!9 
 
 Louisiana 9:;7 
 
 Nevada 9:;7, 9:^s 
 
 Utah ! i:;s 
 
 A laska 9:!s 
 
 Califorida 9:is 
 
 Idalio 9:!8 
 
 Texas 938 
 
CONTENTS. xxiii 
 
 Sulphur and pyrite— Continued. 
 Descriptive — Continued. 
 
 Sulphur — Continued. Page. 
 
 Method of refining sulpliur 9.38, 939 
 
 Sidphur deposits of Italy 939 
 
 Pyrite , 939, 940 
 
 Oecurrence - 939 
 
 Uses 939 
 
 Deposits und mining in the I'niteil States 939, 940 
 
 The manufacture of sulphuric acid 940, 941 
 
 Table 6.— Detailed summary : 1902 942 
 
 B.4.RYTES. By Joseph Hyde Pratt 943-949 
 
 Table 1.— Production of barytes: 1860 to 1902 945 
 
 Table 2.— Summary ; 1902 946 
 
 Capital stock of incorporated companies 946 
 
 Table 3. — Capitalization of incorporated companies: 1902 946 
 
 Employees and wages 946, 947 
 
 Supplies, materials, and miscellaneous expenses 947 
 
 Mechanical power 947 
 
 Production 947 
 
 Table 4.— Production of barytes: 1889 to 1902 947 
 
 Table .5.— Imports of barytes: 1889 to 1902 947 
 
 Descriptive - - 947, 948 
 
 Talsle 6.— Detailed summary: 1902 949 
 
 MiXER.vL piG.MENTS, CRUDE. By .loseph Struthers, Ph. D 951-9.59 
 
 Table 1.— Comparative summary: 1870 to 1902 953 
 
 Capital st(.)cl5: of incorporated companies 954 
 
 Table 2. — Capitalization of incorporated companies: 1902 954 
 
 Employees and wages 954 
 
 Supplies, materials, and miscellaneous expenses 954 
 
 Mechanical power 9-54 
 
 Production — 955 
 
 Descriptive — 955-957 
 
 Iron oxide pigments — 955, 956 
 
 Ochers , - - 956 
 
 Slate, shale, and aoapstone 956 
 
 Gypsum - - - 956 
 
 Artifitdal pigments - 956, 957 
 
 Other mineral pigments - 957 
 
 Table 3.— Detailed summary: 1902 958, 959 
 
 Steel h.\rdening 5iet,\ls. By Josejih Hyde Pratt 961-967 
 
 Table 1.— Summary : 1902 - - 963 
 
 Production - - 963-964 
 
 Table 2. — Production of nickel and cobalt (jxide frnm domestic ores, ami imports entered for consuujption: 1.SS9 to 1902; 
 
 also exports: 1894 to 1902 - 964 
 
 Table 3. — Production of nickel in Canada, France, and ( Jcrman)-: 1889 tfi 1902 964 
 
 Employees and wages - - 964, 965 
 
 Table 4. — Production of chrome ore in the United States, and imports of chrome ore, chromate, etc.: 1889 to 1902. 965 
 
 Descriptive - - - - 965-967 
 
 Chrome ore - - - - 965, 966 
 
 Nickel and coljalt - - 966 
 
 Tungsten and molybdenum - 966 
 
 Rutiie - - - - 966, 967 
 
 Uranium and vanadium - - 967 
 
 Table 5.— Detailed summary: 1902 - 967 
 
 AsBE,STOs. By Joseph Hyde Pratt - 969-974 
 
 Table 1.— Summary : 1902 - - - - - 971 
 
 Capital stock of incorporated comjianies 971, 972 
 
 Table 2.— Capitalization of incorporated companies: 1902 971 
 
 Employees and wages - 972 
 
 Supplies, materials, and miscellaneous expenses. - 972 
 
 Mechanical power - - - - - - 972 
 
 Production - - - - - 972, 973 
 
 Table 3.— Production of asbestos: 1 889 to 1902 972 
 
 Table 4.— Value of asbestos imported: 1889 to 1902 973 
 
 Table 5.— Annual production of asbestos in Canada: 1889 to 1902 973 
 
 Descriptive - - - 973, 974 
 
 Occurrence 973, 974 
 
 Table 6.— Detailed summary : 1902 974 
 
xxiv CONTENTS. 
 
 Pago. 
 
 AsPHALTUM AND BITUMINOUS ROCK. By Joseph Struthers, Ph. D - - ■ 975-91^0 
 
 Table 1.— Comparative summary ; 1860 to 1902 '''' 
 
 Development work : 1902 - " ■ -.- - \.\ 
 
 Capital stock of incorpc irated companies - - - " " ' „'- 
 
 Table 2. — Capitalization of incorporated companies: 1902 ' ' 
 
 Employees and wages - - - ^ _' 
 
 Supplies, materials, and miscellaneous expenses , „„ ',„,, 
 
 Tvr , . , 9/8, 9i9 
 
 Mechanical power - 
 
 Production - - ■ ^^^ 
 
 Table 3. — Crude asphaltum importeil for immediate consumption ; 1S89 to 1 902 - - ' ■ '^ 
 
 Table 4. — Production of asphaltum in principal producins; countries: 1890 to 1901 -....- • ■ 
 
 T^ • .• f f I 1 >, 979-984 
 
 Descriptive - 
 
 Physical and chemical characteristics - - ' ' 
 
 Analyses of pure asphaltum, exclusive of earthy matter and other mechanical imiiurities 
 
 Analyses of representative asphaltic limestones, showing their general composition - 
 
 Occurrence '. \ 981, 982 
 
 Arkansas - 
 
 California ^^^ 
 
 Indian Territory - ^^-' "^^ 
 
 Kentucky - - ^^^ 
 
 Texas ^^'^ 
 
 Utah. 
 
 Uses 
 
 983 
 983, 984 
 
 Asphaltum refining ' "84 
 
 Table 5.— Detailed summary: 1902 - 985 
 
 Bau.xite. By Joseph Struthers", Ph. D - 987-993 
 
 Table 1.— Summary : 1902 - - 989 
 
 Capital stock of incorporated companies 98" 
 
 Employees and wages 989 
 
 Supplies, materials, and miscellaneous expenses - - - - 990 
 
 Mechanical power. 990 
 
 Production - 990, 991 
 
 Tal)le 2. — Production, imports, exports, and consumption of bauxite and the pmduction and value of aluminum, 18S9 
 
 to 1902, and of alum and aluminum sulphate, 1889 to 1902 990 
 
 Talile 3.— World's i)roduction of l)auxite: 1900 and 1901 990 
 
 Descriptive 991-993 
 
 Occurrence 991 
 
 Analyses of specimens (if bauxite from various countries 992 
 
 Chemical propierties 992 
 
 Physical properties 992 
 
 Important products derived froui bau.xite 992, 993 
 
 Aluminum sulphate _ 992, 993 
 
 Potassium alum 993 
 
 Aluminum hydroxide 993 
 
 Artificial emery 993 
 
 Table 4.— Detailed summary: 1902 993 
 
 Flint .^nd feldspar. By Story B. Ladd 99.5-1001 
 
 Table 1.— Summary: 1902 997 
 
 Table 2. — Capitalization of incori)oi-ati'd companies: 1902 997 
 
 Flint 997-999 
 
 Employees and ^vages 998 
 
 Supplies, materials, and miscellai icons exjienses 998 
 
 Mechanical pjower 998 
 
 Production 998 
 
 Table 3. — Prn.luction of flint: 1.S92 to 1902 _.. 998 
 
 Occurrenci/ ami use 998 999 
 
 Feldspar 999^ lOOO 
 
 Emjiloyces and wages 999 
 
 Supplies, materials, and niisccllaneons expenses _ 999 
 
 Mechanical power 999 
 
 Production 999^ 1000 
 
 Table 4.— Production of felilspar; 1«92 to 1902 ]000 
 
 Occuirence anil use 1000 
 
 Table 5. — Flint, detafled summary: 1902 1000 
 
 Table 6. — Feldsjjar, detailed summary: 1902 1001 
 
 Fuller's hartil By Story B. Ladd 1003-1007 
 
 Table 1 . — Summary: 1902 lOO.i 
 
 Capital stock of incorporated companies 100.5 
 
 Table 2. — Capitalization of incorporated com[ianies: 1902 1005 
 
CONTENTS. XXV 
 
 Fuller's earth— Continued. page. 
 
 Employees and wages 1 00.5 
 
 Supplies, materials, and miscellaneous expenses 100.5 
 
 Mechanical power ] 00.5 
 
 Production 1005, 1 000 
 
 Table 3.— Production and imports of fuller's earth: 189S to 1902 1006 
 
 Descriptive 1 006, 1007 
 
 Analyses of fuller's earth 1006 
 
 Table 4.— Detailed summary; 1902 1007 
 
 Graphite. By Joseph Struthers, Ph. D 1 009-1 018 
 
 Table 1.— Comparative summary; 1880 to 1902 1011 
 
 Capital of incorporated companies 1011 
 
 Table 2. — Capitalization of incorporated companies: 1902 1011 
 
 Employees and wages 1011, 1012 
 
 Mechanical power , 1012 
 
 Production 1012 
 
 Table 3.— Production and imports of graphite: 1880 to 1902 1012 
 
 Table 4.— World's production of graphite; 1896 to 1901 1012 
 
 Descriptive 1013-1017 
 
 Physical and chemical characteristics 1013 
 
 Occurrence and mining of crystalline graphite in the United States 101 3, 1 014 
 
 Concentrating crystalline graphite 1014 
 
 Occurrence and mining of amorphous graphite in the United States 1014, 1015 
 
 Occurrence and mining of graphite in foreign countries 1015, 1016 
 
 Artificial graphite. 1016, 1017 
 
 Uses of graphite 1017 
 
 Table 5.— Detailed summary: 1902 ' 1018 
 
 Lithium ore. By .Joseph Hy<le Pratt 1019-1022 
 
 Table 1.— Summary : 1902 1021 
 
 Employees and wages 1 021 
 
 Production 1021 
 
 Occurrence and uses 1021 , 1022 
 
 Table 2.— Detailed summary: 1902 1022 
 
 Marl. By Story B. Ladd 1023-1026 
 
 Table 1.— Summary : 1902 1025 
 
 Capital stock of incorporated companies 1025 
 
 Employees and wages 1 025 
 
 Supplies, materials, and miscellaneous exjienses 1025, 1026 
 
 Production 1026 
 
 Table 2.— Production of marl: 1880 to 1902 1026 
 
 Descriptive 1026 
 
 Table 3.— Detailed summary: 1902 1026 
 
 Mica. By Joseph Hyde Pratt 1027-1033 
 
 Table 1.— Comparative summary; 1870 to 1902 1029 
 
 Capital stock of incorporated companies — 1029, 1030 
 
 Table 2.— Capitalization of incorporated coinj)anies : 1902 1029 
 
 Employees and wages - - - 1030 
 
 Supplies, materials, and miscellaneous expenses 1030 
 
 Mechanical power — 1 030 
 
 Production - - 1030 
 
 Table 3.~Produetiou of mica; 1889 to 1902 1030 
 
 Table 4. — Value of unmanufactured mica imjiorteil and entered for consumption in the United States: 1880 to 1896 1030 
 
 Table 5. — Mica imported and entered for consumption; 1897 to 1902 1031 
 
 Descriptive - - - - 1031, 1032 
 
 Occurrence and use - - - - - 1031, 1032 
 
 Sheet or plate mica — — 1032 
 
 Scrap mica - - - - - - - - - 1032 
 
 Table 6.— Detailed summary: 1902 1033 
 
 Monazite. By Joseph Hyde Pratt - - - 1035-1039 
 
 Table 1.— Summary : 1902 - 1037 
 
 Employees and wages 1037 
 
 Supplies, materials, and miscellaneous expenses 1037 
 
 Mechanical power - - - 1037 
 
 Production - - - - - 1037, 1038 
 
 Table 2.— Production of monazite; 1893 to 1902 1037 
 
 Descriptive - - - 1038 
 
 Occurrence - - - 1038 
 
 Process of cleaning 1038 
 
 Uses 1038 
 
 ■ Table 3.— Detailed 8ummar\' : 1902 1039 
 
xxvi CONTENTS. 
 
 P.-ig-e- 
 
 Precious stones. By George F, Kunz - - ^'^^1'"' '''^^ 
 
 Table 1.— Summary : 1902 ' "''^ 
 
 Capital stock of incorporated companies ■ ^'^^^' ^':' ,, 
 
 Table 2. — Capitalization of incorporated companies: 190i! " , 
 
 Employees and wages ' 
 
 Supplies, materials, and miscellaneous expenses - - - ' ' " , ^ ,^ 
 
 Table 3.— Production of precious stones in the United States: 18H6 to 1902 1044-10.58 
 
 Descriptive , „ , ^ 
 
 T^- 1 104.O 
 
 Diamond - . , , „ 
 
 Sapphires and rubies ' -.„,„ 
 
 Emerald - „ 
 
 T3 , 1 04 / 
 
 f''" - - - - - "■ 1047 
 
 Jr^'^'l - -■■-■- - - " 1047,1048 
 
 ^'™^*-:-"'""" " ■ ""■■" ' ' 10^8,1049 
 
 rourmalme - 
 
 Kunzite (lilac spoduniene) - 
 
 n rt -l 1049,10.50 
 
 Californite - - ' 
 
 Analysis of vesuvianite from Siskiyou county, California 
 
 Analysis of two minerals from California . - - - _ '^- 
 
 Chlorastrolite and mesolite - - - - - ■ ^'^'■^'^'' ^"^'^^ 
 
 Opal - --- 1051 
 
 Turquoise --- - 1051,1052 
 
 TJtahite and prosopite - - - - - 
 
 Anthracite - - 1052,1053 
 
 Catlinite (pipestone) - — l*^'^'' 
 
 Fluorspar (Illinois) - - ■'"'^■^ 
 
 Quartz minerals — - - 105.j-10.38 
 
 Pock crystal - - 1053, 1054 
 
 Colored varieties - 10'^"^ 
 
 Smoky quartz - 1 '554 
 
 Rose quartz - - - 1054, 1055 
 
 Amethyst - - 1055 
 
 Quartz pel>bles 1055, 1056 
 
 Agate and chalcedony 1 056, 1057 
 
 Chrysofirase 1057 
 
 Moss agate 1057, 1058 
 
 Table 4.— Detailed summary: 1902 1058 
 
 Talc and soapsto.ne. By Jo.seph Hyde Pratt 105H-1066 
 
 Table 1.— Comparative summary : 1860 to 1902 lOfil 
 
 Capital stock of incorporated companies 1061-1062 
 
 Table 2. — Capitalization of incorporateil companies: 19(12. 1061 
 
 Employees and wages 1 062 
 
 Supplies, materials, and miscellaneous expenses 1062 
 
 Mechanical power 1062 
 
 Production 1063 
 
 Table 3.— Production of talc and soapstone: IHHO to 1902 1063 
 
 Table 4.— Talc im|jorted into the United States: ISsO to 1902 1063 
 
 Descriptive 1 063-1065 
 
 Occurrence 1063, 1064 
 
 Methods of mining, manufacturing, and cleaning 1064, 1065 
 
 Uses 1065 
 
 Table 5.— Detailed summary: 1902 1 066 
 
 Magnesite. By .Joseph Struthers, Ph. D 1067-1071 
 
 Production 1069 
 
 Table 1.— Production of magnesite: 1891 to 19(12 1069 
 
 Consumption ....-- ] 0(i9, 1070 
 
 The industry in the United States 1070 
 
 The industry in foreign countries _ 1070, 1071 
 
 Occurrence and characteristics . 1071 
 
 Uses - - 1071 
 
 Mi.xEBAL industries OF PoKTO Riro. Bv William F. Willejughhy 1073-1085 
 
 Map showing location , 1074 
 
 Mining laws - --- 1077 
 
 Precious metals - 1078 
 
 Registered mining claims of precious mi'tals - ^^)7S 
 
 Placer gold mining - . 1 078 
 
 Base metals 1078, 1079 
 
 Registered mining claims of Ijase metals 1079 
 
CONTENTS. xxvii 
 
 Mineral industries of Porto Rico — Continued. I'nge. 
 
 Salt 1(179, 1080 
 
 Production of salt: 1»0L> lOKO 
 
 Clay products 1 Osf), 1 QSl 
 
 Clay products: 191)2 1080 
 
 Limestone _ 1081-1083 
 
 Production of limestone: 1902 1082, 1083 
 
 Phosphate rock 1083, 1084 
 
 Registered mining claims of phosphate rock 1 083 
 
 Unregistered mining claims of phosphate rock _ _ 1084 
 
 Granite 1 084 
 
 Mineral springs 1084, 1085 
 
 APPENDICES. 
 
 Appendi.\ a. — Schedules 1089-1105 
 
 Appendix B. — Instructions to special agents 1107-1112 
 
 Appendix C. — Instructions for editing and revising the schedules 1113-1123 
 
 DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 General: 
 
 Diagram I. — Value of products of principal minerals and proportion each bears to total: 1902 43 
 
 Diagram II. — Production of princii>al minerals, by states and territories: 1902 46, 47 
 
 Diagram III. — Value of all mineral products ami value of each group; 1902 49 
 
 Diagram IV. — Production of principal minerals: 1902 49 
 
 Diagram ^^ — Value per scjuare mile of minerals produced, b\' states and territories: 1902 49 
 
 Diagram VI. — Value of minerals produced in each state and territory: 1902. 53 
 
 Diagram VII. — Proportion of minerals produced by geographic divisions: 1902 53 
 
 Electricity in mining: 
 
 Plate I. — Long distance electric transmission in California 146 
 
 Plate II. — Electric coal cutter 150 
 
 Plate III. — Electric coal cutter 150 
 
 Plate IV. — Electric drill at work in a mine 152 
 
 Plate V. — Trolley electric locomotive in coal mine 1.54 
 
 Plate VI. — Electric mine locomotive with reel of wire for flexiljle connection to circuit 154 
 
 Plate VII. — Two 250-volt electric locomotives in coal mines at Kingston, Pennsylvania 154 
 
 Plate VIII. — Electric locomotive, with reel for an extension cable 154 
 
 Plate IX. — Mine pump, driven by a 150-horsepower motor 150 
 
 Plate X. — Four-stage mine pump, driven by a 150-horsepowir motor 150 
 
 Plate XI. — Electric gold dredger at work in California 160 
 
 Iron ore: 
 
 Plate I. — Pioneer and Chandler mines at Ely, Minnesota .398 
 
 Plate II. — Auburn mine milling pit, Mesala Range, Minnesota 400 
 
 Plate III. — No. 2 pit, Adams mine, Eveleth, Minnesota 402 
 
 Plate IV. — Steel shaft house, Adams mine, first on the Mesabi Range 402 
 
 Plate V. — Mount Iron mine, Mesabi Range, looking east across pit, showing two stripping and three ore levels 404 
 
 Plate VI. — Group of mine liuildings and dwellings, Cliffs Shaft mine, Lake Bancroft, Michigan 406 
 
 Plate VII. — Cleveland Lake mine, Marquette Range, Jlichigan, looking east 40s 
 
 Plate VIIL— Cliffs Shaft mine, Marquette Range, Michigan 410 
 
 Plate IX. — The Salisbury mine, Marquette Range, Michigan 412 
 
 Plate X. — Red hematite mine. Red Mountain, near Birmingham, Alabama 414 
 
 Plate XI. — Limonite banks near Tecumseh, Cherokee county, Alabama 414 
 
 Plate XII. — View of No. 21 mine, Port Henry Iron Company, Mineville, near Port Henry, New York 416 
 
 Plate XIII. — Cut in Middle Hill, Cornwall ore banks, Cornwall, Lebanon county, Pennsylvania 416 
 
 Plate XIV. — Sunrise pit from the east, at Sunrise, Laramie county, Wyoming 418 
 
 Plate XV. — Nos. 3 and 4 trams and railroad tracks, Orient mine, near Salida, Saguache county, Colorado 418 
 
 Diagram I. — Classification of iron ore production: 1889 to 1902 420 
 
 Diagram II.— Production of iron ores in the United States: 1902, 1880, and 1880 422 
 
 Diagram III. — Annual production of iron ore in the United States 424 
 
 Diagram IV. — Contemporaneous production of iron ores in the United States, (ireat Britain, and (Jermany: also relative 
 
 proportion supplied from the Lake Superior region: 1889 to 1902 425 
 
 Copper: 
 
 Diagram I , — Average prices of copper, New York and Lomlon : 1879 to 1902 497 
 
 Diagram II. — Production, consumption, and exports of copper in the United States: 1895 to 1902 499 
 
 Diagram II.v. — Average New York prices of copper: 1895 to 1902 499 
 
 Diagram III. —European demand for imported copper: 1895 to 1902 501 
 
 Diagram IV. — Consumption of imported copper in Great Britain, imports from the United States and other countries: 1895 
 
 to 1 902 502 
 
 Diagram I Va. — Average London jirices of copper: 1895 to 1 902 ,502 
 
 Diagram V. — Consumption of copper in France: 1895 to 1902 ,503 
 
 Diagram VI. — Consumption of copper in Germany: 1895 to 1902 .^ni^ 
 
55K 
 370 
 
 574 
 574 
 
 xxviii CONTENTS. 
 
 Gold and silver: page. 
 
 Diagram I.— Production of gold from 1889 to 1902 in the states and territories reporting more than 50,000 ounces in 1902. . . 552 
 
 Diagram II.— Production of silver from 1889 to 1902 in the states reporting more than 2,500,000 ounces in 1902 554 
 
 Diagram III.— Production of gold: 1889 to 1902 ] |^'^*;J 
 
 Diagram IV.— Production of silver: 1889 to 1902 - - - 
 
 Diagram V. — Variation of the conmiercial ratio of silver to gold .since 1700 " " 
 
 Diagram VI.— Prices of silver and lead in the London market: 1843 to 1872 ■- ; 
 
 Diagram VII.— Prices of silver and lead in the Lond.jn market, and lead jirices in tlu- Xew York market: 187.3 to 1902 5^'^ 
 
 Plate I. — Gold dredge, driven by electric power - — 
 
 Plate II.— Vein in 1,200-foot level, Daly-Judge mine, Park City, Utah. - - - 
 
 Plate III.— Stope, west drift, 2,000 feet from line, Anchor mine, near Park City, Utah - 
 
 Plate IV.— Interior of mill of the United Gold Mining, Milling an<l Tunnel Company, Idaho .Springs, Colorailii ■'■''e 
 
 Cyanide processes: 
 
 Plate I. — Eureka cyanide plant near Carson Citv, Nevada - ^ 
 
 Coal: 
 
 Diagram I. — Productinn of coal per capita, and comparison of population Avith production: 1830 to 11)02 ''^0 
 
 Diagram II.— Domestic production and consumption of coal, 1902, and coal production of the world: 1902, 1890, 1880, and 1870. li(2 
 
 Stone: 
 
 Plate I. — Quarry in oolitic limestone, Bedford, Indiana - '^^ 
 
 Plate II. — General view of stone yards and works of the Vermont Marble Company, Proctor, ^'erlllont 'S8 
 
 Plate III. — Interior view of marble quarry. Proctor, Vermont - ' '"^ 
 
 Plate IV. — Interior view of marble cjuarry, Rutland, Vermont - - 
 
 Plate V. — Interior view of marble quarry near Tate, Pickens county, Georgia 
 
 Plate VI. — Fig. 1 — View near western end of Great Canyon sandstone quarry, .\inherst, ()liii> '96 
 
 Fig. 2 — View of sandstone quarry at Berea, ()hio - - - ''^^ 
 
 Plate VII. — Granite quarry at Crotch Island, Maine (two views) - - -- ''^^ 
 
 Plate VIII. — Steam drill used in stone quarrying '^98 
 
 Plate IX. — Double gang marble and limestone channeling machines - - - - 800 
 
 Plate X. — Double gang sandstone channeling machine — 800 
 
 Plate XI. — Channeling machine for undercutting 800 
 
 Plate XII,— Track channeler with boiler 802 
 
 Plate XIII. — Quarry bar channeling machine - 802 
 
 Plate XIV. — Pneumatic stone surfacing machine ^^04 
 
 Plate XV. — Large granite column cutting lathe at Vinal haven, Maine 804 
 
 Porto Rico: 
 
 Ox-p>ower wheel for mi.xing clay 1080 
 
 Molding bricks by hand 1080 
 
 Drying Vjricks previous to tiring 1082 
 
 Firing a Vjrick-loaded oven 1082 
 
 Limestone quarries 1084 
 
 792 
 94 
 
LETTER OE TRANSMITTAL 
 
 DEPARTMENT <_)E COMMERCE AND I.ABOR, 
 
 Bureau of the Census, 
 ^Ya>ihinqton, I). 6'., July 7, 190^. 
 Sir: 
 
 I have the lionor to transmit herewith a report on mines and quarries and petrolemn and natural-f4as wells 
 for the year ending December 31, 1902. This report contains the statistics of the Twelfth Census of the n:ining 
 industries of the United States. At all prior censuses the mining industries have been enumerated at the same 
 time as the population, manufactures, and agriculture, but the date of the enumeration was changed b_y the act 
 of Congress of March t>, VM)'l, which provides that the statistics relating to mines, mining, quarries, and minerals, 
 shovdd be collected decennially after the completion and return of the enumeration and of the work upon the 
 schedules relating to the products of agriculture and to manufacturing and mechanical establishments. 
 
 The mining census was conducted in collaboration with the United States Geological Survey, the statistics 
 being collected in connection with the data required for the annual report of the mineral resources of the United 
 States. The objects of this collaboration were to avoid duplication of the tieldwork and the necessitj- of calling 
 on the mine operators for duplicate reports; also to obtain harmonious results for the two offices. The totals 
 for the two offices agree, with the exception of a few minerals, for which the Geological Survey includes manu- 
 facturing processes carried on entirely distinct from the mining operations, and in some instances where that 
 office calls for the product marketed or sold instead of that produced during the 3'ear. 
 
 Mining industries are frequentlj' carried on by establishments engaged in both mining and manufacturing, 
 and for statistical purposes it is often impossible to separate the operations. The report on manufactures for the 
 Twelfth Census includes the statistics for all products that could be considered as the results of manufacturing 
 processes, and such products have, as far as possil)le, l)een excluded from this report. It would add to the A^alue 
 of these statistics if the mining and manufacturing industries were covered b}- the same enumeration and the total 
 presented as the manufacturing and mechanical industries of the country. Under the existing law it is impos- 
 sible to compile such a total for the same 3'ear for all branches of industiy. 
 
 This report has been prepared in the division of manufactures, under the supervision of Mr. William M. 
 Steuart, chief statistician for manufactures, assisted by Mr. Joseph D. Lewis, chief of division. I desire also to 
 acknowledge the services of the efficient force of the Geological Survey that worked under the supervision of 
 Dr. David T. Day, chief of the division of mining and mineral resources, and of Mr. William A. Countryman, of 
 this Bureau, who assisted in the preparation of the textual discussion. 
 Ver}' respectfully. 
 
 Director. 
 Hon. Victor H. Metcalf, 
 
 Secretary eif Commerce and Labor. 
 
 ( (xxix) 
 
MINES AND (QUARRIES. 
 
 CHAPITER I. 
 
 PLAN AND HCOPE OP^ INQUIRY. 
 
 I. 
 
 PROVISIONS OF LAW. 
 
 The Fii'st Census of the I'^nited iStates, taken in 1791) 
 by the United States marshals and their assistants, con- 
 tained no statistics relative to manufacturing- or mining- 
 industries. ))eing- confined to an enumeration of the 
 inhal)itants or population of the country. The Second 
 Census, taken in ISOO, was practically the same in scope. 
 The first attempt to collect an}' industrial statistics was 
 made in connection with the Third Census, under the 
 provisions of a special amendatorj- act, passed May 1, 
 1810, which recjuired the ''marshals' secretaries and 
 their assistants * * * to take * * * an account 
 of ■•'' " " manufacturing- cstal)lishments and manu- 
 factures." From the digest of these statistics, prepared 
 b}' Tench Coxe under the direction of the Secretary- of 
 the Treasury, it appears that the schedule secured in- 
 formation concerning the cutting and dressing of 
 marble, slate, and other stones, the quarrying- of slate, 
 the mining of saltpeter, and the production of red and 
 yellow ocher, but that no reference was made to min- 
 erals from which metallic substances are derived save 
 in the classification "lead and manufactures of lead." 
 There was included under this classification the sub- 
 stance known as black lead (graphite). Although the 
 law providing for the census of 1820 contained apro- 
 vision similar to that of the law of 1810 concerning 
 industrial statistics, there is no evidence that statistics 
 of mines and quarries were taken. The section con- 
 cerning industrial statistics was omitted from the law 
 providing- for the census of 1830. 
 
 No further attempt appears to have been made to 
 collect statistics for mines and quarries until the census 
 of 1840, which was taken in conformity with the act of 
 March 3, 1839. This was the first census law to con- 
 tain a specific provision for the collection of statistics 
 of mines. Section 13 of the law provided that "the 
 aforesaid marshals and their assistants * * * also 
 shall collect and return in statistical tables under proper 
 3022.3—04 1 
 
 heads, according to such forms as shall be fui'nished, 
 all such information relating- to mines, agriculture, 
 commerce, manufactures, and schools as will exhibit a 
 full view of the pursuits, industry, education, and 
 resources of the countr}- * * *." 
 
 The Seventh. Eighth, and Ninth census(>s were taken 
 under the act of May 23, 18.50, which authorized not 
 onlv the enumeration of all inhabitants, but also the 
 collection of "all the other statistical information 
 "■'" * * specified in the instructions which shall be 
 given by the Secretary of the Interior and in the tables 
 annexed." Under this provision statistics of mines 
 continued to be taken, but only in a scattering way and 
 in comiection with other statistics until the census of 
 18T(), when they were given separately and with com- 
 parative fullness. 
 
 Section 18 of the act of March 3, 1879, providing- for 
 the census of 1880, contains the following i^rovision: 
 "And said Superintendent may employ experts and 
 special agents to investigate in their economic relations 
 the manufacturing, railroad, fishing, mining, and other 
 industries of the countrj^ * * *." The form of 
 the inc^uiries concerning mining and other productive 
 industries was left to the discretion of the Superintend- 
 ent of the Census and the Secretary of the Interior. 
 
 The only direct reference to a mining census that is 
 made in the act of March 1, 1889, which provided for 
 the Eleventh Census is contained in section 17. This 
 section provided that the only volumes to be published 
 in connection with that census were those relating to 
 population and social statistics, manufactures, mining, 
 agriculture, mortality and vital statistics, valuation 
 and pu})lic indebtedness, recorded indebtedness, and 
 statistics relating to railroad corporations and incorpo- 
 rated express, telegraph, and insurance companies. 
 But among the reports which the Superintendent was 
 "required to obtain," if directed to do so by the Secre- 
 tary of the Interior, were those "from all corporations 
 or establishments reporting products other than agri- 
 cultural products." 
 
 (U 
 
MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 The act of March 3, 1899, providing for tlie Twelfth 
 Census, was the first census law to descril.>e the scope 
 of the mining^ census and to make a definite line of 
 demarcation between the statistics of mines and those 
 of manufactures. Section 8 provides "that after the 
 completion and return of the enumeration and of the 
 work upon the schedules relatino- to the products of 
 agriculture and to manufacturing * * * the Di- 
 rector of the Census is hereby authorized to collect 
 statistics relating to * * * mines, mining, and 
 minerals, and the production and value thereof, in- 
 cluding gold in divisions of placer and vein, and silver 
 mines, and the number of men employed, the aver- 
 age daily wage, average working time, and aggregate 
 earnings in the various branches and aforesaid divi- 
 sions of the mining industry * * * ."' Before the 
 reports on population, agriculture, and manufactures 
 were completed the act of March 6, l'.H)2, ]n-ovid- 
 ing for the establishment of a permanent CVnsus Office, 
 became a law, and it was therefore in conformity 
 with this law rather than that of March :-!. 1SM9, that 
 the censvis of mines and quarries of 190::! was taken. 
 No material change was made, however, in the pro- 
 visions of section S, cited above. 
 
 At all censuses prior to the Twelfth the statistics of 
 mines and quai'ries, whenever taken, were collect(_>d in 
 connection with the statistics of population, agriculture, 
 and manufactures, and were published as a ]jart of the 
 regular census reports. This practice is correct from 
 both a theoretical and a practical point of view. The 
 separation for the census of 1900 was made apparently 
 because the work incident to the mining census might 
 have tended to delaj" the comiDletion of the reports on 
 the other more important subjects. It is a distinct ad- 
 vantage, however, to have the reports on agriculture, 
 manufactures, and mining cover the same, or pi-acticall}' 
 the same, period, as it is thus made possible to present 
 statistics of all branches of productive industry for the 
 same year. Under the present law and practice the 
 year covered by the mining census does not expire until 
 more than two and one-half years after the close of that 
 covered by the other industrial statistics — one being the 
 calendar year, and the other the year ending June 1 — 
 therefore the reports for the mining census can not ))e 
 published until about four years after the census year 
 covered by the statistics of manufactures and agricul- 
 ture. The period covered by the present mining c(misus 
 is the year ending Deceni))er 31. 1'.I02, and the condi- 
 tions prevailing during tliat year in some brandies of 
 mining differed materially from those that pre\'ailed 
 during the census year ending June 1, 1900. Tiiis dif- 
 ference is especially noticealile iti the anthracite coal 
 industry, where tlie mining operations were practically 
 suspended for six months, although they were in full 
 operation during the entire year covered l)y the census 
 of 1900. Still, in order to sliow totals for the mechan- 
 
 ical, manufacturing, and mining industries, the statis- 
 tics for these two dissimilar years nmst be combined, 
 though the totals are a combination of statistics tluit 
 represent a prosperous condition for manufactures and 
 a depressed condition in one important branch of min- 
 ing. The combination, therefore, is not indicative of 
 the results of a year's work under either condition. 
 The oflice was cognizant of these objections to a mining 
 census covering the year 1W)2 and the advisability of 
 such a census Avas carefully canvassed. After much 
 consideration Mr. S. N. D. North, who then held the 
 position of chief statistician for manufactures, sent the 
 following letter of recommendation to the Director of 
 
 the Census: 
 
 October 11, 1902. 
 Hon. WnxiAM K. Meeriam, 
 
 I>n-rrh,r of llif CeiisUK. 
 
 Deab Sir: In accordance with yonr \erbal instructions I have 
 consulted with a number oi people, including Colonel Wright, 
 (.'onimissioner of Labor, and 3Ir. Walcott, Director of the Geolog- 
 ical Survey, in regard to the advisability of making a census of the 
 mining industry as of the year 1902, in view of the fact that the 
 coal strike in the anthracite regions has produced conditions so 
 abnormal in that branch of the mining industry that a census taken 
 as of the year in whic^h the strike occurred would result in data 
 misleading and unsatisfactory. 
 
 It is the judgment of all the gentlemen with whom I have 
 consulted that the fact of the anthracite coal strike do(..s not con- 
 stitute a good and sufficient reason for postponing the census min- 
 ing inquiry, and in this judgment I concur. It is the opinion of 
 i\Ir. Walcijtt that the statistics of anthracite coal mining can be 
 taken as of the j'ear 1901 so far as quantities and values are con- 
 cerned. It is suggested by Commissioner Wright that statistics of 
 the anthracite coal mining industry, taken as of the year 1901, so 
 far as quantities and values are concerned, and as of the year 1902, 
 so far as relates to other items, will prove of great value in the 
 immediate future in connection with the discussion of the contro- 
 versy which has arisen between the coal operators and the coal 
 miners of the anthracite region, and that Congress and the people 
 of the United States ought to have the benefit of such statistics in 
 view of important economic questions arising from the strike in 
 question. Colonel Wright also suggests that certain questions hav- 
 ing a direct bearing upon the existing situation in the anthracite 
 crial region may with propriety be added to the spei'ial schedule 
 adopted for that branch of the mining industry. 
 
 I therefore recommend tliat the division of manufactures shall 
 continue and perfect its plans for taking a mining census as of the 
 present i-aleudar year, with a view to the commencement of field- 
 work early in the year 190.'[. 
 
 Such a c/ourse was undoul)te<lly contemplateil by Congress in the 
 passage of the act providing iVira permanent Census Office, apiiroved 
 March 6, 1902. It is true that the portion of section 7 of the act 
 ill question which undertakes to fix the date for the mining census 
 is difficult (if intelligent interpretation in the form in which it was 
 enacteil, lint an examination of the debate in the House of Repre- 
 sentatives at the time when the words "until July first, nineteen 
 hundred and four," were inserted in the liill in the form of an 
 amendment offered liy j\Ir. Williams, of Mississippi, reveals the 
 fact that the purpose (jf these words was to restrict the Census 
 Office to a single report upmi the mining industry and tn exclude 
 annual reports, and that it was intended that this should bo taken 
 anil published prior to the date named. In order to coniplv liter- 
 ally with till' iiitcnl (if ( '(ingress, as revealed in the deliatcs of the 
 House in ('oiinection with this amendment, it will be necessary to 
 take tlic iiiining census as of the calendar vear 1902. 
 
PLAN AND SCOPE OF INQUIRY. 
 
 AVith reference to the plans for the mining census, I resjiectfully 
 recommend tliat the inquiry be divided into three parts, as follows: 
 Part 1, Precious metals; Part 2, Stone quarrying of all descriptions; 
 Part 3, All other minerals, metallic and nonmetallic. 
 
 I also recommend that the details of the work for each part shall 
 be under the immediate direction and within the complete control 
 of the chief statistician for manufactures and his assistants. 
 
 I recommend the appointment of Mr. I. A. Hourwich, of Wash- 
 ington, D. C. , as consulting expert special agent for the jjrecious 
 metals, at a compensation of $6 per diem when actually employed. 
 ]Mr. Hourwich was formerly connected with the Treasury Bureau 
 of the Mint and is highly recommended by Director George E. Rob- 
 erts. I make this recommendation with the understanding that 
 Mr. Hourwich is to have access to all the records and data of the 
 ilint in connection with this work, and that the Census Office is to 
 have the beneiit of the cooperation of that bureau of tfie (iovem- 
 nient as the result of Jlr. Hourwich's appointment. 
 
 For the second branch of the inquiry I recommend the appoint- 
 ment of Mr. George P. Merrill as consulting expert special agent. 
 Jlr. Merrill is one of the head curators of the National JMuseum, 
 and this recommendation is made with the understanding that he 
 will serve the Census Office without compensation, and that the 
 office is to have the benefit of all the records and data of the Na- 
 tional Museum so far as they relate to the stone quarrying industries 
 of the United States. 
 
 For the third branch of the mining inquiry I recommend that a 
 consulting expert special agent be aj)pointed who shall be mutually 
 agreed upon by the Director of the Census and the Director of the 
 United States Geological Survey, and with the understanding that 
 the Census Office is to have the use and benefit of the records and 
 data of the statistical division of the Geological Survey in the 
 prosecution of its work, in accordance with section 28 of the act 
 of March 3, 1899, under such conditions as shall prove satisfactory 
 to the Director of the Geological Survey and shall be mutually 
 agreed upon. 
 
 I am of the opinion that it will be for the benefit of the Govern- 
 ment if the mining statistics annually collected and published by 
 the Geological Survey are collected for the year 1902 by the Survey 
 and the Census Office, working in conjunction and ci loperation with 
 each other, thus avoiding a duplication of governmental statistical 
 work, the whole expense of the inquiry for that year to be borne 
 by the Census Office; and the Geological Survey to have the benefit 
 and use of the statistics, so far as it may require them, contempo- 
 raneously with their use and publication by the Census Office. 
 
 The details of this plan, if it can be carried out, must necessarily 
 
 be the result of consultation with the Director of the Geological 
 Survey, and must include such arrangements regarding the clerks 
 of the Survey employed in its statistical division and their payment 
 during tlie jjeriod of the inquiry as may he mutually agreed upon. 
 All of which is respectfally subuiitted. 
 
 S. N. D. North, 
 (fliirf Sliitixl'iclim for Murmfactiires. 
 
 The recomnieiidation.s cDDtained in this letter were 
 approved, and preparations were immediately made for 
 the mining- census. These consisted of making ready 
 the schedules and instructions, perfecting the details 
 foi' cooperative work with the Geological Survey, get- 
 ting together lists of mines and quarries, districting the 
 entire country, and appointing special agents. Each of 
 these stages of the Avorli is explained at length under 
 its appropriate title. 
 
 II. 
 
 DEVELOPMENT OF MININ<4 STATISTICS. 
 
 fScojyi:' of the iiiqtiiry. — The census of 1840 was the 
 first, except for the fragmentary information collated 
 in 1810, to include statistics of mining and quarrying. 
 Statistics were shown of capital, employees, and prod- 
 uct — in combination, however, with the manufactures 
 of the metal or mineral in each case — for coal, anthra- 
 cite and ijitumiuous; gold; granite, marble, and other 
 stone; iron ore; and lead. 
 
 In 1850 and 1860 statistics for mines and quarries 
 were included with those for manufactures. The lirst 
 separate census of mines and quarries was in 1870; 
 then followed the censuses of 1880 and 1890. Table 
 1 shows the character of the inquiries concerning mines 
 and quarries from 1850 to 1902, as far as they are dis- 
 closed by the published results. A ^ 
 
 The subjects presented from 1850 to 1902 are .shown 
 in Table 2, which makes veiy plain the development in 
 this respect during the little more than a half century 
 which has elapsed. 
 
MINES AND (,)UAKi;iK>S. 
 
 Tablk 1.— CHAUACTl^U OK INQUIUIKS ( :()N(.;KKNIN( ; MINKS AND UTJAKRJES: 1850' TO 1902. 
 
 1850 1800 
 
 Number of ostablisliDifiits 
 
 Number of mines 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 1870 1880 
 
 Capital - 
 
 Capital, by classes - - . 
 
 Capitalization, etc., of inrorponiteil (■nmi>;inii,'s 
 
 Wage- earners, by sex 
 
 "Wage-earners, classificil us lueu and boys, ab(.i\'e and below gronnd 
 
 Wage-earners, by n<'(-np;iiiMn , 
 
 Wage-earners (m>.ii and \«<ys. above and below ground), by occupation 
 
 Average number i)[ wage-earners (men and boys) umidoycd during each nmuth, 
 "Wage- earners (men and boj's), by occupation and daily rates ui pay 
 
 Wages, total 
 
 Wages, by sex, of wage-earners I 
 
 Wages of men and boys, above and bel<tw ground, by occupation J. 
 
 I 
 Cost of supplies and materials j 
 
 Product, value i 
 
 Product, quantity I . 
 
 Power and machinery 
 
 Salaried officials 
 
 Salaried officials andsalaries, by sex 
 
 Salaried officials and salaries, by occupatii 
 
 Contract work, amount paid 
 
 Contract work, number of employee 
 
 11103 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 >: 
 
 X 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses, total _ ' 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses, in detail | X 
 
 I ' I 
 
 Character of ownership _ ' ' x 
 
 Time in operation (or idle) - ' ' X 
 
 Table 2.— SUBJECTS INCLUDED IN CENSUS REPORTS CONCERNING MINES AND QUARRIES: 1850 TO 1902 
 
 Inquiry 
 intro- 
 duced. 
 
 1850... 
 
 Grou[>. 
 
 Metallic 
 
 Fuels 
 
 Structural materials. . 
 
 Abrasives 
 
 Chemicals i ( 
 
 ' ]>]■]■ r to ]',i 
 
 1870 , IHSO 
 
 X 
 
 i: 
 
 '(iold ijiiiiiriK 
 
 ( H lid rue ki'i>i ]......[..[ 
 
 .Silver jniiiinK 
 
 (lold and sil\-er assaying and ru lining I ■' rpdiiccd and rt'lined" in ISTUi - 
 
 iJoM (jnartz " 
 
 (lold and silver qnartz V. . . . .. 
 
 silver (|narU 
 
 IJunrtz niilleil 
 
 Hold, li>rTranlii'mined 
 
 (iold, piueer mined 
 
 Hold, i J yd ran lie, I'laeer, etc 
 
 (edd ami ^iher, dee[) mines 
 
 (jold and silver 
 
 I ron ore 
 
 Brown hematile 
 
 Red hematile !.'..'".....'. 
 
 Magnetite ^ 
 
 t'arbonate 
 
 Lead 
 
 Lead mining and smelting 
 
 Zinc ......".. 
 
 Lead and zineore 
 
 'Coal 
 
 Coal, anthracite 
 
 Coal, bituminous 
 
 slate 
 
 stone and marble quarries (■' marble' and shaie work " in l's(i;)) 
 
 Stone 
 
 Marble ...."...[.[.[ 
 
 Sandstones and <]nartzites (•* sandston 
 
 Silieeons erystulline rocks 
 
 Marble und limestone 
 
 Magnesiaii linn.-storie 
 
 Lime.stonesand dolomites ("limestone" in isgiii 
 
 Bluestone 
 
 Granite 
 
 Ruhr.stones 
 
 M i llstones2 '.'.'.'..'.'..'...'.. 
 
 Hn hrslones and millstones 
 
 (irind.stnnes and pulp.stone.s (" grindstones " ],rior to'lllDL') 
 
 Cypsum (plaster) ( " ijlaster, ground," in 1K7(I)- 
 
 Ocher 
 
 Pigmen ts -^ I'a i n Is 
 
 I M inernl pigments, (^rude 
 
 !|Cement ("hydraulic cement" in IXXII)'- 
 
 MiscellaneouH ' (Itirome ore 
 
 I Mica ("i.singlttss" in lUliUi ..........[.[.[..[.] 
 
 'Production only. -i Included in " sandstones and ouartzites 
 
 la ^,'^°^P'^}'"-i]}''^ purjioscs i-iMisidered as mijiing ami .|narrviiig. ' Included in "siliceou,s erystalliue rocks, 
 
 bee granite. ■ "uiven under "stone." 
 
 (■1 
 
 X 
 
 0) 
 
 (M 
 
 (M 
 
 in 
 (') 
 ('I 
 
 ^') 
 
 (») 
 
 («) 
 
 (1) 
 (■) 
 (') 
 (•) 
 
 ('1 
 
 (') 
 
 
PLAN AND 8C()1'K OF IN(,)l'II!V. 
 
 Tahle :2.— .subjects INCLUDED IN CKNSl'S REruRTS CONCJiRNINO MJNJ^S AND (ilARlil l-;W: JS50 TO ]'JI 12— Continued. 
 
 Inquiry 
 intro- 
 duced. 
 
 Groxip. 
 
 (■ 
 
 isr>(> 
 
 ' islio 
 
 IS 70 
 
 1 
 
 ISHO 
 
 ISlMt 
 
 I90-J 
 
 
 /Metalli.- 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 Copper, milled and siiiellcit 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 Nickel and cobalt 
 
 
 
 ,' 
 
 
 Nickel ore 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 Nickel, sniclledi 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cobalt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nickel and cobalt nuidc 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Quicksilver _ _ 
 
 
 
 
 '' 
 
 
 
 Quicksilver, snielled ' 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 Cinnabar 
 
 
 
 
 
 (^ 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 \ ■■■■ 
 
 
 
 StriTcturiLl lu ale rials 
 
 Abrasives 
 
 Chemicals 
 
 Clay 
 
 
 
 
 Paper einv 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fire el a V 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iva(.lin 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ball elav 
 
 1 1 
 
 \ 
 
 {■ij 
 
 
 Stoneware clav 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 1 
 
 
 
 J«) 
 
 
 Terra eotta elav 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Water liinu (" hvdraulic lime" in issi.i) 
 
 
 '':■ 
 
 
 X. 
 
 
 
 
 Cornnduiu 
 
 
 
 
 1860... 
 
 Emerv 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Corundum (emerv i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Corundum and eniei"\' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 oilstuncs 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \yhetsb)nes 
 
 
 
 
 Scvthesb )nes - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I-Ionew and whetstones i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Shoemaker's sandstone 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oilstones, whetstones, and sr-vthestones (•■ whetstdiies " in isydi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Pvrite ( " pvrites ' ' in 1890) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sul[ihnr and pvrite 
 
 
 
 
 
 Barvtes i 
 
 >; 
 
 X 
 X 
 
 I 
 
 I 1 
 
 
 
 UXiscellaneous 
 
 Asyihaltum and bituminous rnck ("asphaltum " jirinr tn lH(i"' i 
 
 
 
 Graphite {"pUnnbago, black and silver lead " in isii(i) 
 
 
 
 
 Magnesite (" magnesia" in IMC.O) 
 
 Silica sand ("glass sand " in bSdO and 18^0; "silrv: " in IMTO) 
 
 
 ,^. 
 
 
 
 
 
 _> 
 
 
 Fuels 
 
 Soapstone 
 
 
 
 
 Talc 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1S70... 
 
 Peat (cut) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Garnet 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [Int'nsoi'ial earth, tripoli. and piiinicc 
 
 
 
 fBr.rax 1 1 
 
 X 
 
 i 
 
 
 18H0... 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 Metallic- 
 
 Fuels 
 
 Cliemicals 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Abrasives 
 
 iPhosjihate rock ("phosphates" in ls',-H)i ' I 
 
 
 
 Asbestos i 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mineral snap [ ' "* 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Quartz and feldsiiar i i 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Flint 1 ■» i 
 
 
 
 
 
 Feldspar 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 >; 
 
 X 
 X 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Platinum i 
 
 
 
 
 [Tin 1 
 
 
 
 1890... 
 
 Natural gas ■ 
 
 Fluorspar 
 
 CLithograjiliic stone 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 x 
 
 
 Marl 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ " 
 
 ' 
 
 Crvstalline quartz . . 1 ' 
 
 ^: 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 '^, 
 
 1902... 
 
 Fuller's earth ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Molvbdenum 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ,: 
 
 
 
 Monazite 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 X ■ 
 
 
 Rutile 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 Uranium and vanadium 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 i i 
 
 
 
 
 ' For eomparativr:' purposes consirlered as mining and quarrying. - Inclu* 
 
 The census of 1850 was the first at which a complete 
 enumeration of industrial establishments was attempted. 
 It was also the first at which answers were required to 
 definite questions concerning- capital, labor, luaterials, 
 and products, but at this and the census of 1860 the 
 statistics for mines and quarries were suljsidiary to 
 those for manufactures, the enumeration being made 
 by the same agencies and the. statistics included in the 
 same tables. At the census of 1870 the statistics of 
 mining were presented separately. The defects inci- 
 dent to the collection of statistics for manufactures 
 were intensified in those for mining. It was impos- 
 sible for the UnitcKl States marshals and their assist- 
 ants to make a complete enumeration of mines and 
 quarries, many of which were in remote localities -avA 
 
 'd wilh ■■ quic-ksilver; " prnrlnction reported seimratcly. » Prodnetion only. 
 
 the schedules used were not in ]3roper form to secure 
 satisfactory information fi-om the mines and quarries 
 that were repoi'ted. 
 
 The following comparative table is introduced to 
 show the character of the statistics reported for mines 
 and quarries at prior censuses and to illustrate the ab- 
 scTice of comparative data on any phase of the industry 
 other than possi})ly the (juantity and value of products. 
 The figures for 1889 in this table do not ao-ree with 
 those in Table 4 for the reason that certain industries 
 not considered mining have been eliminated in order to 
 make the totals comparable; nor do they agree with 
 those in Talile I of Chapter II because they include 
 oidy the minerals containc^d in the body of the rep<n-t 
 of tlie p]leventh C^ensus. 
 
MINE8 AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 3.— MININ(; STATISTICS REPORTED AT CENSUSES: IMad To 19n2. 
 
 Number of mines or quarries 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Capital 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Above ground — 
 
 Men 16 years and over . 
 
 Boj^s under 16 years 
 
 Below ground — 
 
 Men 16 years and over . 
 
 Boys under 16 years 
 
 Contract work .' 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 Value of products 
 
 161, .616 
 46, 8.68 
 
 38, 128 
 pg, 020, .652 
 
 .6,81,728 
 8;!69, 9.69, 960 
 
 215, 286 
 6,219 
 
 3.54,68.5 
 .6,638 
 J20,677,938 
 871,771,713 
 8123, 814, 967 
 8796,826,417 
 
 81,287, 
 
 84, 
 
 1880 
 
 6,120 
 724, 392 
 
 5 
 
 8212 
 
 623 
 676 
 
 710 
 848 
 
 
 210, 964 
 20, 869 
 
 281, 841 
 
 10. 036 
 
 86, 719, 631 
 
 830, 236, 132 
 
 874, 2.88, 181 
 
 8410,760,770 
 
 122,404 
 'ji,'448, .80.8, 6:12 
 C'l 
 
 296, 991 
 8 894,771,944 
 
 116, 792 
 15,633 
 
 1.63, 8:)8 
 
 9, 728 
 
 (■■') 
 
 (») 
 
 831,447,488 
 
 8261,967,0.55 
 
 1870 
 
 1860 
 
 2 8, 776 
 '82i.6.'757,'666 
 
 (<) 
 (<) 
 
 163, 185 
 879, 430, .551 
 
 74, 684 
 7, 2.56 
 
 77, 2:i2 
 
 4,013 
 
 (■') 
 
 (■') 
 
 841,839,820 
 
 8191, 002, .543 
 
 - 9, 323 
 ';."i,' .8,6:1,7:10 
 (<> 
 
 « 100, 7:54 
 19,8:30,010 
 
 (■I) 
 (') 
 
 (*) 
 
 $25, 1.64, 924 
 889, .544, 435 
 
 1850 
 
 ■J 3 
 
 261 
 
 Si6, 75U 
 
 766 
 
 '34 
 
 209 
 
 812, 266 
 I*} 
 
 236 
 
 CI 
 (*) 
 
 
 85,049,841 
 829, 826, 699 
 
 1 Mines, quarries, wells, and establishments. 
 
 2 Establishments. 
 
 3 Not reported. 
 
 * Not reported .separately. 
 
 The number of minerals for which statistics were 
 shown at the census of 1860 would indicate that about 
 all branches of mining followed at that time were 
 included. It is impossible, at this late day, to deter- 
 mine the degree of completeness obtained in the statis- 
 tics of minerals and mining operations collected at the 
 censuses of 1850 and 1860. It is certain, however, that 
 there was a great deficienc}^ in the 1860 statistics of 
 iron ore. The following statement appears in the Re- 
 port on Manufactures for 1800, page clxxvii: "Man}' 
 of the large iron works of the countrj' either own or 
 farm the mineral lands and mine their own ore, which 
 is not included in the foregoing product. The quantity 
 thus raised in 1860 amounted to a))out 2,309,97.5 tons, 
 which, added to the product of regular mining estab- 
 lishments, makes the total quantity raised in 1860, 
 3,218,275 tons. At an average cost price of $2.10 per 
 ton the total value would be $7,723,860." This indi- 
 cates that more than two-thirds of the iron ore mining 
 operations were omitted from the enumeration, but it 
 is probable that they were included with the statistics 
 of blast furnaces. 
 
 Census of 1870. — In 187<.» the statisticsfor the mining 
 industries were presented separately from those for 
 manufactures. Totals were shown for the United 
 States and for each state and territory, also for each 
 mineral in each state by counties. The statistics were 
 accompanied by a short explanatory text, which declared 
 that they were entirely inade(|uato and fell far short of 
 the total production. At 1S7(» and prior censuses the 
 statistics, whether for mines, manufactures, or fish- 
 eries, were all collected upon a schedule having the 
 same form. The scope of the iiKfuiry was thus neces- 
 sarily limited. The census of 187(» was supposed to 
 co\eV all mines and quarries as it did manufactures, but 
 mines and quarries where the annual production did 
 not exceed $500 were not taken. The separation 
 between the mining and manufacturing industries, first 
 attempted at this census, appears to have been made 
 with the intention of including under manufactures all 
 
 6 Includes foremen and their wages. 
 
 6 Includes 173 " female hands." 
 
 ' Includes 130 " female hands." 
 
 8 No wages were given tor wage-earners iii stniie ciuarries. 
 
 WO 
 
 mine 
 
 rk on the ore after its delivery at the mouth of the 
 
 In presenting the statistics Hon. Francis A. Walker, 
 Superintendent of the Census, stated that "the statistics 
 following are of very unequal value, for the reason that 
 the machinery of enumeration provided by the census 
 law of 1850 was created without consideration of cer- 
 tain of the great mining industries of the country, 
 * * * and can not be applied to them with any de- 
 gree of success. It may fairly l)e taken for granted 
 that an attempt to enumerate cotton spinning, coal min- 
 ing, and cod fishing on one and the same schedule will 
 always result in returns unsatisfactory' in respect to one 
 if not two of the three industries so widely diverse in 
 character and conditions. ''' 
 
 With regard to the statistics for the pi'ecious metals 
 Superintendent Walker says: ''The statistics of the 
 gold and sih'cr product, as obtained ))y the census, are 
 here published in conformity with what is understood 
 to be the reciuirement of law; but it would be wholly 
 unjustitiable were the figures to be put forth without a 
 distinct and emphatic disclaimer of their validity and 
 authority." - 
 
 Criixiix of l.SSO. — The incomplete and defective char- 
 acter of the statistics at the census (if 1S7(I and prior 
 censuses led to the adoption of entirely different methods 
 at the census of IssO. The sco))e of the inquirv was 
 greatly extended, .special schedules were intrtiduced, and 
 the conduct of the canvass and the compilation of the 
 statistics were assigned to experts selected from the 
 force of the United States Ueological Survey. The in- 
 quiry not only covered the occurrence of minerals, 
 employees and wages, and details as to the quantity and 
 value of the different products, but extended to an 
 analysis of the different leading minerals and the col- 
 lection of numerous specimens. The report included 
 
 'Ninth CensuH (.f the United States, huUistn 
 748. ' ■ 
 
 "Iljlil., \fAHf Ihi). 
 
 Wealth, page 
 
PLAN AND SCOPE OF INOUIUY, 
 
 statistics for manufacturing- processes, such as load, zinc, 
 and copper smeltingand refining, tlie refining- of precious 
 metals, and of petroleum. A directory of mines and 
 metallurgical establishments -was also included in the 
 report. The purpose of the inquiry, as stated in the 
 Instructions to Special Agents, was "to elucidate as far 
 as practicable, the character, extent, and total influence 
 of the mining industiy. No industry has ever l)eon 
 examined throughout an extensive region so funda- 
 mentally and minutely as it is intended that the mineral 
 industry of the West shall have been when this inquiry 
 is successfully accomplished. The results -n^ill be a 
 great addition to the data of political economy and will 
 form a sj^stematic^accunuilation of technical facts, such 
 as does not at present exist. " ' 
 
 The subjects covered by the schedules for the pre- 
 cious metals are as follows: 
 
 JNIetallic mines. 
 
 Hydraulic mines. 
 
 Hydraulic ditches. 
 
 Ore-dressing works. 
 
 Amalgamating mills. 
 
 Stamp batteries. 
 
 Pan amalgamation. 
 
 Roasting furnaces in amalgamating works. 
 
 Alternate amalgamation and concentration of battery sands. 
 
 Alternate concentration and amalgamation of battery sands. 
 
 Arrastras. 
 
 Smelting works in general: 
 
 Preliminary operations. 
 
 Smelting in shaft furnaces. 
 
 Smelting in reverberatory furnaces. " 
 
 Desilverization by zinc. 
 
 Pattinsonizing. 
 
 Improving of lead. 
 
 Cupellation. 
 
 In addition to the above, special schedules were pro- 
 vided for copper, iron, and lead and zinc mines, and 
 quicksilver production; coal mines, farmers' coal dig- 
 gings, petroleum wells, slate and stone quarries, char- 
 coal burning, and minor minerals. 
 
 All mines were included, irrespective of the value of 
 their products, and the ii-regular workings were enu- 
 merated. The census, so far as it related to precious 
 metals, was limited to mines which showed at least 200 
 feet of shafts and galleries or which produced 50 tons 
 or more of remunerative ore. The enumeration was 
 not intended to be complete, but was apparently 
 planned with a view to obtaining- as large a number 
 of representative facts as possible from which to draw 
 general deductions. 
 
 'Tenth Census of the United States, Precious Metals, Vol. XIII, 
 page 493. 
 
 As a census report the work was a failure, but as a 
 scientific and t(_'cljnical report it has considerable value. 
 The reasons for the failure of the 1880 census of the 
 precious metals are conciselv slated as follows: "After 
 the Avork had been sonic time luider way, it was foiuid 
 that both the time and the money which could be 
 allotted to this branch were inadequate to carry it 
 through with the perfection aimed at; that it was impos- 
 sible to find the number of men required who were in 
 ever}' respect fitted for it b}- education and experience; 
 and that among owners and superintendents of mines 
 and reduction works, while with a verv few unimpor- 
 tant exceptions the greatest willingness was shown to 
 grant us all the information they possessed, it was often 
 found that thej- were themselves unable to answer the 
 questions we asked, either through want of system in 
 keeping records, or because they had never thought of 
 the importance or bearing of certain facts."'' If the 
 general canvass of all mines had been confined to the 
 collection of a few main facts and the special technical 
 features to representative mines, the work would have 
 met with a larger measure of success. 
 
 The failure of the census of 1880 was apparently 
 accepted as demonstrating the impracticability of in- 
 cluding a large number of inquiries on technical and 
 scientific subjects in a schedule to be used for a general 
 canvass of all mines and quarries. The establishment 
 in 1879 of the Geological Survey, and the collection by 
 that ofiice of technical and scientific information con- 
 cerning- the mineral resources of the country, obviated 
 the necessit}^ for the collection of such information by 
 the Bureau of the Census. Therefore the scope of the 
 census of 1890 was considerably curtailed, but followed 
 in a general waj' the plan outlined in 1880. 
 
 Censvs of 1800. — The .statistics for the mining- census 
 of 1890 are contained in a volume entitled "Mineral 
 Industi-ies." This report presents detailed statistics 
 for each mineral, but no summary is given of the totals 
 for all, though the following figures purporting to show 
 the totals for the mining- industr}- are obtained from 
 the introduction to the report: 
 
 Employees 636, 419 
 
 Wages paid ^265, 290, 643 
 
 Other expenditures §115, 874, 135 
 
 Value of products _ S5S7, 230, 662 
 
 The data g-iyen in the body of the report for each 
 mineral are summarized in Table -1. 
 
 - Tenth Census of the United States, Precious Metals, Vol. XIII, 
 page xi. 
 
MINKS AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 4.— SUMMARY OF MINERAL INDUSTRIES: 1889. 
 
 
 Number 
 
 ofmines, 
 
 ciuarries 
 
 and 
 
 wells. 
 
 Capital. 
 
 SAI 
 
 .-VRIED 
 
 
 
 WAGE-EAR 
 
 NEKS, 
 
 nil. 
 
 
 Mi.scella- 
 
 ueous 
 expenses. 
 
 Supplies 
 
 and 
 materials. 
 
 
 MINERAL. 
 
 OFFin.vLS. 
 CLERKS, |.:TC. 
 
 .\,i,'grcgiilc. ! 
 
 .\bovc gi'in 
 
 BeloH- ground. 
 
 Vain 
 
 pro'lii'i- 
 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Salaries. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Wages. 
 <}?•>?. 041, 887 
 
 '12,218 
 
 2, 7U0 
 
 63, 503 
 
 '.54,. 524 
 
 6,000 
 
 106,937,0.58 
 
 9, .8.85, 623; 
 
 44,660 
 
 Total. Men. 
 
 Boys. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Men. Boys. 
 
 
 Total 
 
 .59,494lSl,310,,535,318 
 
 6, .541 
 
 $5, .520, 600 
 
 .536,043 
 
 244,127 
 
 223,229 
 
 20,898 291,916 
 
 281,880, 10,036 
 
 839,621,596 
 
 S86, 075, 926 
 
 ?438, 111,548 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Aluminum 
 
 Antimony 
 
 
 42, 600 
 
 2, 6,51,. 500 
 
 3.51,150 
 
 8, 000 
 
 342, 757, 929 
 
 74,9,84,737 
 
 73, 400 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 3," 600 
 
 28 
 
 11 
 131 
 216 
 
 30 
 
 296, 623 
 
 13,508 
 
 129 
 
 V 
 
 7 
 
 .5 
 
 'i7,'836 
 136 
 
 21 
 
 3' 
 
 12 
 
 170 
 
 229,"486' 
 6,1.581 
 
 74; 
 
 21 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 7,'i4.5 
 
 3,' .8.59 
 
 .525 
 13, 884 
 
 97,335 
 
 28, 000 
 1.800 
 
 Asphaltum 
 
 119 
 45 
 
 «30 
 
 67, 137 
 
 7, 3.50 
 
 65 
 
 119 
 40 
 
 30 
 
 49, 301 
 
 7,214 
 
 55 
 
 12 
 
 
 = 17,9.50 
 
 171,. 537 
 
 Barvtes 
 
 
 170 
 
 219^690, 9,796 
 
 6, 075| 83 
 
 74I 
 
 2, 083! 8, 200 
 
 106,313 
 
 Chromic iron ore 
 
 Coal 
 
 I'l 
 
 f' 12, 5.52 
 
 S]l 
 
 i"4 
 
 ""2," 936 
 147 
 
 266, 108 
 
 n8,' 676, 762 
 
 2 2, 848, 588 
 
 = 3, 062 
 
 ■M,000 
 
 18, 828, .590 
 
 10, 093, .587 
 
 9,383 
 
 30,000 
 160, 226, 323 
 '■> 19, 686, ,562 
 
 Corundum 
 
 10.5, .565 
 
 Fibrous talc. 
 
 
 
 
 244. 170 
 
 Fluor.spar 
 
 Gold and silver" 
 
 Graphite 
 
 Gypsum 
 
 Infusorial earth . 
 
 '"""3," 729 
 >'^24 
 
 192, 000 
 
 4si;,323,33K 
 
 2.59. 475 
 
 2.473.175 
 
 110,7.50 
 
 109, 766, 199 
 5, ,518, 4.89 
 
 '""873 
 
 520 
 3.58 
 
 'i,'347,"373 
 
 529, 043 
 672, 029 
 
 101 
 56,434 
 101 
 761 
 52 
 
 37, 707 
 
 12,0.52 
 
 3 
 
 432 
 
 14,213' 
 
 40,412,022! 
 
 38,329 
 
 '249,200 
 
 8, 388 
 
 13,.SS0, IO81 
 
 6, S74,381 
 
 1.54 
 
 123, 9.58 
 
 |l 
 
 73 71 
 
 22,025 21,943 
 
 25 25 
 
 .586 579 
 
 .52 ' .52 
 
 17,999 17,290 
 
 11,1.86 1 10,979 
 
 3l 3 
 
 -I432|j 432 
 
 '82 
 7 
 
 709 
 207 
 
 \ 
 
 28 
 
 34, 409' 
 
 76' 
 
 175 
 
 19, 708| 
 866 
 
 28' ' 
 
 31,366 43 
 
 76 
 
 1 75 
 
 3,008 
 = 7, .874, 002 
 
 = 8, 678 
 
 = .55, 293 
 
 = 7.. 530 
 
 5, 025 
 
 13, SI 7, 739 
 
 7,734 
 
 12s.. s51 
 
 760 
 
 15, 835 
 
 99, 2S3, 732 
 
 72, 662 
 
 764,118 
 
 23,372 
 
 
 ' 592 
 
 14 21 
 
 1 
 
 I ■ 1 
 
 19,597, 111 ;5. 373.519 4.998.9,88 
 
 33,351,978 
 
 Lead and zinc !■' 
 
 Lithographic stone 
 
 863' 3 
 
 = 2,066,729 
 228 
 
 6,215,925 
 200 
 
 ■■15,3,35,360 
 243 
 
 Manganese 
 
 2,188,950 
 
 
 
 
 
 "'■240, .5.59 
 
 Marl 
 
 "3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i;3. 9.56 
 
 
 462, 164 
 
 8 
 
 5, .540 
 
 191 
 185 
 99 
 
 69, ,820 
 42.174 
 
 433 .583 
 
 19111 188 
 185' 185 
 
 99 1 97 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 = 22, 929 
 
 8, 7.53 
 
 = 2,118 
 
 210, 304 
 
 i;5, 498 
 
 7, 408 
 
 1,413 
 
 .524,864. 
 
 13.1S4.497 
 
 29, 236 
 19. Oil 
 
 2S6, 294 
 
 Mica'' 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 .52,4.50 
 
 Millstones 
 
 54, 945 
 
 5, 994, 683 
 
 =".59,682,1,54 
 
 279,000 
 :386, 4.53 
 
 ' '( " 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 35 1.55 
 
 Mineral waters 
 
 18 258 
 TOO 247 
 
 
 
 1,748,4,58 
 
 Natural gas 
 
 411 
 6 
 
 290, 403 
 9,600 
 
 (i.273 
 
 LSI 
 196 
 
 1 . 445, y.S6 
 
 84,200 
 ' 59, 695[ 
 
 6,273 6,267 
 
 113 103 
 196 193 
 
 6 
 
 10 "8 
 
 
 ■^1 097 099 
 
 Nickel and cobalt. 
 
 68 . 2 3 1 51 
 
 "-■' 10 000 
 
 Ocher 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 7.. 541 
 
 
 Ozocerite 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■' .500 
 
 
 l»35,163 
 ==25 
 
 ="114,1.57,370 
 6,131,718 
 
 ! i73 i63. i.56 
 
 22, 366 
 
 5, Oil 
 
 8, »S3, 744 
 '1,209,1.51 
 
 22,366 22,216 
 5,011' 4,920 
 
 i.56 
 
 91 
 
 :::::;:i::r;::: ::::;:::::: 
 
 ; =4.59,201 
 
 !■ 
 
 9, .505, 935 
 317,159 
 
 ■26.963.340 
 ■' ''07 776. 
 
 Phosphate rock 
 
 Platinum and iridium . . 
 
 
 
 Precious stone.s 
 
 
 
 
 299 
 237 
 937 
 
 280 
 
 81 , 288 
 12 
 79 
 91 
 
 148,3.55! 
 
 Ii2. 3.79 
 
 .5.S0. 1142 
 
 ' 115,621 
 
 ' ;iO, .555. 877 
 
 2,410 
 
 202,047: 
 
 21,91l| 
 
 299,' 187 
 IDS si; 
 416 412 
 2K0 268 
 
 81,2.88 79, .807 
 12 9 
 (i7 67 
 91 . S'? 
 
 112 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 ' 55, 762 
 
 42,' 666 
 
 219, 622 
 35, 454 
 
 7, 923, 220 
 
 1,700 
 
 •■60,817, 
 
 838' 
 
 
 
 
 I,3.5s,ss2 
 
 I , 221 , 1 1 1 
 
 924, 900 
 
 90, 212, 433 
 
 320, 750 
 
 898, 000 
 
 ,57,510 
 
 5,5i2 
 
 20, 34,966 
 
 1,086 
 
 1 
 
 
 i29 
 521 
 
 1 
 
 202.119 
 1.190.. 500 
 
 Quicksilver 
 
 11 
 
 .4 ■"i.>i 
 
 .,,'"' ^I^y 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 = 12, 363 
 2, 293, 706 
 
 Stone 
 
 4, 163 
 
 2 
 
 =3 678 
 
 1 , 481 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 .5:i.(i:ri.r,20 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tin 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 ::::::: ::;:::::::: 
 
 
 Whetstones 
 
 
 = 1,0.55 
 
 32, 9.80 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 il«'\'rlnpiii('llt Wnrk wjik dnnc 
 
 1 Includes salaries. 
 
 -Include.'^ amount paifl contractors. 
 
 i" Statistics, except those of production, refer also to mines at wl 
 ■* Not seiiaratcd into above and belo'vv ground. 
 
 6 " Other expenditures." 
 ^Inclniling- 'J,9i>9 " local mines," the product only nf which is sliown. 
 
 7 Includes contract work. 
 
 ^Stamp mills; number of mines or establishments olherwi.si- not ^liveti. sialislics iiu-lu 
 ^ Value of product is that of copper refined. 
 
 1'^ Firms; from textual statement, page 711: "The entire industry is ci.n trolled by tlin-r n 
 
 11 Includes reduction works. 
 
 12 Producers; from textual statement, fiage 700: " Thcrr were '.^i jTcdncers who ns^•^^ sli^a 
 
 13 Includes smelting and refining. 
 1-1 Smelting works. 
 
 15 Value of product of zinc and lead mines, and, in some cases, \'idu(.' <>( 'tv- trciiled by sim-ltiT^ 
 
 lONot including value of manganiferoiis zinc ore, which was ii;r).l,,'iii[i iit tlic mines. 
 
 1-^ Organized companies. 
 
 1^ Springs. 
 
 I'J Producing wells. 
 
 ^> Includes value of pipe lines. 
 
 21 Includes value c)f matte at mines, but not the value of otiicr sinelti'd nickel ores. 
 
 22 Number of establishments given for South Carolina only. 
 
 23 Number of openings. 
 
 '■^ No production during the census year. 
 
 diti', 
 
 c llii.s(. inr slainp mills, concentrati 
 t'liiir linns." 
 i piiwiT ill tlicir wi.rks." 
 
 IlIHT.^ 
 
 .lb. 
 
 stiilistii^ 
 
 ng j.lauts, and copper refining. 
 
 iiig and refining. 
 
 The totals for the LTtiitcil States, a.s .shown by Tithle 4, ditl'criMit luiiKM-als shown in Tahh' 4. To iUustrato- 
 
 are considerably less than the total referred to in the | For aluiniiuiin and libnuis (ah-, marl, and dzocerite 
 
 introduction to the report of the Eleventh (."(Misiis. product only is reported; for antinioin', the niiinbcr of 
 
 There is apparentl_v no explanation of this dilfereuce, but esta})lishinents. capital, salari(>d (Mnidoyees, or salaries 
 
 it is l)elieved that the figures o-iven in Table -4 represent 
 actual cf)nditions as nearly as they can be ascertained 
 from the data furnished at the Eleventh Census. Table 
 4 inidudes statistics for the followin<j', which are not con- 
 •sidered as formino- a part of the mininc;' census of 1902, 
 i. e., aluminum, copjier smelting, lead smelting and re- 
 fining, and sjx'lter and o.xide of zinc, and mineral waters. 
 Lack (>( uniformity is apparent in the statistics for the 
 
 are not reported. Tlir nmnbi-r of e.stabli.shments and 
 mi.scellaneous expenses are not reported for a.sbestos, 
 while the production is given for t^difornia onlv. 
 though the expenditures evidmlly include th 
 dueing mines in Wyoming. 
 
 In addition to the mining statistics, the c(misu,s of 
 fSDO incliidtMl slatistics for the smelting an<l relinino- ,,f 
 ■■■old. .silver. e(,].per, :ind lead and zine'. 4'lie stali-tirs 
 
 he nonjn'o- 
 
PLAN AND SCOPE UP JNgPIRY. 
 
 !i 
 
 apparently inckided all reduction works, thouuli the 
 general line of demarcation between niannfactui-ing and 
 mining- agrees very closely with that followed in the 
 canvass of the Twelfth ('ensiis. In the Report of 
 Mineral Industries at the Eleventh Census it was stated 
 that '■ the subjects taken for the in\'estigation included 
 all minerals which would have a delinitc market value, 
 wherever they occur, provided the deposit contained the 
 mineral in sufficiently pure form, 'i'liis ruled out such 
 minerals as ice, water (except mineral waters), sand for 
 street paving, and other materials the condition of 
 which is not changed, but which are simply made 
 valuable by the work of placing in a special position, as 
 earth for embankments." 
 
 •'In the treatment of the various subjects the limit 
 of the mining features was considered as reached when 
 the product became a regular article of conimerce.'" 
 
 The following minerals were apparently produced in 
 conmiercial quantities in 1889, though the report con- 
 tains no data concerning them, i. e., borax, bauxite, 
 cement, Hint, feldspar, potters' clay, and rutile. 
 
 Census of 1902. — The scope of the census of mines in 
 1902, as stated in the act approved March (I, 1902, pro- 
 viding for a permanent Census Office, was intended to 
 embrace the collection of statistics relating to '"mines, 
 mining, quarries, and minerals, and tlie production and 
 value thereof, including gold in divisions of placer and 
 vein, and silver mines, and the number of men em- 
 ployed, the average daily wage, average working time, 
 and aggregate earnings in the various branches and 
 aforesaid divisions of the mining and (juarrying indus- 
 tries." 
 
 The purpose was to include in the enumeration the 
 processes involved in the extraction from the earth of 
 mineral products of all kinds. To accomplish this 
 successfully the special agents engaged in the field- 
 work were instructed to secure reports for all mines 
 and quarries, and for reduction works connected with 
 mines or engaged in reducing the ores containing the 
 precious metals. It is believed that this census is as 
 broad and as comprehensive in its scope as any of its 
 predecessors; certainljr it maj^ be claimed that the can- 
 vass has been more complete than any statistical inquiry 
 heretofore made concerning the mines and quarries of 
 the United States. 
 
 No restrictions or limitations were estaljlished as to 
 the size or importance of mines and quarries to be 
 enumerated, except that the special agents were in- 
 structed to eliminate from the in(iuiry small placer 
 gold mines at which less than two wage-earners were 
 emploj^ed. The schedules received bear evidence that 
 in many instances this instruction was not followed, and 
 the reports included a number of small mines operated 
 without hired labor. 
 
 Mineral springs were omitted from the canvass for 
 the reason that in most cases the production is entirely 
 
 ■ Eleventh Census of the United States, Mineral Industries, 
 page ix. 
 
 spontaneous and does not require the eniploymeiit of 
 capital or labor except to place, the product upon tlie 
 market in tlie form of bottled mineral waters. 
 
 The i)roduction of salt was also omitted for the reason 
 that a thorough canvass of the in(|uiiT had been made 
 in 1900 for the census of manufaetui'cs. 'V\\o_ statistics 
 are presented, with a report on the subject, in Part III 
 of the Report on Manufactures. 
 
 What appears to be a serious defect in the published 
 resvdts of some of the earlier censuses is the absence of 
 sununaries showing the statistics other than those for 
 quantitjf and value of product. Complete summaries 
 1)V states and by industries for the United States, and 
 for each industry by states and each state by industries 
 were published at the census of 187<>. At the census of 
 1880 a similai' summarization was made foi' bituminous 
 coal and lignite, anthracite coal, iron ore, copper ore, 
 lead and zinc ore, and the minor minerals, but the ab- 
 sence of unifoi'mity in the collection of statistics was 
 referred to in the report of that census as follo^\'s: '• It 
 will therefore be seen that the duties of this office in 
 regard to the statistics of mining were \'erv difi'erent 
 in difi'erent parts of the country, and further that the 
 statistics were collected on blanks of difi'erent forms. 
 The lack of uniformity in this respect added greatly to 
 the difficulty of tabulation. "'- 
 
 The statistics for 1902 are presented in this report in 
 summarized form and in detail. The taljles show the 
 statistics for the United States by states and by indus- 
 tries. Each industry is also presented by states and 
 each state In' industries. In connection with the re- 
 ports on the difi'erent minerals, tal)les pertinent to the 
 subject are presented. 
 
 A careful study of the statistics for the difi'erent cen- 
 suses leads to the conclusion that there are no reliable 
 comparative data for all mines and quarries other than 
 the quantit_y and value of products. 
 
 The development of mining statistics may be con- 
 sidered as dating from the Tenth Census. The princi- 
 pal features of this development have been: (1) The 
 separation of the statistics for mines and quarries from 
 those for manufactures; (2) the adoption of special 
 schedules designed to accentuate the i^eculiar features 
 of the difi'erent minerals; (3) the employment of 
 expert special agents to collect and present the data; 
 (1) tlie collection of statistics in collaboration with the 
 United States (.Teological Sur\-ey. 
 
 M'lii'nKj (I lid iiiiiiiiifitrfiiriiKj. — Separate schedules 
 were first pro^-ided for the mining industries at the 
 census of 1880. Prior to that date the statistics had 
 been collected in connecti<jn with the census of manu- 
 factur(>s, the same schedule ])eing applied indisciimi- 
 nately to large manufacturing (>stalilishnients, small 
 shops, mines, ipiarries, and fisheries. 
 
 In some cases the mining industry is restricted to the 
 digging of ore and the (piarrying of rock — that is, to 
 
 ■^Eleventh Census of tlie United States, Alining Industries 
 (excluding Precious Metals U XoX. XV, j.agp xxii. 
 
10 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 the minerals as delivered f. o. b. at the mine or quarry. 
 In others a certain amount of labor is expended in the 
 preparation of the product for the market. All labor 
 expended on material after it is taken from the earth 
 maj' be regarded as employed in manufacturino-, and a 
 strict demarcation between the two industries would so 
 assign all such processes, but it is impossible in man}' 
 instances to make this separation. To assist in the 
 separation where possible and to aid in a more definite 
 statistical presentation, all mines can be arranged in 
 two groups: (1) Those where the product is marketed 
 in the form in which it is extracted from the earth; (2) 
 those where the initiatory manufacturing process is 
 necessarilj' done at the mine or in immediate connection 
 therewith. 
 
 No attempt was made to segregate the statistics for 
 the two branches of industry, mining and manufactur- 
 ing, respectively, prior to the census of 1870. At that 
 census the distinction between mining and manufactur- 
 ing was sharpljr defined, and the statistics for mining 
 were presented in a separate series of tables. The 
 reasons for the distinction were given as follows: 
 
 (1) Because these industries are in theory and in their jiractical 
 relations essentially distinct. * * * The occupation of the 
 miner is not so much unlike that of the artisan, yet writers on 
 political economy have been quite generally disposed to hold that 
 if the occupations of mining and fishing are to be assigned to any 
 one of the three grand divisions of industry which have been in- 
 dicated, it should be to agriculture, as dealing in the spontaneous 
 products of the earth and the sea, and also as furnishing material 
 in the earliest forms for subsequent processes of industry. 
 
 (2) For convenience of reference and citation. The statistics of 
 mining * * * occupy so little space comparatively as not to be 
 easily found upon occasion in voluminous ta))les of marmfactures. 
 
 (3j Because the statistics of mining * * * with the present 
 modes of collection are distressingly inadeijuate to the known 
 facts of the case, and their addition to the tables of manufacturing 
 industry amounts to a positive disparagement of the latter. The 
 statistics of manufactures have their own faults, as is elsewhere 
 frankly acknowledged, under the present census system of the 
 United States, but they are infoniparabl>' more complete and 
 accurate than anj- statistics of mining * * * to be olrtained l)y 
 existing machinery. To merge them with matter ."o defective is, 
 in a degree, to subject them to the same discredit. A separation, 
 therefore, is on all accounts desirable.' 
 
 The separation at the census of 1870 was ettected in 
 some cases bj' means of correspondence with the mine 
 operators, so far as they were disposed to afford the 
 information, and in other <'ases b}' estimates prepared 
 accoi'ding to approved formulas at the 15ureau of the 
 Census. The theoretical division between mining and 
 manufactures thus applied is not wholly jaractical. 
 Companies, firms, and individuals that operate both a 
 mine and a i-eduction works, or that break, wash, 
 screen, or roast the ore, almost iiivariabl}- consider 
 preparation for the market a part of the mining opera- 
 tions, and so report, insisting that the statistics can not 
 be sepai'uted, since the employees were frequently en- 
 gaged intcrchangeahly on both liraiichcs of the work 
 
 'Ninth Census of the [Irjifcd States, Industry and Wealth, Jiage 
 383. 
 
 and no separate accounts wore kept either of the wages 
 or of other expenses. 
 
 At the census of 1880 the statistics related not only 
 to mining, Init included such technical data as to the 
 various processes by which the metals are reduced from 
 the ores as would serve to show the actual condition of 
 the industry,' and therefore embraced manufacturing 
 proces.ses, such as the smelting of ores and the refining of 
 petroleum. A more practical separation was attempted 
 in 1890, but the statistics for that census also covered 
 a number of maiuifacturing processes that are incident 
 to the production of metal. At the census of 1902 the 
 manipulation of the ore after it leaves the mine, if so 
 interwoven with the business of mining as to be insep- 
 arable, has been considered a part of the. mining indus- 
 try. All other processes have been eliminated. 
 
 The combination of mining and manufacturing by 
 the use of the same capital, the same wage-earners, etc., 
 has been accentuated by the consolidation of industrial 
 enterprises, carried to a high state of perfection during 
 the past decade. If the statistics for mining and man- 
 ufacturing were to be taken together it would be easy 
 to tincl a common term for this union and compara- 
 tively simple to show the aggregate iigures, but such 
 work would not suppl}^ the demand for separate statis- 
 tics for these important industries. Where the milling, 
 separating, washing, burning, calcining, or other proc- 
 esses of reduction or manufacturing were carried out at 
 the mine or quariy, the census of mines and quarries 
 includes, as a rule, the employees, wages, miscellaneous 
 expenses, and supplies and materials involved in the 
 work of the entire establishment. At the census of 1902 
 the instructions to special agents on this subject were 
 as follows: 
 
 There are several branches of mining in which the mineral 
 products do not reach the market in the crude condition, but are 
 subjected to certain proces-ses at the mine or (juarry before ))eing 
 regarded as niarketal)le commodities. These may be processes of 
 milling, separating, washing, burning, calcining, or other forms of 
 manufacture. In some industries tlie.se jiroces.ses are performed 
 entirely at the mine or quarry, and in such cases the special agents 
 are instructed that the census schedule should include the statistics 
 of enqiloyees and wages, njiscellaneous ex]ienses,and supplies and 
 materials involved in the entire work of mining the crude material 
 and jireparing the same for market. Fi.r example, the following 
 branches of mining and quarrying are of this character; Emery 
 and corundum mines, where finished emery wheels are frequently 
 manufactured; mica mines, sheet and crushed mica being the 
 finished product; graphite mines, where tbe crude graphite is 
 refined; grindstone and millstone quarries, wdiere grindstones and 
 millstones are the finished products; mines or quarries of kaolin 
 flint, ocher, barytes, mangane.se, chalk, talc, mica, umlier, sienna, and 
 other iron-oxide colors, where the crude mineral is ground or other- 
 wise prepared; marble, granite, and other stone (juarries, where 
 the stone is cut and dres.sed and nioinunents and tombstones are 
 manufactured; slate quarries, where rooting slate, slate black- 
 boards, school slates, and sanitary iihnnbing slate slabs are manu- 
 factured. In all such cases as the foregoing an<l others where any 
 form of manufacturing is necessary at tlu/mine or ,|uarry before 
 the product is placed on the market, the Census schedule slioidd 
 cover the entire work of the establishment. 
 
 '' Tenth Census of the United States, Tn^iious Metals, Vol XIII 
 ))age x. ' 
 
PLAN AND SCOPE OF INQUIRY. 
 
 11 
 
 The practice followed and the line of demai'cation 
 
 adopted foi- the different minerals were as follows: 
 
 Abrasive materials: 
 
 Huhrtitones and inillsfones: The quarries producing 
 buhrstones and millstones almost invariablj' report 
 the value of dressed stones, a segregation of actual 
 quarrjang operations from the finishing process being 
 generally impracticable. The stones manufactured 
 range in diameter from 14 to 8-i inches, and are gen- 
 erally sold in pairs. A considerable by-product of 
 paving blocks is included in the value of product re- 
 ported by this industry. 
 
 CorunJum and emery : These minerals are usually 
 concentrated, cleaned, and pulverized at the mines, 
 and the statistics are mainly those of the finished 
 product. 
 
 Crystalline quartz: The value of the crude product 
 is generally reported for this abrasive, although the 
 crushing, drying, and screening operations incident 
 to its preparation for use in the manufacture of sand- 
 paper, garnet paper and cloth, etc., are in some 
 instances carried on in connection with the quarry- 
 ing. A segregation of quarrying and finishing oper- 
 ations is not always practicable, and of the total 
 production reported, 20.9 per cent has been man- 
 ufactured or finished to a certain extent after being 
 taken from the quarry. 
 
 Garnet: Preliminary manipulation of the crude 
 garnet ore is almost invariably carried on at the 
 mines, and the cost of these finishing operations, 
 consisting for the most part of the crushing of crys- 
 tals to available sizes, washing, drying, and concen- 
 trating, is not separable from the expense of mining. 
 The product reported for this abrasive may there- 
 fore be regarded as partlv finished, and the value 
 maj' be regarded as including somewhat more than 
 that of the crude mineral. 
 
 Grindstones and jndpstones: A portion of the prod- 
 uct of this abrasive is reported in tlie i-ough, that is, 
 trimmed down for lathe finishing. The larger and 
 more important establishments, however, complete 
 the stone ready for mounting, in which instances the 
 value reported is that of the finished product. Of 
 the total production of grindstones, 71.9 per cent is 
 
 ■ a by-product of sandstone quarries. Tlie capital and 
 operating expenses for this part of the total produc- 
 tion are therefore included in the statistics of the 
 quarries in which the product was secured. 
 
 Infusorial earth, tripoU, and jnimice: One-third 
 
 ■ of the product for this industry is reported by the 
 Bureau of the Census as crude; this quantity repre- 
 sents about one-fourth of the total value. The re- 
 mainder is finished at the mines by various processes. 
 The process of working infusorial earth consists in 
 burning and pressing into fire brick or drying, pul- 
 verizing, and bagging. The finishing of tripoli gen- 
 erally consists in burning, grinding, and washing, 
 or, as is the case in the largest establishments of this 
 
 kind, the product is manufactured by means of 
 lathes, saws, and emery wheels into filter tubes, and 
 disks, and shapes for water filters. The value re- 
 ported for pumice is for the crude material. Its use, 
 principally in the manufacture of certain kinds of 
 soap, was by the company also controlling the mining 
 operations; but the expense of this manufacture and 
 the finished value of the product are not contained 
 in this report. 
 
 Oihtones, vjhetstones, and scijtJi.esfones: Of the total 
 oilstone production in the United States 20.9 per 
 cent is finished at the quarries, this amount repre- 
 senting 51.2 per cent of the total valuation. The 
 finishing process, which consists in sawing or cutting 
 the stone into strips averaging about 2 by 1^ by 8 
 inches and polishing these to a smooth surface, is 
 necessary before the product is marketable. The 
 crude value reported represents almost entirely the 
 product of one companj^ owning quarries in various 
 localities and shipping to one central plant for the 
 finishing process. The United States Geological 
 Survey reports the product of this corapanj' as it is 
 finallj' manufactured, while the Bureau of the Census 
 reports the production and value of the stone at the 
 quarries. 
 
 Asbestos: Of the quantity shown for this mineral 59.9 
 per cent represents crude ore. The remainder was 
 crushed, sepai-ated, and otherwise prepared at the mine 
 for the market. 
 
 Aspludtum and hituminous rod': A large part of the 
 asphaltum — elaterite, uintaite, etc. — was refined. Some 
 of the })ituminous rock was pulverized at the mine or 
 quarry. 
 
 Barytes: The only preparation given this mineral at 
 the mines was that of washing to free it. when necessary, 
 from the associated earth or clay. 
 
 Bauxite: This mineral is usually sorted at the mine 
 and subjected to solar or artificial heat to dry it prior 
 to its shipment to market. 
 
 Borax: The product is that of refined borax, the 
 crushing, grinding, mixing, crj'stallization, and other 
 processes of refining being accomplished under the 
 manageinent of the mine owners. 
 
 Cenierd: In the case of cement the manufacture 
 overshadows the mining of the raw material. Over 97 
 per cent of the Portland and natural-rock hydraulic 
 cement production is made by establishments that mine, 
 quarry, or excavate the raw material, and operate the 
 mines or cjuarries and mills in conjunction. Onlj' es- 
 tablishments excavating the whole or part of their raw 
 material are included in the statistics. Although the 
 reports do not permit of a complete segregation of the 
 labor and expense for the mining and manufacturing- 
 processes, yet it would appear that in the case of the 
 manufacture of natural rock cement the mining expense 
 is not to exceed one-third of the cost of the marketable 
 product, and in the case of Portland cement the portion 
 on the side of mining or cpiarrying is very much less. 
 
12 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 In the case of the cement companies using the marl de- 
 posits contiguous to the Great Lakes, which material is 
 simply excavated with steam dredges, the cost of mining 
 or excavation is an almost insignificant part of the cost 
 of cement manufacture. Nearly 14 per cent of the 
 Portland cement production was made from marl thus 
 dredged or excavated. 
 
 Clay: Of the quantity of products shown, 17.3 per 
 cent was prepared at the mine or quarry. This prep- 
 aration consists principally of washing and grinding. 
 
 Coal, antJiracite and lifuiidnoui^: Anthi'acite coal is 
 broken and screened and sometimes washed at the mine; 
 bituminous is shipped as the run of the mine. 
 
 Copper ore: The reduction of the Lake Superior cop- 
 per ores is done mechanically in stamp mills located at 
 the mine, and the product, known as "coj^per mineral," 
 is shipped to a smelter, operated either l)y the same 
 or by some other company. As the stamp mill is in 
 all cases regarded as part of the mine eijuipment, a 
 thorough separation of the labor and expenses of the 
 mine from those of the mill is impractical )le; both 
 have therefore been included in the mining census. 
 The identity of the smelter, on the contrary, as dis- 
 tinct from the mine is maintained, as a rule, even in 
 those cases in which it is owned and operated In^ the min- 
 ing company. It has been possible, therefore, to elim- 
 inate smelters from the census of mines proper. The 
 statistics for copper ores, other than those of the Lake 
 Superior region, are generally for the crude ore; still 
 in some cases the ore is dressed at the mines before 
 smelting. 
 
 Flint and fekhpar: The flint produced is properly 
 quartz and not true flint, which is the nodular variet3' of 
 silica occurring in calcareous strata, particularly in 
 chalk. Approximately 52 per cent of the so-called 
 " flint," or quartz, and feldspar production is marketed 
 in its crude state and the balance as ground material. 
 With the exception of the one jarocess of grinding, the 
 material is not subjected to manufacturing processes. 
 
 Fluorspar : Less than one-tenth of the quantity and 
 about one-fifth of the value reported represents the 
 product prepared at the mine for the market, the prep- 
 aration consisting of washing, drj'ing, and grinding. 
 
 Fuller's earth: The mining of fuller's earth is mere 
 excavation and does not require skilled labor. The 
 material is dried, ground, and in some cases sized, but 
 is not otherwise subjected to manufacturing processes. 
 
 Gold anil Kilrer: The reduction or reworking of 
 argentiferous and aurifei'ous ores is carried on by 
 establishments which, for the purpose of the mining 
 census, are divided into fcnir classes: (1) Reduction 
 works, cornmoidy known as ''mills"' (stamp and amalga- 
 mation, (■hlorination, cvaniding, and concentrating 
 njillsj, which are located at the mine and opei'ated by 
 the mining compan}-, the labor being employed inter- 
 changeably in the mining arjd the milling; (2) reduction 
 woi'ks (mills) whidi are opci-ated independently and in 
 
 which the ore is either treated for a fixed compensation 
 or purchased outright and the contents sold to smelters; 
 (3) smelting establishments, which are usually operated 
 independently, even when the "mine and smelter arc 
 owned by the same company; (1) ore-dressing woi-ks 
 (concentrators) which are operated by and in connection 
 with the smelting establishments. The first two classes 
 have been included in the mining census. The third class 
 has been excluded, having appeared in the census of 
 manufactures, 1900. The fourth class is so intimately 
 allied with the smelting and refining of ores that it was 
 impossible to make a separation, and therefore they 
 have been classed also as maimfactures. 
 
 Grapliite: Almo.st the entire production reported is 
 that of the mineral prepai'cd for the mai'ket. The ore 
 is crushed, stamped, separated, dried, and screened. 
 
 Gijpsuni: Near]}' all of the gypsum quarried is cal- 
 cined and manufactured into wall or cement plaster, 
 and the maiuifacturing expense is the largest part of 
 the cost of production of the marketable products. 
 About lo per cent of the gypsum quarried is reported 
 as used in the crude state, and 1A per cent is ground 
 for land plaster. The remaining 82.6 per cent is cal- 
 cined into plaster of Paris, and most of the plaster of 
 Paris is made into wall or cement plaster l)v the admix- 
 ture of a retarder — fiber, hair, or other material. 
 
 [run ore: Some of the ore is crushed, separated, cal- 
 cined, and dried at the mines. 
 
 Lead and sine ores: The dressing of these ores, pre- 
 paratory to their final treatment by smelting, is usually 
 done at the mine, either by hand jigs or in concentrating 
 mills operated in connection with the mine; therefore 
 no separation of labor and other expenses as between 
 the mine and the mill is possible. There are a few cus- 
 tom mills which are not connected with anv particular 
 mine, but which either treat rough ores for a fixed com- 
 pensation or purchase them outright and sell the dressed 
 contents. Since the custom mills form but a small pro- 
 portion of the total, all mills, whether cotmected with 
 mining companies or independent, have been included 
 in the mining census. Smelters, on the contrarv, in 
 those cases where they are owned by mining companies, 
 as well as in all others, are operated as independent es- 
 tablishments, and they have not, therefore, been included 
 in the mining census. 
 
 Lifliiiiin Dn: This represents the crude ore, no maiui- 
 facturing process being undertaken at th(> mine. 
 
 Matjnes/f,: Of the quantity reported. 72.. ^ per i-cnt 
 was calcin(>d at the mine, the remainder beino- the cr\ide 
 ore. 
 
 Manijanexe ore: The preparation usually gi\en to the 
 ore at the mine is crushing, washing, and scr(>eninu-. 
 
 ^larl : The statistics presented in the report on marl 
 pertain to the green ssuid marls of New Jersev and 
 Virginia, which are used for fertilizing. One-third 
 of the product is dried and ground, but with this ex- 
 ception the product is not subjected to any manufactur- 
 
PLAN AND 8C0PE OF TNQITIRY. 
 
 13 
 
 ing process. The ininin^'of marl is simply a i)roc('ss (^f 
 exeavation . 
 
 Micii : The statistics include such luanufacturiiiL; proc- 
 esses as are invoh'ed in the removal of aiiheriuii;' fi'a<;'- 
 merits (A flint and feldspar and such parts of the mica 
 itself as contain foreign ino-retlients. The .sheet mica 
 is prepared by splitting the blocks into sheets, which 
 are cut to a size. 
 
 2[! neral pigiiients, criidi': Most of the processes neces- 
 sary for the marketing of crude pigments are undertaken 
 at the mine. The ore is disintegrated b\' exposure to 
 the atmosphere, roughly crushed, dried, pulverized, and 
 screened or separated. The ground ore is sometimes 
 levigated and the settled products dried. 
 
 2f(iii<iz/ti-: ^lonazite is obtained in placer mining; 
 nearly all of it for which statistics are given was pre- 
 pared at the mine for the market by washing and some- 
 times by concentration. A little of the mineral was 
 concentrated electro-magnetically. 
 
 XafiirnJ (jav: The statistics are for the product as 
 piped from the wells, and the value is that received for 
 it at the ])oint of consumption. 
 
 I'cfriileii III : The statistics shown are wholly for the 
 crude product. 
 
 I'lioKjiliiiic i'lirl': Rock phosphate is usually washed 
 to free it from sand and other impurities and kiln-dried 
 to free it from moisture. When mined in too largr 
 bowlders to be easily handled, it is crushed. This is all 
 done at or near the mine. River pebble is washed and 
 screened innnediately after being ])uniped up from the 
 river bottom, and is dried with hot air and screened 
 again Ijefore being marketed. 
 
 Precioux stonea: The value is reported for thi^ produt-t 
 in the rough state as mined or found. 
 
 Qulrl'viJ rer: Almost the whole of the output is that 
 of the ([uicksilver extracted from its chief ore, cinnabar; 
 only a small part of the ore was reported unconcen- 
 trated. 
 Steel hardekino metals: 
 
 Chrome ore: The statistics are for the ore as mined, 
 
 none of it having been prepared at the mine. 
 
 Molyhleniim: The molybdenite was reported as 
 
 crude, no process of manufacture being given. 
 
 Nicikel and colalt: The statistics are for the nickel 
 
 and cobalt ore, washed and then smelted into matte 
 
 at the mine. 
 
 Rutlli:': The I'ciwrt is for the crude mineral, in no 
 
 way selected or concentrated. 
 
 Tung>itim : Some of the ore is concentrated to from 
 
 60 to 65 per cent tungsten oxide, but much of it is 
 
 the crude as mined. 
 
 Uranium and vanadkim: The values are for the 
 
 crude ores from which these metals are derived, 
 
 except that a few tons of the uranium ore was re- 
 ported as concentrated. 
 
 Stoxe: 
 
 IJiiieHfones and dohniiites: Of tlje total product 
 IK.I:! per cent in value was for ImiJding purposes, 
 17. o per cent foi' blast furnace flux, and tiie \'ahie 
 of lime burned oO.T per cent, most of the remainder 
 being crushed for concrete, railroad ballast, road- 
 making, macadam, etc., <ir prepai'cd for curbing and 
 flagging. 
 
 Marhlr: Of the ttjtal product, 45.1 per cent was 
 sold rough. The remainder was sold dressed, for 
 building purposes, for interior decm'ation, and for 
 moiumiental, ornamental, and other purposes. 
 
 Sandstiriies inul (jvarfzih^s: Of these, i^y.4 per cent 
 in value was sold rough; ^2l.'^ per cent was disposed 
 of dressed for building purposes; and the remainder 
 was crushed for concrete, ballast, riprap, etc., or pre- 
 pared foi' curbing and flagging. 
 
 Sdica mnd: This, as shown here, is the product 
 of quarries, not of sand banks, and was generallj' 
 obtained from rock pulverized at the mine. 
 
 Siliceous crystalline rochs: Of the whole product, 
 24.3 per cent in value was sold in the rough state; 
 2G.6 per centwas dressed for building purposes; 12.5 
 per cent was prepared for monumental work; and 
 the remainder was crushed f()r roadmaking, riprap, 
 etc., or prepared for curljing, paving, flagging, etc. 
 Slate: The slate is split and cut into roofing slate 
 or made into slates and slate pencils, sanitary slabs, 
 etc., at the mines, as it is necessary to work the 
 material when moist. The proportion of the Aalue 
 of product prepared for roofing was 86.9 per cent. 
 Siiljih.iir and pyrite: The statistics for the sulphur 
 are for the refined; for the pyrite they are. generallj' 
 speaking, for the substance as picked, rolled, jigged, 
 and assorted at the mine. Some pyrite was a by- 
 product of coal mines, being picked from the refuse. 
 
 Talc and soaj>stone: The talc is almost ail ground for 
 the market, and the soapstone is manufactured into 
 washtubs, slabs, sanitarv ware, etc., nearly all the 
 product mined being manufactured by the original 
 producers. The foliated variety of talc is usuallj^ 
 ground into talcum powder and the fibrous variety 
 into material for paper filling. All these processes are 
 accomplished at or near the mine. 
 
 The limitation of the census inquiry to the operations 
 at the mine or quarr}' has resulted in the exclusion of 
 a considerable portion of the values generally assigned 
 to the mineral products of the country. These difl'er- 
 ences are full}^ explained in the special reports for each 
 mineral. A comparison of the quantity of the ores as 
 rejDorted to the Bureau of the Census for the j-ear 1902, 
 with the quantity of the metal obtained from the same 
 class of ore during the same period, but possibly mined, 
 at least in part, during the preceding year, illustrates 
 the disparity in the quantities. It is possible to make 
 
14 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 this comparison for a few minerals, and the totals are 
 given in the following statement: 
 
 MINERAL. 
 
 Metal obtained, or manufactured 
 product. 
 
 Product 
 
 (quantity). 
 
 Iron ore, long tons . 
 
 
 35 567 410 
 
 Mineral pigments, crude, short 
 
 Pig iron, long tons 
 
 17,821,r^07 
 35, 479 
 
 tons. 
 
 Mineral paints, short tons , 
 
 1 00, 191 
 210,002,271 
 
 
 Refined metal: 
 
 Gold fine ounces . . 
 
 3,1-49, V2H 
 
 
 
 42 740 004 
 
 
 
 14 0''S 803 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11,7MU,004 
 
 
 Refined metal: 
 
 92 911 
 
 
 
 11,452,2^0 
 
 
 Copper pounds 
 
 025,004,529 
 
 Lead and zinc ores, short tons... 
 
 Lead, short tons 
 
 Refined lead, short tons 
 
 023.602 
 1 79. 445 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Reported by United States Geological Survey, zinc white and Venetian red 
 omitted. 
 
 2 Exclusive of placer bullion; this is shown in refined metal. Also exclu- 
 sive of Alaska. 
 
 /Special schedu.Ie.s. — At the census of ISin the statis- 
 tics for mines and quarries were collected on a schedule 
 entitled " Schedule of mines, agriculture, commerce, 
 manufactures, etc." The schedule used at the censuses 
 of 1850, 1860, and 1870 was designated "Products of 
 industry," and comprehended manufactures, mines, and 
 fisheries. As already stated, the special schedules were 
 introduced and carried to excess at the census of 1880, 
 which was taken under the supervision of Gen. Francis 
 A. Walker, who had already emphasized the necessity 
 of such a schedule in presenting the statistics for the 
 census of 1870. There were 44 special schedules, a 
 separate schedule being provided not merely for each 
 of the different minerals, except those tabulated as 
 "minor minerals," but for the different conditions under 
 which the same mineral was mined, and different sections 
 of the country were assigned to different expert agents, 
 and they in turn were permitted to use different forms 
 of schedules for the same mineral as mined in their 
 respective districts. 
 
 The use of special schedules was continued at the 
 census of 1890, but the number of separate schedules 
 was reduced to 23 — 1 general and 22 special. The 
 special schedules were used to develop features pecul- 
 iar to iron ore, gold and silver mines and reduction 
 works, transportation of gold and silver oi-e and bullion, 
 copper mines, lead mines, zinc mines, (juicksiiver mines 
 and reduction works, manganese ore, precious stones, 
 coal mines, distribution of coal for consumption, erude 
 petroleum, natural gas, stone quarries, mineral ^vaters, 
 copper smelters and rehners, lead smtdtcM's and rehners, 
 lead refiners, and zinc reduction works. 
 
 The object of tlie sjiecial sch<^dule is to develop in 
 detail the teehtii(|iie of an industry and to obtain from 
 each establishment a schedule carefully filled (Mit, the 
 completion of which requii'cs kiK)wledg(i aii<l time. 
 The prinjary object of a census is to obtain eoniplete 
 and rapid enumeration, to sliow the, magnitude of an 
 industry, the number of ])e()y)le, it eiriploys, the amount 
 
 paid in wages, and the quantity and value of its prod- 
 ucts. It is obvious, therefore, that these objects are 
 in a measure antagonistic, and that the success of a 
 census depends very largely upon the degree to which 
 they can be harmonized. The schedules should not 
 l:)e so elaborate and technical that they can not Im pre- 
 pared by an agent of average intelligence, since thoy 
 would .so delay the canvass as to make a complete 
 enumeration impossil)le. 
 
 The value of the statistics for a number of the min- 
 erals at the census of 1880 was seriously impaired by 
 the adoption of a too ehihorate and technical schedule.' 
 The technical features of a special schedule are so inter- 
 woven with the general features to be developed by a 
 census that it is, in many cases, impracticable to com- 
 bine the two so as to obtain uniform statistics for all 
 industries or all branches of the same industry. The 
 use of special schedules is essential to the development 
 of the census statistics for mines and quarries, but there 
 are certain data— such as the number of different classes 
 of employees, total wages, amount of miscellaneous 
 expenses, cost of supplies and materials, and the quan- 
 tity and value of the product — that should be called for 
 uniformly in all such schedules. If these inquiries are 
 not uniform it becomes impossible to make aggregates 
 for all branches of industry. The omission of these 
 general inquiries, and the lack of uniformity in the 
 answers obtained in cases where they are included, are 
 serious impediments to the use of the mining statistics 
 of the censuses of 1880 and 1890. 
 
 The general tendency in statistical incjuiries, as con- 
 ducted b}^ the Bureau of the Census, is to simplify the 
 schedule. 
 
 An investigation designed to develop technical fea- 
 tures can be conducted with better advantage and the 
 results be more satisfactorj' if the inquiries are confined 
 to representative establishments. Many of the inquiries 
 concerning technical matters are not applicable to the 
 major portion of the establishments emimerated, and 
 therefore are confusing to the enumerator and to the 
 p(M'son who furnishes the information. 
 
 The technical portions of the census of mines and 
 quarries relate vei'y largely to matters that are perti- 
 nent to the investigations of the United States Geolog- 
 ical Survey, the results of which are given in the annual 
 reports on the mineral resources of the Ignited States. 
 The collaboration between that office and the Bureau of 
 the Census in the mining t'cnsus of 1902 ver_y largely 
 relieved the Bureau of the Census from the task of ob- 
 tainiiig tet'hnical data.'' The special schedules of the 
 Sur\'e3' accompanied the more general Census schedule, 
 both being prepared for every mine and (juarry (»uumer- 
 ated. There were 7 Census schedules, designated as 
 follows: 
 
 Special scliedule No. 6. All mines and quarries must be reported 
 on this schedule except those for which special schedules are pro- 
 
 ' Tenth Census, Mining Industries, Vol. XV, jiage xxiv. 
 
 - See iiages Ki and 17 for mcniiiranduiii cmiceniing <'ollaboration 
 between the United States (Jeolugical Survey and tlie Bureau of 
 tlie (JensUH. 
 
PJ.AN AND SCOPE OF INQUIRY. 
 
 15 
 
 vided. Mines and quarries of the following minerals are to lie 
 reported on this schedule: Bluestone, granite, limestone, marble, 
 sandstone,, slate, trap rock, grindstones, millstones, soapstone and 
 tale, cement rock, flay, barytes, emery and corundum, gypsunj, 
 mica, mineral ])aints, phosphate rock, iron ore, and manganese ore. 
 Special attention is called to the fact that on this schedule also 
 (special schedule No. 6) should be reported the nonargentiferous 
 or soft lead mines located east of the Rocky momitains, the copper 
 mines of the Lake Superior region, and zinc mines. Otiier min- 
 erals mined as such to be reported on this schedule, except where 
 they accompany minerals of more importance, as platinum in gold 
 l>lacers, are the following: Antimony, asbestos, asphaltum, baux- 
 ite, borax, chrome ore, cobalt, feldspar, fibrous talc, flint, fluor- 
 spar, fuller's earth, garnet, graphite, infusorial earth and tripoli, 
 magnesites, marls, molybdenum, monazite, oilstones, platinmu, 
 precious stones, pyrite, crystalline (juartz, quicksilver, rutile, sul- 
 phur, tungsten, uranium, and vanadium. 
 
 Special schedule No. 8, for coal mines, both anthracite and bitu- 
 minous, and anthracite coal washeries. 
 
 Special schedule No. 9, for petroleum and natural-gas wells. 
 
 Special schedule No. 10, for gold and silver and argentiferous 
 and auriferous lead and copper mines. 
 
 Special schedule No. 11, for reductiou works of the precious 
 metals (other than smelters and refineries). 
 
 Special schedule No. (3a, a supplemental schedule for adminis- 
 trative and general offices. This schedule is intended for corpora- 
 tions, firms, or individuals operating more than one mine, quarry, 
 or reduction works, with a central office for all of them. Upon 
 this schedule should be reported the employees of such central 
 office, with their salaries or wages, and all other employees whose 
 work is not confined to one particular mine, quarry, or reduction 
 works, such as general superintendents, machinists, surveyors, 
 etc. All general expenses are also to be reported on this schedule 
 and the data relating to capital stock, bonds, dividends, and as- 
 sessments of incorporated companies. No data reported on this 
 schedule should appear on the separate reports for the individual 
 mines, quarries, or reduction works. Separate schedules are sup- 
 plied for these individual plants. 
 
 Special schedule No. 6b, a supplemental schedule for bluestone, 
 granite, limestone, marble, sandstone, slate, and trap rock quar- 
 ries, upon which a full description of the quarrying and stone- 
 dressing machines in use should be given. This schedule is to be 
 filled out in addition to and supplementary to special schedule No. 
 6 for all stone quarries. 
 
 The special schedules of the Geological Survey were 
 in the form of small cards and were provided for the 
 following minerals: 
 
 Brick and tile. 
 
 Slate. 
 
 Marble. 
 
 Trap rock. 
 
 Granite. 
 
 Sandstone. 
 
 Bluestone. 
 
 Limestone. 
 
 Sulphuric acid. 
 
 Barytes. 
 
 Mineral paints. 
 
 Jlica. 
 
 Salt. 
 
 Phosphate rock. 
 
 Gypsum. 
 
 Emery and corundum. 
 
 Millstones. 
 
 Grindstones. 
 
 Soapstone and talc. 
 
 Bituminous coal. 
 
 Anthracite coal. 
 
 Coke. 
 
 Coke, by-product plants. 
 
 Pottery. 
 
 Clay mined. 
 
 Mineral waters. 
 
 Cement. 
 
 Deep mines (precious metals). 
 
 Reduction «'orks at mines. 
 
 Placer and surface mines (pre- 
 cious metals) . 
 
 Local or custom mills or smelt- 
 ing works (precious metals). 
 
 Natural gas. 
 
 Crude petroleum. 
 
 Iron ore. 
 
 Manganese ore. 
 
 Gas, tar, and ammonia. 
 
 Precious stones. 
 
 Minor minerals (a general sched- 
 ule for the production of all 
 other minerals not included 
 in the foregoing list). 
 
 The combination of the data contained on the Census 
 and Geological Survey schedules makes possible the 
 presentation of complete census statistics iov the general 
 features of the industries and also of technical infor- 
 mation concerning each mineral. It is believed that 
 this arrangement has resulted in the most complete and 
 harmonious census of mines and cpiarries ever taken. 
 It has made possible a sei^aration of the purel}' scien- 
 tilic and technical inquiries from the statistical. At 
 the same time, full information on each phase of the 
 subject has been secured thr(.iugh the medium of the 
 same agents. 
 
 E,Ki>ei't upacial agents. — At the censuses of 1850 to 
 18*70, inclusive, the mining census was made by the 
 United States marshals, and was incident to the enu- 
 nteration of population and the collection of the statis- 
 tics of agriculture and manufactures. The principal 
 dut^' of the assistant marshals was the enumeration of 
 population. The other three inquiries — agriculture, 
 manufactures, and mining — were regarded as of much 
 less importance, and it is probaVjle that their importance 
 was rated in the order named. 
 
 The tirst provision of law authorizing the employment 
 of expert special agents is contained in section IS of the 
 act of March 3, 1879, providing for the census of 1880. 
 This provision was reenacted in the laws providing for 
 the Eleventh and Twelfth censuses and in the act of 
 March 6, 1902, under which the cens if that year was 
 taken. 
 
 Persons engaged in an industrj^, or intimately associ- 
 ated with it through financial identification or through 
 long experience in the compilation of statistical infor- 
 mation concerning it, are in a position to select the 
 data of greatest value and to pass upon the practica- 
 bilit^' of the schedule to be used in collecting these data. 
 The principal advantage to statistical work from the 
 emplo3'ment of such persons is in the drafting of the 
 schedules and analysis of the results. After the form of 
 the schedule is determined and the inc^uiries thoroughlj^ 
 understood, the collection of the returns requires but 
 slight, if any, technical knowledge. At the census of 
 1880 an attempt was made to emplo}' experts to make 
 the canvass,^ but it was impossible to obtain a sufficient 
 number of agents who had either a theoretical or prac- 
 tical knowledge of mining to do the work. At the cen- 
 sus of 1890 experts and others were employed, the ex- 
 pert agents, as a rule, having supervision of the canvass 
 for certain sections of the country or for certain min- 
 erals, irrespective of the location of the mines. In 1902 
 the schedules followed the general form used in collect- 
 ing the statistics of manufacturing and mechanical in- 
 dustries. This was necessarjr in order that the totals 
 for maiuifucturing and mining might be combined and 
 the aggregate for all such industries presented. More- 
 over, as the technical schedules used bj' the Geolog- 
 ical Survey were adopted by the Bureau of the Cen- 
 
 ' Tenth Census, Precious Metals, Vol. XIII, page xi. 
 
16 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 sus, there wa.s no necessity for the emplo^ynient of ex- 
 perts hy the Bureau in the preparation of any of the 
 returns. The canvass was made l.)y the regular force 
 of the Bureau, assisted by the office and field force of 
 the Geoloo'ical Survey. 
 
 ( 'iillalitirdtiim initJi the Zhiited Sfatcn ijcohx/ical iSur- 
 i-'ey- — The United States Geological Survey was organ- 
 ized under the act of March 8, ISTIJ, which estal)lish(>d 
 the office and, among other duties, provided that it 
 should examine " the geological structure, mineral 
 resources and products of the national domain." An 
 act of Congress of August 7, 1883, provides that an 
 amount not to exceed $1(),0U0 may be annually applied 
 by the Director of the Surv(^y, under the direction of 
 the Secretary of the Interior, to the procuring of statis- 
 tics in relation to mines and mining other than gold and 
 silver and to making chemical analj'ses of iron, coal, and 
 oil. The first annual report of the Survey, which was 
 transmitted to the Secretary of th(> Interior on No\'eni- 
 ber 1, 1880, covered the fiscal year ending June oO, 1880. 
 Since then reports have been made annually, covei'ing 
 the calendar year. 
 
 In organizing the census of 1880, Gen. Francis A. 
 Walker made arrangements with the Geological Survey 
 to collect the statistics of ujines and (juarries. ' Similar 
 arrangements were made at the census of 18!t(). 
 
 The Geological Survey collects annually statistics of 
 the C[uantity and \'alue of production of the different 
 minerals, in connection with its examination of the 
 geological structure, mineral resources, and products 
 of the national domain, and is necessarily in constant 
 communication with mining companies, thus establish- 
 ing an intimate relationship. Collaboration between 
 the Survey and the Bureau of the Census in taking the 
 decennial census of mines and quarries is, therefore, 
 ideally correct, but the actual practice at earlier cen- 
 suses of turning over to thi' employees of the Survey 
 the entire work of collecting and compiling the census 
 statistics resulted in a statistical pi'esentation which 
 was out of harmony with the presentation made in all 
 other census imlustrial statistics. In other words, the 
 raining census of 1880 was conducted on lines some- 
 W'hat similar to those followed hy tlie Survey in its 
 annual reports, designed to show for tlie most part the 
 quantity and value of the ditferent minerals, their 
 occurrence, an analysis of ores, and the possibility of 
 development of the miniu'al resources of the countrv. 
 
 ' In 1879 Prof. Riilph Pumpelly, head of the Division of Mines 
 anil <ieology, United States (ieolof;ical Survey, and the force work- 
 ing under him, were detailed to act as special agents of the (Jensus 
 Office to collect and discuss the statistics of the mining industries 
 of the United States, exclusive of the precious metals. A report 
 on tlie statistics and technology of the precious metals was iirepared 
 under tlie direiUion of Hon. Clarence King, Director of the Geo- 
 logical Survey, and the report on the production, teclmology, and 
 uses of petroleum and its products was prepared by Mr. S. F. Peck- 
 ham; on the manufacture of coke, by Mr. .Joseph D. Weeks; ami 
 on building stones and the cjuarry industry, by Dr. (Jeorge W. 
 Ilawes and others. 
 
 The report for the census of 1880 i.s contained in 
 three \'oliune.s — one on the precious metals, another on 
 nonmetalliferous minerals, and a third containing spe- 
 cial reports on petroleum, coke, and building stones. 
 Many of the reports are exhaustive, containing not 
 only" much statistical matter, but historical treatises 
 and analyses as well. Uniform statistical aggregates, 
 however, are wanting. The mining census of 1870 had 
 proved to be so far from complete that in 1880 an 
 eli'ort was made to improve upon it by covering the 
 entire field in an analytical and technical manner. 
 I'nfortunately, in doing this the necessity for a com- 
 plete enmneration was lost sight of, and the inquiry 
 was crushed by its own weight. 
 
 The United States Geological Survey had become 
 thoroughly organized by 1890, and the mining census 
 was taken under the direction of Dr. David T. Day, of the 
 Survey, acting as a special agent of the Census Office. 
 The method of presenting the statistics, however, was 
 not in harmony with that adopted in making other cen- 
 sus reports, and it is impossible to combine the totals 
 of the difierent reports so as to show the aggregate for 
 the mining, manufacturing, and mechanical industries 
 of the country. 
 
 Although collaboration between difierent departments 
 of the (Tovernment engaged in the .same general class of 
 work is likely to result in economy in administration, 
 the act of Congress of March 0, 1'.Mi:^, provides that cer- 
 tain facts which difl'er radically from those compiled by 
 the Survey are to be collated decennially bj^ the Bureau 
 of the Cen.sus. In order to compile these data and in- 
 sure their harmony with other census reports, it is 
 necessary that the Bureau of the Census have absolute 
 control of both the canvass and the office work. Prior 
 t(j the census of l'.H)2, however, it was contended by the 
 Survey that statistical conditions existed in the work of 
 that office similar to those at the Bureau of the Census, 
 and that if the statistics for the annual report on '"Min- 
 eral Resources" were to l)e taken in collaboration with 
 the census of mines and (piarries, the fieldwork and the 
 preliminary examination of the census schedules should 
 be under the supervision of the Survey. It was there- 
 fore impossible to make arrangements that would be' 
 entirely satisfactory to both offices. The methods fol- 
 lowed at the censuses of 1880 and 1890 having proved 
 entirely inadequate, however, the following memoran- 
 dum was agreed upon as the working basis of the two 
 offices for the census of 1902: 
 
 MeiiiomiKliim of (ujm-mcid bdiveen Die Director of tlie United Stales 
 Geological Siireei/ and the Director of the FiiiU'd Statex Ceiuns Teijard- 
 inej the cooperatiim of the two offices in taking the mining census of 
 UiO.i. 
 
 For the purpose of avoiding a duplicate canvass of the mining 
 industry as provided for by the laws relating to the Geological Sur- 
 vey and the Cen.sus Office, of saving an unnecessary expenditure 
 which would arise from such simultaneous duplication of the can- 
 
PLAN ANU SCOPE OF INQUIRY. 
 
 17 
 
 vass, and to insure harmony between the statiHticH of the Geulcjg- 
 iea! Survey and of the Census Office, the toUowing agreement lias 
 been reached: 
 
 I. The Geological Survey to take the general supervision of the 
 lieldwork for the mining census-, transmitting the several schedules 
 iif the Census Oflice to tlie jiroducers in the same envelope with its 
 o«ii schedule and receiving them tiack iji its own penalty envel- 
 opes; the Census schedules thus obtained by the Geological Survey 
 to be transmitted to the Census Office as rapidly as received for 
 examination and correction; such of the Census schedules as may 
 require additional fleldwork to perfect them to be returned to the 
 Geological Survey, at the discretion of the Census (Office, in order 
 that the desired corrections may be obtained. The clerical exjiense 
 of handling the schedules and the correspondence connected there- 
 with to be borne by the Geological Survey, but with the under- 
 standing that whenever more clerks are required than can be 
 spared from the regular force of the Geological Survey the Census 
 Office will detail such additional clerks from its regular force and 
 will continue t(i carry them upon its pay rolls. All the work of 
 tabulating and compiling the Census schedules to lie done in the 
 Census Oflice by the Census Office clerks. The Census Office to 
 have the privilege of transcribing from the schedules of the Geo- 
 logical Survey such additional information contained therein as 
 may be omitted from its own schedules for the purpose of greater 
 simplicity. 
 
 II. The fleldwork which may be necessary in addition to corre- 
 spondence in order to secure an early return for the mining census 
 shall be done by the present force of trained experts — some 25 in 
 number — employed by the Geological Survey in its regular field- 
 work; and such additional clerks as may be required to complete 
 the fleldwork with all possible rapidity shall Ije drawn from the 
 regular clerical force of the Census Office. 
 
 III. The Geological Survey will contribute toward the expense 
 i.if this fleldwork from its regular appropriation a sum equal to its 
 annual expenditure for this purpose in previous years, the entire 
 remainder of the cost of the fleldwork to be borne by the Census 
 (jfflce. This will involve, in many instances, a temporary transfer 
 of the fleld agents of the Geological Survey from the rolls of that 
 office to the rolls of the Census Office, this transfer to be made in 
 every instance at the rates of compensation which they are receiving 
 from the Geological Survey. The allowance for per diem expenses 
 to be the same in every case as the Census allowance for its own 
 field agents. The fleldwork for the mining census in 1890, as 
 shown by the records of the Census Office, cost l?142,llo.47, being 
 the amount paid to the maximum number of special agents em- 
 ployed, namely, 228. 
 
 IV. A representative of the Census Office to be detailed to actas 
 assistant to the statistical division of the Geological Survey during 
 the progress of the fleldwork. This is necessary in order that the 
 Census Office may have a properly trained expert in its own clerical 
 force thoroughly cognizant of all the details of the work, and 
 thus qualifled to oversee the tabulation and compilation of the 
 Census statistics. 
 
 V. Whenever it may be so desired the Census Office to have the 
 privilege of calling upon the experts of the Geological Survey to 
 prepare the texts of its reports on the several branches of the 
 mining industry. 
 
 YI. The schedules of the Census inquiry to ]je prepared and 
 ready for delivery to the Geological Survey not later than .January 
 1, 1903. 
 
 \'II. The schedules to be thus handled by the Gecjltigical Survey 
 to include all the mining schedules issued by the Census Office, 
 including those for gold, silver, and stone quarrying. 
 
 The schedules of the Bureau of the Census and of the 
 Geological Surve}^ were naailed b_y the latter office to 
 all mines and quarries known to he in existence, the 
 
 30223—04 2 
 
 letter of transmittal being signed by the directors of 
 both offices.' The schedules were returned to the Sur- 
 vey and there given a cursory examination, the amounts 
 reported in the schedules for the two offices being com- 
 pared and the schedules separated. The schedules for 
 the Census were then forwarded to the Bureau of the 
 Census. This metliod, though it simplified the office 
 work, multiplied the difficulties of the canvass. Each 
 mine operator was re(juired to prepare two schedules, 
 a number of the questions on the two being similar. A 
 large number of operators prepared the Survey' sched- 
 ule in conformity with their annual practice, but 
 neglected the Census schedule. In a number of instances 
 the Survej' schedule required the quantit}? and value of 
 the mineral marketed, while the Census schedule called 
 for the quantity produced during the j'ear. In other 
 cases the Survey schedule required a report of the fin- 
 ished manufactured product, while the Clensus schedule 
 called for the cpiantity and A'alue of the crude ore. 
 
 It was often impossible to obtain a proper adjust- 
 ment of these differences hy correspondence, and in 
 
 'Dep.^rtment of the Intekiob, 
 
 United States Geological Survey, 
 Washington, D. C, December SI, 190S. 
 
 Dear Sir: In accordance with an agreement between the Di- 
 rector of the Census and the Director of the United States Geolog- 
 ical Survey, as shown in the subjoined letter, this Office will collect 
 the data for the mining census in addition to the usual information 
 collected annually for the report Mineral Resources. I therefore 
 inclose herewith a copy of the census schedule, together with the 
 card of this Office, with the request that j'ou flll them both out and 
 return them at the earliest possible moment. An addressed 
 envelope, requiring no postage, is inclosed for reply. 
 
 Please answer every question in both schedules. All informa- 
 tion furnished will be held strictly confldential. Only state, 
 county, or district totals will be published. All Census employees 
 are subject to a heavy flne for revealing information obtained for 
 census purposes. 
 
 Your especial attention is called to the fact that the inquiry in 
 regard to labor and wages is intended to include all the labor 
 expended upon the product up to the time the material leaves the 
 establishment, including grinding, washing, or other treatment. 
 
 Trusting that you will give this matter your prompt and careful 
 attention, and thanking you in advance for your courtesy, I am, 
 Yours, very truly, 
 
 Chas. D. Walcott, Director. 
 
 Census Office, 
 Washington, D. C, November 17, 1902. 
 Hon. Charles D. Walcott, Director, 
 
 United States Geological Surrey, Washington, D. C. 
 Sir: In accordance with our understanding, you are hereby 
 authorized to collect for the Census Office the schedules relating 
 to the mines and mining industry required by section 7 of the act 
 of Congress to create a i^ermanent Census Office, approved March 6, 
 1902, at the same time and by the same methods employed in the 
 collection of the annual mining statistics of the United States Geo- 
 logical Survey. This course will be in the interests of economy 
 and efficiency, and will also save the producers the necessity of 
 making out two .schedules, at different times, which are in some 
 respects duplicates of each other. 
 
 In transmitting the Census schedules to the producers and mine 
 owners you are authorized to assure them that all information 
 received on the Census schedules will be treated as strictly confi- 
 dential and no publication will be made which will reveal the 
 business or the operations of any individual, firm, or corporation 
 in any brancli of the mining or quarrying industry. 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 William R. Merriam, 
 
 Director of the Census. 
 
18 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 many cases the special agents found it difBcult even by 
 personal investigation to make a satisfactoiy explana- 
 tion and to secure harmonious reports for the two offices. 
 Many of these difficulties would have been obviated had 
 the plan been tried of using a single schedule contain- 
 ing all of the inquiries needed for both offices. This, 
 however, was believed to be impracticable, since con- 
 siderable detail was reciuired b_y the difl'erent reports. 
 The Census schedules contained inquiries concerning 
 capital, employees, wages, daily rates of pay, materials, 
 miscellaneous expenses, etc., as well as the quantity 
 and value of the product. Under the conditions stated 
 it would appear logical to have had the canvass made 
 under the direct supervision of the Bureau of the Cen- 
 'sus, and to have included in the Census schedules the 
 few additional inquiries as to finished product or prod- 
 ucts sold that are required for the annual report of the 
 Survey. Such an arrangement would have required 
 but one schedule for each producer. 
 
 III. 
 
 DIFFICULTIES AND DEFECTS OF THE EXUMEEATION. 
 
 The claim is no^ made for the mining census of 
 1902 that a complete canvass has been possible, or that 
 the figures presented are the result of an actual enu- 
 meration of all mines and quarries in operation during 
 the period covered. The reports for the census of 1S70 
 direct particular attention to the incompleteness of the 
 statistics for 1860 and 1870. The reasons for the 
 incompleteness of the statistics at the census of 1880, 
 so far as thej' relate to precious metals, are given as 
 follows: 
 
 1. From want of previous experience, the agents in charge could 
 not distribute equally the ground to be covered among the experts 
 employed, since the number of mines to he investigated bore no 
 necessary relation to geographical area. As a consequence, toward 
 the end of the time devoted to the investigation some regions 
 received less attention than their relative importance merited. 
 
 2. The relative ability of the experts employed was necessarily 
 unknown to the agents in charge until the investigation had pro- 
 ceeded so far that it was too late to make any radical change. 
 
 3. It was a practical impossibility to secure uniformity of ability 
 and methods among so large a corps of experts as was necessary 
 for the work. The result was that one would give more attention 
 to one class of facts, another to another class, and, when totals 
 were made up from the schedule returns, it was found that these 
 facts were more complete in one region than another. 
 
 The lack of uniformity in the statistics for the 
 different minerals has been referred to above und(n-the 
 title of "Development of mining statistics." It is im- 
 possible to determine the extent to which the produc- 
 tion of minerals and oi'es by small operators was omitted 
 from the reports for that census. Special attention ap- 
 pears to have been given to the small operators, and re- 
 ports were secured from 9,969 small coalmines, classed 
 as "Local min(^s and farmers' banks," in which coal 
 was produced at irregular intervals. In referring to 
 the incompleteness of the statistics for gold and silver 
 
 in the report of the same census, it is stated that it was 
 impossible to locate a vast number of independent 
 miners producing gold in small quantities, often in re- 
 mote and almost inaccessible spots; also that "while 
 the average annual production of these prospectors or 
 miners is small, the aggregate amount is considerable; 
 but no full or accurate .statistics of this portion of gold 
 production can be obtained." 
 
 The census of 1902 does not contain reports from a 
 number of the irregular producers and small mines. 
 This is especially true of the small placer gold mines, 
 irregular bituminous coal producers, and small lime 
 and sandstone quarries. Schedules were mailed to 
 every mine and quarry of which the name and address 
 could be obtained, and in every case where a satisfac- 
 tory schedule was not received by mail one was secured 
 by a special agent. The special agents visited every 
 section of the country and made diligent inquiry for 
 mines and quarries not named on their official lists; 
 everj' known source of information was exhausted in 
 the preparation of these lists. It is believed, there- 
 fore, that the statistics are the results of as coni]3lete 
 an enumeration as it is practicable to make. It is not 
 contended that reports were secured from all mines 
 and quarries, but that a large proportion of theai have 
 been reported is shown by the fact that returns were 
 received for 5,3'lo operators of mines, quarries, and wells 
 that reported an annual product valued at less than *.)0n. 
 In bituminous coal there were 798 producers of this class, 
 and in limestone 1,296. For gold and silver, 3,252 re- 
 ports were received for operators engaged in develop- 
 ment work only, and 1,196 that reported a product 
 valued at less than $1,000. The enumeration, however, 
 did not extend to mining claims, although reports were 
 received from 5,511 of such claims on which, in order 
 to complj' with the law and hold the claim, at least f 100 
 worth of work was done during the year. The agents 
 were instructed to omit from the enumeration the small 
 placer gold mines at which less than two wage-earners 
 were employed, imless such mines were in close prox- 
 imitj' to other mines being enumerated. The value 
 of the gold produced by the small placer miners and 
 irregular operators is estimated at $1,633,835. This 
 value is included as a separate item in the production 
 for the United States, but there are no statistics con- 
 cerning the number of people employed or the cost of 
 materials and supplies. 
 
 In previous censuses all mines that did not report a 
 production valued at $500 or more were usually omitted 
 from the reports. This rule, if strictly followed, would 
 exclude a large number of important properties, for 
 some important mines are operated to only a limited 
 extent, tlie major portion of the work being devoted to 
 development. Therefore, no limit of this character was 
 made at this census. It is admitted, nevertheless, that 
 considerable quantities of mineral mined ])y farmers, 
 ranchmen, contractors, and others w(n-e not accounted 
 
PLAN AND SCOPE OF INQUIRY. 
 
 19 
 
 for, because these men wci-e not known as niiuers or 
 quarrymen, and were overlooked by tlie agents. This 
 kind of mining is carried on at irregular intervals, 
 no record is kept of the production, and there are no 
 available statistics concerning operations. 
 
 During the year 1902 the production of bituminous 
 coal by irregular operators was greatly stinuilatod by 
 the curtailment of the supply of anthracite coal. A 
 large number of farmers worked their coal banks with 
 farm labor whenever other duties would permit. Every 
 means was exhausted to o))tain the names and addresses 
 of these producers, and a small schedule was sent to all 
 whose names could be secured/ The report contains 
 the statistics for 4,409 bitmninous coal producers, and 
 of this number 825 were reported on the small schedule 
 as irreg-ular operators. When the small schedule 
 showed a production of 500 tons the regular schedule 
 was sent and a full report as to employees, wages, etc., 
 secured. 
 
 The nature of the work of the small, irregular opera- 
 tors precludes the possibilitj^ of a complete enumeration, 
 nor is it essential for a mining census that returns be 
 secured from all farmers and others who produced a 
 few tons of mineral during the J'ear, a large proportion 
 of which was probably consumed in the local market. 
 The reports for such small mines show, as a rule, only 
 the cjuantity and value of the production. Most of the 
 labor is done by the owner, and the expense for ma- 
 terials and supplies is so small that it is not reported. 
 
 In the mining of lead and zinc ore in Missouri, and in 
 the mining of monazite, mica, and other minerals found 
 in small quantities in different localities, it is the prac- 
 tice of the small producer to devote odd times to mining. 
 In some cases the mining is done bj' a farmer on his 
 own land; in other cases it is done on leased land or 
 under a royalty agreement. In the majority of cases 
 the ore is sold to one or more of the large establish- 
 ments in the immediate vicinitj-, where it is reduced, 
 refined, or prepared in some manner for the market. 
 Under these conditions it is very difficult to obtain 
 reports from the producers. 
 
 The census of zinc-lead mining in Missouri and Kan- 
 sas presented peculiar difficulties, because of the 
 method of the organization of this industr}' in that dis- 
 trict. Onl}' a few of the larger properties are operated 
 by the owners. Nearly all of these properties are 
 divided into tracts and leased to individuals or compa- 
 nies, who again divide them into small plots of an acre 
 or less and sublease them to operators. In some cases 
 this system of subleasing is carried still further. The 
 actual operators are frequently practical miners, who 
 work with pick and shovel. As the earnings of such 
 operators are dependent upon the run of the ore, the 
 mine is abandoned by the sublessee as soon as the 
 returns prove unsatisfactory. A shaft is thus worked 
 intermittentlv, a few weeks by one operator, then a 
 
 ' See Appendix A. 
 
 few weeks by another, often changing hands several 
 times during the year. The operatoi's are constantly 
 moving from one place to another. Those found on 
 the properties by the Census agents in 1903 were only 
 too often new operators, who had not been connected 
 with the mines during the j'car 1902, for which infor- 
 mation was sought, while those who had operated them 
 in 1902 had moved away and could not be located. In 
 such cases the only information available was that 
 which could be furnished by the landowner. This 
 information was naturally confined to the quantity and 
 value of the product of the entire property; if the 
 propertj' was owned by a large company, its books, at 
 best, might show the quantitj' and value of product of 
 each of the first lessees. No further census data could 
 be obtained. 
 
 The figures of production furnished bj' the owners, 
 while correct in themselves, because taken from their 
 books, presented still other difficulties, when treated in 
 connection with other reports. A typical case could 
 be described as folhjws: A report was secured from 
 the owner covering the jjroduction of his entire prop- 
 erty, with the exception, perhaps, of one tract leased 
 to a large corporation, which furnished its own report. 
 A few similar reports were received from first lessees 
 of the owner, some of whom were active operators and 
 some were sublessees. One or two of the sublessees 
 could be located, and these furnished reports substan- 
 tialh' accurate, although mostly from memory. Other 
 first lessees could not be found or had transferred their 
 leases to new holders, but some of their sublessees 
 remained on the property and furnished reports to the 
 census agent. 
 
 In order to avoid duplications, it was necessary to 
 conq^are all these reports, and to subtract from the 
 owner's report that which was reported by his first les- 
 sees and the sublessees. When it was attempted to bal- 
 ance the figures it appeared that the results could not 
 be made to agree; for example, the sublessees showed a 
 larger quantity of lead and zinc than that reported by 
 the first lessee, while the value was considerably less 
 than that reported by the owner. The explanation lay 
 in the fact that part of the ore was sold in rough state 
 by the su1)lessees to the owner, who concentrated it at 
 his mill and disposed of it at a higher price. An in- 
 quiry addressed to one of the leading companies of the 
 district brought the reply that the records of the com- 
 pany could not be adjusted to meet the figures furnished 
 by the operators. The letter concluded liv saying: " If 
 it is your intention to reconcile their figures with those 
 furnished from this office, we think you will have a 
 hopeless and never ending task." Some of these dis- 
 crepancies could be and were corrected at this office. 
 If the value of zinc ore was reported by one operator at 
 something like $3 per ton, whereas the average value 
 reported ])y the owner and other operators on his prop- 
 erty was about |3(l per ton, it was safe to infer that the 
 
20 
 
 MINES AND QUARKIES. 
 
 former represented roug-h ore and the latter dressed 
 ore; if, on the contrarj-, the report showed that the les- 
 see operated a concentrating mill in connection with 
 his leased mine, the unusuall}- low price of the ore 
 would indicate a low percentage of zinc in the dressed 
 ore. In the former case a substantial agreement be- 
 tween the conflicting figures could be attained b}^ redu- 
 cing the quantity of rough ore to terms of dressed ore, 
 taking as a basis the average price per ton of dressed 
 ore; in the latter case the quantity could not be dis- 
 turbed. It is of course obvious that omissions and du- 
 plications could not be avoided. Still the census figures 
 for the value of zinc and lead mined in the state of 
 Missouri, which yields the bulk of the product, su))- 
 startially agree with the returns secured, independently 
 of tb3 Bureau of the Census, bj' the state lead and zinc 
 mines inspector. 
 
 The conditions prevailing in the region precluded 
 anything like a complete and accurate presentation of 
 all the labor employed in the mines. Aside from the 
 numerous class of small operators who themselves work 
 in the mines and are helped by members of their own 
 famil}', or perhaps by one or two hired men, man3^ of 
 the operators who work the mines with none but hired 
 labor frequently keep no books whatsoever. They ma^^ 
 be able to state with substantial accuracy the number 
 of men emploj'ed during the year and, by computation 
 from the average rates paid bj' them, the amount ex- 
 pended for wages; but the items of "supplies" and 
 "miscellaneous expenses" are in such cases nothing 
 but rough estimates, and the accuracy of the results 
 can not be vouched for. There is a large class of mines 
 in which no miners are hired either by the day or bj' 
 the ton, all mining labor being done on shares by " les- 
 sees," so called, who agree to pay the operator a stipu- 
 lated roj'alt}' on all ore mined. In most cases of this 
 class no records of the number of such lessees were 
 kept by the operators, who could furnish no informa- 
 tion beyond the total quantity and value of ore mined 
 and the royalty' received. Whenever practicable the 
 number of men working on shares was secured from 
 the landowner. The proceeds from the sale of the ore, 
 less the royalty received by the huidowner, represent 
 the gross earnings of the miners, who are required 
 to buy their own nunc supplies. The number of such 
 miners with their gross earnings, as far as reported, 
 is shown separately, Imt is not inchided among regular 
 wage-earners. 
 
 In the monazite industrj' the production is controlled 
 by a single establishment, the product of a number of 
 operators being purchased by one company, from which 
 a complete report was secured. It was impossible to 
 obtain reports from the small independent miners, but 
 tiie number of such operators was known by the com- 
 pany and they were included as its employees. It was 
 considered that the ore was mined on a contract basis, 
 and the amount paid for it, or a proper proportion of 
 such amount, was (^'edited as wages. 
 
 The conditions under which mica is mined are some- 
 what similar to those prevailing in the monazite in- 
 dustry. Returns were secured from a number of the 
 small independent producers, but a considerable pro- 
 portion of tile production could not bo covered by such 
 reports and was accounted for only in the schedules of 
 the lai-ge establishments where it was prepared for the 
 market. 
 
 There were only 17 regularly worked mines reported 
 for the production of precious stones. Many of the 
 precious stones were obtained by incidental discoveries 
 or systematic search. The number of people engaged 
 in this irregular work and the value of the stones are 
 largely estimates based on information obtained from 
 merchants and others familiar with local conditions. 
 
 In addition to the difliculties and the possibilities of 
 error attending the collection of statistics of minerals 
 for which the minipg operations were similar to those 
 enumerated above, there are uncertainties in connec- 
 tion with the collection of the reports and compiling 
 the statistics for minerals mined bj' large and well or- 
 ganized companies. For instance, the schedule required 
 the value of the product f . o. b. at the mine or quarry. 
 A number of the anthracite coal companies contended 
 that it was impossible to give such a value, or, in fact, 
 any value for their product, since a portion was con- 
 sumed at the mines in connection with their operation, 
 considerable quantities were sold in the local market, 
 and an unknown quantity was sold at a loss; also, that 
 it was impracticable to deduct, or, in fact, to ascertain, 
 the freight charges. The values are therefore largelj- 
 estimated, based on the average value per ton of coal at 
 the mine, the results being compared and checked with 
 every available source of information. The production 
 of petroleum is largely in the control of the Standard 
 Oil Company, which contended that it was impossible 
 to obtain separate reports from the individual pro- 
 ducers. The company made one report covering the 
 operations of '.»,Si>(:) producers of oil in 39.301 oil wells 
 in Pennsyhania, also similar combined reports for 
 2,lii3 producers and 8,443 wells in New York, 9,1397 
 producers and 42,l:(i9 wells in Ohio, 4,435 producers 
 and 12,9.51 wells in West Virginia. There were in all 
 7 schedules received from the company, which con- 
 tained the statistics for 28,925 producers and 112,794 
 wells. In addition to the reports of the Standard Oil 
 Company, there were 604 schedules received from 597 
 producers covering the operations of 5,s77 wells. The 
 7 schedules from the Standard Oil Conqiany covered 98 
 per cent of the producers and 95 per cent of the wells 
 reported for the United States. Similar reports were 
 made by the company for its production of natural gas, 
 4 schedules being received for 19 producers and l,70l 
 wells in Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio, and AVest Vir- 
 ginia, the producers forming 1 \)ov cent and the wells 
 10.8 per cent of the total for the United States. Under 
 these conditions it was impossible to localize the statis- 
 tics for petrdlcuMi and natural gas l)y counties or to 
 
PLAN AND SCOPE OK IXOl'lHY- 
 
 21 
 
 check or verify the estimates of the munher of em- 
 ployees, wages, expenses, etc. The schedules were 
 carefully prepared and evidently cover the entire pro- 
 duction of all the wells. The conditions under which 
 the statistics have been compiled are in some respects 
 similar to those prevailing)' in the minino- of lead, zinc, 
 mica, and nionazite. in that the production is sold to 
 one or more large establishments that put it on the 
 market and thus in a measure control the output. 
 
 Since the recent discoveries of rich plac(n- deposits 
 have given prominence to the gold fields of Alaska, 
 efforts have been made by the Government to obtain 
 statistics 1\v direct connuunication with the numerous 
 owners of those mines. Mr. Charles G. Yale, special 
 agent of the Bureau of the Mint, reported the follow- 
 ing for the calendar year 1,S!>9: 
 
 The population of these eaiiips is more or less nomadic, moving 
 from place to place aa strikes in new creeks are announced. The 
 season of mail communication among the camps along the Yukon 
 river and creeks is very short, and when the spring " clean ups" 
 ha\'e been made or the summer diggings begin to freeze the men 
 come "outside" for the winter or go to larger camps. For these 
 reasons it is almost impossible to obtain the desired statistical 
 information as to the output of gold by correspondence Avith the 
 individual miners.' 
 
 Dr. Cabell Whitehead, formerly assay er of the Mint, 
 reported as follows from Nome, under date of Septem- 
 ber 5, 1900: 
 
 Many men are prospecting throughout the entire country and 
 we can only tell what they produce when they come in, as they 
 are very secretive in all matters concerning their productions.'^ 
 
 The same was the experience of the agent of the De- 
 partment of Labor, who investigated on the spot the 
 conditions of Alaska gold mining. The difficulties in 
 obtaining statistics of the placer mines in Alaska may 
 be judged from the number of claims recorded, which 
 in the Nome district alone had, up to .Tanuar}' 10, 1900, 
 reached 1:,.500."^ This number is largely in excess of 
 the total number of producing properties embraced in 
 the present census of gold and silver mines for all 
 states and territories. Important as it maj' be to ascer- 
 tain the exact conditions under which an individual 
 miner can nowadaj's produce gold without any capital, 
 practically with his own hands, it was thought that this 
 could be most successfully done in connection with the 
 general census of population and occupations, whereas 
 it could not be accomplished without an extraordinary 
 expenditure of time and money as a part of the census 
 confined to mines and mining. The quantity and value 
 of the output of the Alaska gold mines are reproduced 
 in this report from the rei3(jrt of the Director of the 
 Mint, whose estimates are based upon the returns from 
 the mints, assay offices, and from private refineries. 
 
 Porto Rico was the only insular possession in which 
 the mineral resources were deemed of sufficient impor- 
 
 1 Keport of the Director oi the Mint upon the Production of the 
 Precious Metals during the calendar year 1899, page .51. 
 
 2 Ibid., 1900, page 56. 
 
 •'P)Ulletinof the Department oi Lalior, 1900, "The Yukon and 
 >;ome Gold Kegioii."," ]iage SOI. 
 
 tance to attempt an enumeration. While it is known 
 that a variety of minerals exist in the island, very few, 
 if an^', mines and quari'ies were operated as a I'egular 
 business during the year 1902. The work was done at 
 odd times and only sufficient material extracted to 
 satisfy the local demand. It was difficult to locate the 
 pi'operties that had been worked, and jjractically im- 
 possible to obtain any information concerning the num- 
 l>er of people employed or the quantity and value of 
 the product. Under these conditions the statistics for 
 the island are not comparable with those compiled for 
 continental United States, and no reference is made to 
 them in the general tables. The report on the mineral 
 industries of Porto Rico consists principally of a com- 
 pilation of historical data, a statement of the mining 
 laws, and a list of the niineral deposits, with such in- 
 formation as could be obtained concerning the quantity 
 and value of the products. 
 
 The omission of the small producers and the impossi- 
 bility of obtaining individual reports from certain other 
 producers, the data being included in a combined sched- 
 ule, are the principal sources of error in the canvass. 
 Another source of error is inherent in the preparation 
 of the reports. A comparati\-ely small proportion of 
 the I'eports were prepared from data obtained from 
 account books; but those which were prepared from 
 such accounts were, as a rule, for the important opera- 
 tors and represented a large propoi'tion of the produc- 
 tion. The data in many of the schedules are estimates 
 based on the recollection of the person answering the 
 inquiries. This is particularly true of the answers to 
 such inquiries as "The average number of wage-earners 
 employed during each month" and "The average num- 
 ber of wage-earners at specified dail}^ rates of pa}'." 
 Fevf establishments keep books from which answers 
 to inquiries of this character, covering a period 
 of twelve months, could be readily obtained. If the 
 information was obtained from the account books, it 
 required an examination of a number of books and a 
 large number of entries. The principal anthracite coal 
 companies gave the office permission to examine their 
 account books and compile the totals I'equired for an 
 answer to each inquiry. Two clerks were detailed to 
 New York, N. Y., and Scranton, Pa., for this work. 
 The method of keeping the pay rolls of the anthracite 
 coal companies, from which was obtained the average 
 lumiber of persons employed by them during the year 
 and the amount of wages paid, differs but slightly with 
 the different companies. The original pay rolls are in 
 sheet form, but by most companies are copied into books, 
 these books being retained for office reference and the 
 originals placed in vaults at the general offices of the 
 companies or in storage. The census data were ob- 
 tained from the office copies. The pay rolls are made 
 out semimonthly. The names of the employees are 
 written twice each month by some of the companies 
 while others arrange their books so that both the first 
 and last halves of each month are carried on the same 
 
22 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 set of sheets. The o-reatei' numlicr of the companies 
 keep their wage accounts "bj' collieries," having for 
 each colliery a separate book in which are shown all the 
 operations of that collierj' during the 3'ear. Other com- 
 panies keep these accounts "by months," having for 
 each month a separate book in which are shown the 
 operations of all their collieries for that one month. 
 Usuall}' the classes of employees were listed on the 
 pay rolls in nearh' the same order as they are shown 
 in the census schedide, the list being headed by fore- 
 men, followed by clerks and the various classes as 
 indicated; usually the employees above ground and 
 those below ground are listed separately and designated 
 as "outside" and "inside," respectively. Few, if any, 
 of the companies distinguish on their pay rolls between 
 bovs under 16 years of age and employees over that age, 
 and the records of none of the companies show the num- 
 ber of boj's under 16 j'ears of age in their employ. The 
 average number of wage-earners emploj^ed during the 
 year by these companies was obtained in all cases by 
 first averaging each semimonthlj' sheet of the pay roll 
 separately, adding together these sheet averages to 
 obtain the average for the month, and finallj^ dividing 
 the sum of the monthly averages by 12 to show the 
 average number employed during the year. The a\'cr- 
 aging of the number of wage-earners by sheets was 
 accomplished by different methods. In some cases the 
 number of men employed and the hours of labor were 
 so uniform throughout the month that the number of 
 names shown on the roll was used as the monthly aver- 
 age. As the rolls were usually headed by foremen, 
 clerks, etc., the average iuiml)ers in these classes were 
 easily obtained, and the deduction of these averages 
 from the sheet average would show the average nundjer 
 of other emjiloyees; but in many cases where condi- 
 tions were not uniform throughout the month, the sheet 
 average was obtained by multiplying the number of 
 employees on each sheet bv the number of daj-s in oper- 
 ation and dividing the product by the number of working 
 days in the month, usuall}' 25, 20, or 2T days. The sum 
 of the sheet averages gave practically, but not exactly, 
 the average for the montli. To have obtained an exact 
 average would have necessitated the addition of the 
 total number of hours worked by each man during the 
 month, the division of this aggregate by the nunibei'of 
 hours fixed upon as constituting a da3''s labor, and the 
 division of tne quotient thus obtained by the number of 
 working daj's in the month. From such monthly a\'er- 
 ages an exact yearly average could be olttained. 
 
 As no company keeps a record of the aggregate num- 
 ber of hours of labor performed each month, the length 
 of time which would have been required to obtain the 
 averages liy this method would have caused too great a 
 delay in the publication of the report. The two 
 methods first mentioned gave sivfficientl}^ accurate aver- 
 ages for the months in which regular forces were cm- 
 plo^'cd throughout. It was found necessary, howi'\'(>r. 
 
 to adopt the latter method to obtain the average for 
 those months during the strike when the number of 
 employees was constantly varying. 
 
 While there were comparatively few operators for 
 whom the preparation of the Census reports was at- 
 tended with so many difficulties, still it is evident that 
 the data furnished in reply to the majority of the 
 inquiries were not o))tained from the account Ijooks. 
 It is proliable that the percentage of error due to the 
 fact that the answers are based on memory or rough 
 memoranda, and not on actual records — a condition 
 incident to all census work — is greater in the mining 
 census than in any other branch of the industrial census. 
 
 IV. 
 
 OFFICE AND FIELD WORK. 
 
 The most important feature of the preliminaiy work 
 of the mining census was the preparation of the sched- 
 ules and instructions.' This work was started in No- 
 vember, 1902, and the last installment of the schedules 
 was received from the Government Printing Office 
 about the last of January, 1903. In the meantime the 
 mailing of the schedules to the mine operators had been 
 in progress and was completed shortly after the 1st 
 of February, lyO;! The mailing of the schedules and 
 the general super\'ision of the fieldwork was under the 
 direction of the Geological Survey. The theory of the 
 work was that the schedules, instructions, and all cir- 
 culars necessary for the canvass should be prepared at 
 the Bureau of the Census and placed at the disposal of 
 the Geological Survey for transmission to the field 
 force. As the schedules were received, either hy mail 
 direct from the operators or from the special agents, 
 they were inunediately turned over to the Bureau of 
 the Census for examination, all defective schedules 
 being returned to the Survey for correction. The Sur- 
 vey schedule accompanied the Census schedule, and the 
 quantity and \-alue of the products reported on both 
 were made to agree ))efore they were separated. The 
 Survey schedule was frequently filled and returned 
 through the mail without the Census report, which was 
 neglected until the field agent called. This neglect and 
 the necessity for returning a large proportion of the 
 Census schedules for correction resulted in the separa- 
 tion of the schedules in such a large number of cases 
 that a general comparison of the final tabulations was 
 necessary to insure an agreement between the two 
 offices. 
 
 The schedules for bituminous coal, clay, stone, gyp- 
 sum, cement, and fullers earth were the only ones 
 mailed directly to the mines from the Washington office 
 of the Survey. All of the other schedules were sent 
 in bulk to the offices of the field assistants of the Sur- 
 vey and mailed from there to the operators. About 
 
 ' For coiiy of Kchedules see Appendix A, ami for instructions see 
 A piicndix J>. 
 
PLAN AND SCOPE OF INQUIRY. 
 
 23 
 
 three weeks were allowed for the return of the sched- 
 ules by mail. The entire United States was then di- 
 vided into districts, and the actual canvass was started 
 on or aliout January 15, 1903, hut at this time of the 
 year some sections of the country are inaccessible, and 
 it was impossible to employ the maxinumi field force 
 until May, ly03, when there were 113 agents and clerks 
 at work in the field or in the offices of the supervisory 
 agents in different sections of the country. 'J'his luim- 
 ber does not include the agents and clerks on the rolls 
 of the Geological Surve_y who were engaged in collect- 
 ing reports or other work incident to the canvass. The 
 schedules were therefore returned b^^ the mining com- 
 pany to the local office of the field assistant, given a 
 preliminary examination there, then forwarded to the 
 Geological Survey, where they were again examined 
 before l)eing sent to the Bureau of the Census. The 
 final examination was made -at the office of the Bureau, 
 and letters criticising the schedules or calling for addi- 
 tional information were forwarded to the Geological 
 Survey, and from there sent to the field assistant, who 
 transmitted them to the mine operators by mail or 
 through a personal visit of a field agent, or obtained the 
 information personall}', and again returned the sched- 
 ules to the Geological Survej^ for transmittal to the 
 Bureau. The practice of dividing the country into dis- 
 tricts and placing .the work in each district under the 
 sujDervision of a local official is the most efficient waj^ 
 to conduct a canvass, but it is evident that these methods 
 when followed in the mining census must lead to a du- 
 plication of work and more or less confusion, especially 
 when schedules are being received not only from field 
 agents who visit the mines, but also from the operators 
 themselves. 
 
 The fieldwork of a mining census is necessarily based 
 on lists giving the names and addresses of mines and 
 quarries. The preparation of a complete list is there- 
 fore a very important part of the office work. The 
 lists used for the census of 1902 were prepared in the 
 division of mining and mineral resources of the United 
 States Geological Survej^ and are the outgrowth of the 
 annual reports of that division on the mineral products 
 of the country. The annual returns secured from the 
 mines and quarries for these reports are of assistance 
 in revising the lists at regular intervals. The names 
 and location of new developments are obtained from 
 technical journals and periodicals. All publications of 
 this character are examined and notices of new mining 
 enterprises are clipped. New producers are corre- 
 sponded with to ascertain the full name, address, loca- 
 tion of mine, and character of mineral. Confidential 
 copies of the completed lists are sent at regular inter- 
 vals to representative producers in different sections of 
 the country for revision and the addition of new names. 
 One of the principal advantages of the collaboration 
 
 between the Geological Surve}' and the Bureau of the 
 Census was the utilization of this list. 
 
 The special agents wei'e instructed to supplement the 
 official lists by careful inquiries in each locality visited, 
 and to ol)tain reports from all mines that were in opera- 
 tion during any portion of the year. Two classes were 
 excepted from these instructions; one was tlie small 
 placer gold mine operators and the other the irregular 
 bituminous coal minors. It is impossible to locate the 
 small placer miners. Moreover, the onlv statistical 
 information that could be obtained would bo the quan- 
 tity and value of tlieir product, which can be estimated 
 or secured from other sources equally reliable. There- 
 fore no effort was made to secure reports from mines 
 of this class unless the agent was in the vicinity in 
 connection with other work and the preparation of the 
 reports for the small mine would cause no delay. The 
 reports for the irregular bituminous coal producers 
 were obtained by correspondence. 
 
 Next to the schedule itself, the instructions for its 
 uniform application are of the greatest importance. 
 Such instructions were prepared and distributed to the 
 special agents before they entered on dutj'. These in- 
 structions wore of a general and special character; they 
 defined the agents' duties and described the practices to 
 be followed in securing schedules. They were used in 
 connection with the instructions printed on each sched- 
 ule, and were followed in the preparation of all reports. 
 
 The office work on the mining census was in progress 
 from November, 1902, to July, 1901. During the 
 greater part of this time comparativel}' fewclerks were 
 employed. The greatest number, 91, was reached on 
 October 25, 1903, when the tabulation was at its height. 
 The cost of the office woi'k paid for by the Bureau of 
 the Census was $77,853.17, and of the fieldwork 
 $98,019.78, thus making the total cost of the mining 
 census, exclusive of the final revision of the manuscript 
 and printing and binding, $175,872.95. The schedules 
 for the annual report of the Geological Survej' were 
 secured in connection with those for the Bureau of the 
 Census, and the expenditure co\ers the collection of 
 schedules for the reports of both offices. In some in- 
 dustries omitted from the mining census, but included in 
 the annual reports of the Survey, such as the manufac- 
 ture of gas, brick, pottery, etc., schedules were collected 
 by the Census agents and turned over to the Survey. 
 On the other hand, considerable Census work was done 
 by the regular employees of the Geological Survej' and 
 at the expense of that office. 
 
 After the completion of the fieldwork several of the 
 expert special agents employed b.y the United States 
 Geological Survey in the preparation of the annual 
 reports on Mineral Resources of the United States were 
 retained bj the Bureau of the Census to prepare the 
 historical and descriptive text which accompanies the 
 
24 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 statistics for the principal minerals. Thiese special 
 agents and the minerals assigned to each are as follows: 
 
 Dr. David T. Dav 
 
 Dr. Joseph Struthers . 
 
 Dr. Joseph Hyde Pratt . 
 
 .... 
 
 Mr. George F. Kunz . . 
 Mr. John Birkinbine . 
 
 Mr. E. W. Parker 
 
 Mr. Jefferson Middleton . 
 Mr. F. H. Oliphant 
 
 Platinum and iridium. 
 
 Asphaltam and bituminous rock. 
 
 Bauxite. 
 
 Borax. 
 
 Graphite. 
 
 Magnesite. 
 
 Mineral pigments, crude. 
 
 Phosphate rock. 
 
 Quicksilver. 
 
 Sulphur and pyrite. 
 
 Abrasive materials: 
 
 Buhrstones and millstones. 
 
 Orystalline quartz. 
 
 Corundum and emery. 
 
 Garnet. 
 
 Grindstones and pulpstones. 
 
 Infusorial earth, tripoli, and 
 pumice. 
 
 Oilstones, whetstones, and 
 scythestones. 
 Asbestos. 
 Fluorspar. 
 Lithium ore. 
 Monazite. 
 
 Talc and soapstone. 
 Barytes. 
 Mica. 
 Steel hardening metals: 
 
 Chrome ore. 
 
 Nickel and cobalt. 
 
 Jlolybdenum. 
 
 Rutile. 
 
 Tungsten. 
 , Uranium and vanadium. 
 .Precious stones. 
 /Iron ore. 
 \ Manganese ore. 
 /Coal, anthracite. 
 ICoal, bituminous. 
 .Clay. 
 -Petroleum and natural gas. 
 
 In addition to the above the text for 
 was prepared bj^ experts, as follows: 
 
 certain minerals 
 
 Dr. George P. Merrill . . 
 
 Dr. I. A. Hourwich . 
 
 Mr. Story B. Ladd 
 
 Limestones and dolomites. 
 
 Marble. 
 
 Sandstones and quartzites. 
 
 Silica sand. 
 
 Siliceous crvstalline rocks. 
 
 Slate. 
 
 Gold and silver. 
 
 Copper ore. 
 
 Lead and zinc ore. 
 
 Cement. 
 
 Feldspar. 
 
 Flint. 
 
 Fuller's earth. 
 
 Gypsum. 
 
 Marl. 
 
 As previously explained, the schedules were mailed 
 to all mines and quarries. There were received in all 
 38,151 schedules. Of this number 2s,,5(i9 were for 
 productive and 7,193 for unproductive and idle proper- 
 ties. In addition there were 2,389 schedules for mines 
 and quarries that were abandoned, and therefore omit- 
 ted from the tabulation. While comparatively few 
 complete schedules were received through tlie mail for 
 active properties, the mailing of tlie ])lanks was of 
 great assistance to the lieldwork in dis[)osiiig of the 
 names of idle and abandoned mines and uA'oiding tlie 
 necessity of visits by agents. The tieldwork was in 
 
 progress from about January 16, 1903, to February 1, 
 1904. The total cost of the fieldwork, as paid for by 
 the Bureau of the Census, was $98,019.78, which in- 
 cluded $13,061.10 paid to supervising agents and then- 
 assistants who did no traveling. There were in all 122 
 different individuals, agents, and clerks engaged in the 
 field, but of this number 39 were in a supervising 
 capacity or employed in the offices of supervising 
 agents 'and did no traveling. There were 83 persons 
 engaged in the collection of schedules, the maximum 
 number, 72, being at work in May, 1903. 
 
 As the special agents collected schedules from all 
 mines and quarries in the localities visited, irrespective 
 of the character of the mineral, the cost of the field- 
 work for a specific mineral can not be computed with 
 exactness, but the average cost per schedule for the 
 active properties, both productive and unproductive, 
 was about $3. Using this average, the following state- 
 ment shows the approximate cost of the fieldwork for 
 the principal minerals: 
 
 Cost of 
 fieldwork. 
 
 898,019.78 
 
 Bituminous coal . 
 Anthracite coal.. 
 Iron. 
 
 Gold and silver 
 
 Copper 
 
 Lead and zinc 
 
 Stone (all varieties) 
 All other minerals . 
 
 42.3. 40 
 944. 39 
 .570. 98 
 815. 13 
 .509. 67 
 974.04 
 M2. 78 
 939. 39 
 
 V. 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS. 
 
 The statistics are presented in 52 classifications, each 
 comprising the total for a distinct mineral or group 
 of minerals. In some cases minerals or ores yielding 
 two or more products were obtained from the same 
 mine or quarry, and it was impracticable to separate 
 the emplo3'ecs, wages, and expenses incident to the 
 production of each. For instance, if the ore from a 
 mine yielded both silver and copper, the latter being 
 of the greater A'alue, the report was assigned to cop- 
 per, and all the emplo\'ees, wages, and expenses were 
 included in the totals for that mineral. If the chief 
 product of a quarry was sandstone the report was clas- 
 sified as "sandstones and quartzites," though soQie of 
 the product may have been manufactured into and sold 
 as grindstones and pulpstones. In order to avoid dupli- 
 cation and, at the same time, show the total production 
 for each classification, the by-products, when they 
 formed the finished product of the mine or (juarry, 
 were added to the classification of which they formed 
 a part. The following statement gives the iiiuintity 
 and value of the by-products that it was possiltle to 
 segregate, the names of the classifications to -which 
 (hey were added, and the classification under which the 
 
PLAN AND HCOPE ()F INQUIRY. 
 
 25 
 
 employees, wages, and expenses incident 
 duction are included: 
 
 to thf 
 
 ])ro- 
 
 
 PRODUCTION. 
 
 Cla.ssiftciitioii tn whicli 
 by-pnuhiot shoiilri 
 be ikUUtI to ohtiiiTi 
 a tiitiil that i.s ciini- 
 piirablc with eni- 
 |>hi\-(_'cs, "WiiKCs, and 
 
 l.'X|.i'llsrs. 
 
 BY-PRODUCT. 
 
 Quantity. i 
 
 Vilhic. 
 
 
 Unit of 
 measure. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Barvtes. 
 
 
 539 
 100 
 
 $1, 018 
 ■ 1,1 25 
 
 J 3,1 19 
 
 100 
 
 1,000 
 
 2, 593 
 
 40S, 066 
 
 1,436 
 
 37,212 
 386 
 
 124, 687 
 
 5, 100 
 
 8,433 
 
 525 
 
 103, 112 
 8,872 
 
 29, 740 
 
 1,370 
 1,273 
 
 510 
 
 50,811 
 
 29, 420 
 
 Lead and zinciire. 
 Silieeou.s ery.stalline 
 roeks. 
 
 Buhrstoncsaijil mill- 
 stones. 
 Cement 
 
 Stones 
 
 Clav 
 
 
 
 niites. 
 
 Feldspar 
 
 Flint 
 
 Short tons. 
 Short tons. 
 Short tons. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 Pounds 
 
 112 
 
 1,'J54 
 
 35, 503 
 
 175 
 
 1,025,813 
 
 mites. 
 
 Flint. 
 
 Feldspar. 
 
 Sandstone.s and quartz- 
 ites. 
 
 Tale and .siiapstone. 
 
 Barytes. 
 
 Grindstonesand pulp- 
 stones. 
 
 Infusorial earth, trip- 
 oU. and pumioe. 
 
 Lead and zinc ore 
 
 Limestones and dolo- 
 
 mites. 
 
 Limestones and dolti. 
 
 
 
 
 mites. 
 
 
 
 Sandstones and quartz- 
 ites. 
 
 mites. 
 Marble 
 
 
 
 Mineral pigments, 
 crude. 
 
 
 
 mites. 
 Slate 
 
 
 
 
 Oilstones, whetstones, 
 and scythestones. 
 
 Oilstones, whetstones, 
 and scythestones. 
 
 Short tons. 
 Short tons. 
 Barrels 
 
 ISO 
 
 595 
 
 1, 520 
 
 Sandstone.s and quartz- 
 ites. 
 
 Grindstones and pulp- 
 stone.s. 
 
 Natural gas. 
 
 
 quartzites. 
 Sandstones and 
 
 
 
 mites. 
 
 Grindstones and pulp- 
 stones. 
 
 Sandstones and quartz- 
 ites. 
 
 Coal, bituminous. 
 
 quartzites. 
 Silica sand 
 
 Snlplnir and pyrite. . . 
 
 Long tons. 
 
 11,483 
 
 As shown hy this statement, there are 18 of the classi- 
 fications of minerals for whicli tlie values are increased 
 b}' the inclusion of products obtained in connection 
 with products included under other classifications. For 
 instance, the total production of barytes amounted to 
 61,668 short tons, valued at 1203,154. Thi.s includes 
 5.39 short tons, valued at $1,618, ol)tained as a by-product 
 from lead and zinc mines. The employees, wages, and 
 other expenses incident to the production of this by- 
 product ai-e included in the totals for lead and zinc ore. 
 On the other hand, the production of lead and zinc was 
 valued at $14:,600',177, which includes 1,625,813 pounds, 
 valued at $37,212, obtained as a by-product from the 
 mining of barytes, the emploj^ees, wages, and expenses 
 incident to the production of this by-product being- 
 included in the statistics for ijarj'tes. In other words, 
 the products of certain mines were segregated so as to 
 show the total production for a given mineral, irrespec- 
 tive of the class of mines from which it was obtained. 
 This practice is in harmony with the methods of the 
 United States Geological Survey, and the reason for 
 its adoption was to obtain totals which would agree 
 with the totals of that office. This method has been 
 followed consistently in the statistics for all minerals 
 except for argentiferous ores. Such a large percent- 
 ao-e of silver, copper, lead, and zinc is obtained from 
 the same ores that it was impracticable to segregate 
 
 their values, and at the same time to present products 
 which would be in any degree compai'able for em- 
 ployees, wages, and expenses incident to their production. 
 The totals for these minerals, therefore, present all of 
 the statistics for the mines included in each classifica- 
 tion. In treating the difl'erent ores, liowever, the 
 production has been segregated so as to show the total 
 for each metal. 
 
 While the theoretical accuracy of this method of tab- 
 ulating the reports ma}' be disputed, for the reason that 
 it has resulted in assigning to some minei-als a larger 
 number of emploj'ees and a greater expense than are 
 incident to their production, it is the only practicable 
 way of presenting the data. It permits of a gent.'ral 
 summary for all minerals in each state and in the United 
 States, and shows true conditi(jns as to employees, 
 wages, expenses, quantity, and value of the different 
 products. 
 
 A similar method was followed in classifj'ing the re- 
 ports for some minerals in which a manufacturing proc- 
 ess is carried on in connection with, and incident to, the 
 mine or quarry. Instances of this character are. ^hen 
 limestone quarrying and cement manufacturing are done 
 at a quarry and a part of the product of the quarry is 
 sold in its crude state for building and other purposes, 
 or when grindstones are made at a sand.stone quarry 
 and a portion of the quarried stone is sold for building 
 or other purpo.ses. Such quarries made only one re- 
 port to the Bureau of the Census, and this was classified 
 according to the product of chief value, the quantities 
 and values of the different products being tabulated and 
 presented separately' in the reports on each mineral. 
 For convenience in treatment the statistics for allied 
 minerals or minerals used for similar purposes are 
 grouped and discussed as a total and also individually. 
 For instance, the report on "Abrasive materials"' in- 
 cludes oilstones, whetstones, scythestones, grindstones, 
 pulpstones, buhrstones, millstones, pumice, infusorial 
 earth, tripoli, crj-stalline quartz, garnet, corundiuii. and 
 emeiy. 
 
 A number of the substances usually included in re- 
 ports on mineral products are the result of manufactur- 
 ing processes, and therefore should not be included with 
 statistics for mines and quarries. There are also a 
 number of minerals that were not produced in com- 
 mercial quantities in the United States during the year 
 1902, and therefore no statistics concerning them are 
 given in tliis report. 
 
 The following summary shows the classification 
 adopted for each mineral, the character of the substance 
 included, and also the names and character of the sub- 
 stances omitted and the reasons for such omission. 
 
 Abrasive materials: This classification includes (1) 
 abrasive materials that occur as rock formation and are 
 cut and manufactured directly into the form desired, 
 while retaining theii' original roclv structure and appear- 
 
26 
 
 MINKS AND QUARRIES. 
 
 ance. as oilstones and grindstones; (3) alirasive materials 
 that oecur as a constituent of either a rock or a vein and 
 have to lie mechanically separated from the associiited 
 minerals and cleaned, as corundum, emery, and garnet. 
 Uu/i /■stones (in<l iiiin»ton<'H: Many varieties of stone 
 are used in the manufacture of huhrstones and mill- 
 stones, and these names are retained ))ecause the stones 
 were formerly used for the same purposes as the 
 regular buhr. The millstone varies from a sandstone 
 to a quartz conglomerate. It occurs along the eastern 
 slopes of the Ap^mlachian mountains from IS ew York 
 to North Carolina and is known by different names. 
 In New York the stone is called "'Esopus stone;"" in 
 Pennsylvania it is known as '"Turke}' hill" and 
 "Cocalico;" in Virginia, as " Brush mountain "" stone, 
 and in North Carolina the name in former years was 
 ■' Mortli Carolina grit."" 
 
 Corundtim and emery : This classification includes 
 the varieties of corundum known as sapphire, which 
 embraces all corundums of whatever color, that are 
 transparent to semitransparent; also the translucent 
 to opaque varieties of all colors, and emery, which is 
 a mechanical admixture of corundum and magnetite 
 or hematite. Of the total production shown for this 
 classification a very small proportion was corundum 
 proper, the production consisting almost entirely of 
 the emery variety. The statistics do not include the 
 manufacture of artificial corundum. 
 
 CrystcdHne quari^: Under this head is included the 
 quartz that is used principally as a wood finisher and 
 in the manufacture of sandpaper, scouring soaps, 
 etc. The larger proportion of this quartz is used in 
 the pottery and glass industry and is included witli 
 flint and feldspar. 
 
 Gurnet: The statistics relate to the production con- 
 sumed in the manufacture of garnet paper and emery 
 wheels. The paper is used very extensiveh' in the 
 manufacture of boots and shoes. Garnet is found in 
 many of the crystalline rocks, usually associated with 
 mica in pegmatitic dikes. 
 
 Grindstones and jjidpsteniin: The grindstone ciussi- [ 
 fication is composed almost entirely of the stones cut 
 from the Lower Carboniferoussandstone ))eds of Ohio 
 and West Virginia and the Lower Marshall series of 
 Michigan. The Ohio and West Virginia sandstone 
 is called the "'Berea grit," l»ecause it has been so 
 extensively ({uarried at Berea, in Cuyahoga county, 
 Ohio. It is generally a fine grained and houjogencv 
 ous variety. The color varies from a light drah to a 
 light or steel blue. The pulpstones included are 
 made from the Peninsula grit of Ohio, and are used 
 for grinding wood pulp for the inauufacture of paper. 
 Infusorial earth, tripol'i, and jimnirr: Ilrj-e iire 
 included all poT'ous, siliceous earths of organic origin 
 used in the manufacture of polishing powders and 
 scouring soaps, water filters, fii-epi'oof building ma- 
 terials, etc. Tills classification includes also tJje soHd 
 
 pumice stone and volcanic ash which are used in the 
 manufacture of various polishing powders and scour- 
 ing stones. 
 
 Oilstones, -adietstones, and scythestones: The term 
 ''oilstone'" is applied to all stones used for sharpening 
 tools to whicli oil is generally applied, but the same 
 stone may be called an oilstone or a whetstone and, 
 perhaps, a scytjiestone. The materials from which 
 these stones are made are variable, but are of sedi- 
 mentary origin, and include quartz-mica-schist, sand- 
 stone, novaculite, and the intermediate stones. 
 Alinninuni.: The metal is obtained by manufacturing 
 processes, and the statistics are therefore excluded 
 from this report. The production, which amounted to 
 7,300,000 pounds, is mentioned in the report on baux- 
 ite, which is the chief raw material used in its manu- 
 facture. 
 
 Antinaini/: This mineral is used chiefly for making 
 alloj^s with lead, tin, zinc, and other metals. The sup- 
 ply is obtained from foreign and domestic antimony 
 ores, hard lead, and regulus, or metal. There was no 
 production of antimony' metal from domestic ores 
 during 1902, and therefore no statistics are presented. 
 The quantitj- derived from other sources was estimated 
 at 12,510,739 pounds. 
 
 Arsenie: Arsenious oxide (white arsenic) is obtained 
 in the treatment of gold, silver, lead, or other arsenical 
 ores, and being a separate manufacture is not shown in 
 census mining statistics. The production of arsenic 
 for 1902, as reported by the Geological Survey, was 
 1,353 short tons, valued at $Sl,18n. 
 
 As]),st(js: Two distinct minerals are mined and sold 
 under this name. One is a variety of amphibole and 
 the other is the fibrous variety of serpentine, known as 
 chrysotile. The latter variety is the more valuable, 
 butthe pi-oduetion of the United States consists prin- 
 cipally of the former. The statistics cover the pro- 
 duction of both varieties. Asbestos is used in the 
 manufacture of fireproof materials and wherever a non- 
 conductt)r of heat is desired. 
 
 Asphaltuvi and Jiitaniinons roeli : This classification 
 includes the product obtained from the mining of the 
 various kinds of hydrocarbon rocks that have an 
 asphaltic base, and some of the purer forms of bitumen, 
 as elat(M-ite, gilsonite, and uintaite. The statistics 
 do not include the asphaltum by-products of petroleum 
 refineries, these being classed as manufactures, or the 
 semifluid bituni'Mi — maltha, or brea. 
 Ball clay: See Clay. 
 
 liarytes: What is known commercially as Itarytes is 
 barite, a heavy, white mineral, used principally in the 
 manufacture of paints and often called heavy spar, 
 from its high s])ecific gravity. A lai-ge proportion of 
 this mineral is mined in an irregular manner by farmers 
 andothers who workat such tinn_\s as their other employ- 
 ment will permit. The reports for all classes of opera- 
 tors are included. 
 
PLAN AND SCOPE OF INQUIRY. 
 
 27 
 
 Bauxite: The statistics for baaxite cover the entire 
 production, which is consumed mainly in the manufac- 
 ture of aluminum, although considerable is used for 
 the manufacture of aluminimi sulphate and crystallized 
 alum. 
 
 BisiiiutJi: There was no production of bismuth ore 
 reported for 1902. The production in 1901 was re- 
 ported as 318.6 short tons. 
 
 Bituminous rvck: See Asphaltum and bituminous 
 rock. 
 
 BJueHtone: See Stone — Sandstones and quartzites. 
 
 Borax: The entire production of this most important 
 salt of boric acid was obtained from the colemanite de- 
 posits in California and the marsh deposits of Nevada 
 and Oregon. The statistics include the retining of the 
 crude borax, which is closely allied with the mining. 
 
 Bromine: Bromine is one of the elements related in 
 its chemical qualities to chlorine and iodine. It is a 
 deep reddish brown liquid of a very disagreeable odor, 
 emitting a brownish vapor at ordinarjr temperature. 
 In combination it is found in minute quantities in sea 
 water and manj^ saline springs; occurs also in the 
 mineral bromj-rite. A large proportion of the product 
 is obtained from deposits in Michigan. The processes 
 are somewhat similar to those used in the production of 
 salt. Both salt and bromine are classed as maiuifactures 
 and excluded from this report. 
 
 Buhrstones: See Abrasive materials — Buhrstoiies and 
 millstones. 
 
 Carljonate of soda: This product is the result of proc- 
 esses similar to those used in the manufacture of salt, 
 being obtained \>y the solar or artificial evaporation of 
 alkaline waters. It, as well as salt, was classed as a 
 manufactured product at the census of 1900. The sta- 
 tistics, therefore, are omitted from this report. The 
 entire production, J:,900 tons of refined soda ash, val- 
 ued at $50,000, for the j'ear 1902 was obtained from one 
 establishment, the In3'o Development Company, of Inyo 
 county, Cal. , with general offices at (jarson City, Nevada. 
 Carhorandum: Is a product of manufactures, and, 
 therefore, not included in this report. Its composition 
 is, carbon, 32 per cent; silicon, 68 per cent. It comes 
 from the furnace in the shape of black cr^^stals, which 
 are crushed, washed, dried, and sifted to uniform size. 
 At the factory of the sole manufacturers, at Niagara 
 Falls, the production in 1902 was 3,741,500 pounds. 
 Celestite: See Strontium ores. 
 
 Cement: The statistics relate only to the cement — 
 Portland and natural rock — manufactured by establish- 
 ments engaged in quarrying, but in addition to this 
 product the total production of cement as reported to 
 the Geological Survey is also mentioned. The marl 
 excavated and used for cement is shown here, and not 
 under Marl. The manufacture of pozzuolana, or ce- 
 ment from furnace slag, is not included. 
 
 Chromic iron ore: See Steel hardening metals — 
 Chrome ore. 
 
 Clay: Includes kaolin, ball claj^, fire cla}^, slip clay, 
 stoneware clay, pipe clay, terra cotta, and other varie- 
 ties of clay mined and sold as such. The statistics do 
 not include the claj" mined by operators who consume 
 their output in the manufacture of brick, pottery, and 
 other clay products. 
 
 Coal: Both the anthi-acite and the bituminous coal 
 mines arc included in this classification, the statistics 
 being presented separatel3^ Under h)iturninous is in- 
 cluded semibituminous, lignite, and some coal locally 
 known as anthracite. The anthracite is Pennsylvania 
 anthracite, which is practically the whole production. 
 The totals for bituminous coal include the output of the 
 irregular, small producers. 
 
 Colialt: See Steel hardening metals — Nickel and 
 cobalt. 
 
 Colce: Coke is not shown, because a manufactured 
 article and reported as such at the census of 1900. 
 
 Cojjpt-r ore: The statistics of employees, wages, and 
 expenses relate to the mines producing copper as a 
 product of chief value; but the total quantity and value of 
 the copper obtained from all ores, including the product 
 of silver mines, is included, the amounts obtained from 
 the difi'erent classes of ore being given separately. 
 (See Gold and silver.) 
 
 Corundum: See Abrasive materials — Corundum and 
 emery. 
 
 Crnshi d steed : This is a manufactured product and 
 therefore not included in this report. It is used by 
 granite and marble cutters; also in sawing, grinding, 
 rubljing, and polishing stone, and by glass grinders. 
 The sole producers manufactured 735,00(1 pounds in 1902. 
 
 Cryolite: There was no production of this mineral in 
 the United States in 1902. It is a fluoride of sodium 
 and aluminum, found almost exclusively in Greenland 
 and sometimes called Greenland spar. It is used in the 
 manufacture of aluminum and sodium salts. 
 
 Crystalline quarts: See Abrasive materials. 
 
 Dolomites: See Stone — Limestones and dolomites. 
 
 Eiaery: See Abrasive materials — Corundum and 
 emery. 
 
 Feldspar: See Flint and feldspar. 
 
 J^erromanganese: This is an alloy of iron and man- 
 ganese used in the manufacture of Bessemer steel. It 
 is a manufactured article and therefore is not included 
 in census mining statistics. 
 
 Fdrrous tide: See Talc and soapstone. 
 
 Fire clay: See Clay." 
 
 Flint: See Flint and feldspar. 
 
 Flint and feldspar: This classification includes the 
 flint or quartz mined as such, but does not include the 
 crystalline quartz used for wood finishing or the manu- 
 facture of scouring soaps, which is shown under the 
 class of Abrasive materials. Statistics are also shown 
 for the entire production of feldspar, which is used 
 largely in the pottery and porcelain industry and in the 
 manufacture of scouring soaps and wood fillers. 
 
28 
 
 MINKS AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Fluorspar: Fluorite of fluorspar is a calcium fluoride 
 that is generally found in veins in limestones, sand- 
 stones, mica slate, clay, slate, and gneiss. The statis- 
 tics cover the entire production, i^ractically all of which 
 is used as a fluxing material in steel works and blast 
 furnaces. 
 
 Fuller's eartli: The greatest part of this earth — a 
 material resembling claJ^ but commonly lacking plas- 
 ticity — is obtained in the vicinity of Quincy, Fla. The 
 entire production is included. It is used in fulling 
 wool and deodorizing and clarifying fats, oils, and 
 greases. Kefineries of lard, cottolene, and allied prod- 
 ucts are important consumers. 
 Garnet: See Abrasive materials. 
 Gold and sllrer: The statistics for gold and silver 
 embrace both deep and placer mines and development 
 work, and also the reduction mills and ore dressing 
 works. In manj' instances gold and silver, and in some 
 cases copper and lead, are obtained from the same ore. 
 The statistics of employees, wages, and expenses for 
 the precious metals are, therefore, presented in the 
 same tables, but the production of each metal is shown 
 separately. The A'alue of the product is the value at 
 the mine to the miner. 
 
 Granite: See Stone — Siliceous crystalline rocks. 
 Grapldte: This mineral is sometimes called plum- 
 bago, black lead, or pot lead. It occui-s as a form of 
 carbon, and is the last form assumed in the natural 
 change of vegetable matter into a mineral. The statis- 
 tics include only the production and retining of the 
 natural graphite, which is classed either as crystalline 
 or amorphous. 
 
 Greensatid marl: See Marl. 
 
 Grindstones: See Abrasive materials — Grindstones 
 and pulpstones. 
 
 Grindstones and pulpstones : See Abrasive materials. 
 
 Gypsum: The statistics cover the crude gypsum — a 
 calcium sulphate — marketed as such; also the product 
 ground into land plaster and that calcined into plaster 
 of Paris and wall or cement plaster. 
 
 Ilulmerite: See Steel hardening metals — Tungsten. 
 
 Infusorial earth, tri/ioli, and jmnuce: See Abrasive 
 materials. 
 
 Iridium: See Platinum and iridium. 
 
 Iron ore: The statistics include the difl'erent varieties 
 of iron ore generally classed as (1) red hematite, includ- 
 ing all anhj'drous hematites, known b}' various names, 
 such as red hematite, specular, micaceous, fossil, slate 
 iron ore, martite, blue hematite, etc.; (3) brown hema- 
 tite, inchiding the varieties of hydrated sescjuioxidc of 
 iron, recognized as limonite, gothite, turgite, bog ore, 
 pipe ore, etc. ; (o) magTietite, tliose ores in which ii'on 
 occurs as magnetic oxide and including sume martite, 
 which is mined with the magnetite; (4) carl)onate, tliose 
 ores which cfintaiii a considerable amount of carbonic 
 acid. sii(;li as spathic ore, hlackbaiid, siderite, cIun', iron- 
 stone, etc. The statistics for mano-aniferoiis ii-on ores 
 
 are also included. Argentiferous manganiferou> iron 
 ores are included in some cases with iron ores and in 
 other cases with silver, according to the relative com- 
 mercial value of the silver and iron contents. 
 
 Kaolin: See Clay. 
 
 Lead ore: See I,iead and zinc ore. 
 
 Lead. and. sine ore: Only nonauriferous and nonar- 
 gentiferous lead and zinc ores are included. It is im- 
 practicable, in a majority of cases, to separate the 
 statistics of employees, wages, and expenses incident 
 to the production of each metal, and they are combined 
 in the tables, liut the quantity and value of each, and, 
 in some cases, other statistics are shown separateh*. 
 Totals for both lead and zinc include the dressing of 
 the ore at the mine preparatory to its treatment at the 
 smelter. The value is that of the contents at the mine 
 to the miner. A considerable proportion of the lead 
 product is obtained from silver ore, which carries with 
 it also some gold. All the statistics relating to argen- 
 tiferous lead ores, including the value of product, are 
 given in the report for gold and silver mines, shown 
 under Gold and silver. 
 
 Lepidolite : See Lithium ore. 
 
 Limestone: See Stone — Limestones and dolomites. 
 
 Lirnestrjnes and deilouiitcs: See Stone. 
 
 Litharge: This is a lead pigment, classed with white 
 lead, red lead, etc., and being obtained by a process of, 
 manufacture is not included in statistics of mining. 
 
 Lithium ore: The two minerals thus far mined for 
 their lithium contents are lepidolite and spodumene. 
 Lepidolite is a lithia mica, in part a metasilicate of 
 aluminum with potassium and lithium and varying 
 amounts of fluorine and hydroxvl. Spodumene is a 
 metasilicate of aluminum and lithium, generallv con- 
 taining a little sodium. It is not the metal lithium 
 that is used in the arts, but its salts, principally lithium 
 carbonate. This is used extensively in the preparation 
 of mineral waters for medicinal purposes and in the 
 manufacture of efl'ervescing lithia tablets. 
 
 L-^itlaigrajdiie stone: This is an even grained, compact 
 limestone, usually of a drab or bufl' color, like that 
 quarried at Solnhofen, Germany, and is used by lithog- 
 raphers. No production was reported for the vear 
 1902. A report was received from a quarry in Kentucky 
 that did only development work and prospecting. Lith- 
 ographic stone has ])e(Mi found in Talladega county, Ala. ; 
 in Kern county. Gal.; in Illinois; at Anamosa, Jones 
 county, and in Van ISuren county, Iowa; near Elizabeth- 
 town, Ilardin county, and in Clinton, Estill, Kenton, 
 Rowan, and AVayne counties, Ky.; at Saverton, Kails 
 county. Mo.; in Clay and Overton counties, Temi.; and 
 in Llano county, Tex. The world's supplj-, however, 
 has been obtained mostly from the quarries at Soln- 
 hofen, Bavaria. The imports for the year ending Jime 
 30, 19(»3, were valued at $^131,(115. 
 
 Magnesiti': This is magnesium carlionate. The min- 
 ing is confined to California. Only one ]iroducer re- 
 
PLAN AND SCOPE OF INOUIRY. 
 
 21) 
 
 ported, and the statistics are grouped witli All other 
 minerals. The mineral is used especially" in the manu- 
 facture of magnesite bricks for the refractory lining- of 
 furnaces and the manufacture of carbon-dioxide gas. 
 When crude magnesite is decomposed by sulphuric 
 acid there is a by-product of magnesium sulphate, or 
 Epsom salts. Both crude and calcined magnesite are 
 included in the statistics. 
 
 Manganese ore: The statistics for manganese ore 
 include ores carrying over -±-±.3 per cent of metallic 
 manganese. The manganiferous iron ores are treated 
 under ''Iron ores," and the manganiferous silver ores 
 in some cases under " Silver" and in other cases under 
 " Iron ores," according to the relative commercial value 
 of the silver and iron contents. The chief vise of man- 
 ganese is in the manufacture of Bessemer steel. 
 
 Marble: See Stone. 
 
 Marl: Marl includes the green, blue, red, and yellow 
 clayish earths used as fertilizers. The marl deposits 
 extend from New Jersej' to North Carolina, but the 
 mines included in the statistics are in New Jersey and 
 Virginia. In New Jersey the entire product is applied 
 to the soil in the natural state, while in Virginia it is 
 dried and ground for use in commercial fertilizers. 
 
 Mica: There are two varieties of commercial value — 
 muscovite and phlogopite, but the former is more 
 commonly found and mined. The value of mica de- 
 pends on its occurrence in blocks or masses that are 
 capable of being split into sheets a square inch or more 
 in size, and the value of these sheets increases with 
 their size, which varies from 1 inch square to 8 by 10 
 inches. Soap mica, ground to a tlour, is used in the 
 manufacture of wall papers, lubricants, fireproofing 
 materials, novelties, etc. Sheet mica is used chiefly in 
 stoves, for chimneys of incandescent lights, and for 
 the insulation of electrical apparatus. The statistics 
 emVjrace both sheet and scrap mica. L considerable 
 proportion was mined h\ small, irregular operators, 
 and the statistics for them are included in the total. 
 
 MUhtonen: See Abrasive materials — Buhrstones and 
 millstones. 
 
 Mineral paints: See Mineral pigments, crude. 
 
 Ifineral pigments, crude: Include the production of 
 ores used in the manufacture of mineral paints. They 
 consist of iron ores (red and brown hematites) that are 
 ground and used in the manufacture of metallic paint, 
 and are not included in the production of iron ores for 
 the manufacture of iron; clay or other earths, includ- 
 ing some mined as "Venetian red," containing iron used 
 in making yellow, red, and brown pigments (such as 
 ocher, umber, sienna, etc.); carbonate of zinc, slate (or 
 shale) and soapstone, ground for pigment. No statis- 
 tics of manufacture are given except such as are insep- 
 arable from the mining. 
 
 Mineral waters: The report on manufactures of the 
 Twelfth Census and the annual reports of the Geological 
 
 Survey contain statistics concerning the production and 
 sale of mineral waters. These statistics have been omit- 
 ted from the census of 1903 for the reason that mineral 
 waters ai'c not commercially classed as the product of a 
 mine or (juarry. They are produced under conditions 
 that are entirely different from those pre^'ailing in the 
 nrining industries. The employees engaged in the in- 
 dustry are devoted almost exclusively to the prepara- 
 tion of the product for the market, as there is practi- 
 call}' no expense incident to the production of the water 
 itself. The total production for 1902, as reported bv 
 the Geological Survey, was 64, 8.59, 4.51 gallons, valued 
 at $8,793,761. 
 
 Molybdenum: See Steel hardening metals. 
 
 Monazite: This mineral is essentially an anhydrous 
 phosphate of the rare earth metals cerium, lanthanum, 
 and didymium. It is mined for its thoria contents, 
 which are usually from 3 to 9 per cent, but have been 
 found to vary from a fraction of 1 per cent to 32 per 
 cent. The commercial deposits of monazite are found in 
 placers of streams and rivers, also in old sand and gravel 
 deposits of former streams, and are worked by sluic- 
 ing the sands and gravels, principally b3' small, irregu- 
 lar operators, just as placer gold is washed. The thoria 
 in the monazite and, in much smaller qu.antities, the 
 lanthanum and didymium are used in the manufacture 
 of the cylindrical hood or mantle of incandescent gas- 
 lights. The cerium oxalate obtained in the separation 
 of the oxides is used in pharmac}'. 
 
 Nataral gas: The statistics relate exclusiveh' to the 
 production of natural gas, and the value of the product 
 is the value at the point of consumption. The jDetro- 
 leuni pi'oduced by gas companies and the statistics per- 
 taining to it are included in those for peti'oleum. 
 
 Nickel: See Steel hardening metals — Nickel and 
 cobalt. 
 
 Nichel and cobalt: See Steel hardening metals. 
 
 Nitrate of soda: No production of nitrate of soda 
 was reported for the United States during the year 
 1902. A schedule was received from one California 
 company owning a mine in Nevada, at which develop- 
 ment work only was done. The world's supply is ob- 
 tained principally from the natural beds of Chile. The 
 total imports from all sources for 1902 were 661,348,800 
 pounds, valued at $5,996,205. 
 
 Novacidite: See Abrasive materials — Oilstones, whet- 
 stones, and scythestones. 
 
 Oclier: Ocher is a pigment used in the manufacture 
 of mineral paints. See Mineral pigments, crude. 
 
 Oilstones: See Abrasive materials — Oilstones, whet- 
 stones, and scythestones. 
 
 Orange mineral: This is a lead oxide pigment largelv 
 used for paints. Being classed as a manufacture, it is 
 not included in Census mining statistics. 
 
 Ozocerite: This mineral is also known as mineral wax. 
 No production of the mineral, as such, was reported 
 
30 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 for 1902. The entire product is obtained in the treat- 
 ment of asphaltum, and therefore is classed for census 
 purposes as a product of manufacture. 
 
 Petroleum: The statistics relate exclusivel}' to the 
 production of crude petroleum. Petroleum refining is 
 classed as a manufacture, and the statistics are included 
 in the census of manufactures of 1900. The produc- 
 tion of natural gas by petroleum companies has lieen 
 eliminated from the reports for such companies, and 
 the statistics are included in the classification of nat- 
 ural gas. 
 
 Phosjyhate rock: This is a name given to various 
 mineral deposits, consisting largely of calcium phos- 
 phates or iron and alumina phosphates, and used in the 
 manufacture of commercial fertilizers. The statistics 
 include the preparation of the rock for market when 
 this is done at the quarry. 
 
 Pig iron : This is classed as a manufacture and was 
 shown at the census of 1900. It is not included in 
 mining statistics. 
 
 Pipe day: See Clay. 
 
 Platinum: See Platinum and iridium. 
 
 Platrnum <tnd iriilium: Almost the entire produc- 
 tion of the rare metal platinum is obtained from placer 
 gold mines. Iridium is closely associated with plati- 
 num and, not amalgamating, has not always been saved. 
 Some platinum and iridium are also secured in the 
 refining of gold. Platinum occurs generally in the 
 native state. It is used chiefly in chemical manufacture 
 and analysis and in electrical work. Iridium is used 
 for the knife edges of balances and other hard wearing 
 surfaces. There were no mines engaged in the produc- 
 tion of platinum ore as a product of chief value; there- 
 fore it is impossible to show statistics of employees, 
 wages, and expenses, such statistics being included in 
 the re2:)ort for gold. The production of platinum in 
 1902 from domestic mines, as reported by the I''nited 
 States Geological Survey, was 94 ounces, valurd at 
 $1,814, and of iridium, 20 ounces. 
 
 Pozzuolana or slufi cement: This is a manufacture 
 and is therefore not included in statistics of mining. 
 
 PrecioiM stones: Under this heading are classed the 
 following gems mined or found accidentally in this 
 country in 1902: Sapphire, beiyl, emerald, tourmaline, 
 peridot, quartz, amethyst, agates, chr^'soprase, silici- 
 fied wood, opal, garnet, rhodolite, amazon stone, tur- 
 quoise, chlorastrolitc, mesolite, pyrite, anthracite, and 
 catlinite. A considerable proportion of the product 
 was the result of irregular work or incidental findings, 
 and no employees, wages, or other expenses Avere 
 reported for this portion. 
 
 Puljjstones : See Aljrasive materials — (irindstones and 
 pulpstones. 
 
 Pumice: See Ai)rasive materials — Infusorial earth, 
 tripoli, and pumice. 
 
 Pyrite: See Sulphur and pyrite. 
 
 Quartzites: See Stf)n(' — Sandstones and (juartzites. 
 
 Quicl'silver: The production of this silver-white 
 metal fluid is confined to California and Texas. The 
 statistics include the production and the reduction of 
 the cinnabar from which the quicksilver is principally 
 obtained. The chief use of (juicksilver, or mercury (its 
 scientific name), is in the metallurgical treatment of 
 gold and silver. It is also employed in the manufacture 
 of vermilion, a pigment, in the manufacture of ph^'sical 
 instruments, and as a medicine. 
 
 Red lead: Red lead is classed as a manufacture, and 
 is not shown in mining statistics. 
 
 Ridile: See Steel hardening metals. 
 
 8nlt: For census purposes salt is classed as a manu- 
 facture, and the statistics are included in the report on 
 manufactures of the Twelfth Census. The total pro- 
 duction for 1902, as reported bj' the Geological Survey, 
 was 23,849,221 barrels, valued at $5,668,036. The 
 chief salt producing states are Michigan and New York. 
 
 Sandstone: See Stone — Sandstones and quartzites. 
 
 Sandstones and quartzites: See Stone. 
 
 Scheelite: See Steel hardening metals — Tungsten. 
 
 ScytJiestones : See Abrasive materials — Oilstones, 
 whetstones, and scythestones. 
 
 Sienna : Sienna is a pigment used in the manufacture 
 of mineral paint. See Mineral pigments, crude. 
 
 Silica sand : See Stone. 
 
 Siliceous cryst(dH]o' rocl\x: See Stone. 
 
 Sil ci-r: See Gold and silver. 
 
 Slate: See Stone. 
 
 Slate, (jrontid fur pigment : See ^Mineral pigments, 
 crude. 
 
 Slip clay : See Clay. 
 
 Soapstimi : See Talc and soapstone. 
 
 Spnegeleixen : This is an alloy of iron and manga- 
 nese used in the manufacture of Bessemer steel, and, 
 being a manufacture, is not inchided in census mining 
 statistics. 
 
 Spoduinene: See Lithium <ire. 
 
 Steel iiardeninc! metals: The statistics for the sev- 
 eral metals (except for manganese, which is shown sep- 
 arately) that are utilized largely, or in an experimental 
 way, in the manufacture of steel or of steel products 
 have been grouped under this classification. They are 
 chromium, molybdenum, nickel, titanium, tungsten, 
 uranium, and vanadium. Cobalt is included because it 
 is associatetl with nickel in the matte. Except for nickel 
 and coiialt, the value of which is the \alue of the matte 
 at the mine, and tungsten ores, the value of which is 
 their value more or less concentrated, the statistics are 
 for the crude ores. Under this classification are shown 
 chrome ore, molybdenum, nickel and cobalt, rutile, 
 tungsten, and uranium and vanadium. 
 
 CJiroinr tire: This includes the statistics for chro- 
 
 luite or chromic iron ore. Only one producer was 
 
 reported. The ore is used in the manufacture of 
 
 bricks for basic open- hearth furnaces, and from the 
 
 metal a IVi-rochiMmiuin idlo\- is made which is em- 
 
PLAN AND SCOPE OF INQUIRY. 
 
 31 
 
 plo^'ed in the manufacture of chromium steel. The 
 chromium salts obtained are used in dyeing- and in 
 the manufacture of coloring pigments. 
 
 ^folyidenum: The chief source of this metal is the 
 mineral molj^bdenite, which is usually found foliated, 
 massive or in scales, with a perfect basal cleavage 
 and a metallic luster. Molybdenite generally occurs 
 embedded in or disseminated through crystalline 
 rocks, principally granite, gneiss, and granular lime- 
 stone, and is found abundantly in the Western states. 
 Besides being used in chemistry, molybdenum has in 
 the last few years been found to give very lienelicial 
 properties to steel. 
 
 Nickel and coImU : Most of the ores that contain 
 one of these metals contain at least a small amount 
 of the other, and in the smelting of the ores both the 
 nickel and the cobalt go into the matte which is to 
 be refined. The product is obtained principally from 
 the smelting of lead ores at Mine La Motte. Mo. 
 Nickel is used in the manufacture of tableware and 
 for coinage and miscellaneous purposes, but its most 
 important use is in the manufacture of a special steel 
 from which armor jjlates, turrets, jiropeller shafts, 
 etc., are made. 
 
 Ratile: Rutile is the onlj' titanium mineral mined 
 for commercial purposes. Consideraljle experimental 
 work has been done with titanium in the manufacture 
 of steel, but so far as known the metal has not yet 
 been used in this way commerciall}*. Iron has been 
 made which contains a considerable proportion of 
 titanium. Deposits are found in a num])er of states, 
 but the beds in Virginia are the only ones that were 
 productive in 19U3. The principal use of rutile at 
 present is as titanium oxide for coloring porcelain 
 and in the manufacture of artificial teeth. 
 
 Tungsten: The sources of tungsten are scheelite, 
 wolframite, and hiibnerite. Of these, the one that 
 can be used most advantageously in reducing it to 
 the metal, or to the ferroalloj', is scheelite, a tung- 
 state of calcium. Wolframite, which is the most 
 abundant of the tungsten ores, is a tungstate of iron 
 and manganese. Hiibnerite is very similar to wol- 
 framite, and is essentially a manganese tungstate. 
 The chief use of tungsten, either in the form of the 
 alloy, as ferrotungsten, or as the powdered metal, 
 is in the manufacture of tungsten steel. 
 
 Zhan ium and vanadimn: The minerals that are the 
 source of uranium are uraninite, gumniite (an altera- 
 tion product of uraninite), and carnotite. The last 
 mineral contains also a considerable percentage of 
 vanadium, a lead vanadate. Both uranium and vana- 
 dium are used in an experimental Avay in the manu- 
 facture of steel alloys, and increase the tensile 
 strength and toughness of the steel. The metals are 
 also in demand for their salts. 
 
 Stone: The statistics are shown under the following- 
 heads: Limestones and dolomites, marble, sandstones 
 
 and quartzites, silica sand, siliceous crystalline rocks., 
 and slate. 
 
 Limestones and dolomites: ^J'hes(^ include, besides 
 the calcium carbonate (liniestonesj, idso stone con- 
 taining calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate 
 in A'arjnng proportions (dolomites); also fossiliferous 
 shell and coral limestones. Ilie statistics include 
 limestone used for ii-on Hux and in the manufactui'C 
 of lime. 
 
 Ifuilile: Marble is limestone that by action of heat 
 has been transformed to crystalline form. With 
 marble is included some oxi^^^ marble, or travei'tine; 
 also a small amount of serpentine or verd antique. 
 
 Handstones and quartzltes: This classification in- 
 cludes all consolidated sands. Among the varieties 
 are the bluestone of New York and Pennsylvania, and 
 calcareous sandstone; also the jasper of southern 
 ^Minnesota, the la\'a of Douglas county, Colo. ; ganister, 
 a quartzite used as refractory material in furnaces, 
 and some Ijituminous sandstone. 
 
 Silica sand: The crushing and grinding of the rock 
 for the production of silica sand, used largely in the 
 manufacture of glass, is in a number of cases done by 
 sandstone quarries from which stone is sold for other 
 pui-poses. But in cases where all, or practically all, 
 of the product (.)f the quarry was used for the manu- 
 facture of this sand it was treated as a quarry and the 
 statistics are included under this classification. They 
 do not include the digging of sand from sand banks, 
 river beds, etc. 
 
 Sdlceoas erystidlhic rod's: This g-i-oup of rocks in- 
 cludes granite, gneiss, mica schist, lava, andesite, 
 syenit(>,, quartz, porphyry, and trap. These are used 
 for various purposes, such as building stone, founda- 
 tion work, monumental stone, paving blocks, curb- 
 stone and flagstone, rulible and crushed stone for 
 riprap, macadam roads, concrete, and railroad bal- 
 last. The kinds of stone treated under trap rock are 
 trap, diabase, and diorite, which are quarried exten- 
 sively in the New England states, and in New York, 
 New Jersey, and Penns^dvania, and are used largely 
 for paving stones and road metal; l)asalt, quarried in 
 California for the same purposes; and galibro. 
 
 Slate: Slate is quarried principally for roofing, 
 but also for manufacture into slabs, slates, slate pen- 
 cils, etc., the milling necessarily being- done at the 
 quarries while the stock is wet. Slate ground for 
 pigment is included in Mineral pigments, crude. 
 Stoiieirare chnj : See Clay. 
 Strontlanite: See Strontium ores. 
 Str<iutiiiiii. oi'ex: The two minerals that are sources of 
 strontium salts are celestite and strontlanite. It is not 
 the metal strontium that is used commercially, but its 
 salts. Those that are most in demand are str(.)ntium 
 oxide and strontium hydroxide, which are used in re- 
 fining beet sugar and also in the defecation of sugar 
 contained in molasses. Other uses are in the manufac- 
 
32 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 ture of p3"rotechiiics, medicines, and clieniiciiLs. No 
 production of strontium minerals has been reported 
 since 1897, wiien -io tons of celestite, out of 150 tons 
 mined, was shipped from Put in Bay, Strontian Island, 
 Ottawa county, Ohio. 
 
 Sulj^huj': See Sulphur and pyrito. 
 
 Snljihur and pyi'ite: The statistics for sulphur and 
 pyrite, from which sulphuric acid is largely obtained, 
 are o-rouped so as not to disclose tlie operations of a 
 company engaged in the production of sulphur. By 
 far the greater part of the sulphur is consumed in the 
 maniifacture of paper stock by the sulphite process. 
 
 There are two kinds of pyrite, iron pyrites and cop- 
 per pyrites. Pyrite, which is mined principally for its 
 sulphur contents, is commonly called iron i^yrites, but 
 that term incl udes marcasite as well as pyrrhotite. Prac- 
 tically all the ore is treated for the manufacture of sul- 
 phuric acid. The acid is used for medicinal and chemical 
 purposes, and very largely in the refining of oils, man- 
 ufacture of paper, fertilizers, etc. Some pyrite is mined 
 as a by-product of coal, and this is included in the total. 
 
 Tale and wnpstone: The statistics include a small pro- 
 duction of serpentine and the production of pj^rophjdlite, 
 both minerals being mined and used for the same pur- 
 poses as talc. Three kinds of talc are included under 
 this head: Foliated, from which talcum powders, tailors' 
 pencils, etc.. are made; fibrous, wholly mined in the 
 state of New York and used in the manufacture of paper; 
 and massive (which is steatite or soapstone), used for 
 slab.s, washtubs, sanitarj' work, etc. The manufactur- 
 ing processes when conducted at the mines are included 
 in the statistics. 
 
 Terra cotta: See Clay. 
 
 Thi : There was no production of tin ore in the United 
 States during the year 1902. All the tin of commerce 
 is ol)tained from the dioxide, which is called cassiterite 
 by the mineralogist and tinstone by the miner. Some 
 experimental or development work was done in the 
 Black Hills region, and work was resumed on the de- 
 posits in the Santa Ana mountains in southern California. 
 Tin is used principally in the manufacture of tin plate — 
 slii'Ct metal coated with tin. It also forms a pa:-t of 
 several important alloys. 
 
 Tr(i2:> rod': See Stone — Siliceous crystalline rocks. 
 
 Tripoli: See Abrasive materials — Infusorial earth, 
 tripoli, and pumice. 
 
 Tungsten : See Steel hardening metals. 
 
 Uirdjer: Cmber is a pigment used in the manufacture 
 of paints. See Mineral pigments, crude. 
 
 Tlrankan: See Steel hardening metals-Uranium and 
 vanadium. 
 
 TJraniuiii, ajidvanadiu'in : See Steel hardening metals. 
 
 Yanadium: See Steel hardening metals. 
 
 Venetian red: See Mineral pigments, crude. 
 
 ^¥hetstoneH: See Abrasive materials-Oilstones, whet- 
 stones, and sc_vthestones. 
 
 AWliite lead: White lead is classed as a uianufacture, 
 and not shown in the census mining statistics. 
 
 Wolframite: See Steel hardening metals-Tungsten. 
 
 Zinc ore: See Lead and zinc ores. 
 
 Zinc white: This is a manufacture, and not included 
 in tlie mining census. 
 
 There are many varieties of ores and metals included 
 in the different groups or classifications. These ores 
 and metals have been described with more or less detail 
 in the reports for each classification. ))ut in order to 
 assist in the identification of the ore, the metal, and its 
 chemical constituents, the following table, with the ac- 
 companying descriptive text relative to all ores of 
 economic importance, is given:' 
 
 ORES i)F ECciNdMIC IMI'l )KTANCE. 
 
 The accompanying taVjle has been compiled from several authori- 
 tative sources,''^ the ores under each metal being arranged in the 
 order of mineral species given in Dana's System of Mineralog}', 
 sixth edition. The percentage compositions given in that work 
 have been adopted and the metallic content has been calculated 
 therefrom where necessary. In a mining region one often hears 
 ores spoken of as running 90 per cent lead, 80 per cent zinc, and 
 so on, when the purest crystallized minerals do not contain such 
 amounts of the metals. The fourth column of this table shows the 
 highest possible percentage of metal in the various ores, and the 
 fifth column indicates the corresponding amounts of metal in the 
 short ton (2,000 pounds) of pure ore. In a few instances the ore 
 is of such variable or uncertain composition that the highest per- 
 centage of metal given by actual analysis has been quoted, instead 
 of any theoretical amount. This has been indicated in the table 
 Ijy the use of brackets. 
 
 It must be remembered, liowever, that, with the exceptiim of 
 some ores of iron, tin, and quicksilver (mercury), the metalliferous 
 ores as found in run of mine are not pure or unmixed minerals; on 
 the contrary, they are in complex associations with one another. 
 This is especially the case with silver ores (of which there are 
 some thirty varieties, counting rarecomliinations), and, to a smaller 
 degree, with ores of gold, nickel, antimony, zinc, and some other 
 metals. Often it is the constituent of luw ratio but high pecuniary 
 value in thesi' mixed ores that makes tlic mine worth working; or 
 sucli a constituent may lie the by-product of reduction which makes 
 mining profitable. Furthermore, even with relatively pure ores, 
 the accompanying gangue minerals — for instance, quartz, ealcite, 
 barite, and fluorite — seldom can be wholly removed by hand sort- 
 ing or other means of concentration. These impurities and the 
 unavoidable losses during the processes of reduction make the 
 amount of metal actually won from an ore fall far below its theoret- 
 ical cheniical composition. The principal use of the table is to 
 show the highest possible amount of metal that could be obtained 
 from pure ores. 
 
 ' United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Kesources of the 
 United States," 1901, page 967 ff. 
 
 '^Lehre von den Erzlagerstatten, bv Richard Beck, Berlin, 1901 ; 
 Ore Deposits of the United States anil Canada, by James F. Kemji, 
 fourth edition, New York and London, 1901; A Svstem of Mineral- 
 ogy, by Edward S. Dana, sixth edition, New York, 189.5. 
 
PLAN AND SCOPE OF INQUIRY. 
 
 33 
 
 Percentaije of 'tiielal coiitaineil in (,1'en of cconoiiiii' iiiij)(irtaiice. 
 
 CHEMICAL NATURE. 
 
 Ahnniinnn. 
 
 Fluoridt.' 
 Oxide .. 
 Oxide .. 
 
 Cryolite . . . 
 Conindiini 
 BauxitL- . . . 
 
 Silicate . 
 
 Sulphide 
 
 Oxide 
 
 Oxide 
 
 Anlimoiu/. 
 
 Stibnitei gray antimony, an tiraonite) 
 Valontinite (white antimony, senar- 
 
 montLte). 
 Stibieonite (antimony oeher) 
 
 I 
 
 .Irs 
 
 Metallic .. 
 Sulphide . 
 Sulphide . 
 Arsenide . 
 
 Sulpharsenide . 
 
 Metallic ... 
 Sulphide . . 
 
 Oxide 
 
 Carbonate . 
 Silicate 
 
 Native arsenic 
 
 Realgar : . 
 
 Orpiment (auripigraent) . 
 Lollingite 
 
 Arsenopyrite (mispickel) 
 
 Bismuth. 
 
 Native bismuth 
 
 Bismuthinite (bismuth glance) ... 
 
 Bisniite (bismuth ocher ) 
 
 Bismutite (carbonate of bismuth). 
 Euly tite 
 
 ('Iiemicul C('in[iositioii. 
 
 Al.o. 
 Al.'.o' 
 
 H.o 
 
 2 ri.,O.A1.03.2 SIUm 
 
 Sb.,S., 
 
 Sb.,0, 
 
 Sb.O, 
 
 As ... 
 
 A.s-,S, 
 
 FeAs... 
 FeAsS . 
 
 Sulphide . 
 
 Oxide (or chro- 
 mate). 
 
 Sulphide 
 
 Arsenide 
 
 Sulpharsenjde. 
 
 Arsenide 
 
 Sulpharsenide. 
 
 Oxide 
 
 Arsenate 
 
 Metallic . . 
 Sulphide . 
 Sulphide , 
 Sulphide 
 
 Sulphide 
 
 Sulphantimonite . 
 
 Cadmium. 
 Greenockite 
 
 Chromium. 
 
 Chromite (chromic iron).. 
 
 Cobalt. 
 
 Linnaeite (cobalt itvrites) 
 
 Smaltite 
 
 Cobaltite 
 
 Skntterudite 
 
 Glaucodot 
 
 .Asbolite (earthy cobalt).. 
 Erythrite (cobalt bloom) . 
 
 Bi .. 
 
 B,S;, 
 
 BoO,, 
 
 3 BiCO-, + II„Bi. cl„ 
 BijSisO], 
 
 FeCr..O; 
 
 CoAs.. 
 
 CoAsS 
 
 CoAs, 
 
 (Core)AsS 
 
 Doubtful 
 
 C03As.,0,+8H.O. 
 
 Copper. 
 
 Native copper 
 
 Chalcocite (copper glance) 
 Covellite ( indigo copper) . . . 
 Bornite (peacock ore) 
 
 Chalcopyrite (copper pyrites) . 
 Bournonite 
 
 Sulphantimonite ... Tetrahedrite. 
 
 Sulpharsenite I Enargite , 
 
 Chloride ; Atacamite. 
 
 Oxide Cuprite (ruby copper) 
 
 Oxide ' Tenorite (melaconite, black copper). 
 
 Carbonate ! Malachite (green carbonate of cop- 
 per). 
 
 Carbonate ' Aznrite (blue carbonate of copper) . . 
 
 Carbonate Chrysocolla 
 
 Metallic . 
 
 Gold. 
 
 Native gold. 
 
 Cu... 
 Cu,,S . 
 CuS.. 
 
 Cu.jFeSj 
 
 CuFeS., 
 
 (Pb, Cu.j):,Sb^S,-, 
 
 CujA.sS^ 
 
 ruClj.3 Cu (OH), 
 
 Cn.,0 
 
 Cut) 
 
 CuC03.Cu(0H).., 
 
 2 CuC0,,.Cu(0H|. 
 CuSi02+2 H.,0 . . 
 
 Au. 
 
 Telluride ■ Petzitc ( Ag, Au)jTe . . . 
 
 Telluride Sylvanite (Au, Ag)Tej... 
 
 Telluride Krennerite ' (.^g. .VujTe. r?i 
 
 Sulpho-telluride... Nagyagite . 
 
 Metallic Iridosmine . .-. 
 
 Metallic , Platinlridiuui 
 
 Iron. 
 
 Oxide .Hematite (sj^ecular iron ore, red 
 
 hematite). 
 
 Oxide -. i Martite (a variety of hematite) 
 
 Oxide Ilmenite (menaccanite) 
 
 Oxide I Magnetite (magnetic iron ore) 
 
 Oxide I Franklinite 
 
 Oxide I Turgitc - 
 
 Oxide I Limonite (bog iron ore, brown hema- 
 
 I tite). 
 
 30223—04 ■?, 
 
 AU..Pb,4Sb3Te;S|; 
 
 Ir Os. 
 Pt Ir. 
 
 Fe.jO;, . 
 
 l-'ercentol 
 metal. 
 
 12.x 
 f<2. 1.1 
 39. 1 
 
 71. 1 
 
 iii. 3 
 
 Poiind.s of 
 metal ]ier 
 .short ton. 
 
 lOU 
 
 2,000 
 
 70.1 
 
 1,402 
 
 i;i 
 
 1,220 
 
 72. S 
 
 l.t.si; 
 
 n-l. 1 
 (Cr.O;, = 6.S.O 
 
 2.H. 2 
 35.6 
 20.7 
 23.8 
 Fp to 32 
 
 29.5 
 
 100 
 79.8 
 66.4 
 
 .W. .5 
 
 34.. 5 
 13 
 
 88.8 
 79.8 
 67.4 
 
 66. 2 
 36,1 
 
 24.5 
 34.8 
 
 [40 
 
 Fc.O., I 
 
 FeTiO J 
 
 Fe/Jj 
 
 (Fe.Zn,Mn)0.(Fc,Mii).,0:|. 
 
 2 Fe. O,— H. II 
 
 2 Fc'O — 3 HO 
 
 70 
 
 70 
 
 47.3 
 
 72.4 
 
 44.4 
 
 66.2 
 
 .59. .S 
 
 2.66 
 
 1,I16S 
 
 782 
 
 1 , 428 
 1,666 
 
 Used also as a source of sodium and its compounds. 
 Used, however, mostly as an abrasive. 
 Often furnishes more aluminum through presence 
 of other oxides in the ore. Principal ore. 
 
 chief ore; riflen associated with galena. 
 
 liften furnishes more antimony through presence 
 of other oxides. .A b.\-product in lead smelting. 
 
 Contains Sb, Ni, Fc, Mii as impurities. Rare. 
 
 Grades into leucopvrite. Fe.iA.S4, with As 64.1 per 
 cent. 
 
 920 -.\rsenie is obtained also from srime nickel and 
 cobalt ores, partii'iilarly smaltite and cobaltite. 
 
 100 
 
 2,000 
 
 Rare. 
 
 SI. 2 
 
 1, 624 
 
 
 S9. 6 
 
 1,792 
 
 
 SO 6 
 
 1,612 
 
 Composition varial.ilc 
 
 76 
 
 1 , .600 
 
 Rare. 
 
 \Jx-*\ \ Tlid; cHclnijum nf fdmmeroo, h("n\'e%'er, is obtained 
 from catlmiferou^ sj:ih!ilerite_,(zinc' bleiidei. 
 
 1.042 
 1,360} 
 
 5t',4 
 710 
 414 
 476 
 640 
 590 
 
 2,000 
 1,5% 
 
 1,32S 
 1,110 
 
 690 I 
 2e;0 ■ 
 
 1,290 
 
 1,776 
 1,596 
 
 1,148 
 
 1,104 ; 
 722 
 
 510 
 490 
 696 
 
 800] 
 
 Often lias M^O and Fh.O; replaeins the Ft_'0 and 
 
 Pmportions variable. Co replaced usually to some 
 
 extent by Ni. Fe, and Cu. 
 Grades insensibly into chloanthlte, NiAs-... 
 
 Proportions variable. 
 
 Cobalt is obtained also from ar.senopyrite and chal- 
 eopyrite. 
 
 Usuallv contains some silver. 
 
 r)ften enriched bv meclianical admixture of chal- 
 cocite. 
 
 Contains 42. 5 per cent lead and 24.7 j.ier. cent anti- 
 mony. 
 
 Sb 24. S per cent. Grades into tennantite, the sulph- 
 arsenite of Cu. containing Cu 57.5 per cent, As 17 
 per cent. 
 
 As 19.1 per cent. Grades into famatinite, the sulph- 
 antimonite of Cu, containing- Cu 43.3 per cent, 
 Sb 27.4 per cent. 
 
 Sometimes yields more copper, on account of ad- 
 mixtures. 
 
 Pyrite and pyrrhotite sometimes contain copper 
 enough to pay for extraction. 
 
 Usually contains silver, up to 16 yter cent. When 
 more than 16 per cent silver is present the alloy 
 is called electrum. 
 
 Proportions variable. This percentage corresponds 
 to ratio Ag : Au^3 : 1. 
 
 Proportions variable. This percentage corresponds 
 to ratio Au : Ag^l : 1. Reported up to 29.35 Au. 
 
 Composition uncertain. Calaverite, another tel- 
 luride, has yielded Au 40.92 per cent. Analyses 
 have given from 5.8 per cent to 12.75 per cent'Ag. 
 
 Not common. Gold content calculated from aver- 
 age of recent analy.ses given by Dana. 
 
 Gold is recovered also from pyrite. arsenopyrite. 
 chalcopyrite, stibnite, and sphalerite (blende). 
 
 Variable. 
 A'ariable. 
 
 1 , 400 
 
 1,400 
 946 
 
 1,448 
 
 888 ', An important ore of zinc in unrthern New .Tersey. 
 1.324 Often confounded with hematite. 
 1,196 I 
 
 Replacing magnetite in Lake Superior region. 
 Too refractory for use as a source of iron. " 
 
34 
 
 MINP]S AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Percentage of irtetal contained In ores of economic irnjx/rtance — Continued. 
 
 CHEMICAL NATURE. 
 
 Oxide 
 
 Carbonate- 
 Silicate..., 
 
 Sulphide . . 
 Sulphide .. 
 
 Sulphide 
 
 Sulphantimonite . 
 Sulphantimonite . 
 Sulphantimonite . 
 
 Carbonate 
 
 Chloro-phosphate 
 Chloro-arsenate .. 
 Sulphate 
 
 Oxide 
 
 Oxide 
 
 Oxide 
 
 Oxide 
 
 Oxide 
 
 Oxide 
 
 Manganate. 
 
 Oxide 
 
 Carbonate . . 
 Silicate 
 
 Sulphide 
 
 Selenide 
 
 Sulpho-selenide . 
 Sulphide 
 
 Sulphide 
 
 Sulphide . 
 Sulphide . 
 Arsenide . 
 Sulphide . 
 
 Arsenide 
 
 Suipharsenide 
 
 Sulphantimonide 
 
 Carbonate 
 
 Silicate 
 
 Silicate. 
 
 Antimonide 
 
 Sulphide 
 
 Telluride 
 
 Telluride 
 
 Sulphide 
 
 Telluride 
 
 Sulphantimonite . 
 
 Sulpharnenite 
 
 Sulphantimonite . 
 
 Snlpharsenite 
 
 Chloride 
 
 Chlorobromide .. . 
 
 Kind of ore. 
 
 Chemieal comytn.Kition. 
 
 Iron — Continued. 
 Gothite 
 
 Siderite ( spathic iron ore ) . 
 Chamosite 
 
 Pyrite (iron [.yrites) 
 
 Marcasite (iron pyrites, mundic 
 
 Pereent of 
 metal. 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Galena ("lead." lead glance). 
 
 Jamesonite (feather ore) 
 
 Bournonite 
 
 Boulangerite 
 
 Cerussite (white lead ore) 
 
 Pyromorphite 
 
 Jlimetite 
 
 Auglesite (lead vitriol ) 
 
 Miingaii€S€. 
 
 Franklinite 
 
 Hausmannite . 
 
 Braunite 
 
 Polianite 
 
 Pyrolusite 
 
 Manganite .... 
 Psilomelane.. . 
 
 Wad 
 
 Rhodochrosite. 
 Rhodonite 
 
 Mcrcunj (>juick.-<ilv' r) . 
 
 Metacinnabarite . 
 
 Tiemannite 
 
 Onofrite 
 
 Cinnabar 
 
 Molyhdniiiin. 
 
 Molybdenite . 
 
 yirkd. 
 
 Millerite 
 
 Pentlandite . 
 Niccolite — 
 Linnaeite . . . 
 
 Chloanthite . 
 Gersdorflfite. . 
 Ullmannite. . 
 
 Zaratite 
 
 Genthite .... 
 
 Garnierite 
 
 Annabergite (nickel oeher) . 
 
 Palladium. 
 Native palladium 
 
 Platinum. 
 Native platinum 
 
 Qiiirksilrer. (See MfTcurij.) 
 
 Silv. 
 
 Native silver . 
 Byscrasite 
 
 Argentite 
 
 Hessite 
 
 Petzite 
 
 Stromeyerite 
 
 Sy 1 vani te 
 
 Pyrargyrite (dark red silver ore). 
 Proustite (light red silver ore) . . . 
 Stephanite (brittle silver ore) — 
 Polybasite. 
 
 Fe..(^,— H.u 
 
 FeC(J.( 
 
 FeO. MgO, Al.,0:;, SiO.., 
 
 PbS 
 
 Pb.SboS., 
 
 (Pb, C"u..)3Sb..So . 
 Pb-,SboSo ....'.... 
 
 PbCO, 
 
 3Pb-,P..0..PbCl, . 
 SPb^AaOrt-PbClo 
 PbS04 ". .". 
 
 ( Fe.Zn.MmO. f FeMii j^-O;;. 
 
 Mn.,0^ 
 
 aMnoO.j.MnSiOa 
 
 MnO'. 
 
 MnOo 
 
 Mn.-0.„H^O 
 
 H4Mi.0-,(?) 
 
 MnO.-, ^ MnO + H..O . 
 
 MnCOi 
 
 MnSiOj 
 
 HgS 
 
 HgSe 
 
 Hg(S.Se) . 
 HgS 
 
 MoSs. 
 
 NiS 
 
 (Fe, Ni)S -. 
 NiAs 
 
 (Co, Ni)jS.i. 
 
 NiAs.-,. 
 NiAsS . 
 NiSbS . 
 
 NiCOa.2Ni(OH)2+4H..O. 
 2Ni0.2Mg0.3SiO:.6H.O . 
 
 H.,(Ni,Mg)Si0.jfa4. 
 XinA^.Oy+HH.O 
 
 Cerargyrite (horn 
 Embolite 
 
 Ag 
 
 iAg,Sb 
 
 lAgoSb 
 
 AgoS 
 
 Ag,Te 
 
 (Ag,Au),Te. 
 (Ag,Cu).S.. 
 (AuAg)Te, . 
 
 Ag,SbS;, .... 
 
 Ag,AHS, ._.. 
 
 AK:,SbS^ 
 
 Ak^Sb 
 
 lilver) ! AgCl. 
 
 Bromidi 
 
 Iodide. 
 
 Bromyrite A;rBr . 
 
 JodyrJtc - Agl... 
 
 "l,Br) 
 
 02. 9 
 ■4H. 2 
 47 
 
 Kfi fi 
 
 1,732 
 
 nfl X 
 
 1,016 
 
 4? 5 
 
 8B0 
 
 SS 9 
 
 1,178 
 
 77 ft 
 
 1,550 
 
 76 3 
 
 1 , 526 
 
 i;q ft 
 
 1,390 
 
 fi8. 3 
 
 1,366 
 
 72. ft 
 
 1,4.50 
 
 63 ft 
 
 1,270 
 
 63 1 
 
 1, 262 
 
 63,1 
 
 1,262 
 
 (AA 
 
 1,248 
 
 .ft8.6 
 
 1,172 
 
 69 ■?. 
 
 1,384 
 
 47.8 
 
 9ft6 
 
 41.9 
 
 839 
 
 86. 2 
 
 1,724 
 
 71 7 
 
 1,434 
 
 83.8 
 
 1,676 
 
 86.2 
 
 1,724 
 
 64.7 
 22.0 
 43.9 
 28.9 
 
 28. 1 
 3ft. 4 
 27. s 
 46.8 
 22. i; 
 
 [3ft. 5 
 
 29. 4 
 
 Pounds of 
 metal per 
 .short ton. 
 
 Reiimrk.s. 
 
 1,2.58 
 964 
 940 
 
 Often i-nnfouniled with limonite. 
 
 Uncertain composition. Iron declines to 33 per 
 
 cent. , J ■ 1 
 
 (Contain 63.4 percent .snlphur and are used in the 
 
 J manufacture of .sulphuric acid (oil of vitriol). 
 
 1 Sometimes treated also for gold content. 
 
 Pyrites residue {=purple ore) is a commercial 
 
 source of iron. 
 
 Is also a very important source of silver. 
 Contains 29.5 per cent antimony. 
 Copper, 13 per cent; antimony, 24.7 per cent. 
 Antimony, 22.8 per cent. 
 
 Proportions very variable. Impiortant ore of zinc 
 in nr)rthern New .lersey; manganese not saved. 
 
 Princirial .source. 
 
 Proprirtions and composition variable. 
 Proportions and cfimposition variable. 
 
 1,676 j Calculated for the ratio S: Sf 
 1,724 Principal source. 
 
 1,200 Nickel and cobalt arc almost always associated. 
 
 1,294 
 440 
 
 878 
 
 562 
 708 
 
 936 
 4. 52 
 
 710] 
 588 
 
 00. u 
 
 2, 000 
 
 72.9 
 
 1,458 
 
 84.3 
 
 1,686 
 
 87.1 
 
 1,742 
 
 63. 3 
 
 1,266 
 
 42.0 
 
 840 
 
 63. 1 
 
 1 , 062 
 
 13. 4 
 
 268 
 
 69.9 
 
 1,198 
 
 65. 4 
 
 1.308 
 
 68. 5 
 
 1,370 
 
 75. i; 
 
 1,512 
 
 75. 3 
 
 l,.ft06 
 
 66. 1 
 
 1,302 
 
 .57.4 
 
 1.M8 
 
 46.0 
 
 tl20 
 
 Prop(irtions variable. This amount calculated for 
 
 rati.) Co: Xi^l : 1. 
 ("irades insensibly into smaltite, CoAs... 
 
 Pl'ith'sHf, fninid in Voigtland, nuiy Lie essentially 
 the same a?> this. 
 
 Proportions very variable, Thi.M amount ealcu- 
 lated from highest analy.'^is gi\en by Dana. 
 
 The nmsl important Tiickel ore is pyrrhotite, a sul- 
 phide of iron (mostly Fe^S^,), whieh sometimes 
 eontains more than r> per cent Ni. 
 
 ■2,0m Always alloyed wilh I't. Ir, and other metals. 
 
 2,0U0 1 Occurs, however, only alloyed with from 10 to 30 
 j per cent Fe, Ir, Os, and otlit^r metals. 
 
 Usually alloyed with gold; sometimes with copper. 
 [Other proportions cause the content i.if silver to 
 I range from 63. i! i-er cent to 94.1 j>er cent. 
 
 Often contains gold. 
 Calculated for ratio, Ag : 
 
 :3:1. 
 
 Calculated for ratio. Ag : Au = 1:1. 
 
 Copper always replaces some of the silver. 
 
 Proporlions ofc] to Br vary and change the total 
 of sih-er prL-sriit. 
 
 Much .silver is obtained from galena, and it also 
 occurs in tetrahedrite, sphalerite, jiyrile, chal- 
 coyiyritc, clialcocite, and other miuerals in ijuau- 
 (ilics of economic importance. 
 
PLAN AND SCOPE OF INQHIIIY. 
 
 35 
 
 Percentage of nKdal eontnuied in (f/'e.s of eanionuf i mj^orfn nci — ('ontiiiLU'd. 
 
 CHEMICAL -NATUUE. 
 
 Radin in . 
 
 Thoriuui. 
 Moim/.ite 
 
 ctuMiiiral cnni 
 
 r.,()4 
 
 Ko<).r..<*.'^r.,():,.v.,(i.,.:.m.>o 
 
 (■.'). 
 
 ^('c^L!^.Di)PU^ : ThSi(.tGC.') . . 
 
 Sulpliide . 
 (jxidf 
 
 ... Stannite (tin pyrites! CiuS.FuS.SiiS- 
 
 .,.1 Cassiterite (strwim tin, -wood tin) , SiiT)^. 
 
 I Tungsten. 
 Tungstate Wolframite (Fe.Mii )\V( )^ . 
 
 Tungstato Schoelito CaWO^ 
 
 I'ranlnm. 
 
 Per cent of 
 metal. 
 
 Pounds of 
 mctul per 
 short tnii. 
 
 Oxide . 
 Oxide , 
 
 Vanadate. 
 Vanadate. 
 
 Sulphide . . 
 Snlphide .. 
 
 Oxide 
 
 Oxide 
 
 Carbonate . 
 Carbonate . 
 
 Silicate 
 
 Silicate 
 
 rraninite (pitchblende) , 
 (lunimite 
 
 U30, 
 
 U„0:,.3I-I,0 . 
 
 Vaniidiiiilo ' 3Pb,V..0s+PbCl., 
 
 Jlottramite ;( Pb.Cii l3V»08+2H2(Pb,Cu lO; 
 
 Ziiir. 
 
 Sphalerite (blende, black jack). 
 
 Wurtzite 
 
 Zincite 
 
 Franklinlte 
 
 Smithsonlle 
 
 Hydrozincite 
 
 Willemite 
 
 Calamine 
 
 ZnS 
 
 ZnS 
 
 ZnO 
 
 I FeZnMn)0.(Fe,Mn)..03. 
 
 ZiiCO, ".-.. 
 
 ZnC0„2Zn(0H).(?) 
 
 Zn.SriOj 
 
 H.jZn,,Si05 
 
 
 
 
 
 7^^ 
 
 U 
 
 m 
 
 (j 
 i 
 
 M 
 
 9 
 
 72 
 
 ' 
 
 lU 
 
 9 
 
 111 
 
 
 
 ,,_ 
 
 n 
 
 fi7 
 
 (1 
 
 SO. 3 
 
 lis 
 
 6 
 
 
 (1 
 
 CO 
 
 5 
 
 n« 
 
 ft 
 
 M 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 , tiyH 
 i.-jrTi 
 
 Kfinarks 
 
 KfidiniJi, poiiiniuin, jlimI iictiiiiiini an- f-xtractcd in 
 minule ijunnlities fnnn thi'.--i; or(_'s, especiiillv 
 
 pilcIlhlClKir. 
 
 Aiiinunt <>i Uiurja varit.'s up to about 1') per cent; 
 seems to (iccur as a silicatr mi'ehanifally present 
 in ni(niazit<\ 
 
 Pi-(ip(trti»ms vary. 
 PrincifiJi) vn-. 
 
 Grades into hiibiKTitr, MiiWO^, with f.0.7 per cHiit 
 tungsten. 
 
 (Ihici ore; cbicf snnrce also of radium, etc 
 
 ■218 I 
 
 2,0, 
 
 Zinc ijiiiientls olti/n arc as^sociatcd with lead ores. 
 
 1,340 
 1,3J0 I 
 1,606 I 
 
 372] Variable. Hif^hesl analv.si.s recorded bv Dana. 
 1,040 I 
 
 1,210 ; Composition is uncertain and analv.ses varv. 
 1,172 I 
 1,084 
 
OELAPTEE IT. 
 SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS. 
 
 GENERAL REVIEW OF THE MINING INDUSTRY. 
 
 The statistics for the niining industries relate to the 
 operations at mines, quarries, and petroleum and na- 
 
 Table 1.— SUMMARY: 1902 
 
 tural-ga.s wells, and cmhraee all minerals that were pro- 
 duced in commercial quantities during the calendar 
 year ending December 31, 1902. These statistics are 
 summarized in the following table: 
 
 151, 
 J6, 
 
 S39, 02o! 
 
 Number af minus 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried officials, clerlis, etc: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number ' .'iSl, 
 
 Wages ■ S369, 959, 
 
 Contract work l 820, till, 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses I §71, 771, 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials $123, H14, 
 
 Value of products 8796, 826, 
 
 516 
 
 8.58 
 
 128 
 5.52 
 
 960 
 938 
 713 
 967 I 
 417 
 
 8220, 
 
 SI, 
 
 S26, 
 
 837, 
 
 8367, 
 
 5, 986 
 1,528 
 
 17,427 
 ,419,217 
 
 350, 329 
 198,401 
 6.50, .535 
 081,698 
 539, 702 
 032, 069 
 
 Copper. 
 
 81 
 
 144 
 144 
 
 1 , 208 
 768, 4.56 
 
 26, 007 
 
 821 , 151 , 405 
 
 8188, 768 
 
 S1,;B97,465 
 
 811,0.H3, 175 
 
 8.51,178,036 
 
 Gold and 
 
 silver. 
 
 2,992 
 2, 992 
 
 3,480 
 85, 076, 773 
 
 36, 142 
 
 $36, 077, 492 
 
 8626,090 
 
 8-5, 3.57,. 529 
 
 816, 699, 768 
 
 8.82, 482, 052 
 
 625 
 332 
 
 2, 405 
 82, U:.!, 230 
 
 38,8,51 
 821,. 531, 792 
 8435,292 
 $8, 267, 714 
 89, 005, 608 
 865, 465, 321 
 
 Lead and 
 zinc ore. 
 
 84,329 
 
 $108 
 
 $2, 092 
 
 82,511 
 
 $14, 600 
 
 910 
 ., :W7 
 
 ,881 
 271 
 607 
 001 
 657 
 177 
 
 Petroleum 
 
 and natural 
 
 gas. 
 
 816 
 817, 
 821, 
 824, 
 8102, 
 
 134,477 
 31,489 
 
 4,9.56 
 , 797, 105 
 
 22,2:30 
 
 178,640 
 
 415, 6:?2 
 
 723, 983 I 
 
 388,767 ' 
 
 265,602 
 
 5, 
 
 84,488, 
 
 837^ 
 
 71 
 515 
 $36 
 S3, 976 
 $10, 739 
 $70, 462 
 
 764 
 470 
 
 279 
 3.39 
 
 1.56 
 907 
 981 
 865 
 736 
 438 
 
 All other 
 minerals. 
 
 1,069 
 1,346 
 
 2, 463 
 $2,.5;n,l05 
 
 29, 132 
 
 $12, 977, 0.52 
 
 $226, 033 
 
 82, 884, 4.58 
 
 811, fM6, .5.54 
 
 843, 340, 722 
 
 ' Includes limestones and dolomites, marble, sandstones and quartzites, silica sand, siliceous crystalline rocks, and slate. 
 
 The differences in the extent to which the manufac- 
 turing-processes have been included in the statistics of 
 prior censuses interfere with the comparability of the 
 results, liut in the following table the quantities and 
 values reported for the Eleventh and Twelfth censuses 
 have been reduced as nearlv as possible to a compa- 
 rable basis, and therefore the totals for copper, gold 
 
 and .silver, and lead and zinc for l'.t(.)2 do not agree with 
 the figures shown elsewhere in this I'eport. The inclu- 
 sion of the refined products for gold, silver, and other 
 metals in this talde has increased the value of products 
 
 to ^892,505, till), 
 
 excess of $»5,679,2U2 over the 
 
 $796,826,417 reported as the value of the products of 
 the mines, quarries, and petroleum and natural-gas wells. 
 
 T.MiLE 2.— COJIPARATIVE STATEMENT, QUANTITIES AND VALINES OF JIINERAES: UI02 AND 18S9. 
 
 Total . 
 
 Unit of measure. 
 
 Antimony Short tons . 
 
 Asbestos ! Short tons . 
 
 A.sphaltum and bituminous rock | Short tons . 
 
 Barytes i Short tons . 
 
 Bau-xite Long tons.. 
 
 Borax Short tons . 
 
 Buhrstones and mlll.stoncs Stones 
 
 Clay 
 
 Coal, anthracite. 
 
 Cr)al, bituminous 
 
 Clipper" 
 
 C:orundum and emery . 
 Crystalline quartz. 
 
 Short tons . 
 Long tons . 
 
 Short tons . 
 Prjunds . . .. 
 Short tons . 
 irt tons . 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Feldspar ' Sliorl toll^ 
 
 m 
 
 2, 605 
 66, 238 
 61,668 
 29, 222 
 
 19,142 
 
 6, 667 
 
 24,6.5.5,360 
 
 1,4.55,3.57 
 
 36, iMO, 710 
 
 260, 216, ,844 
 
 639,033,392 
 
 4, 251 
 
 15, 101 
 
 45, 287 
 
 Value. 
 
 18892, .505, 619 
 
 46,200 
 236, 728 
 203, 1,54 
 128,206 
 
 2,aS3,614 
 
 69, 808 
 
 24,268, 3;W 
 
 2,061,072 
 76, 173, .586 
 
 290, 8.58, 483 
 
 71,192,014 
 
 104,605 
 
 43, 086 
 
 2.50, 424 
 
 1889 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 51,736 
 
 21,460 
 
 3 21 
 
 M,000 
 
 < 7, 000, 000 
 
 4 329,666 
 
 40,714,721 
 
 96, 629, 026 
 
 231,246,214 
 
 2, 245 
 
 <7,806 
 
 Value. 
 
 8444,012,998 
 
 28,000 
 
 1,800 
 
 171, 537 
 
 106, 313 
 
 97, 335 
 
 < 500, 000 
 
 35, 155 
 
 <5, 000, 000 
 
 •I 636, .578 
 65, 879, 514 
 
 94, 346, .809 
 
 26, 907, 809 
 
 105, 566 
 
 1 39, :170 
 
 ' Exclusive of duplicalion of value of silvir 
 
 -No production from domestic ores. 
 
 •■' Aluniinuiii, fjuantity rciluced frniii 17, I6H pounds. 
 
 1 Not inchlded as a [larl i.f tlu' cm^us; oo statistics otiirr 1] 
 
 & Nr)t reported. 
 
 " Chopper contents lA all orc^ in i tied. 
 
 (36) 
 
 lent of MrL,''i-ntifiToiis iron 
 
 iiiniinnliiu; to $8,83,9.87 
 
 productiou rc|ior(cd. 
 
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF UliSULTS. 37 
 
 Table 2.— COMPARATIVE STATEMENT, QUANTITIES AND VALUES OF MINERALS: 1902 AND 1889— Continued. 
 
 Flint 
 
 Fluorspar 
 
 Fuller's earth 
 
 Garnet 
 
 Gold, eoining valued . 
 
 Graphite 
 
 Grindstones and pulpstones 
 
 Gypsum 
 
 Infusorial earth, tripoli, and pmuiet. 
 Iron ore 
 
 Lead^ 
 
 Limestones and dolomite 
 
 Lithium ore 
 
 Lithographic stone 
 
 Manganese ore 
 
 Unit of measure. 
 
 .Short tons . . . 
 Short tons ... 
 iShorl tons . . . 
 Short tons . . . 
 Trit\' ounces . 
 
 Short tons . 
 Short tons . 
 Short tons . 
 sluirt tons . 
 Long tons . 
 
 Short tons . 
 
 36, 365 
 
 48, M8 
 
 11,492 
 
 3, 926 
 
 3,64.'), 769 
 
 27, 438 
 
 .').'), 6.57 
 
 681,633 
 
 6,41.5 
 
 35. ,567,410 
 
 338, 12.5 
 
 Short tons . 
 Short tons . 
 Long tons . 
 
 Marble 
 
 Marl Short tons . 
 
 Mica: 
 
 Sheet ' Pounds 
 
 Scrap and waste Short tons . 
 
 Mineral pigments, crude Short tons . 
 
 Monazite Pounds 
 
 16,477 
 
 Natural gas 
 
 Oilstones, whetstones, and scythestones , Short tons ... 
 
 Ozocerite, retined Pounds 
 
 Petroleum | Barrels 
 
 Phosphate rock j Long tons . . . 
 
 Platinum and iridium Troy ounces . 
 
 Precious stones I 
 
 12,439 
 
 373, 260 
 
 1,400 
 
 35, 479 
 
 802, 000 
 
 3,876 
 {-) 
 89,275,302 
 1,. 548, 720 
 
 8 94 
 
 Quicksilver: 
 
 Crude ! Short tons 
 
 Refined i Flasks . . . . 
 
 Sandstones and quartzites ! 
 
 11,727 
 34,291 
 
 Silica sand Short tons . 
 
 Siliceous crystalline rocks i 
 
 Silver, coining value '^ Troy ounce 
 
 Slate ' .' 
 
 Sulphur and pyrite , Short tons . 
 
 Talc and soapstone Short tons . 
 
 Tungsten Short tons . 
 
 Uranium and vanadium Short tons . 
 
 Zinc ore to Short tons . 
 
 All other minerals 11 Short tons . 
 
 445, 903 
 
 "*.5.5,"9ii,'946 
 
 232,819 
 
 97, 563 
 
 184 
 
 3,810 
 
 .527, 121 
 
 3,536 
 
 144,209 
 
 275, 682 
 
 98, 144 
 
 ]:j2, 820 
 
 75,:j6i,(;90 
 
 227, .508 
 
 667,431 
 
 2, 089, 341 
 
 65, 994 
 
 J65,465,:)21 
 
 18,181,013 
 
 30,441,801 
 
 25, 7.50 
 
 ('■) 
 
 177,911 
 
 5,044,182 
 12,741 
 
 :360,,8,85 
 64, 160 
 
 30, S67, 863 
 
 113,968 
 
 C-i 
 
 71,397,739 
 
 4, 922, 943 
 
 » 1,814 
 :J28, 4.50 
 
 1, .550, 090 
 10,601,171 
 
 421,289 
 
 18,2.57,944 
 
 J 71, 077, .562 
 
 5, 696, 0.51 
 
 947, 089 
 
 1,1:38,167 
 5, 975 
 
 48, 125 
 9, 006, 361 
 
 49, 256 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 '12,447 
 9, .500 
 (=) 
 ( = 1 
 1,. 590, 869 
 
 7,003 
 
 I- 1 
 
 2i;7, 769 
 
 3, 466 
 
 1 l,51,s,011 
 
 1S1,141 
 
 Valui 
 
 (-) 
 
 18 
 24,197 
 
 49, .500 I 
 196 / 
 ' 38, 184 
 
 («) 
 
 2, 991 
 
 .50,000 
 
 35, 163, 513 
 
 5.50, 245 
 
 .500 
 
 2, 7.50 
 26,484 
 
 '6i,'3.54,'s.5i' 
 
 106, 100 
 36,461 
 
 234, .503 
 3, 1.51 
 
 1 49, 1.37 
 45, K!5 
 
 (■-') 
 :i2, 886, 744 
 
 72, 662 
 139, .587 
 764,118 
 23, 372 
 :i3, 3.51 , 978 
 
 0,467,137 
 19,095,179 
 
 243 
 240, .559 
 
 3, 488, 170 
 63, 9.56 
 
 '483,766 
 
 21,097,099 
 
 32, 980 
 
 2, .500 
 
 26, 963, :!40 
 
 2,937,776 
 
 2,000 
 188,807 
 
 m 
 
 1, 190, .500 
 12, 066, 076 
 
 14,464,095 
 
 66, 396, 988 
 
 3, 482, .513 
 
 209, 969 
 
 475, 878 
 (=1 
 (■) 
 
 3,049,799 
 73,000 
 
 t Not included as a part of the census: no statistics other than production reported. 
 
 2 Not reported. 
 
 3 Fine gold contents of auriferotis ores and placer httllion. 
 
 ■) Silver content i.if argentiferous irotl ore— 1,621,602 troy ounces valued at S883,987, included in Ijoth iron ore and silver. 
 6 Nonargentiferous lead r.re and lead contents of argentiferous and copper ores. 
 « No pr< Eduction. 
 
 ' Includes slate ground as a pigment, 2,000 long tons, value S20.000. 
 
 ^ Platinum only; entire production obtained in placer mining and the refining of auriferous ores. 
 «Fine silver contents of argentiferous ores and placer bullion. 
 iiiZinc ore and zinc contents of auriferous and argentifercais ores, 
 u Includes chrome ore, magnesitc, molybdenum, nickel and cobalt, and rutile for 1902, and chrome ore, nickel and cobalt, ami rutile for 1889. 
 
 The reports for each census, beginning with 1850, 
 have included statistics for mines and c[uarries, but 
 prior to the cen.sus of 1870 these statistics are so inter- 
 woven with tho.se for manufactures that it is impossi- 
 ble to make a .satisfactory segregation. At the cen- 
 suses of 1870 and 1880 the canvass for the collection of 
 mining statistics was so defective that the results can 
 not be used for general comparisons to show the 
 hicrease in all branches of mining. A complete can- 
 
 wages $:265,2VtO,643, or more than 52 per cent of the 
 entire value of what they produced. In addition, the 
 other expenditures aggregated $115,871,135.""^ In 
 1902 there were 38,128 salaried ofBcials, clerks, etc., 
 with salaries amounting to $39,020,552. The aver- 
 age number of wage-earners employed during the 
 entire year was 581,728, and they received in wages 
 $369, 959, 960.' The miscellaneous expenses and cost of 
 supplies and materials amounted to 1195,586,680, and 
 
 vass was made at the Eleventh Census, which covered the products were valued at $796,826,117. The prod- 
 
 the year 1889, but the results were not summarized nor 
 were the data, except for the quantity and value of 
 products, compiled on uniform lines. 
 
 The only information concerning the employees, 
 wages, and other expenses for all branches of mining 
 published at the Elleventh Census is contained in the 
 following statement taken from tht; text of the report: 
 " In all, 636,119 persons found employment directly in 
 the mining industry, and depended upon this industry 
 as their regular means of support. They received in 
 
 nets reported for 1889 amounted to 1587,230,662,' but 
 they include salt, pig iron, and other su>)stance8 
 omitted from the mining census of 1902. Reducing 
 the production to a comparative basis, as shown in 
 Table 1, bv including for 1902 the \'alue of retined 
 copper, the coining value of gold and silver, and the 
 lead and zinc contents of argentiferous ores, and elimi- 
 nating from 1889 the products not included in the 
 
 'Eleventh Census. Report on ]\Iinerai Industries, page xi. 
 
38 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 mining- census of 1902, the total for 1889 becom(>s 
 1444,012,998, as compared with $892,505,619 for 1902, 
 an increase of $44S,492,621, or 101 per cent. The 
 number of persons who foiuid employment directly in 
 the mining- industries at the Eleventh Census was evi- 
 dently reported on a difterent basis from that used at 
 this census. The average number shown for 1889 was 
 the average number employed during the time the mine 
 was in operation, while the average number shown for 
 1902 is the average number for the whole year, whether 
 the mine was in operation all the year round or a part 
 of the time only. The value of products reported 
 for the census of 1902 is the amount received by the 
 mine operators, and should not be confused with the 
 value of the finished mineral product or the refined 
 metallic contents of the ore, such as iron, antimony, 
 and nickel. The quantity and value of the refined 
 metallic contents and the coining value of some ores, 
 such as g-old and silver, are given for 1902 in Table 1 
 in order to ol)tain comparable totals. The separate 
 quantity and value of gold, silver, copper, lead, or zinc, 
 when, as frequently happens, two or more of them are 
 obtained from the same ore, can not be definitely deter- 
 mined until the ore has been smelted. Smelting is a 
 manufacturing process, and is therefore omitted from 
 the mining census, but the metallic contents of the 
 ore and bullion produced in continental United States 
 during the year 1902 and the gross value of the same, 
 as computed from the reports to the Bureau of the 
 Census, were as follows: Gold, 3,242,039 ounces, valued 
 at $65,628, 90«; silver, 55,819,946 ounces, valued at $28.- 
 166,094; copper, 639,033,392 pounds, valued at $71,- 
 192,014; lead, 338,125 short tons, valued at 118.181.013; 
 zinc, 527,121 short tons, valued at $9,006,361. These 
 values are the values at the mines. Gold and silver 
 were reported at the Eleventh Census in troy ounces 
 and coining value. Computed on the same basis, the 
 production of continental United States for 1902 
 amounted to 3,242,039 ounces of gold, valued at $67,- 
 018,890, and 55,819,946 ounces of silver, valued at 
 $72,171,227. No canvass of the gold mines of Alaska 
 having been made by the Bureau of the Census, the 
 estimate for Alaska made by the Director of the Mint 
 is accepted In* this office. The total production (if the 
 United States for 1902 is accordingly estimated as 
 follows: Gold, 3,645,769 ounces, valued at $75,3ri4,69(.»; 
 silver, 55,911,946 ounces, valued at $72,290,176. The 
 Director of the Mint reports the production of gold for 
 the United States for the calendar year 1H02 as 3,S70,000 
 ounces, valued at $80,000,000, and the production of 
 silver as 55,5<.»0,000 ounces, valued at $71,757,575. 
 The disparity in these results is due to the fact that the 
 Bureau of the Census collected the data directly from 
 the mines, while the Director of the Mint obtained the 
 inforujation from mints, assay offices, private refineries, 
 and other sources. The quantities and \'alues reported 
 b\' tlie Director of the Mint lepresented the refined 
 
 product, a portion of which may have been mined 
 during the preceding year; and, moreover, since a por- 
 tion of the product reported by the Bureau of the Cen- 
 sus as mined during 1902 would be included in the 
 report of the Director of the Mint for the following 
 year, the totals for the two offices for the same year 
 can not agree. 
 
 The increase that has occurred in the production of 
 the difi'erent minerals during the thirteen years covered 
 by Table 2 is referred to in the discussion of the statis- 
 tics for each mineral on pages 393 to 1071. Reference 
 should be made to these separate reports for more 
 detailed information. 
 
 As no statistics for employees, wages, or expenses 
 incident to the production of cement, clay, feldspar, 
 fiint, rutile, borax, or slate ground as a pigment are 
 given in the report of the Eleventh Census, it w'as 
 necessary to take the production for these minerals for 
 1889, as shown in Table 2, from the tabulation of the 
 mineral products of the United States, apparently pre- 
 pared, in some respects, independently of the regular 
 census work, but presented in the introduction to the 
 report. 
 
 The Eleventh Census did not present statistics of any 
 character for bauxite, crystalline quartz, fuller's earth, 
 lithium ore, magnesite, molybdenum, monazite, tung- 
 sten, or uranium and vanadium, these minerals not then 
 being produced in commercial quantities. Silica sand 
 which is usually the product of sandstone quarries was 
 included under the classification of sandstones, while 
 garnet was included in abrasives. 
 
 Dec/va)it->i In 1002. — A decrease is shown in the produc- 
 tion of minerals in 10 t-lassifications enumerated in Tal>le 
 2. The quantities and values of these are rejjroduced in 
 the following statement: 
 
 Miiuralx shmrinij u decrease in jjrodiielivn in 190i. 
 
 MINERAL. 
 
 1902 
 
 1889 
 
 Short tons. ■ Value. 
 
 ...7.....^! 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 Valut. 
 
 
 26.5 
 
 2,24.5 
 
 18 
 
 1 -24, 197 
 
 156. 265 
 
 36,1S4 
 
 25 
 
 3, 1.51 
 
 $28, 000 
 
 105, 565 
 
 243 
 
 240, 559 
 
 63, 9.56 
 
 463, 766 
 
 2,. 500 
 
 73, 000 
 
 
 ■1,2.11 $104,605 
 
 Lithogmphit' stoiu- 
 
 Mangtinese ore. 
 
 1 16,477 1 177,811 
 12,439 1 12,741 
 :i.=>,479 1 360,K,S.5 
 
 Marl . 
 
 Mineral pigments, t-nnii' 
 
 OzoctTite 
 
 All other Diinoraln- 
 
 440 14,617 
 
 1 Long tons. 
 
 - Includes chrome ore, nickel nnd cobalt, and rutile. 
 
 There was no production of antimony in 1902 from 
 domestic antimony ores, the entire product lieing ob- 
 tained from the smelting of donu\stic hard lead ores, or 
 from imported i-egulus or metal, and tuitimony ores. 
 Antimony has not yet been uncovered in any of the 
 .states in sufficient ([uaiitity for development. The 
 known deposits of the mineral are associated with other 
 metals fliut so predominate as to prohibit the exploita- 
 tion of antinionv as such. 
 
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS. 
 
 39 
 
 While lliere was a slight decrease in the vahie of 
 corundum and emery produced in 1!»()'2 as compared 
 with 1889, a gi-eat increase occurred in the tonnai^^^e. 
 The averaye price per ton of the product diKu-eased 
 during- the period of thirteen years nearly one-half. 
 The manufacture of an artificial a})rasive as a substi- 
 tute for corundum and emery has had its cticct upon 
 the value of the natural matcu-ial. 
 
 There was no production of lithographic stone in the 
 United States during li»02, no beds having been found 
 that furnished stone of suiticient i)urity or adeipiate 
 iiize. The substitution of plates of zinc and other 
 metals, and the importation of lithographic stone, prin- 
 cipally from Bavaria, satisfied the demand. 
 
 The deposits of manganese ore found in th(^ United 
 States are combined with siliceous and phosphorous 
 substances to such an extent that the production can not 
 compete with the foreign ore. Moreover, the deposits 
 are located in isolated places, where transi)ortation 
 facilities are inadequate. These disadvantages have 
 resulted iu a decrease in the pi-oduction of domestic 
 manganese ore as compared with the production of 
 1889, although the product in 190ii was the largest 
 since 1891. 
 
 The decrease in the production of marl is due to the 
 greater substitution since 1889 of fertilizers made of 
 phosphate rock and other materials. About two-thirds 
 of the production of 1903 was obtained from New Jer- 
 sey and was consumed locally. 
 
 The indicated decrease in the production and value 
 of crude mineral pigments is more apparent than real. 
 The statistics for 1902 are to a considerable extent for 
 the crude product, while the production shown for 1889 
 included the value of large quantities of refined material 
 or manufactured paint. As a matter of fact, the mining 
 of mineral pigments is progressing steadily. 
 
 Ozocerite (native paraffin), or a mineral closely related 
 to it, was reported some years ago to have been found 
 in Utah, but according to the report it could not be 
 produced continuousl_v in commercial quantities because 
 it could not compete with the ozocerite imported from 
 Austria. This Utah ozocerite constituted the produc- 
 tion reported in 1889. It is said now to be exhausted. 
 '"Immense quantities are extracted from the crude 
 petroleum found in the Pennsylvania and Lima (Ohio) 
 fields." ' This, as paraffin wax, is included in the prod- 
 ucts of petroleum refining. 
 
 The group of "all other minerals" shown in the above 
 statement, includes chrome ore, nickel and cobalt, and 
 rutile, but as there were only two operators i-eported 
 for nickel and cobalt and one each for chrome ore and 
 rutile, the production of the different minerals can not 
 be shown without disclosing the operations of individ- 
 ual operators. All of these minerals show a decrease 
 when compared with the production of 1889. Many 
 
 ' United States Geological Survey, 
 United States," 1902, page 596. 
 
 "jMineral Resources of the 
 
 deposits of chrome ore can not be mined on account of 
 the low price at which the foreign ore is imported. 
 There ai'e oid\' a few nickel ore deposits in the Ignited 
 States, and these can not be worked to advantage at 
 the prices prevailing for refined nickel, and in competi- 
 tion with the more proHtal)]y worked nickel oi'e de- 
 posits of Canada. Co})alt is closely associated with 
 the nicU'el in the ores fi'om which these metals are 
 obtained. A small production of rutih; satisfies the 
 demand. The quantity has inci'eascd, Init there has been 
 a large falling off in the value of the total product 
 mined. 
 
 Earh/ (Iri^'htpuient. — Mining was not an impoi'tant 
 feature of the early development of the United States, 
 and until comparatively recent years information con- 
 cerning the mineral products of the country was verj' 
 meager. Agriculture was the predominating industry 
 of the entire covintry at the opening of the nineteenth 
 century; later, manufactures received greatest atten- 
 tion in the Northern and agriculture in the Southern and 
 Western states. Numerous exploring expeditions were 
 conducted during the eaily history of the country for 
 the purpose of locating mineral deposits. Reference 
 is made in the reports of these expeditions, to the min- 
 eral deposits in the region of the Great Lakes and the 
 jNlississippi valley. " During the eighteenth century a 
 number of mining operations wei'e undertaken and 
 cai'ried on in different parts of the country, ajiparently 
 with l)ut little sui'cess."- 
 
 Tbe history of coal mining in the United States 
 affords a good illustration of the general development 
 of the mining industry. In 1820 the first cargo of 
 anthracite coal was sent to Philadelphia. The annual 
 consumption of all coal in 1817 has been estimated at 
 3,0(»0,00O tons;' in 1902 the production of anthracite 
 coal amounted to 11.370,595 short tons and the produc- 
 tion of bituminous coal to 260,216,81:1 short tons, making 
 the total production 301,590.139 short tons. 
 
 The smelting of iron ore appears to have been carried 
 on to some extent in Massachusetts as early as 1702.' 
 The production of iron ore in 1810 has been estimated at 
 more than 300,000 tons, and the production of pig ii'on 
 from the ore in Pennsylvania amounted to 98.395 tons.' 
 The Lake Superior region was opened in 1811 and 
 about S(,»0 tons of blooms were shijjped from the region 
 in 1853."' In 1902 the production of iron ore in Penn- 
 sylvania amoimted to 822,932 long tons and in the Lake 
 Superior region to 26,977,101 long tons, the production 
 of the two districts amounting to 27,800,336 long tons, 
 or 78.2 per cent of the 35,567,110 long tons reported 
 for the United States. 
 
 EarU in the nineteenth century gold was mined to 
 some extent in North Carolina, and for a numl)er of 
 
 2 The Metallic Wealth of the United States, by J. D. Whitney, 
 page xxiii. 
 'Ibi.l., i)age 4ii0. 
 *U)id., jiages 472 and 487. 
 '" 1 1 lid., page 47S. 
 
40 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 rears following 1829 considerable quantities were pro- 
 duced throughout the Southern states. But few at- 
 tempts at regular mining were made prior to 183-1-.' 
 The discovery of gold deposits in California in 1848 
 gave an impetus not only to the search for precious 
 metals, but also to mining enterprises of all kinds 
 throughout the country.' The production of domestic 
 gold in 1853 deposited at the United States Mint and 
 its branches was valued at $55,622,051, $55,113,487 of 
 which value was obtained from California.' The pro- 
 duction for 1902, as reported by the Director of the 
 Mint, was valued at $80,000,000. 
 
 Operations in the copper region of Lake Superior 
 began as early as 1771, but particular attention was not 
 directed to that field until 1844.* Its production of 
 pure copper for 1854 has been estimated at 2,000 tons.'' 
 The production of the same region in 1902 was 
 171,102,065 pounds, or 26.8 per cent of the 639,033,392 
 pounds reported for the United States. 
 
 Mining in the Missouri lead field appears to have 
 begun as early as 1720, but was not followed in a regu- 
 lar manner until 1798. By act of Congress of March 
 3, 1807, all the government lands containing lead were 
 ordered to be withheld from sale, and leases were 
 authorized instead. The issuing of leases began in 
 1822. After 1834 smelters and miners refused to make 
 pa3'ments because of the great number of illegal entries 
 of mineral land, and in 1847 Congress authorized the 
 Land Office to sell the lands outright. In 1839 a geo- 
 logical survey of the lead region of the upper Mississippi 
 valley was authorized bj' Congress. In l.slo the pro- 
 duction of the upper Mississippi and Missouri regions 
 was estimated at 14,780 tons." In 1902 these regions 
 produced 131,606 tons. The greater part of the lead 
 product of the United States in 1902 was obtained from 
 argentiferous ores. The history and occurrence of the 
 various minerals in the ditt'crent states are referred to 
 in the discussion of the statistics for each state, on 
 pages 163 to 346. 
 
 The importance of the mining industries is due not 
 onl}' to the magnitude of the aggregate production, but 
 also to the great number of ditferent minerals mined 
 and the numerous uses to whicli they are applied. The 
 development of these industries lias occui'rcd \'ery 
 largely since 1880, as manjr of the minerals eiuunerated 
 in this report were not mined in commercial cjuantities 
 before that year. Exclusi\'e of coal, pig iron, copper, 
 lead, petroleum and natural gas, stone, (|uicksilver, 
 limestone for iron flux, zinc, and the pr(_'ciuus met- 
 als, the mineral products of the country in 1880, as 
 reported by the (Geological Sui'\'ey, w(M-e valued at only 
 $37,567,133. The corresponding value f(jr l'M}-j, was 
 
 $82,395,444— an increase of $44,828,311, or 119.3 per 
 cent. The existing diversity of metals is largely the 
 result of processes applied to the reduction of the 
 minor metalliferous minerals; while the great absolute 
 increase in quantity and value of mining products, in 
 number of people employed and in yearly wages paid, 
 is due mainly to the development of the major min- 
 erals, the great variety of uses to which the minor ores 
 and the metals derived from them can be put has fur- 
 nished a constant incentive to increase their production. 
 
 Table 8 presents statistics for 52 classifications of 
 minerals. From these, however, there are obtained a 
 large number of metals and other substances, each distinct 
 in character, as the result of processes applied directly to 
 the mineral or ore. There are also a nuiltitude of other 
 substances obtained by their use as bases for chemical 
 combinations and manufacturing processes. 
 
 The organization of the United States Geological 
 Survey in 1879 was the first step in the scientific inves- 
 tigation of the mineral deposits of the country as a 
 whole. The general desire for information concerning 
 the mineral resources of the country has been satisfied 
 in part by systematic geological investigations in sev- 
 eral of the states, beginning as early as 1823. At a 
 still earlier period investigations were carried on by 
 private enterprise, generally limited to minerals of 
 well-known market value, such as iron, gold, silver, 
 copper, and coal. The need for information concern- 
 ing the location, character, and extent of the deposits 
 of these minerals was fully appreciated liy the organ- 
 izers of the Geological Survey, and it is evident from 
 the estimate submitted to Congress for the work of 
 the office for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1881 — the 
 second 3'ear of the Survey's existence — that exhaustive 
 preparations were made for the collection of informa- 
 tion conceiTiing all classes of minerals and the geolog- 
 ical structure of the entire countrv.' 
 
 • The Metallic Wealth of the United States, by J. I). Whitney 
 pases xxiv and xxv. 
 '' Ibid., pages xxvi and 13.5. 
 ^ Ibid., pajje 145. 
 1 Ibid., pages 247, 249, and 805. 
 =>Ibid., ]iages247, 249, a?id 421. 
 'Ubid., pages 495, 417, and 421. 
 
 'Ktliiiialex iif iijiprojii'ialioiu I'lyjiiim! for tlie xeriire of tlie Jhcal year 
 ending June 30, ISSl. 
 
 Geiiliigical survey of iron and coal resourres of public 
 
 donjain 
 
 Extei'ding observations on coal ami iron into olil states. - 
 Survey of agricultural geology on public lands of Missis- 
 sippi basin _ 
 
 Exteiidin'j; observations on agricultural geology intn old 
 
 stat(. s 
 
 (leological survey of golil and silver in division of Kocky 
 
 mountains ". 
 
 • ieoliigical survey of gold anil siUer in division of (Jreat 
 
 basi n 
 
 Geological survey nf gold an<l silver in division of Pacific. 
 Survey of geological struc'ture an<l clas.^itication of public 
 
 lands in Mississippi Ijasin 
 
 Survey of geological structure and classific'ation of public 
 
 lands in KocUy mountains 
 
 Survey of geological structure ami classification of pulilic 
 
 lands in Colorado basin 
 
 Survey of geological structure anil i lassitication of jmblic 
 
 lands in (4reat basin 
 
 Survey of geological structure and classiticatinn nl jiublic 
 
 lands in [division of] Pacific 
 
 [Executive Documents, Kurtv-sixtli Congress, second 
 1S7<I-S(1, Vol. 1.5, Nn. 5, page 174.] 
 
 §30, 
 20, 
 
 000 
 000 
 
 25 
 
 000 
 
 10 
 
 000 
 
 .'15 
 
 000 
 
 35 
 35 
 
 (100 
 000 
 
 25 
 
 000 
 
 30 
 
 000 
 
 40 
 
 000 
 
 30 
 
 000 
 
 li'l 
 
 000 
 
 340 
 
 000 
 
 session, 
 
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF IIESULTS. 
 
 41 
 
 Banl' of the United States In mining. — The United 
 iStates hold.s first place in the production of most of tlie 
 minerals and it is preeminent in the production of fixe 
 of the great minerals that are the basis of manufac- 
 tures — i. e., coal, iron, copper, lead, and gold. In the 
 production of silver it is outranked by Mexico only. 
 The quantities of these minerals, as far as they can be 
 ascertained, for the principal producing countries, are 
 given in the following table: 
 
 Table 3. — I'roducllon of coal, iron ore, copper, lead, gold, and silver 
 in the principal producing countries: 190S. 
 
 COLN'TRY. 
 
 Coal (short 
 tons) . 
 
 Iron ore 
 (long tons). 
 
 Copper, 
 
 retined i 
 
 (long 
 
 tons). 
 
 Lead, 
 
 smelted^ 
 (stiort 
 tons). 
 
 GolJHflne 
 ounces). 
 
 Silver a 
 
 (tine 
 ounces). 
 
 United Stntes-. 
 Africa 
 
 301,590,439 
 
 35, 667, 410 
 
 294, 423 
 
 377, 061 
 
 3, 870, 000 
 1,887,773 
 3, 416, 002 
 
 55, 500, 000 
 
 Australia 
 
 
 
 18, 2,84 
 
 99, 207 
 
 8, 026, 037 
 
 
 H5, 417, 959 
 ■124,485,842 
 
 » 3, 395, '270 
 
 Belgium 
 
 
 
 
 
 Btilivia 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 99'' 641 
 
 Canada 
 
 Chile 
 
 
 
 17,486 
 '28, 930 
 
 
 1,003,355 
 
 4, 303, 774 
 
 France 
 
 83, 286, 146 
 165, 826, 496 
 ■2,54,346,447 
 
 14, '715, 021 
 '17,679,707 
 n2, '275, 198 
 
 
 
 
 
 21,605 
 
 154, 653 
 29, 872 
 '29, 101 
 
 
 5, 7'22 641 
 
 Great Britain, . 
 
 
 
 Italy 
 
 
 
 
 .lapan 
 
 
 
 29, 775 
 40,785 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i)2,435 
 
 
 
 Peru 
 
 
 
 4 '^64 6^S 
 
 
 < 17, 934, 201 
 
 ■15,905,179 
 
 17,781,666 
 
 2, 850, 839 
 
 
 
 1,090.0.53 
 
 
 Spain 
 
 "49,790 
 
 189,816 
 
 3 700 189 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Circular of Henry R. Morton & Co. (Limited), cited in report of the United 
 States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United States," 1902 pages 
 198 and 199. 
 
 ■•i " Comparative Statistics of Lead, Copper, etc.," compiled by the Metallge- 
 sellschaft and Metallurgische Gesellschaft, A.-G., Frankfort-on'-thc-Main, 1903, 
 page 2, except for the United States, which is from the United States Geological 
 Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United States," 1902. 
 
 3 Treasury Annual Reports, 1903; " Production of the Precious Metals," 1902, 
 page 351. 
 
 1 Statistics for 1901, those for iron ore in Russia estimated. 
 
 ''Includes Bosnia and Herzegovina. 
 
 ''Includes Luxemburg, in Belgium. 
 
 ^ Estimated as being equal to the amount of silver coined and exported: coin 
 exports omitted. 
 
 *^ Includes Portugal. 
 
 The position of the United States as the nation of 
 first importance in the principal mining industries is so 
 evident from an examination of Table 3 that further 
 illustration is unnecessary. This position is due to the 
 development of the vast mineral deposits in the United 
 States, many of them practically unlimited; to im- 
 proved mining methods and machinery; to the devel- 
 opment and improvement of transiwrtation facilities; 
 and to the stimulus given the mining and quarrying 
 industry by the increase of manufacturing and building 
 in the country during the past twenty-five years. If a 
 country be regarded as having natural resources of a 
 given extent and character, it follows that an increase 
 in the annual production of minerals in the countrv must 
 result from one or both of two causes — increase in the 
 number of productive laborers, and improvement of 
 their productive power. Both of these causes liaxe 
 been operative in the United States in :i very high de- 
 gree as a result of the favoring industrial conditions 
 that have obtained during the greater part of the last 
 quarter of a century. 
 
 The use of the steam shovel in open-cut mining, the 
 application of electricity and chemical methods and proc- 
 
 esses to all hranches of mining, and of automatic ma- 
 chinery to the drilling and cutting of the ro(.-k and (jre 
 have been the principal improvements in tlie productive 
 power of labor. Th<; rtites of wages which, as a rule, 
 have prevailed in the mining industries have kept the 
 supply of labor adequate to the demand, and, with a few 
 notable exceptions, due to labor disturl)ances, .strikes, 
 or lockouts, there has been a constant increase in both 
 the productive power and the quantity of labor. 
 
 Except in the case of the leading mintirals enumerated 
 in Table 3, there has been no systematic collection of 
 statistics in all producing countries that would permit 
 an authentic showing of the rank of each in the produc- 
 tion of all cla.sses of minerals. In the absence of such 
 information, the estimates of Mv. Michael (i. Mulhtdl 
 are given as follows: 
 
 In point i)f value no conntry apijr<jache.s the Unite<l fStatej-^, but 
 in weight of mineral (ireat Britain is ahead. It may Ije said, as re- 
 gards weight, that<ireat Britain raises one-third, the United States 
 one-third, and all other natii.>ns collectively one-third of the min- 
 erals of the world. The weight and value of minerals and the 
 nuinlier of miners in 1894 were [value reduced to dollars at $4.80 
 the pound, Mulhall having fixed that rate in reducing the dollars 
 to pounds] : 
 
 COUNTRY. 
 
 Million 
 tons. 
 
 Million' 
 dollars. 
 
 Miners. 
 3,130,000 
 
 Dollars 
 
 per 
 miner. 
 
 Tons 
 
 per 
 
 miner. 
 
 Total. 
 
 746 
 
 1,449 
 
 463 
 
 240 
 
 
 
 
 240 
 230 
 115 
 38 
 r23 
 
 374 
 4.51 
 163 
 
 77 
 384 
 
 840, 000 
 580, 000 
 400,000 
 180, 000 
 1 , 130, 000 
 
 446 
 778 
 408 
 427 
 340 
 
 285 
 
 Unitfd Statfs 
 
 Germany .. 
 
 1400 
 287 
 
 
 210 
 
 
 110 
 
 
 
 ^The exact number of miners is not known, 
 even higher, viz. 440 tons Jter miner. 
 
 * * The rates in 1880 were 
 
 The money value of prf)duct per miner is higher in Great Brit- 
 ain than among other Eurojjean nations, Ijiit is greatly surpassed 
 by the ratio in the United States, perhaps l)ecause in the latter 
 country the difficulties of extraction are less.' 
 
 Mr. Mulhall states further that coal is the great lever 
 of industrial progress and constitutes 7u per cent of the 
 total mineral production of all nations; also that the 
 production litis grown tliirtyfold since ISiiU," the show- 
 ing for the two years for the leading nations being as 
 follows: 
 
 COUNTRY. 
 
 1820 
 
 1894 
 
 TotJil 
 
 17, 200, 000 
 
 .531, 000, 000 
 
 
 Great Britain, tons 
 
 I'nited States, tons 
 
 12, .500. 000 
 .500, 000 
 
 1, .500, 000 
 
 2, 700, 000 
 
 188, 300, 000 
 152,. 500. 000 
 99,000,000 
 91 ''00 000 
 
 
 
 
 The production of coal in the United States in iyti2 
 was 3(d, 690, 4311 short tons, exceeding that of (ireat 
 Britain by 4:7,243,1»H2 tons. In the production of iron 
 
 'Industries and Wealtli n{ Nations, by Michael G. Mulhall, 
 edition of 1896, pages :-!4 and .'>5. 
 Mljid., page :-)0. 
 
42 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 ore Mr. Mulhall uives the rnited States first rank in 
 1894. with a pi-oduction of 17,0(»(»,O(i() tons, as eoiiipared 
 with l;i.J:On,0(Hi tons for Great Britain and Germany, 
 respeetively, whieh shared tlie second place.' He gives 
 the United States the tlurd place in 18H-1- iu the jiroduc- 
 tion of gold, and the second place in th(> production of 
 silver, assigning the first place to .Spanish America, 
 with a production valued at £!>,!)0O,00O, as compared 
 with f6,lOO.oOO for the United States.' The produc- 
 tion of pig iron in the United States in 1901 was 
 15, 87s, 35-4 gi'oss tons, as compared with 7,928.647 gross 
 tons in Great Britain and 7,73H.6t:)3 gross tons in Ger- 
 many, the production of the United States thus exceed- 
 
 ing the combined production of the two countries 
 by 213,044 gross tons. The statistics of 1902 for 
 Great Britain and Germany are not available, 
 and therefore no comparative ligui'es for that year 
 can ])e given. The production of silver in the United 
 States in 1902 was valued at 171,757,600 (coining 
 value), as compared with $108,343,000 for Spanish 
 America. 
 
 Increase kI lice lS<SU.^The following table shows tlie 
 relative increase in population and in value of manu- 
 factures, agricultural pioducts, and minei'al products 
 since 1880. as shown in the Tenth, Eleventh, and 
 Twelfth censuses: 
 
 Table 4.— INCREASE IX I'oPl'LATIOX .VXD IX VAIATE OF ACiRR'lTLTrKAL I'KODrCTS, MAXUEACTUKE.s, AXD 
 
 I\riXERAL PRODrCTS: 18S0 TO 1900.' 
 
 
 INipulation. 
 
 j 
 
 Mineral prod- 
 ucts. 
 
 PEK CENT OF INCREASE. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Popula- 
 tion. 
 
 Agricul- 
 turt-. 
 
 Manufac- 
 ture.^i. 
 
 Mining. 
 
 
 76, 149, ;W6 
 62,979,766 
 50, 155, 783 
 
 S), 717, 078, 021 413,014,287,498 
 •2,460,107,4,54 9,372,437,283 
 2,212,540.927 5, 369, .579, 191 
 
 = 87911,819,729 
 410,760,770 
 251,967,0.55 
 
 20.9 
 25. 6 
 
 91.7 
 11. '1 
 
 38.9 
 74.5 
 
 94.0 
 
 1890 
 
 03.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I KxellisiN't r.f Plawaii. 
 
 - Frir tlie calendar year 1902 
 
 While the comparison of the population and of manu- 
 factures and agriculture in Table 4 is limited to twenty 
 j'ears and of mining industries to twenty-three years, 
 it covers a period that has lieen ((uite remarkable for 
 the development of the mining industries. The value 
 of the mineral products increased for the whole period 
 216.2 per cent, as compared with an increase of 51.8 
 percent for population, 142.4 per centfor manufactures, 
 and 113.2 per cent for agriculture. In 1880 foi- every 
 dollar of mineral products there were S21 of manufac- 
 tures and S9 of agricultural products. In l'.)oo the 
 ratios were $16 and S6 for manufactures and agricul- 
 ture, respectively, to $1 for uiineral products. In 1880 
 the per capita values of the products of manufactures, 
 agriculture, and mining were $lo7, $44, and $5, respec- 
 tively. By 19(M) thes(.' values had increased to $171, 
 $62, and $10, respectively. 
 
 In the absence of annual census data, yearly totals, 
 as compiled liv the I'nited .States Geological Snr\'ev, 
 ai'e presented in Table 5, to show the annual gi'owth 
 of the various industries. These totals include value 
 of product for salt, pig iron, bromine, rdined gold 
 and silver, zinc white, and other manufactured prod- 
 ucts not taken at the census of 1902, as well as minei-al 
 waters which are not the product of I'cgular mining 
 operations as defined b}' the Bureau of the Census. 
 
 Tarle o.—Muit-ral jirnihirix: 1S9.' to ni03. 
 [United Slatt'S (Jeolot^iciil Survey, "Mineral Resonrce.s of the United States."] 
 
 Value oi 
 metallic 
 products. 
 
 Estimated 
 value of 
 mineral 
 prnduct.H 
 
 unspecified. 
 
 ' Iiidastries anil Wealtli of XatioiiH 
 edition of 1896, page 3.5. 
 '' Ibid., page 36. 
 
 I.v .Mii-hacl (r. .Miilhall, 
 
 fl, 000, (too 
 1 , 000, 000 
 1,000,(00 
 1,000, UOO 
 1,000,000 
 1,000,0011 
 
 1,000, otto 
 
 1 , 000, 000 
 1,000,000 
 1 , 000, 01 
 1,000,000 
 
 ^Vith the exception of th(^ two years from the close 
 of 18112 to the clo.se of 1894, there has been a yearly 
 increase in the \alue of product. The average annual 
 increase during the past eight years has been $91,695,017. 
 It will be noted thtit the production for 1902 exceeds by 
 $463,812,998 the $796,826,417 reported by the census 
 as the value of the prodiu-ts of mines, tjuarries, and pe- 
 troleum and natural-gas wells. This excess is explained 
 aluKjst entirely by the diti'erence between the value of 
 the crude ore and the value of the metals smelted and 
 refined from them, such as iron, gold and silver, copper, 
 and lead and zinc. Thus, the t)re classed as copper ore 
 by the census metiiod was valued at $51,178,036. while 
 the \ahir of the refined co])per contents of tdl ores as 
 reported bv the Sur\-e\' was $76,568,954. Again, the 
 
DIAGRAM I.— VALUE OF PRODUCTS OF PRINCIPAL MINERALS AND PROPORTION EACH BEARS TO TOTAL: 
 
 1902. 
 
 ALL MINERALS 
 
 COAL, BITUMINOUS 
 GOLD AND SILVER 
 COAL, ANTHRACITE 
 PETROLE,UM 
 IRON ORE 
 COPPER 
 ALL OTHERS 
 
 leO 240 
 
 MILLIONS OF DOLLARS 
 320 400 4SO Se 
 
 640 720 
 
 Zb 
 
 COAL, BITUMINOUS 
 
 COAL, ANTHRACITE 
 
 GOLD AND SILVER 
 
 PETROLEUM 
 
 IRON ORE 
 
 COPPER ORE 
 
 100 
 
 ALL OTHERS 
 
44 
 
 MINES AND QUARKIKS. 
 
 value of the gold and silver as reported by the Bureau 
 of the Census was SS2,4S'-!,(i5i! at the. mine, th(>se fig-ures 
 being exclusive of Alasl-;a; liut the coining \-ulue of the 
 gold and silver reported by thi^ Survey amounted to 
 $151,757,575, and, in addition, platinum to the \-alue of 
 $1,814 was obtained. The Bureau of the CN^nsus re- 
 ported iron ore valued at §(I5,4-H5,321; the Survey placed 
 in its totals for mineral products the value of the pig 
 iron made in 11H.)2, §37;^, 775, (HJU. The lead and zinc 
 ores were valued by the Bureau of the Census at 
 ^14,600,177; the value of the refined metal was reported 
 by the Survey at $36,765,596. These ditfei'(Mices are 
 explained in detail in the report for the several minerals. 
 
 Leadhuj /«;//,^/v^/.s'.— While a great variety of min- 
 erals are "included in the §796,S'if;,4l7 reported a.s the 
 value of tlie mining i)roducts at the Twelfth Census, 
 the production of a few of the leading ones, such as 
 coal, iron, copper, lead and zinc, petroleum and natural 
 gas, and the precious metals, constitutes a large per- 
 centage of the total, and the great growth in the min- 
 ing of these has been the ])rincipal cause of the increase 
 in the number of people employed and in the value of 
 products. The comparative importance of the princi- 
 pal minerals, as determined l)y the percentage that the 
 totals for each form of the aggregates for the United 
 States, is shown in the following table: 
 
 Table <>.— SUMMARY FOIi LEADING MINERALS, AND I'ERCENTAUE EACH FOIiMED OF TOTAL; 1902. 
 
 Niinilier of 
 
 iiiiiK^s. NunibLTof 
 ijiuirries, ojieratnrs. 
 und WL'lls. 
 
 All minerals 
 
 l,'il,.'ili; 
 
 Coal, anthracite and bitumino 
 Per cent of total 
 
 Copper ore 
 
 Per cent of total 
 
 Gi-ikl and silver 
 
 Per cent of total 
 
 Iron ore. 
 
 Per cent of total 
 
 Lead and 2]nc ore 
 
 Per cent of total 
 
 Petroleum and natural gas . 
 
 Per cent of total 
 
 Stone' . 
 
 Per cent ot total . 
 All other minerals. , , 
 Per cent of total 
 
 1, 986 
 3.9 
 144 
 II 1 
 
 U 4 
 
 I, 7fi4 
 n.s 
 
 , 069 
 U.7 
 
 46, 8.58 
 
 4,628 
 9. 6 
 144 
 11 3 
 
 2, 992 
 6.4 
 332 
 U. 7 
 
 1.2 
 
 31,4«9 
 
 67. 2 
 
 .5, 471) 
 
 11.7 
 
 1,346 
 
 2.9 
 
 WAOE-KAKNERS. 
 
 .\verage 
 number. 
 
 581,728 
 
 350, 329 
 
 60.2 
 26, 0U7 
 
 4.,S 
 36,142 
 
 6.2 
 3,s,,s.51 
 
 6.7 
 7, 881 
 
 1.4 
 22,230 
 
 3.8 
 
 71,1.56 
 
 12.2 
 
 29, 132 
 
 .5.0 
 
 Wages. 
 
 8369,959,960 
 
 Supplies and 
 
 materials, anil 
 
 I miscellaneous 
 
 expenses. 
 
 $220,198,401 
 
 .59. 5 
 
 S21,151,405 
 
 5. 7 
 
 .S36, 077. 492 
 
 9.8 
 
 J21 , ,531 , 792 
 
 5.8 
 
 34,329,271 
 
 1.2 
 
 816,178.640 
 
 4.4 
 
 537,51.5,907 
 
 10.1 
 
 312,977,0,52 
 
 3,5 
 
 8195, .586, 6K0 
 
 563,621,400 
 32. 5 
 
 812,480,640 
 6.4 
 
 822,0.57,297 
 11.3 
 
 817,263,322 
 
 84,003,6.58 
 
 2.4 
 
 846,112,7,50 
 
 23. 6 
 
 814,716,601 
 
 7. .5 
 
 814,731,012 
 
 Value of 
 proiluct. 
 
 8796, 826, 417 
 
 8367, 
 8-51, 
 S.S2, 
 865, 
 814, 
 
 8102, 
 870. 
 
 032, 069 
 
 46.1 
 
 178, 036 
 
 6.4 
 
 482.052 
 
 10.4 
 
 465,321 
 
 8,2 
 600, 177 
 
 1,8 
 
 265, 602 
 
 12.8 
 
 462,438 
 
 8.9 
 340, 722 
 
 5.4 
 
 1 Includes limestones and dolomites, marble, sandstones and (]Uartzites, siliceous crystalline n.)cks, slate, and silica ,sand. 
 
 The mining of the seven groups of leading minerals 
 shown separately gave employment to 95 per cent of the 
 wage-earners, and their production formed 94. (I per ci'iit 
 of the total production. 
 
 Less than one-tenth of the mine operators of the 
 countrv were engaged in the production of ores, and 
 their mines gave emploj'iuent to less than one-fourth of 
 the wage-earners, the value of their product being less 
 than one-third of the total value of products. 
 
 To assist in a further analysis of the totals, and to 
 show the concentration in certain lines of prodiictinn, 
 the statistics have been grouped according to the char- 
 acter of the minerals and of the metals obtained fi<im 
 the ore or the uses made of them. The classifica- 
 tion of this character, made in tliti annual repoi'ts of 
 the Geological Survey on the mineral resources of the 
 United States, has, for the purpose of uniformity, been 
 adopted by the Bureau of the Census. 
 
 A comparatively small proportion of the mineral 
 products of the country can be classed as metalliferous, 
 much the larger proportion consisting of coal, petroleum, 
 natural gas, stone, borax, gypsum, phosphate I'ock.and 
 other substances not of a metallic nature. In the fol- 
 lowing table the statistics are segregated so as to show 
 the totals for metallic and nonmetallic substances: 
 
 Table 7. — ^niiiiiiurii fi'r iiii'liillic uml iiniuiii'tallir pnjdiicis: IHOJ. 
 
 Number of mines 
 
 Number ttf oynua tor- 
 
 Salaricil otliiuals, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 \ViiKc-i.'arners: 
 
 .Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Misccllaru'oiis ex[icnscs 
 
 Cost fif sufiplies and nuiterial: 
 Value of product 
 
 151, 
 46, 
 
 38, 
 839, 020, 
 
 ,581 , 
 
 S:)69, 1.1.59, 
 
 320, 677, 
 
 871,771, 
 
 8123,814, 
 
 8796, 826, 
 
 Metallic 
 
 4,280 
 4,081 
 
 8,138 
 ,948, 335 
 
 110,404 
 046. 224 
 371,921 
 168, 321 
 639, 703 
 4,53,, 587 
 
 884, 
 81, 
 $17, 
 839, 
 8'215, 
 
 Nonmetallic. 
 
 829, 
 
 $285, 
 819, 
 3,54, 
 584, 
 
 8.581 
 
 29, 990 
 072,217 
 
 471,324 
 913,736 
 306,017 
 603, 392 
 175,264 
 372, 830 
 
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS. 45 
 
 Table S.— SUMMARY FOR MINERALS (ikOdl'EI) A(!OORI)IN(i TO CHARACTER OF ORES AND USES: 1902. 
 
 MINEKAJ.S HY liKOirp. 
 
 Melallic 
 
 Oipper ore 
 
 Gold ami silver 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 Lend and zinc <i 
 Manganese ore 
 Quielisilver 
 
 Fuels 
 
 Structural material? 
 
 Cement 
 
 Clay 
 
 Limestones and dolomites. 
 
 ^larble 
 
 Sandstones and quartzites. 
 Silieeous crystalline rocks. 
 Slate 
 
 Abrasive materials 
 
 Bulirstoncs and millstones 
 
 Corundum and emery 
 
 Crystalline quartz ..." 
 
 Garnet 
 
 Grindstones and pulpstones 
 
 Infusorial earth, tripoli, and pumice 
 
 Oilstones, whetstones, and scythestones . 
 
 Cliemical materials. 
 
 Borax 
 
 Fluorspar 
 
 Gypsum 
 
 Phosphate rock 
 
 Sulphur and pyrite. 
 
 Pigments 
 
 Barytes 
 
 Mineral pigments, crude. 
 
 Miscellaneous . 
 
 Asbestos 
 
 Asphaltum and bituminous rock. 
 
 Bau.xite 
 
 Feldspar 
 
 Flint 
 
 Fuller's earth 
 
 Graphite 
 
 Lithium ore 
 
 Marl 
 
 Mica 
 
 Monazite 
 
 Precious stones 
 
 Silica sand 
 
 Talc and soapstone 
 
 Tungsten 
 
 Uranium and vanadium 
 
 All other minerals ^ 
 
 Num])cr 
 
 i! mines, 
 imirries, 
 and I 
 wells. 
 
 l.il,.510 
 
 4,280 
 
 14.1 
 
 2, 992 
 
 ft.i'.t 
 19 
 41 
 
 Num. 
 ber of 
 opera- 
 tors. 
 
 4C., 8.=i8 
 
 144 
 
 ,992 
 332 
 
 19 
 
 110, 4lW 311,017 
 
 Coal, anlliracite i 334 
 
 Coal, bituminous ,5, (i.^2 
 
 Natural gas l.=t,80ft 
 
 l^etroleura ' lis,(i71 
 
 C.oil 
 
 101 
 20.=. 
 
 3, 24B 
 ,S3 
 
 1,304 
 900 
 199 
 
 ll.i 
 23 
 
 119 
 4,409 
 1,967 
 29,.S22 
 
 5,746 
 
 93 
 
 203 
 
 3,137 
 
 7.T 
 
 1,211 
 8.53 
 174 
 
 29 
 5 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 18 
 45 
 
 3.5 
 
 688 
 
 17 
 4 
 
 19 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 38 
 
 460 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 4 
 
 S.\L.\RIED OFFIOIAI-S, 
 CLBRKS, BTC. 
 
 Nnnil) 
 
 839, 020, 562 
 
 8,138 
 
 1 , 208 
 3, 480 
 
 2, 405 
 910 
 
 18 
 
 22, 3K3 
 
 3,014 
 14,413 
 1,923 
 3,033 
 
 6, 342 
 
 913 
 185 
 
 2,231 
 3.52 
 847 
 
 1,377 
 437 
 
 U 
 
 42 
 
 219 
 
 391 
 
 54 
 
 ',948,335 
 
 1,768,4.56 
 5, 076, 773 
 2,113,230 
 
 826. 327 
 9, 395 
 
 1.54,151 
 
 22, 216, 322 
 
 2, 907, 293 
 
 14, .511, 924 
 
 1,810,337 
 
 2,986,768 
 
 5,699,130 
 
 1,087,514 
 ■ 150, 505 
 
 1,843,747 
 341,021 
 713, .579 
 
 1,227,885 
 334,. S79 
 
 48, 008 
 
 4,6.82 
 5, 960 
 6,030 
 9,178 
 13,042 
 4,016 
 5,100 
 
 750, 953 
 
 1S,12S 
 
 27,31] 
 
 300, 420 
 
 355, 2U4 
 
 49, 890 
 
 68, 752 
 
 63 
 349 
 
 15, 159 
 53, 593 
 
 7 
 
 2,628 
 
 52 
 
 48, 233 
 
 42 
 
 83, 230 
 
 27 
 
 20, 095 
 
 18 
 
 14,330 
 
 14 
 
 10,000 
 
 27 
 
 18,924 
 
 1 
 
 600 
 
 2 
 
 2,100 
 
 21 
 
 13,444 
 
 3 
 
 2,100 
 
 .->■! 
 
 28, 687 
 
 35 
 
 27, 228 
 
 75 
 
 63,713 
 
 2 
 
 3,. 500 
 
 1 
 
 210 
 
 WAGE-EARNERS. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 581,728 
 
 8369, 959, 960 
 
 110,404 
 
 26,007 
 36,112 
 38, 8.51 
 
 7,881 
 194 
 
 1,329 
 
 372,. 5.59 
 
 Wages. 
 
 820, 677, 938 
 
 84,046,224 
 
 21,1,51,405 
 36, 077, 492 
 21,. 531, 792 
 4,329,271 
 74,924 
 881 , 340 
 
 236,377,041 
 
 69, 691 
 
 280, 638 
 
 4,678 
 
 17, .5.52 
 
 38,716,113 
 
 181,482,288 
 
 2,936,279 
 
 13, 242,. 361 
 
 86,295 I 44, 6.54, .537 
 
 13, 041 
 2,433 j 
 
 31,. 547 I 
 4,070 i 
 
 10,448 
 
 18,836 
 6,920 
 
 610 
 
 6,328,852 
 
 958, 892 
 
 14,7.50,638 
 
 2,212,640 
 
 6,1.53,060 
 11,072,996 
 
 3,177,469 
 
 296,914 
 
 Contract 
 work. 
 
 871,771,713 
 
 1,371,921 
 
 188, 768 
 626, 090 
 425, 292 
 108, 607 
 
 23, 164 
 19,060,167 
 
 Miscella- 
 neous ex- 
 penses. 
 
 17, 168, 321 
 
 1,, 397, 465 
 6, 367, .529 
 8,2.57,714 
 2, 092, 001 
 3,846 
 69, 767 
 
 47,805,681 
 
 406, 421 
 1,244,111 
 4, 459, 001 
 12, 956, 631 
 
 60,749 
 
 10, 627 
 13,241 
 3;, 381 
 
 9, 307, 239 
 16,774,4.69 
 
 5, 912, 267 
 15,811,726 
 
 6,7.50,482 
 
 86 
 47 
 29 
 118 
 210 
 35 
 85 
 
 8, 835 
 
 39, 662 
 32,871 
 13, .692 
 89. 632 
 99, 59.S 
 13,682 
 37, 977 
 
 3,313,088 
 
 153 
 
 269 
 
 1,472 
 
 5, 971 
 
 970 
 
 692 
 
 336 
 266 
 
 114,865 
 110, 002 
 759, 2.58 
 1,930,093 
 398, 870 
 
 236, 372 
 
 130, 286 
 106, 087 
 
 2,433 i 1,035,784 
 
 23 
 166 
 1.50 
 2,52 
 119 
 114 
 164 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 98 
 
 88 
 108 
 335 
 771 
 
 19 ! 
 15 
 
 8, 2.50 
 79, 670 
 .59. 763 
 107,444 
 47, 4.54 
 33, 775 
 76, 729 
 
 3,744 
 
 4,769 
 44,043 
 25,318 
 88,017 
 149,114 
 279,083 
 
 1,260 
 17, 040 
 10,411 
 
 300 
 
 406 
 
 1.57,402 
 
 3,. 587 
 
 1,000 
 1,000 
 
 16, 406 
 
 1,665, .520 
 126, 873 
 
 1, 440, 081 
 3,S2, 877 
 878, 780 
 810, 206 
 446,146' 
 
 42, 410 
 
 1,480 
 2, 779 
 1,9.50 
 4,9.52 
 24, 433 
 2, 263 
 4,. 5.53 
 
 741,. 570 
 
 47, 606 
 
 23, 602 
 
 •200, 769 
 
 430,475 
 
 39,118 
 
 60, 448 
 
 35, 656 
 24,893 
 
 '202,801 
 
 Cost of snr 
 plies and 
 nniterials. 
 
 8123,814,967 
 
 ,703 
 
 11,083,176 
 16,699,768 
 9, 005, 608 
 2,611,6.57 
 17, '228 
 3'22, 267 
 
 61,9-28,469 
 
 12, 740, 780 
 
 24,798,922 
 
 6, 607, 265 
 
 17,781,612 
 
 20, 072, 399 
 
 Value of 
 j.roduct. 
 
 8796, 826, 417 
 
 215,453,587 
 
 .51,178,036 
 82, 482, 0.52 
 05, 466, 321 
 14,600,177 
 177,911 
 1 , 550, 090 
 
 469, 297, 671 
 
 76,173,686 
 
 290, 858, 483 
 
 30, 867, 863 
 
 71,397,739 
 
 96, 370, .569 
 
 9,098,2-26 
 272, 823 
 
 5, 403, 912 
 825, 8'22 
 
 1, '298, 190 
 
 2, 493, 065 
 680, 361 
 
 80, 309 
 
 1,.809 
 ■26,114 
 9,50 
 10,128 
 31,349 
 2, '297 
 7, 662 
 
 24,'2fj8,338 
 
 2,061 
 
 072 
 
 30, 441 
 
 801 
 
 6, 044 
 
 182 
 
 10,601 
 
 171 
 
 18, '2.57 
 
 944 
 
 6, 696 
 
 051 
 
 1,177 
 
 711 
 
 .59.808 
 
 104 
 
 606 
 
 43 
 
 0.S5 
 
 132 
 
 ,820 
 
 667 
 
 431 
 
 213, .538 
 31,374 
 341,760 
 799, 414 
 217,262 
 
 65,845 
 
 .55, 994 
 113,968 
 
 10.618,669 
 
 2,383,614 
 
 275, 682 
 
 2,089,341 
 
 4, 922, 943 
 
 947,069 
 
 .564, 039 
 
 7,772 
 68,073 
 
 424, 894 
 
 203,1.54 
 360, 88.5 
 
 1,344,1.81 
 
 10,060 
 .500 
 
 4,021 
 900 
 
 825 
 
 1 , 7.58 
 
 19,7.53 
 
 14,939 
 
 19,407 
 
 14,291 
 
 2, 067 
 
 6, 039 
 
 200 
 
 1,407 
 
 12, 914 
 
 2,083 
 
 7,481 
 
 18,776 
 
 80,136 
 
 1'20 
 
 490 
 
 960 
 
 8, 233 
 21,9'28 
 40,019 
 ,50, 278 
 18,642 
 •28, 966 
 61,840 
 
 1,265 
 
 2, 7.56 
 11,961 
 
 2.56 
 
 17,781 
 
 38,386 
 
 1-25,932 
 
 210 
 
 3,010 
 
 3, 432 
 
 • 46,200 
 236, 728 
 128, 206 
 260, 424 
 144,-209 
 98,144 
 2-27,508 
 25, 750 
 12,741 
 118,849 
 64, 160 
 328, 4.50 
 421,289 
 1,138,167 
 6, 975 
 48, 1-25 
 49, 2,56 
 
 1 Includes operators as follows: Chrome ore, 1: magnesite, 1: m{)lybdeiumr. 1: nickel and cobalt, 2; r\Uilc, 1. 
 
 As elsewhere explained, some of the sulistances in- 
 cluded in the general groups by the Geological Survey 
 are not covered liy the census of mines and quarries. 
 Further, the a.ssignnient of the different minerals to 
 the respective groups should not always lie accepted as 
 an exact segregation. For instance, petroleum is 
 a.ssigned to the group of fuels, ))ut a considerable pro- 
 portion of the refined product is used for other pur- 
 poses. Ill like manner, the group of "structural 
 materials" includes all stone, although some sandstone 
 
 is crushed and used in the puh'crized form in the man- 
 ufacture of glass, and a consideralile amount of lime- 
 stone is used for iron tlux, for the manufacture of lime, 
 and for roadmaking. There is, in fact, hut slight con- 
 nection between the totals for any of the groups other 
 than their general relation to the industrial progress of 
 the country. It is interesting, however, to note the 
 proportion which each of these groups contributes to 
 the gciK'ral totals for all mines and t|uarries. These 
 proportions are shown in Table 9. 
 
DIAGRAM II, -PRODUCTION OF PRINCIPAL MINERALS, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: ,902- 
 
 Production of Bituminous Coal: 1902 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 ILLINOIS 
 
 OHIO 
 
 WEST VIRGINIA 
 
 ALABAMA 
 
 INDIANA 
 
 IOWA 
 
 COLORADO 
 
 KANSAS 
 
 KENTUCKY 
 
 MARYLAND 
 
 TENNESSEE 
 
 MISSOURI 
 
 WYOMING 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 INDIAN TERRITORY 
 
 VIRGINIA 
 
 ARKANSAS 
 
 MONTANA 
 
 UTAH 
 
 MICHIGAN 
 
 NEW MEXICO 
 
 TEXAS 
 
 GEORGIA 
 
 CALIFORNIA 
 
 OREGON 
 
 
 10 
 — = 
 
 30 
 
 -- — 
 
 ^— 1 1 
 
 ILLIONS OF DOLLARS 
 
 60 60 
 
 70 80 
 
 eo 
 
 100 
 
 IZ 
 
 ^^m 
 
 I 
 
 ^^m 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
 Production of Gold and Silver: 
 
 MILLIONS OF DOLLARS 
 B 10 15 20 
 
 1902. 
 
 
 
 COLORADO 
 
 CALIFORNIA 
 
 UTAH 
 
 IDAHO 
 
 SOUTH DAKOTA 
 
 MONTANA 
 
 NEVADA 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^ B 
 
 30 
 
 ^^ 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^H 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 
 H^ 
 
 
 
 ~T 
 
 
 ^Hi 
 
 
 
 ^T 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 
 
 = ^ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ARIZONA 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 OREGON 
 NEW MEXICO 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 GEORGIA 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 WYOMING 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 VIRGINIA 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ALABAMA 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -n 
 
 Production of Petroleum: 1902 
 
 OHIO 
 
 WEST VIRGINIA 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 INDIANA 
 
 CALIFORNIA 
 
 TEXAS 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 COLORADO 
 
 KANSAS 
 
 KENTUCKY 
 
 MICHIGAN 
 
 MINNESOTA 
 
 ALABAMA 
 
 WISCONSIN 
 
 VIRGINIA 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 NEW JERSEY 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 TENNESSEE 
 
 COLORADO 
 
 GEORGIA 
 
 MISSOURI 
 
 MARYLAND 
 
 OHIO 
 
 IILLIONS or DOLLARS 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 ^^* 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ^^^^ 
 
 ^^^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Production of Iron Ore: 1902. 
 
 MONTANA 
 
 MICHIGAN 
 
 ARIZONA 
 
 CALIFORNIA 
 
 UTAH 
 
 NEW MEXICO 
 
 COLORADO 
 
 MILLIONS OF DOLLARS 
 
 Production of Copper Ore; 1902 
 
 IILLIONS OF DOLLAHS 
 
 T r 
 
 1 
 
 Production of Natural Gas: 1902. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 INDIANA 
 
 WEST VIRGINIA 
 
 OHIO 
 
 KANSAS 
 
 KENTUCKY 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 CALIFORNIA 
 
 TEXAS 
 
 SOUTH DAKOTA 
 
 MISSOURI 
 
 ILLINOIS 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 MICHIGAN 
 
 INDIANA 
 
 ILLINOIS 
 
 OHIO 
 
 VIRGINIA 
 
 MARYLAND 
 
 MILLIONS OF DOLLARS 
 
 n 
 
 Production of Cement: 1902. 
 
 O 1 
 
 p 
 
 IILLIONS OF DOLLARS 
 
 ^^^■1^^ 
 
DIAGRAM 11.- 
 
 -PRODUCTION OF PRINCIPAL MINERALS, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1902- 
 
 -Continued. 
 
 Production of Limestones and Dolomites: 1902. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 ILLINOIS 
 
 OHIO 
 
 INDIANA 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 MISSOURI 
 
 WISCONSIN 
 
 MINNESOTA 
 
 ALABAMA 
 
 MAINE 
 
 KANSAS 
 
 MICHIGAN 
 
 IOWA 
 
 WEST VIRGINIA 
 
 KENTUCKY 
 
 VIRGINIA 
 
 CALIFORNIA 
 
 TENNESSEE 
 
 MARYLAND 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS 
 
 TEXAS 
 
 VERMONT 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 CONNECTICUT 
 
 COLORADO 
 
 NEW JERSEY 
 
 UTAH 
 
 ARKANSAS 
 
 GEORGIA 
 
 MONTANA 
 
 SOUTH DAKOTA 
 
 FLORIDA 
 
 OKLAHOMA 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 OREGON 
 
 IDAHO 
 
 WYOMING 
 
 Production of Sandstones and Quartzites: 1902. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 OHIO 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS 
 
 CALIFORNIA 
 
 WEST VIRGINIA 
 
 NEW JERSEY 
 
 COLORADO 
 
 MINNESOTA 
 
 WISCONSIN 
 
 MICHIGAN 
 
 TEXAS 
 
 CONNECTICUT 
 
 KENTUCKY 
 
 SOUTH DAKOTA 
 
 ARIZONA 
 
 KANSAS 
 
 UTAH 
 
 WYOMING 
 
 ARKANSAS 
 
 MONTANA 
 
 MISSOURI 
 
 ALABAMA 
 
 INDIANA 
 
 ILLINOIS 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 MARYLAND 
 
 row A 
 
 IDAHO 
 
 NEW MEXICO 
 
 TENNESSEE 
 
 NEVADA 
 
 n 
 
 Produetion of Marble: 1902. 
 
 VERMONT 
 
 GEORGIA 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 TENNESSEE 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 CALIFORNIA 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 w 
 
 I I I I I 
 
 I I I I 
 
 Production of Clay: 1902. 
 
 NEW JERSEY 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 DELAWARE 
 
 MISSOURI 
 
 SOUTH CAROLIN 
 
 OHIO 
 
 GEORGIA 
 
 COLORADO 
 
 KENTUCKY 
 
 WEST VIRGINIA 
 
 ILLINOIS 
 
 TENNESSEE 
 
 CALIFORNIA 
 
 WISCONSIN 
 
 ALABAMA 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 MARYLAND 
 
 TEXAS 
 
48 
 
 MINES AND gUARRIES. 
 
 Table 1).— PEKCENTAGE EAC^H GROUP OF MINERALS FORMS OF TOTAL: 1902. 
 
 Total 
 
 Metallic 
 
 Fuels 
 
 ■Structural materials 
 Abrasive materials . 
 •Chemical materials 
 
 Pigments 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 
 1 
 
 .SALARIKD OFFI- 
 
 
 
 Number 
 
 
 CIALS, CLERKS, ETC, 
 
 
 
 of mines, 
 
 Number 
 of oper- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 nnd 
 
 wells. 
 
 ators. 
 
 Number, 
 
 Saliiries. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Wages, 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 1 
 100,0 1 
 
 2.8 
 
 8.7 
 
 21,4 
 
 26. .5 
 
 19,0 
 
 22.7 
 
 92,7 
 
 76.9 
 
 .58,7 
 
 56,9 
 
 64,1 
 
 63,9 
 
 4.0 
 
 12.3 
 
 16.6 
 
 14,6 
 
 14,8 
 
 12,0 
 
 0,1 
 
 0,1 
 
 0.2 
 
 0,1 
 
 0,1 
 
 0,1 
 
 0,1 
 
 0.4 
 
 2.0 
 
 1,9 
 
 1,5 
 
 0.9 1 
 
 0.1 
 
 11. 1 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.1 
 
 0.1 
 
 0.2 
 
 1.5 
 
 0.9 
 
 0.8 
 
 0.4 
 
 0,3 
 
 Contract 
 
 work. 
 
 Miscella- 
 neous ex- 
 penses. 
 
 100.0 
 
 6.6 
 92.2 
 0.3 
 
 (') 
 
 100.0 
 
 Cost of 
 
 supplies ; Value of 
 and ma- i product, 
 terials. 
 
 23,9 
 66, 6 
 8,0 
 0,1 
 1,0 
 0,1 
 0, 3 
 
 32.0 
 .50.0 
 16.2 
 0.1 
 1.3 
 0.1 
 0.3 
 
 100.0 
 
 27,0 
 ,58,9 
 12,1 
 0.2 
 1.3 
 0.1 
 0.4 
 
 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 
 
 Fuels are by far the most important group of 
 minerals. Their production g-ave employment to 64.1 
 per cent of the wage-earnert;, and the value of the 
 products belonging to the group formed 58.9 per cent 
 of the total value reported for all minerals. The pro- 
 duction of coal alone gave employment to more than 
 100,000 wage-earners in excess of the number employed 
 in the production of all other minerals combined; the 
 wages paid by operators of coal mines exceeded those 
 paid by all other operators by S70.4.36,s4l': and the 
 value of the annual production of coal was within 
 f6i\ 762,279 of the value of all other minerals. 
 
 The metalliferous minerals rank next in importance. 
 The \'alue of the crude metiillic ])roducts constituted 27 
 per cent of the total value of products, and their pro- 
 duction gave employment to 19 jDer cent of the wage- 
 earners. This group is composed of the various ores 
 and metals enumerated under the term "metallic" in 
 Table 9. Of the.se, iron ore is the most important from 
 the standpoint of ivage-earners, and gold and silver the 
 most important measui-ed by value of products. Of 
 the 110,404 wage-earners reported for the group, 
 38,851, or 35.2 per cent, were employed in the produc- 
 tion of iron ore, and they received §21,531,792, or 25.6 
 per cent of the total wages for the group. The value 
 of the iron ore produced was reported at $65,465,321, 
 or 30.4 per cent of the total for the group. The gold 
 and silver was valued at the mine at $82,482,052, which 
 is 38.3 per cent of the total for the group, exceeding 
 the value of the iron ore by $17,016,731. But on the 
 other hand the number of w'age-earners engag(>d in 
 the production of iron ore exceeded the number for 
 precious metals by v.7(i<.). The wages, however, foi' 
 precious metals exceeded those paid for iron ore by 
 $14,.545,70(). 
 
 iStructural materials ranked third in importance. This 
 group includes marble, granite, and other stones and 
 embraces a great variety of products. The production 
 of structural materials gave employment to 14. M per' 
 <'ent of all wage-earners engaged in the mining indus- 
 tries, and the wages of these employees formed 12 
 
 per cent of the total wages. The value of structural 
 materials quarried amounted to 12. 1 per cent of the total 
 value of the products of all mining operations. 
 
 While the other groups enumerated in Table 9 — ab- 
 rasive materials, chemical materials, pigments, and 
 miscellaneous substances — are important from the stand- 
 point of the variety of their products and the uses made 
 of them, the wage-earners engaged in their production 
 and the value of their products form a very small 
 proportion of the totals for all minei-als. 
 
 Miiiernl proijiicfs Inj sfatrs. — The contribution of each 
 mineral and group of minerals to the aggregate for the 
 United States ha\ing been considered, it may be of 
 interest to examine th(> contribution of each state to 
 this aggregate, irrespective of the character of the 
 minerals produced. Mineral production is necessarilv 
 concentrated in the states containing the most extensive 
 and most fa\-orably situated deposits. The deposits 
 located con\-eniently for utilization of the products 
 have been de\ek)ped to the detriment of those in less 
 favored sections. Tliese conditions have stimulated the 
 development of the mineral deposits in certain states, 
 and it frequently occurs that practically the entire 
 product of a state is represented by a single mineral. 
 The totals for the diU'erent states ai'e presented in 
 Tables 1() and 11, and the i)roportions are graphically 
 shown in the accompanying diagram. Table 10 shows 
 the general totals for all minerals in each state and 
 territory, while Tai)le 11 presents the value of the min- 
 eral products in each state aiid territory in comparison 
 with the population and the gross value of the products 
 of agriculture and manufactui-es as reported at the 
 Twelfth Census, and tilso the i-ank of the state and the 
 per capita value for each class of products. In addi- 
 tion to the gross value of products this tabl(> shows the 
 net value of the manufactured products; i. e., the gross 
 \'alue less the cost of materials purchased in a iwrtially 
 manufactured f orm. ' 
 
 ' PVir metlii)(l of ciiiii|uitiii^' net ]ir<iiluct, ,s 
 Report oil Manufacturea, Part 1, page cxxxix. 
 
 Twelttli Census, 
 
DIAGRAM III,— VALUE OF ALL MINERAL PRODUCTS, AND VALUE OF EACH GROUP: iqc 
 
 MLLIONS OP DOLLARS 
 
 ALL MINERAL PRODUCTS 
 
 FUELS 
 
 METALLIC ORES 
 STRUCTURAL MATERIALS 
 CHEMICAL MATERIALS 
 ABRASIVE MATERIALS 
 PIGMENTS 
 MISCELLANEOUS 
 
 DIAGRAM IV.— PRODUCTION OF PRINCIPAL MINERALS: 
 
 MILLIONS OF DOLLARS 
 
 COAL, BITUMINOUS 
 
 GOLD AND SILVER 
 
 'COAL. ANTHRACITE 
 
 PETROLEUM 
 
 IRON ORE 
 
 COPPER ORE 
 
 NATURAL GAS 
 
 LIMESTONES AND DOLOMITES 
 
 CEMENT 
 
 SILICEOUS CRYSTALLINE ROCKS 
 
 LEAD AND ZINC ORE 
 
 SANDSTONES AND QUARTZITES 
 
 SLATE 
 
 MARBLE 
 
 PHOSPHATE ROCK 
 
 BORAX 
 
 GYPSUM 
 
 CLAY 
 
 QUICKSILVER 
 
 TALC AND SOAPSTONE 
 
 SULPHUR AND PYRITE 
 
 GRINDSTONES AND PULPSTONES 
 
 SILICA SAND 
 
 MINERAL PIGMENTS, CRUDE 
 
 PRECIOUS STONES 
 
 DIAGRAM v.— VALUE PER SQUARE MILE OF 
 MINERALS PRODUCED, BY STATES AND 
 TERRITORIES: 1902. 
 
 I Less than $50 
 
 llllllllllllll $100 to $:500 
 
 r " 1 .fe'iii to $100 
 
 ||g||$500to$1000 
 ] $1000 and over 
 
 3022:;— 04- 
 
50 
 
 STATE OR TERRITORY. 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table lO.— SUMMARY BY STATES AND TERKITORIES: 1902. 
 
 United States 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Arizona 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 California ^ 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Florida 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Indian Territory.. 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Maine 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Mi-ssouri 
 
 Montana 
 
 Xebraska 
 
 Nevada 
 
 New Hampshire. . . 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 New York 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 North Dakota 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Oklahoma 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 South Dakota 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Texas 
 
 Utah 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Washington 
 
 West Virginia 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 Number 
 
 of mines, 
 
 (quarries, 
 
 and 
 
 wells. 
 
 260 
 
 113 
 
 120 
 
 1,037 
 
 1,147 
 
 90 
 12 
 71 
 149 
 292 
 
 1,116 
 
 79 
 
 16,.H25 
 
 625 
 
 1 , 2,59 
 
 1,142 
 
 8 
 
 135 
 
 232 
 
 261 
 
 203 
 176 
 1,045 
 281 
 36 
 
 114 
 56 
 162 
 161 
 9, 768 
 
 126 
 48 
 44,934 
 21 
 294 
 
 48,672 
 
 .38 ' 
 77 
 241 
 
 1,067 
 177 
 192 
 192 
 
 91 
 
 14,874 
 
 411 
 
 74 
 
 Number 
 of o7)er- 
 
 ators. 
 
 46,858 
 
 172 
 
 1.58 
 
 131 
 
 1,5.62 
 
 1,011 
 
 78 
 12 
 16 
 127 
 290 
 
 1,013 
 39 
 
 3,909 
 589 
 398 
 
 665 
 3 
 141 
 209 
 234 
 
 146 
 265 
 973 
 271 
 35 
 
 151 
 
 207 
 
 2, 921 
 
 137 
 
 48 
 
 11.338 
 
 17 
 
 293 
 
 12,266 
 
 22 
 
 42 
 
 77 
 
 203 
 
 308 
 169 
 160 
 140 
 
 86 
 
 5, 192 
 
 392 
 
 ,50 
 
 SALAHIEP OFFICIALS, 
 
 CLERKS, ETC. 
 
 Number. Salaries. 
 
 38, 128 
 
 947 
 
 446 
 
 210 
 
 1,432 
 
 1,898 
 
 1.51 
 29 
 218 
 304 
 354 
 
 1,869 
 260 
 
 1,662 
 610 
 565 
 
 8.54 
 8 
 20S 
 398 
 360 
 
 1,685 
 675 
 
 1,438 
 571 
 12 
 
 146 
 92 
 420 
 176 
 791 
 
 120 
 
 52 
 
 2, 530 
 
 18 
 
 153 
 
 9, 368 
 56 
 148 
 167 
 773 
 
 1,210 
 410 
 433 
 
 700 
 
 261 
 
 2, 614 
 
 275 
 
 1.53 
 
 839,020,562 
 
 979, 117 
 
 710, 183 
 
 191,528 
 
 1,887,860 
 
 2, 663, 833 
 
 132,096 
 
 28, 047 
 
 228, 868 
 
 209, 281 
 
 576, 690 
 
 1,910,940 
 253, 171 
 
 1,430, .538 
 .500, 126 
 627,242 
 
 666, 360 
 7,. 533 
 193,814 
 465, 666 
 309, 978 
 
 1,840,132 
 
 577, 336 
 1,233,811 
 
 912,477 
 8,001 
 
 222, 098 
 68,971 
 3.57,000 
 209, 569 
 788, 382 
 
 84,224 
 43, 980 
 2,661,083 
 12, 223 
 189, 103 
 
 9,592,910 
 56, 1.50 
 126, 992 
 242, 461 
 664, 379 
 
 664, 802 
 .583, 305 
 376, 077 
 546, 204 
 
 331,989 
 
 2,443,1.50 
 
 232, 7.58 
 
 1«H,616 
 
 WAGE- EARNERS. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 19, 132 
 
 6, 323 
 
 2, 944 
 
 12,964 
 
 20, .519 
 
 1,497 
 
 .504 
 
 3,146 
 
 2, 820 
 
 3, .563 
 
 40, 523 
 4,, 814 
 16,473 
 10,437 
 
 8, 726 
 
 10, 6.54 
 61 
 3,684 
 6,826 
 4,242 
 
 31, 951 
 9,760 
 16, 351 
 10, 539 
 178 
 
 1,132 
 
 1, 263 
 5,645 
 
 2, 275 
 
 9, .560 
 
 1,556 
 
 298 
 
 37, 173 
 
 128 
 
 1,166 
 
 190, 935 
 667 
 
 2, 694 
 3, 131 
 
 10, .890 
 
 3,863 
 6, 68H 
 5, 398 
 8,993 
 
 4,591 
 30, 002 
 
 3, .583 
 4,486 
 
 Wages 
 
 «369, 9.59,960 
 
 10, 345, 148 
 
 5, 069, 065 
 1,946,479 
 
 11,060,666 
 18,874,836 | 
 
 808,772 I 
 
 222,622 
 
 1,082,030 
 
 1,086,047 
 
 3, 903,. 504 
 
 26,9.86,397 
 3, 183, 322 
 
 10.729,767 
 6:791,161 
 
 6, 680, .593 
 
 5, 193, 792 
 
 34, 444 
 
 2, 284, 789 
 
 4, 323, 939 
 
 2, ,525, 405 
 
 20, 103, 616 
 6,391,184 
 8,7.67,367 i 
 
 11,812,1.50 . 
 95, 9;- 6 
 
 1,205, .565 
 
 806.494 I 
 2, 658, 727 
 1,646,833 
 6, 099, 753 
 
 .517, 766 
 
 196, 534 
 
 23, 222, 680 
 
 64,645 
 
 1,033,075 
 
 114, 122, 437 
 435,224 
 891, 737 
 
 3, 374, 776 
 4,864.241 
 
 2,261,639 
 5,072,822 
 3,114,399 
 3, 468, 4.50 
 
 3,751,784 
 
 17,469,826 
 
 1,987,666 
 
 3, 432, 059 
 
 Contract 
 work. 
 
 $20, 677, 938 
 
 267, 279 
 159, 942 
 860 
 520, 894 
 393, 985 
 
 4, 021 
 122, 619 
 43, 442 
 
 26,016 
 
 78, 639 
 
 2,164,380 
 
 48, 106 
 
 213,1.82 
 
 224,923 
 105, 858 
 
 8, 499 
 1,8.53 
 
 77,047 
 339, 244 
 172, 614 
 
 64, 636 
 
 7, 944 
 
 10, 770 
 
 48,381 
 
 355, 113 
 
 9,000 
 
 2,796 
 
 2,701,567 
 
 19, 522 
 5, 598, 074 
 
 
 8,349 
 174, 496 
 
 1,387,796 
 37,0.54 
 
 35, 964 
 
 29, 600 
 
 5,194,279 
 
 3, 758 
 
 15, .547 
 
 Miscella- 
 neous 
 expenses. 
 
 Cost of sup- 
 plies and 
 materials. 
 
 $71,771,713 
 
 8.58, 8.51 
 
 392, 495 
 
 96, 48] 
 
 1, 783, 790 
 
 3, 032,. 544 
 
 69, 918 
 
 39, 278 
 
 304,142 
 
 231,145 
 
 636, 409 
 
 1,543,903 
 366, 332 
 
 3,387,668 
 373, 262 
 767, 069 
 
 600, 613 
 26, 820 
 121, 566 
 443, 170 
 273, 791 
 
 3, 869, 461 
 
 4,242,8.54 
 
 2,118,436 
 
 893, 2.58 
 
 2, 790 
 
 $123,814,967 
 
 2, 043, 914 
 3, 060, 521 
 244, 379 
 5, 673, 7.55 
 7,006,846 
 
 2:36, 076 
 
 45, 361 
 
 618,0.57 
 
 666, 067 
 
 1,626,1.53 
 
 3, 515, 833 
 329, 063 
 
 3, 810, 666 
 961,996 
 
 1,374,-535 
 
 1,207,771 
 
 7,364 
 
 470, 964 
 
 8.59, 755 
 
 762,335 
 
 9,341.409 
 2, 868, 340 
 2,859,018 
 5,007,102 
 11.173 
 
 Value of 
 product. 
 
 $796, 826, 417 
 
 17,367,992 
 11,197,376 
 2, 840, 341 
 28, 870, 406 
 40, 603, 286 
 
 1,425,959 
 448, 467 
 2, 943, 806 
 3,117,358 
 8,214,671 
 
 38, 234, 410 
 4, 321, 380 
 
 28, 224, 760 
 9, 676, 424 
 
 10, 700, 286 
 
 8, 533, 423 
 
 279, 327 
 
 3, 666, 134 
 
 7,313,712 
 
 4,671,8.55 
 
 .50, 157, 368 
 25, 729, 646 
 20,284,6,56 
 28, 265, 085 
 148, 391 
 
 177,355 
 26. 993 
 303, 669 
 140,0.55 
 1,276,232 
 
 623, 4.57 
 134,128 
 
 2,2*5,964 
 497, 949 
 
 3, 002, 5.54 
 
 3, 518, 4E0 
 1,176,312 
 6, 605, 41 2 
 2,686,4^3 
 13,350,421 
 
 76,842 
 
 23,012 
 
 7,711,026 
 
 15,830 
 
 143, 748 
 
 118, 782 
 
 88,867 
 
 .10,126,4.52 
 
 31,934 
 
 408, 112 
 
 927, 376 
 
 334, 967 
 
 57,186,922 
 
 186,706 
 
 2, 087, 389 
 
 23,218,856 
 
 25, 938 
 
 109, 890 
 
 264,4,52 
 
 720, 483 
 
 33,111,903 
 
 85, 127 
 
 342, 379 
 
 1,992,575 
 
 8.50, 485 
 
 236,871,417 
 
 774,611 
 
 1,834,134 
 
 6, 769, 104 
 
 9,633,782 
 
 923, 769 
 7.58, 507 
 :«2, 734 
 603,290 
 
 1,0.51,457 
 1,829,1.58 
 1,076,143 
 
 928, 387 
 
 6,981,532 
 
 12,340,350 
 
 6, 904, 705 
 
 6,607,807 
 
 228, 211 
 
 7,468,346 
 
 427,847 
 
 280, 602 
 
 622, 307 
 
 8, .519, 767 
 
 S04. 142 
 
 818, 496 
 
 6,431,659 
 48,378,414 
 4,427,813 
 5, 684, 286 
 
 ^ Includes 2 oiterators in Alaska and 1 in Hawaii. 
 Table 11.— RANK OF STATES AND TERRITORIES IN POPULATION, AGRICULTURE, MANUFACTURES, AND MINING. 
 
 ST.ATE OR TERRITORY. 
 
 Popula- 
 tion, I'JOO. 
 
 Alabama . . 
 Arizona . . . 
 Arkansas. . 
 California . 
 Colorado. . 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 Delaware 
 
 District of Columbia. 
 
 Florida 
 
 Georgia 
 
 1,828,697 
 
 122,931 
 
 1,311,. 564 
 
 1,482,179 
 
 .538,. 5.55 
 
 908, 420 
 1.84, 736 
 278, 718 
 528, .542 
 2, 216,. 331 
 
 Idaho 1.59,147 
 
 Illinois I 4,821,550 
 
 Indian Terrilorv I 392,960 
 
 Indiana , 2, .516, 462 
 
 Iowa 1 2,231,468 
 
 Kansas I 1,468,469 
 
 Kentucky I 2,147,17.| 
 
 Loilisiiiliu j 1,381,625 
 
 Maine ! 69],4ti6 
 
 Maryland 1,188,014 
 
 1 Btts 
 
 Gross value I 
 of agricultnr-; „ ,. 
 al products, (Kank. 
 1900. I 
 
 18 
 48 
 25 
 21 
 31 
 
 29 
 46 
 42 
 32 
 11 
 
 891,387,409 
 6,997,097 
 
 79, 649, 490 
 131,090,606 
 
 33, 048, 576 
 
 28, 276, 948 
 
 9, 290, 777 
 
 870, 247 
 
 18, 309, 104 
 
 104,304,476 
 
 18,051,625 
 346,649,611 
 
 27,672,002 
 204,4.50,196 
 31 15, 4 11,. 528 
 
 209, 895, .5.12 
 123,266,785 
 72, 667, 302 
 37,113,469 
 ■13,82:1,419 
 
 Gross value of 
 manufactured 
 products, 1900. 
 
 Net value of 
 Rank, manufactured 
 
 1 products, 1900. 
 
 $80, 741, 449 
 
 21 , 315, 189 
 
 45,197,731 
 
 302,874,701 
 
 102, 830, 137 
 
 3.52,824,106 
 45,387,630 
 47,667,622 I 
 36,810,243 1 
 
 106, 6.54, 527 i 
 
 4 
 
 020 
 
 532 
 
 2.59 
 
 730 
 
 168 
 
 3 
 
 892 
 
 181 
 
 378 
 
 120 
 
 141) 
 
 164 
 
 617 
 
 877 
 
 172 
 
 129 
 
 398 
 
 154 
 
 166 
 
 365 
 
 121 
 
 181 
 
 i\s:', 
 
 127 
 
 361 
 
 485 
 
 212 
 
 : |.^2 
 
 9911 
 
 860, 949, 630 
 19, 294, 742 
 28, 810, 656 
 
 175,425,385 | 
 84, 194, 085 ' 
 
 207,934,112 
 29, 378, ,529 
 26, .540, 496 
 27,831,890 
 78, 153, 576 
 
 2,906,141 
 ,840,375,269 
 
 3,067,274 
 2.57,976,211 
 120,479,720 
 
 136,060,304 
 108,325,261 
 69. 7.S5, 397 
 84,210,956 
 139,0.56,198 
 
 Value of 
 mining prod- 
 ucts, 1902. 
 
 PER CAPITA (OROSS VALUE) 
 
 Rank. 
 
 I Agricul- 
 ture. 
 
 $17, 367, 992 
 11,197,375 
 2,,'<40,341 
 28,844,669 
 40,603,286 
 
 1,425,9.59 
 448, 467 
 
 I'stiimilcs of [jo[inlnlion, ( 'ensus linltcl i 
 
 2, 943, 806 
 3,117,3.58 
 
 8,214,671 
 38,234,410 
 
 4,321,380 
 28,224,760 
 
 9, 671 ;, 424 
 
 1(I,700,2.S5 
 8. .533, 423 
 279, 327 
 3, 656, 134 
 14 7,313,712 
 
 - Ia'SS than .'tO cents. 
 
 12 
 16 
 36 
 
 40 
 44 
 
 36 
 34 
 
 Manufac- ^r, . , 
 tures. Jliiiins.' 
 
 $60 
 57 
 61 
 89 
 61 
 
 31 
 50 
 
 3 
 
 35 ' 
 47 
 
 ii; 
 
 143 
 
 19 
 
 57 
 
 16 
 
 53 
 
 32 
 
 .53 
 
 21 
 
 37 
 
 844 
 173 
 34 
 204 
 191 
 
 388 
 246 
 171 
 70 
 48 
 
 20 
 
 113 
 
 25 
 
 6 
 
 72 
 
 261 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 81 
 
 150 
 
 17 
 
 164 
 
 74 
 
 117 
 
 72 
 
 88 
 
 183 
 
 201 
 
 $9 
 86 
 2 
 19 
 73 
 
 5 
 1 
 
 47 
 8 
 10 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 1=) 
 
SUMMARY AND ANAr.YftIS OF EESULTS. 
 
 51 
 
 Tahle ll.-RANK OF STATES AxND TERRITORIES IN POPULATION, AGRICULTURE, MANUFACTURES, AND MININ(i- 
 
 Cuiitinueil. 
 
 STATE OH TERHITURY. 
 
 Massachusetts . 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Popula- 
 tion, taou. 
 
 2, 80n, 346 
 2, 420, 982 
 1,741,986 
 1, Ml, 270 
 3, 106, 065 
 
 Montana ^ . . . ■ 231, 559 I 
 
 Nebraska i 1 , 006, 300 
 
 Nevada 40, 662 
 
 New Hampshire I 411, 588 
 
 New Jersey ' 1, ,S83, 669 
 
 New Mexico i 195, 310 
 
 New Yorli 7, 263, 110 
 
 North Carolina I 1 , 893, 810 
 
 North Dakota 312, 239 
 
 Ohio I 4, 157, M6 
 
 Oklahoma | 398, 331 
 
 Oregon i 409, 764 
 
 Pennsylvania I 6. 302, 034 
 
 Rhode' Island j 428, 556 
 
 South Carolina 1, 340, 316 
 
 Rank 
 
 South Dakota . 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Texas 
 
 Utah 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Washington . .. 
 West Virginia . 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 3S3, 8S7 
 
 2,020,616 
 
 3,048,710 
 
 274. 952 
 
 343, 641 
 
 1, 8,54, 184 
 611,786 
 958, 800 
 
 2,062,916 
 90, 570 
 
 9 
 19 
 20 
 
 5 
 
 44 
 27 
 50 
 35 
 16 
 
 45 
 1 
 15 
 41 
 4 
 
 37 
 36 
 2 
 34 
 
 24 
 
 39 
 14 
 6 
 43 
 40 
 
 17 
 33 
 28 
 13 
 49 
 
 Gross value 
 if agricultur- 
 al products, 
 190U. 
 
 42,298,274 
 146,547,681 
 161,217,304 
 102, 492, 283 
 219, 296, 970 
 
 28,616,957 
 
 162,696,386 
 
 6, 758, 337 
 
 21 , 929, 988 
 
 43, 667, 529 
 
 10,155,215 
 
 246,270,600 
 
 89, 309, 638 
 
 64, 262, 494 
 
 257,065,826 
 
 45,447,744 
 
 38,090,969 
 
 207,895,600 
 
 6,333,864 
 
 68,266,912 
 
 66, 082, 419 
 
 106,166,440 
 
 239, 823, 244 
 
 16, 602, 061 
 
 33,. 570, 892 
 
 86,. 548, .546 
 34,827,496 
 
 44, 768, 979 
 1.57, 445, 713 
 
 11,907.415 
 
 Gross value of 
 
 Rank. I manufactured 
 
 products. 1900. 
 
 31 
 13 
 11 
 
 IS 
 
 37 
 10 
 48 
 40 
 30 
 
 45 
 
 4 
 
 20 
 
 26 
 
 3 
 
 1,036,198,989 
 
 3.56,944.082 
 
 262, 665. 881 
 
 40.431.386 
 
 385., 192, 784 
 
 .57.076,824 
 143,990.102 
 1.643,675 
 118.709.308 
 611,748,933 
 
 5, 605, 795 
 
 2,175.726.900 
 
 91.919,663 
 
 9.183.114 
 
 832.438,113 
 
 7,083,938 
 
 46, 000, .587 
 
 1,834,790,860 
 
 184,074,378 
 
 58, 748, 731 
 
 12,231,239 
 108,144,666 
 119,414,982 
 21,1.56,183 
 .57,623,815 
 
 132, 172, 910 
 86,796,051 
 74,838,330 
 
 360,818,942 
 4,301,240 
 
 Net value nf 
 
 Ran k. l.'manulactured 
 
 products, 1900. 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 13 
 39 
 
 7 
 
 34 
 19 
 50 
 24 
 
 40 
 1 
 
 28 
 44 
 5 
 
 46 
 36 
 2 
 
 1.5 
 32 
 
 6.57,277,001 
 214, 569, 224 
 190,314,135 
 27,813,332 
 266,671,811 
 
 .50,159, .514 
 
 115,278,644 
 
 1,202,255 
 
 77, 330, 702 
 3.55, 646, 9.50 
 
 4, 122, ,500 
 
 1,325,298,879 
 
 74,. 575, 1.55 
 
 7,313,081 
 
 523, 249, 207 
 
 5, 988, 291 
 
 30, 383, 667 
 
 1,104,871,630 
 
 118, 839, 891 
 
 48, 175, 365 
 
 10,176,916 
 77,928,247 
 83,639,0.58 
 17, 128, 664 
 40, 760, 300 
 
 96, 468, 277 
 
 .56, 430, 334 
 
 47,996,315 
 
 245, 668, 466 
 
 2,974,166 
 
 Value of 
 Rank.imjning prod 
 nets. 1902. 
 
 4 
 10 
 12 
 39 
 
 4,671,8.55 
 .50, 1.57, 3.58 
 26, 729, .545 
 
 8 20, 284, 666 
 
 28, 266, 085 
 148, 391 
 3, .518, 430 
 1,176,312 
 6, 605, 402 
 
 31 
 IS 
 .50 
 
 26 j 
 6 
 
 46 \ 
 1 
 
 27 [ 
 44 
 
 45 
 36 
 2 
 17 
 32 
 
 - 43 
 
 26 
 23 
 42 
 34 
 
 20 
 30 
 33 
 
 2, 686, 473 
 
 13, 350, 421 
 
 927, 376 
 
 334, 967 
 
 67, 186, 922 
 
 186, 706 
 
 2, 087, 389 
 
 236,871,417 
 
 774,611 
 1,834,134 
 
 6,769.104 
 9,533,782 
 6, 981,. 532 
 12,340,350 
 5, 904, 706 
 
 6, 607, 807 
 6, 431, 669 
 48,378,414 
 4,427,813 
 6,684,286 
 
 I'EK CAPITA (OROfiS VALUE). 
 
 Agricul- Manufac- 
 ture, tures. 
 
 15 
 61 
 93 
 66 
 7) 
 
 124 
 1.53 
 166 
 .53 
 23 
 
 62 
 34 
 47 
 206 
 62 
 
 Mining.! 
 
 369 
 147 
 1.51 
 26 
 124 
 
 247 
 135 
 40 
 
 2S8 
 325 
 
 29 
 
 300 
 
 .50 
 
 29 
 
 200 
 
 2 
 20 
 14 
 
 f-) 
 
 (') 
 
 85 
 3 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 114 
 
 18 
 
 1^) 
 
 93 
 
 112 
 
 5 
 
 33 
 
 291 
 
 36 
 
 15 
 
 430 
 
 1 
 
 61 
 
 44 
 
 1 
 
 172 
 
 
 .53 
 
 .54 
 
 79 
 
 39 
 
 60 
 
 / 1 
 
 98 
 
 168 
 
 47 
 
 71 
 
 68 
 
 170 
 
 47 
 
 78 
 
 76 
 
 175 
 
 131 
 
 47 
 
 16 
 5 
 2 
 
 43 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 10 
 48 
 
 2 
 
 68 
 
 iBased on estimates of pojiulation. Census Bulletin 7. 
 
 - Less than .50 cents. 
 
 While the mineral products of a .state are dependent 
 primarily on the extent and character of the depo.sits, 
 their development i.s controlled hy a number of factor.s, 
 such as the proximity of the ore to the surface, near- 
 ness to mai-kets, the extent and character of transporta- 
 tion facilities, the supph' of labor and power, and the 
 application of new and improved machinery and meth- 
 ods. The application of the steam shovel and other 
 labor-saving devices in open cut iron mining, and of 
 the cyanide process to the reduction of the precious 
 metal bearing ores, are notable examples of the im- 
 provements in machinery and methods. Manufactures 
 are largely dependent upon mineral products for fuel 
 and raw material and their development must neces- 
 sarily be preceded by a corresponding increase in 
 mineral products. A similar, though not so intimate, 
 interdependence exists between the products of agri- 
 culture and manufactures. The three industries are 
 closely related, and, in the absence of far-reaching 
 transportation facilities, there might Ije a certain har- 
 mony between the products of each in the different 
 states, but the extensive, rapid, and easy means of 
 transportation now available make it possible to utilize 
 the minerals and agricultural products of one state in 
 the manufactures of another, either adjoining or dis- 
 tant; there is, therefore, very little, if any, iigreement 
 in the relative rank of the different states in the three 
 industries. 
 
 Accepting as comparable the statistics of population, 
 agriculture, and manufactures for the Twelfth Census, 
 which covered the fiscal year ending May 31. IHOO, 
 
 and the statistics for mineral industries, which covered 
 the calendar year 1902, it appears that, as a rule, the 
 value of the mineral products of the several states is 
 far below the value of the products of agriculture and 
 of manufactures, respectively. But in the states of 
 Idaho, Nevada, and Wyoming and in Indian Territorj' 
 the value of minerals exceeded the value of the prod- 
 ucts of manufactures; and they were in excess of the 
 products of agriculture in the states of Colorado. Penn- 
 sylvania, and West Virginia and in Arizona and Indian 
 Territory. Mineral products were reported for all of 
 the states and territories with the exception of the 
 District of Columbia and Mississippi. In many of the 
 states, however, the value of the minerals reported was 
 insignificant as compared witli the value of the products 
 of agriculture and manufactures. In several states — 
 Delaware, Louisiana, Nebraska, North Carolina, North 
 I^akota, and Rhode Island — and in the territory of Okla- 
 homa they were less than $1.00<i,(iOo, while the Aalue of 
 the products of agriculture and manufactures, respec- 
 tively, in everv state and territory exceeded $1,000,000, 
 with the exception tjf the agricultural products reported 
 for the District of Columbia. While there is not the 
 same intimate relationship between population and min- 
 ing that exists betw(>en population and agriculture and 
 between population and manufactures, the per capita 
 value of the mineral products has been included in Table 
 11 for the jwrpose of making a comparative showing. 
 
 Pennsylvania, which ranked second in population 
 and manufactures, and eighth in agriculture, was the 
 leading mining state in 1902, both in the number of 
 
52 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 wao;e-earners emploj'ed and in the value of products. 
 Its high rank was due to the production of anthracite 
 and bituminous coal, the wage-earners reported for the 
 coal mines forming 84.7 per cent of the l!t0.1)35 re- 
 ported for all mines in the state, and the products of 
 such mines forming 76.9 per cent of the total product 
 of $236,871,417. The position of Pennsylvania as the 
 leading mining state was most pronounced. Out of a 
 total of 581,728 wage-earners engaged in mining in 
 the United States, Pennsylvania reported 190,93.5, or 
 32.8 per cent, who received as wages $11-1, 122,137, 
 or 30.8 per cent of the $3(39,9.59,960 reported as the 
 total. The value of the state's production was equally 
 high, being 1236,871,117, or 29.7 per cent of the 
 $796,826,417 reported for the United States. Prac- 
 tically one-third of the whole mining industrj- of the 
 United States, as measured l)v the persons employed 
 and the value of products, was confined to this state. 
 While it is true that the exploitation of its enormous 
 coal deposits has been responsible for Pennsj'lvauia's 
 position as the leading mining state and that this in- 
 dustry has assumed overshadowing proportions, it is 
 also true that the state has produced a large vaiiety of 
 minerals. Of the 52 classes of minerals reported 23 
 were found in Pennsylvania, the state being exceeded 
 in this respect only by California, with 26 classes, and 
 by Virginia, with 24. 
 
 New York, which stood ti)-st in population and in 
 manufactures and fourth in agricidture, was thirteenth 
 in mineral products. The state's mineral industry, em- 
 ployed 1.6 per cent of the wage-earners, paid them 1.4 
 per cent of the wages, and produced 1.7 per cent of the 
 total value of products. The 5 leading mining industries 
 of New York were cement, limestones and dolomites, pe- 
 troleum, sandstonesand quartzites, and iron ore, ranking 
 in the order named. For each of these classes a pro- 
 duction of over $1,000, 00(» was reported, and the 5 
 together showed a production of $10,462,663, or 7n.4 
 per cent of the total for the state. 
 
 Ohio, which ranked fourth in population, third in 
 agriculture, and fifth in manufactures, held the second 
 position in value of mining products. The total value 
 reported for the state was $57,186,922. Of this 
 amount the product of coal mines formed $26,953,789, 
 or47. 1 percent. The state also held third place in 
 the number of wage-earners, the coal mining giving 
 employment to 25,963, or 69.8 per cent of the 37,173 
 reported foi- the state. Next to coal, petroleum is 
 Ohio's chief mining industry, the two combined con- 
 tributing over four-tifths of the state's mineral wealth. 
 
 Michigan, ninth in population, tenth in manufactures, 
 and thirteenth in agriculture, ranked third in mineral 
 products. Witii 40.8 per cent of the total value of the 
 ir(^n ore output of the L'nited States ci'edited to it, 
 Michigan was the leading producer of this mineral, 
 which was the ciiief product of its mines. This indus- 
 try claimed 14,45<; wag(,>-eariiers, or 45.2 per cent of 
 
 the 31,951 employed in all the mines of the state, yielded 
 them in wages $9,132,763, or 45.4 per cent of the total 
 of $20,103,616; and the product itself was valued at 
 $26,695, .S60, or 53.2 per cent of the $50,157,358 repre- 
 senting the total value of the output. Aftei' iron ore, 
 Michigan's most important mineri(l product was cop- 
 per ore, its output being valued at $18,247,207, a 
 figure that -was exceeded by Montana only. It will be 
 noted that these two ores together were credited with 
 a total value of $44,943,067, or 89.6 pev cent of the 
 
 I total value of the mineral output of the state. 
 
 I West Virginia, twenty-eighth in population and agri- 
 culture, and thirty-first in manufactures, was fourth in 
 mineral products. The coal mines of the state gave 
 employment to 23,914, or 79.7 per cent of the wage- 
 earners, and their products formed $24,748,658, or 51.2 
 per cent of the total value of mineral products reported 
 for the state. In the production of coal. West Virginia 
 ranked fourth, being outranked only by Pennsylvania, 
 Illinois, and Ohio, and the high ranking of these states as 
 mineral producers was due, either wholly or in great 
 part, to this industry. After coal. West Virginia's lead- 
 ing nunerals were petroleum, with an output valued at 
 $17,i»4(.i,3r7, and natural gas, valued at $5,390,l8l. 
 These three industries together account for 97.5 per 
 cent of the reported mineral values of the state. It is 
 interesting to contrast this condition with that of 
 ^Michigan, the one producing, to an almost exclusive 
 extent, fuels, and the other an enormous preiDonderance 
 of ores. 
 
 C'olorado, thirty-first mi [)opulation, thirty-sixth in 
 agriculture, and twenty-seventh in manufactures, ranked 
 fifth in mineral products. This high position was 
 due almost exclusiveh' to the precious metals of the 
 state. The gold and silver produced in 1902 were val- 
 ued at $29,655,974, forming 73 per cent of the total pro- 
 duction of the state, and 36 per cent of the total value 
 of these minerals in the United States, and thus I'xceed- 
 ing California's production of gold iind silver, valued at 
 $15,473,091, by almost 91.7 per cent. This industry in 
 Colorado gave employment to 11,200 wage-earners, or 
 54.6 per cent of the 20,519 engaged in mining in the 
 state, and returned to them as wages $11,726,123, or 
 62.1 per cent of $18,s74,836, the total amount paid in 
 wages. Bituminous coal with a value of production 
 amounting to $8,397,812 ranked second in Colorado's 
 mining industries, and iron ore was third with a prod- 
 uct valued at $1,084,424. 
 
 Illinois, third in population and in manufactures, and 
 second in agriculture, was sixth in rank as a mining 
 state. Here, also, bituminous coal was the leading- 
 mineral. Its production employed 36,617 wage-earn- 
 ers, or 90.4 per cent of the 40,523 wage-earners engaged 
 in mining in the state, and paid them $24,s76,201, or 92.2 
 per cent of the $26,9S6,397 paid in wages in the state; 
 and the product itsidf was valued at $33,945,910, or 
 ss.s per cent of the $38,234,410 reported as the total 
 
DIAGRAM VI.— VALUE OF MINERALS PRODUCED IN EACH STATE AND TERRITORY: 
 
 MILLIONS OF DOLLARS 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 OHIO 
 
 MICHIGAN 
 
 WEST VIRGINIA 
 
 COLORADO 
 
 ILLINOIS 
 
 CALIFORNIA 
 
 MONTANA 
 
 INDIANA 
 
 MINNESOTA 
 
 MISSOURI 
 
 ALABAMA 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 UTAH 
 
 ARIZONA 
 
 KANSAS 
 
 IOWA 
 
 TENNESSEE 
 
 KENTUCKY 
 
 IDAHO 
 
 MARYLAND 
 
 TEXAS 
 
 SOUTH DAKOTA 
 
 VIRGINIA 
 
 NEW JERSEY 
 
 VERMONT 
 
 WYOMING 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS 
 
 WISCONSIN 
 
 INDIAN TERRITORY 
 
 MAINE 
 
 NEVADA 
 GEORGIA 
 
 FLORIDA 
 ARKANSAS 
 
 NEW MEXICO 
 OREGON 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 CONNECTICUT 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 RHODE ISLAND 
 
 DELAWARE 
 
 NORTH DAKOTA 
 
 
 DIAGRAM VII.— PROPORTION OF MINERALS 
 PRODUCED, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 
 1 902. 
 
 NORTH 
 
 ATLANTIC 
 
 DIVISION. 
 
 
 SOUTH 
 
 ATLANTIC 
 
 DIVISION 
 
 -_ 1 
 
 NORTH 
 
 CENTRAL 
 
 DIVISION 
 
 
 SOUTH 
 
 CENTRAL 
 
 DIVISION 1 
 
 WESTERN DIVISION 
 
 States with a produetion less than $:jOO,(H)0 not shown. 
 
54 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 value of the state's mineral output. Liinostoiu'S ami 
 dolomites, with a product valued at $8,^32,1^3, eoiisti- 
 tutcd the industry second in importance. 
 
 California, twenty-tirst in population, fourteenth in 
 agriculture, and twelfth in manufactures, ranked seventh 
 in the value of mining products, but led the states in 
 the variety of the minerals, reporting production in ^fi 
 of the 52 classes. It was unique also in the fact that 
 at least two of its minerals, viz, chrome ore and mag- 
 nesite, were mined nowhere else in the Union, and that 
 in others, such as quicksilver and borax, its lead was so 
 great that it may almost ))e said to have stood alone. 
 The leading mineral products in California were gold 
 and silver, valued at $1.5,473,091; petroleum, $4,873,(317; 
 borax, $2,370,994; copper ore, $1,. 599,663; quicksilver, 
 11,295,740; and siliceous crystalline rocks, $1,137,679. 
 The state had 6 distinct mineral classifications, for each 
 of which an output of over $1,000,000 was reported. Its 
 leading mineral product, gold, although of less value 
 than when it won for the state its title of •"(xolden," is 
 still of greatest importance. In the mining of gold and 
 silver there were employed 7,989 wage-earners, or 61.6 
 per cent of the state's l2,9t!4 wage-eai'ners engaged in 
 mining; and these received as wages $7, lol, 003, or 64.3 
 per cent of the $11,050,666 paid as mining wages. Of 
 the state's total output of all minerals, valued at 
 |2s, 870,405, the precious metals cont)-i))uted$15, 473,091. 
 or 53.6 per cent. California's production of gold anrl 
 sih'er amounted to 18.8 per cent of the total value of 
 the products of this industry in the United States, and 
 was second oidy to that of Colorado. C'alifornia pro- 
 duced 6.8 per cent of the countrv's value of petroleum; 
 
 99.5 per cent of borax; 3.1 per cent of c(»pper ore; and 
 
 83.6 per cent (jf (juicksilver. 
 
 Montana owes its rank as eighth among miiung states 
 almost entirely to its enormous })roduction of copper 
 ore, although the precious metals and bituminous coal, 
 with outputs valued at$4. 688,536 and $2,443,447, respec- 
 tively, contributed about one-fourth of the value of the 
 state's mineral products. The output of copper ore, 
 valued at $20,563,353, or 40.2 per cent of the total for 
 this industry, formed 72. s pei- cent of the $2S.265.(lS5 
 reported as the total value of the state's mincnd ]iro- 
 duction, afforded employment to 6,3SS wage-earners, or 
 60.6 per cent of thi' 10,539 mining wage-earnci-s, and ; 
 paid them $7,339,773, or OiM pci- cent of the totid of 
 $11,812,150 expended for wages. That Montana is pre- 
 eminently a mining state is discernible at a glanc(» when 
 it is noted that in populaticjn, agriculture, and maiuifac- 
 tures it I'anked forty-third, thirty-seventh, anfl thirt\'- 
 fourtli, i-espectively. 
 
 Indiana, closely ]iressing Montana, raidxed ninth in 
 the products of mines and (|uai'ries, a position which is 
 the result of tlie \iilue of its fuel pi'dducls, its leading 
 mini'i'al I'esdurei's being bituminous coal, nntui'al e-as, 
 and jieti'dleiun. St I'lietural materials. ;is repri'sented 
 
 by limestones and dolomites and cement, also contributed 
 much to the state's mineral wealth. The five classes 
 of products just mentioned show a value amounting to 
 $28,159,545, which is 99. K per cent of the total for the 
 state, $28,224,760. The total was distri))uted among 
 the five as follows; Bituminous coal, $10,399,660, or 
 36.8 per cent; natural gas, $7,081,344, or 25.1 per cent; 
 petroleum, $6,526,622, or 23.1 per cent; limestones and 
 dolomites, $2,865,691, or 10.2 per cent; and cement, 
 $1,286,228, or 4.6 per cent. Of the 16,473 wage-earners 
 engaged in mining in Indiana, 10,593, or 64.3 per cent, 
 were employed in extracting coal, receiving in wage.s 
 $7,396,425, which is 68.9 per cent of the $10,729,767 
 paid in mining wages in the state. The .state ranked 
 ninth in agriculture, while in population and manufac- 
 tures it was eighth. 
 
 Minnesota, nineteenth in population, eleventh in agri- 
 culture, and thirteenth in manufactures, was tenth in 
 mining. The total value of its mining production was 
 $25,729,545. of which $23,989,227, or 93.2 per cent, 
 was credited to iron ore. There were but 6 of the dif- 
 ferent classes of minerals reported for the state, and 
 none "except iron ore had an output valued at more than 
 $l.ooo,0(.)o. Of the 9,760 wage-earners employed in 
 the static's mines, 8.256, or 84.6 per cent, "were credited 
 to the iron ore industry, receiving 84.1 per cent, or 
 $5,376,933 of the $6,391,184 paid out as the total wages. 
 In this industry INIinnesota was exceeded 1)3' Michigan 
 only, contributing 36.6 per cent of the total value as 
 compared with Michigan's 40.8 per cent. 
 
 HirtcraJ j>r<>(lnrt>< hi/ ijiiKji-iiplne <li i'if<io»s. — The min- 
 ing statistics according to states and character and uses 
 of minerals show the great preponderance of I'ertain 
 states and of a few ores in the forming of the totals for 
 the country. The concentration of all, or any one, of 
 the three yn-oductive industrie.s — agriculture, manufac- 
 tures, and mining — in any particular loiality is indica- 
 tive of the predominating industrial characteristics of 
 that locality. The jihysical and industrial features of 
 groups of neighboring states are in many cases so simi- 
 lar that a distinct advantage in clearness of presentation 
 is realized l)y combining such states and treating the 
 groups as geographic units. Such a geographic sum- 
 marization brings together grt)ups of neighboring 
 states, each group (Muliracing from 8 to 12 states and 
 territories, in which the prevailing industrial conditions 
 and the mineral and other natural resources are in 
 many respects similar. This is especially true in the 
 mining industries. The Hve geographic groups — North 
 Atlantic, South Atlantic, North Central, South Central, 
 and Western — are deemed sufficient to illustrate this 
 similarity. ^Pable 12 shows the value of the products 
 of manufactures, agriculture, and mining for each of 
 the geogi'aphic subdivisions and the rank of each in 
 each industry, and also the ijojndation of each group, 
 with its vdwk in ])opidation. 
 
SUMMARY AND ANiVLYSLS OF RESULTS. 
 
 55 
 
 Tahi.e li2.— P0]^ULATI()N\ VALUE OF AGKICULTITRAL PKODHcrrS, MANUFACTUKEH ((JROSS AXI) NET) 
 ERAL PRODCTCTS, WITH RANK OF EACH, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS. 
 
 AND MIN- 
 
 TUVISION. 
 
 I'()Pf],ATION, 19(10. 
 
 Total . 
 
 75,9114,57.^1 
 
 North Atliintic I 21 , 0411, B95 
 
 South Atlantic 10,443,480 
 
 North Central i 2fi, 333, 004 
 
 South Central 1 14, 080, 047 
 
 Western I 4, 091 , 349 
 
 I 
 
 ARRICIII.TtlUAL 
 
 I'RornicTa, 1900. 
 
 A'allie. 
 
 Rank. 
 
 4,717,069,973 
 
 (iCO, 347, IM 
 4(15,492,097 
 2,300,011,670 
 888, ,572, 699 
 336,640,343 
 
 I 
 1 
 
 2 
 5 
 
 MANUFAnTTIRES, J900. 
 
 Gro.MH value. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Rank. 
 
 813, 010, 036, .514 
 
 6,498,058,774 
 839, 7.52, 646 
 
 4,338,351,840 
 680,2.54,280 
 6.53, 618, 974 
 
 1 
 3 
 2 
 
 4 
 5 
 
 Amount. Rank 
 
 S8, 367, 997, 844 
 
 3, 972, 170, 421 
 .567,175,801 
 
 2,918,123,021 
 466,307,145 
 444,221,4.56 
 
 MINERAL rR0liur;T.4, 
 1902. 
 
 Value. 
 
 18796,800,081 
 
 274,436,816 
 71,. 571, 074 
 
 2.51,874,635 
 .50,044,483 
 
 148,873,073 
 
 Rank. 
 
 'Exelush f Alaskan coal and Hawaiian .stone products. 
 
 The table ena))le,s the reader to ^-rasp tit a gkance the 
 leadino- industries of the dift'ei'ent sections of the conn 
 try. It should be borne in mind, however, that this 
 treatment does not take into consideration the produc- 
 tion of the tisheries, which in some sections assumes 
 proportions of consideral)le magnitude. 
 
 The leading group in the mineral industries is the 
 North Atlantic, with a value of products amounting to 
 34. -i per cent of the total. This gi'oup is followed, in 
 order, by the North Central, with 31.6 per cent of the 
 total; the Western, with 18.7 per cent; the South 
 Atlantic, with 9 per cent; and the South Central, with 
 6.3 per cent. 
 
 The North Atlantic division owes its ranking position 
 primaril_y to the enormous coal production of Pennsyl- 
 vania. Illinois and Ohio, with their output of coal, 
 and Minnesota and Michigan, with their iron and cop- 
 per ores, explain the second rank held by the North 
 Central division. The Westei'n group ranks third 
 chiefly because of Colorado's gold and silver and bitu- 
 minous coal, and because of California's production of 
 the precious metals, petroleum, borax, etc. 
 
 II. 
 
 DEVELOPjrENT WORK. 
 
 For census purposes all mines, quarries, and petro- 
 leum and natu'-al-gas wells were classed as either "pro- 
 ductive" or "unproducti\-e," the latter being regarded 
 as engaged in devt'lopment work. Development work 
 is an incident in the operation of all mines and quarries, 
 but there were 4,126 properties reported in which the 
 work during 1902 was entirely of this class. The labor 
 employed in this development work and the expenses 
 incident to it form a part of the mining operations of 
 
 the country, and should lie included in the statistics; 
 but, in order to preserve harmony among the items — 
 number of employees, wages, expenses, and quantity 
 and value of product — the productive and unproductive 
 classes have been treated separatelv. In making this 
 separation it was necessary to classify as "development 
 work" all mines for which labor, hut no product, was 
 reported; and it is probable that some of them were 
 not engiiged in development work at all, but were idle, 
 the employees being engaged simply in preserving and 
 caring for the property. It is difficult to trace the line 
 of demarcation between development work and other 
 mining opc^rations. A large proportion of the em- 
 ployees of a mining company may be engaged in sink- 
 ing new shafts or making new tunnels to reach unde- 
 veloped deposits, and yet if even a small production is 
 reported the mine is necessarily classed as a producing 
 property; but, on the other hand, the sinking of new 
 shafts may be only incidental to the working of new 
 deposits from which valua])le products are obtained. 
 The emplovees engaged in surveying, drilling wells, 
 clearing ground, building flumes, making shafts or 
 tunnels, and, in fact, in doing anj' work except the 
 actual digging and deliver}^ of the ore, maj", on a strict 
 interpretation, be classed as doing development work. 
 Undoubtedly a great deal of development and exploit- 
 ing work was done during the year on properties that 
 were idle and apparently abandoned at the time they 
 were visited by the census agent. It was impracticable 
 to olitain any information concerning the work on such 
 mines, and therefore the statistics for development 
 work can not be accepted as covering the entire tield. 
 A general summary of the statistics for the mines, 
 f[uarries, ;ind wells classed as "•productive"" and 
 " unprotluctive" is given in Table 13. 
 
56 
 
 :\[IXES AND (,)l'ARKIES. 
 
 Table 13.— PRODUCTIVE AND UNPRODUCTIVE MINES, QUARRIES, AND WELLS: 1902. 
 
 MIN'EKAl.. 
 
 \ Number 
 
 i)f mines, 
 
 qiuirries, 
 
 and 
 
 wells. 
 
 Productive 
 
 Unproduetive. 
 
 Coal, anthracite and bitum 
 
 Total 
 
 Productive 
 
 Unprodtictive 
 
 Gold and silver; 
 
 Total 
 
 Productive 
 
 Unproductive 
 
 Petroleum: 
 
 Total 
 
 Productive 
 
 Unproductive 
 
 Iron rire: 
 
 Total 
 
 Productive 
 
 Unproductive 
 
 Copper ore: 
 
 Total 
 
 Productive 
 
 Unproductive 
 
 Natural gas; 
 
 Total 
 
 Productive 
 
 Unproductive 
 
 Limestones and dolomites: 
 
 Total 
 
 Productive 
 
 Unproductive 
 
 Cement: 
 
 Total 
 
 Productive 
 
 Unproductive 
 
 giliceous crvstalline rocks; 
 
 Total.-.' 
 
 Productive 
 
 . Unproductive 
 
 Lead and zinc ore: 
 
 Total 
 
 Productive 
 
 LTnpr(.tdncti\e 
 
 .411 other minerals: 
 
 Total 
 
 Productive 
 
 Unproductive 
 
 1.51,. il 6 
 ■i,126 
 
 Number 
 
 of oper- 
 
 a tors. 
 
 50, .=iOK 
 
 fi, 017 
 
 ;i, 986 
 
 31 
 
 6,244 
 
 2, 992 
 3, 2,52 
 
 119,2.s6 
 118,671 
 
 1,59 
 144 
 15 
 
 15.900 
 
 15,,s(6 
 
 91 
 
 :i. 249 
 
 104 
 
 ml 
 
 3 
 
 910 
 
 906 
 
 4 
 
 5S4 
 559 
 
 2, .>sn 
 47 
 
 46, 858 
 3,6.50 
 
 4, .550 
 
 4,528 
 
 22 
 
 6. 244 
 2,992 
 3.252 
 
 29, 728 
 
 29, ,522 
 
 206 
 
 36.5 
 
 332 
 3) 
 
 1.59 
 144 
 15 
 
 2,0(8 
 
 1.967 
 
 41 
 
 3, 140 
 
 3,i:-:7 
 
 96 
 93 
 8 
 
 ,W7 
 853 
 
 4 
 
 SALARIED (tFFiriALS, 
 CLERK.S, ETr-. 
 
 Nurillier, 
 
 as, 128 
 2, 684 
 
 17,476 
 
 17,427 
 
 49 
 
 5, 764 
 3, ISO 
 2, 2K4 
 
 3,1.S2 
 
 3, 033 
 
 149 
 
 . 133 
 
 ,4115 
 28 
 
 ,263 
 ,208 
 
 1 . 9;« 
 
 1 , 923 
 
 15 
 
 2,2:15 
 2,231 
 
 951 
 913 
 
 38 
 
 l.:isi 
 
 1,377 
 
 4 
 
 934 
 910 
 24 
 
 3. 2.55 
 
 3, 221 
 
 34 
 
 $41,714,4.54 
 
 39, 020, .5.52 
 2,693,902 
 
 17,462,6.59 
 
 17,419,217 
 
 13,442 
 
 7,412,243 
 5, 076, 773 
 2, 3;15, 470 
 
 3,10s, 518 
 2,986,768 
 121,7,50 , 
 
 2, ]:!3,945 1 
 2,113,230 
 20,715 
 
 1,832,664 
 
 1,768,4.56 
 
 64,208 
 
 1,817,782 
 
 1,810,:B7 
 
 7,445 
 
 1,.s4i;,,547 
 
 1,8-13,717 
 
 2,.stl0 
 
 l,l:(7, 117 
 1,0,87,-514 ' 
 49,603 
 
 ],2:il,4.s5 
 
 wa(;e-earners. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 .5,H1,728 
 13, 638 
 
 1 
 
 227 
 
 M.S5 
 
 
 3 
 
 600 
 
 
 842 
 
 086 
 
 
 826 
 15 
 
 759 
 
 5 
 
 ,S89 
 
 408 
 
 2 
 
 860 
 
 298 
 
 
 29 
 
 no 
 
 350, 7,54 
 
 350, 329 
 
 425 
 
 47, 905 
 :S6,]42 
 11,763 
 
 17,723 
 
 17, .5.52 
 
 171 
 
 :19, 118 
 
 :18, 851 
 
 267 
 
 26,309 
 
 26,007 
 
 302 
 
 4,715 
 4.678 
 
 :n , 5,S|| 
 31 , 647 
 
 13,:i81 
 
 13,041 
 
 340 
 
 18,919 
 
 18, ,s:-;6 
 
 83 
 
 7, 962 
 
 7, .SSI 
 
 71 
 
 37,010 
 
 3li, 864 
 
 146 
 
 Wages, 
 
 S3>2,76],895 
 
 309, 9,59, 960 
 12,801,935 
 
 220, 469, 766 
 
 220,198,401 
 
 271,:i65 
 
 47,658,176 
 36,077,492 
 11,580,684 
 
 13, 431,. 539 
 
 13,242,361 
 
 189, 178 
 
 21 , 6S8, 394 
 
 21,. 531, 792 
 
 156, 602 
 
 21 , 335, 829 
 
 21,1.51,405 
 
 1.S4, 424 
 
 2, 960, 383 
 
 2, 936, 279 
 
 24, 104 
 
 11,761,008 
 
 14,7.50, 6,:)8 
 
 111, 4:m 
 
 0.513,469 
 
 6, 328, 852 
 
 214,617 
 
 11 
 
 072 
 
 996 
 
 
 44 
 
 640 
 
 
 372 
 
 968 
 
 
 329 
 
 271 
 
 
 43,697 
 
 18 
 
 422 
 
 667 
 
 18 
 
 :mo 
 
 473 
 
 
 82 
 
 194 
 
 CONTRACT WORK. 
 
 Amount 
 X)aid. 
 
 $23, 342, 464 
 
 20, 677, 938 
 2, 664,, 526 
 
 1,684, .302 
 
 1 , 6.50, 5:35 
 
 33, 767 
 
 2,108,861 
 
 626, 090 
 
 1,. 542, 771 
 
 13,71.5,064 
 
 12,956,631 
 
 7.58,433 
 
 641,460 
 425, 292 
 216,168 
 
 188, 968 
 
 1.H8, 768 
 
 200 
 
 4, .563, 231 
 
 4,4,59,001 
 
 104, 230 
 
 :36,:i8l 
 
 36, 381 
 
 Number 
 of em- 
 jiloyees. 
 
 10,627 
 
 10.627 
 
 28, 202 
 
 21,183 
 7,019 
 
 6,906 
 
 6,771 
 
 135 
 
 6,629 
 
 980 
 
 5, 649 
 
 8, 702 
 
 7,949 
 
 7.53 
 
 1,:!65 
 
 1,079 
 
 2S6 
 
 196 
 
 195 
 
 1 
 
 3; 441 
 
 3,268 
 
 173 
 
 1:57 
 
 137 
 
 116, 7,56 
 
 108, 607 
 
 8,149 
 
 240 
 
 223 
 
 17 
 
 216,814 
 216, 006 
 
 808 
 
 ,552 
 
 547 
 
 5 
 
 Miscella- 
 neous 
 expenses. 
 
 Cost of sup- 
 plies and 
 materials. 
 
 $73,094,0.30 5129,968,111 
 
 71,771,713 
 1,322, :317 
 
 26,104,318 1 
 
 26,081,698 : 
 
 22,620 I 
 
 6,374,8.S5 
 5, 3.57, .529 
 1,017,3.56 
 
 15,929,740 
 
 15,811,726 
 
 118,014 
 
 S, :Wi;, 247 
 
 8,2.57,714 
 
 68, .533 
 
 1 . 435, 995 
 
 1 , 397, 405 
 
 38, 530 
 
 5,922,166 1 
 5,912,257 
 9,909 
 
 1,441,1.56 
 
 1,440,081 
 
 1,075 
 
 1,699,421 
 
 1 , 665, .520 
 
 33, 901 
 
 SIO, 6,56 
 
 810,206 
 
 4.50 
 
 2,093,446 
 
 2,092,001 
 
 1,445 
 
 2,9.56.000 
 
 2,945,616 
 
 10,484 
 
 123,814,967 
 6, 1.53, 144 
 
 37,710,122 
 
 37, .539, 702 
 
 170,420 
 
 21, 774. .845 
 16, 699,76s 
 5,075,077 
 
 18,285,193 
 
 17, 781,. 512 
 
 503, 681 
 
 9,149,149 
 
 9, 005, 608 
 
 143, .541 
 
 11,219,022 
 
 ll,o,s:i, 175 
 
 1.35, ,S47 
 
 6, 680, 452 
 
 6, 607, 255 
 
 73, 197 
 
 5, 409, 162 
 
 5,403,912 
 
 5, 2.50 
 
 9,101,190 
 
 9, 098, 226 
 
 2, 964 
 
 2.494,565 
 
 2, 493, 065 
 
 1,.500 
 
 2, 529, 827 
 
 2,511,6.57 
 
 IS, 170 
 
 5, 614, .584 
 
 5, .591,0.87 
 
 23,497 
 
 The -t, 120 mine.s and quarrie.s classed ii.s unproductive j $2.5, ();3.5, 824 expended in develdpnient work, for which 
 were controlled bj' 3,650 operators. There were, on I thei-e was ahsohitely no return in production. Of this 
 the average, 1.3,638 , wage-earners employed })y these | total, $21, 5.")!. 358, or Sl.l per cent, was reported for 
 
 operators during the year, and tlie total annual wages 
 amounted to §12,801,035. The development work 
 done on contract during the year amounted to 
 $2,664,526; and, in addition, §2,693, H02 was paid as sal- 
 aries, and $7,4T5,46il was spent for miscellaneous 
 expenses, supplies, and materials, making a total (if 
 
 the precious metals, the amount Keing expended hy 
 3,252 operators. The remainder, $4.o,s4.46(;, or 15. il 
 per cent, w iis expended liy 3'.i,s operators engaged in 
 exploiting and (li'\'elopmeiit work for a variety of 
 minerals. Talile 14 presents the statistics for develop- 
 ment work ill each stiitc and territory. 
 
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS. 
 
 Table 14.— DEVELOPMENT WORK, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1902. 
 
 57 
 
 STATE IIH TERRITOHV. 
 
 United Stutes. 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Arizona 
 
 Arl;nnsas 
 
 California 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Florida 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Indian' Tcrritor\' 
 
 Indiana 
 
 lo^va 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Lonisiansi 
 
 ^Michigan 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Misstmri 
 
 Montana 
 
 Nevada 
 
 New .Tersey 
 
 Xe^v Mexico . . . 
 
 Ne\y York 
 
 North Carolina . 
 Ohio 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 
 mines. 
 
 quar- 
 ries, 
 and 
 
 wells. 
 
 5 
 381 
 
 Num- 1 
 ber of 
 oper- } 
 ators. 
 
 Oklahoma 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Pennsylvania . 
 South Dakota 
 Tennessee 
 
 Texas 
 
 Utah 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Wasliington . 
 
 West Virginia ... 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 All other states! 
 
 492 
 905 
 
 3 
 9 
 
 's 
 
 13 
 
 79 
 
 4 
 
 108 
 
 243 
 
 12 
 
 17 
 19 
 32 
 129 
 
 82 
 
 3 
 1.59 
 
 17 
 192 
 
 114 
 
 15 
 
 71 
 273 
 
 3,050 
 
 5 
 381 
 
 3 
 460 
 964 
 
 3 
 
 1.59 
 
 6 
 
 29 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 192 
 13 
 114 
 
 5 
 
 51 
 
 273 
 
 5 
 
 1.51 
 
 13 
 4 
 
 87 
 5 
 
 SALARIED OI'-KI- 
 
 CIALS, CLERKS, 
 
 ETC. 
 
 Nuni- 
 ))er. 
 
 2, 684 
 
 10 
 
 386 
 
 1 
 
 319 
 
 456 
 
 Salaries. 
 
 9,010 
 
 4.59. 452 
 
 900 
 
 320,1.89 
 
 437. 788 
 
 4,70U 
 
 S. 808 
 
 164,, 560 
 
 35 
 
 107 
 
 11 
 
 42 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 139 
 
 21 , 065 
 
 2, 920 
 
 510 
 
 5, 892 
 
 23. 481 
 
 1,170 
 
 69, 967 
 
 2,230 
 
 10, 220 
 
 S3. 099 
 
 1,81,172 
 
 39,713 
 90,121 
 16, 509 
 33, 005 
 0,000 
 
 100 
 
 102,184 
 
 3, .590 
 
 114, 950 
 
 36 
 
 214 
 
 8 
 
 122 
 
 14 
 5 
 
 79 
 7 
 
 112 
 
 209 
 744 
 535 
 337 
 
 7, 731 
 
 4.3(10 
 
 80. 984 
 
 4, 635 
 
 
 
 WAOE-I 
 
 ARNICRS. 
 
 
 
 CONTRAf.-l 
 
 WORK. 
 
 j Miscella- 
 neous 
 
 expenses. 
 
 
 1 
 
 Average 
 lunaber. 
 
 otal. 
 
 Wages. 
 *12,S01,935 
 
 Above 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 4,364 
 
 ground. 
 Wages. 
 83,708,337 
 
 Bclou 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 ground. 
 Wages. 
 
 Amount 
 paid. 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 em- 
 plo.vees. 
 
 Cost of 
 supplies 
 and ma- 
 terials. 
 
 13, 038 
 
 9, 274 
 
 S9, 033, .598 
 
 82,664,526 
 
 7,019 
 
 81,322,317 
 
 80, 1.53, 144 
 
 45 
 
 2, 240 
 
 1 
 
 1,.575 
 
 2. 337 
 
 15 
 40 
 
 852 
 5 
 80 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 19 
 33 
 9 
 
 353 
 117 
 07 
 .520 
 674 
 
 336 
 3.58 
 96 
 344 
 204 
 
 839 
 44 
 
 .522 
 6 
 
 48 
 966 
 
 51 
 520 
 
 61 
 
 7 
 
 309 
 
 47 
 
 15,244 
 
 2, 329, 945 
 
 3.50 
 
 1.420.819 
 
 2.310,0.58 
 
 4, 732 
 
 1.5,817 
 
 897,412 
 
 2,125 
 50, .516 
 
 209 
 
 1,183 
 
 16,463 
 
 2.5,693 
 
 8,610 
 
 222, 215 
 
 73, 700 
 
 43,213 
 
 592, 626 
 
 6.56,169 
 
 210, 819 
 270, 896 
 .50, 403 
 102,431 
 122, 722 
 
 ""80.5,' 8,55' 
 
 20, 7.52 
 
 .581,163 
 
 2,000 
 
 46, 766 
 920, 624 
 
 17, 964 
 6.57, 313 
 
 26,645 
 
 4,025 
 
 318,301 
 
 20, 098 
 
 30 
 Ofl7 
 1 
 530 
 494 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 227 
 
 5 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 1 
 9 
 33 
 9 
 
 222 
 112 
 27 
 98 
 122 
 
 330 
 66 
 
 89 
 132 
 204 
 
 2i3' 
 
 39 
 
 132 
 
 5 
 
 IS 
 172 
 
 19 
 129 
 
 41 
 
 107 
 34 
 
 1 r . 332 
 
 1; 10, 801 
 
 350 
 
 173,895 
 
 531,. 594 
 
 1,732 
 
 3,863 
 
 216,635 
 
 2, 125 
 
 20. 472 
 
 269 
 
 400 
 
 10,295 
 
 25, 693 
 
 8, 010 
 
 132,043 
 70, 295 
 18, .551 
 110.840 
 1.55,869 
 
 208, 119 
 .53, 521 
 47, 179 
 38, 743 
 
 122,722 
 
 
 
 186,275 
 
 18,2.57 
 
 147, ,506 
 
 2,000 
 
 46, 766 
 
 165, 353 
 
 7, 168 
 
 127, 8.57 
 
 21). 9.80 
 
 2, 701 
 
 113,208 
 
 14,718 
 
 9 
 1,639 
 
 "'i,'04.5' 
 1,843 
 
 3,912 
 1,089,144 
 
 "'9.52.' 924' 
 1.808.404 
 
 "'i97,'324' 
 
 4, 500 
 
 180, 596 
 
 .582, 948 
 
 2, 724 
 
 200 
 
 1.58,262 
 
 ""i6,'3oo' 
 
 21 , 979 
 000 
 97, .511 
 1,86. 733 
 65. 373 
 
 ""si?' 
 
 2.55 
 911 
 
 4 
 1 
 
 254 
 
 2i' 
 
 47 
 
 4 
 
 78 
 
 209 
 
 37 
 
 889 
 124,849 
 
 "'i7i,'432' 
 
 213,816 
 
 125 
 485 
 
 98, 217 
 25 
 
 18,407 
 
 0,417 
 
 2.51 
 
 lU, 956 
 
 22,8.57 
 
 1.489 
 
 103,887 
 
 2, 346 
 
 3, 225 
 37, 397 
 70, 435 
 
 25.418 
 
 34,125 
 
 0,131 
 
 11,147 
 
 1,048 
 
 924, 313 
 
 50 
 
 826, 664 
 
 1,030,605 
 
 13 033 
 
 30 
 625 
 
 40' 
 
 11,9.54 
 680, 777 
 
 '"'ii.'ws' 
 
 7, 287 
 
 40.5,0.58 
 
 2,900 
 
 06, 984 
 
 9 118 
 
 1 
 10 
 
 783 
 6, 168 
 
 1,100 
 90, 685 
 67 620 
 
 \ . . 
 
 15,800 
 201 6.56 
 
 131 
 5 
 40 
 422 
 4.52 
 
 6 
 
 292 
 
 212 
 
 89, 572 
 3, 405 
 
 24, 662 
 4.81,786 
 .500,300 
 
 2. 700 
 217,375 
 
 3, 224 
 63,688 
 
 215, 808 
 12,149 
 65,797 
 27,133 
 
 ""73;i28' 
 .500 
 
 14,174 
 
 3, 7.50 
 75, .594 
 36. 332 
 
 284 
 26 
 810 
 590 
 
 "' 1,923' 
 4 
 
 27' 
 
 14 
 137 
 119 
 
 06,310 
 
 22,3.52 
 
 275, 796 
 
 4.54, 077 
 
 128, 488 
 2, 164 
 .54,3.32 
 
 026 
 
 5 
 
 390 
 
 "moisso' 
 
 2, 495 
 433,6.57 
 
 2.50 
 47, 191 
 
 4,677 
 45,210 
 
 1,910 
 
 29, 912 
 
 1.33. 651 
 
 9, 7.52 
 
 40,110 
 
 0, 303 
 
 1,078 
 
 35, 120 
 
 2, 927 
 
 500 
 
 241,101 
 
 39,216 
 
 166, .585 
 
 10. 403 
 
 245. 542 
 
 162,745 
 
 1.58 
 
 75. 084 
 
 45, 315 
 
 16 
 
 230 
 
 298 
 
 1 
 
 198 
 
 76 
 
 g'»7 
 
 
 
 51 679 
 
 794 
 32 
 391 
 
 10 
 
 202 
 13 
 
 7.55. 271 
 
 10,796 
 
 429, 456 
 
 5, 665 
 
 1 , 324 
 
 205, 093 
 
 6,380 
 
 408, bOrt 
 
 26, 305 
 
 236, 963 
 
 73, 437 
 5 -'50 
 
 SO, 204 
 
 123 
 
 140, 754 
 
 
 
 
 ^ Includes niK^ratdrs distril)UtO'l us follows: Connt-c.licut, 1; Maryland, li; New Hamjtshire. 1: South Carolina, 1. 
 
 III. 
 
 LUriTATIONS OF THE USK OF CEN.'^U.S STATISTICS OF 
 MININ(}. 
 
 The uses that can propc^rly be made of the census 
 figures are discussed in the reports on the diti'erent 
 minerals, and also in diti'erent sections of this summary 
 and analysis. The limitations imposed are similar to 
 those which appear in connection with the use of the 
 statistic's of manufactures di.scussed in detail in Part I 
 of the report on manufactures of the Twelfth Census. 
 
 The statistics of mines, quarries, and petroleum and 
 natural-o-as wells can he accepted as indicating the 
 growth and relative importance of th(.» states, and of 
 the different sections of the country in the production 
 of the diti'erent minerals. When possilile the figures 
 have been presented in comparative tallies which em- 
 brace data reported at pre\-ious censuses. The figures 
 can be used to ascertain the (juantity and the value of 
 the different minerals produced, the average numlierof 
 persons employed in their pi'oduction. and the total 
 amount paid in wages in the different states at different 
 census periods. The general condition of the mining 
 
 industries of the country and the extent to which the 
 mineral deposits in the different states have been de- 
 veloped can likewise be determined. The limitations 
 of the use of these statistics may be summarized as 
 follows: 
 
 1. The figures show only the total production for a 
 period of twelve months. They do not indicate the char-' 
 acter or extent of the mineral deposits or the proportion 
 of these deposits that remains to be mined, nor the pos- 
 sible or relative advantages to be deri\'ed from mining 
 in diti'erent sections of the country. 
 
 2. The exact relation l)etween cost of mining ;ind 
 value of products can not Ijc determined from the sta- 
 tistics. The Census inquiry was designed to obtain a 
 complete statement of the more important items which 
 niak:c up the cost of mining, but there still remain many 
 items of expense of which it was impossible to obtain a 
 record. For this and other reasons the Census figures 
 throw no light whatever upon the profits of mining, or 
 upon the relative shares of the product which go to 
 capital and labor, respectively. The items of expense 
 which are presented separately in the Census reports are 
 summarized in the following stfifement: 
 
58 
 
 MINES AND (JUARRIKS. 
 
 Value of products 8790, S'iii, 417 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 1^123,811,9(17 
 
 Salaries, wages, and contract work t29, fi5s, 4,50 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 71,771,713 
 
 Total cost la.i, 24."), 130 
 
 Excess of value of products fiver total cost *171,.s,si,2,s7 
 
 Such a calculation would make it appear that the 
 profit of mining- was about |1T(I,00(),000, but .such a 
 conclusion is unwarranted and improper. The tigures 
 take no cognizance of the depreciation of the plant, 
 of expenses incident to the sale of the product, or of 
 interest on capital invested; they ignore the element 
 of loss due to bad debts and the element of risk and 
 speculation incident to marketing the products. The 
 value of the product reported to the Census is the value 
 at the mine or quarry. It was beyond the scope of 
 this investigation to follow the product further. The 
 Bureau of the Census made no inquiry concerning the 
 capital, accounts current, or assets of the mine opera- 
 tors, and it was impossible to determine from the sched- 
 ules received whether the business had been conducted 
 at a profit or at a joss during the year covered by the 
 report. 
 
 .3. The average earnings of employees can not be deter- 
 mined from these statistics. The reasons why this is 
 not possible are given on page 95, where the statistics 
 for employees and wages are discussed. 
 
 ■i. The Census tigures can not be used to determine the 
 respective shares of capital and of labor in the results 
 of mining operations. The amount of money reported 
 as paid out during the year in the form of wages can 
 be taken as the contribution which the mining opera- 
 tors returned to the wage-earning class from the results 
 of operations carried on, but what relation this sum 
 bears to the interest earned on the total capital invested 
 or to the total profits of mining it is impossible to 
 estimate. Such relations can bi_' determined only liy 
 special investigations of typical mines in selected lines 
 of production. 
 
 IV. 
 
 NUMBER OF MINES, QfARlilES, AM) WEI.LS. 
 
 A consideration of primary impoi'tance in any census 
 investigatifin is the selection and proper definition of 
 a suitalile unit of enumeration. Generally the unit 
 chosen is one that is sanctioned by common experience, 
 as the individual in the enumeration of the population, 
 the farm in agriculture, the establishment in manu- 
 factures, and the mine in mines and mining. 
 
 As defined by the mining laws of the I'nited States 
 the word "'mine"' applies tf) a single mining claim or a 
 single shaft or other opening, and the term has been 
 used in this sense \vhene\'er such a claim was mined 
 s('parately. In tlie ease of many mining properties, 
 however — particulai'ly those tliat wei'e at an advanced 
 stage of flevelopment — it was found that th(! ])i'operty 
 had erown bevoml the ]iiiiind;Lr\- of one claim anrl 
 
 included contiguous claims that frequently were con- 
 nected with the original claim ))y underground tunnels 
 and workings, and were so closely associated with it in 
 their operations that even the owner or lessee could not 
 segregate the operations of the different claims. The 
 Bureau of the Census has designated as a mine, any 
 claim or group of contiguous claims operated as a 
 single property. In certain cases, however— as in that 
 of the larger coal companies operating in the anthracite 
 region of Penn.sylvania— it was found impracticable to 
 secure .separate reports for collieries in the .same 
 county, even when noncontiguous, and in such instances, 
 the reports were frequently made on a single schedule. 
 On the other hand, in case of a mine worked by several 
 lessees, each of whom operated independently, separate 
 reports were often made, but whenever possilile a 
 single report of the operations was secured from the 
 lessor, or the reports of the several lessees were con- 
 solidated. The operation of mines by lessees is a condi- 
 tion fre([uently found in the mining of precious metals 
 and in the zinc mining region of southwestern Missouri. 
 
 A single oil or gas well tmder individual management 
 or a number of contiguous wells under the same man- 
 agement were considered, for census purposes, as a 
 single mine, but each well was also enumerated and 
 countetl in the tables as a separate unit. In the produc- 
 tion of some minerals, such as precious stones, placer 
 gold from small placer deposits, and monazite, mining 
 in many instances ^^-as not carried on continuously at 
 the same locality, and it was impossiljle to ascertain 
 the number of distinct mining operations. The term 
 "operator"" represents the individual, company, or cor- 
 poration that controls the mine. The distinct mining 
 operations under the control of the ,same operator and 
 located in the same county were included in one report 
 to the Bureau of the Census, or in .separate reports, to 
 suit the convenience of the operator, l)ut if the distinct 
 operations were situated in different counties a separate 
 report was made for each county. 
 
 At the census of 1880 the term ''estalMishment of 
 industry" was vised in compiling the statistics of the 
 mining industry. In defining this term it was said that 
 "the term 'establishment of industry,' as used in these 
 tables, may be taken to mean a mining operation the 
 accounts of which are separate, and the product of 
 which is not mingled with that of any other before it is 
 shipped, though at the same time it may consist of 
 numerous distinct mine openings.""' This definition is 
 in general, consistent with that adopted in this report, 
 but certain important exceptions have been noted. 
 
 In the fiiddwork of thi' present investigation special 
 agents wi're instructed as follows: "It is important 
 that a separate return be made for each mine or quarry, 
 and that the statistics of employees, \\ages, expenses, 
 and supplies entered on the schedule pei'tain only to 
 
 'Tenth Census, Vol. XV, liei>ort on Miniiii; Iiidnstrii's, pafje 
 X X i V . 
 
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS. 
 
 59 
 
 the mine oi' quarry reported. This rule ishould he olv 
 served in all hranches of niiniu".;- and ([uarrving except 
 petroleum and natural-gas wells, where all the wells 
 located in a certain g-roup or conducted under one own- 
 ershi]> should he reported upon the .same schedule. 
 However, if more than one mine or ([uarry in the same 
 county is owned hy the same company or lirni, and it is 
 impracticable to make a separate report for each, a 
 combined report may be made which will include the 
 operation.s of all. Mines or quarries, under the same 
 ownership in diiferent counties, must be reported on 
 separate schedules. If a schedule includes the opera- 
 tions of more than one mine or (juarry, a memorandum, 
 giving the name and post office address of each mine 
 or quarry inchided. should be attached to the schedule." 
 Sometimes it was impossible to state the number of 
 mines reporting; this was the case with precious stones 
 which, as a rule, are not obtained from regularly 
 operated mines but through occasional hndings or 
 through systematic search. In such cases there is no 
 mine, and the number of opei'ators only is shown. It 
 was also impracticable to ascertain the numl>er of sepa- 
 rate mines for gold and silver, and copper, and the 
 number given is the number of operators. This prac- 
 tice was also followed in lead and zinc. 
 
 In order to comply with the requirements of the law 
 the canvass covered all mines and quarries, both large 
 and small, and thei-efore included not only the commer- 
 cial mines but also those worked to supply a local 
 demand, such as the limestone f|uarry operated by a 
 farmer to secure material for his own con.sumption or 
 to furnish lime for the use of the immediate neighbor- 
 hood, and the small, irregularly worked, bituminous 
 coal mines. This practice has resulted in the inclusion 
 of the large, fulh^ equipped mining plants and the small 
 stone quarries worked at irregular intervals. The 
 large and small mines are given equal weight in ascer- 
 taining the number of mines and the number of opera- 
 tors. It is evident, therefore, that the unit, '"a mine," 
 is ambiguous and does not always signify the same thing. 
 A thorough enumeration of the small mines or quarries 
 worked to supply a product for local consumption is not 
 essential to a mining census. Thej' are incidental to the 
 canvass, and special efl'ort should be made to enumerate 
 them only when they are characteristic of a locality or 
 mineral. For instance, the enumeration of the small 
 lead miners of Missouri or of the small Ijituminous coal 
 operators of Kentucky is important, but, as explained on 
 page 18, it is impossible to eiuunerate all of the small 
 placer gold miners and their omission makes no appre- 
 ciable difference in the aggregates. This is especiallv 
 true when the total production of the metal can be 
 obtained from other and more reliable sources. 
 
 The increase in the number of mines reported at 
 different censuses is not necessarily an indication of an 
 incrciifse in the mining industry as a whole. The small 
 operators might be especially active during the vear of 
 
 the canvass, while a number of the large mines might 
 be idle or working on part time. Under such condi- 
 tions the reports would show a lai'ger numbei- of mines 
 but fewer wage-earners, less wages, and a smaller 
 product than would be the case if the conditions were 
 i-eversed. This is illustrated b}^ the statistics for coal 
 mining. There were 12,552 coal mines reported at the 
 Ele\'enth C'ensus, with 294, -±15 ^v age-earners, and a 
 product valued at 1160,226,323. In 1902 the number 
 of mines reported decreased to 5,986, while the immber 
 of wage-earners increased to 350,329 and the value of 
 the pi-oduct, to $367,032,069. 
 
 No figures at previous censuses are available for a 
 satisfactory comparison of the number of mines for all 
 minerals, but the following statement sho^s the number 
 of producing mines reported for some of the most 
 important minerals at the censuses of 1902 and 1889: 
 
 Xuiiibi'i- of pi'oducing iiniiea for pvincipal minerals: 1902 ond 1889. 
 
 NUMBER OF MIXES 
 AND WELLS. 
 
 CVial, anthracite 334 
 
 linld ami sih'er 2 992 
 
 If"" "I-'- '525 
 
 Na tural t'as 1.5, 806 
 
 Pctroletim ng, 671 
 
 QuicksilvLT 41 
 
 414 
 
 3,729 
 
 592 
 
 2,247 
 
 35, 163 
 
 11 
 
 The number of mines was not shown at the Eleventh 
 Census for many of the most important minerals, such 
 as copper, lead, zinc, and manganese, and it is impos- 
 sible to determine the number of independent proper- 
 ties engaged at that time in the production of these 
 minerals. The above statement indicates that there 
 were more mines engaged in the production of iron, 
 anthracite coal, and the precious metals in 1889 than 
 there were in 1902, and this is probably true for iron 
 and coal. Notwithstanding this apparent decrease in 
 the number of mines, there has been a large increase 
 in the amount and value of the products for all the 
 minerals enumerated. "When, as is frequently the 
 case, more than one variety of mineral is obtained 
 from the same mine, it is impossible to give the num- 
 ber of mines producing each variety, and then present 
 totals, without some duplication. This duplication was 
 avoided at the present census by classifying the reports 
 act'ording to the mineral of chief value and counting- 
 each mine as a single unit, irrespective of the number 
 of distinct minerals obtained from it. 
 
 The mines reported for each classification have been 
 arranged in three groups: (1) Active mines reporting 
 production; (2) active mines reporting no production, 
 the work being confined to development, exploitation, or 
 care of the property; (3) mines that were idle during 
 the entire year. The number of these different classes 
 of mines reported for each classification of minerals is 
 shown ill Table lo. 
 
60 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 15.— NUMBER OF ACTIVE AND IDLE MINES BY CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS: 1903. 
 
 Asbestos 
 
 Asphaltnm and bituminmis rock . 
 
 Bary tea 
 
 Bauxite 
 
 Borax . 
 
 BuhrstonesaiKl millstones 
 
 Cement 
 
 Chrome ore 
 
 Clay 
 
 Coal, anthracite 
 
 Coal, bituminous 
 
 Copper ore 
 
 Corundum and emery 
 
 Crystalline ciuartz 
 
 Feldspar 
 
 Flint. 
 
 Fluorspar - 
 
 Fuller's earth 
 
 Garnet 
 
 Gold and silver 
 
 Graphite 
 
 Grindstones and j.ulpstoncs 
 
 Gypsum 
 
 Infu.sorial earth, tripoli, and pumice . 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 Lead and zinc ore 
 
 Limestones and dolomites 
 
 19 
 43 
 55 
 39 
 13 
 37 
 152 
 'i 
 
 268 
 
 363 
 
 1,090 
 
 '»'2 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 36 
 
 25 
 
 1,201 
 43 
 13 
 79 
 IS 
 7,S2 
 742 
 ,628 
 
 Active 
 mines 
 with pro- 
 duction. 
 
 4 
 
 24 
 
 49 
 
 38 
 
 6 
 
 29 
 
 101 
 
 1 
 
 205 
 
 334 
 
 5, 6.52 
 
 144 
 
 27 
 19 
 
 2,992 
 
 28 
 
 9 
 
 62 
 
 11 
 
 525 
 
 559 
 
 3,246 
 
 Active 
 mines 
 without 
 Iirodue- 
 tion. 
 
 Idle 
 mines. 
 
 , 2.52 
 3 
 
 4,126 
 
 7,938 
 
 
 1.5 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 6 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 48 
 1 
 
 61 
 
 17 
 
 409 
 
 (i3 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 6 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3, 9.57 
 
 12 
 4 
 
 17 
 
 220 
 
 1.58 
 
 1,379 
 
 MrNDRAL. 
 
 Lithium ore. 
 Litlio^raphic 
 MaKnrsitc . . 
 Man^'auesc o 
 
 Marble 
 
 Marl 
 
 Mil 
 
 Mineral pii,fnicnts, crude 
 
 Molybdenum 
 
 Monazite 
 
 Natural Kas 
 
 Nickel an<l cobalt 
 
 Nitrate of soda 
 
 Oilstones, whctst .'s, and sc'ythesto 
 
 Petroleum 
 
 Phosphate rock 
 
 Preciiais stones 
 
 Quicksilver 
 
 Rutile 
 
 Sandstones and quartzites 
 
 Silica sand 
 
 Siiioeous crystalline rocks 
 
 Slate 
 
 Sulphur and pyrite 
 
 Talc and soapstone 
 
 Tin. 
 
 Tungsten 
 
 Uranium and vanadium. 
 
 Total. 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 90 
 
 197 
 
 115 
 
 85 
 
 48 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 15,951 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 119, .598 
 
 136 
 
 49 
 
 107 
 
 1 
 
 1,614 
 
 28 
 
 1,230 
 
 269 
 
 32 
 
 33 1 
 
 3 I 
 
 8 I 
 
 Active 
 mines 
 with pro- 
 duction. 
 
 1 
 19 
 83 
 11 
 49 
 35 
 
 1 
 
 15, S06 
 
 15 
 
 118,671 
 
 115 
 
 46 
 
 V 
 
 1,304 
 26 
 906 
 199 
 23 
 20 
 
 Active 
 mines 
 without 
 produc- 
 tion. 
 
 Idle 
 mines. 
 
 615 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 68 
 
 104 
 
 104 
 
 36 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 51 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 312 
 
 19 
 
 309 
 1 
 320 
 67 
 8 
 13 
 3 
 4 
 2 
 
 There was no attempt to make a complete enumera- 
 tion of the idle mines and ([uarries, and the number 
 reported includes only those that -were enumerated 
 incidentally in the canvass of the active properties. 
 Many idle mines are virtually al;)aiuloned, and an 
 enumeration of them would have no signiHcance. In 
 addition to the 163, -580 active and idle mines, quarries, 
 and wells, reports were received from 5,511 unpatented 
 mining- claims on which only assessment work was done 
 during the year. Of the 151,516 productive mines, 
 quarries, and wells, 118,671, or78.3 percent, were petro- 
 leum wells, and only 4,280, or 2.8 per cent, were engaged 
 ill the production of ores. The remaining 28,565, or 
 18. i' \)iiY cent, produced fuels; structural, abrasive, and 
 chemical materials; pigments; and miscellaneous sub- 
 stances. 
 
 NUMBKR OF OPEUATtJKS. 
 
 The 151,51(1 producing mines were controlled by 
 46,858 operators. The term " operator," as used in 
 this repoi-t, stands for the individual, firm, incorporated 
 company, or association that operates the mine or com- 
 bination of mines. The "operator" is a more definite 
 unit of measurement than the "'mine." It represents 
 a distinct interest and conveys an idea of the number 
 of sepai'ate jjroperties. It can be applied with some 
 degree of certainty to the employees, wages, and value 
 of products to determine the magnitud(> of the indi- 
 vidual holdings, and such a comparison is made, for the 
 principal minerals, in the following table: 
 
 T.\BLK !(>.— AVEKA(iE NUMBER OF \VA( ilvEARNERS, WAGES, AND V.4LUE OF PRODUCTS PER OPERATOR, FOR THE 
 
 ITiUN'CIPAL MINERALS: ISIOl'. 
 
 Total 
 
 Coal, anthracite. . 
 Coal, bituminous . 
 
 'dpper ore 
 
 (iold and silver ore 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 Lead and zinc ore. 
 
 -Marble 
 
 Natural Kas 
 
 Petroleum 
 
 ,\l) otbiT rriiricra is . 
 
 Number 
 of op- 
 
 119 
 
 , 409 
 144 
 
 :,992 
 332 
 
 567 
 
 WAGE-EARNERS. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 69,691 
 
 280,638 
 
 26, 007 
 
 :)6,142 
 
 38. 8.51 
 
 7,881 
 
 4,070 
 
 4,i;78 
 
 17, .5.52 
 
 96,218 
 
 \verage 
 
 per 
 operator. 
 
 .586 
 64 
 
 181 
 12 
 
 117 
 
 14 
 
 ,54 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 Average 
 
 per 
 operator. 
 
 VALUE OF I'KODt'CTS. 
 
 Average 
 Total. per 
 
 .operator. 
 
 $369,9.59,960 $7,895 J796,826,417 | 517,005 
 
 38,716,113 
 
 181,482,288 
 
 21,161,405 
 
 36,077,492 
 
 21,, 531, 792 
 
 4,;i29,271 
 
 2.212.6411 
 
 2.9:i6.279 
 
 13.212, :!i;i 
 
 48,2,80,319 
 
 - i- 
 
 326, 346 
 
 41,162 
 
 146, .s,H5 
 
 12, 0.58 
 
 64,.s.55 
 
 7, 772 
 
 29, ,502 
 
 l,.iy3 
 
 449 
 
 7,162 
 
 76, 173, 5,86 
 
 290, 858, 483 
 
 51,178,036 
 
 82,482,0.52 
 
 65, 466, 32] 
 
 14,600,177 
 
 5,044,182 
 
 30,867,,S(r3 
 
 71,397,739 
 
 108, 758, 978 
 
 640,114 
 
 rt5,9lJ9 
 
 3.55, 403 
 
 27,. 568 
 
 197,185 
 
 26, 212 
 
 67,256 
 
 15,693 
 
 2, 418 
 
 16, 134 
 
 Considering -all classesof minei'als, each operator gave I duction of petroleum the smallest per operator. While 
 
 em]:)loyment on the a\ crage to 12 wage-earners and paid • fi-om a statistical standpoint both petroleum and natural 
 
 $7,895 in wages during the year-, the annual product j gas sire ])r-o))ei-ly classed as minerals, the methods of 
 
 fieing valued at *S^17,<KI5. The production of anthracite I produclicin and distribution ditt'cr so radically fr(.ini 
 
 coal shows the largest results pel- operalur iiiid the [iro- [ tho.se of all other minerals that the statistit-s are not 
 
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS. 
 
 Gl 
 
 conipiiral)lc and should, :i,s far as possible, lie trc^atcd 
 separately. Excludiny petroleum and natural-j;-as wells, 
 there were iT.OIB'.t mines and quarri(^s, controlled hy 
 15,8(39 operators. Eaeli operator eraplo^^ed on the 
 aN'eraye HG wage-earners, paid $'J8,(>1!> in ■\vag(\s, and 
 reported a product valued at $-i:5,l!>2. Next to anthra- 
 cite coal, the largest establishment per operatoi- is 
 shown for copper ore. In this industry ISl wage-cMirn- 
 ers were employed on the average by each operator. 
 
 Lar(ji' and simtll iijhriiforK. — These averages jier op- 
 erator are a general indication of the magnitude of the 
 individual e.stablishments for the entire country, but 
 the large number of small operators incduded in the 
 total tends to reduce the size of the average establish- 
 ment without an increase in the total jjroduction corre- 
 sponding to the number of operators employed. For 
 instance, the average operator in anthracite coal gave 
 employment to 5S<i wage-earners, but returns have been 
 received from one operator in this industry who gave 
 employment to as many as 33,662 wage-earners on the 
 average during the busiest month of the year and who 
 paid more than $6,000,000 in wage.s for'the year's oper- 
 ation, the product beingvalued,at more than $10,7<»(i,000. 
 A report was also received from the operator of a cop- 
 per mine who gave employment to 4.700 wage-earners 
 during the busiest month, paid more than $3,700,000 in 
 wages, and had an annual product valued at more than 
 $8.800,(>00, whereas the average numberof wage-earners 
 
 enif)loyed per opei'atoi' f(jr tliis minei'al is only Isl. 
 In the production of iron ore a single operator reported 
 the employment of -1,66-1: wage-earners for the busiest 
 month and paid more than $3,600,000 in wages, the \-alue 
 of his animal product amounting to over $11,700,000. 
 
 The average operator in the prcjduction of precious 
 metals ga\'e employment to only 13 wage-earners dui'- 
 iiig the year, liut the operator most largely engaged in 
 the production of these minerals gave employment to 
 3,030 wage-earners during the busiest month of the 
 year, paid in annual wages over $3,3(»:-),.S;")l, and had a 
 product valued at the mine at more than $1:, 300, 000. 
 
 When petroleum and natural gas are left out of con- 
 sideration, the largest operatoi' was reported for Ititu- 
 minous coal. This estalilisliment gave employment to 
 15,639 wage-earners on the average during the year, 
 paid more than $8,S00,O00 in wages, and had a product 
 amounting to o\-er $13,OOO,0o0. 
 
 The following table groups the operators according 
 to the values of their products, and thus indicates the 
 proportions of the total product ol)tained l)y large 
 and small operatoi's. The reports for petroleum and 
 natural-gas companies have been excluded from this 
 table, and'the value of the by-products, referred to on 
 page 25, have ))een reassigned to the total for the 
 mineral fx'om which they were obtained. This arrange- 
 ment enables the presentation of the total value of 
 products for each operator. 
 
 Tahle 17.— number of OPERATORS AND \'ALUE OF THEIR PRODUCTS, GROUPED BY MINERALS INTO CLASSES 
 
 BASED ON VALUE OF PRODUCT: 1902. 
 
 ["Values have been omitterl wherever thev disclo.serl the produels of individual establi^'hments. 
 
 table.] 
 
 Stati.^tic's for natural gas and petroleum are not ineluded in this 
 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 LESS THAN S.500. 
 
 S500 BUT LESS THAN 
 *1,000. 
 
 81,000 BUT LES.S THAX 
 S10,000, 
 
 S10,000 BUT LESS THAX 
 $60,000. 
 
 MINERALS BY GROUPS. 
 
 Number 
 of oper- 
 ators. 
 
 Value of 
 product. 
 
 Number 
 
 of ojier- 
 
 ators. 
 
 Value of 
 product. 
 
 Number 
 of oper- 
 ators. 
 
 Value of 
 produet. 
 
 Number 
 of oper- 
 ators. 
 
 Value of 
 product. 
 
 J19, 658, 1.52 
 
 Number 
 of oper- 
 ators. 
 
 Value of 
 j)roduct. 
 
 Total 
 
 1.5, 369 
 
 $694,. 560, 815 
 
 4,044 
 
 J741,229 
 
 1,4.50 
 
 $1,031,235 
 
 6, 111 
 
 2,768 
 
 S66, 566, 573 
 
 Metallic 
 
 4,081 
 
 215,405,012 
 
 917 
 
 194, 436 
 
 4, 015 
 164, 190 
 8, 792 
 15,640 
 1,381 
 418 
 
 151,329 
 
 606 
 
 9 
 
 421 
 
 21 
 
 61 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 347 
 
 360, 702 
 
 1,511 
 
 5,512,112 
 
 657 
 
 15,757,004 
 
 
 144 
 
 2,992 
 
 332 
 
 657 
 
 19 
 
 37 
 
 4, ,528 
 
 51, 178, 036 
 82, 482, 052 
 65,416,746 
 14, 600, 177 
 177, 911 
 1 . 550, 090 
 
 367,084,464 
 
 76, 173, .586 
 290, 910, 878 
 
 97,0.57,224 
 
 21 
 775 
 40 
 
 71 
 
 8 
 
 798 
 
 6, ,523 
 
 299, 076 
 
 15, 162 
 
 37, 370 
 
 44 
 
 1,158 
 
 76 
 
 216 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 1,417 
 
 1.55, 552 
 
 4,062,016 
 
 383,. 525 
 
 840,037 
 
 26,180 
 
 44,802 
 
 5,478,708 
 
 25 
 382 
 
 ,S8 
 
 147 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 901 
 
 678, 766 
 
 
 8, 929, 366 
 
 
 2, 283, 676 
 
 
 3,646,065 
 
 
 31,375 
 
 
 
 287,856 
 
 Coal 
 
 247,689 
 
 23, 382, 403 
 
 Anthraeite 
 
 Bituminou.K 
 
 119 
 4,409 
 
 5,746 
 
 798 
 1,827 
 
 
 
 151,329 
 
 330, 735 
 
 7,' 983' 
 
 224, 675 
 
 347' 
 
 517 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 306 
 1 
 137 
 19 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 51 
 
 247,' 689' 
 
 369, 080 
 
 3 
 1,414 
 
 1,9.56 
 
 15,828 
 5, 462, .880 
 
 7, 742, 568 
 
 23 
 
 878 
 
 1,067 
 
 669, 863 
 22, 712, 540 
 
 23, 957, .508 
 
 
 
 Cement 
 
 Clay 
 
 Limestones and dolomites 
 
 93 
 
 203 
 
 3, 137 
 
 75 
 
 1,211 
 
 8.53 
 
 174 
 
 174 
 
 77 
 
 688 
 
 24, 137, 396 
 2,0.58,6.53 
 
 30, ,570, 8.50 
 5,044,182 
 
 11, 141,. 5.51 
 
 18, 408, 541 
 5, 696, 0.51 
 
 .583, 085 
 
 10,638,669 
 
 .564, 039 
 
 3, 228, 322 
 
 38' 
 
 1 , 296 
 
 3,8,5 
 98 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 468 
 
 ii,'236' 
 
 217, 965 
 
 11 
 
 ,84 
 948 
 
 18 
 481 
 366 
 
 48 
 
 40 
 44 
 38 
 105 
 
 67,149 
 
 328,320 
 
 3,, 566, 608 
 
 79, .524 
 
 1,741,, 567 
 
 1,720,3.81 
 
 239, 009 
 
 146,615 
 196, .866 
 121,. 5.59 
 460, 734 
 
 21 
 
 58 
 4(i0 
 
 35 
 164 
 253 
 
 79 
 
 11 
 65 
 14 
 ,53 
 
 476, 358 
 1,204,272 
 10,182,691 
 
 866, 875 
 
 Sandstones and c^uartzites 
 
 Siliceous crystalline rocks 
 
 glate 
 
 23,' 046' 
 
 1,1.87 
 
 2, 829 
 3, 185 
 2, 125 
 .56, .590 
 
 100,802 
 34,4.83 
 3, 279 
 
 6, 751 
 5, ,528 
 9,001 
 32, 484 
 
 3, 696, 032 
 5, 625, 115 
 1,906,165 
 
 
 244, 661 
 
 
 1,639,033 
 
 Pigments 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 312, 498 
 1,273,466 
 
62 
 
 MINES AND QlTARRIP]S. 
 
 T.4BLE 17.— NUMBER OF OPERATORS AND VALUE OK THEIR PRODUCTS, GROUPED BY MINERALS INTO CLASSES 
 
 BASED ON VALUE OF PRODUCT: 1902— Continued. 
 
 
 &.50,000 BVT LESS THAX 
 
 Jl 00,000. 
 
 J10{ 1,000 H 
 
 S2 
 
 Number 
 
 of nper- 
 
 atiirs. 
 
 696 
 
 T LESS THAN 
 iO,000. 
 
 f2.50,000BrT LESSTHAN 
 S.500,000. 
 
 8.500,000 AND OVEK. 
 
 UNCLASSIFIED. 
 
 MINERALS BY liROl'PS. 
 
 Number 
 
 (If ,.per- 
 
 atiirs. 
 
 Value of 
 pruduct. 
 
 Value cif 
 produet. 
 
 Number 
 of oper- 
 ators. 
 
 Value of 
 piroduct. 
 
 Number 
 of oper- 
 ators. 
 
 Value of 
 product. 
 
 Number 
 of oper- 
 ators. 
 
 Value of 
 product. 
 
 Total . 
 
 835 
 
 J60, 710, 340 
 
 Sill, 663, 263 
 
 238 
 
 886, 686, 893 
 
 211 
 
 $343,819,736 
 
 1 16 
 
 2 83,683,395 
 
 
 
 Metallic 
 
 187 
 
 13, 192, 317 
 
 128 
 
 20,037,323 
 
 78 
 
 « 28, 649, 585 
 
 81 
 
 128,018,138 
 
 110 
 
 2 3, 683, 395 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 103 
 
 32 
 
 41 
 
 379,162 
 7, 221 , 740 
 2,475,397 
 2, 753, 888 
 
 8 
 74 
 34 
 8 
 1 
 3 
 
 428 
 
 1,160,687 
 10, 825, 929 
 6, 347, 899 
 
 8 
 46 
 20 
 
 3 
 
 3, 265, 037 
 16,907,681 
 8,032,103 
 
 23 
 
 33 
 
 21 
 
 4 
 
 45, 628, 294 
 
 33,438,219 
 
 45, 870, 302 
 
 3,081,323 
 
 
 
 Gold and silver 
 
 
 2 1,633,836 
 
 
 
 
 1 16 
 
 2 2, 049, .560 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 400 
 
 362.130 
 29, 500, 143 
 
 ,551 , 030 
 68,3.51,844 
 
 1 
 124 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 44,421,995 
 
 113 
 
 196, .5.50, 3.53 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 380 
 
 208 
 
 1,6.57,946 
 27,, 842, 197 
 
 15, 022, 986 
 
 31 
 397 
 
 125 
 
 5, 365, 298 
 62, 9.86, .546 
 
 20, 659, 250 
 
 16 
 
 108 
 
 31 
 
 .5,740,612 
 38,681,483 
 
 11,901,063 
 
 26 
 
 87 
 
 16 
 
 62, 724, 139 
 132,826,214 
 
 17,074,044 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 8 
 83 
 11 
 31 
 42 
 21 
 
 3 
 
 28 
 
 2 
 
 904, 039 
 506, 842 
 6,032,942 
 783, 607 
 2,367,138 
 2,990,946 
 1,437, 172 
 
 182, 229 
 
 2, 169, 745 
 
 118,8.56 
 
 524, 064 
 
 25 
 
 4, 110, 269 
 
 11 
 
 3, 620, 127 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 33 
 6 
 10 
 40 
 11 
 
 5, 964, 745 
 1,022,100 
 1,746,642 
 6,2.85,219 
 1,630,275 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 3, 174, 982 
 2, 290, 725 
 
 .507, 214 
 1,729,3.51 
 
 678, 664 
 
 2 
 
 1,206,342 
 
 
 
 Marble 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Slate ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 2, 083, 862 
 
 4 
 
 1,364,2.50 
 
 - 
 
 3 177 2110 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 630, 984 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 3.50, OOO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I Custom mills ivhich treated "sludge." 
 
 ^Includes for lead and zinc ore ttie production r.f 16 custom mills treating "sludge" and the production of numerous small mines reported by landowners, no 
 operators being given; and for grtid and silver the production from <lecfi and placer mines reported without operators. 
 
 In order to avoid disclosing- the affairs of indi\-idnal The following table, based on Table 17, .shows the 
 
 operators, the value of products is omitted from a num- pi-oportion that the number of operators and the value 
 
 ber of the groups shown in Table 17, and for the same of their products for the different classes of establish- 
 
 reason the statistics are not shown for the separate ments are of the totals for tlie Cnited States and for 
 
 classitication.s under ''abrasive materials," "chemical each group of minerals: 
 
 materials," ''pigments," and "miscellaneous." | 
 
 Tabi.k is.— NUMBER OF OPERATORS, CLASSED BY VALUE OF PRODUCT, WITH PERCENTAGE EACH CLASS IS OF 
 
 TOTAL: 1902. 
 
 [Statistics for natural gas nud petroleum are not included in this table.] 
 
 
 GROUPS OF .MINERALS. 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 Metallic. ('(ml. Structural materials. 
 
 VALUE OF FKOraXT. 
 
 Operators. 
 
 Value of product. 
 
 Operators. 
 
 Value of product. 
 
 Operators. 
 
 Value of product. Operators. 
 
 Value of product. 
 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 cent, 
 
 100.0 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 4,081 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 100.0 
 
 Amount. 
 8215, 406, 012 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 Total 
 
 15, 369 
 
 8694,560,816 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 4,628 
 
 798 
 347 
 1,417 
 901 
 400 
 428 
 124 
 113 
 
 100.0 
 
 8367,084,464 
 
 100.0 
 
 5,746 
 
 100.0 
 
 897,057,224 
 
 100,0 
 
 
 Less than 8.500 
 
 8.500 but less than 81,000 
 
 81,000 but less than S10,0IX1 
 
 810,000 but less than 850,000 
 
 8.50,000 but less than 8100,000 
 
 8100,000 but less than 82.50,000 .... 
 
 6250,(1011 bnf less than 8.500,000 
 
 85011,0110 ;M)d over 
 
 rnc'la.s-ilii:d- 
 
 4,044 
 
 1,4.50 
 
 5, 111 
 
 2,768 
 
 8a5 
 
 696 
 
 238 
 
 211 
 
 16 
 
 26.3 
 9.4 
 33.3 
 1.8. 
 6.4 
 4.5 
 1.6 
 1.4 
 0.1 
 
 741,229 
 
 1,031,235 
 
 19,6.58,1.52 
 
 B6,. 566,. 573 
 
 00,710,340 
 
 111,663,203 
 
 86, 686, 893 
 
 343, 819, 735 
 
 3,683,396 
 
 0.1 
 0.2 
 2.8 
 9.6 
 
 8.7 
 16.1 
 12.5 
 49.6 
 
 0.6 
 
 917 
 
 .506 
 1 . 51 1 
 657 
 187 
 128 
 78 
 81 
 16 
 
 22.5 
 12.4 
 37.0 
 16. 1 
 4.6 
 3.1 
 1.9 
 2.0 
 0.4 
 
 194, 436 
 
 360, 702 
 
 5,512,112 
 
 15,757,004 
 
 13,192,317 
 
 20,0:i7,323 
 
 28, 649,. 586 
 
 128,018,138 
 
 3,683,395 
 
 0.1 
 0.2 
 2.0 
 7.3 
 6.1 
 9.3 
 13.3 
 .59.4 
 1.7 
 
 17.6 
 7.7 
 31.3 
 19.9 
 8.8 
 9.6 
 2.7 
 2.6 
 
 161,329 
 247, 6.89 
 5, 478, 708 
 23,382,403 
 29, .500, 143 
 68,3.51,844 
 44,421,995 
 196, 560, 353 
 
 (1) 
 
 0.1 
 
 1.6 
 
 6.4 
 
 8.0 
 
 18.6 
 
 12.1 
 
 63.3 
 
 1,827 
 
 .517 
 
 1, 966 
 
 1,067 
 
 208 
 
 125 
 
 31 
 
 16 
 
 31.8 
 9.0 
 34.0 
 18.6 
 3.6 
 2.2 
 0^6 
 0.3 
 
 3:50, 735 
 369, 080 
 7, 742, 5.58 
 23, 9,57, .508 
 15, 022, 986 
 20, 659, 260 
 11,901,063 
 17,074,044 
 
 0.3 
 0.4 
 8.0 
 24.7 
 16.5 
 21.3 
 12. 2 
 17.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per eent. 
 
 - Tneliides the production of li-J custom mill.s treatin;^' " sludge;" tli 
 and the production of gold and silver ore from small rainew for which 
 
 liroductioii ni" Hiiuierous small mines reported bv landowners, lu 
 lo oj.eriUors wore reported. 
 
 iiperators being given; 
 
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF Iv'ESULTS. 
 
 63 
 
 Table IS.— NU:\IBER OF OPERATORS, CLASSKD I'.Y VAIJ'K OF I'RODI'C'T, WITH PERCENTA(.tE EACIH CLASS IS OF 
 
 TOTAL; 1902— OuntiimecL 
 
 VALUE OP PRODUCT. 
 
 Less than tSOO 
 
 8500 but less than SI ,000 
 
 SI, 000 but less than J10,000 
 
 SIO.OOO but less than S.W.00O . . . 
 S.iO.OOO but less than SllW.OOO . . 
 SlOO.iiOO but less than *2o0,000 . 
 $'i.io,ii00 but less than S500,000 . 
 
 S500,O0U and over 
 
 Uuclassitied " 
 
 GROlU*S OF MINERALS, 
 
 Abrasive muteritils 
 
 Operators. 
 
 Valueof produet 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 14.7 
 13.3 
 .53.3 
 14.7 
 4.0 
 
 S583, 085 
 
 2,829 
 
 6,761 
 
 146, 1115 
 
 244, 061 
 
 182, 229 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 100.0 
 
 0.5 
 1.2 
 25. 1 
 42.0 
 31.2 
 
 Chemical materials. 
 
 Pigments. 
 
 Operators. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 6.9 
 4.0 
 
 25.3 
 
 37.4 
 
 16,1 
 
 6,9 
 
 2.3 
 
 l.l 
 
 Valueof prodncl, operators 
 
 tlO, 63K, (-.119 
 
 Per Num- 
 cent, ber. 
 
 100,0 
 
 3, 
 5, 
 195, 
 1 , 639, 
 2, 169, 
 2,0,S3, 
 1,364, 
 3, 177, 
 
 0) 
 0,1 
 
 i,« 
 
 15,4 
 20,1 
 19,6 
 12,8 
 29,9 
 
 Per 
 eent. 
 
 14,3 
 15,6 
 49,3 
 IS, 2 
 2,6 
 
 \'abli'of product. 
 Per 
 
 Amoimt, 
 
 eent. 
 
 S.564,039 100,0 
 
 2,126 
 
 9,001 
 
 121,559 
 
 312,498 
 
 lis, S56 
 
 0.4 
 1.6 
 
 21.6 
 56, 4 
 21,1 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 Operators. , Valueof product. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 468 
 
 61 
 
 106 
 
 53 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 100. *3, 228, 322 
 
 68.0 
 7.4 
 
 15.3 
 7.7 
 1.0 
 0.4 
 0.2 
 
 .')B, ,590 
 32, 484 
 461), 734 
 1,273,466 
 524, 064 
 ,530, 984 
 3,50. 000 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.0 
 
 14.3 
 39.4 
 16. 2 
 16.5 
 10.8 
 
 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 
 
 ^Includes the prodtietiou of 16 custom mills treating " sludge: " the procluction of numerous sma 
 and the production of gold and silver ore from small mines for which no ityierators were rejirirted. 
 
 mines rejiortetl by landowners, no ojierators being given; 
 
 The total for all minerals, exclu.siveof petroleum and 
 natural gas, shows that 211 operators, or lA per cent 
 of the total number, reported products aggregatino- 
 ^343,819,735, or 49.5 per cent of the total for all mines. 
 Each of these operators reported a product valued at 
 S500,000 or over. On the other hand, 5,494 operators, 
 or 35.7 per cent of the total number, reported a product 
 valued at $1,772,464, or only three-tenths of 1 per cent 
 of the total; each of these operators reported a product 
 valued at less than $1,000. There were 4,704 operators 
 who reported a product valued at $10,0(.>0 or more, the 
 total amounting- to $673,130,199. They constituted 
 only 31 per cent of the total number of operators, but 
 their products formed 96.9 per cent of the total value 
 of products. In other words, less than one-third of 
 the operators produced more than nine-tenths of the 
 mining products of the country, exclusive of petro- 
 leum and natural gas. The concentration of production 
 is more pronounced in some of the minerals than in 
 others. For instance, of the total for metallic sub- 
 stances, 3.9 per cent of the operators produced 72.7 
 per cent of the product; in coal mining, 5.2 per cent of 
 the operators produced 65.4 per cent of the product: in 
 structural materials, 25.2 per cent of the operators pro- 
 duced 91.3 per cent of the product; in abrasive materials, 
 18.7 per cent of the operators produced 73.2 per cent 
 of the product; and in the production of all other sub- 
 stances, 29.1 per cent of the operators produced 8S.2 per 
 cent of the product. The taV)le shows for each group 
 of minerals a marked decrease in the percentage of 
 operators in the higher value groups, accompanied by 
 a corresponding increase in the proportion which their 
 products formed of the total for all producers. 
 
 It has been the practice at previous censuses to omit 
 from the tabulation the reports for all establishments 
 showing iin annual product valued at less than $5t»0. 
 If this practice had been followed at the mining census 
 
 of 1902, there would have been omitted from the total 
 5,345 operators, or 29.8 per cent of all opei'ators, their 
 product being valued at $916,214, or one-tenth of 1 per 
 cent of the total value of all products. These figures 
 are exclusive of the reported values of product for 
 several small operators connected with the Standard Oil 
 Company, whose products, which were less than S500 
 each in value, are included in the returns made l>y that 
 company. The omission, therefore, of the small oper- 
 ators would have but slight effect upon the statistics of 
 production and labor. 
 
 The conditions in the mining industiy dilfer radically 
 from those in manufactures. The omission of the 
 establishments with a product of less than $500 is made 
 in the statistics of manufactures so as to avoid the 
 necessitv of securing and tabulating returns for small 
 shops in which no one is employed except the owner, 
 who niay also be engaged in doing odd jobs, and would 
 thus be more properly classed as a mechanic than as an 
 independent manufacturer. This explanation would 
 not apply to the statistics for mines and quarries. 
 Many mines are operated only a part of the year, and 
 the limited production is due to the short time of oper- 
 ation rather than to the size of the mine or to the 
 extent of the deposits. 
 
 As explained on page 20, 7 returns were received 
 from the Standard Oil Company relating to the pro- 
 duction of petroleum and 4 relating to the production 
 of natural gas. These schedules covered the work of 
 28.925 oil operators and 19 gas operators. As only 1 
 combined report was made for a large numlier of the 
 operators, it is impossible to segregate the production 
 of the operators so as to assign them to the different 
 groups according to their production. The statistics 
 of natural gas and petroleum are presented in Tables 
 19 and 20, the Standard Oil Company being considered 
 as a single producer of both natural gas and petroleum. 
 
<«4 MINES AND gUARRIES. 
 
 Table 19.— NUMBKR OF OPERATORS, NATURAL GAS AND rKTROl.KUlI, t^LASSEI) BY VALUE OF PRODUCT: ]W)2. 
 
 
 Tf)TAI,. 
 
 LES.S THAN $.500. 
 
 $500 BUT LE.1S THAN 
 $1,000. 
 
 Sl.OOO BtIT LESS THAN 
 $10,000. 
 
 MIN'KKAI,. 
 
 Number 
 of oper- 
 ators. 
 
 Valiluof 
 product. 
 
 Number 
 of oper- 
 ators. 
 
 Value of 
 product. 
 
 ofTpe" Value of 
 
 Number 
 of oper- 
 ators. 
 
 Value of 
 product. 
 
 Total _ __ 
 
 Natural gas 
 
 12,547 
 
 $102, 265, 602 
 
 1, 301 
 
 S174, HHn 
 
 218 
 
 91.51,378 
 
 647 
 
 82, 468, 915 
 
 2 1,949 
 3 59H 
 
 30,S67,8fi3 
 71, 397, 739 
 
 1,202 
 99 
 
 149, 837 
 25, 148 
 
 137 
 
 81 
 
 94,173 
 57, 206 
 
 370 
 
 277 
 
 1,. 31 9, 305 
 
 Petroleum 
 
 1,149,610 
 
 
 JIO.OOO BUT I,E.S.S 
 THAN $50,000. 
 
 $50 )0 BUT LESS 
 THAN $100,000. 
 
 $100,000 BUT LESS 
 THAN $250,000. 
 
 $260,000 BUT LESS 
 TH.\N ?.500,000. 
 
 $.500,000 AND 
 OVER. 
 
 MINKKAI,. 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 oper- 
 ators. 
 
 Value of 
 product. 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 oper- 
 ators. 
 
 Value of 
 product. 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 oper- 
 ators. 
 
 Value of 
 product. 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 oper- 
 ators. 
 
 Value of 
 product. 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 oper- 
 ators. 
 
 Value of 
 product. 
 
 Total 
 
 2.57 
 
 $5, 392, 356 
 
 ,52 
 
 $3, 642, 553 
 
 41 
 
 36, 565, 769 
 
 14 
 
 $4,597,932 
 
 17 
 
 13 
 4 
 
 879,271 714 
 
 
 
 
 162 
 95 
 
 3, 415, 085 
 1,977,271 
 
 ' 27 
 25 
 
 1,815,176 
 1, 827, 377 
 
 28 
 13 
 
 4, 406, 721 
 2, 159, 048 
 
 10 
 4 
 
 3,385,729 
 1,212,203 
 
 16,281,837 
 62 989 877 
 
 Petroleum 
 
 
 
 1 Exclusive of 28.942 operators whose operatious are included in the reports of the Standard Oil Company, which has been classed as a single operator. 
 
 2 Exclusive of IS operators whose operations are included in the reports of the Standard Oil Companv, which has been classed as a single operator. 
 
 3 Exelasive of 28,924 operators whose operations are included in the reports of the Standard Oil Company, which has been classed as a single operator. 
 
 Table 20.— NATURAL GAS AND PETROLEUJI, GLASSED BY VALUE OF PRODUCT, WITH PERCENTAGE EACH 
 
 CLASS IS OF TOTAL: 1902. 
 
 VALUE OF PRODUCT. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Less than 8.500 
 
 $.500 but less than 81,000 
 
 $1,000 but less than 810,000 
 
 810,000 but less than 850,000 .... 
 $.50,000 but less than 8100.000 . . . 
 $100,000 but less than $250,000 - . 
 8250,000 but less than $.500,000 . . 
 $.500,000 and over 
 
 Operators. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Value of product. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 12,547 
 
 ,301 
 
 218 
 647 
 
 41 
 14 
 17 i 
 
 .51.1 
 8.6 
 25.4 
 10.1 
 2. n 
 1.6 
 0.5 
 0.7 
 
 Amramt. 
 
 8102 
 
 265, 602 
 
 
 174 
 
 985 
 
 
 1.51 
 
 :178 
 
 2 
 
 468 
 
 915 
 
 5 
 
 ;-!92 
 
 3.56 
 
 3 
 
 642 
 
 ,55;^ 
 
 6 
 
 565 
 
 769 
 
 4 
 
 597 
 
 932 
 
 79 
 
 271 
 
 714 
 
 0.2 
 0.1 
 2.4 
 •5.3 
 3.6 
 6.4 
 4.5 
 77.5 
 
 NATURAL (iAS. 
 
 Operators. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 137 
 370 
 162 
 27 
 28 
 10 
 13 
 
 61. 7 
 7.0 
 
 19.0 
 8.3 
 1.4 
 1.4 
 0.5 
 0.7 
 
 Value of product. 
 
 Amount. Percent. 
 
 $30,867,863 | 
 
 149,837 1 
 
 94 
 
 IV3 
 
 1,319,305 1 
 
 3, 415 
 
 085 
 
 1,815 
 
 176 
 
 4, 406 
 
 721 
 
 3,:«5 
 
 729 
 
 16, J81 
 
 837 
 
 0.5 
 0.3 
 4.3 
 11.0 
 5.9 
 14.3 
 11.0 
 52.7 
 
 PETROLEUM. 
 
 Operators. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 100.0 
 
 10.; 
 13.; 
 46.; 
 
 15.! 
 
 4.: 
 2.: 
 o'' 
 
 0.' 
 
 Value of product. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 871, 397, 739 
 
 25, 148 
 .57,205 
 149, 610 
 977,271 
 827,377 
 1.59,048 
 212, 203 
 989, 877 
 
 (*) 
 
 0.1 
 1.6 
 2.8 
 2.6 
 3.0 
 1.7 
 88.2 
 
 JExe usive ot 28,942 operators whose operations are included in the rejiorts of the Stiindard Oil rompanv, which has been clas.sed as a single operator 
 - Exclusive of 18 operators who.se operations are included in the reports of (he standard (ill Companv. which has been classed as a single operator 
 JExclusive of 28 924 operators whose operations are included in the reports of the standard Oil Companv, which has been ela.ssed as a siug e operator 
 
 According to the talile on page (iO tlie production of 
 the average operator in natural gas was \ahied at 
 $15,69.3 and in petroleum at ii>2,41S, but in making 
 these calculations the individual operators covered bv 
 the reports of the Standard Oil Company were counted 
 as separate units. Considering the report of the 
 Standard Oil Company as that of a single operator, it 
 appears that seven-tenths of 1 percent of the operators 
 produced 77. .5 per cent of the total production of petro- 
 leum and natural gas, or 62.7 per cent of the natural 
 gas and 88. i! per cent of the petroleum. 
 
 VI. 
 
 CIIAliACTKK OF OWXEKSHIP. 
 
 The operators of mines and quarries were reported 
 to the Census either as (1) individuals: (2) firms and 
 limited partnerships; (3) incorporated companies; and 
 (4) " other forms," embracing cooperative associations, 
 municipalities, ])enal institutions, etc. The following 
 table shows the number of operators and value of 
 product under each of these classes of ownership as re- 
 
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS. 
 
 65 
 
 ported for each mineral and g-roup of iniiierals. In been iiirliuled as a product of the luiiic or quarry pro- 
 
 this and (he .succeeding tables presenting the value of duciug them, irrespective of their charactei'. This is 
 
 product according- to the character of ownership, the necessary in ordei' to show the total production of each 
 
 value of the by-products referred to on page 25 have operator. 
 
 Table 21.— XUMBKl^. OF OPERATORS AND VAUTK OK I'UODCCT, i;Y OIIARACTKJi OF OWNERSHIP; 1902. 
 
 [ExflusivL' of petroleum.] 
 
 
 Xurii- 
 hLT of 
 opera- 
 tors. 
 
 17,318 
 
 ■OT.VI,. 
 
 l.N'ni\'[Ii( AL. 
 
 FlKiM 
 I'AR 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 opera- 
 tors. 
 
 VND LIMITED 
 rNERSIIIP. 
 
 INCOEI'OBATEIJ 
 CO.MPANY. 
 
 OTHEK FORM. 
 
 .MINKKAl.S, BY i;K(H'l'S. 
 
 Vail f 
 
 lir.idiiel. 
 
 3725,428,078 
 215, 4,53,. 587 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 o|)era- 
 tors. 
 
 Value of 
 pr(.i(lu(;t. 
 
 Value of 
 product. 
 
 1 Num- 
 ber (0' 
 opera- 
 tors. 
 
 Value of 
 product. 
 
 I Num- 
 ber of 
 opera- 
 tors. 
 
 Value of 
 product. 
 
 Total 
 
 8,400 
 1,143 
 
 844,462,7,50 
 
 3,718 
 1,314 
 
 23 
 923 
 
 33 
 323 
 
 1,137 
 
 m2. 782, 143 
 
 4,9,51 
 
 $026,132,335 
 
 1 
 
 189 
 
 $2,0.51,444 
 
 
 Metallu- 
 
 4,081 
 
 144 
 
 2, 992 
 
 332 
 
 5.57 
 
 19 
 
 37 
 
 11, 477 
 
 10, 162, 100 
 
 12,100,165 
 
 1, .579 
 
 192,297,393 
 
 45 
 
 8.33, 929 
 
 
 Copper ore 
 
 .51,178,030 
 82,482,0.52 
 05, 4i;5, ;,21 
 11.000, 177 
 177.911 
 1 , 5.50, 090 
 
 397, 899, 932 
 
 19 
 958 
 83 
 60 
 8 
 9 
 
 3,033 
 
 594, :377 
 
 ' 5, ,524, 139 
 
 1,319,802 
 
 2 2, ,5,84, on 
 
 17,487 
 
 122,224 
 
 17, 324,. 523 
 
 1,128,330 
 
 15, 606, 943 
 
 5.S9, 250 
 
 15, ,809, 048 
 
 156, 579 
 8, :598, 221 
 
 304,489 
 3,073,822 
 
 110,072 
 26,982 
 
 23,. 512, 037 
 
 100 
 
 1, 079 
 214 
 1.59 
 
 
 21 
 
 2, 220 
 
 .50,421,837 
 68,327,7.54 
 63, 303 407 
 
 8, 823, 159 
 20, 3.52 
 
 1 . 400, 884 
 
 356, :399, 462 
 
 2 
 32 
 2 
 9 
 
 5, 243 
 231,938 
 477, 503 
 119 185 
 
 (iold and silver 
 
 iron ore. . . 
 
 Lead ami zine ore 
 
 
 
 (^uieksilver 
 
 
 
 Fuels 
 
 81 
 
 603 3''0 
 
 
 
 Coal, anthracite ... 
 
 119 
 
 4,409 
 1,949 
 
 5,74i; 
 
 70, 173, .580 
 290,. 8.58, 4.83 
 30, 867, .863 
 
 96, 370, 5.59 
 
 9 
 
 2,044 
 
 980 
 
 3, 038 
 
 34 
 
 ,827 
 
 1,166 
 
 5,.8;J6,0:32 
 
 17,212,9.50 
 
 403, 655 
 
 16, 738, 093 
 
 70 
 1,.517 
 3 633 
 
 879 
 
 09, 209. 224 
 
 2.57, 6.39. 3;3S 
 
 29, 6.50, 890 
 
 64, 208, 623 
 
 - 
 
 
 21 
 60 
 
 63 
 
 399, 2.52 
 264 068 
 
 Natural ^as 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 93 
 
 203 
 
 3, 212 
 
 1,211 
 
 K.53 
 
 174 
 
 75 
 
 24,208,338 
 2, 001, 072 
 35, 485, 983 
 10, 001, 171 
 18,257,944 
 5, 090, 051 
 
 1.177,711 
 
 4 
 115 
 2,297 
 759 
 436 
 27 
 
 39 
 
 50, 010 
 
 804,377 
 
 7,139,210 
 
 3, 200, 809 
 
 4,045,0.S9 
 
 017, 553 
 
 1,58, 884 
 42, 922 
 
 110,412 
 5, .5.10 
 
 417,011 
 
 6 
 36 
 494 
 324 
 219 
 87 
 
 17 
 
 124,981 
 
 2.56.018 
 5,462,914 
 2, 493, 491 
 4, 960, 978 
 2,433,111 
 
 128, 435 
 
 83 
 .52 
 389 
 119 
 176 
 60 
 
 19 
 
 24,080,747 
 1, 000, 077 
 
 22, 686, 393 
 4,759,143 
 9, 030, 876 
 2,045,387 
 
 890, 392 
 
 
 
 Clav 
 
 
 
 Limestones and dolomites; marble 
 
 32 
 9 
 22 
 
 197,400 
 141.728 
 
 
 
 Slate 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 311 
 10 
 
 174 
 
 59, 808 
 
 1 , 001 . 909 
 ■"'5, 09 1 
 
 iii,(;i.s,6(;9 
 
 2, 383, 014 
 1,222,771 
 2,0.s»,341 
 4,922,943 
 
 .561,0:39 
 
 23 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 7 
 4 
 
 16,886 
 
 91, 704 
 
 19, ,S46 
 
 829, 020 
 
 
 
 
 
 Corundum and emery; crystalline qutirtz; ^^arnet ; 
 grind.stones and pulpstones; oilstones, wliet- 
 
 16 
 3 
 
 116 
 
 859, 793 
 30, 699 
 
 9,372,032 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bor'-ix: 
 
 (i 
 36 
 45 
 .87 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 (; 
 
 2S 
 26 
 56 
 
 28 
 
 2, 383, 014 
 1. 0.54, 4,54 
 1,947,641 
 3,986,923 
 
 371, 651 
 
 
 
 Gypsimi 
 
 Phosphate rui-k 
 
 3 
 13 
 
 18 
 
 24 
 
 72, 872 
 114,925 
 229, 214 
 
 37, 864 
 
 25, 448 
 12, 416 
 
 492,720 
 
 5 
 6 
 13 
 
 25 
 
 95,445 
 
 26, 775 
 
 706, ,806 
 
 154, 524 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 Barytes 
 
 Mineral pigments, crude 
 
 42 
 35 
 
 688 
 
 203,1.54 
 360, 885 
 
 3,344,181 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 .549 
 
 20 
 35 
 
 102, 699 
 .51, .825 
 
 259,263 
 
 
 22 
 
 104 
 
 75,007 
 296, 044 
 
 2, ,592, 192 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Asbestos; asphaltum and !)ituminons rock 
 
 Bauxite; fuller's earth 
 
 28 
 11 
 
 17 
 
 515 
 
 ;38 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 282, 92R 
 220, 360 
 2.50, 424 
 144, 209 
 
 65.S, 009 
 118, ,S49 
 421 . 2.S9 
 l,l;)8,107 
 5, 975 
 IS, 125 
 49, 250 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 ■ 10 
 
 483 
 18 
 5 
 4 
 4 
 3 
 1 
 
 20, 682 
 19, 075 
 76,614 
 22, 808 
 
 163, .522 
 20, 290 
 08, 914 
 39, 921 
 5, 975 
 48, 125 
 800 
 
 3 
 
 8,900 
 
 8 
 8 
 3 
 
 28 
 9 
 10 
 13 
 
 247, 346 
 207, 275 
 1.59, 160 
 93, 651 
 
 482, 987 
 49, 165 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 5 
 3 
 
 ii, 6.50 
 27, 7.50 
 
 12, 100 
 
 49,391 
 
 103, 608 
 
 18, 6.55 
 
 
 Flint 
 
 
 
 Graphite; lithitim nre; marl; mniiazite; and 
 precious stones 
 
 
 
 
 248,767 
 1, 079, .591 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ....1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24,200 
 
 3 
 
 24, 250 
 
 
 
 
 1 Includes Sl,fl;',3.835. estimated value of the product of a number of miners -H-orkin.s; IrreRularly from -H-bom no reports ivere received. 
 
 2 Includes .Jl. 965, 779, for which character of ownership «as not rep(.rted, 
 ^Standard oil Companv entered as 1 company. 
 
 'Includes operators as f(dlows; Chrome ore, 1: maKnesJte, 1; molybdenum, 1 ; ni(d;el and cobalt, 2; rutile, I. 
 
 Of the 17,31.s operators included in Table yi, .s.460, ' cause the character of ownership was not given for 
 
 or 48.8 per cent, were individuals; 3,718, or 21.5 yier ^S.U'J-i of the i!!»,u22 operators reported for the indus- 
 
 cent, firms and limited partnerships; and •i,9.>l, or 2S.(J try. Of the 598 operators of petroleum wells for 
 
 per cent, incorporated companies; while ISO, or 1.1 per wliich the form of ownership was reported, lo7 were 
 
 cent, were cooperative associations, nninicipalities, pe- individuals, 6'.t firms, 417 incorporated companies, 
 
 nal institutions etc. mid 5 were reported under various kinds embraced 
 
 The number of operators and the value of the pro- in "other forms.'' With few and unimportant ex- 
 
 duction of petroleum are omitted from the talile, lie- ! ceptions, each of the difl'erent classes of minerals 
 
 ?,022.S— 04 .5 
 
66 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 eiumierated was produced liy operators eoiiductini;' i cellaiieous forms of ownership. Of the 6 operators 
 business under all three of the principal forms of j included in the group of "allothei- minerals," 1 was 
 
 ownership; i. e., individual, lirm, and incorporated 
 company. Of the IS!* operators included in the group 
 of "other forms" of ownership, 78 represent mines, 
 quarries, or wells operated b}^ the United States, or by 
 city, or town governments, or by penal, or eleemosynary 
 institutions. The remaining 111 mines, ((uarries, or 
 wells were controlled l^v cooperative associations, re- 
 ceivers, lessees, religious organizations, and other mis- 
 
 Table :3;3.-PER cent DISTRIBUTION, BY CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP, OF NUMBER OF OPERATORS, AND VALUE 
 
 OF PRODTTCT, FOR EACH JIINERAL AND GROUP OF MINERALS: 1902. 
 [Exclusive nf petroleum.] 
 
 an individual, 2 were firms, and ;-! were incorporated 
 companies. 
 
 The following table shows the proportion of the oper- 
 ators and value of products for each mineral and group 
 of minerals produced by individuals, Hrms and limited 
 partnershijjs, incorporated companies, and other fornis 
 of ownership, respectively: 
 
 MINERALS, BY GRurPS. 
 
 Total . 
 
 Metallic . 
 
 INDIVIDTAL. 
 
 Number of Value of 
 operators, product. 
 
 Copper ore 
 
 Gold and silver 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 Lead and zinc ore . 
 
 Manganese ore 
 
 Quicksilver 
 
 48.8 
 
 6.1 
 
 28.4 
 
 4.7 
 
 13. 2 
 
 1.2 
 
 :w.o 
 
 (i. 7 
 
 2.i,0 
 
 2.0 
 
 11. '.I 
 
 17.7 
 
 42.1 
 
 9..S 
 
 ■ij :'. 
 
 7 '.t 
 
 FIRM AND LIMITED 
 PARTNERSHIP. 
 
 Number of 
 operators. 
 
 •n.f) 
 31.8 
 
 INCORPORATED COM- 
 PANY. 
 
 Value of 'Number of I Value of 
 product. operators. ] pr(:)duet. 
 
 5.6 
 
 Coal, anthracite . . 
 Coal, bituminous - 
 Natural gas 
 
 7.5 
 46.4 
 50. 3 
 
 Structural materials. 
 
 Cement 
 
 Clay 
 
 Limestones and dolomites; marble- 
 Sandstones and quartzites 
 
 Siliceous crvstalline rocks 
 
 Slate 
 
 Abra.sive materials . 
 
 Buhrstones and millstones 
 
 Corundum and emery; crystalline quartz; garnet; grindstijiics 
 
 and pulpstones; oilstones, whetstones, and scytlicstoues . . . 
 
 Infusorial earth, tripoli, and pumice 
 
 4.3 
 .56. 7 
 71.5 
 
 h]. 1 
 1.5.5 
 
 52.0 
 
 79.3 
 
 36, 1 
 30.0 
 
 :i9. ( 
 20.' 
 30. ; 
 
 10.1 
 
 13. 1 
 
 71.1 
 
 10. ■ 
 9.: 
 
 16.0 
 :i0.8 
 9.9 
 
 .5,S. 
 26. 3 
 IS. 9 
 
 17.6 
 
 28. 6 
 IS. 7 
 14.1 
 
 20. 3 
 
 6.6 
 17.7 
 15.4 
 26.8 
 25. 7 
 50. 
 
 0.3 
 10.2 
 
 0.6 
 21.1 
 78.7 
 
 1.7 
 
 38.7 
 
 69.4 
 36.1 
 64.5 
 28. 5 
 31.6 
 .56. 8 
 
 Chemical materials 
 
 Borax 
 
 Fluorspar; sulphur and pyrite 
 
 Gypsum 
 
 Phosphate rock 
 
 19.5 
 ■10. 
 
 5.9 
 1.5 
 
 0.5 
 12. 5 
 15. 4 
 23. 5 
 
 42.7 
 10.9 
 28.2 
 
 34.4 
 
 89.6 
 
 63. 9 
 34.4 
 32.5 
 
 90.8 
 88.6 
 95.7 
 
 15.3 
 
 66. 6 
 
 89.2 
 2ft. 6 
 12. 1 
 9. 8 
 20. 6 
 34. 5 
 
 25. 3 
 
 99.3 
 4S.5 
 63.9 
 44.9 
 49.5 
 46.5 
 
 OTHER FORM. 
 
 Number of Value of 
 operators. product. 
 
 1.4 
 1.1 
 
 0.6 
 1.6 
 
 0.5 
 3.1 
 
 1.0 
 
 0.7 
 2.6 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.4 
 
 (') 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.7 
 0.8 
 
 0.1 
 0.9 
 
 0.6 
 1.3 
 1.2 
 
 75.6 
 
 8. 6 
 35, 4 
 
 28. :i 
 20.7 
 
 13.9 
 13.3 
 11.9 
 
 1.3 
 11.4 
 
 Pigments 
 
 Barytes 
 
 Mineral pigments, crude 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Asbestos; asphaltum and biluminous rock 
 
 Bauxite; fuller's earth 
 
 Feldspar 
 
 Flint 
 
 Graphite; lithium ore; marl; monazite; and jTecious stones 
 
 Mica 
 
 Silica sand 
 
 Talc and soapstone 
 
 Tungsten 
 
 Uranium and vanadium 
 
 All other minerals 2 
 
 3,s 1 
 
 12.5 
 
 22, s 
 
 3.4 
 
 79.8 
 
 14.7 
 
 10 7 
 
 9.4 
 
 26. 7 
 
 8.4 
 
 .57.7 
 
 30. 1; 
 
 .5h. 8 
 
 1,5.8 
 
 93.x 
 
 24.8 
 
 47,4 
 
 17.1 
 
 25, 
 
 16.4 
 
 20, 
 
 3.5 
 
 00.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 00.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 16.7 
 
 1.6 
 
 17. 6 
 14.3 
 
 10.7 
 
 11.5 
 23.5 
 0.8 
 28.9 
 25.0 
 1ft. 
 
 .50. 6 
 14.4 
 
 7.8 
 
 44.5 
 30.0 
 
 66. 7 
 
 100.0 
 77.8 
 ft7. 8 
 64.4 
 
 36.3 
 
 81.0 
 .54.7 
 
 88.3 I 
 
 100.0 
 86.2 
 93.2 
 81.0 
 
 6.5.9 
 
 3.; 
 
 5.8 
 19.3 
 
 1.9 
 41.5 
 24,6 
 
 1,6 
 
 14.3 
 62.9 
 
 1.5.1 
 
 78.6 
 73.3 
 30.8 
 17.7 
 5.4 
 23.7 
 .50.0 
 65. 
 
 36. 9 
 82. 2 
 
 77.5 
 
 
 
 87.4 
 91,6 
 63, 6 
 64.9 
 73.3 
 41.4 
 .59.0 
 94.9 
 
 I Less than one-tenth of 1 jier cent. 
 
 2Inc]u)les rhrome ore. magnesite, molybdenum, nickel and cobalt, and rutile. 
 
 Tv.dlvuliuil tiiniiership. — This form of ownership fol- 
 lows the individual prospector and is i)eculiar to the 
 development of small mines, large numbers of which 
 were reported ftn- bituminous coal, limestones and dolo- 
 mites, and for either minerals well distributed and so 
 
 located that they could be worked with a limited capi- 
 tal. Practically all of the operators in precious stones 
 and the majority of those in natural-gas and petro- 
 leum wells were enumerated as individuals. Nearly 
 half of all the mining operations i-eported were con- 
 
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS. 
 
 67 
 
 ducted by individuals, and this t'orni of ownoiHhip 
 existed in the production of practically all kinds of 
 minerals; but the production itself was coniparati\oly 
 unimportant. This is indicated hy the value of product, 
 which amounted to $4i:,-l:6:^,756 in the case of individu- 
 als, and formed only (i.l percent of the total for all 
 mines. Comparatively few individual operators (•(in- 
 ducted enterprises of great magnitude, lint in the pro- 
 duction of 13 difl'erent classes of minerals, enumerated 
 in Table 31, the product reported for individual ojjer- 
 ators exceeded that of firm.s or partnerships. In no 
 case, however, did the value of the products of indi- 
 viduals exceed the value of the products of incorporated 
 companies. 
 
 Firiiif! ill' jmrtnei'shlps. — In many instances these 
 forms of ownership are l>ut a step to the formation of 
 incorporated companies. They include all firms and 
 partnerships, whether general or limited. The 3,718 
 firms or partnerships formed 21.5 per cent of the total 
 number of operators, and their products were valued at 
 §52,782,1-1:3, or 7.3 per cent of the total value of prod- 
 ucts. The number of firms or partnerships was not as 
 great as the number of individuals, but the value of 
 their products exceeded the value of the pi'oducts of 
 individuals by $8,319,387, or 18.7 per cent. The pr(xl- 
 uct under the firm or partnership form of ownership 
 exceeded the product under incorporated companies in 
 the cases of manganese ore, barytes, and mica. No firms 
 or partnerships were reported as engaged in the pro- 
 , duction of borax, bauxite, fuller's earth, tungsten, or 
 uranium and vanadium. 
 
 lucorpornted companu-s. — From the standpoint (if 
 value of products the incorporated form of ownership 
 now predominates in both manufactui'es and mining, 
 but especially in mining. According to the reports of 
 the census of 190*» the value of the products of incor- 
 porated companies engaged in manufactures formed 
 59.5 per cent of the total gross value of products of all 
 manufactures. In the mining industry the products of 
 the incorporated companies formed 86.3 per cent of the 
 total for all mines and quarries. This form of owner- 
 ,ship includes all joint stock companies, the capitaliza- 
 
 tion of which is usually divided into shares of a fixed 
 authorized \'alue, transferable at the option of the indi- 
 vidual shareholders. These companies are usuall}' in- 
 corporated undei- the general corporation laws of the 
 diti'ei'ent states, but in a numljer of instances the cliai'- 
 ters are obtained by a special act of the legislature. 
 The predominating iujportance of thecorporati(jn in the 
 production of the difl'erent classes of minerals is shown 
 by Table 22. This form of ownership was reported for 
 all of the minerals, with the exception of bLihrstones 
 and millstones, lithium (jre, tungsten, and uranium and 
 vanadium, and in all, with the exception of manganese 
 ore, barytes, mica, slate, and '"all <jth(>r minerals,' the 
 value of the products of the incorporated companies was 
 far in excess of that shown for the other forms of owner- 
 ship. In the majority of cases it was more than double 
 the value of products reported f(jr either individuals 
 or firms. 
 
 The great increase in the consumption of coal and the 
 demand for raw material to meet the ret(uirements of 
 manufactures has resulted in a general and extensive 
 development of the mining industries, especial!}- those 
 for which the deposits are confined to well-defined geo- 
 graphic districts. Extensive mining operations can be 
 carried on successfully only by the employment of large 
 capital, and the incorporated form of ownership is the 
 most convenient method of raising such capital. Incor- 
 porated companies organized primarilj' for manufac- 
 turing enterprises frequently engage in mining in order 
 to control the supjdy of raw material and to enable 
 themselves to practice economy in production. The 
 production of borax, molj'bdenmn, and rutile was con- 
 trolled entirely by incorporated companies during the 
 
 ! census year. 
 
 ' The incorporated form of ownership in all branches 
 of nunerals is of such overwhelming importance that 
 the statistics for employees, salaries, wages, expenses, 
 and products for such companies are of great impor- 
 tance when compared with similar statistics for all other 
 forms of ownership. The following table makes a com- 
 parison of this character for each class and for the 
 difl'erent groups of minerals: 
 
68 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 23.— COMPARISON OF STATISTICS FOR INCJORPORATKD CoMRAMES AND FOR ALL OTHER FORMS OF 
 
 OWNERSHIP, BY MINERiU.S, AND GROUPS OF MINERALS: 1902. 
 
 [ExclUKivi-' of petroleum.] 
 
 MINER.\LS, BY IN('OEP()R.\TEIi AX 
 UNrN'CORPOEATED UPER.-VTOR.S. 
 
 Total . 
 
 In(.'orporated 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 Unincorporated 
 
 Per cent <■£ total. 
 
 kletalUc 
 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of total . 
 Unincorporated . . . 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 
 Copper ore 
 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 Unincorporated . . . 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 
 Gold and silver 
 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 Unincorporated . . . 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 Unincorporated . . . 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 
 Lead and zinc ore . . . 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 Unincorporated . . . 
 
 Per cent of total . 
 
 Manganese ore 
 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 Unincorporated . . . 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 
 Quiclssilver 
 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 Unincorporated . . . 
 
 Per cent rif total. 
 
 Fuels 
 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 Unincorporated . . . 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 
 Coal, anthracite 
 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of tot.il. 
 Unincorporated . . . 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 
 Coal, bituminous 
 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 
 Unincorptorated . . . 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 
 Namrjil gas 
 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 Unincor^jorated . . . 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 
 Stpictnral materials 
 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of total 
 
 Unincorporated 
 
 Per cent of total 
 
 Cement 
 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 Unincorpora ted ... 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 
 Clay 
 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 
 ITnincorporated ... 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 
 Limestoijcs and dolnniitcs 
 Incorf.oiati'd 
 
 Per cent of total 
 
 UnincorporMlcd 
 
 Percent ..f total 
 
 Number 
 
 of miites, 
 
 quarries, 
 
 and 
 
 wells. 
 
 32, 845 
 
 19, 539 
 59.6 
 
 13, 306 
 40.5 
 
 Marble 
 
 ]ncoritf»ratcd 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 Unincor|)oratetl . . . 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 
 4, 280 
 1,762 
 
 41.2 
 2, 518 
 
 68.8 
 
 144 
 100 
 
 69. 4 
 44 
 
 30.6 
 
 2,992 
 1,079 
 
 36.1 
 1,913 
 
 63. 9 
 
 ;;92 
 74.7 
 
 133 
 25.3 
 
 559 
 161 
 
 28.8 
 398 
 71.2 
 
 19 
 
 6 
 
 31.6 
 
 13 
 68. 4 
 
 41 
 24 
 
 .58. 5 
 17 
 
 41.5 
 
 21,792 
 16,330 
 
 74.9 
 5, 462 
 
 25. 1 
 
 334 
 285 
 
 85.3 
 49 
 
 11.7 
 
 5, 6.52 
 2,618 
 
 46. 3 
 
 3, 034 
 
 53.7 
 
 16, 806 
 13, 427 
 
 84.9 
 2, 379 
 
 15.1 
 
 6, 044 
 1,060 
 
 17. 5 
 4,984 
 82. 5 
 
 101 
 
 91 
 
 90.1 
 
 10 
 
 9.9 
 
 205 
 
 53 
 
 25. 9 
 
 152 
 74.1 
 
 3, 246 
 439 
 13. 5 
 
 2, 807 
 86. 6 
 
 83 
 53 
 
 63. 9 
 30 
 
 36. 1 
 
 Nttmher 
 of opera- 
 tors. 
 
 17,318 
 
 4, 961 
 
 28.6 
 
 12, 367 
 
 71.4 
 
 4,081 
 1,679 
 
 38,7 
 2, 502 
 
 61,3 
 
 144 
 100 
 
 69,4 
 44 
 
 30.6 
 
 2, 992 
 1,079 
 
 36.1 
 1,913 
 
 63.9 
 
 332 
 
 214 
 
 64. 5 
 118 
 
 3.5.5 
 
 .557 
 
 169 
 
 28.5 
 
 398 
 
 71.5 , 
 
 19 
 
 6 
 
 31,6 
 
 13 
 68.4 
 
 37 
 21 
 
 .56.8 
 16 
 
 43.2 
 
 6,477 
 2, 226 
 34.4 
 
 4, 251 
 65.6 
 
 119 
 
 70 
 63. 9 
 
 43 
 36.1 
 
 4,409 
 1,517 
 
 31, 4 
 2, 892 
 
 65, 6 
 
 1,949 
 633 
 
 32. 5 
 1,316 
 
 67, 5 
 
 5, 746 
 .879 
 
 16. 3 
 
 4,. 867 
 
 81,7 
 
 93 
 
 83 
 89,2 
 
 10 
 10,8 
 
 203 
 .52 
 
 25. 6 
 151 
 
 74. 1 
 
 3,137 
 344 
 
 11,0 
 2, 793 
 
 89, 
 
 45 
 61). 
 
 30 
 10,0 
 
 SALARIED OFFICIALS, 
 CLERKS, ETC. 
 
 35, 095 
 
 29,429 
 
 83.9 
 
 ,5, 6t;6 
 
 16.1 
 
 8,138 
 7,036 
 
 86.5 
 1,1112 
 
 13, 5 
 
 1,208 
 
 1,163 
 
 96.3 
 
 45 
 
 3.7 
 
 3, 480 
 2, 964 
 
 85.2 
 516 
 
 14.8 
 
 2, 405 
 
 2,212 
 
 92. 
 
 193 
 
 8.0 
 
 910 
 
 581 
 
 i;3. 8 
 
 329 
 36. 2 
 
 18 
 10 
 
 55. 6 
 s 
 
 44.4 
 
 117 
 
 106 
 
 90.6 
 
 11 
 
 9.4 
 
 19, 3.50 
 17, 198 
 
 88.9 
 2, 1.52 
 
 11,1 
 
 3,011 
 2, 679 
 
 88.9 
 335 
 
 11.1 
 
 14,413 
 
 12,680 
 
 88. 
 
 1,733 
 
 12.0 
 
 1,923 
 
 1,839 
 
 95. 6 
 
 84 
 
 4. 1 
 
 6, 342 
 1,101 
 
 61,7 
 2,211 
 
 35, 3 
 
 913 
 891 
 
 2,4 
 
 185 I 
 116 
 
 62.7 
 69 
 
 37.3 
 
 2,231 
 1,381 j 
 
 62.11 ' 
 817 
 
 38.0 
 
 352 
 310 
 
 88. I 
 
 J36. 033, 784 
 
 $31,737,061 
 
 ,88.1 
 
 84, 296, 723 
 
 11.9 
 
 ■SO, 948, 335 
 S8, 946, 198 
 
 89.9 
 SI, 002, 137 
 
 10.1 
 
 81, 768, 4,56 
 
 $1,717,966 
 
 97.1 
 
 850, 490 
 
 WAriE-EARNERH. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 ,564,176 I 8366, 717, .599 
 $306, 369, 622 
 
 $50, 347, 977 
 14,1 
 
 479, 618 
 
 85,0 
 
 84,658 
 
 16.0 
 
 110, 404 
 98, 837 
 
 89,5 
 11, 567 
 
 10,5 
 
 26,007 
 
 25,456 
 
 97.9 I 
 
 551 
 
 2.1 
 
 85, 076, 773 
 
 36, 142 
 
 $4,444,818 
 
 30, 217 
 
 .87. 6 
 
 83.6 
 
 ¥631,9.55 
 
 5,925 
 
 12.4 
 
 16.4 
 
 82,113,230 
 
 82, 000, 456 
 
 94,7 
 
 8112,774 
 
 8826, 327 
 $634,177 
 
 76.7 
 $192,1.50 
 
 23.3 
 
 89,395 
 84,605 
 
 49,0 
 $4,790 
 
 51.0 j 
 
 $164, IW 
 
 $144, 176 
 
 93.5 
 
 $9, 978 
 i;.5 
 
 $19, 229, .5,54 
 
 $17,. 564, 948 
 
 91.3 
 
 $l,6li4,li06 
 
 38, 851 
 
 36, 316 
 
 93.5 
 
 2, 535 
 
 7,881 
 5, 541 
 
 70.3 
 2, 340 
 
 29. 7 
 
 194 
 
 107 
 
 55. 2 
 
 87 
 
 14.8 
 
 1,329 
 
 1,2110 
 
 ;-lO. 3 
 
 129 
 
 ■52, 907, ::93 
 
 $2, 622, 438 
 
 90. 2 
 
 $284, 855 
 
 814,511,924 
 
 $13,167,416 
 
 90.7 
 
 81, 344, .509 
 
 9.3 
 
 $1, 810, 337 
 
 $1,775,095 
 
 98.1 
 
 $35, 242 
 
 1.9 
 
 $5,699,130 
 $4, 179, 905 
 
 73. 3 
 81,. 519, 225 
 
 26. 7 
 
 $1,0,87,514 
 
 $1,072,926 
 
 98.7 
 
 $14, 588 
 
 1.3 
 
 $150, 606 
 $110,6.55 
 
 73.6 
 $39,850 
 
 26. 5 
 
 $1,843,747 
 $1,312,251 
 
 71,2 
 $531,496 
 
 28,8 
 
 $311,1121 
 8308, 767 
 
 355, 007 
 
 317, 121 
 
 89.3 
 
 37, 886 
 
 10.7 
 
 i;9, 691 
 
 63,317 
 
 90.9 
 
 0, 374 
 
 9.1 
 
 2.S0, i;38 
 249, 2.80 
 
 88.8 
 31,3.58 
 
 11.2 
 
 4, 678 
 
 4, ,524 
 
 96.7 
 
 1.54 
 
 3.3 
 
 86, 295 
 .53, .589 
 
 62.1 
 32, 706 
 
 37.9 
 
 13,011 
 
 12, .861 
 
 98, 6 
 
 180 
 
 1,4 
 
 2, 433 
 1,160 
 
 47.7 
 1,273 
 52 3 
 
 31,517 
 18, 7,57 
 
 69. 5 
 12. 790 
 
 to. 6 
 
 4,070 
 
 3, 545 
 87.1 
 
 Contract 
 work . 
 
 .87,721,307 
 
 $7, 070, 682 
 
 91.6 
 
 $650, 625 
 
 8.4 
 
 $84, 046, 224 
 
 874,888,135 
 
 89.1 
 
 89, 158, 089 
 
 10,9 I 
 
 $21,161,405 
 
 $20, 579, 298 ,' 
 
 97.3 
 
 $572, 107 
 
 2.7 
 
 $36,077,492 
 $30, 053, 790 
 
 83.3 
 $6,023,702 
 
 16.7 
 
 821,631,792 
 
 $20,504,967 
 
 95. 2 
 
 $1,026,825 
 
 4.8 
 
 54,329,271 
 82,928,788 
 
 67.7 
 $1,400,4,K3 
 
 32.3 
 
 874, 924 
 $37,264 
 
 49.7 
 $37, 660 
 
 .50.3 
 
 $881,340 
 $784,028 
 
 89.0 
 $97, 312 
 
 11.0 
 
 $223,134,6,80 ! 86,109,536 
 
 $200,161,868 ij $.5,678,086 
 
 89.7 ! 92.9 
 
 $22,972,812 I $431,450 
 
 10,3 > 7.1 
 
 $1,371,921 
 81,196,732 
 
 87.2 
 $175,189 
 
 12.8 
 
 8188,768 
 
 $183,568 
 
 97.2 
 
 $6,200 
 
 $626, 090 
 $.521, 921 
 
 83.4 
 $104, 169 
 
 16, 6 
 
 $425, 292 
 
 $418, 176 
 
 98.3 
 
 $7,116 
 
 1.7 
 
 $108, 607 
 $49,903 
 
 45.9 
 $68, 704 
 
 .54.1 
 
 $23,164 
 
 $23,164 
 
 100. 
 
 iliscella- 
 
 neous 
 expenses. 
 
 Cost of sup- 
 plies and 
 materials. 
 
 Value of 
 product. 
 
 $.56, 959, 987 
 
 838,716,113 
 
 $35, 461,:H8 
 
 91.6 
 
 $3, 2,54, 765 
 
 8.4 
 
 $181,4.82,2.88 
 $161, 869, 598 
 
 89.2 
 $19,612,690 
 
 10.8 
 
 $2,936,279 
 
 $2,, 830, 922 
 
 96.4 
 
 $105, 357 
 
 3,6 
 
 $^14,654,537 
 $27, 390, 121 
 
 61,3 
 317,264,416 
 
 38, 7 
 
 $6, 328, 852 
 
 $6,242,9,50 
 
 98,6 
 
 $85, 902 
 
 1,4 
 
 89.58, 392 
 8420, 514 
 
 43,9 
 $538, 378 
 
 .56. 1 
 
 814, 750, 638 
 88, 847, 313 
 
 60,0 
 $5,903,325 
 
 40. 
 
 $2,212,610 
 
 $1,913,820 
 
 ,H6. 5 
 
 8298, ,820 
 
 13,5 
 
 8406, 421 
 $402,867 j 
 99.1 
 $3. .5,54 1 
 0.9 
 
 $1,244,114 
 
 81,169,186 
 
 94.0 
 
 $74, 928 
 
 6,0 
 
 $4,4,59,001 
 
 $4,106,033 
 
 92, 1 
 
 $352, 968 
 
 7,9 
 
 $60,719 
 829, 928 
 
 49,3 
 $30, 821 
 
 60. 7 
 
 $10,i;27 
 
 $10, 627 
 
 100, 
 
 $13,241 
 $4, 025 
 
 30,4 
 $9, 216 
 
 69. 6 
 
 $36, 381 
 $15, 276 
 
 42.0 
 $21,105 
 
 58. 
 
 817,168,321 
 815, 074, 916 
 
 87.8 
 82,093.400 
 
 12. 2 
 
 $1,397,465 
 
 $1,358,761 
 
 97.2 
 
 $3,8, 704 
 
 2,8 
 
 $.5,3.57,529 
 84,419,637 
 
 82,5 
 $937, 992 
 
 17.5 
 
 $8,257,714 
 
 $8,144,7.82 
 
 98. 6 
 
 8112. 932 
 
 1.4 
 
 82,092,001 
 $1,096,468 
 
 .52.4 
 $995,533 
 
 47.6 
 
 $3,845 
 $1, .540 
 
 40.1 
 82, 305 
 
 ,59.9 
 
 $.59, 767 
 
 $.53, .S27 
 
 90,1 
 
 85, 940 
 
 9.9 
 
 $31,993,955 
 
 $29,404,866 
 
 91.9 
 
 $2, .589. 090 
 
 8.1 
 
 $9,307,239 
 
 $8, 439, 021 
 
 90.7 
 
 $868. 218 
 
 9.3 
 
 $16,774,4.59 
 
 $15, 156, 519 
 
 90.4 
 
 $1,617,940 
 
 9. 6 
 
 $5,912,2.57 
 
 $5,809,325 
 
 98.3 
 
 $102, 932 
 
 86,750,482 
 $1,38.5,332 
 
 76,3 
 $1,365,1,50 
 
 23,7 
 
 $1,665,520 
 
 $l,l'i.54,230 
 
 99, 3 
 
 $11,290 
 
 8126, 873 
 $71,309 
 
 66, 3 
 $65, 604 
 
 43,7 
 
 $1,440,0.81 
 8960, 286 
 
 66.7 
 $479, 795 
 
 33.3 
 
 $382, 877 
 
 $362, 662 
 
 94, 7 
 
 $20, 215 
 
 5,3 
 
 $106,033,4,56 8725,428,678 
 
 82,611,057 j $14,600,177 
 
 $1,771,672 88,823, 159 
 
 70.5 60.4 
 
 $739.9,85 I 85,777,018 
 
 29. 5 39. 6 
 
 $17,228 
 $9,3.57 
 
 ,54,3 
 $7,871 
 
 45.7 
 
 $322, 267 
 
 8295, 982 
 
 91.8 
 
 $26, 2,H5 
 
 .8.2 
 
 $44, 146, 967 
 $39, 387, 663 
 
 89,2 
 $4,7,59,294 
 
 10.8 
 
 $12,740,780 
 
 $11, ,568, 788 
 
 90.8 
 
 81, 171, 992 
 
 9.2 
 
 824,798.922 
 821,427,969 
 
 86,4 
 83, 370, 953 
 
 13,6 
 
 $6, 607, 2.56 
 
 $6, 390, 906 
 
 96,7 
 
 $216, 349 
 
 3.3 
 
 $20, 072, 399 
 $15,6,89,116 
 
 78,2 
 $4,383,2.83 
 
 21.8 
 
 $9,098,226 
 
 89, 048, 502 
 
 99. 6 
 
 $49, 724 
 
 0.5 
 
 $272, 823 
 $172, 258 
 
 63,1 
 $100, 565 
 
 36, 9 
 
 $5, 103, 912 
 $3,411,224 
 
 i;3, 1 
 $1,992,6.88 
 
 36, 9 
 
 $825, 822 
 
 $735, 448 
 
 ,S9. 1 
 
 $90, 374 
 
 10 .y 
 
 $177, 911 
 $20, 352 
 
 11,4 
 $l.->7, 559 
 
 88.6 
 
 $1, 5.50, 090 
 
 $1,400,884 
 
 90.4 
 
 $149,206 
 
 9.6 
 
 $397,899,932 
 $356, 399, 4.52 
 
 89. 6 
 $41,. 500. 480 
 
 10.4 
 
 876, 173.. 586 
 
 869, 209, 224 
 
 90.9 
 
 $6, 964, 362 
 
 9.1 
 
 $290, 868, 483 
 ,-257, 639, 338 
 
 88.6 
 $33, 219, 145 
 
 11.4 
 
 830, ,867, 863 
 
 $29,. 550, 890 
 
 95,7 
 
 $1,316,973 
 
 4,3 
 
 $96, 370, 559 
 864,208,623 
 
 66,6 
 $32,161,936 
 
 33,4 
 
 $24,268,3a8 
 
 $24, 086, 747 
 
 99, 3 
 
 $181, ,591 
 
 0.7 
 
 82,061,072 
 $1 , 000, 077 
 
 48,5 
 $1, 060, 995 
 
 61.6 
 
 $,30,441,801 
 $18, 216, 602 
 
 59.8 
 $12, 225, 199 
 
 40.2 
 
 85,044,182 
 84,469,791 
 
 88.6 
 $574, 391 
 
 11.4 
 
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS. 
 
 69 
 
 Tahlk li3.— comparison OF STATISTICS FOR INCORPORATED COMPANIES AND FOR A LI. OTHER I'ORMS OF 
 OWNERSHIP, BY MINERALS, AND GROUPS OF MINERALS: 1902— Continued. 
 
 -MINERALS, BY INCORPORATED AND 
 UNINCORPORATED OPERATORS, 
 
 Stnicturiil materials— Contiiuied. 
 Sandstoin's and quartzites . 
 
 IiiutirporaU'd 
 
 Per cent of total 
 
 Uiuiicorporatt'd 
 
 I\r cent of total 
 
 Siliceous crystalline rtx-ks . 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of total 
 
 Unincorporated 
 
 Per cent of total 
 
 Slate 
 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 I'ninc<.)vporated . . . 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 
 .\brasive materials . . 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of total . 
 Unincorporated . . . 
 
 Per cent of totaL 
 
 Bnhrstones and millstones. 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of total 
 
 Unincorporated 
 
 Per cent of total 
 
 Cornndumand emery; crystalline 
 quartz: and oilstones, whet- 
 stones, and scythestones 
 
 Incorporated ..." 
 
 Per cent of total 
 
 Unincorporated 
 
 Per cent of total 
 
 Garnet 
 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 Unincorporated . . . 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 
 Grindstones and pulpstone^. 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of total 
 
 Unincorporated 
 
 Per cent of total 
 
 Infusorial earth, tripoli, and 
 pumice 
 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of total 
 
 Unincorporated 
 
 Per cent of total 
 
 Chemical materials . 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 Unincorporated. .. 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 
 Borax 
 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of total . 
 Unincorporated . . . 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 
 Fluorspar 
 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 Unincorporated . . . 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 
 Gypsum 
 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 Unincorporated . . . 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 
 Phosphate rock 
 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 
 Unincorporated . . 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 
 Sulphur and pyrite. . 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 Unincorporated . . . 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 
 Figments 
 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 Unincorporated . . . 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 
 Number 
 
 of mines, 
 
 quarries, 
 
 and 
 
 wells. 
 
 1 , mi 
 iti; 
 
 11.2 
 
 s,s. s 
 
 M06 
 212 
 
 2:S. 4 
 694 
 
 76.6 
 
 lag 
 
 66 
 
 33.2 
 
 133 
 
 66. S 
 
 82 
 
 2.5 
 
 30. .5 
 
 Number 
 of opera- 
 tors. 
 
 SALAIiiKO 
 
 )FK[C| 
 
 ', :':t<'. 
 
 Number. Salaries. 
 
 1,211 
 Uil 
 9. ,s 
 
 1,092 
 90. 2 
 
 K,'i3 
 176 
 
 20. 6 
 077 
 
 79. 4 
 
 174 
 
 60 
 
 34, .=. 
 
 114 
 
 19 
 2,5, 3 
 
 :<6 
 74.7 
 
 ,SI7 
 122 
 
 49, ,S 
 42,5 
 
 50.2 
 
 1,377 
 72K 
 
 ,52.9 
 649 
 
 47.1 
 
 437 
 2,50 
 
 .57. 2 
 1,S7 
 
 42. S 
 
 51 
 6X.0 
 
 24 
 32.0 
 
 29 
 
 29 
 100.0 
 
 26 
 14 
 
 53. 8 
 12 
 
 46.2 
 
 3 
 42.9 
 
 ■4 
 ,57.1 
 
 4 
 44.4 
 
 11 
 3 
 
 22,S 
 1.56 . 
 68.4 
 
 6 I 
 100.0 I 
 
 40.0 
 
 12 
 
 60.0 
 
 3 
 42.9 i 
 
 4 
 .57. 1 
 
 55. 6 
 
 4 
 
 44.4 
 
 10 
 
 30.0 
 
 70.0 
 
 174 
 116 
 
 66. 7 
 58 
 
 33.3 
 
 100.0 
 
 23 
 
 21 
 
 91.3 
 
 12 
 41.7 
 58. 3 
 
 22 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 14 
 
 81.8 
 
 77.8 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 18.2 
 
 22. 2 
 
 62 
 
 46 
 
 43 
 
 26 
 
 69, 4 
 
 67. 8 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 30.6 
 
 42.2 
 
 37. 5 
 
 5 
 
 62. 5 
 
 750 
 670 
 90.1 
 74 
 9.9 
 
 14 
 14 
 
 100. 
 
 115 
 70 
 
 60.9 
 45 
 
 39.1 
 
 23 j 
 19 I 
 
 82.6 
 4 
 
 17.4 
 
 84 
 29 
 
 :a 
 66, 5 [ 
 
 56 
 04, 4 
 
 31 
 35. 6 
 
 18 
 
 14 
 
 77.8 
 
 4 
 
 X.i 
 
 49 
 
 63.6 
 
 42 
 
 35 
 
 83. 3 
 
 16. 7 
 
 249 
 243 
 97. 6 
 
 ,391 
 341 
 
 ,50 
 12. 8 
 
 64 
 43 
 
 79. 6 
 11 
 
 20, t 
 
 91 
 
 82.4 
 
 16 
 
 17,6 
 
 8713, 579 
 8431,484 
 
 60, 6 
 S282, 095 
 
 39, 5 
 
 SI, 227, 8,S5 
 S741,731 
 
 liO, 4 
 »486, 1,54 
 
 39.6 
 
 1334,879 
 J202,091 
 
 60,3 
 $132, 7,88 
 
 :J9.7 
 
 S48, 008 
 934, 116 
 
 71.1 
 S13, 892 
 
 28.9 
 
 S4,0,S2 
 
 \VA(;K-l';.VR.N'EJtS. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 10, 148 
 
 4, 920 
 47.1 
 
 5, ,528 
 ,52. 9 
 
 18, 836 
 9,. 585 
 
 .50. 9 
 9, 251 
 
 49.1 
 
 6, 920 
 2,761 
 
 46.0 
 
 3,159 
 
 53. 4 
 
 610 
 369 
 
 60. 5 
 241 
 
 39.5 
 
 86 
 
 $4, 682 
 100,0 
 
 S17, 090 
 
 S16,316 
 
 96. 6 
 
 $77-1 
 
 4.5 
 
 S9,178 
 84,040 
 
 44.0 
 f5,138 
 
 56. 
 
 $13,042 
 
 S12, 180 
 
 93.4 
 
 J862 
 
 6.6 
 
 S4, 016 
 81,, 580 
 
 39. 3 
 $2, 436 
 
 60.7 
 
 S750, 953 
 
 8695, 767 
 
 92.7 
 
 $.55, 186 
 
 7,3 
 
 $18,128 
 
 $18,128 
 
 100.0 
 
 327, 311 
 823, 914 
 
 87. 6 
 $3, 397 
 
 12.4 
 
 8300, 420 
 
 8295, 428 
 
 98.3 
 
 $4, 992 
 
 83.55, 204 
 8316, 925 
 
 89. 2 
 838, 279 
 
 10.8 
 
 849, ,890 
 $ll,:i72 
 
 82.9 
 $,s, 51 8 
 
 17.1 
 
 868, 7.52 
 860, 4.51 
 
 87.9 
 88, :501 
 
 12.1 
 
 161 
 126 
 
 78. 3 
 35 
 
 21.7 
 
 118 
 37 
 
 31.4 
 81 
 
 6,s. 6 
 
 210 
 182 
 
 86.7 
 28 
 
 13.3 
 
 35 
 24 
 
 68.6 
 11 
 
 31.4 
 
 8, 836 
 7, 4.S1 
 
 84.7 
 1,:3.54 
 
 16.3 
 
 153 
 
 1,53 
 
 100.0 
 
 Wage 
 
 86,1,53,060 
 $2,.s;l0, 472 
 
 46, 
 83, 322,, 588 
 
 .54. 
 
 811,072,996 
 $5, 683, 837 
 
 51.3 
 $6, 389, 159 
 
 48.7 
 
 83,177,4.59 
 $1,4.51,215 
 
 45.7 
 81,726,244 
 
 .54. 3 
 
 $296,914 
 $1.81,028 
 
 61.0 
 $116, 886 
 
 39.0 
 
 839, 562 
 
 Contract 
 work. 
 
 $.500 
 
 8500 
 100.0 
 
 Miscella- 
 neous 
 expenses. 
 
 839, 562 
 100.0 
 
 8878, 780 
 $610, 099 
 
 69.4 
 8268,681 
 
 30.6 
 
 8810, 206 
 8493, 946 
 
 61.0 
 $316,260 
 
 39.0 
 
 $446,145 
 $232, 740 
 
 ,52. 2 
 8213,406 
 
 ■17.8 
 
 842,410 
 933, 770 
 
 79.6 
 $8, 640 
 
 20.4 
 
 $1,480 I 
 
 c:ost of sup- 
 plies and 
 materials. 
 
 $1,298,190 
 $796, 557 
 
 61.4 
 $.501,633 
 
 :)8. 6 
 
 $2, 493, 065 
 $1, 175, 879 
 
 47.2 
 81,:?17,186 
 
 52. 8 
 
 86.80,361 
 
 S:M9,248 
 
 .51.3 
 
 s:bi,ii3 
 
 48.7 
 
 $80,309 
 $64,245 
 
 80.0 
 $16, 064 
 
 20.0 
 
 81,809 
 
 Value of 
 
 Jinjduct. 
 
 $10,601,171 
 
 $1,7.59,143 
 
 44.9 
 
 85, 842, 028 
 
 .55. 1 
 
 $18,2.57,944 
 
 $9, 030, 876 
 
 49. 5 
 
 89,227,068 
 
 .50.5 
 
 85, 696, 061 
 
 $2, 046, 387 
 
 46.4 
 
 $3, 0.50, 6fi4 
 
 5:1 6 
 
 $1,177,711 
 
 $890, 392 
 
 75. 6 
 
 $287, 319 
 
 24.4 
 
 884, 440 
 $70, 686 
 83.7 
 $13,7.54 'I. 
 
 16.3 |. 
 
 $39,6:52 i|. 
 
 $13,503 il. 
 
 22.6 . 
 
 846,129 I . 
 
 77.4 I 
 
 $99, 598 
 887,:549 
 
 87.7 
 $12,219 
 
 12. 3 
 
 $13, 682 
 $9, 490 
 
 69.4 
 $4,192 
 
 :». 6 
 
 33,;!13,088 
 82,, 824, 374 
 
 86. 2 
 84,88, 714 
 
 14 8 
 
 .$114, 865 
 
 8114,, 865 
 
 100.0 
 
 269 
 215 
 
 79.9 
 .64 
 
 20.1 
 
 1,472 
 
 1,405 
 
 96.4 
 
 67 
 
 4.6 
 
 5,971 
 4, 899 
 
 82.0 
 1,072 
 
 18.0 
 
 970 
 .809 
 
 83.4 
 161 
 
 16.6 
 
 592 
 286 
 
 48.3 
 306 
 
 61 . 7 
 
 8161,696 
 
 8149, 856 
 
 92.7 
 
 811,840 
 
 7.3 
 
 8110, 002 
 $87, 605 
 
 79.6 
 ,822,397 
 
 20.4 
 
 $7.59,2.58 i 
 8714,043 
 9-1.0 I 
 846, 215 
 6. 
 
 81,9:30,093 , 
 $1,,572, ,s;!4 I 
 81.5 
 $:j.57,2,59 
 18.5 
 
 $398,870 
 $336,027 
 
 81,0 
 863,843 
 
 16.0 
 
 8236, 372 
 8109,480 
 
 46.3 
 $126, ,892 
 
 .53. 7 
 
 8300 
 8300 
 100.0 
 
 8406 
 100.0 
 
 $1,57,402 
 
 $147, 102 
 
 93,5 
 
 810, 300 
 
 C. 5 
 
 $3, .587 
 $2, 45S 
 
 68.4 
 81,134 
 
 31.6 
 
 81,000 
 
 $1,480 
 100.0 
 
 $9, 282 
 
 $8, .522 
 
 91.8 
 
 $760 
 
 8.2 
 
 $4, 952 
 8775 
 15.7 
 
 $4, 177 
 84.3 
 
 $24, 433 
 
 $23, 123 
 
 94.6 
 
 81,310 
 
 6.4 
 
 $2, 263 
 
 $1, 350 
 
 .59.7 
 
 $913 
 
 40.3 
 
 $741,. 670 
 $651,078 
 
 87.8 
 $90, 492 
 
 12.2 
 
 $47,606 
 
 $47, 600 
 
 100.0 
 
 $1,809 
 100.0 
 
 $34,726 I 
 $32,481 
 93.5 
 $-2,245 ' 
 6.5 
 
 $10,128 
 $1, 511 
 
 14,9 
 88, 617 
 
 85,1 
 
 $:fl,349 
 
 $29, 953 
 
 95.5 
 
 $1, 396 
 
 4.5 
 
 $2, 297 
 $300 
 13.1 
 
 $1,997 
 
 $1,603, .348 
 
 81,464,224 
 
 91.3 
 
 8139,124 
 
 $213, .538 
 
 $213,538 
 
 100.0 
 
 81,000 
 100. 
 
 823, 602 
 
 $23, 3,52 
 
 98.9 
 
 $2.50 
 
 1.1 
 
 $200, 769 
 
 $193, 920 
 
 96. 6 
 
 86, 849 
 
 3.4 
 
 8430, 476 
 $347, 795 
 
 80.8 
 $82, 680 
 
 19. 2 
 
 $39,118 
 
 $38, 405 
 
 98.2 
 
 $713 
 
 1.8 
 
 860, 448 
 
 836, 469 
 
 60.3 
 
 823, 979 
 
 $31, 374 
 $14,942 
 
 47.6 
 $16,4:32 
 
 ,52.4 
 
 8341,760 
 
 8322, 076 
 
 94.2 
 
 $19,684 
 
 5. 8 
 
 $799,414 
 $714, 070 
 
 89.3 
 $85, 344 
 
 10.7 
 
 $217,262 
 
 $199, 598 
 
 91.9 
 
 $17,064 
 
 8.1 
 
 865, ,S45 
 8-51,140 
 
 77.7 
 $14,705 
 
 22.3 
 
 $.59, ,808 
 100. 
 
 $261,6.58 
 $1&5, 886 
 
 71.0 
 875, 772 
 
 29.0 
 
 8132,820 
 
 827, 900 
 
 21.0 
 
 $104, 920 
 
 79.0 
 
 $667, 431 
 
 8646, 007 
 
 96.8 
 
 $21,424 
 
 $55, 994 
 $30, 599 
 
 51.6 
 $25, :595 
 
 45.4 
 
 $10, 618, 669 
 $9, 372, 632 
 
 88.3 
 $1,246,037 
 
 11.7 
 
 $2, 383, 614 
 
 $2, 383, 614 
 
 100.0 
 
 $276, 682 
 $216,160 
 
 78.4 
 8,59, 522 
 
 21.6 
 
 82,0,89,341 
 
 81,947,641 
 
 93.2 
 
 8141,700 
 
 ■ 6,8 
 
 84, 922, 943 
 
 83, 986, 923 
 
 81.0 
 
 8936, 020 
 
 19.0 
 
 8947,089 
 8838, 294 
 
 88.5 
 8108, 795 
 
 11.5 
 
 8564, 039 
 $371,i;.51 
 
 66.9 
 8192, 388 
 
 :34.1 
 
70 
 
 Table 23. 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 -COMPARISON OF STATISTICS FOR INCORPORATED COMPANIES AND FOR ALL OTHER FORMS OF 
 OWNERSHIP, BY MINERALS, AND GROUPS OF MINERALS: IHOL'-Continuecl. 
 
 MINERALS, BY INCORPORATED AND 
 VNINCOEPORATED OPERATORS. 
 
 Pigments— Continued. 
 
 Barytes 
 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 
 Unincorporated . . . 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 
 Mineral pigments, crude . 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of ti»tal 
 
 Unincorporated 
 
 Per cent of total 
 
 Number 
 
 of mines, 
 
 quarries, 
 
 and 
 
 ^vells. 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 Unincorporated . . . 
 
 Per cent of tot^l. 
 
 Asbestos; bauxite; luUerS 
 marl; and monazite. . 
 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of total 
 
 Unincorporated 
 
 Per cent of total 
 
 Asphaltum and bituminous rock. 
 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of total 
 
 Unincorporated 
 
 Per cent of total 
 
 Feldspar 
 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of total. . 
 Unincorporated 
 
 Per cent of total. . 
 
 Flint 
 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of total . 
 Unincorporated . . . 
 
 Per cent of total . 
 
 Graphite 
 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 Unincorporated . . . 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 
 Lithium ore 
 
 Incorporated .._... 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 
 Unincorporated . . . 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 
 Mica 
 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 Unincorporated . . . 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 
 Precious stones 
 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 Unincorporated . . . 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 
 Silica sand 
 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 Unincorporated . . . 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 
 Talc and soapsU>ne . . 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 Unincorporated . . . 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 
 Tungsten 
 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of total- 
 Unincorporated . . . 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 
 Uranium anfl vanadium. 
 Incorporated 
 
 Per cent of total 
 
 Unincorporated 
 
 Per cent of total 
 
 All other minerji.ls... 
 Incorporate*! 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 Unincorporated . . . 
 
 Per cent of total. 
 
 49 
 
 7 
 
 U.3 
 
 42 
 85.7 
 
 Number 
 of opera- 
 tors. 
 
 14.3 
 36 
 
 85.7 
 
 ;w 
 
 3.5 
 
 •ffl 
 
 22 
 
 fi2. 9 
 
 62.9 
 
 in 
 
 13 
 
 37.1 
 
 37.1 
 
 S.\1.,\RIKI) OFFICIALS, 
 CLBRKS, ETC. 
 
 WAGE-EARNERS. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Salaries. 
 
 33.5 
 177 
 
 .52. 8 
 168 
 
 47.2 
 
 80 
 45 
 
 56.3 
 35 
 
 43.7 
 
 24 
 19 
 
 79.2 
 5 
 
 20.8 
 
 27 
 
 9 
 
 33.3 
 
 18 
 66.7 
 
 26.3 
 
 14 
 
 73.7 
 
 4 
 11.3 
 
 3 
 100. 
 
 49 
 18 
 
 30. 7 
 31 
 
 63. 3 
 
 46 
 
 19 
 41.3 
 
 26 
 14 
 
 53.8 
 12 
 
 46.2 
 
 20 
 13 
 
 05.0 
 7 
 
 35. 
 
 68.8 
 104 
 
 15.1 
 .584 
 
 84.9 
 
 48 
 
 14 
 29.2 
 
 34 
 70.8 
 
 24 
 
 19 
 
 79.2 
 
 6 
 
 20.8 
 
 26 
 
 8 
 
 30.8 
 
 18 
 69.2 
 
 17 
 
 3 
 
 17.6 
 
 14 
 82.4 
 
 19 
 
 15 
 
 78.9 
 
 4 
 
 21.1 
 
 3 I 
 
 28 
 18 
 
 64.3 
 10 
 
 35.7 
 
 63 
 
 9.5 
 
 349 
 
 292 
 
 83.7 
 
 57 
 
 16.3 
 
 68 
 
 66 
 
 97.1 
 
 .50 
 
 96.2 
 
 2 
 
 3.8 
 
 27 
 17 
 
 63, 
 10 
 
 37.0 
 
 18 
 13 
 
 72.2 
 
 5 
 
 27.8 
 
 27 
 21 
 
 100.0 
 
 38 
 
 9 
 
 23.7 
 
 29 
 76.3 
 
 460 
 10 
 
 2.2 
 450 
 97.8 
 
 20 
 10 
 
 50.0 
 10 
 
 60. 
 
 20 
 13 
 
 65. 
 7 
 
 3.5.0 
 
 4 
 100, 
 
 4 
 100,0 
 
 3 
 100, 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 50. 
 
 3 
 100,0 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 .50,0 
 
 1 
 100,0 
 
 21 
 17 
 
 81.0 
 4 
 
 19, 
 
 22 
 
 17 
 
 77,3 
 
 35 
 21 
 
 60, 
 14 
 
 40, U 
 
 $15,1,59 
 Sll,608 
 
 76. 6 
 83, 5.51 
 
 23.4 
 
 863, 593 
 
 *48, 843 
 
 91.1 
 
 $4, 7.50 
 
 8.9 
 
 $289, 0.52 
 $256, 676 
 
 88.5 
 $33, 376 
 
 11.5 
 
 $50, 0.58 
 
 $49, 270 
 
 98,4 
 
 $7.88 
 
 1,6 
 
 848, 233 
 
 $47,4.83 
 
 98,4 
 
 $7.50 
 
 1 . 6 
 
 $20, 095 
 $15, .563 
 
 77.4 
 $4, 532 
 
 22.6 
 
 $14, 330 
 $12, 130 
 
 84.6 
 $2,200 
 
 15.4 
 
 $18, 924 
 $16, 569 
 
 87, li 
 82,3,55 
 
 12, 4 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Wages, 
 
 $600 
 
 2 
 100,0 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 100.0 
 
 $600 
 100, 
 
 $13,414 
 
 $ll,,s.53 
 
 88,2 
 
 $1 , 591 
 
 11, H 
 
 828, (187 
 
 $22,000 
 
 76,7 
 
 $6,IW7 
 
 23, 3 
 
 818,2,85 
 
 67, 2 
 
 88, 943 
 
 863,713 
 
 862,2.S3 
 
 97,8 
 
 81,430 
 
 336 
 
 79 
 
 23.5 
 
 257 
 76.5 
 
 2.56 
 207 
 
 80.9 
 49 
 
 19.1 
 
 2, 433 
 1, 935 
 
 79,5 
 498 
 
 20,6 
 
 388 
 346 
 
 89,2 
 42 
 
 10,8 
 
 1,56 
 139 
 
 .89,1 
 17 
 
 10,9 
 
 2,52 
 181 
 
 71,8 
 71 
 
 28, 2 
 
 119 
 
 88 
 73,9 
 
 31 
 26, 1 
 
 164 
 138 
 
 .84,1 
 26 
 
 15,9 
 
 Contract 
 work. 
 
 $130,285 
 $25, 904 
 
 19, 9 
 $104, 381 
 
 80,1 
 
 $106, 087 
 $83, 676 
 
 78,8 
 $22, 611 
 
 21,2 
 
 fl, 035, 784 
 8814, 616 
 
 78,6 
 $221, 168 
 
 21,4 
 
 $131,. S76 
 
 $118, 312 
 
 89.7 
 
 $13, 563 
 
 10.3 
 
 879, 570 
 $68, 738 
 
 .86.4 
 $10, 832 
 
 13,6 
 
 $107,444 
 876, 626 
 
 70,4 
 $31,818 
 
 29.6 
 
 $47,4,54 
 $32, 866 
 
 69,3 
 $14, 6.88 
 
 30,7 
 
 $76, 729 
 $67, 391 
 
 87,8 
 $9, 338 
 
 12,2 
 
 81,000 
 
 $1,000 
 100,0 
 
 $16,406 
 
 $16, 081 
 
 98,0 
 
 $325 
 
 2.0 
 
 $4, ,521 
 
 $4, 521 
 
 100,0 
 
 Miscella- 
 neous 
 expenses. 
 
 Cost of sup- I Value of 
 plies and | „fiuc,t. 
 
 materials, i 
 
 810, 060 
 
 810,060 
 
 100,0 
 
 $900 
 8900 
 100,0 
 
 $3, 744 
 
 $36, 6,56 
 $13,8.50 
 
 39.0 
 $21,705 
 
 61,0 
 
 $24,893 
 
 $22, 619 
 
 90,9 
 
 $2,274 
 
 9,1 
 
 8202, ,S01 
 
 8170,970 
 
 84,3 
 
 $31,831 
 
 15, 7 
 
 $22, 244 
 
 $19, 775 
 
 88,9 
 
 82,469 
 
 11,1 
 
 $19,7.53 
 
 $19,628 
 
 98,9 
 
 $225 
 
 1,1 
 
 $19, 407 
 $12, 996 
 
 67.0 
 $6,411 
 
 33,0 
 
 $14, 291 
 $9, 447 
 
 66,1 
 $4, 844 
 
 33,9 
 
 $lj, 039 
 
 $6, 634 
 
 93,3 
 
 $105 
 
 $7, 772 
 83,467 
 
 44,6 
 $4, 306 
 
 56,4 
 
 $58, 073 
 $47, 673 
 
 82,1 
 $10, 400 
 
 17,9 
 
 $424, 894 
 
 $3.65, 8.52 
 
 83.8 
 
 $69, 042 
 
 16.2 
 
 $200 
 
 100.0 
 
 98 
 .50 
 
 .51,0 ; 
 
 48 
 49,0 
 
 108 
 
 92 
 
 ,86, 2 
 
 111 
 
 14,8 
 
 $3, 744 
 100,0 
 
 844,043 
 828,400 
 
 64, 5 
 $15, 643 
 
 3.5.5 
 
 $3,. 500 
 100. 
 
 $210 
 $210 
 100,0 
 
 $88,017 
 $76, 938 
 
 87,4 
 $11,079 
 
 12, 6 
 
 335 
 
 $149,114 
 
 173 
 
 $81, 696 
 
 !)],6 
 
 ,54,8 
 
 11 ;2 
 
 $67,418 
 
 4H. 4 
 
 45, 2 
 
 771 
 
 $279, 083 
 
 726 
 
 $263,613 
 
 94,2 
 
 94,5 
 
 45 
 
 $15, 470 
 
 $100 
 $100 
 100,0 
 
 100, 
 19 
 
 19 
 100,0 
 
 13, 3 
 13 
 
 $1,260 
 
 $1,260 
 100,0 
 
 817,040 
 
 $80, 229 
 
 $78, 413 
 
 97,7 
 
 81,816 
 
 2,3 
 
 $21,928 
 
 $20, 328 
 
 92,7 
 
 81,600 
 
 7,3 
 
 $50, 278 
 $41, 821 
 
 83,2 
 $8,457 
 
 16,8 
 
 $18, 642 
 
 $14, 216 
 
 76,3 
 
 84,426 
 
 23,7 
 
 $51,840 
 
 $50, 673 
 
 97,6 
 
 $1,267 
 
 2,4 
 
 $1, 2(55 
 
 $200 
 100,0 
 
 $12,914 
 
 $9, 445 
 
 73,1 
 
 83, 469 
 26,9 
 
 $7, 431 
 $5,795 
 
 77,5 
 81,686 
 
 22,5 
 
 818,776 
 810, 763 
 
 57, 3 
 $8, 013 
 
 42,7 
 
 $80, 136 
 
 $77, 462 
 
 96,7 
 
 82,674 
 
 3,3 
 
 $120 
 
 81,265 
 100,0 
 
 $11,961 
 $9, 036 
 
 75, 5 
 $2, 926 
 
 24, 6 
 
 $17, 781 
 
 $14,2.89 
 
 80,4 
 
 $3, 492 
 
 19,6 
 
 838, 386 
 $16, 704 
 
 43, 6 
 $21,682 
 
 56,5 
 
 $126, 932 
 
 $110, 090 
 
 87,4 
 
 $16, ,842 
 
 12.6 
 
 $210 
 
 8120 
 100.0 
 
 8490 
 
 $210 
 100. 
 
 83, 010 
 
 $17,040 
 100, 
 
 $10,411 
 $1 , 036 
 
 10,0 
 $9, 375 
 
 90,0 
 
 8826 
 $500 
 60,6 
 $325 
 39,4 
 
 $490 
 100,0 
 
 $960 
 8125 
 13,2 
 $825 
 86,8 
 
 83,010 
 100,0 
 
 $3,432 
 $382 
 11,1 
 
 $3,050 
 88,9 
 
 $203, 1.54 
 $76, 007 
 
 36.9 
 $128, 147 
 
 63.1 
 
 8360, 885 
 $296,644 
 
 82.2 
 864,241 
 
 17.8 
 
 $3,344,181 
 $2,692,192 
 
 77.6 
 $761, 989 
 
 22,5 
 
 8349, 451 
 
 8308, 964 
 
 88,4 
 
 $40, 487 
 
 11,6 
 
 $236, 728 
 $201, :M6 
 
 8.5.1 
 $35, 382 
 
 14,9 
 
 $2.50, 424 
 81.59, 160 
 
 63.6 
 $91,264 
 
 36.4 
 
 $144, 209 
 
 $93, 661 
 
 64,9 
 
 $50, .5.58 
 
 35. 1 
 
 $227, .508 
 
 $221,. 508 
 
 97.4 
 
 $6,000 
 
 2,6 
 
 $25, 7.50 
 
 $26, 750 
 100.0 
 
 $118,849 
 $49, 165 
 
 41,4 
 869, 684 
 
 58,6 
 
 $328, 4,50 
 8205, 790 
 
 62,7 
 $122, 660 
 
 37,3 
 
 $421,289 
 $248, 767 
 
 .59.0 
 $172,522 
 
 41.0 
 
 $1,138,167 
 
 $1, 079, 591 
 
 94,9 
 
 $58, 576 
 
 5,1 
 
 $6, 976 
 
 $5,975 
 100,0 
 
 $48, 125 
 
 848, 126 
 100.0 
 
 $49, 250 
 $24, 2.50 
 
 49.2 
 826,006 
 
 50.8 
 
SUa[MARY AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS. 
 
 71 
 
 To avoid disolosino- the operations of individual es- 
 tablislinients it was necessary to combine in Table 2r\ 
 the statistics for corundum and emery, crystalline 
 quartz, oilstones, whetstones, and scythestones, and 
 asbestos, bauxite, fuller's earth, marl, and monazite. 
 
 While the number of incorporated companies {4.'.>r)l) 
 formed only 28.(3 per cent of the total numher of 
 operators, they gave employment to 479. (ils, oi- sn per 
 cent of the wag-e-earners, and paid .$8()6,3ti9,(;i!2, or 
 85.9 per cent of the total wages paid liy all operators. 
 These companies also paid $49,707,399, or 8S.9 per 
 cent of the miscellaneous expenses, and the cost of 
 their supplies and materials reached $93,115,790, or 
 87.8 per cent of the total cost, while the value of their 
 products, amounting to 1626,132,335, was 86.3 per 
 cent of the value of products for all mines, quarries, 
 and wells. 
 
 Incorporated companies have assumed the greatest 
 importance in the production of ores. They employed 
 98,837, or 89.5 per cent of the wage-earners in the 
 metallic group and paid them $74,888,135, or 89.1 per 
 cent of the wages. The products were valued at 
 $192,297,393, forming 89.3 per cent of the total value 
 of products in this group. 
 
 Practically the entire production of copper ore was 
 under the control of incorporated companies, these 
 companies emploj-ing 97.9 per cent of the wage-earners 
 and reporting 98.5 per cent of the total value of prod- 
 ucts for this mineral. Onl}' 144 operators were I'eported 
 for this mineral and but 44 of them were unincorporated, 
 their product forming only 1.5 per cent of the total 
 value of the product. In the metallic group of min- 
 erals iron ore stands next to copjDer in the part played 
 bj' incorporated companies, this form of ownership giv- 
 ing employment to 36,316, or 93.5 per cent of the 
 wage-earners and reported products valued at 96.7 per 
 cent of the total value of products for this mineral. 
 The large number of small ojjerators engaged in the 
 production of lead and zinc ore in Missouri and in the 
 production of precious metals throughout the Western 
 states reduced the comparative importance of incorpo- 
 rated companies in the production of these minerals. 
 Manganese ore was the only exception to the predomi- 
 nance of the corporation in the production of ores. The 
 production of this mineral is still largely under the 
 control of individuals and firms. 
 
 Next in importance to the ores, in the production by 
 the incorporated form of ownership is the group of 
 minerals classed as fuels. In the foregoing table the 
 statistics for fuels do not include the production of 
 petroleum. Of the 6,477 operators reported for an- 
 thracite and bituminous coal mines and natural-gas 
 wells, only 2,226, or 34.4 per cent, were incorporated 
 companies. These companies, however, gave employ- 
 ment to 317,121, or 89.3 per cent, of the 355,007 wage- 
 earners, and their products, valued at $356,399,452, 
 formed 89.6 per cent of the total value of products for 
 
 this mineral. In tliis group the pi-edominance of the 
 incorpoi'ated form of owncrsljj]) was especially pi'o- 
 nounced in the ])ro(luetiun of natural gas, the iiicoi'- 
 porated companies employing 96.7 per cent of the total 
 lunnber of wage-earners, and producing 95.7 per cent 
 of the total products. In the production of anthracite 
 coal, 76 incorporated companies, forming 63.9 per cent 
 of the operators, employed 63,317, or 90.9 per cent, of 
 the wage-earners, and their products, valued at 
 $69,209,224, formed 90.9 per cent of the total value 
 of the products of the industr}-. The 1,517 incorpo- 
 rated companies engaged in the mining of bituminous 
 cOal gave employment to 249,280, or 88.8 per cent, of 
 the wage-earners, and the value of their products, 
 amounting to $257,639,338, formed 88. 6 per cent of 
 the total value of bituminous coal mined during the 
 vear. 
 
 Of the 5,746 operators reported for structui-al mate- 
 rials, 879, or only 15. 3 per cent, were incorporated 
 companies. This comparatively small proportion of 
 incorporated operators controlled considerably more 
 than half of the industry. Their wage-earners, num- 
 bei'ing 53,589, formed 62.1 per cent of all wage-earners, 
 and their products, valued at $64,208,623, formed 66.6 
 per cent of the products. Of the different classes of 
 minerals included in this group the incorporated form 
 of ownership predominated for cement, limestones and 
 dolomites, and marble. The manufacture of cement 
 reported by the Census was confined to establishments 
 operating quarries. Practicalh' the entire output 
 obtained in this manner was produced b_v incorporated 
 companies. These companies gave employment to 98.6 
 per cent of the wage-earners engaged in the industry, 
 and their production formed 99.3 per cent of the value 
 of the products. Only 10 of the 93 operators were 
 unincorporated, and their production formed onlv se\'en- 
 tenths of 1 per cent of the total value of the product for 
 the industry. 
 
 The incorporated companies engaged in the produc- 
 tion of limestones and dolomites ga\'e employment to 
 59.5 per cent of the wage-earners reported for all 
 (.[uarries devoted to the production of these stones, 
 and in value their products formed 59.8 per cent of 
 the total. A greater 2:)reponderance of the incorpo- 
 rated form of ownership is shown for marble, the 
 incorporated companies in this industry employing 
 87.1 per cent of the wage-earners, and reporting 88.6 
 per cent of the total A-alue of products. 
 
 The i^roduction of clay reported by the BLu-eau of 
 the Census was confined to the products sold as such, 
 and did not include the manufacture of Ijrick and 
 potterj' products. While the number of wage-earners 
 and the value of the product reported for the unin- 
 corporated operators engaged in clay mining and in 
 the quarrying of sandstones and quartzites, siliceous 
 crystalline rocks, and slate, were slightly in excess of 
 those reported for incorporated companies, the indica- 
 
72 
 
 MINES AND QLIARKIKS. 
 
 tions are that the incorporated foriii of ownership is 
 assuming control of these industries. 
 
 The mines engaged in the production of abrasive ma- 
 terials and controlled by incorporated companies gave 
 emplo3'nient to 60.5 per cent of the wage-earners re- 
 ported for this group, and their products formed 75.6 
 per cent of the total value. Only ii9 quarries were re- 
 ported as engaged in the production of ))uhrstones and 
 millstones as their principal products. Twentj'-three 
 of these quarries were operated under the individual 
 form of ownership and 6 by tirms or partnerships. The 
 larger proportion of buhrstones and millstones was ob- 
 tained from sandstone quarries, which are includeil under 
 the group of structural materials. The figures in Table 
 23, therefore, do not indicate the proportion of the 
 products of this class obtained from (juarries operated 
 by incorj^orated companies. The incorporated form of 
 ownership predominated in all of the other minerals 
 included in the g roup of abrasive materials with the 
 exception of garnet. In the case of garnet 3 of the 7 
 operators were incorporated, and th(>v reported a pro- 
 duct valued at S27,900, or 21 per cent of the total for 
 this mineral. 
 
 The production of chemical materials shows a decided 
 preponderance in favor of the incorporated form of 
 owneiship, over 78 per cent of the production of each 
 mineral being reported by incorporated companies. 
 Taking this grou]i as a whole, the corporations — 116 out 
 of the 174 producers --employed S4.7per cent of the 
 wage-earners, paid 85.2 per cent of the wages, and re- 
 ported 88.3 per cent of the total value of the product. 
 
 Of the 77 producers of pigments, 28 were incorporated. 
 These incorporated com anies emploj^ed 286, or 48.3 
 per cent, of the 592 wage-earners, and paid SI09,48<», 
 or 46.3 per cent, of the wages, and their products 
 amounted to $371,651, or 65.9 per cent, of the total for 
 the group. 
 
 The miscellaneous group of minerals, taken as a 
 whole, shows that the business of incorporated oper- 
 ators predominated in the proportion of about 3 to 1. 
 They constituted 15.1 per cent of the 68iS producei's, 
 employed 79.5 per cent of the 2,433 wage-earners, paid 
 78.6 per cent of the $1,035,784 paid in wages, and 
 reported a product valued at $2,592,192, or 77.5 per 
 cent, of the total for the group. 
 
 Petroleum. — As previously explained, the character 
 of ownership was not reported for 28,924 operators 
 engaged in the production of petroleum, and for this 
 reason the data were excluded from the preceding- 
 tables. In the following tal)]e the report for the 
 Standai'fl Oil Company has been considered as that of 
 an incorporated company covering the operations of 
 28,924 other (jperators. While this rearrangement does 
 not show the true character of the ownership of the 
 indi\-idual operators, it pi-ol)ably conveys an accui'ate 
 idea of the actual control of the production. 
 
 Table 'I-i:. —Summary for petroleum for incorporated and unincorpo- 
 rated operators: 1902. 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 Incorporated 
 companies. 
 
 Per 
 cent 
 
 of 
 total. 
 
 Unincorpo- 
 rated 
 operators. 
 
 Per 
 
 cent 
 
 of 
 
 total. 
 
 Number of wgIIh 
 
 Number of nptriUors 
 
 Salariert ofliciiils, clerks, 
 ete.: 
 Number 
 
 IIS, 671 
 .59K 
 
 3,033 
 S2, 980, 768 
 
 116,307 ' 98.0 
 4)4 1 69.2 
 
 2,323 1 76.6 
 »2, 927, iiS, 98. 
 
 17, 3.50 98. 8 
 $13, 045, 370 98. 6 
 $12,465,386 1 96,2 
 815, 6.'il, 684 99.0 
 
 $17,398,7.57 97.8 
 
 2, 364 
 184 
 
 710 
 $.59, 345 
 
 202 
 8196,991 
 $491,245 
 $160, 042 
 
 $382. 756 
 
 2.0 
 30.8 
 
 23.4 
 2.0 
 
 WaKe-etirners: 
 
 A\-era^e liuuiber 
 
 17,552 
 S13,242,361 
 »12,9.i6,631 
 tl 5, 81 1,726 
 
 $17,781,512 
 871,397,739 
 
 1.2 
 1.5 
 
 Contruet work 
 
 Mi.seellaneous expenses ... 
 Cost of supfilies and mate- 
 rials . 
 
 3.8 
 1.0 
 
 2.2 
 
 Value of product 
 
 $69,920,060 . 97.9 ^ $1,477,679 
 
 2.1 
 
 The operators included as incorporated companies in 
 the abo\'e tal)le and engaged in the production of petro- 
 leum gave employment to 17,350, or 98.8 per cent, 
 of the wage-earners, and their wages amounted to 
 $13,045,37(1, or 98.5 per cent, of the total wages paid in 
 the industry. Their products were valued at $69,920,060, 
 or '.»7.'.* })er cent, of the total \'alue of product. 
 
 Iiidiixfriiil cinithiaiitloiia. — The statistics presented in 
 the preceding section indicate the extent to which the 
 firm and the incorporated company ha\-e assumed 
 control of the mining industries. The exigencies of 
 production on a large scale and the desirability of con- 
 ti'olling all or a large portion of the deposits of certain 
 minerals, combined with the advantages of carrying on 
 mining and manufacturing under the same management 
 and with the use of the same capital, have led to the con- 
 solidatic)n of formerly independent operators and the 
 formation of what are commonly known as indu.strial 
 combinations. Such combinations are a form of in- 
 corporated ownership, and the statistics for them should 
 lie considered in connection with those for incorporated 
 companies. This form of owii(>rship has assumed large 
 proportions in the manufacturing industries. In pre- 
 senting tlie statistics of combinations in these industries 
 the following detinition was given in the report of the 
 Twelfth Census on manufactures: 
 
 For the puriiosie of the Cennus tlie rule haw been adopted to con- 
 sider no ai;grenation of Jiiills an industrial eondiination unless it 
 (■(insists (if a number of formerly independent mills which have 
 been brought together into one company under a charter obtained 
 for that purpose. We therefore exclude from this catetrorv many 
 large establishments comprising a number of mills whidi have 
 grown up, not by c(jndiinatioii with other mills, but by the erec- 
 tion (if new plants cir the purchase of old ones. 
 
 The word "trust" was avoided in this definition, because, while 
 it may hax e come to convey to the popular mind a definite idea, 
 it stands technically for a form of organization under which the 
 stockholders of each of the separate companies a.ssign their stock 
 to a certain luimber oi trustees, thus giving t(j these trustees an 
 irrevocalile power of attorney to vote the stock as they see fit. 
 This form of organization has been declared illegal by tlie act of 
 .July L', bSHd, Fifty-first Congress, first session, entitled " .\n act 
 to protect trade and commerce against unlawful restraint of 
 monopolies" (L'(i Statutes at Large, page 20i1), and by the statutes 
 of many states. 
 
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS. 
 
 73 
 
 While tlie compilation of stati.^tics for iiiiuiufactiircs 
 in conformity with this definition resulted in the \m-- 
 sentation of totals which show the extent to which 
 formerly independent establishments have come under 
 the same ownership, and the magnitude of their opera- 
 tions, they do not show the extent to which th(> 
 production has become concentrated in fewer establish- 
 ments. In order to show such concentration it is 
 necessary to consider all large establishments, irrespec- 
 tive of the method of their formation, and this lias been 
 done for the mining industries in Sections V and VI of 
 Chapter II. As the extent of the deposits of many 
 minerals can be determined very accurately and the 
 production controlled thi-ough their purchase, the min- 
 ing industries hold out iiiducciU(Mits which do not exist 
 in other industries to the formation of industrial com- 
 binations or other forms of business organizations to 
 control the production. 
 
 The operations of a number of corporations in the 
 mining industry have acquired enormous proportions 
 through the gradual purchase and development of new 
 properties, and there are numerous cases of consolida- 
 tion of small independent operators, especially in the 
 production of gold, silver, lead, and zinc. AA'hile the 
 object of these consolidations may sometimes be the 
 reduction of operating expenses, such consolidations 
 are frequently made with the intention of issuing a 
 larger amount of capital stock than was possible under 
 an independent form of organization. In many instances 
 indei^endent mining claims or prospects have been made 
 the basis for the organization of corporations, and the 
 claims have been capitalized on their possible produc- 
 tion, although mining operations had not actually com- 
 menced at the time of the formation of the company. 
 
 The production of some minerals is probal)h' con- 
 trolled b_v a mutual undei'standing between the operators 
 of the mines or between the operators and transporta- 
 tion companies, but it is impracticalile to identify 
 operations which are controlled by arrangements of this 
 character. 
 
 A number of the companies included in the mining 
 census were engaged in other industries, such as manu- 
 factui'ing or transportation; the mining operations were 
 incidental to their other interests, and it was impossible 
 
 to segi'cgate the capitalization so as to assign a pi'oper 
 proportion to the mining inteix'sts. The Standard Oil 
 Company, for example, is engaged primarily in the 
 refining of pctrolemn and produces ordy a linnted 
 amount of crude material; but, as explained on page 20, 
 this company made reports covering the operations of 
 a large luunber of producers f)f petroleum. The Cnited 
 States Steel (Jorporation is engaged primarily in the 
 manufacture of iron and steel products, )iut it also oper- 
 ates a number of iron ore and coal mines, linjestone 
 (|uarries, and natural gas wells, and its capitalization 
 covers other interests. A ruimbei' of large companies 
 which are engaged extensively in manufacturing, as 
 well as in mining and othei' industries, have repoiled 
 their entire c;ipitalization in I'eply to the inquiries on 
 the mining schedule, together with all dividends and 
 interest accrued from the profits of Ijoth the mining and 
 manufacturing operations, declaring that it was impossi- 
 ble to make a separation. Notable among such com- 
 panies are the Kepu])lic Iron and Steel Company, the 
 Sloss-Shetfield Steel and Iron Company, the New Jersej^ 
 Zinc Company, the Alal;)ama Consolidated Coal and 
 Iron Company, the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, 
 the Empire Steel and Iron Company, the Pacific Coast 
 Company, the Philadelphia Company, the Tennessee 
 Coal, Iron, and Railroad Company, and the Virginia 
 Iron, Coal, and Coke Company. This is also true, to 
 a greater or less degree, of most of the companies 
 reporting capital stock, as a '/eiy small proportion of 
 them confine thcfir operations solely to mining. 
 
 It is evident, therefore, that while industrial combi- 
 nations similai' to those referred to in the report on 
 manufactures of the Twelfth Census do exist in the 
 mining industries, it is impracticable to compile satis- 
 factory statistics for them. But eliminating from 
 consideration the production of coal, petroleum, and 
 natural gas, and compiling the statistics of the rest of 
 the minerals in as close conformity as possible with the 
 definition given above, it is found that industrial com- 
 binations exist in the production of several minerals. 
 Table 26 shows for all the items discussed in this chapter 
 the totals for all operators and for industrial combina- 
 tions in the same minerals and the percentages that the 
 industrial coml)inations are of the totals for all operators. 
 
74 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 25.— SUMMARY FOR MINERALS FOR WHICH INDUSTRIAL COMBINATIONS ARE REPORTED: 1902. 
 
 
 Iron ore. 
 
 Clipper ore. 
 
 Cement. 
 
 Limestones 
 and dolomites. 
 
 All other 
 minerals. ' 
 
 Number of mines, quarries, and wells: 
 
 Total 
 
 52.5 
 
 118 
 
 22.5 
 
 2,4U5 
 1,425 
 ,59.3 
 
 $2, 113, 2:50 
 
 81,2.51,057 
 
 .59.4 
 
 38,851 
 
 19, 148 
 
 49.3 
 
 *21,531,792 
 
 811,1.54,462 
 
 51.8 
 
 8425, 292 
 
 8148, 726 
 
 3.5.0 
 
 88,2.57,714 
 
 86, 357, 709 
 
 04. 9 
 
 89, 005, 608 
 
 84,832,372 
 
 .53.7 
 
 865, 465, 321 
 
 838, 172, 009 
 
 .58.3 
 
 144 
 
 21 
 
 14.6 
 
 1,208 
 443 
 36. 7 
 
 81,768,4.50 
 
 8644, 0.S8 
 
 36.0 
 
 26, 007 
 
 11,318 
 
 43.5 
 
 821,1,51,405 
 
 89, 787, 476 
 46.3 
 
 S188, 768 
 
 839, 675 
 
 21.0 
 
 81,397,465 
 
 8445, 344 
 
 31.9 
 
 811,083,175 
 
 84,649,168 
 
 41.9 
 
 851,178,036 
 
 828, .502, 848 
 
 .56.7 
 
 101 
 
 17 
 
 16. S 
 
 913 
 
 118 
 
 12. 9 
 
 81,087,514 
 
 8191,312 
 
 17.6 
 
 13, 041 
 
 4, 319 
 
 33. 1 
 
 86, 328, 8.52 
 
 82, 060, 7.50 
 
 32.5 
 
 810, 627 
 
 3,246 
 40 
 1.4 
 
 2, 231 
 134 
 6.0 
 
 81, 843, 747 
 
 6133, 171 
 
 7.2 
 
 31, .517 
 
 2, .596 
 
 8.2 
 
 $14, 7.50, 638 
 
 81,113,299 
 
 7.6 
 
 836, 381 
 
 2, 904 
 
 
 72 
 
 Per cent of total 
 
 _. .> 
 
 Salaried oBieials, clerks, etc.: 
 Number — 
 
 Total 
 
 3, .5.50 
 
 
 
 Per cent of total 
 
 
 Salaries- 
 Total 
 
 S3, 204, 2.59 
 $333, 109 
 
 Per cent of total 
 
 10.4 
 
 Wa^e-earners: 
 
 Average number — 
 
 Total 
 
 39,906 
 2, 820 
 
 
 7.1 
 
 Wages- 
 Total 
 
 Industrial combinations 
 
 Per cent of total 
 
 Contract work: 
 
 Total 
 
 Industrial combinations 
 
 $22, 843, 084 
 
 $1,443,773 
 
 6.3 
 
 $119, 573 
 
 $2,000 
 
 1.7 
 
 Miscellaneous expen.ses: 
 
 81, 605, .520 
 
 8558, 174 
 
 33.5 
 
 89,098,226 
 
 83,401,249 
 
 38.0 
 
 824, 208,. 338 
 
 88,189,118 
 
 33.7 
 
 $1,440,081 
 
 869, 8.59 
 
 4.2 
 
 85, 403, 912 
 
 8308, 870 
 
 5.7 
 
 $30,441,801 
 
 82,091,225 
 
 6.9 
 
 $4,113,410 
 
 
 $603,011 
 
 
 14.7 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials: 
 
 Total 
 
 Industrial combinations 
 
 80,857,6.57 
 
 $669, .528 
 
 9,8 
 
 Value of product: 
 
 Total -. 
 
 847, 809, .532 
 
 
 $3,922,648 
 
 
 8.2 
 
 
 
 ^ Includes asphaltum and bituminous rock, corundum and emery, grindstones and pulpstones, gy^isum, lead and zinc ore, oilstones, whetstones, and scythe- 
 stones, sandstones and quartzites, siliceous crystalline rocks, and talc and soapstonc. 
 
 uniform amounts were not reported for capital invested 
 in all branches of the mining- indu.strv. and the statis- 
 tics can not ))e accepted as representing the actual 
 value of the mining properties or the amount of capital 
 invested in the industry. 
 
 All of the objections to the statistics for capital in 
 manufactures apply with greater force to the statistics 
 for mines and quarries, and tiiey ma_v be summarized as 
 foUow's: 
 
 1. It is impcssihle to define the word " capital " for 
 .statistical measurement so that it shall be tangible, 
 restricted, and uniform. 
 
 ii. The inquiry creates more prejudice and arouses 
 more opposition to the progress of the enumeration than 
 all of the other inquiries united. 
 
 'A. The value of " lixed capital " — land and buildings — 
 is dependent upon conditions of which a census can take 
 no cognizance. 
 
 4. The difficulties attending the collection of statistics 
 for live capital— "cash on liand, bills receivable, unset- 
 tled accounts, etc." — preclude the possibility of reliable 
 results. 
 
 5. It is impossible to eliminate the duplication in gross 
 assets and credit capital. 
 
 6. Good will, patents, mining rights, etc. , are forms of 
 capital for which no satisfactory value can ))e obtained. 
 
 7. Many mining companies have investments other 
 than of the amounts required to carry on their business 
 
 The operators classed as industrial combinations and 
 engaged in the production of iron ore gave employ- 
 ment to 49.3 per cent of the wage-earners and in value 
 their products formed 58.3 per cent of the total value of 
 all the iron ore produced during the year. While onl}' 
 14.6 per cent of the operators of copper mines were 
 classed as industrial combinations, they gave employ- 
 ment to 43.5 per cent of the wage-earners and their 
 products formed 55.7 per cent of the total value of 
 products. 
 
 VII, 
 
 CAPITAL. 
 
 Reasons for not securing statistics. — It has been the 
 practice at prior censuses to include in the report on 
 mining industries statistics concerning capital invested. 
 The object was to ascertain the value of all mining 
 properties and money invested or used in the business, 
 whether owned or borrowed. In prder to develop 
 these amounts the inquiries called for the value of the 
 mine and improvements, including land, buildings, fix- 
 tures, tools, implements, live stock, machinery, etc., 
 and were in harmony with those concerning capital in- 
 cluded in the schedule for the manufacturing and me- 
 <lianical industries, but the statistics foi' l)oth branches 
 of industry have frequently been referred to as 
 unti'ustworthy tind delusive. It is eviflcnt from the 
 various inquiries made at the Eleventh Census 'that 
 
 'The following indicates the cliHracter of the inquirie.s used at 
 the Eleventh Census: For minor minerals tlie in(|uirie8 called for 
 "total value of mine and improvenieiits, as at jireseiit developed, 
 distributed as follows: Land; biiildiiiKS and tixtnres; tools, imple- 
 ments, live stock, machinery, and supplies on hand; cash not 
 
 reported in the foregoing items." The instructions required that 
 tlie amount of capital should be stated so as to include not only 
 the amount of capital actually invested in tlie business, as in land, 
 leases, mineral rights, rightsof way, private railroads, l)uildings, 
 tools, and all other forms of property, but also that used in carry- 
 
SUMMARY AND AXAJA'SLS OV RESULTS. 
 
 75 
 
 and yet constituting- a part of tlieir capital, wucli as rail- 
 roads, .steamships, and timber lands, and it is impossihle 
 to seg-i'egate the capital that pertains strictly to mining. 
 
 8. A number of mines are operated imdor leases. The 
 lessees furnish the Census reports, but ha\e no knowl- 
 edge of the value of the mine or the capital inx'ested by 
 the lessor in land, shafts, machinery, etc. 
 
 !t. The value of a mine is due chiefly to the character 
 and amount of ore supposed to be in the earth, and is, 
 therefore, largely speculative. 
 
 The act of Congress of March 8, 18!»1>, was the first 
 census law that specified the character of the inquiries 
 to be embraced in the schedule for manufactures, and 
 the ''amount of capital invested" formed one of these 
 inquiries. The same law provided for the census of 
 mines, mining, and minerals, but in enumerating the 
 different sul)jects to be included in the report, no 
 reference was made to the capital invested. The 
 absence of a definite provision of law and the unsatis- 
 factory character of the statistics concerning capital 
 collected at prior censuses, justified the omission of this 
 inquiry from the mining census of 1902. The report 
 for this census, therefore, contains no information con- 
 cerning the value of the mining property or the actual 
 amount of capital invested in the industry. 
 
 Ccqyitalizntlon of incorporated compan/i's, l>y min- 
 eralx. — Exclusive of the products of natural-gas and 
 petroleum wells, 85.9 per cent of the mining products 
 of the countrj^ during 1902 was produced by incorpo- 
 rated companies, and the prevalence of this form of 
 ownership indicates the desirability of collecting sta- 
 tistics concerning their capitalization. While the capi- 
 talization of incorporated companies is not the true 
 value of mining properties, nevertheless, the companies 
 are in position to gi\e the amount of capital stock :md 
 bonded indebtedness, and inquiries concerning such 
 values can y>e answered readily. The census schedule, 
 therefore, contained the following inquiries: 
 
 ing on the business. This statement, to be complete, should in- 
 clude as capital " all money borrowed, as well as accounts having 
 a long time to run. The idea is to get returned as capital all 
 money invested and used in the l)usiness, whether owned by the 
 party making the return, or borrowed. The value of land, tix- 
 ture.s, etc., should be estimated at what they are worth or would 
 cost in 1890." The inquiry for the j^recious metals called for sep- 
 arate amounts, as follows: Total ji resent actual cash value ofiiiine 
 
 and mining i)lant, % , to t)e distributed as follows: Present 
 
 actual cash value of buildings at mine, 8 ; jiresent actual 
 
 cash value of railroads on surface, S ; present actual cash 
 
 value of machinery of all kinds above and below ground, includ- 
 ing jjumps, engines, boilers, cars, tools, etc., % ; present actual 
 
 cash value of underground improvements, including shafts, tun- 
 nels, drifts, tramways, etc., % ; present actual cash value of 
 
 mine supplies of all kinds on hand i)ecember 31, 1889, S ; 
 
 present actual cash value of the mine itself, exclasive of the above 
 items, I ; cash not reported in the foregoing items, $ ; 
 
 '2. Capita I .st(i:-k, hniids, dividenfls, and (Ksscssments (if an inroryiorated com- 
 imiiy): 
 
 
 
 liONDS. 
 
 PHEFKEBED KTOCK. 
 
 COMMON .STOCK. 
 
 
 N 
 
 umber. 
 
 Total 
 
 par 
 
 value. 
 
 9 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 shares. 
 
 Total 
 
 par 
 
 value. 
 
 Number 
 of 
 
 shares. 
 
 Total 
 
 par 
 
 value. 
 
 Authorized 
 
 Issued to the end ( 
 
 f the 
 
 
 * 
 
 8 
 
 
 S 
 
 .$ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 nivldends and interest, if any, jiaid during the year: 
 
 Common stoek, rate ; amount, i . 
 
 Preferred stock, rate ; amount, S- 
 
 Bonds, rate ; amount, S- 
 
 A.ssessments: Total amount levied, if any, since organization of eom- 
 
 I»any $ 
 
 In the majority of cases the capitalization given in 
 answer to this inquiry included values incident to the 
 operation of all enterprises, industrial and commercial, 
 carried on by the company reporting. For instance, 
 if an iron companj' owned and operated a coal and an 
 iron mine, the probabilities are that its total cayjitaliza- 
 tion was reported, it being impossible to segregate the 
 amount represented b3' each mining operation. It is 
 probable that mining was the primary object of tlie 
 formation of the majority of the companies, but in some 
 cases mining was subservient to other interests, and, in 
 a few instances, where the mining formed onlj- a small 
 proportion of the interests of the corporation,- no capi- 
 tal stock was reported. The Pittsburg Plate Glass 
 Company and the American Sewer Pipe Compariy are 
 corporations of this character. The totals, therefore, 
 can not be accepted as the capitalization of mining en- 
 terprises exclusively, nor can the dividends paid be 
 accepted as the restdt of mining operations only. 
 
 Exclusive of those engaged in the production of 
 natural gas and petroleum, there were 4,318 incorpo- 
 rated companies reported as engaged in the mining 
 industries. Of this number, 1,01:5 answered the 
 
 value of mill, smelting, or other reduction works, exclusive of 
 
 mining property; piresent actual cash value of buildings, S ; 
 
 present actual cash value of machinery and plant of all kinds ex- 
 cept buildings, $ ; present actual cash value of supplies on 
 
 hand December .31, 1889, S . In addition to these incjuiries 
 
 a circular letter issued to the enumerators on JNIay 26, 1890, in- 
 structed them that the total actual ^-alue of the entire mining 
 plant at the close of 1889 should be given without regard to the 
 capitalization of the corporation or firm. If the land was (iwned 
 in fee or in mineral rights, the number of acres attached ti p the col- 
 lieries and under development, together with its actual value, 
 should be stated. In the case of leased land, it should be practi- 
 cable for the lessee to give the value per acre of the tract under 
 development, and an effort should be made by the enumerator to 
 obtain this data either frcjm the lessee, lessor, or other reliable 
 authority. If several collieries were drawing coal from the same 
 bank, the value of the acreage for the same tract should be treated 
 on one schedule and omitted from the others. 
 
76 
 
 MIXES AND (;>UARRIES. 
 
 inquiries concerning capitalization. A ]aiji;e propor- 
 tion of the production of petroleum in Pennsylvania, 
 New York, Ohio, Indiana, and West Viri;inia, and also 
 a considerable amount of the natural gas produced in 
 these states, was covered in the report of the Standard 
 Oil Company. In answering these inquiries this com- 
 pany gave an estimate of the capital stock and l)onds 
 it considered devoted to production, eliminating, as far 
 as possible, the stock incident to the refining and to 
 enterprises not directly connected with production of 
 
 crude petroleum. The company also reported its 
 inability to give the number of incorporated companies 
 whose production of petroleum bought by it was 
 included in its schedules; therefore the number of 
 incorporated companies given in Table 26 for petroleum 
 can not be accepted as the actual number engaged in its. 
 production. This table presents the statistics of cap- 
 italization for all incorporated companies for each, 
 mineral and group of minerals. 
 
78 
 
 MINES AND QITARRIKS. 
 
 Table 2(J.— CAPITAIJZATION f)F IXCORPORATED COM- 
 
 MINK11AI..S. BY GRCVPS. 
 
 Total , 
 
 Number 
 of iiK'or- 
 poriited 
 (;(jinpa- 
 nies. 
 
 l,o7! 
 
 Copper ore 
 
 Gold and silver- 
 Iron ore 
 
 Lead and zinc or 
 Manganese ore . 
 Quicksilver 
 
 100 
 
 1 , 079 
 'JM 
 IS'J 
 
 6 
 21 
 
 2, an 
 
 Coal, antliracite - . 
 Coal, bituminous. 
 
 Natural gas 
 
 Petroleum 
 
 I,ftl7 
 
 Structural materials 
 
 Cement 
 
 Clay 
 
 Limestones and dolomites 
 
 Marble 
 
 Sandstones and quartzites. 
 Siliceous crystalline rocks. 
 Slate 
 
 83 
 119 
 
 nr, 
 
 BO 
 
 Abrasive materials . 
 
 Corundum and emery 
 
 Crystalline quartz 
 
 Garnet 
 
 Grindstones and pulpstones 
 
 Infusorial earth, tripoli, and pumice 
 
 Oilstones, whetstones, and scvthestones . 
 
 Chemical materials . 
 
 Borax 
 
 Fluorspar 
 
 Gypsum 
 
 Phosphate rock — 
 Sulphur and i>yrite. 
 
 Pigments. 
 
 36 Barytes 
 
 37 j Mineral pigments, crude . 
 
 38 I Miscellaneous 
 
 22 
 104 
 
 Asbestos 
 
 Asphaltum and bitumino 
 
 Bauxite 
 
 Feldspar 
 
 Flint 
 
 Fuller's earth 
 
 Graphite 
 
 Marl - 
 
 Mica 
 
 Jlonazite . 
 
 Precious stones 
 
 Silica .sand 
 
 Talc and soapstone.. 
 All other minerals^ . 
 
 Number 
 of com- 
 panies 
 report- 
 ing. 
 
 4,876 
 
 1,487 
 
 97 
 
 1 , 030 
 
 1S3 
 
 Vil 
 
 4 
 
 21 
 
 2, 3.iO 
 
 69 
 
 1 , 4.W 
 
 433 
 
 '398 
 
 792 
 
 SI 
 4.=> 
 311 
 43 
 104 
 . 153. 
 
 Aggregate . 
 y)ar value of 
 
 stocks and 
 bonds issued. 
 
 $3,217,719,458 
 
 1,743,885,0.54 
 
 378, 315, 800 
 
 1,024,970,643 
 
 247,798,970 
 
 T)!, 326, 891 
 
 2. 455, 0.50 
 
 39,017,700 
 
 1 , 240, 290, 833 
 
 142,0.32,212 
 6.55, 718, 025 
 111,634,737 
 330, 905, 859 
 
 164, 008, 445 
 
 55, 649, 870 
 5, 606, 200 
 35, .509, 735 
 20, 318, 400 
 16, 219, 850 
 19,380,825 
 11, 823, .".65 
 
 5, .545, 900 
 
 2,365,800 
 300, 000 
 
 2, 412, 000 
 
 2.53, 100 
 
 130,000 
 
 85,000 
 
 33,230,900 
 
 3, 025, 000 
 2,214,000 
 10,670,91)5 
 13,775,936 
 3,545,000 
 
 2,105,600 
 
 2,010,000 
 
 9, 760, 700 
 148,(100 
 298, 400 
 19,5,000 
 230, 000 
 
 2, 632, .800 
 67, 300 
 
 3,254,248 
 1,000 
 
 1,562, 07,s 
 .595, 275 
 
 7,697,925 
 200, 090 
 
 1,1.58,900 
 940, 700 
 
 28,052,726 [ 
 
 CAPITAL STOCK. 
 
 Authorized. Issued 
 
 $3,440,194,687 
 
 2, 026, 640, 342 
 
 441,788,125 
 1,213,420,117 
 266, 053, 900 
 59, 423, 200 
 2, 855, 000 
 44, 100, 000 
 
 1,162,161,215 
 
 59, 749, 350 
 ,594, 106, .570 
 
 99, 400, 806 
 408,904,489 
 
 164, 062, 840 
 
 J2, 902, 835, .544 
 
 1,710,436,924 
 
 372,240,270 
 
 1,017,011,793 
 
 233, 933, 470 
 
 46,923,641 
 
 2, 455, 050 
 
 38, 872, 700 
 
 985,284,119 
 
 .50, 556 
 
 .500 
 
 6,947 
 
 600 
 
 34, 668, 900 
 
 20, 414 
 
 00(1 
 
 14,561 
 
 600 
 
 20, 306 
 
 800 
 
 16, 617 
 
 440 
 
 3,175,000 
 3, 813, 000 
 10, .576, 665 
 13, 269, .500 
 4,200.000 
 
 12, 383, 300 
 
 10,983,000 
 1,400,300 
 
 33,617,725 
 
 2.300,000 ' 
 10, 575, 000 
 225, 000 
 424, 000 
 210, 000 
 230, 000 
 
 2, 914, (KIO 
 67, 300 
 
 5,4.50,000 
 500. 000 
 
 2,129.000 
 635, 000 
 
 7, 7.58, 425 
 200, 000 
 
 1 Tlie 28,92.5 operators reported by the Standard Oil Cc 
 ^Includes molybdenum, nickel and cobalt, and rutih 
 
 .55, 482, 4B0 
 513, 424, 186 
 
 92, 190, 870 
 324, 186, 603 
 
 141,169,245 
 
 46, 932, 170 
 5, 275, 200 
 30, 1()5, 2a5 
 17, 609, 900 
 13,821,3.50 
 17,007,325 
 10, 3.5.s,0(i5 
 
 4, .565, 900 
 
 3,(i00,000 
 
 1 
 
 9&5 
 
 800 
 
 300, 000 
 
 
 300, 000 
 
 1,.S62 
 
 11(1(1 
 
 1 
 
 862 
 
 000 
 
 2.53 
 
 10(1 
 
 
 253 
 
 100 
 
 130 
 
 0(1(1 
 
 
 130,000 
 
 90 
 
 000 
 
 
 85 
 
 000 
 
 35, 094 
 
 165 
 
 31 
 
 571 
 
 100 
 
 3, 025, 000 
 2,164,000 
 10, 525, 965 
 12,321,135 
 3, 545, 000 
 
 1, 861, 600 
 
 979, 900 
 ,S81 , 700 
 
 27,946,620 
 
 2,010,000 
 
 9, 760, 700 
 148, 000 
 298, 400 
 195, 000 
 230, 000 
 
 2,614,800 
 67, 300 
 
 3,264,248 
 1,000 
 
 1,662,078 
 6.54,175 
 
 7, 050, 926 
 200, 000 
 
 $72, 416, 913 
 
 33,. 572, 160 
 
 14,116,002 
 10, 4.54, 744 
 6, 329, 405 
 2, 600, 015 
 
 171, 994 
 35, 012, 270 
 
 1,936,459 
 17,359,841 
 
 4,944,034 
 10,771,936 
 
 3, 031, 189 
 
 1,209,667 
 .59, liO 
 751,. 534 
 239, 2.50 
 276, 956 
 383, 438 
 111,154 
 
 30, 860 
 
 10, 860 
 10, 000 
 
 10,000 
 
 614, .505 
 231, 600 
 
 m, :-;((() 
 
 316,205 
 2, 400 
 
 2,040 
 11,439 
 
 141,8.50 
 
 
 13,000 
 8," 800' 
 
 
 8,750 
 
 
 20,000 
 9i,'3(j(j' 
 
 mpuin- iiru inrlmlcr] us 1 i 
 
 nrfi(irut(.'d i;<mip!Uiy. 
 
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS (JF RESULTS. 
 
 79' 
 
 PANIES, BY MINERALS AND GROUPS OK ,MIX1';rals: liiOL'. 
 
 
 
 
 CAPITA I. STOCK— COlUilUU'il. 
 
 
 
 BONDS. 
 
 1 
 
 -^^ 
 
 Common. 
 
 
 Preferred. 
 
 
 Authorized. 
 
 l.s.sued. . 
 
 Iiividends. 
 
 AuUiorized. 
 
 rssue<l. 
 
 Dividends. 
 
 Authorized. 
 
 Lssued. 
 
 Interest. 
 
 
 $3,224,237,630 
 
 *2, 718, 796, 984 
 
 963, 610, 969 
 
 S215, 957, 0,57 
 
 J184,03S,,560 
 84,361,897 
 
 SS, 805, 944 
 
 8361,069,645 
 
 S314, 883, 914 
 
 S13, 603, 924 
 
 1 
 
 1.926,126,6.52 
 
 1, 626, 075, 027 
 
 29, ,572, 132 
 
 100, 513, 690 
 
 12, 466, ,500 
 19, 102, 690 
 61, 001,, 50(1 
 
 3,043,000 
 600, 000 
 
 4,300,000 
 
 ,82,088,827 
 
 4,000,028 
 
 .52,1,56,700 
 
 33, 448, 130 
 
 6, 075, .530 
 
 7,9.58,8.50 
 
 13, 865, .500 
 
 5, 403, 250 
 
 1,337,203 
 
 174, ,500 
 409 392 
 521,111 
 226, 200 
 
 2 
 
 429,321,625 
 
 1,194,317,427 
 
 204, 052, 400 
 
 56, 380, 200 
 
 2,2.55,000 
 
 39., 800, 000 
 
 1,080,072,388 
 
 361,388,770 
 1,002, 05.5, ,596 
 182,651,625 
 43,. 551, 286 
 1 , .tnS, 050 
 34, 572, 700 
 
 910, 864, 461 
 
 13,667,012 
 10,124,711 
 3,183,410 
 2, 446. 475 
 
 150 ,'4 94' 
 
 30, 869, 484 
 
 10, 851 , .500 
 14,9,56,197 
 51 , 281 , 845 
 
 2, 372, 355 
 600, 000 
 
 4,300,000 
 
 74, 419, 688 
 
 448,990 
 
 330, 033 
 
 3, 145, 965 
 
 53, 640 
 
 6, 9.50, 000 
 
 9,839,200 
 
 22, 647, 500 
 
 12, 575, 000 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 21,. 500 
 4,142,786 
 
 i45, 660 
 273,8.36,645 
 
 145, 000 
 2.56,006,684 
 
 6,000 
 11,243,708 
 
 9 
 
 58,589,3.50 
 518, 756, 363 
 
 98, 565, 806 
 404, 160, 869 
 
 141.145.,S00 
 
 54,692,390 
 443, 749, 259 
 
 91,385,870 
 321,036,942 
 
 125, 098, .570 
 
 1,933,2.51 
 13, 297, 530 
 
 4, ,894. 134 
 10, 744,, 563 
 
 2, .576, 509 
 
 1,160,000 
 
 75, 350, 207 
 
 835, 000 
 
 4,743,620 
 
 22, 917, 040 
 
 790,100 
 
 69,674,927 
 
 805, 000 
 
 3,149.661 
 
 16,070,675 
 
 3,208 
 
 4, 062, 305 
 
 49,900 
 
 27,373 
 
 454, 680 
 
 87, 925, 222 
 
 1.53, 493, ,556 
 
 20,642,867 
 
 11,776,000 
 
 28,359,400 
 
 86, .549, 722 
 
 142,293,839 
 
 19, 443, 867 
 
 6, 719, 2,56 
 
 22,839,200 
 
 3, 789, 145 
 
 6, 115, 828 
 
 1,041,402 
 
 297,333 
 
 909, 507 
 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 42, 003, 000 
 6, 272, 600 
 30, .594, 400 
 16,744,000 
 11,526,600 
 19,848,300 
 11,156,900 
 
 5, 085, 100 
 
 38, 653. .520 
 4, 637, 200 
 27, .554, 775 
 14,1,51,900 
 13, 800, 7.50 
 16, 6.50, 325 
 9, 650, 100 
 
 4, 309, 900 
 
 958, 307 
 ,56, 690 
 681, 3,53 
 139, 250 
 275, 7.32 
 383,438 
 82, 679 
 
 20,000 
 
 8, .553, 500 
 675,000 
 
 4, 074,. 500 
 
 3, 670, 000 
 25, 000 
 458, ,500 
 
 5, 460, ,540 
 
 5,50, 000 
 
 8,278,6.50 
 
 638,000 
 
 2, 610, 460 
 
 3, 4,58, 000 
 
 20, 600 
 
 357,000 
 
 707.905 
 
 2.56, 000 
 
 2,51,300 
 
 3,, 500 
 
 70,181 
 
 100, 000 
 1,224 
 
 2S,'47,5' 
 
 10, 860 
 
 10, 860 
 
 9, .578, 400 
 436, 000 
 6, 206, ,500 
 4,475,000 
 2, ,586, 000 
 3, 7.52, 000 
 1,, 325, .500 
 
 1,076,000 
 
 8,717,700 
 331,000 
 5, 344,, 500 
 2, 708, .500 
 2, 398, .500 
 2, 373, ,500 
 965, ,500 
 
 980, 000 
 
 316, 962 
 18,110 
 
 268, 362 
 93, 290 
 9Ji, 485 
 89, 873 
 34,425 
 
 24,000 
 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 3, 100. 000 
 300, 000 
 
 1,862,000 
 
 203, 100 
 
 130, 000 
 
 90,000 
 
 27, 986, 065 
 
 2,925,000 
 3,813,000 
 6,046.665 
 11,292,000 
 3, 910, 000 
 
 12,293,300 
 
 1,729,800 
 300, 000 
 
 1, 862, 000 
 203, 100 
 130, 000 
 85, 000 
 
 24, 678, 600 
 
 
 .500,000 
 
 206, 000 
 
 470,000 
 
 430, 000 
 
 24, 000 
 
 23 
 
 10,000 
 
 
 
 600, 000 
 
 606, 000 1 
 
 25 
 26 
 
 
 50,000 
 
 50, 000 
 
 
 10, 000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 28 
 29 
 
 477,415 
 
 7, 107, ,500 
 
 6, 892, ,500 
 
 137,090 
 
 2, 9,S0, 800 
 
 1,6.59,800 
 
 64,4,50 
 
 2,775,000 
 2, 1,54, 000 
 5, 995, 965 
 10, 343, 635 
 3, 410, 000 
 
 1,781,300 
 
 979, 900 
 801,400 
 
 25,989,120 
 
 ■231, 600 
 
 64,300 
 
 179,115 
 
 2,40U 
 
 12,879 
 
 2.50,000 ' 
 
 4,' .530,' 066' 1 
 
 1,977. .500 
 350, 000 
 
 90,000 
 
 2.50, 000 
 
 4,, 530, 000 
 
 1,977, ,500 
 
 135, 000 
 
 80, 300 
 
 
 
 
 
 ''O 
 
 
 100, 000 
 1,145,000 
 1, 735, 800 
 
 60, 000 
 
 145,000 
 
 1,4,54,,S00 
 
 
 ■^1 
 
 2, 700 
 01.7,50 
 
 
 137, C90 
 
 33 
 
 1,200 
 
 1,765,000 
 
 244, 000 
 
 8, S50 
 
 35 
 
 10,983,000 
 1,310,300 
 
 30, 927, 725 
 
 2,610 
 10, 239 
 
 82, 5,50 
 
 
 
 
 1,700,000 
 65, 000 
 
 901,100 
 
 179,000 
 65, 000 
 
 706, 100 
 
 6,000 
 2,8,50 
 
 16, 206 
 
 36 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 90,000 
 2, 690, 000 
 
 SO, 300 
 1,9,57, ,500 
 
 1,200 
 59, 300 
 
 2,000,000 
 10, 575, 000 
 225, 000 
 424,000 
 200. 000 
 130,000 
 
 2, 664, 000 
 67, 300 
 
 5,4-50,000 
 500,000 
 
 2, 129, 000 
 635, 000 
 
 5, 728, 425 
 200, 000 
 
 1,. 875, 000 
 
 9, 760, 700 
 148, 000 
 298, 400 
 185, 000 
 130, 000 
 
 2, 384, 800 
 67, 300 
 
 3,254,248 
 1,000 
 
 1,562,078 
 554,175 
 
 5,668,425 
 200.000 
 
 13,' 000' 
 
 300, 000 
 
 135, 000 
 
 
 [ 
 
 
 
 110,1100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 8. ,800 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 10,000 
 100, 000 
 2,50, 000 
 
 10,000 
 100, 000 
 230, 000 
 
 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■I 1 
 
 8, 750 
 
 
 20,000 
 
 18,000 j 
 
 1,080 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 49 
 
 
 
 
 41,100 
 730, 000 
 
 41,1(M1 
 647,000 
 
 2,466 
 12,660 
 
 50 
 
 32, 000 
 
 2,030,000 
 
 1,482,. 500 
 
 69, 300 
 
 ,51 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
80 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Considering- the total for the United States as shown 
 by Table 26, it appears that of the 5,3S6 incorporated 
 companies operating producing mines, 51t> failed to 
 answer the in((uiry concerning capitalization. The data 
 furnished In' the 4,876 companies show that they were 
 authorized to issue stock and bonds tt) tlie amount of 
 $3,801, 26-i,;''.82. This total is composed of 1,234,500,3,57 
 shares of connnon and preferred stock, having a total 
 par value of $3,44(i,194-,(is7. and of bonds to the value 
 of $361, 061^1,645. The capital stock constituted »(».5 
 per cent of the total authorized capitalization and is 
 composed of preferred stock to the value of $215.957,(»57 
 and connnon stock to the value of $3,224,237,630, the 
 two forms of stock constituting 6.3 and 93.7 per cent, 
 respectiveh', of the total. Of the total authorized cap- 
 ital stock, $2,902,835,544, or 84.4 per cent, had Ijcen 
 issued and was outstanding at the end of the yeai'. The 
 par value of the common stock issued amounted to 
 $2,718,796,984, or 84.3 per cent of such stock author- 
 ized, and the par value of the preferred stock issued 
 amounted to §184,038,560, or 85.2 per cent of the total 
 authorized. The par value of the l:)onds formed 9.5 
 
 per cent of the authorized capitalization and the par 
 value of the bonds issued amounted to $314,883,914, or 
 9.8 per cent of the total capital stock and bonds issued. 
 
 Of the $72,416,913 i-eported as paid in dividends, 
 $63,610,969 was paid on common stock and $8,805,944 
 on preferred stock, representing an average rate of 2.3 
 and 4.8 per cent, respectively, on all such stock i.ssued. 
 The interest paid on bonds amounted to $13,603,924, or 
 4.3 per cent on the par value of the $314,883,914 re- 
 ported as issued. These percentages of dividends and 
 interest are computed on the total amount of stock and 
 bonds issued, irrespective of whether dividends oj' inter- 
 est were paid b_v every particular corporation, and 
 therefore the percentage of dividends is a total return 
 on the total outstanding capitalization of the mining- 
 corporations. 
 
 D'l ridi'iid pcnjinq ciimpanicx. — Exclusive of natural 
 gas and petroleum, 1,142 corporations reported the pay- 
 ment of dividends on common or preferred stock, or 
 interest on bonds during the year, and the statistics 
 for the capitalization of these companies are presented 
 in Table 27 for each mineral. 
 
30223—04 6 
 
 81 
 
82 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 137.— CAPITALIZATION OF INCORPORATED COMPANIES PAYING EITHER 
 
 [Exclusive of natural 
 
 Total . 
 
 Asphaltum and bituminous rock . 
 
 Barytes 
 
 Borax 
 
 Cement 
 
 aay 
 
 Coal, anthracite 
 
 Coal, bituminous 
 
 Copper ore 
 
 Corundum and emerv. 
 Crystalline quartz. . .'. . 
 
 12 Feldspar 
 
 13 Gold and silver. 
 
 14 I Graphite 
 
 15 Gypsum 
 
 10 Infusorial earth, tripoli, and pumice. 
 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 Lead and zinc ore 
 
 Limestones and dolomites . 
 Marble 
 
 Mineral pigments, crude... 
 
 22 Phosphate rock , 
 
 23 ~ • 
 24 
 2.5 
 26 
 
 27 
 28 
 29 
 30 
 
 Precious stones. 
 Quicksilver 
 
 Sandstones and quartzites . 
 Siliceous crystalline rocks.. 
 
 Silica sand 
 
 Slate 
 
 Sulphur and pyrite. 
 Talc aud soapstone. 
 
 Number 
 of com- 
 panies 
 paying 
 divi- 
 dends or 
 interest. 
 
 AGGREGATE CAPITALIZATION. 
 
 «1,7.')1,H6,693 
 
 300,000 
 
 2.58, 000 
 
 2, 2.50, 000 
 
 44, 456, 900 
 
 2, 382, 000 
 
 136, 668, 822 
 
 670, 208, 796 
 
 334,783,125 
 
 3, 400, 000 
 
 250, 000 
 
 198, 000 
 299, 637, 760 
 96, 000 
 750, 000 
 100, 000 
 
 203,126,300 
 
 48, 222, 000 
 
 23, 878, 000 
 
 13,900,000 
 
 446, 300 
 
 9, 709, 800 
 
 100, 000 
 
 19, 546, 000 
 
 11,485,000 
 
 13, 009, 000 
 
 131,100 
 
 4,376,800 
 
 60, 000 
 
 7, 400, 000 
 
 81,624,662,218 
 
 800, 000 
 237,000 
 
 2, 160, 000 
 41,105,670 
 
 1,924,000 
 
 133,219,772 
 
 516,833,904 
 
 281,226,457 
 
 1,745,800 
 
 250, 000 
 
 148,000 
 242, 100, 185 
 93, 000 
 744,000 
 100, 000 
 
 176,611,570 
 
 34, 128, 5.50 
 
 20, 677, 135 
 
 10,632,600 
 
 436, 600 
 
 9, 326, 300 
 100, 000 
 19,036, .500 
 11,079,400 
 10,067,800 
 
 117,976 
 
 3, 602, .500 
 
 60, 000 
 
 6, 708,. 500 
 
 Dividends and 
 interest. 
 
 Rate per 
 cent on 
 
 total 
 capital. 
 
 $68,966,132 
 
 13, 000 
 
 8,640 
 
 231,600 
 
 1,526,629 
 
 77, 300 
 
 6, 725, 604 
 
 23,476,669 
 
 14, 290, .502 
 
 34, 860 
 
 10,000 
 
 8,800 
 
 10 864,136 
 
 9,830 
 
 67, 000 
 
 10,000 
 
 6, 8.50, 616 
 
 2,726,215 
 
 1,009,896 
 
 332, ,540 
 
 14, 289 
 
 377, 955 
 20, 000 
 177, 994 
 375, 441 
 473, 311 
 
 2, 466 
 145,679 
 
 2,400 
 103,960 
 
 4.6 
 
 4.3 
 3.6 
 10.8 
 3.7 
 4.0 
 
 4.3 
 4.5 
 6.1 
 2.0 
 4.0 
 
 6.9 
 4.5 
 
 10.6 
 9.0 
 
 10.0 
 
 3.9 
 8.0 
 4.9 
 3.1 
 3.3 
 
 4.1 
 20.0 
 0.9 
 ?.4 
 4.7 
 
 2.1 
 4.0 
 4.0 
 1.5 
 
 CAPITAL STOCK. 
 
 Authorized. 
 
 81,454,839,276 
 
 300, 000 
 
 .58,000 
 
 2, 250, 000 
 
 37, 635, ,500 
 
 2,051,000 
 
 60, 737, 400 
 
 431,395,600 
 
 327, 983, 125 
 
 3, 000, 000 
 
 250,000 
 
 198. 000 
 
 292, 737, 750 
 
 76, 000 
 
 705, 000 
 
 100, 000 
 
 182,442,800 
 36,707,000 
 18, 508,. 500 
 10, 495, 000 
 391,300 
 
 8, 325, 000 
 100, 000 
 19, 400, 000 
 8,920,000 
 9,872,000 
 
 90,000 
 3,361,300 
 
 60, 000 
 6, 700, 000 
 
 Issued. 
 
 81,260,339,137 
 
 300, 000 
 
 68, 000 
 
 2, 160, 000 
 
 &5, 023, 970 
 
 1,. 593, 000 
 
 48, 673, 8.50 
 
 387, .512, 425 
 
 275, 22.5, 927 
 
 1,385,800 
 
 260, 000 
 
 148, 000 
 
 235,621,135 
 
 75, 000 
 
 699, 000 
 
 100,000 
 
 164, 474,. 570 
 
 28, 858, 5.50 
 
 16,934,635 
 
 8, 905, 100 
 
 381,600 
 
 8, 197, .500 
 100, 000 
 18, 890, .500 
 8, 695, 900 
 7,919,3(0 
 
 76, 876 
 2, 937, 000 
 
 60, 000 
 6,091,500 
 
 Dividends. 
 
 Amount. ^'^^^ 
 
 8.66, 700, 943 
 
 13, 000 
 
 2,640 
 
 231, 600 
 
 1,209,667 
 
 69, 190 
 
 1,936,4.59 
 
 17,359,841 
 
 14,116,002 
 
 10,860 
 
 10,000 
 
 8,800 
 10,4.54,744 
 
 8,7,50 
 64, 300 
 10,000 
 
 6, 329, 405 
 
 2, 500, 015 
 
 751,534 
 
 239,260 
 
 11,439 
 
 316, 205 
 20, 000 
 171,994 
 276, 956 
 383, 438 
 
 111, 1.54 
 2,400 
 91,300 
 
 4.3 
 
 4.6 
 10.8 
 3.6 
 3.7 
 
 4.0 
 4.5 
 6.1 
 0.8 
 4.0 
 
 6.9 
 4.4 
 
 11.7 
 9.2 
 
 10.0 
 
 3.8 
 8.7 
 4.7 
 2.7 
 3.0 
 
 3.9 
 20.0 
 0.9' 
 3.2 
 
 4.8 
 
 3.8 
 4.0 
 1.6 
 
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS. 
 
 83 
 
 DIVIDENDS ON STOCK OR INTEREST ON BONDS, BY MINERALS; 1902. 
 gas and petroleum.] 
 
 CAPITAL STOCK— c'cintiiiued. 
 
 $l,2i6,510,908 
 
 300, 000 
 
 68, 000 
 
 2, 260, 000 
 
 32,157,000 
 
 1,901,000 
 
 60, 077, 400 
 
 363, 505, 533 
 
 317,016,626 
 
 2,. 500, 000 
 
 280, 000 
 
 198, 000 
 
 2S5, 116, 960 
 
 75, 000 
 
 705, 000 
 
 100, 000 
 
 123,949,800 
 
 34,407,000 
 
 15, 606, 500 
 
 7, 995, 000 
 
 351, 300 
 
 6, 362, 500 
 
 100, 000 
 
 15, 100, 000 
 
 8, 895, 000 
 
 9, 872, 000 
 
 90, 000 
 2,911,300 
 
 60, 000 
 4, 700, 000 
 
 $1,109,335,428 
 
 300,000 
 
 58,000 
 
 2, 150, 000 
 
 29, 750, 320 
 
 1,443,000 
 
 48, 033, 750 
 
 324,323,778 
 
 264, 674, 427 
 
 1,179,800 
 
 260, 000 
 
 148, 000 
 
 228,067,703 
 
 75, 000 
 
 699, 000 
 
 100, 000 
 
 115,596,200 
 
 27, 208, 400 
 
 13,692,676 
 
 6, 406, 100 
 
 361,300 
 
 0, 235, 000 
 
 100, 000 
 
 14, 590, .500 
 
 8, 678, 300 
 
 7, 919, 300 
 
 76, 876 
 2, 663, 000 
 
 60, 000 
 4, 609, 000 
 
 Rate per 
 cent. 
 
 $47,972,272 
 
 13,000 
 
 2,640 
 
 231,600 
 
 968, 367 
 
 66,690 
 
 1,933,251 
 13, 297, .536 
 13,667,012 
 
 10,000 
 
 8,800 
 10, 124, 711 
 
 8, 7.50 
 64,300 
 10, 000 
 
 3, 183, 440 
 
 2, 446, 476 
 
 681 , 353 
 
 139, 2.50 
 
 10, 239 
 
 179, 115 
 20, 000 
 loO, 494 
 278, 732 
 383,438 
 
 82, 079 
 2,400 
 32, 000 
 
 4.3 
 
 4.3 
 4.6 
 10.8 
 3.2 
 3.9 
 
 4.0 
 4.1 
 5.2 
 
 4.0 
 
 6.9 
 4.4 
 
 11.7 
 9.2 
 
 10.0 
 
 2. S 
 9.0 
 6.0 
 2.2 
 2.9 
 
 2.9 
 20.0 
 1.0 
 3.2 
 4.8 
 
 3.2 
 4.0 
 0.7 
 
 Authnrizucl. 
 
 S168, 328, 367 
 
 5, 178, 500 
 1.50, 000 
 
 660, 000 
 67,MaO,067 
 10,966, ,500 
 
 600, 000 
 
 8151,003,709 
 
 5, 273, 660 
 160, 000 
 
 640, 100 
 63, 1K.H, 647 
 10, .561,. 500 
 
 206, 000 
 
 58,493,000 
 
 2, 300, 000 
 
 3,002,000 
 
 2,, 500, 000 
 
 40, 000 
 
 1,962,. 500 
 
 4, 300, 000 
 25, 000 
 
 48,87X,370 
 
 1,6.50.1.50 
 
 2,241,900 
 
 2, ,500,000 
 
 30,300 
 
 1,962,. 500 
 
 4, 300, 000 
 20, 600 
 
 440,000 
 
 "2,'ooo'666', 
 
 374, 000 
 i,4.S2,566 
 
 Dividends. 
 
 $8, 728, 671 
 
 251,300 
 3, .500 
 
 3,208 
 
 4, 062, 305 
 
 448, 990 
 
 10,800 
 
 3, 145, 966 
 
 63, .540 
 
 70, ISl 
 
 100, 000 
 
 1,200 
 
 137, 090 
 
 21,500 
 1,224 
 
 28,475 
 59,366' 
 
 Rate per 
 cent. 
 
 .5.8 
 
 4.8 
 2.3 
 
 0.5 
 6.4 
 4.3 
 5.3 
 
 6.4 
 3.2 
 3.1 
 4.0 
 4,0 
 
 0.5 
 5.9 
 
 S29G, 277, 418 
 
 6, 82] , 400 
 331 , 000 
 
 85,921,422 
 
 138,813,196 
 
 6, 800, 000 
 
 400, 000 
 
 iHsned. 
 
 $264, 323, 081 
 
 $12,265,189 
 
 6,081,700 
 331,000 
 
 84, .546, 922 ' 
 
 129,321,479 I 
 
 6, 000, ,530 I 
 360,000 
 
 316,962 
 18,110 
 
 1, 789, 146 
 
 ;, 115,828 
 
 174, 600 
 
 24, 000 
 
 1,900,000 
 20, 000 
 45, 000 
 
 20, 682, .500 
 11,515,000 
 5,369,600 
 3.405,000 
 55, 000 
 
 1,384,800 
 
 7.6 
 4.6 
 
 146,000 
 2, ,565, 000 
 3,137,000 
 
 41,100 
 1,025, .500 
 
 6,479,060 
 18,000 
 45,000 
 
 409, 392 
 1,080 
 2, 700 
 
 12, 037, 000 
 6,270,000 
 4, 742, 500 
 1, 727, 500 
 65, 000 
 
 1,128,800 
 
 145,000 
 2,, 383, 500 
 2, 148, 600 
 
 41,100 
 605, ,500 
 
 .521,111 
 
 226, 200 
 
 2.58, 362 
 
 93, 290 
 
 2,860 
 
 61,7.50 
 
 6,000 
 98, 486 
 ,S9, 873 
 
 2,466 
 34, 428 
 
 Rate Tier 
 cent. 
 
 5.2 
 5.5 
 
 4.5 
 4.7 
 2.9 
 6.7 
 
 6.3 
 6.0 
 6.0 
 
 4.3 
 4.3 
 5.4 
 5.4 
 
 4.1 
 4.1 
 4.2 
 
 6.0 
 5.2 
 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 11 
 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 H6 
 16 
 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 26 
 26 
 
 27 
 28 
 29 
 30 
 
84 
 
 MINKS AND gUAPJIIES 
 
 The par value of the a.nthoi'izecl capital stock and 
 bonds of the 1.14:2 eompanies paying either dividends or 
 interest on all or jjart of their capitalization amounted 
 to $1,751, 116, 69:-5, or 46.1 per cent of the total author- 
 ized capitalization of all companies reported. The par 
 value of the capital stt)ck and bonds issued by these 
 companies amounted to Sl,52-l:,66'2,21S, or 47.4 [)er cent 
 of the total amount issued by all companies. The capi- 
 
 tid stock and bonds actually issued by companies l)aying 
 either dividends or interest formed «7.1 per cent of their 
 total authorized capitalization, arid the dividends and 
 interest paid by them represented a return of 4.5 per 
 cent on t'apital stock and bonds actually issued. 
 
 Table 28 .shows the amount and kind of capital stock 
 of all companies pa_vinu- dividends on common or pre- 
 ferred stock. 
 
 T.VBLE 28.— c:.lPITAL STOCK OF INC:i)RPORATFJ) COMPANIES PAYING DIVIDENDS OX COMJION OR PREFERRED 
 
 ST(X'K, P,Y MINERALS: 1902. 
 
 [I'^xcliisi\-i. of luUiiral j^as iukI itutruleiim.] 
 
 
 Number 
 of incor- 
 porated 
 compa- 
 nies. 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 COMMON STOCK. 
 
 PREFERRED STUCK. 
 
 MINERAL. 
 
 Authorized. 
 
 Issued. 
 
 1 
 Dividends. 
 
 .S56, 700, 943 
 
 13,000 
 
 2,640 
 
 231,600 
 
 1,209,667 
 
 59, 190 
 
 1,936, -1.59 
 
 17, 3.59,. •ill 
 
 14,116,002 
 
 10, 860 
 
 10, 000 
 
 s, 800 
 
 111,4)1,711 
 
 s, 7.50 
 
 61,300 
 
 10,000 
 
 6, 32'.), 405 
 
 2, .500, 015 
 
 751,. 534 
 
 239, 2.50 
 
 11,430 
 
 316,205 
 
 2(1,000 
 
 171,iJ'.H 
 
 276, 956 
 
 111,151 
 
 2, lOO 
 
 91,300 
 
 Authorized. 
 
 Issued. 
 
 Dividends. 
 
 Authorized. 
 
 Issued. 
 
 Dividends. 
 
 Total 
 
 919 
 
 SI, 218, 990, 475 
 
 $1,045,760,265 
 
 SI, 061, 491, 108 
 
 8904,867,965 
 
 S47,972, 272 
 
 13,000 
 
 2, 640 
 
 231 , 600 
 
 9,58, 3i;7 
 
 ,55, 690 
 
 1,933,2,51 
 13, 297,. 536 
 13,667,012 
 
 io,"6o6' 
 
 S, SOO 
 
 10,121,711 
 
 S,750 
 
 61,300 
 
 10,000 
 
 3,183,440 
 
 2,446,475 
 
 681 , 353 
 
 139,2.50 
 
 10, '239 
 
 179,115 
 
 20, 000 
 
 1.50.494 
 
 275, 732 
 
 3S3 43^ 
 
 Sl,57, 499, 367 
 
 8140,892,300 
 
 S8, 728, 671 
 
 Asphaltum and bituminous 
 rock 
 
 2 
 
 32 
 8 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 i;;5 
 ti 
 1 
 
 ^3 
 
 49 
 H6 
 
 5 
 
 4 ■ 
 
 U 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 20 
 
 '■V 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 300, 000 
 
 .58,000 
 
 2,250,000 
 
 25, 815, 600 
 
 601,000 
 
 26, 170, 400 
 
 322, 968. 600 
 
 320,483,125 
 
 3, 000, 000 
 
 250, 000 
 
 198,000 
 
 213,187,750 
 
 75, 000 
 
 620, 000 
 
 100, 000 
 
 173, 730, 300 
 
 36, 707, 000 
 
 12, ,386, 200 
 
 6, 345, 000 
 
 341, 300 
 
 5,115,000 
 
 100, 000 
 
 19, 400, 000 
 
 5, 045, 000 
 
 6,472,000 
 
 1,911,H00 
 
 60, 000 
 
 5, 300, 000 
 
 300,000 
 
 5,s, 000 
 
 2,1.50,000 
 
 24,374,360 
 
 378, 000 
 
 25, 7.59, 150 
 
 2,So, 4.54,508 
 
 269, 3.50, 927 
 
 1,385,.S00 
 
 2.50,000 
 
 U8, 000 
 
 191.020,365 
 
 75, 000 
 
 620, 000 
 
 100, ono 
 
 1.57, 4.S7, 070 
 
 28,. 8.58, 5.50 
 
 10, 908, 335 
 
 6,30.5.00C 
 
 331,6.00 
 
 4,9,'<7,500 
 
 100,0011 
 
 I'i, 800, 500 
 
 4,813, 100 
 
 5, 071, '.100 
 1. /97,.^00 
 
 i;o, 000 
 
 4 , 601 , 500 
 
 300, 000 
 
 68, 000 
 
 2,2.50,000 
 
 22,037.000 
 
 5.51,000 
 
 26,110,100 
 
 25,s, 207, .533 
 
 30'.1.516,6'25 
 
 2, .5011, 000 
 
 250,000 
 
 l'.W,000 
 
 237,716,9.50 
 
 75, 000 
 
 620, 000 
 
 100, 000 
 
 116,762,300 
 
 34,407,000 
 
 10,109,200 
 
 1,315,000 
 
 301,300 
 
 3, 212, .500 
 
 100,000 
 
 15,100,000 
 
 5,020,000 
 
 6,472,000 
 1,511, lioo 
 
 i;o, 000 
 
 3,300,000 
 
 300,000 
 
 .58, 000 
 
 2, 1.50, 000 
 
 20, 769, 360 
 
 328, 000 
 
 25,719,0.50 
 
 224,916,620 
 
 2.58, 799, 127 
 
 1,179,.S00 
 
 250, 000 
 
 148, 000 
 
 185,616,933 
 
 75, 000 
 
 620, 000 
 
 100, 000 
 
 110, 133, 700 
 
 27, 208, 400 
 
 9,491,375 
 
 4,305,000 
 
 301, 300 
 
 3,085,000 
 
 100, 000 
 
 14, 590, 500 
 
 4,822, .SOO 
 
 5,074,900 
 
 1,455,800 
 
 60, 000 
 
 3, '209, 000 
 
 
 
 
 Barvtes 
 
 " 
 
 Borax 
 
 
 
 
 Cement. 
 
 3, 778, ,500 
 50, 000 
 
 60, 000 
 
 64, 761, 067 
 
 10, 966, .500 
 
 500. 000 
 
 3,605,000 
 50,000 
 
 40,100 
 
 60, 637, 8.S8 
 
 10, .551,. 500 
 
 206, 000 
 
 2.51,300 
 3, 500 
 
 3, '208 
 
 4, 062, 305 
 
 448, 990 
 
 10,860 
 
 Clay 
 
 Coal, anthracite 
 
 Coal, bituminous 
 
 
 Corundum and emery 
 
 Crystalline quartz../. 
 
 Feldspar 
 
 Gold and silyer 
 
 Graphite 
 
 5, 170, .SOO 
 
 5,403,432 
 
 330, 033 
 
 Gypsum 
 
 
 Infusorial earth, tripoli, and 
 pumice 
 
 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 .56, 968, 000 
 
 2, 300, 000 
 
 1,977,000 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 10, 000 
 
 1 , 902, 500 
 
 17,3.53,370 
 
 1,6.50,1,50 
 
 1,116,960 
 
 2, 000, 000 
 
 30, 300 
 
 1,902,500 
 
 3, 145, 965 
 
 Limestones and dolomites 
 
 Marble 
 
 Mineral pigments, crude 
 
 Pho.sphaterock 
 
 Precious stones 
 
 70, LSI 
 
 100,000 
 
 1,'200 
 
 137,090 
 
 Quicksilver 
 
 Sandstones and quartzites 
 
 Siliceous crystalline rocks 
 
 4,300,000 
 25, 000 
 
 4,300,000 
 20, 600 
 
 21,600 
 1,224 
 
 Slate 
 
 Sulphur and pyrite 
 
 Talc and soapstone 
 
 82, 679 
 2,400 
 32,000 
 
 400, 000 
 2,000,000 
 
 312,000 
 i , 482, 500 
 
 28," 47.5 
 
 .59,'306 
 
 There were 919 companies that reported the payment 
 of dividends on either common or preferred stock. The 
 par value of the authorized capital stock of these com- 
 panies amounted to $l,2Ls,'.)9n,475, or 35.4 per cent of 
 the total authorized capital stock of all companies, 
 and the par value of the stock issu(>d amounted to 
 $1,(145,760,265, or .36.0 per cent of the total capital stock 
 i.ssuedby all companies. The dividends which were paid 
 on either or both of these classes of stocks amounted to 
 $56,700,943, or a return (;f 5.4 per cent on the stock 
 issued l)y such companies. 
 
 Common, stocl'. — Exclusive of the comjiaiiies enya^cd 
 in the production of natural o-as and petroleum there 
 were 3,724 companies authorized to issue common stock 
 to the amount of §2,721, 51i», 955. Of thi.s number 
 
 3, list; coiiii)ani('s had actually issued common stock to 
 the ])ar\aluc of 552,300,374,172. As shown by Table 
 27 the i)ar value of the authorized common stock of 
 companies payini;- either dividends on one or the other 
 class of stock or interest on bonds amounted to Sl,2.s6,- 
 ."ibt.OO.s, and the par value of the common stock i.ssued 
 by these companies amounted to $1,109, 335, 42,S; the 
 dividends paid amounted to $47,972,272, a return of 4.3 
 per cent on the common .stock i.ssued. These amounts 
 include common stock on which no dividends were paid, 
 but which was issued liy companies paying' dividends 
 on preferred stock or interest on bonds. There were 
 'S37 companies that reported the payment of dividends 
 on common .stock and the statistics for the common 
 stock of these companies are summarized in Table 29. 
 
SUMMAliY AND ANALYSIS OF IIESUJ/FS. 
 
 85 
 
 T.\BLE 20. — Common stack of mcorjionited ciinipotiir.': ikii/Ihij diri- 
 
 deinjx/jii .s-Mc/t stocl:- I'JOJ. 
 
 [Exchisivtvuf iiatuml .t^as and petroliMim,] 
 
 Vkt of 
 (■ami)H- 
 
 COMMO-N STOCK. 
 
 Total 
 
 Asphaltum and bitumi- 
 nous riH-lc , 
 
 Bu i-y tu.s 
 
 Borax 
 
 €ement 
 
 Clay 
 
 €oal, antliracite 
 
 Coal, bitiiminon.s 
 
 Copper oro 
 
 Crystalline quartz 
 
 Feldspar 
 
 <jold and silver 
 
 <j!raphite 
 
 O.vpsum 
 
 Infusorial earth, tripoli, 
 rtiit! pumice 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 Lead and zinc ore 
 
 Limestones and dolomites 
 
 Marble 
 
 Mineral ])igments, crude . 
 
 Phosphate rock 
 
 Precious stones 
 
 <iuicksil ver 
 
 Sandstones and (|nart/.ites 
 
 8iliceous crystalline roeks 
 
 ■Shite 
 
 Svilphur and pyrite 
 
 Tal e and soapstone 
 
 19 
 
 ;i,s2 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 300, 000 
 
 5,S, IX)0 
 
 2, 250, 000 
 
 12, .567, 000 
 
 501,000 
 
 25.860,400 
 
 l.M, 093,200 
 
 230, 1 ,50, 000 
 
 250,000 
 
 19,S,000 
 
 2:5.5, 310,950 
 
 75, 000 
 
 «20, 000 
 
 100,000 
 
 ■14,975,300 
 
 27,9.57,000 
 
 8,328,200 
 
 4,31.5,000 
 
 241,300 
 
 1,410,000 
 
 100.000 
 
 '), 400, 000 
 
 4,995.000 
 
 6,072,000 
 
 911,300 
 
 60,000 
 
 300, 000 
 
 if6s7, ,S10,41S 
 
 300, 000 
 
 5,^, 000 
 
 2,1.50,000 
 
 11, 111,910 
 
 27S,(X)0 
 
 25,469,0,50 
 
 153,.5.S4,420 
 
 210,X34,330 
 
 250,0110 
 
 1 IS, 0(10 
 
 1. S3, 166,033 
 
 75,000 
 
 620, 000 
 
 100,000 
 
 44,.s34,.900 
 
 20,7.5,S,400 
 
 7, SOK, 776 
 
 4,30.5,000 
 
 241,300 
 
 1,2.S2,.500 
 
 100, 000 
 
 8,890,500 
 
 4., SI 0,300 
 
 4, 771, '900 
 
 86H, SOO 
 
 60, 000 
 
 :joo, 000 
 
 Amnuiit. 
 
 Ul 
 
 972 
 
 272 
 
 
 13 
 
 000 
 
 
 2 
 
 640 
 
 
 231 
 
 HIIO 
 
 
 9.5.S 
 
 31 ;7 
 690 
 
 13 
 
 297 
 
 536 
 
 13 
 
 6.67 
 
 1112 
 
 
 10 
 
 000 
 
 
 X 
 
 •SOO 
 
 10 
 
 124 
 
 711 
 
 
 X 
 
 750 
 
 
 64 
 
 300 
 
 
 10 
 
 000 
 
 3 
 
 1,S3 
 
 440 
 
 2 
 
 446 
 
 475 
 
 
 681 
 
 353 
 
 
 139 
 
 2.50 
 
 
 10 
 
 239 
 
 
 1 79 
 
 115 
 
 
 20 
 
 000 
 
 
 150 
 
 491 
 
 
 275 
 
 732 
 
 
 383 
 
 438 
 
 
 X2 
 
 679 
 
 
 '"> 
 
 400 
 
 
 32 
 
 000 
 
 Kate 
 per 
 
 4.3 
 4.6 
 
 10. s 
 s. 4 
 
 20. 
 
 4.0 
 5.9 
 5. 5 
 11.7 
 10.4 
 
 10.0 
 7.1 
 11. S 
 
 14.0 
 20. 
 1.7 
 
 4.0 
 10.7 
 
 T.iBLE 30.— CAPITALIZATION OF IXt'OKPORATED COJIPAN 
 
 ON COMMON 
 
 The GO conipanics (hat paid dividends on preferred 
 .stock liut no di\ideii(is on eoniinoii stocl^ had coinnioii 
 stocl<; issued to the \-alue of i^lsi>,i:-»l<,447, or t.il.S per 
 cent of the total coinnion and preferred stock issued by 
 these companies, "riie dividends paid on the preferi'ed 
 stock of these companies amounted t<j $0,102,385, a 
 return of (i.l per cent on tlie par value of such stock 
 issued. 
 
 The common stoclv issued and on wliit.di di\idends 
 were paid amounted to $<)ST,SfO,41S, or only 29. S per 
 cent of the total amount of common stock issued by all 
 companies, ^rhe dividends ])aid on this stock amtjunted 
 to S-l:7,',tT2,:i72, or a I'eturn of 7 per cent. Of the 3,6S<J 
 companies reporting the issue of common stock there 
 were 2,S4'.l that paid no dividends on sni'h stock. The 
 par value of the authorized common stock of these com- 
 panies iuuounted to !t;L,'.)2O,o7t),30.j, or 7o.O per cent of 
 the total for all companies, and the amount issued was 
 valued at $1,618,563,754:, or 7o.2 per cent of the total 
 amount issued. In addition 6(» companies that reported 
 the issue of common stoclc paid dividends on preferred 
 stock hut no di\idends on common stock, and the 
 statistics for these companies are summarized in the 
 following' table: 
 
 IKS PAYIXC; DIVIHENDS ON I'REFERRED STOCK BUT NOT 
 STOCK: 1902. 
 
 Number 
 of compa- 
 nies. 
 
 Total 
 
 Cement 
 
 Clay 
 
 Coal, anthracite 
 
 Coal, bituminoiLs 
 
 Copper ore - 
 
 Corundum and emery 
 
 Gold and silver " 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 Lead and zinc ore 
 
 Limestones and dolomites 
 
 Mineral pigments, crude.. 
 
 Phosphate rock 
 
 Quicksilver 
 
 Sandstones and quartzites 
 
 Slate 
 
 Talc and soapst<jne 
 
 AGO REG ATE CAPIT.-II.IZATION. 
 
 9,447,292 
 
 13,880,000 
 
 100, 000 
 
 4S5, 000 
 
 151,917,607 
 
 88, 333, 125 
 
 3,400,000 
 3, 800, 000 
 78, 595, 500 
 5, 100, 000 
 4,681,000 
 
 100, 000 
 3, 005, 000 
 10, 000, 000 
 .50, 000 
 1 , 000, 000 
 5, 000, 000 
 
 Issueil, 
 
 ?314,377,787 
 
 13,385,450 
 
 100, 000 
 
 386, 100 
 
 142,722,103 
 
 56, 516,, 597 
 
 1,715, , SOO 
 3, 532, 007 
 68,7.50,670 
 6,024,600 
 3, 765, .560 
 
 90, 300 
 
 3, 005, 000 
 
 10, 000, 000 
 
 33, 100 
 
 929,000 
 
 4, 391,. 500 
 
 CAPITAT, STOCK. 
 
 .Vuthorized. 
 
 $334,. 504. 126 
 
 12,820,000 
 
 100, 000 
 
 310, 000 
 
 124, ,550, 000 
 
 88, 333, 125 
 
 3, 000, 000 
 
 3,800,000 
 
 73, 708, 000 
 
 5, 100, 000 
 
 3,628,000 
 
 100. 000 
 
 3,006,000 
 
 10, 000, 000 
 
 50, 000 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 5, 000, 000 
 
 Issuer! . 
 
 S282, 624, 287 
 
 12,632,4.50 
 
 100, 000 
 
 290, 100 
 
 117,621,103 
 
 .56,616,597 
 
 1,385,800 
 3, 532, 007 
 64,403,170 
 5,024,600 
 2, 769, 560 
 
 90, 300 
 
 3,005,000 
 
 10, 000, 000 
 
 33, 100 
 
 929,000 
 
 4, 391,. 500 
 
 Auth'irized. 
 
 Issued. 
 
 J224, 660, 458 
 
 8183,139,447 
 
 9, 470, 000 
 
 9,:?27, 4.50 
 
 50, 000 
 
 50, 000 
 
 2.50, 000 
 
 260, 000 
 
 74,114,333 
 
 70, 061 , 200 
 
 77, 366, 625 
 
 4.1, 965, 097 
 
 2,500,000 
 
 1,179, ,800 
 
 2, 400, 000 
 
 2,1.50,000 
 
 41,741,000 
 
 37, 902, 300 
 
 3, .SOO, 000 
 
 3, 800, 000 
 
 2,081,000 
 
 1,682,600 
 
 60,000 
 
 60,000 
 
 1, .102, 500 
 
 1 , .502, 500 
 
 5, 700, 000 
 
 6,700,000 
 
 25, 000 
 
 12, .500 
 
 600,000 
 
 .587. 000 
 
 3,000,000 
 
 2,909,000 
 
 
 t:APITAI, STOCK. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Preferred. 
 
 
 MINERAL. 
 
 Airthorized. 
 
 Issued. 
 
 Dividends. 
 
 Author- 
 ized. 
 
 
 Interest. 
 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Eate 
 
 per 
 
 cent. 
 
 Issued, 
 
 Amount, 
 
 Rate 
 per 
 cent. 
 
 
 $109,843,667 
 
 J99, 484, 840 
 
 »\. 102, 385 6. 1 
 
 $34,943,167 
 
 $31, 753, 500 
 
 $1, 826, 648 
 
 5.8 
 
 
 Cement 
 
 3,3.50,000 
 
 60, 000 
 
 60, 000 
 
 50, 435, 667 
 
 10,966,600 
 
 500, 000 
 
 1,400,000 
 
 31,967,000 
 
 1,300,000 
 
 1,. 547, 000 
 
 40, 000 
 1,502, ,500 
 4,300,000 
 
 25, 000 
 
 400, 000 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 3,205,000 
 
 .50, 000 
 
 40, 100 
 
 47,6.59,903 
 
 10, 551, .500 
 
 206,000 
 
 1,3.S2,007 
 
 26, 500, 870 
 
 1,224,600 
 
 1,086,960 
 
 30, 300 
 1,. 502, 500 
 4,:»o,000 
 
 20, 600 
 
 342,000 
 
 I, l.s2,.'ino 
 
 227,310 
 
 3, .500 
 
 3,20S 
 
 3, 326, 659 
 
 448, 990 
 
 10,, SOO 
 90, 610 
 1,720,942 
 19, 496 
 49,8,S1 
 
 1,200 
 90, 200 
 21,500 
 
 1, 221 
 
 28, 475 
 ,59,300 
 
 7.1 
 7.0 
 8.0 
 7.0 
 4.3 
 
 5.3 
 6.6 
 6.5 
 1.6 
 4.6 
 
 4.0 
 6.0 
 0.6 
 6 9 
 
 1,060,000 
 i7,5,"6b6' 
 
 8.53, 000 
 "96," 666' 
 
 :39,856 
 .5,' 83.5' 
 
 
 
 Clay 
 
 Coal, anthracite 
 
 6.'i 
 
 Copper ore 
 
 
 
 
 400, 000 
 4,887,500 
 
 360, 000 
 ""j," 347,' 566' 
 
 24,000 
 '25.5,'94i" 
 
 
 Gold and silver, . . 
 
 
 
 
 Lead and zinc ore 
 
 
 
 1,0.53,000 
 
 996, 000 
 
 49, 822 
 
 
 Mineral pigments, crude 
 
 .1.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 Quicksilver 
 
 
 Slate 
 
 8. 3 
 4.0 
 
 
 
 
86 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Preferred stocl-. — Exclusire of natural jj-as and pctro- 
 leuui, there were 244 companies authorized to issue pi-e- 
 ferred stock to the value of -$^10, 378,4:^,7. Of this 
 number 234 companies had actually issued preferi'ed 
 stock to the value of $180,083,899. As shown hy Table 
 27, the par value of the authorized preferred stock of 
 companies paying either dividends on one class of stock 
 or interest on bonds amounted to 1168,328,3(17, and the 
 par value of the preferred stock issued hy these com- 
 panies amounted to $151,003,709. The dividends paid 
 amounted to $8,728,671, or a return of 5.8 per cent on 
 the preferred stock issued. These amounts include pre- 
 ferred stock on which no dividends were paid V)ut 
 which was issued by companies paying dividencls on 
 common stock or interest on bonds. There were 87 
 companies that reported the pavment of dividends on 
 preferred stock, and the statistics for the preferred ■ 
 stock of these companies are summarized in the follow- 
 ing table: 
 
 Table 31. — Preferred stock of incorporated companies paying divi- 
 dends on such stock, by minerals: 1902. 
 
 [Exclusive of natural gas and petroleum.] 
 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 compa- 
 nies 
 paying 
 divi- 
 dends. 
 
 PEEFERRED STOCK. 
 
 1 
 
 DIVIDENDS. 
 
 MINERAL. 
 
 .\uthorized. 
 
 Issued. 
 S140,892, 300 
 
 .\mount. 
 
 Rate 
 per 
 cent. 
 
 Total 
 
 87 
 
 $157,4.5U,.S67 
 
 $8, 728, 071 
 
 6.2 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 31 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 13 
 
 8 
 1 
 1 
 
 4 ; 
 1 
 
 3,730,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 60, 000 
 
 64,761,067 
 
 10, 966, .500 
 
 600, 000 
 
 5,470,800 
 
 .56,968,000 
 
 2,300,000 
 
 1,977,000 
 2, 000, 000 
 40, 000 
 1,902,. 500 
 4,. 300, 000 
 
 25, 000 
 
 400,000 
 
 2, 000, 000 
 
 3, 606, 000 
 
 60,000 
 
 40,100 
 
 60,. 537, 888 
 
 10, .5.51,. 500 
 
 206, 000 
 
 5,403,432 
 
 47,3.53,370 
 
 1,6.50,150 
 
 1,416,960 
 2, 000, 000 
 30, 300 
 1,902,600 
 4,300,000 
 
 20,600 
 
 342, 000 
 
 1,4,82, ,500 
 
 261,300 
 
 3, 500 
 
 3, 208 
 
 4,062,305 
 
 448,990 
 
 10, 860 
 
 330, 033 
 
 3, 145, 965 
 
 .53, .540 
 
 70, 181 
 
 100,000 
 
 1,200 
 
 137, 090 
 
 21,.5U0 
 
 1 , 224 
 28, 475 
 59, 300 
 
 7.0 
 
 Clav 
 
 7.0 
 
 
 8.0 
 
 
 6.7 
 
 
 4.3 
 
 Corundum and emery. . . 
 Gold and silver 
 
 8.3 
 6.1 
 
 
 6.6 
 
 Lead and zinc ore 
 
 Limestones and dolo- 
 mites 
 
 3.2 
 5.0 
 
 Marble 
 
 Mineral pigments, crude. 
 
 5.0 
 4.0 
 
 
 0.5 
 
 Sand,stone» and quartz- 
 
 5.9 
 
 Slate 
 
 8.3 
 
 Talc and soapstone 
 
 4.0 
 
 The preferred stock on which dividends were paid 
 amounted to $140,892,300, or 78.2 per cent of tiic total 
 amount of preferred stock issued ])y all companies. 
 The dividends paid on this stock amounted to $8,72S,(i71, 
 a return of 6.2 per cent on the amount issued. Of the 
 234 companies reporting the issue of preferi'ed stock, 
 there were 147 that paid no dividends on such stock. 
 The par value of the authorized preferred stock of these 
 companies was $52,927,570, or 25.3 per cent of tlie total 
 for all companies, and the amount issued $39,191,599, 
 or 21.8 per cent. 
 
 BondH. — The $288,720,791 shown as the iiar \alue of 
 
 the bonds issued includes all bonds issued by all com- 
 panies irrespective of the payment of interest or divi- 
 dends. The following tal)le presents the ,stati8tics for 
 the 363 companies that paid interest on bonds: 
 
 Table 3ti.^Jloni!s of incorporated companies payincj interest on 
 
 fjonds, by minercds: liiO'2. 
 
 [Exclusive of natural gas and petroleum.] 
 
 Total 
 
 Barytes 
 
 ('ement 
 
 Clay 
 
 Coal, anthracite 
 
 (;oal, bituminous 
 
 Copper ore 
 
 Corundum and emery.. 
 
 Gold and silver 
 
 Graphite 
 
 Gypsum 
 
 Iron ore ... 
 
 Lead and zinc ore 
 
 Limestones and dolo- 
 mites 
 
 JIarble 
 
 Mineral pigments, crude 
 
 l'b..sjilmte>.»lc 
 
 t^uiclisilver 
 
 Sandstones and quartz- 
 ites 
 
 Siliceous crystalline 
 rocks 
 
 Silica sand 
 
 Slate 
 
 Talc and soapstone 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 incor- 
 porated 
 compa- 
 nies. 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 4 
 
 20 
 
 179 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 1 
 2 
 
 22 
 7 
 
 26 
 7 
 2 
 
 11 
 1 
 
 Bonds 
 authorized. 
 
 Bonds 
 issued. 
 
 8281,115,418 $257,233,551 
 
 200,000 
 
 6,821,400 
 
 331,000 
 
 85,921,422 
 
 136, 696, 196 
 
 3, 800, 000 
 
 400, 000 
 
 6, 900, 000 
 
 20,000 
 
 45,000 
 
 10, 637, .500 
 
 11,. 515, 000 
 
 5,369,500 \ 
 3,405,000 \ 
 
 .55,000 
 
 1,384,800 ! 
 
 145, 000 
 
 2. .565,000 
 
 3,137,000 
 
 41,100 
 
 1 , 025, ,500 
 
 700, 000 
 
 179, 000 
 
 6, 081 , 700 
 
 331 , 000 
 
 84,-545,922 
 
 127, 345, 479 
 
 3,001,000 
 
 360, 000 
 
 6, 479, 0.50 
 
 18,000 
 
 45,000 
 
 9, 923, 000 
 
 5, 270, 000 
 
 4,742,500 
 
 1, 727, .500 
 
 55, 000 
 
 1, 128, 800 
 
 145, 000 
 
 2, 38:S, .500 
 
 2, 148, ,500 
 
 41,100 
 
 665,600 
 
 617,000 
 
 INTEREST. 
 
 812, 265, 189 
 
 6,000 
 
 316, 962 
 
 IS, 110 
 
 3, 789, 145 
 
 6, 115, 828 
 
 174, 500 
 
 24,000 
 
 409, 392 
 
 1,080 
 
 2,700 
 
 521,111 
 
 226, 200 
 
 2.58, 362 
 93, 290 
 
 2, 8.50 
 61,7.50 
 
 6,000 
 
 98, 485 
 
 89, 873 
 2, 466 
 34,425 
 12,660 
 
 Rate 
 per 
 cent. 
 
 3.4 
 5.2 
 5.6 
 4.5 
 4.8 
 5.8 
 6.7 
 6.3 
 6.0 
 6.0 
 .5.3 
 4.3 
 
 5.4 
 5.4 
 5.2 
 5.5 
 4.1 
 
 4.2 
 6.0 
 5.2 
 2.1 
 
 The bonds issued on which interest was paid amounted 
 to $257,233,551, or 89.1 per cent of the total amount 
 of l)onds issued l.)y all companies. The interest paid 
 on these bonds amounted to $12,265,189, or a return of 
 4.8 per cent on the amount issued. The 363 companies 
 that reported the payment of interest on bonds were 
 authorized to issue bonds to the value of $281,115,418. 
 The amount actually issued and on which interest was 
 paid formed 91.5 per cent of the total authorized bonded 
 debt. 
 
 Xittiirid ijan (tnd pil roleuhi. — As explained on page 
 76, the capitalization reported for natural gas and 
 petroleum should be considered separately from that 
 of other minerals. Table 33 shows that the total 
 authorized capitalization of the companies engaged 
 in the production of these substances amounted to 
 $540,723,162, of which $442,540,596 had been issued. 
 This includes the capitalization reported by the Stand- 
 ard Oil Company. A total of $17,054,705 is reported 
 as having been paid in dividends and interest on 
 bonds, representing a return of 3.8 per cent on the 
 capitalization (stock and l)onds) issued. In Table 33 
 the capitalization shown as issued includes all stock 
 and bonds irrespective of the pajanent of dividends 
 and interest. 
 
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS. 
 
 87 
 
 Table 33. — Capitalization of incorporated companies producing natu- 
 ral gas and petroleum and reporting capitalization: 190i>. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Number of companies reporting S3i 
 
 Total capital stock and bonds: 
 
 Atithorized SiviO, 723, 162 
 
 Issued 442^ 54o! see 
 
 Dividends and interest 17, 054, 70.5 
 
 Capital stock — 
 
 Total authorized 508, 305, 295 
 
 Total issued 416, 377, 473 
 
 Total dividends paid 16, 715, 970 
 
 Common — 
 
 Authorized 502, 726, 675 
 
 Issued ' 412, 422, 812 
 
 Dividends paid ; 15, 638, 697 
 
 Preferred — 
 
 Authorized I 5, 578, 620 
 
 Issued 3, 9,54, 661 
 
 Dividends paid 77,273 
 
 Bonds — 
 
 Authorized 32,417,867 
 
 Issued 26,163,123 
 
 Interest 1,338,736 
 
 Natural gas. Petroleum. 
 
 $120,043,673 
 
 111,634,737 
 
 5, 985, 436 
 
 99, 400, 806 
 92, 190, 870 
 4, 944, 034 
 
 98, 565, 806 
 91,385,870 
 4, 894, 134 
 
 835,000 
 805, 000 
 49. 900 
 
 20,642,867 
 19, 443, 867 
 1,041,402 
 
 S-120, 079, 4S9 
 
 33(], 905, 8.59 
 
 11,069,269 
 
 -408,904,489 
 
 324, 186, 603 
 
 10,771,936 
 
 404,160,869 
 321,036,942 
 10,744,663 
 
 4, 743, 620 
 3, 149, 661 
 
 27, 373 
 
 11,775,000 
 
 6, 719, 256 
 
 297,333 
 
 1 The 28,925 producers reported by the Standard Oil Company are included as 
 1 incorporated company. 
 
 Considering the report of the Standard Oil Compan}' 
 as representing a single producer for natural gas and 
 for petroleum, the following table shows the number 
 of operators and the capitalization of the companies 
 reporting the payment of dividends on either common 
 or preferred stock or interest on bonds: 
 
 Table 34. — Capitalization of natural gas and petrolenni companies 
 paying dividends or interest on bonds: 1902. 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 Natural gas. 
 
 Petroleum. 
 
 Number of companies reporting divi- 
 dends or interest 
 
 Total capital stock and bonds: 
 
 Authorized 
 
 Issued 
 
 Capital stock- 
 Authorized 
 
 Issued 
 
 Common — 
 
 Authorized 
 
 Issued 
 
 Dividends paid 
 
 Rate per cent 
 
 248 
 
 S323,419,247 
 8281,335,689 
 
 «-292,728,380 
 «2,56,612,860 
 
 $2,89, .528, 380 
 
 S253, 726, 423 
 
 «15, 638, 697 
 
 6.2 
 
 164 
 
 $98,013,747 
 $94, 272, 929 
 
 $78, 072, 880 
 $75, 446, 062 
 
 $77,272,8,80 
 
 $74, 676, 062 
 
 $4,894,134 
 
 6,6 
 
 $.800, 000 
 
 $770, 000 
 
 $49,900 
 
 6.5 
 
 $19,940,867 
 
 $18, 826, 867 
 
 $1,041,402 
 
 5.5 
 
 84 
 
 $■225, 405, .500 
 $187,062,760 
 
 $21 1,6.5.5, .500 
 $181,166,798 
 
 $212, 2.55, .500 
 
 $179,0.50,361 
 
 $10, 744, 563 
 
 6.0 
 
 Preferred — 
 
 Authorized 
 
 Issued 
 
 Dividends paid 
 
 Rate percent 
 
 Bonds- 
 Authorized 
 
 Issued 
 
 *3, 200, 000 
 
 .?2, 8,86, 4:37 
 
 S77, 273 
 
 2. 7 
 
 $30, 690, 867 
 
 $24, 722, 829 
 
 $1,338,736 
 
 5.4 
 
 $2,400,000 
 
 $2,116,-137 
 
 $27, 373 
 
 1.3 
 
 $10, 750, 000 
 
 $5,895,962 
 
 $297, 333 
 
 Rate per cent 
 
 8.0 
 
 The par value of the authorized capital stock and 
 bonds of the 248 companies paying either dividends or 
 interest on all or part of their capitalization amounted 
 to $323,419,247, or 59.8 per cent of the total authorized 
 capitalization of all companies reported as engaged in 
 the production of natural gas and petroleum. The par 
 value of the capital stock and bonds issued by these 
 
 companies amounted to $281,33.5,689, or 63.6 per cent 
 of the total amount issued. The capitalization actually 
 issued by companies paying either dividends or interest 
 formed 87 per cent of their total authorized capitaliza- 
 tion, and the dividends and interest paid by them repre- 
 sented a return of 6.1 per cent on capital stock and 
 bonds actually issued. 
 
 Of the 248 companies there were 216 that reported 
 the paj^ment of dividends on either common or pre- 
 ferred stock. The par value of the authorized capital 
 stock of these companies amounted to $22.5,767,930, or 
 41.8 per cent of the total authorized capital stock of all 
 companies; and the par value of the stock issued 
 amounted to $211,774,741, or 47.9 per cent of the total 
 capital stock issued by all companies. The dividends 
 that were paid on either or both of these classes of 
 stock amounted to $15,715,970, or a return of 7.4 per 
 cent on the stock issued by such companies. 
 
 Capitalization of incorporated companief;, iy state-"! and 
 tei^ritories. — As previously explained, the capital stock 
 of incorporated companies represented their entire capi- 
 talization. In some cases the companies operated mines 
 in difl'erent states and were engaged in the production 
 of difl'erent minei'als. For instance, a mining company 
 engaged primarily in the production of iron ore may 
 also operate a limestone quarry, and some of its enter- 
 prises may be located in difl'erent states. It was im- 
 practicable to segregate the capital stock so as to show 
 the.amount devoted to each industiy in each state, there- 
 fore the total capitalization was assigned to the mineral 
 or state representing the interest of greatest value. 
 With the exception of buhr.stones and millstones, lithium 
 ore, tungsten, and uranium and vanadium, the produc- 
 tion of all of the minerals for which separate statistics 
 are shown was controlled to some extent by the cor- 
 porate form of organization and incorporated companies 
 were reported for every state and territory io which 
 minerals were mined. Statistics concerning employees, 
 wages, expenses, and production of incorporated com- 
 panies are given in Table 23, page 68, but since in an 
 unknown number of instances the capital stock repre- 
 sented interests other than mining and since the capi- 
 talization for some companies was not reported or, for 
 the reasons explained above, was excluded from the 
 statistics, a satisfactory comparison of capitalization and 
 production is impracticable. The statistics for the capi- 
 talization for all minerals in each statp and territory are 
 presented in Table 35. 
 
MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table SS.-CAPITALIZATIDN OF INCORPORATED 
 
 STATE OR TERRITORY. 
 
 United States 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Alaska 
 
 Arizona 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 California . . . 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Connecticut. 
 Delaware ... 
 
 Florida 
 
 Georgia 
 
 12 Hawaii 
 
 13 
 
 Idaho 
 
 14 
 
 Illinois 
 
 1ft 
 
 Indian Territor 
 
 16 
 
 Indiana 
 
 17 
 
 Iowa 
 
 IH 
 
 Kansas 
 
 1» 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 •2{) 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 21 
 
 Maine 
 
 oo 
 
 Maryland 
 
 ■li". 
 
 MassiK-husetts. 
 
 24 
 
 Michig-an 
 
 2ft 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 26 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Montana . . . 
 Nebraska. .. 
 
 Nevada 
 
 New Hampshire- 
 New Jersey 
 
 New Mexico .. 
 
 New York 
 
 North Carolina 
 North Dakota . 
 Ohio 
 
 Oklahoma 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Pennsylvania . 
 Rhode' Island . 
 South Carolina 
 
 South Dakota 
 Tennessee. -. 
 
 Texas 
 
 Utah 
 
 Vermont .... 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Washington. 
 West Virginia 
 Wisconsin 
 Wyoming 
 
 Number 
 of incor- 
 porated 
 compa- 
 nies. 
 
 Number 
 report- 
 ing. 
 
 Ill 
 
 1 
 
 67 
 
 33 
 
 512 
 
 4R4 
 
 19 
 
 7 
 
 28 
 
 61 
 
 1 
 
 77 
 251 
 
 27 
 ISO 
 
 101 
 
 102 
 
 176 
 
 3 
 
 50 
 
 37 
 114 
 
 41 
 231 
 
 r^ 
 
 47 
 bi 
 49 
 
 62 1 
 119 
 30 
 
 9 
 321 
 
 100 
 1K3 
 96 
 27 
 
 63 
 60 
 274 
 67 
 21 
 
 4,876 
 
 AGGREGATE CAPITAilZATION. 
 
 Authorized. 
 
 S3, 801, 264, 332 
 
 105 
 1 
 
 66 
 32 
 484 
 
 457 
 
 18 
 
 7 
 
 24 
 
 53 
 
 72 
 244 
 
 166 
 3 
 
 28 
 
 48 
 
 37 
 100 
 
 36 
 224 
 
 92 
 
 4^i 
 
 13 
 
 42 
 
 104 
 24 
 
 4 
 
 51 
 
 518 
 
 3 
 19 
 
 95 
 174 
 93 
 26 
 
 51 
 46 
 250 
 59 
 17 
 
 Issued. 
 
 $3, 217, 719, 458 
 
 92,613,200 
 
 2,004,000 
 
 88, 795, 000 
 
 21,196,800 
 
 438,. 557, 414 
 
 567, ,847,417 
 4,467,000 
 1,776,000 
 6, .594,800 
 45, 623, 500 
 
 83, 78S, 400 . 
 43,437,400 
 10,139,000 
 68,551,760 
 
 9, 024, 500 
 
 19,001,915 
 
 47, 895, 000 
 
 960, 000 
 
 9, 339,. 500 
 
 27, 4.56,. 800 
 13,876,000 
 
 182,704,000 
 65,310,000 
 69.431.600 
 
 392,171,010 
 
 65,000 
 
 55,7.52,400 
 
 769, .500 
 
 33, 724, 100 
 
 64,617,000 
 42,704,400 I 
 19,208,426 
 2.375,000 
 117,090, .500 
 
 71 ;0, 000 
 
 41, 516,. 800 
 
 490, .581, 392 
 
 600,000 j 
 
 3,437,000 
 
 08, 455, 500 
 
 28, 995, 4.8(1 
 113,491.100 
 116,384,400 
 
 12,443,100 
 
 17,265,200 
 93,005,029 
 130, 969, 700 
 14, .588,000 
 10, .567, 000 
 
 78, 146, 800 
 1,7.89,000 
 70, 398, 622 
 14, 921 , 7.50 
 335,109,463 
 
 496,634,683 
 
 3,8.51,900 
 
 1,2911.000 
 
 6. 217,S00 
 
 31, 002, .500 
 
 40,137.660 
 6, 0.56... 500 
 64, 339, 145 
 
 7,630,310 
 
 16,131,027 
 
 37, 327, -146 
 
 .520,000 
 
 8, 506, 100 
 
 24, 072, 750 
 9,801,4.50 
 
 163, 075, 845 
 .57, 194,, 300 
 43,075,110 
 
 329, 892, 980 
 
 65,000 
 
 49, 860, 796 
 
 66K, 4.50 
 
 25, 6.80, 750 
 
 41,103,491 
 
 39, 942, 550 
 
 13, .5.52, 6,25 
 
 2, 085, 000 
 
 109, 767.2.S0 
 
 660, 000 
 
 29,437,421 
 
 461,9.59,660 
 
 568, 100 
 
 2,916,,,5{I0 
 
 Interest and 
 dividends. 
 
 SS6,020,837 
 
 , 096,, 
 
 ,114 
 
 26, 759, 719 
 
 87,969,608 
 
 1 12, 239, 074 
 
 10, 090, 300 
 
 15, 14s,200 
 73, .SOS, 603 
 114, .8.35, 344 
 13, 862, 575 
 12,800,600 
 
 2, 080, 030 
 
 14, 2.50 
 
 4,1.50,296 
 
 328,109 
 
 3, 186, 120 
 
 6,298,171 
 
 92,195 
 
 16,360 
 
 179,.S90 
 
 207,920 
 
 925, 771 
 
 1,0.81,745 
 
 1 , 6.50 
 
 3,726,801 
 
 184, 767 
 321,791 
 .529, 623 
 
 169,422 
 
 800, 335 
 
 263, 383 
 
 6.831,177 
 
 1,738,009 
 
 1.037, .526 
 
 7,006,269 
 
 2, 250 
 
 80, 002 
 
 1,100 
 
 2,138,434 
 
 189,410 
 
 886, 767 
 
 6,000 
 
 2, 100 
 
 65, 269 
 
 21,689,8.56 
 
 21 , 740 
 
 271,44.3 
 61 1 , 965 
 
 1,025,024 
 
 ■1,4.82,497 
 
 274,. 5.54 
 
 268, 280 
 
 1,202,212 
 
 3,924,022 
 
 401,020 
 
 1.54,400 
 
 CAPITAL STOCK, 
 
 Total. 
 
 Authorized. 
 
 S3, 440, 194,0.87 
 
 Issued. 
 
 Dividends, 
 
 70, 689, 700 
 1,. 504, 000 
 84,360,000 
 19,206,800 
 431,327,414 
 
 538,099,917 
 
 3,797,000 
 
 1,770,000 
 
 5,318,000 
 
 43, 983, .500 
 
 H2, 9.54, 200 
 
 37,787,400 
 
 9,339,000 
 
 ,53,646,093 
 
 8, 136, .500 
 
 17,449,215 
 
 45, 570, 800 
 
 960, 000 
 
 6,242,000 
 
 22, .821.. 800 
 10. 790, 000 
 168,939,000 
 65,315,000 
 65,283,600 
 
 3.88,7.84,000 
 
 05, 000 
 
 55. 752, 400 
 
 769, 500 
 
 22,8.86,600 
 
 62, 932, 000 
 36,106,900 
 18,098,425 
 2,. 375, 000 
 101, 9.89, .500 
 
 760,000 i 
 44,. 516, 800 1 
 344,742,703 
 600,000 
 3,129,000 
 
 6.8,4.55,500 
 24,473,820 
 107, 440, 400 
 114.315,000 
 9, 393, 100 
 
 15.790,200 
 76, 723, 200 
 114,404,700 
 13,933,000 
 16,467,000 
 
 S2, 902, 835, .544 
 
 $72,416,913 
 
 .58,723,300 
 1,. 504, 000 
 66,186,092 
 13,022,7.50 
 331,6.83,413 
 
 979,. 588 
 
 4, 071,. 586 
 
 328,109 
 
 3, 008, 375 
 
 468 
 3 
 1 
 
 430,033 
 181,900 
 290. 000 
 197,000 
 .5.50,000 i 
 
 66,878,3,57 
 35, 125, 600 
 ft, 474,, 500 
 .50,178,478 
 
 6,987,310 
 
 14, 678, 327 
 
 35, 362, 984 
 
 620, 000 
 
 5,4.58,100 
 
 19, .593,7.50 
 8, 137, 950 
 158,311,015 
 .57,169,300 
 41,. 598, 860 
 
 327,223,980 
 
 65,000 
 
 49,860,796 
 
 668,4.50 
 
 20,843,2.50 
 
 39,493,491 
 34, 177, .5.50 
 12, 513, 625 
 2,08.5,000 
 97, 476, 780 
 
 660,000 
 29,437,421 
 320,600,638 I 
 .568,400 ' 
 2, 608,, 500 
 
 .57,096,144 ; 
 22,872,089 
 82,932,914 
 110,260,674 
 8,744,800 
 
 13,706.200 
 58,676,774 
 100,105,844 
 13, 307, 575 
 12, 700, 600 
 
 ft, 009. 742 
 
 64, 695 
 
 16. 000 
 
 124, 380 
 
 156, 270 
 
 881 
 
 77l" 
 
 799,619 
 
 1 
 
 6.50 
 
 2, 980 
 
 151 
 
 167 
 
 187 
 
 272, 9.51 
 
 448 
 
 732 
 
 31 
 
 177 
 
 570, 995 
 
 202,460 
 
 6, 763, 801 
 
 1,738,009 
 
 966,. 546 
 
 6.,. 894, 069 
 
 2, 250 
 
 80, 002 
 
 1,100 
 
 1.965,934 
 
 114.410 
 722,411 
 
 6.. 597. 163 I 
 
 2,400 
 
 65,269 
 
 15,629,867 
 
 2,500 
 
 271,443 
 433. 66S 
 .S06. 090 
 4,403,800 
 239,584 
 
 209, 280 
 f>42,112 
 3, 225, 497 
 375, 270 
 149, 000 
 
SUMMARY AND 
 
 COMPANIES, BY STATKS AND TEERITORIES: V.m. 
 
 ANALYSIS OF liESUL^J^S. 
 
 89 
 
 CAPITAL ST0(;K— I'dUtilllR-cl. 
 
 
 BONDS. 
 
 
 
 Common. 
 
 .\utliori/.eil. 
 
 Pri'ferrei!. 
 
 
 Aulluiri/.<-d. 
 
 Issiicil. 
 
 Interest. 
 
 
 Authorized. 
 
 Issued. 
 
 Diviclends. 
 
 Issued, 
 
 J184,03«,5(i0 
 
 10, .583, 700 
 
 ■1,000 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 1 , .S05, 325 
 
 11,827,161 
 
 9, 913, 200 
 661,. 500 
 400, OOO 
 310,000 
 
 2,. 5411, .500 
 
 Dividends. 
 
 
 $3, 224, 237, 630 
 
 *2, 71S, 796, 984 
 
 t63,610, 969 
 
 $215,9.57,0.57 
 
 14, 762,, 500 
 
 4,000 
 
 2,020,000 
 
 6, 491 , 900 
 
 12, .500, 120 
 
 11,792,700 
 
 1.0.50,000 
 
 400,000 
 
 310,000 
 
 2. 762,, 500 
 
 S8, ,805, 9-11 
 
 1361,069,645 
 
 $314,883,914 
 
 813,003,924 
 
 1 
 
 65, 927, 200 
 
 1,. 500, 000 
 
 S2, 310, 000 
 
 12,711,900 
 
 418, 827, 294 
 
 520,307,217 
 
 2,747,000 
 
 1,370,000 
 
 5, 008, 000 
 
 41,221,000 
 
 48, 139, 600 
 1,. 500, 000 
 64,1,86,092 
 11,217,425 
 319,8.50,2.52 
 
 4,58, 516, .133 
 
 2,520,400 
 
 S90,000 
 
 4,8X7,000 
 
 27,015,500 
 
 317, -113 
 
 662, 175 
 
 21, 923, 500 
 
 500, 000 
 
 4,435,000 
 
 1,990,000 
 
 7,230,000 
 
 29, 747,, 500 
 
 670, 000 
 
 6,000 
 
 1,276,800 
 
 1,640,000 
 
 19, 423, 500 
 
 28.5, 000 
 
 4, 212, ,630 
 
 1, 899, 000 
 
 3, 426, 0.50 
 
 28,204,6.50 
 
 670, 000 
 
 6,000 
 
 1,020,800 
 
 1,446, .500 
 
 1,100,442 
 14,2.60 
 78,710 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 4,071,586 
 
 253, 614 
 
 2,691,707 
 
 4,57,8,349 
 48, 900 
 16,000 
 92, 490 
 156, 270 
 
 
 4 
 
 74,. 595 
 316,668 
 
 431,393 
 15,795 
 
 
 177,715 
 
 1,288,429 
 
 27, .500 
 
 300 
 
 65,510 
 
 51, 650 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 
 31 , 890 
 i 
 
 10 
 11 
 
 T' 
 
 79,454,200 
 
 30,6.54,400 
 
 9, 339, 000 
 
 53,237,093 
 
 5,9.56,520 
 
 17,339,215 
 
 45, 530, 800 
 
 760, 000 
 
 5, 135, 000 
 
 20,686,800 
 10,290,000 
 138,749,000 
 40, 275, 000 
 61,370,600 
 
 3S2, 48 1,000 
 
 65, 000 
 
 55,302,400 
 
 769,500 
 
 20, 056, 600 
 
 62,232,000 
 29, 626, 900 
 17,993,425 
 2, 375, 000 
 99, 911, .500 
 
 760,000 
 
 44,5U1,,S00 
 
 290, 349, 496 
 
 600,000 
 
 2,864,000 
 
 22,0^6,660 
 
 105, 090, 400 
 
 114.266,500 
 
 7, 366, 600 
 
 14,515,200 
 67,580,210 
 113,059,700 
 13, 643, 000 
 16,467,000 
 
 65, 029, 857 
 
 34, 103, 600 
 
 5, 174,. 500 
 
 49,770,478 
 
 4,808,240 
 
 11,468,327 
 
 35, 322, 984 
 
 520, 000 
 
 4,651,100 
 
 17, 645, 750 
 
 7,931,960 
 
 132,269,045 
 
 36,277,300 
 
 38, 3.56,. 505 
 
 321, 172,. 580 
 
 65,000 
 
 49, 560, 796 
 
 66X, 450 
 
 18,040,6.50 
 
 38,793,491 
 28,245,050 
 12, 40.S, fi25 
 2,0.S5,000 
 96,022,2,80 
 
 660,000 
 
 29, 437, 421 
 
 269, .587, .590 
 
 56X, 400 
 
 2,373,600 
 
 66, 214, 137 
 20, ,599, 486 
 81,903,914 
 110,260,674 
 6, 730, 300 
 
 12,631,200 
 .51,130,684 
 98,760,844 
 K, 017, 575 
 12, 700, 600 
 
 .S81,771 
 
 7,86,459 
 
 1,650 
 
 2,9.56,911 
 
 160,137 
 272, 951 
 4-17, .532 
 
 3,500,000 
 1,133,000 
 
 1 , ,S48, 500 
 1,022,000 
 
 
 .834,200 
 
 5, 6.50, 000 
 
 800, 000 
 
 14,906,667 
 
 8.H8, 000 
 1,5.52,700 
 2,324,200 
 
 833, 900 
 
 5, 012, 000 
 
 .582, 000 
 
 14, 160, 667 
 
 043, 000 
 1,. 5.52, 700 
 1,964,402 
 
 44, 000 
 2.82, 126 
 
 13 
 
 13,160 
 
 14 
 15 
 
 409, 000 
 
 2, 179, 980 
 110,000 
 40,000 
 200, 000 
 
 1,107,000 
 
 2,135,000 
 
 610,000 
 
 30, 190, 000 
 
 25, 040, 000 
 
 3, 913, 000 
 
 6,300,000 
 
 408, 000 
 
 2,179,070 
 
 110,000 
 
 40,000 
 
 24,240 
 1,0.50 
 
 716,650 
 
 17, .680 
 48, 840 
 80,. 891 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 18 
 
 1,200 
 
 19 
 
 ■'0 
 
 26, 177 
 
 439, 045 
 191 , 600 
 6,297,818 
 313,026 
 913,006 
 
 6,744,069 
 
 2, 2.50 
 
 32,002 
 
 1,100 
 
 1,X,S6,210 
 
 74,410 
 645, 111 
 
 907,000 
 
 1,948,000 
 
 206, 000 
 
 26,042,000 
 
 20,. 892, 000 
 
 3,212,355 
 
 6,051,400 
 
 6,000 
 
 131,9,50 
 
 10, 860 
 
 1,46,5,983 
 
 1,424,983 
 
 .53.. 540 
 
 1.50, 000 
 
 3, 097,, 500 
 
 4,635,000 
 3,0.86,000 
 13, 765, 000 
 25, 000 
 4,148,000 
 
 3, 690, 000 
 
 3, 048, 000 
 
 4,479,000 
 1,663, .500 
 4,764,800 
 26, 000 
 1,476,2.50 
 
 2,069,000 
 
 138,215 
 
 229, 340 
 60, 923 
 67,376 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 
 70. 9.80 
 172,200 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 ■'8 
 
 4.50,000 
 
 300, 000 
 
 48, 000 
 
 
 
 
 ■>9 
 
 
 
 
 
 311 
 
 2,830,000 
 
 700, 000 
 
 6,4,80,000 
 
 105,000 
 
 2, ,802, 600 
 
 700,000 
 
 5,932,500 
 
 105, 000 
 
 79, 724 
 
 40, 000 
 77, 300 
 
 ]0,.S37,600 
 
 1,686,000 
 6, 697, .500 
 1,110,000 
 
 4, 837, ,500 
 
 1,610,000 
 6, 766, 000 
 1,039,000 
 
 172., 500 
 
 75, 000 
 
 164.3,56 
 
 6, 000 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 33 
 84 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 6,561,093 
 
 2,400 
 
 65,269 
 
 12,442,037 
 
 2, 078, 000 
 
 1,4.54,. 500 
 
 36, 070 
 
 15,101,000 
 
 12, 290, .500 
 
 493, 419 
 
 36 
 37 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 .51,393,207 
 
 51,013,048 
 
 3,1.87,830 
 
 145,838,689 
 • 
 
 141,3.59,022 
 
 6,0.59,989 
 
 39 
 40 
 
 2,, 500 
 
 •-5.1, S03 
 319,215 
 781,895 
 4,4O3,X0O 
 ]39,5.S4 
 
 209, 2,80 
 3.85,862 
 3,215,497 
 375, 270 
 149,000 
 
 205. 000 
 
 900, 000 
 
 2,427,160 
 
 2, 3.50, 000 
 
 4.S, 500 
 
 2, 026, .500 
 
 1 , 275, 000 
 
 9. 142, 990 
 
 1,345,000 
 
 290, 000 
 
 235, 000 
 
 882,007 
 2, 272, 604 
 1,029,000 
 
 
 308, 000 
 
 308,000 
 
 19,240 
 
 41 
 
 17,640 
 114, 4,53 
 24, 195 
 
 V 
 
 4,. 52 1,660 
 6,0.54,000 
 2, 069, 400 
 3, 050, 000 
 
 1 , 475, 000 
 
 16,2.81,829 
 
 IC, ,565, 000 
 
 655,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 3,8.87,660 
 5, 036, 694 
 1,978,400 
 1,345, ,500 
 
 1,442,000 
 
 15,131,829 
 
 14, 729, 600 
 
 656, 000 
 
 100,000 
 
 178, 297 
 
 218, 934 
 
 78, 697 
 
 34, 970 
 
 59,000 
 560, 100 
 698, .526 
 
 26, 750 
 6, 100 
 
 43 
 44 
 45 
 
 2, 014,, 500 
 
 1 , 175, 000 
 
 7,. 546, 090 
 
 1.345,000 
 
 290, 000 
 
 100,000 
 
 2,56,2.50 
 10.000 
 
 46 
 
 47 
 48 
 49 
 60 
 51 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
90 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 EMPLOYEES AND WAGES. 
 
 The schedules used at the Twelfth Census for collect- 
 ing statistics of emplo3'ees and wages contained several 
 important inquiries not used at previous censuses. 
 Thus in 1902 employees were segregated into general 
 groups of occupations, to show the prevailing dail_y rates 
 of paj' for each occupation and the average number em- 
 ployed during each month of the jear; the number 
 engaged in mining or quarrying who received pay ac- 
 cording to the quantity of work done (namel}', the 
 number of tons, cars, or yards mined) and the total 
 amount paid for such work; the amount paid for con- 
 tract work, such as tunneling, sinking of shafts, boring- 
 test holes, etc., when done b}' independent contractors, 
 and the number of men employed in such work; and, 
 finally, the total number of days that the mines or 
 quarries were in operation during the j'ear. 
 
 No provision was made in the schedule for a separate 
 report of female employees, either wage-earners or 
 those receiving salaries. There is no doubt that among 
 the salaried employees there were some female clerks, 
 but so few as to be a negligible quantity and of no statis- 
 tical importance, and none of them was engaged in the 
 actual mining or quarrying. On the otlier hand the 
 number of females engaged in the difj'erent branches 
 of manufacturing is comparatively large and, therefore, 
 of vital economic and sociologic importance. 
 
 In the vai'ious tables in this report showing wage- 
 eai'ners and wages comparisons have been made with 
 the statistics of earlier censuses whenever they were 
 availaltle; but because of the adoption of a radically 
 different method of ascertaining the average number 
 of wage-earners at this census any comparisons will be 
 invalidated to a considerable degree. In the schedules 
 for 1889 the inquirj' as to the numl)er of persons em- 
 ployed asked for the number of foremen or overseers 
 separately, but the inquirj- as to the amount of wages 
 paid did not call for a separate statement as to the 
 amount paid in wages to this class of employees. As a 
 result, the statistics for labor and wages published in 
 the Report on Mineral Industries at the Eleventh 
 Census show sepai'ately the number of foremen and 
 overseers, but not the amounts received by them, and 
 in no case can the wages paid to this class of employees 
 be separated. In the statistics for 1902, on the other 
 hand, foremen and overseers, with their salaries, are 
 included with superintendents, managers, survevors, 
 etc., and not with wage-earners. 
 
 Again, the schedule for 1889 called for a separate 
 statement as to the amount paid for contrart work, but 
 not for the number of persons employed on such work, 
 
 'This section and the sections following, Contract Mining and 
 Quarrying and Contrart Work, were prepared by Mr. Joseph 1). 
 Lewis, chief of the division of manufactures. 
 
 though such emploj'ees were probably included in the 
 total average number of wage-earners. 
 
 In the schedule for 1889 the inquiry as to labor and 
 wages is followed by this note: " In giving the number 
 of men employed include those employed by contractors 
 and subcontractors as well as by the company itself." 
 In the corresponding inquiry of the schedule for 1902 
 the note of instruction reads as follows: "Amounts 
 paid for contract work not done bj' employees hired 
 directly, and the number employed in such work, must 
 not be included in this inquiry, but should be reported 
 in answer to inquiry 6." In inquiry 6 of the schedule 
 for 1902 the amount paid for tunneling, shaft sinking, 
 boring test holes, etc. , if not done bj' employees hired 
 directly, and the average number of men employed on 
 such work are asked for separatel}'. 
 
 The greatest difference, however, between the statis- 
 tics for the two censuses results from a radical change in 
 the method of obtaining the average number of persons 
 employed. In editing the schedules for 1902 the figures 
 for the average number of employees were reduced to 
 a 300-day basis whenever the schedule showed them to 
 be the average number for a shorter period; when it 
 was evident that the employees had worked more than 
 300 days, the average immber for the longer period 
 was allowed to stand. The figures for 1902, therefore, 
 show the average numlier of employees that would be 
 required at continuous employment throughout the 
 year to perform the work done, while the figures for 
 1889 represent the aveiage number emplo3'ed during 
 the actual time that the several establishments con- 
 cerned were in operation and not an average number 
 for the whole year.'^ 
 
 It is obvious that the method adopted in 1902 tends 
 to produce a smaller average number than the method 
 employed in 1889. This is illustrated in the statistics 
 for several minerals as shown in this report. Thus, for 
 example, the statistics for the production of marble, 
 which show an increase in value of product between 
 1889 and 1902 of over $1,500,000, seem to show a 
 decrease in the average number of wage-earners. Ex- 
 cluding the number of foremen and overseers for both 
 years, the figures are as follows: 1889, 1,275; 1902, 
 l.oTo. But while the figures for 1902 represent the 
 continuous employment of 1,070 men for 300 davs, the 
 average luimber of days worked by the 4,275 wage- 
 earners in 18.89, as the detailed statistics show, was 
 only 255. Reduced to a 300-day basis, the average 
 number of wage-earners for 1889 is found to be 3,618, 
 thus showing that there has been a substantial increase 
 during the decade. 
 
 '' The difference between the two methods of computing the aver- 
 age is practically the same as in the .statistics for manufactures of 
 the Eleventh and Twelfth censuses and is fully explained in the 
 Report on Manufactures for the Twelfth Census. (See Parti, pages 
 cvi to cxi. ) The instructions for verifyingand correcting the num- 
 ber of wage-earners reported for 1902 lire given in Appendix C. 
 
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS. 
 
 91 
 
 It should bo stated also that it is iiiipi'aciic.ilik' to 
 make a comparison of the statistics of waoe-carnei's 
 and wages at the two censuses for the entire mining- 
 industry because the figures were not summarized for 
 the earlier period. 
 
 Employees, ly clmset^.T-'^ha following table summa- 
 rizes the totals reported for l!»(i'2 in answer to that part 
 of the inquiry which called for the average number of 
 each class of salaried employees and wage-earners and 
 the amounts paid them: 
 
 Table 30. — Employees by clames: 1902. 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Total number 38, 128 
 
 Total salaries $39, 020, 552 
 
 General otlicers— 
 
 Number 4, 591 
 
 Salaries S8, 218, 5-11 
 
 Superintendents, managers, foremen above ground, sur- 
 veyors, etc. — 
 
 Number 15, .538 
 
 Salaries 816, 666, 416 
 
 Foremen below ground — 
 
 Number 6, S63 
 
 Salaries $6, 208, S07 
 
 Clerks- 
 Number 11, l.Jti 
 
 Salaries $7, 927, ...S8 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Aggregate average number 581, 728 
 
 Aggregate wages {369, 959, 960 
 
 Above ground- 
 Total average number 221, 505 
 
 Total wages ?125, 086, 530 
 
 Engineers, firemen, machinists, blacksmitiis, car- 
 penters, and other mechanics — 
 
 Average number 60, 8.59 
 
 Wages 844, 478, 246 
 
 Miners, quarrymen, and stonecutters- 
 Average number 07, 129 
 
 Wages 833, 971, 290 
 
 Boys under 16 years — 
 
 Average number 6,219 
 
 Wages SI, 339, 478 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 Average num ber 87, 298 
 
 Wages 845, 297, 51B 
 
 Below ground — 
 
 Total average number 360, 223 
 
 Total wages 8244, 873, 430 
 
 Miners — 
 
 Average number 257, 301 
 
 Wages SLS4, 674, 193 
 
 Miners' helpers — 
 
 Average number 18,736 
 
 Wages 811, 496, 910 
 
 Boys under 16 yeans — 
 
 " Average niimber 5,638 
 
 Wages" Jl, 548, 889 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 Average number 78, 548 
 
 Wages S47, 153, 438 
 
 Table 36 shows the number of all classes of employees 
 reduced to the yearl}^ average as above described, with 
 the amount paid to each class in salaries and wages. 
 Salaried ofEcials, clerks, etc., usually receive annual or 
 monthly salaries and, as a rule, are employed through- 
 out the entire year; consequently, for this class, in a 
 great majority of cases, it was unnecessary to make the 
 reduction to the average for the year. 
 
 The employees shown in Table 36 may be arranged in 
 two groups — first, the office force, which consisted of 
 
 15,727 general officers and clerks, receiving $16,145,829 
 as salaries, the number and salaries forming 2.5 and 3.9 
 per cent, respectively, of the totals for all employees; 
 second, the emplo^^ees engaged in supervising and in 
 the actual work of the mines and quarries, which 
 include the superintendents, managers, foremen, sur- 
 veyors, etc., as well as the mechanics, the miners and 
 their helpers, and all other wage-earners. This class 
 numbered 60-1,129, and their salaries and wages amounted 
 to $392,.S34,683, forming 97.5 and 96.1 per cent, respec- 
 tively, of the totals. The superintendents, managers, 
 foremen, and survej'ors are cla.ssed as salaried officials 
 though the distinction between foremen and miners is 
 difficult to preserve, especiall}' when there is very little, 
 if an}', difierence in their wages. 
 
 Exclusive of the general officers and clerks, 237,043 
 emplo3'ees, or 38.3 per cent of the total number were 
 engaged in operations above ground, and the salaries 
 and wages paid for such work amounted to $141,752,946, 
 or 34.7 per cent of the total. The employees reported 
 as engaged below ground numbered 367,086, or 59.2 
 per cent, and their salaries and wages amounted to 
 $251,081,737, or 61.4 per cent of the total. The sepa- 
 ration of employees so as to show the numbers working 
 above and below ground can not be accepted as exact, 
 because the same employees niay, at different times, 
 work in both places, and in some classes of mining the 
 distinction between the two branches of work is not pre- 
 served uniformly. From Table 1, pages 348 to 361, 
 it appears that emplo3'ees working below ground were 
 reported for the majority of the minerals; liut of the 
 total number of such einplo^'ees 352,472, or all but 7,751, 
 were emploj'ed in the mining of coal, iron, copper, gold 
 and silver, and the salaries and wages the}' received 
 amounted to $240,737,543, or all but $4,135,887 of the 
 total salaries and wages paid for work below ground. 
 
 The miners, miners' helpers, quarrymen, and .stone- 
 cutters, who may be accepted as the employees engaged 
 in the actual work of removing the ore or mineral, and 
 dressing the stone at the quarry, numbered 343,166, or 
 59 per cent of the total number of wage-earners, and 
 their wages amounted to $230,142,393, or 62.2 per cent 
 of the total wages. 
 
 Wage-earnerv, hy occiqxitlims. — Table 37 shows the 
 distribution of the several classes of wage-earners 
 according to occupations, b}' minerals and groups of 
 minerals. 
 
92 
 
 MINES AND QUARKIES. 
 
 Table 37.-DISTRIBUTI()X (IF WAGK-EAKNERS ACCOKDIXIi TO OCCUPATIONS, BY MINERALS AND GROUPS OF 
 
 MINERALS: 1902. 
 
 
 All 
 ■ivage- 
 .■arners 
 (num- 
 ber). 
 
 ENGINKKKS. 
 
 FtKEMEN. 
 
 MACHINISTS, 
 BLACKS.MITHS, 
 CARPEN-TER.S, 
 AND OTHER 
 MECHANICS. 
 
 MINERS, QUAR- 
 RVMEN, 
 AND STONE- 
 CUTTERS. 
 
 MINERS' 
 HKLI'ERS. 
 
 Tr.MBERMKN 
 
 AND TRACK 
 
 LAYERS. 
 
 ROYS I 
 16 YI 
 
 NDEK 
 AKS. 
 
 ALL (.THEU 
 
 W Afi E- 
 
 EARNEK.S. 
 
 MINERALS, BY GROUPS. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 
 jen t of 
 
 all 
 wagf- 
 
 earn- 
 
 ers. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 cent of 
 
 all 
 wage- 
 earn- 
 ers. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 25, 870 
 
 Per 
 xutof 
 
 all 
 \vage- 
 earu- 
 
 ers. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 ■ent of 
 
 all 
 wage- 
 earn- 
 ers. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 
 eent of 
 
 all 
 wage- 
 earn- 
 ers. 
 
 I Per 
 cent of 
 Num-! all 
 ber. ! wage- 
 earn- 
 ers. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 cent of 
 
 all 
 wage- 
 earn- 
 ers. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 ecu t of 
 
 all 
 wage- 
 earn- 
 ers. 
 
 Total 
 
 381, 728 
 
 26, 249 
 
 4,5 
 
 8,740 
 
 1.5 
 
 4.5 
 
 321,430 .55.8 
 
 18, 736 
 
 3.2 
 
 13, .544 
 
 2.3 
 
 11,8.57 
 
 2.0 
 
 162,302 
 
 26.2 
 
 Metallic 
 
 110, -104 
 
 26, 007 
 3i;, 112 
 3S, xr,i 
 
 7, S,S1 
 194 
 
 1,329 
 
 372, .559 
 
 3, 763 
 
 3.4 
 
 2, 037 
 
 1.9 
 
 6,643 
 
 6.0 
 
 7.0 
 7.0 
 4,8 
 5.0 
 2.1 
 4.4 
 
 3.8 
 
 .55,124 49.9 
 
 7,730 
 
 7.0 
 
 3, .5.58 
 
 3.2 
 
 699 
 
 0.6 
 
 30, 8.50 
 
 28.0 
 
 Copper ore 
 
 Gold and silver 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 Lead and zinc ore 
 
 Manganese ore 
 
 Quicksilver 
 
 Fuels 
 
 1,528 
 
 1,102 
 
 .52.H 
 
 15 
 
 38 
 
 19, 148 
 
 2.1 
 4.2 
 
 2.8 
 6.7 
 
 2.9 
 
 5.2 
 
 187 
 466 
 812 
 224 
 
 42 
 
 5, 131 
 
 1.9 
 1.3 
 
 2.1 
 2.8 
 3.0 
 3.2 
 
 1.4 
 
 1,819 
 
 2,522 
 
 1,842 
 
 397 
 
 4 
 
 59 
 
 14,183 
 
 12, 821 
 19, 737 
 18, 656 
 3,300 
 96 
 611 
 
 207, 040 
 
 49.3 
 64.0 
 47.8 
 41.9 
 49.5 
 40.2 
 
 55.6 
 
 1,2.57 
 3, 293 
 2,293 
 
 6.58 
 3 
 
 226 
 
 10, 558 
 
 4.8 
 9.1 
 6.9 
 8.3 
 1.6 
 17.0 
 
 2.8 
 
 863 
 
 636 
 
 2, 099 
 
 30 
 
 24 
 
 9,820 
 
 3.3 
 
 1.5 
 5.4 
 0.5 
 
 "V.H 
 
 2.6 
 
 103 
 27 
 
 518 
 
 30 
 
 13 
 
 8 
 
 10, 194 
 
 0.4 
 0.1 
 1.3 
 0.4 
 6.7 
 0.6 
 
 2.7 
 
 8, 105 
 8,034 
 11,629 
 2, 708 
 56 
 318 
 
 90,482 
 
 31.2 
 22.2 
 29.9 
 34.4 
 28.9 
 23.9 
 
 25. 9 
 
 Coal, anthracite 
 
 Coal, bituminous 
 
 Natural gas 
 
 69, 691 
 
 280,638 
 J , 67S 
 17, .552 
 
 86, 295 
 
 13,041 
 2,433 
 
 31,. 547 
 4,070 
 
 10,448 
 
 18, 836 
 6, 920 
 
 610 
 
 2,064 
 
 3,781 
 
 3.52 
 
 =12,951 
 
 2, 909 
 
 3.0 
 1.4 
 7.5 
 73.8 
 
 3.4 
 
 1,,830 
 
 3, 112 
 
 121 
 
 65 
 
 1,287 
 
 2.6 2,613 
 1, 1 6, 739 
 2.0 1,074 
 0. 4 3. 757 
 
 3.8 
 2.4 
 23.0 
 21.4 
 
 5.1 
 
 17, 767 
 189, 273 
 
 25. 5 
 67. 4 
 
 0, 921 
 
 3, 037 
 
 9.9 
 1.3 
 
 1,977 2.8 
 7,H13 1 2,8 
 
 4,. 564 
 
 6; 028 
 
 2 
 
 6.5 
 2.0 
 
 31,949 
 
 00, 625 
 
 3,129 
 
 779 
 
 22,073 
 
 45.8 
 21.6 
 66. 9 
 
 
 
 4.4 
 
 Structural materials 
 
 1.5 
 
 4,419 
 
 54, 476 J 03.1 
 
 237 
 
 0.3 ' 22 
 
 (>) 
 
 872 
 
 1.0 
 
 0.8 
 1.2 
 0.8 
 0.5 
 0.7 
 1.1 
 2.8 
 
 0.5 
 
 25, 6 
 
 Cement 
 
 Clay 
 
 Limestones and dolomites 
 
 Marble 
 
 Sandstones and quartzites 
 
 Siliceous crystalline rocks 
 
 Slate ." 
 
 337 
 53 
 940 
 113 
 529 
 658 
 279 
 
 40 
 
 2. 6 
 
 3^0 
 2.8 
 5.1 
 3.5 
 4.7 
 
 6.5 
 
 338 
 19 
 
 3.58 
 80 
 
 241 
 
 164 
 87 
 
 15 
 
 2. 6 
 0. .s 
 1.1 
 2.0 
 2.3 
 0.9 
 1.5 
 
 2.6 
 
 1.117 
 34 
 935 
 324 
 478 
 
 1,094 
 137 
 
 20 
 
 10,9 3,031 
 1.4 1 , 649 
 3.0 1 22,036 
 8.0 1 2,513 
 4.0 1 7,117 
 6.8 14,474 
 2.3 i 3,656 
 
 3. 3 1 402 
 
 67. H 
 69, s 
 61.7 
 fi.s.l 
 76. 8 
 61.8 
 
 65. 9 
 
 220 
 17 
 
 10 
 
 1.7 
 0.7 
 
 1.6 
 
 20 
 2 
 
 
 
 0.2 
 0.1 
 
 
 
 111 
 30 
 
 2.38 
 22 
 70 
 
 200 
 
 169 
 
 3 
 
 7, .507 
 629 
 7,020 
 1,018 
 2,007 
 2,240 
 ir.592 
 
 120 
 
 .58. 
 26. 8 
 22.3 
 
 25. 
 19.2 
 11.9 
 
 26. 9 
 
 19.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 Buhrstones and millstones 
 
 8(i 
 17 
 2'J 
 lis 
 210 
 
 35 
 
 85 
 
 8,835 
 
 1.53 
 
 269 
 
 1,472 
 
 5, 971 
 
 970 
 
 592 
 
 2 
 4 
 1 
 4 
 24 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 278 
 
 2.3 
 
 8.5 
 3.4 
 3.4 
 11.4 
 
 .5.7 
 
 3.5 
 
 3.1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2.3 
 4.3 
 
 80 
 23 
 26 
 61 
 118 
 
 23 
 
 71 
 
 5, 539 
 
 93.1 
 48.9 
 89.7 
 .51.7 
 .56. 2 
 
 65. 7 
 
 ,S3. 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 2 
 
 47 
 42 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 2,187 
 
 2.3 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 '>1 3 
 
 
 
 17.0 
 
 Crystalline quartz 
 
 
 
 
 6.9 
 
 1 
 14 
 
 6;? 
 
 10 
 
 1.2 
 1.8 
 
 
 
 
 39.8 
 
 Grindstones and pulpstones 
 
 Infusorial earth, tripoli, and 
 
 1 1 
 
 2 
 
 0.9 
 
 20.0 
 28.6 
 
 Oilstones, whetstones, and scythe- 
 
 """227' 
 
 2.6 
 
 1 
 
 1.2 
 3.1 
 
 
 1 
 65 
 
 1.2 
 0.0 
 
 10.6 
 
 Chemical materials 
 
 02.7 
 
 144 1.0 
 
 27 ' 17.7 
 9 3. 3 
 
 12.S . 1.5 
 
 24.8 
 
 
 8 
 16 
 5'^ 
 173 
 29 
 
 19 
 
 5.2 
 6.0 
 3.5 
 2.9 
 3.0 
 
 3.2 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 29 
 169 
 
 6 
 
 I 2.0 
 1.5 
 2.0 
 2. s 
 2.3 
 
 1.0 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 20 
 
 171 
 
 75 
 
 12 
 
 3.9 
 
 IM\ 
 
 43.1 
 66. 4 
 41.7 
 73.4 
 31.0 
 
 
 
 
 1 43 
 
 67 
 
 , 7.54 
 
 928 
 
 405 
 
 110 
 
 28.1 
 
 Fluorspar 
 
 Gypsum 
 
 Phqsphate rock 
 
 1.9 1 170 
 1.4 614 
 2.9 ! 4,3X2 
 7.7 ■ 301 
 
 2.0 ' 411 
 
 
 3 
 37 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 0.7 
 0.2 
 0.6 
 1.3 
 
 0.4 
 
 21.2 
 51. 2 
 
 Ill 1.9 
 
 108 11.1 17 , 1.8 
 
 15.5 
 41.8 
 
 Pigments 
 
 1 
 69.4 20 3.4 12 
 
 2.0 
 
 18.6 
 
 
 330 
 2.56 
 
 2, 433 
 
 23 
 ].56 
 1511 
 252 
 119 
 114 
 164 
 
 13 
 
 9.S 
 .88 
 10« 
 335 
 771 
 
 19 
 15 
 
 17 
 92 
 
 1 
 6 
 9 
 11 
 5 
 4 
 8 
 
 0.6 
 6.6 
 
 3.8 
 
 4.3 
 3.8 
 6.0 
 4.4 
 4.2 
 3.5 
 4.9 
 
 2 
 4 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 
 3'1 95.5 i 1 i 0.3 
 
 
 2 
 
 0.0 
 
 8 
 102 
 
 , 480 
 
 2.4 
 
 
 1.6 
 1.4 
 
 12 
 310 
 
 4 7 
 
 ttn 35 ■} , 1M 
 
 7 4 
 
 19. 
 
 4.7 
 0.2 
 
 39.8 
 
 13.0 1.438 .59.1 I 37 
 
 1.5 4 
 
 32 
 
 1.3 
 
 19.7 
 
 
 
 
 '2 
 4 
 3 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 1 8. 7 
 2.6 
 2.0 
 4 
 1.7 
 4.4 
 0. 6 
 
 6 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 l.S 
 
 H. 7 17 71,0 
 1 4.5 lli; 71.1 
 3.4 77 51.3 
 2.4 . 1.83 72.0 
 3.4 65 .54.6 
 2. 6 .54 47. 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 21 
 
 53 
 4.S 
 '■ 13 
 24 
 40 
 
 4 3 
 
 Asphaltum and bituminous ro{-k . 
 
 1 1 0.6 1 0.0 
 
 
 
 13.5 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 2.0 
 1.2 
 
 33,3 
 
 Feldspar 
 
 19.0 
 
 
 ,30.1 
 
 Fuller's earth 
 
 Graphite 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 21.1 
 0.0 
 
 21.1 
 
 11.0 
 
 S7 , ,53.0 
 
 6 \ 3.7 
 
 3 l.H 
 
 24. 4 
 
 Marl 
 
 Mica 
 
 Monazite 
 
 Precious stones 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 7.7 
 6.1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 LO 
 
 
 
 10 
 70 
 
 76. 9 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 7.7 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 6 i 
 
 71 4 
 
 3 
 
 3.1 
 
 
 13 
 
 1 i 
 
 13.3 
 
 
 86 97. 7 
 79 73 2 
 
 
 
 
 2.3 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 ■S 
 
 251 
 
 3.7 
 2.4 
 
 .5 
 
 4.0 
 
 
 
 
 18.5 
 
 21 
 
 6.2 
 
 2.7 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 0. 9 
 1 '■'' 
 
 149 
 
 11.5 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 40.0 
 
 Talc and soapstone 
 
 32.6 , 411 
 
 53 3 
 
 17 
 
 2.2 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 7.9 
 
 
 2 100.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '•^ 
 
 10.6 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 6,7 
 
 60 
 
 5 j 33.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 ]ier (-ent, 
 
 '- Inelnrles pumpmen. 
 
 ■^ Includes chrome ore, magnesite, ractlybdeuum, nickel and cobalt, and rutile. 
 
 Table 37 show.s the relative proportions of the several 
 classes of wage-earners that were recpiired in the dif- 
 ferent branches of the mineral industry. The schedule 
 of inquiry, of course, could not l)e made in sufficient 
 detail to show separately all classes of occupations, and 
 consequent!}' a large number of wage-earnei's that in ii 
 complete presentation would be oiven sepai'atciy are 
 
 included in the class of "all other wage-earners." A 
 very large proportion of this class, however, were 
 common workmen or unskilled laliorcrs. For the in- 
 dustry as a whole the percentages which the nuniliers 
 of the different classes of wage-eai'nei's were of lh(> total 
 iiuinK'cr are as follows: Engineers, 4. .5 per cent; tire- 
 men. I.Tj; meclianics. 4.ri; miners, (|uarrymen, and stone 
 
SUiMMAKY AND ANALYSIS OF RKSULTS. 
 
 93 
 
 cutters, 55.8; miners' helpers, 3.2; timhenuen luul track 
 layers, 2.3; boys under 10 years. 2; all otlier wage- 
 earners, 26.2. 
 
 So far as possil)lo the minerals in Talde 37 are ar- 
 rauged in groups according to their cluiracter or the uses 
 to Avhieh they are put. l^\)r the reason that there is, as 
 a rule, a similarity in the conditions of mining the 
 minerals in the same gi'oups, the statistics in each 
 group are more comparable with each other than with 
 those of different groups. A notable exception, how- 
 ever, is found in the group of fuels, in which the statis- 
 tics for natural gas and petroleum are not at all analo- 
 gous to those for coal, and are not in any sense com- 
 parable with them on account of the entirely diff'erent 
 conditions governing production. 
 
 The conditions that chiefly affect the proportions of 
 the several classes of wage-earners are the methods of 
 mining, whether surface or underground, and whether 
 the mineral is sold in the crude state or undergoes 
 some process of manufacture at the mine before being 
 marketed. If the mine workings are underground and 
 are spread over a wide area, the proportion of miners 
 is reduced and those of other classes are correspondingly 
 increased. Conversely, in surface mining and C[uarry- 
 ing, the proportion of those engaged in the woi'k of get- 
 ting out the mineral is, as a rule, larger than in the other 
 branches. Any manufacturing process to which the 
 product maj' be subjected at the mine or (juarry befoi'c 
 shipment necessarily increases the proportion of "all 
 other wage-earners.'' This is plainly indicated in the 
 statistics for cement, the finished cement being in every 
 case manufactured in connection with quarrying the 
 rock, and also to a slightl}^ less degree in the case of gyp- 
 sum, the work of manufacturing land plaster, wall or 
 cement plaster, and plaster of Paris being done at the 
 C|uarry. The j:)roportions of "all other wage-earners'' 
 in these two industries were 58 and 51.2 per cent, re- 
 spectively. The largest proportion in this miscellane- 
 ous grcnip of employees, namely, 66.9 per cent, was for 
 the natural gas industiy, in which the principal work, 
 after the equipment of the property is complete, is the 
 distribution of the gas to the consumers; and the group 
 of "all other wage-earners" was composed chiefly of 
 the various classes of employees engaged in this part 
 of the work. In this industry the mechanical force 
 composed of machinists, blacksmiths, carpenters, and 
 other mechanics, formed 23 per cent of the entire num- 
 ))er of wage-earners. Upon comparing the statistics 
 for petroleum with those for natural gas. it is found 
 that the percentages for the mechanical force were 
 almost identical in the two industries, but that in the 
 petroleum industry the predominating class consisted 
 of the engineers engaged in the work of pumping wells, 
 these forming 73.8 per cent of the whole nunil)er. As 
 shown by a comparison of anthracite and bituminous 
 coal, the percentages for the mechanical force and for 
 " all other wage-earners" were greater for the anthra- 
 cite, while miners constituted a larger proportion in 
 
 the case of liituminous. Those ai'c the natui'al results 
 of the greater diflicult}' of anthraciti' mining and of 
 the necessity of jjrepariijg the product for market after 
 it is mined. 
 
 In adflition to the foregoing and other facts that a 
 critical analysis of Talile 37 might disclose, it is shown 
 that the mechanical force was especially large for ce- 
 ment, graphite, natural gas, petroleum, and talc and 
 soapstonc; that practical!}' all the wage-earnc'rs em- 
 ployed were directly engaged in remo\'ing the niinei-al 
 in the case of barvtes, buhrstones and millstones, mon- 
 azito, oilstones, whetstones, and scythestones; and that 
 the proportion of employees included under "all other 
 wage-earnei's" was considerably above the average in 
 the case of cement, gypsum, mineral pigments, nat- 
 ural gas, and sulphur and pyrite. 
 
 RoilH II X 'iriiiji'-earner.s. — Provision was made in the 
 schedule for reporting separately the men, and the 
 boys under 16 years, emploj-ed as wage-earners. Table 
 38 shows for each mineral the number of men and boys 
 employed, with the percentage that the number of each 
 is of the total number of wage-earners. 
 
 Table 38. — Wage-earners, men and boyx, hij minerals: 1902. 
 
 BOYS UNLiEK 1(3 
 YEARH. 
 
 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per eent. 
 
 '- Ineludes chrome ore, magnesite, molybdenum, nickel and cobalt, and rutile. 
 
94 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 The average number of wag-e-earnei.s employed in 
 the mining inclustr3' in 1902 was 581,728, of whom only 
 11,857, or 2 per cent, were boys under l(j j^ears, which 
 may be considered a small proportion. The statistics 
 of manufactures show that there were 168,583 children 
 under 16 years out of a total of 5,308,406 wage-earners, 
 a percentage of 3.2, emploj'ed in the manufacturing 
 industries in 1900. The reason for the small propor- 
 tion of boys employed in mines and quarries is un- 
 doubtedly the arduous nature of the work and the 
 rigorous conditions under which it is performed in 
 many branches of the industry. Aside from the physi- 
 cal strength and endurance required in nuich of the 
 work, it frequently has to be performed under condi- 
 tions extremely injurious to health and of great hazard 
 to life and limb. 
 
 In man}' of the industries, as shown by the table, no 
 boys were found, and in most of the others the propor- 
 tion was very small. The industries for which no boys 
 were reported are as follows: Asbestos; asphaltuni and 
 bituminous rock; borax; buhrstones and millstones; 
 corundum and emery; crystalline quartz; Hint; garnet; 
 infusorial earth, tripoli, and pumice: litiiiumore; mica; 
 mineral pigments, crude; monazite; petroleum; precious 
 stones; silica sand; talc and soapstone; tungsten; ura- 
 nium and vanadium; chrome ore; magnesite; molybde- 
 num; nickel and cobalt; and r utile. 
 
 It should be observed that. for the mineral industries 
 giving employment to but a small number of wage- 
 earners in the aggregate the percentages given may be, 
 and no doubt are, in some cases entirely misleading, as 
 the large proportion of boys may be due to circum- 
 stances which are entirely fortuitous. The highest per- 
 centage shown is for the mining of fuller's eartli, for 
 which 24 boys, or 21.1 per cent of the total number of 
 wage-earners, were reported. They were nearly all re- 
 ported by one large establishment and were employed 
 at the lighter work, such as driving carts and perform- 
 ing certain parts of the processes of drying and grind- 
 ing the product. When the product, after l>eing mined, 
 requires some preparation before shipment, the propor- 
 tion of ))oys is always larger than when the mineral is j 
 sold in a crude condition. This is clearly shown in 
 coal mining, in which industry there were among the 
 employees in both branches, anthracite and bituminous, 
 10,192 boys, or 86 per cent of the total for the Tnitcd 
 States in all branches of the mining and quarrving 
 industries. In anthracite mines there wei'e 4,561 boys 
 employed, or 6.5 per cent of the total nund)er of wage- 
 earners in that industry, and in bituminous mines there 
 were 5,62s, or 2 pei- cent of the total. The occupa- 
 tions commonly followed l)y tioys below ground are 
 nude driving and door tending. In anthracite mines 
 the rumd)cr of boys below ground was 1.1 per cent of 
 the total number of wage-earners, and in bituminous 
 1.7 per cent, showing that a somewhat larger propor- 
 tion of boys was i'e(|uii-e(| in underground work in 
 
 bituminous mining than in anthracite. As a rule bitu- 
 minous coal requires no preparaticm after })eing mined'^ 
 thb "run of mine" is usuall}' marketed in that condi- 
 tion. Anthracite, on the other hand, is always crushed, 
 screened, picked or cleaned, and in many instances 
 washed Ijefore being shipped, and many boj's are em- 
 ployed in the various stages of the process. This is 
 clearly indicated by the statistics. In bituminous min- 
 ing onl}- three-tenths of 1 per cent of the total number 
 of wage-earners were boys working above ground, 
 while in anthracite mining such employees formed 5.5 
 per cent of the entire number. 
 
 It is especiall}' noteworthy that for gold and silver 
 mining, in which on an average 36,142 wage-earners 
 were emplo3'ed, only 27 boys, or one-tenth of 1 per 
 cent of the total, were reported, and of this number 
 only 6 worked underground. The number of boys 
 reported in copper and in lead and zinc mining was 
 also noticeably small. 
 
 Witgi'-earnem employed during each mimtJi. — The sta- 
 tistics for the average number of wage-earners em- 
 ployed each month are summarized in the following 
 table: 
 
 Table 3i_). — Average iiuiiiher of imije-edriierx employed dnring each 
 month: 1902. 
 
 Yearly average 581, 728 
 
 Total. 
 
 Men 16 
 
 years 
 
 and over. 
 
 Boys 
 
 under 16 
 
 years. 
 
 .569, 871 
 
 11,857 
 
 January 605, 802 
 
 February 602, 635 
 
 March 611,026 
 
 April 620, 166 
 
 May I 566, 870 '■ 
 
 •Inne 525, 464 
 
 ■Inly 616,870 
 
 August ■ ,528, .532 
 
 September. 
 October ... 
 November . 
 December . 
 
 .537, 433 
 .576,796 
 646,922 
 643, 220 
 
 .590, 
 587, 
 596 
 604, 
 556, 
 518, 
 609 
 621, 
 629, 
 666 
 631, 
 627 
 
 1.5, 440 
 
 16, 454 
 
 15, 613 
 
 15, 807 
 
 10, 406 
 
 7,267 
 
 7,274 
 
 7,443- 
 
 7,. 501 
 
 9,205 
 
 1.5, 28a 
 
 15, 591 
 
 The greatest number, 646,922, were employed in 
 November. Exclusive of the coal mines, the greatest 
 activity in the mining industries was during the sum- 
 mer months, the largest number being emploved in 
 August. The largest number were employed in the 
 coal mines during December, but the strike in the 
 anthracite t-oal region continued from May to October 
 and greatly reduced the number employed during that 
 lieriod. The number employed each month in the pro- 
 duction of the different minerals, shown in Table 40, 
 indicates that in .some branches of mining the opera- 
 tions were comparatively constant during the year, 
 while in others the activity of the industry varied 
 widely. 
 
 The-e is a natuial division of mining operations into 
 two main classes, surface and deep mining. Activit}^ 
 in the former is affected, as it is in outdoor industries 
 generally, by the weather and by seasonal changes; 
 while opeiations in the latter class, as a rule, are gov- 
 erned more by the market conditions. No idea can be 
 
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS. 
 
 95 
 
 obtained from Table 39 of the periods of activity and 
 depression in particular branches of the mining indus- 
 try, although it shows general conditions for the indus- 
 try as a whole. It is not practicable to make a complete 
 segregation of the statistics based on this division, as 
 operations in some of the industries, iron ore for exam- 
 ple, are conducted both on the surface and under- 
 ground. 
 
 T.\BLE 40.— AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE-EARXERtS EMPI. 
 
 MINING OF WHICM MORE THAN 
 
 Reference to the detailed statistics in Table 1, page 
 3-±8 of this report, will show for each branch of the 
 mining industry the variations in the average number 
 of wage-earners employed during each month. Table 
 40 shows theavei'age number of wage-earners emploj'ed 
 each month for the more important minerals — that is, 
 those showing a yearly average of more than 2,00f> 
 wage-earners. 
 
 OYED DURING EACH MONTH, BY MINERALS, IX THE 
 2,000 WERE EMPLOYED: 1902. 
 
 Yearly average , 
 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 March .." 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 All 
 miner- 
 als. 
 
 605, 802 
 602. f.35 
 (ill, 026 
 620, 160 
 ma. 870 
 f,2f>, 464 
 616, 870 
 .')2R, 532 
 537, 433 
 575, 796 
 646, 922 
 643,220 
 
 Ce- 
 ment. 
 
 10, 426 
 10. 364 
 10, 883 
 12,413 
 13,303 
 13,396 
 13, 594 
 14,622 
 14, 666 
 14, 4.59 
 14, 295 
 14,071 
 
 Clay, 
 
 2,147 
 2, 128 
 2, 269 
 2,433 
 2, 608 
 2,658 
 2,638 
 2, nOl 
 2,512 
 2,499 
 2, 420 
 2,293 
 
 Coal, Coal. 
 
 anthra- bitumi- 
 
 cite. nous. 
 
 69, 691 280, 638 
 
 118,380 
 
 119,228 
 
 117,5X4 
 
 117,707 
 
 .56, 1.56 
 
 16,3,53 
 
 6, .552 
 
 7,706 
 
 8,236 
 
 36,469 
 
 113,320 
 
 118, 602 
 
 298, 637 
 287, 007 
 283, 327 
 272, 927 
 268, 006 
 263, 253 
 260, 817 
 269, 173 
 278, 697 
 292, 054 
 298, 718 
 303,140 
 
 Copper 
 ore. 
 
 24,996 
 24,768 
 
 25, 715 
 
 26, 201 
 27, 18:! 
 26, .572 
 26,9.50 
 26,000 
 25, 790 
 26,366 
 25,811 
 25,732 
 
 Gold 
 
 and 
 
 silver. 
 
 34,705 
 34, 9.52 
 34, 837 
 35, 986 
 37, 192 
 37, 333 
 37,130 
 37,166 
 36, 757 
 36, 785 
 36, 1.51 
 34,707 
 
 Iron 
 ore. 
 
 34, 2.59 
 33, .592 
 36, 168 
 37, 326 
 39, 830 
 39, 842 
 41,167 
 42,025 
 41,857 
 41,, 528 
 40,401 
 89,217 
 
 Lead 
 and 
 zinc 
 ore. 
 
 7,352 
 7, 293 
 7,493 
 
 7, 636 
 7,996 
 8,028 
 8,043 
 
 8, 212 
 8,099 
 8,157 
 8,061 
 8, 202 
 
 6,634 
 7,170 
 7,. 546 
 7,999 
 8,353 
 8,401 
 8, 50a 
 8,491 
 8,710 
 8, .557 
 8,142 
 7,758 
 
 Of the minerals shown separatelj' in Table 40, the pro- 
 duction of clay appears to have been carried on with 
 the greatest degree of regularity, the number employed 
 varying only from 2,658 in June to 2,128 in Feiiruarv, 
 while the number employed in the production of anthra- 
 cite coal varied from 119,228 in February to (j,,552 in 
 July. This wide variation marked an abnormal condi- 
 tion — the great strike, which continued from May to 
 October. While it seems that the strike affected all 
 of the wage-earners in the coal industry, the operators 
 were successful in most cases in securing the services 
 of a suiEcient number of men to protect their properties 
 and to preserve them from deterioration and, in some 
 instances, even to mine small quantities of coal. 
 
 In bituminous coal mining the largest number of 
 wage-earners, 303, 14(;), appears for December. The 
 number fluctuates from month to month, reaching the 
 lowest point, 260,817, in July. 
 
 Table -10 clearly indicates that in all kinds of mining 
 and quarrying, where the work is done largely in the 
 open air, the period of greatest activity is in summer, 
 while the averages for the winter months denote a time 
 of comparative depression. This condition is shown 
 for clay, limestones and dolomites, marble, sand.stones 
 and quartzites, siliceous crystalline rocks, and slate, 
 and also, although less pronounced, for cement, iron 
 ore, and lead and zinc ore. Phosphate rock, being 
 mined almost entirely in the South where the seasonal 
 changes have less effect, shows a less marked reduction 
 of the number of employees in the colder months than 
 some of those just mentioned. 
 
 The variation in the average number of wage-earners 
 in gold and silver mining was from 37,333 in June to 
 
 34,705 in January, and in copper mining from 27,183 
 in May to 24,768 in Feiiruary. 
 
 Ai'i'rtKje eaniinys of 'wuge- earners. — In considering 
 the statistics of employees and wages included in this 
 report it should be understood that it is not possible to 
 draw from the figures any trustworthy conclusion re- 
 garding the average earnings of all those eniplo_yed at 
 stated wages, either by the da\- or piece. The division 
 of the total amount paid in wages to the wage-earners 
 of any industry or of any class bv tlie number of wage- 
 earners in the industry or class results in an unreal and 
 deceptive amount, which is the quotient oi the mathe- 
 matical operation and nothing more. It does not repre- 
 sent the rate of wages of any one class of wage-earners.' 
 
 A part of the inquiry into employees and wages was 
 framed for the purpose of bringing out the actual daily, 
 rates of pay received by the different classes of wage- 
 earners, and this division of the general subject is 
 treated on pages 96 to 101 of this report. While this 
 class of wage statistics, i. e., actual wage rates, appears 
 to receive the more general approval of statisticians, in 
 preference to statistics purporting to represent average 
 earnings, these rates, unless considered in connection 
 with the duration of the period of employment, are 
 liable to pro\'e misleading, \^'hile a given rate repre- 
 sents the earnings of each wage-earner at that rate for 
 a day's employment, it fails to furnish a true indication 
 as to the annual earnings of the workman, and so falls 
 short of being a correct index of his economic condi- 
 tion, which is better determined by the amount of 
 wages paid to him annually. This is perhaps true more 
 
 'This question i.s fully discussed in the Rep.ort on Manufactures 
 for the Twelfth Census. (See Part I, pacjes cxi to cxxv. 1 
 
^6 
 
 M1NP]S AND QUARRIES. 
 
 especially of niinino- and (luarrving than of other line.s 
 of industry, as operations are fretjuently \'ery ii'ri'gular 
 and spasmodic hy reason of a fluctuating demand for 
 the products. 
 
 The statistics for anthracite coal may he taken as 
 illustrating- these points. Table 40 shows that for 19oy 
 the least number of men, 6,552, was reported for July, 
 and the greatest number, 119,228, for Febi-uary. The 
 strike of the anthracite coal miners lasted from Maj' 12 
 to October 23, and the number employed in July may 
 be said to represent the minimum, or the number 
 required to preserve and protect the properties; while 
 the number for February, giving due consideration to 
 the fact that it is an average for the month, is the full 
 quota finding employment in the industry. The 
 amount paid in wages during the j'ear was $.38,716,11;-!, 
 and the division of this amount by the average number 
 of wage-earners for the j'ear, 69, 691, results in a quo- 
 tient of $555, which can be regarded only as an abstract 
 quantit}' indicating the measure of the earnings of a 
 theoretical average employee who worked full time 
 during the year. This, in the light of the actual expe- 
 rience of those employed at anthracite mines in 1902, 
 can only l)e considered as an ideal state of affairs. 
 
 ^y(|<Je-<Mrnerl< at xprcifii'd diiihj nitix of pay. — The 
 inquiry designed to elicit the daily rates of pay of the 
 wage-earners called for a distribution of the several 
 classes according to their rates by 25-cent groups from 
 50 cents to $1.2-1, those receiving less than 50 cents and 
 those receiving ^^1.25 or over t(.> he combined into single 
 groups. The exact rate of pay was not asked foi', and 
 in most cases the distribution of the employees within 
 the 25-cent groups is not detinitel}' known. It ma_v be 
 stated as a general proposition, however, that the 
 
 greater proportion of the wage-earners included in the 
 various 25-cent rate groups received the lowest rate of 
 those groups. In the case of coal and iron ore miners 
 and other emploj^ees paid in accordance with the amount 
 of work done, very little can be said regarding daily rates 
 of pay. When, wage-earners are paid by the hour there 
 is the same difficulty, for the dail}' rates are then natu- 
 rally dependent upon the hours of employment. How- 
 ever, with the exception of coal and iron ore miner.s and 
 some quarrymen, the great majority of the wage-earners 
 employed in the mineral industries of the United States 
 are paid by the day; and when employees are paid by 
 the da}' their rates are more likely to be in nudtiples of 
 25 cents than otherwise. For example, the returns 
 show that 6,712 of the men employed in copper mines 
 received between $3.50 and $3.74 per day, and it may 
 be safely stated that most of these men received $3.50 
 a day. For some minerals the daily rates of the se\ eral 
 occupations arc fixed at figures which are not multiples 
 of 25 cents. But it A\'ould he more nearly correct to 
 take the lowest I'ate in most wage groups as the rate 
 paid to the greater number of the employees included 
 within that group than it would be, for example, to con- 
 sider the rate halfway Ijetween the limits of the group 
 as an average for the entire group. 
 
 The distri))ution of the wage-earners according to 
 these rates is shown in the following table for each 
 mineral in the production of which more than l,(tOO 
 wage-earners were employed on the average during 
 1902. The table gives also the per cent that the num- 
 ber at each rate is of the total number; and the cunmla- 
 tive percentage at each rate, which shows what propor- 
 tion of the total number received a wage as great as, or 
 greatei' than, the lowest wage of the given wage group. 
 
 T.VBLE 41.— DISTRIP.UTIOX OK \VA( ;K-EAKXERS .VCCOIiDtXi ; To DAILY I^ATES OF PAY, 
 
 {Each c-umulntive pL-rcuntagu slimv.s tlnj pruiMirtiim of thi.. littiil Tiiinilji.T n'i-ui\iiiy ;i wimu us gn.-at as, or gn-atiT lliaii, tin- low" 
 
 BY MINERALS: 1902. 
 
 St w a^L' ui thu given wage group.] 
 
 RATE PER I).\Y 
 (DOLJ.-iP.S). 
 
 ALL MINERALS. 
 
 .\verage 
 number. 
 
 Per 
 eent of 
 total. 
 
 Total SSl.T^H 
 
 Le.s.s than O.fti 53S 
 
 O..50to0.74 4,677 
 
 0.75 to 0.99 1 11.054 
 
 1.00 to 1.24 1 33,503 
 
 1.26 to 1.49 45,101 
 
 1..50tol.74 7X,102 
 
 1.75 to 1.99 75, .564 
 
 2.00 to 2.24.... 
 
 2.25 to 2.49 
 
 2..50to2.74.... 
 
 2.75 to 2.99 
 
 3.00 to 3.24 .... 
 
 3.26 to 3.49 .... 
 3.50 to 3.74.... 
 3.75 to 3.99.... 
 4.0010 4.24 .... 
 4.25 and over ; 2,31' 
 
 1 10, 6.HU 
 
 73, 6(;6 
 
 .52, 837 
 
 24, 440 
 
 31 , 577 
 
 10, 733 
 
 20, 324 
 
 2,397 
 
 4,214 
 
 Cumula- 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 0.1 
 
 0. K 
 
 1.9 
 
 6.,S 
 
 7.8 
 13.4 
 13.0 
 19.0 
 12.7 
 
 9.1 
 
 4.2 
 
 5,4 
 
 1,8 
 
 3,5 
 
 0,4 ; 
 
 0,7 
 
 0,4 
 
 100.0 
 99.9 
 99.1 
 97.2 
 91.4 
 83. 
 70.2 
 .57.2 
 38.2 
 28. 5 
 16.4 
 12.2 
 6.8 
 6.0 
 1.5 
 1.1 
 0.4 
 
 
 CEMENT 
 
 Average 
 
 Per 
 ceTil of 
 total. 
 
 number. 
 
 13, 041 
 
 10(1. 
 
 37 
 
 0.3 
 
 20 
 
 0.2 
 
 192 
 
 1.6 
 
 1,099 
 
 8, 1 
 
 3,849 
 
 29. 6 
 
 4,107 
 
 31.6 
 
 1,632 
 
 12.5 
 
 933 
 
 7,1 
 
 427 
 
 3,3 
 
 433 
 
 3.3 
 
 103 
 
 0. 8 
 
 125 
 
 1.0 
 
 47 
 
 0. J 
 
 19 
 
 0. 2 
 
 Cumula- 
 tive per- 
 eentage. 
 
 100.0 
 99. 7 
 9'J. 5 
 98. 
 89. II 
 00. 1 
 28.6 
 IB.l 
 9,0 
 6, 7 
 2.4 
 
 i.i; 
 
 0. 6 
 0.2 
 
 Average 
 luimber. 
 
 11 
 41 
 
 330 
 491 
 ,871 
 322 
 89 
 121 
 
 Per Cumula- 
 ecnt of tive per- 
 total. j centage. 
 
 0.4 
 
 1.8 
 13.6 
 20. 3 
 36.8 
 13.2 
 
 2. 8 
 0.3 
 0, I 
 
 100.0 
 
 99.6 
 
 97.8 
 
 84.2 
 
 63. 9 
 
 28.1 
 
 14.9 
 
 11,2 
 
 6.2 
 
 3. 6 
 
 II. 7 
 
 COAL, ANTHRACITE. 
 
 Per 
 
 ent I. 
 total. 
 
 ' •■■•'■■'I ceiitage. 
 
 69,691 
 
 
 70 
 
 2, 4.59 
 
 3,808 
 
 6,646 
 
 8, 495 
 
 10, 712 
 
 11,. 547 
 
 8, 1,59 
 
 7,253 
 
 3, 132 
 
 1,819 
 
 1, 806 
 
 1,382 
 
 1,317 
 
 517 
 
 167 
 
 602 
 
 0.1 
 3.5 
 5.5 
 9.4 
 12. 2 
 15.4 
 16.6 
 11.7 
 10.4 
 4.5 
 2. 6 
 2.6 
 2.0 
 1.9 
 0.7 
 0.2 
 0.7 
 
 100.0 
 99.9 
 96.4 
 90.9 
 81. 5 
 69.3 
 63.9 
 37.3 
 25.6 
 15.2 
 10.7 
 8.1 
 5. 6 
 3.6 
 1.6 
 0.9 
 0.7 
 
 COAL 
 
 BITr.MINOVS. 
 
 .\verage 
 number. 
 
 280, 638 
 117 
 
 Per 
 
 
 cent of 
 total. 
 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 
 (') 
 
 100.0 
 
 1,139 
 
 0.4 
 
 99.9 
 
 2, 720 
 
 1.0 
 
 99.6 
 
 8,084 
 
 2.9 
 
 98.6 
 
 11,928 
 
 4.2 
 
 95.7 
 
 32. 034 
 
 11.4 
 
 91.5 
 
 36, 797 
 
 13.1 
 
 ,S0.1 
 
 70, 909 
 
 2,5.3 
 
 67.0 
 
 43, 609 
 
 15.6 
 
 41.7 
 
 32, 454 
 
 11.6 
 
 26.2 
 
 16, 814 
 
 6.6 
 
 14.6 
 
 12, 038 
 
 4.3 
 
 9.0 
 
 6,370 
 
 2.3 
 
 4.7 
 
 4, 402 
 
 1.6 
 
 2.4 
 
 1,324 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.8 
 
 495 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.3 
 
 404 
 
 0.1 
 
 0.1 
 
 1 Less thiui uiic-tuiitli <il' 1 [KT cunU ' 
 
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS. 97 
 
 Table 41. -DISTRIBUTION OF WAGE-EARNERS ACCORDING TO DAILY RATES OF PAY, BY MINERALS; 1902-Cont'd. 
 
 
 COPl'ER. 
 
 GOLD AND SILVER. 
 
 GYPSUM. 
 
 IRON ORE. 
 
 LEAD 
 
 AND ZINC ORE. 
 
 HATE PER DAY 
 (DOLLARS). 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per 
 cent of 
 total. 
 
 Cumula- 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per 
 cent of 
 total. 
 
 Cumula- 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 1,472 
 
 Per 
 cent of 
 total. 
 
 Cumula- 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per 
 cent Of 
 total. 
 
 Cumula- 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per 
 cent of 
 total. 
 
 Cumula- 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 Total 
 
 26,007 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 36, 142 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 38,861 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 7,881 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Less than 0.50 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 .54 
 
 234 
 
 369 
 
 218 
 
 283 
 
 580 
 
 1,180 
 
 783 
 
 5, .527 
 
 2, 884 
 
 12, 106 
 
 1,614 
 
 6,873 
 
 346 
 
 2, .5.54 
 
 474 
 
 (') 
 0.1 
 0.6 
 1.0 
 0.6 
 0.8 
 1.6 
 3.3 
 2.2 
 
 15.3 
 8.0 
 
 33.7 
 4.5 
 
 19.0 
 0.9 
 7.1 
 1.3 
 
 100.0 
 99.9 
 99. 9 
 99.3 
 98.3 
 97.7 
 96.9 
 96. 3 
 92. I 
 89.8 
 74.5 
 66.5 
 32.8 
 28.3 
 9.3 
 8.4 
 1.3 
 
 
 141 
 
 279 
 
 863 
 
 4, 618 
 
 2, 874 
 
 6, 168 
 
 7,344 
 
 8, 635 
 
 4,862 
 
 2,. 511 
 
 630 
 
 4.54 
 
 77 
 
 125 
 
 7 
 
 30 
 
 43 
 
 0.4 
 0.7 
 2.2 
 11.9 
 7.4 
 H.l 
 18.9 
 
 100.0 
 99. 6 
 98. 9 
 96.7 
 84.8 
 77.4 
 63.3 
 
 6 
 14 
 
 165 
 
 1,371 
 
 2,063 
 
 683 
 
 2,301 
 
 788 
 
 309 
 
 26 
 
 143 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 0.1 
 
 0.2 
 0.1 
 2.1 
 17.4 
 26.0 
 8.7 
 29.2 
 10.0 
 3.9 
 0.3 
 1.8 
 U 1 
 
 100 
 
 O.BOto 0.74 
 
 29 
 
 49 
 
 201 
 
 368 
 
 1,847 
 
 3,354 
 
 6,277 
 
 2, 066 
 
 2,285 
 
 661 
 
 961 
 
 131 
 
 6,742 
 
 54 
 
 605 
 
 377 
 
 0.1 1 100.0 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 33 
 
 82 
 
 754 
 
 339 
 
 150 
 
 49 
 
 37 
 
 11 
 
 6.6 
 51.2 
 23.0 
 10.2 
 
 ^:^5 
 
 100.0 
 99.8 
 99.7 
 97.5 
 91.9 
 40.7 
 17.7 
 7.5 
 4.2 
 1.7 
 1.7 
 3 
 
 99.9 
 99.7 
 99.6 
 97.5 
 80.1 
 .64.1 
 4.5.4 
 16.2 
 6.2 
 2 3 
 
 0.75 to 0.99 
 
 1.00 to 1.24 
 
 0.8 
 
 1.4 
 
 7.1 
 
 12.9 
 
 24.1 
 
 8.0 
 
 8.S 
 
 2.6 
 
 3.7 
 
 0.5 
 
 25.9 
 
 0.2 
 
 99.7 
 98.9 
 97.6 
 90.4 
 77.5 
 53.4 
 46.4 
 36.6 
 34.1 
 30.4 
 29.9 
 4.0 
 
 1.25 to 1.49 
 
 1..50to 1.74 
 
 1.75 to 1.99 
 
 2 00 to 2.24 
 
 2.25 to 2.49 
 
 
 2.50 to 2.74 
 
 6.4 
 1.6 
 1.2 
 0.2 
 0.3 
 (•) 
 0.1 
 0.1 
 
 9.9 
 3.5 
 1.9 
 
 0.7 
 0.6 
 
 2.75 to 2.99 
 
 3.00 to 3.24 
 
 20 
 
 1.4 
 
 2.0 
 
 fl 9 
 
 3.25 to 3.49 
 
 3.50 to 3.74 
 
 
 
 0.3 
 0.3 
 
 
 3.75 to 3.99 
 
 
 
 (') (') 
 (■) (') 
 
 4.00 to 4.24 
 
 2,3 1 3.S 
 1.6 1.6 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 
 
 4.25 and over 
 
 0.1 0.1 
 
 0.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 LIMESTONES AND DOLOMITES. 
 
 MARBLE. 
 
 I;.1TIIRAL GAS. 
 
 PETROLEUM. 
 
 PHOSPHATE ROCK. 
 
 BATE PER DAY 
 (DOLLARS). 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per 
 
 cent of 
 
 total. 
 
 Cumula- 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per 
 cent of 
 total. 
 
 Cumula- 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per 
 
 cent of 
 
 total. 
 
 Cumula- 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per 
 cent of 
 total. 
 
 • 
 Cumula- 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per 
 
 cent Of 
 
 total. 
 
 Cumula- 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 Total 
 
 31,. 547 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 4,070 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 4,678 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 17, .6.52 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 6,971 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 196 
 
 389 
 
 4,126 
 
 7,870 
 
 9, 195 
 
 4,944 
 
 2,637 
 
 886 
 
 680 
 
 193 
 
 218 
 
 114 
 
 121 
 
 1 
 
 58 
 
 4 
 
 0.1 
 
 0.6 
 
 1.2 
 
 13.1 
 
 24.9 
 
 29.1 
 
 16.7 
 
 8.4 
 
 2.8 
 
 1.8 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.7 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.4 
 
 (') 
 
 0.2 
 
 (■) 
 
 100.0 
 
 99.9 
 
 99.3 
 
 98.1 
 
 86.0 
 
 60.1 
 
 31.0 
 
 15.3 
 
 6.9 
 
 4.1 
 
 2.3 
 
 1.7 
 
 1.0 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2 
 
 (') 
 
 6 
 
 17 
 
 61 
 
 ,558 
 
 963 
 
 868 
 
 286 
 
 293 
 
 182 
 
 294 
 
 1,59 
 
 130 
 
 82 
 
 67 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 0.1 
 0.4 
 1.5 
 13.7 
 23.7 
 21.1 
 7.0 
 7.2 
 4.5 
 7.2 
 3.9 
 3.2 
 2.0 
 1.4 
 0.1 
 4 
 
 100.0 
 
 99.9 
 
 99.6 
 
 98.0 
 
 84.3 
 
 60.6 
 
 39.5 
 
 32.5 
 
 26.3 
 
 20.8 
 
 13.6 
 
 9.7 
 
 6.8 
 
 4.6 
 
 3.1 
 
 3.0 
 
 2.6 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 74 
 
 61 
 
 699 
 
 1,078 
 
 1,403 
 
 10, 046 
 
 2, 366 
 
 242 
 
 8.59 
 
 277 
 
 89 
 
 38 
 
 25 
 
 289 
 
 0.4 
 0.4 
 4.0 
 0.1 
 8.0 
 .57.2 
 13.5 
 1.4 
 4.9 
 1.6 
 0.5 
 0.2 
 0.1 
 1.7 
 
 100.0 
 99.9 
 99.9 
 99.9 
 99.6 
 99.2 
 96.2 
 89.1 
 81.1 
 23.9 
 10.4 
 9.0 
 4.1 
 2.6 
 2.0 
 1.8 
 1.7 
 
 52 
 
 89 
 
 1,288 
 
 3,6.56 
 
 378 
 
 2.50 
 
 26 
 
 101 
 
 33 
 
 .55 
 
 3 
 
 21 
 
 0.9 
 
 1.6 
 
 21.6 
 
 61.2 
 
 6.3 
 
 4.2 
 
 0.4 
 
 1.7 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.9 
 
 (■) 
 
 0.4 
 
 
 0.60 to 0.74 
 
 2 ; (M 
 
 100.0 
 
 99.9 
 
 99.8 
 
 99.2 
 
 93.9 
 
 tr7.6 
 
 48.9 
 
 26.6 
 
 13.7 
 
 6.7 
 
 5.1 
 
 3.7 
 
 3.5 
 
 2.9 
 
 2.1 
 
 1.4 
 
 
 0.76 to 99 
 
 
 1.00 to 1.24 
 
 28 
 
 248 
 
 1,230 
 
 873 
 
 1,890 
 
 6.58 
 
 326 
 
 72 
 
 67 
 
 8 
 
 0. fi 
 5.3 
 26.3 
 18.7 
 23. 3 
 11.9 
 
 u 
 
 76 
 
 1.25 to 1.49 
 
 
 1.60 to 1.74. ... 
 
 
 1.76 to 1.99 
 
 4.3 
 
 2.00 to 2.24 
 
 3 9 
 
 2 25 to 2 49 
 
 2 2 
 
 2 ,50 to 2 74 
 
 1 6 
 
 2.76 to 2.99 
 
 7 
 
 3 00 to 3.24 
 
 7 
 
 3.25 to 3.49 
 
 3 
 
 3 .60 to 3.74 
 
 28 i; 
 
 t 
 
 5 
 8 
 
 0.1 
 
 (1) 
 
 3 
 
 3 76 to 3 99 
 
 37 
 34 
 66 
 
 0.8 
 0.7 
 1.4 
 
 n 9 
 
 4 00 to 4 '^4 
 
 1 9 
 
 4.26 and over 
 
 105 
 
 2.6 
 
 0.1 
 
 0.1 
 
 
 QUICKSILVER. 
 
 SANDSTONES AND QUARTZ- 
 ITES. 
 
 SILICEOUS CRYSTALLINE 
 ROCKS. 
 
 SLATE. 
 
 ALL OTHER MINERALS. 
 
 (DOLLARS). 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per 
 cent of 
 total. 
 
 Cumula- 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per 
 
 cent of 
 total. 
 
 Cumula- 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per 
 cent of 
 total. 
 
 Cumula- 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per 
 
 cent of 
 total. 
 
 Cumula- 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 =^'^S 
 
 Cumula- 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 
 1, 329 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 10,448 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 18,836 1 100.0 
 
 
 6, 920 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 5,221 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Less than 0.50 
 
 50 to 74 
 
 2 
 
 22 
 
 10 
 
 113 
 
 211 
 
 .56 
 
 164 
 
 195 
 
 160 
 
 299 
 
 14 
 
 78 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 0.1 
 
 1.7 
 
 0.7 
 
 8.5 
 
 15.9 
 
 4.2 
 
 12.3 
 
 14.7 
 
 12.0 
 
 22.5 
 
 1.1 
 
 5.9 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.1 
 
 100.0 
 99.9 
 98.2 
 97.6 
 89.0 
 73.1 
 68.9 
 56.6 
 41.9 
 29.9 
 7.4 
 6.3 
 0.4 
 0.1 
 
 4 
 
 40 
 
 60 
 
 292 
 
 1,195 
 
 2,437 
 
 1,796 
 
 2,215 
 
 484 
 
 446 
 
 259 
 
 654 
 
 110 
 
 314 
 
 26 
 
 86 
 
 (1) 
 0.4 
 0.6 
 2.8 
 11.4 
 23. 3 
 17.2 
 21.2 
 4.6 
 4.3 
 2.5 
 6.3 
 1.1 
 3.0 
 ■0.2 
 0.8 
 
 100.0 
 99.9 
 99.6 
 99.0 
 96.2 
 ,84.8 
 61.5 
 44.3 
 23.1 
 18.5 
 14.2 
 11.7 
 5.4 
 4.3 
 1.3 
 1.1 
 0.3 
 
 37 
 
 133 
 
 573 
 
 1,282 
 
 2,096 
 
 3,640 
 
 3,046 
 
 2, 483 
 
 692 
 
 1,141 
 
 i,3(;4 
 
 1,608 
 480 
 199 
 
 li 
 9 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.7 
 
 3.0 
 
 6.8 
 
 11.1 
 
 18.8 
 
 16.2 
 
 13.2 
 
 3.7 
 
 6.1 
 
 8! 5 
 2.6 
 1.1 
 0.1 
 0.7 
 0.1 
 
 100.0 
 99.8 
 99.1 
 96.1 
 .89.3 
 78.2 
 .59.4 
 43.2 
 30.0 
 26.3 
 20.2 
 13.0 
 4.5 
 2.0 
 0.9 
 0.8 
 0.1 
 
 7 0.1 
 
 72 1 1.2 
 
 101 ] 1.7 
 
 290 4. 9 
 
 100.0 
 99.9 
 
 98.7 
 
 97.0 
 
 92.1 
 
 7,5. .5 
 
 ,56. 1 
 
 45.0 
 
 21.9 
 
 10,6 
 
 4.7 
 
 2.0 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.1 
 
 (M 
 
 (>) 
 
 (M 
 
 28 
 
 64 
 
 363 
 
 1,475 
 
 1,040 
 
 1,106 
 
 320 
 
 338 
 
 62 
 
 225 
 
 35 
 
 26 
 10 
 4 
 
 0.5 
 1.2 
 7.0 
 28. 2 
 19.9 
 21.2 
 6.1 
 6.5 
 1.0 
 4.3 
 0.7 
 2.2 
 0.4 
 0.5 
 0.2 
 0.1 
 
 100.0 
 99 5 
 
 75 to 0.99 
 
 98.3 
 
 1 00 to 1 24 
 
 91.3 
 
 1.25 to 1.49 
 
 1 50 to 1 74 
 
 9,83 
 1, 145 
 6.58 
 1,369 
 671 
 349 
 161 
 
 16. 6 
 19.4 
 11.1 
 23.1 
 11.3 
 5.9 
 2 7 
 
 63.1 
 43.2 
 
 1 75 to 1 99 
 
 22.0 
 
 
 16.9 
 
 2 25 to 2 49 
 
 9.4 
 
 
 8.4 
 
 2 75 to "^ 99 
 
 4.1 
 
 3.00 to 3.24 
 
 3.25 to 3.49 
 
 3.50 to 3. 74 
 
 106 1. 8 
 4 1 0.1 
 4 ' O.I 
 
 3.4 
 1.2 
 0.8 
 0.3 
 
 4 00 in 4 24 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 0.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 30 0. 3 
 
 1 Cl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 
 
 The production of the minerals for which separate 
 stati.stics are .shown in Table 41 gave employment to 
 576,507 wage-earners, this number forming 99.1 per 
 cent of the 581,738 wage-earners reported for all mines 
 and quarries. The average number and per cent of 
 the total number are shown in the table for each rate 
 o-roup. The percentages are also jiccumulated. 
 30223—04 7 
 
 The cumulative percentage is obtained by combining 
 the figures which represent the per cent of total. For 
 example, in Table 11, under the head of "all minerals," 
 four-tenths of 1 per cent of the wage-earners received 
 $4.25 or over and seven-tenths of 1 per cent received 
 between !#4 and i^4.24; adding the two percentages, it is 
 found that 1.1 per cent received $4 per day or over. 
 
98 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 This process is continued throughout the wuge scale 
 until all the wage-earners have been included, when 
 the cumulative percentage naturally becomes 1C»0 per 
 cent. The cumulative percentage, as stated opposite 
 any wage group, shows then the percentage of the 
 total number formed by the sum of the num1>er included 
 in that wage group plus the number included in all the 
 higher wage groups. 
 
 Two advantages are gained by the use of the cumu- 
 lative percentage. In the first place, it is possible to 
 determine at a glance the proportion of the total num- 
 ber receiving as much as, or more than, a given rate. 
 For example, if the cumulative percentages were not 
 given in the preceding table, and it were desired to 
 obtain the proportion of the total number who received 
 $1.50 per day or over, it would be necessary to add 
 the nine numbers representing the percentages at each 
 rate from $1.50 up. In the cumulative percentage 
 column this addition is already made, and it is evident 
 at a glance that (iO.l per cent of the cement workers 
 received at least $1.50 per day. 
 
 The second advantage gained liy the use of the ciunu- 
 lative percentage lies in the fact that it is possible to 
 compare two given sets of returns much more readily 
 than by either the immbers or the percentages in the 
 respective groups. For example, in Table 11 the col- 
 umn headed "cumulative percentage" shows that for 
 cement workers the proportion of the total number 
 receiving fl per day or more was 98 per cent, while 
 for clayworkers it was 81. i! per cent. At $1.50 the 
 respective proportions were &>.l and 28.1 per cent, 
 and at $2 they were 16.1 and 11.2 per cent. The cum- 
 ulative percentages thus show that wages were higher 
 in 1902 for cement workers than for workers in clay 
 mining. 
 
 Of the various minerals for which statistics are shown 
 separately in the above table the production of anthra- 
 cite and bituminous coal gave employment to the great- 
 est number of wage-earners. A very large proportion 
 of the miners in the coal mines were paid according to 
 the quantitj' of their product, and some of the principal 
 coal comj^anies were unable to classifj^ these employees 
 according to the specified daily rates of pay. When 
 data of this character were not reported bj' the company 
 estimates were made in the Bureau of the Census from 
 the total number of such employees reported, the total 
 amount of wages paid, and the number of days that the 
 mine was in operation, the rate being determined by 
 the average daily earnings for the time emplo^'ed, and 
 the average number for the entire 3'eai' being computed 
 as previously explained; therefore, in such cases all 
 employees of a mine who were paid Ijy the piece or 
 quantity of work done as measured by their output 
 were estimated as receiving a uniform daily rate of pay. 
 There were 2;:!0,846 employees reported as the average 
 number receiving wages according to the quantity of 
 their production, and they were paid 1155,578,988. Of 
 this number, 211,710, or 91.7 per cent, were reported 
 
 for anthracite and bituminous coal, and they received 
 $144,628,436, or 93 per cent of the amount paid for 
 such mining in all minerals. 
 
 When the figures for all minerals are combined, it is 
 found that the range of wages for practically all of the 
 wage-earners was from $1 to $3.74 per day, 556,531, or 
 95.7 per cent of the total number emploj'ed, being in- 
 cluded between those rates. Less than 3 per cent of the 
 total number received less than $1 per da}', and only 1.6 
 per cent received $3.75 or over. The four rate groups 
 that lead in the number of employees included are con- 
 secutive and constitute the range from $1.50 to $2.49 
 per day. Between those limits is included 58.1 per 
 cent of the total number. It should be added, how- 
 ever, that the proportion at $2.50 or over is much 
 greater than that at less than $1.50. Of the total num- 
 ber of wage-earners, 57.2 per cent were paid $2 per da}' 
 or more. An attempt to find the median rate (that is, 
 a rate such that half the number of wage-earners re- 
 ceives that rate or more and the other half receives that 
 rate or less) discloses the fact that this rate lies some- 
 where in the group $2 to $2.24. It will also be noticed 
 that the rate group that includes the median includes a 
 greater nimiber of wage-earners than any other group 
 in the scale. 
 
 In regard to the various minerals, the figures shown 
 in Table 41 may be briefly summarized as follows: 
 
 (Jement: Of the total number of wage-earners, 73.5 
 per cent were paid from $1.25 to $1.99. 
 
 (Jlay: The range of wages for 82.9 per cent of the 
 total numl)er was from $0.75 to $1.74; 35.8 per cent 
 were included in the single rate group $1.25 to $1.49. 
 
 Void: For a large number of coal miners the figures 
 given rejjresent average earnings and not rates, as most 
 of these employees are paid by the ton or other unit. 
 As the figures stand, they show that for anthracite coal 
 75.7 per cent of the employees received between $1 and 
 $2.49, and for bituminous coal 76.9 per cent received 
 between $1.50 and $2.74. 
 
 (Vipjti r iirr: A wide range is noticeable in the wages 
 paid to employees engaged in copper mining. Of the 
 total number 24.1 pei- cent received between $2 and 
 $2.24, and 25.9 pei- cent were paid from $3.50 to $3.74; 
 the remaining wage-earners were distriliuted in smaller 
 groups throughout the scale from $0.50 to $4.25 and 
 over. 
 
 Gold and x'/lver: Emj)loj'ees engaged in the mining 
 of gold and silver were largel}' concentrated in three 
 groups as follows: 15.3 per cent from $2.50 to $2.74; 
 33.7 per cent from $3 to $3.24; and 19 per cent from 
 $3.50 to $3.74. 
 
 Gypsurii : The range of wages for 84.4 per cent of 
 the wage-earners was from $1.60 to $2.24; 51.2 per 
 cent i-eceived from $1.50 to $1.74. 
 
 Iron ore: Of the total nuniber of wage-earners, 86.8 
 per cent received between $1 and $2.49; the greatest 
 concentration was at $2; 40.9 per cent of the total num- 
 ber received between $1.75 and $2.24. 
 
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS. 
 
 99 
 
 Lead and zinc ore: Almost all, 91.3 per cent, of tln^ 
 wage-earners received between $1.25 and $2.41* per day; 
 26 per cent receiving from $1.50 to $1.71; and 29.2 per 
 cent from $2 to $2.21. 
 
 Limestones and doJoiriiteft: The range of wages for 
 91.2 per cent of the total number was from $1 to $2. 21. 
 Here again there was a marked concentration at two 
 rate groups, 24.9 per cent receiving from §1.25 to $1.19, 
 and 29.1 per cent from $1.50 to $1.71. 
 
 Marhle: The returns for wage-earners engaged in 
 quarrj^ng marble show a less marked concentration 
 than is observable in most other minerals. There were, 
 however, 58.5 per cent of the total number between 
 the rates $1 and $1.74. 
 
 N<diiral gas: For 92.5 per cent of the wage-earners 
 the range was from $1.25 to $2.71. The two wage 
 groups showing the greatest number are as follows: 
 $1.50 to $1.74, 26.3 per cent; $2 to $2.24, 23.3 per cent. 
 
 Petroleum: For 70.7 per cent of the total number of 
 wage-earners the range of wages was from $2.25 to 
 $2.74 per day, 57.2 per cent being included in thesingle 
 rate group $2.25 to $2.49. 
 
 PhosplMte rock: Almost all the wage-earners received 
 less than $1.25, 82.8 per cent getting between $0.75 and 
 $1.24. In the wage group $1 to $1.24, there were 61.2 
 per cent of the total number. 
 
 Qiiieksilwr: The range of wages for the bulk of the 
 emploj'ees was from $1.25 to $2.74, 81.6 percent being 
 included within those i-ates. 
 
 Sand.stoJies and qnartsitev: The range of wages for 
 73.1 per cent of the total number was from $1.25 
 to $2.24. 
 
 Siliceous crystalline rocks: The figures show less con- 
 centration than for most of the other minerals; more 
 than half, 59.3 per cent, of the total number, however, 
 received between $1.25 and $2.24 per day. 
 
 Slate: In the quarrjdng of slate the rates for 81.5 
 per cent of the total number of wage-earners ranged 
 
 from $1.25 to $2.49. The greatest concentration was 
 in the wage group $2 to $2.24, which showed 23.1 per 
 cent of the total number. 
 
 An examination of the cunmlative percentages shows 
 that wages were far higlier for emploj'ees in gold and 
 silver mines than for an}' other mineral, 66.5 per cent 
 of all the wage-earnei's I'eceiving $3 or over. Em- 
 ployees in copper mines were next highest paid, 29.9 
 per cent receiving $3.50 or over, and 77.5 per cent 
 getting at least $2. Of the men employed in connec- 
 tion with petroleum wells, almost 90 per cent I'eceived 
 $2 or over, but only 9 per cent of these received as 
 nuich as $3. After gold and silver, copper, and petro- 
 leum the minerals showing the highest rates of wages 
 are bituminous coal, quicksilver, natural gas, sand- 
 stones and quartzites, and siliceous crystalline rocks, 
 in the order named. Following these come a large 
 class of minerals which show very little difference in 
 dailj' rates of pay, when all the wage-earners are con- 
 sidered as one group without distinction as to geographic 
 location or specified occupation. These minerals are 
 anthracite coal, iron ore, lead and zinc ore, marble, and 
 slate. As will be shown later, when these minerals are 
 considered bj' states and the wage-earners separated 
 into the several classes, considerable variation in the 
 rates are found. The rates of pay for men employed 
 in quarrj'ing phosphate rock were lower than those 
 for any other mineral, only 14.8 per cent getting as 
 much as $1.25 a day. This industry was practically 
 confined to Florida, (South Carolina, and Tennessee. 
 
 The number of wage-earners employed in the different 
 occupations is an important factor to be considered in 
 connection with these statistics, and the following table 
 summarizes the returns for all minerals so as to show the 
 average number receiving stated daily rates of pay in 
 each occupation and the percentage which the number 
 at each rate forms of the total number in the class: 
 
 Ta' le 43.— average NUMBER OF WAGE-EARNERS, AND PER CENT OF TOTAL NUMBER, AT SPECIFIED DAILY 
 
 RATES OF PAY, BY OCCUPATIONS; 1902. 
 
 1 Includes pumpmen employed at petroleum and natural-gas wells. 
 
 2 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 
 
100 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Of the total number of wage-earners considered in 
 the preceding tables, 11,857 were bo3'S under 16 3'ear,s of 
 age, arid nearly all of them received less than $1.26 per 
 da}'. It will be noticed that the emploj'ees in the three 
 lowest wage groups were ver}' largel}' boys. For all 
 occupations combined the range of wages for 58.1 per 
 cent of the total number was from fl.50 to $2.49 per 
 day. For 16.1: per cent the rates were less than $1.50, 
 and the balance, 25.6 per cent, received |2.50 or over. 
 Of the miners, quarrymen, and stonecutters, 66.6 per 
 cent received between $1.50 and $2.71 per day, leaving 
 11.4 per cent who received less than $1.50 and 22 per cent 
 who received $2.75 or more. The group of "all other 
 wage-earners" is the next most important class in point 
 of numbers. The figures for this class of employees 
 
 show the following distribution: Less than $1.25, 11.5 
 per cent; between $1.25 and $2.24, 69.9 per cent; $2.25 
 or over, 18.6 per cent. There is a marked excess at the 
 higher rates of pay for engineers, 70.1 per cent receiv- 
 ing $2.25 a day or over; a very large proportion of 
 these were pumpmen emplo^'ed at petroleum wells. 
 The great majority of the timbermen and track layers 
 were concentrated in the three groups between $1.75 
 and $2.49, 70.3 per cent being included between these 
 rates. There was less concentration among the miners' 
 helpers, the range of wages for 70.6 per cent of them 
 being from $1.25 to $2.49. 
 
 The distribution of wage-earners according to daily 
 rates of pay, by states and territories, is shown in the 
 followiner table: 
 
 Table 43.— AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE-EARNERS AT .SPECIFIED DAILY RATES OF PAY, 
 
 TERRITORIES: 1902. 
 
 BY STATES AND 
 
 STATE OR TERRITORY 
 
 United States... 
 
 Alabama . . . 
 Arizona 
 
 Arkansas . - . 
 California 1 . 
 Colorado . . . 
 
 Connecticut . 
 Delaware. . . . 
 
 Florida 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Indian Territory 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Maine 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Massachusetts - 
 
 Michigan.. 
 Minnesota. 
 Missouri. . . 
 Montana . . 
 Nebraska . . 
 
 Nevada 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 New York 
 
 North Carolina . 
 North Dakota . . 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Oklahoma 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Pennsylvania . . 
 Rhode Island . . 
 South Carolina . 
 South Dakota .. 
 Tennessee 
 
 Texas 
 
 Utah 
 
 Vermont . 
 Virginia. . 
 
 Washington . . . 
 West Virginia . 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 19, 132 
 5,323 
 2,944 
 12,964 
 20, 519 
 
 1,497 
 504 
 3,146 
 2,820 
 3,663 
 
 40, 623 
 4,814 
 16,473 
 10, 437 
 8,726 
 
 10, 654 
 61 
 3,684 
 6,826 
 4, 242 
 
 31, 951 
 
 9, 760 
 15, 351 
 10, 539 
 
 178 
 
 1,132 
 1,253 
 5, 645 
 2,275 
 9, 5G0 
 
 1,556 
 
 298 
 
 37,173 
 
 12.H 
 
 1,166 
 
 190,935 
 
 667 
 
 2,694 
 
 3,131 
 
 10,890 
 
 3, 853 
 5,712 
 5, 398 
 8, 993 
 
 4,507 
 30, 002 
 3,.5S3 
 4,486 
 
 
 Less 
 than 
 S0.50. 
 
 113 
 
 ".54' 
 
 '"36' 
 
 H 
 1 
 
 137' 
 
 1 
 
 80.50 
 to 
 
 $0.74. 
 
 6 I 8 
 48 77 
 1 
 
 42 
 1 
 
 25 
 7 
 3 
 
 212 
 
 3 
 
 $0.75 
 
 to 
 
 $0.99. 
 
 11, 054 
 
 2,721 
 
 1 
 
 152 
 
 2 
 
 294 
 
 09 
 
 14 
 
 218 
 
 6 
 
 287 
 8 
 
 41 
 13 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 447 
 
 492 
 
 3 
 
 99 
 63 
 49 
 17 
 27 
 
 $1.00 
 to 
 
 $1,24. 
 
 81.25 
 
 to 
 $1.49. 
 
 503 45, 101 
 
 2,639 
 20 
 134 
 36 
 
 138 
 
 35 
 
 27 
 
 2,063 
 
 1,147 
 
 966 
 1.54 
 369 
 
 186 
 177 
 
 15 
 66 
 21 I 
 
 21 
 
 2 : 
 
 «3 
 
 60 
 398 
 89 
 
 2.58 
 17 
 
 461 
 14 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 17 
 
 3 
 
 55 
 
 4,59 
 1 
 
 217 
 1 
 1 
 
 39 
 1.52 
 
 42 
 420 
 
 657 
 1 
 
 718 
 
 4,897 
 
 10,472 
 
 22 
 
 / 
 
 1,199 
 
 785 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 639 
 
 3,237 
 
 187 
 
 280 
 
 1 
 
 28 
 
 43 
 
 141 
 
 473 
 
 4,382 
 
 8 
 
 24 
 
 390 
 
 1,176 
 
 10 
 
 60 
 
 ' 
 
 20 
 
 2, 455 
 
 26 
 
 161 
 
 262 
 
 203 
 
 174 
 233 
 211 
 4.31 
 10 
 
 915 
 379 
 1,366 
 164 
 304 
 
 1,7.51 
 
 300 
 735 
 228 
 
 429 
 
 32 
 
 2,037 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 37 
 
 2, 172 
 
 157 
 
 1,.548 
 
 112 
 
 7 
 
 1,317 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 18,865 
 
 49 
 
 171 
 
 7 
 
 1,173 
 
 800 
 
 8 
 
 791 
 
 1,451 
 
 31 
 
 3, 362 
 
 169 
 
 21 
 
 $1.50 
 to 
 
 $1.74. 
 
 393 
 
 222 
 189 
 
 618 
 186 
 234 
 231 
 
 8 
 
 3,287 
 384 
 2,042 
 1,101 
 1,356 
 
 2,086 
 
 .50 
 
 937 
 
 893 
 
 983 
 
 4,462 
 
 281 
 
 2,615 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 72 
 214 
 
 1,996 
 416 
 
 3,699 
 
 65 
 63 
 7,058 
 83 
 28 
 
 27, 250 
 107 
 66 
 10 
 
 2, 224 
 
 448 
 
 37 
 
 1,0.57 
 
 790 
 
 107 
 
 5, 339 
 
 1,063 
 
 84 
 
 81.75 
 to 
 
 $1.99. 
 
 75,654 
 
 2,692 
 686 
 303 
 .589 
 
 1,086 
 
 295 
 28 
 20 
 61 
 11 
 
 5,488 
 451 
 1, 4.51 
 1,299 
 1,112 
 
 1,714 
 
 6 
 
 880 
 
 772 
 
 846 
 
 7,010 
 
 2,219 
 
 2,274 
 
 4 
 
 151 
 
 14 
 
 383 
 
 697 
 
 180 
 
 1,166 
 
 11 
 
 18 
 
 3, 914 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 27, 763 
 
 73 
 
 11 
 
 38 
 
 1,215 
 
 420 
 
 60 
 
 983 
 
 426 
 
 126 
 5, 127 
 1, 1,50 
 
 291 
 
 $2.00 
 to 
 
 $2.24. 
 
 2,333 
 
 525 
 
 347 
 
 1,.535 
 
 1,476 
 
 127 
 9 
 76 
 63 
 27 
 
 12, 776 
 1,092 
 2, 569 
 3,744 
 1,661 
 
 1,888 
 
 2 
 
 411 
 
 670 . 
 
 841 
 
 10, 363 
 
 3, 820 
 
 4,381 
 
 29 
 
 8 
 
 33 
 
 106 
 
 292 
 
 HI 
 
 1,194 
 
 60 
 
 69 
 
 10, 691 
 
 11 
 
 28a 
 
 35,484 
 
 94 
 
 31 
 
 74 
 
 956 
 
 841 
 
 343 
 
 1,030 
 
 653 
 
 330 
 
 5,. 544 
 
 746 
 
 913 
 
 $2.26 
 
 to 
 $2,49. 
 
 73, 666 
 
 970 
 625 
 561 
 798 
 ,209 
 
 27 
 9 
 30 
 44 
 10 
 
 5,064 
 1,497 
 1,465 
 
 $2.50 
 to 
 
 $2.74. 
 
 52, 837 
 
 179 
 
 1,125 
 
 209 
 
 4,883 
 
 1,436 
 
 1,701 
 
 170 
 
 3 
 
 40 
 
 71 
 
 103 
 
 .596 
 
 63 
 
 7,239 
 1 
 
 45 
 
 n, 9.50 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 617 
 
 73 
 797 
 336 
 290 
 
 691 
 
 1,337 
 
 167 
 
 826 
 
 2,980 
 
 283 
 
 368 
 
 4,072 
 
 2, 867 
 
 24 
 6 
 24 
 17 
 .52 
 
 4, .584 
 489 
 1,.529 
 1,562 
 1,093 
 
 319 
 
 2 
 208 
 475 
 309 
 
 3,304 
 973 
 903 
 210 
 
 23 
 40 
 128 
 329 
 243 
 
 66 
 
 3, 7,54 
 
 6 
 
 170 
 
 14, 164 
 41 
 
 ,53 
 277 
 280 
 
 294 
 
 1,448 
 
 304 
 
 70 
 
 466 
 
 2, ,549 
 
 78 
 
 1,381 
 
 $2.75 
 
 to 
 $2.99. 
 
 24,446 
 
 657 
 
 242 
 
 380 
 
 1,203 
 
 2,790 
 
 91 
 1 
 
 4 
 26 
 64 
 
 2, 128 
 249 
 809 
 278 
 
 1,040 
 
 287 
 8.59 
 393 
 
 477 
 396 
 a83 
 301 
 
 75 
 185 
 
 19 
 131 
 103 
 
 6, 084 
 109 
 
 11 
 
 82 
 
 32 
 
 1,436 
 
 349 
 
 19 
 
 674 
 667 
 43 
 208 
 
 $3.00 
 to 
 
 8:!.24. 
 
 291 
 
 746 
 
 196 
 
 3,016 
 
 6, 482 
 
 63 
 
 7 
 114 
 918 
 
 ,482 
 685 
 464 
 350 
 197 
 
 b6::> 
 319 
 2.59 
 
 .547 
 191 
 290 
 886 
 
 443 
 163 
 69 
 576 
 197 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 409 
 
 1 
 
 301 
 
 4,6.51 
 121 
 113 
 947 
 230 
 
 264 
 
 1,004 
 
 255 
 
 39 
 
 1,814 
 
 701 
 
 83 
 
 310 
 
 83.25 
 
 to 
 $3.49. 
 
 10, 733 
 
 80 
 202 
 
 214 
 794 
 
 83.60 
 
 to 
 $3.74. 
 
 20, 324 
 
 40 
 .597 
 
 892 
 33 
 
 257 
 31 
 
 173 
 
 221 
 86 
 1.59 
 
 6 
 1,620 
 
 2 
 
 447 
 
 1,355 
 
 16 
 1 
 3 
 
 31 
 1,.5.51 
 
 570 
 43 
 375 
 
 176 
 
 40 
 
 6,375 
 
 10 
 
 40 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 32 
 
 138 
 
 71 
 
 3 
 
 147 
 392 
 26 
 72 
 
 10 
 67 
 102 
 
 32(; 
 
 3 
 
 114 
 
 14 
 1,.523 
 
 47 
 
 301 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 129 
 
 .54 
 
 8 
 
 60 
 
 83.76 
 
 to 
 83.99. 
 
 2,397 
 
 84.00 
 
 to 
 $1.24. 
 
 4,214 
 
 61 
 46 
 66 
 355 
 
 11 
 149 
 
 3 
 
 826 
 
 33 
 1 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 248 
 
 1 
 
 280 
 
 3 
 
 297 
 
 1,353 
 
 84.25 
 and 
 over. 
 
 2,317 
 
 4 
 
 241 
 69 ! 
 
 61 
 
 1 
 6 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 180 
 219 
 
 6 
 37 
 
 14 
 1 
 
 19 ,56 
 
 21 I 29 
 
 16 I 1 
 
 689 I 429 
 
 294 I 64 
 
 6 3 
 
 8 I 4 
 
 22 17 
 
 21 ' 96 
 
 6.58 
 1 
 2 
 91 
 
 29 
 19 
 10 
 
 4 
 21 
 
 ■ Includes the employees of 2 operators in Alaska and of 1 operator in Hawaii. 
 
 Only the state totals are shtnvn in tiie above tabic, 
 the statistics for the various minerals in each state and 
 for the several classes of employees being coni})in(>d. 
 The distribution of the various minerals throughout tiic 
 
 United States differs so much that, while this table is 
 of intei'cst as showing the total number of wage-earners 
 at the \arious rates of pay in the several states, a com- 
 ])arisoii of the rates paid in one state with those paid iu 
 
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF JiESULTS. 
 
 101 
 
 another is of little value unless the minerals in each 
 state are kept in mind. Thus, according to the figures 
 presented, rates were highest in Montana and lowest in 
 Florida. But since the greater part of the wage-earners 
 in Montana were employed in copper and gold and 
 silver mines, while those in Florida were employed in 
 quarrying phosphate rock, the difference in wages is 
 hardly significant. 
 
 It will be observed that the states reporting a large 
 
 number of employees at the low rates are Southern 
 states, while tiiose reporting the greatest proportion at 
 high rates are Western states. The difference in wages, 
 according to geographic location, is more clearly 
 shown in th(^ following table, in which the figures 
 for the various states are comVjined in five groups. 
 The percentage of the total numl;er at each rate is 
 given for each group, as are also the cumulative 
 percentages. 
 
 Table 44.— DISTRIBUTION OF \VA(i K-EARNERS ACCORDING TO DAILY RATES OF PAY, BY GEOGRAPHIC 
 
 DIVISIONS: 1902. 
 [Each cumulative percentage shows the proportion of the total number receiving a wage as great as, (jr greater than, the lowest wage ol' the given wage group.] 
 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 NORTH ATLANTIC 
 
 SOUTH ATLANTIC 
 
 NORTH CENTRAL 
 
 SOUTH CENTRAL 
 
 WESTERN nivISTON' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DIVISION. 
 
 DIVISION. 
 
 
 
 
 RATE PKR DAY 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (DOLLARS), 
 
 
 Per 
 
 Cumu- 
 
 
 Per 
 
 Cumu- 
 
 
 Per 
 
 Cumu- 
 
 
 Per 
 
 Cumu- 
 
 
 Per 
 
 Cumu- 
 
 
 Per 
 
 Cumu- 
 
 
 Average 
 
 cent 
 
 lative 
 
 Average 
 
 cent 
 
 lative 
 
 Average 
 
 cent 
 
 lative 
 
 Average 
 
 cent 
 
 lative 
 
 Average 
 
 cent 
 
 lative 
 
 Average 
 
 cent 
 
 lative 
 
 
 number. 
 
 of 
 
 percent- 
 
 number. 
 
 of 
 
 percent- 
 
 number. 
 
 01 
 
 percent- 
 
 number. 
 
 of 
 
 percent- 
 
 number. 
 
 of 
 
 percent- 
 
 number. 
 
 Of 
 
 percent- 
 
 
 
 total. 
 
 age. 
 
 
 total. 
 
 age. 
 
 
 total. 
 
 age. 
 
 
 total. 
 
 age. 
 
 
 total. 
 
 age. 
 
 
 total. 
 
 age. 
 
 Total . . . 
 
 581,728 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 222, 881 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 56,541 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 177, 584 
 47 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 62, 476 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 72,246 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Less than 0.50. 
 
 538 
 
 0.1 
 
 100.0 
 
 115 
 
 0.1 
 
 100.0 
 
 274 
 
 0.5 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 97 
 
 0.2 
 
 100.0 
 
 6 
 
 (') 
 
 100.0 
 
 0.50 to 0.74.... 
 
 4,677 
 
 0.8 
 
 99.9 
 
 2,781 
 
 1.2 
 
 99.9 
 
 938 
 
 1.7 
 
 99.5 
 
 189 
 
 0.1 
 
 99.9 
 
 738 
 
 1.4 
 
 99.8 
 
 31 
 
 0.1 
 
 99.9 
 
 0.75 to 0.99.... 
 
 11,0.54 
 
 1.9 
 
 99.1 
 
 6,081 
 
 2.3 
 
 98.7 
 
 3,627 
 
 6.2 
 
 97.8 
 
 528 
 
 0.3 
 
 99.9 
 
 1,884 
 
 3.6 
 
 98.4 
 
 34 
 
 0.1 
 
 99.9 
 
 1.00 to 1.24 .... 
 
 33,. 503 
 
 5.8 
 
 97.2 
 
 11,415 
 
 5.1 
 
 96.4 
 
 10, 635 
 
 18.8 
 
 91.6 
 
 3,217 
 
 1.8 
 
 99.0 
 
 7,880 
 
 16.0 
 
 94.8 
 
 356 
 
 0.6 
 
 99.8 
 
 1.25 to 1.49.... 
 
 45, 101 
 
 7.8 
 
 91.4 
 
 24,164 
 
 10.8 
 
 91.3 
 
 6,736 
 
 11.9 
 
 72.8 
 
 6,748 
 
 3.8 
 
 97.8 
 
 0, 724 
 
 12.8 
 
 79.8 
 
 729 
 
 1.0 
 
 99.3 
 
 1.50 to 1.74.... 
 
 78, 102 
 
 13.4 
 
 83. 6 
 
 36, 865 
 
 16.5 
 
 80.5 
 
 7,804 
 
 13.8 
 
 60.9 
 
 23, 346 
 
 13.1 
 
 94.0 
 
 8,861 
 
 16.9 
 
 67.0 
 
 1,226 
 
 1.7 
 
 98.3 
 
 1.76 to 1.99.... 
 
 75, 554 
 
 13.0 
 
 70.2 
 
 33,085 
 
 14.9 
 
 64.0 
 
 6,476 
 
 11.4 
 
 47.1 
 
 26, 124 
 
 14.7 
 
 80.9 
 
 6,809 
 
 13.0 
 
 .50.1 
 
 3,060 
 
 4.2 
 
 96.6 
 
 2.00 to 2.24.... 
 
 110, 689 
 
 19.0 
 
 67.2 
 
 39,579 
 
 17.8 
 
 49.1 
 
 7,106 
 
 12.6 
 
 35.7 
 
 50, 891 
 
 28.7 
 
 66.2 
 
 7,473 
 
 14.2 
 
 37.1 
 
 6, 640 
 
 7.8 
 
 9-2.4 
 
 2.25 to 2.49.... 
 
 73,665 
 
 12.7 
 
 38.2 
 
 29, 427 
 
 13.2 
 
 31,3 
 
 5, 839 
 
 10.3 
 
 23.1 
 
 29, 504 
 
 16.6 
 
 37.6 
 
 3,618 
 
 6.9 
 
 22.9 
 
 5, 277 
 
 7.3 
 
 84.6 
 
 2..50 to2.74.... 
 
 52, 837 
 
 9.1 
 
 26.6 
 
 15, 464 
 
 6.9 
 
 18.1 
 
 3,221 
 
 6.7 
 
 12.8 
 
 18, 113 
 
 10.2 
 
 20.9 
 
 4,738 
 
 9.0 
 
 16.0 
 
 11,301 
 
 16.6 
 
 77.3 
 
 2. 75 to 2.99.... 
 
 24,446 
 
 4.2 
 
 16.4 
 
 7,620 
 
 3.4 
 
 11.2 
 
 1,566 
 
 2.8 
 
 7.1 
 
 «, 668 
 
 3.8 
 
 10.7 
 
 1,473 
 
 2.8 
 
 7.0 
 
 7,119 
 
 9.9 
 
 61.7 
 
 3.00 to 3.24.... 
 
 31, 577 
 
 5.4 
 
 12.2 
 
 6,133 
 
 2.8 
 
 7.8 
 
 1,297 
 
 2.3 
 
 4.3 
 
 5,942 
 
 3.3 
 
 6.9 
 
 1,709 
 
 3.3 
 
 4.2 
 
 16,496 
 
 22.8 
 
 51.8 
 
 3.25 to 3.49.... 
 
 10, 733 
 
 1.8 
 
 6.8 
 
 5,644 
 
 2.5 
 
 5.0 
 
 670 
 
 1.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 1,913 
 
 1.1 
 
 3.6 
 
 192 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.9 
 
 2,414 
 
 3.3 
 
 29.0 
 
 3..50to3.74.... 
 
 20,324 
 
 3.5 
 
 6.0 
 
 3,631 
 
 1.6 
 
 2.5 
 
 164 
 
 0.3 
 
 1.0 
 
 3, 201 
 
 1.8 
 
 2.6 
 
 113 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.5 
 
 13,215 
 
 18.3 
 
 26.7 
 
 3.75 to 3.99.... 
 
 2, 397 
 
 0.4 
 
 1.6 
 
 839 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.9 
 
 288 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.7 
 
 318 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.7 
 
 60 
 
 0.1 
 
 0.3 
 
 892 
 
 1.2 
 
 7.4 
 
 4.00 to 4.24.... 
 
 4,214 
 
 0.7 
 
 1.1 
 
 367 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.5 
 
 .57 
 
 0.1 
 
 0.2 
 
 34« 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.6 
 
 68 
 
 0.1 
 
 0.2 
 
 3,384 
 
 4.7 
 
 6.2 
 
 4.25 and over . 
 
 2,317 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.4 
 
 671 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.3 
 
 43 
 
 0.1 
 
 0.1 
 
 487 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.3 
 
 49 
 
 0.1 
 
 0.1 
 
 1,067 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.5 
 
 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 
 
 As shown by the above table, rates were much higher 
 in the Western division than in any of the others, 51.8 
 per cent of the wage-earners in that division receiving 
 $3 per day or over. The three rate groups showing the 
 greatest number of employees are as follows: $2.. 50 to 
 $2.74, 16..6 per cent; |3 to 13.24, 22.8 per cent; and $3.50 
 to $3.74, 18.3 per cent. In this group of states are 
 included almost all of the gold and silver and copper 
 mines of the countrv^ 
 
 The wages in the North Central division were con- 
 siderably lower than those in the Western division, but 
 higher than those in either of the three other divisions. 
 The range of wages for the majority of the employees, 
 83.3 per cent, was from $1.50 to $2.74, the rate group 
 showing the greatest number of wage-earners being 
 that of *2 to $2.24, which includes 28.7 per cent of the 
 total number. In this North Central division are in- 
 cluded the iron mines of Michigan and Minnesota, the 
 coal mines of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, and the oil 
 wells of Ohio and Indiana. 
 
 The rates of pay in the North Atlantic division were 
 only slightly lower than those in the North Central 
 division. The bidk of the employees received between 
 $1.25 and $2.49 per day, 73.2 per cent being included 
 between those rates. Over 70 per cent of the wage- 
 earners in this division were employed in the coal mines 
 of Pennsvlvania. 
 
 Wages were lowest in the South Atlantic and South 
 Central divisions, there being very little difl'erence 
 between the two sections. In each section 78.8 per cent 
 of the total number were included between the rates $1 
 and $2.49. 
 
 IX. 
 
 CONTRACT MINING AND QUARRYING. 
 
 By reference to the copy of that part of the sched- 
 ule of inquiry which relates to employees and wages, 
 shown in Appendix A, it will be seen that operators were 
 required to report mining or quarrying which was paid 
 for otherwise than bj' the day. The inquiry was made 
 a part of the schedule in order to determine the con- 
 ditions of emploj'ment of those engaged in the actual 
 work of mining and the extent to which such work 
 was done under other terms of paj'nient than daily 
 rates. To indicate the extent to which such work 
 was done in the different kinds of mining. Tables 45 
 and 4() are shown. Table 45 gives the total average 
 number of miners and miners' helpers, and quarry- 
 men and stonecutters, with the amount paid in wages 
 to this class of employees; also the average number 
 of contract miners, with their wages and the percent- 
 age the number of contract miners forms of the total 
 number of men engaged in mining and their wages form 
 of the total wages, respectively. 
 
102 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 45. — Coiiiparisoii of contract miners with all miners, inj 
 minerals: 190S. 
 
 MINERS AND MINERS'I, 
 
 
 
 
 
 HELPERS, AND 
 
 CONTRACT MINERS AND QCARRI- 
 
 
 QUARRYMEN AND 
 
 MEN. 
 
 
 
 STONECUTTERS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 Per 
 
 MINERAL. 
 
 
 
 
 Per 
 
 
 cent of 
 
 
 
 
 Aver- 
 
 cent of 
 
 
 wages 
 
 
 age 
 
 Wages. 
 
 age allmiu- 
 num- ers and 
 
 Wages. 
 
 paid to 
 xll min- 
 
 
 ber. 
 
 
 ber. quarry- 
 
 
 ers and 
 
 
 
 
 
 men. 
 
 
 rjviar- 
 rymen. 
 
 Tetal 
 
 343, 166 
 
 5230,14-2,393 
 
 230, 846 
 
 67.3 
 
 $155,578,988 
 
 67.6 
 
 
 17 
 
 .5 703 
 
 
 
 
 Asphaltum and bi- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tuminous rock 
 
 117 
 
 60, 721 
 
 13 
 
 11.1 
 
 
 
 
 322 
 
 125, 820 
 
 229 
 
 71.1 
 
 96,. 549 
 
 76.7 
 
 
 77 
 
 'M '^69 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 93 
 
 71, 096 
 
 
 
 
 
 Buhrstones and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 36, 734 
 
 9 
 
 11.3 
 
 4,390 
 
 12.0 
 
 
 3, '2.51 
 1,666 
 24,688 
 
 1,440,029 
 
 661,202 
 
 18,007,898 
 
 449 
 
 177 
 
 22, 629 
 
 13.8 
 10.6 
 91.7 
 
 215, 796 
 
 90, 896 
 
 16,572,682 
 
 15.0 
 
 Clay 
 
 13.7 
 
 Coal, anthracite 
 
 92.0 
 
 Coal, bituminous ... 
 
 192,910 
 
 130, 364, 990 
 
 189,0,81 
 
 98.0 
 
 128, 056, .854 
 
 ^?-^ 
 
 
 11 078 
 
 12, 376, 203 
 
 2, 206 
 
 15.7 
 
 1,601,091 
 
 12.9 
 
 Corundum and em- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Crystalline quartz .. 
 
 26 
 
 12,392 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 183 
 65 
 
 77, .>41 
 27, 648 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 27.7 
 
 8, 519 
 
 
 Flint 
 
 30.8 
 
 
 
 Fuller's earth 
 
 Garnet 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 61 
 
 29, 505 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gold and silver 
 
 23, 030 
 
 22, 755, 625 
 
 357 
 
 1.6 
 
 381,796 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Grindstones and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 118 
 
 .54, 270 
 
 28 
 
 23.7 
 
 11,757 
 
 21.7 
 
 
 614 
 
 319, 606 
 
 166 
 
 27.0 
 
 85,976 
 
 26. 9 
 
 Iiifusorialearth, triji- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 oli, and pumice ... 
 
 23 
 
 9, 1.52 
 
 1 
 
 4.3 
 
 650 
 
 7.1 
 
 
 20, 849 
 3,9.58 
 
 11,903,442 
 2, 142, 748 
 
 8, 105 
 2 
 
 3.8.9 
 
 0) 
 
 5, 090, 8:52 
 266 
 
 42.8 
 
 Lead and zinc ore .. 
 
 1') 
 
 Limestones and dol- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 omites 
 
 22, 036 
 
 10, 250, 034 
 
 3, 772 
 
 17.1 
 
 1,482,678 
 
 14.5 
 
 
 (3 
 
 3 744 
 
 
 
 
 
 Manganese ore 
 
 Marble 
 
 q9 
 
 44 439 
 
 
 
 
 
 2,.il3 
 
 1,418,332 
 
 17 
 
 0.7 
 
 6, 650 
 
 0.5 
 
 Marl 
 
 10 
 
 3,919 
 31,192 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mineral pigments, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 crude 
 
 109 
 
 42, 222 
 
 52 
 
 47.7 
 
 28, 9117 
 
 
 
 86 
 
 24, 728 
 
 65 
 
 75.6 
 
 19, 280 
 
 78.0 
 
 Oilstones, whet- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 stones, andscythe- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 71 
 4,382 
 
 31,097 
 1,335,979 
 
 1 
 
 1.1 
 
 209 
 328, (103 
 
 0.7 
 
 Phosphate rock 
 
 1,160 26.5 
 
 -24. 6 
 
 Precious stones 
 
 84 
 
 69,828 
 
 
 
 
 
 Quicksilver 
 
 840 
 
 5.53, 207 
 
 104 
 
 12.4 
 
 67, 000 
 
 i2. i 
 
 Sand st on c s ami 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7,117 
 
 4, 420, 075 
 
 822 
 
 11.5 
 
 ,585, 9115 
 
 13. 3 
 
 
 149 
 
 66, 074 
 
 24 
 
 16.1 
 
 9 229 
 
 14.0 
 
 Siliceous crvstalline 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14,474 
 3, 656 
 
 K, 665, 190 
 2, 1.55, 865 
 
 528 
 800 
 
 3.6 
 21.9 
 
 321 , 626 
 491,325 
 
 3. ( 
 
 Slate 
 
 22. 8 
 
 Sulphur and pvrite . 
 
 409 
 
 192, 836 
 
 7 
 
 1.7 
 
 5, 8(.I3 
 
 3.0 
 
 Tale and soapstone . 
 
 428 
 
 147, 183 
 
 5 
 
 1.2 
 
 1 , 229 
 
 0.8 
 
 
 
 1 260 
 
 
 
 
 
 Uranium and vann- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 11 
 
 15,840 
 9,411 
 
 
 
 
 
 All other minerals- . 
 
 3 
 
 21.4 
 
 1,,575 
 
 1 "'■' 
 
 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 
 
 - Incl udes chrome ore, magnositcniol ybdonnra, nickel and cobalt, and nitilc. 
 
 It .should be understood that the contract mincr.s and 
 quarrjanen reported in the above ta)ile were not em- 
 ployees additional to tliose shown under wage-earners 
 by classes, but are included there and also in the tables 
 showing wage-earnei's by specified daily rates of pay 
 and the average number employed during each month. 
 
 Of the total number, o43,16<i, engaged in actual min- 
 ing aside from the other supplemental l)ut necessarv 
 work about mines, such as timbering, track la_ying, oper- 
 ating engines and pumps, etc., 230,.S4(1, or (jT.3 per cent, 
 were paid by the amount of work done. They received 
 in wages |L55,578,988, or 67. H per cent of tlie total wage 
 payment. 
 
 It will be observed that the statistics for petroleum 
 and natural gas are not shown in the foregoing table. 
 In these industries the regular employees are almost en- 
 tirely engaged in the maintenance and operation of the 
 wells, and there are no employees that could be clas- 
 sified as "miners and miner.s' helpei's or quarrymen 
 and stonecutters." The initial work of developing oil 
 and gas properties— drilling wells and building rigs— is 
 practically all done by outside contractors, and the cost 
 of such work is given in Table 47. 
 
 The following industries are those for which no con- 
 tract mining was reported and in which paj'ment for 
 mining, in all cases, was by the day: Bauxite, borax, 
 corundum and emery, crystalline quartz, fluorspar, 
 fuller's earth, garnet, graphite, lithium ore, manganese 
 ore, marl, mica, precious stones, tungsten, uranium and 
 vanadium, magnesite, molybdenum, nickel and cobalt, 
 and rutile. 
 
 In the coal industry practically all the employees 
 who are engaged in cutting tiie coal and loading it into 
 cars in the mine are paid by the car, ton, or yard. In 
 bituminous coal mining 189,081 miners and miners' 
 helpers, or 98 per cent of the total number of this class 
 of workmen, were paid by the piece; in anthracite min- 
 ing 22,629, or 91.7 per cent of the total for the indus- 
 try, received wages by the piece. The amounts paid in 
 the two industries were $128,055,854, or 98.2 per cent, 
 and !S16,572,582, or 92 per cent, respectively. 
 
 A feature of wage payment which distinguishes coal 
 mining from other branches of the mining industry 
 is the custom of '•allowance,'" which obtains to a greater 
 or less degree in nearly all coal mining operations. 
 There are so many complex influences affecting the 
 amount of payment to miners working by the ton, car, 
 yard, or otherwise than l)y the day, that it is sometimes 
 considered expedient and equitable to make payment for 
 yardage — the number of linear yards which the "cham- 
 ber," '■ heading," or '• breast" in which the miner works 
 may have been driven during the time for which pay- 
 ment is made, in addition to the earnings which maj' 
 have accrued from the regular rate by the car or other- 
 wise; also to make additional allowances in consideration 
 of difficult mining, narrow work, or for other causes. 
 This is done in order to eiiualize the earnings of the 
 miners; otherwise it might frequently be the case that 
 the harder working and in other respects more deserv- 
 ing employee would receive less paj' than one whose out- 
 put was smaller and hours of work fewer. While it 
 ma}' be customary to make similar allowances in other 
 mining industries, it certainly can not be so to the .same 
 extent, and therefore no provision was made in the gen- 
 eral mining schedule or in any of the other .schedules, 
 except for coal, for a separate report of such payments. 
 The following tatilc shows, for coal by states, the total 
 amount paid in wages to contract miners and, in an ad- 
 joining column, the amount of such wages which was 
 paid for yardage or other allowances and the percentage 
 
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS. 
 
 103 
 
 which the latter is of the total wages. The number of 
 mines at which pajanent was reported l)y the ton, car, 
 yard, or other unit is also given. 
 
 Table 40. — Wayi's paid for contract coal mining, and antuiinl paid 
 in al.!oii:a)ice.t, by states and territories: 190J. 
 
 STATE OR TERRI- 
 TORY. 
 
 United States . 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 California 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Indian Territory . . 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Marylanrl 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Montana 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 North Dakota 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Pennsylvania, bi- 
 tuminous 
 
 Pennsylvania, an- 
 thracite 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Texas 
 
 Utah 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Washington 
 
 West Virginia 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 All other states i . . 
 
 S144, 628, 436 
 
 Total wages 
 paid for 
 contract 
 mining. 
 
 , 867, 
 
 , l.W, 
 
 18, 
 
 ,602, 
 
 ,930, 
 
 ,941, 
 
 , 225, 
 
 ,502, 
 
 ,488, 
 
 ,927, 
 
 ,746, 
 
 853, 
 
 ,896, 
 
 ,071, 
 
 680, 
 
 120, 
 
 , 026, 
 
 80, 
 
 44,284,880 
 
 16,572, 
 
 2,221, 
 
 788, 
 
 838, 
 
 856, 
 
 1,416, 
 
 8,623, 
 
 1,882, 
 
 13, 
 
 YARDAGE AND 
 
 OTIIEK ALLOW- 
 
 ANCES. 
 
 
 Per 
 
 
 cent of 
 
 
 total 
 
 paid. 
 
 
 for con- 
 
 
 tract 
 
 
 mining. 
 
 ?10,970,.567 
 
 7.6 
 
 600, 383 
 
 10.2 
 
 1.50, 206 
 
 13.1 
 
 413, 925 
 
 11.5 
 
 1,233,139 
 
 6.9 
 
 307, 557 
 
 15.8 
 
 450, 158 
 
 8.6 
 
 538, 944 
 
 12.0 
 
 540, 345 
 
 15.5 
 
 251, 247 
 
 8.6 
 
 30,215 
 
 11.0 
 
 182,940 
 
 21.4 
 
 268,511 
 
 9.3 
 
 71, 445 
 
 6.7 
 
 73, 928 
 
 10.9 
 
 9,841 
 
 8.2 
 
 830,409 
 
 6.9 
 
 2,700 
 
 3.4 
 
 2,010,075 
 
 4.6 
 
 1, 930, 015 
 
 11.6 
 
 268, 657 
 
 11.6 
 
 38,898 
 
 4.9 
 
 84, 326 
 
 10.1 
 
 23, 866 
 
 2.8 
 
 42,630 
 
 3,0 
 
 430, 936 
 
 5.0 
 
 194, 888 
 
 10.4 
 
 483 
 
 3.7 
 
 MINES REPORTIN(i I'AY- 
 MENT BY — 
 
 103 
 
 47 
 
 2 
 
 81 
 
 640 
 
 .54 
 
 269 
 
 292 
 
 146 
 
 1.50 
 
 44 
 
 31 
 
 240 
 
 29 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 6.54 
 
 4 
 
 63 
 21 
 15 
 3 
 3 
 247 
 22 
 
 Other 
 unit. 
 
 33 
 
 2 
 
 1 .. 
 
 1 
 
 50 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 2.54 
 7 
 2 
 
 7 . . 
 
 1 .. 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 161 
 
 3 
 
 i 1.. 
 
 1 
 
 
 1" 
 
 
 1 Includes Idaho and North Carolina. 
 
 Table 46 shows that the amount paid for yardage or 
 otlier allowances in coal mining, both anthracite and 
 bituminous, was $10,970,567, which was 7.6 per cent 
 of $li-i,628,436, the total amount paid for contract 
 coal mining. The prevailing method of payment for 
 contract coal mining in bituminous mines was by the 
 ton, as there were 4,018 mines for which this method 
 was reported, compared with 317 by the car, 20 by the 
 yard, and 6 by other methods. The total number of 
 mines reporting some method of contract mining was 
 4,648. The difl'erence between this number and the 
 total number of coal mines reported for the United 
 States is 1,338, and is accounted for by the number of 
 mines in which a daily rate of pay was the rule, and by 
 the small "local coal l)anks" at which no wage-earners 
 were employed. In several instances more than one of 
 these methods was reported for the same mine. In an- 
 thracite coal mining, the prevailing method of payment 
 was \>j the car, 254 mines reporting that method, as 
 compared with 26 by the ton and 7 by the yard. 
 
 It should be stated that when payment by the yard 
 is in the form of allowance only, it has not been in- 
 cluded in Table 46 as a method of payment. 
 
 The subject of allowances in addition to the regular 
 schedule of rates for coal mining receives the careful 
 consideration of both the opei'ators and the miners. 
 The fac.'t that 7.6 per cent of the wages paid for con- 
 tract work was in the form of allowances indicates the 
 prime importance of this ft.'ature of wage payment in 
 the economical administration of the properties. With- 
 out this system no equitable and uniform scale of 
 wages could be arranged. 
 
 These allowances are nearly always fixed ])-y the fore- 
 man in charge of the mine, and usually result from a 
 conference as to the equities of the case between him 
 and the miner interested. It will be observed that ac- 
 cording to Table 46 allowances were made in every 
 state and territory separatel^y shown, the amount rang- 
 ing from f3, 940, 090 for both anthracite and bituminous 
 in "Penn.sylvania to $2,700 in Oregon, and the percent- 
 age that the allowance is of the total wages paid for 
 contract mining from 21.4 per cent in Michigan to 2.8 
 per cent in Virginia. 
 
 The schedule called for the rate of paj^ment by the 
 ton, car, j'ard, or otherwise, and a mass of information 
 was received bearing upon this point. However, the 
 verj' wide range of the rates and the complexities of 
 the subject generally have defeated anj' statistical pre- 
 sentation of the data reported. 
 
 The amount paid for contract mining in the iron ore 
 industry was $5,090,832, which was 42.8 per cent of the 
 total amount paid to miners in that indu.stry. The num- 
 ber of wage-earners so employed was 8,105, or 38.9 per 
 cent of the total number of miners. Payment for con- 
 tract mining in this industiy was principally by the ton 
 ;uid bv the tram, and occasionallj' by the yard, with a 
 wide range of rates. 
 
 The number of contract wage-earners engaged in 
 quariwing limestones and dolomites was 3,772, or 17.1 
 per cent of the total number of contract quarryuien 
 and stonecutters, and the amount of wages paid was 
 §1,482,678, or 14.5 per cent of tlie total for such work. 
 The u.nit upon which payment was based was very 
 irregular, as payment was reported by the tram, ton, 
 foot, yard, perch, and bushel. 
 
 In gold and silver and lead and zinc mining the pro- 
 portion of contract mining was very small and indi- 
 cates that most of the work was done by the dav. In 
 lead and zinc mining contract mining was exceptional, 
 as the amount reported was onlj' $266. In those mines, 
 however, where the landowner or first lessee was also 
 the buyer of all ore mined by the sublessees, the latter 
 were virtually wage-earners paid by the ton. The total 
 number of such sublessees reported was 638 and the 
 total amount paid to them was $244,661; out of this 
 amount they were required to furnish their own sup- 
 plies. In the tabulation of the statistics these sublessees 
 in lead and zinc were regarded as proprietors and are 
 not included in Table 46. 
 
104 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Contract mining was reported for only a .small num- 
 ber of copper mines, and tlie.se were all in Michigan, 
 no work of that kind being reported for the argentifer- 
 ous copper mines of the Rocky mountain region. The 
 average number of contract miners was 2,200, or 1.5.7 
 per cent of the total number, and the amount paid was 
 $1,601,091, or 12.9 per cent of the total wages paid for 
 mining copper ore. Drifting, as reported, was paid for 
 by the foot, the rate ranging from $.5.75 to $7.71. Slop- 
 ing was paid for at an average of about $.S per cubic 
 fathom. 
 
 In barytes mining 71.1 per cent of the miners worked 
 by the piece system, and according to the reports, re- 
 ceived payment by the ton, the rates ranging from $2 
 to $3.50. 
 
 Only a comparatively small percentage of cement- 
 rock mining was done by contract. Payment in such 
 cases was by the ton and there was a wide range of 
 rates. 
 
 Contract clay mining was paid for bj' the ton, the 
 rate ranging from 13^ to 75 cents per ton. 
 
 The rate paid for mining gypsum on contract ranged 
 from 20 to 65 cents per ton, with mo.st of the operators 
 reporting a rate between 40 and 50 cents. 
 
 Thirteen and three-tenths per cent of the wages paid 
 for quarrying sand.stones and quartzites was for contract 
 quarrying. The unit upon which payment was based in 
 this industry was the same as in the quarrving of lime- 
 stone and dolomites and siliceous ciTstalline rocks, ver}^ 
 irregular, as payment was reported by the tram, ton, 
 foot, yard, perch, and bushel, and the rates varied more 
 widely. 
 
 A large proportion, 68.5 per cent, of the mining of 
 crude mineral pigments was Ijy the ton; the lowest rate 
 reported was 40 cents and the highest $5 per ton. 
 
 Most of those engaged in monazite mining, while 
 working independent!}' of any proprietors, were re- 
 ported as wage-earners on contract, as elsewhere de- 
 scribed. The crude monazite obtained from the placers 
 was sold by the miners at the rate of 4 cents per pound, 
 and this was treated in the statistics as the rate received 
 by them for contract mining. 
 
 Approximately one-fourth of the mining for phos- 
 phate rock was by contract. In a few instances pay- 
 ment was made by the car and j'ard, but in most cases 
 it was by the ton. The rates ranged from 25 cents to 
 $5 per ton. The latter amount was paid by an estab- 
 lishment in New Mexico, where the product was a bat 
 deposit found in a cave and difEcult and expensive^ to 
 mine on account of its location. 
 
 Contract slate quarrying was by the square, and the 
 lowest rate reported was 70 cents and the highest $2.25. 
 
 As shown by Table -45, there were several otiier indus- 
 tries for which small proportions of contract mining 
 were reported, but the amount and percentage of the 
 figures are comparati\'ely unimportant. 
 
 X. 
 
 CONTRACT WORK. 
 
 In nearljr all branches of the mining and quarrying 
 industry occasions arise which demand considerable 
 outlays for work that is ditferent from the regular pro- 
 duction of the ore or mineral — work such as tunneling, 
 shaft sinking, boring test holes, and removing top 
 earth where open-cut mining is intended — and this is 
 frequently let to contractors who make a specialty of 
 the work in question, usually to the lowest bidders. 
 Table 47 shows for each mineral the value of the prod- 
 uct, the amount paid for contract work and the number 
 of employees engaged in it, and the per cent that the 
 amount paid for this work is of the value of product. 
 
 Table 47. — Comparison of contract work iritli rulve of jirodurt, hy 
 minerals: lOOj. 
 
 
 Value of 
 product. 
 
 COXTR-VCT WORK. 
 
 Per cent 
 amount 
 
 MINERAL. 
 
 Amount 
 paid. 
 
 Number 
 of em- 
 ployees. 
 
 paid for 
 contract 
 
 worli 
 forms of 
 value of 
 product. 
 
 Total 
 
 3796,826,417 
 
 820,677,938 
 
 21, 183 
 
 2.6 
 
 
 46, 200 
 
 236, 728 
 
 203, 1.64 
 
 128, 206 
 
 2,383,614 
 
 59, 808 
 
 24, 268, 338 
 
 2,061,072 
 
 76, 173, .586 
 
 290, 8.68, 483 
 
 61,178,036 
 
 104, 605 
 
 43,085 
 
 260, 424 
 
 144,209 
 
 275, f*2 
 
 98, 144 
 
 132, 820 
 
 82,482,0.52 
 
 227, 508 
 
 607,431 
 
 2, 089, 341 
 
 .55, 994 
 65, 465, 321 
 14,600,177 
 
 
 
 
 A.Hphaltum iiiul Ijituminuus rock. 
 Baryte.s . . . 
 
 10, 060 
 
 1,000 
 
 600 
 
 60 
 10 
 10 
 
 4.2 
 
 5 
 
 
 0.4 
 
 
 Buhrstone-M and millstonfs 
 
 
 
 
 
 10, 627 
 
 13,241 
 
 406, 421 
 
 1,244,114 
 
 188, 768 
 
 34 
 
 S6 
 
 1.731 
 
 8, 040 
 
 195 
 
 f 11 
 
 Clay 
 
 0.6 
 0.5 
 0.4 
 0.4 
 
 
 Coal, bituminous 
 
 
 
 Crystalline ciuartz 
 
 
 
 
 Feldspar 
 
 
 
 
 Flint 
 
 
 
 
 
 3U0 
 4,021 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 0.1 
 4 1 
 
 Fuller's earth 
 
 
 
 
 626, 090 
 900 
 
 980 
 2 
 
 O.X 
 0.4 
 
 (iraphite 
 
 Grind.stone8 nnd pulpstones 
 
 
 400 
 
 
 Infu.sorial earth, tripoli, nnd 
 pumice 
 
 
 
 
 426, 292 
 108, 607 
 36, 3K1 
 
 1,079 
 223 
 137 
 
 0,6 
 0.7 
 0.1 
 
 Lead and zinc ore 
 
 I^ithium ore 
 
 Maiif^^ancsc ore 
 
 25, 750 
 
 177,911 
 
 5,044,182 
 
 12, 741 
 
 118,849 
 
 360, 885 
 
 64, 160 
 
 30, 867, 863 
 
 113, 968 
 
 71,397,739 
 
 4, 922, 943 
 
 328, 460 
 
 1, 550, 090 
 
 10,601,171 
 
 421 , 289 
 
 18, 2.57, 944 
 
 
 
 Marble 
 
 1 
 
 
 Marl 
 
 
 
 
 Mica 
 
 
 
 
 Mineral pij^meiits, crude 
 
 Monazite 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Natural gas 
 
 4,4.59,001 
 
 
 oilstones, whetstones, and 
 scvthestones 
 
 
 
 Petroleum 
 
 12, 956, 631 
 157, 402 
 
 7,949 
 306 
 
 18 1 
 
 Phosphate rocic 
 
 Precious stones 
 
 3.2 
 
 
 23, 164 
 600 
 100 
 
 80 
 1 
 2 
 
 
 .Sandstones and quartzites 
 
 (■) 
 
 
 
 Slate 
 
 5 696 061 
 
 
 
 
 Sul[)lu]r and pvritc. 
 
 947,089 
 
 1,138,167 
 
 6, 975 
 
 48, 125 
 
 49, 266 
 
 3,. 687 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 Talc and soapstone 
 
 
 Tungsten 
 
 
 
 
 ITranium and vanadium 
 
 
 
 
 
 All other minerals 2 
 
 825 
 
 7 
 
 1.7 
 
 ' Less tlian one-tenth of 1 per cent. 
 
 - Includes chrome ore, magnesite, molybdenum, nieliel and cobalt, and 
 rutilc. 
 
 When the schedule of inquiry was drawn up the diffi- 
 culty of obtaining complete and correct information in 
 regard to contract work, cspeciallj^ concerning the 
 
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS. 
 
 105 
 
 number of men emploj'ed and the number of days 
 required to eomplete the work, was fully appreciated 
 by -the officials of the Bureau of the Census and by 
 experts who were consulted in the preparation of the 
 schedule. It was believed that in inost cases it would 
 be impossible to locate the contractors. Generally no 
 record is kept by the mine operators of any other data 
 relating- to contract work than the amount paid. The 
 number of employees and the duration of the con- 
 tract are matters of less concern to them. However, it 
 was thought that the close attention they are obliged to 
 pay to the work during its progress to insure strict 
 compliance with the terms and specifications of the 
 contract, would enable them, in the absence of records, 
 to make a fair estimate of the data. This was realized 
 in the course of the canvass, and the statistics are 
 published with no pretentions that they can be re- 
 regarded as strictly correct, but under the conviction 
 that they are reasonabh' accurate considered as sta- 
 tistics which are in part estimated. 
 
 The employees reported under this inquiry are not 
 included among the wage-earners and should not be 
 considered as forming a part of the wage-earners 
 reported by classes, and at specified dailj' rates of pay, 
 nor of the average number reported for each month. 
 No conclusions can be drawn from Table 47 as to the 
 amount paid to contract employees, nor in regard to 
 the average number for the entire year. As to the 
 latter, indeed it is quite possible that some of the em- 
 plo3'ees are duplicated in the figures. 
 
 The amount paid represents the entire cost of the 
 contract work, including the wages paid, the cost of all 
 supplies and materials used, other miscellaneous ex- 
 penses, and the profits of the contractors. These ex- 
 penses var}' in their proportion to the whole cost 
 according to the kind of work. In drilling wells for 
 petroleum and natural gas, as a rule the cost of mate- 
 rials is greater in proportion than in any other de- 
 scription of contract work. The drilling carries with 
 it the obligation to provide casing, tools, and all other 
 supplies required to equip the wells; and in building 
 the rig, all materials are generally furnished by the 
 contractor. In shaft sinking, also, materials and sup- 
 plies such as timber and explosives forma considerable 
 proportion of the whole cost. 
 
 While no particular statistical value can be attached 
 to a comparison of the cost of contract work with the 
 value of product, yet always keeping in mind the fact 
 that the figures are not fully representative of this 
 class of work, a great deal of it being done by the 
 regular employees of the mining companies, the table 
 will serve to show the proportions of both with re- 
 spect to the value involved. 
 
 Table 47 shows that the amounts paid for contract 
 work and the percentages that these form of the value 
 
 of the product are greater in the case of petroleum 
 and natural gas than for an^' other mineral. In the 
 crude-oil and natural-gas industry practicallj' all of the 
 development work, pro.specting, and equipment of the 
 properties are done by contract, which explains the large 
 amount expended for such work. The regular em- 
 ploj'ees of the producing companies are nearly all en- 
 gaged in the maintenance and oi^eration of the wells. 
 The number of employees reported as employed on 
 contract work in this industry approaches more nearly 
 the true average number for the year than in any other. 
 
 As explained on page 20 of this report, the Standard 
 Oil Company made reports covering the entire produc- 
 tion of crude petroleum, with the exception of a few 
 producers of heavy oil, in Pennsylvania, New York, 
 Ohio, West Virginia, and Indiana, and combined reports 
 of its own production for Kentuckj' and Kansas, with- 
 out separating the production Vjy counties, as was gen- 
 erally required Yjj the Bureau of the Census. Also, for 
 natural gas the company reported for its subsidiary or 
 contributary companies the production in Penns3'lvania, 
 New York, Ohio, and West Virginia, making a single 
 report for each state. In reporting contract work the 
 amount paid was given, but it was stated that the num- 
 ber of men emploj^ed could not be given, and in lieu of 
 exact information the average number of men required 
 for each well and rig and the average time required to 
 complete the work at each well were reported. From 
 these data, using as a basis the number of wells drilled 
 during the year and assuming that operations were con- 
 tinued throughout the whole j^ear on full time, the 
 average number of men employed was computed. 
 While the figures, therefore, are pure estimates, if the 
 information furnished hy the company is accurate they 
 may be accepted as fairly representing the statistics for 
 this branch of the industry'. Taking into consideration 
 the fact that the amount paid for contract work in the 
 petroleum and natural-gas industries, §17,415,63^, is 
 84.2 per cent of the total paid in all mining and quarrj'- 
 ing industries, $20,677,938, and that the number of 
 em ploj'ees in these industries, 11,217, is 53per centof the 
 total, 21,183 — with the additional consideration of the 
 great preponderance of the Standard Oil Company's 
 interests over those of all other oil producers — an idea 
 is obtained of the extent to which the total number of 
 employees engaged in contract work in all the industries 
 is afl'ected by the estimates which were made necessar3^ 
 
 The amount paid for contract work in coal mining 
 was $1,650,53.5; in anthracite $406,421, and in bitumi- 
 nous $1,244,114; and the nimiber of employees was 
 6,771 — in the former 1,731, and in the latter 5,040. 
 The information was generally reported bj" the coal 
 operators very completelj'. No reduction of the num- 
 ber of employees reported to the average number for 
 the vear was made, and the number given in the table 
 
106 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 may contain duplications, as there was nothing in the 
 reports to show whether or not a force of employees 
 engaged in a contract and so reported was not again 
 reported for another contract, taken after the comple- 
 tion of the tirst for a different operator and both dur- 
 ing the census 3'ear 1902. Unlike those engaged in 
 deep mining for the precious metals — for copper, iron, 
 etc. — coal miners, engaged as the}' are in mining a ma- 
 terial more easily worked than the surrounding rock 
 and which is alwa3's found in well-detined veins, are 
 usualh^ unsuited for what is termed "rock work." 
 Therefore such work as tunneling, shaft sinking, boring 
 test holes, etc., is in most cases done more economicallj' 
 under the contract system. The larger companies, how- 
 ever, frequently maintain a force of men especially for 
 that purpose. 
 
 The amount reported as paid for contract work in 
 gold and silver mining was $626,09(>, which was 
 only eight-tenths of 1 per cent of the value of the 
 product of the mines. The work was very similar to 
 development work in other kinds of mining. In some 
 cases, where considerable depth had been reached and 
 pumping had to be done on an extensive scale, it was at 
 times impossible for one mining company to pump the 
 water from its mine without at the same time clearing 
 all adjacent mines. This work was therefore most 
 conveniently done by contracting firms or companies 
 with whom the business had become a specialty. 
 
 The amount paid for contract work in iron ore min- 
 ing was $425,292, and there were 1,079 men employed. 
 The work was similar in character to that done in other 
 branches of the mining industry, except that there may 
 have been a larger proportion of stripping preparatory 
 to open-cut mining. 
 
 It should be explained that in the data shown in Table 
 47, in addition to the amount paid for work other than 
 mining which was done by contract, there is included the 
 amount paid liy private operators to state and municipal 
 penal institutions for the lease or use of con\'icts in the 
 operation of mines and quarries. A careful examination 
 of the reports received shows that $530,. 311 was paid for 
 this purpose. The laws of certain Southern states per- 
 mit the lease of convicted prisoners to private persons 
 or firms for work outside of the penitentiaries. Amono- 
 the states liy which this is done are Alabama, Arkansas, 
 Florida. Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, North C'arolina, 
 South Carolina, and Tennessee. This is entirely apart 
 from the work of con\'icts in mines or quaiTies owned 
 by the state. The only states in which the convicts 
 were reported to have been leased to work in mines 
 and quarries, and to which the amount abo\e reported, 
 ?.530,311, was paid, are the following: Alabama, coal; 
 Florida, phosphate rock; Georgia, ccjal and iron ore; 
 North (jaroliria, limestone. 
 
 In addition to the contract work shown in Table 17, 
 a lai'ge amount of such woi'k was done at mines and 
 quarries which did not produce any mineral in 1902, 
 
 but at which development work of some kind was 
 done. The amount paid and the number of employees 
 engaged in contract work at idle mines or those in 
 process of develojiment are shown, bj- minerals, in 
 the following table: 
 
 Table 4:8 . — Contract work at nonprodncing mines, by minerals: 1902. 
 
 TOtKl 
 
 Borax 
 
 Coal, bituminous . 
 
 Copper ore 
 
 Gold and silver... 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 Lead and zinc ore 
 Manganese ore . . . 
 
 Natural gas 
 
 Petroleum 
 
 Quicksilver 
 
 Amount 
 paid. 
 
 2,664,526 
 
 .500 
 
 33, 767 
 
 200 
 
 1, 542, 771 
 
 21fi, 168 
 
 8,149 
 
 158 
 
 104, 230 
 
 7.58, 433 
 
 1.50 
 
 Number 
 of em- 
 ployees. 
 
 7,019 
 
 3 
 
 135 
 
 1 
 
 5,649 
 
 286 
 
 17 
 
 1 
 
 173 
 
 753 
 
 1 
 
 Adding the amount paid and the number of emplo}'- 
 ees given in the above table to the corresponding data 
 shown in Table 17 makes a total for the United States 
 of 123,312,161 paid for contract work in 1902 at all 
 classes of mines and 28,202 employees. Contract work 
 was reported in greatest amounts from petroleum and 
 natural-gas wells among productive properties; the 
 largest amount of contract work at mines for which 
 no production was reported was in the development 
 and improvement of gold and silver mines. Petroleum 
 and natural gas, iron ore, and bituminous coal follow 
 in the order named. 
 
 XL 
 
 PKODUCTIOX WITHOUT EMPLOYEES. 
 
 Speaking ))roadly, it required the .services of 619,856 
 wage-earners and salaried employees, to whom was paid 
 $108,980,512 to produce in 1902 the mineral product of 
 tiie United States, which was valued at $796,826,417. 
 
 The (conditions of mining and quarrying were such as 
 to call for the employment of at least one person at a 
 very large proportion of the plants, and in some branches 
 of the industiT the investment of capital in Ituildings 
 and mechanical and other equipment and the organiza- 
 tion of the working force were equal to those features 
 of industrial organization in the largest and most impor- 
 tant manufacturing establishments. On the other hand, 
 in certain branches of the industry operations were con- 
 ducted at many mines and quarries under conditions of 
 the gr-eatest simplicity with no hired labor and no me- 
 chanical e(iuipment, with the exception of a few tools. 
 Table 19 presents for each mineral the number of mines 
 or quairies at which there were no employees, the pro- 
 prietor doing all the work; also the value of the output 
 of such establishments, and in adjoining columns, for 
 purposes of comparison, the total number of mines and 
 ([uarries and the value of their product with the per- 
 centage that the product of the class reporting no em- 
 ])loyees forms of the total. 
 
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF IIESUT/FS. 
 
 107 
 
 Table -iO. — Production 'ii<iihuiit onjiloi/fes, hij iiihiirnh: 1902. 
 
 Total 
 
 number 
 
 i)f mines, 
 
 quarries, 
 
 and 
 
 wells. 
 
 Total ; 151,516 
 
 Asbestos 
 
 Asphaltum and Ijltumi- 
 
 nousrock 
 
 Barytes 
 
 Bauxite 
 
 Borax 
 
 Buhrstonesand millstones. 
 
 Cement 
 
 Clay 
 
 Coal, anthraeite 
 
 Coal, bituminous 
 
 Copper ore 
 
 Corundum and emery 
 
 Crystalline quartz 
 
 Feld.spar 
 
 Flint 
 
 Fluorspar 
 
 Fuller's earth 
 
 Garnet 
 
 Gold and silver 
 
 Graphite 
 
 Grindstones and p n 1 p - 
 
 stones 
 
 Gypsum 
 
 Infusorial earth, tripoli, 
 
 and pumice 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 Lead and zinc ore 
 
 Limestones and dolomites 
 
 Lithium ore 
 
 Manganese ore 
 
 JIarble 
 
 Marl 
 
 Mica 
 
 Mineral pigments, crude . 
 
 Monazite 
 
 Natural gas 
 
 Oilstones, whetstones, and 
 
 scy thestones 
 
 Petroleum 
 
 Phosphate rock 
 
 Precious stones 
 
 Quicksilver 
 
 Sandstones and quartzites 
 
 Silica sand 
 
 Siliceous crystalline rocks 
 
 Slate ". 
 
 Sulphur and pyrite 
 
 Talc and soapstone 
 
 Tungsten 
 
 Uranium and vanadium . 
 All other minerals-' 
 
 24 
 
 4S 
 
 38 
 
 6 
 
 29 
 
 101 
 
 205 
 
 334 
 
 5, 652 
 
 144 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 la 
 
 22 
 
 "4 
 
 7 
 
 2,992 
 
 28 
 
 9 
 62 
 
 11 
 
 625 
 
 559 
 
 3,246 
 
 3 
 
 19 
 
 83 
 
 11 
 
 49 
 
 35 
 
 23 
 
 15, 806 
 
 15 
 
 118, 671 
 
 115 
 
 46 
 
 41 
 
 1,304 
 
 26 
 
 906 
 
 199 
 
 23 
 
 20 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 Number 
 of mines, 
 quarries, 
 and wells 
 without 
 
 em- 
 ployees. 
 
 290 
 1 
 
 Total value 
 
 for all mines, 
 
 quarries, and 
 
 wells. 
 
 $796,826,417 
 
 46, 200 
 
 2, 
 
 24, 
 
 7(5! 
 
 290, 
 
 61, 
 
 82: 
 
 236, 
 203, 
 128, 
 383, 
 
 59, 
 268, 
 061, 
 173, 
 858, 
 178, 
 104, 
 
 43, 
 250, 
 144 
 275, 
 
 98, 
 132, 
 482: 
 227: 
 
 14 I 
 1,7.55 
 
 266 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 280 
 
 667, 431 
 2, 089, 341 
 
 55, 994 
 
 6,5,465,321 
 
 14,600,177 
 
 30,441,801 
 
 25, 750 
 
 177,911 
 
 6,044,182 
 
 12,741 
 
 lis, 849 
 
 360, 885 
 
 64, 160 
 
 30,, 867, 863 
 
 113, 968 
 
 71, 397, 739 
 
 4,922,943 
 
 328, 460 
 
 1,, 5.50,090 
 
 10,601,171 
 
 421,289 
 
 18,2.57,944 
 
 5, 696, 051 
 
 947, 089 
 
 1, 138. 167 
 
 6,975 
 
 48, 125 
 
 49, 266 
 
 Value for 
 
 mines, 
 
 quarries, 
 
 and wells 
 
 without 
 
 employees. 
 
 $1, 816, 6.50 
 
 23, 000 
 20 
 75 
 
 862 
 
 70, 280 
 3, 076 
 
 Per 
 cent 
 
 of 
 total 
 value. 
 
 9.7 
 
 0.1 
 
 1.4 
 
 '6."7 
 
 
 5, 720 
 13, .572 
 
 4,796 
 300 
 
 10.2 
 
 (M 
 
 I') 
 
 18, 438 15. 5 
 
 2, 4.60 0. 7 
 
 1,776 I 2.8 
 
 615, 251 2. 
 
 148,397 ! 0.2 
 
 400 I (1) 
 
 71,510 I 21.8 
 
 1,,S71 0.1 
 
 66, ,871 0. 6 
 
 28, 186 
 
 1,316 
 
 80 
 
 234 
 5, 125 
 
 (1) 
 
 3.9 
 10.6 
 
 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 
 
 2 Includes value of product of 436 operators for whom no mines were re- 
 ported. 
 
 ^Includes mines as follows: Chrome ore, 1; magnesitc, 1; molybdenum, 1; 
 nickel and cobalt, 2; rutile, 1. 
 
 The practice of operating mines by ttie owner or 
 lessee without the emplojmient of labor i.s more preva- 
 lent in some mining industries than in others, and neces- 
 sarily affects the relative proportion which the number 
 of employees bears to the quantity of product for tlie 
 industry considered as a whole and in its several 
 branche.s. Of the total number of mines, tpiarries, and 
 wells (151,516) there were only -±,368, or i.S) per cent, 
 at which all the work was done by the proprietors, 
 and the value of the products of such mines, quarries, 
 and wells was only $1,,S16,650, or 0.2 per cent of 
 1796,826,417, the total for the United States for all 
 mining industries. .\t the cen.sus of manufactures, of 
 the total number of manufacturing estal)lishments 
 (512,254) there were 110,510, or 21.6 per cent, in which 
 the work was clone by the proprietors without hired 
 assistance. 
 
 The industries in which there was one employee or 
 more repoiled at every plant are as follows: Borax, 
 cemiuit, coal, anthracite; corundum and enieiy, crystal- 
 line quartz, feldspar, flint, fluorspar, fuller's earth, 
 garnet, graphite, grindstones and pulpstones, lead and 
 zinc ore, lithium ore, marl; oilstones, whetstones, and 
 scytiiestones; silica sand, sulphur and pyrite, talc and 
 soapstone, chrome ore, magnesite, molybdenum, nickel 
 and cobalt, and rutile. 
 
 Precious stont^s show the highest percentage for the 
 value of the product obtained without einploj'ees, 21. S 
 per cent; this is accounted for b}' the fact that a value 
 amounting to $69,550 was, as elsewhere explained, the 
 result of accidental discoveries by individuals and not 
 of systematic and regular mining. Ihe other higli per- 
 centages were formica, 15.5; for uranium and vanadium, 
 10.6; for infusorial earth, tripoli, and pumice, 10.2; and 
 9.7 for asphaltum and bituminous rock. Less than one- 
 tenth of 1 per cent of the product of bituminous coal 
 mines was from mines without emplovees. 
 
 The statistics for petroleum and natural-gas wells are 
 misleading and are not in the least representative of 
 conditions as to the emplo3'ment of wage-earners at the 
 well. The percentage of the product of wells without 
 employees as it appears in the table was 2 for both 
 petroleum and natural gas. It is unquestionable that a 
 much larger number of wells were operated and a 
 larger output produced under conditions requiring no 
 emplo3'ees than the table indicates. The circumstances 
 surrounding the reports of the Standard Oil Companj', 
 as previously explained, are accountable for the evident 
 inaccuracy of the flgures. Separate reports were not 
 furnished by this company for the different groups of 
 wells under its ownershijD or control, or for the wells 
 in dift'erent counties, but the reports were made by 
 states, the report for a state including all oil or gas 
 operations in that state; it was, therefore, obviously 
 imjDossible to determine from the reports whether or 
 not particular wells or groups of wells re(|uired hired 
 labor for their operation. 
 
 XII. 
 
 IRREtiULAR PRODUCERS. 
 
 A large proportion of the mining and quarrying done 
 in this countiy is of a regular and stable character, and 
 there was no great difficulty encountered in securing 
 complete Census reports from most of the operators of 
 this class. There are, however, in some branches of 
 mining and ((uarrying irregular producers who operate 
 independently, working at such times as they feel in- 
 clined or only enough to obtain a product sufficient to 
 satisfy the local demand. Some of these small operators 
 work the same digging from time to time, while others, 
 such as the placer gold and monazite miners, work in 
 different localities, selected with reference to the rich- 
 ness of the deposits. It was found to be impossible to 
 
108 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 secure Census reports from all operators of this class, 
 but the necessai-y information was sometimes obtained 
 from merchants who purchased the products, or from 
 others. 
 
 This condition was exemplified in the monazite indus- 
 try of North Carolina. The industry is one of placer 
 mining, and is carried on in many instances irregularly 
 b}^ men whose expenses are sometimes advanced by the 
 operators of a concentrating plant, who purchase their 
 production, and from whom — as it was found impossible 
 to obtain reports from the miners themselves — the 
 report was obtained covering the operations of all. The 
 men thus irregularly engaged in monazite mining are 
 not employees or wage-earners, strictly speaking, but 
 it was considered that they should be so treated in the 
 statistics. Several hundred were reported as so em- 
 ployed, but by the method of reduction to the average 
 for the entire year this number was very greatl j^ reduced. 
 The amount paid for the crude monazite at the concen- 
 trator was treated as the wages of these miners. 
 
 Somewhat similar conditions existed in the manner 
 in which the operations were conducted in placer min- 
 ing for gold. The mines were quite generally found 
 in localities remote from settled communities and diiB- 
 cult to reach on that account, and partly for this reason 
 the special agents engaged in making the canvass were 
 instructed not to secure reports from placer mines at 
 which less than two wage-earners were employed. This 
 has resulted in the omission from the statistics of about 
 one-fourth of the placer mines. Unlike the method 
 followed in the treatment of statistics of monazite, no 
 cognizance has been taken in the statistics, either by 
 estimate or otherwise, of the operations thus omitted. 
 
 Again, in 1902, a large proportion of the output of 
 
 precious stones was the result of work that was not 
 open to statistical treatment as to capital, employees 
 and wages, expenses, etc. The entire value of this 
 product for the United States was |.32S,450, of which 
 $69,550, or 21.2 per cent, was the value of difi'crent 
 varieties of precious stones that were yielded not by 
 systematic mining operations, but by accidental dis- 
 covery here and there in the search for other minerals. 
 For this part of the production, therefore, statistics for 
 value of product alone are presented. 
 
 In bituminous coal mining there was a large number 
 of mines which are classed as " local" mines or " farm- 
 ers' coal banks," which were operated only to suppljr 
 the needs of the neighborhood in which they were 
 located. The number of such mines as leported at the 
 Eleventh Census was 9,969, as compared with 826 re- 
 ported at the census of 1902. The difference in the 
 numbers reported at the two censuses is due largely, if 
 not entirel}^ to the failure to reach all of these unim- 
 portant mines in 1902. According to the returns re- 
 ceived from such mines, wage-earners were emplo3'ed 
 to but a limited extent and onlj' for short periods, and 
 when the total number was reduced to an average for 
 the year, the result was a ver}' insignificant number as 
 compared with the total number of wage-earners em- 
 ployed in the industry. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 TIME IN OPERATION. 
 
 Table 50 shows the number of mines, quarries, and 
 wells classified according to time in operation by peri- 
 ods of thirty daj's, by the number of shifts per day, and 
 by the number of hours in a shift, from six to twelve. 
 The number of mines for which the information was 
 not reported also appears. 
 
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS. 
 
 109 
 
 Tablh 50.— time in OPERATION: 1902. 
 
 
 
 NIJMBEK OF MINES, QUARRIES 
 
 AND WELLS CLA.SSIFIED ACOOEDING TO 
 
 HAYS I.N 
 
 OPERATION'. 
 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 30 iind 
 
 leHs. 
 
 31 to 
 60. 
 
 61 to 
 90. 
 
 91 to 
 
 120. 
 
 121 to 
 
 1.50. 
 
 1.51 to 
 180. 
 
 181 to 
 210. 
 
 211 to 
 240. 
 
 241 to 
 270. 
 
 271 to 
 300. 
 
 301 to 
 330. 
 
 331 to 
 366. 
 
 Not re- 
 yjorted. 
 
 Total 
 
 151,516 
 
 1,298 
 
 1,362 
 
 1,110 
 
 1,464 
 
 1,464 
 
 1,336 
 
 1,913 
 
 1,704 
 
 1,835 
 
 3,794 
 
 117,308 
 
 15, 090 
 
 1,778 
 
 
 Asbestos 
 
 4 
 
 h 
 (-) 
 
 29 
 
 101 
 
 205 
 
 334 
 
 5, 652 
 
 144 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 27 
 
 19 
 
 22 
 
 "4 
 
 7 
 
 2,992 
 
 28 
 
 9 
 
 ?? 
 
 525 
 
 559 
 
 3,246 
 
 3 
 
 19 
 
 83 
 
 11 
 
 49 
 
 35 
 
 23 
 
 15,806 
 
 15 
 
 118,671 
 
 115 
 
 46 
 
 41 
 
 1,304 
 
 26 
 
 906 
 
 199 
 
 23 
 
 20 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 4 
 
 2' 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 
 -~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 30 
 4 
 4 
 
 28 
 
 54 
 
 2 
 
 736 
 
 11 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 301 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 25 
 
 3 
 
 120 
 
 105 
 
 363 
 
 
 
 
 Aspbaltum and bituiniiums rock 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i" 
 
 i' 
 
 16 
 1 
 
 3 
 9 
 
 1.5 
 
 801 
 11 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 s' 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Barvtes 
 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 Bauxite 
 
 
 
 Borax 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Buhrstones and millstonen 
 
 3 
 10 
 
 337 
 3 
 
 6 
 3 
 11 
 13 
 356 
 4 
 1 
 
 4 
 3 
 9 
 19 
 304 
 9 
 
 5 
 11 
 
 54 
 
 427 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 111 
 
 439 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 3 
 20 
 
 89 
 
 468 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 841 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 18 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 765 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 13 
 10 
 
 1 
 136 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 17' 
 
 31 
 
 1 
 
 
 Clay 
 
 a 
 
 2 
 35 
 
 
 Coal, bituminous... 
 
 
 Corundum and emerv 
 
 '^ 
 
 CrystiiUine quartz 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Feldspar 
 
 4 
 
 3' 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 4 
 
 2 
 1 
 4 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i' 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 2 
 4 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 Flint 
 
 
 
 Fluorspar 
 
 
 
 Fuller's earth 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 " "166' 
 
 i 
 
 219 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 221 
 11 
 
 
 1 
 171 
 3 
 2 
 3 
 1 
 40 
 55 
 251 
 
 1 
 
 132 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 '"i29' 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 
 1 
 
 422 
 
 Gold and silver 
 
 255 
 
 i" 
 
 4 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 .58 
 
 257 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 79 
 
 93 
 4 
 
 8 
 6 
 
 S8 
 1 
 
 43 
 
 1 
 3 
 1 
 1 
 
 203 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 3 
 28 
 44 
 215 
 
 199 
 1 
 
 4" 
 
 2i' 
 
 32 
 203 
 
 178 
 1 
 
 402 
 
 Graphite 
 
 Grindstones and pulpstones 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 19 
 
 26 
 
 .569 
 
 3' 
 
 3' 
 
 2 
 
 e" 
 
 19 
 
 3 
 
 57 
 1 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 44 
 344 
 1 
 1 
 4 
 3 
 6 
 4 
 6 
 
 33 
 
 ""ii.V 
 
 8 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 40 
 200 
 1 
 1 
 4 
 1 
 5 
 ] 
 2 
 
 39 
 1 
 
 74 
 5 
 1 
 
 .50 
 .50 
 221 
 
 39 
 .59 
 217 
 
 103 
 35 
 65 
 
 26 
 
 7 
 
 33 
 
 16 
 
 4 
 318 
 
 Lead and zinc ore 
 
 
 
 Manganese ore 
 
 4' 
 
 1 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 1 
 
 11 
 1 
 3 
 
 72 
 
 1 
 
 122 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 ""ii9' 
 
 2 
 
 130 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 y 
 
 Marl 
 
 4 
 
 i' 
 
 31 
 
 96' 
 
 13 
 19 
 
 84 
 
 4 
 
 117 
 
 44 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 1 
 
 4" 
 
 ""'198' 
 2 
 
 58 
 15 
 10 
 
 1 
 72 
 
 3 
 
 131 
 
 ,58 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 
 5 
 5 
 1 
 
 108 
 1 
 
 1(11 
 5 
 
 3 
 2 
 1 
 41 
 
 74 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 Y 
 
 Mineral pigments, crude 
 
 Miinazite 
 
 I 
 
 i,iii 
 4 
 
 446 
 46 
 
 4 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 1,8.58 
 
 1 
 
 114, 7.53 
 
 8 
 
 11, 898 
 
 
 
 
 
 2, .581 
 
 3" 
 
 16 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 76 
 3 
 
 63 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 62 
 
 7"' 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 98 
 
 160 
 
 31 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 19 
 
 
 Sandstones and quartzites 
 
 77 
 29' 
 
 85 
 I 
 
 47 
 6 
 
 56 
 
 53 
 3 
 
 466 
 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 7 
 7 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 Sulphur and pyrite 
 
 Tale and soapstone 
 
 Tungsten 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 Includes mines as follows: Chrome ore, 1; magnesite, 1; molybdenum, 1; nickel and cobalt, 2; rutile. 1. 
 
110 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table .50.— TIME IN OPKKATIUN: 1902— (Vintinued. 
 
 MIKERAL. 
 
 NUMBER OF MINES, QUARRIES, ANTi 
 
 WELLS CLASSIFIEIl AftOEMNG 
 
 TO SHIFTS PER I'AY.' 
 
 NUMBER OF MINES, QUARRIES, AND WELLS CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO 
 HOURS PER SHIFT. - 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 3. 
 
 Not re- 
 ported. 
 
 8. 
 
 7. 
 
 8. 
 
 i). 
 
 10. 11. 
 
 12. 
 
 Not re- 
 ported. 
 
 
 20, 873 
 
 12S, 406 212 
 
 2,025 
 
 84 
 
 86 
 
 4,628 
 
 2,685 
 
 13,604 , 210 
 
 128, 185 
 
 2,034 
 
 
 
 
 
 Asbestos 
 
 Asphaltum and bituminnus n-rk 
 
 4 
 17 
 17 
 36 
 
 4 
 29 
 
 1S5 
 
 328 
 
 5, 527 
 
 64 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 27 
 
 19 
 
 21 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 1, 775 
 
 26 
 
 9 
 
 57 
 
 5 
 
 356 
 
 480 
 
 2,898 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 Kl 
 
 11 
 
 41 
 
 31 
 
 23 
 
 3,939 
 
 15 
 
 2,. 595 
 
 108 
 
 44 
 
 23 
 
 836 
 
 1.S2 
 11 
 14 
 4 
 3 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 13' 
 
 li 
 
 23 
 
 36 
 
 5 
 
 26 
 
 54 
 
 130 
 
 210 
 
 1, 9.51 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 2 
 1 
 
 
 4 
 11 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3' 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 75 
 
 872 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 45 
 3 
 4 
 90 
 66 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 32 
 
 42 
 
 2,729 
 
 66 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 41 
 5 
 
 9' 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 2 
 35 
 
 5 
 
 12' 
 
 5 
 39 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 
 19 
 
 35 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Feldspar .- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 23 
 16 
 22 
 '4 
 5 
 1,099 
 20 
 
 y 
 
 53 
 
 8 
 
 451 
 
 76 
 
 2,624 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 26 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 Fluorspar 
 
 Fuller's earth 
 
 Garnet 
 
 Gold and silver 
 
 Graphite 
 
 Grindstones and pul.p.stones 
 
 Gypsum 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 1 
 
 418 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 136 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 638 
 
 158 
 
 ■i 
 
 9 
 
 945 
 1 
 
 363 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 427 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 140 
 
 70 
 28 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 29 
 
 
 12' 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 4 
 
 315 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 28 
 
 143 
 
 115 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 326 
 142 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 1.5' 
 
 17 
 
 
 4 
 
 Limestones and dolomites 
 
 j 1 
 
 2 
 
 318 
 
 Manganese ore 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■* 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 169 
 
 2 
 
 53 
 
 2 
 
 33 
 
 6 
 
 133 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .-, 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 3, 565 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 11,3US 
 
 
 ,5.69 
 
 12 
 
 - 
 
 32 
 
 
 11,477 
 
 .569 
 
 
 
 
 
 116.962 6 
 
 105 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 466 
 
 3 
 19 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 '' 
 
 
 22i 
 
 1,627 
 51 
 10 
 27 
 661 
 23 
 341 
 139 
 14 
 14 
 
 130 
 
 24 
 
 116,454 
 6 
 
 105 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 39 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 466 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 Siliceous crystalline rocks 
 
 
 
 
 ISli 
 
 3.55 
 42 
 
 i 
 
 5 
 2 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 Sulptiur and pyrite 
 
 Tungsten 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3' 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Duplication of 33 mines which reported more than one cla.ss of .shift.s per day, distributed as follows: Colorado, 13; California, 11: Idaho, 3; Oregon, 3: South 
 Dakota, 1; Texas, 1; Utah, 1. 
 
 2 Duplication of 34 mines which reported more than one number of "hours per shift," distributed as follows: Colorado, 4; California, 20; Idaho, 3; Montana, 1; 
 Nevada, 1; Oregon, 4; Texa.s, 1. 
 
 ■'Includes mines as follow's: Chrome ore, 1; magnesife, 1; molybdennin, 1; nic]<e] and cobalt, 2; rutilc. 1. 
 
 At many of the mines and quan'ics work was ex- 
 tremely irregulai' on account of fluctuating' demands 
 and the interruption of operations l)y seas(.)nal changes. 
 
 From the totals for all minerals it appears that a 
 large majority of the mines, quarries, and wells in the 
 United States worked full time tlu'oughout the year, 
 or from -301 to 36.5 days, with two shifts of 12 hours 
 each per day; but this is cau,sed by the fact tliat nearly 
 all of the natural-gas and petroleum wells were in con- 
 stant operation both day and night for periods exceed- 
 ing .300 days. If the statistics for these wells are 
 omitted, it will be seen that one shift of in hours was 
 the most general plan, with the H-hour day next in 
 importance. 
 
 When the figures for petroleum and natural-gas wells 
 are deducted from tiie totals for all minerals a total of 
 17,039 mines and (juarries is obtained; of this number 
 14.33'.» worked one shift, 1,130 worked two shifts, 20(i 
 were operated by three shifts, and for 1,391 the infor- 
 mation was not reported. The shift was 10 hours in 
 length at 8,422 mines, S hours at 4,37.':;, 9 hours at 2.4(13, 
 
 and 12 hours at 254, and for l,3(i7 the information was 
 not reported. 
 
 The larger number of anthracite coal mines were in 
 operation from 91 to 210 days. This comparatively 
 sliort period of operation was, as elsewhere explained, 
 due to a strike in that industry. Of the total number 
 of mines, 328 were operated by only one shift per day, 
 which appeared to be the rule; the hmgth of the shift 
 was quite generally 1<) hours. 
 
 The bituminous coal mines seem to bo ([uite evenly 
 distributed as to the number of days in operation, a 
 largo number appearing in each group from 30 days 
 and less in those which exceeded 300 days. The larger 
 number, however (3,133), were reported as operating 
 for periods from 181 days to 300 days. One shift of 
 8 hours appears to have been the general custom. 
 
 In copper mining the mines working two shifts were 
 more mmiei'ous than those working one, and a consid- 
 erable proportion of gold and silver and iron ore mines 
 worked more than one shift per day. 
 
 The statistics show that a very large proportion of 
 
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS. 
 
 Ill 
 
 natural-g-as and petroleum well,« wore in operation from 
 oOl to 3G5 daj'is, working two ^ihifts of 12 hour.s each 
 per daj^ 
 
 The stone quarries, inchiding marble, limestones and 
 dolomites, sandstones and quartzites, siliceous crystal- 
 line focks, and slate, according to the table, with com- 
 paratively few exceptions, worked but one shift ]ier 
 day. The larger proportion were reported us working 
 10 hours per shift, although a considerable number 
 reported 8 and !t hour shifts. 
 
 xn'. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXTENSES. 
 
 An inquiry concerning miscellaneous expenses was 
 first included in the schedules at the census of 1890, 
 when the " total of all other expenditures in the mines 
 or works (including amounts paid for rent, taxes, insur- 
 ance, interest, etc.)" was reported as a separate item. 
 The same inquiry at the census of 1902 required sepa- 
 rate amounts to be reported for (1) royalties and rent 
 of mine and mining plant, and (2) aaiount paid for rent 
 of office, taxes, insurance, interest, advertising, office 
 supplies, law expenses, injuries and damages, telegraph 
 and telephone service, gas, and all other sundries not 
 reported elsewhere. In the special schedule for gold, 
 silver, lead, and copper mines, these amounts were fur- 
 ther itemized as follows: (1) Amount expended in de- 
 velopment work; (2) rent and royalties of mine and 
 mineral land; (3) rent of mining plant and improve- 
 ments; (4) rent or royalty for tunnel privileges; (.5) 
 water rent; (6) other rent or roj^alties; (7) amount j^aid 
 for taxes, insurance, interest, advertising, office sup- 
 plies, law expenses, injuries and damages, telegraph 
 and telephone service, gas, and all other sundries not 
 reported elsewhere. 
 
 Of the total amount paid as iniscellaneous expenses, 
 ^7,805,681, or 66.6 per cent, was reported by mine 
 operators engaged in the production of fuels, and 
 $17,168,321, or 23.9 per cent, for the metallic group, 
 leaving only 16.797,711, or 9. .5 per cent, for all other 
 minerals. 
 
 The amounts reported in answer to the several 
 inquiries are shown in detail in the reports for the dif- 
 ferent minerals. The miscellaneous expenses reported 
 for all minerals amounted to $71,771,713, of which sum 
 $34,530,713, or 48.1 per cent, was paid as royalties and 
 rent of mines and mining plants. Royalties and rent 
 form the most important single item included in the 
 group of miscellaneous expenses, and, with the exception 
 of salaries, wages, and supplies and materials, is the 
 most important item of expenditure reported for min- 
 ing operations. Of the total ($625,245,130) reported as 
 expenses — salaries and wages amounted to 1408,980,512, 
 or 65.4 per cent; supplies and materials to $123,814,967, 
 or 19.8 i)ev cent; miscellaneous expenses to $71,771,713, 
 or 11.5 per cent; and contract work to $20,677,938, or 
 3.3 per cent. Table 51 shows the amount of miscella- 
 neous expenses reported for the different groups of 
 minerals and the percentage that the totals for each 
 group are of the total for all minerals. 
 
 Taiu.k .51. — M'i^('i'll(iiir<>ii>^ r.rpi'iisi'.^^ hi/ (jronji^ of niinerala and per~ 
 reiiUKjc each i/rniip in <if hjliil: IfjdS. 
 
 All minerals. 
 
 iri'lullic 
 
 Fuels 
 
 Structural iiialcria 
 Abrasi\f materials 
 Chcmiral luatLTiaif 
 
 Pigments 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 KOYALTIES AND 
 
 KENT OF MINE 
 
 ANII MINING 
 
 rI,ANT. 
 
 RENT OF OFFICES, 
 
 TAXES, INSUK- 
 
 ANCE, ETC. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 W, 771, 713 
 
 17,l(iS,321 
 47,stl5,681 
 5, 750, 482 
 42,410 
 741, .'J70 
 CO, 44R 
 202, ,S01 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 100.0 
 
 23.9 
 66.6 
 
 .1.0 
 
 0.1 1 
 
 1.0 
 
 0.1 
 
 0.3 
 
 I'er 
 
 cent. 
 
 ,.530,713 100.0 
 
 9, .591, 964 
 
 23,264,926 
 
 1, 260, 673 
 
 S,421 
 
 296,410 
 
 40, 626 
 
 67, 693 
 
 27. S 
 67,4 
 3.6 
 (') 
 0.9 
 0.1 
 0.2 
 
 Per 
 
 100.0 
 
 20,3 
 65,9 
 12.1 
 0.1 
 1.2 
 (■) 
 0.4 
 
 1 Less tiian one-tentii oi 1 per cent. 
 
 No analysis is possible of the amounts paid for rent 
 of offices, taxes, insurance, etc., although these expendi- 
 tures form the larger proportion of the miscellaneou.s 
 expenses reported for a number of the minerals. 
 
 Royalties and rent. — Payments for the use of mineral 
 lands are either in the form of a rental of a fixed 
 amount or are made as percentages of the quantity of 
 mineral extracted or of the A'alue of the metal recov- 
 ered. The importance of royalties and rent is indicated 
 b_v the fact that in the total for all minerals it forms 
 4.3 per cent of the value of the products; in the 
 metallic group, 4.5 per cent; in the fuels, 5 pei' cent; 
 and in the other groups of minerals from seven-tenths 
 of 1 per cent to 7.2 per cent of the value of the prod- 
 ucts. The largest amounts are paid as royalties and 
 rent in the production of fuels, the expenditure form- 
 ing an important item of the total cost. In the jiro- 
 duction of coal the royalty is usually specified in the 
 contracts with the landowners and is generally a cer- 
 tain rate per ton of coal raised. The variation in the 
 amount of royaltj' jDaid per ton in the production of 
 anthracite coal is shown in the following table, which 
 gives the number of operators paying each rate: 
 
 T.A.BLE ^'2i. — f'oiil, iinthrarlle — iiiimJier nf uperati/ra <it various rates 
 of royally: 1902. 
 
 HATE PER TON 
 
 (CENTS). 
 
 0.3 . 
 0.6 . 
 0.7 . 
 
 1.0 . 
 
 1.1 . 
 2.0 . 
 
 3. . 
 3.1 . 
 4.0 . 
 4,5 . 
 5.0. 
 
 5. 5 . 
 6.0. 
 
 6. 2 . 
 6. 3 . 
 
 7.0 . 
 
 7.1 . 
 7.3 . 
 8.0 . 
 8.8 . 
 9.0. 
 
 10. . 
 10.3 . 
 11.0. 
 12.0 . 
 12. 2 . 
 12, 5 . 
 13.0 . 
 14.9. 
 
 Number 
 of opera- 
 tors pay- 
 ing eacli 
 rate. 
 
 RATE PER TON 
 (CENTS). 
 
 Number 
 of opera- 
 tors pay- 
 ing eacti 
 rate. 
 
 15.0 
 
 9 
 
 16. 9 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 16.7 
 
 
 16.8 . -. 
 
 
 n:7 
 
 
 17. 8 
 
 
 18.0 
 
 
 18.7 
 
 
 20. 
 
 12 
 
 20. 3 
 
 
 21.0 
 
 
 
 
 22.4 
 
 
 22. 5 
 
 
 23, 
 
 
 23, 5 
 
 
 24.0 
 
 
 25. 
 
 20 
 
 26. 
 
 
 26. 5 
 
 
 26. 8 
 
 
 27.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 28.0 
 
 
 28. 3 
 
 
 28.4 
 
 
 29. . . 
 
 
 30.0 
 
 13 
 
 RATE PER TOX 
 (CENTS). 
 
 Number 
 
 I of opera- 
 
 I tors pay- 
 
 I ing each 
 
 rate. 
 
 30. 6 . . . . 
 
 
 31,0 
 
 
 32.0 
 
 
 32.1 
 
 
 32.3 
 
 
 .32.8 
 
 
 33. 
 
 
 33.1 
 
 
 33.2 
 
 
 33.3 
 
 
 35. 
 
 18 
 
 36.0 
 
 
 37.0 
 
 
 37. 6 
 
 
 38. 
 
 
 39. 7 
 
 
 40.0 
 
 
 41.0 ... 
 
 
 44.0 
 
 
 45. 
 
 
 46. 
 
 
 46. 6 
 
 
 47.0 
 
 
 47. 5 
 
 1 
 
 49. 
 
 
 50.0 
 
 
 ,53.0 
 
 
 60. 
 
 
112 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Of the 119 operators reporting for the produc- 
 tion of anthracite coal, 81 reported the pa^-nient of 
 roj'alties varying from three-tenths of 1 cent to 60 cents 
 per ton. The most common rates of royalty were 5 
 cents per ton and multiples of that amount; 11 opera- 
 tors reported royalty payments of 5 cents per ton; Itl, 
 of 1(» cents; 9, of 15 cents; 12, of 20 cents; 20, of 25 
 cents; 13, of 30 cents; 18, of 35 cents; and 10, of 40 cents. 
 
 A number of mine operators reported different rates of 
 royalty, each depending upon the terms of the contract 
 with the individual owning the land. As large quan- 
 tities of coal are mined from land owned bj' the operators, 
 the amount of royalty paid has no relation to the value 
 of the product reported for all mines. 
 
 The following table shows the number of bituminous 
 coal operators reporting royalties at the rates specified: 
 
 Table 53.— COAL, BITUMINOUS— NUMBER OF OPERATORS IN EACH STATE AT VARIOUS RATES OF ROYALTY: 1902. 
 
 RATE PER TON (CENTS). 
 
 CO 
 
 c 
 
 d 
 
 1 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 •1 
 
 c 
 
 
 i 
 
 c 
 
 5 
 
 s 
 
 aj 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 S 
 
 "S 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 O 
 5 
 
 KATK Pf:R TfIN (CENTs). 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 c 
 
 g 
 
 o 
 c 
 o 
 
 
 
 c3 
 '•3 
 
 1 
 
 • 
 
 i 
 
 id' 
 c 
 
 g 
 .ffi 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 d 
 
 'S 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 0) 
 
 5 
 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 7 
 1 
 1 
 
 16 
 3 
 1 
 
 25 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 33 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 403 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 46 
 
 1 
 2.54 
 
 1 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 83 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 4 , 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 10 
 
 28 
 
 1 
 77 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 1 
 
 8 8 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9.0 
 
 9.4 
 
 9.5 
 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 "i" 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "9" 
 
 1 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 87 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10.0 
 
 18 
 
 22 
 
 18 
 
 12 
 
 
 49 
 
 98 
 1 
 
 5ft 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 10 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ""i 
 
 10 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 2 6 
 
 
 
 11 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.7 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 79 
 19 
 
 
 1 
 26 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 .... 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 16 
 
 
 2 
 
 11 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 1 
 
 11 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12.0 
 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 22 
 1 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 2 
 1 
 9 
 
 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 244 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 143 
 1 
 
 144 
 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 122 
 
 39 
 
 1 
 
 208 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 1 
 7 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 '- 
 
 
 
 12 3 . ... 
 
 
 1 
 
 32 
 
 
 3 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 5 
 
 8 
 
 73 
 
 15 
 
 47 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 26 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 12.6 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 6 
 
 
 
 130 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 13 5 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 1 
 
 14 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14.2 
 
 15.0 
 
 15 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 3 
 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 11 
 
 
 12 
 
 4 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 3' 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 15.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 16.0 
 
 16.5 
 
 17.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 8 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 24 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 83 
 1 
 
 69 
 
 28 
 
 26 
 
 17.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 53 . . 
 
 18.0 
 
 
 
 4 
 1 
 8 
 1 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 5 4 
 
 
 
 
 18 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 5 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 2 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 36 
 
 2 
 
 18.8 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 58 
 
 
 
 19.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 '^ 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 1 
 
 32 
 
 24 
 
 10 
 
 20.0 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 8 
 1 
 4 
 
 
 
 6 2 
 
 23.0 
 
 
 
 
 37 
 4 
 
 
 42 
 2 
 
 8 
 1 
 
 2.5 
 2 
 
 8 
 4 
 
 4 
 5 
 1 
 
 
 4 
 
 25.0 
 
 26.3 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 T' 
 
 
 
 6 7 
 
 27.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ] 
 
 
 
 1 
 14 
 
 
 
 30.0 
 
 31.3 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 '- 
 
 
 32 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 IS 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 3 
 
 33.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 B 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 1 
 
 35.0 
 
 37.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 37 
 
 68 
 
 23 
 
 42 
 
 38.0 
 
 40.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 '"i 
 
 ,50.0 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <> 
 
 8 4 
 
 
 1 
 
 .57.0 
 
 1.50.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I Includes operators distributed as follows: Alabama, 49; Arkansas, 25; California,]; Indian Territory, 31; Maryland, 17; Michigan, 28; IVIontana, 4; New Mexico, 
 7; North Dakota, 6; Oregon, 4; Tennessee, 38; Texas, 9; Utah, 3; Virginia, 17; Wasiiington, 10; Wyoming, 9. 
 
 Of the 4,109 operators engaged in the production of 
 bituminous coal, 2,130, or 48.3 per cent, reported the 
 payment of royalties varying from eight-tenths of 1 
 cent to $1.50 per ton. The rates most commonly 
 reported were from 5 to 15 cents per ton, there ))eing 
 1,850 oi^erators paying royalties coming within these 
 amounts. 
 
 The amount paid as royalties and rent in the produc- 
 tion of petroleum was reported as $8,929,891, being one- 
 eighth of the value of the product. In the majority of 
 instances tiie royalty was a percentage of the oil pro- 
 duced. This percentage ranged from a fraction of 1 
 
 per cent to 50 per cent, l)ut the usual amount of petro- 
 leum paid to the landowners was one-eighth of the 
 amount marketed or sold to the pipe lino companies. 
 In a few cases a fixed amount was paid for each barrel. 
 In northern Pennsylvania and southeastern Ohio a com- 
 paratively small amount of superior petroleum was pro- 
 duced, for which the operators paid one-sixth. Part of 
 the petroleum produced in Kansas and Texas, and 
 practically all of that produced in California, paid one- 
 tenth. 
 
 The manner in which the amount of royalty to be 
 paid is determined and the method of payment is 
 
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS. 
 
 ns 
 
 de^^cribcd by Mr. F. H. Oliphant, in the United States 
 Geolog-ical Survej^ raonograpli, "The Production of 
 Petroleum," li)0:i,' pages 41 and 42.' 
 
 In the production t)f natural gas $2,5:38,8y.5 was re- 
 ported as rent and royalties. The usual rent paid for ;i 
 gas well was from llOO to 1300 per year. ' 
 
 ' The pipe line company, upon npplication from the proriucer 
 sends an agent, generally known as a " granger, " to measure and 
 inspect the petroleum in his tank and run it into its lines, the tanks 
 throughout the held having Ijeen earel'ullv measured and a card 
 issued showmg the numlier of barrels t'roui top to bottom to each 
 inch of liquid. From his blank book tlie ganger gives the ojierator 
 a "run ticket," sending a duplicate to the nearest general office as 
 well as reporting the amount by telegrajih, keeping a tliird one 
 himself. The pipe line company deducts the amountdue the owner 
 of the property acconling to the terms of an agreement on file at 
 the office, known as the royalty, and tlie next day the i>rodncer 
 can secure the cash for his petroleum at the market quotation for 
 the day or hour of his sale, at the nearest home office of the com- 
 pany, from a purchaser for the relining companies; or, if tiie pro- 
 ducer Avishes, he can obtain a certificate when his production in 
 the tanks of the pipe line company amounts to 1,(1(1(1 barrels. 
 
 These certificates are made payable to bearer, and are therefore 
 transferable. They are subject to a transportation charge in the 
 district of 20 cents per barrel and a charge for storage at the rate 
 of 25 cents per day per 1,000 barrels when the price is less than |1, 
 30 cents when over SI and under $1..50, and 40 cents for all over 
 SI .50 per barrel. They are to be returned for exchange t(j the pipe 
 line company within six months after issue, or be subject to a 
 charge of one-twentieth of 1 per cent daily thereafter until ex- 
 changed. To cover losses bj- fire or lightning'certificates are subject 
 to an assessment pro rata on all oil in the custody of the pipe line. 
 None of these charges are included in the prices of petroleum as 
 quoted, and therefore the prices given are the prices at or near the 
 Avells. This system, by which the operator can alwavs find a mar- 
 ket for his production at a common price known to "all, has done 
 much to develop the oil resources of the United States. Other 
 countries have suffered where there were no organized lines of 
 transportation and storage to enable the producer to dispose of his 
 products regularly. 
 
 ^The form of lease for petroleum and gas wells is generally as 
 follows: 
 
 . .V D. 1911- 
 , part . 
 
 -, Ijv and 
 f the first 
 
 Agreement made and entered into the day nl 
 
 between , of , county of and state of 
 
 part, and part of the second part. 
 
 Witnesseih, That the said part of the first part, for and in eon-sideration of 
 
 the sum of one dollar to in hand well and tnil\' f»aid bv the said part of 
 
 the second part, the reeeipt of which is hereby aelihowledKcd, and of the cove- 
 nants and agreements hereinafter contained on the part of the said partv of the 
 
 second part, to be paid, l^ept, and performed, ha granted, demi.sed, leased, 
 
 and let and by tliese presents do grant, demise, lease, and let tmto the said 
 
 part of the second part, lieirs, executors, administrators, or assigns, for 
 
 the sole and only purposes of mining and operating for oil and gas, and of lay- 
 ing pipe lines, and of building tanks, stations, and .structures thereon to take 
 care of the .said products, all that certain tract of land, situate in town- 
 ship, county, and state of , on waters of , bounded substan- 
 tially as follows: On the north by lands of ; on the east by landsof ; 
 
 on the south by landsof ; on the west by lands of ; containing 
 
 acres, more or less, and being same land conveyed to the first jnirt by by 
 
 deed, bearing date , 18 — , reserving, however, therefrom feet around 
 
 the buildings on which no well shall be drilled by either party except by mu- 
 tual consent. 
 
 It is agreed that this lease shall remain in force for the term of ten years from 
 this date, and as long thereafter as oil or gas or either of them is' produced 
 therefrom by the party of the second part, heirs, executors, administra- 
 tors, or assigns. 
 
 In consideration of the premises the said part oi the sec(")nd part covenants 
 
 and agrees: First. To deliver to the credit of the lirst part . heirs or as- 
 signs, free of cost, in tiie pipe line to which it may conneet its \vells, the equal 
 one-eighth part of all oil produced and sa\'ed from the leased premises: and, sec- 
 ond, to pay 100 to 300 dollars per \ear for the gas from each and every gas well 
 drilled on said premises, the produet from which is marketed and used off the 
 premises, said payment to be made on each well within sixty days after com- 
 mencing to use the gas therefrom, as aforesaid, and t{» be paid yearly thereafter 
 while the gas from said well is so used. 
 
 Second part covenant — and agree — to locate all wells so as to interfere as 
 
 little as possible with the cultivated portions of the farm. And further, to com- 
 mence a well on said premises witliin from the date hereof, or jiay at the 
 
 rate of dollars quarterly, in advance, for each additional three months 
 
 such commencement is delayed from the time above mentioned for the com- 
 mencement of sueh well until a well is commenced; audit is agreed that the 
 commencement of such well shall be and operate as a full licjuidation of all 
 rental under this provision during the remainder of the term of this lease. 
 Such payments may be made direct to the lessor— or deposited to credit 
 
 Itix agreed ty^Rt the second party is to have the privilege of u.sing sufiicient 
 water from the premises to run all necessary machinery, and at any time to re- 
 move all machinery and fixtures placed on said premises; and, further, upon 
 
 the payment of dollars at anytime by the party of the .secimd part, 
 
 iieirs executors, administrators, or assigns to the part of the first part, 
 
 heirs' executors, administrators, or assigns, .said party of the second part, 
 
 heirs' executors, administrators, or assigns shall have the right to surrender 
 this lease forcancellation, after which all payments and liabilities thereafterto 
 accrue under and by virtue of its terms shall cease and determine, and this lease 
 become absolutely null and void. 
 
 In witness mfiereof the parties to this agreement have hereunto set their hands 
 and seals the day and year first above written, 
 
 30223—04 8 
 
 'i'ho following statement sliows the amount of royal- 
 ties and rent paid in the production of natural gas 
 and petroleum in each state and tlie percentages the 
 amounts so paid l)ear t(j the value of the product for 
 the states and for the United States: 
 
 United State 
 
 California 
 
 Colorado [',', 
 
 Indiana . ..• 
 
 Kansas 
 
 KeiUueky '' 
 
 New York 
 
 Ohio 
 
 1-^ennsvlvania 
 
 Texas 
 
 West Virginia 
 
 All other states and territories 
 
 NATCRAi, OAS. 
 
 Amoiuit paid 
 
 for riiyalties 
 
 and rent of 
 
 mine and 
 
 miinngplanl. 
 
 Percent 
 of value 
 of prod- 
 uct. 
 
 S2, ,5;!3, 89.5 
 
 m'i,M'i 
 
 21,038 
 
 8, 72,5 
 
 32, 439 
 
 19R, 671 
 
 223,278 
 
 2, 032 
 
 507, 858 
 
 7.6 
 2.6 
 2.4 
 9.4 
 8.4 
 8.5 
 13.6 
 9.4 
 
 Amount paid ,j„.,__j- 
 
 for royalties ', , " 
 
 and rent of ''{^"JT 
 
 mine and '^'r™'' 
 
 miningplant. 
 
 PKTKOLECM. 
 
 S8, 929, 891 
 
 214, 261 
 
 18, ,597 
 
 1,034,070 
 
 28, 2.55 
 
 .53, 613 
 
 194,717 
 
 3,046,994 
 
 1, 916, 987 
 
 261, 1.50 
 
 2,132,243 
 
 29, 004 
 
 4.4 
 
 3.8 
 15.8 
 
 9.7 
 31.0 
 12.7 
 14.7 
 12.6 
 
 C 3 
 12.5 
 10.4 
 
 'Includes Illinois (no royalties paid ), Indian Territory, Louisiana, Michigan. 
 I Jlissouri, Oklahoma, Temiessee, and Wyoming. 
 
 Ill the group of metallic ores the largest amount was 
 paid in royalties in the production of iron ore, the total, 
 $6,503,908, paid in this hranch of mining forming 07.8 
 per cent of the |i9,591-,lt(;4 reported for the entire me- 
 tallic group. 
 
 The following statement shows the amounts paid as 
 royalties and rent in the iron mines in the different 
 states and the percentage that total is of the total for 
 the United States: 
 
 Amount 
 
 paid for I 
 royalties andi Per cent 
 rent of mine of total, 
 and mining 
 plant. 
 
 fniled State 
 
 Alabama . 
 Colorado . 
 Georgia . . . 
 Marylau'l. 
 JMicliigan 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Missouri . 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 New York" _ 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Pennsylvania . . . 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Wisconsin _ 
 
 All other states ai 
 
 S«, 503, 908 
 
 100. 
 
 37, 938 
 
 0.6 
 
 87, 094 
 
 1.3 
 
 8, ;»i 
 
 0.1 
 
 2,271 
 
 (>) 
 
 2, 2.54, 864 
 
 34.7 
 
 3,648,7.50 
 
 56.1 
 
 2, .538 
 
 (1) 
 
 d tcrritorii's . . . 
 
 7,916 
 12, ;»,5 
 
 1 , 503 
 26, 343 
 93, 672 
 93, 429 
 181,243 
 45,612 
 
 0.1 
 0.2 
 ) 
 0.4 
 1.5 
 1.5 
 2.8 
 0.7 
 
 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 
 
 The operators in tlie states of Michigan and Minnesota 
 paid $5,903,(514 in royalties and rent, or 00.8 per cent 
 of the total amount paid in the United States. Of the 
 7'2 operators reported for these states, 61 paid either 
 rent or I'oyalty. The state of jNlinnesota has adopted 
 a system of leasing its iron lands for a term of j'ears to 
 prospectors and miners, and a royalty of 25 cents per 
 ton is imposed on all iron ore mined and shipped from 
 state lands. The state has received $332,119.02 in roy- 
 alties on iron ore actually shipped up to the end of the 
 fiscal year, -luly 31, 1902, and by annual payments on 
 mining contracts, payment for prospecting leases, and 
 
114 
 
 MINES AND (,)UARR1ES. 
 
 as royaltj' on a minimum output of 5,00(» tons per 
 year, the further sum of $212,515.75 has been turned 
 into the state treasury, making a total of $544,634.77/ 
 
 Zinc mining lands are seldom sold, hut are usually 
 worked on royalties. Lands whieh have never been pros- 
 pected are leased on a percentage royalty. The lessee 
 prospects the land and lots are then subleased to mine 
 operatoi-s at a larger percentage royalty than is paid 
 by the first lessee. The first lessee usually contracts 
 to put in pumping plants and keep the tract drained. 
 The ore is sold in the bins and payment is made to the 
 landowner or first lessee, who deducts his rovalty and 
 pays over the balance to the operator. Very f recpiently 
 the sublessee further leases small plots to miners, 
 usually neighboring farmers, who undertake to «(.)rk 
 the land on a royaltv. The larger land companies Iniy 
 all ore produced b\' these miners at a stii)ulated price, 
 deducting from it the royalty. In such cases the terms 
 resemble contract mining as practiced in other branches 
 of the mining industry. The total amount of royalties 
 reported for zinc mines at the Twelfth Census was 
 '11,535,368. The royalty is computed on the price paid 
 bj^ the purchaser for ore in the bin.s; if the ore sells at 
 S3U per ton and the royalty is 2(.i per cent, the land- 
 owner deducts $6 per ton for his royalty and draws his 
 check for $24 to the operator. 
 
 Mining on royalties is of little importance in the cop- 
 per mining industry. The total amount of royalties 
 and rents jmid in 1902 was $130,215, of which only 
 $33,184 represented royalties. This was about 25 per 
 cent of the gross value of the ore upon which the royal- 
 ties were paid. Considering that the total production 
 of copper ore was valued at $51,178,036 at the mine, it 
 is apparent that royalties can not be considered a factor 
 in copper mining. 
 
 In gold and silver mines the royaUy is usuallv stipu- 
 lated at a certain jjercentage of the net value realized 
 for the ore, after deducting treatment charges and 
 freight; the rate increases with the grade of the ore. 
 Thus if the ore is worth $20 per ton, the cost of treat- 
 ment and freight is SIO. and the rate of rovaltv is 25 
 
 ' Report of the auditor of the state of Miniie»jta for the fineal ve;ir 
 einhng .July 31, 1902. 
 
 per cent; then the landowner is paid $2.50 per ton, 
 which leaves $7. 50 for the operator. Sometimes, though 
 seldom, the rate is stipulated upon the gross value — say 
 10 per cent of the assay value of the ore; taking the 
 same figures as in the preceding example, the rbj'altj^ 
 would amount to $2, which would leave for the operator 
 $ls, from which $10 would be deducted for treatment 
 and freight, leaving a net balance of $8 for the operator. 
 In Colorado, where the mines arc often leased in 
 " blocks " to miners who perform the labor personally, 
 the ore is marketed by the owner oi' shipped in his 
 name, and he deducts his royalt}' and pays the balance 
 to the lessee. AVhen the ore is sold to a "sampler" 
 (ore buyer), he frequently withholds the royalt}' for the 
 owner and pays the balance to the lessee. 
 
 XV. 
 
 COST OF SUPPLIES AND MATERIALS. 
 
 The cost of supplies and materials of all kinds used 
 in the mining industries during the year, including 
 freight on the same when paid by the mine operator, 
 amounted to $123,814,967. This includes luml.)er and 
 timlier used for repairs, mine supports, track ties, cars, 
 and other puri)oses; iron and steel for lilacksmithing, 
 rails, frogs, sleepers, etc., for tracks; miscellaneous ma- 
 terials, parts of machinery, and tools used for renewals 
 and repairs; and also explosives, water for boilers and 
 other purposes, fuel, illuminating and lubricating oils, 
 machinery, supplies, etc. Supplies may have been pur- 
 chased with the intention of taking advantage of low 
 prices, but only the cost of those used during the year 
 was reported. The " material "' operated upon in a mine 
 is the mineral in place, and its cost is included in the 
 cost of the land or in the amounts paid for royalty- and 
 rent. All the items here enumerated t'ome under the 
 definition of "supplies," and the total cost may be ac- 
 cepted as representing the purchase of supplies, with 
 the exception of the purchase of lime rock by quarry 
 companies engaged in the manufacture of cement. The 
 totals are simmiarized in Table 54 and placed in com- 
 parison with the value of product for each mineral 
 and gKuqi of minerals. 
 
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF IIESULTS. 
 
 115 
 
 Table 5-=t.— COST OF SUPPLIER AND MATKRIAl.S, AND PERCENTAGE THIS IS OF VAUIK OF I'KODUCT. P.Y .MINERALS 
 
 AND GROUPS OF MINERALS: 1902. 
 
 MINKKAI.S, BY GRdUPS, 
 
 ('i)st l.f sup- 
 plies !\iia 
 lurtterials. 
 
 T( .tnl . 
 Mi'tallic.... 
 
 J123, 814, 9117 
 
 39, «39, 703 
 
 Copper ore 
 
 Gold and silver 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 Lead and zine ore 
 
 Manganese ore 
 
 Quicksilver 
 
 Coal, tuitliraoite . 
 Coal, bit\iminous 
 
 Natural gas 
 
 Petroleum 
 
 11,0S3,17.'3 
 lli, C99, 7118 
 »,(»,S,i;08 
 2,.Sll,(„->7 
 17,22S 
 322, 2B7 
 
 61, 928, -1(19 
 780 
 
 12,7-10,' 
 21,798,922 
 (;,607,2ft,'> 
 17,781,ril2 
 
 Value of 
 product. 
 
 r?9(),jeii, -in 
 
 215, 4.53, 587 
 
 .51,17.s,l)3H 
 82,4,82,0.52 
 05, 465, 321 
 14,000,177 
 177, 911 
 1,, 550, 090 
 
 469, 297, 1171 
 
 76, 173, 586 
 
 290, 858, 483 
 
 30,867,863 
 
 71, 397, 739 
 
 Structural materials . 
 
 Cement 
 
 Clay 
 
 Limestones and dolomites 
 
 Marble 
 
 Sandstones and quartzites 
 
 Siliceous crystalline rocks 
 
 Slate " 
 
 Abrasi\-e materials 
 
 Buhrstoncs and millstones 
 
 Corundum and emery 
 
 Crystalline quartz...! 
 
 Garnet 
 
 Grindstones and pulpstones 
 
 Infusorial earth, tripoli, and pumice 
 Oilstones, whetstones, and scythe- 
 stones 
 
 20,072,399 , 96, 370, 559 
 
 24, 268, 338 
 2,061,072 
 
 30,441,8dl 
 5,044,182 
 
 10, 601, 171 
 
 18,257,944 
 5, 096, 061 
 
 9. 098, 226 
 272, ,S23 
 
 5,403,912 
 ,S25, M22 
 
 1,298,190 
 
 2,493,065 
 680, 361 
 
 8JX3UJ)_: 
 
 1,809 
 
 26,114 
 
 950 
 
 10, 128 
 
 31,349 
 
 2,297 
 
 7,662 
 
 1,177,711 
 
 59, 808 
 104, 605 
 
 43, 085 
 132, 820 
 667,431 
 
 .55, 994 
 
 113,968 
 
 Percentage 
 tliatcostof 
 
 siip]ilies 
 and iiuite- 
 rijijs i.s of 
 \'alue of 
 product. 
 
 15.5 
 18.1 
 21-7 
 
 20. 2 
 13. .s 
 
 13.: 
 16. 
 
 21.4 
 24.9 
 
 20. 8 
 
 37. 5 
 13.2 
 17.8 
 16. 4 
 12.2 
 13.7 
 11.9 
 
 6.8 
 
 ^IINI':iCAI.S, RV 
 
 3.0 
 25.0 
 2.2 
 7.6 
 4.7 
 4.1 
 
 Cliciriicjil iiuiterials 
 
 Bonix 
 
 Muorsjiar 
 
 Uyi'snia 
 
 Phosjihatc roi-k 
 
 Sulphur and pyrite 
 
 Pigments 
 
 Barytes 
 
 .Mineral yiignicnts, crude 
 
 Misccllaneftus 
 
 Asbestos 
 
 .-Vsphaltuiji and bituminous rocl 
 
 Bau.xite 
 
 Felilspar 
 
 Flint 
 
 Fuller's earth 
 
 Graphite 
 
 Lithium ore 
 
 Marl 
 
 Mica 
 
 Monazite 
 
 Precious .stones 
 
 Silica sand 
 
 Talc and soapstone 
 
 Tungsten 
 
 ITranium and \'anadium 
 
 All other minerals 
 
 Cost of .sup- 
 plies anrl 
 materials. 
 
 Value of 
 product. 
 
 Percentage 
 ■| that cost of 
 supplies 
 and mate- 
 rials is of 
 value of 
 product. 
 
 31,603,348 I $10,618,669 
 
 1.5.1 
 
 213, .538 
 
 2,, 383, 614 
 
 31,. 374 
 
 275, 6X2 
 
 341,760 
 
 2,0X9,341 
 
 799, 114 
 
 4,922,943 
 
 217,262 
 
 947, 089 
 
 65, 845 
 
 9.0 
 11,4 
 16, 4 
 16,2 
 22, 9 
 
 11.7 
 
 360, a85 
 
 3,344 
 
 1.81 
 
 46 
 
 200 
 
 236 
 
 728 
 
 12.S 
 
 2tlfl 
 
 2.51 ) 
 
 424 
 
 144 
 
 209 
 
 9.S 
 
 144 
 
 227 
 
 ,50-S 
 
 25 
 
 7.50 
 
 12 
 
 741 
 
 118,849 1 
 
 64 
 
 160 
 
 328,450 1 
 
 421 
 
 289 
 
 1,138 
 
 167 
 
 n 
 
 976 
 
 48 
 
 125 
 
 49 
 
 266 
 
 3.8 
 IC.l 
 
 12.7 
 
 17.8 
 
 9.3 
 
 31.2 
 
 20.1 
 
 12.9 
 
 29.5 
 
 22.8 
 
 4.9 
 
 21.6 
 
 10.1 
 
 0.4 
 
 5.4 
 
 9.1 
 
 11.1 
 
 3.5 
 
 6.3 
 
 7.0 
 
 Tlie varioiLs coiiditioiH under wliich mining opera- 
 tions are carried on destroy the pos.sibility of a fixed 
 ratio between tlie cost of supplies and tlie value of 
 product for any mineral or group of minerals; there- 
 fore the percentages given in the above talile should 
 not be accepted as indicating such a ratio. They show 
 only the relative importance of this item of expense 
 for all mines, irrespective of the conditions under which 
 they were operated. The total amount paid for sup- 
 plies and materials for the entire mining industry was 
 15.5 per cent of the total value of product. The per- 
 centages that cost of supplies and materials formed of 
 the value of the product ranged from O.-l per cent for 
 monazite to o7.5 percent for cement. The high pro- 
 portional cost in the latter was due in part to the fact 
 that some crude cement rock was purchased from (juar- 
 ries that were not equipped for manufacturing cement, 
 and large amounts were paid for cooiaerage stock, bar- 
 rels, and other packages in which the product was 
 packed for shipment. 
 
 XVI. 
 
 powf:r and machinf^kt. 
 
 The use of power is liecoming more general in all 
 braiu-hes of productive industry. In the mining indus- 
 tries power is employed for ti vtiriety of purposes, the 
 chief of which are the operation of hoisting, draining, 
 ventilating, conveying, drilling, and cutting machinery, 
 derricks, steam shovels, and locomotives and hauling 
 engines. It is also employed extensi\'ely in the opera- 
 tion of machinery used in crushing, screening, clean- 
 ing, or otherwise treating the crude material. Motive 
 power is now generally used in all mining operations 
 of ail}' magnitude. 
 
 Table 55 shows the number of operators reporting 
 the use of power and the value of their products in 
 comparison with the total number and value of products 
 for all operators for each classification and group of 
 minerals. 
 
116 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 55.-NUJIBER OF OPERATORS REPORTING USE OF POWER AND TtIK VALUE OF THEIR PRODUCTS COMPARED 
 WITH TOTALS FOR ALL OPERATORS, BY MINERALS AND GROUPS OF MINERALS: 1902. 
 
 MINERALS, BY iiHOVPS. 
 
 All minerals 
 
 Metallic 
 
 Copper ore 
 
 Gold and silver - 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 Lead and zinc ore 
 
 Manganese ore 
 
 Qnicksilver 
 
 Fuels 
 
 Coal, anthracite 
 
 Coal, bituminous 
 
 Natural gas 
 
 Petroleum 
 
 Structural materials 
 
 Cement 
 
 Clay 
 
 Limestones and dolomites 
 
 Warble 
 
 Sandstones and quartzites 
 
 Siliceous crvstalline roclis 
 
 Slate 
 
 Abrasive materials 
 
 Buhrstones and millstones 
 
 Corundum and emery 
 
 Crystalline quartz 
 
 Garnet 
 
 Grindstones and pulpstones 
 
 Infusorial earth, tripoli, and pumice.. 
 r»ilstones, whetstones, and scythestonc 
 
 Chemical materials 
 
 Bora.x 
 
 Fluorspar 
 
 Gypsum 
 
 Phosphate ro<'k 
 
 Sulphur and pyritc 
 
 Pigments 
 
 Barytcs 
 
 Mineral pigments, i-rude 
 
 Miscel lancous 
 
 Asbestos 
 
 Asythaltum and bituminous rock 
 
 Bauxite 
 
 Feldspar 
 
 Flint 
 
 Fuller's earth 
 
 Graphite 
 
 Lithium ore 
 
 Marl 
 
 Mica - 
 
 Monazite 
 
 Precious stones 
 
 silica sand 
 
 Talc Mild soapstftne 
 
 Tungsten - 
 
 Cranium and vanadium 
 
 All other minerals ■■' 
 
 NUMBER OF OPER.\TOKS. 
 
 Total. 
 
 4,081 
 
 29 
 .•S 
 5 
 7 
 
 a 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 l.s 
 If) 
 
 ■.if< 
 
 ■I 
 
 Reporting 
 
 use of 
 power. 
 
 102 
 
 1,'297 
 
 237 
 
 389 
 
 5 
 28 
 
 '31,. 562 
 
 119 
 
 ],S19 
 
 17,1 
 
 129,419 
 
 2,041 
 
 89 
 08 
 862 
 55 
 294 
 619 
 154 
 
 Per cent 
 which num- 
 ber reporting 
 use of power 
 forms of total 
 number. 
 
 12 
 •II 
 
 13 
 
 21 
 102 
 
 50.4 
 
 70.8 
 43.3 
 71.4 
 69. S 
 26.3 
 75.7 
 
 87.6 
 
 100.0 
 
 41.3 
 
 8.9 
 
 99.8 
 
 35. 5 
 
 95.7 
 33. 5 
 27.5 
 73.3 
 24.3 
 60.8 
 88.5 
 
 UK. 7 
 
 3.4 
 60.0 
 20.0 
 71.4 
 ,55. 6 
 60.0 
 80.0 
 
 73.6 
 
 100.0 
 66.7 
 91.1 
 64.4 
 72.2 
 
 29.9 
 
 4.8 
 60.0 
 
 14.8 
 
 50.0 
 83.3 
 85.7 
 40.2 
 47.1 
 100. 
 .57. 9 
 
 9.1 
 18.4 
 4., 5 
 0,7 
 9.5. 
 XU. II 
 ,50. 1) 
 
 33,3 
 
 VALUE OP PRODUCT, 
 
 Total, 
 
 S796,826,417 
 
 215, 463, 587 
 
 fil,17K,o:-iCi 
 
 82, 4H2, 1152 
 
 i;5, 105, 321 
 
 14, 600, 177 
 
 177,911 
 
 1,, 550, 090 
 
 469, 297, 671 
 
 76, 173, .586 
 290,868,483 
 30,867,863 
 71,397,739 
 
 96, 370, 569 
 
 24,268,338 
 2,061,072 
 
 30,441,801 
 5,044,1,82 
 
 10,601,171 
 
 18, 257, 944 
 5, 696, 051 
 
 1,177,711 
 
 59, SON 
 104,605 
 
 43, US5 
 132,820 
 667, 431 
 
 55, 994 
 113,868 
 
 10,618,609 
 
 2,383,614 
 
 276, 6,S2 
 
 2,089,341 
 
 4, 922, 943 
 
 947, 089 
 
 564,039 
 
 203, 164 
 860, 886 
 
 3, 344, 181 
 
 46, 200 
 236, 728. 
 128, 206 
 2.50. 424 
 144.209 
 
 98,144 
 227, ,508 
 
 25, 750 
 
 12, 741 
 118,849 
 
 64, 100 
 
 328, 4,50 
 
 421,289 
 
 1,138, 'Sw 
 
 4s!i25 
 49, 2.56 
 
 For operators 
 
 reporting use 
 
 of power. 
 
 Per cent 
 wliich value 
 of product for 
 operators re- 
 porting use 
 
 of piower 
 
 forms of total 
 
 value. 
 
 204, 828, 082 
 
 ,50,837,067 
 77, 331, 374 
 03, 378, 814 
 11,735,1,57 
 37, 806 
 1,. 508, 364 
 
 431,437,498 
 
 76, 173, .586 
 
 263, 062, 394 
 
 21,076,371 
 
 71,125,147 
 
 83,103,040 
 
 24, 137, 396 
 1,337,230 
 
 23,662,513 
 4,906,303 
 8, 077, 970 
 
 15,416,935 
 5, ,564, 693 
 
 566, 697 
 
 .5,400 
 94, 786 
 12, 000 
 91,760 
 262, 069 
 49, 783 
 69, 900 
 
 9, 685, 5.54 
 
 2, 383, 614 
 
 261,210 
 
 2, 044, 188 
 
 4, 293, 434 
 
 703, 108 
 
 281,120 
 
 23, .500 
 267, 620 
 
 2, 423, :J86 
 
 36, 000 
 ,51,, 869 
 128, 131 
 138, 645 
 112,251 
 9.S, 144 
 204, 218 
 
 4,2i;7 
 
 31,.H{;5 
 
 5 
 
 110, ,500 
 
 354, 242 
 
 1,127,625 
 
 4,731 
 
 20, ,889 
 
 1 Includes 28,925 Ofierators reported by the Standard oil ruiupan.x-, fnr which stiitistics 
 
 - Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 
 
 2 Includes chrome ore, magnesite, inolybdenuin, nicki.| and coluiU, ami nitile. 
 
 if Jiower were reiiortcd collectively. 
 
 95,1 
 
 99.3 
 93.8 
 96.8 
 80.4 
 21.2 
 97.3 
 
 91.9 
 
 100.0 
 90.4 
 68. 3 
 99.6 
 
 86.2 
 
 99.5 
 64.9 
 77.7 
 97.3 
 76.2 
 84.4 
 97.7 
 
 48.0 
 
 9.0 
 90.6 
 27.9 
 69.1 
 
 37.8 
 88.9 
 .52.6 
 
 91.2 
 
 100.0 
 94,8 
 97,8 
 87.2 
 74.2 
 
 49.8 
 
 11.6 
 71,4 
 
 72, 5 
 
 77,9 
 21.9 
 99.9 
 .56.4 
 
 77.8 
 100.0 
 89.8 
 
 (=) 
 
 33.6 
 26.8 
 
 33.6 
 84.1 
 99.1 
 79.2 
 
 42.4 
 
SUMMARY AND ANALY8LS OF RESULTS. 
 
 117 
 
 Of the -i6,S58 operatoris reported for all classes of 
 minerals, 35,!t-(:3, or 7(;.T per cent, reported the use of 
 power. The value of the products reported by opera- 
 tors using power amounted to $732,324,;3T(>, or '.tl.'.l per 
 cent, of the total value of products for all operators. 
 In other words, all ))ut S.l per cent of the mineral 
 products of the country Avere obtained l>v opcratoi-s 
 who reported the use of power to some extent. 
 
 The entire production of anthracite coal, bora.x, 
 fuller's earth, magnesite. and rutile was obtained by 
 operators using power. For ten of the ditferent classi- 
 fications of minerals enumerated in the above table the 
 use of power was reported by operators producing more 
 than ;>5, but less than 1< lO per cent of the value of product. 
 Of the seven groups of minerals the metallic group 
 shows the largest proportion. 95.1 per cent, for the 
 products obt*iined by operators using power. ' The next 
 largest proportion, 91.9 per cent, is shown for the 
 group of fuels, while for the remaining groups the per- 
 centages of the products obtained by the use of power 
 are as follows: 91.2 per cent for chemical materials. 
 86.2 per cent for structural materials, 72.5 per cent for 
 miscellaneous materials, i9.8 per cent for pigments, 
 and 48 per cent for abrasive materials. The table shows 
 verv conclusively that practically all of the large pro- 
 ducers employed mechanical power in some form. 
 
 In compiling these statistics, steam, gas or gasoline, 
 and water were considered as primary power, and 
 rented power of all classes was included under the 
 same head. Gas engines embrace all forms of internal 
 combustion engines in which the propelling force is the 
 explosion of gaseous or vaporous fluid in direct contact 
 with a piston within a closed cylinder. The incjuirv 
 concerning mechanical power called for a full report 
 of all power employed, either owned or rented, includ- 
 ing the number and horsepower of all engines, motors, 
 water wheels, etc., used for ventilating. jDumping. 
 hoisting, derricks, surface machinery, and all other 
 purposes. The power reported inanswer to this inquiry 
 amounted to 2,867,562 horsepower for all branches of 
 mining. Of this total. 2,432,963 horsepower, or 84.9 per 
 cent, was steampower; 60,897 horsepower, or 2.1 per 
 cent, was waterpower; and 373,702 horsepower, or 13 per 
 cent, was obtained from other forms of mechanical power, 
 including electricitj% gas engines, air compressors, etc. 
 The use of steampower largely predominated in mining- 
 operations, other forms of primary power in com- 
 parison having only a limited application. AVhile 
 inquiries concerning power were included in the 
 schedules used at previous censuses, they do not appear 
 to have been answered uniformly, and the comparisons 
 can not be accepted as an accurate indication of the 
 increase in the quantity of power employed. The 
 
 following tal;)le, however, presents the total horsepower 
 reported at the censuses from ls7() to 1902: 
 Tabl].; 5(). — JIunepoiixr: ISIO lo 190s!. 
 
 TOTA), HORSEPO\VKR. 
 
 AsljL'stos 
 
 A.sphaltujii ill 
 
 Hurvk's 
 
 Bilii'xitc 
 
 hitumiiHms nick. 
 
 Boni 
 
 Bulirstniifs un.i inillstDiics 
 
 Cement 
 
 Clay . 
 
 Ccial, anthrueite 
 
 Colli, bltutniiunis 
 
 (.'oppur ore 
 
 Corundum and emerv 
 
 Crystalline quartz . . .' 
 
 Feldspar 
 
 Flint 
 
 Fluorspar 
 
 Fuller's earth 
 
 Garnet 
 
 ( jold and silver 
 
 Graphite 
 
 Grindstones and pulpstones 
 
 Gypsum 
 
 Infusorial earth, tripoli, and pin 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 Lead and zinc ore 
 
 Limestones and dolomites 
 
 :Magnesite 
 
 Manganese ore 
 
 Marble 
 
 Marl 
 
 Mica 
 
 Mineral pigments, crude 
 
 Jlonazite 
 
 Natural gas 
 
 Nickel and cobalt 
 
 Oilstones, whetstones, and scythe 
 
 Petroleum , , . . . 
 
 Phosphate rock 
 
 Precious stones 
 
 Quicksih'er 
 
 Rutile 
 
 Sandstones and quartzites 
 
 Silica sand 
 
 Siliceous crystal line rocks 
 
 Slate 
 
 Sulphur and pyrite 
 
 Talc and soapstone 
 
 Tungsten 
 
 108 
 
 720 
 
 110 
 
 (j24 
 
 388 
 
 85 
 
 11-1,092 
 
 4,478 
 
 431,220 
 
 521,165 
 
 laS, .507 
 
 110 
 
 20 
 
 1,204 
 
 740 
 
 669 
 
 460 
 
 430 
 
 195, 805 
 
 769 
 
 1,247 
 
 7,319 
 
 410 
 
 119, .558 
 
 41,901 
 
 04,. 500 
 
 15 
 
 3.54 
 
 14,286 
 
 50 
 
 188 
 
 1,840 > 
 
 30 ; 
 
 104, 107 
 
 193 
 
 910,077 
 
 14,229 
 
 150 
 
 1,808 
 
 30 
 
 25,652 
 
 2,000 
 
 46,986 
 
 25,454 
 
 6, 305 
 
 3,945 
 
 280 
 
 i 
 
 r-i 
 (■-) 
 (■') 
 
 160, 983 
 .54,796 
 34, 390 
 
 r-} 
 (•-') 
 (=) 
 {' 
 I- 
 i'' 
 ('} 
 
 78, 343 
 .505 
 
 2, 045 
 
 (■') 
 
 57, 976 
 ■i 1,133 
 22, 362 
 
 11,392 
 
 !? 
 
 140 
 
 (-') 
 
 {■) 
 50 
 
 ( = ) 
 
 2,441 
 
 (■-) 
 15, 516 
 
 (-) 
 
 15, 199 
 12,037 
 
 (-') 
 
 1=) 
 
 n 
 
 (■-) 
 
 3, 445 
 
 .351 
 
 105, 807 
 
 26, 191 
 
 13, 541 
 
 16 
 
 (') 
 
 28 
 
 m 
 (-) 
 ('-) 
 
 2 24, 309 
 320 
 
 (-) 
 
 m 
 (') 
 
 24, 838 
 
 6 6,739 
 
 198 
 
 n 
 
 87 
 (') 
 (') 
 {') 
 
 158 
 (') 
 (=) 
 
 1.55 
 10 
 {■) 
 
 ^> 
 {-) 
 
 m 
 r-) 
 
 286 
 
 
 (2j 
 
 50 
 (•') 
 {-) 
 C) 
 
 (') 
 
 2,090 
 
 1,201 
 
 49, 280 
 
 13, .361 
 
 6,388 
 
 (=> 
 
 u 
 
 (=) 
 (') 
 
 5, 606 
 
 (=) 
 (-) 
 
 (;> 
 (-) 
 
 8,927 
 
 984 
 
 61,737 
 
 (■-') 
 
 C) 
 
 636 
 
 (-) 
 
 n 
 
 r-) 
 (=1 
 
 130 
 
 23,482 
 
 ('=) 
 (=) 
 147 
 
 (^) 
 (•) 
 (•-) 
 
 671 
 
 (■) 
 
 1 Horsepower of boilers reported. 
 - Not reported. 
 
 ■'E.xclusive of waterpiower used at arrastra mills, and all power at stamp 
 and amalgamating mills. 
 
 ■• Reported for eastern and southern zinc mines only. 
 '" Reported for mines east of the one-hundredth meridian. 
 ** Includes all stone except marble and slate. 
 ^ Included with limestones and dolomites. 
 
 Since statistics for power were not reported in a uni- 
 form manner at these censuses, the totals for the Fnited 
 States are not shown in Table 56. The figures can be 
 accepted only as an indication of the more general use 
 of power in mining operations and not as a liasis for 
 computing the actual increase in the horsepower em- 
 ployed in the industry. The inquiry for 1902 was con- 
 fined to the operation of mines, quarries, or wells and 
 such manufacturing processes as were carried on in 
 immediate connection therewith. A number of min- 
 erals for which power was reported at the census of 
 1902 were not produced in commercial (juantities at one 
 or more of the three preceding ceirsuses, or if thev were 
 so produced, power was not reported as employed in 
 the mining operations. 
 
 The detailed statistics for the different varieties of 
 
118 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 power reported for each mineral, eaeli group of min- 
 erals, and for all minerals in each state are shown in 
 Tables 1 and 2, jiages 347 to 377. The. following table 
 shows the number of operators in each class of minerals 
 
 and group of minerals reporting the use of the different 
 varieties of power, and the total amount of horsepower 
 employed: 
 
 Table 5T.-NUMBER (>F OPF.RA'K »KS KKlM)KTIX(f TH K USE OF THE DIFFKRPJNT KINDS ()¥ POWER, AND TOTAL 
 
 HOK1SEPOWER: 1902. 
 
 MINERALS, 1-lV GROVPS. 
 
 All minerals . 
 
 Copper ore 
 
 Gold and silver 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 Lead and zinc ore . 
 
 Manganese ore 
 
 Quicksilver 
 
 Coal, anthracite .. 
 Coal, bituminous . 
 
 Natural gas 
 
 Petroleum 
 
 Structural niati 
 
 Cement 
 
 Clay 
 
 Limestones and dolomites . . . 
 Marble 
 
 Sandstones and quartzites . . . 
 Siliceous crystalline rocks. . . 
 Slate 
 
 Abrasive materials . 
 
 Buhratonesand millstones 
 
 Corundum and emery 
 
 Crystalline quartz 
 
 Garnet 
 
 I Grindstones and pulpstones 
 
 Infusorial earth, tripoli, and pumice . . . 
 Oilstones, whetstones, and scythestoncM 
 
 Chemical materials 
 
 Borax 
 
 Fluorspar 
 
 Gypsum 
 
 Phosphate rock 
 
 Sulphur and pyrite . 
 
 Pigments 
 
 Barytes 
 
 Mineral i>igments, crude 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Asbestos 
 
 Asphaltum and bituminous rock . 
 
 Bauxite 
 
 Feldspar 
 
 Flint 
 
 Fuller's earth 
 
 Graphite 
 
 Magnesite." 
 
 Marl 
 
 Mica 
 
 Monazite 
 
 Precious stones 
 
 Kutile 
 
 Silica sand 
 
 Talc and soapstone 
 
 Tungsten 
 
 Uranium and vanadium 
 
 All other minerals- 
 
 U'KKATdKS. 
 
 Total 
 number. 
 
 Number | 
 
 reporting 
 
 power. 
 
 119 
 
 ■4,4oy ! 
 
 1,9C.7 : 
 L*9,rS22 , 
 
 n, 746 
 
 93 
 
 203 
 3, 137 
 
 75 
 1,211 
 
 Hr-,3 
 174 ; 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 6 . 
 18 ! 
 45 ! 
 
 42 
 35 ' 
 
 4 
 2t 
 
 17 
 ■1 
 
 19 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 400 
 1 
 
 20 
 20 
 4 
 3 
 
 46, xri,H 
 
 1 3.i, 943 
 
 4, OKI 
 
 2, 0,58 
 
 144 
 
 102 
 
 99'> 
 
 1,297 
 
 332 
 
 237 
 
 657 
 
 389 
 
 19 
 
 5 
 
 37 
 
 28 
 
 36,017 
 
 1 31, 562 
 
 119 
 
 1,,S19 
 
 175 
 
 1 29, 449 
 
 2,041 
 
 68 
 862 
 
 55 
 294 
 .519 
 1.54 
 
 21 
 102 
 
 Total 
 liorse- 
 power. 
 
 .557, 933 
 
 198, 607 
 
 195, S05 
 
 119, 558 
 
 41, 901 
 
 3.54 
 
 1,808 
 
 434,220 
 .521,165 
 104, 107 
 910,077 
 
 295, 448 
 
 114, 092 
 
 4,478 
 G4, 600 
 14, 286 
 25, 6.52 
 46, 986 
 25, 4.54 
 
 2, 495 
 
 85 
 110 
 
 20 
 
 430 
 
 1,247 
 
 410 
 
 193 
 
 28, 860 
 
 338 
 669 
 
 7,319 
 14, 229 
 
 6, 305 
 
 1,9.50 
 
 no 
 
 1 , .S40 
 
 105 
 720 
 624 
 1 , 201 
 710 
 
 4i;o 
 
 769 
 15 
 .50 
 
 l.Sn 
 30 
 
 150 
 
 30 
 
 2,000 
 
 3, 945 
 
 280 
 
 STEAM ENGINES. 
 
 Number 
 of opera- 
 tors re- 
 porting. 
 
 Horse- 
 power. 
 
 92 
 922 
 233 
 365 
 
 31,237 
 
 119 
 
 1,748 
 
 122 
 
 29, 248 
 
 1,932 
 
 823 
 .54 
 275 
 479 
 1.52 
 
 189, 
 122, 
 102, 
 38, 
 
 415, 
 
 489, 
 
 94, 
 
 668, 
 
 03 
 
 811 
 
 3 
 
 942 
 
 61 
 
 .547 
 
 10 
 
 748 
 
 24 
 
 631 
 
 44 
 
 189 
 
 24 
 
 W9 
 
 OAS OR GA.SOLINE 
 ENGINES. 
 
 Number 
 of opera- 
 tors re- 
 porting. 
 
 Horse- 
 power. 
 
 203 
 
 259, 695 
 
 6,913 
 
 19 I 1,184 
 
 142 4,060 
 
 9 86 
 
 24 I 431 
 
 WATER WHEELS. 
 
 Number 
 of opera- 
 tors re- . 
 porting. 
 
 9 I 1.52 
 
 29, 223 ! 248, 892 
 
 3 
 
 117 
 
 79 
 
 29, 024 
 
 1.85 
 
 1,119 
 
 7,083 
 
 240, 505 
 
 30 
 20 
 420 
 , 235 
 410 
 185 
 
 85 
 
 4,286 
 
 1 
 
 2,890 
 
 18 
 
 1 , 031 
 
 20 
 
 275 
 
 2 ! 88 
 
 205 
 530 
 
 1,310 
 
 1 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 123 
 
 4 
 
 139 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 40 
 
 10 
 174 
 
 6 
 381 
 
 5 
 
 Horse- 
 power. 
 
 AI.l. OTHER POWER. 
 
 Number 
 of opera- 
 tors re- 
 porting. 
 
 60, .897 
 
 326 
 
 43,936 
 
 1,010 
 
 320 
 
 29 
 
 207 
 04 
 
 30 I 
 
 22 
 1,384 
 
 1 
 329 
 
 .,610 
 
 1,8.54 
 
 26 
 
 .502 
 
 3, 413 
 
 885 
 
 1,.506 
 
 "425 
 
 911 
 170 
 
 550 
 3,645 
 
 350 
 .585 
 
 20 
 ll.s 
 
 Horse- 
 power. 
 
 114, 007 
 
 51,204 
 
 7, 571 
 25, 455 
 16, .584 
 
 2, .534 
 
 60 
 .53, 066 
 
 18, 208 
 29, 034 
 2, 429 
 
 182 
 
 3,395 
 
 80 
 
 9,036 
 
 9 
 
 5,637 
 
 8 
 
 493 
 
 24 
 
 1,420 
 
 1 
 
 125 
 
 8 
 
 64 
 
 24 
 
 1,016 
 
 6 
 
 380 
 
 3 
 
 107 
 
 1 
 
 85 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 85 
 370 
 
 60 
 
 .50 
 90 
 
 20 
 
 lio 
 
 1 Includes 28,925 operators reporterl by the Sliiii'liinl < )il ('(iiii|i; 
 fore, are duplicated in stearapower and gas or giisolinc powrr, 
 siuelndes chrome ore, lithium ore, molyhdciimii, and iiickri i 
 
 iiy for which shitistics of jjowcr were reported collci'liyidy. .\ hiiKc iiuinher of operators, there- 
 
 All the operator.s reported for fi\(' of the iiiinerals j whom work at irreo-ular intervals, uiid the .small lessees; 
 
 enumerated in the above table ii.sed niechaiiical power. | therefore the eompari.son of the niim))er of operators 
 
 The nimiber of operatois re])oi-le(l foi- the remaining j reporting the use of powcM-, with the total number 
 
 minerals for which jtower was used inchides all the ' reported for each mineral, dtu's not convey a correct 
 
 operators of small mines and (piarries, a numlicr of impression of the importance of motixc power in the 
 
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS. 
 
 119 
 
 ininiiiij;- industries of the country. The following state- 
 ment shows the proportion of each vai'iety of power 
 
 employed in the procUiction of the dilferent oroups of 
 minerals: 
 
 Pel' cent of each kind of power employed in the different groups of m.inerah: IWZ. 
 
 All minerals . 
 
 Metallic 
 
 Fvu'ls 
 
 Struftural inatiTiuls. 
 Abrasivf materials . . 
 Chemical materials , 
 
 Pigments 
 
 Miscellaneotts 
 
 )PFJiAT()RS, 
 
 Total 
 number. 
 
 Numl)er 
 
 reporting' 
 
 Xio\\'er. 
 
 8.7 
 V6. 9 
 12.2 
 0.1 
 0.4 
 0.2 
 1..=) 
 
 •Sl.H 
 5.7 
 0.1 
 0.3 
 0.1 
 0.3 
 
 Total 
 liorse- 
 nower. 
 
 Stojim engines. 
 
 19.4 
 
 (18.7 
 10.3 
 0.1 
 1.0 
 0.1 
 0.4 
 
 Numljer 
 
 of oyjera- 
 
 tors. 
 
 Horse- 
 power. 
 
 4.7 
 89.1 
 
 0.1 
 0.3 
 0.1 
 0.2 
 
 18.7 
 68..'i 
 11.2 
 0.1 
 1.1 
 0.1 
 0.3 
 
 Gas or gasoline 
 engines. 
 
 Water wheels. 
 
 All oilier power. 
 
 Number 
 of oyjera- 
 
 Nuinber 
 of opera- 
 tors. 
 
 100. 
 
 0.7 
 99.0 
 0.3 
 
 <!' 
 
 2.3 
 9.5.8 
 
 1.7 
 (') 
 
 0.1 
 (■) 
 
 0.1 I 
 
 84.8 
 1.3 
 
 Horse- 
 jiower. 
 
 Number 
 of opera- 
 tors. 
 
 74.9 
 2.3 
 14. 1 
 
 1.8 
 0.9 
 0.0 
 
 43.9 
 43.7 
 10.6 
 0.4 
 0.7 
 0.3 
 0.4 
 
 Horse- 
 power. 
 
 100.0 
 
 44.9 
 46.6 
 7.9 
 0.1 
 0.4 
 I 
 0.1 
 
 (') 
 
 1 Le.ss than one-te 
 
 Of the total power for all minerals, includino- natural 
 gas and petroleum, 1,969,569 horsepower, or 68.7 per 
 cent, was reported bj" the operators engag-ed in the pro- 
 duction of fuels. The universal use of power in anthracite 
 coal mining, its veiy general application in the produc- 
 tion of bituminous coal, and its use in the necessar}' 
 pumping machinery at petroleum wells account for the 
 large amount of power reported for the operators in- 
 cluded in this group. 
 
 The metallic group, with ,557,933 horsepower, or 
 19.4 per cent of the total, is the second in importance 
 in the quantity of power used. While the operators in 
 this group formed a comparatively small proportion, 
 (5.7 per cent) of the total number of operators reporting 
 the use of power, tliey produced a \'ery large propor- 
 tion of the total product. The fact that a large number 
 of small operators reported for gold and silver and 
 bituminous coal used no motive power is the principal 
 reason for the small proportion using power. 
 
 While the use of power was an important factor in 
 the production of practically all of the minerals, the 
 horsepower reported for structural materials, abrasive 
 materials, chemical materials, pigments, and miscella- 
 neous minerals formed only ll.'.» per cent of the total.^ 
 
 The following statement shows the proportion of 
 steam, gas, water, and other power employed in the 
 production of each group of minerals: 
 
 Fer cent of operators reporting power, and per cent of these rejiorting 
 steam, gas, water, or other pover, by groups of minerals: 1902. 
 
 All minerals.. 
 
 Metallic 
 
 Fuels 
 
 Structural materials 
 Abrasive materials . 
 Chemical materials 
 
 Pigments 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Per cent 
 of opera- 
 tors re- 
 porting 
 power. 
 
 6.7 
 
 60.6 
 87.6 
 3.=). ^ 
 38. 7 
 73.6 
 29.9 
 14.8 
 
 Steam, 
 per cent 
 of total. 
 
 84.8 
 
 81.6 
 84.6 
 92.6 
 92.2 
 93.6 
 67.2 
 6'i. 4 
 
 Gas or 
 gasoline, 
 per cent 
 of total. 
 
 9.1 
 
 1.0 
 
 12.6 
 1.4 
 3.5 
 1.0 
 2.0 
 1.6 
 
 Water, 
 per cent 
 of total. 
 
 8.2 
 0.1 
 
 2.9 
 
 All other. 
 Xjer cent 
 of total. 
 
 3.8 
 28.2 
 32.2 
 
 9.2 
 2.7 
 3.1 
 4.3 
 1.6 
 2.6 
 0.8 
 
 nth of 1 per cent. 
 
 There were 35,060 operators, including those for 
 natural gas and petroleum, that reported the use of 
 steampower. This class of power predominated in 
 each of the general groups of minerals and formed 8-1.8 
 per cent of the power reported for all mining opera- 
 tions. The use of gas or gasoline engines was reported 
 by 29,530 operators, the horsepower amounting to 
 259,695, or 9.1 per cent of the total. Engines of this 
 variety predominated in the fuel industries as a result 
 of the free use of natural gas and petroleum for motive 
 power at the wells. The reports showed that 980 water 
 wheels, with 60,S97 horsepower, were used by -171 
 operators, and of this total 43,936 horsepower, or 72.1 
 pel- cent, was employed in the production of gold and 
 silver. 
 
 The 8-4,54:6 horsepower reported for otlier kinds of 
 power is composed very largel}' of the horsepower of 
 air compressors. 
 
 A number of the mine operators reported that powder 
 was supplied by them to other mines or to operators 
 engaged in other industries, there being 2,852 horse- 
 power rented in this manner. A number also reported 
 that they rented power from other operators or power 
 I companies, the rented power amounting to 29,461 
 j horsepower, 23,556 of which was electric. The elec- 
 r trie power generated by the mine operators amounted 
 to 130,494 horsepower, which, with the electric power 
 \ rented, makes a total of 154,050 electric horsepower 
 used in the mining industry. 
 
 Under the present methods of operation mechanical 
 power for hoisting, ventilating, and pumping is indispen- 
 sable in mining operations of magnitude. Special inquir- 
 ies were included in the schedules for gold, silver, and 
 copper mines, concerning the character of power used 
 in the operation of hoisting and pumping engines, and 
 the following statement shows the number of engines 
 employed for this purpose and operated by each class 
 of power. 
 
120 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Namher of liuixliiii/ mid pumpim/ eiu/iiies employed in, i/old arid silirr 
 and copper mining: 1902. 
 
 
 GOLD AND SILVER. 
 
 COPPER. 
 
 POWER. 
 
 Hoisting 
 enj^ines. 
 
 Pumping 
 engines. 
 
 Hoisting Pumping 
 engines. , engines. 
 
 Total 
 
 1,249 
 
 840 
 
 228 
 
 160 
 
 
 
 Steam . 
 
 968 
 81 
 91 
 50 
 66 
 
 663 
 21 
 84 
 30 
 42 
 
 158 
 16 
 51 
 
 l.'i3 
 
 Gas or gasoline 
 
 Compressed air 
 
 Water 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 Electric 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 111 addition to the foregoing power the gold and sil- 
 ver and copper mines reported 3,399 power drills. Of 
 these 302 were driven by steam, 3,06(1 by compressed 
 air, 4 by water, and 33 by electric power. The gold 
 and silver mines used also 32 steam shovels or derricks, 
 and tti dredges. Forty-nine locomotives also were re- 
 ported for this industry. 
 
 While a perfect system of ventilation is of prime 
 importance in all deep mines, the schedule for coal 
 mines was the only one that contained inquiries on this 
 subject. Of the 334 mines producing anthracite coal, 
 reports for 271 showed the use of fan ventilators and 
 1 the use of exhaust steam. The remaining ti2 reports 
 either contained no answer to the inquiiy or the state- 
 ment was made that no mechanical arrangements were 
 used. Of the reports for the 5,662 bituminous coal 
 mines, 4,844 contained answers to these inquiries, 
 showing that at 2,215, fan ventilatoi's were used; at 
 1,355, furnaces; at 91, tire baskets; at To, exhaust 
 steam; while for 1,112 it was reported that ventilation 
 was accomplished without the use of mechanical 
 arrangements. 
 
 Mechanical .sj^stems of haulage were reported as in 
 use in 2f.)l anthracite mines. In 52 the tail rope was 
 used; in 13, the endless rope; in 27, electric locomo- 
 tives; and in 28, compressed air; while for 81 miscella- 
 neous systems were reported. In the bituminous coal 
 industry 502 mines used the tail rope; 105, the endless 
 rope; 340, electric locomotives; 19, compressed air; and 
 65, other systems. In addition to other machinery, 
 automatic slate pickers and coal cleaners were reported 
 as in use at 258 anthracite coal mines. 
 
 A brief description is given in the following list of 
 the most important mining machiner^r operated by 
 motive powei-: 
 
 POWER DRIVEN' MININf; .VXD (IRE I)RESSI,\(i .\I.\Cm.\"ERY. 
 
 Air rMmpresHor: A machine for compressing air for use as a motive 
 power in mines and quarries and f(jr ventilation in shafts or mines. 
 It may be direct steam driven, or driven from line shaft, electric- 
 motor, water wheel, or gas engine, by belt, rope, gearing, or silent 
 chain. 
 
 Air drill: See Drill. 
 
 Amalgamalinff pon: A machine for grinding and amalgamating 
 ore. It consists of a flat-bottomed iron pan, a^bout .5 feet in diam- 
 eter and from 22 to .'jj feet deep, with an iron cone in the center, 
 and sides nearly or quite verticat In it a horizontal, annular 
 disk, called a luuUer, is revolved. 
 
 Arra.'itra or dniij-stoiie mill: A form of apparatus for comminuting 
 gold and silver ores. The name is derived from the Spanish word 
 meaning "to drag," and is indicative of the principle of the appa- 
 ratus. It consists of a circular pavement from (> to 20 feet in diam- 
 eter, with a retaining wall from 2 to 4 feet high around it, njade as 
 nearly as possible impervious to water or quicksilver. In the 
 center is a vertical rotating post, to whose raflial arms are attached 
 blocks of stone or mullers, which are dragged over the ore in the 
 inclosure, thus crushing it. 
 
 Ball grinder: A pulverizer for minerals. It depends upon the 
 attrition of spheres rolling inside a rotating cylinder, the periphery 
 of which is provided with a cast steel ring, perforated with small 
 holes. The heads of the cylinder are of heavy cast iron, lined 
 with steel. It contains several steel balls from 2 to 5 inches in 
 diameter. The steel ring is the crushing plate upon which the 
 balls break up the material to a size varying from a i>owder to the 
 size of the holes in the ring. In some cases a single large ball is 
 used, moving in a grooved path. 
 
 Boring machine: See Drill; Hydraulic boring machine, etc. 
 
 Breaker: A machine for reducing ore as it conies from the mine 
 to an approximately uniform size convenient for further working. 
 In jaw crushers the ore is broken between a stationary and a 
 movable jaw. Gyratory crushers, often called "coffee mill" 
 crushers, are in part an application on a large scale of the principle 
 (if the ordinary household coffee mill. See also Coal breaker; Roll 
 crusher; Ball grinder; Stamp mill, etc. 
 
 Buddie: One of that class of concentrating machines depending 
 upon the principle of the settling of minerals in the order of their 
 specific gravities. In round buddies the tables are convex-conical 
 or concave-conical. In the stationary buddle the pulp is fed from 
 slowly revolving feed pipes running from a main pipe in the center, 
 and discharging at the circumference of the table, if an inward- 
 flow buddle; or from a slowly revolving central feed, if an outward- 
 flow buddle. In the revolving buddle the table revolves, while the 
 feed is stationary. Distributing brushes spread the deposits evenly 
 over the surface of the table. 
 
 Bumjnng tidjle: A suspended table, capable of liniited movement, 
 which is subjected to a series of Vilows or shocks in the plane of its 
 motion. 
 
 Chain enller nnieliine: .Machine used to shear or undercut coal. 
 It consists (if a low metal bed frame, upon which is mounted a 
 motor that rotates a chain, tn which suitable cutting teeth are 
 attached. It can be used only under certain conditions, viz: 
 When the coal is comparatively free from balls of iron pyrites, or 
 when the roof is good and props are not used close to the face of 
 the coal. It can nut be used to undercut coal having a squeeze 
 upon it. ^lachines of the ordinary type perform their work by 
 making a furward cut under the C(jal, then being withdrawn and 
 moved (iver tii reaili fresh coal. This process is repeated across 
 the face of the room. The Sullivan machine is fed under the coal 
 but once, and then makes a continuous cut across the face, being 
 withdrawn iinl\' at tlie farther side of the room. 
 
 .ClianneliiLg machine: A machine for making channels in stone; 
 that is, cutting the stone intci blocks without the use of explosives. 
 Its several forms are the track channeler, being a machine mounted 
 on a truck running on a track, carrying a boiler furnishing steam 
 to the machine; or the boiler may be omitted, the machine being 
 driven by compressed air from mains; or the truck may carry a 
 reheater for reheating the compressed air before it reaches the 
 machine; the undercutting track channeler, similar to the above, 
 but without boiler and cutting, horizontally; the bar channeler, in 
 which the cutting machine travels on a stationary bar. Any of 
 these machines may lie driven by either steam or compressed air. 
 
 Chilian mill: An ajiparatus in which the ore is crushed under 
 vertical rollers running in a circular inclosure with a stone or iron 
 base or die. The rollers rotate on a horizontal axis and also around 
 a common vertical center. 
 
 (Mai breaker: A machine for crushing lunqi coal as taken from 
 the mine. It is also adajited for deansing and sorting. 
 
SUMMARY AND ANALY8LS OF KE8ULTS. 
 
 121 
 
 Coal coiivei/er: See Conveyer. 
 
 Coal cutter: See Pick machine. 
 
 Coal v'((xhi'i-: A macliine in whicli coal tliat lias lieen broken and 
 assorted is finally washed to deprive it of the .hist and dirt 
 adhering. 
 
 (-'oiiiiircsxoi-: See Air compressor. 
 
 Concentrator: General name apjilied to all machines for concen- 
 trating the mineral values of an ore to a smaller hulk in order to 
 get rid of as much superfluous material as practicalile. 
 
 Convener: An endless belt or chain device for transporting ore or 
 coal. 
 
 Crossover duntj): A contrivance for duiiipiiig cars on the mine 
 tipple, which automatically dumps the i-ir, restores it to its original 
 position, and returns it to the mine. 
 
 Crusher: See Breaker. 
 
 Diamond drill: See Drill. 
 
 Dredge: A machine used in placer mining where streams can not 
 be diverted from their course so as to expose the bed, or where 
 bench placers do not have sufficient water for hydraulicking. A 
 floating dredge is used for mining gravel under water; a traction 
 dredge tor "dry" or land mining. Dredges may be divided into 
 two classes — those using a line of buckets on an endless chain, and 
 those of the liipper type, which use a single bucket like a steam 
 shovel. 
 
 Drill: A machine operated by steam, electricity, or compressed 
 air, for boring. They are of two classes, percussive and rotary. 
 A percussion drill consists of a cylinder in which works a piston 
 carrying a long piston rod, and which is supported in such a man- 
 ner that the drill, clamped to the end of the piston rod, alternately 
 strikes and is withdrawn from the rock as the piston reciprocates 
 back and forth in the cylinder. Means are provided by which 
 the piston rod and drill turn slightly on their axis after each 
 stroke. Rotary drills differ from percussive drills in the fact that 
 the drill makes its way into the rock by a boring action produced 
 by the axial rotation of the drill rod. Diamond drills are of the 
 latter class, the drilling tool being a hollow cylinder armed with 
 diamonds on its cutting end. See also Hydraulic boring machine; 
 Gadder, etc. 
 
 Drill steel sharpener: A device driven by compressed air for 
 sharpening steels for drills, channelers, etc. 
 
 Electric drill: See Drill. 
 
 Electric locomotive: See j\line locomotive. 
 
 Electric pump: A mine pump oj^erated by electricity. 
 
 Elevator: A machine, consisting of series of Ijuckets attached to 
 an endless chain or belt, for lifting materials from one height to 
 another. 
 
 Feeder: A machine for automatically delivering ore in proper 
 quantities and at a definite rate to stamp batteries, roll grinders, etc. 
 
 Oadder: A machine by which holes are inserted into the side of 
 the bench, for the insertion of plugs and feathers, by means of 
 which the blocks are separated in the quarry. It may be driven 
 by steam or compressed air. 
 Gravity stamp: See Stamp mill. 
 Grinder: See Breaker; Ball grinder; Stamp mill, etc. 
 
 Haidage engine: A stationary engine for hauling mine cars Iiy 
 means of tail rope or endless rope systems. 
 
 Header: A machine used principally for entry dividing, especially 
 where it is not desired to make lump coal, and wdiere the work 
 must be pushed rapidly. The machine cuts a cylinder of coal 
 about 4 feet in diameter and about 5 feet in length. 
 
 Hoisting engine: An engine for hoisting men or materials from a 
 
 mine. 
 
 Hgdraidic boring machine: A machine in which the rock drilling 
 machine is actuated by the force of water under pressure, conducted 
 by pipes to the breast of the tunnel. 
 
 Hydrcmlic coed miner: An apparatus for breaking down coal by 
 means of an expanding plug worked by hydraulic pressure. 
 
 Jam crusher: See Breaker. 
 
 dig: A macliine in wliich concentration is effected by giving a 
 column of water a pulsating motion, or by giving the grating and 
 screen, iijion which a bed of ore lies, a short reciprocating motion, 
 the resistance of the water lifting upi the bed on the down stroke 
 of the piston or grating and the particles assorting themselves as 
 they settle back. The principle of the jig is the tendency of the 
 j)articles of a bed of ore in water, when approximately of the same 
 size, to arrange themselves in layers according to their specific 
 gravity when the bed is kept sufficiently open to allow the parti- 
 cles to move freely among themselves. 
 
 Keere: A round tub in which the separation is effected by means 
 of stirring paddles, attached to and operated by a vertical shaft 
 passing up through the center of the tub, and by hammers auto- 
 matically striking the outside of the tub. 
 
 Long-wall -mining machine: A machine especially designed for 
 undercutting a long-wall face. It consists of an engine or motor 
 mounted on a bed frame and a large cutter wheel in the periphery 
 of which arc placed the cutters or bits in a manner similar to that 
 employed in setting the cutters in a chain cutter machine. The 
 bed frame is mounted on wheels which run either on a single 
 rail or an ordinary track laid parallel to the face of the coal. In 
 machines of the Sullivan type the cutter consists of a bar of oblong 
 shape, on which runs a chain carrying cutters or bits. This bar is 
 similar to that used in the chain cutter machine. The machine 
 travels along the bottom of the mine on a flat steel shoe, rails Ijeing 
 unnecessary for its operation. The machine takes its motion along 
 the face from a feed chain. 
 
 Mechanical conveyer: See Conveyer. 
 
 Mill: See Stamp mill. 
 
 Mine locomotive: Small, compactly liuilt locomotive for use in 
 mines. In the steam mine locomotive the water tank is set over 
 the boiler, and the smokestack and top of the cab are on a level 
 low enough to permit entrance into the mine passages. The com- 
 pressed air locomotive requires a stationary air compressing plant 
 and usually pipe lines to convey the compressed air to convenient 
 points in the mine for charging purposes. The electric locomotive 
 also requires a power generating station and is operated in a manner 
 similar to an electric trolley car, using a conducting wire along the 
 haulage road. A variation of the electric mine locomotives is the 
 rack rail locomotive. This locomotive is propelled by sprocket 
 wheels that mesh with the stationary rack laid parallel with the 
 rail, the object being to obtain a great drawbar pull from a light 
 locomotive of small outline dimensions. It is also able to climb 
 steep grades. The electric current is carried to the locomotive in 
 the rack and returned in the track rail. 
 
 Ore breaker: See Breaker. 
 
 Ore conveyer: See Conveyer. 
 
 Ore crusher: See Breaker. 
 
 Pick machine: A reciprncating percu.ssive machine used to shear 
 or undercut coal, etc. In undercutting the machine is mounted on 
 small wheels; in shearing, these are removed and large wheels 
 substituted. 
 
 Pneumatic drill: See Drill. 
 
 Pneumatic pu in j>: A pump operated by compressed air. 
 
 Pneumcdic stamp: See Stamp mill. 
 
 Ptdsometer: A water raising device on the principle of the Savery 
 engine. It will raise water by suction to a height of about 26 feet 
 and, if necessary, force it to a height of about 100 feet. Its utility 
 in mining operations lies in the fact that it will pump anything 
 that t'an get jiast the valves, including mud, gravel, etc. 
 
 Pulverizer: See Boll crusher; Ball grinder; Stamp mill, etc. 
 
 Puuip: See Steam pump; Sinking pump; Pulsometer, etc. 
 
 Riddle: A shaking screen with plane surface. They may be 
 divided into four groups — shaking screens having an endwi.se or 
 sidew ise motion in the plane of the screen, or nearly so, with or 
 without a bump; pulsating screens having an up-and-down motion 
 perpendicular, or nearly so, to the plane of the screen; gyrating 
 screens with a circular or elliptical motion in the plane of the 
 
122 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 screen; gyrating screens with motion in a vertical ])lane parallel 
 to their lengths. 
 
 Roch breaker: See Breaker. 
 
 Roll crusher: A machine for crushing ore to definite sizes. In 
 roll crushers the ore is broken between two cylinders revolving in 
 opi^osite directions on parallel horizontal axes. 
 
 Roller mill: A form of crushing machine in which the crushing 
 is done by rollers moving around in a horizontal pan. They are 
 of two general types, radial and centrifugal. In the radial roller 
 mill the axis of the roller is a continuation <A the radial arm. 
 The rollers of the centrifugal mill revolve on independent axes 
 and are free to swing outward in a radial direction, the rapid 
 revolution of the central spindle causing the rollers to press 
 against a hardened ring die in the side of the pan. See, also, 
 Chilian mill. 
 
 Screen, rerolving: A cylindrical rotating device consisting of 
 perforated plate or woven wire for assorting material into different 
 sizes. See, also, Trommel. 
 
 Screen, whaler: A device made of perforated plate, liars, or woven 
 wire, to which is imparted a reciprocating motion for the purpose 
 of separating material into different sizes. See, also. Riddle. 
 
 Shaft excavator: A system of appiaratus for sinking shafts in coal 
 mines. 
 
 Shearer: A machine for making vertical cuts in a stratum of coal. 
 See, also, Pick machine. 
 
 Sinking pump: Portable pump used to drain water from the sTiaft 
 bottom. It is especially adapted to the recovery of flooded mines. 
 These pumps are suspended by a chain attached to eyebolts in the 
 pump, and are provided with clamps for attaching them to the 
 timbers in the shaft when it is desired to fix them in position tem- 
 porarily. As the shaft gets deeper, the chain may be lengthened 
 and an extra joint placed on the upper end of the delivery pipe. 
 A single steam pipe down the shaft supplies both the sinking 
 pump and the main pump. Electric sinking pumps are operated 
 by electricity generated in a surface power plant. 
 
 Stamp mill: A mill for reducing ores to a comminuted state pre- 
 paratory' to extracting the precious metals by amalgamation. 
 Stamps maj' be divided into three classes: Steam stamps, pneumatic 
 and spring stamps, and gravity stampjs. In the first-named class the 
 pestles are raised and forced down by a steam piston. In pneu- 
 matic and spring stamps the power for lifting and forcing down the 
 stamp is applied by a crank, while the shock to the machine and 
 the variation of length of stroke are taken up by an air cushion 
 or by a spring. The pestles of a gravity stamp are raised by 
 power and fall by their own weight. 
 
 Slecmi drill: See Drill. 
 
 Steam pump : Force pump operated by steam acting upon the 
 piston of a steam engine directly connected to the [lump. 
 
 Steam stamp: See Stamp mill. 
 
 Trommel: A revolving .screen, usually cylindrical in shape, in 
 which ore is screened by causing it to slide by the revolution of the 
 screen instead of a shaking movement. Tandem trommels have 
 screens of two or more sizes on the same shaft, forming one cijn- 
 tinuous cylindrical or conical surface. Concentric trommels have 
 two or more screens placed one outside of the other on the same 
 shafts. 
 
 Undercutting machine : Machine f(.>r undercutting coal in the mine. 
 See, also, Pick machine; Chain cutter machine, etc. 
 
 Vanner: A machine for sepjarating heavy minerals from lighter 
 by gently shaking or vanning, the mild agitation keeping the par- 
 ticles (jf the lighter mineral in suspension while the particles of 
 the heavier mineral sink to the bottom. 
 
 Ventilating J'a:it: A blower or ventilator for supplying air tn ujines. 
 
 XVII. 
 
 QUANTITY AND VALUE OF PRODUCTS. 
 
 Scope of till'. Htaf/isticn. — For censii.s purpo.ses the pro- 
 ductive indu.stries of the country are divided into four 
 broad groups— agriculture, manufactures, mining, and 
 fisheries. It has lieen the endeavor since 1870 to pre- 
 serve the distinction between these groups, but the 
 trend of industrial development has been toward the 
 consolidation of interests so as to bring under one 
 management the production of both the raw material 
 and the finished product. This tendency is especially 
 noticeable in mining and manufacturing, and has caused 
 these industries to overlap at many points, making a 
 statistical separation impossible. The relationship 
 between the two industries is discussed on page 9. It 
 is evident that the difficulties attending a separation 
 are increasing with the development of the resources of 
 the country. If both industries were enumerated at 
 the same time, it would be possible to so word the 
 schedule as to obtain a consistent report covering the 
 entire operations and at the same time make a practi- 
 cable separation of the statistics. On the other hand, 
 mines and quarries are a branch of the extractive 
 industries, which include all those industries dealing in 
 the natural products of the earth and are, in theorj- at 
 least, allied to agriculture, but the statistics of agri- 
 culture for the Twelfth Census do not include any data 
 relating to mines or rjuarries.' 
 
 The limitations of the statistics for manufactures are 
 not so easily defined. Section 7 of the act of Congress 
 of March .3, 1899, providing for the Twelfth and sub- 
 sequent censuses, confined the inquiry to "manufac- 
 turing and mechanical establishments." If the law had 
 not contained special provision for a mining census, 
 this section would in all probability haA'e been con- 
 strued to cover mines and cjiuarries, as was done in early 
 censuses. In the absence of a direct provision of law, 
 the limitation of the census of manufactures was not 
 fixed arbitrarily, but was determined by the conditions 
 and requirements of those industries which are on the 
 border line between mining and manufacturing. This 
 has resulted in some duplication in the statistics of 
 production. For instance, an establishment engaged in 
 the manufacture of cement that operated a quarry from 
 which it obtained the raw material was reported as a 
 manufactory, but it was also reported in the mining- 
 census as a ({uarry. 
 
 The two industries being thus interdependent, the 
 duplication incident to the combination of their prod- 
 ucts can be eliminated only by ascertaining the quan- 
 
 ' Twelfth Census, Report on Agriculture, Part I, pages xiii and xiv. 
 
tity and value of tho mining products con.smiied in 
 iniunifacturo. This was attempted at theTwclftli Census 
 by obtainino- from nianufaeturers the cost of materials 
 purchased in a raw state. 
 
 ^tioxlunj of iiieaKurentenf. — In statistics of mamifac- 
 tures the standard of measurement is limited to the 
 dollar because of the g-reat diversity of products and 
 the impossibility of o))taining a uniform unit of (juan- 
 tity. For similar reasons tho same unit of measure- 
 ment is used in presenting the total for all mining 
 products. The quantity is a. more exact indication of 
 the relative importance of a given product than is its 
 value, and the cpiantity is shown for the majority of 
 the minerals; but the impossibility of applying this 
 standard is found \vhen an iittempt is made to reduce 
 the different units to a uniform basis and give to each 
 its true weight. For instance, there were 35, .567,410 
 long tons of iron ore, 3(1, 940, 710 long tons of anthra- 
 cite coal, 260,216,844 short tons of bituminous coal, 
 69,557.715 ounces of gold and silver, 34,291 flasks of 
 quicksilver, and 89,275.302 barrels of petroleuui re- 
 ported as produced in the United States during the year 
 1902. These various units can not })e reduced to a uni- 
 form Ijasis, and the aggregate value is necessarily used 
 in presenting the total. The value of the annual pro- 
 duction of gold and silver was almost half as great as 
 that of anthracite and bituminous coal, })ut there were 
 nearly ten times as many wage-earners employed in the 
 production of coal as in the production of the precious 
 metals. 
 
 The changes in value per unit have resulted in a 
 decrease in the total value of certain products, although 
 the quantity has increased, while for others the per- 
 centage of increase in the total value has exceeded that 
 of the total quantity. By the use of the quantity the 
 uncertainties due to fluctuation in prices are elimi- 
 nated. Table 5S, which shows the production and 
 conmiercial value of silver for selected years, as com- 
 puted bv the Director of the Mint, illustrates, for two 
 periods, the increase in quantity accompanied b}^ a de- 
 crease in value, and for three periods, the increase in 
 quantity accompanied by a smaller increase in value. 
 
 SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS. 123 
 
 rABi.n 58. — }'rndii(;ti(i)i null eoiniiierrial riihic of xilrer. 
 
 . 
 
 FINE OUNCES. 
 
 COMMERCIAJ. VALUE. 
 
 VEAH. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Per font of 
 ilicrea.sc. 
 
 31.(1 
 
 61.0 
 
 7.0 
 
 12.1 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Per cent of 
 inf;reaHe. 
 
 l.-iSI) 
 
 ] s.sr> 
 
 30,320,000 
 39,910,000 
 
 ?34,720,000 
 42, .500, 000 
 
 7, 780, 000 
 
 39,230,000 
 .55,.563,€0C 
 
 
 
 
 IlilVlTHlirr 
 
 9,590,000 
 
 39, -1.10, 000 
 (13 .^)0(1 000 
 
 22.4 
 
 IMSC 
 
 W.yi 
 
 
 
 
 
 IlilVn-rlliT 
 
 24,000,000 
 
 54, .TO, 000 
 5H, 330, 000 
 
 16, 333, 000 
 
 .57, 225, 000 
 57,030,000 
 
 41.6 
 
 IHUO 
 
 1X91 
 
 
 
 
 ]linVr,.Iiri' 
 
 1.SU4 
 
 ]ao2 
 
 . 3,830,000 
 
 49, 600, 000 
 55, 600, 000 
 
 405, 000 
 
 31, 422, 000 
 29, 415, 000 
 
 0.7 
 
 
 
 Ilift.Teiici' 
 
 0, 000, 000 
 
 65, 214, 000 
 55, 500, 000 
 
 1 2, 007, 000 
 
 33,12.8,000 
 29, 415, 000 
 
 10.4 
 
 19(11 
 
 1902 
 
 
 
 
 DiffeFL-Rfe 
 
 286, 000 
 
 0.5 
 
 '3,713,000 
 
 111.2 
 
 ( r)eerea«e. 
 
 For three of the periods shown in the above table 
 the percentage of increase in the quantity of silver 
 produced exceeded the increase in commercial value, 
 and for two there was an absolute decrease in value 
 with a small rate of increase in ([uantity. The greatest 
 difference is shown for the period from 1894 to 1902. 
 The production for 1902 showed an increase of 
 6,00(),0(i(» ounces, or 12.1 per cent over the production 
 of ls94, while the commercial \-alue decreased by 
 §2,0<»7,O00, or 6.4 per cent. There was also a decrease 
 of $3,713,0(10, or 11.2 per cent, in the value reported 
 for 190ji as compared with 1901, although the pro- 
 duction increased by 286,00(1 fine ounces, or flve-tenths 
 of 1 per cent. 
 
 While in the case of silver the j^roduction has 
 increased more rapidly than the value, the reverse is 
 true for coal, the value having increased more rapidly 
 than the production. This is shown by the following 
 table, giving the quantity, value, and percentage of 
 increase in the production of anthracite and bituminous 
 coal : 
 
 Table .59.— PRODUCTION OF ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL.' 
 
 1891. 
 1892. 
 
 1898. 
 1899. 
 
 1898. 
 1902. 
 
 riiffe 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 117,901,238 ' 
 179,329,071 
 
 219,976,267 
 2.53,741,192 
 
 33, 764, 925 
 
 219,976,267 
 301,590,439 
 
 81,614,172 
 
 J117, 188, 400 
 207, 666, 381 
 
 90,377,981 
 
 208, 023, 250 
 2.56, 094, 234 
 
 208, 023, 250 
 367,032,069 
 
 1,59, 008, S19 
 
 Per cent of 
 increase. 
 
 AVEKAOE PRICE I'EK 
 TON, 
 
 AVERAGE NUMBER OF 
 EMPLOYEES. 
 
 1 United States (Jeological Survey, " Mineral Resources of the United States," 1902. 
 
 .\mount. 
 
 Per cent of 
 increase. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Per cent of 
 increase. 
 
 SO. 994 
 1.160 
 
 16.7 
 6.3 
 
 28.4 
 
 205, 803 
 341,943 
 
 
 U. 166 
 
 0. 95 
 1.01 
 
 0.0(i 
 
 0.95 
 1.22 
 
 136, 140 
 
 401,221 
 410, 635 
 
 9,414 
 
 401,221 
 .518, 197 
 
 66. 2 
 2.3 
 
 0.27 
 
 116, 976 
 
 29.2 
 
124 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 The per cent of increase in the value of the produc- 
 tion of coal for each of the periods covered l)y the above 
 statement wa,s greatly in excess of the percentage of in- 
 crease in production and in the number of employees 
 engaged, in the industry. The production for 190ii, as 
 compared with 18'JS, increased by 81,014,17^ short tons, 
 or 37.1 pel' cent, while the value increased $1.59, '.H>8, 819, 
 or 76.4 per cent, the average value per ton increasing 
 27 cents, or 28. i per cent, and the number of employees 
 116,976, or 29.2 per cent. 
 
 The increase in value does not convey a correct idea 
 of the importance of the industiy from the standpoint 
 of employment, but there is a close afhnity between the 
 quantity of the product and the number of wage-earners. 
 The production of a mine depends upon the thickness 
 of the vein; the purity of the ore; the ease of working, 
 as influenced, for example, by the necessity for drain- 
 age; the ability and energj? of the superintendent and 
 bosses; and the state of the labor market and the char- 
 acter of the laborers. All of these factors influence the 
 cost of production, whicli also depends upon the price 
 of supj)lies, the freight charges of transportation com- 
 panies, and the character of the financial management. 
 Value of products fur 19iy2. — The value of product 
 reported at the census of 1902 was the value f. o. b. at 
 the mine or quany of all mineral or stone mined dur- 
 ing the 3'ear. A similar value was given for the pro- 
 duction of petroleum, but for natural gas the value 
 reported was the price to the consumer as obtained 
 from the books of the companies. The total value of 
 products for all mines, quarries, and wells amounted to 
 $796,826,117. As explained on pages 9 and 10, in .some 
 instances this value includes products that have been 
 subjected to manufacturing processes carried on at the 
 mine or quarry. It is the amount received ]y the 
 operators of the mines or quarries and should not bo 
 confused with the value of the metallic contents (jf ores, 
 such as retined gold and silver or tine lead, whicli are 
 sometimes classed as a part of the \'alue of the mineral 
 products of the country. The total \alue of the com- 
 mercial mineral production reported by the Ignited 
 States Geological Survey amounted to $1,260,637,415 
 for the year 1902. The difference between this value 
 and the census value is explained on pages 129 to 131. 
 
 The value of the products reported at the census of 
 1902 is shown for each of the difl'erent classes of min- 
 erals, and these classes are also grouped in order to 
 bring together the products of a similar character or 
 of which similar uses are made. In all cases where the 
 quantity of the product could be reported it is pi-e- 
 sented in connection with its value, and the statistics are 
 discussed in detail in the separate reports for each 
 mineral. The salaries, wages, and expenses reported 
 for each mineral cover the d(^velopment work cari'ied 
 on during the year at productive mines, and their sum 
 for some mines necessarily exceeds the value of the 
 products. In the natural gas industiy the expenses 
 
 incident to distribution are charged to the state in 
 which they^ were incurred, while the ^alue is reported 
 for the state from which the product was obtained. 
 For these and other reasons the expenses should not 
 be considered as indicating the cost of the product, nor 
 the ditt'erence between the total expenses and the value 
 of the product as the profit of mining operations. 
 
 The statistics of production are discussed in detail in 
 the separate reports for the different minerals and also 
 in the presentation by states. 
 
 The following statement shows the value of the 
 products for all minerals grouped according to their 
 character oi' uses and the percentage that each group 
 is of the total: 
 
 Value of jirodiictfi for gronp.i of miiierali find jierceiitar/e ench ig of the 
 total: 1902. 
 
 
 PRODUCTS. 
 
 GROUI'. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Per cent 
 of total. 
 
 Total 
 
 $796, 826, 417 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 Jletallic 
 
 215, 453, 587 
 
 469, 297, 671 
 
 96, 370, 659 
 
 1,177,711 
 
 10, 618, 669 
 
 564, 039 
 
 3,344,181 
 
 
 FiU'l 
 
 .58 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 (iliL-niical materials 
 
 1 3 
 
 Pigments . 
 
 0.1 
 
 
 
 
 Of the $796,826,417 reported as the value of products 
 of mines, quarries, and wells, $469,297,671, or 58.9 per 
 cent, is included in the group of "fuels," composed of 
 coal, petroleum, and natural gas. The production for 
 the "metallic" group, which includes copper ore, gold 
 and silver, iron ore, lead and zinc ore, manganese ore, 
 and quicksilver, was valued at $215,453,587, or 27 per 
 cent. The structural mat(>rials, comprising stone, 
 cement, clay, and slate, were valued at $96,370,559, or 
 12.1 per cent. All other substances obtained from 
 mines and ((uarries were valued at $15,704,600, or 2 
 per cent of the total. It appears, therefore, that the 
 mineral products of the country are composed very 
 largely of fuels and metallic ores, these two groups 
 forming .S5.9 per cent of tiie total. 
 
 The ])i-opoi-tions of the total value of the products 
 obtained from the mines tiiid (juarries in different geo- 
 graphic divisions of the United States are shown by 
 the following statement: 
 
 Viihie of jirodiirts liii ijeoi/riij>lii<' dirisioiit:: 190'2. 
 
 lUVISlDN. 
 
 ^'nlue of 
 products. 
 
 Per cent 
 of total. 
 
 I'liilcd States.. 
 
 
 1*796,826,417 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 North Atlmitif 
 
 274,436,816 
 
 71,571,074 
 
 2,51,874,635 
 
 50, 044, 483 
 
 ■148,899,409 
 
 34 4 
 
 Soutli Allaiitic 
 
 9.0 
 
 North Ceiilnil . 
 
 31 6 
 
 South Central 
 
 6.3 
 
 Western 
 
 18 7 
 
 
 
 ' Includes value of Alaskan coal and Hawaiian stone products. 
 
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS (jF IIESCLTS. 
 
 125 
 
 The North Atlantic and the North Central states cover 
 the principal mineral prodncini;' sections of the coun- 
 try. The value of the products of the two di\-isions 
 amounted to $oi!(),Sll,4:51, or t>G per cent of the total 
 for the United States. Of the $'2T4,4;36,S1(; reported 
 as the value of products for the North Atlantic states, 
 §236,871, -417, or Sii.>> per cent, was obtained from the ' 
 mines, quarries, and wells of the state of Pennsvlvania. 
 The products of this state were composed very lary-ely 
 of coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Fuels '\\ere also 
 the predominating- minerals in the North Central di\'i- 
 sion, their production amountiny' to $132,(131, Oils, or 
 52.1 per cent of the total. 
 
 The value of the production of the AA'estern states j 
 wa.s only IS. 7 per cent of the total for the United States. 
 The chief products were gold and silver, copper ore. 
 
 Table OO.— Ct)MPARATIVK SUMMAEY OF QUAXTITY, VAl 
 
 PRODl'OTS FOR SF:LI-X'TE]) 
 
 and lead and zinc ore, the production of these minerals 
 auKjuntino- to $107,841,021 in value, or 72.1 per cent of 
 the total for this division. 
 
 The value of the production of the South Atlantic 
 and South Central states amounted to $121,61.5,5.57, or 
 15.3 per cent of the total for the United States. 
 
 ](i/i/e />/'/■ unit (if vwaKUfc. — The great varietj^ of 
 minerals included in the census i-eports and the wide 
 \ariation in the value of products restricts the use of 
 hgures in ascertaining the average value per ton or 
 other unit of production, there being comparatively 
 few minerals for which the census statistics can Ije used 
 for this purpose. This is illustrated by the following 
 comparati\'e talkie, presenting the quantity, value, and 
 average value per unit of measure for selected minerals: 
 
 UE, AND AVERAOK VALUE PER 
 MINERALS: 1902 AND 1S89. 
 
 ;NIT OE .MEASURE OF 
 
 Asbestos 
 
 Asphaltuni and bitmninoi] 
 
 Barytes 
 
 Borax 
 
 Buhrstones ami niillstont's 
 
 Cement 
 
 Clay 
 
 Coal, anthracite. . 
 Coal, bituminous . 
 Copper 
 
 Corundum and emery. 
 
 Crystalline rjuartz 
 
 Feldspar 
 
 Flint 
 
 Fluorspar 
 
 Fuller's earth 
 
 Garnet 
 
 Gold, coining yaluc^. 
 Graphite 
 
 Grindstones and pulps 
 
 Gypsum 
 
 Infusorial earth, tripoli, and pumice 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 Lead ore" 
 
 Lithium ore 
 
 Manganese ore 
 
 • Marl 
 
 Mica, sheet 
 
 Mica, scrap and waste. . . 
 Mineral pigments, crude 
 
 Monazite 
 
 Oilstones, whetstones, and seythestones 
 
 Petroleum 
 
 Phosphate rock 
 
 Platinum and iridium 
 
 Quicksilver, crude 
 
 Quicksilver, refined . . 
 
 Silica sand 
 
 Silver, coining value . 
 Sulphur and pyrite. . . 
 
 Talc and soapstone 
 
 Tungsten 
 
 Uranium and vanadium . 
 -Zinc ore '^ 
 
 Quantity 
 (short tons). 
 
 2, 505 
 Olj, 23X 
 (;i,6i;S 
 IS, 142 
 - 6, 667 
 
 < 24, 655, 360 
 
 1,4.55, 3,57 
 
 '' 36, H4U, 710 
 
 260, 216, S44 
 
 ; 039, 033, 392 
 
 4, 251 
 15, 104 
 45, 287 
 36, 365 
 48, 818 
 
 11,492 
 3,926 
 » 3, 242, 039 
 27, 438 
 66, 657 
 
 '"681,633 
 
 0, 415 
 
 f'35, 567, 410 
 
 338, 125 
 
 1,245 
 
 5 16,477 
 
 12, 439 
 
 '373,266 
 
 1,400 
 
 35, 479 
 
 ; 802, 000 
 
 3,876 
 
 < 89, 275, 302 
 
 '1,. 548, 720 
 
 094 
 
 11,727 
 
 u 34, 291 
 
 445, 903 
 
 9.54,198,344 
 
 s 207,. 874 
 
 97, .563 
 
 184 
 
 3,810 
 
 527, 121 
 
 Value. 
 
 846,200 
 
 236, J28 
 
 203, 1.54 
 
 2,383,014 
 
 69,808 
 
 24,268,338 
 
 2,061,072 
 
 70,173,5,Hi; 
 
 290, H5S, 483 
 
 71,192,014 
 
 104, 605 
 43,085 
 250, 424 
 144, 209 
 
 275,082 
 
 98, 144 
 
 132,820 
 
 67, 018, 890 
 
 227, .508 
 
 667,431 
 
 2,089,341 
 
 65, 994 
 
 65, 465, 321 
 
 18,181,013 
 
 25, 760 
 
 177,911 
 12,741 
 83,843 
 35, 006 
 
 360, 885 
 
 64, 160 
 
 113, 968 
 
 71,397,739 
 
 4,922,943 
 
 1,814 
 
 82,242 
 
 1,407,848 
 
 421,2,89 
 
 70,074,025 
 
 947,089 
 
 1,138,167 
 
 5, 975 
 
 48, 125 
 
 9, 006, 361 
 
 .Average 
 
 value per 
 
 unit ol' 
 
 measure. 
 
 Quantity 
 (short tons). 
 
 $18, 44 
 
 3. .57 
 3.29 
 
 124, 62 
 8.97 
 
 0.98 
 1.42 
 2. 06 
 1.12 
 0.11 
 
 24, 61 
 2. ,85 
 
 5. ,53 
 3.97 
 
 6. 60 
 
 8. .54 
 33.83 
 20.67 
 
 8.29 
 11.69 
 
 3.07 
 
 8.73 
 
 1.84 
 
 53. 77 
 
 20. 68 
 
 10. .80 
 1.02 
 0.22 
 
 25. 00 
 10.17 
 
 0.80 
 29.40 
 0..80 
 3.18 
 19, 30 
 
 7.01 
 
 42. 81 
 
 0.94 
 
 1.29 
 
 4. 56 
 
 11.67 
 32.47 
 12. 63 
 17. 09 
 
 I Average 
 value per 
 
 ' unit of 
 measure. 
 
 61, 
 21. 
 14, 
 
 {') 
 
 1, -17, 000, 
 
 1329, 
 
 640,714, 
 
 95, 629, 
 
 7 231,246, 
 
 112, 
 
 9. 
 
 (■•I 
 
 (') 
 
 » 1,590, 
 
 7, 
 
 (■') 
 
 l"267, 
 
 3, 
 
 n4,.518, 
 
 181, 
 
 (■■') 
 
 & 24, 
 156', 
 "49, 
 
 13 38, 
 
 {■') 
 2, 
 ■135,163, 
 -550, 
 
 30 
 735 
 460 
 000 
 
 721 
 020 
 214 
 
 $1, 800 
 
 171,537 
 
 106,313 
 
 1 .500, 000 
 
 35, 1,55 
 
 860.00 
 3.32 
 4.95 
 
 125.00 
 
 '■'51,3.54, 
 ■'94, 
 
 991 
 
 513 
 2)5 
 500 
 
 :, 7,50 
 ., 484 
 
 851 
 732 
 
 (■■') 
 234, 
 
 1 6, 000, 000 
 1635,578 
 65, 879, .51 4 
 94, 346, 809 
 26, 907, 809 
 
 105, .565 
 (■') 
 
 1 39, 370 
 149,137 
 
 45,835 I 
 
 (") 
 (») 
 32, .886, 744 
 72, 662 
 439, 587 
 
 764,118 
 
 23,372 
 
 33,351,978 
 
 6,467,137 
 
 (■') 
 
 240,559 
 63, 956 
 
 12 52,4,50 
 
 " 4.83, 766 
 
 C 
 
 32, 9.80 
 
 26, 963, 340 
 
 2, 937, 776 
 
 2,000 
 
 (■') 
 1,190,500 
 (■■') 
 66, 396, 988 
 209, 909 
 
 475, ,878 
 (") 
 (■') 
 3, 049, 799 
 
 0.71 
 1.93 
 1.62 
 0.99 
 0.12 
 
 47.02 
 
 5.04 
 3.95 
 
 4.82 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 67 
 
 10 
 
 38 
 
 ., 
 
 S5 
 
 
 
 74 
 
 2 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
 70 
 
 9 
 
 94 
 
 " 
 
 41 
 
 11.03 
 0.77 
 6.34 
 4.00 
 
 44.95 
 '"i."29 
 
 13. 05 
 
 13.61 
 
 1 Not included as part of the census; no statistics other than production reported. 
 
 ~ Stones. 
 
 "Xot reported. 
 
 ^ Barrels. 
 
 * Long tons. 
 
 1 Copper contents of all ores mined. 
 
 7 Pounds. „ ., ^ , , ,,. 
 
 8 Fine gold contents of aurilerous ores and placer l»nllion. 
 
 ^ Troy ounces. 
 
 1" Includes land plaster, calcined plaster, and crude gypsum. 
 11 Nonargentiferous lead ore and lead contents rif argentiferous and cop- 
 per ores. 
 1" Values not separable in 1889. 
 
 IS Includes slate ground as a pigment, 2,000 long tons, value S'20,000. 
 H Flasks, 
 i& Zine ore and zinc contents of auriferous and argentiferous ores. 
 
126 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 While, with a few notalile exceiitioiis, the average 
 values per unit for the minerals included in the above 
 table indicate a general increase in 1902 as compared 
 with 1889, the averages should not be accepted as 
 reflecting the actual conditions. As explained on pages 
 8 and 9, the products were not reported at the two cen- 
 suses on a uniform basis. The theory of both censuses 
 was evidently to report, as a rule, the crude products, 
 but in a nuni})er of cases re lined or partially refined prod- 
 ucts were necessarily included. It is impossible to deter- 
 mine the exact extent to which the partially manu- 
 factured product has been included in the totals for 
 either census. The quantities and value of coal, iron 
 ore, petroleum, and other minerals for which a crude 
 product is necessarily reported, or of buhrstones, mill- 
 stones, oilstones, cement, and other substances reported 
 in a manufactured or partially manufactured state may 
 be accepted as a basis for computing the average value, 
 although these values are in every instance the value 
 f. o. b. at the mine and include different grades of a 
 general class or group. For instance, different varie- 
 ties of cement and different grades of the same variety 
 are included in the totals fur both censuses; therefore 
 an average price obtained from such a combination has 
 little significance. Where practicable the average value 
 per unit is given in the reports on the se]5arate minerals. 
 
 By-jirodiictx. — In adopting the classification of min- 
 
 Ahrasive iiiaterudv iind tin- (juaiitifij (ind ridiii: uf kucIi. 
 
 erals used by the United States Geological Survey it 
 was necessary to assign to certain classes products ob- 
 tained from mines or quarries reported under other 
 classifications. The class of products included in the 
 totals for each mineral are descriljed in the sepaiate 
 reports and also in the discussion of " classiiication," 
 pages 24 to 35. This method of assigning the jiroducts 
 found the widest application in the group of " abrasive 
 materials." Of the total value — $1,177,711, reported 
 for this group of minerals— $444,539, or 37.7 per cent, 
 represents products obtained from quarries included in 
 other classifications and under which the statistics for 
 employees and wages and expenses are shown. 
 
 In four of the classes of materials iiududed under 
 abrasives a jjortion of the products was obtained from 
 ([uarries included under other classes of minerals. Of 
 the $6*17,431 reported as the value of grindstones and 
 pulpstones, $403,066, or 60.4 per cent, was obtained 
 from quarries included under the classification of " sand- 
 stones and (juartzites." This value, §4n3,066. should 
 therefore be added to the classification of sandstones and 
 ((uartzites in order to ol)tain a value consistent with the 
 salaries, wages, and other expenses. 
 
 The foll(i\ving statement shows the (|uantity and value 
 of each class of products included under abrasive ma- 
 terials and also the quantity and value of each class 
 olitained from other classifications: 
 
 iii(ifrf/(d.s i>I)f<iiiird fvdiii ijiiii rrn-.'i iiirhidi-d inidi r ntlicr 
 ///.v.- 1902. 
 
 ABRASIVE MATERIALS. 
 
 Total . 
 
 Buhrstones aB<l millstones 
 
 Corundum and emery 
 
 Crystalline quartz 
 
 Garnet 
 
 Grindstones and puljistones 
 
 Infusorial earth, tripoli, and pumice 
 
 Oilstones, whetstones, and seythestones . 
 
 1I\IN:;I> FHnM (jlAKItlKS ( I.ASSIEIK 
 
 TOTAL ABRASIVE 
 MATERIALS. 
 
 (Quantity 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 I 
 
 1 6, 667 
 '1,2.'51 
 
 1.5, 104 
 3,926 
 
 55, B57 
 6,415 
 
 ■ 3, 876 
 
 81,177,711 
 
 .59, 808 
 104,605 
 
 43, 085 
 132, svo 
 6C.7,-I31 
 
 55, 994 
 113,968 
 
 Sandstones and 
 tjuartzites. 
 
 Silieeons crystalline 
 roelfs. 
 
 Talc und soapstone. 
 
 (.irindstoues and 
 pulpstones. 
 
 (iniiiitity 
 (slHtrt Value. 
 loiis). 
 
 Qiuinlity 
 (stones). 
 
 100 
 
 Value. 
 31,425 
 
 quantity 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 176 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quantity 
 (sliort 
 tons). 
 
 Value. 
 
 35,6.83 $411,938 
 
 51,430 
 
 595 
 
 329, 740 
 
 ! 
 
 1(10 
 
 1,425 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■■■ 
 
 1 
 
 
 35, ,503 1 403, 0Ci6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 175 
 
 l,i3i; 
 
 
 180 8,872 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 XVIIl. 
 
 MIXIN<i OPERATIONS OF OOVEKX.MENTAL I NS'lTPrTIOXS. 
 
 In addition to the statistics for inines and quarries oper- 
 ated b^' private enterprise, the mining census intdudes 
 the statistics for 3 quarries operat(>d by the United Staters 
 CJoverninent, 41 ((uarries and 79 natural-gas wells opej-- 
 ated by city or town governments; also 2 coal mines, 1 
 iron mine, 35 natural-gas wells, and 18 quarries operated 
 
 1)}' i)enal or (deeniosynary institutions. In order to pre- 
 serve the distinction between the mining operations 
 controlled l)y governmentid institutions and those con- 
 ducted by pri\ate enterjn-ise the statistics for the for- 
 mer w((rk are presented se[)arately, antl Table 61 
 suinnnirizes the totals for the mines, ([uarries, and 
 wells Controlled ))y each of the four classes of goxern- 
 mental institutions. 
 
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF KP^SULTS. 
 
 Table 61.— SUMMARY, MININCt OPEKATIUNS OF GOVERNMENTAL INSTITUTIONS: 1902. 
 
 127 
 
 ClIARACTEK. 
 
 T(.tal ... 
 
 rnited States. 
 Municipal . . . . 
 
 Penal 
 
 Eleemosynary 
 
 Number 
 
 of mines, 
 
 quarries, 
 
 and 
 
 wells. 
 
 3 
 120 
 19 
 37 
 
 Number 
 of opera- 
 tors. 
 
 SALARIED OFFI- 
 CIAI.S, CLERK.S, ETC, 
 
 Nnmlier. 
 
 3 
 48 
 19 
 
 Salaries. 
 
 t67, 661 
 
 28,1121 
 32, 683 
 
 WAIJE-EAltNKRS. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 484 
 
 305 
 105 
 
 Wa^es. 
 
 8270, 938 
 
 39,699 
 
 167,880 
 
 63, 028 
 
 325 
 
 ■INTRACT \VT)HK. 
 
 Amount 
 paid. 
 
 J29, 18-4 
 
 22, 436 
 3,248 
 3, ,500 
 
 Number 
 
 of eni- 
 j)lo>-ees. 
 
 MLseella- 
 neoua ex- 
 penses. 
 
 840, 330 
 
 1,060 
 
 40, 123 
 
 4,. 547 
 
 600 
 
 Cost of 
 
 supplies 
 
 and mate 
 
 rials. 
 
 8200, 909 
 
 16,. 5,30 
 
 122, 136 
 
 61 , 323 
 
 920 
 
 Vfilneor 
 prudnet. 
 
 31,071,153 
 
 .80,353 
 491,037 
 470, 069 
 
 2(;,694 
 
 The wage-earner.s shown in Tal)U' (51 do not inehide 
 the convicts in penitentiaries or the value of the worl^ 
 of such convicts when employed on contract, lease, or 
 otherwise, nor do they include the number of inmates 
 of eleemosynary institutions thus emplo3'ed. The sal- 
 aried otficials reported were not engaged exclusively in 
 the supervision of tlie mines and quarries. It is proba- 
 ble that most of them had other duties to perform in 
 and about the institutions, and miscellaneous duties are 
 
 also required to some extent of the Avage-earners. The 
 numl.ier of emphjyei.'s reported, therefore, should not 
 be accepted as the number engaged exclusively in min- 
 ing operations. 
 
 Fcdri'dl and III inii,ci]n(l quarr/ex and loidls, — Of the 
 179 quarries and Avells operated by governmental insti- 
 tutions, 123 were controlled by the United States and 
 by city or town governments, and the statistics for 
 such mining operations are presented in Table fi2. 
 
 T.-iBLE 63. 
 
 -illNES, QUARRIES, AND NATURAL-GAS WELLS OPERATED BY THE UNITED STATES AND CITY OR 
 
 TOWN GOVERNMENTS: 1902. 
 
 
 Number 
 
 of mines, 
 
 quarries, 
 
 and 
 
 wells. 
 
 123 
 
 Number 
 of oper- 
 ators. 
 
 SALARIED OFFI- 
 CIALS, CLERR-S, ETC. 
 
 WAGE-EARNERS. 
 
 CONTRACT WORK. 
 
 Miscel- 
 laneous, 
 expenses. 
 
 811,183 
 
 Cost of 
 supplies 
 and mate- 
 rials. 
 
 Value of 
 product. 
 
 
 Number. 
 
 Salaries. 
 83.5,076 
 
 .\vera^^e 
 numtier. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Amount 
 paid. 
 
 Number 
 of em- 
 ployees. 
 
 Total 
 
 51 
 
 60 
 
 378 
 
 8207, 585 
 
 $22, 436 
 
 30 
 
 8l;38, 666 
 
 8574. 390 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 7 
 9 
 
 12, 8.57 
 
 128 
 
 60,203 
 
 
 
 2,2:M 
 
 21,477 
 
 123, 749 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 ] 
 1 
 
 79 
 
 4 
 4 
 ■2 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 1 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 3, ,800 
 837 
 
 2,470 
 510 
 
 3, 625 
 700 
 280 
 605 
 
 5, 900 
 
 49 
 
 9 
 8 
 3 
 
 35 
 9 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 27,406 
 
 4,. 578 
 
 3, 1.50 
 
 900 
 
 18, .540 
 5,089 
 1, 624 
 4,916 
 
 7,404 
 
 1, 068 
 
 936 
 
 5,400 . 
 
 ,H06 
 
 12, 512 
 285 
 125 
 80 
 7,000 
 425 
 50 
 1,000 
 
 67,574 
 
 76, 037 
 
 
 
 
 8,441 
 
 Kentueky 
 
 
 
 
 5,492 
 
 
 
 24 
 480 
 1.50 
 230 
 544 
 
 35, 201 
 
 919 
 
 
 
 
 14, 676 
 
 
 
 
 8,500 
 
 
 
 
 2,184 
 
 
 
 
 7,. 500 
 
 
 22, 436 
 
 m 
 
 205, 262 
 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 21 
 
 27 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 ., 
 
 5 
 3 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 6 
 
 900 
 2,000 
 3,000 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 900 
 1,.593 
 9,000 
 7, 943 
 
 4 
 13 
 
 8 
 
 3,172 
 
 908 
 
 31,121 
 
 100 
 
 9,014 
 
 58, 460 
 
 22,339 
 
 
 46, 353 
 
 
 126,. 570 
 
 South Dakota 
 
 
 10, 000 
 
 
 
 8 3, 664 
 
 45 
 
 26, 080 
 
 873 
 
 5, 335 
 
 49,094 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 2 
 
 500 
 
 4,833 
 
 44, 280 
 
 25 
 
 
 3 
 5 
 
 750 
 2,914 
 
 12, 6.55 
 
 11 
 
 34 
 
 193 
 
 3, 350 
 22, 730 
 
 107,,S98- 
 
 
 
 5,000 
 
 
 
 
 8.50 
 2, 875 
 
 44,069 
 
 Siliceous crystalline roeks 
 
 
 
 
 196, 285 
 
 
 19 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 iS 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2,425 
 
 8,771 
 
 679 
 
 780 
 
 68 
 
 109 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 37, 828 
 61,738 
 6, 405 
 1,250 
 677 
 
 
 
 1,300 
 1,.575 
 
 12, 262 
 
 29,837 
 
 1,703 
 
 288 
 
 190 
 
 .53,815 
 
 
 
 
 128, 3.8.5 
 
 
 
 
 10, 285 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The mining operations carried on by the United 
 States and })y municipal governments gave employ- 
 ment to 378 wage-earners, to whom $207,.585 was paid 
 in wages during the year. Of this number 366, recei\'- 
 ing $200,181 in wages, were engaged in operating quar- 
 
 ries, from which were obtained products used in the 
 construction of public buildings and highways, dams, 
 canals, etc. The products of these quarries were valued 
 at !|36iM28. Of the 28 quarries operated by munici- 
 palities and engaged in quarrying siliceous crystalline 
 
128 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 rocks and .sandstones and quartzites, 21 were located 
 in IMassacliLisctts, and their products were valued at 
 $lT-i,J:.51:, or 70.3 per cent of tiie total for all (juarries 
 of tliese classes. The municipal (juarries iu Massachu- 
 setts were engaged exclusively in the preparation of 
 road material. There were 7!» natural-gas wells oper- 
 ated by 11 municipalities, the gas, valued at 1205,202, 
 being used in the operation of electric light and power 
 plants. The gas was also used for the illumination of 
 public buildings, streets, and grounds, and iu some 
 instances, was sold to private consumers. 
 
 Peiiiil /nstitutlons. — The United States Bureau of 
 Labor has made two reports on convict labor.' From 
 the latter of these reports, which was published in 
 July. 1896, it appears that the practice of employing 
 
 ' Report of the United States Comiiiiissidiier of Labor, 1886, and 
 Bulletin of United States D'-partuient uf Labdr, .July, 18%, 
 
 convicts in mines and quarries and in the dressing and 
 preparation of stone for building purposes, or for the 
 construction of highways, prevailed in a number of 
 state penitentiaries. The value of such work for the 
 year 189.5 was reported at $1,578,905. Work of this 
 character was also done to a considerable extent Ijy the 
 inmates of penal institutions, where the regulations are 
 less rigorous than in state penitentiaries. The ma- 
 jority of the convicts thus employed were not en- 
 gaged directl^J^ by the state, but were worked under a 
 contract, lease, or other s^'stem, and therefore the 
 value of their work reported to the Bureau of the Cen- 
 sus would be included in the returns of mines and 
 quarries operated by private enterprise and reported 
 under the head of ''contract work." The statistics for 
 the 19mii>es and quarries operated by penal institutions 
 are presented in the following table: 
 
 Table 03.— MIXES AND IH'AKRIKS OPERATED BY I'EXAL IXSTITl'TIONS: lltOl'. 
 
 Number 
 
 of mines, 
 
 nuarrie;^, 
 
 and 
 
 wells. 
 
 Total 
 
 Coal, biturainrius 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Iron ore - - l 
 
 Texas - I 
 
 Limestones and dolrmiites 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 New York 
 
 Ohio , , 
 
 Sandstones and quartzit<.-s. 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Nevada — 
 
 Sonth Dakota 
 
 Siliceous crystalline rocks 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 i 
 
 Number 
 of oper- 
 ators. 
 
 SALARIED OFFI- 
 CL\LS, rLERK.S, ETC. 
 
 Number. Salaries. 
 
 46 , S32, 585 
 
 IS, 786 
 
 15,120 
 3. 066 
 
 WAGE-EAKNER.S 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Wa^^es. 
 
 5 
 11 
 
 3, 423 
 
 6, 272 
 
 105 
 
 J03, 028 
 
 64 
 
 41,236 
 
 2 
 62 
 
 1,900 
 39, 336 
 
 
 
 
 
 Contract 
 work, 
 
 amount 
 pai.l. 
 
 S3, 248 
 
 Miscella- 
 neous ex- 
 penses. 
 
 54,. 547 
 
 4, 085 
 
 1 , .581 
 
 2, .504 
 
 3,248 
 
 1,640 
 1,200 
 732 
 3 1,800 
 
 1 I 900 
 
 1 \ 560 
 
 4 I 3, .544 
 
 2, 644 
 900 
 
 4,1.52 
 5,400 
 3,000 
 
 212 
 2.50 
 
 materials. ' 
 
 .{61,323 J470, 069 
 
 390,054 
 
 13 
 
 1.210 
 8, 000 
 8,000 
 
 7, 200 
 14,6.81 
 
 32, 440 
 
 126, 530 
 263, .524 
 
 4,336 
 
 32, 440 
 3, 203 
 
 4,336 
 38,231 
 
 1,886 
 297 
 720 
 100 
 
 11,871 
 8, 6.53 
 7,046 
 2,943 
 2 875 
 
 200 
 2, 775 
 
 4,. 843 
 18, 732 
 
 .50 5,000 
 
 25 I 3,732 
 
 700 10, 000 
 
 705 I 13,464 
 319 I 5,252 
 
 The 105 wage-earners shown in Table ti:! as engaged 
 in the mines and cjuarries operated liy penal institutions 
 do not include the convicts thus employeil. They rep- 
 resent only the number of guards or free lahor neces- 
 sarily employed in the supervision of the woili or in 
 the performance of duties that can not be intrusted to 
 the inmates. The production of the quarries tlius oper- 
 ated was utilized in the erection of new buildings, re- 
 taining walls or sidewalks, or was broken into riprap 
 and macadam })y the prisoners and used in the construc- 
 
 tion of highways. The '2 co;d mines operated liy penal 
 institutions gave employment to more than half of the 
 salaried officials and wage-earners engaged in operating 
 the mines and (piarries cunti-olled l>y such institutions. 
 The coal mined was valued at $39<»,051:, or 83 per cent 
 of the total value of the production of all mines and 
 quarries of this class. 
 
 Eleemosynary institutimis. — The statistit's for the 2 
 stone quarries and 35 natural gas wells operated by 
 eleemosynary institutions are presented in Table 01. 
 
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS. 
 
 129 
 
 Table 64.— QUARRIES AND NATURAL-GAS WELLS OPERATED BY ELEEMOSYNARY INSTITUTIONS: 
 
 1902. 
 
 
 Number 
 of quar- 
 ries or 
 wells. 
 
 Number 
 
 of opera- 
 
 tors. 
 
 .SALARIED OPFI- 1 
 CIALS, CI.EBKS, ETC, 
 
 WAGE-EARNERS. 
 
 CONTRACT WORK. 
 
 Misrella- 
 neous ex- 
 penses. 
 
 Cost of sup- 
 plies and 
 materials. 
 
 Value of 
 product. 
 
 
 Number. 
 
 Salaries. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Wages. 
 $325 
 
 Amount 
 pairl. 
 
 Number 
 of em- 
 ployees. 
 
 Totnl 1 37 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 %-i.rm 
 
 8 
 
 SCOO 
 
 $020 
 
 $20, 094 
 
 Limestones and tloloniiles 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 TTT....... 
 
 
 
 - - 
 
 
 
 300 
 
 944 
 
 Ohio 1 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 (! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 200 
 
 020 
 
 324 
 
 Pennsylvania ... 
 
 1 
 35 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 620 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 325 
 
 3, .500 
 
 8 
 
 000 
 
 25, 750 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 o 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 •> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 120 
 600 
 
 n, .500 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 325 
 
 . 3, 500 
 
 8 
 
 coo 
 
 19,800 
 
 Oliio ' :^ 
 
 
 
 
 450 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 XIX. 
 
 THE VERIFICATION OF THE MININd CEN.SITS. 
 
 Statistics of the mineral products of the countiy are 
 collected by the Bureau of the Census, also by tlie 
 United States Geological Survey and by the mine in- 
 spectors and o-eologists of difl'erent states. When the 
 statistics compiled by these various offices relate to the 
 same mineral and cover the same year as that covered 
 by the Census reports there should be a certain degree 
 of harmony in the results, but this is disturbed because 
 various methods are followed in collecting and compil- 
 ing the data, according to the object of the report. The 
 statistics in some of the reports represent a year's pro- 
 
 Table 05. 
 
 duction; in others the}' represent the product placed on 
 the market during the 3' ear; in some thej' give the quan- 
 titj^ and value of the crude material; and in others they 
 show the ([uantity and value of the product partly manu- 
 factured or prepared for the market. 
 
 i'omjiarixon initJi. (reologicol Survey. — The reports 
 of the United States Geological Survey are published 
 yearly and are harmonized with the reports for the pre- 
 ceding year, also with prior Census reports. An agree- 
 ment between the statistics of the Survey and those of 
 the Bureau of the C'ensus was one of the objects of the 
 cooperative work of the two offices in collecting the 
 reports for the mining census of 11MJ2. Tlie quantity" 
 and value of the diti'erent minerals as compiled by the 
 two offices are compared in the following tal:)le: 
 
 COMPARISON OF MINERALS AND 1\IINERAL PRODUCTS REPORTED BY THE BUREAU OF THE CENSUS 
 
 AND THE GE0L0(tICAL SURVEY: 19112. 
 
 MINERAL OR MINERAL 
 PRODUCT. 
 
 Antimony 
 
 Asbestos 
 
 Asphaltum and bitumi 
 
 nous rock 
 
 Barytes 
 
 Bauxite 
 
 Borax 
 
 Buhrstoues and millstones 
 
 Cement 
 
 Clay 
 
 Coal, anthracite 
 
 Coal, bituminous 
 
 Copper 
 
 Corundum and emery — 
 
 Crystalline quartz 
 
 Feldspar 
 
 Flint 
 
 Fluorspar 
 
 Fuller's earth 
 
 Garnet 
 
 Gold, coining value 
 
 Graphite, crystalline 
 
 Graphite, amorphous 
 
 Grindstones and p u 1 p ■ 
 
 stones 
 
 Gypsum .••-,-.■ 
 
 Infusorial earth, tripoli. 
 
 and pumice 
 
 BUREAU OF THE CENSUS. 
 
 Value. 
 
 2, 505 
 
 66, 238 
 
 61, 668 
 
 6 29,222 
 
 19, 142 
 
 ' 6, 667 
 
 » 24, 6.55, 360 
 
 1,455,3,57 
 
 5 36,940.710 
 
 260, 216, 844 
 
 n 639, 033, 392 
 
 4, 251 
 
 15, 104 
 
 45, 287 
 
 36,365 
 
 48, 818 
 
 11,492 
 
 3, 926 
 
 " 3, 242, 039 
 
 27,' 43.8 
 
 .55, 657 
 681, 633 
 
 f46, 200 
 
 236, 728 
 
 203, 154 
 
 128, 206 
 
 2, 383, 614 
 
 69, 808 
 
 24, 268, 338 
 
 2, 061, 072 
 
 76, 173, 586 
 
 290, 858. 483 
 
 71,192,014 
 
 104,605 
 
 43, 085 
 
 250, 424 
 
 144, 209 
 
 275, 682 
 
 98, 144 
 
 132, 820 
 
 67, 018, 890 
 
 ""'227, .508 
 
 667, 431 
 2, 089, 341 
 
 66, 994 
 
 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 3,561 
 2 1,005 
 
 -1 105, 4.58 
 61.66S 
 
 "20 1 004 
 
 («) 
 
 10 26,763,604 
 
 1,455,3.57 
 
 5 36,940,710 
 
 260, 216, ,844 
 
 1= 659, 508, 644 
 
 4,25) 
 
 15, 104 
 
 45, 287 
 
 36, 365 
 
 2 48, 018 
 
 11,492 
 
 3,926 
 
 16 3, ,870, 000 
 
 2.1" 3, 9.36, 824 
 
 2 4, 739 
 
 (») 
 1-816,478 
 
 6, 365 
 
 Value. 
 
 S634, .506 
 3 16, 200 
 
 MINERAL OR MINERAL 
 PRODUCT. 
 
 BUREAU CtF THE CENSUS. 
 
 Short Ions 
 
 7l'.5, 
 203, 
 
 128, 
 
 2, 538, 
 
 .59, 
 
 25, 366, 
 
 2,061, 
 
 76,173 
 
 290, 858, 
 
 76, 568, 
 
 104 
 
 i''84 
 
 260, 
 
 144, 
 
 3 271, 
 
 98, 
 
 1:52, 
 
 80, 000, 
 
 048 
 
 1.54 I 
 
 206 
 
 614 
 
 808 
 
 380 
 
 072 
 
 .586 
 
 4,83 
 
 954 
 
 605 
 
 335 
 
 424 
 
 209 
 
 832 
 
 144 
 
 820 
 
 000 
 
 3 182,108 
 
 667, 431 
 2,089,341 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 Lead ore 
 
 Lithium ore 
 
 ^tanganese ore 
 
 Marl 
 
 Mica, sheet 
 
 ;Mica, scrap and ^vaste 
 
 Mineral pigments, crude. 
 
 Monazite 
 
 Natural gas 
 
 oilstones, ^vhetstones, 
 
 and scythestones 
 
 Petroleum 
 
 Phosphate rock 
 
 Platinum and iridium 
 
 Precious stones 
 
 Quicksilver, crude 
 
 Quicksilver, refined 
 
 Silica sand 
 
 Silver, coining value 
 
 Stone 
 
 Sulphur and pyrile 
 
 Talc and soapstone 
 
 Tungsten 
 
 Uranium and vanadiimi. . 
 
 Zinc ore 
 
 All othermiucrals 
 
 5 36, .567, 410 
 
 i» 338, 125 
 
 1,246 
 
 5 16,477 
 
 12,439 
 
 i« 373, 266 
 
 1,400 
 
 35, 479 
 
 15 802, 000 
 
 (») 
 
 3,876 
 » 89, 275, 302 
 5 1,648,720 
 (=1) 
 («) 
 
 23 11,727 
 
 34,291 
 
 20 445,903 
 
 2T,54,198,;M4 
 
 C) 
 
 207, 874 
 
 97, 563 
 
 184 
 
 3, 810 
 
 31 ,527, 121 
 
 32 3, 636 
 
 "N'aluo. 
 
 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 ?65,465,321 
 
 18,181,013 
 
 25, 750 
 
 177, 911 
 
 12, 741 
 
 S3, 843 
 
 35, 006 
 
 360, a85 
 
 64, 160 
 
 30, ,867,. 863 
 
 113, 968 
 71, ;M7, 739 
 4, 922, 943 
 
 (21) 
 
 328, 460 
 
 23 82,242 
 
 1,467,848 
 
 421,289 
 
 70, 074, 625 
 
 !864,769, .897 
 
 947,0.89 
 
 1,138,167 
 
 5, 976 
 
 48, 125 
 
 9, 006, 361 
 
 32 49, 256 
 
 18 35, ,554,135 
 
 is$65, 412, 950 
 
 15 270,000 
 
 22, 140, 000 
 
 1,246 
 
 26, 760 
 
 516,477 
 
 177,911 
 
 12, 439 
 
 12,741 
 
 "373,266 
 
 83, 843 
 
 1,400 
 
 36,006 
 
 273,049 
 
 3944,332 
 
 15 802,000 
 
 64, 160 
 
 (0) 
 
 3 30,867,668 
 
 C) 
 
 i.988,766,916 
 21,490,314 
 2294 
 C) 
 
 (24) 
 
 25 34,291 
 20 943,136 
 15 65, .500, 000 
 («) 
 
 207, 874 
 3" 97, 964 
 
 (24) 
 
 3,810 
 
 15 156,927 
 
 33 3,823 
 
 20 221,762 
 
 3 71,178,910 
 
 3 4,693,444 
 
 1,814 
 
 :328, 450- 
 
 (24 ) 
 
 1,467,848 
 
 807,797 
 
 71, 767, .57.:) 
 
 20 64,6.59,099 
 
 947, 089 
 
 1, 140, ,507 
 
 (.4, 
 
 48, 125 
 
 14, 625, 596 
 
 3335,344 
 
 1 Not reported by the Bureau of the Census. 
 
 2 Quantity marketed in 1902. 
 
 3 Value of product marketed in 1902. ,, . » t 1 
 
 4 Includes residual asphaltum product from petroleum rehneries n.jt reported 
 by the Bureau of the Census. 
 
 l!wlfide,?862 short tons of boric acid, valued at J165,000, not reporte.l by the 
 Bureau of the Census. 
 
 ' Stones. 
 
 8 Not reported. 
 
 Barrels. . , . 
 
 10 Includes all manufactured cement 
 cement manufactured at quarries. 
 
 Bureau tif the Census repiirtsonly 
 
 11 Pounds, copper contents of all ores mined 
 
 12 Onantitvofreflned metal, value at New \ork city, 
 
 13 Survey reports value of product finished and marketed. Bureau of the 
 
 °'°i4'iro?t™e'es'''rle"goi'a-eontentsof auriferous ores and placer buUicu, 
 exclusive of m730 ounces^ valued at «8,345,800, estimated by the Director of the 
 Mint as produced in Alaska 
 
 15 Quantity ot refined metal, 
 
 16 Pounds. 
 
 K ioes™not tac'lude 13.275 tons of monganiferous iron ore used in r.ro.luctioi, 
 of spiegeleisen. 
 
 30223—04 9 
 
 i» Noiiargeutiferous lead ore and lead contents of argentiferous and copper 
 
 "^^^i» Survey reports an added value (■! fl07,794 f(.r a product whicli was finished 
 
 away from quarries, . , . j ■ ^, .. ■ 
 
 21 Not reported' entire production obtained in the rehniug of auriferous ores, 
 ■-1! Troy ounces,' Quantity of reflned metal. Value at Sail Francisco, 
 
 23 Ciniiabar mined, but liot reduced, 
 
 24 Not reported by the Geological Survey, ., _ 
 
 25 Flasks ijuantitv of rcliued metal, ^ alue at San Francisco, 
 
 "0 Bureau of tlie Census statistics include only the sand produced in sandstone 
 oiiarries bv crushing the rock. The Geological Survey includes sand produced 
 in sandstone quarries as well as glass sand obtained from banks._ 
 
 21 Trov ounces Fine silver contentsofargeutifercnis ores, ana placer bullion, 
 exclusiveof 92,000 ounces, valued at Jlls.9.50, mined in Alaska. 
 ' °« Includes value as follows- Liniesloii.s and dolomites (less value of iron 
 fluxl «26 170.549- marble, 56,044,182: saialst..iies and qnartzites, 510,601,171; 
 siliceoirs'.TVstalline rocks, B8,2.57,944: shde S5,0;i6,061 ,,„„_„, 
 
 2'.| Does not include liinestoue quarried for cement valued at *210, /9S, 
 
 3i> Includes 391 tolls of soapstone, valued at S^2,310, classified by the Bureau of 
 the Census under mineral pigments, crude, 
 
 31 Zinc ore and zinc contents ot auriferous and argentiferous ores. 
 
 32 Includes chrome ore, magnesite, molybdenum, nickel and cobalt, and 
 
 -"i Includes clininie ore, magnesite, nickel (reflned metal), cobalt oxide, and 
 nitile. Does iMit include molybdenum. 
 
130 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES, 
 
 As explained on page 24, in the reports for tlie 
 Bureau of tiie Census, the diiierent mines and quarries 
 were classified according to their product of chief value. 
 By this practice there was assigned to some classifica- 
 tions a production of ores which included several met- 
 als, and in order to compare the Census data with the 
 reports of the Geological Survey, the total production 
 of gold, silver, copper ore, and lead and zinc ore is 
 given in the foregoing ta)>le, irrespective of the class 
 of ore with which thej^ were mined or from which they 
 were obtained. The products, therefore, do not agree 
 with the products shown elsewhere for the same class 
 of minerals. For instance, the copper contents of all 
 ores, as shown by Table 05, amounted to t).39,U33,392 
 pounds, valued at $71,192,014, but the products of the 
 copper mines, classed as such by the Bureau of the 
 Census, amounted to 11,780,064 short tons of ore, val- 
 ued at $51,178,036. Notwithstanding the above ar- 
 rangement the production of gold as reported bv the 
 Geological Survey exceeds that of the Census report by 
 627,961 ounces, valued at $12,981,110; and of silver by 
 1,301,656 ounces, valued at $1,682,950, both exclusive 
 of Alaska; of copper bj' 20,475,252 pounds, valued at 
 $5,376,940. This excess in tlie reports of the Geologi- 
 cal Surve3r is due to the fact that the totals for the 
 Bureau of the Census are based on the reports of the 
 mine operators representing the production of the 
 mines, while those for the Geological Survey are based 
 on the reports of smelters and refineries, and show the 
 amount of refined metal marketed during the year 
 rather than the amount produced by the mines. The 
 value of 1 ton of ore assaying 1 ounce of gold per ton 
 may have been computed, in the settlement between 
 the miner and the smelter, at the rate of $19 per ounce 
 of fine gold contents, from which further deductions 
 were made for treatment and freight, leaving to the 
 miner perhaps not more than $10 net, whereas the value 
 of 1 ounce of refined gold bullion would be reported b}^ 
 the United States Geological Survey as $20.67. The 
 results of both otEces are correct, one aiming to obtain 
 the market value of the refined metal and the other the 
 amount received by the miner for his operations during 
 the year. 
 
 The production of lead and of zinc, as reported bjr 
 the Bureau of the Census, exceeds that of the Geolog- 
 ical Survey by 68,125 and 370,194 short tons, respec- 
 tively, while the value of these metals as reported b}' 
 the Geological Surve}^ exceeds the value shown in the 
 Census report by $3,958,987 and $5,619,235, respec- 
 tively. This discrepancy is due also to the fact that 
 the Geological Survey reports the quantity and value 
 of the refined product, the crude product reported by 
 the Bureau of the Census being of greater weight but 
 less value. 
 
 That part of the ditlerence which is due to the inclu- 
 sion of manufactured products )»y the Survey, under 
 the same or similar mining classifications as those of 
 
 the Bureau of the Census, is illustrated by asphaltum 
 and bituminous rock. The Bureau of the Census re- 
 ports 39,220 short tons less than the Geological Sur- 
 vey; these are valued at $528,320, and are the residual 
 asphaltum product of petroleum refineries, which the 
 Bureau of the Census classifies as the result of manu- 
 facturing processes. The Bureau of the Census report 
 for mineral pigments, crude, is another illustration. 
 The Geological Survey reports instead mineral paints, 
 which are a manufacture, and its statistics are for the 
 manufactured product marketed, the excess over the 
 Bureau of the Census report being 37,570 short tons, 
 valued at $583,447. 
 
 Graphite affords an illustration of the difference due 
 to reporting the pi'oduction marketed instead of the 
 production mined. The Bureau of the Census values, 
 which are for the production mined, exceed those of 
 the Geological Surve^^ which are for the production 
 marketed, by $45,400. 
 
 All of the difl'erences between the amounts and values 
 reported b}' the two offices are explained in the foot- 
 notes to Table 65, but another illustration ma^" be given. 
 The Bureau of the Census shows no production of 
 antimony, but the Geological Survej^ reports 3,561 
 short tons of this metal, valued at $634,506. There 
 was no production of antimon\' from domestic antimo- 
 nial ores during the year 1902, and the entire quantity 
 reported b}- the Geological Survey was obtained from 
 smelting foreign or domestic hard lead ores from 
 rcgulus or metal or from antimonial ores imported. 
 The production, therefore, has no direct connection 
 with the operations at the mine and was omitted from 
 the mining census. 
 
 In addition to the minerals enumerated in Table 65, 
 the annual reports of the Geological Survey show the 
 quantity and value of the following substances which 
 are, foi- Census purposes, classed as manufactured 
 products, and therefore omitted from the statistics of 
 mining: Aluminum, lu-omine, coke, pig iron, salt, zinc 
 white, and arsenious oxide. The Geological Survey 
 also reports the production of brick clay, glass sand, 
 and mineral waters. Brick clay is omitted from the 
 mining census, as the manufacture of brick, with that 
 of all other clay products, was reported in the census 
 of manufactures. The value of the material was a con- 
 stituent of the value of product, and this material was 
 generally mined by the manufacturer. Glass sand is 
 omitted because most of it is oljtained from sand banks 
 or from river beds, and such production was not con- 
 sidered as forming a part of the mining or quarrying 
 operations of the country. Glass sand, when ol)tained 
 from the crushing of sandstone incident to the quarry- 
 ing of such stone, has been included in the Census 
 report on stone under the classification of "silica 
 sand." Mineral waters are omitted because it is impos- 
 sible to make a complete enumeration of such waters, 
 and there is very little, if any, labor incident to their 
 
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS. 
 
 131 
 
 production, the operations consisting- entirel}' in bot- 
 tlinu- and otherwise mailing the product ready for the 
 niarlvet. 
 
 In order to cover the total production of minerals of 
 all classes, the Geological Survey also includes an "es- 
 timated value of mineral products unspecitied." Begin- 
 ning- with 188'j the value of these miscellaneous miner- 
 als has been placed annually at $1,00(1,000. An estimate 
 of this character was not attempted for the census of 
 1902, the production being contined to the quantities 
 and values reported by the mine operators. With the 
 exceptions indicated, all of which are due to the differ- 
 ence in the objects of the reports of the two oifices, 
 there is an exact agreement in the production of the 
 diti'erent minerals as compiled by the Geological Survey 
 and the Bureau of the Census. 
 
 Oomp/iri''0)i with state repoi'tn. — While the state mine 
 inspectors and geologists in a num))er of the states col- 
 lected miscellaneous information concerning different 
 minerals, the only uniform compilation of the i^roduc- 
 tion relates to anthracite and bituminous coal. The 
 quantities of coal, as reported bj^the Bureau of the Cen- 
 sus and b}' the state officials in several of the princijjal 
 producing states are shown in the following table: 
 
 Table 66. — Yearly production of coal as reported by United Stales 
 Census and state offices. 
 
 STATE OR TEKRITORy. 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Indian Territory 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Missouri 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Pennsylvania: 
 
 Bituminous . 
 
 Anthracite . . 
 
 Washington 
 
 West Virginia . . . 
 
 Bureau of 
 the Census 
 (short tons). 
 
 7, 401, 343 
 
 32, 939, 373 
 
 2,820,666 
 
 ■S, 904, 766 
 
 5, -266, 065 
 
 6,766,984 
 
 964, 718 
 
 3, 890, 154 
 
 1, 048, 763 
 
 23, 519, 894 
 
 98, 574, 367 
 
 1 36, 940, 710 
 
 2,681,214 
 
 24,. 570, 826 
 
 STATE REPORTS. 
 
 7,. 522, 
 
 30,021, 
 
 3,243, 
 
 6,185, 
 
 5, 230, 
 
 6, 429, 
 
 869, 
 
 4,063, 
 
 1,.3.59, 
 
 •23,929, 
 
 98,910, 
 
 136,911, 
 
 2,690, 
 
 23,359, 
 
 Year end- 
 ing- 
 
 Dec. 31, 
 June 30, 
 June 30, 
 June 30, 
 Dee. 31, 
 Dec. 31, 
 Dec. 31, 
 Dec. 31, 
 June 30, 
 Nov. 15, 
 
 1902 
 1902 
 1903 
 1903 
 1902 
 1902 
 1902 
 1902 
 1903 
 1902 
 
 Dec. 31,1902 
 Dec. 31,1902 
 Dec. 31,1902 
 lune 30,1902 
 
 1 Long tons. 
 
 The production of coal, as reported bj'^ the Bureau of 
 the Census, agrees exactly with the production as re- 
 ported by the Geological Survej^; and from the above 
 table it appears that when the reports of the Bureau of 
 the Census and the state officials cover the same year 
 there is a substantial agreement in the quantities re- 
 ported, the greatest variation being shown for Penn- 
 sylvania, where the production of bituminous coal as 
 reported by the state exceeds that shown ]>y the Bureau 
 of the Census by 371,836 tons. A number of the state 
 reports, however, cover the fiscal year ending June 30, 
 while in one instance, Ohio, the report co\'ers the year 
 ending November 15, and no satisfactory comparison 
 can be made with the Bureau of the Census returns. 
 
 In addition to statistics of the production of coal the 
 state of Missouri collects information concerning the 
 
 production of lead and zinc. The production of these 
 metals, as reported by the state office for the year 1902. 
 amounted to 12(;,831 and 234,903 tons, respectively, as 
 compared witli 124,537 and 240,057 tons, respectively, 
 reported ))y the Bureau of the Census. This is a strik- 
 ing agreement in the quantities compiled by two entirelj^ 
 independent offices. The state of Idaho also collects 
 information concerning the production of lead. The 
 production for 1902, as reported hj' the state office, 
 amounted to 119,223,000 pounds, as compared with 
 208,093.202 pounds reported by the Bureau of the Cen- 
 sus, the census i-eport exceeding that of the state Ity 
 88,870,202 pounds. The production of lead in Idaho 
 is obtained entirely from silver-bearing lead ores, and 
 the total quantity can not be definitelj' ascertained until 
 the ores have been subjected to .smelting processes. 
 The quantities, therefore, were estimated. This fact, 
 in connection with the fact that the reports for the 
 state do not necessarily apply to the quantities obtained 
 from the ores mined during the census year, probably 
 accounts for the marked difference. The quantity of 
 iron ore produced in the state of New Jersej' during 
 1902, as reported by the geological survej^ of the state, 
 amounted to 443,728 tons, as compared with 441,879 
 tons reported by the Bureau of the Census. 
 
 XX. 
 
 MINING AND MANUFACTURING. 
 
 The combination of mining and manufacturing by 
 the use of the .same capital, wages, expenses, etc., has 
 been accentuated by the consolidation of industrial 
 enterprises, and it is impossible, in many instances, to 
 segregate the statistics so as to show the true totals 
 for each branch of industiy. If the statistics for min- 
 ing and manufacturing were to be taken together it 
 would be easy to find a common term for this union, 
 and comparatively simple to show the aggregate figures; 
 but such a combination would not be a compliance with 
 the act of Congress of March 6, 19()2, which provides 
 for mines, mining, quarries, and minerals as a distinct 
 class of cen.sus work. Theoreticall}' a perfect mining 
 census should terminate with the delivery of the ore or 
 crude rock at the mine oi' quarr}^ but in many cases 
 the employees work indiscriminately in both branches 
 of industry and no value is placed on the ore a« it 
 leaves the mine. Where the milling, separating, wash- 
 ing, burning, calcining, or other forms of reduction or 
 manufacture were performed at the mine or quarry, the 
 census of mines for 1902 includes, as a rule, the em- 
 ployees and the expenses involved in the entire work of 
 the establishment. But the absence of uniformity in 
 this respect at prior censuses makes it impossible to 
 prepare satisfactory comparative statistics for a number 
 of the important minerals. 
 
 The Twelfth Census of manufactures includes in a 
 numl>er of instances the mining and quarrying oper- 
 
132 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 ations which are incident to such manufacturing- a,s the 
 smelting and retiningof ores, the manufacture of monu- 
 ments, tombstones, etc. The statistics for the two 
 branches of industry are therefore to some extent 
 duplicated. The totals, however, are presented in the 
 following table: 
 
 Table 07. — Mi/iriiig and manufactures;; 1902 and IfiOO. 
 
 Number of establishments 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials. 
 
 435, 876 
 $443, 873, 390 
 
 .5,903,117 
 S2, 700,. 537, 970 
 «l,100,(;80,tV24 
 S7,4W,S0S,:W.5 
 
 Value of product , $13, »:W, 105, 983 
 
 Mining, 
 1902. 
 
 38,128 
 $39,020,552 
 
 .581,728 
 S;ifi9,959,960 
 $71,771,713 
 $123,814,967 
 $796,82(1,417 
 
 Manufactures, 
 1900. 
 
 512, 734 
 
 397,748 
 $404,8.52,838 
 
 5,321,389 
 
 $2, 330,. 578, 010 
 
 $1,028,908,911 
 
 $7,360,993,418 
 
 $13,0:59,279, .566 
 
 1 Number of mines, quarries, and wells. 
 
 The cessation of work in the anthracite coal industrv 
 for a number of months during 1902 tends to reduce 
 the value of the statistics for the mining census as rep- 
 resenting conditions during a normal year, Init with 
 this exception the totals may be accepted as showing 
 the aggregate importance of the two industries during 
 a period of twelve months and the proportion which 
 each contributes to this aggregate. ■ The table indicates 
 that the kindred industries of mining and manufactur- 
 ing, which include the mechanical industries, gave em- 
 ployment, on an average during the year to 6,338,993 
 persons, and paid §3,14-1:, -411, 360 in salaries and wages. 
 Of this total the salaried officials luimbered -1:35,876, or 
 6.9 per cent, and the wage-earners .5,903,117, or 93.1 
 percent. The mining industries contributed 9.8 pei- 
 cent of the number and 13 per cent of the wages and 
 salaries, respectively, and the manufacturing luid me- 
 chanical industries 90.2 and 87 per cent, respectively. 
 Of the ^13,836.10.5,983 reported as the gross \-alue of 
 products, mining contributed .5.8 per cent and manufac- 
 tures 91.2 per cent. 
 
 In a few of the basic industries it is jDossible to follow 
 the production of the mine to the initiatory stage of its 
 manufacture and to ascertain the (|uantity and value 
 of the product after it has passed through the first 
 manufacturing process; but the comparison of this quan- 
 tity and value with the quantity and value of tlie min- 
 eral is apt to be misleading. The mineral niiitorials 
 consumed in manufactures are necessarily the result of 
 mining processes carried on at a previous date, and 
 often the manufactured product is composed of ditfer- 
 ent minerals and other suljstances, tunwe of whidi are 
 the result of manufactures. For instance, the produc- 
 tion of iron ore for 1902 was 35,567,110 long tons and 
 of pig iron 17,821,307 long tons, indicating that each 
 ton of pig ii'on required al)Out two tons of iron ore, but 
 it is probable that a large proportion of the pig iron 
 
 was mtuiufactured from iron ore mined during the pre- 
 ceding year ;uid that a considerable proportion of the 
 production mined during 1902 was not used in manu- 
 factures until after the expiration of that year. The 
 production of pig iron consumed not onl^' all of the iron 
 ore, but a large proportion of the 39,601,007 short tons 
 of coal from which 25,101,730 short tons of coke wore 
 produced, practically all being emplo^^ed in blast fur- 
 naces. The industry also consumed the 11,878,675 
 long tons of limestone used for fluxing purposes, and 
 large quantities of coal as fuel. 
 
 The raw materials reported at the Twelfth Census as 
 consumed in manufactures amounted to $2,389,110,912. 
 Of this total, $1,910,727,018, or 81.2 per cent, were 
 obtained from the farm; .^]1S,8U3,115, or 5 per cent, 
 from the forest; 1319,975,108, or 13.1 per cent, from 
 the mine; and $9,635,671, or four-tenths of 1 pe:' cent, 
 from the sea.^ These amounts represent the materials 
 consumed during the year ending Maj^ 31, 1900, while 
 the products for the mines and quarries, which prod- 
 ucts were valued at $79(1,826,117, were for the calendar 
 year ending December 31, 1902. The two amounts, 
 therefore, are not comparable. This lack of compar- 
 ability is due not only to the fact that the two reports 
 cover difl'erent periods, but also to the fact that 
 the value of the products of the mines and quarries 
 includes in manv instances the value of finished prod- 
 ucts readj' for consumption. For instance, the amount 
 for the product of mines and quarries includes cement 
 to the value of $24, 268, ,838; finished slate products to 
 the value of $5,696,051; buhrstones and millstones and 
 other finished abrasives to the value of $841,207. It 
 also includes considerable proportions of the products 
 of marble, sandstones and quartzites, siliceous crvstal- 
 line rocks, anthracite coal, natural gas, and other 
 minerals whidi were either sold at the quarry as finished 
 products or consumed in other establishnunits than 
 those engaged in manufactures. Ikit the cost of the 
 materials o))tained from the mine and consumed in 
 manufactures does not include the cost of coal, natural 
 gas, or petroleum used as fuel in manufactures. Accord- 
 ing to the Twelfth Census, all kinds of fuel consumed 
 in manufacturing esta))li,shments cost $2(15,320,632, 
 and there was also paid $10,98(),353 for the rent of 
 power and heat. A large proportion of this cost repre- 
 sents the products of mines. 
 
 AVhile all manufactures depend upon the production 
 of mines either for raw materials or machinery, the 
 production of metals is the most striking illustration of 
 this interdependence. Of the \'iirious metals, iron is 
 the most important, and it is possible to show its pro- 
 duction in connection with the production of the min- 
 erals upon which it depends. A presentation of this 
 
 ' Twelfth Census, Report on Manufactures, Part I, page cxxxv. 
 
SUMMARY AND xiNALYBlS OF KE8 LILTS 
 
 133 
 
 character i.s made in the following statement, which 
 prefsent.s the total production for the United States: 
 
 
 190'2 
 
 (long tons). 
 
 18H» 
 (long tons). 
 
 Pur cent 
 of In- 
 crense. 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 3fi,6fi7,410 
 
 -'2S, 401, 730 
 
 12, 139, 248 
 
 17,K21,307 
 
 14,,=.],H,041 
 
 no,2,W,022 
 
 (i,31,S,000 
 
 7, 003, 042 
 
 14.5.0 
 147. 11 
 '.)2. 1 
 134.4 
 
 Cokei 
 
 Limestone flux ' 
 
 Pig iron ' 
 
 
 1 United States Geological Survey, 
 1902. 
 
 - Short tons. 
 
 ' Mineral Resources of the United States, 
 
 The ratio of increase in the production of iron ore 
 and pig- iron during the period covered by the aliove 
 statement Avas 145 per cent and 134. -t per cent, re- 
 spectively. The production of coke increased 147.() 
 per cent, and of limestone used as lluxing material 
 92.1 per cent. The produrtion of iron and steel was 
 valued at $430,954,348 at the census of 1890, and 
 at §803,968,273 at the census of 190t», an increase of 
 $373,013,926, or 86.6 per cent. These industries are 
 dependent upon the production of iron ore, and an 
 
 increase in its production would necessarily be followed 
 by a corresponding increase in their manufactures. 
 
 When the ore and fuel both exist in the same local- 
 ity the corresponding manufactures naturally develop 
 locally; this is well illustrated by the growth of iron 
 manufactures in Alabama during the last two decades. 
 Whereas at the census of IHSO Alabama ranked fifth 
 in coke and eighteenth in iron and steel, in 1900 the 
 state was second in coke production and sixth in iron 
 and steel manufactures. The rapid growth of manu- 
 facturing industries is due to the utilization of the 
 state's rich mineral resources, which were neglected in 
 the earlier years of the century. The state po.ssesses 
 within its borders all the requisites for iron manufac- 
 ture — iron ore, coking coal, and limestone for Hux. 
 The same is true of Colorado, which has developed 
 greatlv in coal and iron and the attendant manu- 
 facturing industries during the last decade. The fol- 
 lowing table shows the interdependent growth of the 
 coal and iron and the allied manufactures in these 
 states: 
 
 Table GS.-IXTERDEPENDENT GROWTH IX THE MININ(t AXD MAXUFACTURES OF COAL AXD IROX IX ALABAMA 
 
 AXD COLORADO: 1902 AXD 18S9. 
 
 
 ALABA.MA. 
 
 COLORADO. 
 
 
 I!t02 
 
 1S89 
 
 Per cent of 
 increase. 
 
 V.HI-2 
 
 1889 
 
 Per cent of 
 increase. 
 
 nine products: 
 
 3,.i74,474 
 lU,:i>4,,570 
 
 2, .1,52,240 
 '1,001,884 
 
 S8, 300, 838 
 
 ■■817,392,483 
 
 5S.5,482,441 
 
 1, .570, 319 
 
 3, 572, 983 
 
 1,0;?0,.510 
 
 221,215 
 
 S2, 372, 417 
 
 ■ljr2,.544,227 
 
 1*2,195,913 
 
 127. 
 1,S9. 8 
 147.7 
 3.52. 9 
 
 249. 9 
 38.6 
 149.7 
 
 306, .572 
 
 7,401,313 
 
 = 1,00:3,393 
 
 1402,7.35 
 
 2 S2, 7.54, 341 
 5 J6,] OS, 295 
 6 S3, 980,915 
 
 109,130 
 
 2,. 544, 144 
 
 1. 87,6138 
 
 46,296 
 
 S643, 479 
 
 1*1,792,619 
 
 180.9 
 190.9 
 434.7 
 769.9 
 
 328.0 
 
 
 Colie, short tons i 
 
 Limestone flux for furnafcs, Innsr tons 
 
 Manufactures: 
 
 Coke, value ^ 
 
 
 Foundry and machine-shop products, value 
 
 i22."4 
 
 
 1 United States Gt^ological Survey, 
 
 nncludesUtah. 
 
 3 Not reported separately. 
 
 ■* For census year 1S90. 
 
 ^ For census year 1900. 
 
 While a considerable portion of the bituminous coal 
 was consumed in the manufacture of coke, large quan- 
 tities were used as fuel in manufactures generally, and 
 also in other industries; therefore, the increase in its 
 production is not necessarily accompanied by a cor- 
 responding increase in the production of iron. It is 
 also probable that a portion of the coal, coke, and 
 limestone produced in these states was shipped out of 
 the state for consumption in manufactures in other sec- 
 tions of the countrj'. During the period of thirteen 
 years covered by this table the quantity of iron ore, 
 coal, coke, and tluxing material more than doubled in 
 both states, and the value of iron and steel and foundry 
 products indicates that there has lieen a very large in- 
 crease in the metal industries, though the statistics for 
 them cover a period of only ten years. 
 
 Economies of production in manufactures demand the 
 proximity of raw material, and also of a market for the 
 
 ' Mineral Resources of the United States," 1902. 
 
 linished product, or convenient transportation facilities 
 for either or both. In the endeavor to secure the bene- 
 fits incident to the greatest number of these conditions, 
 factories have been located in difl'erent sections of the 
 country, according to the relative advantages to be ob- 
 tained from proximity to materials, market, or trans- 
 portation facilities. This localization of industries has 
 been in some instances a gradual growth, as in the case 
 of the manufactures in the New England states, and in 
 others a rapid development, following the discovery of 
 exceptional natural advantages, such as the coal and 
 iron fields of western Pennsylvania and of Alabama. 
 Consider-ing the census of manufactures of 1900 and 
 the mining census of 1902 as comparable. Table 69 
 shows the total value and the proportion of the prod- 
 ucts of the mines and manufactures in the different 
 geographic divisions of the country. 
 
134 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table GO.— VALUE OF JUNE AND QUARRY PRODUCTS AND MANUFACTURES THEREOF, BY GEOGRAPHIC 
 
 DIVISIONS.! 
 
 
 
 MINJ- 
 
 AND QUAKRY PRODUCTS: 
 
 1902. 
 
 
 MANUFACTURES BASED ON MINE AND QUARRY 
 PKODUCTS: 1900. 
 
 DIVISION. 
 
 All products. - 
 
 IVTceiit. 
 
 Fuels. 
 
 Percent. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Percent. 
 
 All mine 
 
 and quarry 
 
 products. 
 
 Percent. 
 
 Metallic. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Total 
 
 *796,800,C81 
 
 100.0 
 
 8469,278,623 
 
 100.0 
 
 »215, 4.53, .587 
 
 100.0 
 
 S3, 726, 602, 390 
 
 100.0 
 
 12, 840, 044, 465 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 
 North Atlantic 
 
 274,^3i;,Hl(! 
 
 71,.'S71,(17I 
 2.ol,s71,li:!'i 
 
 50,011, is:; 
 118, 873, 673 
 
 34. t 
 0.0 
 
 3I.fi 
 fi.3 
 
 18.7 
 
 213,701,54.5 
 55,926,l;;8 
 
 1:32,031,098 
 37,727,941 
 29,891,801 
 
 45. 5 
 11.9 
 
 28.1 
 8.1 
 6. 4 
 
 4,483,383 
 
 2, 726, 820 
 
 91,216,846 
 
 6, 202, 862 
 
 110, 823, 076 
 
 2.1 
 1.3 
 
 42.3 
 2.9 
 
 51.4 
 
 2,077,2:30,940 
 193, 646, 726 
 
 1,102,2S5, 147 
 110,fi39,4«7 
 242, 800, 090 
 
 .55. 7 
 5.2 
 
 29.6 
 3.0 
 6.6 
 
 1,. 572, 873, 315 
 
 123,186,606 
 
 8.54,212,737 
 
 77,211,143 
 
 212, 560, 664 
 
 .55.4 
 
 Soutt Atlantic 
 
 
 Nortl Central 
 
 South Central 
 
 30.1 
 
 2 7 
 
 Western 
 
 7 5 
 
 
 
 ' Exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii. 
 
 ^Includes structural, abrasive, and clieinical materials, jtigmeuts, and miseellaneinis minerals in addition to fuels and metalliferrius minerals. 
 
 The North Atlantic .states produced (jiily 2.1 per cent 
 of the ores, but the value of fuel aniounted to 45.5 per 
 cent and of manufactures to more than half of the total 
 for the United States, indicating a concentration of 
 manufactures to obtain the advantages incident to a 
 liberal supply of fuel and a ready market. 
 
 The North Central states produced ore valued at 
 $91,216,846, or 42.-3 per cent of the total value of the 
 ores, but the value of the fuels and manufactured 
 products formed onl\' 28.1 per cent of the total value 
 for the United States. This tends to show that the 
 ores were not used where the}' were mined, and that 
 the mine operators were forced to take advantage of 
 the transportation facilities to supply materials for the 
 factories in the North Atlantic states. Of the ores 
 obtained in these states, a value of $68,932,294 repre- 
 sented iron and copper from the mines of northern 
 Michigan and Minnesota. The largest part of the 
 freight transportation on the Great Lakes is on account 
 of these mines. Transportation facilities here play an 
 important part, the iron ores of Lake Superior being 
 transported to the south Lake ports and to the centers 
 of cheap fuel and iron consumption. 
 
 The value, $110,823,676, or 51.4 per cent of the 
 total shown for the ores in the Western states, was 
 compo.sed very largely of tiie value of precious metals 
 and copper, these minerals forming 67.9 and 29.1 per 
 cent, respectively, of the total for the geographic divi- 
 sion. The refined metal obtained from both of these 
 minerals was sent elsewhere for manufacture. 
 
 The freight movement on the Great Lakes for 1902, 
 as shown by the receipts at the Lake ports, aggregated 
 54,074,729 tons.^ Of this, iron ore and mineral tonnage 
 (not including coal) was 27,898,424 tons and coal 
 8,256,117 tons, making a total of 36,154,541 tons for 
 mine products. This was 66.9 per cent of all freight. 
 
 1 Department of Commerce and Lalior, Bureau of Statistics, 
 "Monthly Summary of Commerce and Finance of the United 
 States," November i to February 28, 1902-3, page 1797. 
 
 The iron ore production of the upper Lake district, 
 Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, was 27,056,861 
 tons, di.striljuted as follows: Michigan, 11,135,216 tons; 
 Minnesota, 15,137,650 tons; and Wisconsin, 783,996 
 tons. This was 76.1 per cent of the iron ore produc- 
 tion of the United States. The copper shipments, 
 though of great value, do not constitute a large tonnage 
 item of the Lake traffic, as most of the ore is smelted at 
 the mines and only the copper shipped. The copper 
 product of northern Michigan for 19(,)2 was 171,102,065 
 pounds, or 85,551 tons, but a large portion of this prod- 
 uct was shipped, as mineral to be smelted at Buffalo. 
 The total copper shipments on the Great Lakes were 
 140,5(.)9 tons; this tonnage includes shipments of copper 
 from the head of Lake Superior received from the West. 
 The movement of iron ore on the Great Lakes is shown 
 by the following table: 
 
 Table 70. — Morement of iron ore on the Great Lake.i: 1902. 
 
 SHIRMENTS. 
 
 RECEIPTS. 
 
 Ports. 
 
 Tons, 
 
 Ports. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Total 
 
 26, 603, 616 
 
 Total 
 
 26, 603, 601 
 
 
 Lake Michigan jiorts 
 
 Elk Rapids, Mich 
 
 Fruitport, Mich 
 
 Chicago, 111 
 
 
 21,238,455 
 
 3, 656, 171 
 
 
 
 5,604,841 
 5, 489, 314 
 
 3, .560, 213 
 
 4, 047, .518 
 
 1,036 
 1,245,583 
 1,289,9.50 
 
 5, 352, 177 
 
 39,875 
 34,382 
 79, 210 
 
 Two Harbors, Minn 
 
 Ashland, Wis 
 
 West Snperir)r. Wis 
 
 Houghton, Mic'h 
 
 Marquette, .Mich 
 
 Presque Isle, iMich 
 
 South Chicago, 111 .... 
 Milwaukee, Wis 
 
 Lake Erie and connected 
 
 3, 250, 062 
 252,652 
 
 22,868,314 
 
 Lake Michigan ports 
 
 Detroit, Mich 
 
 
 
 
 5,2.59,312 
 82, 140 
 2, 092 
 1,000 
 1,436 
 6,197 
 
 12,984 
 
 40,910 
 4,743,679 
 4,929,279 
 4,308,392 
 1,488,592 
 461 , 796 
 
 Escanaba, Mich 
 
 Gladstone, Mich 
 
 I\Ianistique, Mich 
 
 Menominee, Mich 
 
 Green Bav, Wis 
 
 Ashtabula, Ohio 
 
 Cleveland, Ohio 
 
 Conueailt, Ohio 
 
 Fairport Harbor, Ohio. 
 Huron, Ohio 
 
 Milwaukee, Wis 
 
 
 1,435,092 
 
 All others 
 
 Sanduskv, Ohio 
 
 Toledo Oiiio 
 
 161,3.53 
 1,029,107 
 1 , 7.82, 8,51 
 
 
 Erie, Pa 
 
 
 Buffalo, N. Y 
 
 North Tonavvanda, 
 N.Y 
 
 2, 247, 193 
 
 237,673 
 2,397 
 
 79 116 
 
 
 Tonawanda, N.Y 
 
 All others. . 
 
 
 
 
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS. 
 
 135 
 
 The yhief use in manufacture.s of the various prod- | as they can be reported separately, are shown in the 
 nets of mines and quarries, and the ag-o-regate vahie i following table: 
 of the minerals and the manufactured products, so far | 
 
 Table T1.— MINE AND QUARRY PRODrOTS AND TIllC CIUKF :\I AXrFA(!TURTX(l IXDTTSTRIES UTILIZING SAME. 
 
 MINE AND QUARRY PKODUCTS: 1902. 
 
 Character. 
 
 Vuliie of 
 product. 
 
 Total . 
 
 Metallic: 
 
 Copper ore. 
 
 Gold and silver. 
 Iron ore 
 
 Lead and zinc ore. 
 
 Manganese ore 
 
 Quicksilver 
 
 Fuels: 
 
 Coal, anthracite 
 
 Coal, bituminous 
 
 Natura 1 gas 
 
 Petroleum. _ 
 
 Structural materials: 
 
 Cement 
 
 Clay 
 
 Limestones and dolomites 
 
 Marble 
 
 Sandstones and quartzites 
 
 Siliceous crvstalline rocks 
 
 Slate ■ 
 
 Abrasive materials: 
 
 Buhrstones and millstones 
 
 Corundum and emery 
 
 Crystalline quartz 
 
 Garnet 
 
 Grindstones and pulpstones 
 
 Infusorial earth, tripoli, and pum- 
 ice. 
 
 Oilstones, whetstones, and scythe- 
 stones. 
 Chemical materials: 
 
 Borax 
 
 Fluorspar 
 
 (_4ypsum 
 
 Phosphate rock 
 
 Sulphur and pyrite 
 
 Pigments: 
 
 Bary tes 
 
 Mineral pigments, crude 
 
 Miscellaneous: 
 
 Asbestos 
 
 Asphaltum and bituminous rock , 
 
 Bauxite 
 
 Chrome ore , 
 
 Feldspar 
 
 Flint 
 
 Fuller's earth 
 
 Graphite 
 
 Lithium ore. . 
 
 Magnesite 
 
 Marl 
 
 Mica 
 
 Molybdenum . 
 Monazite 
 
 Nickel and cobalt- 
 Precious stones 
 
 Rutile 
 
 Silica sand 
 
 Talc and soapstone. 
 
 Tungsten.. 
 Uranium . . 
 Vanadium 
 
 S51,17H, 
 82,482, 
 
 177, 
 
 1,550, 
 
 76, 173, 586 
 290, a58, 483 
 30,867,863 
 71, 397, 739 
 
 24.268,338 
 2, 061, 072 
 
 30.441,801 
 5, 044. 182 
 
 10,601,171 
 
 18,257,944 
 5,696,051 
 
 59, 808 
 104,605 
 
 43. 085 
 132, 820 
 667, 431 
 
 55, 994 
 
 113,968 
 
 MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES: 1900. 
 
 Character. 
 
 Bells; brass; brass and copper, rolled; brass castings and finishings; brassware; bronze castings; 
 copper smelting and refining; electrical apparatus and supplies. 
 
 Gold and silver, leaf and foil; gold and silver, reducing and refining, not from the ore; jew- 
 elry; pens, gold: plated and Britannia ware: silversmithing; silvrrwure; watch cases. 
 
 Cutlery and edge tools; hies; firearms; foundry and machine shop pr<jd nets; ga.s and oil stoves; 
 gas mai'hiiies and meters; hardware; hardware, saddlery; horseshoes, factory product; iron 
 andsteel; iron and steel bolts, nuts, washers, rivets, doors and shutters, forgings, nails and 
 spikes, wrought pipes; ironwork, architectural and ornamental; ordnance and ordnance 
 stores; pens, steel; registers, car fare and cash; safes and vaults; saws; scales and balances; 
 screws, machine and wood; .sewing machines and attachments; springs, steel, car, and car- 
 riage; steam fittings and heating apparatus; stencils and brands; tin and terne plate; tools; 
 typewriters and supplies; vault lights and ventilators; wire; wirework, including wire rope 
 and cable. 
 
 Babbitt metal and solder; paints (pigments); galvanizing; lead, bir, pipe, and sheet: lead, 
 smelting and refining; type founding; zinc, smelting and refining. 
 
 Iron and steel industries: pottery and glass; clK-mical and paint industries 
 
 Amalgamation; manufacture of mineral pigments, chemicals, etc 
 
 |-Fuel (manufactures): coke; gas, illuminating and heating; coal-tar products . 
 
 Fuel and lighting; gas carbon 
 
 Petroleum, refining 
 
 Lime and cement 
 
 Brick and tile; crucibles; pottery, t^rni eotta and fire-clay ]-rodacts . 
 
 2, 383 
 
 614 
 
 275 
 2,0K9 
 4,922 
 
 947 
 
 682 
 341 
 943 
 0,89 
 
 203, 154 
 3130,885 
 
 46 
 236 
 
 128 
 
 200 
 728 
 206 
 
 250 
 144 
 
 98 
 227 
 
 424 
 209 
 144 
 508 
 
 25, 750 
 
 12,741 
 118,849 
 
 (14 
 
 160 
 
 328, 450 
 
 421 
 
 289 
 
 1,13H 
 
 167 
 
 5 
 
 48, 
 
 975 
 125 
 
 Millstones 
 
 Emery wheels 
 
 Wotxifinishing and sandpaper 
 
 Abrasives 
 
 Grindstones 
 
 Cleansing and polishing r)rcparations 
 
 Hones and \vlietstones 
 
 Chemicals (lioric acidi; gla.ss and pottery manufacture; terracotta and fire-clay products 
 (pottery). " , 
 
 Glass; flux for iron furnaces: chemicals ' 
 
 Plastering and stuccowork (plaster of Paris and wall and cement plaster) 
 
 Fertilizers (rock phosphates) 
 
 Chemicals (sulphuric acid); explosives (gunpowder; ■ 
 
 J-Chemicals, paints (pigments) . 
 
 Fireproofing. heat insulating, and noncombustible manufactures 
 
 Chemicals: paints and varnish; electric wire insulation; paving and jmving niaturials 
 
 Aluminum; chemicals 
 
 Furnace linings; hardening steel; chemicals 
 
 [•Pottery and tiles; wood filler; scouring soaps; glass manufactures 
 
 Petroleum refining (clarifying oil) 
 
 Graphite and graphite refining (crucibles, stove polish, paint, foundry facings, lead pencils, 
 lubricants).! 
 
 Chemicals ( medicinal ) 
 
 Furnace lining 
 
 Fertilizer 
 
 Axle grease: electrical apparatus and supplies (insulation); heat insulation; wallpapers 
 
 Hardening steel; chemicals 
 
 Chemicals (rare earth salts for incandescent filaments) 
 
 [Nickel: Hardening steel: alloys; coinage; electroplating 
 
 \Cobalt: Chemicals 
 
 Lapidary work 
 
 Hardening steel; coloring porcelain; manufacture of artificial teeth 
 
 Glass, furnace, engine, and building sand 
 
 [Slabs: Hearthstones, furnace linings, etc 
 
 Value of 
 product. 
 
 $3,464,345,521 
 
 Lime (see cementj; mantels, slate, marble, and marbleized; marble and stone work; monu- 
 ments and tombstones: paving and paving materials; masonrv, brick and stone; plastering 
 and stuccowork. 
 
 346,396,879 
 
 95, 676, 333 
 
 1,793,490,908 
 
 222. 398, 613 
 
 i Not reported separately. 
 
 'Flour talc: Fireproof paint; 
 ( paper manufacture. 
 Hardening steel; chemicals. 
 
 ■Hardening steel; chemicals . 
 
 electric insulation: heat insulation; furnace facings; lubricants; 
 
 
 317,901,580 
 123, 929, 384 
 
 28, 689, 135 
 98,141,170 
 
 368,958,899 
 
 75, 922 
 1,381,675 
 (') 
 (M 
 
 1,088,909 
 (') 
 
 196,323 
 
 (M 
 
 (') 
 
 38, 565, 297 
 12, 615, 795 
 
 6, M3 
 
 216 
 
 (') 
 (') 
 21,920,000 
 
 (1) 
 
 (') 
 
 
 429, 
 
 173 
 
 
 
 
 
 (') 
 
 
 5, 786, 
 
 281 
 
 (1) 
 
 
 (>) 
 
 
 {') 
 
 
 2 United States i.ieologk'iil Survey, " Mineral Resmirees of the United States," 1902. 
 
136 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 XXI. 
 
 EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF >riNERALS. 
 
 ErjM'nis. — While the development of the exi)oi-t trade 
 has been one of the leading features of industrial prog- 
 ress in the United States, the vast majority of mineral 
 products of the country are subjected to manufacturing- 
 processes before they are sent out of the country, and 
 therefore the products of the mines and ((uavries, as re- 
 ported to the Census, form a very small proportion of 
 the exports. The total exports of domestic merchan- 
 dise for 1903, exclusive of gold and silver and phos- 
 phate rock, amounted to i?l, 349, 493, 266, and the ex- 
 ports of the products of mines, including crude min- 
 eral oils, amounted to $33,327,517, or only 2.5 per cent. 
 The coining value of gold and the commercial value of 
 silver produced during 1902, as based on the Census re- 
 ports, and the production of gold and silver in Alaska, 
 as estimated by the Director of the Mint, amounted to 
 $102,695,557. Exclusive of coin the coining \-alue of 
 gold and the commercial value of silver exported was 
 §70,119,816, the exports amounting to 6S.6 per cent 
 of the production. The classification followed by the 
 Bureau of Statistics in compiling the statistics of ex- 
 ports does not correspond exactly with the classification 
 of minerals adopted for the census of 1902. Their 
 figures, however, may be used for the purpose c)f in- 
 dicating the approximate amount of crude minerals ex- 
 ported. The following table presents the value of the 
 
 exports of domestic merchandise, exclusive of gold and 
 silver and phosphate rock, and the ratio of the exports 
 of the products of mines to the total exports for each 
 year from 1889 to 1902: 
 
 Table 72. — Exports of domestic merchandise and products of mines, 
 excliisire of gold and silver and phosphate rod:: 1889 to 1902. 
 
 [('itiiipilc'l from annual reports of the Bureau of Statistics, on Commerce and 
 Navigation of the United States, year ending June 30.] 
 
 YEAR ENDING JUNE 30— 
 
 Value of ex- 
 ports of domes- 
 tic merchan- 
 dise. 
 
 Value of ex- 
 ports of prod- 
 ucts of the 
 mines, in- 
 cluding 
 crude min- 
 eral oil-s. 
 
 Per cent 
 of prod- 
 ucts of 
 mines to 
 total ex- 
 ports. 
 
 1902 
 
 31,349,693,266 
 
 1,4.65,414,413 
 
 1,364,387,204 
 
 1,197,941,331 
 
 1,205,932,079 
 
 1,027,001,674 
 
 8.58, 799, 894 
 
 787,651,337 
 
 864,019,713 
 
 826, K77, 918 
 
 1,013, 035,. 566 
 
 870, 0.54, 467 
 
 841,701,171 
 
 729, 213, 079 
 
 J3:5, 327, 517 
 34, 169, 482 
 31,467,375 
 22,166,283 
 19,410,707 
 20, 804, 573 
 20, 045, 6.54 
 18, .509, 814 
 20,301,819 
 19, 794, 502 
 20, 653, 560 
 22,020,428 
 20, 323, 779 
 19,866,5.57 
 
 2.47 
 
 
 2.35 
 
 19U0 
 
 2.31 
 
 1899 
 
 1898 
 
 1.85 
 1.61 
 
 1897 
 
 2.03 
 
 
 2.33 
 
 lS9o 
 
 2 35 
 
 
 2.85 
 
 Isy3 
 
 2.39 
 
 
 2.04 
 
 
 2.53 
 
 1890 
 
 2.41 
 2.72 
 
 
 
 
 
 The value of the exported products of mines has 
 formed such a small proportion of the total exports 
 that the statistics are instructive only in so far as the}' 
 show the disposition of the different minerals. The 
 following table presents the total value of each varietj' 
 of the mining products, including crude petroleum oils, 
 exported for each vear since 1889: 
 
 Table 73.— VALUE OF EXPORTS OF PRODECTS OE MIXES, IXCLUDEXt; CRI'DE .MINERAL OILS: :,SS9 TO 1902. 
 
 [Compiled from annual reports of Bureau of Statistics, on <.:ommercc antl Xavit;ation of tlie I'nited States, year ending June 30.] 
 
 Total 
 
 Clay 
 
 Coal, anthracite 
 
 Coal, bituminous 
 
 Copper ore 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 Marble and stone, unmanufactured 
 
 Nickel, oxide and matte 
 
 Oil, mineral, crude 
 
 Ore, gold and silver bearing 
 
 Phosphates, crude 2 
 
 Quicksilver 
 
 Zinc, dross 
 
 Zinc ore 
 
 All other products of raining 
 
 Total 
 
 Clay 
 
 Coal, anthracite 
 
 Coal, bituminous 
 
 Copper ore 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 Marble and stone, nnmanufacturt.'d. 
 
 Nickel, oxide and matte 
 
 Oil, mineral, crude 
 
 Cire, gold and silver beari ng 
 
 Pho.sphates, crude - 
 
 Quicksilver 
 
 Zinc, dross 
 
 Zinc ore 
 
 All othcT products (jf mining 
 
 839,479,332 
 
 1.53, 
 ,117, 
 i, 047, 
 :, 601, 
 
 178, 
 
 172, 
 ,1'JO, 
 ,084, 
 
 263, 
 , 8S8, 
 
 426, 
 
 369, 
 .217, 
 
 167, 
 
 S39,815, 16'.: 
 
 148,461 
 425, 803 
 891 , 693 
 346, 707 
 176, ,H17 
 93.720 
 610,608 
 {\y.{\, 929 
 i:07,2,s7 
 048, 393 
 100, 298 
 164,140 
 150, 696 
 164,711 
 
 338,077,015 
 
 28, 197, 101 
 
 166, 835 
 
 7,504,088 
 
 11,938,725 
 
 1,009,288 
 
 79, 042 
 
 120, 397 
 
 1,219,812 
 
 7,3tU,162 
 
 233, 273 
 
 6, 376, 367 
 
 5.56,142 
 
 224,210 
 
 980, 999 
 
 243, 676 
 
 120, 306 
 
 6, 476, 69i; 
 
 7, 185, 432 
 
 440, 675 
 
 66,400 
 
 6S, 903 
 
 1,110,222 
 
 5, 202, 892 
 
 40, 927 
 
 5, 989, 891 
 
 516, 4.69 
 
 367, 976 
 
 448, 145 
 
 163, 377 
 
 S24, 014, 670 
 
 03, 434 
 .6,906,171 
 
 6, 777. 578 
 
 824,165 
 
 34,224 
 
 95, '.J53 
 
 1,40_'.S03 
 
 4,343,262 
 214, 129 
 
 4,3.59,,S34 
 414, 938 
 104, 838 
 313,370 
 129,971 
 
 1897 
 
 24, 810 
 
 6, 678, 198 
 
 6,330,445 
 
 2, 0.59, 779 
 
 34,168 
 
 66, 665 
 
 725, 309 
 
 6,171,8.62 
 
 1. 162, 480 
 
 6, 005, 929 
 
 448, 333 
 
 40. .544 
 
 122, 765 
 
 101, 705 
 
 1890 
 
 S2o, 225, 042 
 
 19, 734 
 
 5,717,246 
 
 4,928,816 
 
 2, 033, 868 
 
 6,402 
 
 74, 878 
 
 442, 795 
 
 6,121,836 
 
 778, 795 
 
 4, 400, .593 
 
 628, 673 
 
 17,713 
 
 1,401 
 
 52, 302 
 
 J24, 625, 294 
 
 21,493 
 918, 229 
 1. SO. 398 
 104.615 
 6,000 
 
 83, 369 
 316, 638 
 161,710 
 374, 218 
 741,262 
 426, 724 
 
 31,474 
 
 416 
 
 2.69, 8,69 
 
 1894 
 
 $26, 488, 043 
 
 29,880 
 
 6, 6.66,. 590 
 
 6, 262, 376 
 
 2,436,716 
 
 (■) 
 
 142, 691 
 
 493, 964 
 
 4,416,916 
 
 146, 779 
 
 6,038,446 
 
 618,297 
 
 74, 800 
 
 36 
 
 182, 655 
 
 1893 
 
 ?23, 947, 369 
 
 26, 072 
 4, 8.64, 604 
 5, 149, .534 
 4, .591, 338 
 
 (■) 
 
 163, 428 
 
 145,047 
 
 4, 667, 394 
 
 226, .624 
 
 3,927,343 
 
 204, 90S 
 
 36, 620 
 
 6, 990 
 
 60, 670 
 
 1892 
 
 S23, 350, 006 
 
 23 
 3,419, 
 6, 229, 
 (;,036, 
 
 ( 
 
 169, 
 
 370, 
 
 6,101, 
 
 39, 
 
 2, 6.67, 
 
 149, 
 
 (') 
 114, 
 36, 
 
 J24, 237, 244 
 
 26, 
 3,796, 
 4,. 594, 
 7, 260, 
 (M 
 191, 
 (') 
 6, 876, 
 34, 
 2,182, 
 88, 
 (') 
 142, 
 43, 
 
 19, ,5.52 
 3,319,726 
 3,636,362 
 6, 053, 236 
 
 (M 
 
 232, 205 
 
 (M 
 6, 744. 235 
 1,973,976 
 1, 618, 681 
 
 183, 096 
 
 » 1,897 
 
 < I.*:, 990 
 
 50, 480 
 
 1889 
 
 S20, 936, 087 
 
 18,113 
 4,217,003 
 2,473,476 
 7, 618, 258 
 32 
 146, 998 
 (■) 
 
 5,083,132 
 80, 961 
 988, 569 
 294,947 
 (') 
 26, 354 
 89, 244 
 
 ' Not reported. 
 
 2 liiciudc-d in main 
 
 ■ ■tiircs under tlie head of fertilizers, prior to 1899. 
 
 ^ Zinc aslics. 
 
 *Zinc, ore and oxide of. 
 
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS. 
 
 137 
 
 With the exception of nickel and phosphate rock, 
 the (|uantities exported formed only a small proportion 
 of the mining- products of the country. The value of 
 the exports of nickel and phosphate rock in llM):i appar- 
 ently exceeded the value of the total production of those 
 minerals by |2, 1-1:7,458. It is probable, therefore, that 
 the elassihcation adoi)ted by the Bureau of Statistics 
 included partially manufactured products, or other 
 substances not included in the mining- census, else the 
 exports were composed in part of products mined dur- 
 ing- prior years. 
 
 The value of anthracite and l)ituminous coal formed 
 more than a third of the value of the exports of the 
 mining- products in 18SI) and in each year since. The 
 $20,765,461 reported as the value of the coal exported 
 in 1902 represents 6,971.18-1 tons; of this amount 
 4,732,185 tons, valued at §14,281,425, or 67.9 per cent 
 of the quantity and 68.8 per cent of the value, were 
 exported to Quebec. Ontario, Manitoba, etc. 
 
 Crude mineral oil was the next most important min- 
 eral product exported. There were 133,536,800 gal- 
 lons of crude mineral oil exported during the year 
 ending June 30, l'.Hi2, valued at $6,0S4,818. Of this 
 total 89,733,032 gallons, valued at $4,272,144, or t;7.2 
 per cent of the total quantity and 70.2 per cent of 
 the value, were consigned to France; 10.s44,'.tl3 gal- 
 lons, valued at §550, < 194, were exported to Mexico; 
 and 10,132,815 gallons, valued at $4'.)7,i)6o, to Spain: 
 leaving only 22,826,<»4() gallons, valued at $764,920, or 
 12.6 per cent, as the exports to all other countries. 
 
 Crude phosphate ranked third among the exports of 
 mining products. The quantity exported for 1902 
 amounted to 747,672 tons, valued at $5,888,595. Of 
 this total 372,035 tons, valued at $3,133,477, or 49.8 
 per cent of the quantity and 53.2 per cent of the ^'aluo, 
 were exported to Ihe United Kingdom and Germany, 
 and 375,637 tons, valued at $2,755,118, were exported 
 to other countries. 
 
 There were 25,076 tons of copper ore exported, 
 valued at $2,601,697; 13,875 tons, valued at $1,895,586, 
 were consigned to the United Kingdom; and 11,139 
 tons, valued at $699,677, to Mexico, while only 62 tons, 
 valued at $6,434, were shipped to other countries. 
 
 Imjjo/'fs.— The methods used in compiling the statis- 
 tics of imports are also at variance with those followed 
 by the census, and there are comparatively few products 
 for which a satisfactory comparison of the imports and 
 the production can be made, but the statistics for such 
 products are presented in Table 74. 
 
 Tajsle 74. — I'dliii' of production and imporix of rrrtain romparuhle 
 minerals: 1903. 
 
 [ri]ii)orb compiled from reports of the Bureau of Statistics on Commerce and 
 Navif^ution of the United States, year ending December 31.] 
 
 Produ(^tion. 
 
 Asbestos 
 
 Asphaltum and 
 
 Barytes 
 
 Haltxite 
 
 Jjorax . 
 
 Bulirstonesnnd millstones . 
 
 Cement 
 
 Chrome ore 
 
 Clay , 
 
 C'oal, anthracite ' 76 
 
 Coal, bituminous | '.i9lj 
 
 Copi)er ore ■ -71 
 
 Corinidllm and emerv 
 
 Flint 
 
 Gold and .silver 
 
 Graphite 
 
 Grin<lstones and jiidfistonc 
 
 Gypsinn 
 
 Infusorial eiirlli, tri|i<jli, ;ii 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 Lead and zinc 
 
 JlaKiiesitc 
 
 Marble . 
 
 Mica 
 
 JJineral pij,^nients. crude 
 
 Monazite 
 
 Natural ^as 
 
 Nickel and cobalt 
 
 Oilstones, \vhetstoues, aud scytbcstfaii'S . 
 
 Petroleum 
 
 Phosjihate rock 
 
 Quicksilver 
 
 Stone (exclusive of miirble) 
 
 Sulphur and pyrite 
 
 Tale and soapstone 
 
 Tungsten 
 
 '192, 
 
 HI), 200 
 230, 72,S 
 203, bit 
 12N, 2011 
 3M3,ra4 
 
 M. 80K 
 2fl,H, 33H 
 ■1,507 
 001 , 072 
 173,5,% 
 85,S, 4S3 
 192,014 
 104, 605 
 144,209 
 911,013 
 227, .50S 
 667,431 
 089, 341 
 
 .55, 994 
 465, 321 
 187, 374 
 
 19, 639 
 044, 182 
 118,849 
 360, 885 
 
 64, 160 
 867, 863 
 8, ,800 
 113,968 
 397, 739 
 922, 943 
 550, 090 
 996,907 
 947,089 
 138, 167 
 5, 975 
 
 Imports for 
 consumption. 
 
 S7C2, 432 
 
 492, 658 
 
 1 27, 099 
 
 54,410 
 
 20, 795 
 
 10, 1.58 
 
 2, .5.56, 061 
 
 .582,, 597 
 
 1,107,770 
 
 792,469 
 
 6,981,008 
 
 ■J 20, .537, 349 
 
 ■1201,006 
 
 6 85, 092 
 
 ; .55, 688, 883 
 
 1,169,388 
 
 76, 906 
 
 308, 167 
 
 62, 374 
 
 2, ,5.58, 023 
 
 '■'671,. 576 
 
 ■2.50, 350 
 
 831,207 
 
 466, 332 
 
 195,868 
 
 l"12 
 
 27, 436 
 
 1,]S5,927 
 
 .50, 456 
 
 176 
 
 388,479 
 
 2,166 
 
 .51,6.57 
 
 4,907,842 
 
 35, 366 
 
 7,046 
 
 1 Baryta, earltonatc and sulphate. 
 
 - (/ommercial value for copper contents of all ores mined. 
 
 3 Value of inifiorts of ore, regulus and black, and bars, ingr)ts. aud pigs. 
 
 ■* Emery grains and rock, 
 
 'i Flint'and flint stones. 
 
 '-'Commercial value of gold aud silver coutaiued in auriferous ores and placer 
 l.iullion. 
 
 ■ Imyiorts less foreign exports. Commercial value of gold and silver in ore 
 un<l base IjuUion and bldliitn relined. 
 
 y Includes values for lead and zinc produced in gold, silver, and copper mines. 
 
 " r^ead ore, dros.s, pigs, and bars; aud zinc, in lilocks or pigs. 
 
 ^■^ Monazite sand and thorite. 
 
 The minerals enumerated have been selected because 
 the classifications by which they were designated in 
 compiling the statistics of imports compare most nearlj' 
 with the classifications used in compiling the census 
 reports, but they should not be accepted as reiDresent- 
 ing all minerals imported. Bismuth and lithographic 
 stone were not produced in commercial ciuantities in the 
 United States, and the entire consumption was depend- 
 ent upon the imports. 
 
 The imports for a number of the minerals shown in 
 -Table 74 exceeded the production for 1902, and the con- 
 ditions prevailing for each of them are summarized as 
 follows : 
 
 Axhestiis. — Practictilly the entire amount of asl>estos 
 consumed in the United States has been obtained from 
 Cauiida. The imports for consumption in 1902 
 amounted to $762,432, as comxDared with a domestic 
 
138 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 production of $4:rt,iiOO. Asbestos of suitable quality 
 unci in sufficient (juantitics to supply the demand has 
 not been uncovered in this country. 
 
 Ai<2>]ialtuiii and liituniiiiinis rod'. — While there has 
 been a growing increase in the production of asphaltuni 
 and Intuniinous rock in the United States, the value of 
 the imports for consumption for r.H)2 exceeded the value 
 of the domestic production by ii^ii55,93(». The domestic 
 production was crude material, and it is probable that 
 the imports were of a more highly finished character. 
 The material is obtained in an almost pure form from 
 Pitch Lake, in the island of Trinidad, where the cost of 
 production is reduced to a miniumni. The (juantity 
 imported from this source during the year ending June 
 30, 1903, was valued at ^329,819. The asphaltuni 
 imported from Barbados possesses peculiar qualities 
 which make it especially adaptable for the manufacture 
 of varnishes and the insulation of electric cables. 
 
 Chrome ore. — Practicalh' all of the chrome ore con- 
 sumed in the United States was imported. The depos- 
 its in the United States are not conveniently located 
 for development and can not compete with the low 
 price of the foreign ore. 
 
 Corundum and emery. — The value of ttie imports of 
 corunclum and emery was almost twice as great as the 
 value of the domestic production. The excess of the 
 imports over the production was due chieflj' to the fact 
 that the largest domestic deposits are not convenient!}- 
 located for transportation facilities and can not compete 
 with the large deposits of Canadian corundum that can 
 be more conveniently worked; or the production of 
 Turkish emerj', which is produced at a considerably 
 lower cost and imported into the United States as bal- 
 last. Artificial corundum, moi'eover, is also produced 
 in large quantities and will undoubtedly affect the pro- 
 duction of the natural material. 
 
 Graphite. — While graphite has been developed in a 
 number of different localities throughout the United 
 States, the production still falls far shoit of the demand, 
 which has increased with the development of the 
 mechanical and electrical industries. Graphite is also 
 being successfully produced b}- artificial means. The 
 imports, however, are still man}- times in excess of the 
 domestic production. 
 
 Lifiisoriideartli., tripoU, and j'"-"!^'-'-- — The value of 
 the imports of these minerals exceeded the domestic 
 production b}' $6,380. This increase was due entirelv 
 to the imports of pumice, for this mineral has been 
 found and (piarried in the United States in compara- 
 tively insignificant (piantities. The imports were ob- 
 tained almost entirely fi'om the island of Lipari, north 
 of Sicily, and were shipped largely as ballast. 
 
 Mic/ne.nte. — The entire domestic production of magne- 
 site was obtained fi-om mines in the state of California, 
 which apparently are not able t(j supply the market. 
 No other deposits i[p])eai- to have been discovered. The 
 
 imports were obtained almost entirely from Greece and 
 Austria. 
 
 Alica. — While this mineral is found in a number of 
 the states and exists in considerable quantities in difl'er- 
 ent localities, the individual deposits have not been 
 developed to a great extent, and the quality is inferior to 
 that of the impoi'ted variety which is obtained largely 
 from Canada and India. The good variety of mica 
 obtained from the deposits in India and the cheap labor 
 there enables it to be produced and delivered in the 
 United States in sufficient quantities to almost entirel}' 
 supply the market. 
 
 Ntel'el and rohalt. — Practically all of the nickel and 
 cobalt consumed in the United States is ol:)tained from 
 Canada, where the deposits are extensive and cheaply 
 mined. Both minerals have been found and mined in 
 various localities in the United States, sometimes in 
 connection with lead ore, but thej- have not been pro- 
 duced in quantities sufficient to suppl}' the market, 
 because, in part, of the moderate price which has pre- 
 vailed for nickel. 
 
 StdjyJnir and jujrite. — The excess of the imports over 
 the production of sulphur is not due apparently to its 
 scarcit}' in the United States, but to the immense de- 
 posits of pure sulphur found in Sicilj', which are worked 
 by cheap labor. The impoi'ts of pyrite more than 
 doubled the production. 
 
 Tungsten. — The imports of this mineral exceeded the 
 comparatively small production by only $1,071. The 
 domestic production has been obtained largely in con- 
 nection with other minerals. 
 
 Of the other minerals enumerated in Table 74 the 
 following show the largest amounts imported during 
 the j'ear 1902, the minerals being considered in the 
 order in which they appear in the table. 
 
 Cement. — The production of cement reported by the 
 census is confined to the manufacture of cement at and 
 in connection with the operation of limestone quarries. 
 The total production for 1902, as reported ))_y the United 
 States Geological Survey, was valued at §25,31)6,380. 
 The imports, therefore, formed a comparatively small 
 percentage of the total consumption. There w^ere 
 123,81:1:. 160 pounds of Roman, Portland, and other 
 hydraulic cement imported during the year ending 
 June 30, 1902, and these were valued at $1,178,152. 
 Of these imports 227,056,720 pounds, valued at 
 $831,555, came from Germany; all other countries sent 
 196,787,110 pounds, or 16.1 per cent, of the quantity, 
 valued at $61:3,897, or 13.6 per cent of the total. 
 
 6'A///.— As shown by Table 71, the value of the clay 
 imported for consumption was more than half as great 
 as the value of the domestic production. Conmion 
 blue clay, used for the maiuifacture of crucil.)les, was 
 obtained very largely from Germany. The imports 
 from that country for the year ending June 30. 1902, 
 were valued at $59,192, as compared with $13,603 re- 
 
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF IlESULTS. 
 
 139 
 
 poi-ted for all other countries. Other clay, iiicliuliiig- 
 China cla^-, or kaolin, came largely from the ITuitod 
 Kingdom and Germany, the impt)rts from these coun- 
 tries amounting to $1,1:^2,6^7, or 9-J.-J: per cent of the 
 total for other clay. 
 
 Coal. — While the imports of coal form a very small 
 proportion of tiie consumption, nevertheless considera- 
 ble quantities of hituminous coal were imported during 
 the year 1902, the imports ))eing stinuilated to some 
 extent by the shortage in the production of anthracite 
 coal. The impt)rts from British Columbia, Nova Sco- 
 tia, and New Brunswick for the year ending June 30 
 were valued at $3,901,52(3, forming 73.5 per cent of the 
 total imports. Including anthracite the imports from 
 all other countries amounted to $1,407,882, or 26.5 per 
 cent of the total. 
 
 Copper. — The imports for consumption of copper 
 during the calendar year 1902 were valued at $20,537,- 
 349, the amount being about one-third as great as the 
 production; this mineral is imported largely from 
 Mexico. The imports from that country for the year 
 ending June 30, 1902, were valued at $9,934,097, or 
 70.9 per cent of all copper imported. 
 
 Gold and silver. — Gold and silver ore and ))ullion is 
 the most important class of imports, the amount — $55,- 
 688,883— reported for 1902 constituting 70.7 per cent of 
 the total I'or the principal minerals imported, as shown 
 by Table 74. Of this aggregate the value of gold was 
 
 $32,5.S2,221, oi' 41.4 pel- cent, and the value of silver 
 was $23,106,66^!, or 29.3 per cent. Of the silver ap- 
 proximatel}' 85 per cent was imported from Mexico. 
 Of the gold about 30 per cent was obtained from Que- 
 bec, Ontario, etc., and about 27 per cent from Mexico. 
 
 Iran iiri'. — ^I'he imports for consumption of iron ore 
 during the calendar year 1902 were \'alued at $2,558,023. 
 Of the imports for the year ending June 30 iron ore 
 valued at $1,109,205, or 46.9 per cent, was obtained 
 from Cuba; a value of $677,131, or 28.7 per cent, from 
 Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, etc., and $406,662, or 17.2 
 per cent, from Spain. 
 
 Lead and zinc. — The imports of lead ores came almost 
 entireh' from Mexico and British Columbia, the amount 
 received from these countries for the year ending Jime 
 30, 1902, being valued at $4,401,390, or 97.9 per cent of 
 the total. 
 
 The value of the minerals imported during 1902 was 
 more than twice as great as the value of the exports of 
 similar products. In a luimber of instances the imports 
 bear an important relationship to the consumption, and 
 the statistics are worthy of more detailed consideration. 
 To assist in such an analysis Table 75 is presented, 
 which gives the value of all the minerals or mineral 
 products, as classified by the Bureau of Statistics, that 
 have been imported for consumption each year from 
 lss!( to 19(12. Some of them are not included in the 
 preceding comparative table. 
 
140 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 75.— IMPORTS FOR 
 
 [From reports of the Bureau of Statistics, 
 
 MINERAL. 
 
 Agate, unmanufactured 
 
 Asbestos, manufactured 
 
 Asbestos, unmanufactured 
 
 Asphaltum or bitumen, crude 
 
 Asphaltum and bitumen, dried or advanced 
 
 Asphaltum, manufactures of 
 
 Asphaltum and bitumen, crude or dried 
 
 Asphaltum and bitumen, limestone rock asphalt containing not more than 15 per cent of bitu- 
 men. 
 
 Baryta, carbonate of, or witherite 
 
 Baryta, sulphate of, or barytes, including barytes earth tnimanufactured 
 
 Ba\ixite or terra alba, aluminous 
 
 Brazilian pebble - 
 
 Borax . 
 
 Borax, refined •. 
 
 Borax, borates of lime or soda or other borate material nut otherwise ]>rovided for , 
 
 Borax, borate of lime 
 
 Borax, crude, or borate of soda 
 
 Cement, Roman, Portland, and other hydraulic, in barrels 
 
 Cement, Roman, Portland, and other hydraulic; other 
 
 Cement, Roman, Portland, and all other 
 
 sacks, or other pjickage 
 
 Cement, Portland, Roman, and otlier hydraulic, in bulk 
 
 Chroma te of iron or chromic ore 
 
 Clay, china clay or kaolin 
 
 Clay, common blue, in casks 
 
 Clay, un wrought or unmanufactured, not sxjccially provided for . .. 
 
 Clay, wrought or manufactured, not specialh' provided fur 
 
 Clay, all other not specially provided for 
 
 Coal, anthracite " 
 
 Coal, bituminous atid shale 
 
 Coal, slack or culm, such as wall pass through a half-inch screen . . . 
 
 Coal, coke 
 
 Cobalt and cobalt r)re and zatfer 
 
 Cobalt, oxide of 
 
 Copper ore - . 
 
 Copper, regulus of, and black ur ci.tarse copper, and copper ccincnt. 
 
 Emery ore 
 
 Emery, grains and ground, pulverized, refined, or manufactures of 
 
 Emery, grains and ground, pulverized or refined 
 
 Emery, lillet 
 
 Feldspar 
 
 Fuller's earth, unwrought and unmanufactured. 
 
 Fuller's earth, wrought or manufactured 
 
 Gold ore and bullion ^ 
 
 Hones and whetstones 
 
 Iridium 
 
 Iron ore, ores including mangauifcruus iron ore; ; 
 
 Iron ore, basic slag 
 
 Iron ore, all other ore 
 
 Lead, lead-bearing ore of all kinds 
 
 Lead, base bullion 
 
 iduum from liurnt pyrites 
 
 Lead contained in silver ore 
 
 Lead contained in all other ore and dross 
 
 Magnesite, crude or calcined, not purified {purified for VM'^ 
 
 Magnesite, or native mineral carbonate of magnesia 
 
 Manganese, ore and oxide of 
 
 Manganese, o.xide of 
 
 Manganese ore 
 
 Mica, unmanufactured r.r roiigli trimmed ( 
 Mica - 
 
 iilv- 
 
 1901 
 
 $1,379 
 25, 819 
 7.52, 125 
 (132, 005 
 38, 760 
 
 4,949 
 
 21, 617 
 
 15, 870 
 14, 4.53 
 
 26, 865 
 'i6,"74lV 
 
 1,443,900 
 52, 776 
 
 .5'26,611 
 849, 314 
 73,100 
 146, 725 
 
 65, 177 
 
 13 
 
 2, 006 
 
 4,. 541, 338 
 
 7.57, 392 
 
 3.59,438 
 
 27,257 
 
 137, 959 
 
 2, 550, 6,S7 
 
 11,276, .576 
 
 137, 695 
 55, 870 
 
 S960 
 
 26,209 
 
 427, 333 
 
 .501,310 
 
 42,611 
 
 1,935 
 
 52, 529 
 
 15, 208 
 6, 9.59 
 
 63, 597 
 
 697 
 
 IS, 291 
 
 2, 164, .5.56 
 71,928 
 
 214,762 
 701,791 
 67,763 
 144, 050 
 
 .58,511 
 
 4, .585, 335 
 787, 515 
 
 ;i09, 014 
 11,863 
 
 111,740 
 2, 944, 791 
 7,471,649 
 
 288, 424 
 30, 509 
 
 21,142 
 68, 160 
 34, 263,. 560 
 ,59.617 
 22,470 
 
 2,333,123 
 9, .SOS 
 
 16,000 
 
 55, 4.50 
 
 37, 2;BS, 149 
 
 .31,333 
 
 0,072 
 
 1,131,765 
 6, 398 
 
 ■224, 410 
 48,041 
 
 247, 627 
 78, 845 
 
 1900 
 
 J635 
 
 16, 314 
 
 292, 879 
 
 357, 938 
 
 43, 196 
 
 1,6.56 
 
 42, 085 
 
 15, 681 
 7, 886 
 
 11,413 
 
 5, 960 
 ';j,'.594' 
 
 3,194,897 
 47, .537 
 
 6 
 378, 101 
 694, 280 
 111,762 
 131,478 
 
 40, 435 
 
 130 
 
 628 
 
 4,022,802 
 
 440,046 
 
 232, 947 
 
 7,4)4 
 
 72, 072 
 
 l,639,;i52 
 
 1,002,978 
 
 162, 056 
 28, .524 
 
 19, 9.85 
 
 41,,5'23 
 
 23, 499, 557 
 
 40, 12S 
 
 5, 053 
 
 1,497,713 
 999 
 
 167, 937 
 32,694 
 
 312,045 [ 
 1,784,120 
 
 2.81,901 
 
 301 , 436 
 
 ;W1,74U 
 
 330, 102 
 2, 096, '211' 
 
 203, 472 
 '32'783' 
 
 1899 
 
 
 rt95 
 
 9 
 
 559 
 
 296 
 
 ,51 1« 
 
 226 
 
 6;i5 
 
 18 
 
 567 
 
 1 
 
 575 
 
 39 
 
 761 
 
 15 
 
 552 
 
 1 
 
 298 
 
 14 
 
 168 
 
 
 877 
 
 2 
 
 765 
 
 2, 694, 313 
 43, 783 
 
 264, 376 
 599, 6.50 
 76, 014 
 101,331 
 
 27,871 
 
 62 
 
 2,686 
 
 1,479,931 
 
 109, 331 
 
 171,996 
 
 10, 986 
 
 67, 442 
 
 COS, 399 
 
 686, 430 
 
 138,891 
 28, 038 
 
 21,560 
 .64, 772 
 35, 740, 111 
 30, 916 
 6,561 
 
 403,298 
 
 185,872 
 21,616 
 
 1.58,267 
 "876^478' 
 
 1.S2,'278 
 46,4.si 
 
 Mica, cut or trimmed 
 
 Mica and mica waste 
 
 Mineral paints: 
 
 Brown, Spanish, Indian red, and colcothar or oxide of iron _ 
 
 Brown, Spanish, Indian red, and colcothar or oxide of iron, and Vandyke Cassel eartli 
 Cassel brown. 
 
 Brown , Vandyke Cas.sel earth or Cassel brown 
 
 Ocher and oehery earths, not specially provided for— 
 
 Crude, not powdered, washed, or pulverized 
 
 Powdered, washed, or pulverized 
 
 Ocher and oehery earths, dry 
 
 Sienna and sienna earths, not speeiall.v pro\-idcd for — 
 
 Crude, not powdered, wa:Shed, or pul verizcd 
 
 Powdered, washed, or pulverized 
 
 Sienna and sienna earths, dry 
 
 Umber and umber earths, not specially provided for — 
 
 Crude, not powdered, washed, or pulverized 
 
 Po\ydered, washed, or pulverized 
 
 42, 769 
 
 600 
 104,656 
 
 10, 965 
 13,480 
 
 Umber and umber earths, drj- 
 
 Minerals, crude, or not advanced in condition by refining or grinding or other process of man- 
 ufacture, not specially provided for. 
 
 Minerals, not dutiable, advanced in value or condition by refining or grinding or other proc- 
 ess of manufacture, not specially provided for. 
 
 Mineral substances in a crude state, not specially luovided for ■ — 
 
 0, 497 
 1,375 
 
 112,880 
 14, 690 
 
 337 
 54, ;1S4 
 
 4.777 
 
 8, 878 
 
 8, io;5 
 
 5, 103 
 
 73,715 
 5, 3.83 
 
 0, 423 
 
 950 
 16,196 
 
 8, 517 
 4,170 
 
 ,57,439 
 24,0.S7 
 
 1,1.66 
 55, 686 
 
 3,489 
 7, 7'24 
 
 5, 488 
 5, '216 
 
 152, 421 
 18, 893 
 
 1 Imports less forelgti exports. 
 
SUMMARY xlND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS. 
 
 141 
 
 CONSUMPTION: 1889 TO 1902. 
 
 on Commerce and Navigation in the United States, year ending June 80.] 
 
 1898 
 
 1897 
 
 1890 
 
 1895 
 
 1894 
 
 1893 
 
 1892 
 
 1 891 
 
 1890 
 
 1S89 
 
 
 $322 
 
 8, 753 
 
 301, 61 1; 
 
 227, 562 
 
 22,677 
 
 7, 005 
 34, 157 
 24, 526 
 
 8,614 
 1, 987 
 
 1, 329 
 
 20 
 
 2,. 541 
 
 4,012' 
 
 27,711 
 
 J17 
 
 6, 898 
 
 191,361 
 
 S218 
 21,313 
 234,427 
 
 *9 
 
 16,718 
 
 289, 959 
 
 $23 
 12, 309 
 
 166, 988 
 
 «6 
 
 7,971 
 
 2.51,894 
 
 240, 990 
 
 $101 
 
 10,284 
 
 320,279 
 
 388, 361 
 
 8199 
 
 8,053 
 
 808, 498 
 
 2.51,137 
 
 $21 
 
 4,916 
 
 249, 989 
 
 190, .555 
 
 3116 
 
 13, 735 
 
 209, 245 
 
 88, 489 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 46,255 
 395, 5.54 
 
 71,7,50 
 259, 350 
 
 46, 255 
 206, 951 
 
 25,084 
 203, 8S3 
 
 70, ,525 
 
 81,875 
 
 40,860 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 9 
 10 
 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7,296 
 953 
 
 16, 209 
 
 228 
 
 249' 
 
 16, 3.S7 
 3, 7,SH 
 
 19, 821 
 1, 409 
 
 7%' 
 
 17,011 
 7,274 
 
 18,216 
 
 521 
 
 '26.42'j' 
 
 12,127 
 5, 020 
 
 8,415 
 
 21,640 
 6, 995 
 
 10,210 
 11,060 
 
 13, 068 
 15, 482 
 
 .50, 128 
 8,816 
 
 i,'6c2' 
 
 6, 222 
 9,614 
 
 70, 922 
 31, 992 
 
 27.5 
 
 13, 383 
 8, 242 
 
 40, 813 
 23, 660 
 
 68.6" 
 
 1, 396 
 226 
 
 1,748 
 i,'327' 
 
 2, 296 
 420" 
 
 171, 101 
 
 104, 951 
 
 87, 255 
 
 18, 349 
 
 3, 418, 249 
 
 18, 493 
 
 ii,'427' 
 
 3, 227, 751 
 19,394 
 
 is," 659' 
 
 3,763,691 
 22, 632 
 
 3, 780, 033 
 18, 666 
 
 8,031 
 
 9, 050 
 
 2,847,202 
 
 5, 585 
 
 800 
 
 
 
 
 2, .549, 992 
 44, 003 
 
 2,940,199 
 
 •67,157 
 
 3, 828, 722 
 68, 974 
 
 18 
 
 1, 123, 303 
 
 2,171,1.50 
 
 1, 4.59. 876 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 196, 441 
 
 546, 244 
 
 58,771 
 
 87,140 
 
 23, 191 
 
 194 
 
 14, 8M 
 
 3, 310, 880 
 
 83, 322 
 
 112,010 
 11,165 
 35, 985 
 638, 893 
 191,129 
 
 84, 432 
 21, 139 
 
 169, 492 
 
 484, 446 
 
 50, 4.54 
 
 78, 105 
 
 64,639 
 
 202,923 
 
 3, 609, 646 
 
 40, 674 
 
 68, 262 
 9,994 
 
 44, 005 
 373,741 
 187, 833 
 
 122, 880 
 21,798 
 
 178, 774 
 
 660, 203 
 
 60, 803 
 
 114, 991 
 
 63, 087 
 
 34.5,' 964' 
 
 3, 633, 796 
 20, 237 
 
 117, 034 
 
 9, 268 
 
 30,012 
 
 140, 600 
 
 113,928 
 
 89,410 
 29, 282 
 
 84,799 
 405, 657 
 
 31,901 
 114,401 
 
 60, 423 
 
 204,' 027" 
 
 3, 829, 025 
 22, 029 
 
 64, 886 
 5.192 
 
 49, 844 
 237, 24S 
 203,267 
 
 73, 409 
 17,110 
 1,7.5K 
 
 34, 357 
 369, 950 
 39, 909 
 89, 924 
 
 63, 826 
 
 i87,'.599' 
 
 3,680,607 
 22, 901 
 
 90, 912 
 6,702 
 
 19, 970 
 491,280 
 114,395 
 
 .58, 514 
 
 64,698 
 399, 474 
 
 .58, 416 
 157,0.84 
 
 76,451 
 
 193,' 602' 
 
 3, 699, 038 
 16, 3!;7 
 
 87, 238 
 7,219 
 
 55, 742 
 464,228 
 139, 080 
 
 103, 613 
 
 126, 074 
 
 347, 368 
 
 68, 610 
 
 118, 798 
 
 62, 808 
 
 162," 019' 
 
 4, 362, 420 
 17,266 
 
 192.668 
 
 1, 364 
 
 61, .830 
 
 659, .564 
 
 204, 935 
 
 104, .530 
 
 66, 982 
 232, 699 
 
 38, 621 
 164, 518 
 
 47, 346 
 
 45,' 870" 
 
 3, 658, 932 
 26, 768 
 
 118, 753 
 701 
 
 63, 433 
 434, 654 
 
 19, 373 
 
 74, 190 
 
 8, 190 
 160, 420 
 
 50, 665 
 104, 770 
 
 139, 668 
 36, 321 
 
 SO," 43.5" 
 
 3,071,360 
 16, 6.56 
 
 11.5,9.53 
 2 
 
 .57,044 
 
 298, 049 
 
 16,168 
 
 74, 967 
 
 161, 679 
 
 56,370 
 
 94," 263' 
 
 3, 913, 168 
 15, 662 
 
 79,402 
 
 .52 
 
 39, 378 
 
 319, 136 
 
 179 
 
 76, 082 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 27 
 28 
 29 
 30 
 
 31 
 32 
 83 
 S4 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 15, 790 
 
 26, .522 
 
 20, 101 
 
 26, 045 
 
 16, 233 
 
 21,625 
 
 £8 
 £9 
 40 
 
 150 
 3,555 
 
 20, 260 
 
 48, 715 
 
 31,286,4.'<8 
 
 37,910 
 
 3,071 
 
 466, 254 
 
 36 
 
 15, 206 
 
 23, 083 
 18,732 
 15, 364, 615 
 20, 667 
 7, 225 
 
 778, 117 
 
 
 6, .501 
 
 3, 04 s 
 
 1,751 
 
 3, 033 
 
 3, 085 
 
 1,338 
 
 1,771 
 
 120 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15, 618, 6.57 
 
 35, 973 
 
 1,313 
 
 1,217,314 
 
 13,1.56,673 
 20.811 
 
 372, ,861 
 
 15,043,919 
 
 25, 496 
 
 90,s 
 
 4,001,109 
 
 28,662 
 
 1, 3.50 
 
 11,. 5.59. 4.^7 
 39, Sli2 
 2, 753 
 
 2, 265, 763 
 
 34,112 
 
 333 
 
 2, 4.54, 638 
 
 33, 953 
 
 102 
 
 1,760,171 
 29, 683 
 
 43 
 44 
 46 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 46, 112 
 
 297, 510 
 
 1 , 189, 636 
 
 2,465,497 
 
 2,372,7.54 
 
 2, 407, 514 
 
 1,457,003 
 
 48 
 
 444, 446 
 29, 199 
 
 
 
 49 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 503, 143 
 430 
 
 080, 374 
 14, 3,82 
 
 608,705 
 60, S,S] 
 
 539, .822 
 5, 928 
 
 1,190,462 
 177 
 
 1,318,S16 
 10,61S 
 
 1,023,133 
 
 
 
 .51 
 
 
 12, 730 
 
 9,.S00 
 
 3,827 
 
 52 
 
 74,638 
 
 63 
 
 5.50 
 803, 167 
 
 
 3, 498 
 645, 321; 
 
 2, 338 
 
 10, 792 
 
 7, 953 
 
 6,004 
 
 4,417 
 
 0,499 
 
 64 
 
 883,716 
 
 .567, 487 
 
 55 
 
 11,9.54 
 523, 086 
 
 20,677 
 1, 147, 472 
 
 8, 1X1 
 367, 173 
 
 7, 8.58 
 020,814 
 
 7, 931 
 134. 340 
 
 6,342 
 72, 012 
 
 66 
 
 
 
 
 
 .57 
 
 62, 130 
 
 
 
 
 5« 
 
 213, 373 
 
 194, ,^90 
 
 169, 1,51; 
 
 84, 430 
 
 214, 680 
 
 170, 805 
 
 21, 750 
 
 
 
 59 
 
 54,721 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 110,094 
 103, 158 
 
 161.710 
 SO. .568 
 
 93, 143 
 78, 322 
 
 61 
 
 50, 4.57 
 
 
 
 316 
 63, .501 
 
 55 
 
 65,671 
 
 141,615 
 
 142, 048 
 
 62 
 
 58,493 
 
 59,199 
 
 03 
 
 2, 598 
 
 36, 8'<8 
 
 5,567 
 
 3,029 
 4,239 
 1,738 
 
 4,126 
 4,634 
 
 1,163 
 87, 064 
 
 7,658 
 
 682 
 
 35 
 
 
 424 
 
 425 
 
 1,690 
 
 64 
 
 
 
 
 06 
 
 77 ,'483' 
 
 63,' 80,8' 
 
 .54,'42i' 
 
 37,'i23' 
 
 7i,"236' 
 
 70," 939' 
 
 72,"lJ4" 
 
 .54," 3.59' 
 
 58," 674' 
 
 66 
 67 
 
 68 
 
 19,' 6%' 
 
 ii'osi" 
 
 8,'i,si"i 
 
 24," 8s;!' 
 
 29,' .53,8' 
 
 23,'76i' 
 
 22^623' 
 
 24.' 609' 
 
 ""36" 396' 
 
 69 
 70 
 
 71 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 72 
 
 12, 875 
 .57, 765 
 
 1,580 
 
 8.882 
 
 9, 7.59 
 88, 313 
 
 1, 066 
 
 IS, 691 
 
 10, 078 
 88,437 
 
 4,308 
 
 26,686 
 
 9,404 
 43,620 
 
 608 
 
 28, 484 
 
 16, 494 
 62,. 591 
 
 138 
 
 62, 833 
 
 12, 5.50 
 98, 2.S9 
 
 ■ 1,331 
 
 33, 436 
 
 14,656 
 47,958 
 
 23,966 
 
 42, 038 
 
 11.9-52 
 .51,9.50 
 
 93, 780 
 
 14, 720 
 
 13, 645 
 45, 699 
 
 89, 988 
 
 12,862 
 
 73 
 74 
 
 75 
 
 76 
 
142 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 75.— IMPORTS FOR 
 
 73 
 SO 
 SI 
 
 82 
 »:i 
 S4 
 8a 
 86 
 
 S7 
 88 
 89 
 90 
 91 
 
 92 
 93 
 94 
 95 
 96 
 
 98 
 99 
 100 
 101 
 
 102 
 103 
 104 
 105 
 106 
 
 107 
 108 
 109 
 110 
 111 
 
 112 
 113 
 114 
 115 
 
 116 
 117 
 
 118 
 119 
 
 120 
 121 
 
 122 
 123 
 
 124 
 125 
 126 
 127 
 
 Monazite sand or thorite 
 
 Natural gas 
 
 Nickel ore and nickel matte 
 
 Nickel and nickel raatte containing not more than 2 jier cent of cop()er 
 
 Nickel in ore, matte, or other crude form, not ready for consumption in tlie arts . 
 
 Petroleum, crude 
 
 Phowphates, crude 
 
 Platinum, unmanufactured 
 
 PUitinum ore. 
 
 12 
 
 33, 964 
 
 1,426,083 
 
 1900 
 
 100,989 
 1,337, .597 
 
 131,065 
 ] , 070, 980 
 
 175 
 112,461 
 147, 926 
 
 Plaster rock or gypsum, crude 
 
 Plaster rock or gypsum, ground or calcincil 
 
 Plaster of Paris or gypsum; phlster of Paris and sulphate of lime 
 
 Plaster rock or gypsum, calcined 
 
 Plaster rock or gyjisum, ground 
 
 Plumbago : 
 
 nnground 
 
 260, 928 
 19, 620 
 
 17 
 1.52, 7,80 
 185, 370 
 
 1,400 
 
 S6, 763 
 
 196, 883 
 
 213,317 
 15,606 ' 
 
 242, 643 
 22,387 
 
 Pumice stone, nnmanufaetnred 
 
 Pumice and pumice stones 
 
 Qtiicksilver 
 
 Rock crystal, manufactures of, not elsewliere sjk 
 Rotten stone and tripol i 
 
 Silver ore and tiullion ' 
 
 Stone: 
 
 Ballast 
 
 Breccia in Vjlocks or slabs 
 
 Curling stones or quoits and curling stone handles. 
 Buhrstones in blocks, rough or unmanufactured . , , 
 
 903, 350 
 19, 803 
 
 Buhrstones, manufactured or bound up into millstones 
 
 Buhrstones in bloi-ks, rnugh or manufactured or bound up into luillstout 
 
 CliiT stone, unmanufactured 
 
 Flints and flint stones, nnground 
 
 Flint, flints, and ground flint stones 
 
 Freestone granite, sandstone, limestone, etc., except marble and onyx, not specially pro- 
 vided ior — 
 
 Hewn, dressed, or polished 
 
 Cnmanufactured or undressed 
 
 Granite, unmanufactured or undressed 
 
 Granite, hewn, dressed, or polished - . - 
 
 Grindstones, finished or unfinished 
 
 Lime 
 
 Limestone 
 
 Lithographic stones not engraved 
 
 Marble and onyx, and manufactures of . 
 
 686 
 9, 039 
 30, 534 
 
 23, 980, 977 
 
 12 
 
 317 
 
 1,116 
 
 26, 368 
 
 1 , 20S 
 
 930,002 
 28,618 
 
 899 
 3, 7,34 
 24, 556 
 
 12, 080 
 
 816 
 
 2, 536 
 
 38,. 515 
 
 943 
 
 21 , 672 
 59, i;5U 
 
 50, 066 
 64,697 
 
 :, 346, .587 
 27, .552 
 
 296 
 14,003 
 9, .541 
 
 .30,. 526, 668 
 
 2, 197 
 
 1, 4.53 
 21,687 
 
 15,746 
 40, 475 
 
 .3.s,911 
 12,616 
 0, .523 
 87, 792 
 SO, 061 
 
 92,162 
 
 136,681 
 1,264,866 
 
 22, 163 
 
 12, 62S 
 
 2, 0.59 
 
 100, .542 
 
 90, ,5.85 
 
 65, 413 
 
 123, 499 
 991,037 
 
 Polishing stones 
 
 Polishing and burnishing stones 
 
 Slate roofing 
 
 Slates, slate chimney pieces, mantels, slabs for tables, and all other manufactures of slate 
 
 111,227 
 16,641 
 
 84,930 
 62, .566 
 
 .81,441 
 778,478 
 
 4,817 
 
 All other manufactures of stone, not otherwise pirovided for ' 
 
 Sulphur ore, as pyrites or .sulphuret of iron, natural, cfintaining in excess of 26 per cent of i 1,671,577 ! 
 
 sulphur. 
 
 Sulphur or brimstone, crude, in bulk 3, .5S2, 920 
 
 Talc, ground, yiowdered, or prepared 35, 957 
 
 Talc 
 
 Tungsten and ferro(.hrome 
 
 Uranium, oxide and .salts f if 
 
 Wolfram ore 
 
 6, 467 
 
 1,1.84,899 
 
 2,875,115 
 7, ,574 
 
 13 
 1,207,661 
 
 !, 702, 282 
 760 
 
 1890 
 
 119, 430 
 1,183,924 
 
 82 
 104, 747 
 242, 321 
 
 192, 180 
 13,812 
 
 1,081,871 
 29, .530 
 
 51 
 
 20 
 
 21,495 
 
 25, 129, 142 
 
 3,939 
 
 1.020 
 
 19, 968 
 
 14,147 
 27, 766 
 
 107, 248 
 19, 270 
 
 70, 291 
 .58, 155 
 
 76, 690 
 6,83, 436 
 
 1 
 
 110 
 OtM,096 
 
 2 
 
 382,681 
 6, 992 
 
 
 47, 708 
 6, .545 
 
 12,014 
 12,904 
 
 11,. 594 
 16, 673 
 
 14,374 
 7,496 
 
 ^ Imijorts less foreign exports. 
 
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS. 
 
 CONSUMPTION: 1889 TO 1902— Continued. 
 
 143 
 
 1898 
 
 18«V 
 
 18»(! 
 
 1895 
 
 1894 
 
 1893 
 
 1892 
 
 1891 
 
 1890 
 
 1889 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 77 
 7S 
 
 90, 204 
 9,56, 0.59 
 
 84, 812 
 537, 128 
 
 91,007 
 612, 7.35 
 
 79, 087 
 6.55,717 
 
 00, 528 
 397,816 
 
 92,199 
 
 09,082 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 79 
 
 280, 712 
 
 161,. S91 
 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11,087 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 123,711 
 
 
 
 211 
 
 2H7, 0.57 
 
 272 
 
 333, 957 
 
 .548, 350 
 
 10, 367 
 
 8'' 
 
 62, 59S 
 144,313 
 
 79, 875 
 92,619 
 
 1,53, 370 
 70, 108 
 
 1.59,169 
 189,028 
 
 130,090 
 
 192,733 
 
 309, 764 
 
 702,093 
 
 5,2.30 
 
 83 
 84 
 
 
 
 85 
 
 171,745 
 
 21,303 
 
 23, 269 
 
 2, 089 
 
 100 
 
 472, 401 
 
 16, 821 
 3, 07e 
 9,978 
 1,202 
 9,886 
 
 23, 163, 235 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20,191 
 
 176, .388 
 
 7, 183 
 
 33 433 
 
 49, 393 
 IKO, 337 
 
 29, 972 
 
 185, 236 
 
 
 
 87 
 
 i87, 926 
 
 18, 099 
 
 119 
 
 321,355 
 
 222, 188 
 
 23, 423 
 
 97 
 
 384,604 
 
 1,S2, 315 
 
 14,666 
 
 2, 609 
 
 208,933 
 
 171,915 
 
 10,718 
 
 s,190 
 
 410,,S19 
 
 208,779 
 23, 270 
 44,618 
 
 866,309 
 
 211,225 
 22,. 3.34 
 60,801 
 
 720, 048 
 
 88 
 89 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 .309,719 
 
 573, 561 
 
 248, 998 
 
 91 
 9? 
 
 66, 037 
 10,293 
 
 ,59, 894 
 45 
 
 47,993 
 7,014 
 
 43,788 
 6, 278 
 
 .54,795 
 38, 100 
 
 52, 065 
 .57, 870 
 
 .32,414 
 
 254, 837 
 
 .55, 411 
 298, 698 
 
 57, 082 
 98, 606 
 
 93 
 94 
 95 
 
 14,836 
 
 23, .550, 399 
 
 S27 
 
 472 
 
 2,273 
 
 6,324 
 
 20, 120, 314 
 
 3,332 
 
 0,053 
 
 13,915,181 
 
 5, 287 
 
 8, 988 
 
 9, 72.H, 815 
 
 2, 770 
 
 15, 006 
 
 15, 674, 689 
 
 3,892 
 
 975 
 
 1,.586 
 
 36,483 
 
 036 
 
 13,041 
 
 14,83S,.3S4 
 
 0, 315 
 
 5«3 
 
 1,332 
 
 25,733 
 
 294 
 
 .s, 449 
 
 16,051,303 
 
 4, 223 
 
 625 
 
 1,063 
 
 26, 469 
 
 639 
 
 7,836 
 
 14,. 802, 097 
 
 4,492 
 
 1,189 
 
 2,781 
 
 41,9.51 
 
 715 
 
 6,060 
 
 12, 318, .5.37 
 
 2, 369 
 
 96 
 
 97 
 
 98 
 
 S78 
 1,222 
 24,008 
 
 1,338 
 
 ! 
 
 99 
 
 9S1 
 
 365 
 
 447 
 
 1,184 
 35, 097 
 
 325 
 
 100 
 101 
 
 
 
 302 
 18,048 
 10,745 
 
 ,S27 
 20,314 
 17,212 
 
 ^m 
 
 23, 570 
 26,685 
 
 28. 862 
 33, 312 
 10,7.55 
 
 103 
 
 18, .S84 
 11,486 
 
 10, 087 
 
 20, 800 
 
 16, 010 
 
 10, 007 
 
 26,195 
 
 104 
 103 
 
 10,707 
 
 235, 049 
 29, 633 
 
 9, 450 
 
 292, 382 
 32, 434 
 
 0, 807 
 
 309, 040 
 39, 694 
 
 9,. 370 
 
 439, 148 
 47,131 
 
 10,247 
 
 335, 25] 
 .52, .8,S2 
 
 3,8.86 
 
 390,403 
 70, 514 
 
 4,000 
 
 314, 061 
 113,377 
 
 3,322 
 
 249,071 
 73, 095 
 
 106 
 
 165,148 
 14,088 
 
 320, 433 
 21,333 
 
 107 
 108 
 109 
 
 .53,'57s' 
 
 • 60,879 
 
 ,54,"494" 
 
 .56, 3S5 
 
 62," 979" 
 
 70,302 
 
 :::.: 
 
 .30, 659 
 90, 293 
 
 .56,"67i' 
 
 .87,513 
 
 
 
 35, 295 
 
 711,290 
 
 00, 056 
 
 114,418 
 
 169 
 
 123,770 
 
 1,178,403 
 
 0,379 
 
 03,' 084' 
 
 113,3.59 
 
 54 
 
 100, 339 
 
 910, 839 
 
 5, ,830 
 
 .50,' 462' 
 
 107, 729 
 
 
 
 .3i,'92i' 
 
 134,2.59 
 
 749 
 
 89, 873 
 
 763, 705 
 
 4,018 
 
 .52,' 042' 
 
 110,228 
 
 932 
 
 93,612 
 
 . 572, 613 
 
 4,184 
 
 110 
 111 
 
 112 
 113 
 
 51, 730 
 626, 715 
 
 68, 505 
 903, 2(19 
 
 90, 075 
 932,700 
 
 95, 902 
 861,970 
 
 106, 6.52 
 .822,210 
 
 8, S79 
 
 114 
 115 
 
 116 
 
 185 
 
 58 
 
 4,866 
 
 131 
 710, 372 
 
 3, 023, 121 
 6, 352 
 
 
 3,812 
 
 224 
 
 0, 191 
 
 232 
 628, 733 
 
 1,863.3.39 
 
 i;,031 
 
 5, 190 
 
 117 
 
 4,997 
 
 156 
 687, 297 
 
 2,047,7.86 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 118 
 
 0, 009 
 
 800 
 606, .574 
 
 1,085,504 
 
 0, 342 
 
 21 
 702,024 
 
 1,321,792 
 
 0, 071 
 
 5.911 
 r,31.M4 
 
 2, 305, ,371 
 
 1,9.53 
 
 0, 032 
 504, 897 
 
 2,. 324, 4,80 
 
 12, 373 
 
 12, 560 
 77, 614 
 
 2, 405, 733 
 
 34,002 
 26, 466 
 
 33, 828 
 15, 928 
 
 119 
 
 120 
 
 r^i 
 
 2, 136, 058 
 
 2,025,7.H5 
 
 122 
 123 
 
 12,458 
 17, 765 
 3, 158 
 
 28, 276 
 14,111 
 5, 021 
 
 12, .557 
 2,'42,8" 
 
 -S 455 
 3,'2,3i" 
 
 9, 597 
 2,"879' 
 
 3, 285 
 3,' 02c' 
 
 i,"974' 
 
 32, .5.53 
 
 0, 213 
 i,'667' 
 
 124 
 
 71,271 
 
 3, 244 
 
 896 
 
 126 
 127 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
CHAPTER HI. 
 
 ELECTRICITY IN MINING. 
 
 Bv Thomas Commerford Martin. 
 
 The mining- industry to-day constitutes one of the 
 most important tields for the appliration of electric 
 current. There is hardily a country in the world and 
 hardly an}' department of mining- in -svhich electrical 
 appliances are not employed, and in many instances the 
 installation and equipment arc of a most extensive 
 character. Indeed, the subject has become so important 
 as to create a literature and a technology of its own. 
 for many of the problems involved are such as do not 
 arise in connection with other work. Hence a brief 
 technical review of the situation can not but prove of 
 interest, especially as the whole tendency of the time 
 is to develop mining industries along- electrical lines, 
 and in fact to employ electricity continuously from the 
 verj' first contact with the ore to the stage at which the 
 finished product is ready for the market. It is pro- 
 posed, however, to limit the present treatment of the 
 subject to electric mining, as both electro-metallurgy 
 and electro-chemistry are distinct fields of technical 
 work, dealing with manufactured material rather than 
 with the cruder and more primitive processes of win- 
 ning- the minerals from the soil. In its early stages 
 electric lighting- was applied to mine work, and this de- 
 velopment was followed by the use of electric loco- 
 motives for traction as a substitute for human or brute 
 power. Of late 3'ears the electric motor has been util- 
 ized for all classes of work — drilling, coal cutting, 
 hoisting, pumping, ventilating, etc. The use of electric 
 explosives has long been familiar to every miner, and 
 more recentl.y the telephone has become a familiar 
 adjunct for purposes of interconmiunication. 
 
 In the United States, as elsewhere, the introduction 
 of electrical mining apparatus has l)een greatly stimu- 
 lated of late years by the high degree of perfection 
 attained in the art of power transmission. A great 
 many mines and mining camps in regions where fuel 
 was either very costly or difficult to obtain have been 
 brought within the range of profitable working through 
 the utilization of some distant waterpower. The sin- 
 gle and polyphase alternating current, with its flexibil- 
 ity and high range of pressure, has made it possible to 
 transmit power from water courses across valleys and 
 
 over mountain ranges for scores of miles, so that to-day 
 large areas, which but for the assistance of electricity 
 would have remained neglected, because unavailable, 
 are being worked. The profitableness of American 
 mines and the sources of national wealth have thus 
 been enorraouslj^ increased. 
 
 The practical use of electricitj^ involves a great many 
 questions, of the nature of which some idea may be 
 formed from the report recently issued in England by a 
 departmental committee appointed b}' the British Home 
 Secretary to consider and report on the subject. As the 
 result of its investigation the committee laid down four 
 general principles which, it considered, -should govern 
 the appointment of electrically equipped mines. These 
 points may be summed up as follows: 
 
 1. Tlie electric plant should ahvaj's lie treated as a source of 
 potential danger. 
 
 2. The plant should be of thoroughly good quality and so de- 
 signed as to insure immunity from danger by shock (jr fire, and 
 |ieriodical tests should be made to ascertain that this state of effi- 
 ciency is being maintained. 
 
 3. All the electrical apparatus should Ije under the charge of a 
 competent person. 
 
 4. All electrical apparatus which might be used where there was 
 a possibility of danger arising from the presence of mine gas should 
 be inclosed so as to prevent such gas from being fired by the spark- 
 ing of the aj^paratus, and when any machine is working every pre- 
 caution should be taken to detect the existence of danger, and on 
 the presence of gas being noticed such machinery should be imme- 
 diately stopped. 
 
 Some of these points seem obvious, yet they have 
 frequently been disregarded. With regard to the first 
 and second, the committee pointed out the fact that 
 under the peculiar conditions existing in mines no abso- 
 lutely safe limit of voltage or of pressure of current 
 could be stated. The conmiittee decided, however, on 
 grounds already recognized in German}' that, provided 
 all reasonable safeguards were adopted, a fairly high 
 pressure had advantages, even from the point of view 
 of safety, over a uniformlj' low pressure. The stand- 
 ard adopted by the board of trade as to voltage in con- 
 sumption circuits is, therefore, 050 volts. Under certain 
 conciitions voltages as high as 3,000 volts are available 
 for transmission purposes. 
 
 (145^ 
 
 30223—04- 
 
 -10 
 
146 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 As to the working of electric coal cutting machinerj' 
 in places subject to fire damp, the eonmiittee decided, 
 largely as a result of experiments made, that it was 
 necessary to inclose the entire motor in a tiame-tight 
 cover. The committee adopted the view that all per- 
 mitted explosives should be fired by electricity, and 
 that the armored sheath or covering of all protected 
 cable should be connected to "earth" — i. e., grounded. 
 
 Table 1 shows the number of mines in the United 
 States reported as owning or renting electric power in 
 1902, together with the horsepower reported, for each 
 group of minerals. 
 
 Table 1. — Electric poin;'-, hij iit'merdh: 1903. 
 
 All minerals 
 
 Aspllaltum nnfl bituminous 
 rock 
 
 Bauxite 
 
 Borax 
 
 Cement 
 
 Coal, anthracite 
 
 Coal, bituminous 
 
 Copper ore 
 
 Fluorspar 
 
 Gold and silver 
 
 Graphite 
 
 Gypsum 
 
 Infusorial earth, tripoli, and 
 pumice - 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 Lead and zinc ore 
 
 Limestones and dolomites. . . 
 
 Marble 
 
 Mica 
 
 Natural gas 
 
 Petroleum 
 
 Phosphate rock 
 
 Quicksilver 
 
 Sandstones and quartzites 
 
 Siliceous crystalline rocks — 
 
 Slate 
 
 Sulphur and pyrite 
 
 Talc and soapstone 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 mines 
 report- 
 ing. 
 
 1 
 31 
 17 
 309 
 3-5 
 1 
 292 
 
 "i 
 
 Horse- 
 power. 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 mines 
 report- 
 ing. 
 
 25 
 
 (14 
 
 1 
 
 20, 862 
 
 6, Ihh 
 
 68,139 
 
 4,648 
 
 25 
 
 46,472 
 
 10 
 
 I'lH 
 
 1,482 
 
 871 
 
 2,220 
 
 Ifi 
 275 
 150 
 600 
 
 15 
 
 67 
 913 
 225 
 
 SO 
 225 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 26 
 
 17 
 
 301 
 
 22 
 
 1 
 
 224 
 
 Horse- 
 power. 
 
 25 
 
 64 
 
 1 
 
 17,420 
 
 5, 7.55 
 
 G5, 972 
 
 2,312 
 
 25 
 
 32,003 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 mines 
 report- 
 ing. 
 
 937 
 
 1,475 
 
 7I'.9 
 
 2, 220 
 
 16 
 
 60 
 
 25 
 
 600 
 
 15 
 
 60 
 
 442 
 
 30 
 
 . 80 
 
 225 
 
 Horse- 
 power. 
 
 2,167 
 2,336 
 
 71 1 14,469 
 
 1 1 10 
 
 7 
 102 
 
 225 
 125 
 
 7 
 471 
 196 
 
 It will be seen from this ta))le that the numl)er of 
 mines reporting electric power was 802, with a total of 
 1.54,0.50 horsepower. By far the larger proportion of 
 these — namely, 088, with a total of i;3t»,404 horsepower — 
 operated their own plants. There were 1.31 mines, with 
 a total of 23,556 horsepower, which rented power, l)ut 
 of these mines 17 owned power also. It will be gath- 
 ered from these figures that the 130,4'..)4 horsepower, 
 even if it represents the total current-generating capac- 
 ity, shows a considerable application of electric power; 
 but it should probably be doubled in order to ascertain 
 the capacity of motors installed and using such current. 
 It is a fact well known in electrical plants that motor 
 capacity far beyond the actual current capacity of the 
 generating plant can be in.stallcd, for the reason that 
 the consumption of curi'cnt is varia})le and intermit- 
 tent, it being higlily improbable that all the consum- 
 ing apparatus will take full current from the lines 
 at the same time. It is assumable, however, although 
 the fact is not bi-ought out at ail in the table, that in 
 
 a great many instances these plants furnish also con- 
 siderable current for lighting purposes. With regard 
 to the rented power, it is probable that it is employed 
 almost altogether to drive motors, a very .small propor- 
 tion of it representing electric lighting. Mines in 
 which the operations are so small as not to necessitate 
 the installation of a separate plant are, it is assumed, 
 operated largely by single .shifts or during daylight 
 hours; so that while some lighting would be needed, 
 the consumption of current would be quite small in 
 proportion to the consumption for hoists, pumps, and 
 other motor-driven mechanism. 
 
 It will be noted that four-fifths of the electric power 
 reported was concentrated in three industries — coal 
 mining, cement working, and the gold and silver in- 
 dustiy. By far the largest item is that of bituminous 
 coal mining, such mines, numbering 309, reporting 
 electric power with a total of 68,139 horsepower; and 
 these figures must be supplemented b}' those for anthra- 
 cite coal mining, with 17 plants, reporting 5,755 horse- 
 power. It will be seen that those two groups alone 
 represent nearly one-half of the total horsepower. The 
 figures for gold and silver are combined, and the table 
 shows 292 plants reporting, with a total of 46, 472. horse- 
 power. The other category is that of cement mining. 
 There were 31 cement mines reporting electric power, 
 with a total of 20,862 horsepower. 
 
 It will be observed that these various mines differ 
 considerabls' as to the magnitude of installation. In 
 the gold and silver mines the plants have an average 
 capacity of about 160 horsepower; in the coal mines 
 the average capacity is 227 horsepower; in the cement 
 mine works the average capacity is greater than for any 
 other kind of mines — about 675 horsepower. The 
 other items in the table, while interesting, do not call 
 for anj' partit-ular comment. 
 
 Poii\r (ji'iieriition mid transiiiiKS/nii. — Electric current 
 for mining purposes is usually obtained in one of two 
 ways, depending somewhat upon the nature of the 
 mine in the first place, and secondly upon the environ- 
 ment. In coal mining regions it is natural that each 
 mine should draw upon its own fuel resources for power, 
 the plant being stationed at the pit mouth; but even in 
 such cases, where there is a group of mines it is some- 
 times found con\'enient to concentrate the power-gen- 
 erating apparatus, transmitting the currentto a distance. 
 This has been done in an even more comprehensive way 
 in western mining fields, one steam plant which utilizes 
 coal delivering its energy to mines no less than 26 miles 
 distant, in districts where waterpower is not available. 
 Where the generating plant is at the mouth of the mine 
 it is customary to employ apparatus producing low 
 tension direct current; but where longer distances are 
 involved the alternating current has l)een resorted to, 
 in the same manner as in central electric lighting and 
 railway plants. The current is generated at high poten- 
 tial by polyphase dynamos and transmitted to substa- 
 
IM 
 
 
 
 >^ 
 
 
 f^ 
 
 ^DFSabla'f.Hf'r' 
 CentervjUe P.Hifl 
 
 French Creek ' 
 
 I /,>,^' 
 
 "TS 
 
 -^M 
 
 
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 (iriillcji 
 
 Nf vadal P Ji(^.i^- 
 
 ^ 
 
 J 
 
 « 
 
 \ ,„ \ J\\ '^ \ Colusa JcV ColusiiV* 
 
 ( 
 
 -V, SB 
 
 \ / ' 
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 rri OV';-^^ 
 
 Oralloii)^ ^- _J^Veroiiii I 
 
 -^ — ^' / -j/tiusevilli 
 
 
 L J arto^ 
 
 Clzijtrf 
 
 *., 
 
 /ov 
 
 IVooiilaiid j 
 
 MerritJsW 
 
 ^(Ml 
 
 .es» 
 
 fPlaleriilk 
 
 Folsom. 
 Citv 
 
 XP.H? 
 
 -Jl 
 
 M^ v» 
 
 
 ^^^^'llativia I I --^ ;l7?)''^ 
 
 'li n' f\S01il)llli 
 V,sb IhiU 
 
 V AL-avill,. ,. 
 
 
 DOR 
 tier Creek 
 
 ^JQ. 
 
 r) -r 
 
 I^nacioX 
 
 ^ 111 IMbh >\5ftj 
 Z =1 jjftJii'jiJ 
 
 
 =/^ 
 
 ^^:sr^. 
 
 ^O" 
 
 -r^ 
 
 ■\Tallare -. . 
 
 \ C/4.LA^El;A 
 
 Vn!,'els Cartii) 
 
 '-'w+H! 
 
 : i ^ ^ fSi ^ S>ei Bia.3Et;iSC0i 
 
 
 s^usiilitO'i 
 
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 Vlaiii<;(ia \'l,VjSanRamon,-'^f" *Altaiiioht ^ ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 Lathrop *v p 
 
 A (J u rvN 
 
 &ian I;eaTidi>o'''7 .»** 
 
 h ^ *:' 
 
 FLiTeniioro ! 
 
 S.K.C. SYSTEM 
 
 -v-_ .^ 
 
 u 
 
 S m HlJted^^r —1 ^ 
 
 OF LONG DISTANCE ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION M 1 t ( nV ~eh 
 
 IN C ALIFO RNIA ( 'M \ I 7 C) ' 
 
 STANDARD ELECTRIC CO'S LINES . , , , ,1 
 
 ''^j 
 
 I ( fl " 00(1 N?* V-.^^ 
 
 BAY COUNTIES POWER CO'S LINES J , ,- n,^ 
 
 Railroads . i | 1 1 1 1 | i|i 1 1 \ ^_\ 
 
 o 10 20 5^ ^/ , ^ VlN r^Wti C 1. A l'w\A XwW 
 
 Copyright 1904, by Stanley ^'^^[fj^,,^,'!' |^° ^^ ^ , ■,, ^,^ _/ i^Jhta Clara^yn Jo>^c \ \| !> 
 
 Uivfto 
 
 UILLIBRIDGE. '1-^ 
 
 PLATE I.— LONG DISTANCE ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION IN CALIFORNIA. 
 
ELECTRICITY IN MINING. 
 
 147 
 
 tions, whei-e it is lowered in pressure and converted 
 into direet current for use. 
 
 One of the first plants of this kind for a mine haulage 
 system was installed at Ehrenfeld, Pa. The haulage in 
 this mine was accomplished by rope driving and mules 
 until the main heading, which should eventual Ijr extend 
 5 miles underground, was nearly 2 miles long. This 
 method was then replaced hy an electric system em- 
 bodying the generation of a 8-phase, ^5-eycle, 5,()<»0- 
 volt alternating current near the pit mouth. This cur- 
 rent is transmitted by insulated cables to a substation in 
 the mine itself, near the center of the actual operations 
 and about !l,000 feet from the power house. Through 
 the intervention of static transformers and a rotary con- 
 verter, direct current at 275 volts is then delivered to 
 the haulage circuits. 
 
 In the Tug River field, near Welch, W. Va., is an- 
 other plant of the same kind by which three mines are 
 operated, alternating current induction motoi's being- 
 employed for driving- coal crushers and conveyors and 
 direct current for the other mine operations. 
 
 An interesting variation of this plan is that embodied 
 in the plant constructed for the Raton Coal and Coke 
 Company, at Blossbiirg, N. Mex. When built, in 1S97, 
 the coke plant included some seventy-tive 3-foot ovens, 
 in double banks. In the center was erected a large 
 liattery of boilers, to which the waste gases from the 
 coal are conducted through central flues; the gas thus 
 made available is emploj-ed to drive gas engines and 
 dj'namos furnishing power for the hauling plant both 
 inside and outside of tlie mine. About a mile and a 
 half from the coke ovens is situated the washing and 
 crushing plant, with a capacity of 800 tons in ten hours. 
 All the machinery from tipple to mine opening is driven 
 by electric motors, a trolley line with electric locomo- 
 tives bringing the pit cars from the main entry to the 
 tipple. This idea of the utilization of waste gas in coke 
 lields and blast furnaces has of late occupied consider- 
 able thought and attention on the part of mechanical 
 and mining engineers, and important developments are 
 resulting from the emploj-ment of electricitj- as a means 
 of lessening waste. 
 
 In most mining districts, however, the work is inter- 
 mittent, machinery is widely scattered in places dithcult 
 of access, fuel is expensive, and the economical use of 
 steam is not possible. Compressed air, as a means of 
 transmitting- power, is handicapped b}' loss in the com- 
 pressor and the piping, and is limited to short distances 
 and to the operation of apparatus requiring power 
 regardless of cost. In this connection, reference ma^^ 
 be made to the tests reported by Mr. Lewis Searing, in 
 1S96, with electricitjr and compressed air, in a mine 
 situated at Rouse, Colo., at an altitude of (),()00 feet. 
 The actual results obtained with the two plants show 
 that the work of pvimping, whit-h in the case of com- 
 pressed air required 312 horsepower and 8 boilers, 
 could be done by electricity with but 50 horsepower 
 
 and 1 boiler. This, of course, is an extreme case, but 
 it indicates the difticulties attendant upon the use of 
 compressed air at such altitudes. 
 
 Under the modern conditions of power transmission 
 from waterfalls, etc., electricity has shown itself to be 
 largely independent of distances, so that, as was pointed 
 out ))y Ml-. F. O. Blackwell, before the American Insti- 
 tute of Mining Engineers, in February, 1903, a given 
 amount of power can be delivered either 528 feet away, at 
 KlO volts, or 50 miles away at 50,000 volts, with the same 
 total amount of copper per horsepower and exactlj' the 
 same loss of power in the transmission circuit. With 
 proper choice of potential and system, this loss need 
 not exceed 10 per cent, even when the current is carried 
 as far as 150 miles. 
 
 iSo much has been done in the matter of power trans- 
 mission for mining purposes that it is diiEcult to pick 
 out any specific case as thoroughly typical. But it 
 would be hard to find an instance more notable than 
 that of the Standard and Baj' Counties Power Compa- 
 nies, in California. These, consolidating other sj-stems, 
 have a remarkable network of circuits of which one of 
 the largest begins at Colgate, in the foothills of the 
 Sierras, on the North Yuba river, a second at Folsom 
 City, a thir<l at Electra, and a fourth at De Sabla. From 
 Colgate to Oakland, where the Bay Counties Company's 
 line ends, is a distance of 152 miles; from Oakland to 
 San Francisco, by the Standard Company's line, is 
 7(> miles. The tying in at Oakland thus gives a trans- 
 mission circuit of 232 miles from the latest plant at De 
 Sabla, beyond Colgate, around San Francisco baj^ and 
 through San Jose to San Francisco. Over the network 
 thus represented, which embraces no fewer than 16 
 counties, within whose borders lie one-half of the popu- 
 lation and three-fourths of the total assessed valuation 
 of property of the state, several thousand horsepower 
 is delivered daily. Alternating current is distributed 
 to substations at pressures of 40,000 to 60,000 volts, and 
 there manipulated and i-ectitied for delivery to estab- 
 lishments engaged in a variety of industries, including 
 a large number of mining plants. 
 
 The Bay Counties system is in fact an outcome of 
 earlier mining enterprises, one of which was under- 
 taken for Nevada county to supply the mines there 
 with power. In like manner the Standard system is 
 an outgrowth of work started thirty years ago by the 
 Blue Lakes Water Company, when a ditch system con- 
 siderably more than 80 miles in length was constructed 
 for the purpose of furnishing water to the mines in 
 Amador county. For a long period this company was 
 very prosperous, but with the decline of mining in 
 that section of the mother lode and the complete aban- 
 donnn'iit of hydraulic mining the property became 
 much less profitable. At this stage it was taken up 
 again ))y Prince Poniatowski, to be developed for the 
 purpose of distributing electric power to mines and 
 thus lessening the cost of their operation. 
 
148 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 The plant at Colgate had an initial equipment of 15,0(M» 
 horsepower in 3-pha,se alternating-ciii'rent dynamos, 
 situated in a power house at the foot of a hill 1,500 feet 
 high. Water for driving the turbines is brought to 
 this plant through a timber flume over 7 miles long- 
 draining 500 miles of watershed, and witli a capacity of 
 33,000 cubic feet of water per minute. This water, re- 
 ceived in the reservoir near the crest of the hill, falls 
 with TOO-foot head upon the turbines under a pressure 
 of 304 pounds jier square inch. The current from the 
 gehel'ators is delivered at a pressure of ^,400 volts to 
 step-up transformers, which put it on the circuit at a 
 pressure of 40,000 to 00,000 volts. These transmission 
 circuits, each of three wires, are carried on lofty poles 
 of Oregon cedar and are in duplicate, one set consisting 
 of hard-drawn copper wire and the other of aluminum. 
 At the Karquines straits the circuit crosses in one span 
 of 4,448 feet of sagging steel cable 200 feet above tide 
 water and held up by enormous steel lattice towei's. 
 The system has in operation about 700 miles of line at 
 50,000 volts, 70 miles at 40,0(i0, and a great many miles 
 at 23,000, 16,000, 10,(»0(.), and 5,0o0 volts. It is stated 
 with regard to the efficiency of the transmission that 
 1,000 horsepower at the Colgate water wheels nets 
 roughh^ about 750 available horsepower in San Fran- 
 cisco, 222 miles away, the loss being 6 per cent in the 
 generators, 2 per cent in the step-up transformers, 
 2 per cent in the step-down transformers, and 15 per 
 cent in line losses, etc. This does not represent the 
 general efficiencv of the whole system, because there 
 are a great many branches and tap circuits, to mines, 
 etc., but it is understood that the results attained by 
 the system as a whole are such as to have stimulated 
 the construction of similar plants, one of which has 
 been erected for mining purposes, with American 
 apparatus, at the Cauvery Falls, Madras, India. Such 
 a plant as this is a sufficient exempliticatiori of the 
 possibilities involved in electrical power transmission 
 for mining purposes, utilizing the energy of falling 
 water. 
 
 Such transmission will again be referred to inci- 
 dentalh' in connection with certain utilizations, but 
 before closing this section reference should lie made to 
 the important work undertaken for electric power dis- 
 tribution from coal mines in England and Wahis, a 
 country with cheap coal but \-ery little available water- 
 power. Since r.tOl tliere have been established a luim- 
 ber of plants and companies for long distance trans- 
 mission, based upon coal mining and intended larg(d>' 
 for mining purposes. Ir) fact, one of these, at New- 
 castle-upon-Tyne, co\'ering a sti'ip of territory in the 
 vicinity of tin? Tyne i'i\'er, Ijegan on a small scale in 
 1898; it was greatly enlaig-e(l inlH(»2. One in southei'n 
 Wales co\(,'rs the coal and iron field of tiiat section. 
 One in Lancashire^ covers the coal field of that county, 
 extending on the west to the Irish sea. One in the 
 county of Durham covers 25n squai-c miles of coal 
 
 territory, extending to the North sea. One in adjacent 
 territory, including the Cleveland iron field in York- 
 shire, covers an area of 820 square miles, while one in 
 southern Yorkshire covers 1,800 square miles. One 
 in the counties of Leicestei'shire and Warwickshire 
 covers l,69y square miles, while one in the county of 
 Cornwall, particularly designed to revive the decaying 
 mining industries of that famous old tin region, covers 
 1,356 square miles. Another system in Derbyshire 
 and Nottinghamshire deals with an area of 1,500 square 
 miles. 
 
 A few details may l)e given as illustrative of the 
 extensiveness of the English enterprises, some of which 
 are now actually in operation. Within the area of Der- 
 byshire and Nottinghamshire — containing some of the 
 largest coal fields in the world — are electric power com- 
 panies with a capital of about $9,000,000. There are 
 within it 564 individual works of importance, of which 
 159 are coal pits, and no fewer than 400 firms, repre- 
 senting a capital of al)Out §100,000,000, supported the 
 enabling bill when passing through Parliament. It was 
 proposed at first to have for this area four large gener- 
 ating stations, with a total cai^acity of 60,000 horse- 
 power, but in 1903 the applications for power so far 
 exceeded the estimates that it was even then proposed 
 to enlarge at least two of the generating stations. While 
 in the individual mines and mining enterprises the lar- 
 gest individual dynamo or engine unit is 200 horsepower, 
 the smallest unit for this system is one of 3,000 horse- 
 power. The numerous collieries in the region are 
 counted upon as the principal customers for this sup- 
 ply of current, and. taking as a basis the fact that about 
 7 per cent of the coal mined is consumed in obtaining 
 the 93 per cent sold, it is estimated that Ijy the use of 
 electricity in mines under these new conditions, in con- 
 nection with the various purposes of hoisting, traction, 
 pumping, ventilating, etc., 10,000,000 tons of coal can 
 be saved annually. The operations of the power com- 
 panies at Newcastle-upon-Tyne have shown that power 
 can be deli\'ered to large works in the vicinity at a rate 
 slightly exceeding 2 cents per kilowatt-hour unit— that 
 is, at a rate of about 1;^ cents per horsepower per hour. 
 Elsewhere in England and Wales the collieries them- 
 selves ha\-e demonstrated the efliciency of electric power 
 ti-ansmissioti, as, for example, in the case of the Trede- 
 gar Iron and Coal Company, in Monmouthshire, Wales, 
 whose plant is the largest of the kind for individual 
 mining enterprise in P^ngland or Wales. Two 300- 
 horsepower engines direct connected to 3-phase gener- 
 ators at one set of mines supply current over pole line 
 transmission circuits at 2,oo0 volts to other mines about 
 a mile and a quarter away. Both electric haulage and 
 electi'ic punij)ing are features of this installation, and 
 at the time of the last rei)ort it was noted that, although 
 
 1 ■ ' n 
 
 these mines Avere peculiarly subject to fire damp, no 
 accident of any kind had happened because of the special 
 priK'autions taken to insui'e safetv. 
 
ELECTRICITY IN MINING. 
 
 149 
 
 One installation wliiicii will sei've to exemplif}' tiie lat- 
 est j;oncral features of current transmission, as well as 
 economical y-eneration at the mine, is furnished by the 
 central power plant of 3,000 horsepower installed b}' 
 the coal mining- department of the Delaware, Lacka- 
 wanna and Western Railroad ConiYjanj? in Scranton, 
 Pa., to suppl}^ current for drills, locomotives, hoists, 
 pumps, lights, etc., in the Diamond, Hampton, Brisbin, 
 Hyde Park, and Sloan mines. The alternating current 
 is transmitted at a pressure of 2,300 volts, and reduced 
 at substations at the A'arious mines by step-down trans- 
 formers and rotary converters to direct current, which 
 is employed in the mines, supplemented by two alter- 
 nating induction motors of 800 horsepower each in a 
 water-hoisting sliaft 000 feet from the poAver plant. 
 The greatest distance to which power is transmitted is 
 about lo,00(i feet, to the Diamond mine, which takes 
 about 175 horsepower. The current is furnished to 
 some 1-4 electric locomotives in the various mines, rang- 
 ing from 6i to 13 tons, and to a 120-horsepower electric 
 hoist. Added to the previous plant of the company the 
 generating apparatus represents a capacity of about 
 .5,000 horsepower, supplj'ing current to 1:5 electric loco- 
 motives, 11 motor-driven pumps, 18 operati\'e hoists, 
 14 motors in a breaker, and 1 electric drill, or a total of 
 6,820 horsepower in consumption capacity. It lias Ijeen 
 decided to increase the plant so as to transmit current 3 
 miles, to supply power for operating 25 direct-current 
 niotoi'S at the Delaware, Lackawamia and Western loco- 
 motive repair shops, etc., 100 arc lamps for lighting- 
 freight yards, machine shops, etc., and 1,50(1 incandes- 
 cent lights for a passenger station, freight office, and 
 roundhouse. The most notable thing alxjut this new 
 plant is the fact that the additions to which special ref- 
 erence has been made employ' the latest form of steam 
 equipment in the sliape of steam turbines instead of the 
 more familiar reciprocating steam engine. These tur- 
 bines, two of wliicli were already installed at the time 
 of the compilation of these notes, are each of 50(.t kilo- 
 watts, or about 675 horsepower capacity, and will carry 
 50 per cent overload for two hours, or 100 per cent 
 overload momentarily, without injurious heating of the 
 generator. 
 
 Coal cutting machinery. — Electric coal cutters con- 
 stitute one of the largest classes of mining machinery 
 emplojdng electric current. The considerable increase 
 during recent years in the proportion of jnachine min- 
 ing as compared with that of pick mining is doubtless 
 due to the adoption of these machines. According to 
 the report of Mr. E. W. Parker on the production of 
 coal, published by the United States Geological Survey, 
 the number of coal mining machines in use in this coun- 
 try in 1898 was 2,622, but in 1902 it had increased to 
 5,418; all of these were employed in bit"mi'i<Ju« coal 
 mines. ^ The increase during recent yeai-s is attested to 
 
 ' United [States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1902, pages 325 to .327. 
 
 also by the fact that while in 1891 the mining machines 
 of the country produced slightly less than 7 per cent of 
 the total product of bituminous coal, in 1902 they pro- 
 duced somewhat over 26 per cent. 
 
 The older form of machine is of the pick or puncher 
 type run by compressed air, but of late 3'ears the chain 
 form driven b}^ electricity has rapidly come into use. 
 Of the 5,418 machines in use in 1902, 58.8 per cent 
 were of the compressed air or pick type, while the other 
 41.2 per cent were electric or chain machines. Of the 
 2,233 chain machines, almost all were of breast form, 
 only 51 being- of the long-wall style. 
 
 Some interesting- details with regard to the introduc- 
 tion and utilization of electric coal cutting machinery 
 were recently made public by Mr-. S. B. Belden, who 
 is connected with one of the largest concerns manu- 
 facturing such apparatus. Speaking- of the first chain 
 machines, designed by Mr. J. H. Jeflrey, Mr. Belden 
 stated that their height precluded the possibility of 
 operating- them in thin coal, and that for several years 
 no attempt was made to build a machine designed spe- 
 cially for such woi-k. Even when the chain machine 
 was an established success, it was a question whether a 
 machine weighing more than a ton could be employed 
 in coal ranging between 32 and 36 inches in thickness. 
 But after these large machines had proved successful in 
 thick veins they liegan to lie used in lower coal until 
 the mininmm thickness of the vein had been reached. 
 
 Gradual evolution has produced a smaller and lighter 
 machine, so that there is now in use one which has a 
 height of only 18 inches, or, -\vith the moving truck, of 28 
 inches, and a weight of o\\\^ ai)Out 2,500 pounds. As this 
 machine rests upon a wide flat shoe board it can easih' 
 V)e moved along the face of the coal bj^ the operator and 
 his heli^er. A brief description of the apparatus will be 
 of interest. On an outside frame, consisting of two steel 
 channel bars and two angle irons riveted to steel cross- 
 ties, rests a sliding frame consisting of a heavy channel or 
 centerrail, to which is bolted the cutter head. The cutter 
 head is made entirely of two milled steel plates, which bolt 
 together, forming the front guide for the cutter chain. 
 This chain, which is made of solid cast steel links con- 
 nected bj' drop-forge straps, is carried around idlers or 
 sprockets placed at each end of the cutter head and 
 along the chain guides at the side to the rear of the 
 machine, where it engages with and receives its power 
 from a third sprocket, under the motor. The electric 
 motor, which is of ironclad multipolar type, rests upon 
 a steel carriage, which forms the bearing- for the main 
 shaft. The thin vein machine is equipjjed with a self- 
 propelling truck, the motor which operates the machine 
 being- also o-eared to the truck axles. A reversino- 
 switch is ])rovided, so that the truck can travel in either 
 direction, and when the machine has reached its stop- 
 ping- point, either forward or backward, it is checked 
 by an automatic cut-off. The return travel is made in 
 about one-fourth of the time required to make the cut. 
 
150 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Where the grades are heavy the truck is of advantage, 
 and where the room lies to the dip it obviates the neces- 
 sity of brushing down the roof for the entry of mules. 
 
 It is stated by Mr. Belden that many mines having 
 only 28 to 30 inches of coal are being operated entirely 
 with thin vein machines, and that a fair average for 
 such machines is the cutting of at least 50 tons of coal 
 per eight-hour shift. As nearlj^ all of these machines 
 are operated b}^ two shifts, the output of a machine 
 working in such a vein can be reckoned at 100 tons per 
 day. Many small mines have a dailj^ output of only iOO 
 tons, and it is estimated that $10,000 will cover the 
 necessary expenditure for an electric ecjuipment of about 
 100 horsepower, affording sufficient power to keep four 
 such machines in simultaneous operation, besides fur- 
 nishing power for lights, pumping, ventilation, etc. 
 
 According to the schedule adopted in No. 8 vein of 
 Ohio coal, the cost of pick mining in rooms is 90 cents 
 per ton, while the cost of machine mining in rooms is 
 11 cents, with .52^ cents for loading after machines in 
 rooms. This shows a saving through the substitution 
 of machine mining for pick mining of 26^ cents per ton. 
 A liberal allowance for operation and depreciation 
 would leave a net saving of over 13 cents per ton, and 
 the four machines should produce at least 75,000 tons 
 per 3'ear. Numerous data received from various min- 
 ing sections bearing upon the cost of operating such 
 apparatus per ton of coal give figures ranging from one- 
 tenth of 1 cent up to 2 cents, according to the hardness 
 of the coal and the degree of care and skill observed in 
 operating. 
 
 Discussing the subject in an admirable article on coal- 
 cutting machinery, Mr. E. W. Parker expressed the 
 opinion that the evolution of the chain machine was one 
 of the most notable steps — and practically the final 
 step — in the development of a successful mining ma- 
 chine. The speed with which the chain machine can do 
 its work seems incredible. After the machine has been 
 placed in position an average period of onlj^ five min- 
 utes is required to make a cut 44 inches wide, 4^ or 5 
 inches high, and 6 feet deep, and then withdraw the 
 cutting frame. In fact, for one of these machines there 
 is claimed a record of cutting 1,700 square feet in nine 
 and one-half hours. This would mean that about seven 
 and one-half minutes were required for each cut 44 
 inches wide and 6 feet deep, including the moving and 
 setting of the machine. An average much lower than 
 this would attest the efEcienc_v and utility of the appa- 
 ratus. 
 
 As to the advantages of the modern chain machine 
 over the earlier forms of pick machine, the former 
 bases its claims upon the i-apidity with -which the work 
 is done, the very small amount of slack coal that is 
 made in the cutting process, and the fact that the run- 
 ner is not subjected to the wearisome racking of the 
 pick machine. The advantages of the pick machine, 
 which is driven by compressed air, and strikes about 190 
 
 to 310 blows per minute, are, first, that it can be used 
 in mines where the narrow conditions of room and floor 
 do not permit the introduction of chain breast machines; 
 and, second, that in mines where the quantitj' of gas 
 is so great that safety lamps have to be employed it 
 obviates the dangers which might arise from sparking 
 if a motor-driven machine were employed. 
 
 As alreadjr noted, several long- wall machines — driven 
 sometimes by compressed air, but frequently by elec- 
 tric motors — are in use. As the name indicates, in 
 long- wall mining the coal is extracted from a long face, 
 which is gradually moved forward in widening, irregu- 
 lar circles. The nature of long-wall work is such that 
 the face must be jagged or circular instead of straight 
 and regular, as in room-and-pillar mining. One of the 
 leading types of long-wall machines, involving to a cer- 
 tain extent the principle of the chain breast machine, 
 consists of an endless chain operated along a narrow 
 frame or arm extending from the side of the machine 
 and so adjusted that it can be operated at any angle up 
 to a right angle. A change in the angle of the cutting 
 frame will increase or diminish the thrust on the track; 
 in the same way the machine can be made to follow any 
 irregularity' of the face of the coal. The cutting frame 
 can be extended over the right or left side, so that as 
 the machine moves the cutting can be accomplished 
 in both directions along the coal face. The height of 
 the machine is only 18 inches, and its weight is onlj' 
 about 3,000 pounds, so that it can be operated in very 
 thin veins. It has a wide range of cutting speed, and 
 can be made to undercut to an_v practical depth. In 
 going through narrow places and also in moving or 
 changing the cutting bits, the cutting frame can be 
 swung out behind the machine instead of from the 
 side. Like the ordinary chain machine it is operated 
 hy two men, and is said to be as available for room- 
 and-pillar work as for long-wall mining. 
 . Shearing machines constitute another class of appa- 
 ratus of this nature. They are built on the general 
 plan of the chain undercutting machine. The cutter 
 frame is located in a position normal to that of the 
 undercutting, the shaft in the armature of the motor 
 being parallel to the center rail. The best way of 
 shearing a room or entry with such machinery is to 
 make the first cut at the top of the vein, and then let 
 the machine down far enough to make another cut. 
 To provide for the secure and rigid support of the 
 machinery the frame is clamped tightly to two col- 
 umns, at points in line with the balancing position, and 
 the front end is steadied by two auxiliary columns; the 
 four columns vary in length according to the thickness 
 of the vein Avorked. The capacity of the machine for 
 cutting depends upon local conditions. With a stand- 
 ard type of this machine a single cut is 36 inches high, 
 about 4 inches wide, and from 5 to 7 feet deep. From 
 60 to 100 feet of entry can be cut in a day of ten hours. 
 Current for moving the machinery from one working 
 

 PLATE II. — ELECTRIC COAL CUTTER. 
 
 PLATE III. — ELECTRIC COAL CUTTER. 
 
ELECTRICITY IN MINING. 
 
 151 
 
 place to another can be taken from trolley wires, and 
 the machine can he run up to the face of the entry, 
 which can })e sheared without removing the machine 
 from its truck wheels. 
 
 Drillti. — The application of electric drills to mining 
 work has been the subject of consideralilc study and 
 experimentation for manj' years past, but not until 
 rccentl}' have these drills l)een successful. Drilling is 
 one of the few classes of operation in which a recipro- 
 cating motion is preferable if not necessary. The air 
 drill has a reciprocating motion; the electric drill, on 
 the other hand, necessarily has a rotary motion, the 
 effort to develop electric power practically by recipro- 
 cating motion having been abandoned at a verj^ earlj- 
 stage in the development of the electric motor. More- 
 over, the air drill has shown itself very hard}' and capa- 
 ble of withstanding unlimited rough usage; whereas the 
 electric drill has usuall}' proved to be a delicate and sen- 
 sitive piece of mechanism, easily deranged and expensive 
 to repair. On the other hand, the degree of efficienc}' 
 of the air drill is relatively low, the electric motor being- 
 able apparently to do the same work with a consump- 
 tion of about one-tenth of the power. Moreover, tlie 
 electric drill does not sustain the further loss in efEciency 
 to which an air compressing plant is suljject at a high 
 altitude, nor is it affected by a low temperature, which 
 in an air compressing plant freezes up the exhaust. 
 
 A report has recently been made in some detail with 
 regard to results obtained with electric rotary drills as 
 compared with air drills in some potash mines in cen- 
 tral Europe. For the electrical equipment current is 
 distri])uted through the mine hy armored cal)les fas- 
 tened to the roof. The motor is furnished with a revers- 
 ing arrangement, such that two wires of the cable can 
 be interchanged; by this means the rotating field of the 
 motor, and therefore the direction of rotation of the 
 motor, is reversed. The motor has a starting resistance; 
 it develops normalh' about 1 horsepower, but can Ite 
 overloaded with 1..5 horsepower for a certain length of 
 time. The connection between drill and motor is made 
 by a flexible shaft. The weight of the drill proper, 
 which is fastened Ijetween two screw columns, is 99 
 pounds. The feed has been vai'ied from 4 to 20 inches 
 in one minute. 
 
 From a comparison of the weights and initial costs 
 of electric and of air drill outtits presented in the report 
 referred to it appears that the former is considerably 
 heavier and more expensiA'e. The annual cost of main- 
 tenance, however,, amounts to from $l*i.63 to $19 for 
 the electric drill, and to $29.69 for the air drill. More- 
 over, in spite of its greater weight, the electric drill 
 can be erected and dismounted just as quickly as the 
 air drill, principally because of the easier adjustment of 
 the screw columns. To support the air drill these have 
 to be screwed up with considerable force and strength- 
 ened, while for the electric drill, which works quietly 
 and without jarring, they do not have to be fixed so 
 
 rigidly. The adjustment of the electric drill itself is 
 easiei- than that of the air drill, and when the screw col- 
 umn is moved the electric drill is left fastened to it. 
 Tables of practical tests are gi\'en, j-ecording the depth 
 of hole, net time of drilling, drill pauses, total time of 
 drilling, total and net time for 1 meter, and the number 
 of I'cplaced drills. From these tables it appears that 
 the electric sj'stem affords a considerable saving of 
 power and time. The efficiency of Ijoth kinds of appa- 
 ratus is calculated in detail from the generating station 
 to the drill; it is stated that the total efEciency of the 
 electric drill is 0.29, while that of the air drill is 0.0223, 
 or about as 1 to 13. 
 
 Tn coal mining operations the use of electric rotarj' 
 drills and augers is quite common, and appears to be 
 thoroughly successful from the fact that the rotary 
 motion of the motor armature can be fully availed of. 
 These drills are used for boring holes into the coal for 
 shooting it down after it has been undercut. Many 
 admirable types of these drills are illustrated in the 
 catalogues of the manufacturers and are in wide use. 
 They are so arranged that they can be operated at al- 
 most anj' angle, verticall}^ or horizontally. They are 
 general^ mounted on light upright stands, with screws 
 at the ends for fastening to the roof and ffoor, but some 
 of the larger drills are mounted on trucks, so that thej' 
 can be transported readily from place to place. The 
 motors, which often are very small and light, not much 
 heavier than a good sized fan motor, are mounted with 
 an adjustable clamp, and are geared for either single re- 
 duction or double reduction, for reducing the high speed 
 of the armature to that which is suitable for the auger. 
 The larger rotary drills of this class have been equipped 
 with motors of from 4 to 6 horsepower, the power 
 being transmitted from the motor to the drill by means 
 of a telescopic shaft and machine-cut bevel gears. The 
 telescopic shaft consists of a steel tube in which slide 
 two solid shafts, each of which is fitted with a univer- 
 sal joint, and is fastened to the motor and to the drill 
 machine by means of an automatic coupling. 
 
 A number of electric percussion drills, striking a 
 percussive or hammer blow, are in use. They are of 
 various sizes. In some of them the power is trans- 
 mitted from the motor to the drill by a flexible shaft, 
 which ma_v be several feet in length. In one form, 
 equipped with a self-contained motor, the hammer 
 proper is operated by a pair of eccentrics on a shaft 
 connected through simple gearing to the armature of 
 the motor. The raising of the hammer is efl'ected dur- 
 ing a three-quarter revolution of the eccentric shaft, 
 and the blow is struck during the remaining quarter. 
 A verv pow(n-ful liaunner blow is thus secured, at the 
 rate of about 4(»0 to 600 lilows per minute. 
 
 ,S/i,if iiviiKj. — The electric method of shot firing in 
 mines has reached considerable development of late 
 vears, and is now in general use. As a result of its 
 investigations, the British departmental committee, 
 
152 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 already referred to, decided in favor of requiring elec- 
 tric shot tiring- in all pits to which the orders as to 
 explosives in coal mines apply, and it is imdcrstood 
 that in the niajoritv of such pits this method has already 
 been adopted. The order regulating the use of per- 
 mitted explosives laj^s down the rule that the firing 
 must be done with an efficient electrical apparatus, or 
 by other means equally secured against the ignition of 
 inflammable gas or coal dust. 
 
 There are two methods of electric blasting or shot 
 firing — known as the high-tension and tlio low-tension — 
 in oi'dinary use at the present time. In the high-tension 
 method the explosion is caused by a spark which is 
 made to jump between two points inside the detonator. 
 The current for this spark is created by what is known 
 as a magneto machine — an armature revoh'ing rapidly 
 in front of a set of permanent magnets, the whole 
 mechanism being inclosed in a small box from whicli 
 the handle attached to the armature extends. This 1k)x 
 is portable and can be set down anywhere, and the 
 wires from it can be carried a considerable distance. 
 In the low-tension method there are employed similar 
 magnetos of low tension, or chemical batteries. In this 
 method the two wires which extend into the charge are 
 connected, or bridged, at their ends within the priming 
 with a short piece of fine platinum or similar wire. 
 This wire offers considerable resistance to the passage 
 of even a small current, so that it rapidly becomes 
 heated to incandescence and thus ignites the priming, 
 which in turn explodes the detonator charge. 
 
 The high-tension sj'stem is in very connnon use and 
 can be seen in operation in almost any city where build- 
 ing foundations are being excavated in hard material. 
 The low-tension sj'stem is quite popular in mines, how- 
 ever, the principal reason being, ai^parcntly, that the 
 fuses are less subject to deterioration and can be stored 
 more safely than high-tension fuses. They ditt'er from 
 the high-tension, spark-jump fuse also in that they can 
 be tested by means of a batterv and galvanometer in 
 order to see if the}' are alive. The shots are fired 
 either in series or in parallel; if the former, the cur- 
 rent needs considerablv higher tension in order to pass 
 successfully through all the charges, but if in parallel 
 a much lower tension is available, so that a battery of 
 cells can be used. 
 
 The British departmental committee^ already men- 
 tioned pointed out two dangers to bea])prehended from 
 electric firing: Fii'st, the ignition of tire damp from a 
 spark in the magneto macliine or l)et\v(_'en the bare 
 wires when in close proximity; and, second, t\u' prema- 
 ture firing of the sliot. To guard against the first dan- 
 ger, high-tension inagnetos are inclosed — as has already 
 been stated —in a flame-tight case and the fuses or 
 detonating wires are connected up in such a wa}' that 
 there is no possibility of a spark passing from one wire 
 to the other. Premature firing would appear to l)e the 
 principal cause of almost all accidents, but in most 
 
 instances carelessness is a contributory cause. It is 
 difficult to see how the shot can be fired prematurely 
 if the firing cable is first connected to the fuse wires 
 and not attached to the firing apparatus until the shot 
 firer is ready. 
 
 The British committee recommends that as an addi- 
 tional precaution the responsibilities be limited and the 
 degree of safety increased hy providing all magneto 
 machines and cell batteries with removable handles, 
 kej's, oi' safety plugs, which should alwaj's remain in 
 the custody of the shot firer. With regard to the use 
 of batteries, it is urged that unless deterioration is 
 carefully looked after they are of doubtful advantage 
 for shot firing, because while their original cost is but 
 a fraction of that of the magneto the cost of mainte- 
 nance and of efficient working is much greater. 
 
 MiiiiiKj ii-dci'ioii. — The electi'ic locomotive is one of 
 the most striking examples of the application of elec- 
 tricity to mining, and its general use may be inferred 
 from the report of the bureau of mines of Pennsylvania 
 for 19<);i, which stated that there were 378 electric min- 
 ing locomotives in use in the bituminous and anthracite 
 regions of that state. Another fact Ijearing upon this 
 subject is the statement in the Illinois coal report for 
 VM)\ that in \-2. mines in that state over 2.it(iO,000 tons 
 of coal had been hauled Ijy electricity during that year. 
 These figures deal with haulage within mines, but it 
 should be remembered that in many of the mining re- 
 gions trolley roads are in use for handling ore, etc. , 
 which would correspond to freight roads, and for which 
 no particular type of locomotive is necessarj-. It is 
 l)elieved that of loconioti\-es built especially for such 
 work about 3,(»0() are now in use in mines in the United 
 States. 
 
 The first specifically electric mine locomotive em- 
 ployed in the United States was Iniilt nearly twentj^ 
 years ago by Mr. W. M. Schlessinger for the Likens 
 Valley colliery of the Pennsylvania Railroad, and at 
 last rejjorts this machine was .still in service. It 
 weighed aljout 5 tons and was equipped with 32-horse- 
 power electric motors, f i-om which motion was imparted 
 to the driving wheels b}' a chain and cog or sprocket 
 connection. The conductor for supplying current to 
 the locomotive consisted of a light T-rail carried on 
 supports parallel to the track at a vertical height of 
 about "i feet and removed horizontally from the track 
 rail about 20 inches. Current was conducted from this 
 rail by means of three wheels pressed against it by a 
 trolley arm, and the track rails wer(> used as the return 
 circuit. Tlio ordinary train for this locomotive, which 
 operatcfl with a current of -l.oU volts and from •±(.» to 
 200 amperes, was 15 cars, each of nhich weighed 1 ton 
 when empty and carried 2.35 tons of coal or 3 tons of 
 rock. 'I'here were two haulage lines, one It, 500 feet 
 long, in a drift, and one 10,-toO feet long, in a tunnel. 
 
 Another early electric mine locomotive still in use is 
 of 40-hors(>power capacity and uses current at a pres- 
 
ELECTKICITY IN MINING. 
 
 153 
 
 sure of 220 volts, with a M'hecl gauge of (m\y 3(5 inches. 
 This machine is .5 feet 6 inclies in iieight and weighs 
 10.500 pounds, with 1,800 pounds added to increase 
 traction. 
 
 Some of the earliest work was done in Ohio, and 
 after fifteen _years of continuous service two of the lirst 
 electric locomotives ever seen in a l)ituminous cfial 
 mine are still in use, hauling the output of a mine oper- 
 ated ])y the Upson Coal Mining Company, of Shawnee. 
 It is interesting to note tiiat this type of locomotive 
 approximated street ear practice, having a single motor 
 with a double-reduction gear. 
 
 These locomotives, however, are examples of earlier 
 practice in mounting the motors above the truck and 
 gearing downward, thus requiring greater height tlian 
 is now usual. Transition was soon made, however, to 
 types of "terrapin-back" or "turtle-back" locomo- 
 tives, bringing the motor much nearer to the ground, 
 so that it could be coupled with the axles bj^ means of 
 connecting rods. In later types each axle of the loco- 
 motive has been connected with a separate and inde- 
 pendent truck-mounted motor. 
 
 Modern mining locomotives range in size — according 
 to the work they are designed to perform — anywhere 
 from 2 to 20 tons, and their wheel gauges range from 
 IS inches to the standard railwaj^ gauge of 1 feet 8^ 
 inches. The traction locomotive consists, broadly, of 
 two iron frames within which are contained the motor 
 and driving mechanism, the controller wheel being 
 usually placed in front, vertically, within convenient 
 reach of the motorman, who is seated; in some loco- 
 motives, however, the controller and hand wheel are 
 placed on top of the locomotive, in a horizontal posi- 
 tion. The motors are usually geared to the truck 
 axles by means of cut steel gear wheels, and the trac- 
 tion wheels are shrunk and keyed upon the truck 
 axles, being placed either inside or outside the locomo- 
 tive frame. Electric headlights and mechanical l>rakes 
 are used. The current is taken from an overhead cop- 
 per trolley wire by a grooved brass trolley wheel, 
 mounted on a short, stout trolley pole, and conveyed 
 through the controller to the motors and back to the 
 generators by means of the track rails, Avhich are cop- 
 per bonded, in order to insure a return circuit of 
 thorough conductivity. A speed of from 6 to 10 miles 
 per hour is usually made. 
 
 Because of the limited dimensions of ordinary mine 
 entries and the light weight of rails, the 20-ton mining 
 locomotive is about the largest that can be used to ad- 
 vantage. Greater hauling capacity issometimesneeded, 
 howev^er, and accordingly a double locomotive has been 
 introduced, consisting of two standard 13-ton mining 
 locomotives, one of which is provided with a 4-motor 
 controller and a 4-raotor commutating switch, so that 
 the complete machine is operated from the one con- 
 troller. Here again, mining practice harmonizes with 
 that obtaining in electric railway work in the adoption 
 
 of what is known as the " multiple-unit control," by 
 means of Avhich the control of motors over a whole 
 train of vehicles can be brought to one point and there 
 maiu'pulated by one motorman, instead cjf being dis- 
 tributed, with each set under the control of a separate 
 dri\'er. 
 
 In an interesting paper, read liefore the Western 
 Pennsylvania Central Mining Institute, in December, 
 11*03, Mr. ^X. L. Affelder, sup(!rintendent of the AIos- 
 grove coal works, in Pennsylvania, stated that a lO-ton 
 30-incli gauo'e " wondola" locomotive which had been in 
 operation there for more than a year had never been 
 idle a day on account of defect or accident. During 
 tliat time it had hauled nearly 1.50,000 tons of coal, at a 
 cost of less than one-tenth of a cent per ton for repairs. 
 As many as 35 loaded cars, each weighing 3,700 pounds, 
 are hauled l;>y it up a grade of 3 per cent, 250 feet long. 
 At a point in the mine where the grade is ■1.5 per cent 
 in favor of the load for 125 feet, and then 3 per cent for 
 an equal distance, the locomotive holds back as manj' as 
 35 loaded cars with every car wheel running free. 
 
 Figures taken from various mines in the coal fields, 
 and compiled by Mr. F. J. Piatt, show a generally high 
 degree of efliciency in electric haulage. At the Green 
 Ridge colliery, Scranton, Pa., the cost of haulage by 
 mule power was estimated at 7.15 cents per ton and 
 the cost of electric haulage at 2.76 cents, showing 
 a saving bj' electric haulage of i.39 cents. At the 
 Sturges shaft of the New York and Scranton Coal Com- 
 pany the cost for haulage by mule power was estimated 
 at 6.58 cents per ton and the cost of electric haulage 
 at 2.62 cents, showing a saving by electric haulage of 
 3.96 cents. 
 
 A special feature of electric haulage in mines is the 
 use of '■ gathering'' locomotives. In most coal mines 
 the cars are gathered or collected from the working 
 faces of the rooms 1a' mules or horses, though in some 
 low-veined mines where it is necessary to use very small 
 cars the}' are pushed between the working faces and 
 the "room necks" bj' the miners themselves. Thej' 
 are then collected b}- locomotives and hauled in trains 
 to the tipple or shaft bottom. In many cases it has 
 been difficult to enlarge the entries sufficiently to accom- 
 modate the nuile, because of the cost of "brushing" 
 the roof or "taking up the ))ottom," especially where 
 a hard slate or rough limestone has to be dealt with. 
 One means of obviating this difficulty has been found 
 in the use of compressed air locomotives, but electricity 
 has been found particularly suitable for this class of 
 work. Locomotives used for this purpose are equipped 
 with a reel which carries a flexible insulated cable. One 
 end of this cable is connected to the trolley line, and the 
 current is conveyed to the controller on the locomotive 
 through a contact at the reel. The reel is geared up 
 with the axles or truck of the locomotive, so that the 
 cable can be paid out or coiled up. The gathering loco- 
 motive system can ])e pushed to a considerable distance 
 
154 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 from the eud of the regular trolley lircuit. An illus- 
 tration of this class of work is to be found in the mines 
 of the Jones and Laughlin Steel Company, at California, 
 Pa. These mines have five 4-ton gathering locomo- 
 tives. A train of emptj' cars is taken from the gather- 
 ing junction and distributed by the motorman into the 
 various rooms in his particular section of the mine, and 
 on the return trip the loaded cars are gathered up. 
 When passing through the entry the locomotive receives 
 its current hy means of a regular trolley pole, but when 
 entering the room neck the pole is fastened down and 
 the insulated flexible cable is hooked onto the end of 
 the trolley wire, the rail still serving as the return cir- 
 cuit. It is stated that a crew of two men on such a 
 locomotive can gather up from 100 to 120 cars, or from 
 300 to 350 tons of coal, in an eight-hour shift. One 
 well-known mine has equipped its gathering locomo- 
 tives with a separate truck or tender for carrying and 
 operating automatically the cable reel; this, however, 
 is not the preferred practice. 
 
 In the case above referred to mining locomotives are 
 spoken of as operating with overhead trolley connec- 
 tions. There are instances, however, in which the 
 third-rail method has been applied to such work. This 
 type of rail is used not only for the conve3'ance of the 
 current, but always also as a tooth rail, with which a 
 geared wheel on the locomotive can engage frictionally. 
 According to Mr. Ati'elder, in his paper already referred 
 to, 90 electric locomotives of this sprocket or cog rail 
 type are now in use in coal mines. As a means of 
 climbing grades the electric locomotive possesses ad- 
 vantages which have caused it to be adopted in various 
 parts of the world, subject onh' to questions as to the 
 advisabilitj^ of using the cogged third rail also as a con- 
 ductor for the current. The first of the third and 
 traction rail locomotives of the sprocket type appears 
 to have been installed in this country in 1SU9 in the Star 
 City (Indiana) mine of the Harder and Hafer Company, 
 of Chicago. 
 
 In metalliferous mines, as distinguished from coal 
 mines, the locomotive is usually smaller. An instance 
 of such work is to be found in the haulage S3^stem of 
 the United Gold Mines Company, of Victor, Colo. — the 
 Cripple Creek district — where one 8 -ton locomotive 
 with a drawbar pull of about 3,500 pounds and a sjjeed 
 of from 8 to 10 miles per hour is used. This locomo- 
 tive is equipped with a single high speed motor, placed 
 in the center and on top of the frame, the motor shaft 
 being connected to the drivers by gears. Current for 
 this locomotive is generated at a waterpower plant lii 
 miles distant by a 3-phase alternating-current dynamo, 
 transmitted at a pressure of 13,000 volts, stepped down 
 and rectified at a substation, and delivered to the trol- 
 ley at 550 volts direct current. 
 
 It is, therefore, not to be understood that electric loco- 
 motives lind their only employment in coal mines. An 
 interesting illustration of the extensive application of 
 
 the electric mine locomotive is to be found also in the 
 Quincy copper mine, at Hancock, Mich. The Quincy 
 company has installed 15 electric locomotives, one of 
 which is on the 4:,400-foot level, current being supplied 
 from the surface through substation transformer plants 
 located underground. Another instance which might 
 be quoted is the 8-ton mine locomotive at the Highland 
 Boy Gold Mining Company's mine, at Murray, Utah, 
 employed for hauling slag cars, and using double over- 
 head trolley, so as to dispense entirely with the track 
 as a return circuit. 
 
 Thus far the subject of mine traction has been con- 
 sidered from the point of locomotives supplied by over- 
 head or underrunning trolleys, or by third rail, with 
 current from a distant source of supply. It is possible, 
 however, to employ self-propelling or automobile loco- 
 motives, equipped with storage batteries, so as to dis- 
 pense entirely with the dangers and inconvenience of 
 tracks and wires charged with exposed live current. 
 The weight of the batterv and the space that it neces- 
 sarily occupies, however, increase the size and weight 
 of the locomotives, and thus place a restriction upon 
 this method of traction in many mining operations. 
 Their use is therefore more particular!}- to be noted in 
 connection with exterior work, and locomotives used 
 for such work have considerable haulage capacity. 
 
 Several types of this locomotive are in use, either 
 as simple automobile locomotives or as a combination 
 vehicle employing the trolley over sections of the track 
 where such use is permissible and safe. One well-known 
 American manufacturer builds a locomotive of this type 
 in which the batteries are carried upon a separate truck 
 or tender, thus reducing the height of the locomotive to 
 a minimum. This locomotive can be used for ''gather- 
 ing" purposes in low-veined coal mines, ))ut its hauling 
 capacity is necessarily limited, and ))y some authorities 
 it is not considered feasi))le. In another type the bat- 
 teries are mounted on the locomotive and are so ar- 
 ranged that the cells can )je charged while the motors 
 are being driven by current directly from the trolley 
 wire. A smaller size of automobile locomotive is espe- 
 cially adapted to run on curves with a radius of 12 feet 
 and a 2H-inch gauge. The ciu'rent is estimated to cost 
 about 50 cents per day of ten hours for a locomotive 
 weighing from 4 to (3 tons and up to ^1.50 per day for 
 a Ki-ton standard gauge locomotivt'. As a rule, the 
 batteries are not worked quite so hard as those for 
 regular automobile purijoses, the recfuirements per 
 pound of lead, instead of about 7 watts, being not more 
 than 2 or 3. The advantages claimed for tlie batterv, 
 as compared with the trolley system, are that it can be 
 run over any impro\'iscd track of appropriate gauge 
 regardless of wire connections: that the first cost of 
 the battery is usuallj- less than tho outlay on trolley 
 wires and supports, including erection; and that the ex- 
 penses of maintenance with good batteries also average 
 lower. 
 
PLATE V, --TROLLEY ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE IN COAL MINE. 
 
 ATE VI -ELECTRIC MINE LOCOMOTIVE WITH REEL OF WIRE. FOR FLEXIBLE CONNECTION TO CIRCUIT. 
 
PLATE VII.— TWO 250-VULT ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES IN COAL MINES AT KINGSTON, PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 PLATE VIII. — ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE WITH REEL FOR AN EXTENSION CABLE. 
 
ELECTRICITY IN MINING. 
 
 155 
 
 A further modification of traction or haulage meth- 
 ods is found in the movable automatic loader used by 
 the Illinois Steel Compan}". It is difticult to classify 
 this apparatus, but it serves to move ore, and therefore 
 belongs possibl}^ as much in the transportation as in the 
 loading group. The machine consists of an endless 
 chain of metal arms or scoops mounted on a stout metal 
 table or base, which in turn is mounted pivotally on a 
 truck, to enable it to adjust itself to the pitch of the 
 ground and to the height to which the material is to be 
 elevated in loading — as, for example, to a line of the 
 trolley mine cars. The chain of scoops, which is driven 
 by an electric motor, passes around sprockets arranged 
 at the opposite ends of the machine. The motor, which 
 takes current through a cable reel from an adjacent 
 trolley or other circuit, also propels the loader, moving it 
 to any desired point by means of chain sprockets and suit- 
 able clutches. In operation the front edge of the table of 
 the machine is lowered until it rests upon the ground, 
 and it is then thrust forward against the pile of material. 
 As the arms sweep around each arm or scoop gathers 
 up a certain quantity of material and carries it into 
 channels on the table until it reaches the upper end of 
 the machine, when it is emptied into the desired recep- 
 tacle. The arms travel at the rate of about 60 to SO 
 feet per minute, and the capacity of the machine is 
 reported as 90 cubic feet of loose material per minute. 
 This machine is said to have been tested successfully in 
 the handling of limestone, coal, and salt, and to have 
 shown a considerable saving of time and money over 
 hand labor with a shovel. 
 
 Telpherage. — An interesting and novel application of 
 electric traction methods is to be found in the modern 
 telpherage system. Up to the present time haulage of 
 ores and other raw material in connection with mining 
 work has often been conducted aerially, by means of a 
 traveling wire rope or calile; and this use of the wire 
 rojje represents, in the aggregate, an enormous amount 
 of work. As generally understood, a short stretch of 
 such work, often with a span of several hundred feet 
 between the supports, or between the support and the 
 anchorage, constitutes a "cableway;" in this manner a 
 river or a wide valley is bridged. A ' ' tramway " cable, 
 on the other hand, has frequent supports, and may be 
 several miles in length. Electric telpherage belongs 
 generically in the latter class, as it is not suited to very 
 steep grades. 
 
 The fundamental difference between electric telpher- 
 age and the traveling rope system is that in the former 
 case all the ropes or cables are stationary, the haulage 
 being effected l)y means of an electric motor or ^'tel- 
 pher-'" traveling along one of the cables, and taking its 
 current, by means of a short trolley pole, from a 
 trolley wire above. In the simpler form the telpher 
 travels along a flexible wire cable; for heavier work a 
 rigid metal rail supported between posts is employed, 
 and upon this loads up to 20,000 pounds in weight can 
 
 bo moved at a speed of from 800 to 1,.500 feet per 
 minute. 
 
 This tel])herage method was first experimented with 
 several j'cars ago in England and America, but only 
 within the last 3'ear or two has it been Yjracticall)^ 
 introduced in this countr}^ and abroad. Its present 
 feasibility is due to improvements in motors which can 
 stand exposure, in methods of control, in contact de- 
 vices, in brackets, etc. In an electric telpher sj'stem 
 employed in a limestone quarry in the island of Cuba, 
 the telpher with its cars travels upon cables, except at 
 eight curves, where solid rail is employed. The buckets, 
 loaded with limestone and carried below the telpher, take 
 along the cable a maximum load of 1,200 pounds, with 
 a speed of from 12 to 15 miles per hour. Current is 
 derived from a distant power plant, and to start the 
 telpher all that is necessar}' is to close the switches at 
 the ends of the sj^stem. This telpher travels automat- 
 ically, but in the case of larger apparatus a cab is provided 
 for a telpher man, as on an electric crane, so that he can 
 travel with the load of coal, sulphur, phosphates, etc., 
 and assist in loading and unloading. 
 
 Even where regular wire rope haulage, in the shape 
 of cablewaj'S, tramway's, and surface lines with rails is 
 employed, it has been found feasible to replace with an 
 electric motor the driving engine operating the drums 
 of cable. A number of plants with electric cable haul- 
 age have been installed in South Africa, Japan, Europe, 
 and other parts of the world, the hauling motor and 
 cable drums being placed usually at the top of the 
 incline, so as to raise the loaded cars. The speed in 
 such work is usuall}' from 4 to 6 feet per second on a 
 grade of from 10 to 1.5 degrees. 
 
 Hoisting. — Electric hoisting is a growing feature of 
 the use of electricity in mines, and a large amount of 
 work has already been done in this field with the object 
 of replacing the steam engine with the electric motor 
 driven from a central plant. To quote a paper read 
 by Mr. F. 0. Blackwell before the American Institute 
 of Mining Engineers, at Albany, in February, 1903, 
 "The throttling- of steam to control speed, the necessitj' 
 for reversing the engine, the variation in steam pres- 
 sure, the absence of condensing apparatus, the cooling 
 and large clearance of cylinders, and the condensation 
 and leakage of steam in pipes when doing no work are 
 all against the steam hoisting engine. One of the 
 largest hoisting engines in the world was recently 
 tested and found to take 60 pounds of steam per indi- 
 cated horsepower per hour. The electric motor, on 
 the other hand, is ideal for intermittent work. It 
 wastes absolutely no energy when at rest, there being- 
 no leakage or condensation. Its efficiency is high, 
 from one-quarter load to twice full load." As a matter 
 of fact this class of work touches closel_y that above 
 referred to in connection with inclined traction haulage, 
 for after all an elevator is virtually a railway with 100 
 per cent graile. With these equipments great care is 
 
156 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 taken to regulate and control the apparatus for safetj' 
 purposes with .safety' and emergency brakes, etc. 
 
 One of the instances cited by Mr. Blackwell in his 
 paper is that of a flat rope double-reel hoist operating 
 in the Free Silver mine, at Aspen, Colo. In this case 
 the hoist works in a vertical single-compartment shaft, 
 with guides for extra weight, and is driven by a direct- 
 current motor of 120 horsepower at 6.50 revolutions 
 per minute, with difl'erent gears to give 20 and 32 
 revolutions to the drum. The speed of hoisting ore is 
 from 315 to 6.S0 feet per minute, and that of bailing 
 water from 510 to 1,020 feet per minute. 
 
 In one gold mine where steampower has been super- 
 seded by an alternating current induction motor, the 
 hoist moves through the shaft at the rate of 1,250 feet 
 per minute, doable deck cages carrying 3,600 pounds 
 of ore, thus elevating 500 tons daih' from a 2,500-foot 
 level. It is stated that this sj'stem has shown a net 
 efficiency of 75 per cent, taking into account all elec- 
 trical and f rictional losses, and that the average cost per 
 horsepower per month has been reduced from not less 
 than $20 to $7. 
 
 Another illustration of an electric motor mine hoist 
 is furnished by the plant installed in one of the pits of 
 the Gelsenkircbener Bergwerks-Aktiengesellschaft, in 
 Germany. This equipment is designed to raise in one 
 lift, when working at its maximum capacity, a load of 
 4 tons of coal at a speed of 65 feet per second. The 
 dail}^ hoisting capacity in sixteen efi'ective hoisting- 
 hours would be 2,700 tons with a single unloading 
 platform, 3,200 tons with two platforms, and 4,000 
 tons with three platforms from a depth of 1,611 feet. 
 The two cages are attached to an endless rope which at 
 the top passes half around and tits into an oak-lined 
 sheath on the circumference of a drum 20 feet in diam- 
 eter. On each side of the winding is a direct current 
 motor, the current supply of which includes a .storage 
 battery. 
 
 Another interesting hoisting equijiment is that in- 
 stalled in the Fortschrittschacht-Brtix mine, Bohemia, 
 where the hoisting engine is driven by a direct current 
 motor of SO horsepower, with two winding drums, 
 which hoist from a depth of 1^69 feet at a speed of 7s7 
 feet per minute with a single layer of steel I'ope, the 
 gross load being not quite 4 tons. 
 
 Still another instance is the hoisting engine driven 
 bj' an alternating current induction motor of 120 horse- 
 power, installed in the Germania colliery, in West- 
 phalia, Germany. The winding drums are each 3 feet 
 8i inches in diameter, revolving thi'ough double reduc- 
 tion gearing at the rate of 16 revolutions per minute. 
 The motoi', which develops 2<»0 horsepower at the be- 
 ginning of the hoist, winds a normal load of If tons 
 from a depth of 1,50(1 feet at a speed of nearly 10 feet 
 per second; the load can be increased to 3i tons, how- 
 ever, with a corresponding decrease in speed. 
 
 A large hoist, with winding dnims 19 feet 8 inches 
 
 in diameter, erected for the Harpener Mining Com- 
 pany, at Dortmund, Germanj^, lifts 100 tons of coal 
 per hour from a depth of 2,300 feet at a speed of 52i 
 feet per second. 
 
 Another interesting illustration is the plant recently 
 constructed for the famous Comstock mine, at Virginia 
 City, Nev. The power plant is situated on the Truckee 
 river, 32 miles from the mine, and the present substa- 
 tion is located at Virginia City. Electric hoists are used 
 extensively, the largest being of the balanced tail-rope 
 .system, driven by a 200-horsepower variable-speed alter- 
 nating current induction motor. 
 
 PampuKj. — Electric motors have been found ex- 
 tremel}^ useful and successful in a large number of 
 cases for driving the pumps which are employed to 
 remove the accumulations of water in mines. It is said 
 that the efficiency even of small reciprocating pumps 
 is not far from SO per cent, and that large pumps give 
 as high as 90 per cent. 
 
 One of the problems encountered in connection with 
 this application of electricity has been the proper reg- 
 ulation of the speed of the motors for the purpose of 
 varying the amount of water pumped. In direct current 
 motors this is done by varying the field strength; the 
 electric pumps which have been in operation forten 
 years past in the Calumet and Hecla copper mines, in 
 Michigan, have adjustments of speed of 2 to 1 under 
 this system. When induction motors are used the 
 windings are thrown into difl'erent combinations for 
 various numbers of poles and rates of speed, and sev- 
 eral frequencies, also, are pi'ovided for. Some alter- 
 nating current motors employed in electric pumping 
 operations are of noteworthy size, developing as much 
 as 650 to 75t) horsepower. 
 
 For electric pumping the pump itself need embody 
 no special features. Both reciprocating and rotary 
 pumps are used; they may be either horizontal or ver- 
 tical, and reciprocating pumps may be of either piston 
 or plunger type, according to the circumstances of the 
 installation. Where a reciprocating engine is employed, 
 however, it is generally considered advisable to use a 
 double acting pump, either duplex or triplex. A triplex 
 double acting pump does not require so large a motoi- as 
 does a simplex acting pump doing the same duty. To 
 raise a great quantity of water against a certain head 
 takes just so much power, liut if the work be divided 
 among two or three acting cylinders there will neces- 
 sarily 1>e a more uniform flow of water, and hence the 
 strain on the motor and the pump will be reduced. 
 
 No fewer than 50 electrically dri\'en pumps of the 
 reciprocating class are in operation in the mines around 
 Johannesburg, South Africa, some of them delivering 
 as nmcli as 200 gallons per minute working against a 
 500-foot head. A striking illustration of electric 
 pumping work is furnished by the Arniston colliery, 
 near p]dinburgh, Scotland. One set of pumps of the 
 3-throw type, with 11-inch rams and 18-inch stroke, 
 
PLATE IX. — MINE PUMP, DRIVEN BY A 1 50-HORSEPOWER MOTOR. 
 
 ^y^ X. 'FOUR-STAGE MINE PUMP, DRIVEN BY A 1 50-HORSEPOWER MOTOR. 
 
ELECTRICITY IN MINING. 
 
 157 
 
 delivers 500 gallons per minute against a head of (j7.S 
 feet. Each of those pumps is driven by an 8(l-horso- 
 powcr motor and runs with a speed of aliout HO revo- 
 lutions per miiuite. Another set of pumps, similar to 
 the above, delivers 500 gallons per minute against a 
 head of 256 feet through 3,175 feet of cast iron pipe. 
 These pumps are of the same diameter and stroke as the 
 others, and are ecjuipped with SO-horsepowcr motors. 
 Three sets of pumps have also been installed to the 
 dip, each set capable of delivering 100 gallons per 
 minute against a head of -±50 feet. These pumps deliver 
 through 1,200 feet of 6-inch pipe, 9-inch stroke, and 
 are equipped with 25-horsepower motors. 
 
 On the continent of Europe what are known as ex- 
 press pumps have been largel_y installed, the name being- 
 applied generally to anj^ reciprocating pump run at high 
 piston speed, although applied also to a special system 
 of large, high-speed pumps with mechanically closed 
 suction valves. An example of an electrically driven 
 express pump in mining is one in Bohemia, which runs 
 at the comparativeljr high speed of 200 revolutions per 
 minute and is capable of lifting 132 gallons per minute 
 against a head of 1,312 feet. 
 
 On account of its rotary motion and its high speed, 
 approximating the speed of a motor, the centrifugal 
 pump also is peculiarl}^ suited for electrical operation, 
 the pump and motor being usuallj' direct connected. 
 This pump has been found of special utility in working 
 against low heads and for handling muddy watei'. 
 
 The use of rotary pumps coupled direct to small mo- 
 tors running at high speed in place of reciprocating 
 ram or plunger pumps has met with appro\al in Eu- 
 rope. These rotary pumps are made with several cham- 
 bers placed in tandem and are of a type between an 
 ordinary centrifugal pump and a form of reverse tur- 
 bine. One built in Germany has 4 chambers and 1 im- 
 pellers and is coupled direct to an alternating current 
 motor of about 85 horsepower, which, when run at 
 1,335 revolutions per minute, has lifted i-iO gallons of 
 water per minute to a height of 394 feet. By increas- 
 ing the mrmber of impellers to 6, this pump can be made 
 to reach 1,150 feet in one lift. An efficiency of between 
 70 and 75 per cent is claimed for this type of pump. 
 
 Another type of electric pump is the sinking pump. 
 The electric sinking pump can be lowered from one 
 location to another in much less time than a steam or 
 compressed air pump, and as it can be completely su))- 
 merged it does not have to be relocated as often as a 
 steam pump. The question of wliat would happen to 
 an electric motor in a mine if pumps and motors get 
 flooded has often come up. From tests made recently 
 at the University of Liege, Belgium, it appears that a 
 suitably designed polyphase alternating current motor 
 will suffer very little damage. A 3-phase mining motor 
 of a type largely used on the continent of Europe was 
 completely submerged in water. It was run for a 
 quarter of an hour; it was then stopped and allowed to 
 
 remain submerged, under official seal, for twenty-four 
 hours, at the end of which time it was again run for a 
 few minutes. It was next removed from the water, 
 again put under seal, and left to dry for twenty-four 
 hours. The insulation wiis then tested, and the motor 
 was found to be in perfect order. It would t)e hard to 
 imagine a test more severe than this. 
 
 As bearing upon this question it is interesting to note 
 that among the pumps in use around Johannesburg, 
 South Africa, at the beginning of the Anglo-Boer War, 
 there were twelve of a well-known American make, each 
 of which was operated by a 5()-horsepower induction 
 motor of American construction with three 15-kilowatt 
 transformers. When the mines were shut down, upon 
 the t)reaking out of the war, the water rose so rapidly 
 that it was impossible to remove the pumps, motors, 
 transformers, etc., and consequently they remained 
 under 500 to 1,000 feet of water. Two and a half years 
 later, wiien peace was declared in South Africa, the 
 water in the shaft was pumped out and the electrical 
 apparatus was removed to the surface. Three of the 
 motors were stripped and completely rewound, but to 
 the general surprise of the experts the condition of 
 the insulation indicated that the rewinding might not 
 be absolutely necessary. Accordingl}' the other nine 
 motors were thoroughh' dried in an oven and then 
 soaked in oil. After this treatment they were rigidly 
 tested, proved to be all right, and were at once restored 
 to regular service in the mine. The transformers were 
 treated in the same manner as the motors, with equally 
 gratifying results. 
 
 An interesting illustration of the flexibility and 
 adaptability of electric motors for pumping purposes is 
 furnished bj- the Gneisenau mine, near Dortnuind, Ger- 
 many, where a verj' large electric mining plant was in- 
 stalled in 1903. In this instance the pump is located 
 more than 1,200 feet below the surface, and the diffi- 
 culties of installing the apparatus were so great, on 
 account of the small cross section of the shaft, that it 
 was necessary to build up the motor in the pumping 
 chamber, the material being transported through the 
 wet shaft and the winding of the coils being performed 
 in situ. 
 
 An interesting use of the electric pump associated 
 with the telephone in connection with raining is noted 
 by Mr. W. B. Clarke. In one coal mine, where an 
 electric pump is located in a worked out portion of the 
 mine, the circuits are so arranged that the pump is 
 started from the power house, some distance awaj'. 
 Near the pump is placed a telephone transmitter con- 
 nected to a receiver in the power house. To start the 
 motors, or to ascertain whether the punqjs are working 
 properly, the engineer merely listens at the telephone 
 receiver, without leaving his post. 
 
 Z/jj/if '/></■ — From the earliest days of practical elec- 
 tric lighting, the availability of the method for mining 
 was recognized; and electric illumination in some form 
 
158 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 or other is now used yerj widel3^ Of the two forms — 
 the arc and the incandescent — the latter is ver}' naturally 
 preferred underground, for various reasons. In the 
 first place, the subterranean spaces to be illuminated 
 are restricted in area, so that small lights arc sufficient; 
 in the second place, both the earlier arc lighting cir- 
 cuits and a great many of those in use to-dajr have 
 involved the employment of dangerously high pres- 
 sures; and in the third place, there is objection to em- 
 ploying undergi'ound an open-flame lamp, such as the 
 ordinary arc lamp has always been. Hence, while a 
 large number of mining plants utilize arc lamps, these 
 are to be found above ground, while the lighting below 
 the surface depends upon incandescents. The advan- 
 tages claimed for incandescent electric lighting are: 
 The flexibility of the SN'stem, making it possible to 
 move circuits readil}^ from one part of the mine to 
 another, the absence of fumes and smoke, less danger 
 of tire, decreased cost, generally better lighting, and 
 reliabilitj' of the light under all the variations of tem- 
 perature and barometric pressure. 
 
 It follows that the electric lighting in mines is usually 
 of a composite type, the arc lamp being used at the 
 surface, in buildings, yards, sidings, outworks, etc., 
 while the incandescent lamp is used in the mains, levels, 
 tunnels, etc. At one time, in order to accomplish this 
 dual purpose, it was necessary' to install two types of 
 generating dynamos — one for the high-pressure arc 
 lighting and the other for the low-pressure incandescent 
 lighting; but the later developments and improvements 
 in arc lights have made it possible to operate them on 
 the same circuit as the incandescents and in conjunc- 
 tion with motors, and hence recent years have seen the 
 installation of standard types of direct-current dynamos 
 for all services, operating at voltages of 100, 220, 550 
 volts, etc. 
 
 The British departmental committee already cited 
 laid down, with regard to the installation and use of 
 electricity in mines, a few simple rules, aiming at con- 
 tinuity of service and the prevention of the escape of 
 current. It is provided that for lighting purposes onlj' 
 low pressure shall be used, and that lamp holders, 
 switches, or other tittings nuist not be flxed directly to 
 the timber or metal work, but must be attached to bard- 
 wood or other incombustible, nonhygroscopic- insulated 
 base blocks. (Small wires or derived circuits for lighting 
 must be noninflainmablc or suspended from porcelain 
 insulators, or fastened to them with some nonconduct- 
 ing material which will not cut the insulated covering 
 and which will not permit the wires to toucii any timber 
 or metal work. Staples of all kinds are prohibited. If 
 metallic pipes are used, they nuist be electrically con- 
 tinuous, and nuist be earthed or connected to ground. 
 If separate uncased wii'es are used, they must be kept 
 at least 2 inches apart, being brought together only at 
 switches or tittings. VVir<>- for- lighting purposes undei'- 
 ground is not to be of flexibh' cord; in other woi'ds, it 
 
 is not to undergo the mechanical strain of supporting a 
 lamp. It is especially required that in places where 
 there is lialnlity to fire damp, etc., incandescent lamps 
 must be used, inclosed in gas-tight tittings of strong 
 glass without any flexible cord connections, and with 
 the wires protected by a strong exterior metallic sheath- 
 ing, sufficiently grounded. 
 
 These general conditions are observed in all well- 
 conducted mines, both in this country and in England, 
 and special pains are taken with regard to the tittings, so 
 as to protect the lamps from injury, and also to get as 
 much light as possible from each lamp. Where the 
 incandescent lamps are subject to vibration special 
 types, with anchored tilaments similar to those employed 
 on trolle}' cars, are used. 
 
 One feature of electric lighting worthy of note, but 
 not of great importance, is the use of portable miners' 
 lamps. A great many efforts have been made in' this 
 direction with electricity, the lamps depending for their 
 supply of current upon either primary or storage bat- 
 teries. In either case, the drawbacks have been the 
 weight, delit'acy, high cost, and uncertaintj' of the 
 apparatus, and the fact that such lamps are not usually 
 of the safety type bv which the presence of choke damp 
 or other dangerous gases is revealed. In connection 
 with these portable electric lamps for miners, small 
 bulbs and tilaments are used, so as to reduce the con- 
 sumption of current to a minimum, thus making the 
 batteries last longer. 
 
 Very few records of tests as to electric mine lighting 
 are obtainable; in fact, very few such tests appear to 
 have been made. The most important series is that 
 made some six 3'ears ago in behalf of the Westphalian 
 miners in the testing gallerj' of the consolidated col- 
 lieries near Gelsenkirchen, dealing with the dangers that 
 arise from the use of electrical appliances in gaseous 
 mines. The results of the investigation, embodied in 
 a report made public during the present j'ear, may be 
 sununarized as follows: 
 
 Naked tilaments raised to high incandescence may or 
 may not cause explosions, and may remain intact and 
 burn after explosion; in most cases ignition seems to 
 follow the breakage or burning of the tilament and the 
 accompanying sparking. Lamps with their bulbs at- 
 tached were purposely shattered, the bulbs and tilaments 
 breaking sinuiJtaneously and producing bad sparking, 
 sometimes with and sometimes without an explosion. 
 In other cases the tilaments remained intact when the 
 bulbs were smashed, and here again explosions some- 
 times followed and sometimes did not. Currents of not 
 less than !>.(i amperes, continuous or alternating, did 
 not produce ignition, but often produced sparking; 
 stronger currents generally did give ignition. 
 
 Electric incandescent lamps are reconnnended, as 
 affording probably the safest underground illumination. 
 The conclusions as to lamps are: Use stout globes with 
 I'ound bulbs, to prevent cracking from the tlripping of 
 
ELECTRICITY IN MINING. 
 
 159 
 
 water on the hot bulbs; and for further protection, 
 inclose thcni in wire cages. Use low-current lamps 
 (maximum of 9.6 amperes) and high voltage — but not 
 above 150 volts, for all excessive voltages are danger- 
 ous. Have short leading-in wires for the lamps, far 
 apart, to guard against their being bent together and 
 thus making a short circuit; for the same reason avoifl 
 lamps with two filaments in series. Tiiis sunnniiig up 
 is against the common portable lamp, which has the 
 further disadvantage of not indicating the presence of 
 fire damp. 
 
 But little was done in these tests with arc lamps. 
 They appiear not to ignite coal dust, even in an atmos- 
 phere of 4: per cent of marsh gas, and it is noteworth}' 
 that a dust storm did not make the arc tlare up; but in 
 6 per cent of marsh gas explosions took place, whether 
 the lamp was already burning or was switched in. Arc 
 lamps, both continuous and alternating, must be con- 
 demned for fiery mines, although it should be noted 
 that arc lamps have been used Avith impunity in rubber 
 works, whei'e the air is saturated with benzine vapor. 
 
 As regai'ds switches for one or more lamps, it was 
 found that current strength, and still more the voltage 
 and self-induction in the current, play an important 
 part; and while in general slow switching in is danger- 
 ous, on account of arcs forming, rapid motion of the 
 switch is to be avoided in the case of circuits with high 
 self-induction, continuous or alternating. In some cases 
 the switch was thrown 30 times before ignition occurred. 
 Carbon points may glow without causing an explosion 
 so long as there is no arc. Spark extinguishers which 
 form a momentary arc are to be condemned. 
 
 Hot wire resistances seem in themselves harmless, 
 but danger threatens from contact. A set of resistances 
 was placed horizontally, and one hot spiral touching 
 another caused an immediate explosion. Glowing wires 
 did not cauiie explosions, even when the explosive 
 atmosphere was driven through them by means of a 
 fan; and an iron wire buried in coal dust and heated by 
 the current until it arcked strongly did not ignite the 
 dust, either when it was qvuet or when it was stiri-ed 
 into a cloud. Fusing wires protected by a shunt may 
 be considered harmless; but ordinary safety fuses of 
 lead and tin acted poorly. 
 
 Ventilation.— A considei'able amount of work is done 
 in mines to-day in the way of ventilation by electric 
 motors, the driving of ventilating fans and blowers by 
 electricity having been found to possess many advan- 
 tages. In addition to the large amomit of work done 
 in tunnels, there is considerable work done in galleries 
 in the way of operating the main fans or blowers for 
 the general ventilation of mines. The larger fans of 
 this class are belt-driven, on account of their very low 
 rates of speed, but the smaller ones are also to be found 
 direct connected to the motors. 
 
 As pointed out by Mr. Daniel Burns, in his treatise 
 on electricity in British mining practice, in most mines 
 
 where galleries are driven some distance from the main 
 airway it becomes difficult to ventilate properly ]>y the 
 ordinary methods. The ventilation of such places is 
 always an important matter, especially' in coal mines, 
 where a consideralde quantity of gas is likely to be 
 given oil'. It can best be accomplished by placing a 
 small fan at the entrance to the lieading or drift, and 
 by this means forcing in the required amount of air. 
 The fans employed for this purpose are sometimes 
 driven ))y belt from the motor, but in many instances 
 the motor is direct connected. It is found desirable to 
 inclose both the motor and the switches as thoroughly 
 as possi))le, in order to minimize the possibility of ex- 
 plosions which might result from the gaseous conditions 
 under which such ventilating systems may work. 
 
 The work of ventilation in galleries ma}' be illustrated 
 by the case of a Westphalian mine with a 40-horsepower 
 motor driving a Pelzer fan, and producing 50,000 cuh)ic 
 feet of air per minute with a water gauge of .3 inches. 
 The motor, which is of the alternating type, is located 
 about half a mile from the generator. Another instance 
 is the case of the Gliickauf mine, at Sondershausen, 
 Germanv, where a belted motor of 100 horsepower has 
 been installed to furnish the general ventilation, although 
 the blower is in the immediate vicinity of the steam 
 plant. Still another instance is the 400-borsepower 
 polyphase motor employed in the Germania mine for 
 general ventilation. 
 
 Place r mining. — A considerable amount of i^lacer 
 mining work has been done by electricity of late, par- 
 ticularly in the Western states. The best way to afford 
 an idea of work of this character is to cite some of the 
 later examples. 
 
 The Gold Pan Mining Companj-, of Breckenridge, 
 Colo., which has the largest placer mining plant in the 
 state, if not in the United States, depends chieflj' upon 
 electricity for its operation. The current is generated 
 at a plant some 5 miles from the deposits and is carried 
 to a substation at the mine at a line pressure of 10,000 
 volts, 3-phase alternating. It is used princi^Dallv for 
 the driving of pumps and the illumination of the works. 
 Large bowlders are moved by two electrically driven 
 portable cranes of the boom type, which use alternating 
 current from the line, without transformation, and each 
 of which is equipped with a motor capable of develop- 
 ing 30 horsepower. A large 150-horsepower constant- 
 speed motor is used to drive a centrifugal pump which 
 assists in keeping the pit dry. A large machine shop, 
 in which are made the large wrought steel water mains 
 employed in the placer system, is supplied with power 
 bv a 50-horsepower constant-speed motor. 
 
 In California the earliest placer mining, represented 
 in a later stage bv hydraulic working, upon which leg- 
 islation imposed severe restrictions, has been largely 
 superseded by dredging, which appears to have de- 
 veloped into a very profitable enterprise where power 
 can be ol)tained cheapl}'. In fact, it is stated that, 
 
160 
 
 minp:s and quarries. 
 
 with cheap electric-power dredj^ing-, land in which the 
 gold averages less than U) cents to the cubic yard pays 
 for treatment. 
 
 The gold bearing placer soil of California has a depth 
 of from 10 to 50 feet, being a gravel deposit left in the 
 old river channels. After one or two holes have been 
 put down by drills, for test purposes, and an analysis 
 of gold bearing soil made, the dredges are put to work 
 should conditions warrant it. Two tj'pcs of electric 
 dredge are used to secure the gravel for treatment. In 
 one method the gravel is lifted through centrifugal 
 pumps, while in the other — the method more generally 
 used — it is handled by an endless chain of buckets. 
 
 The method of operation is very interesting. A boat 
 is built in the basin or excavation where the operations 
 are to be carried on, the necessary equipment is put on 
 board, and the hole is then tilled with water to a depth 
 of from 2.5 to -40 feet. Current is brought to the oper- 
 ating motors on the lioat by means of overhead wires 
 and cables, the cable being usually run out from -iOO to 
 500 feet from the shore. As a general thing, the cur- 
 rent used is high pressure, alternating 2 or 3 phase, and 
 the transformers for receiving it and stepping it down 
 for use, although sometimes put on the boat, are gen- 
 erally placed on the bank, on a pole, or in a small sub- 
 station. The dredge digs its own channel ahead of it, 
 depositing behind it the soil which has been worked 
 over. It may thus be said to carry its own little pool 
 with it as the work shifts from point to point. The 
 gravel is elevated into a grizzly or similar device, 
 where the rocks are washed out of the soil and delivered 
 to the carrier, which deposits them on the dump behind 
 the dredger. The tine soil is next washed throug-h 
 shakers and rilHes, the gold being deposited on saving- 
 tables, to be taken up with quicksilver, while the 
 worked-over soil is deposited at the stern of the boat 
 with the other residue. 
 
 Some idea of the character of the work may lie formed 
 from the equipment of the chain-l)ucket dredge oper- 
 ated b}' the Butte Gold Dredging Companj'. This 
 dredge, which has a draft of 5 feet and is about '.i(> by 
 90 feet on the water line, is fitted with two spuds, each 
 50 feet long; one, of wood, weighing about lo tons, and 
 the other, of steel, weigliing about 17 tons. The swing- 
 permits of a cut aliout '.»0 feet in width. There are 85 
 buckets to the chain, each bucket having a capacity of 
 5 cubic feet. The dredge is operated at a normal speed 
 of 22 buckets per minute, and ordinaril}^ -^^111 handle 
 from 50,000 to 75,000 cu'iic 3'ards of raw material per 
 month. The stacker at the stern of the boat is about 
 90 feet long and 2^ feet wide. 
 
 The largest dredge yet installed is that of the Ash- 
 burton Mining (jompany, near Folsom, Cal. , with 7i-f oot 
 buckets. Some idea of the electric power equipment 
 may be foriuerl from the fact that the induction mo- 
 tors for this dredge include one of 150 horsepower for 
 the digger or bucket line, one of 20 horsepower for th(^ 
 
 winch, one of 75 horsepower for the centrifugal pump, 
 one of 20 horsepower for the stacker, and one of 10 
 horsepower for the deck pump. 
 
 The Central Gold Dredging Company, of Oroville, 
 Cal., has a typical equipment of motors of somewhat 
 smaller size and greater variety, including one o" ',' 
 horsepower for driving the buckets, one of 15 Horse- 
 power for the winches, one of 40 horsepower for the 
 centrifugal pump which delivers the water for washing 
 the soil under treatment, one of 15 horsepower for 
 driving the stacker or conveying belt which disposes of 
 stones, one of 15 horsepower for the operation of 
 the shaking screens, one of .3 horsepower for the deck 
 and bilge pump, and one of 30 horsepower for operating 
 the sand pump, which is used occasionallj', when the 
 sand accunmlates too quickly at the back of the boat 
 to deliver it out of the rock pile through a long pipe. 
 The cost of operation in the Oroville territory, includ- 
 ing the cost of electric power, maintenance, labor, 
 repairs, and superintendence, but not including any 
 allowance for depreciation or for interest on the invest- 
 ment, is estimated at from 5i to 6 cents per cubic j'ard. 
 The cost of power is estimated at l-J- cents per kilowatt 
 hour metered. This seems low, but is an actual price. 
 Some of the dredges operate 80 per cent of the time, 
 and their electric power capacity and current consump- 
 tion are indicated b}' the fact that the cost of current 
 per month ranges from f 8()0 to $1,200. 
 
 MlsceJlaneoxis use nf electricity. — In addition to the 
 more important applications of electricity to mining, 
 alreadj' described, numerous applications of a miscella- 
 neous character might be mentioned. The flexibility 
 of electric circuits and the general adaptability of elec- 
 tric power have led to a wide range of applications, 
 some of which are still in the experimental stage, while 
 many others have already proved successful. 
 
 An instance ma}^ be found in the sulistitution of elec- 
 tric motors for steampower for driving air compressors, 
 where the latter are still used for the operation of small 
 tools, coal cutters, drills, etc. By this means the com- 
 pressor can lie placed conveniently near the point of 
 application of the air, so as to avoid long and compli- 
 cated systems of piping, with consequent inefficiency 
 and heavy loss, whether of steam or of air. Electrically 
 driven compressors sometimes have belt connections, 
 but in many instances the motor and compressor are 
 more directly connected. An alternating-current induc- 
 tion motor having a capacity of as much as 200 horse- 
 power has been connected to the air compressor by spur 
 gearing. In one California mine the installation of 
 an electric motor to take the place of steampower for 
 driving a lOO-horsepower air, compressor is reported to 
 have reduced the average cost of operation per month 
 from 11,800 to 1(572. 
 
 X novel and interesting application of electricity to 
 milling- is furnished in the large sand wheel equipment 
 at the Calumet and liecla mine, driven by a 700-horse- 
 
ELEO'lUilCrrV IN MINING. 
 
 161 
 
 power induction motor. To tlic rim of this wheel, 
 whieh revolves in its pit at a speed of 10 revolutions per 
 iniiiute. are attached about 550 l>uckets for liftino- the 
 sand from the copper ore crushinys. The electi-ic sand 
 wheel is considered to etfect a considerahle economy 
 over the previous methods. 
 
 Sig-nalino- in mines reciuires a great \ariety of appa- 
 ratus, such as telephones, teleg-raphs. hells, and a|ii)li- 
 anees for sending signals according to the indications 
 upon a dial. Of late years the telephone has gained 
 ground rapidly over other methods of signaling. Se\- 
 eral telephone manufacturers in the United States 
 make types of telephones intended for mining work, 
 with special regard to conditions of exposure, damp, etc. 
 The British committee referred to previously records 
 the fact that all of the witnesses before it, except one, 
 spoke in favor of electric signiding in the shaft. 
 Although admitting the fact tint the dilKculties in 
 
 mines are greater than those in buildings, on account 
 of the juxtaiJositif)n of hea\'y power cables and the 
 pi-esence of nioistui'e. tile <'f)nnnittee recommends tliat 
 as a means of I'cady connnunication between the power 
 house and the motor e(|uipments underground — a mat- 
 ter of gr(>at importance — telephones be put in all 
 permanently installed motoi' rooms, so as to enable the 
 men in charge undergi-ound to inform the engineer at 
 once of any breakdown of motors, machinery, etc., 
 and, if lu'cessary, obtain assistance speedily. The com- 
 mittee notes the fact that for many years bare wires 
 had been in use for transmitting signals without caus- 
 ing a single accident, and that, in fact, th(!y had fre- 
 quently prevented accidents. 
 
 In addition to the apparatus already described, 
 a variety of appliances are employed for counting- 
 wagons, indicating the level of water, and kindz'ed 
 uses. 
 
 30:ii'8— 04- 
 
 -11 
 
MINES AND QUARRIES BY STATES 
 
 AND TERRITORIES 
 
 (163) 
 
MINES AND (QUARRIES BY STATES AND TERRITORIES. 
 
 I XTKOI )r(TnKY SPATES KNT. 
 
 At the census of isTd, wIumi the statistics of ininino- 
 were first pr(»sented separately, they were siunniarized 
 to show the totals in each state for each mineral and 
 for all minerals. This practice was not followed at 
 the censuses of l.SS(» and ISDU, and comparalile data 
 are available for only a few states and the principal 
 minerals. The o-reat diversity of minerals now pro- 
 duced, and the great and increasing importance of the 
 mineral industry in many states, make a sununarization 
 of this character again desirable. The detailed statis- 
 tics for all productive mines in each state and territory, 
 irrespective of the character of the ore, are shown in 
 Table 2, and for the active but nonproductive mines, 
 in Table 14, on page 57. 
 
 In the following discussion of the statistii's for mines, 
 quarries, and natural-gas and petroleum wells for each 
 
 state, the states and ten'itcu'ies are considered in alph;;- 
 betical t)r(ler. For each state a table is first presented, 
 whicli shows the principal items for each of the leading 
 minerals, and f(n- all other minerals produced in com- 
 mercial i|uantities daring 11*02. This table is followed 
 l)y a general description of the state's mineral resoui'ces, 
 and a sunnnary of the statistics for the active hut 
 nonproductive mines. A brief resume is also given 
 of the products of nianufactares that are closely allied 
 to, or based on, the mining industry, because of the 
 use of the products of mines as raw materials. The 
 value of the production of the leading minerals is 
 shown for a series of years, and the nature, occur- 
 rence, and history of each is discussed, together with 
 a statement of the relative importance of the state in 
 its ])roduction. 
 
 (165) 
 
ALABAMA. 
 
 Table 1 is a .summary of the statistics of tlie productive mines and (juarries in the state of Alabama for 1902. 
 
 Table 1.— SUMMARY: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines or quarries . 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 Total. 
 
 260 
 
 172 
 
 !U7 
 Ml" 
 
 la, 
 
 $10, :M.i, 
 
 ixaK, M.^ii 
 
 I S2, 043, 914 
 
 Value of product ] S17, 367, 992 
 
 Coal, bitu- 
 minous. 
 
 14.5 
 91 
 
 r.23 
 
 S709, 449 
 
 12, 930 
 
 J7, 841, 4.'J7 
 
 826.5. .579 
 
 3734, 972 
 
 $1,219,310 
 
 812, 419, 666 
 
 $188,441 
 
 4,864 
 
 $2, 029, 807 
 
 S500 
 
 888, 008 
 
 $592, 286 
 
 $S, 936, 812 
 
 Limestone;- 
 
 and 
 dolomites. 
 
 63 
 $.54, 597 
 
 1,002 
 8354, 718 
 
 826, 954 
 3149,012 
 $759, 617 
 
 Sandstones 
 
 and 
 ■ quartzites. 
 
 $2, 6.50 
 
 .58 
 }30, .523 
 
 $1,535 
 
 $5, 230 
 
 $42, 706 
 
 Clay. 
 
 33 
 9, 634 
 
 83,866 
 31,993 
 $19,742 
 
 All other 
 minerals. 1 
 
 11 
 9 
 
 28 
 $23, 980 
 
 245 
 
 879, 009 
 
 81,200 
 
 $4, 516 
 
 $76, 083 
 
 $189, 449 
 
 1 Includes ojicrators as follows: Bau.xitc, 1 cHminest: ( 
 
 Alabama is especially rich in cotil and iron, rankino- 
 fifth among the states in coal production and third in 
 iron ore. It is also a producer of limestones and dolo- 
 mites, sandstones and ([uartzites, clay, gold and silver. 
 bauxite, graphite, marble, and pyrites. Extensive de- 
 posits of phosphate exist in what is locally known as 
 the "black belt" extending across the central portion 
 of the state. The phosphatic marls have very nearly 
 the same percentage of phosphate and carbonate of 
 lime as the Greensand marls of New Jersey.' In 1900 
 there was a production of 334 long tons of phosphate 
 rock of a value of §.51:4.'' 
 
 Soapstone, as well as kaolin, is found throughout the 
 metamorphic region of the state, larger outcroppings that 
 o-ive very satisfactory results under tir'e tests occurring 
 in Tallapoosa, Randolph, and Clay counties; these show 
 indications of value for furnace linings.'' The Indians 
 made use of soapstone in many localities in tlic manu- 
 facture of various utensils. Not far from Talhihassee 
 Falls there was the old Indian village, TuckalnitclKi, near 
 an outcropping of tliis mineral worked In' them. 
 
 Tantalite has been found in the \icinitynf Kockfcu'd, 
 Coosa county, and a considerable aiiiouiit htis hccii sold 
 for cabinet specimens. Tin found near Aslihuid. in 
 Clav countv, was mined at tlie liroad Arro«' iiiiiies in 
 18^3. The ore exists in (■(uisiderablc (piantity, but is 
 associated with titaniferous iron and can not be obtained 
 in a sufBciently pure state to be marketable. Very pure 
 specimens of tin ore were found, in iSSd, near Kockford, 
 
 [Jniteil States (Teological Survey, "Mincial Kesotirci's 
 ited States," J88;3-84, page 71)4 ff. 
 
 of th. 
 
 United States," J 88:3-84, pagt 
 
 nitea ftiaies, loo.j-ot, paj^i- lut n. 
 
 Mbid , 1900, xjaKe81.'i. 
 
 ■'Tran.saction.sof the American Institute of .Mii]iiigp]iif,'iiieer.'', \'(j1. 
 
 ^ ^. oo.) 
 
 'Tran.sactionso 
 X, page 204 
 
 emcut, 1; gold, 1: grapbitc, 1; marlilc, 1; and pyrites, 1. 
 
 in Coo.sa county, in association with tourmaline, biotite, 
 and tantalite.' 
 
 Other minerals found in the state but not reported as 
 commercially mined in 1902 are as follows: Beryl and 
 feld.spar, found in C'oosa county; copper, in the old 
 Woods or Copper Hill mine, in Cleburne county, 
 wliich was worked awhile in the seventies, and is said 
 to contain extensive ore bodies; and mica, formerlj' 
 mined at Pinetucky, in Randolph countv. 
 
 Development work was reported by 5 operator.? 
 engaged in the development of gold and silver, bitumi- 
 nous coal, and iron ore deposits. They gave emplo}'- 
 ment during the year to 10 salaried otiicials, clerks, etc., 
 who received $9,010 in salaries, and to 45 wage-earners, 
 I who were paid $15,244 in wages. The miscellaneous 
 expenses amounted to $SS9, and the cost of supplies 
 and materials to $1,1 i4S. 
 
 ral)le 2 shows the value of the products of the manu- 
 facturing industries of the state, based primaril}' upon 
 minerals mined and (juarricd. and the value of all 
 products manufactured in Alabama in VMH). 
 
 Taiile ti. — MdinifiKiiirr.s imsiil pi-iiiiii rihi ii/i' 
 (iiiil i/imn-ii's: J:i()(i. 
 
 Ihr jimihiclx nf mi 
 
 INDUSTRY. 
 
 Value of product. 
 
 .\11 iiiaiuifacturr's 8.80, 741 , 449 
 
 Based upon products of rnilU'S or (luarries: 
 
 Chemicats and allied jiroducts 82,068,162 
 
 clay, kIhss, atid .stone products 1,482, 'ill 
 
 Iron and steel and their ()roilucts 22,93t), 921 
 
 Metalsand metal products, otbcr tlian inuuiiid 
 
 .steel ,587, 619 
 
 jMiscellaneons industries 5,6:^5,801 
 
 32, 705, 117 
 
 All other .18, 036, 332 
 
 ' .Vlaliaiiia ( ieoliigiciil Survev, Iliilletin Xo. 1. 
 
ALABAMA. 
 
 167 
 
 As shown in Table 2, the value of the manufactures 
 based primaril3'on mineials mined or quarried amounted 
 to $32,705,117, or 10.5 per cent of the total value of all 
 manufactured products in 1900. The combined value 
 of the products of mines and quarries in Alaljama in 
 1902 and of manufactures in 1900 was 198,109,141, of 
 which amount the manufactures contril)uted 82. 3 per 
 cent and mines and quarries 17.7 per cent. 
 
 The average number of wag-e-earners in Alabama 
 engaged in manufacturing, as reported at the Twelfth 
 Census, was 52,902, and the wages paid amounted to 
 $15,130,419. In 1902 the average number of wage- 
 earners reported as engaged in mining was 19,132, and 
 the wages paid amounted to $10,345,148. The two 
 industries together gave employment to an average 
 of 72,034 wage-earners during the year and paid 
 $25,475,567 in wages, manufactures accounting for 73.4 
 per cent of the wage-earners and 59.4 per cent of the 
 wages, and mines and quarries accounting for 26.6 per 
 cent of the wage-earners and 4o.6 per cent of the wages. 
 
 Table 3, compiled from reports of the United States 
 Geological Survey, shows the value of the annual pro- 
 duction of the principal minerals of the state from 
 1889 to 1902. 
 
 Table 3. — Ta/uc of cm mial production of priiici/ia! minenilx: 1SS9 
 
 to 1903. 
 [United States Geological Survey, " Jlineral Kesoiirees of the United State.'!."] 
 
 Coal, bi- 
 tuminous. 
 
 1890. 
 
 1891 . 
 
 1892 . 
 
 1893 . 
 1894. 
 189.5 . 
 1896 . 
 
 - 1897 . 
 1898. 
 1899. 
 1900. 
 
 1901 . 
 
 1902 . 
 
 Iron ore. | Lime.stone. 
 
 SI, 
 
 511, 611 
 
 (') 
 
 (1) 
 
 4)2,. 575 
 490, 2.59 
 240, 89.5 
 460,600 
 417, 451 
 .546,. 543 
 632, 208 
 601, 609 
 629, 068 
 .5.87, 719 
 936, S12 
 
 ?324, 
 324, 
 300, 
 325, 
 205, 
 210, 
 222, 
 180, 
 221, 
 242, 
 364, 
 533, 
 619, 
 759, 
 
 814 
 814 
 009 
 000 
 000 
 269 
 424 
 921 
 811 
 295 
 636 
 608 
 423 
 617 
 
 1 Not reported. 
 
 (JdiiJ. — The coal fields of Alabama form the southern 
 end of the great Appalachian basin, extending from 
 near the northern ))oundary of Pennsylvania to Tusca- 
 loosa, Ala. The Warrior is the principal tield and un- 
 derlies an area estimated at 7,810 square miles, or nearly 
 ten times the comfjined areas of other fields in the state, 
 known as the Cahaba and Coosa fields.' It is made up 
 of beds in Jefferson, Walker, Winston, Tuscaloosa, 
 Fayette, Marion, Blount, Cullman, and Etowah counties, 
 and contains 23 regular seams, v^arying in thickness 
 from a few inches to some 16 feet, the total thickness 
 of all seams reaching in some places as high as 115 
 feet.^ This is one of the richest coal fields in the world, 
 the quantity of available merchantable coal being esti- 
 
 1 Transactions of the A.meriean Institute of Mining Engineers 
 Vol. XIX, page 296. 
 
 ^ Alabama Geological Survey, Report on the Warrior Coal Basin 
 1899, page 4. 
 
 mated at 108,394,000,000 tons— enough at the present 
 rate of consumption to supply the world for over 270 
 years. The Cahaba field, the area of which has been 
 estimated at 435 square miles, lies in St. Clair, Jeffer- 
 son, Sliell)y, and Bibb counties, and the Coo.sa field, 
 with an area of 415 square miles, embraces portions of 
 Calhoun, St. Clair, and Shelby counties.'' 
 
 The earliest notice of the use of Alabama coal appears 
 in a letter 'written in 1834.' Itwas then brought down 
 to Mobile from Tuscaloo.sa in flatboats and sold at the 
 same price as the Liverpool coal, from $1 to $1.50,per 
 barrel. In 1849 but three l)eds were worked under- 
 ground, the rest of the coal being taken from the bed 
 of the Warrior liver and other streams during the low 
 stages of the water. Before and during the Civil War 
 the industry progressed slowly. 
 
 The coal and iron development of the state began 
 al)out 1870, and with the exception of the panic years 
 1893-94 each year since has shown an increase in the 
 coal production. The coal counties are Bibb, Blount, 
 Cullman, Etowah, Jefferson, Marion, St. Clair, Shelby, 
 Tuscaloosa, Walker, and Winston; but a little more 
 than one-half of the coal is produced in Jefferson 
 county and over 89 per cent in Jefferson, Walker, and 
 Bibb counties. Cannel, lump, free burning, coking, 
 and gas coals are produced. The manufacture of coke 
 consumed 4,237,491 tons in 1902, 2,760,298 tons of 
 which were made into coke at the mines." 
 
 The following table shows the production of bitumi- 
 nous coal in Alabama from ls70 to 1902, inclusive, the 
 figures being compiled from the reports oT the United 
 States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States:" 
 
 T,\BLE -i, ^Annual jyi'odnrtion of coal, bituminous: 1S70 to 1903. 
 [United State.s Geological Survey, " Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 
 YEAK. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 
 Total 
 
 102,465,6.36 
 
 
 
 1870 
 
 13,200 
 
 15,000 
 
 16,800 
 
 44, 800 
 
 .50,400 
 
 67, 200 
 
 112,000 
 
 196,000 
 
 224,000 
 
 280, 000 
 
 3.'<0,.800 
 
 420, 000 
 
 896, 000 
 
 1,. 568, 000 
 
 2, 240, 000 
 
 2, 492, 000 
 
 1871 
 
 
 1872 
 
 1873 
 
 1871 
 
 1875 
 
 1876 
 
 1877 
 
 1878 
 
 1879 
 
 
 1881 
 
 
 18.S3 
 
 1,884 
 
 
 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 l.SMi . 
 1.SK7 . 
 
 1888 . 
 18,-<i) . 
 
 1890 . 
 
 1891 . 
 
 1892 . 
 
 1893 . 
 
 1894 . 
 
 1895 . 
 
 1896 . 
 
 1897 . 
 1898. 
 
 1899 . 
 
 1900 . 
 
 1901 . 
 
 1902 . 
 
 800, 000 
 950, 000 
 900, 000 
 572, 983 
 090, 409 
 759, 781 
 .529, 312 
 136, 935 
 397, 178 
 693, 775 
 748, 697 
 ,893, 770 
 535, 283 
 593,416 
 394, 275 
 099, 052 
 3.54, 570 
 
 Iron oiw. — Almost all of the known ores of iron occur, 
 but (except for small ((uantities of specular hematites, 
 magnetites, and pyrite) only two are mined, the red 
 hematite — Clinton fossil ore, red ore or Red Mountain 
 
 'Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, 
 Vol. XVII, page 207. 
 
 * llan(lh(j(.k of Alabama, by Saffold Berney, 1878, page 256. 
 
 ''United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1902, page 453. 
 
168 
 
 I\[INES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 ores — and liinonito or brown ores. The red hematite or 
 Clinton fossil ore belt has been the main dependence of 
 the coke-iron industry. 
 
 The first iron furnace was })uilt about 1818, a few 
 miles west of Russellville, in Franklin county, and was 
 abandoned in 1827.' A furnace was built at Polksville, 
 in Calhoun county, in 184:1, the Shelby furnace at 
 Shelby, in Shelby county, in 1848, and one at Round 
 mountain, in Cherokee county, in 1853. These were 
 all charcoal furnaces, and were the only ones in Alabama 
 enumerated by Leslie in 1856. The total product in 
 that year was 1,4115 o-ross tons of pi^- iron.' I)urino- 
 the Civil "War several new iron enterprises were under- 
 taken, but it was not until about 1870 that the indus- 
 trial development of the region of which Birmino-ham 
 is the center set in. The history of Hirmini^'hani. 
 which, in 1900, had a population of 38.415, dates from 
 July, 1871. when it was laid out l)y the Ealyton Land 
 Company. 
 
 The following table, compiled from the reports of 
 the United States Geological Survey, shows the pro- 
 duction of iron ore from 188'..t to I'.tOL': 
 
 Table 5. — Annnnl iirodnctioii of imn ore: lS'S:i lo 190.J. 
 [United States Geological Survey, '■ Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Long tons. 
 
 1 
 
 YEAR, 
 
 Long tons. 
 
 1889 . . 
 
 
 1,570,319 
 1,897,815 
 1,986,830 
 2,312,071 
 1,742,410 
 1.493,0815 
 2, 199, 390 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 2, 041, 793 
 
 1890 . . 
 1891 
 
 
 2,09S,621 
 2 401 748 
 
 1892 . . 
 
 1893 . . 
 
 1894 . . 
 
 
 2, i;i;2, 943 
 2, 7.59, 247 
 2,8111,732 
 
 1896 . . 
 
 
 3 574 474 
 
 
 
 
 Liiueitoru-H and doIomttrH. — The state has extensive 
 deposits of limestone, and 33 quarries were in operation 
 in 1902 in the coimties of Blount, Calhoun, Colbert, 
 Dekalb, Etowah. Franklin, Jackson, Jefferson, Lee, 
 Shelby, and Talladega. Naturally the iron furnaces 
 are the large.st consumers of limestone as flux, and (jver 
 90 per cent of the state's output was for flux and lime 
 burning. A dark, compact limestone occurs near Calera, 
 Shelby county, and a light colored, finely fossiliferous 
 one near Dick.son, Colbert county. 
 
 SdnrhtoneH and (juurtzitrH. — The sandstone (juariies 
 are in the Potsdam sandstone, which has lieen opened 
 in Colbert and Talladega counties, and in the sandstones 
 of the Coal Measures. On the line of the Alal)ama 
 Great Southern Railroad there occurs a yellow sand- 
 stone which is sufficiently soft to be cut with an ax, 
 but hardens on exposure. 
 
 (-'f<iij. — Fire clays are common in the Coal Measures 
 and also in the lowest Cretaceous beds. In the Tusca- 
 loosa fornjation pottery or stoneware clays are found 
 in Blount, Cherokee, Colbert, Elmore, Tuscaloosa, 
 
 ' Annual Statistical Report dI the .Vniericari Iron and Steel As.so- 
 fciation, 1900, page 17. 
 
 ^Iron in All Ages, by .JarneH M. Swank, page 2!l.'-!. 
 
 Pickens, Lamar, Fayette, Marion, and Franklin coun- 
 ties. China clays, kaolin, and ball clays have been 
 found at Rock Run, Cherokee county; Gadsden, Eto- 
 wah county; Kymulga, Talladega county; Fort Payne, 
 Dekall) county; Chalk Bluff', Marion county; and 
 Pegram, Colbert county. The kaolin found in many 
 portions of the state is in purity all that could be de- 
 sired. At Mew Jacksonville and 4 miles northeast of 
 Louina, Randolph county, extensive beds occur. A.s 
 the re]3orted clay product of the state is only foi' clay 
 dug or mined and sold as such, it is by no means a 
 measure of the total volume of the product mined, 
 since most of the manufacturers dig their own clay. 
 The extent and diversity of the claj" manufactures are 
 shown by the fact that there were 93 establishments in 
 19(M> in the classes of brick and tile and pottery, terra 
 cottaand fire clay products, having a value of §883.129. 
 
 All lit Jill' iiiiiii I'idx. —The bauxite belt extends in a 
 northeasterly and southwesterly direction through 
 Cherokee, Etowah, Calhoun, Cleburne, and Talladega 
 counties, with an average width of aljout in miles. It 
 is at tli(> l:)ottom of the Knox dolomite of the Lower 
 Silurian rocks.'' As early as 1888 ore from near An- 
 niston. in Calhoun county, was identified as bauxite and 
 tested in iron furnaces as to its adaptability for furnace 
 linings.* The deposits are all in pockets and are defi- 
 nitely connected with the numerous fault lines of the 
 region. On the expiration of the patents under which 
 the manufacture of aluminum is now held as a monop- 
 oly, the manufacture of this metal should be added to 
 the industries of the state, since the state po.ssesses 
 both the ore and cheap power for electric generation. 
 Numerous waterfalls and rapids are available for power, 
 thoLigh the abundance and cheapness of coal has much 
 retarded their utilization. 
 
 The state possesses all the materials for the manu- 
 facture of hydraulic cement, both from natural products 
 (limestone and clay), iind from basic slags and lime. 
 Undou1)tedly this is destined to Ije a growing industry. 
 The state now has one Portland cement plant and two 
 slag cement estal)lishments. 
 
 Although the present gold jdeld is triffing, the extent 
 of the auriferous deposits makes it probable that the 
 gold mines of the state ma^' again become of some 
 importance. The state possesses an abundance of low- 
 grade ores, which, with improved methods of concentra- 
 tion and extraction, may be worked profitably. The dis- 
 covery of gold in Alabama followed soon after the 
 gold discovery in Georgia in 1829. though there were 
 no mint returns from the state until 1840. Gold is 
 found in Cleburne, Clay. Talladega, Coosa, Chilton, 
 Elmore, Tallapoosa, Chambers, and Randolph counties, 
 both in quartz veins and surface gravel. All the earlier 
 
 ninited State.s Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 TTnited States," 1892, page 237. 
 
 'The Mineral Industry, 1895, Vol. IV, page 49. 
 
ALABAMA. 
 
 1G9 
 
 milling- was placer, no attention being given to aurif- 
 erous quartz until later. The chief districts were the 
 Goldville district, Tallapoosa county, and tiie Ai'ha- 
 coochee district, Cleburne county, the latter at one time 
 employing from 1,500 to 1,800 men in tiie placer mines. 
 The total value of the gold and silver product to date, 
 excluding that for 1895, which was not separately 
 reported, is, according to the estimates of the Director 
 of the Mint, $450,28!), of which $3()5,;iO(i was produced 
 prior to ISSO, the greatest product being between ISIO 
 and 1819. 
 
 Graphite has been mined in L'lel.)urne and Clay cduii- 
 ties and largely used for furnace linings. The graphite 
 mined in 1!;)U2 was from Clay county. 
 
 The state is rich in marbles, antl a report of theii- pro- 
 duction was mad(i for 1!»()2. A white marble occurs 1 
 miles west of Talladega and at several other points in 
 the same county, and a black marble is obtained south 
 of Talladega. Variegated inarl)les are widely dis- 
 tributed in the Tennessee valley, and the mountain lime- 
 stone at many points is of great purity. The colors are 
 gray with led veins, red and yellow, butt with fossils, 
 and white crystalline clouded with red and black.' 
 
 Pyrite occurring in a semicrystalline state has been 
 prospected in Clay county, and the pyrite output for 
 I'.tui! came from this county. 
 
 'Stniu's fur liuililintx and Deroratimi, liy George 1'. Merrill, 
 page 204. 
 
ARIZONA. 
 
 Table 1 is a summary of the statistics of the producing mines and quarries of the territory of Arizona 
 for 1902. 
 
 Table 1.— SUMMARY: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines or quarries. . 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries .'. 
 
 Wage-earners; 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 Value of product 
 
 113 
 
 158 
 
 445 
 J710, 183 
 
 5, 323 
 
 $5,059,065 
 
 8159,942 
 
 S392, 496 
 
 S3, OliO, 521 
 
 811,197,375 
 
 Copper. 
 
 2.58 
 $399, 275 
 
 3,797 
 
 83, 497,. 528 
 
 8122, 337 
 
 82.56, 763 
 
 82, 136, 676 
 
 SX, 279, 224 
 
 Gold and silver. 
 
 74 
 
 74 
 
 169 
 S283, 033 
 
 1,442 
 
 $1,498,251 
 
 $37, 605 
 
 $114,046 
 
 8.873,091 
 
 82,764,677 
 
 Sandstones 
 
 and 
 quartzites. 
 
 9 
 816, 776 
 
 32 
 4, 922 
 
 $9, 005 
 $.50, 220 
 $107, 910 
 
 All other 
 minerals. 1 
 
 5 
 50 
 
 9 
 
 $11,100 
 
 .52 
 
 838, 364 
 
 812,691 
 81,534 
 845, 564 
 
 ' Inrludes operators ;is follow'^: Fluorspar. 2: lead and zinc, 1; precious stones, 46 (1 mine): siliceous crystalline rocks, 1, 
 
 Arizona rank.s third among the .states and territories 
 in copper product, with a rapidly increasing output. 
 The territor}' ha.s extensive mineral depo.sits, and is 
 famous for the number of it.s big copper camps — among 
 them being Bisbee, Jerome, Clifton-Morenci, and 
 Globe — and the deposits are not confined to one locality 
 or district. It is also a large producer of gold and sil- 
 ver, and the agatized forest near the town of HoU>rook 
 is unique. 
 
 There are evidences of rude mining by prehistoric 
 people at a number of points, and it is more than prob- 
 able that the reduction of copper carbonates was prac- 
 ticed b}^ the aborigines. Lieutenant Gushing discov- 
 ered ancient oven furnaces in the Salt river valley near 
 ancient copper quarries or pocket mines, with slag and 
 charred grease wood in them, and tests of copper smelt- 
 ing which he made therein, produced copper buttons. ' 
 It seems likely that the iron ochers, malachites, and 
 azurites were mined in a crude way for pigments, and 
 prehistoric turcjutjise mines have been found at several 
 points, notably in the Dragoon mountains.' The various 
 canyons are said to afi'ord sections of e\'erv ge(.)l()gical 
 formation known in America and present unsurpassed 
 facilities for the stud\' of the earth's crust to ti great 
 depth. ^ 
 
 In addition to the mines referred to in Table 1 and 
 which were the source of commercial production in 
 1902, coal is found in the territory — the Deer Greek or 
 San Garlos field having been known for many 3'ears — 
 
 ' American Anthropologist, .January, 1904, pages 95 and 96. 
 ^Tlie Copjper Handbook, liy Horace J. Stevens, page 100. 
 'Lippincott'.'^ Pronouncing Gazetteer of the World, jiage 52.j. 
 
 (170) 
 
 but on account of its inaccessibility it has not been 
 commercially worked. Extensive deposits of onyx on 
 Big Bug creek, Yavapai county, were located in 1890, 
 since which time the beds have been opened at many 
 places there, and also at Cave creek. The colors are vari- 
 ous shades of red, pink, brown, yellow, and green, the 
 latter predominating. These have been worked to a 
 considerable extent but were idle in 1902. Onyx marble 
 in black and white occurs in Kirkland valley and also 
 near Greaterville.* Tungsten was discovered in the 
 Dragoon mountains near Benson, Cochise county, in 
 189rt, and the domestic production in 189S was chiefly, 
 from this locality. It is of the manganiferous variety 
 known as hiibnerite.'' It also occurs in the Arivaca 
 district, Pima county; in i\Iohave county, 16 miles 
 south of Hackberry; and at the Mammoth mine in 
 Pi nal county . Gypsum deposits are found near Phoenix 
 and at many other points. In the Santa Rita moun- 
 tains, Pima county, extensive deposits of a thickness 
 estiniiited tit over 2()0 feet were discovered by Prof. 
 W. P. Blake in 189(i. Tsickel has been reported as 
 found in Piniii county.'' ami quicksilver ore occurs near 
 Co])per Basin, Yavapai county.' Bismuth, magnesite, 
 and molybdenum ar(> also found. 
 
 There were Ssl operators engaged in development 
 work, without production, during the year, of whom 
 38(» were rep(nt,ed for gold and silver and 1 for petro- 
 
 * United States (ieologleal Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 UnitedStat.es," 1900, page 775. 
 
 ^The Mineral Indiistrv, ISHS, Vol. VII, page 719. 
 
 "Ibid., 1901, Vol. X, i)age484. 
 
 'United States (ieologieal Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1S92, page 1(31. " 
 
ARIZONA. 
 
 171 
 
 leum. These operators ^ave employment during tiie 
 year to 386 salaried officials, clerks, etc., who received 
 $459,452 in salaries and 2,246 wage-earners, who were 
 paid $2,329,945 in wages. For woi'k done by contract 
 $197,324 was paid to 317 employees. The miscellaneous 
 expenses amounted to $124,849 and the cost of supplies 
 and materials to $924,313. 
 
 Table 2 shows the value of the products of the nian- 
 ufacturing industries of the territory, based primarily 
 upon minerals mined or quarried, and also tlie value of 
 all products manufactured in Arizona in 1900. 
 
 Table 12. — Mann fact ares haned primarily iijion the pruJucts of inines 
 anil ijiiarrirx: 1900. 
 
 INDUSTKY. 
 
 Value of products. 
 
 
 
 Based upon products of mines or qnarrit's: 
 
 Clay, glass, and stone productn 
 
 Iron and steel and their products 
 
 Metals and metal products, other than iron and 
 steel 
 
 ^9,975 
 17,301,^17 
 
 
 207, 722 
 
 
 
 
 
 All other 
 
 3,.SS7,317 
 
 
 
 1 Includes products of 1 establishment under chemicals and allied products. 
 
 According to Table 2 the value of the products of 
 manufactures, based primarily upon minerals mined or 
 quarried, amounted to $17,727,872, or 83.2 per cent of 
 the total. The total value of the product of mines and 
 quarries in Arizona in 1902 and manufactures in 1900 
 was $32,512,564, of which amount mines and quai'ries 
 contributed 34.4 per cent and manufactures 65.6 per cent. 
 
 The average number of wage-earners in Arizona en- 
 gaged in mining, as reported for 1902, was 5,323 and tiie 
 wages paid amounted to $5,059,065. The average num- 
 ber of wage-earners engaged in manufactures as re- 
 ported at the Twelfth ("ensus was 3,266, and the wages 
 paid amounted to $2,369,065. Thus, the two industries 
 together gave employment to an average of 8,589 wage- 
 earners during the year and paid $7,428,130 in wages. 
 Mines and quarries, therefore, gave employment to 62 
 per cent of the wage-earners and paid 68.1 per cent of 
 the wages, while manufactures furnished employment 
 to 38 per cent of the wage-earners and paid 31.9 per cent 
 of the wages. 
 
 Cojyper. — Within the present area of the United 
 States the first western smelting was done before the 
 Gadsden Purchase, in New Mexico and Arizona, which 
 were not separated . until 1863. The copper mines 
 in the Santa Rita mountains near Silver City, N. Mex., 
 were actively worked and their ores suKdtcd early 
 in the century, and the first copper smelting done after 
 the cession of New Mexico and Arizona and before 
 the Civil War was at the Hanover mine. The copper 
 bars were hauled to Galveston, Tex. Shortly after- 
 ward copper was mined on the Bill Williams Fork, 
 
 Arizona, which empties into the Colorado at Aultrej^ 
 Most of it was shipped as ore, but there stood at 
 Aubrey in 1895 an old ruined water-jacketed furnace of 
 most odd design. There is no local tradition as to when 
 it was used, and, therefore, it may represent the first 
 attempt at water-jacketed furnaces, as applied to copper 
 smelting.' 
 
 The Clifton copper district, now generally known as 
 Clifton-Morenci, was discovered about 1865 and has 
 been the scene of continuous mining since 1872. It is 
 the oldest producing copper mining district in Arizona.'^ 
 The first smelting was done in 1874 at the Longfellow 
 mine, with a small Mexican adol)e furnace, a blast 
 being supplied by a common blacksmith's bellows.' 
 
 The second copper district to become productive was 
 the Warren district, better known as the Bisbee mining 
 camp, located in the Mule Pass mountains, Cochise 
 county. It was originally discovered by Henry Warren, 
 but it was not until 1x79 that any work of moment was 
 done. The first water-jacket furnace put up in Arizona, 
 of which there is an authentic record, was ei'ected in 
 the autumn of 1880 at the since famous Coj^per Queen 
 mine, which from that time to the present has been a 
 famous producer.* 
 
 A great impetus has been given to mining in this dis- 
 trict by the success of the Calumet and Arizona Mining 
 Companv in developing ore with deep mining. Al- 
 though nothing of particular value was encountered 
 above a depth of 700 feet, the immense ore bodies 
 opened up l)elow that level have made this property, 
 which became a producer in 1902, one of the future 
 great mines of the w^orld." The deep developments on 
 an extensive scale inaugurated by a number of compa- 
 nies in this camp gives promise of a large increase in 
 the copper product of the territory within the near 
 future. 
 
 The Globe district in Gila county has been a large 
 producer since 1882. The original discovery was made 
 many years before, but no locations wei'e made, as 
 copper was at that time valueless in that inaccessible 
 territory." 
 
 The Jerome district has been made famous by the 
 United Verde, which was originally a small gold and 
 silver mine. The mine is opened on a single monstrous 
 lens of sulphide ore, in slate, said to be at least 1,900 
 feet long, with an extreme width of 600 feet and hav- 
 ing a dip of 72 degrees. The ore, owing to excess of 
 sulphur, frequently catches fire from spontaneous com- 
 
 1 The Mineral Industry, ISOS, Vol. IV, page 280. 
 
 "TransactionH of the American Institute ot Mining Engineers, 
 Vol. XV, page 2S. 
 
 Ml. id., page 42. 
 
 ■'Ibid.,imt,'e.=^2. 
 
 ■'The Copper Handbook, Vol. Ill, page 22o. 
 
 "Transactions of the American Institute ot IMuung Engineers, 
 Vol. kv, ].age 50. 
 
172 
 
 i\IINES AND QlJAKKllvS. 
 
 Imstion, and the mine 1ms surt'ori'd iiuicli from lires. 
 Owing to the precipitous nature of the ground and tlic 
 location of the snudtcr and town of .leronu' in a narrow 
 gorge, witli tlie smelter s(|iiarely on toj) of the mine, 
 the ore is handled iu a somewhat unique fashion. All 
 oi-e is sent to the 500-foot le\el and thence (rammed out 
 through a l,30(l-foot tunnid to the roast yard, ^^'hen 
 roasted, the ore is tranuiied back through the tunnel 
 into the mine and hoisted through the shafts to the 
 smelter.' 
 
 Besides these l)ig camps, there are a numlx'rof othei's 
 which woidd be notable^ in any other section t)f the 
 country. The Ajo copper nun(>s in Yuma county were 
 among the first discovered. 
 
 Gold iiiiil x/Ii; )■. — Ores of gold and siher are widely 
 distributed and the territory has a nund)er of notaiile 
 mines. The bonanza of the Silver King mine of Pinal 
 county, discoA'ered in 1874, is famotis in the annals of 
 the territory.- It is credited with the jiayment of 
 $2,000,0(10 in dividends. The first locations in Tomli- 
 stone, Cochise county, were made in fsTs. and u[) to 
 January 1, 1SS2. or in less than three years, the gold 
 and silver output of the camp aggregated ft, ;!;■)!•, 2(K», 
 of which over $3,00(t,()(H) had bi'eii disburscti in (li\i- 
 dends.^ Following the detdine in the price of sih'i'r, 
 and partly on account of ditliculties experienced in 
 draining the mines at Tondistone, they closed down aii<l 
 remained idle for a nundici' of years. Active woi'k was 
 resumed in the Tombstone mining district in l'.M»l-2. 
 nearly all the important claims ha\ing been combined 
 in the hands of one company.' 
 
 The Congi'css mines in Yavapai county were Hrst 
 opened in ISST, and were successfully operated until 
 September, iSid, when they vver-e closed, andtheproj)- 
 erty I'emained idle until March, 1S1>4. Th(! mines have 
 now been opened to a depth of l.Soo feet.'^' 
 
 The La Fortuna and the King of .Vrizona, of Yuma 
 count}', the ^Mammoth, of Final county, and th(> famous 
 Vulture, of Maricopa county, which in years past was 
 one of the great wealth producers of thc^ Southwest, are 
 but a few of the mines wljicli have h(d])ed tcj mak(! the 
 reputation of Arizona. 
 
 Table 3, compiled from the annual i-e])orts of the l)i- 
 rector of the Mint, shows the annual pi'oduction and 
 value of gold and silver in the tei'ritory of Arizona, from 
 1889 to 1H02, inclusive. 
 
 Tahi.k .'5. — Ainiiial I'mdiirlUni miil ruliii' nj' i/nlil mnl silnr: /.s'.v,'/ /o 
 
 
 Ilc|..ills l.f III 
 
 • Ilircrl.M-.if II 
 
 .• Minl.l 
 
 
 
 GOLD.' 
 
 sii,\'i,:u.i 
 
 
 FiiU' (Unices. 
 
 ^'IlIlu'. 
 
 Fine (iiiiii'i's. 
 
 (.'llillillK \nluc. 
 
 ISSi) 
 
 isao 
 
 isai 
 
 1S02 
 
 ■i;i,.''i;i7 
 •IH, :i7r. 
 i7,ii;i; 
 
 M.-lll 
 
 rw.'j.sii 
 a(i,;ii;i 
 
 a.'"i, U72 
 
 rjri,a7H 
 1 HI, (isa 
 na/Jia 
 li;i,i;i;i 
 'jo'2, .sriii 
 iu7,r.ir. 
 
 19H,a33 
 
 .ifaoo, oiiu 
 
 1.000,000 
 
 a7,f), 0(10 
 
 1 , 070, 000 
 
 i.rsi.aio 
 1 , aao, aiiii 
 
 1 , 9ll,'>, :!0ll 
 1!, OOI.'JOO 
 
 '2, ,Ha,'t, aoo 
 ■2, 1(1,^,100 
 
 2, ,^)fl(i, 10(1 
 
 ir.K.iod 
 ■1, lis;!, 000 
 
 ■1,1 12, 1100 
 
 1 , ."lOO, 000 
 
 1.000,0(10 
 1, ISO, lino 
 1. li;i,'.iiio 
 ■J, a:i,^>, 700 
 1 , ,'"i:ta, i.'iH 
 a.so.aiiii 
 l,ai:;,oini 
 ■j,'j:ia.aoo 
 
 ■J.'J'lti.SllO 
 
 l,,'i7,s.;«io 
 'J,'.iari,,siiii 
 
 'J,SI2, 1011 
 
 ;i,iii;i,loii 
 
 Si,a;ia,;ia:i 
 1 , i!a'.>, a2a 
 raiii.Wf, 
 
 i.sa:i 
 
 :i 79,^) (i.V.i 
 
 isai 
 
 ISHS 
 
 isai; 
 
 isav 
 
 IS'IH 
 
 i,aao.,|(M 
 1 , 275, aao 
 2,i7;i,37;i 
 2,saii,o;i2 
 2 aoi a.M 
 
 
 
 
 "l,sri7,2IO 
 
 lam 
 
 '^ 1 lis" -MO 
 
 mil'.; 
 
 -i,i;i2,K.i:i 
 
 
 
 iMi'nnri 
 
 'Tfie Copper Handliook, Yul. Ill, pafiv. F,HO. 
 "The Mineral Jnilnstry, 1,S',(2, Vol. I, pa^e l':iO. 
 'Tran.sactioijK of tlie Aniericuii Iiistitiitc of Mi 
 Vol. X, page '.i'.U. 
 
 ■'Report of the territorial governor nf YVrizoiiii, lilOii, pag(^ 40. 
 
 ■'Iljid. ,]!«):), iiage IL':;. 
 
 MCsliiuiil.'s ..!' Ihr nirc'CliM- "f llir :MiTil, Miliircil" ivliur.l prcidnii , .sil vrr lit 
 
 i-iiinillK Vllllir 'I'hr Vnllli'S i;ivril in 'I'lllilr I Hlr llic Vllllirs ill Ilir liliri|,. 
 - CDlllllUTfill I \';llili'. 
 
 A// otlur mi II, ruin. Fbiiirsjiar was mined by two 
 operators in ^'uma coimly. 
 
 Lead ore was onl\' pioduced l)\' one mine operated as 
 such, though the territory produces consid(M'alile lead 
 as a, l)y-prodiict of its gold and sih'cr ores. 
 
 The production of the territory' classilied under ])re- 
 cious stones comiH'iscs, in the order of tlieil' \'alnes, 
 tur([Uoise, silicitied wood, garnet, and ])eridot or chryso- 
 lite. Tunpioisi>s wiM'c found worn liy the natix'es on 
 the lirsl entry of Marcos de Niza intci the countr\' in 
 l;");',!*, and jindiistoric tunpioise mines ha\e been found 
 at se\-eral [loints. Turi(uoise mining was almost un- 
 known ill the Fnited Stales when the census of l,S'.H( 
 was taken, but it is now a regulai' industry. 'I'he j)res- 
 ent production of the territory comes from Mohave 
 county. Till' agatized forest oi Arizona, located in 
 Apache county, not far from tin; town of Holbrook, 
 affords a wealth of beautiful ornamental stone uii- 
 e(|ualled anywhere in the world. The logs and ti'iinks 
 of ancient trees, coiu'crted into agate and chalcedon\- of 
 mingled shades, when lait and polished, gi\-e most ex- 
 i|uisite elfects (d' line and color. The yi(\ld reported in 
 the last four years was i|i;2,(H)() in bS'dS, $3,0(10 in bSDlj, 
 $(;,<)(KI in I'.KM), and $7,()(l(» in I'.Hll. 
 
 P>olicmian m' jiyrope gai'iiets sire found in scN'eral 
 places in northern Arizona, and are sometimes called 
 Ariz(nia I'libics. They are found gc'ierally around ant 
 hills atid scorpion holes, wliei'ethe\' ha,\e been brought 
 up and llirown out by the insects. The production of 
 peridot or chi'ysolite is rcpoi'ted from Oila county, the 
 specimens being found and brought in by Indians and 
 others. The saiidst.one (piarried was used chielly for 
 building stone, and the siliceous cr\'slalline I'ock or 
 granite ipiarried was all dressed for monumental work. 
 
ARKANSAS. 
 
 Tiihle 1 is II suniiiiarv of the stiitistics of the ])roductivo. iiiiiics jiiid <[iuirri('s in the stiilc of Arkansjis for 1902. 
 
 Table 1.— SUMMARY: 190:-'. . 
 
 Number of mines or quarrirs . 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried offit'ials, t'lerks. vU-.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials. 
 Value of product 
 
 Total. 
 
 Coal, bitu- 
 minous. 
 
 Limestones j Sandstones 
 
 and t and 
 dolomites. ' quartzitcs. 
 
 Oilstones 
 and whet- 
 stones. 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 Bauxite. 
 
 Siliceous 
 
 crvstalline 
 
 "rocks. 
 
 All other 
 minerals. 1 
 
 120 
 131 
 
 53 
 33 
 
 13 
 12 
 
 18 
 17 
 
 19 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 60 
 
 21U 
 
 SI 91, 528 
 
 146 
 $148,113 
 
 16 
 S7. ,864 
 
 11 
 
 $5, 806 
 
 $1,050 
 
 13 
 310, 875 
 
 31,650 
 
 lO 
 $16. 170 
 
 2, 9-14 
 
 31,945,479 
 
 SSCO 
 
 2,574 
 
 81,7.80,061 
 
 $485 
 
 382, 949 
 
 $177, 716 
 
 $2, .539, 214 
 
 119 
 S43,6.S0 
 
 111 
 352,170 
 
 310,615 
 
 30 
 
 314,. 504 
 
 3375 
 
 34, 17.5 
 
 310, 602 
 
 313,920 
 
 10 
 $4,260 
 
 840, 189 
 
 S95,4,S1 
 
 $244,379 
 
 32, .840, S41 
 
 31,716 
 
 332, .579 
 
 $113,163 
 
 31,530 
 $7,915 
 $85, 917 
 
 $685 
 31, 625 
 321,275 
 
 8945 
 
 86.50 
 
 812,115 
 
 S3, 481 
 813, 292 
 854, 787 
 
 1 Includes operators as follows: .-Vsplialtnm and bituminous rock, 1: fii! 
 1; phosphate rock, 1; precious stones, 50 (no mines]; slate. 1. 
 
 ; earth, 2; gold and silver, 1; manganese tire, 2; marble, 1; mineral pigments, crude, 
 
 The chief mineral product of the Mtate i.s l.iituniinou.s I i.-^ a part of the Mi.ssouri di.strict. The first active 
 
 coal, though the amount is not large. The mining of 
 bauxite is a new and growing industry. The oilstones 
 and whetstones of the state, made, from novaculite, 
 have a high reputation. 
 
 In addition to the minerals referred to in Ttdile 1, 
 there are other important minenil products of which the 
 state has been a producer, though they were not re- 
 ported as l)eing mined in commercial (puintities in r.H(-j. 
 and still others that exist in such tjuantitiesas to justify 
 the belief that with development or with improved 
 transportation facilities they m;iy add to the wealth of 
 the state. Among these are: Antimony, which is said 
 to occur in sufficient ([uantity in Sevier county to be of 
 commercial value;' Portland cement, which was for- 
 merly manufactured at ^Miit(> Cliiis from the clialk 
 deposits of southwest Arkansas, but which wtis not pro- 
 
 mining was in 18T.5, when ;i smelter was erected at Cala- 
 mine, Sharp county, f or tlie reduction of carlionate ores. 
 The enterprise was not succes^ful, and was abandoned. 
 In ISSO a lead smelter wiis erected ;it Leadhill and was 
 operated for a sliort time. The next development of 
 note was in 1SSL\ when ;i smelter was built and a town 
 laid out ;it Boxley, Newton county. Operations were 
 continued for a yetir. but the long wagon haul of 9.5 
 miles to the nearest railroad was too great a tax, and 
 operations were suspended. The Morning Star mine, 
 ill Marion coiiuty, \v;is discovered in Lss4. The exhib 
 itor of a monster pieci.' of zinc carbonate, which weighed 
 12,750 pounds, from this mine, was awarded a gold 
 medal at the Chicago Columbian Exposition. Smith- 
 .sonite, calamine, and sphalerit(> ores are found, the last 
 named being the most fretiuent in occurrence.' Aruen- 
 
 duced again until l',«>o, the remodeling of the plant lieing i tiferous lead ha; 
 
 been found in Pulaski, Sevier. Polk, 
 
 in progress in 1902; copper, which, in the form of car- 
 bonates and sulphates, has ))een found in many counties, 
 notably in Searcy, and which wtis ])artially developed in 
 188.5;° andiron ores, which are f(.)uiKl at many ]5oints in 
 the state, but not in extensive cleposits. 
 
 The tardiness of the development of the zinc and lead , Roek;'' soapstone i 
 deposits is due in part to the topography of the district, 
 through which there have been no railroads until re- 
 cently. The zinc bearing ore district of north Arkansas 
 
 Montgomerv, and Howard counties.' Extensive beds 
 of gypsum, often crystallized into selenite. are found in 
 Pike, Bradley, and Howard counties;'' kaolin is known 
 to occur in Pike, Pultiski, Saline, and Ouachita counties;* 
 lithographic stone of excellent ([uality occurs near Little 
 
 found in 
 
 Saline county, and has 
 
 1 Bureau of Mines, Manufactures, an.l A,u;ricnlture of Arkansas, 
 Sixth Biennial Report, pa,£!;e \H2. 
 
 ^ Products and Resources of Arkansas, liyD. McRae, lS8o, page 11. 
 
 'Transactions of the American Institute nf MiniuR Engineers, 
 
 Vol. XXXb patre.'WH. , , • ,. t . i 
 
 * Bureau of Mines, Manufactures, an.l .V.grienltnre of Arkansas, 
 
 Fourth Biennial Ke]>ort, page 110. 
 ■■^United States (4eological Survey, 
 
 United States," 1889-90, page 519. 
 
 'Mineral Resources of the 
 
 (173) 
 
174 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 been quarried to some extent.;' nickel occur,s sparingly 
 in Saline county; and oil and gas have been found in 
 small quantities. 
 
 Development work on deposits of asphaltum, gold 
 and silver, and natural gas was reported by 3 operators. 
 The total expense for development work was $5,800; 
 of this amount $-l:,500, expended for work done by con- 
 tract, furnished employment to 5 employees. 
 
 The following table shows the value of the products 
 of those manufacturing industries of the .state in 1900 
 that were based primarily upon minerals mined or quar- 
 ried, and also the value of all products manufactured in 
 Arkansas during that year: 
 
 Table 2. — Manufactures based primarily upon the products of mines 
 and quarnes: 1900. 
 
 INDUSTRY. 
 
 Value of product. 
 
 
 $45,197,731 
 
 Based upon products of mines or quarrie.s: 
 
 Clay, glass, and stone products 
 
 S652, 676 
 456, 814 
 
 Metals and metal products, other than iron and 
 steel 
 
 229 697 
 
 
 876, 703 
 
 
 
 
 
 All other. 
 
 42 981 841 
 
 
 
 According to the foregoing table the value of the prod- 
 ucts of manufactures, based primarily upon minerals 
 mined or quarried, amounted to $2,215,.S90, or 4.1) per 
 cent of the total. The combined value of the products 
 of mines and quarries in Arkan.sas in l',H}2 and manu- 
 factures in 1900 was $48,0.38,072, of which amount 
 manufactures contributed 94.1 per cent and mines and 
 quarries 5.9 per cent. 
 
 The average number of wage-earners in Arkansas 
 engaged in manufacturing at the Twelfth Census was 
 26,501 and the wages paid amounted to $8,686,291. In 
 1902 the average number of wage-earners reported as 
 engaged in mining was 2,9-44 and the wages paid 
 amounted to $1,945,4:79. The two industries, therefore, 
 gave employment to an average of 29,445 wage-earners 
 during the year and paid $10,631,770 in wages. Manu- 
 factures alone gave emploj'ment to 90 per cent of the 
 wage-earners, who received 81.7 per cent of the wages, 
 while mines and quarries furnished employment to only 
 10 per cent of the wage-earners, who received 18.3 per 
 cent of the wages. 
 
 Table 3 shows the value of the annual production of 
 the principal minerals of the state from 1890 to 1902. 
 
 ' Products and Resources of Arkansas, 1885, page 1.3. 
 
 Table 3. — Value rjf annual production of principal minercds: 1890" 
 
 to 1902. 
 
 [United States Geological Survey, " Mineral Resources of tlie United States."] 
 
 YEAH. 
 
 Coal, bitu- 
 minous. 
 
 Limestones Sandstones 
 
 and and 
 dolomites, quartzites. 
 
 1890 
 
 J.514,.595 
 
 647,560 
 
 666, 230 
 
 773,347 
 
 631,988 
 
 7.51,156 
 
 765, 577 
 
 903, 993 
 
 1, 238, 778 
 
 989, 383 
 
 1,6.53,618 
 
 2, 068, 613 
 
 2, 539, 214 
 
 SIS, 360 
 20, 000 
 18, 000 
 7,611 
 38, 228 
 47, 376 
 30, 708 
 44, 222 
 54, 373 
 71,965 
 71,407 
 68, 319 
 
 113,163 
 
 826, 074 
 
 1891 ... 
 
 20 OOO 
 
 1892 
 
 18, OOO 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 1895 
 
 1896 
 
 3,292 
 
 2,365 
 
 13, 228 
 
 1 400 
 
 1897 
 
 3,161 
 24 825 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 73,616 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 104, 923 
 62, 825- 
 85, 917 
 
 Coal. — Practically no coal was mined prior to 1870, 
 thoug^i it has been stated that some was taken out that 
 year. Mining on a commercial scale can hardly be 
 considered to antedate 1883, and from that time to 1887 
 the production was almost entirely confined to Johnson 
 and Polk counties.^ Most of the coal mined is of a very 
 superior qualit}^ 
 
 In 1902 coal production was reported from Sebastian, 
 Johnson, Franklin, Pope, Scott, Logan, and Ouachita 
 counties, over 68 per cent of the product being from 
 Sebastian countj^ alone. 
 
 Table 4 shows the annual production of bituminous 
 coal in Arkansas from 1880 to 1902, inclusive, the fig- 
 ures being taken from the 1902 report of the United 
 States Geological Survey. 
 
 Table Jr. — Annual production of coal, hitnminous: 1S80 to 1902. 
 [United States Geological Survey, " Mineral Resources of tlie United States."] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 Total 
 
 13,027,979 
 
 1880' 
 
 14, 778 
 10,000 
 15, 000 
 60, 000 
 75, 000 
 100,000 
 12S, 000 
 129, 600 
 276, 871 
 279, .584 
 399, 888 
 
 1881 
 
 1882 ... . 
 
 18,83 
 
 1884 
 
 1886 
 
 1886 
 
 1887 
 
 1888 
 
 1889 
 
 1890 
 
 
 1891 
 1892 
 1893 
 1894 
 1896 
 1896 
 1897 
 1898 
 1899 
 1900 
 1901 
 1902 
 
 542, 379 
 636, 558 
 574, 763 
 512, 626 
 598, 322 
 675, 374 
 8.56, 190 
 205, 479 
 843, 664 
 447, 945 
 816,136 
 943, 932 
 
 Llinestoiii'S and doloinitefi. — Limestone occurs quite 
 generally throughout the .state. ' The production in 1902 
 was valued at $113,163, of which $82,853 was for stone 
 made into lime and $22,510 for crushed stone used for 
 roadmaking and railroad ballast. The balance was for 
 
 '' Arkansas Geological Survey, 1888, Vol. Ill, page 35. 
 
AIIKANSAS. 
 
 175 
 
 riprap, building stone, curbing, and other uses. A 
 marked increase is shown for 1902 in the value of lime- 
 stone crushed for roadmaking. 
 
 Sandstones and qucwUites. — The whole western side 
 of the state is underlaid with a metamorphosed sand- 
 stone, and quarries have been opened in Carroll, Con- 
 way, Crawford, Independence, Johnson, Polk, Pope, 
 Pulaski, Sebastian, Washington, and White counties.' 
 Nearty one-half of the sandstone product was used for 
 railroad ballast. 
 
 Oilstones and whetstones. — In the Washita mountains 
 west of Little Rock are large masses of novaculite from 
 which the finest whetstones, known in the market as 
 "Arkansas" and "Washita" stones, are made. The 
 principal quarries are on Quarry or Whetstone moun- 
 tain, near Hot Springs, Garland county, though the 
 stone is also quarried in Saline county. The stones 
 were first put on the market about 1840, in which year 
 a quantity of rough stone was shipped to Europe and 
 cut into whetstones. The next j'ear a small quantit}^ 
 was cut up and manufactured into oilstones at St. Louis, 
 and since that time the demand has continued steady.'^ 
 The Arkansas stone is a true novaculite, an average 
 analysis showing it to contain 99. .5 per cent of silica.' 
 
 Bauxite. — The bauxite beds of Pulaski county were 
 discovered b}' John C. Branner, state geologist, in 1887. 
 At the time the I'ock was identified it was being exten- 
 sivelj" used for roadmaking. In some cases it contains 
 so much iron that the beds have been prospected with 
 a view to using the material as an iron ore. In other 
 cases it contains so much silica and so little water that 
 it is not distinguishable b}' analysis from ordinarj'' kao- 
 lin, and the varieties grade insensibly into each other 
 with no line of demarcation. It has been found in 
 Arkansas only in Tertiary areas and in the vicinity of 
 eruptive sj'enites. The beds vary greath' in thickness, 
 the thickest found being 10 feet.* 
 
 The production of bauxite since 1899, when it was 
 first reported, is shown in the following table: 
 
 Table 5. — Annual production of bauxite: 1S99 to 1903. 
 [United States Geological Survey, " Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Long tons. 
 
 1899 
 
 .5, 045 
 
 1900 - 
 
 3, 445 
 
 1901 
 
 867 
 
 
 4, 645 
 
 
 
 ' Bureau of Mines, Manufactures, and Agriculture of Arkansas, 
 Fourth Biennial Report, page 117. 
 
 '' The Mineral Industry, 1892, Vol. I, page 464. 
 
 'United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1901, page 785. 
 
 * Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, 
 Vol. XXX, page 347. 
 
 All other «iv'«Y?r«&.— Asphaltum was reported from 
 Pike county in 1003 by one operator. 
 
 The only states producing fuller's earth in 1902 were 
 Arkansas and Florida, the Arkansas product coming 
 from Saline county. It was first discovered in the 
 United States at Quincy, Fla. , in 189.3, where the greater 
 part of the output of the United States has since been 
 obtained. 
 
 The Arkansas granite, whether as paving stone or as 
 building material, is unsurpa.ssed and has been used to 
 a considerable extent within and without the state.^ 
 The Pulaski county quarries, three in number, were 
 the only ones reported as in operation in 1902, with a 
 product valued at $12,11.5. This is a decline from for- 
 mer years, the product in 1900 having been valued at 
 162,500. 
 
 Manganese ore was mined in 1860, though the first 
 report of output was made in 1868. The industry in- 
 creased steadilj^ and a decade ago Arkansas was the 
 principal manganese producing state. Its maximum 
 output was in 1892, when the quantity reported was 
 6,708 tons. Since 1896 the output has declined rapidly. 
 The entire production has come from the Batesville dis- 
 trict. Independence county. There are vast deposits in 
 Polk countj^ and also in Izard count}', but the high 
 phosphorous contents, distance from railroad, and ex- 
 pense of mining l:ave rendered much of it unmarket- 
 able." The annual production of this mineral from 1881 
 to 1902, inclusive, is shown in the following table: 
 
 Table 6. — Annual produrlion of manganese ore: 1881 to 1903. 
 [United States Geological Survey, " Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Long tons. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Long tons. 
 
 1881 
 
 100 
 
 175 
 
 400 
 
 800 
 
 1,483 
 
 3,316 
 
 5, 651 
 
 4,312 
 
 2, .528 
 
 5,339 
 
 1,6,50 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 1895 
 
 6,708 
 
 ]8R'J 
 
 1883 
 
 2, 020 
 1,934 
 2,991 
 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 3,421 
 
 188ti 
 
 3, 240 
 
 18S7 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 2, 662 
 366 
 
 1889 
 
 1900 
 
 146 
 
 1890 
 
 1901 
 
 91 
 
 
 1902 
 
 82 
 
 
 
 
 Although Arkansas does not take high rank as a pro- 
 ducer of the precious metals, yet gold and silver occur 
 in manj' localities. Argentiferous galena is found in 
 Pulaski, Sevier, Polk, Montgomery, and Howard 
 counties.' Gold and silver mines in Polk county were 
 prospected as early as 1860, and mining and develop- 
 ment work was reported in 1902, with production from 
 one mine in Polk county. 
 
 '' Bureau of Mines, Manufactures, and Agriculture of Arkansas, 
 Sixth Biennial Report, 1899-1900, page 167. 
 "Products and Resources of Arkansas, 1885, page 10. 
 'Ibid., page 11. 
 
176 
 
 MINES AND QUARlllES. 
 
 Marble is found in Independence, Izaitl, Marion. 
 Seiirey, Carroll, Saline, N(<wton, and Madison counties. 
 It is of tine texture and various colors — pink, ^'ray, 
 white, and black.' The value of the product reported 
 for the state in lsi)9 was$?>,4lO. A small amount was 
 also reported in 1901. The production reported for 
 1902 was from Carroll county. 
 
 There are extensive deposits of ocher found near 
 Monticello, in Drew county, and in Clay county. There 
 are also deposits in southern Arkansas and in other 
 parts of the state. The production of crude mineral 
 pigments reported for r.M)2 was from Clay county. 
 
 Phosphate beds occur — associated with what is known 
 as the Sylamoro sandstone and the Eurekashale — in the 
 vicinity of Hickory valley, in the neighborhood of 
 Cushman, Independence county, and at other points. 
 The production reported for 19(iy was from Independ- 
 
 ' Products and Resources of Arkansas, JSS5, page 12. 
 
 ence county. Phosphate beds are also found in connec- 
 tion with the beds of the Ouachita uplift, and are known 
 to occur in some of the Cretaceous beds of the state. 
 The Cretaceous marls of the southwestei'n portion of 
 the state are ver}^ like the Creensand marls of New 
 Jersey, and are in all probability' equall)' suitable for 
 fertilizers.' 
 
 As pi-ecious stones, the quartz crystals of Hot Springs, 
 <Tarland county, are famous, and th(dr collection for sale 
 to tourists has been an industry of many A'ears' standing. 
 Though n(jt largo enough for art purposes, they are 
 beautiful as specimens. They are also found in Mont- 
 gomery and Saline counties. 
 
 Roofing slate is found in Montgomery', Pike, Polk, 
 Pulaski, Saline, and Sevier counties. The production 
 reported for 1902 was from Montgomery county. ■ 
 
 ^Transactions of tlic American Institute of Mining Engineers, 
 Vol. KXVI, jiageoSU. 
 
CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Tabic 1 is a suinrnary of tlie statistics for tht' productixe miiios, (|uarries, and wells in the state of California 
 for 1W2, which ineludes 2 operators in Alaska and 1 operator hi Hawaii, to avoid disrdosin^- operations of 
 individual concerns. 
 
 Tahi.ic 1.— SUMMARY; 1902. 
 
 Number of mines, quarrie:s,ainl 
 
 wells 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries i 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneuus expenses I 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials..' 
 Value of product I 
 
 Total. 
 
 4,037 
 1,652 
 
 1,432 
 Jl , 887, 860 
 
 12, 964 
 
 811,050,666 
 
 8520, 894 
 
 81,783,790 
 
 85, 673, 755 
 
 828, 870, 406 
 
 (il.ldulHl t, 
 
 S7.1U1 
 
 847. 
 
 8967 
 
 82, 966 
 
 815, 473 
 
 ,020 
 ,020 
 
 748 
 1,846 
 
 ,989 
 003 
 066 
 755 
 102 
 091 
 
 8452 
 
 1 
 
 81,087 
 
 8431 
 
 8571 
 
 81,479 
 
 84,873 
 
 :, 757 
 290 
 
 384 
 , 320 
 
 10 
 814,778 
 
 141 
 8108,525 
 
 846, 206 
 
 8210,729 
 
 2, 370, 994 
 
 CopptT. 
 
 38 
 848, 033 
 
 496 
 8445,247 
 
 815, 307 
 
 8211,163 
 
 51,599,663 
 
 Qiiirk.sil- 
 vsr. 
 
 Siliceou,'^ 
 
 crystalline 
 
 rot'ks. 
 
 36 
 34 
 
 98 
 8134,278 
 
 1,096 
 
 879.3,926 I 
 
 822,929 I 
 
 $63,462 I 
 
 $248,894 
 
 81,295,740 
 
 38 
 f46, 0.54 
 
 920 
 , 658 
 
 839, 232 
 
 8115,429 
 
 81,137,679 
 
 Sand- 
 Limestones Mtones 
 
 and and 
 
 dolomites, qnartz- 
 iles. 
 
 1' 
 14 
 
 7 
 89, 400 
 
 281 
 
 $163, 130 
 
 $4,000 
 
 $16, 790 
 
 $111, .564 
 
 '$521,093 
 
 = 16 
 11 
 
 363 
 8209,433 
 
 814,7.58 
 880,967 
 8469,016 
 
 Asphal- 
 tum and 
 bitumi- 
 nous 
 roclt. 
 
 3 
 
 88,280 
 
 32 
 820,031 
 
 All other 
 minerals. 1 
 
 $1, 185 
 
 $1,350 
 
 $101,353 
 
 108 
 101 
 
 98 
 8114,0.31 
 
 .534 
 
 $373,874 
 
 $15, 200 
 
 858, 897 
 
 8248, 029 
 
 SI , 028, 1.59 
 
 1 Includes operators as lollows; Cement, 2; chrome ore, 1; clay, 6, 
 and pumice, 1; lithium ore, 2; magnesite,!; manganese ore, 3: marble, 
 47 (31 mines); slate, 1; sulphur and pyrite, 2; and talc and soapstone. 1. 
 
 2 Includes 1 operator in Hawaii. 
 
 ' Exceeds United States Geological Survey report by 824,250, the v;ilu 
 
 al, bituminous, 10 (including 2 operators in Alaska); gypsum, 1; infusorial earth, tripoli, 
 niira, 1 (10 mines); mineral pigments, crude, 2; natural gas, 15 (29 wells); precious stones, 
 
 itf limestone quarried for cciuent. 
 
 Gold i.s l)y far tbe most important mineral product of 
 the state. The production of gold in VM>2 exceeded in 
 value that of all other minerals coni})ined, being approx- 
 imately $15,000,000, which was nearly one-fifth of the 
 refined gold product reported for the United States 
 (including Alaska). Petroleum was the mineral product 
 next in value, borax was third, ctipper fourth, and 
 quicksilver fifth. 
 
 A largo number of minerals are known to exist in the 
 state that were not mined in connnercial quantities in 
 1902: Asbestos occurs in Tulare, Yolo, Butte. Placer, 
 San Diego, P^ldorado, and Mariposii counties in small 
 quantities. Barvtes has been observed in CalaA'eras, San 
 Bernardino, Plumas, and Inyo counties. Buhi-stones 
 are known to exist in Inyo county. Corundum is found 
 in drift at San Francisco pass, Los Angeles county, and 
 feldspar is obtainable in jNIariposa county. Iron ore 
 exists in Placer, Sierra, Kldorado, Na])ii, Shasta, Ama- 
 dor, Inyo, Alameda, Del Norte, P>utte, Alpine, antl 
 Nevada counties. Marl is found in various loodities; 
 nickel is oljtainable in San Benito, Kern, Monterey, 
 Tuolumne, and Mono counties; and cobalt occurs in 
 Los Angeles county. Tin ore is known to exist in San 
 Bernardino countv, as well as lead, N\hich also occurs 
 30223—04 12 
 
 in small 'deposits in ^lono. Shasta, Amador, and other 
 counties. Zinc is found in Tulare and San Mateo coun- 
 ties.' A deposit of fuller's earth was opened in 1S98 
 near Bakerstield, in Kern countj'." 
 
 In addition to the productive mines, quarries, and wells 
 for wdiich statistics are shown in Talile 1, considerable 
 development was done in 1902. The operators engaged 
 in such work exclusi\'ely, reported an expenditure of 
 $2,92.5,7'*0 for salaries and wages, contract work, sup- 
 plies and materi;ds, and miscellaneous expenses. Of 
 this amount, SI.:") })er cent was expended upon gold and 
 silve)' mines, and IT..""! [)cv cent upoii petroleum interests, 
 the remainder being f(n' limestones and dolomites, quick- 
 silver, iron ore, siliceous crvstallin(> rocks, borax, as- 
 phaltum, bituminous rock, and marble. 
 
 Tabic 2, showing thi' ;innual \alue of production of 
 the principal minertds from bSlM) to 1902, except 
 copper ore, for which values can not be oljtained, has 
 fieen compiled from the United States Geological 
 Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United States," and 
 from r(>ports of the Director of the Mint. 
 
 'United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 18S7, pages 704 to 707. 
 
 ^The Mineral Industry, 1S9S, Vol. VII, page 271. 
 
 (177) 
 
178 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 1890. 
 1891. 
 1892. 
 1893. 
 1894. 
 1895. 
 1896. 
 1897. 
 1898. 
 1899. 
 1900. 
 1901. 
 1902 * 
 
 Taulk 2.— V.-VLTTF, ok PRODUCTION OF PRINCIPAL MINERALS: 1890 TO 190^. 
 [United Stuti's (jfological Siirvc'y, " Mineral RcHoiirces of the United States."] 
 
 Gold. 1 Petroleum. 
 
 S12, 500, 000 
 12, 600, 000 
 12,000,000 
 12,080,000 
 13,863,282 
 14,928,600 
 15,235,900 
 14,618,300 
 15,637,900 
 15, 197, 800 
 15,816,200 
 16,891,400 
 16,792,100 
 
 $401, 
 
 .561, 
 
 (308, 
 
 823, 
 
 849, 
 
 1,240, 
 
 1,713, 
 
 1,917, 
 
 2, 508, 
 
 4,076, 
 
 4,974, 
 
 4, ,S73, 
 
 Borax. 
 
 $480, 162 
 
 640, 000 
 
 838,787 
 
 593,292 
 
 807,807 
 
 .595, 900 
 
 676,400 
 
 1,0.80,000 
 
 1,1.53,000 
 
 1,139,882 
 
 1,013,251 
 
 1,012,118 
 
 2,370,994 
 
 Silver.^ 
 
 $1, 
 
 163,636 
 969, 697 
 465, 4.55 
 607,806 
 927, 506 
 845, 180 
 776, 533 
 613, 366 
 830,448 
 065, 762 
 583, 668 
 5,55, 360 
 477,424 
 
 Siliceous 
 
 crystalline 
 
 rocks. 
 
 $1,329,018 
 
 1,300,000 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 531,322 
 
 307, 000 
 
 348, 806 
 
 215,883 
 
 167,518 
 
 247,429 
 
 471,665 
 
 738, 993 
 
 1,134,675 
 
 1,137,679 
 
 Lime- 
 stones and 
 dolomites. 
 
 Sandstones 
 
 and 
 quartzites. 
 
 $516, 780 
 400, 000 
 400, 000 
 288,626 
 288,900 
 322,211 
 143, 865 
 308, 925 
 229, 729 
 287, 295 
 407,489 
 645, 455 
 .521,093 
 
 $175, .598 
 
 100,000 
 
 .50, 000 
 
 26, 314 
 
 10,087 
 
 11,933 
 
 7,267 
 
 4,035 
 
 358, 908 
 
 261,193 
 
 200, 090 
 
 301,028 
 
 462,. 328 
 
 Coal, bitu- 
 minous. 
 
 $283,019 
 204,902 
 209,711 
 167, .5.56 
 155, 620 
 175, 778 
 220, 523 
 265, 236 
 405,915 
 430, 636 
 .523,231 
 394, 106 
 2.54, 3.50 
 
 Natural 
 gas. 
 
 $33, 000 
 30, 000 
 55, 000 
 62, 000 
 60, 350 
 55, 000 
 55, 682 
 50,000 
 65, 337 
 86, 891 
 79, 083 
 67, 602 
 
 120,648 
 
 $87, 030 
 
 100, 000 
 
 115,000 
 
 10,000 
 
 13,420 
 
 22, 000 
 
 4,000 
 
 48, 690 
 
 40, 200 
 
 6, .500 
 
 17,. 500 
 
 6,642 
 
 92, 298 
 
 Manga- 
 nese ore. 
 
 $3, 176 
 3, 830 
 
 2,000 
 1,800 
 5, 400 
 3,416 
 2,788 
 3,222 
 856 
 1,310 
 3,610 
 10, 175 
 
 1 Estimates of Ihe Director of the Mint, coiiiint,^ value. 
 
 2 Value not reported — 307,360 barrels. 
 
 3 Commercial value. 
 
 ^Census figures, except for go]<l and silver. 
 
 Of the principal niinerals, bituminous coal and ,sili- 
 ceou.s crystalline, rocks are the only ones for which the 
 value of production was smaller in l'.M)2 than in is'.H). 
 The production of petroleum, which is rtipidly replacing 
 coal as a fuel, has very largeh' increased since l.SOO. 
 Gold has increased from S12.5(H».(((H) in 1890 to 
 $16,792,1(»0 in 1902, but the value of the silver produc- 
 tion ha.s fluctuated. There has been a steady increase 
 in the production of building- stone since 1.S96, and in 
 1902 quarrying stood among the important industries of 
 the state. The value of siliceous crystalline rocks in 
 1902 vras $1,137,679, or more than one-half the value of 
 all .stone quarried. Limestone, sandstone, marble, and 
 ■slate were also produced, ranking in value of product 
 in the order named. 
 
 Gold and stiver. — In California gold is found chiefly 
 in a belt from 20 to fin miles wide extending along the 
 lower slopes of the Sierra Nevadas a distance of al.)out 
 700 miles.' 
 
 The principal gold regions were in Amador, Butte, 
 Calaveras, Eldorado, Fresno, Invo, ^Mariposa, ]\Iono, 
 Nevada, Placer, Plumas, San Bernardino, San Diego, 
 Shasta, Sierra, Siskiyou, Trinltj', and Tuolumne coun- 
 ties.* California gold averages about 88 per cent tine 
 (United States Mint). Man^y analyses, however, ran 
 up to 95 per cent or higlier.'' The gold occurs princi- 
 pally in auriferous gravels, high or deep gravels, and 
 in gold bearing quartz veins.' 
 
 The occurrence of placer gold in California was dis- 
 covered near the Colorado river in San Diego county as 
 early as 1775.'^ On January 19, l.sl:8,it was found near 
 Colonia, Eldorado county, on Col. John Sutter's land, 
 bv James Wilson Marshall. The California legislature, 
 in 1887, honored the memory of Marshall by appro- 
 priating $.5,000 for a monument f)ver his grii\(^ in 
 Coloma. 
 
 'Treatise on r)re Deposit.^, liy .1. A. Pliillips and Henry Louis, 
 jpajre 741. 
 
 ■'Dana'is ]\Iiiicrali)t.'y, jia^ri' 1I)9.t. 
 
 Ml)i(l., pafTc 1.5. 
 
 ■■Ore Depiwits of tlii^ I'liilrd States, Ijj- .lanies F. Kcin)i, pajjes 
 i4.3 and 248. 
 
 ■'' California State Mining liiireau, F(jurtl] Annual Report, 1S84, 
 page 217. 
 
 The first deposit of California gold in a United 
 States mint was made on December 8, 1848. and in 
 18.50 an assay office was established at San Francisco. 
 At the outset the precious metal was obtained by 
 alluvial washings, but in 1852 quartz mining became 
 prominent, and has now largely supplanted the placer 
 operations. 
 
 In 1S49, the flrst year after its discovery bv Marshall, 
 the production of gold in California was $5,000,000. 
 Rapidly increasing year by year, the production in 1853 
 was nearly $60.0t(0,ooo. Since then it has diminished 
 until in ls66 the amount was but §27.oOO,00(.), and from 
 1881 to 1888 it varied from $18,200,000 to §12,750,000." 
 During the last ten years, up to 19o2, the California 
 gold jiroduction has been more steady, the aver- 
 age 3'early value of product for this decade being 
 $15,106,148. 
 
 Silver mining interests in the state are small tis com- 
 pared with gold. Deposits of silver chloride, occur- 
 ring in fissure veins, small fractures, and pockets in 
 liparite and tufaceous sandstone, are disseminated 
 sparingly in the southwestern and other portions of the 
 state.' 
 
 The production of silver in 1902 was reported in 27 
 counties, the principal of which are Shasta. Kern, 
 San Bernardino, Calaveras, Mono, Fresno, and Inyo in 
 the order named.* 
 
 The following table of annual production in line ounces 
 of gold and silver is compiled from the estimates of 
 the Director of the Mint: 
 
 Taui.e .'5. — Aniitiiil jiniiliiclldii of golij niid sihrr: IS'M tn IMS. 
 
 1890. 
 1.891. 
 1892. 
 1893. 
 1894. 
 1895. 
 1896. 
 
 Gold (fine 
 ounces). 
 
 G04,0S7 
 609, .525 
 580,5(10 
 .584,370 
 656, 46.S 
 722,171 
 737, 036 
 
 Silver {fine 
 ounces). 
 
 900,000 
 750,000 1 
 392,200 
 470, 100 
 717,368 
 653, 700 
 600,600 
 
 Gold (fin; 
 ounces). 
 
 1897. 
 1.H98. 
 1.S99. 
 I'.lllO. 
 1901. 
 1902. 
 
 707,160 
 756, 483 
 735, 194 
 765,109 
 817, 121 
 812,319 
 
 Silver (iine 
 ounces). 
 
 474,400 
 642, 300 
 821,300 
 941,400 
 925, 600 
 900, 800 
 
 " DeHoriptive jMineralogy, pages IS and 19. 
 
 ' Ore Deposits of the Uiiited States, ])age 242. 
 
 " Report of the Direetcjr of the Mint, 1902, page 79. 
 
CALIFCJUNIA. 
 
 179 
 
 I'l'traleuiii. — The area of petroleum hearinj^' land haw 
 proved iiiueh greater than was at first supposed, and 
 a good demand has stinudated pi'ospeeting in new ter- 
 ritory. Oil hearing territory' lias e\'en l)een found to 
 extend under the ocean, and at Summerland, \velis luu'e 
 been driven 2U0 feet from shore. The saving by the 
 use of oil in the generation of steam for eleetrie light 
 and power plants and as a loeomotive fuel, estimated at 
 from oU to 50 per cent, has caused it to replace coid, 
 especially in sugar and other manufactories. Petroleum 
 has also been quite extensively introduced as a houst'hold 
 fuel. In the region of Los Angeles successfid experi- 
 ments with it have been made in impro\ing the public 
 highways. When sprinkled on a dry road the hot oil 
 combines with the dust and forms a hard surface, dura- 
 ble and dustless.' 
 
 The production of petroleum has increased from a 
 product of 3(13. 2l>() liarrels, valued at $3.56,048, in l.SSU, 
 to 13,;>S4,2()8 barrels, having a value of nearly 
 $5,0(10,000, in l!H»a. This increase is l)est illustrated 
 in the following table, compiled from reports of the 
 United States Geological Survey, "'Mineral Resources 
 of the United States": "^ ■ 
 
 Table -4. — Animal production of petroleum: 1S91 to 1902. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Barrels (-12 [ 
 giillons). 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Bfirre)s(42 
 gallons). 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Barrels ( 42 
 gallons). 
 
 1891 
 
 323,600 
 385,049 
 470, 179 
 705, 969 
 
 1895 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 1, 208, 482 
 1,262,777 
 1,903,411 
 2,267,207 
 
 1X99 
 
 1900 
 
 19U1 
 
 1902 
 
 ■ 
 2 642 095 
 
 1S92 
 
 4,324,484 
 
 1S93 
 
 8,786,330 
 13,984,268 
 
 1S94 
 
 1898 
 
 ' United States^ Geolcjgical Survey, 
 United States," 1899, page 156. 
 
 ' Mineral Resources of the 
 
 California oil is generally dark in color and heavy in 
 speciiic gravity, differing from the Pcnn.sylvania and 
 Ohio product in that its ))a,se is asphaltuni rather than 
 paraffin. This quality makes it \'ery valualde for the 
 mamifacture of varnishes, lubricants, etc. In some 
 instances the oil is a semiviscid bitumen called maltha 
 or brea. This sii))stance, wlien refined as petroleum, 
 reveals a I'onsiderable by-pi'oduct of a.'sphaltum, which 
 has a limited market on the Paciiic coast for paving 
 purposes. Gasoline and a very satisfactory grade 
 of lubricating oil are produced, but the illuminating 
 product does not compare favorabl}' with the eastern 
 production. 
 
 B(ii'((.r. — The (xreat Pasin, lying between the Wasatch 
 and the Sierra Nevada mountains, forms an alkaline 
 plain which has been found to contain valuable borax 
 i' deposits.' This plain is marked by desiccated lake beds 
 ! in which certain salts derived from the rocks of their 
 watersheds ha\'e concentrated. These dry lakes and 
 alkali marshes maj' l)e found in all degrees of satura- 
 tion, often cohered with a crust Iteneath which is deep 
 water or slime. 
 
 The mineral borax was discovered in Borax Lake, 
 Lake county, by Dr. Jolui A. Veatch, in 1856, but no 
 attempt at working the deposit was made until 1864. 
 The following table of borax production in the state, 
 illu.strates the growth, value, and locality of the industry 
 up to iS'tO:' 
 
 "The Jlineral Industry, Vol. I, 1892, page 43. 
 
 ■'California State Mining Bureau, Bulletin No. 24, May, 1902, 
 "The Saline Depiisits of California," by Gilbert E. Bailey, E. M., 
 Ph. D., page :j9. 
 
 Table 5.— ANNUAL PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF BORAX: 1864 TO 1889. 
 
 1864 
 
 1865 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 
 1868 
 
 1869 
 
 1870 
 
 1871 
 
 1.872 
 
 1873 
 
 1874 
 
 1876 
 
 1876 
 
 1877 '-. 
 
 1878 
 
 1879 
 
 1880 
 
 1881 - 
 
 1882 
 
 1883 
 
 1884 
 
 1885 
 
 1.8.S6 
 
 1887 
 
 1888 
 
 18.S9 
 
 Production 
 (pounds). 
 
 24, 304 
 
 261, 092 
 
 401, 632 
 
 439, 824 
 
 64, .513 
 
 Nil. 
 
 NIL 
 
 Nil. 
 
 280, 000 
 
 1, 030, 000 
 1,829,771 
 
 2, 336, 000 
 2, 873. 909 
 1,980,970 
 
 716,840 
 727, 146 
 1.218,000 
 1, 380, 000 
 1,464,000 
 1,800,000 
 2, 038, 000 
 1,884,000 
 2, 570, 000 
 2,030.000 
 2, ,810, 000 
 1,930,000 
 
 Value per Value per L, , , , 
 pound ! ton \rtonars 
 
 (cents). (dollars), (dollars). 
 
 39 
 371 
 33 
 351 
 331 
 364 
 30i 
 3U 
 32 
 24J 
 Hi 
 121 
 lOJ 
 93 
 8r 
 9 
 12i 
 13J 
 13} 
 14} 
 9J 
 81 
 6} 
 53 
 7 
 
 750 
 
 660 
 
 710 
 
 666 
 
 704 
 
 604 
 
 625 
 
 640 
 
 496 
 
 284 
 
 247i 
 
 201} 
 
 195 
 
 161} 
 
 180 
 
 245 
 
 276 
 
 275 
 
 295 
 
 195 
 
 166 
 
 135 
 
 115 
 
 140 
 
 140 
 
 9,478 
 
 94, 099 
 
 132, .53s 
 
 1.56.137 
 
 22, 3S4 
 
 Nil. 
 
 Nil. 
 
 Nil. 
 
 89, 600 
 
 255, 440 
 
 2,69, 427 
 
 2.89, 080 
 
 312, .537 
 
 193, 706 
 
 66, 2.57 
 
 65, 443 
 
 149, 246 
 
 189,7.50 
 
 201, 301) 
 
 265, .500 
 
 198, 705 
 
 155, 430 
 
 173,475 
 
 116,725 
 
 196, 636 
 
 146, 473 
 
 Remarlis, 
 
 Lake county, Borax Lake. 
 
 Lake county. Borax Lake. 
 
 Lake county, Bor;ix Lake. 
 
 Lake county. Borax Lake. 
 
 Lake county. Borax Lake. 
 
 None yiroduced. 
 
 None produced. 
 
 None produced. 
 
 Lake county. Lake Hachinhiima. 
 
 San Bcrnarrlino ccaintv. 750.000 yjounds; other counties, 280,000 pounds. 
 
 ].729,K91 pounds; otlier counties, 99,980 pounds. 
 
 2.147.000 pounds; other counties, 189,000 pounds. 
 
 2.7.52.000 pounds; other counties, 121,909 pounds. 
 
 marshes. 
 
 San Bcnuirdin 
 San Bcniardin 
 San Bcrnardin 
 San Bcrnardin 
 San Bcrnardin 
 San Bcrnardin 
 San Bcrnardin 
 San BiTuardin 
 San Bcrnardin 
 
 onnty, 
 I'ounty. 
 
 [■nllllty, 
 
 (■()unt.\'. 
 I'lamty, marshes. 
 ■oiiiUy, marshes, 
 ■ounty, marshes, 
 .■onnty. marshes, 
 iind In\-o counties 
 
 San Bernardino jind Iny 
 San Bcrnanlhioanct Iny 
 ,San Bcriiardnio 
 San Bi.'rnardino 
 Suspension of m; 
 San Bernardino 
 San Bernardino 
 
 marslies. 
 marshes, 
 mjirshes. 
 
 ■iinntu^s 
 
 (am tics 
 nd Invo c(ainties, marshes, 
 nd Inyo cianities. marshes, 
 rsh Vied workings. 
 
 oiintv. Calii-o district; Ventura county, 
 ciimty, Calic^ci district; Ventura county. 
 
180 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Lake, San Bernardino, Inyo, and Ventura counties 
 are the principal fields of borax deposits. In the 
 Calico district, San Bernardino countj', borate of lime 
 is taken from a tissure vein and this is said to be the 
 onl_y place in the world where deep mining- for borax 
 is carried on.' These deposits, discovered in 1882, are 
 very productive, and the working's have been extended 
 to a considerable depth. 
 
 An interesting feature in connection with borax pro- 
 duction is the phenomenal decrease in the value from 
 39 cents per pound to aliout 7 cents at the present time. 
 The deposits of California are very extensive, and in 
 some instances only an increased demand and a conse- 
 quently higher price are necessary to make them profit- 
 able workings. 
 
 Copper ore. — Copper was not mined in California 
 until 18(30,^ although the mineral was discovered in Los 
 Angeles county asearly as 1840. The period from I8f!0 
 to 1867 was one of considerable activity, and thou- 
 sands of tons of copper ore were shipped to the 
 Atlantic coast and Europe for reduction. Then occurred 
 a depression in copper production in California due to 
 a fall in prices, and for over fifteen years copper 
 remained as one of the minor minerals of the state. 
 In 1895 and 1896, when the rich deposits of Shasta 
 countj^ began to be worked with success, there occurred 
 a general revival of cop^jer mining in the entire state, 
 and from 1897 copper production has been accounted 
 one of the leading industries of California. 
 
 Copper deposits are said to occur in almost all of the 
 counties of the state, but the principal i-egions of com- 
 mercially important production are as follows:" Shasta 
 count}', the Coast Range, the Sierra Nevada,, and the 
 mineralized deserts of southeastern California. The 
 Shasta county copper mines, in the nortli central part 
 of the state, are the principal source of production, 
 and the copper belt of the western slope of the Sierras, 
 with its 400 miles of almost continuous copper de- 
 posits, occupies second place. The Coast Kangc cop- 
 per deposits have lieen developed only in Del Norte 
 county, but sup(>rficial prospecting displays the exist- 
 ence of the mineral throughout almost tlie entire length 
 of tlie range. The copper deposits (.)f southern C'ali- 
 fornia are scattered and do not form a regular chain 
 Of lielt as do those of the tlir<>e more important 
 localities. 
 
 QtrirJi'K/J rer. — The American production of this min- 
 eral is principally in California. Cinnabar oi- sulphide 
 of mercury was discovered there in l.s-to, and mining- 
 began at New Almaden in is.'iU.' In the ('oast Range 
 for 100 to 150 miles north and south of San Francisco 
 occurrences of this ore are found to exist, most gener- 
 all}' in irregular bodies distributed tlirough metamor- 
 
 ' California State Mining Bureau, Bulletin No. 24, page 38. 
 'Itud., Bulletin No. '2'i, "T\ui f'oiipcr RcsourccH of (Jalifornia, 
 tiy L. E. Auburv, page 2.3. 
 ■'Ibid., Bulletin No. 23, page 10. 
 'Eleventh Cen.su.s, Refiort on ^Mineral Iinlnstrics, page Isfi. 
 
 phic rocks of Cretaceous age. Quartz, calcite, and 
 magnesite are the usual gangue minerals. In 1902 
 production was reported in nine counties in the state, 
 amounting to $1,295,740 in A-alue, of which $1,228,498 
 was the value of refined product in flasks of 76|- pounds 
 each, and $<i7,242 the value of crude cinnabar not con- 
 centrated. 
 
 Siliccims rn/stalline rocks. — The quarrying of siliceous 
 crystalline rocks in California began as earl}' as 1853,'' 
 and in 1902 this industrj- ranked sixth in value of prod- 
 ucts among the mineral industries of the state. 
 
 Liiiienfoiies and doloiinfefi. — The total production of 
 limestone in 1902 was somewhat less than that of the 
 preceding year, due largely to the great decrease in its 
 use as a paving- material. Considerable interest centers 
 in the use of limestone in the manufacture of cement, 
 and in 1902 an amount valued at 1^24,250 was reported 
 as used for this purpose. 
 
 Sandstones and qnartzit<-s. — The value of sandstone 
 product reported in 19(J2 was $462,328, the largest pro- 
 duction in any year during- the period 1890 to 19o2. 
 During- the last five years the quarrying- of this stone 
 has advanced from a minor industry to a position of 
 importance in the state, and in 1902 California ranked 
 fifth in sandstone production in the United States. 
 Extensive quarrying was begun in 1898 to supplj- rough 
 stone for ))reakwaters and jetties, and for several years 
 was used principally for this purpose. In 1901 and 
 1902 its use for building- purposes became of most 
 importance. 
 
 Marlile. — The value of production of marble in 1902 
 amounted to ^^92,298, or more than that of any other 
 year since 1892. Of this amount $33,198 was reported 
 as the value of the rough, unfinished marble for all 
 purposes and $55,000 as that of marble used in interior 
 decoration, the i-emainder being the value of the marble 
 intended for momunental and ornamental work. The 
 deposits are principally in the southern portion of the 
 state, althdugh occurrences are reported in the extreme 
 north. California onyx is the most valuable of the 
 marbles ((uarried, and is generally found in proximity 
 to hot spi'ings or associated with minerals known to 
 have resulted from such waters.'' 
 
 Sliit,. — \ roohng slate. ))lue-blaek in color, with 
 good cleavagi', is produced in Eldorado and Mariposa 
 counties, but statistics can not be given without disclos- 
 ing the operations of individual establishments. 
 
 AKjdi(dtinri (indhitinit'niMUKriHl,-. — Th(> mineral asphal- 
 tum was known to exist in California long before it was 
 connnercially produced; there is a record of its use by 
 the Indians and the C^atholic fathers. The discovery 
 of bituminous rock is said to have been in 1868 near 
 Santa Cruz, and its use at that time, although local, 
 was considered a success. The hard asphaltum occurs 
 chielly in Santa Barbara and Ventura counties; the 
 
 ''United States Creological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1882, page 663. 
 '•Ibid., Twentietli Annual Report, I'art VI, ]>agt^ 288. 
 
CALIFORNIA. 
 
 181 
 
 liquid or maltha, in Santa Barbara and Ivovn, and tlic 
 aspliaitie sandstone and liituuiinous roclt in Monto.roy, 
 San Luis Obispo, and Santa Cruz covmti(\s. California 
 asplialtic localities arc thus in the vicinity of the ('(last 
 Rano-e and south of San Francisco bay. A valuable 
 and interestino- deposit of the hard variety exists in 
 Goleta, in Santa Barliara county. The asjilialtuni ap- 
 pears ill a ledge washed liy the Pacific ocean, and is 
 exposed for a distance of several hundred yards. It 
 occurs in pockets of from 1,5(.»0 to 3,(lb0 tons, and is 
 almost pure, containino-cnily a small percentage of sand. 
 Asphaltuni is chiefly used as a rust proof coating for 
 submarine and underground iron pipes. The t'oimner- 
 cial production of the mineral began in California in 
 1888, and flourished for two years, but the industry 
 did not prove a financial success at the outset, and in 
 1890 no production was reported.' A resumption of 
 activity in is'.U was more successful. Since that time 
 there has been a general increase of production, and in 
 1903 California ranked first in this industry. 
 
 Ciiiil. — Coal was discovered in the state during 1852, 
 although no productive mining occurred until after 
 1860. In 1902 the production amounted to Sl.Osl short 
 tons, principally lignite, wliicli is a decrease of (■><i,()95 
 short tons from the preceding year and less than Diie- 
 half the production of 19()(.). The discovery and utili- 
 zation of extensive oil fields is the principal cause of 
 the marked decrease in coal production. 
 
 iSfiitund (/(IK. — Natural gas was known to exist in Cal- 
 ifornia as early as 1851, and the Court House M'ell lunir 
 Stockton, in San Joaquin county, was bored prior to 
 1858.^ The principal localities in which gas -i^as pro- 
 duced commercially during 1902 were Sacramento, San 
 Joaquin, Santa Barbara, and Los Angeles counties. 
 Important occurrences have been observed in L'ontra 
 Costa, Fresno, Huml)oldt, Lake, Marin, Mendocino, 
 Solano, Sonoma, Tehama., Tulare, and other counties. 
 In some instances the gas is found in connection with 
 petroleum, while in other cases it bubbles up in mineral 
 springs or in artesian water flows. ^ The accumulation 
 of very large high-pressure reservoirs of natural gas in 
 this region has probal)l_v been prevented by the folded 
 formation of the strata and the occurrence of earth- 
 quakes of greater or less severity. It is thought prob- 
 able that larger c|uantities may be stored at greater 
 depth than has yet been mined. The production of 
 California natural gas in 1902 is valued at $120,fi48, in 
 which is included gas to the value of 131,601, obtained 
 from petroleum wells. 
 
 Manganese o/v.— The first mining of manganese ore 
 in California was at Corall Hollow in Alameda county 
 in 1867.* Other deposits were known to exist, but for 
 a nund)er of years they were not considered to be of 
 
 1 United States Geological Survey. Twentieth Annual Kcport, 
 Part VI, pages 254 and 255. 
 
 •'Eleventh Census, Report of Mineral Indu-strie.", page 5(ji). 
 
 ninited States (Geological Survey, Xineteentli Annual Report, 
 Part VI, page 179. 
 
 J Eleventh Census, Report on :Mincral Industries, page 2i)l. 
 
 connnercial importance. In 19o2, however, several of 
 these were o])ened up. The tofi 1 product repoiled was 
 SK; long tons, valued at Sl<», 175, a \-ery lai'ge increase 
 when compai'cd with tlie preceding years. The man- 
 ganese ore is used principally in the manufacture of 
 chlorine gas for working sulphureted gold ores. 
 
 The folldwing arc the minerals grouped in Table 1 
 under '"all other minerals": 
 
 ^/f^/'/c/(/.— The California production in 1902 was 
 entirely of the Portland cennjnt and was repoi'ted only 
 in San Bernardino and Solano counties. Two estab- 
 lishments were in operation in 1902, and the production 
 was much larger than that of previous years. 
 
 Chrome ore. — Chromic iron ore occurs in more than 
 one-half the counties of California.'' but the connnercial 
 production in 1902 was all reported by the Mt. Shasta 
 chrome mine near Simms in Shasta countv. 'Lhis was 
 the only active mine in tli'e United States during 1902, 
 and the product was sold principally in its crude state 
 for furnace lining. 
 
 Chjjj. — Practically inexhaustible beds of clay, some 
 of which is of very good quality, are found in Califor- 
 nia, accessible l»y railroad." Extensive utilization of 
 these vast deposits is somewhat discouraged l)y heavv 
 eastern and European importations of clay manufac- 
 tures at so low a rate as to ciiilail prcifitalile local manu- 
 facture. The quantity produced in 19t)2 was somewhat 
 less than that reported l;)y the (ieological Survc}' for 
 the previous year, but an increase in the value of prod- 
 ucts, as compared with 19()1, indicates that better prices 
 prevail. In 19()2 a total of 23. 183 short tons, valued at 
 !p21.145, was prodnciHl; while in 19(Jl a prodiiction of 
 2S,o85 short tons, \alued at $22,535, was reported. 
 
 Gi/psKiii. — This mineral is coiumercially produced by 
 one company in Los Angeles county. Of the product 
 reported in 1902, 9.1 per cent was sold in crude form, 
 6.4 per cent was ground into land plaster, and 81.2 per 
 cent was calcined into plaster of Paris. 
 
 Lifu.sorial ('(jrtli, trtjxjli,, and pumice — A deposit of 
 infusorial earth of diatomaeeoirs origin is found in Santa 
 Barbara, and a considerable production was I'eported 
 in 1902, which was all sold in the crude form. 
 
 Lithium lire. — Lepidolite and am))lvgonite are the 
 principal lithium minerals' obtained. They are used 
 chiefly in the manufacture of lithium eflervescent tab- 
 lets and lithium carbonate for the preparation of min- 
 eral waters for medicinal purposes. The California 
 product, obtained only in San Diego countv, is nearly 
 all shipped to New York for treatment, and constitutes 
 a very large portion of the United States production. 
 
 MagiKulfc. — Although this mineral occurs in several 
 states it is mined commercially only in California.*' 
 There is an abundance of the ore in the state, but dis- 
 
 ■' Eleventh Census, Report on ;\Iincral Industries, page 333 
 '■'Ninth Annual Report of the State Mineralogist, page 297. 
 " Uniteil States Geological Survev, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1902, page 260. 
 "Ibid., Sixteenth Ammal Re))ort, 1894-95, Part IV, jiagc 515. 
 
182 
 
 MINES ANJ) QUARRIES. 
 
 t;mee from large inunufarturiiii;' centers prevents ship- 
 ment under present t'onditions. The production (hirino- 
 \W)'2 was all mined in Tuhire county, and is reported by 
 one company. 
 
 Jfica. — The operations during 19(»y were mostly 
 development work, although a small pi'oduetion was 
 reported from \'entura county. The pi'odiict was 
 entirely scrap mit-a, which was ground foi- lubricants 
 and other purposes. 
 
 3[ineraJ pigiHi-iif.s, cnitle. — Yellow ocher is pnjduced 
 in Calaveras county, neai' Valley Springs, and in Stan- 
 islaus county. There were but two companies operating 
 in California in l'.»(i2. 
 
 PrecioHif sfanex. — The principal precious stones re- 
 ported in California are tunjuoise and tourmaline, with 
 chrysoprase and gold quartz in minor (juantities, the 
 
 total pi'oduction in l',H)2 being- valued at §6.5,000. L)ia- 
 monds have been found at irregular intervals,' princi- 
 pally' by placer gold miners, but every discovery thus 
 far has been purely accidental, and none was reported 
 during the census year. Quartz crystals have been 
 found near Placerville, and chiastolite made, or cross- 
 stone, has been obtained in Madera county, but no 
 product was reported for IWJ,. 
 
 SiilpliKr oiiil pyriti'. — A considerable production of 
 p\'rite was reported from Alameda cfiunty. The ore 
 averages from -1:9 to 5t) per cent sulphur and is chiefly 
 used for the manufacture of sulphuric acid. 
 
 Title itiid S(iii])Kto)ie. — Serpentines and soapstone occur 
 in JLos Angeles count}', on Santa Catalina Island, and 
 were mined in considerable quantity in 1902. 
 
 I ' Ek'NX'nth t't'Msus, Kepnrt <iii Mineral Indn^^trie?, page 669. 
 
C01X3RAD0. 
 
 Tiililo 1 is ii suniniarv of tlic stutistics for the productiNc mines, (]u;iri-ics, and wells in the state of Colorado 
 ioY V.H)-2. 
 
 Tamle .r.— SUMMARY: IllOli. 
 
 i)f mines, i|ii!irries, ami 
 
 Total. 
 
 Numl^i 
 
 wi-Us l.l-(7 
 
 Numl.aT of operating 1,U1I 
 
 Salaried utlieials, t'lcTics. otc: 
 
 Number 1, 898 
 
 Salaries S2, 603, 333 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average numljer 20, ,^19 
 
 Wanes S18, 874, 836 
 
 Contract work J393, 98.') 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses S3, U32, 544 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials ■ $7, 006, 846 
 
 Value of product '340, 603, 286 
 
 Gold and 
 silver. 
 
 *1,68' 
 
 11, 
 *11,726, 
 S360, 
 *2, l.i6, 
 S5, 603, 
 ;29, 6.56, 
 
 ,148 
 ,.518 
 
 200 
 123 
 707 
 217 
 452 
 974 
 
 Coal, liitu- 
 
 mini 
 
 us. 
 
 
 126 
 
 
 SO 
 
 
 611 
 
 }818 
 
 443 
 
 7 
 
 95.5 
 
 $6, 006 
 
 1S3 
 
 S14 
 
 413 
 
 ^I'lMl 
 
 494 
 
 Sl,o:i9 
 
 831 
 
 $8,397,812 
 
 Iron ore. 
 
 S12 
 $417 
 
 i'etrole- 
 um. 
 
 Sand- 
 stones 
 
 quurlz- 
 ites. 
 
 S114, 
 
 Sl:17, 
 
 $1.0.84, 
 
 111 
 12 
 
 23 
 $43,0.55 
 
 147 
 
 $138, 436 
 
 $9, 650 
 
 $40, 163 
 
 $68, 70S 
 
 $484, 683 
 
 343 
 237,905 
 
 $12,089 
 
 S:I6, 196 
 
 $366, 161 
 
 Lime- 
 stones 
 and 
 dolo- 
 mites. 
 
 Co])per 
 ore. 
 
 Clay. 
 
 Jll,.566 , $17,338 $2,460 
 
 188 
 $127,747 
 
 $5, 8S6 
 .$21,440 
 $203, 700 
 
 115 I .50 
 
 $108, 9S1 $:H,642 
 
 S'.ii;5 57,451) 
 
 $4,6iis .s7,i;:-;7 
 
 $38,221 . $5,608 
 
 $71,411 |$67,434 
 
 Silice- 
 ous 
 crystal 
 line 
 rocks. 
 
 Urani- 
 
 Lead 
 
 um jind 
 
 and 
 
 vana- 
 
 zinc 
 
 dium. 
 
 ore. 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 7 I 2 
 
 $6,345 $3, .500 
 
 46 ' 19 
 
 $:M,082 :$17,040 
 
 $2,930 I $490 
 $4,720 $3,010 
 1:66,023 !$48, 125 
 
 3 
 
 $2, 025 
 
 5 
 
 $5, 476 
 
 $800 
 
 $490 
 
 $3,000 
 
 $22, 398 
 
 All 
 other 
 min- 
 erals.' 
 
 4 
 $4,800 
 
 33 
 .,060 
 
 $6, 000 
 $46,210 
 $135, 141 
 
 1 Includes operators as follows: Cement, 1: gypsmn, 1: : 
 
 The state is notable for its range of mineral wealth. 
 In the production of hotli gold and silver, it is first 
 among the .states and territories producing the precious 
 metals in 1902, over 36 per cent of the refined gold 
 product and over 27 per cent of the siher pi'oduct re- 
 ported for the United States (including Alaska) being 
 contributed by this one state. In coal it ranked eighth 
 among the 21> coal producing states, tenth among the 2ri 
 .states producing iron ore, and ninth among the l.s 
 petroleum producing states. Moreover, it produced 
 all of the uranium and vanadium ;ind almost all of the 
 tungsten reported. 
 
 In addition to the minerals referred to in Table 1, 
 there are found within the state — although these min- 
 erals were not produced in comuKM-cial ipiantities in 
 1902 — antimony, arsenic, ct)))alt, corundum, flint and 
 feldspar, fluorspar, graphite, infusorial earth, marble, 
 mica, molybdenum, nickel, pyrites, (piicksilver, serpen- 
 tine, soapstone, tellurium, and tin. 
 
 Although no bismuth production was reported for 
 1902, the state supplied the entire United KStates output 
 in 1901, amounting to 3ls.ti shoi't tons, valued at 
 iil25,l:SS. Of this, 253.6 tons came from Lake county 
 and 65 tons from Ouray county. The bismuth con- 
 tents varied fiom 4- to 12 per cent, and the ores also 
 carried gold tmd silver \alues.' 
 
 The 96i operators reporting development work, dis- 
 tributed through the industries of gold and silver, bitu- 
 
 1 1'liites States Geological Survey, " ^Mineral Kesimrces nf the 
 United States," 1901, page 2.59. 
 
 atural gas. 3: jtrccious stones, 25 luo mines!; tungsten, 3. 
 
 minous coal, petroleum, asphaltum, iron ore, and man- 
 ganese ore, gave employment during the vear to 456 
 salaried officials, clerks, etc., wdio recei\'ed S437,T.s.S in 
 .salaries, and to 2,337 wage-earners, who were paid 
 $2.31:t»,t)5,S in wages. They also paid $582,948 for work 
 done ))y contract, whicli furnished employment to 911 
 employees. The miscellaneous expenses amounted to 
 $213,816, and the cost of .supplies and materials to 
 !? 1.1)30, 605. 
 
 The relative importance of the manufacturing indus- 
 tries closely allied to or based on the mining industry, 
 using as their raw material the product of the mine or 
 quarry, is shown in Table 2. 
 
 Table 2. — Manufiirlnn's based jirimnrlly upon the jiroducU of mines 
 and ijiiiirrles: 1900. 
 
 INDUSTRY. 
 
 Value of product. 
 
 
 
 Based upon produels of minus or quarrie.s: 
 
 Chemicals and allivd products 
 
 Sl,3aG.84n 
 
 Iron and steel and their products 
 
 Metals and metal products, other than iron 
 
 10,3ti5,7su 
 4f> 217 2SS 
 
 Miscellaneous industries 
 
 0,046,2nr> 
 
 .912,879 
 ., 917, 258 
 
 According to the tdiONc table, the value of the prod- 
 ucts of mauuftu-tures based primarily upon minerals 
 mined and ciuarried amounted to $65,1112,879, or 64.1 
 per cent of the tottil. The combined value of the prod- 
 uct of mines and ([uarries in C'olorado in 10()2 and of 
 
 {is:-',) 
 
184 
 
 MINES AND UUAURIES. 
 
 manufactures in 1900 was $l-l:o,433,42;-'>, of which man- 
 ufactures constituted 71.7 per cent and the products of 
 mines and quarries 38.3 per cent. 
 
 The averag-e number of wao-e-earners in Colorado 
 engaged in maiuifacturing, as reported at the Twelfth 
 Census, was 21,735 and the wages paid thcni amounted 
 to $1.5,llt),fi67. In 1903 the average lunnlier of wage- 
 earnei's reported as engaged in mining was 30, .519 and 
 the wages paid them amounted to $18,871,836. The 
 two industries together, therefore, gave employment to 
 an average of 15,314 wage-earners, and paid §31,031,503 
 
 in wages. Manufactures gave employment to 54.6 per 
 cent of the wage-earners and paid 44.5 per cent of the 
 wages, while mines and quarries furnished employment 
 to 45.4 per cent of the wage-earners and paid 55.5 per 
 cent of the wages. 
 
 Taiile 3, compiled from the reports of the United 
 States Geological Survey, shows the value of the pro- 
 duction of the principal minerals of the state, except 
 copper ore for which values can not be obtained, from 
 1890 to 1903. 
 
 Table 3.— VALUE OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION OF PRINCIPAL MINERALS: 1890 TO 1902. 
 [rriitL-(l States Geolof^ical Sttrvuy, "MiiK'ral Rest.iitrces of the United States."] 
 
 1S90 . 
 
 1891 . 
 
 1892 . 
 1893- 
 
 1894 . 
 
 1895 . 
 1896. 
 1897 . 
 1898. 
 1899 
 
 1900 . 
 
 1901 . 
 
 1902 I 
 
 
 
 Coal,bitu- 
 
 
 
 Sandstones 
 
 Limestones 
 
 Siliceous 
 
 GoM.l 
 
 Silver.i 
 
 Iron ore. 
 
 Petroleum. 
 
 and 
 
 and 
 
 crystalline 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 quartzites. 
 SI, 224, 098 
 
 dolomites. 
 
 rocks. 
 
 $4,1.50,000 
 
 S24,307,070 
 
 $4, 344, 196 
 
 (=) 
 
 S280, 240 
 
 $138,091 
 
 S314, 673 
 
 4,600,000 
 
 27, 3.58, 384 
 
 4,800,000 
 
 b) 
 
 5.59, 005 
 
 7.50,000 
 
 90, 000 
 
 300,000 
 
 5,300,000 
 
 34,433,081 
 
 5,685,112 
 
 S.587, 903 
 
 092 160 
 
 550, 000 
 
 100, 000 
 
 100, 000 
 
 7,527,000 
 
 33,407,483 
 
 5,104,602 
 
 .514,312 
 
 197,. 581 
 
 126,077 
 
 60,000 
 
 77, l.**! 
 
 10,616,463 
 
 30, 704, 375 
 
 3, .516. 340 
 
 676,141 
 
 303, 6.52 
 
 i;9, 105 
 
 132, 170 
 
 49. 302 
 
 13,305,100 
 
 30, 252, 600 
 
 3, 675. 1,85 
 
 702, .520 
 
 336, 010 
 
 63, 237 
 
 116,3.55 
 
 35, 000 
 
 14,911,000 
 
 29, 185, 293 
 
 3,606,6-12 
 
 .524,915 
 
 318, 977 
 
 .58,989 
 
 65, 063 
 
 36, .51 7 
 
 19,104,200 
 
 27, 974, 385 
 
 3, 947,1, hi; 
 
 4.S5, 009 
 
 332, 122 
 
 60,847 
 
 79,2.56 
 
 44, 2.84 
 
 23, 195,300 
 
 29, 498, 958 
 
 4,6.86,081 
 
 .5.53, 406 
 
 367,447 
 
 .89,637 
 
 109, 310 
 
 25, 923 
 
 25, 982,. 800 
 
 29,301,527 
 
 5,363,667 
 
 749,734 
 
 404,110 
 
 129,815 
 
 96, 4.56 
 
 78, 2i;l 
 
 2,s, .S29. 400 
 
 8 12,700,018 
 
 5,8.58,036 
 
 1,510,831 
 
 323, 434 
 
 119, 6.58 
 
 160. .587 
 
 143, 0.54 
 
 27,693,500 
 
 ■'11,062,680 
 
 6,441,891 
 
 1,2.84,2.55 
 
 46I,tl31 
 
 237,331 
 
 245. 799 
 
 138, 996 
 
 28, 468, 700 
 
 38,308,280 
 
 8,397,812 
 
 1,081,424 
 
 4.84,i;.83 
 
 366, 161 
 
 203. 700 
 
 66, 023 
 
 1 Estimates of the Director nf thi.- Mint fur rcrui.'il ]>riiilni.t — silvi 
 
 2 Value not reported. 
 
 3 Commercial valne. 
 
 ■* Census figures, except for t-'ulil an.l silver. 
 
 Gold anil siJ i',r. — Cold was discovered in 1853 near 
 the mouth of Clear creek within the present lioundaries 
 of Arapahoe county by a Cherokee cattle ti'tidcr. and 
 in 1858 an expedition was organized to search for gold 
 in the state. The passing of this expedition through 
 Missoui'i and Kansas ciuised others to join the move- 
 ment, and the reports of the discoveries that were car- 
 ried back to "the states" spread like wildHre. The 
 next spring and summer witnessed the great stampede 
 for Pikes Peak and the Rockies. The first gold 
 bearing lode was discovered ^lay •;, 185!). in what 
 is known as the Gregory mining district in Gilpin 
 countj'.' 
 
 The mining gi'owth of the state is best re\iewed by 
 considering the development of the more important of 
 the gold and silver producing counties. 
 
 Boulder county is one of the pioneer counties of the 
 state and has been the scene of acti\-c mining since its 
 first settlement. The mining area is divided by some- 
 what indefinite lioundaries into six mining districts, 
 locally known as (irand Island (Caribou-Eldora), Sugar 
 Loaf, Magnolia, Gold Hill, Central (Jamestown), and 
 Ward. The county records show that the lode claim, 
 placer claim, tunntd site, and mill site l(i<-ations tiled for 
 record aggregate nearly 15,0oo. Of these, LInited ' 
 States patents ha\'e Iteen issued foi-iibout l.ooo. Many 
 of the location certiticates tiled are, of course, ndoca- 
 tions of the same property- The ores are \'aried, in- 
 
 r at coinini; \-alues: the \alue \u Table 1 is the value at the mine. 
 
 eluding the common forms of iron and copper sulphide, 
 chalcojiyrite, and marcasite, while the complex siher 
 and copjier sulphides are not uncommon. The so-called 
 telluride belt, extending from Magnolia to Ballarat, 
 produces high-grade gold and silver telluride ores and 
 is noted fen' its tine minerals." 
 
 Chatl'ee county was formerly a part of Lake county, 
 tuid the discovery of gold in the placer mines near 
 Granite in the early days was almost coincident with 
 the discovery of the placers of Clear Creek and Boulder 
 counties, (ireat activity prevailed until 1863, when 
 there was an exodus to other and supposedlv better sec- 
 tions. The mining districts again became active during 
 1874-7(1. Since 18'.)7 interest in the mines of this 
 county has been gradually increasing, and the year 1903 
 marks not only more acti\-e operations but also a great 
 increase in the list of new operators. The old placer 
 mines near (iranite have been operated with improved 
 appliances. The leading districts are La Plata, Hope, 
 and Red Mountain, in the northwestern part of the 
 county; Dewey and Granite, in the northeastern; the 
 Park Range region; the country adjacent to Turret, 
 Whitehorn, Manoa, and Calumet; the Cleora district: 
 !uid the C'hidk Creek district. The county records show 
 the tiling of nearly 14,000 locations for placer and lode 
 cliiims and mill sites and tunnel sites, and the issue of 
 nearly 1,000 Cnited States patents.'' 
 
 lar]« 
 
 Kn( 
 
 ii^^o LMO. 
 
 -Reiiurt of the .stute P.iircaii of Mines, Cnlorudo, 1901-2 pa" 
 19 to 21. " 
 
 •Mhi,l., I.UL' 
 
 t( 
 
COLORADO. 
 
 185 
 
 Clear Croek county embraces the location of tlie tirst 
 remunerative placer mine located in Colorado, discov- 
 ered in lSn9 near the mouth of Chicago creek. Thi' 
 country records show nearly 23,000 lode and placer 
 claims and mill and tunnel sites, and the issue of about 
 1,3()(.) United States patents. The county contains some 
 of the most famous mining camps in the state — Idaho 
 Springs, Silver Plume, (Georgetown, and P^mpire. The 
 underground development of some of the older mines 
 has become quite extensive, — the Dives-Pelicon, Bis- 
 marck, and 7-30 group near Silver Plume aggregating 
 some 20 miles of underground workings.' 
 
 The mining history of Eagle county began with the 
 year 1ST9, following the Leadville boom. The ores of 
 the two regions are of a similar character. The county 
 is rugged and contains within its confines the famous 
 Mount of tlie Holy Cross. The mines are generallj' 
 opened up by tunnels or inclines." 
 
 Gilpin county, although the smallest in area, has al- 
 ways been one of the most important mining sections 
 in the state. Beginning with 1859, mining has been 
 continuous and its production large. Placer mining- 
 has been prosecuted each year since 1859-(;0, and the 
 explorations of its lode mines have been carried even 
 as deep as 2,200 feet. Central City, Black Hawk, 
 Nevada^'ille, Eureka, and Gregory are some of its fa- 
 mous mining districts, the latter embracing Black 
 Hawk and the Bates and Bobtail hills.' 
 
 Gunnison, one of the western slope counties, was the 
 scene of a "rush"' during 1880, second to none in the 
 history of the state. Mining camps sprang up at nu- 
 merous points, followed 1)y smelting plants and mills.' 
 
 The first valid mineral locations were made in Hins- 
 dale county in 187-1. The ores of the district are, how- 
 ever, as a whole, of low grade and require concentra- 
 tion prior to shipment. The mineral resources are 
 great and of a character to insure permanency of output. •"' 
 
 Lake county has been made famous by Leadville. 
 Auriferous sand and gravel was the quest of the first 
 gold seekers, and in 1860 a party of Gilpin county gold 
 hunters crossed the range and discovered rich jjlacers of 
 California gold which produced several millions and were 
 active for many years. It was not until the seventies 
 that it was discovered that the heavy bowlders and dirt 
 which had bothered the gulch miners were argentifer- 
 ous lead carbonates. Leadville was settled in August, 
 1877, and at once became a heavy producer. The pro- 
 duction of Lake county in 1902 was 47,357 fine ounces 
 of gold, valued at $903,602, and 3,265,597 fine ounces of 
 silver, valued at 11,659,210. 
 
 The history of Ouray county began practically with 
 the year 1875, and was made famous at an early day 
 
 1 Report of the State Bureau of Mines, Colorado, 1901-2, pages 
 36 and 37. 
 
 nhid., pages 57 to 61. 
 3 Ibid., page 72 ff, 
 *Ibid., page 81. 
 ' Ibid. , pages 92 to 97. 
 
 by the rich copper-silver ores of the Yankee Girl. 
 Guston, and other mines of the Red Mountain district. 
 Later the puljlicity given t(j the Camp I5ii-d nuiie of 
 the Mt. Sneflles district added greatly to the reputa- 
 tion of the county and swelled the gold product of the 
 state. This mine was discovered early in the eighties 
 and was worked for a number of j^ears to a limited 
 extent on a pay streak near the foot wall, the operators 
 being in ignorance of the immense values contained in 
 an ore band near the hanging wall. 
 
 Pitkin, another of the leading mining counties, was 
 traversed casually by early prospectors who made no 
 discoveries of importance. But after experience gained 
 at Leadville important discoveries were made in 1879 at 
 Aspen, the most famous camp of the count^^ Owing to 
 the inaccessibility to market, production was restricted 
 until the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad reached 
 Aspen in 1887.'' 
 
 The veins of San Miguel county, which was estab- 
 lished by legislative enactment in 1883, are sinnlar to 
 those of Ouray and San Juan counties. Gold and sil- 
 ver are generally associated with iron pyrite, chalco- 
 pyrite, lead sulphide, and zinc blende. Before the ad- 
 vent of railroad transportation in 1890, ores carrying 
 high \-alues were the only ones mined to any extent. 
 At the present time the main production from this 
 section is derived from ores having a gross value of 
 from $8 to $20 per ton. Mining operations are con- 
 ducted on a large scale, the largest producers l>eing 
 equipped with expensi\'e milling plants.' 
 
 San Juan county is noted for the lumiber and con- 
 tinuity of its fissure veins. ]\lining practically began 
 in 1870, and was prosecuted with varying success until 
 the railroad i-eached Silverton in 1882. It has since de- 
 veloped into one of the most important mining sections 
 of the state. Nearly one-fifth of the area of the county 
 is held under mineral locations. 
 
 Summit county was one of the original sulxlivisions 
 out of which has been carved a number of counties. 
 Its mining history begins with 1859. The placer beds 
 on the Blue river and its tributaries are credited with a 
 production of many million dollars' worth of gold. 
 Ten Mile mining district is also in this county. The 
 ore deposits occur both as fissure and as "contact'' 
 veins, the predominating value being silver, though 
 nearly all the lode veins carry a small percentage 
 of gold. The gold product, on the whole, exceeds 
 the sih'er on account of the product of the placer 
 mines.* 
 
 The Cripple Creek district, located in Teller county, 
 is at present the most productive gold district in the 
 United States, although the discovery- of gold in that 
 district was not made until Febriiary, 1891. The gold 
 product of Teller county in 1902 was 699,1:87 fine ounces, 
 
 "Report of tlie State Bureau of Mines, Colorado, 1901-2, page lol 
 'Ibid., riages 18.'-! t.-. 195. 
 "Ibid., pages 21:1 to 220. 
 
186 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 valued at Sl3,l»'.)(i,J:21. This was r.i'. (J per cent of the 
 o'old product of the state, and is. it p<4' cent of the entire 
 gold product of the country. The numerous mines 
 are, with a few exceptions, developed hy shafts, a 
 number of which have passed the l,i)()(i-foot mark. 
 
 Coal. — The lignite beds of the upper Missouri were 
 noticed by Lewis and Clark, 1S()3— !■; those of tlu> 
 Laramie plains hy Fremont, 1841!; and those of the 
 Raton mountain region by General Emory as early as 
 1848. Coal was first developed at Boulder in isco,' 
 although the first production from the state was not 
 reported until 1864. The Marshall mines of Boulder 
 county had already been worked for some years, and 
 the coal was bringing from §1::^ to $l."i a ton in Denver." 
 In 1872 production w'as reported from Weld county, 
 and in 1873 from La.s Animas and Fremont counties. 
 
 Coal is now reported from is t-ounties. the heaviest 
 producers being Las Animas. Huerfano. Boulder, 
 Fremont. Pitkin, and Gunnison counties, in the order 
 named. These counties produced over 9o per cent of 
 the coal reported for l',i()i.'. 
 
 The state is rich in the \'ariety of its coals, which 
 range fi'om lignite to anthracite. Lignites are nuned 
 in Arapahoe, Boulder, Douglas, El Paso, .letferson, 
 Larimer, and Weld counties; bituminous in (Jarfiidd. 
 (xunnison, Huerfano, Las Animas, La Plata. ]Mesa. 
 and Pitkin counties; semi})itununous in Fremont, (rar- 
 field, Gunnison, and La Plata counties; and anthracite 
 in Gunnison county.'' For statistical purposes the 
 Bureau of the Census and the (reological Survey have 
 classed the entire production of the state as bituminous. 
 
 Table 4, compded from the reports of the Lnited 
 States Geological Survey, shows the i)ro(hiction of coal 
 in Colorado from 1864 to VM)i, inclusixc 
 
 Table -i. — Anniml proiliiction ,,( i-mil, liiliniiiiiiiiix: lsi;4 la IfiOJ. 
 [riiitud States GeologlL-al Survc\', '■Mineral Itfsiajrrrs ot the I'liitfd States "] 
 
 /run iii'i. — Tile lirst il'oii ma nil fact iiring eiiierprise 
 was that of a small charcoal riiriiace al Laiigfoi'd. litJiil- 
 fler county, which was put in lilasi in |S64, \\itli the 
 
 U-Iistury of Xeva.ia, C.lnni.ln, an. I W vemin-, l.y \\\\\«-r\ II. 
 f'.anrrol't, |«iL'e .")7s, iKjte '.). 
 
 'I\ \'. l[ii\Hen, SMiliiMairs.l.ainial, Marcl], IsilN. 
 
 '■|;ii-iii]ial Kcjinrl ni ilir liisperi,,r of ( 'oa! Mill.-, < '(.l.iva.ln, |s;ii-i- 
 Minii, j,a-i- sil ff. 
 
 object of supplying pig iivjn for foundry purposes. It 
 went out of blast in ISCio and was soon afterwards aban- 
 doned. The ore was obtained in the neighborhood. 
 P^he owners of this furnace binlt a foundry at Denver 
 in 1861. ))ut removed it to Black Hawk in (iilpin county 
 in 186li. March 1, 187s, a i-olling mill to reroll rails 
 was put in operation at Pueblo, but it was removed to 
 Denver during the yeai-. On Sei)tember 7, 1881, the 
 first large coke furnace was put in lilast at Pueblo, and 
 the liessemer steel works, of the same place, were fin- 
 ished in ISSi!.' 
 
 The iron ore.protluction of the state in VM^l amounted 
 to 306, Tm^ long tons, valued at #1,0S4,424, an average 
 of $3.54 a ton. This high average value of Colorado 
 iron ore is due to its silver contents, and to its availability 
 for use as a fluxing medium when mixed with other 
 gold and silver ores in the smelter. 
 
 In the production of iron ore is included 13,'J7i) tons 
 of manganiferoirs iron ore, \alued at $.52,371, which 
 was used in the manufacture of spiegeleisen at the steel 
 works. 
 
 The following table, compiled from the reports of 
 the United States (ieological Survey, shows the pro- 
 duction of iron ore in Colorado from isstl to 1!H»2: 
 
 Table ■i.~Aiuiii<il j,ruihirli,,ii nf Irmi nrr: IS.Sf) In imj. 
 [United states Geologieal Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Long tons. 
 
 LH'lli 
 
 215,819 
 
 187,314 
 318, 480 
 307 ."J.^T 
 
 us:)7 
 
 1X98 
 
 LS99 
 
 1900 
 
 
 I'.ml 
 
 104,037 
 30fi,572 
 
 1911" 
 
 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 .Short tons. 
 
 YHAK. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 lst;-i 
 
 ■TOO 
 
 1,200 
 
 6, -100 
 17, 000 
 
 10, 5UU 
 
 8, 000 
 
 IS, .'.UO 
 
 15,000 
 
 f>H, 540 
 
 09, 'M7 
 
 77, ;i72 
 
 9H, KiH 
 
 117,600 
 
 100,000 
 
 ■^Oi),o;^o 
 ■l:^7.ou.'i 
 
 700,71 i. 
 
 i,oi;], 17'.) 
 
 1SS4 
 
 1,130,024 
 
 1,350,002 
 
 l,:^OM, ;-i;iM 
 
 1,791.785 
 2.1S5, 177 
 l',597, i^] 
 
 :\. 0, ,, iii);_; 
 :-;.5i'2,o;i2 
 
 
 
 IstiC, 
 
 IHMO 
 
 1 Mtj7 
 
 1H87 
 
 
 
 ImVJ 
 
 1HS9 
 
 ] ,S7U 
 
 1M71 
 
 l.syi 
 
 1S72 
 
 1M92 
 
 
 
 UX7t _ 
 
 1M94 
 
 1 895 
 
 
 1 h".') 
 
 
 ]H7ti 
 
 UH90 ___ 
 
 ],sy7 
 
 ;; IP' K.ii 
 
 
 
 ]S7s 
 
 ]«9.S 
 
 ■1 iiyr, ;; 17 
 
 
 I,77i;,-Ji 
 :'».2i u:;oi 
 
 5, 7(111, 1115 
 
 7! i(i]!:;p; 
 
 
 
 U^Kl 
 
 I'.KH 
 
 ] y>Hy> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 l.s.sy 109,136 
 
 LS'.ill 114,275 
 
 1K91 1 110,942 
 
 1892 141,769 
 
 1X93 171,670 
 
 1894 2S0,199 
 
 189."i 240,937 
 
 Pi'trolntm. — The first indications of petroleum were 
 found aliout IS.V.) at Oil Springs in Fremont county, 
 some 10 miles northwest of Florence. In March, 1862, 
 crude oil was collected from tln^ springs by sinking 
 shallow wells, and between lstl2 and lS(i5 the oil col- 
 lected was refined and most of it was transpoi'ted by 
 ti^am to Pueblo. Denver, and Santa Fe. For some of 
 this reliiu>d oil as high as §."> a gallon was realized. The 
 ad\'ent of railroads renderefl the industry unreniunera- 
 ti\(' and it was abandoned. In 1S81, v.diile drillino- a 
 well for water near the coal mines at the town of Coal 
 Creek, the drillers discovered oil at a depth of 1,260 
 feet. The discovery was followed up with varying suc- 
 cess, no production being reported until 18S7.'' 
 
 The development of the Boulder field was begun near 
 the close of lilOl, and there was great aeti\-ity throue-li- 
 out the state in l'.»02. Idie sujierior (|nality of the 
 peti'oleum de\'eloped at Botdder led to a large amount 
 of drilling in northern Colorado. ()perations were 
 acti\e at P)oiil(ler, Fort Collins, and in the Florence 
 tield and to a lesser extent in Piiclilo. Archuh>ta, Rio 
 
 Inn, ill .\il .\^ 
 I'ili'N-lilll Celr 
 
 I i\' .laiiM'.^ M . S\\ aiik, [laL^c^ 
 Viil. \l\ paj.' ISL'. 
 
 (1 :;44. 
 
COLOIiADO. 
 
 187 
 
 Blanco, and Routt counties and at Raton. The pi-oduc- 
 tion of the Boulder pool in 190^ amounted to 11,800 
 barrels. It will be seen from Tal)le (I that the largest 
 production, 824,000 barrels, Avas njade in l8!)i!, tlie 
 average production since being but a little more than 
 half that amount. 
 
 Table 0, compiled from the reports of the United 
 States Geological Survey, shows the aruuial production 
 of crude oil in Colorado from 1887 to l!M)2, inclusive. 
 
 Table O. — Aniiind priiilncllon of petroleiiiii : JSS7 lo l!/0..'. 
 [UnitLTl Stntes (Jeologicfll Survi'y, "Mineral Eesoiirecs of the Uiiiled States."] 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,S.S7 
 
 76, 29;") 
 
 ISvSS 
 
 
 
 ]8.'^9 
 
 
 SIG I7('i 
 
 1890 
 
 
 Si'i.s ,S4" 
 
 1<S91 
 
 
 i;(ir> 4s'' 
 
 1S9-' 
 
 
 SL!4:, UOU 
 5y-t, 390 
 
 1893 
 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 1896 
 IS'.IC, 
 1«)7 
 IS'JH 
 
 is'.m 
 
 WHO 
 
 r.idi 
 
 l'JU2 
 
 .'.If), 7Jli 
 
 ■riK, 232 
 
 361, 4.=J0 
 3S4,934 
 144, 383 
 390, 27S 
 317,3S.S 
 400, .=120 
 390, 901 
 
 Si'nidxf(/nt'H (Hid 'ji/(ift.z/'fe.s. — The state contains a ^'ari- 
 ety of sandstones, which are now <|uite generally quar- 
 ried. Reports for l!)02 showed .51 quarries and 47 
 operators, distributed among Boulder, Delta, Douglas, 
 Eagle, El Paso, Fremont, La Plata, Larimer, Las 
 Animas, and Pueblo counties, the largest number 
 being in Boulder county. The Red Beds yield )iuilding 
 stones of a great variety of shades, texture, and 
 strength. Numerous quarries, whicli furnisli tine, yel- 
 low and blue-gray stone, have l>een opened in Boulder 
 county on the Cretaceous sandstones. Li Fremont 
 county there occurs a fine grayish or butf stone of 
 Laramie age that closely resembles tlie Subcarbonifer- 
 ous stone of Berea, Ohio.^ 
 
 Limestones and dolomites. — Limestone is quarried in 
 8 counties — Chaffee, El Paso, Fremont, Gunnison, 
 Jefferson, La Plata, Pitkin, and Pueblo. A little more 
 than three-fourths of the product is used for fiux. 
 
 Oopjjer. — The production of copper ore from mines 
 operated for that mineral is comparatively small, the 
 value of the product so reported being but $71,4:11 from 
 18 mines. There is, however, a large copper production 
 l:)y the smelters of the state, who purchase argentiferous 
 copper ores and mattes in the open market. 
 
 Cloy. — The clay sold by the miner, which is the only 
 clay reported, is but a small part of the actual clay prod- 
 uct of the state. It should be borne in mind that the 
 clav which is manufactured by the producers was not 
 tak°n into account in this inquiry. Clay valued at 
 $07,1:31: was mined and sold as sueh }»y four establish- 
 ments. The total value of Itrick and tile, and pottery, 
 terra cotta, andfire clay products produced in the state in 
 I8i>0 was 11,071,388. Li 1900 the value of the same 
 class of ! lay products was 11,200, .511), and in 1901 it was 
 
 'Ptonee for Building and Decoration, liy George P. Merrill, pages 
 132 to 135. 
 
 $1,594,867, the state then ranking fourteenth in the 
 value of these products. In 1902 the state ranked 
 twelfth, though the value of the clay products had in- 
 creased to $2,200,983. 
 
 HUlceotis crijst(dl!iie /■<h7.:^. — Ten quarries of siliceous 
 crystalline rocks were in operation in the counties of 
 Boulder, Chaffee, Clear Creek, Fremont, Jefferson, 
 Gunnison, and Larimer, and produced stone valited at 
 $60,023— chiefly building stone. Fine gray granite oc- 
 curs at (Tcorgetown and Lawson, in Clear Creek county, 
 and there, are inexhaustible quantities of good material 
 all through the mountains. '' 
 
 Uranium and I'anadinni. — The only production of 
 these metals in the United States was from three mines 
 in Colorado — one each in Gilpin, Montrose, and San 
 Miguel counties. The output amounted to 3,810 short 
 tons of ore, valued at $48,125, the hulk of this produc- 
 tion being contributed by the San Miguel county mine. 
 The production of uranium in 1900 was reported as 153 
 short tons, carrying from 5 to 16 per cent of uranium 
 oxide, and in 1901 it was 376 short tons.'' 
 
 Lead and zinc — The lead and zinc production in Col- 
 orado is practically all from the smelting of ores carry- 
 ing precious metals. The nonargentiferous lead and 
 zinc ore mined in 1902 amounted to only 1.636 shoi't 
 tons, of A\'hich 1,536 tons were zinc. 
 
 Atl iitjirr minerudK. — The first production of Portland 
 cement was reported for 1901 from one establishment 
 in Fremont countv. Lt 1902 two establishments were 
 in operation; one of these quarried its raw material. 
 As the other manufactured from purchased material, 
 the statistics of its operation are not included in the 
 report on mines and quarries. 
 
 Gypsum has been quarried to a small extent for a 
 num})er of years, the bulk of the product being calcined 
 into plaster of Paris. Numerous deposits of gypsum 
 are known to exist in all the Rocky mountain territory. 
 At the census of 1890 the beds that had so far been 
 worked were in the neighborhood of Big Thompson, 
 Larimer county, and Colorado Springs, El Paso county. 
 Production of plaster of Paris was reported from the 
 mill at Colorado Springs as earl}' as 1879, when the 
 output was 150 short tons. The production of 1902 was 
 from one e.stablishment near Loveland, Larimer county. 
 
 The natural gas produced in Colorado comes from 
 the oil wells. In 1902 the output was valued at $1,900. 
 
 The precious stones reported for 1902 were smoky 
 quartz and amazon stone. Sirioky quartz occurs at 
 and near Pikes Peak, where it is abundant in a coarse 
 o-ranite, associated with amazon stones — crystals of 
 o-reen feldspar — for which that locality is famous. It 
 is also found at Mt. Antero, Chaflee county. One of 
 
 -8tones for Building and Decoration, page 53. 
 ■' llnited States C-ieological Survej', "Mineral Resources of- the 
 Pnited States," 1900, page 265, and 1901, page 270. 
 
188 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 the finest faceted stones in the world, measuring- 3i 
 inches in length, exhiliiti'd at the Columbian Exposi- 
 tion, was from Mt. Antero. A(iuamarines have also been 
 found at Mt. Antero within recent years. Topazes 
 have been found at Cheyenne mountain. Pikes Peak, 
 and at Nathrop. Some tine rock crystal has been fur- 
 nished by the state, especially from Mt. Antero. 
 Amethyst has been reported from Cripple Creek and 
 from localities in Park and Mineral counties. Tur- 
 quoise is reported from the southern part of the state, 
 and prosopite, a fluoride of alumina, occurs at Pikes 
 Peak. 
 
 Tungsten ores, wolframite, and hubnerite have been 
 found in quantity in San Juan, Boulder, Gilpin, Ouray, 
 and Lake counties. In U»uy production was reported 
 from three mines — two in P>oulder county and one in 
 San Juan. The only other producer in the United 
 States was one mine in Connecticut. It is only within 
 a few years that it has been known to exist in commei-- 
 cial quantities in Colorado. Shipments were reported 
 in 1900 of 4.5i short tons, cai'rying fi-om (iO to 71 per 
 cent of titanic acid.' 
 
 ' United State.s Geolofjical Survey, 
 United States," 19U0, page 258. 
 
 '.Mineral KesourreN of the 
 
CONNECTICUT. 
 
 Tal)le 1 is a .smnniarv of the statistics for the prodiK-tivo mines and quarrios in the s^ate of Connecticut for 1902. 
 
 TAhLK 1.— SUMMARY; 1902. 
 
 KumbtT of mines or quarries 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Sabiried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Sala ries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 Value of product $1 
 
 Siliceous | Limestones' Sandstones 
 Total. crystalline I and : and 
 
 rocks. I dolomites, quartzites. 
 
 n 
 
 ISl 
 
 S132, 095 
 
 1,-197 
 
 8808, 772 
 
 359,918 
 
 «230, 075 
 
 , 425. 959 
 
 49 
 44 
 
 ,S7 
 S75,682 
 
 943 
 8635,334 ] 
 831, 869 
 8118,231 , 
 $S12,141 
 
 18 
 118,830 
 
 135 
 
 866, 766 
 
 88,028 
 
 $64,346 
 
 8205, 371 
 
 7 
 7 
 
 15 
 
 81 3, .554 
 
 142 
 873, 939 
 86, ,881 
 
 814, lies 
 8128, ,579 
 
 FcUlspar. 
 
 (ju'irtz. 
 
 85, 345 
 
 71 
 833, 672 
 84, .564 
 $10, 677 
 $73, 764 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 8 
 86, 030 
 
 18 
 
 $8, 792 
 
 $1,4.50 
 
 8700 
 
 $32,075 
 
 4 
 
 4 j 
 
 2 ! 
 $1,200 
 
 10 
 
 84,835 
 
 $675 
 
 $1,965 
 
 $11,. 575 
 
 Al] other 
 Tniricrals.i 
 
 13 
 
 $11,454 
 
 178 
 
 $85, 435 
 
 S5, 461 
 
 $25, 488 
 
 8162, 454 
 
 1 Infliuk'M opL-rators as follow.s Asbestos, 1; day, I; garnet. 2; iron ore, 1 (2 mines): marble, 1; and tungsten, 1. . 
 
 The state ranked fortieth in iniiiino- in l^Myi accord- I in 1849 .supplied 1(1 furnaces in Litchtieid county with 
 ing- to the value of its product. Its principal mineral a fibrous and massive hematite, which furnished forge 
 products were nonmetallic. Connecticut, in early ])ig of tlie hnest ([utility.' The most important silver- 
 years, was a pioneer in mining enterprise, but later its , lead mine in the state was near ^liddletown. It was 
 
 opened in 1852, although previously operated to some 
 extent probaldy many years prior to the Revolutionary 
 War.'' 
 
 ^Minerals occurring in Connecticut but not reported 
 in commercial ijuantities during I'.to:^ are numei'ous. 
 Barytes was mined in New Haven county a.s early as 
 1870, but none hiis since been reported. Bismuth is 
 disseminated in snuill (juantities through the quiirtz of 
 Fairhekl county. Bornite, green carl)onate of copper, 
 \-itreous coppi'r. copper pyrit(\ ;uid nati\e copper 
 occur chiefly in Hartford, Litchtieid, and New Haven 
 counties. Emery ;ind coruiuhim are found near Litch- 
 held," graphite or plumbago is disseminated through 
 rock in the same county, and glass sand occurs on the 
 shores of Lake Qutissapaug. Copper occurs in many 
 forms throughout the state. A number of contact 
 deposits in sandstone at junctures with gneiss were 
 formerly worked, especially at Bristol.' Large depos- 
 its of infusorial earth and tripoli (jccur, but no produc- 
 tion was reported for 19u2. Lidications of galena are 
 abundant^ throughout the sttite, but there are few 
 localities where lead mining has been carried on to any 
 
 mines, never verj' productive, ha\'e fallen largely into 
 disuse. The first of the early colonists to turn Ids at- 
 tention in the dii-eetion of mining seems to haxe l)een 
 Governor Winthrop, who, from H).5() to IrtHo, engaged 
 at intervals in examining the metallifei'ous indications 
 of the Connecticut \-alley, in the yicinity of Haddain 
 and Middletown. There is no reason to suppose that 
 any actual mining was ever executed by him.' 
 
 The copper mines of Simsbury were discovered about 
 17t).5,- ruined a number of successive proprietoi-s, and 
 were finally made into a state prison, long since aban- 
 doned. In 1709 the first mining company orgtmized in 
 the United States w;is chartered to operate thes(> mines. 
 The material for the ''Granby coppers," coined in 
 1737, and for otlier coins, including the first United 
 States coinage, wits ol)tained from Simsbury.-' The 
 finding of ore in this locality prom])tcd the discovery 
 of the Schuyler mine in New Jersey in 1719. A colmlt 
 mine in Chatham was worked in I7<i2, and tibout the 
 same time the Southampton lead mine was opened, but 
 neither of these enterprises met with much success. 
 In 1836 copper was extensively mined at Bristol, the 
 workings being at this time among tlic most importiint in 
 the LTnited States. The Ore Hill iron mine of Salis))ury 
 
 1 Metallic Wealth of the United State.s, by .J. D. Whitney, ptige 
 
 xxii. 
 
 2 Connecticut, by Alexander .Johnston, page 'i. 
 ' Ibid., pages 3 and 4, 
 
 * Metallic Wealth ot the United States, p.ages xxiii, xxiv, 31.5, 
 and 4(33. 
 
 ■' Ibid,, page .'3it3. 
 
 " United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 Ihiited States," 18S7, page 7b"i. 
 
 ' ( )re Deposits oi tlie I'nited States, l)y James F. Kemp, ptige 158. 
 
 " Metallic Wealth of the United States, page 392. 
 
 (189) 
 
190 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 extent. Manganese ore in small quantities is frequently 
 found in connection with the iron ores of the Salishury 
 district.' Efforts have l)een made to locate tliis ore in 
 sufficient ([uantities to pay for its separation from iron, 
 but they have thus far proved futile. Mica is found 
 near Branchville and New Milford, and niolybdenuni at 
 Haddam in the gneiss (juarries. Niccolite occurs in 
 Middlesex and Fairfield counties, associated with snial- 
 tite or gray cobalt ore, which is disseminated in mica 
 slate accompanied by galenite and sphalerite. 
 
 Precious stones — agate, beryl, and topaz — have been 
 reported as found in tiie state. Pyrites, pyrrhotite, 
 and chalcopyrite occur in various localities. Kutile 
 occurs in Hartford, Litchfield, imd Fairfield counties. 
 Some silver is generally found in the galena of the 
 Eastern states," but the ores have nevei' yet proved 
 abundant enough to be important. Talc occurs with 
 slate in gneiss near Bristol, Hartford county, and a sil- 
 icate of zinc is found, in Fairfield county, in white 
 limestone with galena and blende.'^ 
 
 The following table shows the value of the manufac- 
 tured products of the state in 1900 based primarily upon 
 the products of mining and quarrying in comparison 
 with the total for all manufat-tuves reported: 
 
 Table 'J. — Manujuclnres haxei} priinnrihi iij)n)i Ihr jiroilm-ls of iiiim's 
 and ijii(iri-ii:x: J9iio. 
 
 INM-STRY. 
 
 Valiu-of 
 
 irodurt. 
 
 
 
 Based upon prodiicts of mines or quarries: 
 
 S552, yeo 
 
 3,167,010 
 
 61,079,340 
 
 7S, R'2r,,5'2fi 
 14,-445,102 
 
 
 Clay, glass, and stone products 
 
 
 Metals and metal products, other than irrtn 
 
 
 Miscellaneous industries 
 
 158 370 840 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 194,453,2fl(j 
 
 
 
 
 As shown in the above table, the product of mines 
 and quarries was used' as material in the manufacture 
 of 44.9 per cent in \alue of the manufactures of Con- 
 necticut. Most of this mineral pi'oduct was obtained 
 from other states. 
 
 The value of the manufactured product reported for 
 1900 was $352,821,106, while the value of the product 
 of mines and quarries in 1902 was !f;i.l2.'i.'.).j9. Frcnn 
 these figures it will be . seen that the pro<Uicti<in of 
 mines and quarries represents oidy foui'-tejitlis of 1 
 per cent of tlic total \'alue for the comhined industries, 
 and manufactures, 91). per cent. The niaiuifacturing 
 industries as reported in 1I»(I0 gave employment t(j 
 176,691 wage-earners who were paid $82,767,725 in 
 wages; in 1902 ther(! \vei'e employed at the mines and 
 (juai'ries 1,197 wage-(.';irncrs who )'rc(.;ived !rlS0S,772 in 
 wages. Of the cfanbiried totals, mines and quari-ies 
 
 gave employment to eight-tenths of 1 per cent of the 
 wage-earners and paid 1 per cent of the wages, while 
 manufactures employed 99.2 pei- cent of the wage-earn- 
 ers and paid 99 jjer cent of the wages. 
 
 The following table, compiled from the reports of 
 the United States Geological Survey, shows the \'alue 
 of the animal production of the principal minerals of 
 the state from 1890 to 1902: 
 
 T.viJLE .'5. — \'(ibti' of niniifal jiroduction- of jrniiciit'il. minerah: IHUO to 
 
 1902. 
 
 [Onitecl .States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resouree.s of the United States."] 
 
 YEAK. 
 
 Siliceous 
 
 crystalline 
 
 rocks. 
 
 Limestones 
 
 and 
 dolomites. 
 
 Sand.stones 
 
 lind 
 quartzitcs. 
 
 Feldspar. 
 
 1890 
 
 1891 
 
 1X92 - 
 
 LS93 
 
 1894 
 
 $1,001,20'2 
 1,167,000 
 700,000 
 0.52, 4.59 
 504,390 
 779, 301 
 794,325 
 016,215 
 682,768 
 516, .S8i; 
 .507, 7.51 
 616,654 
 812,141 
 
 $131,697 
 100, 000 
 95, 000 
 155, 000 
 204,414 
 1.54,333 
 138, 945 
 178,410 
 142,067 
 162,388 
 148,060 
 140,424 
 205, 371 
 
 S920, 061 
 760,000 
 6.50, OCO 
 670, 346 
 322, 934 
 397, 853 
 426, 029 
 364, 604 
 215, 733 
 271, 623 
 192,593 
 146,814 
 128,579 
 
 (') 
 1') ■ 
 (M 
 1') 
 1') 
 
 189fi 
 
 1897 
 
 $5,0.50 
 24, 876 
 
 189B 
 
 2 12, 020 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 2 49,496 
 
 2 68,300 
 
 54,8.58 
 
 
 73,764 
 
 
 ' Eleventh Census, Report on Mineral Industrie.s, page 297. 
 ''()!(-• iJeposits (if the I'niteil Stateu, jiajic 201. 
 ■M.Tnitecl States ( ieologiail Snrvev, ".Mineral KcHoiirccK of tin 
 United States," !H«7, fjaKes 715 anir7f«j. 
 
 ' Not reported. 
 
 2 Includes value ('rodueed in Nemv York in 189.s and 1900, and Maini- in 1898. 
 
 y Censu.s figures. 
 
 The principal mineral production in Connecticut is 
 from quarries, siliceous crystalline rocks leading, 
 although this industry' has materiall}' decreased since 
 1891. The production of sandstones and quartzites has 
 also fallen ott' largely, but the production of limestones 
 and dolomites increased from $131,697, in 1890, to 
 $205,371, In 1902, or 55.9 per cent. 
 
 Siliceous cn/Ktallhir rarl's. — The production of sili- 
 ceous crystalline rocks in VMVl was valued at $812,111. 
 Of this anionnt, 13.2 per cent was stone sold in the 
 rough or dressed f()r building purposes and 36.3 per 
 cent was crushed rock for roads, railroad f)allast, and 
 concrete; the i-emainder l)eing dressed for monumental 
 purposes, made into pa\'ing l)locks, or prepared for use 
 as ciirbing, flagging, riprap, rubble, etc. 
 
 Extensive deposits of granite are found throughout 
 the New England states, the Connecticut product being 
 usually distinguished from otln>r granites by a fine grain 
 and light gray color.' The most impcu'tant tpiarries in 
 Connecticut arc found lioidering on Long Island sound, 
 although a ])ro(lucti<in was reported during 1!»0-J in 
 every county except Tolland. 
 
 At Millstone, New' London county, is u (piarry f!\)ni 
 which millstones were (|uarried for use in old-fashioned 
 ^vindniills a century and a half ago. The ston{^ is rather 
 dark colored and is now used chiefly for building, mon- 
 umental work, and for paving blocks. Monumental 
 stone is (piarried onl_y at Groton, the granite being fine 
 grained, hard, and well adapted to this use. The 
 Waterford granite is a fine grained biotife, grav in color. 
 
 12il. 
 
 Ill CensuH, Sj)eeial Iveport on linilding Stones, Vol. X, jiage 
 
CONNECTI(!UT. 
 
 191 
 
 and suital)le for both uiomnnciital and huildiny pur- 
 poses. A considerable prothiction was reported in 
 1902. A gray stone is also quarried near Oneeci in 
 Windham county. 
 
 At Leetes Island, New Hayeii county, a f(>ldspathic 
 pink gneiss, excellent for heayy construction and bridge 
 y\ork, is quarried. This stone was used in the founda- 
 tion of the Bartholdi Statue of Liljerty in New York 
 harbor. The Stony Creek qiiarries produced large 
 quantities of red granite, which was used chieth' for 
 building purposes. The red or pink color of this stone 
 is most attractiye. At Ansonia and numerous other 
 points tliere are quarries of more or less importance. 
 There is a large quarry at Sachem Head, which, how- 
 eyer, did not report any production during 11)02.' 
 
 LimesioDes and doJcDiiltes. — The production of lime- 
 stone during 1902 was yalued at $205,371, an increase 
 of 46.3 per cent oyer the production reported for 1901. 
 All the Connecticut limestones are crystalline in tex- 
 ture" and comparatiyely free from admixture of clay or 
 magnesia, and are therefore well adapted for Irarniiig 
 into lime, for which purpose, except a vei-y small 
 amount reported as flux, the production of 1902 was 
 wholly used. That limestones are not used in this state 
 for roadmaking material is accounted for by the abun- 
 dance of the harder and more permanent granitic rocks. 
 
 Sandstones and quarfsit/s. — Third in importance 
 among the mineral industries of Connecticut is the 
 quarrying of sandstone, the yalue of the product for 
 1902 being $12y,.579. The quarries are found princi- 
 pally adjacent to the Connecticut riyer, at Portland, 
 Middlesex county. A small production is also reported 
 from Hartford and New Hayen counties. This stone 
 is sold chiefly in the rough and used for building pur- 
 poses. It quarries easily, works well,'' and possesses 
 a very rich color, but sometimes does not weather well 
 in the changeable climate of northern United States. 
 
 J^eldsjxir. — Connecticut, in 1902, produced in yalue 
 29.5 per cent of the feldspar reported for the United 
 States. It was quarried in Fairfield, Hartford, Litch- 
 field, and Middlesex comities. It is obtained from peg- 
 matitic dikes* occurring in gneisses and schists and is 
 chiefly orthoclase. In some localities there are large 
 masses of nearly pure spar, hut generally the occur- 
 rence is an intergrowth of quartz and feldspar. The 
 associated minerals are tourmaline, garnet, and beryl. 
 
 Crystidline qnai'tz. — The crystalline (|uartz quarried 
 during 1902 amounted to 10,100 shoi't tons, and was 
 yalued at ?32,075, or about three-fourths of the yalue 
 
 1 United States Geolegical Surve.,-, ^'ineteenth Annual Report, 
 Part IV, continued, 1897-98, pages "l':!2 to Zj-,. 
 
 '•'Tenth Census, Special Report on Building Stones, Vol. X, ])age 
 107. 
 
 nbid., page 108. 
 
 *The Mineral Industry, 1898, Vol. VII, page 2m. 
 
 i-eported for the entire United States. The mines are 
 situated at New Milford, K(jxbury, and Washington in 
 Litc]i(i(dd c(nnity, and at Southbury, New Hayen county. 
 Crystalline (|uartz is used in wood finishing, to prepai'e 
 the surface of the wood foi- polishing, and in the stone 
 cutting trade, '"' especially ))y the marble men, as an abra- 
 siye. It is also crushed and sized for use in the manu- 
 facture of sandpaper or pulyerized for sale as triijoli. 
 
 Flint. — The flint production of Connecticut during 
 1902 was reported as H52 short tons of crude, yalued at 
 i!il,775, and 9(J0 short tons of ground, yalued at §9,800, 
 a total yaluation of $11,575, wdiich is somewhat less 
 than was reported in 1901. The (juarries are all located 
 in Fairfield and Litchfield counties. 
 
 lUl other minerals. — A considerable amount of mar- 
 ble was quarried near East Canaan, Litchfield county, 
 during 1902, and it was all used fen- building purposes. 
 Deposits of serpentine"" and yerd antique marble occur 
 in the yieinity of New Hayen, but no quarrying w^as 
 reported. 
 
 Iron ore of importance is mined in the extreme north- 
 west corner of the state, near Salisbury, Litchfield 
 county.' The ores are similar to those of Massachu- 
 setts. Statistics of the production, which is small, have 
 been for some years consolidated with the production 
 of other New England states and can not be shown sep- 
 arately for 1902 without disclosing the business of the 
 only operator engaged in the mining. The Salisbury 
 mines, two in number, are among the oldest in the 
 country, and haye been famous for the qualitj' of their 
 ore and the uses to which the iron made from it has 
 been put. 
 
 One kaolin mine W'as reported in Litchfield county, 
 statistics for which are included under "all other min- 
 erals " to ayoid the disclosure of individual operations. 
 In Litchfield county, in the vicinity of Boxbury, are 
 also located 2 garnet quarries. A large portion of the 
 product is used in tiie manufacture of sandpaper. 
 
 More than one-fifth of the entire asbestos production 
 of the United States is mined in Litchfield county. 
 During 1902 the asbestos produced in this state was 
 chiefly in the crude form. Crushing the ore and sepa- 
 rating it by sifting are the only processes thus far 
 undertaken at the mine. 
 
 A small quantity of scheelite, which when refined 
 assays about 79 j>cr ccMit tungstic acid, was mined during 
 1902, near Longhill, Fairfield county. It occurs in a 
 quartz vein between au amphibole gneiss and a ))ed of 
 t'rystalline limestone.'' 
 
 ■'United States (ienlngical Survey, " Mineral Kesourees of the 
 United States," 1901, paL'e 800. 
 
 '''Tenth t'ensus. Special Kepi ii't on liuildin,:;- Stones, Vol, X, page 
 129. 
 
 ' Metallic 'Wealth of the United States, page 462, 
 
 " The Mineral Industry, 1900, Vol, IX, page 658. 
 
DELAWARE. 
 
 Table 1 is a summarv of the statistics for the produe- 
 tive mines and ([uarrios in the state of Delaware for 
 1902. 
 
 Table 1. — Snminnn/: 1902. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Number of mines or quarries. 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number . . .•. 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners; 
 
 .\veTage number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 Value of product 
 
 rj 
 12 
 
 29 
 
 S28, 047 
 
 504 
 
 3222,622 
 
 S39, 278 
 
 $45, 361 
 
 ?448, 467 
 
 Siliceous 
 crystalline ; Clay. 
 
 (1 
 6 
 
 16 
 
 S15, 307 
 
 335 
 
 $153, 160 
 
 $19, 688 
 
 $18, 126 
 
 $276, 753 
 
 
 13 
 
 $12 
 
 740 
 
 
 169 
 
 $69, 472 
 
 S19 
 
 ."i9() 
 
 $27, 23.1 
 
 $171 
 
 714 
 
 The mineral wealth of the state consists chiefly of its 
 deposits of granitic building stones, which ha\'e been 
 extensively quarried, and clay deposits, which were 
 among the first in the countiy to be developed on a 
 commercial scale. While the state was not a producer 
 in 1902 of feldspar, bog iron ore, greensand marl, lime- 
 stone, and " blue rock." these minerals occur at various 
 points and were mined in former years. Among the 
 minerals occurring in the state which, as yet, ha\-e re- 
 ceived little or no tittention by miners are: Asbestos, 
 amber, and serpentine.' 
 
 Certain manufacturing industries are closely allied to 
 or are based on the mining industry, using as their raw 
 material the product of the mine or quarry. The reht- 
 tive importance of these l)raiiches of manufacture, as 
 indicated by the value of their products, is shown in 
 the following table: 
 
 T.VBLE ll. — Mfunifarliin'x haxnl /n-uii'irih/ nj„,,i tin jn'iirlnrls i,f mini'!: 
 mill ijiliirrirs; ItllJIi. 
 
 INTHSTKY. 
 
 Value 111" product. 
 
 All mjinufactureH 
 
 Baned upon products of minen or (iUJirries: 
 
 Iron and steel and their products 
 
 Clay p^lass and stone products 
 
 H'i, :w7,(i;:i(i 
 
 S9, 2133, Oil- 
 7*28, 775 
 
 Metals and metal products, other tliaii irmi jind 
 
 275, 3(37 
 
 
 KS3, fi5« 
 
 
 l,fi09 955 
 
 
 
 
 32,701,y(i:! 
 
 
 
 'United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Eesource.H of tlie 
 "United States," 1887, page 718. 
 
 (192) 
 
 The total value of the products of the manufacturing 
 industries, based on the products of mining, was, as 
 shown by Table 2, $12,625,66Y, or 27.8 per cent of the 
 total value of the product of all manufacturing indus- 
 tries in the state in 1900. During the same year there 
 were employed in all branches of manufacture in the 
 state 22,203 wage-earners, who were paid $9,259,(i61 in 
 wages. In 1902 the mines and quarries of the state 
 gave employn:ent to 501 wage-earners, who received 
 $222,622 in wages. Manufactures, therefore, gave em- 
 ployment to 97.8 pel' cent of the wage-earners and paid 
 97.7 per cent of the wages; mining employed 2.2 per 
 cent of the wage-earners and paid 2.3 per cent of the 
 wages. 
 
 Table 3 shows the annual production of siliceous 
 crystalline rocks and day. 
 
 T.-\BLE 3. — Value of uiniiml ]irijiJiirlioii of principal niiuends: 1890 
 
 lo 1902. 
 
 [r^nited States Geological Survey, "Minrrjil F-tcsnurces of the T'nited States."] 
 
 Siliceous 
 I crystalline 
 I rocks. 
 
 Clav. 
 
 1892. 
 1893. 
 1894. 
 
 1.S97 
 
 $211, 194 
 210,000 ■ 
 2.50,000 
 
 1K!IS.. 
 1 899 . . 
 1900.. 
 1901.. 
 1902-'. 
 
 215 
 
 9114 
 
 173 
 
 ,805 
 
 73 
 
 138 
 
 
 4(19 
 
 1177 
 
 7.54 
 
 039 
 
 349 
 
 608,028 
 
 671 
 
 204 
 
 276 
 
 753 
 
 {■) 
 
 (I) 
 (') 
 
 CI 
 
 (') 
 
 $99, 441 
 82,286 
 71,742 
 102,005 
 112,8.83 
 171,714 
 
 1 Not reported scinirsitoly. 
 
 - Census li.gures 
 
 Sil icrniia cruxtitU I II r rocl-.t. — The granitic deposits of 
 the sttitc are contined. in the main, to a compartitivelv 
 sniiiil belt or area adjacent to the city of AA'ilmington.'' 
 The rock is of a dark gray gneissoid character and has 
 been used to a limited (^xtent for bnilding purposes, but 
 has been more largely used in coarser construction 
 work and in roadmaking.'' This rock has been quar- 
 ried for many vears. 
 
 ^Tlu'New International Eneyeiopedia, Vol. V, page 7(i8. 
 ■'Stones for Bailding and Uecoration, by George V.. Merrill, 
 page 55. 
 
DELAWARE. 
 
 .193 
 
 Clay. — The clays of Dolaware constitute the major 
 part of its mineral wealtli. A large proportion of the 
 workal)le deposits, compr-isiny clays snitalile for i)rick 
 and terra cotta making and for china clay, occur in 
 Newcastle county.' The clay \)roduct of chief impor- 
 tance, however, and that in thi^ production of which 
 the state holds a conspicuous place, is kaolin. The 
 beginning of the industry of kaolin mining in Dela- 
 ware is approximately coincident with that of the same 
 industry iu.st over the line in I'ennsvlvania, where it 
 
 'TlieNcw International F.ncycldpeilia, Vol. V, page "tiK,. 
 
 began in lS3!>.'^ For many years the kaolin deposits of 
 these two stat(<s made up the total output (jf the; country. 
 ^^'lnlc kiiolin of excellent i|uality and of extensive oc- 
 ot-urrence has be(>n mined at many difl'erent places, the 
 present center of the industry of kaolin or china 
 clay mining is in the vicinity of Ilockessin, in New- 
 castle county. The industry of mining is supplemented 
 in Delawaiv l>y the conversion of the raw kaolin into 
 china clay, and the bulk of the state's product of this 
 mineral is shipped in this form. 
 
 ^The Mineral Industry, ls98, Vol. VII, page 153 ff. 
 
 301'1'H— 1)4- 
 
 -13 
 
FLORIDA. 
 
 Table 1 is a siimmaiT of the statistics for the pro- 
 ductive mines and quarries in the state of Florida for 
 1902. 
 
 Table 1. — Summanj: 190-2. 
 
 Number of mines or quarries . 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.; 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage- earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials . 
 Value of product 
 
 Total, 
 
 71 
 46 
 
 218 
 
 ?228, 868 
 
 3,146 
 
 $1,082,030 
 
 $4,021 
 
 $304, 142 
 
 $618, 057 
 
 $2, 943, 806 
 
 Phosphate 
 rock. 
 
 192 
 
 $206, 108 
 
 2, 866 
 $996,801 
 
 $283, 149 
 
 $.'i42, 322 
 
 $2, 6.55, 463 
 
 Lime- 
 stones 
 and dolO' 
 mites. 
 
 3 
 
 $2, 410 
 
 87 
 $28, 0.54 
 
 $2, 208 
 $14, 769 
 $63,571 
 
 All Other 
 min- 
 erals. 1 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 23 
 $20, 350 
 
 193 
 $57,175 
 $4,021 
 $18,785 
 $60, 966 
 $224,772 
 
 1 Includes operators as follows; Clay, 2; fuller's earth, 2. 
 
 The .state ranked thirty-fifth in l'.»ii2 in the vahie 
 of products of mine.s and quarries, with a total of 
 $2,943,806. The mining- industry in the state is con- 
 fined to nonmetallic minerals. Chief among these, Ijoth 
 in extent and development, is phosphate rock. Also, 
 in a relative sense, the state's product of fuller's earth 
 is of importance and its wealth in clay deposits i.s worth v 
 of note. 
 
 Other minerals found in the state ))ut not commer- 
 cially produced in 1!)02 are: Gypsum, a rather exten- 
 sive bed of which has recently been discovered pear 
 Panasoffkee;' lignite or brown coal, deposits of which 
 occur on the Suwanee river, and at one time were 
 worked for fuel;'' and hydraulic; cement rock, of which 
 a large deposit occurs near River Junction, extending 
 for several miles along the left l);ink of the Apalachi- 
 cola river southerly to Aspalaga, and comprising over 
 2,000 acres, with a thickness of at least 80 feet. 
 Enough has Ijeen exposed to indicate that the deposit 
 contains sufficient raw material to produce over two 
 billion barrels of cement. The raw matei'ial is white, 
 and the manufactured product is as white as the whitest 
 marble.'' 
 
 Development work in the state in 1902 was confined 
 t(j phosphate rock, clay, and peti'oleuni, cost $2.5,314, 
 and was of interest diiefiy because of tlie borings and 
 testings made in Sumter county for petroleum. 
 
 ' ['nited .States < r('olii;.'iciil Survev, Twentieth Annual Keimrt, 
 ISUS-W), I'art VI, pafre Wl. 
 
 '' WM., '■^Minenil ncsonn-csol tlie United States," 1S82, past- 675. 
 ■■JliiiL, Twentieth Annual Report, 1898-99, I'art VJ, page 549 ff 
 
 (194j 
 
 Certain manufacturing industries use as their raw 
 material the product of the mine or quarrj', and their 
 relative importance, as indicated by value of products, 
 is shown in the following table: 
 
 Table 2. — Munufdclitrex based priiiiarili/ upon the vroducts of mines 
 and quarries: IHOO. 
 
 INDUSTRY. 
 
 Value of product. 
 
 
 
 Based upon products of mines or quarries: 
 
 S500, 239 
 229, 447 
 
 
 
 Metals and metal products, other than iron inirl 
 steel 
 
 12-^ 458 
 
 Miscellaneous industries 
 
 981,715 
 
 
 
 All other. . 
 
 34 65'^ H77 
 
 
 
 The total \'alue of the ^^roducts of manufacturing- 
 industries based on mining was, as shown by Table 2, 
 •:!^2, 1.57,366, or .5.9 per cent of the total value of the prod- 
 ucts of all manufacturing industries in the state in 1900. 
 During the same year there were employed in all 
 bi-anches of manufactures 34.23(.) wage-earners, who 
 were paid $10, 683,038 in wages. In 19()2 the mines and 
 quarries gave employment to 3,146 wagc-earuer>, who 
 received $L, 082, 03(» in wages. ^lanufactures, therefore, 
 employed 91.6 per cent of the wage-earners of the two 
 industries and paid 90.8 .per cent <>f the wages, while 
 the mining industries emjDloyed 8.4 per cent of the wage- 
 earners and paid 9.2 per cent of the wages. 
 
 In Table 3 is shown the value of the annual produc- 
 tion, as compiled from the reports of the United States 
 Geological Surveys of the principal minerals of the state 
 from 1889 to 1902: 
 
 T.uiLE .3. — ]'iiliu' of iijiiiiial jiroduiiion of jirlncipal mi)ierals: ISSS 
 
 to loo:'. 
 
 [United States Geolegieal Survey, " Mineral Kesonrees of the United States."] 
 
 1 .H8'.l . . . 
 1890. . . 
 1891 . . . 
 1892... 
 lK9:i... 
 
 IS'.II... 
 
 is'.i:.... 
 
 Phosphate Lime- 
 rock, stone. 
 
 $32, SOO 
 338, 190 
 703, 013 
 1,418,418 
 1 , 979, 056 
 1,666,813 
 2,112,902 
 
 ^ Not reported separately. 
 
 (') II 
 
 (M 1 
 
 C-l l.s.'S 
 
 (=1 1.S99 
 
 $35,000 I'.iiili 
 
 30,639 19111 
 
 10,5.50 19112 
 
 2Xo p.i.lll 
 
 YKAH. 
 
 Phosphate 
 , rook. 
 
 Lime- 
 stone. 
 
 
 $1,547,353 
 1,493,515 
 1,847,796 
 2,.S04,061 
 2, 983, 312 
 3, 1.59, 473 
 2, 655, 463 
 
 $16,982 
 IS, 889 
 91,330 
 
 ) 
 
 1 
 
 1-28,381 
 51 870 
 
 
 
 
 63,. 571 
 
 '^ Census figures. 
 
FLORIDA. 
 
 195 
 
 P/ioxp/iate vwl'.— This mineral, which con.stitutcs tho 
 state'.s most valuable i-e.source, occurs principally in a 
 belt extending from Lake Okechobee on the south to 
 the vicinity of Tallahassee on thenortii,' appi'oximatiny 
 2-iO miles in length and averaging about 30 miles in 
 width. Deposits of commercial value are not continu- 
 ous throughout this large area, but are widely scattered. 
 Four classes of phosphate rock have been produced. 
 These, in the order of total values of product for the 
 years 1888 to 1903, are: Hard rock, land pebble, river 
 pebble, and soft rock. 
 
 The following table shows the product of phosphate 
 rock by classes since its mining began in 1888: 
 
 Table 4 . — Annual produclion of plio^phutf ruck by l-hid.s: lSb'8 to 190S. 
 [United States Geological Survey, " Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 
 
 PRODUCTTON (l.nMi 
 
 TONS). 
 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Hard recti. Soft rock. 
 
 1 
 
 Lund 
 pebble. 
 
 River 
 pebble. 
 
 Total 
 
 6,606,468 
 
 3, 859, 128 
 
 30,001 
 
 1,730,695 
 
 986, 744 
 
 
 1888 
 
 3,000 
 4,100 
 46, .501 
 112,4,H2 
 287, 343 
 438, 804 
 527,653 
 568, 061 
 495, 199 
 5.52, 342 
 600, 894 
 726,420 
 706, 243 
 761,996 
 785, 430 
 
 
 
 
 3 000 
 
 1889 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 
 
 
 46 501 
 
 1891 
 
 57..9S2 
 155,908 
 216,685 
 326, 401 
 307,098 
 296,811 
 360, 147 
 366, 810 
 460,297 
 424, 977 
 457, 508 
 429, 384 
 
 6,710 
 13,675 
 
 21,905 
 86, 624 
 98.885 
 1.81,011 
 97,936 
 92,132 
 156, 0.S4 
 177,170 
 221,403 
 247, 4,54 
 3.50, 991 
 
 .54 600 
 
 1692 
 
 102 820 
 
 1893 
 
 122,820 
 
 1894 
 
 10'' 307 
 
 18Q5 
 
 6, 916 
 
 400 
 
 2, 300 
 
 73 036 
 
 1896 . - 
 
 100,0.52 
 
 1897 
 
 
 1698 
 
 79,000 
 
 1899 
 
 .S« 963 
 
 1900 
 
 
 69, 863 
 
 1901 
 
 46, 974 
 
 1902 
 
 6,0.56 
 
 
 
 1 Included with hard rock. 
 
 Nodular amorphous phosphatic deposits in the state 
 were found widely distriliuted many years ago. It 
 was not believed at that time, however, that they were 
 of sufficient impoi-tance either in quantity or (|uality to 
 warrant their exploitation. '^ The industry of phosphate 
 mining, which brought the state into world prominence, 
 followed close upon the discovery in 1886,'' on the Peace 
 river, of phosphate rock of apparently high grade. 
 By 1888^ tentative operations were under way on this 
 river and they met with such marked encouragement 
 that many who had hitherto remained skeptically watch- 
 ing developments came into the field and the year 1889 
 saw two companies dredging the river bottom with 
 modern and expensive equipment." Thus the industry 
 began in the state with the mining of river pel.)ljle. 
 
 At the close of 1888 Mr. Albert Vogt, living near 
 Dunnellon, a village on the Withlacoochee river in 
 Marion county, found fossil sharks' teeth in a white 
 subsoil. Some of this white subsoil, being su))niitted 
 to a chemist for analysis, was found to contain a large 
 
 'The New International Encyclopedia, Vol. VII, page ,509. 
 ' ]-'hosi)liates of America, liy Francis Wyatt, Ph. I)., pa<.'c (i:!. 
 ' Uniteil Statea Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United iStates," 1888, page 592. 
 
 percentage of phosphate of lime. This deposit extended 
 in a more or less "pockety" belt over a considerable 
 district. Active explorations were begun and the 
 known area of beds was rapidly enlarged.^ 
 
 The mining of river pebble grew rapidly from the 
 first, and when, in 1891, the period of speculation and 
 development of the land deposits began to give way to 
 the systematic production of this rock, the industry im- 
 mediately took first rank. By the end of this year 215 
 companies had been formed to work the deposits, and 
 the number was constantly increasing.* 
 
 In 1892 the state succeeded in tripling, as compared 
 with the preceding year, its exports of phospliate rock, 
 compelled con.sumers to acknowledge the industrial 
 value of the product, and forced the majority of foreign 
 producers from the field."* In 1894 the state, b_y exceed- 
 ing the production of South Carolina, became the chief 
 producer of phosphate rock in the world, with a prod- 
 uct of 527,633 long tons; it has occupied this position 
 ever since. 
 
 The hard rock phosphate is white or creamy, and 
 varies in texture and stritcture. It is mined over a 
 belt reaching from the vicinity of Bay City on the 
 south to the vicinity of Albion on the north, and having 
 an average width of about lO miles with an area of 
 about 900 square miles. 
 
 Land pebble is foiuid in a numlier of localities in the 
 peninsular portion of the state, tho center of produc- 
 tion })eing in Polk county. Between the Peace river 
 and the Gulf its occurrence is general beneath a lai'ge 
 jDart of the surface, and it is also found in varying 
 quantities in many other places. It is essentially a 
 mass of white phosphatic pebbles lying in a matrix of 
 phosphatic clay or sand, usually of the two in combi- 
 nation. The matrix is easily disintegrated bj^ water 
 and the pebbles are washed out by appropriate machin- 
 eiw. The pebbles vary in size from grains to stones 1 
 inch in diameter, the average size being from one- 
 quarter to one-half inch. 
 
 River pebble is found in bars in the rivers of southern 
 Florida, the bidk of the production of this class of rock 
 having been taken from the Peace river. Other rivers 
 carrj'ing the pebble are the Alatia. the two ^lanatees, 
 and the Caloosahatchee. It has also l)een found in 
 manjr other streams entering the Gulf and in Black 
 creek, a tributary of the St. Johns. With these peb- 
 bles, tlie remains of vertebrate animals are often found. 
 In color, the river pehl)les are blue or )>lack and in size 
 they vaiy from 1 inch in diameter down to grains, 
 usuall\' finer as distance down the stream is gained." 
 
 The soft rock pliosphate occurs both as a deposit liy 
 itself and in deposits of hard rock, filling the spaces 
 
 * United States Geological Survey, ".Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1889 and 1890, page 454. 
 
 ■^ The Mineral Industry, Vol. I, 1892, iiage :568. 
 
 ^United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1889 and 1890, page 453. 
 
196 
 
 MINKS AND QUARRIES. 
 
 between the bowlders. It iiuiy be cither clayey or 
 sandy in its nature.' 
 
 Limestones and dolomitrK. — The production of lime- 
 stone in the state has been limited to the last few years 
 and the aggregate output is not large. It is divided 
 about equally in use l)et\veen ))uilding stone, paving, 
 roadmaking, and jetties, and for liurning into lime.' 
 Limestone is the underlying rock throughout the state, ^ 
 and its outcroppings in Dade, Washington, and Marion 
 counties were the principal points of production in 
 1902. 
 
 All other minerals. — Clay mining in 1902 was con- 
 tined to the two counties Lake and Putnam, although 
 many valuable clay deposits have been found at vai'ious 
 places in the state. Kaolin beds of supci'ior quality 
 occur in Citrus, Lee, and Hernando counties. In the 
 vicinity of Okahumpka some tine specimens have been 
 found of a clear, white qualitj', comparing favorablj- 
 with the kaolin used in New Jersey in the manufac- 
 ture of porcelain ware. At Blull'springs, in Escambia 
 county, occurs a bed of potters' claj' from which a good 
 quality of sewer pipe can be made.' 
 
 The great sedimentar}^ kaolin deposits in the vicinity 
 of Villa City, Lake count}', on the Palalakaha creek, 
 half waj' between St. Augustine and Tampa, are re- 
 markably alike for their extent and qualitj'. Pros- 
 pecting has shown the clay to be some 30 feet in thick- 
 ness and similar chemically to that of Limoges.'' AVhat 
 are said to be the purest ball clays found in the United 
 States occur at Edgar, near Leesburg." 
 
 ^United States Geolof^ical Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1889 and 1890, page 4.53. 
 
 = Ibid., Sixteenth Annual Report, 1894-9.5, Part IV, page 496. 
 
 'The New International Encyclopedia, Vol. VII, page 508. 
 
 * United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1893, page 614, 
 
 *Ibid., 1891, page .507. 
 
 *Ibid., Seventeenth Annual Report, 189.5-96, Part III, continued, 
 page 845. 
 
 Fuller's earth includes a number of clay-like sub- 
 stances having strong absorbent ([ualities.' It is found 
 in many shades of color varying from gray to dark 
 green, turning to white on drying; some varieties ai'e 
 kaolinite and others are smectite." For many j'ears it 
 was employed only as a detergent in fulling cloth, but 
 with the increased production of cottonseed oil, it came 
 to be used for clarifving such oil and also for clarify- 
 ing lard oil and peti-oloum." The utility of fuller's 
 earth for this purpose was discovered in the United 
 States." For some 3'cars the supply had been drawn 
 principally from England, but the new demand stimu- 
 lated the search for commercial deposits in this coun- 
 try. In 1893, quite by accident, the first discover}' of 
 this useful earth in the United States occurred near 
 Quincy, Fla. An effort to burn brick from a bed of 
 claj- failed, the material exfoliating instead of forming 
 a coherent mass. An Alsatian cigarmaker called atten- 
 tion to the close resemblance of this peculiar cla}' to 
 the German fuller's earth." Investigation followed and 
 the deposit proved to be fuller's earth of a very high 
 grade. Since its discovery practically the entire out- 
 put in the United States has come from this state. In 
 addition to the deposits in the vicinitv of Quincy, others 
 have been found at Mt. Pleasant, Norway, River Junc- 
 tion, Ballards point, near Tampa, and at other points." 
 In 1897 a peculiar chocolate-brown earth was discovered 
 near Ocala, which is claimed to be superior to all other 
 American and to all English fuller's earths as a filtering 
 and clarifying agent for oils.'" 
 
 ' United States Geological Survey, Seventeenth Annual Report, 
 page 876. 
 
 " Dana's Mineralogy, 1892, page 695. 
 
 ^ United States <Teological Survev, Twenty-first Annual Report, 
 1899-1900, Part VI, continued, page .590. 
 
 "Ibid., Twentieth Annual Rei)ort, 1898-99, Part VI, continued, 
 page 741. 
 
 "Ibid., Seventeenth .\nnual Rei»>rt, 1895-96, Part III, con- 
 tinued, pjage 877. 
 
 "The Mineral Industry, 1S98, Vol. VII, page 271. 
 
GEORGIA. 
 
 Table 1 is a summary of the statistics for tlie productive mines and quarries of the state of Georgia for 1902. 
 
 Tahlk 1.— SUMMARY: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines or quarries . 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Total wages 
 
 , Contract work 
 
 jSIiscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 Value of product 
 
 Total. 
 
 149 
 127 
 
 304 
 S209,2S1 
 
 2, 820 
 
 81,085,047 
 
 1122,619 
 
 f231, 14.5 
 
 S.W6,067 
 
 S3, 117, 3.5S 
 
 Siliceous 
 
 crystalline 
 
 rocks. 
 
 26 
 24 
 
 45 
 $34, 536 
 
 724 
 «382, 6.59 
 
 $32, 588 
 $188,278 
 $803, 778 
 
 Mtirble. 
 
 24 
 $23,050 
 
 310 
 $105, 709 
 
 $68, 657 
 877,206 
 $660, 617 
 
 Coal, bitu- 
 minous. 
 
 24 
 $20, 326 
 
 168 
 $74,649 
 $121,464 
 $18, 319 
 $107, 994 
 $689, 018 
 
 60 
 $42,361 
 
 $229, 138 
 
 $76, 622 
 $64, 932 
 $452, 717 
 
 Gold and 
 
 silVLT. 
 
 $29, 
 
 334 
 
 $107, 718 
 
 $1,030 
 
 $9,684 
 
 $33, 123 
 
 $149, 150 
 
 Lime.stones 
 
 and 
 dolomites 
 
 15 
 
 $6,752 
 
 152 
 $42,616 
 
 $3, 348 
 $17, 905 
 $111,. 589 
 
 Bauxite 
 
 $19,3.55 
 
 93 
 
 $36, .559 
 
 $125 
 
 $9, 504 
 
 $23,917 
 
 $96, 194 
 
 All other 
 minerals.! 
 
 27 
 27 
 
 64 
 $33, 393 
 
 351 
 $106, 199 
 
 $12, 463 
 $52, 713 
 $2.64, 395 
 
 ^Includes operators as follows: Asbestos. 1; cement, 2; clay, 7; graphite, 2; Infusorial earth, tripoli, and pumice (operator reported under tale and soapstone); 
 manganese ore, 6; mica, 1; mineral pigments, crude, 4; sandstones and quartzites, 1: slate, 1; sulphur and pyrite, 1; talc and soapstone, 1. 
 
 The state ranked thirty-fourth in 1902 in the value of 
 products of mines and quarries, with a total of $3, 11 7.. 358. 
 The scope of this branch of industry in the state is quite 
 broad, nineteen different minerals contributing to the 
 total. Gold and silver, in the production of which in 
 former years the state was conspicuous, are still im- 
 portant products, though not commensurate with the 
 abundant deposits of these metals. In recent years the 
 state's most important mineral products have been gran- 
 ite and marble; the quality of the deposits of both these 
 minerals is high and their quantity practically unlimited. 
 From the bauxite deposits of the state more than three- 
 fourths of the total output of the United States is 
 drawn. The extensive occurrence of limestone, iron ore, 
 and slate also add materially to the state's mineral wealth 
 and promise much for future industrial activity. 
 
 In addition to the nineteen minerals produced com- 
 mercially in 1902, the occurrence of many others has 
 been detinitely established. Some of these have been 
 exploited to a limited extent, while with others develop- 
 ment work has not passed beyond the incipient stage 
 and still others remain untouched. Among the more 
 important of the.se is copper ore, which before the Civil 
 War was successfully mined in Fannin and Cherokee 
 counties. Large quantities of high-grade ore have 
 been taken from the mines of these counties and the 
 deposits are undoubtedly of considerable economic im- 
 portance. Copper ore deposits have also been discov- 
 ered in Fulton, Paulding, Lumpkin, Haralson, Lincoln, 
 and other counties in the northern part of tho. state. 
 
 The most important form of the ore is the copper 
 pyrites.' 
 
 Extensive deposits of corundum occur in manj" sec- 
 tions of northern Georgia, but chief! 3' in Rabun county 
 on Laurel creek, where the first discovery of this min- 
 eral in the state occurred in 1S71. Between IS811 and 
 1S93 the deposits of this county, together with a de- 
 posit at Trackrock, in Union county, were extensivelv 
 worked; their product was one of the main factors in 
 the corundum trade of the country for abrasive pur- 
 poses. The low prices prevailing for this mineral 
 during the last few years are chiefly resiDonsible for the 
 mines remaining inactive. Corundum has also been 
 found in Habersham and other counties.' 
 
 Of the precious stones, amethysts of good quality have 
 been found in Eabun county; rubies and sapphires of 
 small size have been obtained in connection with corun- 
 dum mining, and green beryl, suitable for cutting, has 
 also been found. Some good moonstones have been 
 cut from the feldspar of Upson county.'' Several dia- 
 monds have been found in Hall county, ranging in value 
 up to $200.' Others have been found in Lumpkin, 
 White, and Dawson counties." Opal occurs in some of 
 the clay beds of Washington and Bulloch counties.'^ 
 
 Serpentine, one of the most beautiful working stones 
 
 Mieorgia, Historical and Inilnt^trial, page 140. 
 
 Mbid., page 133. 
 
 '■' Iliiil., page 66. 
 
 * Statistics of Georgia, by George White, page .307. 
 
 ' The OoimnonHealth of (ieorgia, Ijy J. T. Henderson, page 1-40. 
 
 (197 
 
198 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 of the state, oceurs in commercial quantities in Chero- 
 kee county near Holly Springs, where it has lieen quar- 
 ried to a limited extent. The stone is of a dark gi-een 
 color, mottled and streaked with white and hlaek, ad- 
 mits of an excellent polish, and is very highly prized 
 for ornamental purposes.' Other minerals are anti- 
 mony, arsenic, Ijarytes, bismuth, calcite, cyanite, epi- 
 dote, fuller's eaiih, garnet, glauconite, gypsum, lazu- 
 lite, lead, monazite, platinum, rutile, staurolite, tin, 
 tourmaline, and zinc' 
 
 Development work in the mineral deposits of the 
 state in 1902 was confined to gold, silver, and cop- 
 per, §32,657 being expended. Certain manufacturing- 
 industries are closelv allied to or are based on the mining 
 industr3% using as their raw materials the product of 
 the mine or ciuarry. The relative importance of these 
 branches of manufacture, as indicated by the value of 
 their products, is shosvn in the following table: 
 
 Tabled. — Mannfaclures based primarily upon the products of mines 
 and quarries: 1900. 
 
 INDUSTRY. 
 
 All maniifacturps 
 
 Based upon products of mines or quarries: 
 
 Chemicals and allied products 
 
 Clay, glass, and stone piroduets 
 
 Iron and steel and their products 
 
 Metals and metal products, otlier than iron 
 
 and steel 
 
 Miscellaneftus industries 
 
 Value of product. 
 
 S3,. =.49, 632 
 
 -183,831 
 100,101 
 
 813, 60.T 
 1,971,110 
 
 13,918,279 
 92, 736, 248 
 
 The total value of the products of these manufactur- 
 ing industries based on mining was, as shown ))y Table 
 2, $13,918,279, or 13 per cent of the total value of the 
 product of all manufacturing industries in the state in 
 1900. During the same year there were employed in 
 all branches of manufactures in the .state 83,842 wage- 
 earners, who were paid §20,290,071 in wages. In 1902 
 there were employed in the mines and ({uarries of tlie 
 state 2,820 wage-earners, who received $1,085,017 in 
 wages. Of tiie combined figures f(n- these two branches 
 of industry, therefore, 90. 7 per cent of the wageicarners, 
 receiving 91.9 per cent of the wages, were employed in 
 manufacturing, while 3.3 per cent of the wage-earners, 
 receiving 5.1 per cent of the wages, were employed in 
 mining. 
 
 Table 3, compiled from the reports of the United 
 States Geological Surveys shows the value of the annual 
 production of the pi'incipal minerals of the state from 
 1S90 to 1902. 
 
 Table 3. — Value of annual production of principal )ninerrds: 1890 
 
 to 190S. 
 [Cnitcd States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 IWJO .. 
 
 1S91 .. 
 
 lKy2 . . 
 
 1.593 -. 
 
 1.594 .. 
 189.i .. 
 1896 . . 
 1.S97 .. 
 1,'(98 . . 
 
 1899 . . 
 
 1900 . . 
 
 1901 .. 
 1902« . 
 
 Siliceous 
 
 crystalline 
 
 rocks. 
 
 $7.i2 
 
 481 
 
 790, 000 
 
 700, 000 
 
 476 
 
 38V 
 
 m\ 
 
 804 
 
 fm. 481 
 
 274 
 
 731 
 
 436 
 
 000 
 
 339 
 
 311 
 
 411 
 
 344 
 
 380 
 
 434 
 
 701 
 
 646 
 
 803 
 
 778 
 
 ?rj6, 
 
 275, 
 280, 
 261 
 724 
 689, 
 617, 
 698, 
 6.56 
 712, 
 631, 
 936, 
 660, 
 
 (-) 
 3 $262,. 517 
 3 203,682 
 ■■•166,228 
 = 2.50.116 
 ■■11.50,018 
 ■' 166,704 
 3 1'29, 468 
 
 235, 343 
 3 446, 3.54 
 '■> 2.58, 227 
 
 4.52, 717 
 
 Gold and 
 silver.' 
 
 Limestones 
 
 and 
 dolomites. 
 
 SI 01, 
 80, 
 95, 
 100, 
 99, 
 
 r28, 
 
 1.51, 
 1.50, 
 129, 
 113, 
 ■•116, 
 ■1124, 
 ■•98, 
 
 318 I 
 
 622 
 
 251 
 
 375 
 
 095 
 
 .520 
 
 776 
 
 076 
 
 246 
 
 617 
 
 948 
 
 740 
 
 012 
 
 $34,. 500 
 82, 000 
 12, 000 
 29, 081 
 32, 000 
 57, 803 
 29, 786 
 54,4.51 
 85, 629 
 
 111,589 
 
 deorn'm, HiHtorical and Industrial, ]>age 135. 
 'The CoiDmouwealth of Georgia, page 141. 
 
 1 Estimates hy Director of the Mint, value of the refined product; silver at 
 coining value. The values given in Table 1 are the value.s at the mine. 
 - Not separately reported. 
 3 Includes production from North Carolina. 
 ^ Silver at commercial value. 
 
 '> Includes production from Xr.rth Carolina and South Carolina. 
 1 t)ensus figures, except for gold and silver. 
 
 Siliceoi/s crystalline rocks. — Georgia ranked eighth 
 in the production of the rocks of this group in 1902. 
 Granites and gneisses of excellent quality for building 
 and monumental purposes, and in practically inexhaust- 
 ible quantities, occur throughout the middle and north- 
 eastern parts of the state. One of the most interesting, 
 and perhaps the largest, gi-anite mass in the world is 
 Stone mountain, located in Dekalb county, near At- 
 lanta. This remarkable mountain of rock, whose bar- 
 ren summit attains an altitude of several hundred feet 
 above the surrounding country, with a circumference 
 at its Ijase of 7 miles,' has long been the seat of a very 
 important granite industry,* the first operations dating 
 back to 1850.'' The stone obtained from these quarries 
 is a light colored muscovite granite possessing remark- 
 able strength and quite free from all chemical and phys- 
 ical defects. The stone is extensively used as a building 
 material, and is also largely employed in street improve- 
 ment. There is probably no granite in the South more 
 widely known and more generally used than that fur- 
 nished l)y the Stone mountain cjuarries. jMuch of it is 
 shipped beyond the borders of the state.' 
 
 Anothei' granite, or rather granitoid gneiss, of almost 
 as much economic importance as thi> Stone mountain 
 granite itself, is the lithonia gneiss. This stone, which 
 differs chiefly from the Stone mountain granite in being 
 laminated, occurs in a considerable area in the eastern 
 part of Dekalb county and in the contiguous parts of 
 Rockdale and Gwinnett counties. The quarries on this 
 Ijelt are very extensive and furnish large quantities of 
 
 •' Statistics of Georgia, jiage 207. 
 '(jeorgia. Historical and Industrial, ]>age lo4. 
 ^Stones for Building and Decoration, by (ieorge P. Merrill, 
 page 56. 
 
GEORGIA. 
 
 199 
 
 stone for street improvement as well as for o'cneral 
 building- purposes. Georg-ia in liH)-2 ranked tirst among 
 the .states in the production of furliing, of which the 
 greater part was drawn from the quarries on this belt. 
 Granites and granitic gnciss(\s similar to these ocv'ur in 
 many other localities in the northern part of the state, 
 but only at a few points have they been quarried toan^- 
 considerable extent.' 
 
 In addition to the granites and granitoid gneisses 
 mentioned there are other granites of superior cjuality 
 which are admirably adapted to monumental purposes. 
 These occur mainly in Elbert and Oglethorpe counties. 
 They are Hue grained biotite granites \uuisually free 
 from injurious minerals and admit of a very brilliant 
 polish. They are perhaps luisurpassed in the United 
 States for decorative stonework, and it is only a question 
 of time when the Georgia monumental granite industrv 
 will be of very great commercial value to the state.' 
 
 2IaMe. — Georgia ranked second among the states in 
 1902 in the production of marble. The state's promi- 
 nence as a marble producer is remarkable, in view of 
 the brief period over which the history of this industry 
 extends. The commercial exploitation of the enormous 
 marble resources has been entirely the work of the last 
 two decades. The outcroppings of snowy rock in Pick- 
 ens county were known to the Cherokee Indians, who 
 formerly inhabited this region, and by them were worked 
 to a limited extent and cut into bowls and various other 
 forms. A good specimen of this handiwork may still 
 be seen in the form of a large circular marble bowl, 
 now used as a flower pot in a yard near the Piedmont 
 quarries. It is remarkablj' well preserved, and is valued 
 very highly b}^ its pi'esent owner. ' 
 
 The tirst sj'stematic working of these outcroppings 
 was by Mr. Fritz T. Simmons in 1840, in Longswamp 
 vallej' near the village of Tate. At tirst all the work 
 required in getting out and polishing the marble, which 
 was then used exclusively for tombstones, was done by 
 hand. About two years after Mr. Simmons had begun 
 work he erected a mill with one gang of saws on the 
 east bank of Longswamp creek, near Marble Hill post 
 office. This was the tirst mill put up in the state for 
 sawing marble. This mill was a somewhat primitive 
 affair, but in principle it was identical with the best mills 
 in use at the present day. A small product was turned 
 out in a desultory way by this and similar mills in the 
 vicinity during several years, but the local demand for 
 tombstones was easily satisfied and existing conditions 
 
 ' Georgia, Historical and Industrial, page 135. 
 
 '' Geological Survey of Georgia, Bulletin No. 1, page 9. 
 
 'Ibid., pages 10 and 11. 
 
 did not, therefore, encourage a rapid growth of the in- 
 dustry. In ls,54 operators, who ten yeai's before had 
 opened a (juariy 2 miles (>ast of Jasper, renewed the 
 work at that place. They erected a mill with four 
 gangs of saws and continued fairly successful operations 
 until the work was abandoned on account of the (Jivil 
 War. The product of this mill was sold in the sur- 
 roundingcounties through agents, transportation being 
 efl'ected by wagons.'' At the close of the war operations 
 were again resinned and continued for about two years. 
 Then followed a period of nearly twenty j-ears during 
 which the marble industrv, in common with many others, 
 was at a standstill. 
 
 In May, 1884, a company was organized with a capi- 
 tal of $1, .500,000.* This date marks the beginning of a 
 very important epoch in the historj' of the development 
 of the marble industry on a commercial scale in Pickens 
 county and the state. Prior to this date Georgia mar- 
 ble was practically unknown to the trade as a building 
 or ornamental stone, and had even a verv local use for 
 tombstones, but on account of its exceptional quality 
 and unlimited quantity, and the energy and business- 
 like methods of the operators, it has found its way to 
 all parts of the United States,* and even to foreign 
 countries.'"' In many of the finest buildings in the coun- 
 try it has been used for Iniilding or ornamental pur- 
 poses. Among these maj^ be mentioned the capitols of 
 Georgia, Rhode Island, Mississippi, and Minnesota; 
 the United States Government building at Boston; St. 
 Luke's Hospital, New York; and the Corcoran Art 
 Gallery, Washington." 
 
 The most valuable marbles of the state are those of 
 the crj'stalline area, confined in the main to Pickens, 
 Cherokee, Gilmer, and Fainiin counties. These mar- 
 bles occur in a nari'ow belt which I'uns parallel to the 
 Atlanta, Knoxville and Northern liailwa}' from near 
 Canton, in Cherokee county, to the Georgia-North Caro- 
 lina state line, a distance of more than 60 miles. The 
 center of the marble industrv of the state is in the vicin- 
 ity of Tate, Pickens county, just north of the southern 
 end of the belt, where the deposit attains a thickness of 
 200 feet.' The structure of the marble from the difi'er- 
 ent quarries is essentiallv the same, but there is a 
 marked variation in the color. Some of it is white, 
 some bluish graj^ with. dark blue spots, some with dark 
 blue mottlings, useful for monumental work and inte- 
 rior decorations; others of a variety of shades, such as 
 
 ■* Geological Survej' of Georgia, Bulletin No. 1, page 11. 
 
 ^ Georgia, Historical and Industrial, page 41. 
 
 ^Ibid., pages 41 and 1.34. 
 
 ' Geological Survey of Georgia, Bulletin No. 1, page 21 ff. 
 
200 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 pink, salmon, rose, and dark green, thus producing 
 rich eli'octs, are especially adapted for wainscoting, 
 panels, counters, table tops, etc.^ 
 
 In addition to the marbles of the main belt there are 
 also valuable deposits in the northwestern part of the 
 state, especially in Whitfield countj-. These marbles 
 belong to the same deposits that traverse East Tennessee, 
 which are extensively quarried in the vicinity of Knox- 
 ville. The stone has a dark chocolate or light gra}' color 
 and a rather fine texture. The light gray variety, 
 which is always quite compact and highly crystalline, is 
 traversed b}^ dark zigzag lines that give to the polished 
 surface a veiy pleasing efi'ect. These marbles, though 
 of great economic value for building purposes, have not 
 as yet been extensively exploited." 
 
 Iron ores. — The first iron furnace put into operation 
 in the state was that erected in 1840 on Stamp creek, in 
 Bartow county. Within the following twelve or fifteen 
 years four others were put in blast in the same county. 
 The remains of these old furnaces are still to be seen 
 along Stamp creek and the Etowah river! They were 
 small furnaces of the charcoal type and varied in capac- 
 ity from 2 to -4 tons a day. The ore was taken from 
 the banks in the vicinity or was picked up from the 
 adjacent fields.' The industr3', begun on this small scale 
 in Bartow county, rapidly grew in importance and 
 volume until at the opening of the Civil War it had 
 spread to other counties in this immediate section, and 
 with greatly enlarged and improved furnaces the state's 
 output had increased manj- fold. The passing of the 
 war left the furnaces in ruins, and it was not until 1S70 
 that development of the iron ore deposits of the state 
 was resumed. The Rising Fawn furnace, in Dade 
 county, blowing in for the first time on June Is, 1S75, 
 was the first in the United States to use the Whitewell 
 hot blast stove.* The .industry, however, has never 
 regained its former importance. Three or four modern 
 plants have been manufacturing pig iron in Polk and 
 Floj^d counties from the high-grade deposits in the 
 vicinity for a number of years," but the bulk of the 
 crude ore of the state is shipped to the furnaces of 
 other states." 
 
 The iron ores of Georgia constitute one of the most 
 valuable of its various mineral products. The deposits, 
 which are quite widely' distributed througliout the north- 
 ern part of the state, consist of the brown ores or limon- 
 ite, magnetite, and hematite or red ores. The brown 
 ores, which furnish the major portion of the pr(\sent 
 output, are mined in Bai'tow, Polk, and Floyd counties. 
 The most abundant deposits of these ores occur in 
 pockets or irregular deposits in the residual clays that 
 have resulted from the weathering of an extensive mag- 
 
 ' Georgia, Historical and Indnptrial, page 41. 
 
 • Ibid., jiage l?A. 
 
 'Geological Survey of (ieorgia, liuJletin No. lOA, page 27. 
 
 ' Iron in All Agen, li\' .JaijieH M. Swank, page 2H0. 
 ''Geological Survey of (ieorgia. Bulletin No. lOA, pagea 27 and 
 8. 
 ''Georgia, Historical and Industrial, jiagc 62. 
 
 nesian limestone formation of the Lower Silurian age, 
 known as the Knox dolomi-te. The average proportion 
 of metallic iron in these ores runs between 4S and 50 
 per cent. They occur generally throughout the north- 
 western part of the state, and to a limited extent in 
 other sections. 
 
 The red iron ore is mined in Walker and Chattooga 
 counties." Vast quantities occur in beds which out- 
 crop in sandstone ridges that encircle the Coal Measures 
 or extend parallel with their eastern and western limits. ' 
 The area underlaid by beds of workable thickness is not 
 less than 3.50 square miles, and falls mainly within the 
 counties of Dade, Catoosa, Walker, and Chattooga. ' 
 
 The following table, compiled from reports of the 
 United States Geological Survey, shows the output of 
 iron ore from 1890 to 1902, inclusive: 
 
 Table J:. — Annual production of Iron ores: 1890 to 1903. 
 [United States Geological Survey, " Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Long tons. 
 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Long tons. 
 
 
 244,088 
 250, 755 
 185, 054 
 1 186, 016 
 '-'174,094 
 '-"272,014 
 = 175, 331 
 
 1897 . . 
 
 1898 ... 
 
 
 =204,639 
 
 l.syi 
 
 2160,083 
 
 
 236 748 
 
 
 1900 . - 
 
 1901 .. 
 
 
 
 
 s 215, 599 
 
 189.T 
 
 1902 
 
 2 364,890 
 
 
 
 
 28. 
 
 iIiK'lnde.s production from We.st Virginia. 
 
 sjnclnrles prcjduction from North C'arolina. 
 
 ^Includes [troduction from North Carolina and South Carolina. 
 
 Gold iiiidsilivr. — Eixcepting early and half legendary 
 Spanish working in and near the valley of the Coosa, 
 the first gold mining in the state j^robaldy began in 1829. 
 In that year, or shortly tifter, miners from the placer 
 mines of Burke county, N. C, following the indications, 
 went southward into Georgia, where they discovered 
 gold on Dukes creek, in \vhat is now White county. 
 This discovery was followed in quick succession by 
 others throughout Habersham and Lumpkin counties, 
 and soon Inmdreds of miners were busily engaged on 
 the various streams in this section in search of the yellow 
 mctid. In 1830 Governor Gilmer wrote to John Mc- 
 Ph(>rson Perrian, then Attorney-General of the United 
 States, saying: ''1 am in dotibt as to what ought to be 
 done with the gold diggers. They, with their various 
 attendants, foragers, and suppliers, make up lietween 
 six and ten thousand persons. They occupy the country 
 between the Chestatee and Etowah rivers, near the moun- 
 tains, gold being found in the greatest quantity depos- 
 ited in small streams which fiow into those rivers."'" 
 The center of gold mining activity' then, as now, was in 
 Lumpkin county, in the vicinity of Dahlonega, which 
 in the Cherokee language means "'yellow money," and 
 in the town of Auraria, miles away, so named b}' 
 John C. Calhoun, who owned a mine near bv.'" 
 
 ' The Commonwealth of Georgia, page 119. 
 "Ibid., page IIM. 
 
 '■'(ieological Survey of Georgia, Bulletin No. 4A, page 29. 
 '"The Gold Mines, Scenery, and C'liinate of (ieorgia and the 
 Carolinas, by R. ('. Stone, page 20. 
 
GEORGIA. 
 
 201 
 
 This region was then known as the Cherokee country, 
 as it was occupied by the Cherokee tT'ihe of Indians. 
 The increasing strife and ill will between the Indians 
 and the white miners, and among the white ndners 
 themselves who were quarreling and fighting over the 
 Battle Branch and other gold discoveries, caused Gov- 
 ernor (xilmer in June, 1881,' to issue a pi'oclamation 
 prohibiting gold mining in noi'th Georgia. A dt>tach- 
 ment of United States troops was sent to enforce the 
 proclamation. Two miles north of Auraria, or Knuck- 
 lesville, as it was then called, there was still standing 
 in 18TS the old station house in which General Scott 
 and his troops were stationed to preserve the peace and 
 enforce the knv during these turbulent times." Thus 
 the mining industry was temporarily retarded, but the 
 acquisition by the state of the Cherokee country about 
 this time, and the removal of the Indians from it, gave 
 the gold seekers full sway, and a period of great ac- 
 tivity immediately ensued.' In 1831 the first deposit 
 of gold from the placers of the state was made at the 
 United States Mint.' The industry spread rapidlj^ 
 throughout the northern part of the state and the pro- 
 duction of gold had reached such volume in 1838 that a 
 branch of the United States Mint was established at 
 Dahlonega. This mint continued in operation for 
 twenty-three years and coined 1,381,784 pieces of gold, 
 valued at $6,115,569. However, much of the product 
 of the state during this period was sent to the Philadel- 
 phia and other mints, and the total yield exceeded mate- 
 rially the output of the Dahlonega mint.' 
 
 Mining activit}^ in the state declined markedly on the 
 discovery of gold in California and ceased almost en- 
 tirely soon after the opening of the Civil War. As the 
 placer deposits, that gave a basis for the greater part of 
 the industry in its earlier stages, have been largely 
 worked over, attention has been directed more and more 
 in recent years to vein ndning. According to the re- 
 port of the Director of the United States Mint for the 
 year 1882, "the work of the year in Georgia was emi- 
 nently successful, both in its steady prosecution and 
 increase. New mines were selected with judgment, 
 carefully equipped, and the work for the most part man- 
 aged with prudence and economy." As a result of the 
 great progress of recent years in deep mining, through 
 the introduction of methods for the economic working 
 of refractory ores, the outlook for the industry in, the 
 state is quite promising. ' 
 
 The value of gold and silver produced by the state since 
 the discovery in 1829, as compiled from the reports of 
 the Director of the United States Mint, is $17,105,253. 
 
 The gold deposits of the state belong to the Appa- 
 lachian gold fields, an auriferous belt extending from 
 
 Mreological Survey of Georgia, Bulletin No. -lA, page MO. 
 'The Gold Mines, Scenery, and Climate of <;eorgia and tht 
 Carolinas, page 20. . „ ,, . ^. , , 
 
 'Geological Survey of Georgia, Bulletin Ao. 4A, page .ol. 
 *Ibid., page 32. 
 
 Nova Scotia to Alabama. In Georgia the belt breaks 
 up into a number of parallels having a northeast-south- 
 west trend. The most inipoi-tant of these are the 
 Dahlonega and the Hall county belts. The Dahlonega 
 belt cntei's the state from North Carolina in the south- 
 western part of Rabun county, wliere \'aluable placer 
 deposits have )>een worked at the Smith and Moore 
 Girls mines. Farther to the southwest, in White 
 county, the belt increases in width and the mines be- 
 come more numerous. As it enters Lumpkin county it 
 again increases in width, I'eaching its greatest develop- 
 ment in the vicinity of Dahlonega. In Dawson county 
 it becomes more or less broken, but upon entering Cher- 
 okee it again becomes regular and continues with but 
 few interruptions to the Alabama line. The entire 
 length of this l)elt is about 150 miles, while its width 
 varies from 1 to 5 miles. 
 
 The Hall county gold >)elt lies some It) miles east of 
 th(^ Dahlonega belt and parallels it for more than 100 
 miles, stopping short about 10 miles north of Atlanta. 
 A third belt, which includes the Acworth, Villa Rica, 
 and Bonner mines, traverses Cobb, Paulding, and Car- 
 roll counties. Still another belt includes some very 
 important mines in Lincoln, Columbia, McDufEe, and 
 AVarren coitnties, and there are many isolated localities 
 besides in which gold occurs in paying quantities." 
 
 Liiiicntiiniis and dolouuten. — Limestone suitable for 
 lime, fluxing, and building materials exists in great 
 abimdance, especiall}' in the northwestern part of the 
 state. The most extensive of these calcareous forma- 
 tions is the Knox dolomite, a magnesian limestone of 
 great thickness. This formation furnishes much of the 
 lime used in the state as well as a large amount of stone 
 for general bidlding purposes. Other calcareoits forma- 
 tions of scarcely less commercial imi^ortance are the 
 Bangor and Chickamauga limestones. The Chicka- 
 mauga stone has been extensively used in the last few 
 years for the foundations of monuments in Chicka- 
 mauga National Park.* 
 
 Coal, Intiiminous. — The coal helds of Georgia, which 
 form the northern extension of the Warrior coal field 
 of Alabama, and which were among the first in the 
 countrj' south of the Ohio river to be worked, are lo- 
 cated in the northwestern part of the state, falling in 
 the main within the counties of Dade, AA'alker, and 
 Chattooga. For fifty years or more mining has been 
 carried on in these helds, the greater part of the product 
 at present coming from Dade and Walker ('ounties. 
 
 Tlie coal obtained from all the deposits in the state is 
 an (Excellent qualit}' of liituminous coal, well suited for 
 coking and steam purposes. 
 
 Table 5, compiled from the reports of the United 
 States Geological Survey, shows the annual production 
 from IhSl to 1902, inclusive. 
 
 * Georgia, Historical and Industrial, page 1!W ff. 
 "Iljid., page 136. 
 
^02 
 
 I^IINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 5. — Annual proil mi Ion nf nial, Jiituminnus': ISS4 to I'JO.l. 
 [United States Geological Survey, '^ jMliieml Resourees of the United Stutes.' 
 
 YEAE. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 YE.-VR. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 18S4 
 
 ir,o,uoo 
 
 150,000 
 223, 000 
 313,715 
 1,80,000 
 225, 934 
 228, 337 
 171,000 
 215, 498 
 372,740 
 
 1894 
 
 3,54,111 
 
 1885... 
 
 
 1895 
 
 
 ■260, 998 
 
 I8S1; . . . 
 1887 . . . 
 
 l,89li . . . 
 1897 
 
 
 238, .540 
 195,869 
 
 1888 . . . 
 1889... 
 
 1,S9S . . . 
 1899 ... 
 
 
 244,187 
 233,111 
 
 1890 . . - 
 1S91 . . . 
 
 1900 . . . 
 
 1901 ... 
 
 
 315, 557 
 342, 825 
 
 1892 . . . 
 1893... 
 
 1902... 
 
 
 414,083 
 
 Bauxite. — Tlie fiivst discovery of Itauxite in tlie United 
 States occurred near Rome, Ga., in 1S8T, and tlie tirst 
 bauxite j^roduction reported for tlie country came 
 from the deposits at Hermitage, in Floyd county, in 
 1889/ Shortly after this date other mines were opened 
 in Floyd, Bartow, and Polk counties, so that following- 
 close upon its discoverj' the mining of the bauxite in the 
 state became a very important and lucrative industry. 
 Georgia, until 1891 the only producer of bauxite, still con- 
 tributes the greater part of this mineral to the market. 
 
 xYll other minerals. — Asbestos is rather widely dis- 
 tributed throughout the northern part of the state, 
 although systematic investigation has been made of the 
 deposits, and hence not much is known of their com- 
 mercial value or extent. However, for many years the 
 greater part of the supply of this mineral produced 
 in the United States has come from the deposits of 
 Georgia, the mine supplying the most of this being- 
 located on Sal mountain in White county.^ 
 
 The industry of mining hydraulic cement rock in the 
 state began in 18-15, in Bartow county, above the West- 
 ern and Atlantic Railroad. The deposits of the state 
 are of excellent quality and are widely distributed over 
 its northwestern part." 
 
 The most valual.)le and extensive deposits of clay in 
 the state are those of sedimentar}' origin. They occur 
 in a belt several miles in width from Augusta to Colum- 
 bus. Some of these clays have been used extensively 
 in the manufacture of wall paper, while others are used 
 in making porcelain, terra cotta, tiling, sewer pipe, pot- 
 tery, etc. Dr. George K. Ladd, director of the Mis- 
 souri School of Mines, speaking of the cretaceous tire 
 clays of the state, says: '" Some of these kaolins suitable 
 for fire clays are more refractory than any of the noted 
 fire clays of the United States.'' Fire clays also occur 
 in commercial quantities at other points, and residual 
 and alluvial clays, well suited to the manufacture of 
 bricks and the cheaper grades of crockery, abound in 
 every county in the northern part of the state.'' 
 
 Graphite occurs in large quantities in many counties 
 along the western margin of the crj'staliinc area. It is 
 quite abundant in Bartow county, where it is now mined 
 and used in the crude state as a tiller for commercial 
 fertilizers.* 
 
 'Georgia, Historical and Industrial, page 133. 
 
 ^ Ibid., page 13(). 
 
 'Ibid., pages 1.3(1 and 137. 
 
 'Ibid., f.aL'e 143. 
 
 A light, porous, siliceous stone occurring in Murray, 
 Chattooga, and other counties in northwest Georgia has 
 been known locally for many years as tripoli. Though 
 diti'erent from this mineral in origin it has similar uses 
 in the arts.'"^ 
 
 For many years the mining of manganese ore has 
 been an important industrj" in the state. During sev- 
 eral of the years since 1880 Georgia has been the chief 
 producer of this valuable mineral in the United States, 
 and since that time has contributed more than one-fifth 
 of the total yield of the country." The manganese ores 
 of the state, like the brown iron ores, are confined 
 chiefly to Bartow, Floyd, and Polk counties, the largest 
 and most productive deposit so far located being near 
 Cartersville in Bartow county.' 
 
 Mica is quite generally distributed throughout the 
 northeastern part of the state, occurring in man}' places 
 in commercial cpiantities.' 
 
 Ocher deposits of commercial value are of wide occur- 
 rence throughout the northwestern part of the state, 
 generally as.sociated with the brown iron ores. These 
 ocher deposits, which are really only a pulverulent form 
 of brown iron ore, are quite free from impurities and 
 well suited for making linoleum and paint. The out- 
 put of the ocher mines of the state, which is aliout one- 
 fourth of the yield of the country, is shipped in the 
 main to England, where it is used in the manufacture 
 of linoleum.' 
 
 Pyrite in great abundance is widely distributed 
 throughout the state, but exists in only a few localities 
 in sufficient f|uantitics to be of commercial importan(.'e. 
 Valuable and extensive deposits occur in Lumpkin, 
 Paulding, and Haralson counties, but no development 
 on an extensive scale has yet been done.* 
 
 Sandstone has been extensively quarried in Catoosa 
 county. This vari(^ty of sandstone has a dark brown 
 color and resembles very closely the brown sandstone 
 of the Connecticut valley. It makes a beautiful ))uild- 
 ing material and appears to be (juite durable. It is 
 also found in great abundance in the mountain ranges 
 of the northwestern part of the state. Other varieties 
 of sandstone of a light color, and well adapted for build- 
 ing purposes, occur in Lookout, Sand, and Pigeon moun- 
 tains." 
 
 The roofing slates of CJeorgia occur in great quanti- 
 ties in the northwestern part of the state. The center 
 of the slate quarrying industry in the state is at Rock- 
 mart, in Polk county, where the industry has heen car- 
 ried on for a great many years.'' 
 
 Talc occurs in the northwestern part of the state in 
 (juantities of economic importance and has been mined 
 in a nunilier of places, especially in Fannin county. 
 
 * Georgia, Historical and Industrial, page 144. 
 "The IJnited States (ieological Survey, "Mineral liesources of 
 the United States," 1902, jiage 135. 
 
 '(ieorgia. Historical and Industrial, page 130. 
 " Ibid. ;^ page 140. 
 ■'Ibid., i.age 13.5. 
 
IDAHO. 
 
 Table 1 is a summary of tho statistics for tlio productive mines and ijuarT-ies in the state of Idatio for 1H(.»2. 
 
 Table 1.— SUMMARY: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines or quarries. 
 
 Number of operator.'! 
 
 Salaried oilieials, elerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 ^Vage-earners; 
 
 Average number 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 Value of product 
 
 292 
 290 
 
 354 
 
 $n7l3, 690 
 
 3, hra 
 
 S3, 90:i,.504 
 
 S43, 442 
 
 303li, 109 
 
 Sl,62ii,]ri3 
 
 88,211,071 
 
 Gold and 
 silver. 
 
 S3, 69S, 
 
 *41, 
 
 S614, 
 
 SI, 60.5, 
 
 S8,177, 
 
 2.58 
 258 
 
 340 
 I, .548 
 
 ,382 
 345 
 642 
 670 
 696 
 267 
 
 Limestones 
 
 and 
 dolomites. 
 
 6 
 83,964 
 
 8110 
 
 SI, 265 
 
 $15, 074 
 
 Sandstones 
 
 and 
 quartzites. 
 
 Another 
 minerals. 1 
 
 11 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 81,232 
 84, G.55 
 
 $615 
 
 83.52 
 
 $13, 777 
 
 13 
 524,910 
 
 168 
 
 $196, .540 
 
 SI, 800 
 
 $21,014 
 
 $18, S40 
 
 $8,. 5.53 
 
 ^ Includes operators as follows: Coal, bituminous, 5: copper, 1; iirccious stones, 1: .siliceous crystalline rocks, 2. 
 
 The state ranks fourth in the precious metals, the 
 chief mining industry of the state, and is first in lead 
 production, though the latter occurs as a by-product of 
 gold and silver mining. Gold, .silver, and lead mining 
 overshadows all other mine and quarry interests, as the 
 value of these products constituted over 99 per cent of 
 the total mineral products of 1902. The other minerals 
 mined commercially were limestones and dolomites, 
 sandstones, bituminous coal, copper, precious stones, 
 and siliceous crj^stalline rocks. 
 
 Other minerals found in the state, but not reported 
 as mined or quarried in commercial quantities in 1902, 
 are as follows: Antimony, a part of the small amount 
 mined in this country having been furnished by Idaho 
 in 1901 and previous years; mar))le, which has been 
 cjuarried to a small extent in former years; mica, mined 
 in former years to some extent in the Roberson raining 
 district, near Moscow, Latah county, and opened up at 
 several other localities;' monazite, said to have lieen 
 found in the gold placers of Oro Fino; nickel ores, re- 
 ported as occurring at the St. Joe mine, Blackbird, 
 Lemhi county;' platinum, which occurs in gold placers 
 of the state; ^ and tungsten ores.* 
 
 Development work was reported by 32.5 operators in 
 the gold and silver industry. There were employed on 
 development work 180 salaried officials, clerks, etc», 
 
 1 United States Geological Survey, Twentieth Annual Report. 
 1898-99, Part VI, page 706. 
 
 2 Ibid., "Mineral Resourees of the United States," 1901, page 
 24?,. 
 
 'Ibid., page 231. 
 *Ibid., page 2b2. 
 
 who received $161:,.5(JO in salaries, and 8.52 wage-earners, 
 who were paid $897, ■±12 in wages. There was also j^aid 
 to 2.54 employees $158,262 for work done bj' contract. 
 The miscellaneous expenses amounted to $98,217, and 
 the cost of supplies and materials to $105,058. 
 
 The following table shows the \'alue of all manufac- 
 tured products of this state for 1900 and the value of 
 the products of the manufacturing industries based 
 primarily upon the products of mines and quarries: 
 
 Table 3. — Miuuifininrcs hased priinarili/ vpon (he products of mines 
 and quarries: 1900. 
 
 INDUSTRY. 
 
 Value of product. 
 
 
 S4, 020, 532 
 
 Based upon products of mines or quarries; 
 
 Clay, glass, and stone products 
 
 Iron and steel and their products 
 
 Metals and metal products, other than iron and 
 
 Sri5, 709 
 64,272 
 
 iSo, 347 
 
 
 91 44.S 
 
 
 396 776 
 
 
 
 All other. 
 
 3, 623, 756 
 
 The value of the products of manufactures utilizing 
 mine and quarry products was 9.9 per cent of the 
 value of all manufactures. Mines and quarries em- 
 ployed .3,563 wage-earners in 1902, who were paid 
 $3,903,504 in wages. In 1900 manufacturers gave em- 
 ployment to 1,477 wage-earners, who received |862,088 
 as wages. Mines and quarries, therefore, employed 70. 7 
 per cent of the wage-earners of the two industries and 
 paid 81.9 per cent of the wages, and manufactures 
 employed 29.3 per cent of the wage-earners and paid 
 18.1 per cent of the wages. 
 
 (20:3) 
 
204 
 
 MIXES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 The annual production since ISSfl of tlic leading min- i elusive; for the subsequent years it will be found in 
 erals of the .state for which values are reported is | Table 3. 
 shown in the following table: 
 
 Table 3. — Value uf annual prodnclinn nf jn-iiicijial inini'rah: 1,S89 to 
 
 190-2. 
 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resource.^ of the United States."] 
 
 1889. 
 1890. 
 1891. 
 1892. 
 1893. 
 1894. 
 1895. 
 1896. 
 1897. 
 1898. 
 1899. 
 1900. 
 1901. 
 1902 < 
 
 Liiiic- 
 stime. 
 
 Saii.l- 
 Ftdiif. 
 
 J2, 000, 
 1,8.50, 
 1,680, 
 1,721, 
 1,646, 
 2, 308, 
 1, 779, 
 2,155, 
 1,701, 
 1,716, 
 1,889, 
 1, 724, 
 ] , 869, 
 1,475. 
 
 396, 9.59 
 
 (=) 
 
 783,838 
 
 J28, 646 
 
 216,970 
 
 C') 
 
 475, 087 
 
 5,000 
 
 0.56. 259 
 
 1 , 000 
 
 879. 966 
 
 5, 315 
 
 021.7.S0 
 
 7, 829 
 
 6.58, 467 
 
 5, coa 
 
 336, 905 
 
 15, .538 
 
 .560, 065 
 
 3,080 
 
 980, 105 
 
 3. 325 
 
 9.86.042 
 
 34. .587 
 
 325, 740 
 
 21,251 
 
 103,044 
 
 15, 074 
 
 (2) 
 
 *2, 490 
 
 i") 
 
 3,000 
 2.005 
 
 10, .529 
 6,900 
 
 16,060 
 
 C-) 
 
 438 
 20,843 
 13.777 
 
 ' Estimates of the Director of the Mint as value of the refined product; 
 silver at coining value. The values given in Table 1 are the values at mine. 
 2 Not reported separately. 
 8 Commercial value. 
 4 Census figures, except for gold and silver. 
 
 The mineral production at former census years was 
 confined to gold and silver, with the exception of a 
 small copper output in ISS'.t. The gold and silver 
 returns for the several census years, beginning with 
 1870, are as follows: 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Gold and 
 silver. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Gold ami 
 silver. 
 
 
 SI, 9.89,341 
 2,430,000 
 
 1S89 . 
 
 S6. 040, 641 
 8,177,267 
 
 1880 
 
 1902 . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gold. — Gold was found on the Pen d'Oi'eille river 
 in 1852 by a French Canadian, but not in paying quan- 
 tities. The mining growtli of the state dates from the 
 discovery of the Oro Fino placer mines in ls(30.' Other 
 discoveries soon followed. The mines at Plorence at 
 the head of Meadow creek were disco\-ered in the fall 
 of 1861; at Boise basin, a very rich placer district, in 
 August, 1862; and at Owyhee in 1863. As in all new 
 gold districts the tirst mining was placer, the location 
 of the vein mines coming later. The Poorman. one of 
 the famous vein mines of the state, was located in the 
 summer of 1865. The gold and silver production of 
 the state in 1866 was estimated at $r7,0(tO,00n, but with 
 the exhaustion of the rich placers it fell oil' rajiidly. 
 The following table, compiled from the reports of the 
 Director of the Mint, gives the vahui of tlie annual 
 production of gold and silver from 1866 to 188S, in- 
 
 ' Report of J. lios^.s Browne in " Mineral Kef^onree.s of tlie Unitccl 
 States," 1868, page 517 ff. 
 
 Table -i. — \'alae of annual j/rodnctiun of (jold ami silver: IStiClo 1888.^ 
 [Estimates by the iJirector of tiie Mint.] 
 
 YEAR. 2 
 
 Gold and 
 
 silver. 
 
 YEAR. 2 
 
 Gold and 
 silver. 
 
 1866 
 
 817. 000, 000 
 
 1872 
 
 S2, 695, 870 
 2.. 500, 000 
 1,880,004 
 1 750 000 
 
 1S67 
 
 6.. 500, 000 
 7, 000. 000 
 
 1873 
 
 
 1874 
 
 1869 . . 
 
 7, 000, 000 
 6,000,000 
 5, 000, 000 
 
 1K75 
 
 1870 '. 
 
 1876 
 
 
 1871 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Gold. 
 
 Silver. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Gold! 
 
 Silver. 
 
 1877 
 
 81,. 500. 000 
 1,150,000 
 1,200,000 
 1, 980, 000 
 1,700,000 
 1,. 500, 000 
 
 8250, 000 
 
 200, 000 
 
 660, 000 
 
 450, 000 
 
 1,300,000 
 
 2. 000, 000 
 
 1883 
 
 1884., , . 
 
 81,400,000 
 1,2.50.000 
 1 , 800, 000 
 1,800,000 
 1,900,000 
 2,400,000 
 
 82,100,000 
 2 720 000 
 
 1878 
 
 1879 
 
 1885 
 
 3,600,000 
 3, 600, OOO 
 3, 000, OOO 
 3,000,000 
 
 1880 
 
 18S6 
 
 1887 
 
 1881 
 
 
 1888 
 
 
 
 ^ silver at coining value. 
 
 2 Figures prior to 1881 talfen from The Mineral Industry. 1892. page 188. 
 
 The lowest point was reached in 1878, when the total 
 gold and silver production was '$1,350,000. 
 
 Lead. — Idaho leads all states and territories in lead, 
 on account of the large deposits of argentiferous galenas 
 of the Coeur d'Alene district, Avhich lias furnished the 
 major part of the silver and lead product of the state 
 since the tirst working of the Coeur d'Alene mines in 
 1886. With the exception of the year 1899, when the 
 product of Coeur d'Alene was reduced by strikes, Idaho 
 has been the first in lead production since 1S96. In 
 1902 the state produced over 30 per cent of the lead 
 product of the country. 
 
 Liiriextoiits and dolonutes. — None of the quarrv indus- 
 tries are extensivel}^ developed. There were 13 oper- 
 ators — 8 individuals and 5 firms — engaged in working 
 14 limestone quarries in 19ul\ The \-alue of the prod- 
 uct (i^l5,074:) shows the slight and local character of the 
 industry. Of the product, ^13,(il9 was used for lime 
 and l?i2,025 for fiux. 
 
 Sdiidxtiiiurx arid ijuartzitrx. — In the sandstone indus- 
 try 10 operators — 7 indix-idusds, 2 firms, and 1 incorpo- 
 rated company — worlced 11 ijuarries. The value of the 
 product was $13, 777, composed of building stone, rough, 
 $7,823; dressed, $131: and rubble stone, $5,520. 
 
 C<ia]J)ifiniiinin(x. — Coal was mined in three counties, 
 Lemhi, Fremont, and Boise, to a very small extent, the 
 total production i)eiiig 2,03(1 tons of a ^-alue of $5,180. 
 The state is the hnxst imi:)ortant of all the coal produc- 
 ing states. 
 
 All iitliifV miiieiuds. — Tlni state is not a large copper 
 producer, the output fin- 1902 being less than a quarter 
 of a million of pounds, but the mines of the Seven Devils 
 district have shipped some high-grade ores, and the de- 
 
IDAHO. 
 
 205 
 
 velopinent of copper mines at Mackey, in Custei' eounty, 
 and erection of furnaces, give promise of a material 
 increase in tlie copper product. 
 
 Opals have been found at a number of points in the 
 state and were produced in lyo'i to a small extent fi'om 
 one locality in Owyhee county. In ISDO considei'able 
 development was commenced near Moscow, Latah 
 count}', where opal occurs in the trachyte rocks and 
 production was continued for a year or two. The out- 
 put for 1891 was estimated at $5,000. Other occur- 
 
 rences arc at Opaline, Owyhee county; near Salmon, 
 Lemhi county, where Iteautiful opal was found in tra- 
 chyte bowldei's and traced to the parent ledge; and at 
 Panther creek, Lemhi county. Smok}' quartz in large 
 crystals, up to -i and .5 inches in diameter, lias been found 
 at Brandy creek, in Lemhi county. 
 
 Although the state has an abundance of good building 
 material in the granites and other siliceous crystalline 
 rocks, the demand for it is still small. Two quarries 
 were operated to a small extent. 
 
ILLINOIS. 
 
 Table 1 is a summar}- of the .statistics for the productive mines, quarries, and wells in the state of Illinois 
 for 1902. 
 
 Table 1.— SUMMARY: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines, quarries, and wells 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried ofticials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 AVage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 Value of product 
 
 826, 
 
 SI. 
 83, 
 
 «3S, 
 
 1,116 
 1,013 
 
 l.«69 
 ,910.940 
 
 40, .523 
 986, 397 
 S26, 016 
 .543,903 
 615,833 
 234, 410 
 
 Coal, 
 bituminous. 
 
 S24 
 
 SI 
 S2, 
 $33 
 
 1,510 
 ,.564,832 
 
 36,617 
 876, 201 
 824, 699 
 2.59, 686 
 834, 444 
 945, 910 
 
 Limestones 
 
 and 
 dolomites. 
 
 160 
 1.50 
 
 284 
 $270,025 
 
 3,178 
 $1,737,363 
 
 $233, 379 
 
 $451,908 
 
 $3, 232, 123 
 
 50 
 S.59, 269 
 
 488 
 $261,926 
 
 $36, 621 
 $185, 881 
 $769, 261 
 
 Fluorspar. 
 
 9 
 86, 304 
 
 71 
 $28, 845 
 
 $1,149 
 $17,115 
 $123,000 
 
 Lead and 
 zinc ore. 
 
 12 
 
 $9, 120 
 
 104 
 861,665 
 
 $11,079 
 $20,464 
 890,619 
 
 Clay. 
 
 2 
 81, 200 
 
 42 
 819, 602 
 
 $1,999 
 
 $3,916 
 
 838, 463 
 
 Sandstones 
 
 and 
 quartzite.?. 
 
 18 
 18 
 
 2 
 $1,200 
 
 22 
 $10, 295 
 
 $1,946 
 
 81,9.55 
 
 832, 200 
 
 Natural 
 gas. 1 
 
 80 
 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 $600 
 
 81.317 
 
 844 
 
 $1.50 
 
 82,844 
 
 ^ Includes pjetroleum, 1 riperator (2 wells). 
 
 The coal deposits underlie an extensive area and are 
 part of the Central coal field, which includes Indiana and 
 western Kentucky.' The lead mines of the Galena dis- 
 trict have been in operation for nearly-, if not quite, a 
 centurj', but to-day more zinc than lead ore is produced. 
 The Niagara limestone of Lemont and Joliet is a fine 
 grained, workable stone, much in demand in the interior 
 states. A good quality of sandstone is also found. 
 Until quite recenth' the fluorspar mines in the southern 
 part of the state were the onh' source of supply of this 
 mineral in the United States. There are some petro- 
 leum and natural-gas wells, good claj' is plentiful, and 
 Portland cement is manufactured in large quantities." 
 
 In addition to the minerals referred to in Table 1, 
 iron ore and mineral pigments occur in the state, but 
 were not produced in commercial quantities in 19(»2. 
 The state ranked sixth in mines and quarries in 1902 
 according to value of product. 
 
 Table M presents the value of production of the man- 
 ufacturing industries of this state, which are based pri- 
 marily upon the products of mines and cjuarries, and also 
 the vahie of all manufactured pi'odiicts in Illinois, as 
 reported to the Tweiftii Census. 
 
 'United States Geological Survey, "Mineral ReHource.s of the 
 United Statef," 1902, page 292. 
 ^King's Handbook of the United States, pages 20(i and 207. 
 
 (206) 
 
 T.iBLE 2. — .Vriiiiifdrlnri'ii based lyrimarUy upon tJie product': of mines 
 and quarries: 1900. 
 
 INprSTRY. 
 
 Value of produi-t. 
 
 All manufactures 
 
 Based upon products of mines or quarries: 
 
 Chemicals and allied ])rnducts 
 
 Clay, glass, and stone jirnducts 
 
 Iron and steel and (liuir products 
 
 Metals and metal products, otlier tliaii irtjn 
 
 and steel 
 
 JlisceUaneoiis industries 
 
 .81,2.59,730,108 
 
 $9, 928, 333 
 19, 208, 163 
 160, 189, 237 
 
 60, 170, .581 
 .57, 436, .587 
 
 296, 932, 901 
 
 All other 9i',2, 797, 267 
 
 The value of the products of manufactures, l>ased 
 primarily upon miiuM-als mined or tpiarried, as shown 
 by the foregoing taljle, was $296,932,901, or 23.6 per 
 cent of the total. The value of the total product of 
 mines, quarries, and wells of Illinois in 1902, and manu- 
 factures in 190((, was $1,297,964,578, of which manufac- 
 tures contributed 97 per cent and mines and (juarries 3 
 per cent. 
 
 The Twelfth Census shows that on the average 
 ;->9.5,llO wiige-eaniers were engaged in manufactures 
 in Illinois in 190O, and that $l91,;"ilO,9(i2 was paid in 
 wages. The average number of wage-earners engaged 
 in mining in 1902 was •10,523, and the wages paid 
 amounted to $26,986,397. The two industries together 
 
ILLIN(JIS. 
 
 207 
 
 gave employment to -435,633 wage-earners during the 
 year, and paid $218,407,359 in wages. Manufactures 
 gave employment to 90.7 per cent of these wage-earn- 
 ers, and paid 87.6 per cent of the wages, while mining 
 employed but 9.3 per cent of the wage-earners, and 
 paid only 12.4 per cent of the Wages. 
 
 The following table, compiled from the reports of 
 the United States Geological Survey, shows the value 
 of the production of the leading minerals, except for 
 lead and zinc, for which values can not be obtained, 
 from 1890 to 1902: 
 
 Table 3. — ]'alne of annual prodtuilun of iJie prhmpal mtiieraU: 
 
 1S90 to 190-2. 
 
 [United States Geological Survey, " Mineral Resoiirees of tlie United States."] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Coal, bitu- 
 minous. 
 
 Limestones 
 
 and 
 dolomites. 
 
 Portland 
 eement. 
 
 Natural rock 
 cement. 
 
 Fluorspar. 
 
 1890 
 
 1891 
 
 S14,171,230 
 14,237,074 
 16, 243, 645 
 17, 827, 595 
 15, 282, 111 
 
 14, 239, 1,57 
 
 15, 809, 736 
 14,472,529 
 14,567,598 
 20, 744, .5,53 
 26, 927, 185 
 28,163,937 
 33, 945, 910 
 
 m, 190, 607 
 
 2, 030, 000 
 3, 185, 000 
 2,305,000 
 2, 555, 952 
 1,687,662 
 1,261,359 
 1,483,1.57 
 1,421,072 
 2,066,483 
 1, 881. 1.51 
 2,793,837 
 
 3, 232, 123 
 
 {>) 
 
 (M 
 0) 
 (') 
 
 $510 
 
 1,325 
 
 5, 250 
 
 26, 250 
 
 79, 500 
 300,552 
 581,818 
 769,251 
 
 = S292, 784 
 2 276, 931 
 2 236, 438 
 153, 039 
 133, 880 
 171, 8.54 
 217, 731 
 209, 000 
 220, .580 
 187, 983 
 129, 446 
 187,936 
 (*) 
 
 965, 328 
 78 330 
 
 1892 
 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 84, 000 
 47 500 
 
 1895 
 
 
 1896 
 
 » 52, -COO 
 ■< 37 159 
 
 1897 
 
 189S 
 
 189 1 
 
 3 96, 660 
 
 1900 
 
 3 94 500 
 
 1901 
 
 3 113,803 
 123, 000 
 
 1902 ■* 
 
 
 
 1 No production reported. 
 
 2 Includes value of packages. 
 
 2 Includes production from Kentucky. 
 
 * Census figures. 
 
 ^ Included in Portland cement. 
 
 C'vaJ. — The bituminous coal deposits in Illinois un- 
 derlie some 35,000 square miles, or aljout 63 per cent 
 of the area of the state. The coal field extends from 
 the northern boundary of Grundy county west to the 
 Mississippi river, near Rock Island, and south aiong the 
 Mississippi to the north line of Henderson county, 
 where it leaves the river and inclines eastward to the 
 southern part of Jackson county. Although the first 
 discovery of coal in the United States was made in Illi- 
 nois by Father Hennepin in 1679, near the present city 
 of Ottawa, there is no probability that any mines were 
 opened in that locality until long after coal mining had 
 begun in the southern part of the state. The first 
 record of coal mining in the state was in 1810, in Jack- 
 son county. In 1832 several boat loads were shipped 
 from this locality to New Orleans, and in 1833, 6,000 
 tons were mined in St. Clair county and taken to St. 
 Louis.' Since that date there has been a continual in- 
 crease in the coal production. 
 
 In 1902 coal was mined in 54 counties, 41 of which 
 showed an increase in production oVer 1901 and 7 a de- 
 crease, the remaining 6 counties not being reported in 
 1901. Sangamon, with an output of 4,172,722 tons, 
 ranked first among the coal producing counties; St. 
 Clair second, with 2,822,248; and Vermilion third, with 
 
 1 Illinois Bureau of Labor Statistics, Twenty-iir.st Annual Coal 
 Eei-iort, 1902, page 1. 
 
 2,585,291 tons. Other large coal producing counties 
 are Bureau, Grundy, Lasalle, Macoupin, Madison, and 
 Williamson; each have aproduction exceeding 1,000,000 
 tons. Illinois ranked second among the coal producing 
 states. 
 
 The 789 coal operators gave employment during 
 1902 to 36,617 wage-earners, or 90.4 per cent of all 
 wage-earners engaged in mines and mining in the state ' 
 during the year. They also paid in wages $24,876,201, 
 or 92.2 per cent of all the wages paid in the mining in- 
 dustries of the state. 
 
 The following table, compiled from the reports of the 
 United States Geological Survey, shows the annual pro- 
 duction of coal in Illinois since 1833: 
 
 Table 4. — Amuml production of coal, bituminous: 1833 to 190^. 
 [United States Geological Survey, " Mineral Kesources of the United States."] 
 
 1833 
 1834 
 1836 
 1836 
 1837 
 1838 
 1839 
 1840 
 1841 
 1812 
 1813 
 1844 
 1845 
 1846 
 1847 
 1S4N 
 1S49 
 18,50 
 1851 
 ],S.52 
 1K53 
 1854 
 1855 
 1850 
 1857 
 1858 
 1 S59 
 1 8(;0 
 1X61 
 
 im;2 
 
 1.SC3 
 1861 
 1865 
 1 xi;6 
 1867 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 short tons. 
 
 6,000 
 
 7, .500 
 
 8,000 
 
 10, 000 
 
 12,600 
 
 14,000 
 
 16, 038 
 
 10, 968 
 
 35, 000 
 
 .58, 000 
 
 76, 000 
 
 120, 000 
 
 1,50,000 
 
 165, 000 
 
 180, 000 
 
 200,000 
 
 260, 000 
 
 300, 000 
 
 320, 000 
 
 340, 000 
 
 376, 000 
 
 385, 000 
 
 400, 000 
 
 410,000 
 
 450, 000 
 
 490, 000 
 
 .530. 000 
 
 568, 000 
 
 070, 000 
 
 780, 000 
 
 890, 000 
 
 1, 000, 000 
 
 1,260,000 
 
 1,-580,000 
 
 1,800,000 
 
 1.808 
 1869 
 1870 
 1871 
 1872 
 1.S73 
 IS74 
 1S75 
 1876 
 1877 
 1878 
 1879 
 1880 
 18S1 
 1882 
 18SS 
 1884 
 1885 
 1886 
 1887 
 1,SS8 
 1889 
 1890 
 1891 
 1892 
 1893 
 1894 
 1896 
 1896 
 1,897 
 1,898 
 1899 
 1900 
 1901 
 1902 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3, 
 
 3, 
 
 3, 
 
 4, 
 
 4, 
 
 5, 
 
 6, 
 
 5: 
 
 6, 
 
 6, 
 
 7, 
 
 9, 
 
 12 
 
 12, 
 
 11, 
 
 11, 
 
 12, 
 
 14, 
 
 12! 
 
 16, 
 
 15 
 
 17, 
 
 19, 
 
 17, 
 
 17, 
 
 19, 
 
 20, 
 
 18, 
 
 24, 
 
 26, 
 
 27, 
 
 32, 
 
 000 
 000 
 163 
 000 
 000 
 000 
 000 
 178 
 000 
 000 
 000 
 
 000 
 
 377 
 000 
 653 
 466 
 075 
 459 
 241 
 066 
 181 
 272 
 420- 
 698 
 276 
 564 
 576 
 864 
 626 
 7.58 
 299 
 019 
 981 
 662 
 373 
 
 Limestones and dolomites. — IlliQois ranked second 
 among the limestone producing states, the products of 
 its quarries in 1902 being valued at §3,232,123. The 
 rocks represent most of the epochs of the Silurian, 
 Devonian, and Carboniferous ages. A notable lime- 
 stone is quarried in Will county, in the vicinity of 
 Lemont and Joliet; it is a fine grained, light colored 
 Niagara stone, soft and easily worked, taking readily a 
 smooth surface, but no polish. ' 
 
 Of the 160 producing quarries, 55 had a production 
 \'alued in excess of $10,000, and only 7 produced stone 
 valued in excess of $100,000. Cook county, with an 
 output valued at $1,418,408, ranked first among the 30 
 limestone producing counties; Will county second, with 
 a production valued at $486,268; and Kankakee county 
 third, with $256,017. 
 
 29 
 
 '' Stones f(jr Building and Decoration, hy George P. iMerrill, page 
 
208 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Cement. — A tine quality of miio-nesian limestone was 
 discovered at Utica, 'Lasalle county, in ls;^8, during- 
 the construction of the Illinois and Michii^-an canal, and 
 in the same yt'ar a factory was erected for tlie produc- 
 tion of natural rock cement. This plant is still success- 
 fully operated. A second factory was built in ls(!i» at 
 Lasalle. and has since been in continuous operation. 
 The manufacture of Portland cement was tirst reported 
 fram Illinois in 1S94, at Oglesby, Lasalle county.^ 
 
 In 1902 there were 4 Portland cement plants in this 
 state. Illinois ranked sixth amono- the states producing 
 Portland cement at the time of this report. 
 
 The following- tio-ures from tlie reports of the United 
 States Geological Survey show the production of cement 
 in this state since 1894: 
 
 T.\BLE 5. — Annual pro'luctioii of ceinent: 1894 to 1903. 
 [United States Geological Survey. "Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 Portland 
 cement 
 
 Natural 
 rock 
 (harrelsl I'^ment 
 C'^"'-'^'- (barrels). 
 
 1894 , 300 4-16, 267 
 
 189.S 7.iO 491, Ori 
 
 1896 3, 000 .'144, 326 
 
 1897 ' 15,000 .^10,000 
 
 1898 ' (') I 630,228 
 
 1899 - 53, 000 537, 094 
 
 1900 240, 442 369, 276 
 
 1901 528, 925 469, 842 
 
 1902 767, 781 607, 820 
 
 ^ No production. 
 
 Fluorspar. — That this mineral was known long ago 
 is proved by the discovery of fluorspar shaj^ed into 
 ornaments in some of the prehistoric mounds of south- 
 ern Illinois. The earliest scientific mention of its occur- 
 rence was in 1819, which describes specimens olitained 
 in the vicinity of Shawneetown. It was tirst discovered 
 in Hardin county in 18.39, and in 1842—13 mining was 
 first actually commenced. The deposits of fluorspar 
 and galena of Hardin county occur in the limestones 
 which underlie the Coal Measures of the states border- 
 ing on the Ohio river. ^ Until 1S98 the Hardin county 
 mines near Rosiclare and those in Pope ccjunty sup- 
 plied all the fluorspar produced in the United States,-^ 
 but since 190() Kentucky has led Illinois in the output of 
 
 ^United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources ef tlie 
 United States," 1902, page 792. 
 
 ^ Transactions of the American Institute of Minini; Engineers, 
 1893, Vol. XXI, pages 31, 32, and 3.5. 
 
 'United States (ieological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1901, page 879. 
 
 this mineral. A small quantitj- of fluorspar was pro- 
 duced in Pope county, 111., in 1902. 
 
 The following figures from the reports of the United 
 States Geological Survey show the production of fluor- 
 spar in Illinois since 1882, the figures since 1895 being 
 combined with those for Kentucky: 
 
 Table 0. — Annual production of fluorxjiar: 1882 to 1902. 
 [United States (ieological Survey, " Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 VE.\R. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 1882 
 
 4,000 
 4,000 
 4,000 
 5,000 
 5,000 
 6,000 
 6,000 
 9, .500 
 8,2.50 
 10, 044 
 12, 260 
 
 1893 
 
 12 400 
 
 1,883 
 
 1894 
 
 7 500 
 
 1884 
 
 1895 
 
 4 000 
 
 18,85 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 I o! .500 
 15,062 
 
 1,8S(; 
 
 1887 . . 
 
 1888 
 
 1899 
 
 US 900 
 
 1889 
 
 1890 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 ' 18, 460 
 >19 .586 
 
 1891 
 
 1902 
 
 
 1892 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Includes Kentucky. 
 
 - No production reported. 
 
 Leiiil and zinc ore. — The lead bearing district in the 
 northwestern corner of the state is entirely comj^rised 
 within the limits of Jo Davies.s and Stephenson coun- 
 ties.* This district forms a part of the upper Missis- 
 sippi lead region, which occupies an area of some 3,000 
 square miles in Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illinois. Lead is 
 supposed to have been observed at several points along 
 the Mississippi river by Le Sueur in IToo, and the lead 
 region of the upper Mississippi was located on a map 
 published in France in 1752. ^Mining of lead ore in 
 Illinois was probably not in active progress much before 
 1827, ■' the period of greatest production being from 184(i 
 to 1850.° Galena, in Jo Daviess county, has always been 
 the center of lead mining in Illinois, and up to the com- 
 pletion of the railroads was the natui'al outlet for the 
 lead mined in Wisconsin. Zinc did not come into the 
 market until 186(\' since which time its production has 
 increased until it is now much greater than that of lead. 
 In 1902 the iiroduction of zinc ore in Illinois amounted 
 to 2,778 tons, while that of lead ore was only 792 tons. 
 
 Vlaij. — The state ranked thirteenth in the production 
 of tlay in 1902 according to value, producing 1.9 per 
 cent of the total for the United States. The value of 
 the clay produced by the 7 operators was $88,463. 
 
 'tieologioal Survey of Illinois, 1866, Vol. I, page 15.5. 
 * Iowa (Teologioal Survey, Vol. VI, pages 15 and 18. 
 ^(xeological Survey of Illinois, 1866, Vol. I, page 1.56. 
 ' Iowa Geological Survey, Vol. VI, page 18. 
 
ILLINOIS. 
 
 209 
 
 Sdinhtiinexdiul qiKirtzitex. — Carboniferous sandstones 
 of lig-ht and dark l)rown color and good (luality are 
 found near CaT'hondale, Jackson county. The stones is 
 of medium texture, works readily, and closely resoni- 
 l)les some of the Connecticut hrownstones.' Tlie JK 
 sandstone quarries operating in Illinois in 1!»()2 \ver(> lo- 
 cated in Alexander, Carroll, Clay, Fulton, Henry, Jack- 
 son, Lee, St. Clair, Whiteside, and Union counties, anfl 
 produced an output valued at $:'>-!, ^(M). 
 
 Nafinud (jux. — Natural gas was Hrst discovered in Illi- 
 nois in Champaign county in iK>?i. In later years it has 
 been found in many other counties, liut the wells gener- 
 ally have been shallow." The natural gas of tlie state in 
 I'.tO'J came from the wells in Randolph and Bureau coun- 
 ties, the entire pi-oduction being valued at only |l,S-44. 
 
 Ther(^ were two petroleum wells in Illinois in I'M)-'. 
 The maxinuan pi'oduction of petroleum in the state, 
 1,4(1(1 barrels, was recoi'ded in 1889. 
 
 ' Stones for Building and Decoration, pagi' loH. 
 
 H'liiicd States (Tcolooical Purvey, "Mineral Kesources of the 
 United States," 19(Jli, jjage 759. 
 
 30223—04- 
 
 -14 
 
INDIAN TERRITORY. 
 
 Table 1 is a summary of the statistics for the pro- 
 ductive mines, quarries, and natural-gas and petroleum 
 wells in Indian Territory for 1902. 
 
 Table 1. — Summari/: 1002. 
 
 Number of mines, quarries, 
 
 and wells 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners; 
 
 Average nnmber 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 \'atuc of product 
 
 260 
 $263, 171 
 
 4,814 
 
 83,183,322 
 
 878, 639 
 
 8366, 332 
 
 8329, 063 
 
 $4,321,380 
 
 Coal,bitu-:Ajh«ltum. ^,i „„^^^ 
 '"'°™^- nous S! : niinerals.. 
 
 B8 
 29 
 
 248 
 8240, .581 
 
 4,763 
 
 3,154,267 
 
 856, 610 
 
 83.58,960 
 
 8320, 664 
 
 ;4, 265, 106 
 
 5 
 84,410 
 
 28 
 813, 185 
 81 , 029 
 82, 213 
 S6, 299 
 811,754 
 
 16 
 4 
 
 7 
 88, 18U 
 
 23 
 815, 870 
 821,000 
 86, 1.59 
 82, 100 
 844, 520 
 
 2 (13 wells); and 
 
 1 Includes operators as follows; Natural gas, 1; jietroleum, 
 siliceous crystalline rocks, 1. 
 
 Investigations as to the geological conditions and 
 formations of Indian Territory began as early as ISllV 
 and have been continued from time to time during later 
 years. In 1.S53 the geologist of the Pacitic Railroad 
 expedition, Jules ^larcou, made an important recon- 
 naissance of the southern part and gave to the public a 
 better knowledge of the lithologv and structure of coals 
 in this vicinity. 
 
 Of the total mineral production for 1902 in Indian 
 Territory, 9.S.7 per cent was coal, bituminous, and the 
 remainder was asphaltum and bituminous rock, natural 
 gas, petroleum, and siliceous crystalline rocks. Con- 
 siderable development work, chiefly in coal mining, was 
 carried on during the year, $167,261 being exiH'iided 
 for this purpose. Copper and gold ores" are known to 
 exist in the Wichita mountains, although they were not 
 mined in commercial quantities in 1902. Sandstones 
 and (juartzites extend over a large portion of the terri- 
 tory,' and limestones and dolomites are found north of 
 the Arkansas river. No sandstone or limestone pro- 
 duction was repoi-ted during 1902. 
 
 The following table presents the value of tiie products 
 of those manufacturing industries which are based pri- 
 marily upon the products of mines and quai-ries and also 
 
 ' A (ieologiral Keconnaiysanee of the (;<jal Fields^ of Indian Terri- 
 tory, by Noali F. Drake, Ph. D., page 327. 
 
 'Uniiierl States (ieological Survey, "Mineral Kesources of the 
 United States," 1S87, page 730. 
 
 (210) 
 
 the total value of the products of manufactures in Indian 
 Territory in 19()(.»: 
 
 Table 2. — ManiifiicliiTi'x bused 2^rimar'dii n/ion the products of 'mines 
 arhl rjiiarries: 1900. 
 
 INOrSTllY. 
 
 Value of product. 
 
 All manufactures 83, ; 
 
 Based upon products of mines or quarries; 
 
 Clay, glass, and stone products \ 870, 214 
 
 Metals and metal products, other than iron and 
 
 steel ' .54, .544 
 
 Miscellaneous industries 121, 921 
 
 All other . 
 
 246, 679 
 1, 645, 502 
 
 The value of the output of the manufactures based 
 primarilj' upon the products of mines and quarries, as 
 shown in the above taljle, amounted to $246,679, or 6.3 
 per cent of the total value of the manufactured product 
 of the territory for 1900, indicating that manufacturing 
 in Indian Territory is but slightlj' dependent upon min- 
 eral industries for its raw or partialh' manufactured 
 material. 
 
 In 1902 there were employed in mining and quarry- 
 ing in Indian Territory an average number of i.Sll: 
 wage-earners who received the sum of $3,183,322 in 
 wages. During the census year of 1900 there was an 
 average number of 1.711: wage-earners engaged in nian 
 ufactures in the territory, and they received $553, .S99 
 in wages. The combined manufacturing and mining 
 industries gave employment to 6,528 wage-earners, who 
 received $3,737,221 in wages. The mines and quari'ies 
 employed 73.7 per cent of the total number of wage- 
 earners and paid 85.2 per cent of the total wages, 
 while the manufacturing industries employed 26.3 per 
 cent of the total number of wage-earners and paid 14.8 
 per c-ent of the combined wages. 
 
 C'nal , hitiniii/iiii(.'<. — Coal mining is bv far the most 
 important mineral industry in Indian Territory. The 
 coal fields occu]iy all of the area of the Creek nation 
 and parts of the area of the Cherokee, Chicka.saw, and 
 Choctaw nations, a total of about 20,000 square miles.' 
 These fields l)eai' an intimate relation to the Coal Meas- 
 ures of Oklahoma, Kan,sas, Arkansas, and part of Texas.' 
 
 ' United States Geological Survev, Twenty-second Annual Report, 
 1900-1901, Part III, page 373. 
 
 *A Geological Reconnaissance of the Coal Fields of Indian Terri- 
 tory, page 360. 
 
INDIAN TERKITUIIY. 
 
 211 
 
 The development of coal deposits adjacent to McAles- 
 ter, began in 1872,' where a coal ,suital)le for coking 
 was obtained. In 18S1 operations were commenced in 
 the vicinity of Savanna and Lehigh,' and in 1S85 the 
 first commercial coal production was reported in Indian 
 Territory, amounting to 5()(»,0(K) shoi't tons. 
 
 The following table gives the annual jn-odnction and 
 value of bituminous coal mined in Indian Territory: 
 
 Table 3. — Atimtul production of roitl, }>ittrmhioii.t: JS\S.5 lu 190J. 
 [Uuited States Geological Survey, " Mineral Resources of the United Ktiites."] 
 
 YEAK. 
 
 ijiiantity 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Value. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Quantity 
 (short 
 tons) . 
 
 A'alue. 
 
 1886 
 
 446, 429 
 
 534, 580 
 
 685, 911 
 
 761,986 
 
 752, 832 
 
 869,229 
 
 1,091,032 
 
 1,192,721 
 
 1,2.52,110 
 
 $7.50, 000 
 866, 328 
 1,286,692 
 1,432,072 
 1,323,807 
 1, 579, 188 
 1,897,037 
 2,043,479 
 2,236,209 
 
 1894 
 
 969, 006 
 1,211,185 
 1,366,640 
 1,336,3.80 
 1,381,466 
 1,. 537, 427 
 1,922,298 
 2, 421, 781 
 2, 820, 666 
 
 », 541, 293 
 1,737,254 
 1,918,115 
 1 787 3.58 
 
 1886 
 
 1887 
 
 1896 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 1888 
 
 1889 
 
 1,S98 
 
 
 1890 
 
 1.S99. . 
 
 
 1891 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 1901 
 
 3,916,2(;s 
 4 265 106 
 
 1893 
 
 19021 
 
 
 
 ' Census fif^Mires. 
 
 The above table shows a steady increase in annual 
 production, with the exception of the j-ears 1889, 1891, 
 and 1897, from the time of the first commercial mining 
 operations up to 1902. 
 
 The coal belt is about 65 miles wide whci'e it enters 
 from Kansas near the northeast corner of Indian Ter- 
 ritory. It extends southward through the territory 
 and then eastward in an L-shaped formation into Arkan- 
 sas. The soirthern branches of Coal Measures, reaching 
 into Texas, are somewhat broken by a covering of Cre- 
 taceous deposits. 
 
 The coal seams vary considerably in thickness in the 
 difi'erent portions of the territory, in some instiinces 
 being too thin for profitable working. The coal deposits 
 worked near Lehigh and Savanna" vaiy from 3 feet 11 
 inches to 4 feet 2 inches in thickness, while those of the 
 McAlester district vary from ?> feet 6 inches to 1 feet. 
 
 The product of the Lehigh and Savanna mines is 
 more especially adapted to steaming purposes'* and both 
 these coals are considerablv utilized bv railroads* while 
 
 the. McAlester product is a high-grade coke and gas 
 coal remarkably free from sulphur and other impurities. 
 The Savanna product somewhat resembles^ that of the 
 McAlester disti'ict, but the Lehigh coal, although of 
 good steaiiiing (lualitics, is not adapted for coking. 
 
 A-yi/Kiltiiiii iiikI l>itiiniiri(iiiK r<>cl,\ — The region of 
 asphaltum and bituminous rock deposits in Indian Tei'- 
 ritoiy'* is entirely south' of the Canadian river and 
 extends from the (.'a.stern to the western boundary of 
 the territory." The asphaltite of eastern Indian Ter- 
 ritory is generally of a vein forming variety, jet black 
 in color and brilliant in lustre, and of an exceeding 
 brittleness. 
 
 One or two (juarries were operated during 1895, but 
 the experiment was not a complete success' owing to the 
 hard and irregular formation of the asphaltic lime rock. 
 Further developments have been more successful. In 
 1898 and 1899* new discoveries of asphaltic limestone 
 and sandstone w^ere made in the district adjacent to 
 Dougherty and Davis, and a considerable production, 
 chietl}^ of mastic, was reported. There were 6 quarries 
 in operation during 1902 reporting a production valued 
 at $11,751; in addition a considerable amount of de- 
 velopment work was done by one company. 
 
 All (it her minerals. — One natural gas well was re- 
 ported in the Creek nation and a considerable product 
 was also obtained from an idle petroleum -well in the 
 same locality. As there was but one report, the sta- 
 tistics for natural gas production for Indian Territoiy 
 can not be separately shown. 
 
 There were 13 petroleum wells reported by 2 com- 
 panies near Bartlesville in the Osage nation and a large 
 product was secured in 1902. Development work is 
 being actively carried on in this vicinity. 
 
 One granite quariy was reported for the Chickasaw 
 nation with a large production in 1902. The product 
 is not shown separately, as to do so would disclose the 
 operations of an individual establishment. The granite 
 quarried in Indian Territorj^ is not sold in the rough, 
 but is dressed for building purposes and monumental 
 work or prepared for curbing or concrete before it is 
 placed on the market. 
 
 1 United States Geological Survey, T\ventv-second .Annual Report, 
 1900-1901, Part III, page .386. 
 '^ Ibid., "Mineral Resources of tlie United States," 1887, page 244. 
 ■Mbid., 1886, page 266. 
 *lbid., 1883, page 45. 
 
 ■' United States Geological Survev, Twenty-second Annur.; Report, 
 1900-1901, Parti, page 262. 
 "Ibid., page 26.5. 
 
 'The Mineral Industry, 189.5, Vol. IV, pase 44. 
 n\M., 1898, Vol. VII, page 65. 
 
INDIANA. 
 
 Table 1 is a summary of the statistics for the productive mines, quarries, and wells in the state of Indiana 
 fori;M)-j. 
 
 Table 1.— SUJMMAKY: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines, quarries, and wells 
 
 Number of operators , . . . _ 
 
 Salaried employees; 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wa^e-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract wort 
 
 Miseellftneons expenses 
 
 Co«t of supplies and materials 
 
 Value of product 
 
 SIO 
 
 It;, 825 
 3,909 
 
 1,B62 
 430, 638 
 
 16,473 
 729, 767 
 164, 3H0 
 387, 668 
 810, 666 
 224, 760 
 
 Coal, lalii 
 minous. 
 
 Natural gas. 
 
 637 
 S530, 492 
 
 10, .593 
 
 87, 396, 42.5 
 
 S26, 603 
 
 $.149, 054 
 
 »729,104 
 
 SIO, 399, 660 
 
 6,861 
 
 .580 
 $447, .508 
 
 938 
 S.586,860 
 $1,046,444 
 Jl, 399, 3,55 
 $1,028,368 
 87,081,344 
 
 Petroleum. 
 
 9,439 
 2, 567 
 
 108 
 J138, 536 
 
 1,403 
 81,045,926 
 81,091,333 
 $1,286,499 
 81,126,627 
 86, 526, 622 
 
 Lime.stones .Sandstones 
 
 and I Cement. ' and 
 dolomites. quart2ite.s. 
 
 160 
 156 
 
 266 
 
 $238,186 
 
 2, 834 
 $1,399,829 
 
 $196, 907 
 
 8499, 764 
 
 82, 865, 691 
 
 65 
 
 871,166 
 
 568 
 8266, 949 
 
 $53, 447 
 
 $420, 168 
 
 $1,2,86,228 
 
 6 
 $4,6.50 
 
 41 
 819, 667 
 
 $1,706 
 
 83,040 
 
 $37, 593 
 
 All other 
 minerals.! 
 
 36 
 814, 212 
 
 8700 
 83,605 
 827, 622 
 
 1 Includes operators as follows; Clay, 2; oilstones, whetstones, and 
 coal, bituminous). 
 
 cythestones, 5 (6 mines); sulphur and pyrite (all data except value of product included with 
 
 I The coals of this state, underlying- 7.000 square miles 
 or one-fifth the area of the state, are mostly bituminous, 
 although some block coal is also mined. The petroleum 
 area is steadily increasing, and the natural gas jtroduc- 
 tion places Indiana second among states reporting this 
 product. No state possesses better stone for building 
 purposes than Indiana. The production includes the 
 Bedford limestones and the .sandstones comprising the 
 so-called conglomerate. Indiana is a large producer 
 of whetstones, the Hindostan whetstone rock having 
 been used for 3'ears. The clay deposits are very valu- 
 able, and are found in some form in everj^ county. 
 Quantities of white sand suitable for glassmaking occur 
 in various localities. Limonite and siderite iron ore 
 ha\'e been found in large quantities in several cf)unties, 
 but they are too' siliceous to conipete with the rich beds 
 of hematite in other states. The marl deposits are 
 being used more and more inthematuifactureof cement.' 
 
 In addition to the productive mines, quari'ies, and 
 wells referred to in Table 1, 12 operators ixqiorted 
 active mines and wells Init no production. These opera- 
 tors paid but $269 in wages during tht^ year, practically 
 all the work being done by contract. For such work 
 $21,979 was paid. Miscellaneous expenses amounted 
 to $6,4:17, and cost of supplies and materials to $9,118. 
 
 The following table shows the value of the products 
 of the manufacturing industries, ba.sed primarily upon 
 minerals mined and quari'ied, and also the total \alue 
 
 ' Indiana Department of Geology and Natnral Rewniref, Twen- 
 tieth Annual Report, 1895, paj„'es 16 to 20. 
 
 (212) 
 
 of the products of all manufactures of Indiana, as 
 reported to the Twelfth Cen.sus: 
 
 T.\BLE 2. — Manufactures based primarily upon the prodvclK of mines 
 and quarries: 1900. 
 
 INDr.STEY. 
 
 All manufactures 
 
 Based npiin ]irnducts of mines or tjuarries; 
 
 Chemicals and allied products 
 
 Clay, gla.ss, and stone jirndui'ts 
 
 Iron and steel and their proilucls 
 
 Metals and metal pmdurls, other than iron 
 
 and steel 
 
 IMiscellaucons industries 
 
 Value of product. 
 
 S:!78, 120, 140 
 
 818,113,023 
 22, 843, 090 
 60, 884, 844 
 
 4, .523, 88] 
 13,182,452 
 
 All other 268, 572, 850 
 
 The value of the products of manufactures, leased ^Jri- 
 marily upon minerals mined and (juarried, as shown by 
 tlie foregoing table, is $109,. 5-1:7,290, or about 29 per 
 cent of the total. The total value of the product of 
 mines, quarries, and wells of Indiana in 1902 and manu- 
 factures in 1900 was $-106,31-1,900, of which manufac- 
 tures contributed 93.1 per cent and mines and quarries 
 <'i.9 per cent. 
 
 The avei-age number of wage-earners reported l:)y 
 the Twelfth C'ensus as engaged in manufacturing was 
 155.9.56, and the wages paid were $66,847,317. The 
 average nmuber of wage-earners engaged in mines 
 and quarries in 1902 was 16,473, and the wages paid 
 amounted to $10,729,767. 
 
 The two industries combined gave employment during 
 the year to 172,429 wage-earners and paid $77,577,084 
 
INDIANA. 
 
 213 
 
 in -wages. Manufactures gave emplojnnent to 'M)A per 
 cent of the wage-earners and paid 86.2 per cent of the 
 wages, while mines and ([uarries employed only 9.6 per 
 cent of the wage-earners and paid 13.!S per cent of tlie 
 wages. 
 
 The following table shows tlie value of the annual 
 production of the leading minerals of the state, 1S90 to 
 1902: 
 
 Table 3. — Value of annual production of principal minrrala: IS'JOlo 
 
 1902. 
 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Kesoureew of the United States."] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sand- 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Coal. 
 
 Natural 
 gas. 
 
 Petroleum. 
 
 Limestones 
 and dolo- 
 mites. 
 
 Portland 
 cement. 
 
 fill 
 
 1890 
 
 $3, 269, 233 
 
 82,302,600 
 
 832,462 
 
 81,889,336 
 
 (1) 
 
 843,983 
 
 1891 
 
 3,070,918 
 
 3, 942, .500 
 
 .54,787 
 
 2, 100, 000 
 
 (■) 
 
 90, 000 
 
 1892 
 
 3, 620, 682 
 
 4,716,000 
 
 260, 620 
 
 1,800,000 
 
 (') 
 
 80,000 
 
 1893 
 
 4,0,65,372 
 
 5,718,000 
 
 1,060,882 
 
 1,474,696 
 
 (■) 
 
 20, 000 
 
 1894 
 
 3,295,034 
 
 5,437,000 
 
 1 , 774, 260 
 
 1,203,108 
 
 (') 
 
 22. V'O 
 
 1896 
 
 3, 642, 623 
 
 6, 203, 200 
 
 2,811,444 
 
 1,6,58,976 
 
 (') 
 
 60 
 
 1896 
 
 3,261,737 
 
 6,043,635 
 
 2, 954, 411 
 
 1,658,469 
 
 (') 
 
 32,847 
 
 1897 
 
 3,472,348 
 
 5,009,208 
 
 1,880,412 
 
 2,012,608 
 
 (') 
 
 35, 561 
 
 189'^ 
 
 3,994,918 
 
 6,060,969 
 
 2,214,322 
 
 1,686, ,572 
 
 
 
 45, 342 
 
 isy.J 
 
 5,285,018 
 
 6,680,370 
 
 3,363,738 
 
 2,173,833 
 
 (>) 
 
 36,636 
 
 1900 
 
 6,687,137 
 
 7, 254, 639 
 
 4,693,983 
 
 2,344,818 
 
 837,. wo 
 
 46, 063 
 
 1901 
 
 7,017,143 
 
 6, 9.54, 566 
 
 4,822,826 
 
 2, 993, 186 
 
 240, 242 
 
 28, 334 
 
 1902 - . . . . 
 
 10,399,660 
 
 7,081,344 
 
 6, .526, 622 
 
 2, 866, 691 
 
 3 1,286,228 
 
 37, 593 
 
 1 No production. -Census figures. ■* Inchidcs natural rock cement. 
 
 Coal. — The coal area is found in the western and 
 southwestern part of the state, and ranges from lu to 
 60 miles in width. The veins of workable thickness 
 var\' from 3 to 11 feet, but are in a few phices from 25 
 to 28 feet tliick.' 
 
 The E'lstern Interior or Central coal tit^ld includes not 
 onl}' the bituminous coal areas of Indiana, liut also 
 those of Illinois and western Kentucky; in point of 
 production it rank.s second among the bituminous coal 
 producing fields. Father Hennepin first fi)und coal in thi?- 
 field in 1698 on the Illinois river, near Fort Creve-Cieur. 
 This is the first mention of coal found in America. In 
 1804 coal was noted in the course of land surveys oi 
 Indiana, and its position marked on the maps. In 1811 
 coal dug at Fulton, Perry county, was used by Robert 
 Fulton on the steamboat OtleiDin^ and from 1830 to 
 1S60 coal was shipped in a small way out of the state." 
 Since 1860 the mining of coal has st(>adily increased, 
 and in 1902 Indiana ranked ,'<ixth among the bituminous 
 coalproducingstates,with a total production of 9, J:46,-124 
 short tons, of which l,101,54-± tons was block coal. 
 
 Of the 18 coal producing counties of Indiana in 1902, 
 13 show an increased production over 1901, the increase 
 in Greene county, 719,164 short tons, being ptirticularly 
 noticeable. Greene county stands first, with a total pro- 
 duction of 1,663,785 tons; Vigo second, with 1,662,798 
 tons; and Clay third, with 1,315,046 tons. Parke and 
 
 1 Indiana Departiiient of (leology and Natural I-te.sources, Twen- 
 tieth Annual Report, 189.5, page 8. 
 
 2 United States(4eologital Survey, Twenty-.sccond .Annual Report, 
 1900-1901, Part III, page 294. 
 
 Sullivan counties also contributed over 1,(100,000 tons 
 each. 
 
 Since 1870 the production of ctjai in Indiana has 
 tunounted to 96,06(1,655 short tons, as shown in the fol- 
 lowing fable: 
 
 Tahi.h 4. — Aimiiiil /iroiliiclioti. of cool, hiliiminoiix: 1S70 In 1U02. 
 [United states Geological Survey, " Mineral Resources of the United States."^ 
 
 '1 
 
 Total. 
 
 1870 
 
 1871 
 
 1872 
 
 1873 
 
 1874 
 
 1876 
 
 1876 
 
 1877 
 
 1878 
 
 1879 
 
 1880 
 
 18S1 
 
 1882 
 
 1883 
 
 1884 
 
 18&5 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 VKAK. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 96, 060, 666 
 
 1886 
 
 3, 000, 000 
 
 1887 
 
 1888 
 
 3,217,711 
 
 490,414 
 
 600,000 
 
 896,000 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 812, 000 
 
 800,000 
 
 9.50, 000 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 1,196,490 
 
 1,500,000 
 
 1,771,. 536 
 
 1,976,470 
 
 2, 560, 000 
 
 2, 260, 000 
 
 2,375,000 
 
 3,140,979 
 
 1889 
 
 2, 845, 0.57 
 
 1890 
 
 3, 305, 737 
 
 1891 
 
 2, 973, 474 
 
 1892 
 
 3, 346, 174 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 3, 791. 851 
 3, 423, 921 
 
 1895 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 3,995,892 
 3, 905, 779 
 4,151,1IW 
 
 1898 
 
 4,920,743 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 6, 006, .523 
 6,484,086 
 6, 918, 226 
 
 1902 
 
 9, 446, 424 
 
 
 
 Natui'id ijax. — Although the existence of natural gas 
 in Indiana was known, it was not until after the Tren- 
 ton rock gas field was opened at Findlay, Ohio, in 1884, 
 that any great attention was given to its development.' 
 The knowledge that large (piantities of liigli pressure 
 gas were stored within the Trenton limestone caused 
 a rapid development in this industry. Twenty-six 
 counties contributed to the production in 1902. 
 
 I'l'froh'iuii. — The earliest production of petroleum in 
 commercial (juantities was first recorded in Vigo county 
 in 1SS9.' The main Indiana oil held is a continuation 
 of the Lima field in Ohio and extends from tlie Ohio- 
 Indiana state line westward to Alarion, Grant countj', 
 and fiom Warren, Huntington county, south to Hart- 
 ford City, Blackford county'. The greatest length of 
 the field is about 45 miles and its extreme width about 
 20 miles."' 
 
 The following table compiled from the reports of the 
 United States Geological Survey shows the annual pro- 
 duction of petroleum in Indiana since 1889: 
 
 Table 5. — Annual prodndioit uf jielrnleinii: 1SS9 to 1902. 
 [United States Geological S\irvey, "Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 VEAR. 
 
 Barrels (42! 
 gallons). . 1 i-.AK. 
 
 Barrels (42 
 gallon,?). 
 
 Total.- 
 
 45,836,215 
 
 1895 
 
 I 1896 
 
 4,386,132 
 4,680,732 
 4,122,355 
 3, 730, 907 
 3, 848, 182 
 
 
 33, 376 
 63,496 
 136,634 
 698, 068 
 2,336,293 
 3, 688, 666 
 
 1897 W. 
 
 1889 
 
 1898 
 
 1890 
 
 1899 
 
 
 1900 
 
 
 4, 874, 392 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 - 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 6,757,086 
 7,480,896 
 
 ^United States Ueological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1902, piage 642. 
 
 ^ Indiana Department of Geologv ami Natural I-tesources Twenty- 
 first Annual lieport, 1896, page 48. 
 
 ^Ibid., Twenty-fifth Annual Report, 1900, page 491. 
 
214 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Limestones anddoJomitex. — The limostoiics of ] ndiana, 
 which are quarried for building- purpose,'^, l)elong' either 
 to the Upper Sihirian or Subcarboniferous formations 
 in the central and southern parts of the state. The most 
 beautiful and valuable of the oolitic limestones found in 
 Lawrence, Monroe, Owen, Craw^ford, Harrison, and 
 Washington counties, is that known as "Bedford stone," 
 found near Bedford, in Lawrence county. This rock is 
 of fine, even texture, and is composed of small rounded 
 grains compactlj' cemented together by crystalline lime 
 or calcite. The stone is soft but tenacious, works 
 readily in every direction, and is used more for carved 
 work than any other domestic limestone.' 
 
 Of the 36 limestone producing counties of Indiana 
 in 1902 only 6 had an output valued in excess of $100,- 
 000. Lawrence county ranked first with a production 
 valued at $1,207,497. or about 42 per cent of the total 
 for the state, which was $2,SB5,691. Monroe county 
 ranked second and Decatur third. 
 
 Cement. — The tirst Portland cement plant in Indiana, 
 and one among- the first in the United States, was con- 
 structed at South Bend in 1877. In 1893 this plant 
 was shut down and has not since been a successful pro- 
 ducer. In 1901.) a new plant was completed at Stroh, 
 Lagrange county, which has since been an increasingly 
 successful producer." Late in the same year another 
 plant was completed near S}'racuse, Kosciusko countv, 
 but no production was reported until 1901. In 1902 
 
 \u- 
 
 'Stones for Building and Decoration, by Gcorse 1'. 
 pages 302 and 303. 
 
 'Indiana Department of (Teolngvand Natural Resources, T\vent^■- 
 fitth Annual Report, 1900, pages 24, 27, and 377. 
 
 the first production from the plant at Mitchell, in Law- 
 rence county, was reported.'' In 1900 the single Port- 
 land cement plant in Indiana produced 30,000 barrels. 
 In 1901 the two plants produced 218,402 barrels, and in 
 1902 the three plants produced 536,706 barrels.' ' 
 
 Natural cement rock in Indiana was first noticed in 
 Clark county during the construction of the Louisville 
 and Shippingsport canal about 1826. Some time after 
 1832 a flouring mill, built at Clarksville, Ind., in that 
 year, was changed into the first cement mill to be op- 
 erated in the state.* In 1902 the six plants in Clark 
 county produced 1,343,185 barrels of natural rock 
 cement, valued at $657,984. 
 
 Sandstones and (piartzites. — The Mansfield sandstone, 
 coarse grained, and gray, yellow, red, brown, or varie- 
 gated in color, is probably the most important sand- 
 stone in the state.* The value of the total output of 
 sandstone in Indiana for l'.t()2 was $37,593. 
 
 All other niineratx. — The A'alue of the clay produced 
 by the two operators who reported, is included with that 
 for other states in ord(>r to avoid disclosing individual 
 operations. 
 
 The Ilindostan whetstone of Orange county is said 
 to have been first disco\ered in 1810 and the first quarry 
 was opened in 1825.* The value of the finished product 
 from the six ((tiarries ojxu-ated in 1902 was $lt).',»5(). 
 
 There was a small production of pyrite in Indiana in 
 1'.HI2, which was a by-product of coal mining. 
 
 ■'riiited States (ieologiral Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 f'uited States," 1902, page 778. 
 
 Miidiana Department of (ieology and Natural Resources, 
 Twentieth Annual Ixeport, pages' 199 and 338. 
 
IOWA. 
 
 Table 1 is a sumiiiary of the statistics for tho productive mines and quarries in the state of Iowa for l'Mf2. 
 
 Table 1.— SUMMARY: l!l(l2. 
 
 Number of miiios or qujirrius 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Sularieil of^cials, elorks, etr. 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 \\'nRes 
 
 Contrai't work 
 
 Miseellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of su])plies and material 
 Value of product 
 
 Sfioti, 
 
 10, 
 
 S6,791, 
 
 $4K, 
 
 $573, 
 
 Sgfil , 
 
 S9, 67(), 
 
 625 
 
 fim 
 
 MO 
 
 I2r. 
 m 
 
 161 
 106 
 2.52 
 996 
 424 
 
 Coal, bitu- 
 minous. 
 
 S4;i6, 
 
 9, 
 
 $6,2.51, 
 
 J4H, 
 
 S3tl, 
 
 S841, 
 
 S.S, 660, 
 
 326 
 299 
 
 512 
 , 82,S 
 
 439 
 782 
 046 
 191 
 500 
 287 
 
 Limestones 
 
 and 
 dolomites. 
 
 244 
 
 241 
 
 «6 
 
 680 
 J357, 249 
 $60 
 $22,518 
 $71,361 
 $649, 984 
 
 Sandstones 
 Gypsum, j and 
 
 j qnartzites. 
 
 20 
 S15,8.S3 
 
 293 
 
 $170, 828 
 
 $6, 505 
 
 $47, 683 
 
 $337,734 
 
 1 
 
 $360 
 
 12 
 $5, 580 
 
 !(.527 
 
 $.527 
 
 $15, 061 
 
 Lead 
 
 and 
 
 zinc ore. 
 
 14 
 11 
 
 ?2.HU 
 
 13 
 
 $5, 766 
 
 $2,511 
 
 $919 
 
 $13, 358 
 
 Tile liituminous coal deposits of Iowa underlie some 
 20.0(1(1 siiiiare miles iii the southern half of the state 
 and are a part of the Western Interior coal field. Over 
 10,000 wage-earners are now employed in the coal 
 mines.' Large quantities of lead ;uid zinc ore occur in 
 the northeastern part of the state, iiround Duhiique, 
 luit at the i)resent time those miiKM-als ;ire Imt little 
 mined." The gypsum deposits form one of the nK)st 
 valuable of Iowa's mineral resources." 
 
 In addition to the minerals mentioned in Tahh- 1 iron 
 ore and mineral paints are found in Iowa, but these 
 were not produced in commercial (piantities in l'.»02. 
 
 Table 2 shows the value of the products of the man- 
 ufacturing industries, based primarily upon minerals 
 mined and cpiarried, and also the value of all manufac- 
 tured products in Iowa, as reported at the Twelfth 
 Census. 
 
 Table 2. — M<iimf(irtin-cs based primarily upon the prndiicix of mines 
 and quarries: 1900. 
 
 All manufactures 
 
 Based upon products of mines or quarries: 
 
 Chemicals and allied products 
 
 Clay, glass, and stone product.s 
 
 Iron and steei and tbeir products 
 
 Metuls and metal products, other than iron 
 
 and steel 
 
 Miscellaneous industries 
 
 Value of product. 
 
 $164,617,877 
 
 $:542, 707 
 4,4:«, 6,52 
 6,198,884 
 
 2, 655, 415 
 6, 964, 093 
 
 20, .591, 761 
 
 144,026,126 
 
 As shown in the foregoing table the value of the 
 products of the manufacturing industries, based prima- 
 rily upon minerals mined and quarried, was $20,591,751 , 
 
 ' King's Handbook of the Unitefl States, page 2.59. 
 ■•^ Iowa Geological Survey, Vol. VI, page 43. 
 'The Mineral Industry,' 1895, Vol. IV, page 379. 
 
 or about 12.5 per cent of the total value of all inanufac- 
 tured products. The value of the output of the mines 
 and quarries of Iowa for 1902 was ifiH,<r7( 1,124. or 5,'.) 
 per cent of the total value of product of all manufac- 
 turing and mining industries. 
 
 The average number of wage-earners engaged in 
 manufactures, as repoiled at the census oi I'.MKi. was 
 5s, 553. and the wages paid amounted to S23. 931,880. 
 The average number of wage-earners engaged in mining 
 in 1902 was 10,137, and the wages paid vi ere ;5(;.791.1t;i. 
 The inanufactnr'ing and mining industries combined, 
 therefore, gave employment during the year to OS, 91)0 
 wage-eai'ners and paid S30, 722. sll in wages. Of these 
 totals, manufactures employed sl.i) per cent of th(» 
 wage-earners and paid 77.9 per cent of tho wages, and 
 mines and quarries employed 15.1 per cent of the wage- 
 earners and paid 22.1 per cent of the wages. 
 
 The following table shows the value of the annual 
 production of the principal minerals. ISDO to r.>02: 
 
 Table 3. — Vcdae of unnucd }>r(idiicliov of jirim-ijiol tniiui-nh: 1S:X> 
 
 to 190J. 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral 1-iesources .;>f Ihernited States."! 
 
 1890. 
 1891. 
 1892. 
 1893. 
 1894. 
 1895. 
 LH96. 
 1897. 
 1,898. 
 1899. 
 1900. 
 1901. 
 1902 » 
 
 Coal, bitu- 
 minous. 
 
 $4, 995, 739 
 4, 807, 999 
 6,175,060 
 5,110,460 
 4,997,939 
 4,9X2,102 
 4,628,022 
 5, 219, 603 
 6, 260, 716 
 6, 397, 338 
 7,1.55,341 
 7,822,805 
 8, 660, 287 
 
 Limestone, 
 
 and 
 dolomites. 
 
 $.530,. 863 
 400,000 
 706, 000 
 547, 000 
 016,630 
 449, 501 
 410,037 
 480, 572 
 .524, 546 
 7a5, 676 
 686, 410 
 777, 484 
 649, 984 
 
 (lypsuni. 
 
 $47, 
 •58, 
 '104, 
 65, 
 44, 
 36, 
 34, 
 64, 
 46, 
 
 296, 
 
 .561, 
 = 629, 
 
 337, 
 
 Sandstones 
 
 and 
 :]uartzites. 
 
 .$80, 2.51 
 60, 000 
 26. 000 
 18, :f47 
 11, (BO 
 
 12! 351 
 14,771 
 7,102 
 24, 348 
 19, 063 
 14,341 
 15, 061 
 
 1 Includes itroduction from Colorado, Ohio, Texas, and Utah. 
 -' Includes production from Kansas and Te.xas. 
 '■^ Census tigures. 
 
 (21.5) 
 
216 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Coid. — The area of the coal fields of Iowa i.s about 
 20,000 square miles, of whic'h probably one-half is 
 productive/ Coal has, without doubt, been mined 
 since the earliest settlement of this area, but no pro- 
 duction is recorded prior to 1840, and it was not 
 until after 1852^ that coal was mined for other than 
 local use. 
 
 Of the 21 coal producing counties in i;»()2, Monroe 
 was first, with 1,106,905 tons; Polk second, and Appa- 
 noose third. Other counties having a production in 
 excess of 100,000 tons are Boone, Jasper, Keokuk, 
 Lucas, Mahaska, Marion, Wapello, and Webster. 
 
 The figures in the following table are compiled from 
 the reports of the United States Geological Survey, and 
 show the annual production of coal in Iowa since 1840: 
 
 Table 4. — Annual production of coal, hiluniinonK: 1S40 to 190-'. 
 [United States Geological Survey," Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 Short tons. ye.\r. Short tons. yp:-\k. Short tons. 
 
 Total 
 
 1840 
 
 1811 
 
 1842 
 
 1843 
 
 1S44 
 
 184.=> 
 
 1846 
 
 1.S47 
 
 1S» 
 
 1849 
 
 18.50 
 
 1S.51 
 
 1852 
 
 18.53 
 
 18.54 
 
 18.5.5 
 
 1856 
 
 18.57 
 
 18.58 
 
 18.59 
 
 360 
 
 500 
 
 7.50 
 
 1,000 
 
 2,500 
 
 5,000 
 
 0, .500 
 
 8, 000 
 
 10, 000 
 
 12, 500 
 
 15,000 
 
 IS, OUO 
 
 20, 000 
 
 23, 000 
 
 26, 000 
 
 28,000 
 
 30, OOO 
 
 33,000 
 
 37, .500 
 
 42,000 
 
 1860. 
 
 1861 . 
 
 1862 - 
 1863. 
 1864. 
 1,865 . 
 lH6i; . 
 
 1867 . 
 
 1868 . 
 l.stW . 
 1,H70 . 
 1.S71 . 
 1,872 . 
 1K73- 
 1,H74 . 
 1.S75 . 
 1876 . 
 
 1.577 . 
 
 1.578 . 
 1879 . 
 18,S0 . 
 1881 . 
 
 48, 263 
 
 .50, 000 
 
 53, 000 
 
 .57,000 
 
 63, 000 
 
 69, .574 
 
 99, 320 
 
 1.50. 000 
 
 241,4.53 
 
 295,111.5 
 
 2S3, 4l'i7 
 
 31)0, 000 
 
 3:^.6,000 
 
 392, Olio 
 
 799, 9:!i; 
 
 I,2:;i,5l7 
 
 1 , 250, 000 
 
 1.300.000 
 
 1,3.50,000 
 
 1,400,000 
 
 1,461,166 
 
 2,500,000 
 
 1H82 . 
 1.H,S3 . 
 18S4 . 
 1885 . 
 18.16 . 
 1,887 . 
 18,S8 . 
 1 .H89 . 
 
 1.590 . 
 
 1.591 . 
 
 1 892 . 
 
 1893 . 
 1.S94 . 
 1895 . 
 
 1 S96 . 
 
 1.597 . 
 
 1.598 . 
 1899 . 
 1900. 
 
 1901 . 
 
 1902 . 
 
 3, 920, 
 4,4.57, 
 4,370, 
 4,012, 
 
 4, 315, 
 4, 473, 
 4, 952, 
 
 4, 095, 
 4,021, 
 3,, 825, 
 3,918, 
 3,972, 
 3,967, 
 4, 1.56, 
 3,954, 
 4,611, 
 4,618, 
 6,177, 
 
 5, 202, 
 5, 617, 
 5, 904, 
 
 000 
 540 
 .566 
 575 
 779 
 828 
 440 
 3.58 
 739 
 495 
 491 
 229 
 253 
 074 
 028 
 865 
 842 
 479 
 939 
 199 
 766 
 
 Lhnestonts and doJinnitex. — Although limestones and 
 dolomites abc-und in this state to the exclusion of almost 
 all other varieties of building stone, but little of the 
 material now quarried aci(uires more than a local repu- 
 tation. ^ The quarries of the Stone City district in 
 Jones county produce the well-known Anamosa lime- 
 stone, which was first shipped to any distance in 18.59. * 
 This stone has found special favor for bridge masonry. 
 Among the 45 counties in which limestone was quarried 
 Jones county ranks first in the value of its output, 
 Jackson county second, and Cedar county third. 
 
 Gyjjsttm. — Although the occurrence of gypsum in 
 Iowa has been known for many years, its (>xtent and 
 value has been recognized only recently. To-day it 
 ma^' be considered as forming one of the deposits of 
 
 'United States Geological Survev, Twenty-.secoml Annual Ri- 
 port, 1900-1901, Part III, page ?A».' 
 
 Mijwa (ieologieal Survey, Vol. 11, page ■")-!■-'. 
 
 ■'. Stones for Building and Decoration, hv (Jcurge P. iMerrill, page 
 304. 
 
 * The Mineral Inilastry, IH9.5. Vol. IV, jiagc r)65. 
 
 greatest value among Iowa's mineral resources. '' An 
 area of nearly 50 square miles, near Fort Dodge, in 
 Webster county, is known to be covered by the gyp- 
 sum beds, and this is probably one of the most valuable 
 formations of the kind in the United States. '"' The total 
 amount of available gypsum on the known area is more 
 than 40,000,000,000 tons, and at the present rate of 
 production the supply will last not less than 800,000 
 years. ' Nearly the entire production is converted into 
 stucco, or plaster of Paris. 
 
 The following table shows the production of gypsum 
 in Iowa since 1889, the figures being compiled from the 
 reports of the United States Geological Survey: 
 
 T,\BLE 5. — A nn mil pmJ action of i/i/p-nini: 18S9 to 1902. 
 [United States Geological Survey, " Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 18S9 
 
 21, 784 
 20, 900 
 31,38.5 
 12,000 
 21,447 
 17,90i; 
 25, 700 
 
 1896 . . . 
 
 1897 . . . 
 
 1898 . . . 
 1899 
 
 
 18,631 
 29,430 
 24,733 
 75 .574 
 
 1890 
 
 1891 
 
 1H92 
 
 1893 . . . 
 
 1894 . . . 
 
 1895 . . . 
 
 
 1900 . . . 
 
 1901 ... 
 
 1902 . . . 
 
 
 184,600 
 
 1213,419 
 
 120, 779 
 
 1 Includrs jirodiictiiiii ironi Kansas and Texas. 
 
 Sundxtiim-s iiiid (pidrtzitcK. — The 32 i|iuirrics o]jerat- 
 iiig in 1902 were located in Blackhawk, Cerro Gordo, 
 Clayton, Clinton, Decatur, Des Moines, Fayette, Har- 
 din, Joiios. Keokuk. Lee, Marion, Scott, Tama, Van 
 Buren. and Webster counties. 
 
 Li'ud (iiid zinc lire.— 'V\w upper Mississippi lead and 
 zinc region, comprising within its limits about 3,000 
 s((uare miles." embraces the s<Mithwest portion of Wis- 
 consin, the northwest corner of Illinois, and the adjoin- 
 ing portion of Iowa, in the counties of Dubuque. Alla- 
 makee, and Clayton. 
 
 In 1700 Le Sueur is supposed to have observed lead 
 at several points along the Mississippi river, and in 1752 
 the lead region of the upper Mississippi was located on 
 a map published in France during that year. In 1788 
 the first mining of lead ore in Iowa was carried on by 
 Julien Dubuque, who had obtained from the Indians a 
 grant or lease of land for mining in what is now Du- 
 bu((ue county. Duljuque continued to develop his pros- 
 pects until his death in 1810. The most productive 
 period of the Dubuque mines was probably during the 
 years 1835 to 1849.' 
 
 It was not until 1860° that zinc was produced com- 
 mercially in Iowa. Since then it.'* production has in- 
 creased until it is greater than that of lead. In 1902 
 the 14 mines then in operation produced 186 tons of 
 lead ore and 376 tons of zinc ore. 
 
 "The Mineral Industry, 1895, Vol. IV, pages 
 "Iowa (ieoldgical Survey, Vol. VI, page 18. 
 ' Ibid., i)ages 15 and 16. 
 
 ;^79 anil 384. 
 
KANSAS. 
 
 Table 1 is a summary of the statistics of the productive mines, quarries, and wells in tiie state of Kansas for 1902. 
 
 Table 1.— SUMMARY: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines, quarries, and wells . 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners; 
 
 Average nuiiiber 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract worli 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 Value of product 
 
 Total, 
 
 1,2.59 
 ;l9.s 
 
 $527,242 
 
 8,726 
 
 J5, 680, .593 
 
 «213, 182 
 
 S767, 069 
 
 SI, 374,. 535 
 
 $10, 700, 285 
 
 Coal, bitu- 
 minous. 
 
 S345, 
 
 $4,719, 
 
 $3, 
 
 $418, 
 
 $.596, 
 
 $6,862, 
 
 175 
 132 
 
 367 
 162 
 
 017 
 595 
 644 
 921 
 ,501 
 787 
 
 Natural 
 gas. 
 
 414 
 .57 
 
 43 
 
 f32,012 
 
 100 
 865, 9.52 
 $107, 968 
 $40, 109 
 $165, 8.59 
 S824,431 
 
 Lead and 
 zinc ore. 
 
 57 
 57 
 
 35 
 $21,143 
 
 223 
 
 1140, 249 
 
 $922 
 
 $151,279 
 
 $84, 313 
 
 $7:37,6.56 
 
 Limestones 
 
 and 
 dolomites. 
 
 116 
 116 
 
 32 
 $20,011 
 
 .506 
 
 $288, 347 
 
 8:M0 
 
 $24, 378 
 
 $51, 342 
 
 8670, 536 
 
 Petroleum. 
 
 470 
 
 12 
 
 33 
 8:31,664 
 
 146 
 
 $108, 766 
 
 899,467 
 
 $51,054 
 
 8296, 821 
 
 8292, 464 
 
 and 
 quartzites. 
 
 All other 
 
 19 
 
 18 
 
 3 
 ',400 
 
 137 
 
 $67, 260 
 
 86,790 
 
 813,944 
 
 $105, 509 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 52 
 873, 850 
 
 .537 
 
 $290, 434 
 
 8881 
 
 $75, .538 
 
 $165,755 
 
 $1, 206, 902 
 
 1 Includes operators, as f(jllows: Cement, 2; gyp.sum, 5 (7 quarries). 
 
 The coal mines of the state compare favorably with 
 those of other coal producing' states in the Missis- 
 sippi valley and the yearly output is increasing. In 
 zinc smelting- Kansas ranks second among- the states 
 and its lead and zinc mines, although confined to but a 
 few scjuare miles in area, jiroducc annually a large 
 cjuantity of these ores. The tields of natural gas and 
 petroleuui are extensive and are being rapidly de\el- 
 oped. The gypsum deposits are large and quantities 
 of cement plasters are manufactured and shipped to all 
 parts of the United States.' The niainifacture of 
 cement is also a growing- industry. 
 
 In addition to the minerals referred to in Talile 1, 
 clay suitable for the manufacture of tiles, brick, and 
 low-grade potter}', and barite are found in the state, 
 but were not produced in commercial quantites in 1902. 
 
 The IS operators reporting development work, dis- 
 tributed among the industries of natural gas, petroleum, 
 lead and zinc, and coal (bituniinous), gave employment 
 during the year to 16 salaried officials, clerks, etc., who 
 received $5,892 in salai-ies; and to 19 wage-earners, 
 who were paid $16,463 in wages. They also paid 
 $97,511 for work done by contract, which furnished 
 employment to 78 employees. The miscellaneous ex- 
 penses amounted to $10,956, and the cost of supplies 
 and materials to $90,685. 
 
 Table 2 shows the value of the products of the manu- 
 facturing industries of the state, based primarily upon 
 the products of mines and quarries, and also the value 
 of all products manufactured in Kansas in 19()<.». 
 
 According to the following table, the value of the 
 products of manufactures, based primarilj' upon miner- 
 
 ' Mineral Resource.s oi Kansas, 1897, page (i. 
 
 als mined and f[ua)-ried, amounted to §37,06i),14-S, or 21.5 
 per cent of the total. The c(.)mbined value of the prod- 
 uct of mines and quarries in 1902 and of manufactures 
 in 19<H.) was $182,829,683, of which manufactures con- 
 tributtnl 91.1 per cent and mines and quarries 5.9 per 
 cent. 
 
 T.VBLK ti. — Mntinfiirfurt'x Imi^i'd priin'iriJi/ itpou f]n' jiro/'htct-'^ nf mines 
 (111(1 (uKd-ricx: IfiQi). 
 
 INDUSTRY. 
 
 ■\'!ilue of product. 
 
 
 9172, 129, 398 
 
 Based upon product.^ of mines or quarries: 
 
 8693, 593 
 1,810,336 
 3,083,621 
 
 26, 696, 884 
 
 Clay, glass, and stone products 
 
 Iron and steel and their products 
 
 Metalsand metal products, other than iron and 
 
 Miscellaneous industries 
 
 4,776,715 
 
 37 060 148 
 
 
 
 All other 
 
 135.069.2.511 
 
 
 The average number of wage-earners in Kansas 
 engaged in manufacturing, as reported at the Twelfth 
 Census, was 35,193, and the wages paid amounted to 
 $16,317,689. In 1902 the average numlter of wage- 
 earners reported as engaged in mining was 8,726, and 
 the wages paid amounted to $5,680.5'.t3. The two indus- 
 tries together therefore gave employment to an aver- 
 age of 13,919 wage-earners during the year and paid 
 $21,998,282 in wages. Manufactures, therefore, gave 
 employment to S(.t.l per cent of the wage-earners and 
 paid 74.2 per cent of the wages, while mines and cpiar- 
 ries furnished employment to but 19.9 per cent of the 
 wage-earners and paid 25. S per cent of the wages. 
 
 Table 3 shows the value of the annual produc- 
 tion of the leading minerals of the state from 1890 
 to 19(12. 
 
 (-'17) 
 
218 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 T.-lble :;. — VAUT!-: of .\XNUAL PR()I)r(Tl;>.\ o;- I-RINCIPAL minerals: 1890 TO 1902. 
 [UnitL'il .states Guologieal Survey, "Mineral Kesuiirees of Ihe United .States,"] 
 
 YEAR. • 
 
 Coal, bitu- 
 minous. 
 
 Natural 
 tjas. 
 
 Lead and 
 zine.' 
 
 Limestones 
 
 and 
 dolomites. 
 
 Petroleum. 
 
 Sandstones 
 
 and 
 quartzites. 
 
 Cement. 
 
 Gypsum. 
 
 1S90 
 
 82,947,517 
 3,. 5.57, 303 
 3, 9.55, .595 
 3, 375, 740 
 4,178,998 
 3,481,981 
 3,295,032 
 3,602,326 
 3, 703, 014 
 4,478,112 
 5,4.54,691 
 5, 991, .599 
 6, 862, 787 
 
 J12, 000 
 5, 500 
 40, 795 
 50, 000 
 86, 600 
 112,400 
 124,7.50 
 105,700 
 174,640 
 332, 592 
 3.56, 900 
 659, 173 
 824, 431 
 
 $674,701 
 
 636, 374 
 
 778,141 
 
 667, 103 
 
 686, 052 
 
 1,295,341 
 
 1,851,838 
 
 2,255,133 
 
 2,347,029 
 
 2,668, 142 
 
 1, 479, 233 
 
 1, 043, 725 
 
 737, 65li 
 
 J478, 822 
 300, 000 
 310,000 
 175,173 
 241,039 
 316,688 
 158,112 
 20.S, .SS9 
 305, (;tl5 
 379,1101 
 339, 466 
 478,986 
 670,. 536 
 
 .S40, 000 
 26, 658 
 51,107 
 32,439 
 36,990 
 .52, 275 
 69, 142 
 1.54, 373 
 292,464 
 
 J149, 289 
 80, 000 
 70, 000 
 24,761 
 30, 266 
 93, 394 
 
 18, 804 
 20, 953 
 
 19, 528 
 49, 629 
 .55, 173 
 49, 901 
 
 105, .509 
 
 3 8122, .500 
 
 3 94,000 
 377,000 
 
 21, 000 
 26, 000 
 56,000 
 50, 226 
 
 4 64,000 
 120, 000 
 
 60,000 
 
 158, 400 
 
 97,002 
 
 4 1,017, 824 
 
 872, 457 
 
 1891 
 
 161,322 
 
 1892 
 
 195,197 
 
 
 181,. 599 
 
 1S94 
 
 301,884 
 
 1895 
 
 272, 531 
 
 1S96 
 
 148,371 
 
 
 189, 679 
 
 1898 
 
 191,389 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902' 
 
 247, 690 
 
 1.50,2.57 
 
 6 629, 336 
 
 5 807,355 
 
 
 
 ■ MilK 
 
 Dureesol' Kau,sn.i," 1900 and 1901. 
 
 iStatisties for 1890 to 1901, inclusive, f 
 
 2 Not separately reported. 
 
 .nnludes produetiou Irom Missouri. 
 
 ■"Includes prodnetion from Nebraska ami Texas in 1.897, and Missouri ami Soutli Dakota in 1902. 
 
 6 Includes production from Iowa and Texas. 
 
 ^Census figures, except for cement and gypsum. 
 
 Coal. — The Coal Mea.sures of Kan.sa.s arc in the eastern 
 part of the state and cover about i!(),0()0 .squai'e miles, of 
 which 15,000 .scjuare miles are rated as productive. Of 
 this area, however, only a .small proportion is tictiuilly 
 producing at this time.' The Kansas coal tields are a 
 part of the Western field, which also includes the liitii- 
 niinous coal deposits of Missouri, Keliraska, Arkansa.s, 
 Indian Territory, and Texas. The coals in the state 
 occur in various shale heds, occupyino- all positions 
 from the Cherokee .shales at the base to the Osai;-(> shales 
 more than 2,000 feet hio-her.'- 
 
 C'oal was first mined in the state in southeastern Chero- 
 k(>e county in l.S(y(3 hy the early .settlers of that locality. 
 The c^al beds then operated are now entirely abandoned 
 as thev were in the thinner and lower veins. Some 
 years later the heavy beds of coal now so extensively 
 mined in Cherokee and Crawford counties were dis- 
 co\"ered.' 
 
 The following- table, compiled from the reports of 
 the Tnited States Geological Survo}-. "Mineral Re- 
 sources of the United States," iy()2, shows the annual 
 production of coal in Kansas since hst!'.): 
 
 T.iBLE 4. — Annual jirodudion of coal, hilununoiix: 18G9 In lUii,.'. 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of tlie United Slates."] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 1869 
 
 1870 
 
 1871 
 
 36, 891 
 38, 000 
 41, 000 
 44,800 
 
 1880 
 
 1SX7 
 
 18.88 
 
 1,400,000 
 1 , .596, 879 
 1 850 000 
 
 
 
 
 1873 
 
 1874 
 
 1875 
 
 56,000 1 1890 
 
 8.5,000 1 1.891 
 
 160,00.1 1S92 
 
 225.0IJ0 1S93 
 
 300,000 1S91 
 
 2,2.59,922 
 2,716,705 
 
 
 
 1877 
 
 3 388 25] 
 
 
 
 1879 
 
 460, 000 
 .5.50, 000 
 7.50, 000 
 7.50, 000 
 900, 000 
 1,100,000 
 1,212,0.57 
 
 
 
 1880 
 
 1897 
 
 3 0.54 01'^ 
 
 1881 
 
 
 1882 
 
 1899 
 
 3 8,52 267 
 
 1883 
 
 
 
 1884 
 
 
 
 1885 
 
 1907 
 
 5 2(jf) 0(J.5 
 
 
 
 
 'The University Geological Survey <if Kan.sas, 1898, Vol. Ill, 
 page 1 1 7. 
 ''Ibid., page 14(1. 
 'Mineral Ke.sources of Kansas, 1897, j)agf liti. 
 
 The 17."i coal mines operating in 1902 were located in 
 Atchison, Bourbon. Cherokee, Cloud, Coiley, Craw- 
 ford, Franklin. Jewell, Labette, Leavenworth, Linn, 
 (^sage, and Republic counties. The total output of these 
 mines for that year was .5,2(i<),0()5 tons, of which Craw- 
 ford county produced 2,.S.Sl,271:, and Cherokee county 
 
 l,.Sl:t»,.S!)<l. 
 
 Xiitiinil (JUS. — The area thriiughout which ga.s has 
 been found in greater or less i|ii;uitities is in the south- 
 eastern part of the state, and embraces the counties of 
 Miami, Allen, Neosho, Crawford, AVilson, Montgomery, 
 and Labette. It is found in the sandstones and the 
 more porous beds of the Cherokee shales, which are at 
 the liase of the Kansas C<.ial Measures.* 
 
 Though gas had been found in prospecting for oil, 
 and had been noticed escaping from springs even as 
 early as bsC-l-. ' it was not until the completion of the 
 ""Acres well "" at lola, Allen county, in LSTo that the 
 development of this industry really began." In 1.SS2 
 for the hrst time what could really be called a gas well 
 was struck in Miami county, at Paola." In 1.898 a good 
 well was found in Allen county. In 1S99 gas was suc- 
 cessfully applied to the reduction of zinc ore, and it 
 also began to be used for lighting in many of the large 
 towns in southeastern Kansas, and in the manufacture 
 of brick and hydraulic cement.' 
 
 The value of the natural gas produced by the -111: 
 wells tlowing in 1902 was $.S24.-131, an increase of 
 $105,258, or 25.1 per cent, over 1901. 
 
 Lead mid .c/'/ie tuvs. — These ores areat present mined 
 oiilv in the extreme southeastern corner of Cherokee 
 county. All the lead and zinc ores shipped from Kansas 
 have been mined in this area, scai'cely equal to four 
 miles stpiare.' 
 
 The lead and zinc ores of southeastern Kansas, or 
 
 ■"United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United State?," 1902, page 649. 
 nhid., 188(>, page 514. 
 
 "Mineral Resources of Kansas, 1897, page 4.5. 
 'Ibid., page 23. 
 
KANSAS. 
 
 219 
 
 Galena di.stnct, occur in the Missi.ssippiau or Subcarl)on- 
 iterous limestone formation, which has a wide exposure 
 in southwest Missouri, northwest Arkansas, and south- 
 east Kansas.^ 
 
 The first discovery of lead ore was made in C'herol<ee 
 county in April, 1S7(5, aIthouj;-h similar mines had 
 been operated for several years at Joplin and Granbv 
 and adjacent points in Mi.ssouri. In tlie s];)rinu- of ls77 
 a large body of pure k^ad ore was di,scovered. Great 
 excitement ensued, and the narrow Short creek valley 
 was soon a busy scene of activity . Two rival town compa- 
 nies came upon the scene, one of which, ol)taining- con- 
 trol of considerable land on the south side of the creek, 
 named its town (iaiena, and the other, haviiio- control 
 of the north side, called its town Empire City. At 
 tirst everything was confusion, no records of the out- 
 put of ore being made, Init after a time order was 
 established.- The total \-alue of the output of the prod- 
 ucts of the mines of Galena-Empire City, at the mines, 
 from 1ST6 to ISHT, inclusive, has been estimated at from 
 §-25,UUn,U(X> to ^■2<'>,(»00,00o.'' 
 
 The following table shows the ((uantity of lead and 
 zinc ores mined in Cherokee county, Kansas. fromlSSG 
 ti> 11*02, the figures, except for !'.;)( )2, lieing coainiled 
 from Table IX of the Annual Bulletin on [Mineral 
 Resources of Kansas for I8'.i7: 
 
 Table 5. — J'rodKcliiiii nf leail (tiid zinc m-cs: 7,svsv; la jnOJ. 
 [Mineral Eesourrc.i of Kuli.sa.s, 1900 and I9II1.] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Lead ore 
 
 (short 
 ton.s ] . 
 
 Zinc ore 
 
 (short 
 tons) . 
 
 31,7118 
 :;2, 79:1 
 33, 391 
 32, 9.i0 
 21,67.5 
 20, 641 
 28,811 
 25,028 
 28, 670 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Lead ore 
 (short 
 ton.s). 
 
 12, r.3S 
 14, (1(12 
 l.i, 13,''> 
 7,918 
 li, 723 
 4, 938 
 .5,238 
 3, 468 
 
 Zinc ore 
 (sliort 
 tons). 
 
 18.86 
 
 1887 
 
 1888 
 
 1889 
 
 1890 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 2,962 
 3, 073 
 
 2, 624 
 
 3, 993 
 4,174 
 3,602 
 7, 188 
 .5, 140 
 5,817 
 
 184,') 
 
 41 ''32 
 
 l.v.io 
 
 1S97 
 
 1.S98 
 
 1,899 
 
 1 yuo 
 
 112,232 
 .59, 451 
 74. 852 
 64, 708 
 46, .501 
 
 1901 
 
 33, 978 
 21,642 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Census ti^ures. 
 
 Liniest07ies and doJomltKx. — The limestones of the 
 state quarried at present are, almost without exception, 
 of the Carboniferous or Pernnan age and occur only in 
 relatively thin beds, varying in thickness from a few 
 inches to 8 or 10 feet. They are, as a rule, light in color, 
 soft and porous, and incapable of receiving a polish 
 that would fit them for any form of ornamental work.* 
 
 Of the 115 quarries operating in 1902 only 15 had a 
 
 1 Mineral Resources of Kansas, 1897, page 25. 
 ^ Ibid., pages 17 and 18. 
 Hbid., page 31. 
 
 ♦Stones for Building and Decoration, by George P. Merrill, 
 page 306. 
 
 production exceeding $10,000 in value and but 1 over 
 !tilO(i,()00. Marion county led all other counties of the 
 state in value of [)i'oduction, and Fi'aiiklin was second. 
 
 l'i4riilt'inii.—'V\w existence of ctil springs in Miami 
 and Wyandotte counties had been learned by the earliest 
 scttlei's of the state from the Indians. While wells 
 were drilietl in the early sixties near Faola, in Miami 
 county, practically all prospecting ceased until after the 
 Civil War. The years from about 1S71 uv 1872 to 1890 
 constitute a second distinct period in the development of 
 the oil wells of the state. Dui'ing this period wells were 
 drilled in Miami and Allen counties. It was not, how- 
 ever, until the introduction (jf laiger capital and better 
 methods su))sequent to 1890 that the real development 
 of petroleiun began in the state." 
 
 The ijreseiit productive petroleum field of Kansas is 
 in the counties of Neosho, Allen, Chautauqua. Mont- 
 gomery, and Woodson. Of these Neosho county ranks 
 first and Allen county second in point of production." 
 
 The following table shows the annual production of 
 petroleum in Kansas since 1889. It is <'ompiled from 
 the reports of the United States (ieological Survey: 
 
 Table (J. — Animal /iroilii/iion nf jiel roliinii: l,VS')l(i I'.iO.i. 
 [L'niterl States Geological Snr\'e\", " ^Mineral Kesources of the United States."] 
 
 1S89 . 
 
 1890 . 
 
 1891 . 
 
 189:'. . 
 
 1894 . 
 
 1895 . 
 
 Barrels 
 
 SOU 
 1,200 
 1,400 
 CI 
 
 18,000 
 40, 000 
 44,430 
 
 YEA It. 
 
 lH9tl 
 
 
 
 iHyy 
 
 1900 -• 
 
 1901 ... . . . . 
 
 190'' 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 113,671 
 81 , 098 
 71,980 
 69, 700 
 74,714 
 179, 151 
 331,749 
 
 1 Not reiiorted. 
 
 Sdiiilxfiiiirx (111(1 iji(iirfri/f( X. -Sandstones are said to 
 occur in several counties in the southwestern part of 
 Kansas, but few if any of thc^se are of such a quality as 
 to actiuire othi'r f han a loctil market.' 
 
 The value of the out])iit of the 19 quarries operated 
 in 1902 was §105, 509. Of this amount Boui'bon and 
 Phillips counties alone supplied i^87,2r>0, or 82.7 per 
 cent. Elk. Lal)effe. Montgomery, Neosho, Pawnee, 
 WilstiiK and Woodson counties also produced some 
 sandstone. 
 
 All iitlicr iiiiiu-niU. — Natural rock cement was first 
 manufactured in the state in 18(18 at Fort Scott, BourVjon 
 county, and has since been produced only in that local- 
 ity." In 1902 there were two plants pi-oducing natural 
 rock cement located at Fort Scott, only one of which is 
 
 ^Mineral Re.sources of Kansa?, 1897, pages 44 to 46. 
 'United States (ieological Survev, " j\iineral Resource.? of the 
 United States," 190L', page .V)7. 
 ' Stones for Building and Decoration, page 140. 
 ' Mineral Resources of ICansas, 1S97, jiage 66. 
 
220 
 
 MINES AND (QUARRIES. 
 
 included in the census of mines and quarries, as the 
 other purchased all the raw materials it used. The 
 single Portland cement plant in the state, at lola, in 
 Allen countj% began operations in 1900.' The statistics 
 for the two plants embraced in the scope of the inquirj- 
 are included in ''all other minerals" to avoid the dis- 
 closure of individual operations. 
 
 The gypsum deposits of the state earh' attracted the 
 
 'United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1902, page 793. 
 
 attention of geologists and prospectors, the first mention 
 of them being made in 1H6-1.' The deposits of gypsum 
 near Blue Rapids, in Marshall county, were the first 
 worked, the first mill lieing built in 1875.' Kansas is 
 one of the leading states in the production of plaster of 
 Paris and its practically inexhaustible deposits of gyp- 
 sum will long be a source of supply.* 
 
 - The University Geological Survey of Kansas, 1899, Vol. V, page 40. 
 ■' Ibid., page 51. 
 * Ibid., page 12. 
 
KENTUCKY. 
 
 Table 1 is a summary of the statistics for tlie productive mines, quan-ies, and wells of the state of Kentucky 
 for r,H)-j. 
 
 Table 1.— SUMMARY: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines, quarries, anrl wells . 
 
 Nuniber of operators 
 
 Salaried officials, elerks, ete.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 .\verage number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contraet work '. 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 Value of products 
 
 1,142 
 ^ 665 
 
 S54 
 $666, :!60 
 
 10, 654 
 
 $6,193,792 
 
 8224, 923 
 
 860U, 613 
 
 81,207.771 
 
 J.X, 633, 423 
 
 Coal, bitu- 
 minous. 
 
 Limestones 
 
 and 
 dolomites. 
 
 523 
 503 
 
 593 
 8476, 608 
 
 9,077 
 
 84, 522, 207 
 
 810, 668 
 
 8285, 792 
 
 8743,313 
 
 86,666,967 
 
 70 
 
 68 
 
 848, 405 
 
 774 
 
 8319, 700 
 
 8900 
 
 814,443 
 
 854,809 
 
 8593, 747 
 
 Natural 
 gas. 
 
 117 
 19 
 
 :?2 
 
 8:14,2.50 
 
 50 
 
 $27, 560 
 
 $9,297 
 
 8112,794 
 
 mi, 197 
 
 $365,611 
 
 Petroleum.: Fluorspar 
 
 392 
 39 
 
 63 
 
 844, :J76 
 
 79 
 869, 189 
 $194,462 
 $147,295 
 
 8227,, S22 
 8172,837 
 
 14 
 10 
 
 31 
 
 821, 107 
 
 193 
 879, 107 
 $300 
 822, 328 
 $13, 962 
 $143,410 
 
 Sandstones 
 
 and 
 iinartzites. 
 
 All other 
 minerals. 1 
 
 16 
 
 $10, 270 
 
 166 
 $63,589 
 
 $928 
 $10, 165 
 $128, 470 
 
 51 
 $31,444 
 
 315 
 
 $112, 440 
 89, 296 
 $17, 033 
 $120, 513 
 $462,381 
 
 1 Includes operators as follows: Asphaltum and bituminous rock, 5: clay, 5; cement 1 (2 mines): iron ore, 3: lead and zinc ore, 1; oilstones, whetstones, and 
 seythestones, 1. 
 
 With extensive coal deposits in both the eastern and 
 western parts of the state, Kentuck}^ ranks eighth among 
 the coal producing states. In limestones and sandstones 
 tit for structural, architectural, and sculptural purposes 
 the state takes high rank. It has excellent iron ores, 
 extensive deposits of superior clays, abundant stores of 
 Chester marls, and notable deposits of fluorspar, carrj'- 
 ing lead and zinc. The state also posses.ses large tields 
 of natural gas and petroleum, and much asphalt rock. 
 It has in abundance the raw materials for the manufac- 
 ture of both natural-rock and Portland cement.' 
 
 In addition to the productive properties shown in 
 Table 1, 58 operators reported acti\-e mines, quarries, 
 and wells, but no production, in litu2. the work being 
 contined to the development of the properties. These 
 operators employed on an average 3?> wage-earners and 
 paid $25,693 in wages during the year. The salaried 
 ofBcials. clerks, etc., received $23,481; the contract 
 work amounted to 11185,733; the miscellaneous expenses 
 to $22,857; and the cost of supplies and materials to 
 $67,020. 
 
 The value of the products of the manufacturing in- 
 dustries of Kentucky, based primarily upon minerals 
 mined and ([uarried, and also the value of all manufac- 
 tured products of the .state as reported at the census of 
 1900, is shown in Table 2. 
 
 Table H. — Manufactures based primarily upon tjie products of mines 
 and ejiiarries: 1900. 
 
 INDUSTRY. 
 
 Value of x^roduct. 
 
 All manufactures 
 
 Based upon products of mines or quarries: 
 
 Chemicals and allied products 
 
 clay, glass, and stoue products 
 
 Iron and steel and their ]>roduets 
 
 Metals and metal products, other than iron 
 
 and steel 
 
 Miscellaneous industries 
 
 $154, 166, 365 
 
 $698, 0.30 
 3, 098, 621 
 12, 232, 657 
 
 2, 909, 676 
 6, 265, 904 
 
 25,204,788 
 
 ' Report of the Inspector of Mines of Kentucky, 1901-2, page 299. 
 
 All other ' 128, 961, .577 
 
 The value of the products of manufactures, based 
 primarily upon minerals mined and quarried, as shown 
 by the foregoing table, was $25,204-,788, or 16.3 per 
 cent of the total value for all manufactures in the state. 
 The total value of the output of the mines, quarries, 
 and wells of Kentucky, in 1902, was $8,533,423, or 5.5 
 per cent of the total \'aluc of product for all manufac- 
 turing and mining industries in the state. 
 
 The manufacturing industries of Kentucky were re- 
 ported at the census of 1900 as employing on an average 
 during that j^ear 62,962 wage-earners, and as pa3nng 
 $22,434,185 in wages. The operators of the mines, 
 quarries, and wells of the state reported that they gave 
 employment to an average of 10,654 wage-earners dur- 
 ing 1902, and paid $5,193,792 in wages. The two 
 industries combined, therefore, gave emploj'ment to 
 
 (221) 
 
222 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 7o,(Jl6 wage-earnei's and paid $27,<i27,'.)T7 in wa^-es. 
 Manufactnres, therefore, furnished emph)yinent to 85. 5 
 per cent of the wao-e-carners and paid sl.ii per cent of 
 the wage.s, while minino- employed 14.. 5 per cent of the 
 wao-e-eai-ners and paid 1S..S per cent of the wag-es. 
 
 The following talile .shows the value of the annual 
 production of the leading minerals of the state from 
 1890 to 190^: 
 
 T.iBLE 3. — Value of nnmud production of principal minerals: 18W 
 
 to 190-2. 
 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 Coal, bi- 
 tuminous. 
 
 I 
 Lime- \ 
 
 stones I Natural 
 and dole- gas. 
 mites. 
 
 1890 : 82,472,119 
 
 1891 2,715,600 
 
 1892 2,771,238 
 
 1893.... 2,613,569 
 
 1894 2,749,932 
 
 1895 2,890,247 
 
 1.S96 2,684,306 
 
 1897 2,82.8,329 
 
 1898 3, 0,'<4, .5.51 
 
 1,S99 3,61.H. 222 
 
 1900 4, .SKI,. 577 
 
 1901 5, 213, 070 
 
 1902-1 6,666,967 
 
 S303, 314 
 
 2.50 
 
 (KHI 
 
 275 
 
 (100 
 
 203 
 
 000 
 
 113 
 
 934 
 
 154 
 
 130 
 
 135 
 
 967 
 
 4(1 
 
 ,S16 
 
 83 
 
 960 
 
 178, 861 
 
 178, 2.52 
 
 199 
 
 567 
 
 593 
 
 747 
 
 S30, 000 
 
 as, 993 
 
 43, 175 
 
 68, .500 
 
 89, 200 
 
 98,700 
 
 99,000 
 
 90,000 
 
 103, 133 
 
 126, 745 
 
 286, 243 
 
 270, 871 
 
 365,611 
 
 Petro- 
 leum. 
 
 S6, 000 
 
 9,000 
 
 16, 400 
 
 1,.500 
 
 450 
 
 600 
 
 924 
 
 161 
 
 2,784 
 
 17, 2.56 
 
 3 46, 782 
 
 nil,. 527 
 
 172,837 
 
 Fluor- 
 spar. 
 
 (■) 
 (1) 
 
 (; 
 
 ('! 
 (') 
 
 (A 
 
 2 863,050 
 - 96, 660 
 -' 94, ,500 
 
 2 113,803 
 143, 410 
 
 Sand- 
 stones 
 
 and 
 quartz- 
 
 ites. 
 
 $117,940 
 80, 000 
 65, 000 
 18, 000 
 27,868 
 26, 000 
 (') 
 
 40, 000 
 72, ,525 
 119, 9.S2 
 56, 17S 
 108, 269 
 128,470 
 
 ' N< It shown septarately. 
 -Includes firoduetion from Illinois. 
 ■^Includes firuduetion from Tennessee. 
 -• Census figures. 
 
 Coal. — There are two distinct coal helds in the state, 
 the eastern, a part of the great Appalachian held and 
 the western, a part of the Illinois or Central field. The 
 two fields have an aggregate in Kentucky of 15,B8() 
 square miles of coal bearing measures, of which 11,180 
 square miles are in the eastern field and 4,500 in the 
 western field.' A large part of each field is productive, 
 and each contains from nine to twelve workable seams 
 above the conglomerate sandstone series that lie at the- 
 base of the coal measures.' The eastern field has also 
 from two to six beds included in the conglomerate 
 series.' In 51 of the 53 counties in which coal occurs, 
 workable beds are found.' 
 
 The existence of coal in Kentucky was undoubtedly 
 known as early as 1770" and it was being mined in a 
 small way in the western field from 1830 to 1840. ■' 
 From 1840 to 1850 considerable coal was shipped down 
 the Ohio river from Union and lliincock counties. ■■ 
 From 1850 to 1870 the state still produced but a few 
 thousand tons, but in the latter year coal mining began 
 on an extensive scale.' The first recorded coal pro- 
 duction from the state was reported at the census of 
 1870. 
 
 In 1902 the 523 productive coal mines, located in 
 47 counties, produced 6,7()(:i,984 short tons, valued at 
 $f), 666, 967. The net increase in production over 1901 
 
 ' Report of the IriHpectcir of Mines (jf Kentucky, ]901-2, page 30.5. 
 ^ One Hundred Years of jVitieriean (Vmnnerce, Vol. I, page 17H. 
 ' United States Geological Survey, Twenty-second Annual Re- 
 port, 1900-1901, Vol. Ill, page 294. 
 
 iimounted to 1,296,998 tons.' Hopkins countj' in the 
 western field, with an output of 1,555,084 tons, ranked 
 first in 1902 among the coal producing counties of the 
 state; Muhlenberg in the same field, second; and Whit- 
 ley count}' in the eastern field, third. The entire out- 
 put of western Kentucky amounted to 3,761,606 tons in 
 1902, and that of eastern Kentucky to 3,005,378 tons.'^ 
 The following ttible, compiled from the reports of the 
 United States (ieological Survey, shows the annual pro- 
 duction of coal in the state since 1870: 
 
 Table -4. — Animal proilnciiiiu of coal, hituminov.^: 1870 to 1902. 
 [United States Gciilnf^ieal Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 1870 
 
 168, 6.54 
 
 250, 000 
 
 380, 800 
 
 300,000 
 
 360, 000 
 
 600,000 
 
 6.50, 000 
 
 850, 000 
 
 9110, 000 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 1, 100, 000 
 
 1,300,000 
 
 1,0.50,000 
 
 1, 650, 000 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 1,. 5.50, 000 
 
 1887 
 
 1888 
 
 1,933,185 
 
 1.S71 
 
 2,. 570, 000 
 
 1872 
 
 1873 
 
 1874 
 
 1875 
 
 1876 
 
 1889 
 
 1890 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 2, 399, 7.55 
 2,701,496 
 2,916,069 
 3,02.5,313 
 3. 007. 1 79 
 
 1877 . 
 
 1894 1 3,111,192 
 
 1895. 3,3.57,770 
 
 1896 ! 3, 333, 478 
 
 1897 . 1 3, 602, 097 
 
 1.878 
 
 1879 
 
 1880 . 
 
 18S1 
 
 18S2 
 
 18S3 
 
 ias4 
 
 1898 ; 3, 887, 908 
 
 1899 4,607.255 
 
 1900 5, 328, 964 
 
 1901 - . . 5, 469, 986 
 
 1885 
 
 1902 6,766,984 
 
 1886 
 
 
 
 
 Li iiiextonen and ddlomitex. — The most valuable of the 
 oolitic limestones of the state are found in Litchfield, 
 Graj'son county, and Princeton, Caldwell county." 
 The oolitic character is marked in these stones, and 
 while a perfect surface can not always be i^roduced, 
 owing to the breaking away of the minute, rounded 
 grains, in the better qualities, sharp edges and smooth 
 surfaces are said to lie acquired as readily as on the 
 well-known stone of Bedford, Indiana.'' The Bowling 
 Green oolite, of Warren county, is of especial value as 
 a building stone.' Handsome examples of the Lower 
 Carboniferous limestones are to be found on the Rock- 
 castle and Cumberland rivers, in the southeastern part 
 of the state.* 
 
 Of the 7() quarries which were productive in 19(J2, 
 but 21 reported an output in excess of $10,000, and of 
 the 24 counties in which these productive limestone 
 ([uarries were located, only 2, Jefl'erson and Jessamine, 
 had a production valued at $100,000 or over, Warren 
 county, with a production valued at $74,154, of which 
 $44,500 was foi' building purposes, ranked third. The 
 value of the limestone quarried in the state in 1902 was 
 $593,747, which exceeds the amount for 1901 by 
 *394,180. 
 
 * United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1902, page 301. 
 
 ■■"Ibid., page 38.5. 
 
 "Stones for Building and Decoration, by George P. Merrill, 
 page 308. 
 
 'United States (ieological Survey, Sixteenth Annual Report, 
 1S94-95, Part IV, page .50(i. 
 
 " Rejiort of the Inspector of Mines of Kentuclcy, 1901-2, page 349. 
 
KENTUCKY. 
 
 223 
 
 Natv/ral gar. That the presence of natui'ul 1411.S in the 
 state was early known may t>e seen from the (h^scrip- 
 tion of the •'Burning ,S])rint;-," in Clay county. Iiy Dr. 
 I>. n. ( )\ven, in his report (.)n tlie state sur\('y foi- \Ki-^ 
 and ls.")."i.' The first well which produced gas in any 
 c; i.sidcrahic (piantity was drilled in Lsii:! near ISran- 
 denl)urg, in Meade county. In 1ST3 the gas from this 
 well was used in inakiog salt." The si^ai'ch foi' naturid 
 gas wasstinudated by the diseo\'eries in 1SS5-.S() in Ohio 
 and Indiana. 
 
 The pi'ineipal gas area thus far developed is in Martin 
 et)unty, in the eastern part of the state. The output 
 of the 117 Avells which supi)lied gas in 190^ was valued 
 at !s;3(;.'),()ll, an increase of $'.»-t,74:U over IHOl. 
 
 Pi4r(i1fuiii. — The existence of petroleum in Kentuckjr 
 was undouhtedly known to the earliest settlers through 
 the Indians, but the first known historical facts date 
 from ISlS or isl!), when petroleum flowed so freely 
 from a well dug in ^^'ayne county for salt that it was 
 abandoned tV)r brine. In 1829 the famous American 
 well ^^•as bored in Cumberland county near Burksville.* 
 
 Although operations in the south central oil district 
 of the state have been carried on in a comparatively 
 small way for niany years, it has only been quite re- 
 centlv that the quest for oil has been prosecaited with 
 vigor.* In 1902 the 39'2 productive wells, located in 
 Barren, Bath, Clinton, Knox, Morgan, Rowan, Wayne, 
 and Webster counties, produced 248,950 barrels, valued 
 at $172,837. Wayne and Bath counties are the largest 
 petroleum producing counties in the state. 
 
 The following figures from the reports of the United 
 States Geological Survey show the annual production 
 of petroleum in Kentucky since the earliest record. 
 The difl'erence between the Census figures and those 
 of the Survey is caused by the fact that the former 
 represent the petroleum produced and the latter the 
 product marketed. 
 
 Table 5. — Annual produdiou nf jietroleum: 1SS:.> to 190^'. 
 [United States Cieological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 Barrels.' 
 
 Barrels.i 
 
 l.%22 . 
 1883 - . 
 1884.. 
 1886 . . 
 1886.. 
 1887 . . 
 
 1889. 
 1890. 
 
 1891 . 
 
 1892 . 
 
 160, 
 4, 
 4, 
 h. 
 4 
 4 
 ,S, 
 .^, 
 6, 
 9, 
 6, 
 
 933 
 Ihb 
 148 
 164 
 726 
 791 
 096 
 400 
 000 
 000 
 .=)00 
 
 
 3,000 
 
 
 . 1,500 
 
 189.i 
 
 1,.500 
 1,680 
 
 1,S97 
 
 322 
 
 
 ,=., 668 
 
 l«;i'.i - 
 
 18,280 
 62, 259 
 
 ]yQl 
 
 137, 269 
 
 
 185,331 
 
 
 
 1 Includes production from-Tennessee. 
 
 2 Includes production previotts to 1883. 
 
 Flvorspar. — This minei-al is found in C'rittenden, Liv- 
 ino-ston, and Caldwell counties associated with lead and 
 
 1 Report of the Inspector of Mines of Kentucky, 1901-2, page 111. 
 
 2 United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1892, page 696. 
 
 '■'■ Tenth Census, Vol. X, page 8. 
 
 * Report of the Inspector of JMinesof Kentucky, 1901-2, page .'WT. 
 
 zinc. Tlie veins bearing liu(jrs])ar occupy fissures in 
 the ( 'arbonifcrous rock's, following the fauUings that 
 reach into tin- Coal Measures. 'Uie Huorite extends 
 through (he entire (iene\'ie\'e group, excej)tiiig iiossibly 
 llie uj)per Chester.'' 
 
 The ore deposits in the section of the stat(.' referred 
 to lia\ I' been known to settler's since early in the last 
 century. The first attempt to mine them was made in 
 Ch-ittenden county by a company headed by President 
 Andrew Jackson. Primitix't^ attempts wer(.' also made 
 at mining the ore deposits in Livingston count}' subse- 
 quent to the Civil War, and in 1878 nearly all mining in 
 this district of western Kentucky had ceased. Up to 
 187.S lead onl\' had been mined in this section, but the 
 demand for fluorspar served to maintain a small interest 
 in mining in the southern part of this district f(n- a few 
 years longer, when, owing to a slight drop in the value 
 of this mineral and the cost of transportation, these 
 mines became incapable of competing with the more 
 favorably located mines on the other side of the Ohio 
 river in Illinois.'' Since 1898, however, interest in the 
 fluorspai' deposits of the state has been revived, and in 
 1902 Kentutdvv, with a production of 29,030 short tons 
 of fluorspar from 14 mines in Crittenden, Fayette, and 
 Livingston counties, was the largest producer of this 
 mineral. The value of the state's output was !S143,410. 
 
 SitiiiJxtiiiK'x a ml (jiKi liz'itjiK. — One of the most \'aluable 
 sandstones for structural purposes is quarried in Rowan 
 county, and several of the sandstones of the Coal Meas- 
 ures are frequently quite good for bridge piers and 
 foundations.' The 9 quarries productive in 1902 were 
 located in Breathitt, Knox, Livingston, Rockcastle, 
 Rowan. Warren, and Whitley counties, and had an out- 
 put in that year valued at $128,470. 
 
 All other minerals. — Bitumens in Kentucky occur as 
 impregnations of sandstones." Fine examples are to be 
 found in Breckinridge, Hardin, Graj'son, and Logan 
 counties, in western Kentucky, and in Carter county in 
 the eastern part of the state." In 1902 the state's pi'o- 
 duction of bituminous sandstones amounted to 22.498 
 tons, valued at S68,704. 
 
 Fire clays of proved excellence are found in several 
 counties of the eastern coal field and also in the western 
 field. Pottery clays for ordinary use are abundant." 
 In 1902 Kentucky ranked fifteenth among the states in 
 the value of its claj- products, which amounted to 
 $1,873,043.'" 
 
 Natural cement rock was discovered in Kentucky in 
 1829, during the construction of the Louisville and 
 
 ^The Mineral Industry, 189o, Vol. II, page 310. 
 
 "Report of the Inspector of jNIines of Kentucky, 1901-2, pages 
 :«0 to 352. 
 
 'Ibid., pages 348 and 349. 
 
 -United States Geological Survey, Twenty-second Annual Re- 
 port, 1900-1901, Part I, page 240. 
 
 " Report of the Inspector of Mines of Kentucky, 1901-2, page 346. 
 
 '"rnite<l States (Geological Survey, "ilineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1902, page 762. 
 
224 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIKS. 
 
 Portland canal. The manufacture of Louisville cement 
 was commenced in that year at Shippino-port, a small 
 suburb of Louisville. The y-rowth of the industry has 
 not been rapid. As but one cement factory (|uarried 
 its own material in I'.Ki'i, no tig-ures can be given with- 
 out disclosing individual operations. The product of 
 Indiana and Kentucky combined was 1.7^7. 14<) barrels, 
 valued at I861M63.' 
 
 That the presence (if iron ores in Kentucky was early 
 known is proved by reference made to them in an article 
 written by Thomas Jefferson before the close of the 
 Revolution. The first iron furnat'ewas ))uilt in the state 
 'in 1791, in Bath county." For a number of years after 
 1800 the iron industi-y of the state made rapid progress, 
 and from about IS'25 to LSHO was the period of its 
 e'reatest activitv."' Although iron ore is found in many 
 
 to . t^ 
 
 counties, both in the eastern and western coal helds of 
 the state, comparatively little mining has been done,* 
 
 'United States Geolofjical Survey, "Mineral KeBource.s of the 
 United States," 1902, pages 783 and 79S. 
 
 ^ Iron in Ad Ages, by .James M. Swank, page 2SL'. 
 
 ^ Ibid., pages 28.5 and 28H. 
 
 * Report of the Inspector of !Mines of Kentiu-ky, 1901-2, page.s 
 339 and 340. 
 
 and in 190'J *ron ore was mined only in Bath, Lyon, and 
 Trigg counties. The total production amounted to 
 7l,0()() tons, valued at $80,1 tiit. Both brown and red 
 hematite were mined. 
 
 The lead and zinc ore deposits in Crittenden county 
 were first mined by a company headed by President 
 Andi-ew -Jackson. ■' Other primitive attempts were 
 made in LivingstoTi county subsecjuent to the Civil War, 
 lint in ls7s nearly all mining in these coimties had 
 ceased, owing to cost of transportation and a drop in 
 the price of the ores. These mines are at present 
 being worked principally for the associated mineral 
 fluorspar." As only one operatoi' reported any produc- 
 tion of lead and zinc ores in 1902. no hgures can be 
 given. 
 
 The sandstone used by the single operator reporting 
 oilstones an<l whetstones comes from Hardin coiuity. 
 No flgures can be given without disclosing individual 
 operations. 
 
 Hieport of the Inspector of .Mines (if Kentucky, 1901-2, pages 
 3.51 and 3.52. 
 ' ''Uiid., [lagcs 350, 351, and 352. 
 
LOUISIANA. 
 
 Table 1 is a .summary of the Ntatistics for the produc- 
 tive mines and wells in the state of Louisiana for liM)^. 
 
 Table 1. — Sntinnari/: 190:?. 
 
 Number of mines and wells.. 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number , 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number , 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of suppliesand materials. 
 
 Value of product 
 
 All min- 
 erals, 1 
 
 
 S 
 
 *v 
 
 533 
 
 
 fi] 
 
 Kl 
 
 4-14 
 
 «l(lf. 
 
 ,S.SM 
 
 ^•Ih 
 
 sai 
 
 t: 
 
 XA 
 
 8279 
 
 sn 
 
 1 Includes operators as follows; Petroleum, 2 (7\vells); sulphur and pyrite, 1. 
 
 A few minerals of the state which were not produeed 
 in 1902, but which occur in sufEcient quantities for com- 
 mercial operations, call for mention. Among them are 
 the sandstones of the hills of the northern part of the 
 state and along the Grand Gulf. Only the latter, how- 
 ever, are of economic value, and these have been quar- 
 ried extensively' for riprap, jetty work, and railroad bal- 
 last. Limestones, which occur in beds of limited extent 
 and as concretions, are also found in the state. The 
 outcroppings have been used to some extent for liaie, 
 and the concretions have been used for the same pur- 
 pose and also for road material and for cement.' Lig- 
 nite, which has had only a limited local use for black- 
 smithing purposes, has been found. Gypsum occurs in 
 several places, especiallj' along the Ouachita river and 
 in association with the sulphur deposits near Lake 
 Charles, the gypsum in these deposits being of excep- 
 tional purity.^ 
 
 Development work of considerable importance was 
 carried on during the year, the total expenditure being 
 ^92,442. This outlay was confined to well boring and 
 other expense incident to the development of the oil 
 industry. 
 
 P,_4roJenm. — Dr. William M. Carpenter, in his Geo- 
 logical Survey of Louisiana (1839), makes the statement 
 that "in the lowlands bordering on tlie Calcasieu 
 river there are numerous springs of petroleum." It was 
 while boring for petroleum in this region that the dis- 
 covery of the great sulphur deposit was made. One of 
 the wells sunk here yields a small quantity of petroleum, 
 
 iGeiilo^ical Siirvpy of Louisiana. 1S99, Part Y, i>agp llil) ff. 
 ^Ibid,, page VAl . 
 
 .30223—04 15 
 
 which some years ago was collected and barreled. 
 Prospecting wells have also been sunk on Belle Isle and 
 in other localities in the state. '^ 
 
 Early in li((.»l development work was started near 
 Jennings, Welsh. Lake Charles, Sulphur, and a few 
 other places in adjoining parishes. The Jeimings Oil 
 Company, drilling in Arcadia parish, 87 miles east of 
 Beaumont, Tex., and about 190 miles west of Kew 
 Orleans, on tlie line of the Southern Pacific Railroad, 
 succeeded in finding oil in paying quantities. The com- 
 pany now has two good wells each producing from 
 2,00() to 2,500 barrels each per day. The Southern Oil 
 Company early in 1902 completed a good well about 
 10(» feet from the Jennings well No. 1, and both com- 
 panies are making extensive iDrejiarations for handling 
 their output." 
 
 SiiljiJiirr. — There is a very large deposit of this min- 
 eral about 13 miles from Lake Charles in Calcasieu 
 parish.* In 18HS the Louisiana Oil Company, while 
 sinking a well at this point, struck at a depth of 443 
 feet a very extensive bed of almost pure sulphur, the 
 analysis showing 99.93 per cent. During 1869 and 
 1870 other borings showed the average thickness of the 
 deposit to be about 100 feet. Numerous attempts have 
 since been made to exploit it. but the depth of the 
 deposit below the surface and the Itedsof water-bearing 
 sands which overlie it render mining operations difE- 
 cult. In 1895 operations were begun with the Frash 
 system, invented by ~SIy. Herman Fi-ash, of Cleveland, 
 Ohio, and by the use of this method a considerable 
 product was taken from the deposit. The principle of 
 the '"air lift" pump was applied in ISIHI. and l)y this 
 means a product of 265 tons a day was secured. The 
 production from the mines in 1895 was about 800 tons; 
 in 1896, 4,2(10 tons; and in 1897. I.ihk) tons. Shortly 
 afterwards the mines were closed, as their operation 
 under the adverse conditions was too expensive to 1,'ave 
 a reasonable margin of proht. ' but work of a de\-elop- 
 ing and experimental character ensticd for some years, 
 during which period the details of a chemical process 
 for recovering the sidphnr wen^ being worked out. 
 Operations, inidcr the new method of mining, were 
 resumed in I'.IOO, and the mine has ))ccn a consistent 
 producer since that time. 
 
 'United States (reological Siirvev, "Mineral Resonrces i^f tlie 
 United States," 1901, page 564. 
 *Ibid., 1882, page6S7, 
 >* Geological Survey of Louisiana, 1SH9, P;;i't V, page 126 ff. 
 
 (225) 
 
MAINE. 
 
 Table 1 is a summar}- of the statistics fov the productive mines and quarries in the state of Maine for 1902. 
 
 Table 1.— SUMMARY; 1902. 
 
 Number of mines or quarries . 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 Value of product 
 
 Siliceous Limestones 
 Tot^il. crystalline j and 
 
 rocks. dolomites. 
 
 i:55 
 141 
 
 208 
 S193, »14 
 
 3,6X4 
 
 82,2,94,78S 
 
 J;121,6.5H 
 
 S476, 9(14 
 
 S3, 6.56, 134 
 
 no 
 
 103 
 
 163 
 ll.W, ,516 
 
 2, 832 
 
 ■1,867,200 
 
 «6i;,413 
 
 S217,,54S 
 
 n, CS9, 460 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 16 
 813, 236 
 
 591 
 
 $288,512 
 
 $37, 613 
 
 $226, 694 
 
 $74.5, 132 
 
 Slate. 
 
 22 
 $16, 999 
 
 217 
 $110,818 
 $13,496 
 $27, 329 
 $206, 658 
 
 All other 
 minerals.! 
 
 20 
 
 7 
 $5,063 
 
 44 
 
 818, 269 
 84,034 
 85, 393 
 
 $44,994 
 
 ! Includes cpcrators as follows; Feldspar, 6; flint Toperator repnrted under feldspar) : mica, 2; precious stones, 13 (no mines). 
 
 As shown in the above table, qiiarryino- is the chief 
 mineral occupation in Maine. The value of siliceous 
 crystalline rocks C[uarried during- the 3'ear represents 
 72.7 per cent of the entire mineral production in the 
 state, and limestone and slate are second and third, 
 respectivel_y, in value of production. 
 
 A number of minerals occur, for which no production 
 was reported during 1902, although they were previousl}^ 
 mined to a considerable extent. Barytes occurs spar- 
 ingly in Hancock county. Clay has been mined to some 
 extent, and beds of copper in Washington and Hancock 
 counties have been worked with considerable success. 
 Gold alloyed with platinum has been placer mined in 
 Franklin county; it also occurs with metallic bismuth 
 in Hancock county. Infusorial earth and tripoli are 
 found in Plancock county, in pond bottoms near the 
 coast. Iron ores are found in Aroostook, Washington, 
 Piscataquis, Hancock, Knox, Cumberland, and Oxford 
 counties. Graphite and lead occur in many localities 
 throughout the state. Lead is charged with silver to 
 such an extent that it has been said that "systematic 
 mining might pa}'"' in tlie districts where it occur.s. 
 Manganese is found in Knox, Hancock, Piscataquis, 
 York, and Aroostook counties; marl occurs in the 
 northern jDart of the state; and ocher may be obtained 
 in Androscoggin and Cumberland counties. Molyb- 
 denum .sulphide is found in Washington and Hancock 
 counties and pyrite occurs in many localities, but chiefly 
 in Hancock county. Sandstone, silica sand, native sil- 
 ver, talc and soapstone, and zinc blende are other min- 
 erals not mined, though found here and there through 
 the state. ^ 
 
 'United States Geologiral Survey, "Mineral Ke.wiiirce.j nf t\\e 
 United States," 1887, jiages 730 t<j t:«. 
 
 (220) 
 
 Table 2 presents the total value of the products for 
 all manufacturing industries in 1900 together with the 
 totals for those based upon the product of mines or 
 quarries. 
 
 Table ii. — Muniifnclurex hnsed jirinuirib/ upon the products of mines 
 and qiiiirrlef: 1900. 
 
 All manufactures 
 
 Based upon products of mines rir quarries: 
 
 chemicals and allied r.roducts 
 
 Clay, ^lass. and stone pnnlucts 
 
 Iron and steel and their prodiiits 
 
 Metals and metal products, other than in .n and 
 
 steel 
 
 iliscellanciius industries 
 
 Value of product. 
 
 $127,361,485 
 
 $143, 631 
 4,440,993 
 3,869,968 
 
 912, 704 
 4,.S91.144 
 
 As shown in the above table, manufactures based 
 primarily upon the products of mines and (juarries con- 
 stitute 11.2 per cent of the total product of all manu- 
 factures reported for the state at the census of 1900. 
 The product reported during 1902 by the mines and 
 quarrie,s in the state is valued at $3,6.56,134, which 
 amount is only 2.8 per cent of the combined value of 
 the products of the manufacturing and mining indus- 
 tries, while manufactures represent 97.2 per cent of this 
 tntal. 
 
 During the census year of 19()0 the manufacturing in- 
 dustries of Maine gave employment to an average num- 
 ber of 7-1,816 wage-earners, who received $28,527,8-1:9 
 in wages. The operators of the mines and quarries in 
 1902 employed an average of 3,684 wage-earners, and 
 paid $2,2S4,789 in wages. The comlnncd industries 
 therefore employed 78,500 wage-earners, Avho received 
 $3(.),S12,638 in wages. ^Manufacturing gave employ- 
 
MAINE. 
 
 227 
 
 meut to 95.3 per cent of the wage-earner.s and paid '.»2.6 
 per cent of the wage.s, while inine.s and ([uarrios o-;ive 
 euiplo3'ment to 4.7 per cent of the wage-earniM-s and 
 paid T.-i per cent of the wages. 
 
 The annual production of siliceou,s cry,stalline rocks, 
 limestones and dolomites, and slate is given in Table 3 
 as compiled from the reports of the United States 
 Geological Survey. 
 
 Table 3. — Aiinnal jiroihictlim of principal luhnrnh: lf<;iO lo I'JOJ. 
 [United states GcologU'Hl Survey, " Mliieml Resuiiree.M nf tlie United States."] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Siliceous 
 
 crystiilline 
 
 rocks. 
 
 Limestones 
 
 and 
 dolomites. 
 
 SI,. 523, 499 
 
 1,200,000 
 
 1,600,000 
 
 1,176,000 
 
 810, 089 
 
 700,000 
 
 608, 077 
 
 742,877 
 
 1,283,468 
 
 1,028,375 
 
 691,312 
 
 716, 272 
 
 746, 132 
 
 Slate. 
 
 1890 
 
 S2, 225, 839 
 2,200,000 
 2, 300, 000 
 1,274,954 
 1,. 5.51, 036 
 1,400,000 
 1, 195, 491 
 1,115,327 
 1,032,621 
 1,321.0.S2 
 l,.5l'iS,,573 
 2,703,116 
 2,6.59,450 
 
 «-219,500 
 260, 000 
 250, 000 
 139, 200 
 146, 838 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 189.1 . 
 
 1896 
 
 
 1897 
 
 1,S98 
 
 201,117 
 199 237 
 
 1899 . 
 
 181 766 
 
 1900 
 
 
 1901 
 
 202, 325 
 
 19021 
 
 206, 558 
 
 
 1 Census figures. 
 
 The above table shows that the production of .sili- 
 ceous ciystalline rocks during 1901 was the greatest of 
 any year during the decade, and that the production for 
 190:2 was hut slightlj' less. The production of limestones 
 during 1902 was less than half that reported in 1890, 
 although an increase is shown over both 19nl and 190(,). 
 The production of slate in 1902 was greater than for 
 any year since 1892. In that j-ear and in 1S91 the maxi- 
 mum production for the thirteen years was reported. 
 
 Siliceous crystalline rocks. — The state of Maine, dur- 
 ing 1901, held first rank as a producer of granite in the 
 United States, but in 1902 it was second to Massachu- 
 setts. The production during 1902 was A'alued at 
 $2,659,450, of which amount $1,921,020 was the value 
 of stone utilized for building jDurposes. The stone con- 
 verted into paving blocks was valued at §354, 630; and 
 that for monumental purposes at $208,141. Lesser 
 amounts for stone utilized as curbing, flagging, riprap, 
 rubble, crushed stone, and for other purposes were 
 reported, the total being $175,759. 
 
 The rocky coast of Maine and adjacent islands fur- 
 . nish iniQiense quantities of granite rock of an excel- 
 lent color and quality, and the convenient location of 
 the deposits to navigable waters appealed long ago to 
 the enterprising New England business men. The first 
 successful attempt at quarrying in Maine is said to have 
 been in 1825; and in 1836 and 1837 there was considera- 
 ble activity in the stone industry of the state. In 1837 
 thirty acts of incorporation were granted liy the legis- 
 lature to quarry companies.' 
 
 1, Stones for Building and Decoration, by George P. Merrill, 
 pages 3 to 5. 
 
 The Vinalhaven quarries on Penobscot bay were first 
 operated in 1850, and the product being well adapted 
 for ornamental and building purposes has been exten- 
 .sively used all over the countiy. The quarries at 
 Mt. Waldo, near Frankfort, were c)pened in 1853. 
 The ,stone has been largely used in the building of 
 forts on the. coast, as well as for ornamental and other 
 purposes, and has been shipped as far south as Mobile 
 and New Orleans. In this section of the state are 
 found some of the most extensive quarries in operation 
 in the country. The granite for the United States 
 Treasury building at Washington, D. C. , was obtained 
 from Dix island in Knox county. The liallowell 
 quarries in Kennebec count}' furnish one of the best 
 working granites, and many prominent buildings and 
 monuments have been constructed wholly or in part of 
 this stone. Among these may be mentioned the New 
 York state capitol at Albany, N. Y., the Maine state 
 capitol at Augusta, the old Tombs prison, New York 
 citj^, and the statue on the Pilgrims Monument at 
 Plj-mouth, Mass. Many other localities are rich in 
 deposits of siliceous crystalline rocks, and quarrying 
 operations were reported during 1902 in 13 of the 16 
 counties of the state." 
 
 LiriievtoneKarid duloinitKS. — Limestone is aliundant in 
 Maine, especially in the southeastern part of the state. 
 The entire product during 1902, reported from Knox 
 count}', was valued at $745,132, and was practically all 
 Inirned into lime.^ This stone is not commonly utilized 
 for building, as its colors, blue and blue-black, veined 
 with white, are poorly adapted for such liur^oose.* 
 
 The lime indu.stry in Knox county dates back to the 
 year 1733, when Samuel Waldo experimented u]ion the 
 limestone of this locality, and, finding it of satisfactory 
 quality, erected a kiln and prepared lime for the Boston 
 market. The first cargo of lime shipped to New York 
 was in 1823, and sold at $2 per cask. In 1888 the mar- 
 ket price was about 97 cents per cask,^ while in 1902 
 the price is reported at from 60 to 75 cents per barrel, 
 when prepared for shipment. 
 
 Slate. — The production of slate is chiefly in Piscata- 
 quis county, although a small quantity has been re- 
 ported near Waterville, in Kennebec county. The 
 value of slate quarried in the state during 19<i2 was 
 $206,558. Of the total quantity quarried, 26,468 
 squares, valued at $143,832, were used for roofing.'' 
 
 Slate was disco\cred l>y AA'elsh farmeivs near Brown- 
 ville, and a ([uarry in this vicinity was opened by A. H. 
 Morrill as early as 1846. In 1870 slate quarrying 
 
 '^Stones for Building and Decoration, pages 56 to 66. 
 
 ^United States (ieological Survey, "iMineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1902, pages 698 and 699. 
 
 * Stones for Building and Decoration, page .3U9. 
 
 ^ Report <.in Industrial and Labor Statistics of Maine, 1889, pages 
 .59 to 63. 
 
 ''United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1885, page 398. 
 
228 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 ])eo-an at Monsoii.' and these ([uarries are still the most 
 important in the state. In color the slates are dis- 
 tinctivel}' slate-Tilue to })lue-t)lack, resemlilino- those of 
 Penns_vlvania. The })est o-rades are generally of smooth 
 homogeneous texture, strong, durable, handsome, and 
 holding a uniform color on the roof.' 
 
 All other' miiien/ls. — The feldspar obtained in Maine 
 is considered the best in the United States. Feldspar 
 quarrying near Auburn in Androscoggin count}' began 
 in 1896. The spar occurs in pockets rather than in a 
 continuous vein; the product obtained is pure and 
 remarkably white.' The occurrence of this mineral is 
 
 ' Report on Industrial and Labor Statistics of Maine, 1889, page 71!. 
 2 The Mineral Industry, 1897, Vol. VI, pages 593 and 594. 
 'Ibid., 1898, Vol. VII, pages 261 and 266. 
 
 noted at other localities, quarrj-ing being reported at 
 Hebron, in O.xford county, and near Georgetown and 
 Topsham, in Sagadahoc county, during 1902. The pro- 
 duction of a considera])le ((uantitA' of flint is reported 
 with that of feldspar in Androscoggin and Sagadahoc 
 counties. 
 
 No mining operations are reported for precious stones 
 in the state of Maine, but a number of important finds 
 were reported to dealers. Tourmaline and Ijeryl of a 
 considerable value were discovered during 1902 in 
 Oxford county. In the same countj' two mica mines 
 were reported during the year, but separate statistics 
 can not be given without disclosing the operations of 
 individual establishments. 
 
MARYLAND. 
 
 Table 1 is a summary of tho statistics iov tiie productive uiiuos and ({uarries in the state of Maryland for 1902. 
 
 Tablk 1.— NUMMARY: mvJ. 
 
 NumbtT ill' mines (.ir quarries. 
 
 Number (.if optrators 
 
 Salaried oflit^ials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Numlier 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 Value of product 
 
 Total, 
 
 232 
 
 209 
 
 398 
 
 S4B5, 66.0 
 
 6, 826 
 
 W, 323, 939 
 
 S8,499 
 
 }443, 170 
 
 ?859, 755 
 
 37,313,712 
 
 niinous. 
 
 44 
 
 30 
 
 210 
 K)1.5,791 
 
 4,936 
 
 S3, 468, 117 
 
 3k,499 
 
 »312,198 
 
 1.510, 092 
 
 J5, 579, 869 
 
 8ilicuouw 
 
 crystalline 
 
 rocks. 
 
 817 
 t435,372 
 
 S43, S5fi 
 $107, 435 
 J768, 203 
 
 Limestone? 
 
 and 
 dolomites. 
 
 102 
 100 
 
 53 
 J31, 289 
 
 430 
 Jl,59, 793 
 
 J20, 841 
 S135, 560 
 S453, 030 
 
 'enient. 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 S17,227 
 
 170 
 374, 677 
 
 $17,914 
 
 $51, 879 
 
 J1.50, 680 
 
 10 
 34,. 520 
 
 145 
 372,179 
 
 $5, .523 
 
 318, 078 
 
 3118,084 
 
 14 
 
 311,080 
 
 321, 383 
 
 39,. 572 
 
 38,627 
 
 366,. 551 
 
 . Sandstones .,, „,|,pr 
 Iron ore. and ^/^ "rals i 
 
 quartzites. 
 
 6 
 31, 910 
 
 322,: 
 
 312, 314 
 32, 639 
 346,911 
 
 2 
 $1,148 
 
 12 
 35,394 
 
 351 
 31,1.52 
 815, 405 
 
 19 
 18 
 
 17 
 314,775 
 
 175 
 364, 675 
 
 320, 901 
 324,293 
 3134, 979 
 
 nneludes operators as follows; Clay, 6; feldspjir, 2 (3 mines); yold and silver 
 tale and soapstone, 2. 
 
 Coal mining is l)y far tiie mo.st important iiiineral 
 industry in the state, wiiicli ranked eleventh ainoiiu- the 
 states in 1903 in the output of this niinerah The Cum- 
 berland coal tieldj which has been sending its higii-grade 
 steam coal into the marl^et for nearly threc-(|uarters of 
 a centurj^, and from which the entire coal product of 
 Maryland is obtained, is the nearest to tide water of all 
 the bituminous coal tields which supply the great coal 
 markets of the northern Atlantic seaboard. The coal 
 beds of the state are so situated as to yield a practically 
 unlimited increase in production should the trade of 
 the seaboard markets demand it/ Quarrying, with a 
 product distributed, in the order of importance, among 
 siliceous crystalline rocks, limestones and dolomites, and 
 slate, constitutes also an important branch of the mineral 
 industrj' of the state. 
 
 The minerals of known occurrence in the state, that 
 -were not commercially produced in 19(.»2, are as follows: 
 Asbestos, chrome, cobalt, copper ore, lead ores, graph- 
 ite. g3^psum, lignite, manganese, marl, niolybdenmu, 
 nickel ores, quartz, serpentine, and zinc ores. 
 
 Development work during the year was contined to gold 
 and silver and copper ore, with no return in product. 
 
 The relative importance of certain mamifacturing 
 industries of the ,stateclo.sely allied to, or based upon, the 
 mining industry, since they use as their raw material 
 the product of the mine and quarry, i.s .shown in Table 
 2, as indicated by the value of their product. 
 
 1 United States 'tieologiual Survey, Sixteenth Annual Report, 
 page 132 ff. 
 
 1; infnsorial earth, tripoli, and pumice, 1; marble, 2; mineral jiigments, crude, 4; 
 
 T.\Bi,K li. — i[<nmfiA(iiiri:s based primarily upon thit jiroilurts of mines 
 and quarries: lilOO. 
 
 INDUSTRY. 
 
 Value of product. 
 
 
 S'^42 .^j5'"> 990 
 
 Based upon iinxlurts nf mines or quarries; 
 
 811,646,136 
 5,110 578 
 
 Clav glass jind stone prtjdufts 
 
 
 2U 'J4H 863 
 
 Mftal.saiHl metal products, other than iron and 
 
 33,174,693 
 
 Miscellanedus industries 
 
 10, US, 618 
 
 
 
 
 
 AUother 
 
 162, 25J 102 
 
 
 
 The total value of the products of the manufacturing 
 industries based on mining, as shown by Table 2, was 
 1180,298,888, or 33.1 per cent of the total value of the 
 product of all manufacturing industries in the state in 
 1900. During the same vear there were enq^loyed in 
 all branches of manufacture in the state 108,32.5 wage- 
 earners, who received $38, 718, .5.51 in wages. In 1902 
 there were employed in the mines and quarries of the 
 state H,82(i wage-earners, who received $4,323,939 in 
 wages. Of the combined tigures for these two branches 
 of industry, therefore, 91.1 per cent of the wage-earners, 
 receiving 89.9 per cent of the wages, were emplo_yed in 
 manufacturing, while 5.9 per cent of the wage-earners, 
 receiving lo.l percent of the wages, were emploj^ed in 
 mining. 
 
 Table 3 shows the value of the annual production of 
 the principal minerals of the state from 1890 to 1902. 
 
 (229) 
 
230 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 T.\BLE 3. — Vnhie of mmval prodiiHimi of jirhicijinl iniiii-riils: 1S90 to 
 
 190.:'. 
 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Ke.sourees of the United States."] 
 
 YE.\R, 
 
 Coal, l:>itu- 
 minous. 
 
 Siliceous 
 
 crystalline 
 
 roclcs. 
 
 Limestones 
 
 and 
 dolomites. 
 
 Cement. 
 
 Slate. 
 
 1890 . 
 
 S2, 899,. 572 
 8,0.82,515 
 3,063,580 
 3,267,317 
 2,687,270 
 8, 160, 592 
 3,299,928 
 3, 363, 996 
 3, 532, 2.57 
 3,667,0.56 
 3,927,381 
 5,046,491 
 6, 579, 869 
 
 $447, 489 
 450, 000 
 450, 000 
 260, 855 
 808, 966 
 276, 020 
 2.51,109 
 247,948 
 317, 2.58 
 423,823 
 486,822 
 613, 3,56 
 758, 203 
 
 Sl(i4,800 
 150, 000 
 200, 000 
 (=) 
 
 350,000 
 200, 000 
 264,278 
 181,637 
 433,6.53 
 235, 225 
 317, 207 
 382, 381 
 453,030 
 
 $203, 785 
 
 187, 855 
 
 1 220, 991 
 
 1125, .5.54 
 
 1 136, 000 
 
 1 U6, 700 
 
 1125,175 
 
 118, 100 
 
 U8,9.S9 
 
 144,800 
 
 134,028 
 
 175, 665 
 
 150, 680 
 
 $110,008 
 125, 425 
 
 1.891 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 37 8.84 
 
 1894 
 
 
 1895 . . 
 
 60 357 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 . 
 
 72, 142 
 53, 939 
 82, 240 
 9;i .595 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 . . 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902» 
 
 128,673 
 105, 798 
 118 084 
 
 
 
 •Includes production from West Virginia. 
 
 2 Not reported. 
 
 3 Census figures. 
 
 Coal. — Some authorities place the discovery of coal 
 in Maryland in the year 1801 at a point 6 miles north- 
 east of Baltimore, and Benjamin Henfrey as the dis- 
 coverer.' The first well authenticated discovery was 
 made in ISOi, at a point in Allegany count}' near the 
 present site of Frostburg, by a Mr. Riser.' Various 
 openings were made in the deposits from time to time, 
 and they were worked on a small scale, chiefly for local 
 use, for more than a quarter of a centur^y. In 1830 the 
 industr}- reached its second stage of development, when 
 the first eastern shipment of coal was made from the 
 old Neff mine. This first cargo was loaded at C'umber- 
 land and boated down the Potomac to Washington. 
 For a decade or more the output of coal was confined 
 to a very limited market, on account of the expensive 
 and ineffective transportation facilities. The excep- 
 tional quality of Cumberland coal soon began to attract 
 the attention of users at greater distances, and its min- 
 ing, from the first shipment over the Baltimore and 
 Ohio Railroad, in 1842, developed rapidly, and before 
 long became the most important factor in the mineral 
 industry of the state. The total shipments from the 
 Cumberland region in this first year were 1,708 long 
 tons. The annual output grew in the decade ending in 
 18.52 to .334,178 long tons, and in 1860 it had inci'eased 
 to 788,909 long tons. During the earlier years of the 
 Civil War the industrj' sufi'ered a slight decline, Ijut re- 
 covered in 1863, and at the end of the next decade, in 
 1872, the output exceeded 2,000,000 tons. The output 
 remained at about this figure dui'ing the next ten years. 
 The general industrial activitj- of the decade from 1.S82 
 to 1892 was shared by the coal mining industry in the 
 Cumberland region, and the production again increased 
 rapidly, reaching its maximum in 1891, when tht; state's 
 output was 3,831,2.51 short tons.'' 
 
 Table 4 shows the annual coal production, in short 
 tons, from 1K42 to 1902: 
 
 T,\BLi.; 4. — Animal production of coal, bitmninous: 1S4S to . 
 [United stales VJeological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 'Iron in All Ages, by Jame.s M. Swank, page 470. 
 'Maryland rJeological Survey, Allegany county, page l(i7. 
 'United State.8 Geologiral rSurvey, Sixteenth Annual lieiiorl, 
 page 1 82 f£. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Short Urns. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 1842 
 
 2, 104 
 
 12, 421 
 
 18, 345 
 
 30, 372 
 
 36, 707 
 
 05, 222 
 
 98, 032 
 
 175,497 
 
 242,517 
 
 317.460 
 
 411,707 
 
 657, 862 
 
 812, 727 
 
 735, 137 
 
 817, 659 
 
 6.54, 017 
 
 722, 686 
 
 833, 349 
 
 907,177 
 
 2.87,073 
 
 346,201 
 
 1863 
 
 877,313 
 
 7.55, 764 
 
 1,026,208 
 
 1, 217, 668 
 1,381,429 
 1,529,879 
 2,216,300 
 2,005,760 
 2,670,338 
 
 2, 647, 1.56 
 3,198,911 
 2, 899, 392 
 2, .808, 01 8 
 2, 126, 873 
 1,939,675 
 2,068,925 
 2,132,233 
 2, 549, 731 
 2, 677, 378 
 1,6.55,445 
 
 1883 . 
 
 2,476,075 
 2, 765, 617 
 2, 833, 337 
 2 517 577 
 
 1843 
 
 1804 
 
 1884 
 
 1844 
 
 ; 1865 
 
 1885 . 
 
 1845 . 
 
 ' 1866 
 
 1886 
 
 1846 
 
 1867 
 
 1887 . 
 
 
 1847 . 
 
 1868 
 
 1888 
 
 3, 479, 470 
 
 1848 
 
 1869 
 
 1889 . 
 
 1849 
 
 1870 
 
 1890 
 
 3, 3.57, 813 
 3,831 251 
 
 1.H.50 
 
 1871 
 
 1891 
 
 1.H51 
 
 1872 
 
 1892 
 
 3,419,962 
 3,716,041 
 3, .501, 428 
 
 18,52 
 
 1873 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 1853 
 
 1874 
 
 1,854 
 
 1.875 
 
 1876 
 
 1895 
 
 3, 915, .585 
 4,143,936 
 4,442,128 
 4,674,884 
 4,807,396 
 4, 024, 688 
 5, 113, 127 
 
 18.55 
 
 1896 
 
 1856 
 
 1877 
 
 1878 
 
 1897 
 
 1.857 
 
 1898 
 
 18.58 
 
 1879 
 
 1899 . 
 
 18.59 
 
 1880 
 
 1881 
 
 1882 . 
 
 1900 
 
 ]8(i0 
 
 1901 
 
 1861 . . 
 
 1902 
 
 5,271 609 
 
 1862 
 
 
 
 The coal deposits of the state are confined to western 
 Allegany and Garrett counties and form a part of a 
 long, narrow, detached coal field, lying on the extreme 
 fringe of the great Appalachian coal basin. This wedge 
 shaped strip, beginning just north of the Penn.sylvania 
 line and extending across Maryland into West Virginia, 
 is known as the "Cumberland field." In some respects 
 it is one of the most important in the United States.' 
 
 Maryland's share of these economic coal deposits is 
 known by various names, among which are the "Frost- 
 burg basin" and the "Georges Creek basin." It is situ- 
 ated in an elevated trough to the west of the town of 
 Cumberland, between two parallel ridges, known as 
 Davis and Savage mountains, which are less than 4 miles 
 apart. There are five workable coal seams, ranging in 
 thickness from 14 feet in the "Big Vein" down to 3 
 feet in the vein of the Bayou formation.* The bulk of 
 the state's coal production is mined in Allegany county, 
 though the number and extent of workable seams in 
 Garrett county afiord much promise for future exploita- 
 tion there. 
 
 The state's coal product comprises two distinct classes 
 or varieties. That known as bituminous contains a 
 high proportion of volatile gases ;uul less than 70 per 
 cent of carljon, and is especially valuable for the manu- 
 facture of coke and gas. This variety is not extensively 
 mined at present. The other class, known as semi- 
 bituminous, has no superior as a steam coal, and consti- 
 tutes the bulk of the output of the mines of the .state. 
 
 tSil/'cvrms rryHto.IU>ii> r<ichs. — Granite quarrying in the 
 state began in Cecil county in 1816.'' During 1816 and 
 1817 a bridge was ))uilt across the Susquehanna river 
 at the present site of Port Deposit. Stone for the con- 
 struction of abutments was quarried near the present 
 site of tlie extensive McClenahan quarries in Cecil 
 county. The exceptional qualities of the stone soon 
 came to be recognized, and after the completion of the 
 bridge, further and extensive exploitation of the granite 
 
 '•ieologieal Survey of ;\Iaryland, Veil. I, page 219 ff. 
 ■'tieologieal Survey of i\Iaryland, Cecil county, page 196 ff. 
 
MARYLAND. 
 
 231 
 
 in the vicinity was carried on. A very important 
 industry has flourished tliere since. The Port Deposit 
 granite is of a gneissoid character, light bluish grav in 
 color, and eminently strong and durable.' 
 
 The occurrence of granite and gneissoid rocks in the 
 state is confined within the area known as the Piedmont 
 plateau, a broad belt extending from Cecil and Harford 
 counties on the northeast to Montgomery county and 
 the Potomac river on the southwest. Within this area 
 is an abundance of excellent Iniilding material, thoueh 
 quarry development has not yet been rapid. In the 
 vicinity of EUicott City occurs a dark gray granite 
 which is rendered porphyritic by the presence of ill- 
 defined crystals of pink feldspar. This has been quar- 
 ried since an early period in the state's history and has 
 been extensively^ used for building purposes, especially 
 in Baltimore. One of the best granites in the state for 
 most of the uses which granite serves occurs within a 
 small area in the southwestern corner of Baltimore 
 county, near Woodstock. This rock has been exten- 
 sively quarried with few interruptions since 1832-33. 
 Among the man}' important buildings in the construc- 
 tion of which it has been used as material are the Cap- 
 itol, Patent Office, old Post Office, and Library of 
 Congress in Washington." The stone is of medium 
 texture and of dark gray color. Another granite 
 which is remarkably free from defects, and which is 
 well adapted to monumental as well as to general 
 structural purposes, is found near Guilford, in Howard 
 county. This stone is of moderately fine and uniform 
 grain and of a light gray color. Large quantities of 
 dark gra}' gneiss for local use in rough building work 
 is quarried in the immediate vicinity of Baltimore.' 
 
 Limedonea and daloinhes. — Of the carbonate of lime 
 deposits in the state, the limestones, as distinguished 
 from the marbles, occur generally throughout the west- 
 ern part, or the Appalachian region, and in the form of 
 limestone conglomerate or "Potomac marble"' in the 
 Frederick valley. 
 
 The blue limestones are in demand locally for build- 
 ing purposes. On weathering, this stone changes its 
 color rapidly. The limestone of the Frederick valley 
 is known as "calico rock" or "Potomac marble" and 
 was used for the columns in the construction of the old 
 Hall of Representatives in Washington. A good ex- 
 posure of this rock is at Washington Junction, and 
 its occurrence extends northward along the base of 
 the Catoctin mountains.* Buckeystown, in Frederick 
 county; Cockeysville, in Baltimore county, and Balti- 
 more have long been important points in the manufac- 
 ture of lime."^ 
 
 'Stones for Building and Decoration, by George P. Merrill, 
 page 66 ff. 
 
 ^Geological Survey of Maryland, Vol. I, page 206 ff. 
 
 ' Stones for Building and Decoration page 67 ff. 
 
 * Geological Survey of Maryland, Vol. I, page 209 ff. 
 
 ^The United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of 
 the United States," 1887, page .533. 
 
 Cement. — The industrj'- of hydraulic cement manufac- 
 ture is one of considerable relative importance in the 
 state. The greater part of the state's output comes 
 from the limestones in the vicinity of Ciunberland and 
 Hancock and from the Shenandoah limestones of the 
 Hagerstown valley near Sharpsl)urg. The cement pro- 
 duced is of excellent quality, and the demand for it ex- 
 tends beyond the state." The following table shows the 
 annual production of cement since 1890; 
 
 Table .5. — Annual production of cement: 1890 to 190S. 
 [United Btatep Geolofjioal .Survey, " Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 1,S9() 
 
 223,209 
 204, 900 
 1 252, 092 
 1231,590 
 1 279, 000 
 1 242, 000 
 I 271,. 500 
 
 1897 
 
 296, 000 
 
 1891 
 
 1898 
 
 297, 475 
 362,000 
 335,070 
 351 329 
 
 1892 
 
 1899 
 
 1893 
 
 
 1894 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 1895 
 
 409, 200 
 
 lS9fi 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Includes production from West Virginia. 
 
 Slate. — Since Revolutionary times the slate deposits 
 of the Peach Bottom region in Harford county have 
 been worked for a roofing material, and the exceptional 
 quality of these slates is strongly evidenced by the fact 
 that after a hundred years' exposure they show almost 
 no change. The area in which thej' occur is a narrow 
 zone beginning near Pylesville, on the Baltimore and 
 Lehigh Railway, and running into York and Lancaster 
 counties, Pennsylvania.' 
 
 Flint. — Maryland is a very important contributor to 
 the aggregate output of flint and quartz, commercially 
 known as flint in the United States. In 1902, 6 of the 
 19 active quarries in the United States were located 
 within the state, and 49.2 per cent, or about one-half 
 of the output of ground flint in the country came from 
 these quarries. Important centers for the i^roduction 
 of flint and quartz are Darlington and Conowingo.* 
 
 Iron ores. — The iron industry in Marj-land, whose 
 development began in the earl}' days of the colonial 
 period, was for more than a centurj' one of the most 
 important factors in the prosperity of the state. The 
 first recorded notice taken of the iron ores of Mary- 
 land and Virginia by the early settlers was in 1608, 
 when Capt. John Smith sent 2 barrels of iron ore 
 .specimens to England for examination. Nothing is 
 known of the result of this examination. About one 
 hundred 3'ears later the first recorded operations were 
 inaugurated by some Welsh miners in the vicinity of 
 Iron Hill and Elktou. The extent of these operations 
 is not known, but in the development of the iron ores 
 of this same region in the nineteenth centurj', "the 
 miners employed in the ore pit on Iron Hill came upon 
 one of the galleries made by the Welsh miners and 
 
 "Geological Survev of Marvland, Vol. I, page 213 ff. 
 'Ibid., page 211. ' 
 
 " United States Geological Survey, Seveuteeutli Annual Report, 
 pages 838 and 846. 
 
232 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 discovered a rude shovel and pick and a small tallow 
 eandle, the wick of which was made of Haxen yarn. 
 The candle, thoug-h prol)al)ly a century old, was in a 
 good state of preservation, but the shovel and pick 
 were so badly rusted that the former could be readily 
 picked to pieces with the thumb and tinger." ' 
 
 The first iron works in Marvland were probably 
 erected in Cecil county at the head of Chesapeake bay. 
 It is probable, also, that the bloomery built at North 
 East, on North East river, before 1710 formed the 
 pioneer iron enterprise of that character. Scrivenor, 
 in his "History of the Iron Trade," published in 1841, 
 says that in 1718 Maryland and Virginia exported "'3 
 tons and 7 cwt." of bar iron to England, and, since 
 Virginia had no forges at that date, the shipment must 
 have come from the works of Marjdand. 
 
 The era of systematic iron production in the state 
 was opened by the organization in 1722 of the Principio 
 Company, which in that year began the construction of 
 a furnace at the mouth of Principio creek. Shortly 
 after the organization of the company Mr. John Eng- 
 land, of Bristol, England, who proved to be one of the 
 most intelligent, enterprising, and successful of the 
 earlj^ American ironmasters, became its general man- 
 ager. He built the first furnace and the first forge in 
 the state. The enterprise grew rapidly and soon its 
 production of iron had reached a scale of commercial 
 importance. About 1725 Augustine and Lawrence 
 Washington, the father and half-brother of the first 
 President,^ became interested in the comj)any, which 
 soon outranked all others in the manufacture of ])ig 
 and bar iron from its three furnaces and two ftjrges in 
 Maryland and one furnace in V^irginia. For fifty years 
 it was the most important of colonial iron enterprises, 
 contributing one-half to the total exports of pig iron 
 from the colonies to England up to the Revoluti(jn.'' 
 The marked success of this company brought others 
 into the field for the exploitation of the iron deposits 
 of the state, and by 1761 the industry had attained a 
 fiourishing condition. This is indicated in a report 
 made by the governor to the effect that there were 18 
 furnaces and 10 forges in the state which made 2,.5U(.) 
 tons of pig iron a year.' During the middle and latter 
 part of the eighteenth century and the earlj' part of 
 the nineteenth, the industry of iron manufacture spread 
 to other sections of the state and many furnaces were 
 l)uilt, but nearly all of these were later abandoned. 
 One of the most notable of these was the Catoctin fur- 
 nace at Frederick, which was built in 1771:, and furnished 
 guns and projectiles to the Continental Army during 
 the Revolution. 
 
 In recent years sevei'al modern furnaces have been 
 built in the vicinity of Baltimore. By far the largest 
 
 ' Maryland Oeulof-'ical Survey, (Jecil county, iiajrc 218 ff. 
 
 ^Maryland (ieological Survey, V(jl. I, jia^'f 45 ff. 
 
 " Iron in y\ll Afiff, page '240 ff. 
 
 * JIa]-yland <icolof.'ical Survey, Vol. I, pajje ."lO. 
 
 of these is at Sparrows Point, which plant, however, 
 uses only ores obtained from sources outside the state. 
 
 Since the discovery of extensive deposits of higher 
 grade ores in other sections of the country, notably in 
 ]\Iit-higan, Penns3'lvania, and Alabama, the industry of 
 iron ore mining in the state has rapidlj' declined until 
 now the great iron using industries of the state depend 
 to onl}' an inconsiderable extent upon local ores.' 
 
 hiand»tone>< and quaiiz'iteH. — The quarrj'ing of sand- 
 stones and quartzitesin the state has continued in a more 
 or less s^'stematic way from the building of the old 
 Potomac canal around the Great Falls of the Potomac, in 
 1771:, when Seneca sandstone was used in the construc- 
 tion of two locks, down to the present time. This red 
 Seneca sandstone has long Vjeen highly regarded alike for 
 its durability, for the ease with which it can be worked, 
 and for its beautiful colors. It entered largely into the 
 construction of the Smithsonian Institution at Wash- 
 ington. Other occurrences of sandstone that have been 
 exploited, and for which there is a greater or less de- 
 mand, are in Harford county in the Catoctin and Blue 
 liidge mountains, and in Allegan\' county. 
 
 All othi r nu iii'iudn. — Another factor of the mineral 
 wealth of Maryland is found in the clay deposits, which 
 are widely distributed and in man\' cases possess char- 
 acteristics that render them of exceptional economic 
 importance. 
 
 The first plant constructed in the United States for 
 the manufacture of fire brick was that built in 1841 at 
 Mt. Savage in Allegany county. The main fire clay 
 dei)osits of the state lie near tlie bottom of the Coal 
 Measures, the beds ranging from 8 to 20 feet in thicks 
 ness. Their exploitation has been a characteristic in- 
 dustrv of the state for more than fifty j'ears, and the 
 brick made from them are considered the best in the 
 country. The clay deposits of the state that are most 
 extensively exploited at present are those comprised 
 in the Columbia and Patajjsco formations. The center 
 of their manui'actiH'e into terra cotta work and potter}" 
 is Baltimor(>.''' The kaolin deposits of Cecil count}^, 
 which are a continuation of the Delaware deposits, have 
 been extensively mined for use in the manufacture of 
 white ware foi' many years.' 
 
 Feldspar occurs at a number of places in the state, 
 but was produced conunercially in 11»02 from only three 
 mines located in Baltimore, Cecil, and Harford counties. 
 
 The discoxery of gold occurred in Marj'land in 1849, 
 near Sandy Spring, in Montgomery county, and uiost 
 of the mines subsecjuently opened lie along the south- 
 ei'n boundary of this county in the vicinity of the Great 
 Falls of the Potomac. The known occurrences of gold 
 in the state are confined to the Piedmont plateau, and 
 are in quartz veins. Some \'ery rich specimens have 
 
 '' Maryland (ieolofrical Survey, A'ol. I, patre -IS ff. 
 
 "IbicL, page 214 ff. 
 
 ' Maryland Geological Survey, Cecil c-ounty, jiage 211 ff. 
 
MARYLAND. 
 
 233 
 
 been found in this region, but the deposits of tlie metal 
 are not sutticiently even to render its mining protitable. ' 
 
 Infusorial earth has been produced in greater (|uan- 
 tities in Maryland than in any other state in the country. 
 The deposits occur at the l)ase of the Chesapeake for- 
 mation, and in parts of Calvert and Charles counties 
 attain a thickness of 30 or 40 feet. The beds have been 
 extensively worked in the vicinity of the mouth of 
 Lyon's creek on the Patuxent river and at Pope's creek 
 on the Potomac.'' 
 
 The industrj' of marble (juarrying in the state dates 
 probably from 1815, when material for use in the AVash- 
 ington JNlonument at Baltimore was taken from the de- 
 posits at Cockej'sville in Baltimore county. This point 
 continues to be the important marble producing center 
 of the state. The '26-foot monoliths in the National 
 Capitol were taken in lS.59-61 from what is now 
 known as the Beaver Dam quarry. Though there are 
 numerous occurrences of marble deposits, those which 
 have been developed suthciently to demonstrate their 
 economic importance are limited to what is known as 
 the Green Spring valley, extending east and west at a dis- 
 tance of from 12 to 20 miles north of Baltimore. In this 
 belt are located the two quarries mentioned. The stone 
 
 ' Maryland Geological Survey, Vol. I, page 221 ff. 
 'Ibid., page 222. 
 
 is a white dolomite of medium texture, sti'ong and dui-a- 
 ble. Small lenses of compact crystalline marble occur 
 in Carroll and Frederick counties. Also at Texas occurs 
 a coarse! V crystalline white limestone, sometimes known 
 as alum marble, which is exten>ively quai-ried, mainly 
 for (|uicklimeand iiux, th(jugli it was used in construct- 
 ing the lower 1.50 feet of the Washington Monument in 
 Washington.' 
 
 Ores from which mineral paints are made are of quite 
 connnon occurrence in the state and have been worked 
 at many points. In former years large quantities were 
 obtained from the brown ore deposits in Frederick 
 county and also in Carroll and Harford counties. The 
 Patapsco formation in Anne Arundel and Prince George 
 counties carries easil3f worked deposits of a fine and 
 highly ferruginous clay. This belt at present is the 
 principal seat of the industry of mineral pigment pro- 
 duction in the state." 
 
 Soapstone occurs in several counties, especially Car- 
 roll, Harford, and Montgomery, where it has been mined 
 at various times. The most extensive deposits are 
 in Carroll county, in a northwesterly dirt'ction from 
 Marriottsville.* 
 
 ' Stones for Building and Decoration, page 21.3 ff. 
 * Maryland Geological Survey, Vol. I, page 227. 
 
MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Table 1 is a summary of the statistics for the productive mines and quarries in the state of Massachusetts for 
 
 1902. 
 
 Table 1.— SUaiMARY: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines or quarries. . 
 
 Numberof operators 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials. 
 Value of product 
 
 Total. 
 
 251 
 234 
 
 31-.0 
 8309, 978 
 
 4,242 
 
 $2, .525, 405 
 
 81,853 
 
 S273, 791 
 
 8762, 335 
 
 84,671,8.55 
 
 Siliceous 
 
 crystalline 
 
 rocks. 
 
 204 
 194 
 
 279 
 8248, .512 
 
 3,395 
 82,015,340 
 
 8211,745 
 
 8.509, 702 
 
 83,4.51,397 
 
 Sandstones \ Limestones 
 
 and I and | Marble. 
 
 quartzites. dolomites. 
 
 35 
 
 825, 636 
 
 342 
 
 8222, 977 
 
 835, 440 
 859,486 
 8487, 366 
 
 17 
 
 812, 606 
 
 203 
 899, 740 
 
 810, 192 
 8133,609 
 8339,349 
 
 13 
 
 $12, 468 
 
 130 
 872, 730 
 
 $7,.S37 
 
 818,324 
 
 $165, 489 
 
 All other 
 minerals.! 
 
 16 
 
 $10, 856 
 
 172 
 
 884,618 
 
 $1,853 
 
 88, 577 
 
 841,214 
 
 $228,254 
 
 1 Includes operators as follows; Asbestos, 1; clay, 1; corundum and emery, 1; 
 tripoli. and pumice, 1; iron ore, 1; sulphur and pyrite, 1; talc and soapstone, 1. 
 
 The principal mineral industry of Massachusetts is 
 quarrj'ing, and as shown in Table 1, the value of sili- 
 ceous crystalline rocks quarried in 1902 represents 78.9 
 per cent, or nearly three-fourths of the entire mineral 
 production of the state. Massachusetts granite was the 
 first to be systematically produced in the United States, 
 and the state continues to lead in that production. ' Sand- 
 stone, limestone, and marble are also quarried in con- 
 siderable quantities, and the statistics for these opei'- 
 ations are given separated' in the table. 
 
 Among the minerals listed in the group of '"all other 
 minerals " are two of great importance. More than half 
 of the emery produced ui the United States is mined 
 by one operator in ^Massachusetts, and a large propor- 
 tion of the sulphur and pyrite production is also con- 
 tributed by this state. Although these are of great 
 importance, the statistics can not be shown separately 
 because to do so would disclose the reports of individ- 
 ual operators. 
 
 A number of minerals for which no commercial pro- 
 duction was reported in 19(J2 are known to occur in the 
 state. Among these the following may be mentioned: 
 Barytes, which occurs chiefly as gaiigue, with lead and 
 copper, in Hampshire and Franklin counties; a very 
 hard anthracite coal in Bristol, Plymouth, and Norfolk 
 counties, which can notbemined profitably; chulcopyrite 
 found in pyrite \'ein in Franklin county;" fuller's eartli 
 and garnet found in "Worcester count}', and garnet also 
 in Framingham, Middlesex county; native gold found in 
 
 'Stont-H for BuildiiiK ami Dccuratini], ]>y (ieorge P. Merrill, 
 pacies 2 and .3. 
 
 ''The United Statf.n Geol(>i);ical Survc\', " ^Mineral Resoui-cesi of 
 the United States," 1887, pages 742 tn 744. 
 
 (■2-M) 
 
 feldspar (operator reported under flint): flint, 1: graphite, 1; infusorial earth, 
 
 small quantities in Middlesex, Norfolk, and Ph'mouth 
 counties; deposits of stone suitable for use as millstones 
 or whetstones in Hampshire, Norfolk, and Berkshire 
 counties; lead ore found in Essex, Hampshire, Middle- - 
 sex, and Worcester counties; manganese in small beds 
 in Hampshire, Berkshire, and Franklin counties; ocher 
 in Berkshire and Worcester counties; amber, agate, 
 amethj\st, beryl, jasper, jade, smoky quartz, and topaz 
 are precious stones that have been reported in the state; 
 quartz .sand found in Berkshire, Essex, and Franklin 
 counties; quarries of slate for local use, operated in 
 Worcester and Middlesex counties; sphalerite or zinc 
 blende occurring with galena in Franklin and Hampshii-e 
 counties and at the Newlnirypoit lead mines in Essex 
 county, where operations were carried on before 1878.^ 
 The relative importance of manufacturing industries 
 closely allied to, or l)ased upon the mining industry, 
 using as their raw material the product of the mine or 
 ([uarry, is shown in the following table: 
 
 T.vm.i; '2. — Maiiiifiicli(i-ix haxcil jiriiiinrilij upon tlie products of mines 
 and quarrie.i: 1900. 
 
 IXDUSTKV. I Value of product. 
 
 All niiinufactures $1, 035, 198, 989 
 
 Bused upon jjroilncts of iniues nr (^iiarries; 
 
 Chemicals and allied products 3l'i,091,402 
 
 Clay, glas.s, and stone produi'ls 12, 7(3, 947 
 
 Iron anil steel and their products '.)7, 7:>i.,S(;3 
 
 Metals and metal products, other than iron 
 
 and steel 2',i, 232, 1150 
 
 Miscellaneous industries ! 51, 107,117 
 
 I 196, 930, 979 
 
 Al 1 other 838, 268, 010 
 
 ■'The t'nited State.n ( ienlogieal Siirve\', " Mineral Resources of 
 tlie United States," 1,SS7, page 74.^i. 
 
MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 235 
 
 From the foreo-oitio- table it will bo seen that IH per 
 cent of the total niaimfactured product ot tlio state was 
 based primai'ily upon the products of mines and quar- 
 ries. The total product of manufacture's as reported 
 at the census of IIXX) was $1, 035, lit8, 1)89; there 
 were employed 497,448 wage-earners, who received 
 $228,240,442 in wages. The product of mines and 
 quarries in the state during 1902 was valued at 
 $4,671,855, and there were reported as engaged in this 
 production 4,242 wage-earners, to whom was paid the 
 sum of $2,525,405 in wages. 
 
 Therefore the value of the product of mines and 
 quarries was but four-tenths of 1 per cent of the com- 
 bined product of mineral and manufacturing industries, 
 99.6 per cent of the total being contributed by manu- 
 factures. There were engaged in mining and quarrjr- 
 ing eight-tenths of 1 per cent of the total numl)er of 
 wage-earners, and these received 1.1 per cent of the 
 total wages. The manufacturing industries employed 
 99.2 per cent of the total wage-earners, and paid 98.9 
 per cent of the total wages. 
 
 The following table shows the value of the annual 
 production of the principal minerals of the state from 
 1890 to 1902, inclusive: 
 
 Table 3. — Value of annual production of principal minerals: 1890 to 
 
 190S. 
 
 [United States Geological Survey, " Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 YEAK. 
 
 Siliceous 
 
 crystalline 
 
 "rocks. 
 
 Sandstones 
 
 and 
 quartzites. 
 
 Limestones 
 
 and 
 dolomites. 
 
 Marble. 
 
 1890 
 
 S2,. 503, .503 
 2,000,000 
 2,200,000 
 1, 031, 204 
 1,995,830 
 1, 918, 894 
 1,0.56,973 
 1,730,069 
 1,6.50, .508 
 1,798,294 
 1, 698, 605 
 2,216,2.58 
 3,4,51,397 
 
 $649,097 
 400, 000 
 400, 000 
 223,318 
 160,231 
 339, 487 
 304, 361 
 194,684 
 91,287 
 131,877 
 153, 427 
 247, 310 
 487, 366 
 
 8119,978 
 100, 000 
 200,000 
 156, 528 
 195,982 
 75,000 
 118, 622 
 126,. 508 
 174,822 
 168, 147 
 209, 369 
 244,039 
 339, 349 
 
 (') 
 
 1891 
 
 (') 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 SlOO, 000 
 
 (') 
 
 
 ') 
 
 1895 
 
 2,000 
 
 
 83, 904 
 
 1897 
 
 79, 721 
 
 
 38, 210 
 
 1899 
 
 69, 416 
 
 1900 
 
 130,735 
 
 1901 
 
 126,. 546 
 
 19022 
 
 165,489 
 
 iNot reported. 
 
 2 Census figures. 
 
 The production of 1902, according to Table 3, increased 
 over that of 1901 in all the industries presented. The 
 production of siliceous crystalline rocks, as well as that 
 of limestones and dolomites, during 1902 was greater 
 than that reported during any year of the thirteen 
 ■j'ears shown in the table. 
 
 Siliceous crystalline rod's. — The Massachusetts pro- 
 duction of siliceous crystalline rocks during 1902 was 
 valued at $3,451,397, which is greater than the amount 
 reported for any other state in the Union. Thirty-nine 
 per cent of this value, or $1,347,214, was used for 
 dressed .stone for building and monumental work; 27.1 
 per cent, or $936,413, was for stone sold in the rough, 
 and the remainder was for paving purposes, crushed 
 stone, riprap, etc., in the order named. 
 
 In a strictly .scientific sense, most of the siliceous 
 crystalline rocks of Massachusetts are not granites, but 
 eranitites or gneisses. 
 
 The granitites differ from granite proper in the ab- 
 sence of white mica, while gneisses are crystalline rocks 
 which possess a more or less well-marked banding, 
 usually due to the arrangement of the micas in defined 
 planes.' 
 
 Although granite bowlders were used in construction 
 as early as 1650," it was not until the early part of 
 the nineteenth century that quarrying was pro.secuted 
 to any considerable extent in Massachusetts. In 1810 
 the Boston court-house, in 1814 the New South church, 
 and in 1818-19 the fir.st stone block in Boston were 
 constructed of stone introduced Ijy canal from Chelms- 
 ford, 30 miles distant. The quarries of Quinc^', in 
 Norfolk count}^ were opened about 1820, and the his- 
 tory of systematic siliceous crj^stalline rock quarrying 
 in New England begins at this time.'' 
 
 The stone obtained from this locality is coarse grained 
 and very hard and in color generally a dark blue-gray. 
 It is classed as a hornblende pyroxene, and although the 
 brittle pyroxene makes the production of a perfect sur- 
 face somewhat difficult, it is still used extensively for 
 finished as well as for rough work. Its suitability for 
 interior decoi-ation may be seen in the polished stair- 
 ways and pillars of the Philadelphia city buildings. 
 The Quincy stone was first brought into prominence in 
 1825 through its use in the construction of the famous 
 Bunker Hill Monument at Charlestown, and what is 
 claimed to be one of the first railroads in the United 
 States was built a distance of 3 miles from these granite 
 quarries to the Neponset river in 1826.* 
 
 Probabl}^ the Gloucester quarries at Baj' View, in 
 Essex county, were the next to be worked, being opened 
 in 1824. The rock obtained is hornblendic with con- 
 siderable black mica or annite, coarse in texture, and 
 greenish or gray in color. It is hard and tough, and 
 being very durable, it is eminently suitable for building 
 and ornamental work. A number of other quariying 
 localities were opened in Essex county, chieflj' at Rock- 
 port in 1830. The stone cjuarried resembles the Glouces- 
 ter type and may be obtained in massive blocks.'^ The 
 stone quarried at Chester, Hampden county, is clear 
 gray or bluish graj' of medium shade; it is homoge- 
 neous and of fine, even grain." 
 
 At Dedham, Norfolk county, there is produced an 
 epidote granite of fine grain and light jjink, tinged with 
 green, in color, and at Brockton, Milford, and North 
 Easton a liglit pink variety of coarse biotite is quarried. 
 
 The stone oljtained at Milford, Worcester county, 
 possesses a more or less plainly marked banding, which 
 increases its beauty without any depreciation of its 
 strength or usefulness. At Monson, Hampden county, 
 a characteristic gneiss is quarried and in a number of 
 
 1 The Mineral Industry, 1898, Vol. VII, page 6.37. 
 ^ytones for Buildiii.t; and Decoration, pages 1 and 2. 
 ■"One Hundred Years of American Commerce, Vol. 1, page 189. 
 'Harper's Encyilopeilia, Vol. IX, page 404. 
 '" Stones for Building and Decoration, pages 68 to 72. 
 "United States (geological Survey, Eighteenth Annual Report, 
 page 96-5. 
 
236 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 other localities siliceous crystalline rocks may be found.' 
 Quarryinu- operations have proved very successful in 
 Massachusetts, as the largest deposits arc adjacent to 
 navigable water, which renders shipment convenient 
 and comparatively inexpensi\e. 
 
 Saiidntonesundquartzites. — The sandstone and quartz- 
 ite production of Massachusetts during 1H03 was \iilued 
 at $487,366. More than one-half of the amount quarried 
 was used in roadmaking and the rest, with the excep- 
 tion of a small amount reported as rul)l)le, was sold 
 principall}^ in the rough or dressed condition for l)uild- 
 ing purposes. In the vicinitj' of East Longmeadow, 
 Hampden countj', are found the principal sandstone 
 quarries, and some of the earliest quarrying operations 
 have been reported in this locality. Sandstone of 
 several colors, tine grained and of a massive type, is 
 obtained, and is used chiefly for building purposes." 
 Geologicallj' speaking, this sandstone locality is a 
 northward continuation of the Connecticut brownstone 
 deposit, extending into Massachusetts as far north as 
 Northampton. This stone is of a Triassic variety and 
 is soft and easilj^ worked.^ 
 
 A number of quarries in and at)out Boston, prin- 
 cipally municipal in ownership, yiehl a so-called pud- 
 ding stone; this is a rough and durable stone suitable 
 for roadmaking, concrete, etc. , but generally too coarse 
 for ornamental work." These conglomerates in Rox- 
 bur^", Suffolk county, came into use about 1S4(), and 
 have been utilized somewhat in building construction 
 and for the rustic masonrv work of tlie Boston system 
 of parkways. 
 
 Lmtestones and dolnmiten. — Massachusetts limestones 
 and dolomites are obtained entirely in Berkshire county; 
 the production during 190ii was \-ahied at ^.33;*, .349. 
 They occupy a belt along the Housatonic river and are 
 of the same age as those of Rutland valley, Vt., to 
 which stones they bear a close resemblance.* 
 
 2Iarhlc. — The production of marble in Massachusetts 
 for 1902 was valued at $165,489 and (juarrying opera- 
 tions were chieflv rep<jrted in Berkshire county. In 
 composition the marble ranges from marble proper to 
 dolomites, or to varieties carrying a high percentage of 
 magnesium carbonate." At Egremont (juarrics was 
 obtained the marble for the Corinthian cohnnns of 
 Girard College in Philadelphia about 1835. In 183.S the 
 Sheffield, and in 185'2 the Lee (jUarries were opened. 
 Stone from the latter was used in the extension of the 
 Capitol at Washington, D. t'. The marbles are all 
 white or gray, of medium fine grained texture, and are 
 better adapted for building than for decoration. They 
 often contain white trenwditc crystals «hich weather 
 out on exposure, leaving the rock with a rough pitted 
 surface, as may Ite noticed in the exterior walls of the 
 Capitol, where this njarble has been used." 
 
 ' Stont-H for Bnilcliii)^' and Di'CDration, pa^es 68 to 72. 
 ■■<Tlie Mineral Industry, IHilS, Vol. VII, pafje 6;«i. 
 ■'StoiifH for I5iiililinK and I lecoration, pa^'e 143. 
 •'The Mnjcral InduHtry, 1H!)K, Vol. VII, pajres (Kil and (;40. 
 ' StoncM for linildintc and iJec'Oration, jia^ce 21.5. 
 
 All (itlnr iiiuicrah. — A small (juantity of asbestos was 
 found associated with the talc produced in the state in 
 1902. 
 
 A fire clay was mined near Ga}" Head, in Dukes 
 county. It generally burns to a white or cream, except 
 the red variety, which burns blue, and upon applica- 
 tion of greater heat changes to an iron brown. 
 
 Emery was discovered in Chester, Hamjiden countj% 
 in 1.S64; two yeai's later corundum crystals Avere also 
 found, and soon thereafter Viegan the flrst actual min- 
 ing of emery and corundum in America. In 1902 most 
 of the emery j^rodueed in the United States came from 
 this Icjcalit}'. In 1871 the occurrence of coi-unduni in 
 vermiculites with asbestos in olivine rocks, and very 
 similar to the south Appalachian deposit, was discov- 
 ered at Pelham." 
 
 Flint and feldspar were both obtained from a quarry 
 near Huntington, in Hampden county, and the product 
 oTjtained is ground and screened before being placed 
 on the market. Flint is the principal stone quarried, 
 and in 1902 nearl}' one-tenth of the total production of 
 the Ignited States was reported from Massachusetts. 
 
 A small amount of graphite was mined during 1902, 
 near Sturbridge, in Worcester count}'. An infusorial 
 earth A\'as mined in Middlesex count}'. 
 
 Iron ore was discovered near Uvnn soon after its set- 
 tlement in 1629, and in 1643 the first iron foundr}- estab- 
 lished in America was located at what is now Saugus 
 Center, in the vicinity of I^ynn. This locality furnished 
 most of the iron used in the colony prior to 1671 and 
 the mines were operated at intervals after that time 
 until 1688 when they seem to luive been abandoned. 
 The second iron enterprise undertaken in New p]ngland 
 was at Braintree, about lo miles south of Boston. Iron 
 ore was mined there in the early part of 1652/ but 
 operations were suspended in the following A'ear on 
 account of the scai'city of ore. ^Massachusetts was the 
 chief iron center of the continent for a hundred years 
 after its settlement in 1620. During this time bog ore 
 was mined, mostly in the (>astern counties. The rich 
 brown hematite ores of western Mas.sachusetts were 
 developed in 1750 and the first furnace was built at 
 Lenox, in Berkshire county, in 1765." This county 
 was tli(^ only ju'oducer of iron ore in the state during 
 1902. 
 
 The only pyrite mines in Massachusetts are located in 
 Franklin county and were (opened in .hme, 18.S2. The 
 mineral is an almost pure iron pyrite and the width 
 and continuity of the ore vein, as well as its great length, 
 depth, and jjurity, make it one of the most remarkable 
 deposits e\er known." 
 
 Talc is mined in Berkshire county in the vicinity of 
 Dalton. About one-half the product is used by foun- 
 dries and the balance is prepared as talcum powder or- 
 is used as an ingredient of paint. 
 
 "Transactions of the American Institute of Mining ICngineers, 
 Vol. XX\', page S.57. 
 
 'Iron in All Ajjes, liv .James :\I. Swank, paires lOS to 113. 
 
 "Iliid., pages 120 to 122. 
 
 "United States (ieologieal Survey, "Mineral Kesourees of the 
 United State'^," ISH.t, page .503. 
 
MICHIGAN. 
 
 Table 1 is a summary of the statistics for the productive mines, (juarries, and wells in the state of Michigan 
 for 190^. V 
 
 Table 1.— SUMMARY: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines, quarries, and wells 
 
 Number of operators , 
 
 ■Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 Value of product 
 
 Total. 
 
 •203 
 146 
 
 1 , 5X5 
 Sl,840,131> 
 
 31,951 
 $20,103,816 
 S77,,017 
 S3, 869, -161 
 $9,341,409 
 $50, 167, .368 
 
 $7 
 
 760 
 F5,914 
 
 14,4.56 
 $9,132,763 
 $57, 382 
 $3, 004, 384 
 $3,661,194 
 $26, 695, 860 
 
 Copper ore. 
 
 20 
 20 
 
 419 
 $598, 076 
 
 13,887 
 
 $8, 744, 892 
 
 $11, 725 
 
 $473, .501 
 
 $4, 688, 419 
 
 il8, 247, 207 
 
 102 
 $131,131 
 
 938 
 $635, ,570 
 
 $170,477 
 
 $704, 237 
 
 $2, 134, 396 
 
 Coal, bitu- 
 minous. 
 
 $87 
 
 1,445 
 
 $1,076,805 
 
 $7, 500 
 
 $106, 414 
 
 $82, 448 
 
 $1,6,53,192 
 
 Limestones 
 
 anrl 
 dolomites. 
 
 30 
 29 
 
 $19 
 
 8325, 
 
 62 ' 127 
 
 264 $171,246 
 
 666 I 359 
 
 379 8176, 607 
 
 All other 
 minerals.' 
 
 $26, 
 
 25 
 12 
 
 26 
 722 
 
 $36, 
 $89, 
 $667, 
 
 844, 715 
 $88, 634 
 $4.69, 621 
 
 201 
 $112,600 
 $440 
 $33,. 506 
 $26, 788 
 $310, 010 
 
 1 Includes operators as follow.s: Clay, 1; graphite, 2; petroleum. 1 (13 wells); sandstones and quartzites, 8 (9 quarries); sand.stones and quartzites includes all 
 ■data for grind.stones and pulpstones, and tor oilstone.s, whetstones, and scythestones. 
 
 The minei-al re.sources of Michigan are exteu.-iive and 
 varied. The iron ore dcpo.sits of the Upper Fenin.sula 
 along the shorew of Lake Superior are extensive, and 
 the annual production i.s enormous. The copper mines 
 of the state are among the richest in the woi-ld, and the 
 -celebrated Calumet and Hecla mine is claimed to he the 
 most profitable copper mine known. Although coal 
 underlies some 6,700 square miles of the state's area, it 
 is of inferior quality and not pure enough for smelting 
 purposes. The Huron grindstones have been (juarried 
 for many j'ears, and Michigan ranks second in their pro- 
 duction in the United States, Ohio being tirst. Valuable 
 deposits of gypsum occur, which, in the vicinity of 
 Grand Rapids and Alabaster, are extensively (juarried 
 -and used in the manufacture of stucco. The Lake Supe- 
 rior region also produces gold, silver, agate, sardonyx. 
 chalcedony, cornelian, jasper, and opals, as well as roof- 
 ing .slate, freestone, mar))lc, and limestone.' Among 
 other minerals to be found are tire clay, marble, ochers, 
 freestones, slates, limestones, and glass .sand.'^ 
 
 In addition to the minerals mentioned in tlie foregoing 
 table, the following minerals found in Michigan were 
 not produced in commercial quantities in 1H02: Ame- 
 thysts, barytes, copper pyrites, gold, granite, manganese 
 ores, ocher, serpentine rock, slate, and strontium ore. 
 
 The 17 operators who reported active mines and (juar- 
 ries with no production in 1903 were engaged pi'iiici- 
 pally in developing copper and iron deposits. These 
 operators emjiloyed during the year an average of o53 
 wage-earners and paid $233,215 in wages; the salaried 
 
 ' King's Handbook of the United States, pages 410 ami 411. 
 '' Ibid., page 407. 
 
 officials, clerks, etc., received $6H,967; the miscellane- 
 ous expenses amounted to $103,8.s7, and the cost of sup-, 
 plies and materials to $201,656. 
 
 The value of the products of the manufacturing indus- 
 tries of the state, based primarily upon minerals mined 
 or quarried, as reported at the census of 1900, is .shown 
 in the following table, which also shows the total value 
 of the products of all manufactures in Michigan for the 
 same year: 
 
 Table 2. — ihnnfdiiuren based primarily on Ihe products of urines 
 and- quarries: 1900. 
 
 INDUSTRY. 
 
 All manufactures ". 
 
 Based upon products of mines or quarries: 
 
 Chemicals and allied products 
 
 Clay, glass, and stone products 
 
 Iron and steel and their products 
 
 Metals and metal products, other than iron 
 
 and steel 
 
 Miscellaneous industries 
 
 All other. 
 
 Value of product. 
 
 $350, 944, 082 
 
 $7,201,387 
 4,:525,273 
 34,071,223 
 
 25, 556, 939 
 12,676,108 
 
 From the above tabic it will be ,seen that the total 
 value of the products of manufactures in Michigan, 
 based primarily upon minerals mined or quari-ied, was 
 $83,7;30,93n, or 23.5 percent of the total. The total 
 value of the output of the mines, quarries, and wells in 
 1902 was $50,157, 35.S, or 12.3 per cent of the total value 
 of the product of all manufacturing and mining indus- 
 tries. 
 
 The average numl)er of wage-earners engaged in the 
 manufacturing industries in 1900 was 162,355, and the 
 total wages paid amounted to $66,167,867. The aver- 
 
288 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 age number engaged in mining in lOOL' was HI.!:*.")!, and 
 their total wage.s amounted to $i!(i,l03,Gir.. The total 
 number of wage-earners, therefore, employed in mining 
 and manufacturing industries was 194:,?)06, and they 
 received in wages $86,571,483. Of this total, manufac- 
 tures employed 83.6 per cent of the wage-earners and 
 paid 76.8 per cent of the wages. The wage-earners 
 emploj-ed in mining industries constituted 16.4 per cent 
 of the total number employed and received i!3.2 per 
 cent of the total wages paid. 
 
 Table 3, compiled from the reports of the ITnited 
 States Geological Survey, shows the value of the an- 
 nual production of the principal minerals in Michigan 
 from 1890 to 1902, except copper ore, values for which 
 can not be obtained. 
 
 Table .3. — Value of annual production of principal miiternJs: 1S90 
 
 (0 1903. 
 [United States Geological Survey, " Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Iron ore. 
 
 c— t. 'c;^^^- 
 
 Limestones 
 and 
 
 dolomites. 
 
 ^6,952 
 75, 000 
 95, 000 
 53, 282 
 336, 2X7 
 424, 5.S9 
 109, 427 
 216, 177 
 271,. 523 
 371,210 
 426, 63i; 
 565, 931 
 6.57,072 
 
 <;ypRum. 
 
 1890 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 1S93 
 
 18S4 
 
 1896 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 (') 
 Si 0,5X7, 521 
 s. Oil, 192 
 5, 844, 995 
 8, 403, 958 
 10, 143, 918 
 8,347,615 
 10, 368, 807 
 13, 707, 899 
 28, 859, 6.50 
 21, 735, .592 
 26,695,860 
 
 P ■ 
 
 (') 
 
 (') . 
 
 (') 
 
 'V 
 
 (■) 
 
 87, 000 
 26,2.50 
 134, 7.50 
 513, 849 
 830, 940 
 1,128,290 
 2,134,396 
 
 SH9, 195 
 
 133, .387 
 
 121,314 
 
 82, 462 
 
 103,049 
 
 180,016 
 
 150,631 
 
 326, 416 
 
 462, 711 
 
 870, 152 
 
 1,2.59,683 
 
 1,7.53,064 
 
 1,6.53,192 
 
 $192,099 
 223, 726 
 306, .527 
 303. 921 
 1X9,620 
 171.007 
 140,421 
 193, 576 
 204,310 
 283. 537 
 2.H5. 119 
 267,213 
 
 19022 
 
 4.59, 621 
 
 ^ Not reported separately. 
 
 " Census figures. 
 
 Iron ore. — The existence of iron ore deposits on the 
 southern border of Lake Superior was known to white 
 Indian traders as early as 1830. Tiieir commercial 
 value, howe^-er, was not realized until 1844. In 1845 
 the celebrated Jackson mine in the Marquette district 
 was located and the first forge was built. Th(; hrstiron 
 was made in this region during the following year.' 
 The first iron ore shipped from the Marquette mines 
 for commercial purposes was in 1853, and since that 
 time there has been a steady increase in the output. In 
 1877 the tirst shipment of ore was made from the 
 Menominee district and in 1884 from the Gogebic dis- 
 trict. The yearly production of the Michigan iron ore 
 iiiines has increased from 948,553 long tons in l.s72 to 
 11,135,215 tons in 1902. From 1890 to 1900 Michigan 
 ranked first among the iron ore producing states, but 
 since that time it has ranked second, Minnesota l)eing 
 first. By far the greatest quantity of Michigan ii'on 
 ore is of the red hematite variety, although magnetite 
 is produced to some extent. 
 
 The following table, compiled from the reports of the 
 United States Geological Survey, shows the practically 
 steady inci'ease in the iron ore production in this state 
 from 1854 to the iiresent time: 
 
 Table J.. — Annual pjroduclion of iron ore: 1S54 to 190S. 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United States."! 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Long tons. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Long tons. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Long tons. 
 
 Previous to 1.8.54... 
 
 1,854 
 
 1X55 
 
 1S.56 
 
 1.H67 
 
 1X58 
 
 75, 083 
 
 3,000 
 
 1,449 
 
 0, 790 
 
 25, 646 
 
 22, 876 
 
 08, 832 
 
 114,410 
 
 49,909 
 
 124,ir,8 
 
 203, 056 
 
 247, 0.59 
 
 193,7.58 
 
 296,713 
 
 566, .504 
 
 510, .522 
 
 639, 097 
 
 LS70 
 
 1871 
 
 1872 
 
 1873 
 
 1874 
 
 1875 
 
 1876 
 
 1877 
 
 1878 
 
 1879 
 
 1880 
 
 1881 
 
 18.82 
 
 1883 
 
 1884 
 
 1885 
 
 1886 
 
 .859, 507 
 
 813, 984 
 
 948, 553 
 
 1, 195, 234 
 
 899, 934 
 
 881,166 
 
 993,311 
 
 1,025,129 
 
 1,127, .583 
 
 1, 420, 746 
 1,948,334 
 2, 125, 729 
 
 2, 6.56, 933 
 2,518,048 
 2,225,146 
 2,205,190 
 3,179,611 
 
 1887 
 
 1888 
 
 18.89 
 
 1.890 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 1895 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 3, 934, 339 
 4,113,803 
 5, 856, 169 
 7,141,656 
 6,127,001 
 7, 543, 544 
 
 4, 668, 324 
 
 1X60 
 
 1861 
 
 1862 
 
 1863 
 
 4,419,074 
 5,812,444 
 6, 706, 736 
 6,087,463 
 
 1.S64 
 
 1865 
 
 7,346,846 
 9, 146, 1.57 
 
 1866 
 
 9, 926, 727 
 
 1867 
 
 1868 
 
 9, 6.54, 067 
 11,135,215. 
 
 1869 
 
 
 
 
 Copper ore. — The existence of native copper on the 
 southern shore of Lake Superior was first made known 
 h\ the Jesuit missionaries early in the seventeenth 
 century. Other explorers found copper in that locality 
 in the succeeding century, and in 1770 Capt. Jonathan 
 Carver, of London, published a book, telling of the 
 rich deposits of copper in the Lake Superior region. 
 This led to the formation of a coppei' mining companj^ 
 in London. During the winter of 1771-72, this com- 
 pany sent over from England a party of miners who 
 conducted operations along the Ontonagon river. The 
 attempt failed, however, and nothing further was done 
 at copper mining for seventy years." 
 
 Throughout the entire copper region numerous ex- 
 cavations have been found. It is believed these were 
 made at a very remote period, for the purpose of secur- 
 ing copper. Some of this mine work is on an extensive 
 scale, attaining, in one instance, a depth of 50 feet in 
 the solid rock.'' 
 
 The formation carrying the cupriferous lodes and 
 veins of the Lake Superior district is composed of old 
 lava flows, supplemented by beds of conglomerate which 
 have been formed by the deposition of rocks, broken 
 from adjacent shores, upon old sea beds. This belt of 
 rocks, named after the Keweenaw peninsula, where it 
 predominates, is of considcralile extent. It forms a 
 trough or synclinal, the southern edge of which out- 
 crops on the Keweenaw peninsula, and to the westward 
 along the southern shore of the lake.* 
 
 The discoveries of Dr. Douglas Houghton led to the 
 exploitation of the Lake Superior district, now among 
 the most, valuable and productive copper fields in the 
 world. The first copper in any considerabh', quantit}' 
 was taken from what was later known as the Clifl" mine, 
 in Keweenaw county, in 1846. About 1847 the Minne- 
 sota mine, in Ontonagon county, was opened. The 
 mine was closed in 1870, after having paid dividends of 
 
 Kl9, 
 
 Tlif OopptT liandb(jnk, liy Ilorare .T. Stevens, \'(>1. Ill, [Jiige 
 
 '.Metallic Wealth of the t'liited States, l.y .1. 1). Wliitney, page 
 
 Iron in All .Age^i, by .James M. Swank, jjage .j21. 
 
 L'.50 
 
 'The Cupjjer IIanabooi<, \'ol. Ill, page 106. 
 
I^IICHIGAN. 
 
 239 
 
 11,820,000 from 17,352 tons 608 pounds of copper 
 produced. The mine has recently been reopened. Tlie 
 famous Calumet and Heela mine, producing about 8 
 per cent of the copper output of the world, was opened 
 in 18(!<3. Up to 1903 this mine had contributed about 
 55 per cent of the total copper production of l^licliiy-an.' 
 
 The now practically' abandoned mines on Isle Koyal 
 were probably worked long before the arrival of the 
 white man, but the earliest historic explorations were 
 contemporary with those in Keweenaw and Ontonagon 
 counties. Several mines were located and worked to 
 some extent until 1883. At the present time new ex- 
 plorations are being made in this region.'' 
 
 The output of copper from ore mined in Houghton, 
 Keweenaw, and Ontonagon counties was 76,385 long- 
 tons in 1902, or 26. S per cent of the total production 
 for the United States. From 184:7 to 1887 Michigan 
 ranked first among the copper producing states, hut 
 since that time, with the single exception of 1891. ]\Ioii- 
 tana has ranked first and Michigan second. In 1901 
 Michigan contributed 13.1 per cent of the world's pro- 
 duction of copper. 
 
 The following table compiled fi'om the reports of the 
 United States Geological Survej', shows the annual 
 production of copper in the United States and in 
 Michigan from 1815 to 1902, and the percentage of 
 Michigan's output to that of the United States: 
 
 Table 5. — Annual production of copper in the United Statex and i)i 
 Michigan, with per cent of total: 1845 to 1903. 
 
 [United States Geological Survey, ." Jlineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 
 PRODUCTION (LONG TONS). 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 PRODUCTION (LONG TONS). 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 United 
 
 Michi- 
 
 Per cent 
 
 
 United 
 
 Michi' 
 
 Per cent 
 
 
 States. 
 
 gan. 
 
 Of total. 
 
 
 ■States. 
 
 gan. 
 
 of total. 
 
 1845 
 
 100 
 
 12 
 
 12.0 
 
 1S74 .... 
 
 17, .500 
 
 15, 327 
 
 87. 6 
 
 1846 
 
 150 
 
 26 
 
 17.3 
 
 1.S75 .... 
 
 18,000 
 
 16,089 
 
 89.4 
 
 1847 
 
 300 
 
 213 
 
 71. 
 
 1876 ..-. 
 
 19,000 
 
 17,085 
 
 89.9 
 
 1848 
 
 500 
 
 461 
 
 92.2 
 
 1.S77.... 
 
 21,000 
 
 17, 422 
 
 83. 
 
 1849 
 
 700 
 
 672 
 
 96.0 
 
 1878 .... 
 
 21,. 500 
 
 17,719 
 
 82.4 
 
 IS.SO 
 
 650 
 
 672 
 
 88.0 
 
 1.S79 .... 
 
 23, 000 
 
 19, 129 
 
 83.2 
 
 18.5) 
 
 900 
 
 779 
 
 86.6 
 
 1.H80 .... 
 
 27, 000 
 
 22, 204 
 
 82. 2 
 
 18.52 
 
 1, 100 
 
 792 
 
 72.0 
 
 1.H81 .... 
 
 32, 000 
 
 24, 303 
 
 76.1 
 
 18-53 
 
 2,000 
 
 1,297 
 
 64.9 
 
 1882 .... 
 
 40, 467 
 
 25, 439 
 
 62.9 
 
 1854 
 
 2, 2.50 
 
 1,819 
 
 80.8 
 
 1883 .... 
 
 51,574 
 
 26, 653 
 
 61.6 
 
 18.5.5 
 
 3,000 
 
 2,. 593 
 
 86.4 
 
 1884 .... 
 
 64, 708 
 
 30, 961 
 
 47.8 
 
 IftfiC, 
 
 4,000 
 
 3, 666 
 
 91.7 
 
 1885 .... 
 
 74,0.52 
 
 32,209 
 
 43.5 
 
 1S57 
 
 4,800 
 
 4,2.55 
 
 88.fi 
 
 1886 
 
 70, 430 
 
 36,124 
 
 61.3 
 
 18.5K 
 
 5, 500 
 
 4,0,88 
 
 74.3 
 
 1.887 
 
 ,S1,017 
 
 83, 941 
 
 41.9 
 
 1859 
 
 6,300 
 
 3, 9.85 
 
 63.3 
 
 1 88S 
 
 101,0.54 
 
 38, 604 
 
 
 18M 
 
 7, 200 
 
 5,388 
 
 74.8 
 
 18.S9.... 
 
 101,239 
 
 39, 364 
 
 
 1.861 
 
 7,500 
 
 6,713 
 
 89.5 
 
 1890 .... 
 
 115, 966 
 
 45, 273 
 
 38.9 
 
 1862 
 
 9,000 
 
 6, 065 
 
 67.4 
 
 1.891 .... 
 
 126, 839 
 
 50, 992 
 
 40.2 
 
 1863 
 
 8,500 
 
 5,797 
 
 68.2 
 
 1S92 .... 
 
 1.54, (ll.s 
 
 
 
 1864 
 
 8,000 
 
 5,. 576 
 
 69.7 
 
 1 893 
 
 117,1133 
 
 50, 270 
 
 34.2 
 
 186.5 
 
 8, 500 
 
 6,410 
 
 75.4 
 
 1894 .... 
 
 1.58,120 
 
 61,0:il 
 
 
 1866 
 
 8,900 
 
 6, 138 
 
 69.0 
 
 189.D 
 
 169,917 
 
 .57, 737 
 
 
 1867 
 
 10,000 
 
 7,824 
 
 78.2 
 
 1896 .... 
 
 205, 384 
 
 61,073 
 
 31.2 
 
 1868 
 
 11,600 
 
 9, 316 
 
 80.6 
 
 1897 .... 
 
 220,571 
 
 61.8,-)N 
 
 
 1869 
 
 12, .500 
 
 11,.S86 
 
 95.1 
 
 1898 .... 
 
 235, 0.50 
 
 66, 291 
 
 
 1879 
 
 12,000 
 
 10,992 
 
 87. 2 
 
 1.899 .... 
 
 253, 870 
 
 6.n, 803 
 
 
 1S71 
 
 13, OUO 
 
 11,942 
 
 91.9 
 
 1900 
 
 270, 5S8 
 
 64,938 
 
 
 1872 
 
 12. .500 
 
 10, 961 
 
 87.7 
 
 1901.... 
 
 268, 782 
 
 69, 772 
 
 
 1873 
 
 15, .500 
 
 13, 433 
 
 86.7 
 
 19021... 
 
 285,283 
 
 76, 385 
 
 
 1 Censiis Ogures. 
 
 Cement. — The history of the Portland cement indu,-<ti y 
 in this state begins with the year 1872, when a plant wiis 
 built near Kalamazoo and operated until iibandoned in 
 
 >The Copper Handbook, Vol. Ill, pages 108, 109, 227, and 38.'). 
 ^ (ieological Survey of Michigan, Vol. VI, page 22. 
 
 1882. No further steps in the development of this in- 
 dusti-y were taken until 1.S96 and LS97, when a plant 
 was erected at Union City. This was the beginning of 
 the recent period of rapid and extensive development 
 of the cement industiy in Michigan. 
 
 The raw materials entering into the composition of 
 the Portland cement tlius far made in Michigan are 
 limestone, marl, shale, clay, and gypsum, all of whic^h 
 abound in the state. ^ 
 
 Ta):)le 6, compiled from the reports of the United 
 States Geological Survey, shows the increase in product 
 of the Portland cement industry in the state from 1896 
 to 1902. 
 
 Table 6. — Annual production af Portia rid cement: 18911 io 1902. 
 [United states Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 i,s9i; 
 
 1 4,000 
 
 15,000 
 
 77.01)11 
 
 312,566 
 
 19C.0 
 
 
 1S97 
 
 1901 
 
 1,025,718 
 
 1898 . 
 
 1.S99 
 
 19021 
 
 1,. 577, 006 
 
 1 Census figures. 
 
 Coal. — The industry of coal mining in Michigan be- 
 gan in 1835 in Jackson county. This was followed in 
 1S3S by operations on the Grand Ledge, in Ingham and 
 Clinton counties. In 1878 coal was mined in the Owosso 
 district in Shiawassee county, and this field has been 
 worked continuously since that year. Successful opera- 
 tions first began in the Saginaw disti'ict and in Bay 
 county in 1895. The large proportion of the product 
 of the smaller mines finds a ready local market, while 
 much of the output from the larger ones goes into Wis- 
 consin, Minnesota, and the Dakotas.* 
 
 The following table, compiled from the reports of 
 tlie United States Geological Survey, shows the annual 
 production of coal in the state from 1868 to 1902: 
 
 T-VBLE T. — Annuitl produrlinn if coal, hitujninoxoi: 1868 io 190:?. 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 1868 . . . 
 
 1869 . . . 
 
 1870 . . . 
 
 1871 ... 
 
 1872 . . . 
 
 1873 . . . 
 
 1874 . . . 
 
 1875 ... 
 1.876 . . . 
 
 1877 ... 
 
 1878 ... 
 
 1879 ... 
 ].s8:i ... 
 
 1881 ... 
 
 1882 . . . 
 1.SS3 ... 
 1884 ... 
 1SS5 . . . 
 
 Short tons 
 
 29 
 31 
 32, 
 33 
 56 
 .58, 
 62 
 66 
 69 
 85, 
 82 
 129, 
 1.30, 
 1 
 71, 
 3( 
 45, 
 
 1.S86 60, 434 
 
 1.S87 ! 71,461 
 
 1888 1 81,407 
 
 1889 : 67,431 
 
 1.890 74,977 
 
 1891 80,307 
 
 1892 77,990 
 
 1.893 1 45,979 
 
 1.S94 1 70,022 
 
 1.895 i 112,322 
 
 1.896 92,882 
 
 1897 ! 223, ,592 
 
 1S98 1 315,722 
 
 1.899 624,708 
 
 19:10 849,475 
 
 1901 1,211,241 
 
 1902 964,718 
 
 Liiiiixloiie^ (I ml (hildiiiitrx. — The value of the product 
 of the 3n (juarries operating in 1902. which are located 
 in the counties of .Alpena, Charlevoix, Chippewa, 
 Delta, Emmet, Huron, Kent, Monroe, Schoolcraft, 
 
 ■■ United St3tcft ( ieological Survey, 1900-1901, Part III, page 635. 
 'Ibid., oage:-;24ff. 
 
240 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 and Wa^'iie. was $657,072 while in li:t(.)l it auionnted 
 to $565,931. 
 
 Gypsum. — Table S, compiled from tiic reports of the 
 United States Gooloo-ical Survey, shows the annual pi'o- 
 duction of gypsum in the state from 1868 to 19(>i. 
 
 Table S. — AriniiaJ proJucHon of i/yji^iim: LSiiS In 190J. 
 [United States Geolf)j;:ical Survey. "^^iIK'^a] Resources of the United States."] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Silort tons. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Short tiius. 
 
 IRfi.S 
 
 1.S69 
 
 34,0,82 
 3i;,17t 
 3s,:-;i;4 
 4,s, tJ.s 
 ri2,a01 
 .57, 340 
 .51,493 
 3fi, 187 
 4s, 7S9 
 48,250 
 47, 252 
 .51,278 
 65,170 
 .50,105 
 58, 09fi 
 03,397 
 61,389 
 49, 419 
 
 ]R.Sfi 
 
 1SS7 
 
 .52, 369 
 54, 310 
 
 1870 
 
 1871 
 
 1 SSS 
 
 1 ssii 
 
 51,082 
 131,707 
 
 1872 
 
 1.S73 
 
 1871 
 
 1.87.5 
 
 1S76 
 
 1S9LI _ 
 
 1.891 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 1.H95 
 
 I.s9ti 
 
 1.897 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 74, 877 
 79, 700 
 139, 557 
 124, 590 
 79, 9.58 
 
 1877 
 
 1878 
 
 1879 
 
 1880 
 
 18S1 
 
 66,519 
 67,634 
 94, 874 
 93, 181 
 144,770 
 
 18.82 
 
 1900 
 
 
 1,8S3 
 
 1901 
 
 18,5, 150 
 
 1884 
 
 1902' 
 
 208, 563 
 
 188.5 
 
 
 
 ' Census figures. 
 
 In 1827 an Indian trapper brought a specimen of 
 gypsum which he had picked up on Plaster creek, to 
 the mission located on the present site of Grand Rajiids. 
 Little attention, however, was paid to the mining of 
 gypsum until 1838, when Dr. Douglas Houghton, the 
 state geologist, called attention to the deposits. In 
 1841 the first gypsum mill was built on Plaster creek, 
 in Kent county, and in 1.^62 the Alabaster quarry and 
 mill in Iosco county were opened.' In its ground, 
 
 ' Report of the State Board eif Geological iSurvey of ilichigau, 1 9U2, 
 page 4 ff. 
 
 uncalcined state gypsum is used as land plaster for 
 fertilizing purposes, but the greater jiart of the gyp- 
 sum produced is calcined into plaster of Paris. The 
 total value of gypsum produced in 1901 was §267,243, 
 of which $208,549 was the value of plaster of Paris and 
 *10,708 that of land plaster. In 1902 the total value 
 was $459,621; the value of product calcined into wall 
 plaster and plaster of Paris was $372,821 and that 
 ground into land plaster, $16,340. 
 
 All oflier iD/ioTdls. — Extensive beds of Potsdam 
 sandstone occur in the northern part of the Upper 
 Peninsula and furnish the best quality of building 
 material found in the state. The stone is of medium 
 fineness of texture and of a light brownish red color, 
 often curiously spotted or mottled with gray, and is 
 known locally as '"raindrop .stone." ^ The total value 
 of the stone produced Ijy the 9 quarries which operated 
 in 1902 was $188,073, while in 1901 it was $290,578. 
 The principal quarries are located in Baraga, Houghton, 
 Keweenaw, Ottawa, and Marquette counties. 
 
 The largest grindstone quarries in the state were 
 opened in 183.S at Grindstone city, Huron county. The 
 Huron grindstone is a very fine grit, soft and wet when 
 fresh, but growing hard and dry upon exposure.^ In 
 the prouuction of grindstones ^lichigan is second among 
 the states, Ohio standing first. 
 
 The graphite mines are located in Baraga county, the 
 13 petroleum wells in St. Clair county, and a small 
 (juantity of day is jiroduced in Ontonagon county. 
 
 ^Stone.s for Building and Decoration,^ by Geoi-ge P. Merrill, 
 page 144. 
 ■' King's Handbook of the United States, page 407. 
 
MINNESOTA. 
 
 Table 1 is a summary of the statistics for the productive mines and quarries in the state of Minnesota for 1902. 
 
 Table 1.— 8UMMA1IY: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines or quarries 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried offleials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries .[."'..]].. 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages ...\.. ........... ...\. 
 
 Contract work ' ' 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses [ 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials ..........\[. 
 
 Value of product [[...[.'.]]'.'.. 
 
 ' Includes 
 
 By far the most impoi'tant mineral found in the state 
 is iron ore, Minnesota ranking first in the production of 
 this mineral. The building stones of the state are of 
 excellent quality and of great varietj^. Natural-rock 
 cement has been manufactured near Mankato for many 
 3"ears. and the famous red pipestone is found in Pipe- 
 stone county. 
 
 In addition to the minerals enumerated in Table 1 the 
 following, which are known to occur in Minnesota, were 
 not produced in commercial quantities during 1902: 
 Feldspar, jasper, molybdenum, reported as occurring 
 in quantities near Portage, Aitkin county, and slate. 
 
 In 19(.)2 there were 15 operators, exclusive of those 
 referred to in Table 1, who reported active mines but no 
 production, the work being confined to the care and 
 development of the properties. These operators em- 
 ployed an average of 117 wage-earners and paid 
 $73,700 in Avages during the year. The miscellaneous 
 expenses amounted to $2,346 and the cost of supplies 
 and materials to $66,310. 
 
 The value of the products of the manufacturing in- 
 dustries of the state, based primarily upon the products 
 of mines and quarries, is shown in the following table, 
 which also .shows the total value of products for all 
 manufactures in Minnesota; 
 
 Table 2.— Manufactures based primarily upon products of mines and 
 ciimrries: 1900. 
 
 K77, 
 
 9, 
 
 $6,391, 
 
 t339, 
 
 V, 242, 
 
 ?2, 868, 
 
 f25, 729, 
 
 176 
 265 
 
 675 
 336 
 
 760 
 184 
 244 
 8.54 
 340 
 545 
 
 Iron ore. 
 
 t2, 
 $23, 
 
 59 
 31 
 
 529 
 (430, 994 
 
 8,256 
 376,933 
 (338, 244 
 134, 526 
 699, 115 
 989, 227 
 
 Limestones 
 
 and 
 dolomites. 1 
 
 77 
 76 
 
 92 
 $86, 969 
 
 785 
 
 $481, ,561 
 
 $1, 000 
 
 $50, 380 
 
 $103, 794 
 
 $905, 857 
 
 Sandstones ] Siliceous 
 
 and crystalline 
 
 quartzites. rocks. 
 
 13 
 12 
 
 18 
 $18, 6.54 
 
 305 
 $215, 068 
 
 Precious 
 stones. 
 
 $46, 740 
 $13, 158 
 $347,472 
 
 27 
 26 
 
 36 
 $40, 719 
 
 414 
 $317, 622 
 
 $12, 028 
 $.52, 278 
 $478, 989 
 
 $180 
 
 8,'6o6 
 
 cement, 2. 
 
 From the figures in Table 2 it will be seen that the total 
 value of the products of manufactures in 1900, based 
 primarily upon minerals mined or quarried, amounted 
 to $2,8,143,297, or 10.8 per cent of the total of all manu- 
 factures. The total value of the output of the mines 
 and quarries of Minnesota in 1902 was $25,729,545, or 
 S.9 per cent of the total value of the products of all 
 mining and manufacturing industries in the state. 
 
 According to the census of 1900 the average number 
 of wage-earners engaged in the manufacturing indus- 
 tries was 77,234, and the total wages paid amounted to 
 $35,484,825. The average number engaged in mining 
 and quarrying in Minnesota in 1902 was 9,760, and the 
 total wages paid amounted to $6,391,184. The manu- 
 facturing and mining industries combined, therefore, 
 gave employment to 86,994 wage-earners and paid 
 $41,876,009 in wages. Of these totals, manufactures 
 employed 88.8 per cent of the wage-earners and paid 
 84.7 per cent of the wages. Mines and c^uarries gave 
 emplojrment to 11.2 per cent of the wage-earners and 
 paid 15.3 per cent of the wages. 
 
 The following table presents the value of the output 
 of the leading minerals of this state from 1890 to 1902: 
 
 Table 3. — Value of annual production of principal minerals: 1890 to 
 
 190S. 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 All manufactures. 
 
 Based upon products of mines or quarries: 
 
 Chemicals and allied products 
 
 Clay, gla.ss, and stone products 
 
 Iron and steel and their products 
 
 Metals and metal products, other than iron and 
 
 steel 
 
 Miscellaneous industries 
 
 All other. 
 
 Value of product. 
 
 62, 665, 881 
 
 $365, 101 
 3, .521, 708 
 8,483,678 
 
 3,210,436 
 12,862,474 
 
 28,443,297 
 234,212,584 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Iron ore. 
 
 Limestones 
 
 and 
 dolomites. 
 
 Siliceous 
 
 crystalline 
 
 rocks. 
 
 Sandstones 
 
 and 
 quartzites. 
 
 IftQQ 
 
 (■) 
 (') 
 $3,090,942 
 2,321,204 
 2,166,802 
 2,803,4.52 
 5,2.36,664 
 4, 029, 077 
 4, 659, 649 
 9,924,853 
 24, 384, 393 
 15, 338, 513 
 23, 989, 227 
 
 $613, 247 
 600, 000 
 600, 000 
 208,088 
 291,263 
 218, 733 
 228, 992 
 236, 397 
 345, 688 
 496, 462 
 441,. 5.54 
 522, 778 
 905, 857 
 
 $366, 782 
 (') 
 360,000 
 270, 296 
 1.53, 936 
 148, 596 
 155, 297 
 92, 412 
 79, 309 
 159, 459 
 221,684 
 260, 106 
 478. 989 
 
 $131,979 
 
 
 290, 000 
 
 1892 
 
 176, 000 
 80,296 
 
 1,S94 
 
 8,415 
 
 
 74, 700 
 
 
 202, 900 
 
 ]^g97 _ 
 
 1.58, 0,57 
 
 
 175, 810 
 
 j^ggq . . . . _ 
 
 294, 615 
 
 
 267, 000 
 
 1901 
 
 246, 685 
 
 
 347, 472 
 
 
 
 1 Not reported. 
 
 30223—04- 
 
 -16 
 
 2 Census figures. 
 
 (241) 
 
242 
 
 MINKS AND cniAHRIES. 
 
 Iron ore. — The Minnesota iron mines thus far devel- 
 oped are in the Mesahi and \'ermilion rano(>s in St. 
 Louis county, and lie about lot) miles north of Duluth. 
 They are about 20 iniU's apart and extend in an easterly 
 and westerly direction, with the ore deposits scattered 
 along the ranges in groups at irregular inter\als; and 
 thus, besides being very narrow, as compared with their 
 length, the ore lielts are composed of nonproductive 
 reaches for miles, with occasional groups of rich mines. 
 The ore. confined to red hematite variety, is soft, some- 
 times yielding (i7 per cent of iron, and so low in ])lios- 
 phorus as to come within the Bessemer limit. 
 
 The occurrence of iron ore of the azotic system in 
 northern Minnesota was first mentioned in ISoO. hut no 
 particular importance was ascribed to this ore.' II. H. 
 Eames, state geologist of Minnesota in 18B5 and isCiG. 
 was the first to observe and report iron ore on both the 
 Vermilion and Mesabi ranges and to consider it of any 
 value.' 
 
 The first iron ore was shipped from the Vermilion 
 range in 1884 and from the Mesabi range in ls',>2. The 
 total production for 1884 amounted to <i2,l'i2 toTis. In 
 1889, with a production of 864,51)8 tons, the state 
 ranked fifth among the iron ore producing states, while 
 in 1902, with a production of l.j. 137, 6.50 tons, it ranked 
 first; Michigan second, with 11,13.5,31.5 tons; and Ala- 
 bama third, with 3,574,474 tons. With the exception 
 of Great Britain and the German Empire no countrj' 
 in the world has reached so great a production in anj' 
 year as Minnesota. Much the greater part of the ore 
 produced goes to furnaces in Pennsylvania, New York, 
 and Ohio, comparatively little being consumed in the state. 
 
 The state has adopted the S3'stem of leasing its iron 
 lands, and a royalty of 25 cents per ton is impcjsed on 
 all iron ore mined and shipped from state lands. To 
 the end of the fiscal j'ear ending July 31, 19(»2, the 
 state had received in royalties on ii'on ore actually 
 shipped a total sum of $332,119.02.' 
 
 The following tahile shows the yearly production of 
 iron ore in Minnesota from 1884 to 1902, inclusive, 
 the figures being taken from the reports of th(> United 
 States Geological Survey: 
 
 Table 4. — .[iiiiiiul jtr(/iliuii<iii of irnii are: L^'S-i In V.iii:. 
 [Cnitefl StHtes GeulcjKirMl Siirvc-y, "Miijeral Ki-^niirri- cf thr rnilril Slales."] 
 
 yf:ar. 
 
 
 Long tons. 
 
 
 VE.IR. 
 
 Lciner tons. 
 
 2, 9(J8, .1(1;', 
 
 3,8(;i;,i53 
 
 1,283,,S,S(I 
 5,001, 129 
 5 9i;3 ,509 
 
 1884 
 
 188.') 
 
 1886 
 
 (IL', \-n 
 
 3U7, 948 
 394,910 
 511,9.13 
 8«1,.W8 
 891,910 
 94.i, 105 
 l,W5,4(i5 
 1,499,927 
 
 1 894 
 
 1S95 .... 
 1 H9M 
 
 
 1K87 
 
 1897 ... 
 
 
 1888 
 
 
 1898 
 
 
 1889 
 
 1 899 
 
 
 .H Kil ''89 
 
 1890 
 
 1900 
 
 
 9,834,399 
 11,109,-537 
 15, 137, 0,50 
 
 V.>l. I\'., 
 
 1891 
 
 1901 .... 
 1902 
 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 
 
 ' < ieological an 
 jjaj-'c 5.s:l 
 
 ^ I'.epfirt i>\ Sta 
 
 1 Natl 
 tp Am 
 
 ?-al lli.^tiir 
 ildv, I'.IDI- 
 
 ■ Sll|-V('\ 
 
 • of 3IiniieHiita, 
 
 LlfneKtoneK and dolomites. — The state has extensive 
 deposits of Lower Silurian limestones and dolomites. 
 At present the only ones quarried are located in the 
 counties of Blue Earth, Brown, Dakota, Dodge, (xood- 
 hue, Hennepin, Hou.ston, Lesueur, Nicollet, Olmsted, 
 Ramsey, Rice, Washington, and Winona. During 
 1902, 77 quarries were operated, the value of their 
 product being $905,857, while in 1901 the value of the 
 product from the operating quarries was $522,778. 
 Kasota stone, or pink limestone, which is found in the 
 quarries at Kasota luid Mendota, Lesueur county, is 
 nun-h admired and highly valued. Other limestones 
 quarried are usually bufi', light blue, or drab in color. 
 
 The two cement producing operators, data concern 
 ing whose plants tire included with limestones and 
 dolomites, manufactui-ed nothing but natural rock 
 cement. 
 
 Sandstones anil (/iiartsltes. — The 13 (juarries operat- 
 ing in 1902, in the counties of Carlton, Lac qui Parle, 
 and Pine, produced a product valued at §347,472, while 
 the product of the ([uarries operated in 19ol amounted 
 to $24t],6.S5. The red sandstones of Fond du Lac are 
 the most valuable in the state and closely resemble the 
 Connecticut bi'ownstone, though harder and firmer. 
 These quarries were not operated during the vear 
 covered by this report. 
 
 GraniteK. — More thiin half the state is underlaid b}' 
 the crystalline class of rocks to which granite belongs. 
 There are large exposures of granite in the northern 
 part of the state which are practically of little value 
 because of their inaccessibility. Those in the southern 
 and western part are of more importance. The first 
 quarry was operated in 1868 in Sherliurne county. 
 Minnesota granites are both red and gray in color and 
 vary as to fineness of their grain. ^ 
 
 The value of the product fiom the 27 granite quar- 
 ries operating in 1902 was $478,989. These (juarries 
 were located in Benton, Bigstone, Lac (jui Parle, Red- 
 wood, Renville, St. Louis, Sherburne, and Stearns 
 counties. 
 
 I'rieioiix stones. — The value of the catlinite, or red 
 pipestone, quarried in Pipestone county in 1902 was 
 $2,000. This is found nowhere else in the world; is 
 blood red. easily carved, and susceptible of a dull polish. 
 It is famous on account of its earlier use bv the Indians 
 for pipes and ornaments.' 
 
 The value of the output of chlorastrolite. a nonlio- 
 niogeneous metal found along the shores of Lake Su- 
 perioi-, was $4,000; that of agate, found in the ,suid and 
 gravel around the city of St. Paul, $1,000, and that of 
 mesolite, $1,000. 
 
 ■' Stdnea for BnildiiiK ami I>('Corati<in, hv (ieovn' T' Merrill 
 page 72. 
 
 ' King's Hau(lb(Jok of tlie I'niteil .States, page 427. 
 
MlSSlSSll 
 
 31M 
 
 There was no mining on a conunercial scali* in Mis- 
 sissippi in 1902. Tiie clay deposits, which are widely 
 distributed, have been utilized to some extent for briek.' 
 Gypsum, probably the most important deposit of which 
 is located near Cato in Rankin county, has l)een worked 
 in fi)rmer years, as have also the gypseous marls, for 
 local use only, of southern Carroll, Attala, Leake, 
 Holmes, northern Madison, Hinds, Rankin, and Scott 
 counties. There was also some development in former 
 years of the hydraulic limestone outcroppings at points 
 in Tishomingo comity. " Marls and phosphates are 
 found extensively in many counties of the state, and 
 they have been worked to some extent to supply local 
 needs.' These phosphates and marls are of great value, 
 and there appears no reason why they should not be 
 developed on a commercial scale.' 
 
 'The New International Encyclopedia, Vol. XII, jiaffe 897. 
 -The United .'states Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of 
 the United States," 1882, page 698. 
 »Ibid., 1886, page 618. 
 
 .Sandstones of gray and light bull' color occur in Jef- 
 ferson, Rankin, and Tishomingo counties. This stone, 
 samples of which were exhibited at the New Orleans 
 exposition in ls,s-l-.s.5, is tine grained but rather soft 
 and friable and of doubtful durability as a building 
 stone.* Common limestone suitable for local use is 
 found in many sections of the state.' 
 
 Coal has been found in the vicinity of Alexander, but 
 no production of this mineral has been reported." 
 
 Carbonate of iron ores occiu' over a considerable area 
 in the northern part of the state, and surface conditions 
 indicat<' that their t'ommercial exploitation is prac- 
 ticable.' 
 
 * Stones for Building ami Decoration, b}' <Teorge P. Merrill, 
 ])age 14() ff. 
 
 'The Universal Cyclopedia, Vol. s, page 169. 
 
 ''The Uniteil States (Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of 
 the United States," 1891, page 260. 
 
 ■Ibid., 1887, page 48 ff. 
 
 (243) 
 
MISSOURI. 
 
 Table 1 is a summary of the statistics for the productive mines, quarries, and wells in the state of Missouri 
 for 1902. 
 
 Table 1.— SUMMARY: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines, quarries, and wells 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried officials, clerts, etc.-. 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 Value of product 
 
 1,045 
 973 
 
 1,4S8 
 ?1, 233, 811 
 
 15, 3.51 
 
 S8, 757, 367 
 
 S172, 514 
 
 82,118,436 
 
 82, 859, 018 
 
 820,284,6.56 
 
 Lead and 
 zinc ore. 
 
 374 
 374 
 
 777 
 8727, 021 
 
 6,612 
 
 S3, 691, 923 
 
 8)0.5,877 
 
 81,768,4.58 
 
 82, 189, 461 
 
 812, 555, .580 
 
 Coal, bitu- 
 minous. 
 
 384 
 345 
 
 420 
 8325, 147 
 
 6, .501 
 
 83, 927, 158 
 
 842,031 
 
 8250, 078 
 
 8:504,821 
 
 85,374,642 
 
 Limestones 
 
 and 
 dolomites. 
 
 142 
 136 
 
 1.55 
 8129, 291 
 
 1,434 
 
 8752, 178 
 
 814, 595 
 
 851, ,506 
 
 8262, 222 
 
 .81,697,139 
 
 Siliceous 
 
 crj^stalline 
 
 rocks. 
 
 16 
 
 811,614 
 
 179 
 8104,624 
 
 88, 2.56 
 832, 104 
 8157, 708 
 
 Clay. 
 
 25 
 25 
 
 20 
 810, 115 
 
 120 
 
 866, 169 
 
 877 
 
 811,704 
 
 .811, 123 
 
 8134, 862 
 
 814, 
 
 148 
 
 857, 475 
 
 8500 
 
 83, 373 
 
 826, 0.52 
 
 8106, 379 
 
 .\11 other 
 minerals.! 
 
 75 
 57 
 
 35 
 815, 857 
 
 357 
 
 8157, 840 
 
 89,434 
 
 825, U61 
 
 833, 235 
 
 82.58,346 
 
 1 Includes operators as follows: Barytes, 28 (34 mines); cement, 1: infusorial earth, tripoli, and pumice, 
 nickel and cobalt, 1: petroleum, 2 {10 wells); sandstones and quartzites, 10; sulphur and pyrite, 2. 
 
 mineral pigments, crude, 2: natural gas, 9 (13 wells); 
 
 In the production of zinc Missouri ranks first, the mines 
 in the far southwestern portion of the state yielding- a 
 large annual output, and in the central, southeastern, 
 and southwestern parts of the state lead is found in 
 great C|uantities. Bituminous and cannel coal underlie 
 some 26,000 square miles of the area of the state, being 
 a continuation of the Iowa Coal Measures. The iron 
 fields in the southea.stern part of the state produce the 
 red and brown hematite varieties of ore. Quarries of 
 brown, red, and buff sandstone: white, red, and colored 
 marble, hydraulic and Portland cement, rock slate, 
 gypsum and limestone also exist.' By virtue of its 
 extensive clay deposits the .state ranked seventh in 1902 
 among the states in the value of its product of claj^- 
 Over one-half the output of barytes in the United States 
 is quarried in Missouri. 
 
 In addition to the minerals shown in the foregoing- 
 table the following minerals are found in this state, but 
 were not produced in commercial quantities in 1902: 
 Gold, gypsum, manganese ore, marble, mica, sandstone, 
 slate, and silver. 
 
 In 1902 there were 27 operators who reported active 
 mines but no p.'oduction, the work being confined to 
 the care and development of the properties. These 
 operators employed an average of 67 wage-earners and 
 paid $13,213 in wages during tlie yea.r. The .salaried 
 officials, clerks, etc., received ^510,220, the contract 
 work amounted to $12,149, the miscellaneous expenses 
 to $3,225, and the cost of supplies and materials to 
 $22,3.52. 
 
 ' King's Ilandbfifik of the United States, page 149. 
 (244) 
 
 The value of the products of the luanufacturing in- 
 dustries of Missouri in 1900, based primarily upon the 
 products of mines and quarries, is shown in the follow- 
 ing- table, which also shows the total value of all manu- 
 factured products in the state, as reported at the Twelfth 
 Census: 
 
 T.\Bi.E 2. — Manvfftetures based primorili/ upon the products of mines 
 and quarries: 1900. 
 
 INDU-STRY. 
 
 Value of product. 
 
 All manufactures 
 
 *3S^ 49') 734 
 
 Based upon products of mines or quarritis: 
 
 m, 364, 080 
 8, 533, 017 
 
 27, 183, 664 
 
 15, 876, 274 
 ■^3 002 140 
 
 Clav glass, and stone products 
 
 
 Metals and metal products, other than iron 
 
 Miscellaneous industries .. 
 
 
 
 
 
 All others 
 
 304 'S't^ fiOQ 
 
 
 ' 
 
 From the foregoing table it will be seen that the 
 value of the products of the manufacturing- industries, 
 leased primarily upon the products of mines and quar- 
 ries, was $80,959,175, or 21 per cent of the total manu- 
 factures reported for 1900. The value of the output 
 of the productive inines, quarries, and wells in Missouri 
 for 1902 was $20,284,656, or 5 per cent of the combined 
 \'aluo of the mineral products of 1902 and the manu- 
 factured products of 1900. 
 
 The Twelfth Census reported the average number 
 of wage-earners engaged in manufactures in Missouri 
 as 134,975 and the wages paid as $60,719,428. The 
 average number engaged in mining in 1902 -was 15,351, 
 and the wages paid amounted to $8,757,367. Employ- 
 
MISSOURI, 
 
 245 
 
 ment was therefore given by the two indu.strie.s to lij( ),H'A(> 
 wage-earners, who received |69,47ti,7lt5 in wages. Of 
 these totals, nianufaetures employed 89.8 per cent of 
 the wage-earners and paid 87.4 per cent of the wages, 
 while mining gave employment to only 10.2 percent of 
 the wage-earners and paid 12.6 per cent of the waoes. 
 The following table shows the value of the annual 
 production of the principal minerals except lead ore, 
 separate values for which can be olitained only for 1900 
 and 1901, when the production amounted to $3,72(3,202 
 and $4,849,596, respectively: 
 
 T.\BLE 3. — ]'ahie of annual production of principal minerals: J^'90 to 
 
 190:?. 
 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources o£ the United States."] 
 
 1890 
 1891 
 1892 
 1893 
 1894 
 1895 
 1896 
 1897 
 1898 
 1899 
 1900 
 1901 
 1902 
 
 Zinc ore.i 
 
 J2, 256, .583 
 2, 673, 063 
 2,862,475 
 2, 245, 028 
 1,337,910 
 1,707,665 
 1, .831, 8.56 
 
 1, 706, 948 
 
 2, 927, 321 
 .5,974.624 
 5,711.631 
 5, 308, 671 
 7,0.52,819 
 
 Coal, bitu- 
 minous. 
 
 83,382,858 
 3, 283, 242 
 3, 369, 659 
 3, 562, 757 
 2, 634,. 564 
 2,6,51,612 
 
 2, .518, 194 
 2,887,884 
 2,871,296 
 
 3, .591, 945 
 4, 280, 328 
 
 4, 707, 164 
 
 5, 374, 642 
 
 Limestones 
 
 and 
 dolomites. 
 
 tl, 859, 960 
 
 1 , 400, 000 
 
 1,400,000 
 
 861, 563 
 
 578, 802 
 
 897, 318 
 
 802, 968 
 
 1,018,202 
 
 735, 275 
 
 977, 399 
 
 1,079,343 
 
 1,362,272 
 
 1,697,139 
 
 Siliceous 
 
 crystalline 
 
 rocks. 
 
 S500, 
 400, 
 325 
 
 388 
 
 -08; 
 
 128, 
 107 
 97 
 78 
 151 
 139: 
 95: 
 157, 
 
 Iron 
 
 ore. 
 
 t561,041 
 
 (-) 
 
 237 
 
 827 
 
 160, .532 1 
 
 105 
 
 23.5 
 
 16 
 
 968 
 
 12 
 
 800 
 
 
 600 
 
 3123 
 
 345 
 
 42 
 
 203 
 
 62 
 
 745 
 
 33 
 
 742 
 
 106 
 
 379 
 
 Clay. 
 
 (-) 
 V) 
 
 '•> 
 (■-') 
 i-) 
 
 eoi.ooi 
 
 238, 982 
 375,400 
 247, 204 
 295, 333 
 134,862 
 
 1 Values taken from the Fifteenth Annua] Keport of State Mine Inspector. 
 
 - Not reported separately. 
 
 3 Includes value of accumulated ores. 
 
 Lead and zine ore. — The print'ipal lead and zinc ore 
 producing districts of Missouri tire the southeastern, 
 central, and southwestern. In the southeastern dis- 
 trict, including the counties of Jeti'erson, Madiso.i, kSt. 
 Francois, and Washington, where lead alone is pro- 
 duced, the ore.s occur in the older Paleozoic limestones 
 and have veiy little zinc associated with them. They 
 are disseminated in small grains through the solid lime- 
 stone, and to distinguish between them luid the concen- 
 trated ores of the southwest they are called dissemi- 
 nated ores.^ In the central district but little has been 
 done toward developing lead ore mining. In the south- 
 western region, commonly known as the Joplin district, 
 which extends into the adjoining corners of Arkansas, 
 Indian Territory, and Kan.sas, the lead ores occur in 
 connection with zinc, and are found in crevices and 
 cavities in irregular deposits, but at the present time 
 the production of zinc ore in this district is far greater 
 than that of lead. 
 
 Ill 1705 an expedition prepared by the governor of 
 Louisiana ascended as far north as the mouth of the 
 Kansas river in search of precious metals.'^ The cele- 
 brated Mine La Motte was discovered in 1716 by M. de 
 la Motte Cadillac.^ In 1719 the Sieur de Lochon com- 
 
 1 The Mineral Industry, 1894, Vol. Ill, page 405. 
 ' Geological Survey of Mis.souri, 1873-74, Vol. 1, pages 11 and 12. 
 ■'' Sixteenth Annual Keport, State Mine Inspector of Missouri, 
 1902, page 146. 
 
 menced mining on the Meramec river, but with little 
 success.^ In June, 1721, Sieur Renault, superintendent 
 of the Meramec mines, discovered the mine Renault, 
 which he continutid to work until 1742.^ Work was 
 not again resumed here until the nineteenth century. 
 In 1763 Francis Burton discovered the lich mines now 
 known as the Potosi mines.* The first regular shaft 
 was sunk in the Meramec or southea.stern district in 
 1798,* and this district has since continued to be a large 
 producer of lead ore. 
 
 The lead and zinc ore deposits of southwestern Mis- 
 souri were discovered in 1851,* since which time they 
 have been continuously worked, with the exception of 
 an interruption during the Civil War. In 1872* the 
 zinc ore, associated with the lead found in this district, 
 began to attract attention, and has now become more 
 important than the lead ore. 
 
 In 1902, only lead ore was produced in Douglas, 
 Franklin, Madison, Miller, Morgan, and St. Francois 
 counties; only zinc ore was produced in Howell, Ozark, 
 and Wright counties; and both ores were produced in 
 Benton, Cole, Greene, Jasper, Jefi'er.son, Lawrence, 
 Moniteau, Newton, and Washington counties. 
 
 St. Francois count}' is the largest producer of lead 
 ore in Missouri; in 1902 its output was 83,4(;)1 short 
 ton.s, valued at $3,584,307, about 67 j^er cent of the 
 total lead ore production of the state for 1902. Of the 
 8 operators in this county, 7 had each an output valued 
 in excess of $100,000 and 1 in excess of $1,000,000. 
 Jasper and Newton counties are also very large pro- 
 ducers of lead and zinc ores, 39 mines each exceeding 
 $50,000 ill value of output. 
 
 The following table shows the annual production of 
 lead and zinc ores in Missouri to the present time: 
 
 Table 4. — Annual production of lead and :inc ore: 1873 to 190i. 
 
 \V.\R. 
 
 Zinc ore 
 (short 
 tons ) .1 
 
 Lead ore 
 (short 
 tons).- 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Zinc ore 
 (short 
 tons).! 
 
 Lead ore 
 (short 
 tons). 2 
 
 
 960 
 5, 100 
 3, 600 
 
 11, 300 
 10,000 
 
 12, 000 
 20, 000 
 27, .500 
 35, 500 
 34,900 
 35, 700 
 43,200 
 42, 200 
 48, 400 
 57, 300 
 
 13,840 
 15, 160 
 16. 480 
 22, 5.50 
 24,680 
 23, 112 
 22, 386 
 24, 850 
 25, 630 
 23,870 
 18,390 
 14, 330 
 20, 916 
 22, 780 
 16, 720 
 
 
 61,550 
 
 82, 3.57 
 
 100,248 
 
 123, 752 
 
 131,488 
 
 108,591 
 
 89, 1.50 
 
 101,294 
 
 92, 7.54 
 
 93, 148 
 
 139, 668 
 
 181, 430 
 
 186, 293 
 
 224, 074 
 
 
 1874 
 
 1875 
 
 1889 
 
 1890 
 
 1,891 
 
 31.. 590 
 28, 840 
 
 1877 
 
 1878 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 32, 260 
 
 (3l 
 
 1879 
 
 1894 
 
 (3| 
 
 1880 
 
 1895 
 
 1896 
 
 1897. 
 
 (') 
 (') 
 (3) 
 (5) 
 
 1881 
 
 18.8'> 
 
 1883 
 
 1898 
 
 1.S99 
 
 1884 
 
 f3( 
 
 1885 
 
 1900 . . 
 
 1 78 ,538 
 
 
 1901 
 
 1 109, 376 
 
 
 1902* 
 
 
 
 
 1 Figures from Annual Report State Mine Inspector, 1901, pages 15 and 169. 
 
 2 Figures to 1893 from The Mineral Industry, Vol. II, 1893, page 387. 
 
 3 Not reported separately. 
 ^ Census figures. 
 
 Coal. — The Coal Measures of Missouri, comprising an 
 area of aljout 22,9'.)5 S([uare miles,- are part of the West- 
 ern Interior coal field, which also includes Iowa, Kan.sas, 
 
 * Tile Mineral Industry, 189:5, Vol. II, page 388. 
 
 * Geological Survey of Missouri, 1872, Part II, page 5. 
 
246 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 and Nebra,ska. Some c-annel coal i^; niinod, hut tho bitu- 
 minous greatly predominates. 
 
 It is probable thai \-ery little coal was mined in 
 Missouri before LSlo.' when the earliest reports of pro- 
 duction were made. As the state sutlers from the dis- 
 advantage of i)eing surrounded by other coal producing 
 .states whose product can be mined moi-e cheajily, it has 
 to depend very hirgely upon local markets, and any 
 increased production should therefore lie considered as 
 indicating a growth in local population and industry. 
 
 Coal production was reported in 11»()^ from 33 coun- 
 ties, with a total of 38-1: mines. Macon county produced 
 the greatest quantity, l,()6-i,7i'fi short tons; Lafayette 
 was next with a production of .">-l:3,,s01 short tons, and 
 Randolph third with 4:24,107 short tons. 
 
 The following table, from the 1902 report of the 
 I'nited States Geological Survey, shows the annual coal 
 production in the state to date: 
 
 Table .5. — Ainiwi/ iirndiirHiin (ifciml, hilnmiittiiiK: IS411 li, 190:i\ 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 Year. 
 
 Short trins. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Sliort tons. 
 
 1840 
 
 9,971 
 
 12,000 
 
 15,000 
 
 25,000 
 
 35, 000 
 
 50,000 
 
 68,000 
 
 80,000 
 
 85, 000 
 
 90,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 125, 000 
 
 140, 000 
 
 160,000 
 
 175, 000 
 
 18.5,000 
 
 200,000 
 
 220, 000 
 
 240,000 
 
 260, 000 
 
 280, 000 
 
 1861 
 
 300, 000 
 
 320, 000 
 
 360, 000 
 
 375, 000 
 
 420, 000 
 
 450,000 
 
 .500,000 
 
 .541,000 
 
 5.50, 000 
 
 i;96,.562 
 
 725, 000 
 
 784,000 
 
 784,000 
 
 789, 680 
 
 840, 000 
 
 1 , 008, 000 
 
 1,008,000 
 
 1,008,000 
 
 1,008,000 
 
 1,0.^0,000 
 
 1,960,000 
 
 188'* 
 
 2, 240, 000 
 2, 620, 000 
 2, 800, 000 
 3, 080, 000 
 1,800,000 
 3,209,916 
 3,909,967 
 •1 5,57 H23 
 
 1841 
 
 1862 
 
 
 1842 
 
 1843 
 
 1,863 
 
 1864 
 
 18S4 
 
 1844 
 
 1865 
 
 lK8li 
 
 18S7 
 
 1815 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 
 1846 
 
 
 1847 
 
 1868 . . 
 
 1,SJ.9 
 
 1848 
 
 1869 
 
 1870 
 
 1871 
 
 1872 
 
 1890 
 
 2, 735, 221 
 
 1849 
 
 18.T0 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 2, 733, 949 
 2,897,442 
 2, 245, 039 
 2, 372,. 393 
 2, .331,. 542 
 2,666,626 
 
 1851 . 
 
 18.52 
 
 1873 . . 
 
 1853 
 
 1874 
 
 1875 
 
 1876 
 
 1877 
 
 1896 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 .. 
 
 18.54 
 
 1855 
 
 18.56 
 
 1857 
 
 18.58 
 
 1878 
 
 1879 
 
 1880 
 
 1881 
 
 3.025,814 
 3 .540 103 
 
 18.59 
 
 1901 
 
 3 80" (l.^s 
 
 1860 
 
 1902 
 
 
 
 
 
 Li/ine>itone^ and dohiuiiii'x. — It is probable that under- 
 lying 25,000 square miles of this state there are good 
 deposits of limestone.' but in r.»02, of the 142 (piarries 
 in operation, only 47 had a value of product severally in 
 excess of $10,0o(i. The product of the largest tpiarries 
 located in St. Louis county ai'e light dral) in coloi-, and 
 are extensiveh' used in building. 
 
 Missouri is sixth in rank timong the limestone pro- 
 ducing states, the value of the production for 1902 
 being 11,697.139. an increa.se over 1901 of $334,st;7.' 
 
 S/liceoKK cri/sfiiUlni^ rod'n. — Although there art^ 
 almost inexhaustible quantities of granite in tlie nortli- 
 ei'n part (jf Iron and Madison counties and the southern 
 portion of St. Fi'ancois, only a few quarries are worked 
 
 'United State." <ieologiral Siirve\', "Mineral Kesonrce.s of the 
 t^nited States," 1902, page .'^IS. 
 
 '' Stones for Building ami Decoration, liv < Jeorge V. ^lerrill, pagcH 
 74and:^i:'.. 
 
 ■'United States (Geological Stirvev, " Mineral ilesources of the 
 United States," HKli', pages (JlKi to Oli'.). 
 
 .systematically." The 11 quarries operated in 1902. all 
 in St. Francois, Wayne, Iron, and Madison counties, 
 produced gray and red granites of \'arious shades. The 
 value of the output in 1902 was !?157,70S; a gain of 
 $61,902 over 19UI. 
 
 (Jliiij. — Missouri ranks seventh among the states in 
 the valueof the products of clay, which in 1902 amounted 
 to $5,166,111. Of this, $1,8.32,118, or about 35 per 
 cent, was the valueof the common brick produced. The 
 value of the raw clay produced in 1902 was $134,862.* 
 
 [run ore. — Thei'e are three distinct iron ore fields in 
 Missouri, known as the Iron Mountain, the Southwest- 
 ern, and the Southeastern districts. Of these the Iron 
 Mountain district is the most important. The first iron 
 ore in Missouri was probably mined aliout 18l<i. in which 
 year a small furnace for smelting iron was erected near 
 Stouts creek, in Iron county. In 1S15 the Iron I\Ioun- 
 tain and Pilot Knob region was developed.' 0\"er 
 3,000.000 long tons of ore have lieen taken from Iron 
 Mountain since its development. 
 
 The following table, compiled from the reports of 
 the Ignited States (leological Survey, shows the annual 
 output of the Missouri iron mines since 1881: 
 
 T.VHLE 0. — Aiiiuial /irojiictiini of iron ore: 18S4 to 190S. 
 [United States Oeologica] Sur\-e\-, " Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Long: tons. 
 
 YE.VR. 
 
 Long tons. 
 
 1884 
 
 1886 
 
 1886 
 
 233,225 
 169, 162 
 379, 770 
 427, 785 
 217, 931 
 265, 718 
 181, 690 
 106, 949 
 1 18, 494 
 77, 863 
 
 1894 
 
 1.S96 
 
 1.S96 
 
 81,926 
 12, .512 
 4 535 
 
 1887 
 
 1897 . 
 
 600 
 
 1888 
 
 1898 
 
 1 205, 347 
 22 7'"'0 
 
 1889 
 
 1899 
 
 l.S9(l 
 
 1891 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 41,366 
 14 230 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 1902 
 
 66, 308 
 
 
 
 1 Includes accumulated ores. 
 
 All iitlur inim'iuih. — The barytes mined in the state 
 is associated for the most ])art with limestone, and even 
 where this has become decomposed to some depth, leav- 
 ing a residual clay-like material, the barytes has not 
 altered. The value of the 31,334 short tons produced 
 in 1902 by the 34 mines was $lol.(;77. The total pro- 
 duction for the United States amounted to 61,668 short 
 tons, valued at $203,154. 
 
 Portland cement was first produced in Missouri in 
 1902, but no separate figures for either the production 
 or the value can be shown without exposing individual 
 opei'ations. 
 
 The so-called "•tripoli," found in Newton count}-, was 
 mined liy two operators in 1902. This material, which 
 is e\idently residual silica, is especially adapted for fil- 
 
 * United States Geological Survey, "llineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1902, page 719. 
 '- Geological Survey of Missouri, 1S73-74, Vol. 1, pages 15 and 16. 
 
MISSOURI. 
 
 247 
 
 tering purposes and can readilj^ be cut into any desired 
 shape.' The quarries were tirst opened in iSTii." 
 
 The mineral pigments, crude, produced in the state 
 in 1!>02, came from quarries located in Cape Girardeau 
 and Ozark counties. 
 
 The 18 gas wells are in Bates, Cass, and Jackson coun- 
 ties. The value of the gas produced in l'.)( )'2 was $2,1,54:, 
 while in 1889 it was *35,()87. 
 
 ^United States Geological Survey, "Mineral ResourceH of the 
 United States," 1902, page 881. 
 
 ^ Fifteenth linnual Report ftlissouri State Lead and Zinc i\line 
 Inspector, 1901, page 164. 
 
 The only nickel and cobalt produced in the United 
 States during 1902, except a little from North Carolina 
 and Oregon, were as by-products from Mine La Motte, 
 a celebrated lead mine in Madison country. The 20 tons 
 of matte containing these metals yielded .5,748 pounds 
 of metallic nickel and 3,730 pounds of cobalt oxide. 
 
 The 10 productive petroleum wells in 1902 were in 
 Bates and Jackson counties. 
 
 The 2 pyrite mines were located in Crawford and 
 Phelps counties. 
 
MONTANA. 
 
 Table 1 is a summaiy of the statistics for the productive mines and quarries in the state of Montana for l'^02. 
 
 Table 1.— .SUMMARY: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines or quarries . 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried officials, clerlis, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 Value of product 
 
 281 
 271 
 
 571 
 S912, 477 
 
 10, 539 
 
 $11,-812,1,50 
 
 $fH, 636 
 
 S893, 258 
 
 85, 007, 102 
 
 $28,265,085 
 
 Copper. 
 
 27 
 27 
 
 310 
 $494,416 
 
 6,388 
 
 $7, 339, 773 
 
 $40, 975 
 
 $456, lOX 
 
 $3,649,127 
 
 $20,563,353 
 
 <„T0ld and 
 silver. 
 
 176 
 176 
 
 $318, 
 
 $2, 688] i 
 
 $19,: 
 
 $310, 
 
 $1,069,; 
 
 $4, 688, 1 
 
 Coal, bitu- I Precious 
 minous. stones. 
 
 37 
 34 
 
 61 
 
 $80, 674 
 
 1,687 
 
 $1,516,043 
 
 $1, 000 
 
 $118, 693 
 
 $233, 930 
 
 $2, 443, 447 
 
 Limestones 
 
 and 
 dolomites. 
 
 Sandstones 
 
 and 
 quartzites. 
 
 Siliceous 
 
 crj'stalline 
 
 rocks. 
 
 39 
 $43, 664 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 $4,091 
 
 91 
 $70, 078 
 
 $830 $829 
 
 $5,920 $8,035 
 
 $116,000 $104,725 
 
 2 
 $3,900 
 
 $52, 117 
 
 $6,810 
 $86, 152 
 
 $1,420 
 
 $26, 48s 
 
 All other 
 minerals. 1 
 
 $278 
 
 $2,583 
 
 $77, 0.50 
 
 17 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 $8, 227 
 
 $75, 936 
 $3, 600 
 $2, 493 
 
 $32, 397 
 
 $187, 822 
 
 1 Includes operators as follows: Corundum and emery. 1: flint, 1: t'raphitc 
 quartzites); gypsum, 2: iron ore. 3; manganese ore, 1; marble, 1. 
 
 Foremost among the minerals in Montana is copper, 
 in the production of which the state leads the world. 
 Millions of dollars worth of gold and silver have been 
 mined since the discovery of gold in the state in 1852. 
 Bituminous coal in large quantities is found along the 
 Missouri and Yellow.stone rivers.' 
 
 Dej^osits of iron ore, of lead and zinc ores, of graph- 
 ite and of manganese ore have been found in the state, 
 and have been mined to a greater or less extent. The 
 rocks of the state include granites, sandstones, marbles, 
 and limestones in great abundance and variety. Corun- 
 dum, flint, quicksilver, tin, platinum, tungsten, and 
 stones suitable for grindstones are also found, and the 
 Montana .sapphire is well known among the precious 
 stones. 
 
 Of the total value of the product of the mines and 
 quarries in the state in m02 copper ore contributed 72. H 
 per cent, more than four times the value of any other 
 mineral produced. 
 
 Besides those shown in Table 1, the following minerals 
 occur in the state, but were not commercially produced 
 in 1902: Tin, tungsten, cinnabar, lead and zinc ores, 
 platinum, molybdenum, clay, petroleum, and magnesia. 
 
 In addition to the active mines and (juarries shown in 
 the foregoing table, 128 operators reported development 
 work in 129 mines and quarries, distributed as follows: 
 Gold and silver, 126; Vjituminous coal, corundum and 
 emery, and marble, 1 each. The operators employed 77 
 salariefl officials, clerks, etc., who received '|8;:5,01>9, and 
 520 wage-earners who were paid $592,626 in wages. 
 Contract work amounting to 1^65,797 gave emplo_yment 
 
 1 (8 mines); grindstones and pulpstones (operator reported under sandstones and 
 
 'Kindt's IlamJbook of the United jState.«, page 516. 
 (24S) 
 
 to 810 employees. The total amount expended for mis- 
 cellaneous expenses was $37,397, and the cost of sup- 
 plies and materials was $275,796. 
 
 The value of the jjroducts of the manufacturing in- 
 dustries of the state in 1900, based primarily upon the 
 products of mines and quarries, is shown in the follow- 
 ing taljle, which also shows the total value of products 
 for all manufactui'es in Montana: 
 
 T.\BLE 2. — Maniifricliirrs based primarily upon the prodiicl '>/ mines 
 and quarries: 1900. 
 
 INDUSTRY. 
 
 Value of 
 
 product. 
 
 All manufactures 
 
 
 %^~ 075 82'4 
 
 Based upon products of mines or quiirriL's: 
 ('lav, Rlass, and stone products 
 
 1,19H,309 
 
 41,865, (i.s.i> 
 l,92y.032 
 
 
 
 
 Metals and metalproducts, other than iron and 
 
 
 Miscellaneous industries 
 
 
 
 15.4J1,072 
 
 
 
 All other 
 
 11 5S4 752 
 
 
 
 
 The total product of the industries based primarily 
 upon the |>roducts of mines and quarries constituted 
 79.7 per cent of all manufacturing industries of the 
 state in 1900. The value of the product of mines and 
 quarries in 1902 and manufactures in 190(i amounted 
 to $85,340,909; manufactures contributing 66.9 per cent 
 and mines and quarries 33.1 per cent of the combined 
 value. Mamifactui'cs in 190() and mines and quarries 
 in 1902 gave employment to 2(\(>56 wage-earners; and 
 paid $19,782,036 in wages, mines and cpuvrries employ- 
 ing 51 per cent of the wage-earners and paving 5!'. 7 
 per cent of the wages, manufactures giving employ- 
 ment to 49 per cent of the wage-earners and paying 40.3 
 per cent of the wages. 
 
MONTANA. 
 
 249 
 
 'J'ablc 3, compiled from the reports of the U nited States 
 Geological Survey, shows the value of the annual pro- 
 duction of g'old, .silver, coal, limestones and dolomites, 
 and sand.stones and quartzitcs in Montana since 18',J0. 
 Values for copper ore can not be obtained. 
 
 T.\HLE 3. — faille of aiiiiual production of rcrlain minerals.- J8U0 In 
 
 190-2. 
 
 [United Stute.-i Geological Survey. "Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Gold.i 
 
 Silver. 1 
 
 Coal, bitu- 
 minous. 
 
 Limestones 
 
 and 
 dolomites. 
 
 Sandstones 
 
 and 
 quartzites. 
 
 1890 
 
 $3,339,000 
 2, 890, 000 
 2,891,386 
 3,. 576. 000 
 3, 868. 429 
 4,101,400 
 4,324,700 
 4, 373, 400 
 5, 126, 900 
 4, 760, 100 
 4,698.000 
 4, 744. 100 
 4, 373, 600 
 
 $20, 363, 636 
 21,139,394 
 24,615,822 
 21,8ij8,780 
 17,634,220 
 22,715,600 
 21,640,404 
 20,257,487 
 19, 144, 663 
 20, 810, 990 
 38,801,148 
 3 7,879,020 
 37,019,214 
 
 $1,252,492 
 1,228,630 
 1,330,847 
 1,772,116 
 1,887,390 
 2,850,906 
 2, 279, 673 
 2,897,408 
 2,324,207 
 2,347,767 
 2, 713, 707 
 2,009,316 
 2, 443, 447 
 
 $24. 904 
 
 6,000 
 
 4,100 
 
 92, 970 
 
 95, 121 
 
 83, 927 
 
 37, 300 
 
 63, 196 
 
 113,718 
 
 141,093 
 
 143,866 
 
 104, 725 
 
 
 1891 
 
 
 1892 . . 
 
 
 1893 
 
 
 1894 . . 
 
 
 1895 
 
 
 1896 
 
 
 1897 
 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 3,683 
 
 1900 
 
 59, 630 
 58, 439 
 85, 152 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 < 
 
 
 Table 4. — Annual producllim of coijpi'r: 1SS3 to 1902. 
 [United States Oeoiogical Survey, "MitKTul Kesouri.-es of Die United States."]. 
 
 1 Estimates by the Director of the Mint, value of the refined product- silver 
 at coining value. The values given in Table 1 are the values at the mine 
 - Not reported separately. 
 3 Commercial value. 
 ^ Census figures. 
 
 Copper ore. —The city of Butte dates from the dis- 
 covery in 1864 of placer mines in the Missoula gulch. 
 The placers were in no way remarlvable, being dupli- 
 cated elsewhere in neighboring camps. Following the 
 exhaustion of the auriferous gravels, came the discovery 
 and working of silver bearing ledges in the hills, but 
 these did not add materially to the fame of the district. 
 The Anaconda mine and others of the great properties 
 were bought, developed, and worked with a view to their 
 silver values.' 
 
 The opening of the Anaconda as a copper mine dates 
 from 1882. At that time the dark i-ed and brown quartz, 
 developed for its gold and silver values, carried only 
 traces of copper, and it was while preparing to mill this 
 ore that the main shaft then being sunk entered the 
 rich copper ledge at a depth of about 300 feet. This 
 led to other discoveries.' 
 
 In 1870 the Lake Superior I'egion produced 87.2 per 
 cent of the copper product of the country. In 187.5 the 
 Lake product constituted 89.4 per cent, and in 1880 it 
 was over 82.2 per cent. In 1882 Montana commenced 
 to produce and advanced steadily and rapidly until in 
 1887 its copper output exceeded that of the Lake Supe- 
 rior mines. Since that date, with the single exception 
 of 1891, it has held first place not onl}- among the states 
 and territories, but as the largest copper producing dis- 
 trict in the world. 
 
 The following table shows the annual production of 
 copper in Montana from 1883 to 1902: 
 
 1 Bancroft's History of the Pacific States, page 589 ff. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Long tons. 
 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Long tons. 
 
 1883 
 
 11,011 
 19, 256 
 30, 207 
 25, 362 
 35,133 
 43, 704 
 43,849 
 50, 437 
 .50, 028 
 72, 800 
 
 1893 
 
 
 09 290 
 
 1KS4 
 
 1894 . . . 
 
 
 81,729 
 
 1885 
 
 
 1886 
 
 1896 . 
 
 
 99, 071 
 
 1887 
 
 1897 
 
 
 102 807 
 
 1888 
 
 
 
 ' 92i 041 
 
 1889 . . 
 
 1899 . . . 
 
 1900 . . . 
 1901 
 
 
 ' 100 ,503 
 
 1890 
 
 120,865 
 
 102 621 
 
 1891 . . 
 
 1892 
 
 1902 . . - 
 
 
 128,975 
 
 
 
 The output for 1902 was 26,3.54 long tons in excess of 
 that for 1901, an increase of over 25 per cent; but the 19ol 
 output shows a decrease of 18,244 long tons from the 
 product of 1900, and the 1902 product only exceeds that 
 of 1900, the greatest up to that time, by 8,110 long tons. 
 
 Gold and silver. — Although the presence of gold in 
 this section was probably known to the mi.ssionaries, 
 they had other motives than the gathering of precious 
 treasures. The discovery of gold is, therefore, appar- 
 ently due to Francois Finlay, a French half-breed, who 
 bad worked in the placers of California, and when 
 returning to the vicinity of his former home, discovered 
 tine float gold on Gold creek, in Deerlodge countv, 
 on the western slope of the Rockj^ mountains. He 
 did little more than prospect the locality. - 
 
 Subse({uently, in May, 18.58, James and Granville 
 Stuart, Thomas Adams, and Reese Anderson jsrospected 
 in Gold creek, finding dirt or gravel that showed as high 
 as 10 cents to the pan. They were forced to abandon 
 the work, however, because of trouble with the Indians 
 and lack of tools and provisions. In the summer of 
 1860 three small sluice boxes, roughly hewed out of 
 green timber, were operated on Gold creek by Henry 
 Thomas. This was the first actual mining in Montana. 
 Stuart and his party had removed to the vicinity of Fort 
 Bridger, where they lived as traders until 1860. when 
 they returned to investigate the affluents to the valley 
 of the Deerlodge. They prospected during 1861 and 
 found several favorable localities, but it was not until 
 1862, after receiving from Wallawalla, Wash., 425 miles 
 distant, tools and lumber, that the first string of 1<» 
 sluices was set up and worked. They had communicated 
 the news of their discovery to a relative at Pikes Peak, 
 as Colorado was then called, and about the 20th of June, 
 1862, miners began to arrive at Deerlodge in consider- 
 able numbers. The newcomers discovered the placers 
 at Pikes Peak gulch. Pioneer gulch, etc., and from this 
 time the immigration of gold seekers rapidly increased.' 
 
 ^ Mineral Resources of the United States East of the Rocky 
 Mountains, by .James W. Taylor, 1868, pages 39 and 40. 
 ^ Ibid., pages 39 to 51. 
 
250 
 
 MINES AND OUARRIES. 
 
 Alder o-ulch, in Madison county, was discoN'cred in 
 the spring- of 1863 b}^ William Fairweather, one of a 
 party of prospectors from Bannock city. The first pan 
 of earth yielded $1.75. Being without proyisions, the 
 party hurried back to Bannock city, and returning- with 
 friends the gulch was staked off on the 6th and 7th of 
 June, 1S63. Within less than two j-ears Alder gulch 
 contained tiyethriying towns, besides Virginia City, an 
 incorporated city of nearly 10,(X)0 inhabitants. This was 
 the richest and largest "tind" eyer worked in Montana, 
 and probably in the world, being nearly 20 miles in 
 length and uniformly productiye throughout the greater 
 portion. At the head of the gulch the gold was coarse, 
 and many nuggets were picked up yarying in yalue 
 from $2(10 to $800.' 
 
 The discoyery of Last Chance gulch, near the site of 
 the present city of Helena, in the summer of 1864 was 
 the next of importance. In that summer a party of tiye 
 or six men are said to haye taken from one of the bars 
 in Confederate gulch about 1,400 pounds of gold dust 
 of a value of nearly $300,000. 
 
 In addition to the foregoing there were numerous 
 rich diggings found both east and west of the main 
 range. The location and working of yein mines dates 
 from 1864. The Oro Cache lead in the sunuiiit district 
 of Alder gulch was discoyered early in that year, and 
 work was begun on December 1 of the same year. The 
 Whitlatch Union lead, sometimes called the Owyhee, 
 was discovered in the winter of 1864, and work was 
 begun the succeeding spring.' 
 
 The following table, compiled from various sources, 
 shows the value of the annual gold and silver production 
 in Montana from 1862 to 1889. The production for the 
 subsequent years has already ))een given in Table 3. 
 
 Table 5. — Value of annual produciion of gold and sUrer: ISHl In 188'J. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Gold ar.rl 
 silver. ' 
 
 YEAR. 
 1877 
 
 G..M 
 
 S3, 200, 000 
 2, 260, 51 1 
 2, ,500, 000 
 
 1, .805, 767 
 2,330,000 
 
 2, .550, (Kill 
 1,800.110(1 
 ■2, 170, OOU 
 3,300,(10(1 
 4,425,000 
 5,230,(J0O 
 4,200,000 
 
 3, 500, 000 
 
 Silver. 
 
 
 $600, 000 
 8,000,000 
 16,000,000 
 18,000,000 
 17, .500, 000 
 12, 000, 000 
 1.5, 000, 000 
 9,000,000 
 0, 100, 000 
 8, 0.50, 000 
 0, 068, 339 
 5, 17H, 047 
 3, K44, 722 
 8, 573, 600 
 (=) 
 
 S7.50, 000 
 1 669 6'i5 
 
 I86y 
 
 1878 
 
 1864 
 
 
 2,225,000 
 
 
 1866 
 
 
 1867 
 
 1882 
 
 4 H70 OOU 
 
 
 
 0,000,000 
 7 (|(j(l UOO 
 
 1869 
 
 1884 
 
 188.5 
 
 1870 
 
 10 OIJO (X)0 
 
 
 
 
 1872 
 
 1887 
 
 18.88 
 
 15, 500, 000 
 
 
 1874 
 
 1889 
 
 iy,3y:j 989 
 
 1875 
 
 
 
 1876 
 
 
 
 
 1 Fr(inilS62 to 1867, inclusive, fompileflfrdin "Mineral Resources of tlie Cnited 
 States East of the Eocky Mountains." bv .James VV. Taylor, 1868, j«rKe 52; 18(j8 to 
 1879, inclusive, from "The Mineral Industry," 1892, page 188; anrl 1880 to 1889, in- 
 clusive, from United .States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United 
 States," 1892, page 75. 
 
 2 Not reported. 
 
 (Jixd^ hituiivinouH. — The occurrence of good steam 
 coal accessible to the Northern Pacific system was a 
 question of importunce in the development of the mining 
 
 'Mineral ResourceK uf the (Inited .Statew Eawt nf tin 
 Mountains', 18(i8, pages \','r\ tn .51 . 
 
 Ko('k\ 
 
 and manufacturing intere.sts of the Northwest. A vast 
 amount of lignite was known and in places worked, but 
 was so poor in quality that coal was brought from Pitts- 
 burg to mix with it. In ISSl true bitimiinous was 
 known to occur in l)ut two jjlaces in Montana, one near 
 Bozeman canyon and the other on the summit of Mul- 
 lens Pass. In that j'car, taking these occurrences as 
 clews, the Bozeman outcroppings were traced several 
 miles. Another outcrop was found for 24 miles, south 
 of Wilkeson through the forests of the Cascade moun- 
 tains, and sevei-al other less important bituminous fields 
 were discovered. The bituminous coal field north of 
 the fort^'-fifth parallel is on the west tiank of the Cas- 
 cade and the east flank of the Rock}- mountains, the few 
 occurrences between these ranges being insignificant. 
 
 The great plains for miles away from the mountains 
 are luiderlaid with beds of lignite of inferior quality, 
 often attaining a thickness of 7 or 8 feet. As the moun- 
 tains are approached the lignite, as a rule, disappears, 
 giving place to true bituminous, and freciuentlj' a good 
 coking coal, though the seams are of less thickness than 
 the lignite.' 
 
 The production of coal in the Bozeman field began in 
 January, 1883, and operators in the Gardiner field, along 
 the Yellowstone, in Gallatin county, reported their fir.st 
 production the same j'ear.^ 
 
 The following table, compiled from the reports of the 
 United States Geological Survej^, shows the annual pro- 
 duction of coal in Montana from 1883 to 1902: 
 
 Table 0. — .imniiil prorliiction of coal, hituminous: 1SS3 to 190:i. 
 [United States Geological Survey, " Mineral iiesourees of the United States."] 
 
 1883 
 
 18W 
 
 1885 
 
 1886 
 
 18X7 
 
 1,8,S8 1 
 
 l.S,H9 
 
 1890 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 19, 795 
 
 so, 376 
 
 86,440 
 
 49, 843 
 
 10, 202 
 
 41,467 
 
 363, 301 
 
 .517,477 
 
 .541,861 
 
 .564, 648 
 
 
 Y-EAR. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 1893 
 
 892 309 
 
 1894 
 
 927 395 
 
 1895 
 
 1,. 504, 193 
 1,543,445 
 1 647 88'' 
 
 
 1.S97 . . . 
 
 1898 
 
 1,479 .803 
 
 1899 
 
 1, 496, 4.51 
 1,661,775 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1,396,081 
 1,. 560, 823 
 
 1902 . 
 
 
 The total yalue of the coal product of the state in 
 I9U2 was $2,443,447, the largest value being shown for 
 Cascade county, followed b}' Carbon, Park, Gallatin, 
 Clioteau, and Fergus, in the order named. Production 
 is also reported for Deeriodge and Meagher counties, 
 their combined product being valued at $2,012. 
 
 Pi'i'cloim ufancx. — The only sj'stematic mining that 
 has been undertaken for sapphires is in Montana. 
 Sapphires were first found in this state b}^ miners who 
 were washing the gravels of the bars on the Missouri 
 river for gold. The.se were finst described in 1873, but 
 actual mining did not begin until 1891. These bars are 
 located from 12 to 18 miles northeast of Helena and 
 
 ^ Tenth Cenaus, Vol. XV, pages 691 anci 692. 
 ■'United States Geological Survey, "Mineral ReMdurces 
 Ihiited State.s," 1883, page 53. 
 
 if the 
 
MONTANA. 
 
 251 
 
 ha\c liooii followed from Canyon Ferry to Ainericaii l)ar, 
 ii (listiince of altout 1^ mik's. Sapphires are also found 
 m the gravel of Maple g-nlcli, about 1 mile above Pjnier- 
 ald liar, the intermediate gravels being barren. These 
 stones are for the most part of a pale green or greenish 
 yellow color, with an oecasional pink and yellow, 
 while those approaeking a red or blue coloi' are ex- 
 treuH'ly rare. Sappkire kiis also been found at Rock 
 creek. Cottonwood creek, and Yogo gulck. From tkese 
 deposits stones of deeper color kave l)een obtained, 
 those from Kock and Cottonwood creeks rano'lni;- from 
 red to blue, and those from Yogo giilch being all blue.' 
 Smoky quartz has also been found at Three Mile gulcli, 
 near Helena. A gigantic crystal weighing 93i pounds 
 was found on Clear creek, in Jetierson county. Mon- 
 tana is the chief western source of supply for the ame- 
 thyst. In 1895 a crystal weighing 1^ pounds was found 
 on Granite creek, and in 1»0(» remarkable discoveries 
 were made in Jefferson county about 22 miles southeast 
 of Butte. The ametliyst in this locality occurs in tine 
 crystals curiously mingled with quartz. The amethyst 
 itself is free from foreign substances, though occasion- 
 ally parts of the same crystals are composed of tour- 
 maline. 
 
 Besides those already named, beryl, aquamarine, gar- 
 net, chrysoberyl, white topaz, opal, agate, and moss 
 agate are frequently found' in the gold ))earing gidch 
 soils." 
 
 Limestones and dolomitea. — Though the occurrence of 
 limestone is known in almost every one of the 21) coun- 
 ties and the Crow reservation, onh" 8 reported the quar- 
 rying of limestone in 1902. The largest product was 
 shown for Cascade county and the second largest for 
 Jefferson county, their entire production being used as 
 blast furnace flux. Lewis and Clarke county was third, 
 where about one-fourtli of the production was used for 
 building, more than one-half for blast furnace flux, and 
 the remainder for flagging. Powell countj^ was fourth, 
 the entire production being burned into lime. The fifth 
 countjr in value of product is Flathead, followed by 
 Park, Sweet Grass, and Yellowstone in the order named. 
 Of the total production in the state, $88,000 was used 
 for flux; $8,775 for lime burned; $6,375 for building 
 purposes; and the remainder for flagg-ing and rubble. 
 
 Sandstones and quartzites. — A tine light gray sand- 
 stone, somewhat resembling the Berea, Ohio, stone, 
 occurs in considerable abundance in Rocky canyon, 
 Gallatin county, the formation permitting the removal 
 of large blocks which work readily when tirst removed, 
 but harden on exposure. A compact, red quartzite, 
 found near Salesville, in the same county, and a tine, 
 very light stone quarried near Dillon, in Beavei-head 
 
 coiuity, are coming into use.'' Sandstone also forms 
 one of the strata of the (!oal Measui-es of Montana, often 
 cleaving the coal seam and sometimes attaining a thick- 
 ness of 50 feet.' 
 
 In 1902 Yellowstone county showed the largest pro- 
 duction, |62,1()L^ The amount used for building pur- 
 poses was $54,430, of which $51,<)38 was the value of 
 dressed stone. The other' counties reporting were Cas- 
 cade and Flathead. 
 
 Sll H'fjnix (■ryda,llme rochii. — A tine grained light gray 
 granite occurs in Lewis and Clarke county, and a coarse 
 hornblende-mica granite is found in the copper region 
 near Butte. This latter rock is of good (Quality, but 
 requires careful selection, as those portions in close 
 proximity to the ore veins are charged with pyrite, 
 which oxidizes on exposui'e. There is abundance of 
 granite in the state, but for lack of a market (juarrying is 
 not extensive.'' Two of the three quarries reporting in 
 1902 were located in Lewis and Clarke county, and the 
 third in Jefi'erson county, the total output being valued 
 at $77,050. Almost the entire production from Lewis 
 and Clarke county was dressed for building purposes. 
 Of the total production the value of stone for building 
 purposes amounted to $32,600, and that used for riprap 
 to $43,800. 
 
 All other minerals. — The property of the Montana 
 Corundum Company, consisting of four claims and the 
 mineral rights in 3,000 acres of land, was located in 
 1901. The ground upon which the corundum was dis- 
 covered has been used as a stock i-auge for nearly thirty 
 3'ears, and no doubt in the last ten years hundreds of 
 people have passed over the "float" crystals without 
 stopi)ing to inquire their nature. A farmer and pros- 
 pector exhibited, in the winter of 1900-1901, to a 
 druggist from Hoopston, 111., a crystal and a pocket- 
 knife, the blade of which gave evidence of the hardness 
 of the crystal found. The druggist recognized the 
 mineral, and after a careful search of the vicinity where 
 the crystal was found detinitely located the vein. A 
 shaft 85 feet deep was sunk, from the bottom of which 
 a drift was run along the vein — to the west 165 feet and 
 to the east 72 feet. The vein thus far developed meas- 
 ures from 26 to 48 inches between the walls, with a pav 
 gtreak varying from 14 to 42 inches in width. Numer- 
 ous shafts, surface crosscuts, and pits have prospected 
 the vein for a distance of over \\ miles." 
 
 In 1902 one flint quarrj' was reported as in operation 
 near Basin, in Jeffei'son count}-, the entire production 
 being sold crude as a flux in metallurgical operations. 
 
 1 Bureau of Agriculture, Eighth Bieunial Keport, 1902, "Lahor 
 _and ludustry of Montana," pages 312 to 320. 
 
 2 History of the Pacific States, by Hubert H. Bancroft, Vol. 
 XXVI, page 598. 
 
 'Stones for Buililing and Decoration, by George P. Merrill, 
 page 148. 
 
 ■•Bureau of Agriculture, "LaVtor and Industry of Montana," 
 1901-2, page 376 ff . 
 
 * Stones for Building and Decoration, page 75. 
 
 "Bureau of Agriculture, Eighth Biennial Report, "Labor and 
 Industry of Montana," page 443. 
 
252 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIP]S. 
 
 Prior to 1887 a deposit of graphite was discovered in 
 Van Camps canj'on, 18 miles from Dillon, but it was 
 not s}^stematically developed until 1901. The vein is a 
 true fissure, and varies in width from 12 inches to a few 
 feet. The ore has been tested and declared equal to 
 the best grades imported from Cejdon.' 
 
 The sandstone quarries at Columbus, Yellowstone 
 county, reported a portion of their product as manu- 
 factured into grindstones. It is a line even-grained 
 sandstone, and produces an article equal to the well- 
 known Berea grindstone." 
 
 Gypsum was discovered in 1893, in Carbon county, 8 
 miles from Bridger, the nearest railroad station, which 
 is 29 miles from Billings on the main line of the North- 
 ern Pacific. Active development began in 1894, and in 
 spite of the long haul by wagon the gypsum has been 
 placed in successful competition with the eastern prod- 
 uct. The deposit, from 2 to 10 feet thick, lies almost 
 flat, about .30 feet below the surface of the ground. In 
 1900 another quarry was opened in Cascade county; the 
 gypsum vein is about 16 feet thick and lies flat under 
 several feet of limestone. The n)ill of this plant is 
 
 'Bureau of Agriculture, Eighth fjiennial Report, "Lalxjr and 
 Industry of Montana," page 467. 
 ^ Ibid., page 465. 
 
 located on a branch of the Montana Central Railway; 
 the mine being directly back and up the hill, gravity 
 is largely helpful in handling the rock.^ 
 
 The work of the Northern Transcontinental Survey 
 proved the existence of extensive deposits of iron ore 
 in the mountain region of Montana. Notable among 
 these is a mass of magnetic ore on East Boulder creek, 
 Gallatin county, and on Cable mountain in Deerlodge 
 county. The ore from the latter locality will average 
 from 5.5 to 60 per cent metallic iron, is low in phos- 
 phorus and sulphur and practically free from titanium.* 
 
 In previous years the state has been comparatively 
 unimportant as far as the production of manganese ore 
 is concerned. In 1902, 9,000 tons of ore were mined, 
 and stocked at the mines, from two deposits in Jeffer- 
 son county. Analysis of the ore is said to show 4.5 per 
 cent and over of manganese. It would also be valuable 
 as a flux.' 
 
 About 5 miles southwest of the city of Helena a vast 
 ledge of marble containing several grades of this min- 
 eral lias been located. 
 
 'Bureau of Agriculture, Eighth Biennial Report, "LaVior and 
 Industry of Montana," page 461. 
 
 * Tenth Census, Vol. XV, page 472. 
 
 '' Cniteil States Geological Survey, " Mineial Resources of the 
 United States," 1902, page 141. 
 
NEBRASKA. 
 
 Table 1 i.s a summary of the .statistics for the produc- 
 tive mines and quarries in the state of Nebraska for 
 1902. 
 
 Table 1. — Siimviary: 1903. 
 
 Number of mines or quarries . . 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried oflioiuls, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-eaniers: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials. 
 Value of product 
 
 All min- 
 erals. 1 
 
 36 
 35 
 
 12 
 88, 001 
 
 178 
 
 895, 935 
 
 82, 790 
 
 811,173 
 
 8148, 391 
 
 1 Includes operators as follows; Infusorial earth, tripoli. and pumice, 1 (2 
 quarries'! ; limestones and dolomites, 33; sandstones and quartzites, 1. 
 
 Of chief importance among the natural resources of 
 Nebraska are its rocks of various kinds and qualities. 
 Sandstone, chalk rock, limestone, and magnesia rock 
 abound. Fire and mineral cla3'S are of extensive occur- 
 rence in the northern counties, and a fuller's earth of 
 superior quality was discovered in Cherry county a few 
 years ago. ^ Bituminous and lignite coal underlie the 
 eastern counties and the valley of the Repulilican river. 
 
 These beds furnish fuel for local use, but up to the 
 present time the deposits have not been worked com- 
 mercially.^ 
 
 Table 2 shows the value of the products of the man- 
 ufacturing industries of Nebraska, based primarily 
 upon minerals mined and quarried, as well as the value 
 of all manufactured products of the state, as reported 
 at the census of 1900. 
 
 Table '2 .—Manufactures based primarily vpon the products of mines 
 and quarries: 1900. 
 
 All manufactures : 
 
 Based upon products of mines or quarries: 
 
 Chemicals and allied products 
 
 Clay, glass, and stone products 
 
 Iron and .steel and their products , 
 
 Metals and metal products, other than iron 
 
 and steel 
 
 Miscellaneous industries 
 
 All other. 
 
 Value of product. 
 
 8143, 990, 102 
 
 89.54, 849 
 1,366,120 
 1,012,236 
 
 24, 671, 289 
 4,097,761 
 
 32,101,265 
 
 From the foregoing table it will be seen that the 
 value of the products of manufactures, based primarily 
 
 1 Nebraska's Resources, by George W. Hervey, page 6. 
 ■' King's Handbook of the United States, page 526. 
 
 upon minerals mined and quarried, was $32,101,246, 
 or 22.3 per cent of the total. The value of the output 
 of the mines and quarries of Nebraska in 1902 was 
 $148,391, or al)out one-tenth of 1 per cent of the value 
 of all its manufactured products in 1900. 
 
 The average number of wage-earners engaged in 
 manufactures in Nebraska in 1900, as reported at the 
 Twelfth Cen.sus, was 24,461, and the wages paid them 
 amounted to $11,570,688. The average number of 
 wage-earners engaged in mining and quarrying in 1902 
 was 178, and the wages paid them amounted to $95,935. 
 The combined figures give 24,639, as the number of 
 wage-earners, and $11,666,623 as the wages paid in the 
 combined industries. Manufactures employed 99.3 per 
 cent of the wage-earners, and paid 99.2 per cent of the 
 wages; while mines and quarries employed onlj' seven- 
 tenths of 1 per cent of the wage-earners and paid eight- 
 tenths of 1 per cent of the wages. 
 
 Limestones and dolomites. — The carboniferous lime- 
 stone of this state is suitable for building, as is also 
 the siliceous limestone found in Sarpy count}'. ^ 
 
 The 33 quarries operating in 1902, all of them in Cass, 
 Cheyenne, Furnas, Gage, Greeley. Johnson, Nemaha, 
 Sarpy, and Thaj-er counties, had an output valued at 
 $145,473. Of this amount $69,330 was reported from 
 Cass county, $34,237 from Gage, and $22,795 from 
 Nemaha. 
 
 The following table, compiled from the reports of the 
 United States Geological Survey, .shows the annual value 
 of limestone quarried in Nebraska from 1890 to 1902: 
 
 T.\BLB 3. — Value of annual production of limestones and dolomites: 
 1890 to 1903. 
 
 [United States Geological Survey, " Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1890 
 
 8207, 019 
 
 175, 000 
 
 180,000 
 
 158,927 
 
 8,22.s 
 
 7, 376 
 
 10, 6.55 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 842, 359 
 
 1891 
 
 78 493 
 
 189'> 
 
 126,017 
 107, 305 
 
 1893 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1 902 1 
 
 1894 
 
 1.54, 717 
 
 
 
 1896 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Census figures. 
 
 The production of the two pumice quarries and of 
 the single sandstone quarry can not be shown without 
 disclosing individual operations. 
 
 'Stones for Building and Decoration, by George P. Merrill, 
 page 315. 
 
 (253) 
 
NEVADA. 
 
 Table 1 is a summary of tho statistics for the pro- 
 ductive mines and ([uarries in Nevada for iyn2. 
 
 Table 1. — Siinimarij: I'.iOJ. 
 
 Number of mines or quarries... 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried nUicials, clerks, ete-i 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages , Jl, 20.5, 565 
 
 Contract work S", 9-« 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 5177, 355 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials. . ! fft)23, 457 
 Value of product S3. .518, 430 
 
 146 
 
 J222, 098 
 
 1,132 
 
 Gold and 
 silver. 
 
 Sandstones 
 
 and 
 quart zites. 
 
 Another 
 minerals.' 
 
 S210, 
 
 1, 
 
 SI, 162, 
 
 S7, 
 
 S172, 
 
 S699, 
 
 S3, 409. 
 
 104 
 104 
 
 131; 
 
 K3.S 
 
 075 
 337 
 944 
 20(1 
 92H 
 34K 
 
 SI 1,260 
 
 S41,645 
 
 S351 
 
 S2.50 
 
 S6, 115 
 
 54,798 
 523,279 
 S102, 967 
 
 ' Includes operators as follows: Borax, 1: copperore, 1: gypsum. 1: limestones 
 and dolomites, 1: precious stones, 8 d mine): siliceous crystalline rocks, 1: 
 sulphur and pyritc,!. 
 
 The discovery and cievelopment of mineral deposits, 
 especially that of the Comstock lode, is respi msible for the 
 settlement and indeed the veiy existence of Nevada, and 
 the historj' of mining is therefore to a great extent the 
 history of the state.' Until the news of precious metid 
 discoveries and the consequent inilux of prospectors, 
 Nevada was largely a desert wilderness, invaded only bj' 
 missionaries and a few dauntless exploring parties. 
 The early hi.story is to a certain extent identified with 
 that of Utah. Arizona, portions of Colorado, Wyoming, 
 Oregon, and northern Ualifornia,- and it wa.s not until 
 March 2, 18()1, that the confines were fully estahlished 
 and Nevada took position as a recognizefl territory, 
 advancing to statehood October 31, 1S64. 
 
 Certain minerals occui' in considerable tjiiantities in 
 various portions of the state, for whicli no cdinmercial 
 production was shown for 1902. Among the most 
 important of these are baryte.s (heavy sptir), found in 
 Humboldt c(junty, coal in the form of lignite, in 
 Esmeralda county: cinnabar, the ore containing ((uick- 
 silver, near .Steamboat, in Washoe county; graphite 
 or plumbago and magnetic iron ore (magnetite), in 
 Humboldt county; iron ore (hematite), in Elko and 
 Churchill counties; iron sulphuret (pyi'itc), in Lan- 
 der and many other counties; cerussite (lead car- 
 bonate) and galenite, in Eureka county; pyi'olusite oi- 
 manganese dioxide, at Dun (Jlen and near (iolconda, in 
 
 ' Ili.story nf .N'l^vHila, fiy Hubert IJ. BiiDeroft, jiage 92. 
 '' Uiiil., page i;0. 
 (2.5-1) 
 
 Humboldt county; and roofing .slate, in Esmeralda 
 county. 
 
 Ill addition to the productive mines and (juarries in 
 Table 1, development work, confined to gold and silver, 
 was reported by S2 operators. During ll.t(t2 these 
 operators employed .574 wage-earners and paid $6.56,169 
 in wages. The 112 salaried officials, clerks, etc., 
 received $181,172; the contract work amounted to 
 $27,13.3; the miscellaneous expenses to $70,43.5; and the 
 cost of supplies and materials to $454,077. 
 
 The manufacturing industries of a state depend 
 somewhat upon the character of its mineral deposits, 
 H(.)nie of the most important manufactured products 
 l)eing based primarily upon matei'ials obtained in mines 
 and quai'ries. The following table will illustrate the 
 extent to which this is true of Nevada: 
 
 Tahi.k U. — Maiiiifdclures based prlmarili/ xpoii llif pruductn of mines 
 mill i/iiarrli'x: 1900. 
 
 INDCSTRY. 
 
 Value of product. 
 
 All muiiLil'iictnres 
 
 Hased upon products of miuies or quarries: 
 
 • ?1 
 
 S20, 950 
 52, 350 
 
 108, 184 
 139,876 
 
 , t>43, 675 
 
 
 
 Metals and metal products, other than iron and 
 steel .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 321.360 
 
 Another 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 As shown in Table 2, the inanufactured products 
 based upon the product of mines and ([uarries foi'm 
 about one-fifth of the entire product of manufactures 
 reported in 1900. During the same year there were 
 employed in all branches of manufactures in the state 
 601 wage-earners, who were paid $41<>,732 in wa^'cs. 
 Ill 1902 there were em))loyed in the mines and quarries 
 of the state 1,132 wage-earnei's, wdio rect>ived $1,205,565 
 in wages. Comparing these twt) branches of industry, 
 it is disclosed that 34.7 per cent of the wage-earners of 
 tlie combined industries. recei\-ing 25.7 per cent of the 
 wages, were employed in manufacturing, while 65.3 per 
 cent of tiie wage-earners, receiving 74.;-! per cent of the 
 wages, were employed in mining. 
 
 (iold kikI ullrer. — In 19(12 Nye county was first in 
 precious metal production, the Tonapah mining di.-.;trict 
 taking rank as the principal mining ciMittu- of the state. 
 Storey county is second in importance with its famous 
 
NEVADA. 
 
 255 
 
 Conistock lode, while Lincoln county, which stood first 
 in gold and silver production in 1901, has now dropped 
 to third place. Eureka and Elko counties arc lespec- 
 tively fourth and fifth in rank and lioth sliow an 
 increased production, still retaining- their former rela- 
 tive positions among the gold and silver counties of tlie 
 state. In the order of their reported production may 
 also be mentioned Lyon, White Pine, Lander, Washoe, 
 Huml)oldt, Esmeralda. Ornishy, Churchill, and Douglas 
 counties. ^ 
 
 The following table, compih'd from the reports of 
 the Director of the United States jNIint, shows the 
 annual production of gold and silver from IS'.lOto 1902: 
 
 Table 3. — .IiiiikkI produrtion of i/olil. aiitl .fili-i-r: l,S':i(l In 1902. 
 [lieiiorts (if the liiredur of tliu Mi]it.] 
 
 GOLD, 1 
 
 SlLVIilt.l 
 
 Quantity 
 (fineoiinces) . 
 
 A'alue. 
 
 1S90 . 
 
 1591 . 
 
 1592 . 
 1S9;) . 
 1894. 
 Ig9.=i . 
 
 1896 . 
 
 1897 . 
 
 1898 . 
 1S99 . 
 
 1900 . 
 
 1901 . 
 
 1902 . 
 
 135,450 $2,800,000 
 
 99,169 
 76, 021 
 46, 367 
 .'i5, 042 
 75, 088 
 119,404 
 143, 983 
 144,859 
 107,344 
 97, 0.50 
 143,374 
 140,059 
 
 2, 060, 000 
 
 1,571,500 
 
 95s,n00 
 
 1,137,K19 
 
 1, .552, 200 
 
 2, 468, 300 
 2,976,400 
 2, 994, 500 
 2,219,000 
 2,006,200 
 2, 963, 800 
 2,895,300 
 
 Quantity 
 
 (tine nun 
 
 ■es). 
 000 
 
 4,450 
 
 3, .520 
 
 001) 
 
 2,244 
 
 000 
 
 1, .561 
 
 301) 
 
 1,035 
 
 1.51 
 
 956 
 
 200 
 
 1,048 
 
 701) 
 
 1 . 228 
 
 900 
 
 805 
 
 000 
 
 843 
 
 400 
 
 1,3.58 
 
 700 
 
 1,812 
 
 .500 
 
 3,746 
 
 200 
 
 ( :o]ning 
 value. 
 
 753. 535 
 .551.111 
 9m. 333 
 01.s,6.51 
 338.377 
 236, 290 
 3.55, 895 
 .58S, 881 
 II40,.S08 
 090, 457 
 : 842, 394 
 087, .500 
 985, 486 
 
 ) Estimates of the Director of the Mint i'nrri'(iiii;rl proilm- 
 in Tiiljle 1 are the value.s at the mine. 
 - f'omniercial value. 
 
 Tlif ^'allies given 
 
 As seen from Table 3, the production of gold during 
 189S was greater than that of any other year .shown, 
 and the product during 1.S97. 1.S9S, and 1901 was slightly 
 more than that reported for 1902. Both the quantity 
 and value of silver produced in 1902 were greater than 
 for any other year since 1S9(), in which year and in 
 earlier years a larger production is reported. The 
 smallest production of gold was reported in 1.S93 and 
 of silver in 1S98. 
 
 Gold was discovered in Nevada in Gold canyon, near 
 Dayton, by Abner Blackburn, in July, 1849.' In the 
 same year an immigrant named Hardin discovered silver 
 in the Black Kock range, in Humboldt county. ' Other 
 placer and quartz mines were located in \-arious parts 
 of what is now Nevada, but Gold Canyon was the only 
 district worked jirior to 18.57. The Comstock lode of 
 gold and silver ore was discovered June 11, 1.S59. and 
 from this time on the mining interests of Nevada have 
 been a matter of brilliant history.* 
 
 The gold hunters, working up the ravines from Gold 
 canyon and Six Mile canyon, in 18r)9 came across what 
 is known as the ^'Comstock lode," so named for Henry 
 Conistock, one of the claim locators. This famous 
 channel of silver and gold ore is about 3 or 4 miles long 
 
 'Annual Report of the Director of the Mint, 190L', pa^'e 152. 
 -Harper's Encyclopedia, Vol. IX, jiajie 434. 
 ^Hi.storj' of Nevada, page 103. 
 *Il)id., pages 94 and H.5. 
 
 and a quarter of a mile wide, and extends nearly north 
 and south along the eastern slope of Mt. Davidson, 
 principally in Storey county, at a distance of about 20 
 miles from the C-alifornia boundary. At tirst the ore 
 in the Comstock lode was worked for gold alone, but 
 later the black metallic substance occurring so persist- 
 ently in connection with the gold was discovered to be 
 a rich sulphuret of silver.'' 
 
 From that time on until 1877 this locality was in- 
 creasingly productive. Dui'ing the bonanza years — 
 1.S73 to 1877 — the value of the ore produced each 
 month ranged from about $2.n()(X(,»00 to $3,000,000. 
 
 The following talde, compiled from the reports of the 
 Director of tlu^ Mint, shows the quantity and value of 
 the annual production of gold and silver from the Com- 
 stock lode district from 18.59 to 1902: 
 
 T.\HLi!: 4. — Annual /iroiliiction uf gold and sUrer in tlie Comstock lode 
 dixtrici: lS5:i 1,i 1902. 
 
 [Reports of the Director oi the Mint.] 
 
 Quantity 
 (Ions of 
 
 1859 . 
 1860. 
 
 1861 . 
 
 1862 . 
 
 1863 . 
 1861 . 
 
 1865 . 
 
 1866 . 
 1867. 
 1868. 
 
 1869 . 
 
 1870 . 
 
 1871 . 
 
 1872 . 
 
 1873 . 
 1S74 . 
 1875 . 
 lS7i; . 
 l.s-7 . 
 
 1878 . 
 
 1879 . 
 1.880 . 
 
 1881 . 
 
 1882 . 
 18.83 . 
 1884 . 
 
 1K.S5 . 
 
 l.s.si; . 
 18.S7 . 
 1888 . 
 1.S89 . 
 1890. 
 1.S91 . 
 
 1892 . 
 
 1893 . 
 
 1894 . 
 1.S95 . 
 
 1896 . 
 
 1897 . 
 
 1898 . 
 
 1899 . 
 
 1900 . 
 
 1901 . 
 
 1902 . 
 
 Total 
 
 Total mill tail- 
 ings 
 
 (irand total . 
 
 10,000 
 
 110,000 
 
 250, 000 
 
 4.50, 000 
 
 6.80, 4.50 
 
 430, 745 
 
 640, 282 
 
 462,176 
 
 300, .560 
 
 279, .584 
 
 238, 967 
 
 409, 718 
 
 384,668 
 
 448, 301 
 
 .526, 748 
 
 546, 425 
 
 598, 818 
 
 .562, 619 
 
 272, 909 
 
 178,276 
 
 172, 399 
 
 76, 049 
 
 90,181 
 
 125, 914 
 
 188, 369 
 
 226, 147 
 
 238, 780 
 
 223,682 
 
 271,1.52 
 
 286, 144 
 
 286,075 
 
 188. 647 
 
 133, 678 
 
 109, 780 
 
 97,049 
 
 63, .5.58 
 
 39, 210 
 
 !7,S.50 
 
 10,766 
 
 6, 780 
 
 35, 300 
 
 .56, 577 
 
 96,490 
 
 750, 
 
 3,500, 
 
 7, 000, 
 
 12, 400, 
 
 16,000, 
 
 15, 833, 
 
 14,907, 
 
 13,738, 
 
 8, 479, 
 
 7,405, 
 
 8, 704, 
 
 10, 249, 
 
 12, 236, 
 
 21,671, 
 
 22, 476, 
 
 25, 825, 
 
 31,618, 
 
 36, 301, 
 
 19,661, 
 
 7, 003, 
 
 5, 129, 
 
 1, 07.5, 
 
 1,743, 
 
 2, 006, 
 
 2, 838, 
 
 3,144, 
 
 3, 736, 
 
 4, 511, 
 7, 627, 
 
 5, 949, 
 4, 980, 
 3, 462, 
 2,173, 
 1,872, 
 1,281, 
 
 914, 
 .567, 
 373, 
 205, 
 171, 
 700, 
 1,267, 
 1.280, 
 
 000. 00 
 000. 00 
 000. 00 
 000. 00 
 000. 00 
 000. 00 
 720. 00 
 895. 00 
 608. 00 
 769. 00 
 578. 00 
 325. 40 
 628. 65 
 399. 65 
 980. 53 
 7.85. 15 
 .521.54 
 660. 20 
 536. 70 
 394. 11 
 486. 82 
 016. 00 
 620.00 
 464. 00 
 348. 83 
 752. 00 
 602. 29 
 
 218. 46 
 230. 63 
 267. 73 
 923. 27 
 872. 59 
 142. 65 
 247. 63 
 104. 24 
 467. 72 
 
 789. 47 
 088.93 
 014. 39 
 039.81 
 677.90 
 865. 26 
 .509. 00 
 975. 65 
 
 Silver. 
 
 3.52, 798, 425. 00 
 18, 449, ,863. 16 
 
 371,248,2.88.16 
 
 $200, 
 
 1,000, 
 
 2, 350, 
 
 7, 460, 
 
 9,600, 
 
 9,700, 
 
 8,944, 
 
 8,243, 
 
 5, 087, 
 
 4, 443, 
 
 5, 222, 
 
 6,149, 
 
 7.341, 
 
 13, 003, 
 
 13, 486, 
 
 15, 496, 
 
 18,971, 
 
 21,780, 
 
 11, 796, 
 
 4, 202, 
 
 3, 077, 
 
 645, 
 
 1,046, 
 
 1,203, 
 
 1,677, 
 
 1, 415, 
 
 1,681, 
 
 2, 080, 
 
 4,468, 
 
 3,368, 
 
 2, 988, 
 
 2,071, 
 
 1,130, 
 
 748, 
 
 812, 
 
 365, 
 
 226, 
 
 149, 
 
 82, 
 
 68, 
 
 319, 
 
 521, 
 
 495, 
 
 000. 00 
 000. 00 
 000. 00 
 000.00 
 000. 00 
 232.00 
 737. 00 
 164. 80 
 861. 40 
 346. 80 
 .596. 24 
 717. 19 
 839. 79 
 187.13 
 071. 09 
 312. 92 
 196. 12 
 922. 02 
 836. 47 
 091. 49 
 409. 00 
 372. 00 
 078. 40 
 809. 29 
 438.40 
 071.04 
 298. 31 
 
 063. 78 
 068. 66 
 949. 95 
 623. 66 
 286. 53 
 088. 77 
 841.70 
 ,587. 09 
 
 916. 79 
 836.67 
 205. 76 
 016. 92 
 671.16 
 441.70 
 032. 00 
 944. 96 
 
 Gold. 
 
 204, 653, 039. 80 
 
 6.50, 
 
 2,. 500, 
 
 4,660, 
 
 4, 940, 
 
 6, 400, 
 
 6, 133, 
 
 5, 963, 
 
 6, 495, 
 
 3,391, 
 
 2, 962, 
 
 3,481, 
 
 4, 099, 
 
 4,894, 
 
 8, 668, 
 
 8,990, 
 
 10, 330, 
 
 12, 617, 
 
 14, .520, 
 
 7,864, 
 
 2,801, 
 
 2,051, 
 
 430, 
 
 697, 
 
 802, 
 
 1,261, 
 
 1,729, 
 
 2, 0.51, 
 
 2,481, 
 
 S, 169, 
 
 2,590, 
 
 1,992, 
 
 1,380, 
 
 1,043, 
 
 1,123, 
 
 768, 
 
 548, 
 
 310, 
 
 223, 
 
 123, 
 
 103, 
 
 3,81, 
 
 746, 
 
 785, 
 
 000.00 
 000. 00 
 000.00 
 000.00 
 000.00 
 000. 00 
 488.00 
 158. 00 
 443.20 
 907. 60 
 231.20 
 730. 16 
 811.46 
 559. 86 
 793. 40 
 714.06 
 208. 62 
 464. 08 
 614, 68 
 557. 64 
 394. 33 
 606. 00 
 248. 00 
 38.5.60 
 539.54 
 313. 60 
 .531.26 
 920. 15 
 176. 85 
 209. 07 
 973. 32 
 349. 03 
 867. 02 
 1.58. 86 
 262.64 
 
 2.53. 36 
 808. 63 
 023. 89 
 006.74 
 423. .56 
 477. 00 
 OSO. 69 
 
 14.S, 145.aS5.20 
 
 From 1877 to 19<)o a decreasing production indicated 
 that the rich ore Ijody was probably becoming ex- 
 hausted. The increased production shown for 1901 
 and 1902 is larg(>ly due to the introduction of improved 
 electrical machinerv. 
 
 *Re])(irt of tlie Director of tlie :\Iint, 1900, page l.i.5 
 
256 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 The Sutro tunnel, projected b}' Adolph Sutro in 1869 
 and finished in ISTl), is nearly 4 miles long, extending 
 from the low hills bordering Carson ri\'er valley' west- 
 ward to the Comstock lode. The chief objects of the 
 tunnel were to improve the drainage and ventilation 
 and facilitate the working of the Comstock lode, and 
 for this service all the mining companies pay a royalty. 
 This tunnel has lieen principally valuable in drainage, 
 and without it certain of the deep workings of the lode 
 coidd not have been operated successfully on account 
 of the flooding of the lower levels of the mines. 
 
 Quartz and porphyry are generally the accompany- 
 ing vein matter met with in the Comstock lode, the 
 gangue carr3'ing the precious metals being quartz and 
 the inclosing walls a diorite or syenite on the west and 
 on the east a porphyrite or trachyte formation, seamed 
 with quartz and clay. The ore obtained, both gold and 
 silver, is free milling and is not refractor}' with foreign 
 mineral complications. ^ 
 
 The rich deposit of precious metals in the Tonapah 
 mining district in the north central portion of Nye 
 county, near Mt. Oddie, was discovered in April, l'.»()0, 
 bj^ James L. Butler, and in August of the same year 
 he located the eight claims now forming the regular 
 Tonapah group. A plan of leasing the ground in small 
 sections on a 2.5 per cent royalty was adopted by ]Mr. 
 Butler and a considerable quantity of ore was extracted 
 on this basis.- 
 
 The following table, compiled from the reports of the 
 Director of the ^lint, shows the quantity of the produc- 
 tion of ore, and the value of its precious metal contents, 
 in the Tonapah district for 1901 and 1902: 
 
 Table 5. — Animal production of gold and silver in, the Tonapah dis- 
 trict: 1901 and 190 it. 
 
 [Reports of the Director of tlie Mint.] 
 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 Silver.' 
 
 
 YEAK. 
 
 Quantity 
 
 (tons Of 
 
 ore). 
 
 Value. 
 
 Gold. 
 
 
 2, mi 
 11,25» 
 
 S.576, 146 
 1,793,129 
 
 8374,110 
 1,234,271 
 
 J202,036 
 
 190-2 
 
 5.58, 8.58 
 
 1 Commercial value. 
 
 Prior to January, 1902, the work done was altogether 
 individual, but in that year a systematic de\elopment 
 of the propert}' was begun by a Philadelphia syndicate 
 which had purchased the Tonapah mines. Several 
 shafts have been started and the deep workings show 
 an improvement both in the ({uantity and (juality of ore.'' 
 
 The mining industry was considerably hampered by 
 
 inadequate transportation facilities during these years. 
 Food, supplies, and even drinking water had to be 
 carted to the camp from other localities and the ore 
 transported 60 miles to the' neai-est railroad.' A rail- 
 road is now t)eing built to the mines. 
 
 The Mizpah ledge has i-eceived the greatest amount 
 of attention, although the surface indications point to 
 rich deposits awaiting development in other of the fif- 
 teen ledges thus far discovered in this group. The 
 chutes in which the ore is found are sometimes from 6 
 to H feet and even more in thickness, and pitch to an 
 angle of about 3.5". The gangue substance is quartz 
 and the ore a fine grained black sulphuret, containing 
 much chloride of silver and small amounts of iron and 
 manganese. There is no free gold.* 
 
 Sundi<toi)es and quartziteH. — The commercial pro- 
 duction of sandstone in 1902, reported only in Nye 
 county, amounted to ^6,115, of which $2,383 was sold 
 in the rough for building purposes and $3,657 for 
 rubble. 
 
 AU other mineraln. — A considerable quantity of sul- 
 phur was produced in Humboldt county during 1902. 
 Operations were reported by one company only and 
 the statistics are therefore not shown separately. 
 
 The onh^ precious stone reported as produced in the 
 state in commercial quantities during 1902 was tur- 
 quoise, found principally in Lincoln count}-. Only one 
 company is regularly engaged in mining gems, but 
 numerous miscellaneous findings are reported to the 
 small dealers. 
 
 The state's production of gypsum in 1902 was all 
 mined in Lyon county and is reported by one company. 
 
 Borax deposits occur in Esmeralda and Churchill 
 counties, only the former reporting a production in 
 1902. The borax obtained in Esmeralda count}' was 
 treated by boiling, evaporation, and crystallization 
 before being placed on the market. 
 
 Deposits of limestone predominate in the mountains 
 of Nevada and are marked by overflows of basaltic tiap 
 rock and trachytic lavas. ^ The production during 1902 
 was reported from Lyon county, near Dayton. 
 
 Granite was quarried in Washoe county during 1902, 
 and the production was sold for building and monu- 
 mental purposes and for curbing. 
 
 Copper occurs in lissu.re veins with gold, silver, and 
 lead, chiefly in the form of sulphide, i-irbonate, or 
 oxide. A small amount was produced in 1902, all of 
 which was subjected to the smelting process before 
 beino' marketed. 
 
 1 Report of the Director of the Mint, 1900, page 154. 
 
 '■'Il)id., 1901, pases 172 and 173. 
 
 ■■'Ibid., 1901, page 174. 
 
 *Il)id., 1901, page 17.5. 
 
 * History of Nevada, page 7. 
 
NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 Table 1 is a summaiT of the statistics for the pro- 
 ductive mines and quarries in the state of New Hamp- 
 shire for 1902. 
 
 Table 1. — Suminani.- J'JOJ. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Number oi mines or quarries ; 56 
 
 Number of operators ' 62 
 
 Salaried ofiicials. clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 92 
 
 Salaries I $68, 971 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number i 1, 263 
 
 Wages $806, 494 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 126, 993 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials ^134, 128 
 
 Value of product Jl, 176, 31 2 
 
 Siliceous 
 
 crystalline 
 
 rocks. 
 
 51 
 49 
 
 87 
 J6.5, 648 
 
 1,219 
 
 $791, 196 
 
 S26, 719 
 
 $132,122 
 
 $1,147,097 
 
 All other 
 minerals. ^ 
 
 S3, 323 
 
 34 
 
 $16, 298 
 
 $274 
 
 $2,006 
 
 $29, 216 
 
 The following' table shows the value of the products 
 of manufactures in 1900, based upon the products of 
 mines and quarries, compared with the value of products 
 of all manufactures: 
 
 Table 2. — Manufactures based primanly upon the products of mines 
 and quarries: 1900. 
 
 1 Includes operators as follows; Infusorial earth, tripoli, and pumice. 1; mica, 
 2; oilstones, whetstones, and scythestones (2 mines, operator reported in Ar- 
 kansas i: precious stones, 10 (no mines). 
 
 The value of the mineral production for the state in 
 1902, $1,176,312, is only two-tenths of 1 per cent of the 
 total value of all minerals mined or quarried in the 
 United States during the year. Of the 50 states and 
 territories from which mining operations were reported. 
 New Hampshire ranked 41. The state produced in 
 commercial ciuantities only live classes of minerals. 
 These were, in the order of their importance, siliceous 
 crystalline rocks, including granite, trap rock, and sim- 
 ilar stones; mica; infusorial earth, tripoli, and pumice; 
 oilstones, whetstones, and scythestones; and precious 
 stones. 
 
 The value of the output of siliceous crystalline rocks 
 for the state during 1902 was $l,l-47,097. This pro- 
 duction consisted of building stone, rough and dressed, 
 valued at?6l9,916; of stone for monumental purposes, 
 valued at $346,735; of stone conveited into paving 
 blocks, valued at $101,548; and of stone for a variety of 
 other purposes, valued at §78,898.^ 
 
 In addition to the minerals named above, others occur 
 in greater or less abundance, but were not mined in 
 commercial quantities. The more important are clay, 
 monazite, copper ore, and talc and soapstone.^ Mona- 
 zite has been identified with the granites in many locali- 
 ties, but nowhere in suiScient quantities or purity to 
 warrant its exploitation.'' Talc has been mined in small 
 quantities in connection with other minerals.* 
 
 1 United States Geological Survey, '''Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1902, pages 678 and" 679. 
 2 Ibid., 1901, pages 160 and 711. 
 3 Ibid., 1901, page 950. 
 *Ibid., 1900, page 777. 
 
 INDUSTRY. 
 
 Value of product. 
 
 
 S118. 709, 308 
 
 Based upon products of mines or quarries: 
 
 ^2, 080, 657 
 4,164,207 
 
 956,330 
 
 Iron and steel and their products 
 
 Metals and metal products, other than iron 
 
 Miscellaneous! 
 
 3,422,200 
 
 
 10 f^'>3 3<*4 
 
 
 
 
 108, 08.5, 914 
 
 
 
 30223—04- 
 
 -17 
 
 1 Includes the products of 1 producer of chemicals and allied products in 
 order to avoid disclosing its operations. 
 
 This table shows that the value of all manufactures 
 for New Hampshire in 1900 was $118,709,308, and that 
 the value of manufactured products based primarily on 
 the products of mines and quarries was $10,623,394, or 
 8.9 per cent of the total. Tables 1 and 2 also show that 
 the combined value of manufactures for 1900 and of 
 mineral products for 1902 was $119,885,620. Of this 
 amount, manufactures contributed 99 per cent and mines 
 and quarries 1 per cent. 
 
 During 1902 there were employed in mines and quar- 
 ries 1,253 wage-earners, who received $806,494 in 
 wages. The census of 1900 reported 70,419 wage- 
 earners emploj'ed in manufactures, at ^vages amounting 
 to $27,620,247. On the basis of these figures, wage- 
 earners engaged in manufactures constituted 98.3 per 
 cent of the total number, and their wages amounted to 
 97.2 per cent of the total wages. It follows, therefore, 
 that the wage-earners employed in mining industries 
 constituted only 1.7 per cent of the total number em- 
 plo3'ed and that they received 2.8 per cent of the wages. 
 
 Siliceoiis ci'ystalline rochs. — Granite is found in every 
 section of the state in quantities practicallj' inexhaust- 
 ible.'' New Hampshire is one of the mo.st mountainous 
 of the New England states. The AVhite mountains, 
 extending through the upper half of the state, are prac- 
 tically solid granite. As early as 1623 stone was used 
 for building construction;* and judging from the fact 
 that the first settlement was made in the vicinity of 
 prominent granite deposits, it is reasonable to suppose 
 
 » Report of New Hampshire Bureau of Labor, Vol. VI, 1901-2 
 page 16. 
 " History of New^ Hampshire, by J. N. McClintock, page 29. 
 
 (257) 
 
258 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 that this stone was used. The old state prison, erected 
 at Concord in 1812, and the statehouse, built in the 
 same city in 1816-19, were built of this granite, quar- 
 ried in the immediate vicinity.' The admirable state 
 of pi'eservation of these buildings is evidence of the 
 excellent quality of the stone. The New Hampshire 
 granite is known to commerce as the muscovite-biotite 
 granite, and is considered one of the most valuable in 
 the United States. In texture it is as tine as many 
 marbles, and is remarkable for the wonderful ease with 
 which it can be worked. The Library of Congress at 
 Washington is built of this stone. ' 
 
 In the production of siliceous crystalline rocks, New 
 Hampshire ranked fourth.^ The total production of 
 this stone in the United States for 1902 was valued at 
 $18,257,944. New Hampshire contributed a product 
 valued at $1,147,097, or 6.3 per cent. 
 
 The mineral industries of the state, according to 
 Table 1, employed 1.253 wage-earners, with aggregate 
 wages of $806,494. The wage-earners emplo\'ed in 
 the production of siliceous crystalline rocks numbered 
 1,219, or 97.3 per cent of the total, and their wages 
 amounted to $791,196, or 98.2 per cent of the total. 
 
 The following table, compiled from the reports of 
 the United States Geological Surve}^, shows the value 
 of the annual production of siliceous cr}"stalline rocks 
 since 1887: 
 
 Table 3. — Value of annual production of ■''iliceous cryslalline rocks: 
 1S87 to 1902. 
 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the Ignited States."] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Value. 
 
 YEAR, 
 1895 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 $195, 000 
 104, 800 
 727, 531 
 727, 531 
 750, 000 
 726,000 
 442, 424 
 724, 702 
 
 •1480, 000 
 
 1888 
 
 1896 
 
 497, 966 
 
 1889 . . 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 641,691 
 
 1890 
 
 683, 695 
 
 
 1899 
 
 802, 636 
 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 1 
 
 870, 646 
 
 1893 
 
 93.5, 494 
 
 1894 
 
 1,147,097 
 
 
 
 1 Census titrures. 
 
 It will be observed that, while there has lieen a steady 
 increase in value of products since 1895, previous to 
 
 that date the industry experienced many fluctuations. 
 The year 1902 was the first in which the value of the 
 output exceeded $1,000,000. 
 
 All otlier iniiierals. — Infusorial earth and tripoli are 
 produced in New Hampshire in small quantities. Dur- 
 ing 1902 the only deposit that was worked was on Troy 
 mountain, in Cheshire county. The material, after it is 
 mined, is calcined, bolted, and manufactured at Keene, 
 by the producers of the raw material, into cleaning 
 powders and polishers. 
 
 During 1902 Cheshire county was the only producer 
 of mica in commercial quantities, and was credited with 
 two operators. Mica mines have been uncovered and 
 worked at Grafton, Grafton county; at Dan bury, Merri- 
 mack count}'; and at Alstead, in Cheshire county. The 
 Ruggles mine, which up to 1889 had been a constant 
 producer since 1803, at one time contributing four-hfths 
 of the domestic mica, was idle during 1902. While the 
 value of the state's production of mica in 1902 was not 
 large, the state nevertheless ranked fourth, as the entire 
 value of the output of mica in the United States amounted 
 to only $118,849. 
 
 The quarrying of various stones for manufacture into 
 oilstones, whetstones, and scythestones has been an im- 
 portant industry in New Hamp.shire ever since Isaac 
 Pike discovered a superior grit for scythestones in 
 Grafton countj- in 1823.'' The company formed to ex- 
 ploit the deposits now owns and operates quarries in 
 New Hampshire, Vermont, Indiana, Ma.ssachusetts, 
 Ohio, and Arkansas, and has mills for cutting, smooth- 
 ing, and mounting the stones. Special stones of many 
 kinds are put upon the market, and the industry shows 
 a steady growth.' 
 
 During the census year there were discovered and 
 sold a small number of beryl gems, classified as precious 
 stones. These were all found in Grafton county and were 
 not in anv case the result of svstematic search or mining. 
 
 'Stones for Building ami Decoration, by (ieorge P. Merrill, 
 pages 76 and 77. 
 
 * United States (.7e<jlogical Surve\', 
 United States," 1902, page 675. 
 
 3 The Mineral Industry, 1892, Vol. I, page 463. 
 
 * Report of the Bureau of Labor of New Hampshire, ^'ol. 
 page 19 ff. 
 
 'Mineral Kesourees of the 
 
 VI, 
 
NEW JERSEY. 
 
 Table 1 is a summary of statistics t'cir the productive mines and ((uarries in the state of New Jeisey for lft()2. 
 
 Table 1.— SUMMARY: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines or quarries . . 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried ofiieials. clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Coirtract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Co.ft of supplies and materials . 
 Value of product 
 
 S357, 
 
 $2, 6ri8 
 810, 
 
 S3o;i 
 
 12, 2,S,^ 
 }6, i;o.5. 
 
 102 
 l.")] 
 
 420 
 000 
 
 64!: 
 727 
 770 
 6m 
 964 
 402 
 
 1.5 
 9 
 
 13S 
 J101,S7o 
 
 1,660 
 
 3773, 2«6 
 
 »10, 770 
 
 $30, 114 
 
 S429, 231 
 
 gl,22,H,6(;4 
 
 Siliceous 
 
 crystalline 
 
 rocks. 
 
 92 
 S(;4,.50X 
 
 947 
 $433, lOi; 
 
 S,=>8, IS,-) 
 $lli4,.il'.2 
 $94K, 474 
 
 Sandstones Limestones 
 Cla.v. j and and 
 
 quartzites. , dolomites. 
 
 3.5 
 $26. 044 
 
 702 
 $293, 232 
 
 2S 
 $17,X47 
 
 41X 
 $232, 4X0 
 
 15 
 
 $n,.30i 
 
 187 
 9S0, 6:A 
 
 All other 
 minerals. ^ 
 
 $19, 403 
 $67, 476 
 $612, 721 
 
 $lH,:i52 
 $36, 080 
 $406, 726 
 
 $7, 833 
 
 $23, 044 
 
 $188, 660 
 
 15 
 15 
 
 112 
 
 $135, 4;» 
 
 1,731 
 $84.5, 909 
 
 $174,832 
 $1,. 515, .571 
 $3,220,167 
 
 1 Includes operators as follows: Cement, 2; lead and zinc ore, 1: marl, 10; slate, 1: talc and soapstone, 1. 
 
 The mineral wealth of New Jersey constitutes one of 
 its greatest resources, and since the earlie.'-t days of its 
 histoiT has exerted a marked influence over its general 
 industrial development. The most extensively utilized 
 of the state's diversified mineral deposits is its clay, 
 the exploitation of which has brought New Jersey into 
 national prominence. Doubtless an important factoi' 
 in their extensive development is their geographical 
 occurrence. While brick clays are found in almost 
 every .section, nearly all the rich clavs are in Middlesex 
 county close to the navigable coast waters and the 
 Raritan river.' 
 
 The metalliferous ores are mainly limited to those of 
 iron, zinc, and copper. Lead and silver occur, and 
 although the former has been worked, it is now aban- 
 doned, and the latter has not been found in sufiicient 
 cjuantities to warrant mining. The occurrence of the 
 ores of arsenic and nickel is chietiy of niineralogical 
 importance; no dei^osits or veins of workable extent 
 have been discovered.'^ 
 
 The state from its earliest history has been an im- 
 portant producer of high-grade iron ore. The ore is of 
 the magnetic variety and has a higher value per ton 
 than that produced in any other state.' In 1902 the out- 
 put comprised over 26 per cent of the total yield of 
 magnetic iron ore in the countrj'.' Zinc mining in the 
 United States had its inception in New Jer.sey,' and for 
 
 'The New International Encyclopedia, Vol. XII, pages 104,5 
 and 1046. 
 
 ^Geological Survey of New Jersej', 1900, page xxv. 
 
 ^United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1902, pages 43 and 67. 
 
 *The New International Encyclopedia, Vol. XII, page 1045 ff. 
 
 ° Production and Properties of Zinc, by Walter R. Ingalls, page 13. 
 
 many j-ears the Inilk of the zinc (jre mined was drawn 
 from its deposits. The state's output of Portland ce- 
 ment in 19<»2 was approximately one-eighth of the total 
 yield of the country. The sand deposits of southern 
 New Jersey are of a cjuality that makes theni valuable 
 in the manufacture of glass, and thej' have been util- 
 ized for this purpose since pre-Revolutionary times." 
 The state also possesses valuable deposits of granite and 
 sandstone that have been extensively exploited, e^\ie- 
 cially during recent years. The greater part of the 
 granite product is of crushed stone, in the output of 
 which New Jersey exceeded every other state in 19n2. 
 Other minerals produced commercially in 1!)02 are marl, 
 slate, and talc and soapstone. 
 
 In addition to these, the range of mineral deposits in 
 the state comprises, among those of known occurrence, 
 though not mined in 1902. the following: Asbestos, 
 barytes, coal (bituminous), copper ores, galena, garnet, 
 infusorial earth, magnesia hydrate and carbonate, mar- 
 ble, mica, plumbago, phosphate rock, sapphire, serpen- 
 tine, and silver.' 
 
 The total expenditure for development work in 1902 
 was $275.9.^)0. Of this amount, $272.2.50 was applied to 
 developing the cement industry. The remainder, $3,700, 
 was expended in the development of gold and silver 
 and iron ore deposits. Work of an experimental char- 
 acter was also prosecuted in connection with copper 
 ores. 
 
 The following table shows the value of the products 
 of manufacturing industries closely allied to or based 
 
 ^The New International Encycloi)edia, Vol. XII, page 1046. 
 ' I'nited States (/ieological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1887, page 760 ff. 
 
 (259) 
 
260 
 
 minp:s and quarries. 
 
 upon the minings industiy in IfldO, using- as their raw 
 material the product of the mine and quarry: 
 
 Table 2. — Manufactures based primarily upon the product of mines 
 and quarries: J900. 
 
 INDUSTRY. 
 
 All manufactures 
 
 Based upon the products of mines or (lunrries: 
 
 Chemicals and allied products 
 
 Clay, glass, and stone products 
 
 Iron and steel and their products 
 
 Metals and metal products, other than iron 
 
 and steel 
 
 Miscellaneous industries 
 
 All other . 
 
 Value of product. 
 
 J611,748,'j;rl3 
 
 S49, CO", 740 
 22, 767, 027 
 76, S32, 967 
 
 91,8&.'j,743 
 2,S, 489, 243 
 
 , 552, 720 
 •,196,213 
 
 Tlie total value of products of the manufacturing- in- 
 dustries based on mining- was, as shown by Table 2, 
 $266,552,720, or 43.6 per cent of the total value of the 
 product of all manufacturing industries in the state in 
 1900. There were employed in all ])ranches of manu- 
 facture in 1902, 241,582 wage-earners, who were paid 
 $110,088,605 in wages. In 1902 the mines and quarries 
 of the state gave emploj'ment to 5,645 wage-earners, 
 who received 12,658,727 in wages. Comparing the fig- 
 ures for these two branches of industry, it is disclosed 
 that 97.7 per cent of the wage-earners, receiving 97.6 
 per cent of the wages, were employed in manufactur- 
 ing, while 2.3 percent of the wage-earners, receiving 
 2.4 per cent of the wages, were employed in mining. 
 
 The following table shows the value of the annual 
 production of the principal minerals in the state, 189U 
 to 1902: 
 
 Table 3. — Valve of annual production of principal mirwrals: IRun 
 
 to 1002. 
 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources (.f tlic United States."] 
 
 Iron ore. 
 
 Siliceous 
 
 crystalline Clay, 
 rocks. I 
 
 1890 81,341,,>43 
 
 1891 ,525, 612 
 
 1892 1,388,875 
 
 1893 . 
 
 1894 . 
 
 1895 . 
 1896. 
 1897. 
 
 1898 . . 
 
 1899 . . 
 
 1900 . . 
 
 1901 . . 
 
 1902 2 . 
 
 909, 458 
 568, 056 
 612, 671 
 628, 7.59 
 491,838 
 654, 148 
 814, 920 
 956, 711 
 918, Oil 
 1, 228, 664 
 
 
 S426, 
 400, 
 400, 
 373, 
 310, 
 151, 
 204, 
 561, 
 753, 
 779, 
 1,170, 
 894, 
 948, 
 
 (') 
 I') 
 (') 
 (') 
 
 i'> 
 (') 
 (') 
 82.58, 
 390, 
 440, 
 467, 
 694 
 612, 
 
 1 Not reported separately. 
 
 Sandstones 
 
 Limestones 
 
 and 
 
 and 
 
 , quartzites. 
 
 dolomites. 
 
 $597,309 
 
 8129, 662 
 
 400, 000 
 
 100,000 
 
 8.50, 000 
 
 180, 000 
 
 267, 614 
 
 149,416 
 
 217,941 
 
 193, .523 
 
 111,. 823 
 
 150, 000 
 
 126, ,5:m 
 
 131,213 
 
 190, 976 
 
 141,616 
 
 2.57,217 
 
 146,611 
 
 147, 768 
 
 153, 025 
 
 198, 234 
 
 170, 006 
 
 244,612 
 
 309, 738 
 
 406, 726 
 
 188, 6.50 
 
 -Census figures. 
 
 Iron crre. — The lirst recorded exploitation of the iron 
 ores of New Jersey occurred in 1674 at Tinton Falls, 
 near the town of Shrewsbury, in Monmouth county. 
 The pioneer in the industry in the state was Heniy 
 Leonard, who came from the village of Rowley, in 
 Massachusetts, to New Jersey and established the iron 
 manufacture in that state. Bog ore was used in the 
 first furnace. Foi- more than a third of a century the 
 industry of iron manufacture in the state, which grew 
 rapidly from the start, wa.^ <'oiilinc(| to the \vorkin<-- of 
 
 bog ore. Large quantities of iron were made from 
 this ore at one time, and the industry of its mining and 
 manufacture spread throughout southern and south- 
 western New Jersey and was for more than a centurj' 
 and a half an important factor in the industrial devel- 
 opment of this part of the state. "Jersey pines" fur- 
 nished the fuel for the furnaces and Idoomeries, and 
 oyster shells supplied the tluxing material. 
 
 The passing of bog ore mining was approximatelj' 
 coincident with the supplanting c)f charcoal as a fuel 
 by anthracite coal, which took place about 1840. 
 
 The rich deposits of magnetite in northern New 
 Jersey were discovered at an earh' day, and about 1710 
 settlements were made on Whippany river, in Morris 
 county, for the purpose of smelting the iron ores in 
 the neighborhood. Probably the lirst forge erected 
 for the working of these magnetic ore deposits, which 
 for almost two hundred years have been mined contin- 
 uously, was located at a point alx)ut 4 miles northeast 
 of Morristown. The celebrated Succasunna iron ore 
 mine is near the place where the lirst forge was built. 
 It was here that the pioneers in the industry obtained 
 their ore, which was carried to the works in leather 
 bags on pack horses; the bar iron was carried on horse- 
 back over the Orange mountains to Newark. Other 
 forges were soon built in Morristown and some in 
 Essex county, all of which for a long time and with 
 the same crude methods of transportation drew their 
 ore from the same source. The ores were free to all 
 until the tract embracing the Dickerson mine was taken 
 up on account of its minerals by John Reading in 1713 
 or 1714. The deposit has long been known as the 
 "Dickerson mine," from one of the early governors, 
 who was subse(iueiitly a United States Senator. On 
 March 10, 1714, Williimi P(>nn, by a warrant from the 
 council of proprietors, acijuired title to one of the 
 richest iron ore mines in New Jersey. This tract was 
 situated in Essex county, then Hunterdon, and was the 
 site of what later was known as the celel)rated Andover 
 mine. The products of this mine were for many years 
 carried on pack horses and in carts down the valley of 
 the Museonetcong to a place on the Delaware called 
 Durham, and thence transported by boat to Philadelphia. 
 
 For some years after the beginning of the eighteenth 
 century New Jersey wtis the only colony outside of 
 New England engaged in the manufacture of iron, and 
 this was largely confined to its bk)omeries. Not much 
 progress was made in establishing the industry until 
 about the middle of the eighteenth century; but from 
 about 174(1 to the Revolution many blast furnaces and 
 other iron works were erected, and the ii-on industry, 
 though hampered to some extent by restrictions imposed 
 by England, was exceedingly active. The patriotic 
 cause was afterwards greatly indebted for much of its 
 iron and steel, so necessary to secure its success, to the 
 enterprises built up between 174(1 and 1770 within the 
 borders of New Jersey. The t)ld t)\ford furnace, in 
 
NEW JERSEY. 
 
 261 
 
 ^^"arl•en county, built by Jonathan Robeson in 1742, is, 
 according to tradition, tlae first one blown by a water 
 blast. In 1880 it was still in operation, sharing with 
 the Cornwall furnace in Pennsylvania the distinction of 
 being the oldest furnace in the United States then in 
 active operation.' 
 
 In 1790 the total jjroduction of iroTi ore in New Jer- 
 sey was 10,000 tons. Forty years later it had increased 
 to 20,000 tons, and in 1855 had reached a total of 1(I(»,(H)0 
 tons. The output increased rapidly for almost two 
 decades thereafter and in 1873 amounted to 665,000 tons. 
 During- the succeeding three or four years there was a 
 marked decrease, the output in 1870 dropping to 285,000 
 tons. Then ensued another period of rapid increase, 
 which continued throughout the remaining years of the 
 decade, the maximum output in the history of the state, 
 nearly 1.000,000 tons, being reached in 1882. During 
 the next ten years the annual production remained 
 stead}-, with only slight variations, at an average of 
 about 500,000 tons. Between 1893 and 1897 the pro- 
 duction reached the lowest figures since 1861, with a 
 minimum output for the period of 257,235 tons in 
 1897." The increase which was shown in 1898 has grown 
 rapidlj' during each j-ear since, closing with an output 
 of 111, 879' tons in 1902. This is a gratifying yield 
 in view of the shortage of anthracite coal during the 
 (dosing months of the year, which tended to retard the 
 work of blast furnaces, and thus indirectly to affect the 
 output of the mines. ^ 
 
 The iron ore producing district of New Jersey is a 
 continuation of the ridge of Archean rock which, 
 beginning in Putnam county, N. Y.. extends southwest 
 across Orange county, N. Y., and the Hudson river and, 
 traversing northern New Jersey, runs out in Pennsyl- 
 vania. Lenses of magnetic ore occur throughout its 
 entire length. In New Jersey these are not as large as 
 in the Adirondacks, but they are more regularly dis- 
 tributed. Four courses or mine belts are recognized in 
 the state — the Ramapo, the Passaic, the Musconetcong, 
 and the Request — in order from east to west.* Mining 
 operations, which began in Morris county, have extended 
 until at present they are widely distributed over the 
 belt, the principal points of production being at Mt. 
 Pleasant and Hibernia." 
 
 The following table shows the annual production, in 
 long tons, of iron ore from 1890 to 1902: 
 
 Table -i. — Aiiinuil proihii-linii nf Iron on.- ls:iii to 1902. 
 ICiiited SluU'H(_;eoli>KJual Survey, "Miiicnil Jtosniircea uf tljr Cniled States."] 
 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 1 
 
 Long tons. 
 
 ' ia'',Mis 
 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Lontr tons. 
 
 IS'JU ... 
 
 
 2.>1, ^35 
 1^75, 138 
 
 IM),S 
 
 \w> 
 
 
 1 jj;r| I'^r^ 
 
 IS',1'.! .. 
 
 
 256, 185 
 
 iM'!;i 
 
 
 :ir-.ti, ],')0 
 
 I'JUO - 
 
 1 yoi 
 
 344, 247 
 
 IMll'l ... 
 
 
 
 40] , 989 
 
 190li 
 
 1-11, 879 
 
 ]K'.Ki 
 
 
 2(rl!999 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 > Iron in All Ages, by James "M. Swank, iiafie 146 ff. 
 
 ' CTeological Survey of New Jersey, 1902, jiages 115 and 142 ff. 
 
 ' United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1902, page 43. 
 
 *The Ore Deposit,- of the T'niti'd States, by .laim's 1- , Kemp, 
 page 123 ft. 
 
 ^ I i-eolcjirical Surye\- nf New .lersey, 1902, )ia,tre 119. 
 
 Sil/ceoiis <;njxf(iUhi(' /7«.-/x.— The ro(l<s of this char- 
 acter have not been quarri<>d extensively until within 
 the last five or six years. The inci-ease began in 1898, 
 wdien the value of the output was nearly 50 per cent 
 greater than thtitof L.S97." The maximum was reached 
 in 1900, New Jersey then standing third among the 
 states in the production of stones of tliis classification, 
 with an output valued at more than fl.OOo.OOO.' The 
 production has remained close to this figure .since. The 
 bulk of the state's yield of this classification consists of 
 trappean rocks u.sed principtdly as i-oad materials." 
 
 The belt within which occur all the granitic and 
 gneissoid rocks enters New Jersey from New York 
 near the Ramapo river, in Bergen county, and traverses 
 the state in a southwesterly direction. The greatest 
 width of the belt is less than 20 miles, while it is less than 
 half that width at its southern extremity. Compara- 
 tively few quarries are worked throughout this area, 
 though in many places the rocks are so situated that 
 their exploitation is practicable at a relatively low cost. 
 From the quarries at Dover, in Morris county, large 
 quantities of .stone for railroad construction have been 
 taken. A good quality of granite of fine grain and 
 even texture occurs in the Vernon valley along the east- 
 ei-n foot of Pochuck mountain." 
 
 (Jay. — The valuable clay beds of New Jersey have 
 been known and exploited for more than a century; but 
 their extensive occurrence and great importance to the 
 state and the country have been understood and fully 
 appreciated for only a comparatively short time. 
 
 The first recorded instance of clay mining in the state 
 was in the l.)anks of South Ambo}'. The clay was 
 used in making stoneware at Van Wickle's pottery at 
 Oldbridge, now Herbertsville, about 1800. Ln 1802 a 
 second pottery was built at Sayreville. on the Raritan, 
 and began the manufacture of stoneware from the same 
 clay banks at South Aniboy. 
 
 "United States Geolodcal Snryey, Twentieth .Inntial Re]iort, 
 Part VI, continued, pat,'e 279. 
 
 'Ibid., "^Mineral Resources of the United States," 1900, page 605. 
 
 -Stones for Building and Decoration, by <^4eorge P. Merrill, 
 page 77 ff. 
 
2(12 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 The famous fii-e clays of the stato were first exploited 
 after the War of isli, probalil.y about isifi. At about 
 this date G. W. Price carried to Boston a boat load of 
 tire clay, dug- at AVoodbridye, from the afterwards 
 celebrated banks, and maiuifactured it into tire biick. 
 Jacob Felt, about 1820, mined and carried to Boston 
 another shipment consisting of bO tons, for which he 
 paid 25 cents per ton in the ground. From this begin- 
 ning the mining and shipping of these clays to the same 
 point continued for many years. In 1835 they were 
 used in Philadelphia by Howell & Bros, in the manufac- 
 ture of wall paper. 
 
 The industry of tire brick manufacture within the 
 state had its inception in lS/^>3, Air. J. It. AA'atson, of 
 Perth Amboy, building and operating the first plant. 
 By this time the clay deposits were beginning to 
 attract some attention. The Gazetteer of New Jersey 
 stated in an issue of 1833 that " extensive beds of 
 white pipe clay, composed principalh^ of alumina, and 
 infusible, have been observed between Woodbridge 
 and Amboy." In 1840 Professor Rogers published in 
 his final report on the Geology of New Jersey the 
 results of a cursory examination made by him of the 
 cla}' deposits, especially in the \icinit_v of Woodbridge. 
 but these researches disclosed only a fraction of the 
 full importance of the beds. During the following- 
 fifteen 3'ears the scope of the clay working industries 
 was materially broadened. The progress is indicated 
 by the following quotation from the State Cieological 
 Report of 1855: ^'Clay for making 5<t,000,uOO fire 
 bricks was taken out during the year from th(» pits at 
 Woodbridge, Perth Amboy, and South Amboy: 2.()(»0 
 tons were sold for facing paper hangings; 2,O()0 tons 
 for making alum, and a considerable quantit}' for mak- 
 ing fine pottery at Jersey City, Trenton, and Green 
 Point. About lo.ouo tons of stoneware clay were 
 needed to supply the demand." Eighteen j-ears later, 
 in 1873, the industry of clay mining had grown to such 
 an extent that 265.000 tons of fire clay were dug annually 
 and sent into the market for making fire brick, fine 
 pottery, sewer pipe, terra cotta ware, retoi'ts, crucibles, 
 facing for wall paper, alum, etc. The average price 
 per ton received at that time was about $3.50. 
 
 At the same time 20,000 tons of stoneware clay were 
 mined in the vicinity of South Amboy. This was 
 shipped to all parts of the United States and supplied 
 the material for the bulk of the stoneware used in the 
 country. It brought an average price of $4 per ton. 
 
 The manufacture of fine earthenware was begun in 
 the state in the latter fifties. In 1868 these [)i-oducts 
 wen' turned out from 12 potteries in Trenton, and 
 reached for the year an aggregate \alue of $1,500,000. 
 
 The abundance of the New Jersey clays, their supe- 
 rior (jualitv, and' convenience to market have made 
 them almost essential to the successful prosecution of 
 some of the great industries of the country.' 
 
 The clay wealth of the stato conij^rises a great diver- 
 sity of varieties, with charactei'istics that fit them for 
 the manufacture of all the principal clay products. 
 Except for the common brick clay of the state, which 
 is widely distributed, the clay deposits are confined 
 within comparatively narrow limits. The more valu- 
 able clays occur in three geographical groups. The 
 most important is in Middlesex county, east of New 
 Brunswick, and extends to Staten Island sound and 
 Raritan ba^'. Its northern limit is a line parallel with 
 the Pennsylvania Railroad from New Brunswick to 
 Rahway and about 2 miles south of it, the Cheesequake 
 creek forming its southern boundary. The district 
 comprises an area of 68 square miles. It is within 
 this district that the noted Woodbridge and Amboy 
 clays, kaolins, and fire sands occur. 
 
 The second district is an extension of the first across 
 the state and along the Delaware river southwest to 
 Salem count}^, where it crosses the river and appears 
 again in Delaware. The Trenton, Florence, and Pen- 
 sauken creek clays occur in it. 
 
 The third district or group of clay deposits is within 
 the area lying to the south and southeast of the Green- 
 sand-marl belt. The more important deposits occurring 
 in this region ar(> those at Conrad, in Gloucester county, 
 and at Wheatland, in Ocean county. Of these three 
 groups of clay deposits those of the Middlesex district 
 are l>y far the most important, being superior in ((uality 
 and yielding an aggregate product many times larger 
 than that of the I'est of the state combined.' 
 
 Clay mining as a distinct industry disassociated from 
 the manufacture of clay products has reached a fuller 
 development in New Jersey than elsewhere in the 
 country, this state, in 1902, contributing almost 34 per 
 cent of the total product of the United States.^ 
 
 Sitiidxtiiiiis (I lid qiKrrtsiti'K. — Sandstone has been quar- 
 ried in New Jersey from an early date, especially in 
 Bergen, Passaic, and Essex counties, for building- 
 purposes, and for monuments and tombstones, and 
 has pro\'ed thoroughly durable. For many years the 
 sandstones of New Jersey, lieing of finer texture and 
 less laminated than those of Connecticut, and conse- 
 ((uently of superior quality, have been extensively used 
 
 ' (Teological Survey of Nrw Jersey, 1878, page 1 £f. 
 
 "Transactions of the American Institute of Minini; Engineers, 
 Vol. VI, page 177 ff. 
 
 'United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Kesources of the 
 I'nited Status," 1902, page 748. 
 
NEW JER.SP]V. 
 
 263 
 
 in New York and noighljoring citiew as a buildinii- luiitc- 
 rial.' Among the many notable structures built of this 
 stone may be mentioned Trinity church, New York city.'' 
 
 The most extensively worked stone quarries in the 
 state are those in the belt of red or bi'own sandstone 
 which extends from the New York line in a general 
 southwesterly direction across the state to the Delaware 
 river.' comprising an area of 1,540 scjuare miles.' 
 
 The principal quarrying points in the belt are in 
 various towns of Passaic, Essex, Hunterdon, and Mercei 
 counties. The stone, like that of Connecticut, is a 
 granitic sandstone, cemented 113^ iron oxides, silica, and 
 carbonate of lime, and varying in color from light 
 brownish gray to reddish brown. The tine grained. 
 dark brown varietj- is most in demand.' 
 
 Limestonea and dolomiies. — The limestones of the 
 state are widelj' distributed and have been used for 
 many 3' ears in the production of lime and cement.'' In 
 former vears quarr3dng on an extensive scale was pros- 
 ecuted in the outcrops of Devonian limestone at Lower 
 Harmony, in Warren county. This limestone, known 
 in the market as marble, was of a gra3dsh hue and in 
 places banded, owing to alternate lines of light and 
 dark minerals. It was worked mainly for the Pennsyl- 
 vania market. A ver3' beautiful limestone, known 
 commercially as "Rose Crvstal Marble," has been tpiar- 
 ried to some extent on a subordinate ridge of the Jenn v 
 Jump mountain range, in the same county. There also 
 occurs in association with the dolomites at IMontville a 
 beautiful deep green and oil yellow, often translucent, 
 serpentine, but it has not as yet lieen quarried except 
 for cabinet specimens.' 
 
 AJI other iiihii'r<dN. — Among the mineral products in 
 the output of which New Jersey takes high rank, is 
 Portland cement. This industry has had its inception 
 and remarkable development practically within the last 
 decade. Although there is an abundance of limestone 
 in the state, it was thought for mauA' 3'ears, in fact until 
 quite recently, that very little, if any, of it was adapted 
 to the manufacture of cement. Indeed, this was the 
 opinion expressed bv the state geologist in 1868, formed 
 after an exhaustive study of the various limestones of 
 the state. '^ 
 
 Prior to 1892 the production of Portland cement in 
 the state was not recorded by the United States Geo- 
 logical Survey. Beginning in 18'.)2 with a reported out- 
 put of 20,000 barrels, it increased during the following- 
 year by 300 per cent to 60,000 barrels. The rapid 
 growth of the industry continued through all the suc- 
 ceeding years of the decade, until in 1902 the total yield 
 was 2,152,158 barrels, or more than 100 times the out- 
 put of 1892. The following table shows the annual 
 prothiction of Portland cement since 1892: 
 
 ' Stones for Building and Decoration, page 149. 
 ■■^King's Handbook of the United States, page .556. 
 'Geology of New Jersey, 1868, page 387. 
 * Stones for Building and Decoration, pages 217 and 365. 
 
 Taiii.h ri. — AvviKil iii-oihiclii/ii of J'orllanil munil: ISU.' In lUO;. 
 [Uiiitrd Sillies IJroloKi™! Survey, ■■Mineral Ilrsi.nn-es n[ llie [Iiiitcil Sliitc's."] 
 
 
 YKAU. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 1898 . . 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 ISW .... 
 
 l«9:) 
 
 IK9.1 
 
 
 . - . . ' '20, 0(10 
 
 DO, OUO 
 
 72 TS, 
 
 
 .587, 103 
 
 1899 . . 
 
 1900 .. 
 
 
 892, 167 
 1, 169,212 
 
 iwjr-) .... 
 
 1890 
 
 
 ....' ]r)6,0(10 
 247 100 
 
 I'JOl 
 
 
 
 ] 902 . . 
 
 
 2, 1.52, 1.58 
 
 1897 . . . . 
 
 
 130, -X.'A 
 
 
 
 
 Tlic raw materials used in tlie manufacture of Port- 
 land cement occur in man3' localities in Sussex and 
 Warren counties, and to a limited extent in Hunterdon 
 county. The areas of principal importance are in the 
 Kittatinny valley and in some of the inter-Highland 
 valleys."' 
 
 Zinc ore mining in the United States began in Sassex 
 comity, N. J., in 1838. The oi'e, which was of the red 
 variety, was taken to the Government arsenal at Wash- 
 ington, where it was reduced, and the zinc used in the 
 brass designs of the standard of weights and measures 
 ordered h^^ Congress. The process used, however, was 
 too costl3' to permit commercial production of the 
 metal." In 1S4S the New Jerse3' Zinc Companv was 
 organized and erected at Newark an extensive plant for 
 the reduction of the metal. By 1852 the industry had 
 made considerable headway, 860 tons of metallic zinc 
 being produced. In 1863 the output increased to 1,440 
 tons, and for some years the state was the onh' pro- 
 ducer of zinc in the country'.' 
 
 The zinc deposits of the state occur in Sussex countv 
 on a range of hills which commences near Sparta and 
 extends in a southerh' direction through Stirling to 
 Franklin.'- The points of principal production have 
 been Ogdensburg and Franklin." 
 
 The marls of New Jersey have been dug for use as 
 fertilizers since the earl3' history of the state. The 
 marl, or Greensand region, is in the southern part of 
 the state, and is comprised within a belt from 6 to 15 
 miles in width, extending from the ocean below Sandy 
 Hook across the state to the Delaware.' 
 
 The quarrying of rooting slate in New Jerse3' dates 
 from about 1823, when it is believed the first quarry 
 was opened 133^ Mr. Evans, near the Delaware Water- 
 gap. The slate deposits of the state are extensive and 
 occur mainly within a belt entering the state from Penn- 
 sylvania and extending entireh' across the northern 
 part of the state to the New York state line, and along 
 the northwestern border of Kittatinny yalle3^ for a 
 distance of about 35 miles.'" 
 
 The state's production of soapstone in ly02 was 
 obtained from Warren county. 
 
 ° Geological Survey of New Jersey, 1900, page 30. 
 ''Production and Properties of Zinc, page 13. 
 "Metallic "Wealth of the United States, bv J. D, Whitney, page 
 348 ff . ' • 
 
 'Ibid., page 348, 
 
 "Geology of New Jersey, lS6s, page 261. 
 >» Ibid., page 518, 
 
NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Table 1 is a summaiy of the statistics of the productive mines and (|uai'ries of the territory of New Mexico 
 for 1902. 
 
 Taule 1.— SUMMARY: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines or quarries . 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 "Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 Value of product 
 
 161 
 
 207 
 
 175 
 8209,569 
 
 2,276 
 
 SI , 646, 833 
 
 S18, 381 
 
 $140, O.W 
 
 J497, 949 
 
 S2, 686, 173 
 
 OS 
 185, .599 
 
 1,439 
 
 51,027,460 
 
 S5, 770 
 
 S63, 990 
 
 »156, 613 
 
 *1, .500, 230 
 
 Gold and 
 silver. 
 
 880, 390 
 
 .519 
 
 $409,779 
 
 $32, 345 
 
 S34, 110 
 
 8256,816 
 
 8677, 168 
 
 Copper. 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 24 
 
 832, 120 
 
 164 
 
 8128, 483 
 
 810,266 
 
 826, 858 
 
 $49, 408 
 
 8271,270 
 
 Precious 
 stones. 
 
 Sandstone? 
 
 and 
 quartzites. 
 
 3 
 
 ,160 
 
 36 
 
 822, 087 
 
 81,900 
 
 82, 480 
 
 8.51, 600 
 
 $536 
 
 $370 
 
 $12,291 
 
 All other 
 minerals. ' 
 
 8 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 $6, 300 
 
 109 
 852, .509 
 
 812, 661 
 $32, 362 
 $173, 914 
 
 1 Includes operators as follows; Graphite, 1; iron ore, 1 (2 mines); lead and zinc, 1; marble, 2; mica, 1; phosphate rock, 1. 
 
 Doctor Wizlizenus, writing in 1S4:T. g-ives a concise , In addition to the pi'oductive mining there were 159 
 presentation of the mineral resources of New ^Mexico. ' operators engaged in developing 159 mines and wells-, 
 "In Spanish times several rich mines were worked at j of the following character: Gold and silver, 156; petro- 
 
 Avo, at Cerrillos, and in the Nambe mountains, but 
 none at present. Copper is found in abundance 
 throughout the country, but principally at La Tijera, 
 Jemez, Abiquiu, Guadalupita, etc.; iron, though also 
 abundantly found, is entirely overlooked. Coal has 
 been discovered in difierent localities, as in the Raton 
 mountains, near the village of Jemez, southwest of Santa 
 Fe, and near, but south of. Placer mountain, (xvpsum, 
 both common and selenite, is found in large quantities, 
 extensive layers of it existing in the mountains near 
 Algodones, on the Rio Grande, and in the neighborhood 
 of the celebrated salinas. It is used as common lime 
 for whitewashing, and the crystalline or sek.'nite instead 
 of window glass. About 100 miles south-southeast of 
 Santa Fe, on the high table-land between tlie Rio Grande 
 and Pecos, are some extensive salt lakes, or salinas, 
 from which all the salt (muriate of soda) used in New 
 Mexico is procured.""' Very little mining was done by 
 the Americans foi' many years after their f)ccui)atioii of 
 the territory. '■ 
 
 Aside from the minerals commei-ciaily produced in 
 1902, deposits of alum and sulphate of aluiiiiiri, cinna- 
 bar, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, and ,ser]ientine 
 are known to occur in th(^ territorv. 
 
 leum, 2; and coal, 1. The}' gave employment to 35s 
 wage-earners, who were paid $270,896 in wages. Other 
 expenses were contract work, $73,12^; miscellaneous 
 expenses, $34,125; and the cost of supplies and mate- 
 rials, $128,1:88. 
 
 The following table shows the A'alue of the products 
 of all the manufacturing industries of the territory, as 
 reported at the census of 190(i, and the products of the 
 manufacturing industries which chiefly utilize, as raw 
 materials, the products of mines and ([uarries: 
 
 ' Mineral Resources of the TJnited States, by Browne and Tay- 
 lor, 1867, page .S2.5. 
 
 - Ili.story of the Pacific Coast States, by Hubert II. Bancroft, 
 Vol. XII, page 748. 
 
 Table li. — Maniif<u-taresh<ii<>'d prinxiribj ujum 
 and ijii/rrrlrs: I'JOO. 
 
 a, 
 
 prvdur 
 
 ^' <->/ mines 
 
 INDUSTRY. 
 
 
 Value of 
 
 product. 
 
 All nianiifactures 
 
 
 
 ft,-, (105 vq'S 
 
 Bused upon the products of mine.s or quarries: 
 
 
 l,inii, wii.'> 
 
 
 Irou and steel aud tlicir [irodurts . 
 
 
 Metals and metal y-roducts, uthev than imn 
 
 and steel 
 
 ^Miscellaneous industries 
 
 1,.S37,4,S6 
 
 All other 
 
 3, 768, 309 
 
 
 
 
 The manufactured products thus based upon the prod- 
 ucts of mines and quarries constitute 32.7 per cent of 
 the total value. The value of the mineral production 
 of the territory in 1902 was $2,686,173, or 32.4 per 
 cent of the value of the, combined product of luamifac- 
 
NEW MEXICO. 
 
 265 
 
 tures and mines and quarries of the, tcrritovv. Klines 
 and quarries in 1902 emploj^ed 2,275 wage-earners, who 
 were paid 11,646,833 in wages. In 1900 manufactures 
 gave employment to 2,600 wage-earners, who were 
 paid 11,350,586; therefore manufactures gave employ- 
 ment to 53.3 per cent of the wage-earners and paid 45.1 
 per cent of the wages, while mines and tiuarries gave 
 employment to but 16.7 per cent of the wage-earners 
 and paid 51.9 per cent of the wages. 
 
 The following table, compiled from reports of the 
 United States Geological Survey, shows, with the ex- 
 ception of copper ore, values for which can not be 
 obtained, the value of the annual production of the 
 principal minerals of the territory from 189(i to 19()2: 
 
 Tablk 3. — ]'iihii' of I mnual production, of principal minenils: 1S90 
 
 to 190?. 
 
 [United States Geological Survey, " Mineral Resources ol tlie United States."] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 I'oal, bitu- 
 minous. 
 
 Gold.l 
 
 Silver.i 
 
 Sandstones 
 
 and 
 quartzites. 
 
 1890 
 
 S.504, 390 
 
 779, 018 
 
 1,074,601 
 
 979, 044 
 
 935, 857 
 
 1,072, ,520 
 
 930, 381 
 
 991,611 
 
 1,344,7,50 
 
 1,461,865 
 
 1,776,170 
 
 1,. 546, 6.52 
 
 1,, 500, 230 
 
 $8.50,000 
 905, 000 
 950, 000 
 913, 100 
 829, 519 
 492, 200 
 475, 800 
 356, 500 
 ,539,000 
 584, 100 
 832,900 
 688, 400 
 .531,100 
 
 $1,680,808 
 
 1,713,131 
 
 1,. 521, 390 
 
 592, 679 
 
 276, 764 
 
 898, 320 
 
 889, 277 
 
 697, 535 
 
 .549, 883 
 
 6.50, 731 
 
 ■>269, 266 
 
 3 338,040 
 
 3242,316 
 
 $186,804 
 50,000 
 
 1891- 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 4, 922 
 
 300 
 
 2,700 
 
 {-) 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 
 1898. . . 
 
 
 1899 
 
 1 829 
 
 1900 
 
 2,500 
 
 1901 - 
 
 (-) 
 
 1902 -^ 
 
 12 291 
 
 
 
 1 Estimates of the Director of the Mint, value of refinetl ptmiluct, siivcr at 
 coining value. The v^alues given in Table 1 are the values at the mine. 
 
 2 Not reported separately. 
 
 3 Commercial v'alue. 
 
 ■• Census figures except for gold and silver. 
 
 Coal, hitirme/ifius. ^The production of coal in New 
 Mexico was first reported for 1882, when it amounted 
 to 157,092 short tons. It was then mined in Raton, 
 Cerillas, Gallup, Monero, and San Pedro counties, 
 which represent the present counties of Colfax, Santa 
 Fe, McKinley, and Rio Arriba. In addition to these 
 counties coal is now mined in Lincoln, San Juan, San 
 Miguel, and Socorro counties. McKinley and Colfax 
 counties are the heaviest producers, their product being 
 over 71 per cent of the total tonnage of the territory. 
 The coals range from lignite to anthracite, considerable 
 quantities of the latter being found associated with 
 bituminous coal in the Cerillos district. 
 
 The following table, compiled from reports of the 
 United States Geological Survey, shows the annual 
 production of coal from 1882 to 1902: 
 
 Table 4. — Annval production of coal, liituminotix: ISS:' to 190^:'. 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the Tuiteil States."] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 1882 
 
 157,092 
 211, 347 
 220, 6.57 
 306, 202 
 271,285 
 508, 034 
 626, 665 
 486, 943 
 375, 777 
 462, 328 
 661,330 
 
 1893 
 
 665, 094 
 
 1883 
 
 1884 
 
 .597, 196 
 
 1895 
 
 720, 654 
 
 
 1896 
 
 i;22,626 
 
 1886 
 
 1897 
 
 716,981 
 
 1887 
 
 1898 
 
 992, 288 
 
 1888 . - 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1,0.50,714 
 
 1889 
 
 1,299,299 
 
 1890 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 1,086,546 
 1,048,763 
 
 
 
 (Jold and .silver. — The Old IMacrr • gold mines, 30 
 miles ,southwest of Santa Fe, \v'ere discovered in 1828, 
 and were worked to a considerable extent b}' the Mex- 
 icans in the earlj- days. The New Placer gold mines 
 were discovered in 1839.' Silver was discovered at 
 (Tcorgetown in 1872." The rich Lake Valley silver 
 mines commenced producing in 1881. The "'Bridal 
 Chamber" at Lake Valley, a cavern in the limestone 
 lined with rich silver ores, was one of the most I'emark- 
 able oie deposits ever found. It was here that Gov- 
 ernor Safl'ord offered |50,000 for the ore he could 
 extract unaided in ten hours.'' 
 
 The decade 1880 to 1889 witnessed a large increa.se in 
 the gold and silver production, as shown hy the follow- 
 ing table, compiled from the reports of the Director of 
 the Mint: 
 
 Table 5. — A imual prcjduction of <jold ccnd Kilrer: 18S0 to 1S89. 
 [Reports of the Director of the Mint.] 
 
 Y'EAR. 
 
 Oold. 
 
 $49, 354 
 185,000 
 1.50,000 
 280, 000 
 300, 000 
 
 Silver.! 
 
 YEAH. 
 
 Gold. ! 
 
 1 
 
 Silver.i 
 
 ],S80 
 
 $372, 337 
 
 275, 000 
 
 1,800,000 
 
 2, 845, 000 
 
 3, 000, 000 
 
 1885 
 
 1886 
 
 1887 
 
 1888 
 
 1889 
 
 $800,000 , 
 
 400,000 
 
 500, 000 
 
 602,000 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 S3, 000, 000 
 
 1881 
 
 1882 
 
 1883 
 
 2,300,000 
 2, 300, 000 
 1,200,000 
 
 1.SS4 
 
 1,461,010 
 
 
 
 1 Coining value. 
 
 Copjicr. — Two copper mines were extensively worked 
 before the Civil War — the Santa Rita and the Hanover — 
 turning out about 12 tons of copper per week and em- 
 ploying jointlv about 500 hands.* The Santa Rita 
 mines, near Silver CitJ^ were discovered by Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Carrisco in 18t)0,'' and were extensively worked 
 for copper, much of it native, before the Gadsden 
 Purchase." 
 
 Table 6. — Annual production of cop2)er: 1882 to 1902. 
 [United States Geological Survey, " Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 1882 
 
 869,498 
 
 823, 611 
 
 69, 450 
 
 79, 839 
 
 5.58, 385 
 
 283, 664 
 
 1,631,271 
 
 3, 686, 137 
 
 8.50,034 
 
 1,233,197 
 
 1, 188, 796 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 1895 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 280, 742 
 
 1883 
 
 31,884 
 
 1884 
 
 143, 719 
 
 1885 
 
 '* 701 664 
 
 
 701,892 
 1 . 592, 371 
 
 1887 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 1.888 
 
 3 935 441 
 
 1889 
 
 1900 
 
 4,169,400 
 9 629 884 
 
 1890 
 
 1901 
 
 1891 
 
 1902 
 
 6,614,961 
 
 1892 
 
 
 
 T'reciouH stones. — The prodviction classified as pre- 
 cious stones consists of turcjuoise, from Grant and Otero 
 counties, and garnets, from McKinley county. The 
 value of the turquoise product in 1902 was $51.1(tO. of 
 which 117,600 was from the mines of Grant county and 
 $3,500 from Otero countj-. The garnets from ]\L-Kin- 
 ley county were found bj- individuals, and were not 
 from any regularly operated mine. 
 
 Mlarper's Encyclopeilia, Vol. IX, page 449. 
 -The Mineral Industry, 1892, Vol I, page 229. 
 'History of the Pacific. Coast States, Vol. XII, page 755. 
 * Jlineral Resources of the United States, 1867, page ;325. 
 ^Harper's Encyclopedia, Vol. IX, page 448. 
 '■The :\lineral Industry, 1894, Vol. Ill, page 247. 
 
266 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 The most interestinu- of the ancient tuniuoise work- 
 ings are in the C'halchuitl mountain (" Chalchuitl " is tlie 
 Indian name for turquoise). The entire hill is under- 
 mined by caves, and there ai'e two iunuense open cuts, 
 the larger being over 30U feet aci'oss and 2()0 feet or 
 more in depth. According to tradition, a great rot'lv 
 slide occurred here in 1680 that buried some twentv-tive 
 Indians. The retiuisition of the Spaniai'ds on the 
 neighboring pueblo of San Marcos for more Indians to 
 take the place of those entombed led to a general 
 uprising, that resulted in driving the Spaniards out of ' 
 the country. 
 
 Modern turquoise mining in New Mexico has been 
 developed since the census of ISItO. There are three 
 districts where turquoise is produced — the ancient tur- 
 quoise mines in the Cerrillos mining district. 18 miles 
 south of Santa Fe, a locality in the vicinity of Cow 
 Springs mountain and Burros, and the mines opened a 
 few years ago in the Jarilla district, in Otero county. 
 In opening the old workings of the ancient mines stone 
 hammers and pottery in considerable quantities were 
 found.' 
 
 For the decade from ISyo to IHOU the total output of 
 the largest turquoise mine at Cerrillos amounted to 
 more than $2, t.tdO, <»(>(.) in value. A single stone has been 
 sold for as much as $8.00U. 
 
 Pyrope garnets, sometimes called Arizona rubies, are 
 found on the Navajo reservation. An interesting 
 variety of green semiopal has been discovered in Taos 
 county. 
 
 SinidstoneH ((ml iinaiis/ti-s. — Sandstone (|uarrics are 
 operated in Bei'nalillo, Colfax, and San Miguel counties, 
 chiefly for building stone. In the vicinity of Las Vegas, 
 Hot Springs, and Albuquerque occur beds of light gray, 
 brown, and pink sandstone of line texture.'' 
 
 ' Report of the (Tovernor of New Mexico, 1901, page 405. 
 ^Stonea for Building "nd Decoration, by George P. Merrill, 
 page 149. 
 
 All otliA^r iinncrdln. — Amorphous graphite is found in 
 the Raton mountains. The total graphite production 
 of the territory was refined graphite from one estab- 
 lisiunent, an inc<ii'porated company, opei'ating in Colfax 
 county. 
 
 One indi\'idual operator worked two iron mines in 
 1902 in Cxrant county. The deposits of iron ore in the 
 teri-itoiy are numerous, extending from the Raton 
 mountains to the Placer and Sandia mountains. Ore of 
 excellent quality is found near Las Vegas. At the 
 Hanover copper mine there is a heavy supply of iron 
 ore, partly magnetic and parth' a red hematite. On the 
 Rio Puerco, associated with coal, occur frequent bands 
 of iron ore. East of the Gallinas range and about 30 
 miles west of Socorro, in Socorro county, there is a large 
 tract of land covered with iron nodules that have been 
 shipped in large quantities for use as flux in smelters. 
 Good iron ore occurs also in the Santa Rita, Burros, and 
 other ranges in the southern part of the territory.'' 
 
 Marble was quarried in VM)'->, at two quarries in Otero 
 county. Near the Rio Puerco station of the Atlantic 
 and Pacific Railroad, in Valencia county, are deposits of 
 travertine, or stalagmitic matter, thus far exploited 
 only in a preliminary way. The stone varies in color 
 from almost white to almost black, and from translu- 
 cent to opaque. The better varieties show, when pol- 
 ished, a silky luster and a radiated fiI)rous structure.* 
 A\'hite and black marble occurs in the White Oaks dis- 
 ti'ict, Lincoln ('ounty. 
 
 Mica was obtained from one mine in Taos county. 
 It has also been worked to some extent in the Cribben- 
 ville district. Kio Arriba county. ' Phosphate rock was 
 reported for the tii'st time as mined to a small extent in 
 Luna countv. 
 
 ^United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 Urnted States," ISS.H, page 28.5. 
 
 'Stones fiir Building and Decoration, (lage 274. 
 ■>The Mineral Industry, 1898, Vol. VII, page .510. 
 
NEW YORK. 
 
 Table 1 iis a suniiiiary of the statistics for the prcxluctive mines, (juarries, and wells in New York state for 19((2. 
 
 Table I.— SUMMARY: 1902. 
 
 \ 
 
 Mumber of mines, quarries, and wells. 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried officials, elerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials. 
 
 Total. 
 
 9, 7t'.8 
 a, 921 
 
 791 
 »788, 3S-2 
 
 9, 560 
 
 m, 099, 7.53 
 
 S3.5.5, 113 
 
 Jl, '276, 232 
 
 S3, 002, .554 
 
 Value of product S13, 3,50, 421 
 
 21 
 2U 
 
 141 
 
 S160, 282 
 
 2, 459 
 
 SI, 203, 313 
 
 $4,4.50 
 
 8310, 772 
 
 SI, 374, 640 
 
 S3, 6,56,589 
 
 Limestones 
 
 and 
 dolomites. 
 
 181 
 178 
 
 171 
 ., 4.59 
 
 2, 
 SI, 214, 
 
 S142, 
 
 S4.51, 
 
 S2, 503, 
 
 8,443 
 2,123 
 
 69 
 S92, 116 
 
 408 
 J296,713 
 8272, 759 
 8259,740 
 .f440, 004 
 SI,. 530, 8.52 
 
 Sandstones 
 
 and 
 quartzites. 
 
 377 
 364 
 
 86 
 ',463 
 
 1,284 
 S785, 694 
 
 8104, 493 
 
 8108, 1.59 
 
 ;l, 408, 699 
 
 Siliceous 
 I ore. , crystalline 
 rocks. 
 
 15 
 13 
 
 62 
 866,231 
 
 965 
 
 8432, 039 
 
 47 
 S42, 942 
 
 6.55 
 S357, 329 
 
 Talc and 
 soapstonc. 
 
 8199, .587 
 
 8293, 950 
 
 81,362,987 
 
 829, 157 
 894, 299 
 86.51,014 
 
 29 
 819, 654 
 
 163 
 
 883, 680 
 
 $38, 786 
 815, 253 
 8615, 3.50 
 
 Number tif mines, quarries, an 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract Avork 
 
 Miscellane<")us expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials. 
 Value of ])roduct 
 
 34 
 540,6:14 
 
 469 
 
 8332,086 
 
 831,283 
 $100, 705 
 $577, 298 
 
 Natural 
 gas. 
 
 Gypsum. 
 
 i;i2 
 los 
 
 863,015 
 
 121 
 884,476 
 877,904 : 
 
 8127,530 1 
 S:!9,920 I 
 
 8346,471 
 
 17 
 15 
 
 832,600 ; 
 
 214 
 8100,996 
 
 17 
 814, 645 
 
 126 
 $69, 561 
 
 814, 081 
 831,175 
 82.59, 170 
 
 88, 429 
 
 816,225 
 
 S126, 718 
 
 83 
 847, 093 
 
 S3, 200 
 
 $8,200 
 
 $97,600 
 
 firsinhifH Corundum 
 i.Traptiite. ,and emery. 
 
 $1,124 
 819. .543 
 S77.437 
 
 82, 349 
 
 9 
 84,446 
 
 82,171 
 $2, .575 
 $44,625 
 
 Buhrstones 
 and 
 
 millstones. 
 
 59 
 828,021 
 
 All other 
 minerals. 1 
 
 20 
 19 
 
 10 
 
 84, 575 
 
 52 
 823, 981 
 
 8849 
 
 81,489 
 
 S:»,570 
 
 $2, S24 
 
 84, 541 
 
 $.52, .505 
 
 1 Includes operators as follows: Clay, 7 (s mines); crystalline quartz, 1; feMspar, 
 pigments, crude, 5; sulphttr and pyrite, 1. 
 
 The mineral resources of the state are varied, '2S dif- 
 ferent minerals contributino- to the state's output in 
 1902. Among the variou,s branches of the mining indus- 
 try in the .state the manufacture of cement is foremo.st. 
 Both natural rock and Portland cement are produced in 
 large quantitie,s; and New York has led the states for 
 niany years in the production of natural rock cement. 
 The greater part of the cry,stalline graphite production 
 in the United States comes from the mines at Ticon- 
 deroga, in Essex county, where the mineral has been 
 mined for nearly a century. The gypsum deposits of 
 the state are extensive, and in gypsum mining New York 
 ranks fourth. The glass sand found in the state occurs 
 in a form sufficiently disintegrated to require no further 
 crushing before using it in the manufacture of glass.' 
 The corundum and emery mines near Peekskill are 
 among the largest producers of these abrasive materials 
 in the United States, and in the production of garnet 
 
 ' United States Geological Survey, 
 "United States," 1902, page 1010. 
 
 ' Mineral Kesources of the 
 
 flint, 2; infusorial earth, tripoli, and x^umice, 1; lead and zinc ore, 1; mineral 
 
 for abrasive purposes the state ranks high. Most of 
 the buhrstones made in the United States are from the 
 quarries of the state along the eastern slopes of the 
 Appalachian mountains. The ,state for many years 
 has been a large producer of tibrou^alc, most of which 
 is used in paper making. Extensive deposits of clays 
 are widely scattered and many of them are capable of 
 being used in the manufacture of terra cotta, rooting 
 tile, and the coarser grades of pottery.'^ Natural gas is 
 also found over a very large area of the state. It was 
 first used as a source of light and heat at Fredonia, Chau- 
 tauqua countv, in 1821.'' The oil territory in New York 
 is a continuation of the Bradford, Pa., field and has lieen 
 more or less productive .since 1865.* With the excep- 
 tion of Pennsylvania, New York state is the largest 
 producer of the magnetite variety of iron ore. which 
 
 ■■'New York State Museum, Bulletin No. 12, page 98. 
 'United States Geological .Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1902, page 648. 
 
 ' New York State Museum, Bulletin No. 15, page 558. 
 
 (267) 
 
2(38 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 abounds in the Highlands of the Hudson and in the 
 Adirondack region, where the ore has been mined for 
 over a century in the Lake Champlain valley.' Iron 
 ores of both the red and bi'own hematite \'ariety are also 
 mined in the state, and in a number of localities ore of 
 the hematite variety is found suitable for metallic paint, 
 and is also used for coloring matter in making mortar. 
 
 The numerous quarries of the state produce annuallj^ 
 large and valuable quantities of fine stones, among which 
 are included the granite of the Adirondack region, the 
 sandstones of Potsdam and Medina, the bluestone of the 
 Hudson valley, the shell limestone of Lockport, the 
 black marble of Glens Falls, the red marble of War- 
 wick, the verd antique of Moriah, the rooling slate of 
 Washington, Kensselaer, and Columbia counties, and 
 the white marble of Westchester." 
 
 Other minerals mined or quarried in the state in 
 greater or less quantities are crystalline quartz, feld- 
 spar, flint, infusorial earth, lead and zinc ore, and 
 sienna. 
 
 The following minerals also occur in the state, but 
 were not produced in commercial quantities in 1902: 
 Barytes, chrysoberyl, copper, fluorite, ilmenite, man- 
 ganese, molybdenum, monazite, nickel, pyrope, rntile, 
 serpentine, strontium ore, whetstones, mica, tourma- 
 line, and sulphur and pyrite. 
 
 In addition to the productive mines, quarries, and 
 wells shown in Table 1. 6 operators reported mines 
 and quarries having no production, the work done dur- 
 ing 1902 being contined to development and care. These 
 operators gave employment to 90 wage-earners on an 
 average during the year and paid f.oO.iOS in wages. 
 The 11 salaried officials, clerks, etc., received $16, .569; 
 the contract work amounted to only $.500; the miscel- 
 laneous expenses were $6,131; and the cost of supplies 
 and materials was $2,164. 
 
 The following table shows the value of the products 
 of manufacturing industries based primarily upon 
 
 ' New York State Museum, Bulletin Xo. 15, pages 529 to 535. 
 ^ King's HandVjook of the United States, page 589. 
 
 minerals mined or quarried, as well as the value of all 
 manufactured products of the state as reported at the 
 census of 1900; 
 
 Table ii. — Maiiiifactures bawd primarily vjinn the products of mines 
 and quarrii's: 1900. 
 
 TNPrSTRY. 
 
 Value of product. 
 
 All raanufactureH S2, 175, 72G,yuo 
 
 Baserl upon products of mines or quarries; 
 
 Chemicals and allied products 
 
 clay, glass, and stone products 
 
 Iron and steel and their products 
 
 ^Metals and metal products, other than iron 
 
 and steel 
 
 Miscellaneous industries 
 
 All other. 
 
 S38, 870, 609 
 42, ,594, 874 
 157,0.50,481 
 
 93,341,219 
 140,844,342 
 
 492, 
 1,683, 
 
 701, 525 
 025, 375 
 
 The value of the manufactured products, based pri- 
 marily upon minerals mined and quarried, as shown by 
 the foregoing table, amounted to $492,701,525, or 22.6 
 per cent of the total value of all manufactures in the 
 state as reported for 1900. The value of the output of 
 the mines, quarries, and wells of the state in 1902, 
 $1.3, .350. 421, was six-tenths of 1 per cent of the total 
 \alue of all the manufactures of 1900, and the products 
 of mining and ([uarrying in 1902. 
 
 The wage-earners emploj-ed during the census year 
 1900 by the manufacturing industries of New York 
 state numbered 849,056. and the wages paid amounted 
 to $408,855,652. The operators of the mines, quarries, 
 and wells of the state reported that the}' eniplojed, 
 during 1902, 9,56<» wage-earners and paid $5,099,753 in 
 wages. Manufactures and mining together gave em- 
 ployment during the year to 858,616 wage-earners and 
 paid $413,955,405 in wages. jNIanufactures, therefore, 
 employed 98.9 per cent of the wage-earners and paid 
 98.8 per cent of the wages, and mines and quarries gave 
 employment to but 1.1 per cent of the wage-earners and 
 paid 1.2 per cent of the wages. 
 
 The following table presents the value of the annual 
 production of the leading minerals of the state from 
 1S9<> to 1902: 
 
 T.iBLE rj.— VALUE OF ANNUAL I'ltdH'C TK IN OF TlUNCIl'AL MIXFKALS; 1890 T(.) 1902. 
 [United States (leologicul Survey, "Mineral Resources of the Tniti'd States."] 
 
 CEMENT. 1 
 
 1 
 iLiniestonfs 
 
 
 and 
 
 do 
 
 lomites. 
 
 $1 
 
 7I)S, 830 
 
 
 200,000 
 
 
 200, 000 
 
 
 103,529 
 
 
 378,851 
 
 
 043, 182 
 
 
 ,591,966 
 
 
 697, 780 
 
 
 533, 936 
 
 
 ,545,699 
 
 1 
 
 730, 162 
 
 
 738, 716 
 
 
 503,536 
 
 Sandstones 
 etroleinu.l and 
 
 quartzites. 
 
 rnent preve 
 
 1-1 
 0i;l,970 
 708, 297 
 660, 000 
 790, 164 
 240, 468 
 420, 653 
 005, 736 
 098, 284 
 708, 926 
 759, ,501 
 460,008 
 530, 852 
 
 8702,419 
 
 500, 000 
 
 450, 000 
 
 416, 318 
 
 450, 992 
 
 415,644 
 
 223, 175 
 
 544,. 51 4 
 
 ,566, 133 
 
 1, 21, s, 0,53 
 
 1 , 467, 49i; 
 
 1 , 331 , 327 
 
 1, I0«, 699 
 
 m 
 
 i-) 
 
 92,379,267 
 
 1 , 222, 934 
 
 396, 456 
 
 ,598, 313 
 
 780, 932 
 
 642, 838 
 
 350, 999 
 
 1,241,985 
 
 1,103,,H17 
 
 1 , OOi;, 231 
 
 1 , 362. 9,S7 
 
 (■111 Jires 
 
 Siliceou,s 
 
 Talc an, 1 
 soap- 
 stone. 
 
 
 
 
 
 crystal- 
 line 
 rocks. 
 
 J222, 773 
 
 iMiirl.le. 
 
 Katiu-al 
 Kiis. 
 
 (iyp.sum. 
 
 Slate, 
 
 J389, 196 
 
 S354, 197 
 
 S.362,000 
 
 S73,093 
 
 SI 26. 603 
 
 22,5,000 
 
 493, 068 
 
 390, 000 
 
 280, 000 
 
 ,5,s, ,571 
 
 176, 000 
 
 200, 000 
 
 ■172,485 
 
 380, 000 
 
 216, 000 
 
 61,100 
 
 210, 000 
 
 181,449 
 
 403,. 136 
 
 206, 926 
 
 210, 000 
 
 65, 392 
 
 204, 9,82 
 
 140, 618 
 
 436, 060 
 
 .501,. 5,85 
 
 249, 000 
 
 60, 262 
 
 44, 542 
 
 68, 474 
 
 370, 897 
 
 207, .828 
 
 241,, 530 
 
 59, 321 
 
 91,875 
 
 161, 167 
 
 ,399,413 
 
 4,84, 160 
 
 2,56,000 
 
 32, 812 
 
 82, 492 
 
 422, 216 
 
 396, 936 
 
 3,54,631 
 
 200, 076 
 
 78, 684 
 
 .53, 799 
 
 616, ,847 
 
 411, 430 
 
 342, 072 
 
 229, 078 
 
 81,969 
 
 48, 694 
 
 306, 711 
 
 438,150 
 
 338,816 
 
 294,, 593 
 
 106, 533 
 
 76,675 
 
 446, 171 
 
 499, 500 
 
 332, 518 
 
 335, 367 
 
 150, 688 
 
 62, 765 
 
 189, .S2.S 
 
 483, 600 
 
 379, 169 
 
 293, 232 
 
 241,669 
 
 100,960 
 
 651,01 1 
 
 615, 350 
 
 677, 298 
 
 346, 471 
 
 269, 170 
 
 126. 7M 
 
 . ]s',i;.! inrliide 
 
 st nj' [laukiiil^L'H. 
 
NEW YORK. 
 
 2 P. 9 
 
 Cement. — New York, which leads the states lu the 
 manufacture of the Rosendale, or natural rock cement, i,s 
 also the state in which the industry in this countrj'was 
 first established. Natural-cement rock was lirst discov- 
 ered in this country about 1818 at or near Chittenang-o, 
 Madison t'ounty, N. Y., and was lirst used in the con- 
 struction of the Erie canal.' In 1823, when the Ulster 
 county section of the Delaware and Hudson canal was 
 under construction, hydraulic-cement rock was disco\- 
 ered near Rosendale." In 1825 a rock similar to the 
 Chittenango variety was discovered at Highfalls, in 
 Ulster countj', and the first crushing mill was erected 
 there in 182ti. In 1828 a mill was ))uilt at Rosendale, 
 in Ulster county- This locality soon became the lead- 
 ing center for this industry, and has so remained.^ Ex- 
 tensive works were also erected at Whiteport and at 
 other places in the vicinity. 
 
 Upon the completion of the canal activity in the 
 manufacture of cement greatly declined, but upon the 
 reopening of the old Snyder mill interest revived and 
 the natural rock cement was made for the general 
 market. Since 1839, when an exceptionally high grade 
 of cement rock was found at Akron, in Erie county, an 
 increasing industry has been maintained in that region.^ 
 
 Certain strata of limestone were found near South 
 Rondout, Ulster county, that are well adapted to the 
 nianufacture of Portland cement, and suitable claj- for 
 its production was also found near Phoenicia, in the 
 same county. 
 
 The following table, compiled from the reports of the 
 United States Geological Survey, shows the annual 
 production of both Portland and natural rock cement 
 from 1890 to 1902: 
 
 Table -Jt. — Amiiial production of cement: 1S90 tu I fin?. 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral l-Iesources of the Uniteil .states."] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 PnrrlBTirl Natural 
 rCJ:r.t'-|,<far. 
 
 1 
 
 YEAB. 
 
 Portland 
 (barrels). 
 
 Natural 
 rock (bar- 
 rels). 
 
 1890 
 
 65, 000 
 87, 000 
 124,000 
 137, 096 
 117, 275 
 159, 320 
 
 3, 766, 756 
 3, 931, 306 
 3,780,687 
 3,697,758 
 3, 446, 330 
 3,939,727 
 4,181,918 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 394, 398 
 554, 358 
 472, 386 
 465, 832 
 617, 228 
 1,156,807 
 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 4,157,917 
 4,689,167 
 3, 409, 085 
 2,234,131 
 3 577 340 
 
 1894 
 
 1895 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 . 
 
 1896 
 
 260, 787 
 
 
 
 in 1902 a total of 21 plants in the state were making- 
 cement, 11 of which manufacturing natural rock cement 
 only, 8 making Portland cement onlj% and 2 making- 
 both. The total output was 4,734,147 barrels, valued 
 at $3,656,589. Of this output 3,577,340 barrels were 
 natural rock cement and 1,156,807 Portland cement. 
 Ulster countj' alone produced 2,730,750 barrels of 
 
 'United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1902, pages 797 to 799. 
 
 2 The Mineral Industry, 1897, Vol. VI, page 92. 
 
 'United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1902, page 799. 
 
 natural rock cement, or 76.3 per cent of tlie total for 
 the state. 
 
 Limestones and (/o/o/z/z/rw. — The limestones in the 
 state that furnish building- stone belong to the follow- 
 ing named formations: Calciferous, whicli may be 
 traced along the Mohawk valley, in Herkimer, Mont- 
 gomery, and Oneida counties; the Chazy, seen in Clin- 
 ton county in its typical development and in the 
 Champlain valley; the Trenton, found in Montgomery, 
 Fulton, Herkimer, Oneida, Lewis, Jetierson, St. Law- 
 rence, Hamilton, Clinton, Essex, "Warren, and Saratoga 
 counties; the Niagara, which has its greatest develop- 
 ment near the Niagara river: the Lower Helderberg, 
 found in the Rondout vallc}' and in Ulster, Greene, 
 Herkimer, and Otsego counties; the Upper Helderberg, 
 found in Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, Monroe, Genesee, 
 Erie, and Ulster counties; and tlie TuUy, found in 
 Onondaga county. A stratum of Lower Silurian lime- 
 stone, 60 to 70 feet in thickness, is extensively worked 
 for ornamental and building- purposes at Greenport, 
 Columbia county. It is a stone of medium texture, 
 semicrystalline, highly fossiliferous. of a water-blue or 
 gray color, and has been known as '"coal-shell marble."' 
 In various towns in Montgomery county a gray or blue- 
 gray semicrystalline limestone is quarried for building 
 material.* The Onondaga gray limestone is well de- 
 veloped and is extensivel}' quarried in Onondaga 
 county. The Upper Helderberg beds at Auburn, 
 Cayuga county, have furnished gray and blue-gray 
 magnesian limestone since 1810, when the first quarry 
 was opened. The Lockport gray limestone has been 
 quarriedin Niagara county along the Erie canal since 
 1825.' 
 
 The 181 quarries from which a production was re- 
 ported in 1902 were located in 34 counties, and had an 
 aggregate output valued at $2,503,536, New York thus 
 taking fifth place among the states in the production 
 of limestone. The increase over 1901 amounted to 
 $764,820. The value of the limestone quarried for 
 building purposes in 1902 amounted to §480,141. 
 
 Petroleum. — The occurrence of petroleum in New 
 York state was first recorded by a Jesuit missionary 
 who visited the oil spring- at Cuba, Allegany county, in 
 1627. The Indians valued the oil from this spring for 
 its supposed curati\'e powers wlien externally applied, 
 and it became widely known as "Seneca oil.'"" The 
 oil territory in the state is a continuation of the Brad- 
 ford field of Pennsylvania, and almost all the developed 
 territory in the state is contained in Cattaraugus and 
 Allegany counties, in the southwestern part of the state. 
 The first drilling was done at Limestone, in Catta- 
 raugus county, in 1865. In 1881 a well was drilled at 
 
 * Stones for Building and Decoration, bv Georse P. ^Merrill pagea 
 315 to 318. ' " 
 
 ^ New York State Mu.seum, Bulletin No. 15, pages 443 to 447. 
 ^ Ibid. , pages 557 and 558. 
 
270 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Petrolia, in Allegan}' county, and a ^ycar later anothei- 
 was drilled at Richhury, in the same county. The oil 
 varie.s in color from lio-ht yellow to ahiio.st black, 
 although the dark green oil is liy far the most abun- 
 dant.' 
 
 In 1902 there were 8, -MS producing wells, with an 
 output of 1,119,730 barrels, valued at $1,530,852. This 
 was a decrease in production of 86,888 barrels as com- 
 pared with 1901. 
 
 The following table, compiled from the reports of 
 the United States Geological Survey, shows the annual 
 petroleum production of the state from 1891 to 1902: 
 
 Table .5. — Annual production of petroleum: 1S91 to 1902. 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 1,. 58.5, 030 
 1,273,343 
 1,031,391 
 942, 431 
 912,948 
 1,205,220 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 1,279,155 
 1,205,2,50 
 
 1893 
 
 1899 
 
 1,320,909 
 
 1894 
 
 1895 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1,300,925 
 l,206,fil8 
 
 1896 
 
 1902 
 
 1,119,730 
 
 tiandsto-nes and (juartzites. — The principal sandstones 
 quarried in New York state may be divided into three 
 groups, belonging re.spectivelv to three distinct geolog- 
 ical horizons, and each group having its peculiar char- 
 acteristics. " 
 
 The first group, popularly known as •"bluestone," 
 belongs to the Hamilton period of the I^evonian forma- 
 tions. The stones arc tine grained, comjjact, dark blue- 
 gray stones, very strong and durabl(\'~ The area in 
 which bluestoue is quarried in the state extends 
 from the west shore of the Hudson river, in Albany, 
 Greene, and Ulster counties, in a southwesterly direc- 
 tion to the Delaware river, through Delaware and Sul- 
 livan counties. There is also a small isolated region of 
 production in Chenango county.' 
 
 The second group belongs to the Medina period of 
 the Upper Silurian formations. The stones are largely 
 siliceous, of coarser, more distinctly granular texture 
 than the bluestone, and are gray or I'ed in color. 
 Quarries of Medina .sandstone are found in Oswego, 
 Oneida, Cayuga, Wayne, Monroe, Orleans, and Niagara 
 counties. The stone has been quarried at Lockport, in 
 Niagara countv, since 182-1.'' This stone has a wide use 
 foi' street paving, in place of the usual granite or trap 
 blocks." 
 
 The third group belongs to the Potsdam period of 
 the Cambrian formations, the oldest formation in which 
 sandstone is quarried for building pui-poses in the .state. 
 The Potsdam sandstone is quarried in Jetl'erson, Frank- 
 lin, Essex, Washington, and St. Lawrence counties. 
 
 'New York State Museum, Bulletin No. 1.5, pafjes 5.57 and 558. 
 ^Stones for Building and Decoration, page.s 150 to 153. 
 ■'New York State Museum, Bulletin No. 15, paj^e 411. 
 'Ibid., page 400. 
 ^Ibid., ijage.4 '-Wi and :1S4. 
 
 The most extensive openings are near Potsdam, in St. 
 Lawrence county, the stone being hard, compact, and 
 even grained, and pink to red in color. Some of it has 
 a laminated structure and striped appearance. It is an 
 excellent building stone, and is widely known and 
 esteemed for its beauty and durability.'^ 
 
 The value of the sandstone quarried in the state in 
 1902 at the 377 productive quarries amounted to 
 $1,408,699, an increase over 1901 of 177,372. The 
 value of the stone quarried for building purposes 
 amounted to $550,039; for paving, $264,858; for curb- 
 ing, $272,831; and for flagstone.s, $230,158. The pro- 
 ductive quarries were located in 31 counties; Orleans 
 ranking first in value of product. 
 
 Iron ore. — Albany, Cayuga, Clinton, Columbia, 
 Dutchess, Essex, Franklin, Herkimer, Jefl'erson, Lewis, 
 Madison, Oneida, Onondaga, Orange, Putnam. Rich- 
 mond. Rockland, St. Lawrence, Saratoga, Warren, 
 AVashington, AA'ayne, and Westchester counties are 
 known to contain one or more of the varieties of iron ore 
 found in the state, and in most of these counties iron 
 ore has been mined at one time or another.''' 
 
 Although iron ore was found in various places b}' 
 the Dutch during their rule from 1614 to 1664. no 
 known eflort was made hy them to manufacture iron, 
 and it is not proljable that any mining of iron ore of 
 consequence was then attempted. The first known iron- 
 works in the state were established in Columbia count}-, 
 near the Connecticut line, about 1740, but the ore was 
 mainly obtained from the Salisbury mine in Litchfield 
 county, Connecticut. 
 
 With the discovery of the celelirated Sterling mine, 
 near Monroe, in Orange county, in 1750, and the build- 
 ing of a furnace in that locality in the succeeding year, 
 iron ore mining in New York state maj' be said to have 
 really begun.' The Forest-of-Dean mine, 6 miles west 
 of Fort Montgomery, in Orange county, was discovered 
 about the same time." 
 
 Historic interest attaches to the Sterling group of 
 mines, not only because here was probabl}' the first 
 iron mine opened in the state but also because the 
 anchors for the United States frigate C'oriKtitullon, and 
 the great iron chain suspended across the Hud.son river 
 at West Point in 177s to prevent the passage of the 
 British vessels, were made at the Sterling Iron Works 
 from ores produced at these mines.' 
 
 The Maltby mine, near ^lillerton, in Dutchess count}', 
 opened in 175U, has produced a large amount of ore, 
 and much of it was smelted in a furnace on the prop- 
 erty." The Armenia mine, in Dutchess county, opened 
 about 1760, was still worked in 1902. During the 
 Revolution the ore from this mine was used for mak- 
 
 » Mineralogy of New York, 1842, by Lewis ('. Beck, pages 5 
 to :«. 
 
 ' Iron in All Ages, by .James M. Swank, pages 13ti and 140. 
 " New York State Museum, Bulletin No. 7, page 6. 
 " Ibid., page .58. 
 
NEW YORK. 
 
 271 
 
 iiig guns.' The output from the Dutchess county ii'on 
 ore mines at the present time is couipiiriitively small. 
 
 Iron ore was mined and furnaces were erected in 
 Westchester county before the close of the eighteenth 
 century, and iron mines were also worked in Putnam 
 covmtj^ about the same time.' The Tilly Foster mine 
 is located near Brewster, in Putnam county. Neither 
 Westchester nor Putnam county reported production 
 in 1902. 
 
 About 1800 the celebrated Champlain iron district, 
 comprising the counties of Essex, Clinton, and Frank- 
 lin, was developed,' one of the oldest openings in Essex 
 county being the Castaline bed, near Elizabethtown.'' 
 The output during the earlier years of the development 
 was small, aggregating but a few thousand tons, but it 
 increased rapidly after 1840, and in 1868 the town of 
 Moriah alone produced 230,000 tons.' With the fur- 
 ther development of the Port Henry and Chateaugay 
 mines this district was and is to-day the leading iron 
 ore producing district in the state.* 
 
 The Caledonia mine at Rossie, St. Lawrence county, 
 was opened in 1812, the Kearney in 182.5, and the 
 Keene in 1837. These mines produced ore of the red 
 hematite variety.' The Old Sterling mine, near Ant- 
 werp, in Jefferson county, first opened in 1830, is 
 another mine that produces red liematite ore.'' This 
 mine was in operation in 1902. 
 
 The Clinton, or fossil, ores have l;)een found in Her- 
 kimer, Oneida, Madison, Cayuga, Wayne, and Monroe 
 counties, but very little raining has been done except 
 in the towns of Clinton, in Oneida county, and Ontario, 
 in Wayne count}'. The first lease for digging Clinton 
 ore was given in 1797.' 
 
 In 1902 there were 15 productive iron mines in the 
 state, in Clinton, Dutchess, Essex, Herkimer, .letter- 
 son, Lewis, Oneida, Orange, St. Lawrence, and Wayne 
 counties. The total production was 5.55,321 long tons, 
 valued at $1,362,987. Essex county alone produced 
 324,731 tons. Magnetic ore was produced in Essex, 
 Clinton, Herkimer, Lewis, and Orange counties; red 
 hematite in Jefferson and St. Lawrence counties; fossil 
 in Wayne and Oneida counties: and brown hematite in 
 Dutchess county. 
 
 The following table, compiled from the reports of 
 the United States Geological Survey, shows the annual 
 production of iron ore in New York state from 1884 to 
 1902: 
 
 ' Iron in All Ages, pages 141 ami 142. 
 
 '' New York State Museum, Bulletin No. 7, pages :34 and .S5. 
 
 ^Ibid., page 9. 
 
 * Ibid., pages 9 and .S3. 
 
 ^Ibid., page 47. 
 
 ••Ibid., page 45. 
 
 'Ibid., pages 11 and 12. 
 
 Tabi.h (i. — Aiiiiiial /irniliicli,,,, of Iran nrr: i.sw.; U, JUOf!. 
 [i:niti;d States ijfdliiKiful Survey, '■Miiienil Kesiiurces of the T'uitert Stale-^."] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Long tons. 
 
 IHHt 
 
 (i.ol , 2'2K 
 
 
 Vl\,-1(,\ 
 
 lHH(i 
 
 i;9a, 4X0 
 
 1H«7 
 
 »]«, 7M 
 
 1KH8 
 
 73K, 9U'2 
 
 
 1 , 247, 51)7 
 
 1H9U 
 
 1,253,39a 
 
 IKSIl 
 
 1,017,210 
 
 1.H92 . . 
 
 K91,099 
 
 1H93 
 
 534, 122 
 
 
 
 1894. 
 189ri. 
 
 Long tons. 
 
 189(1. 
 1897. 
 1898. 
 1899. 
 1900. 
 1901. 
 1902. 
 
 242,7.59 
 307,2.56 
 385, 477 
 335, 72.5 
 179, 951 
 443, 790 
 441,485 
 420,218 
 555, 321 
 
 1 Quantities reported for the first five years represent tiie ontp\it of tiie lead- 
 ing districts. 
 
 Hiliceowi crystalline ivcl's. — Although massive crys- 
 talline rocks are of common occurrence in the state, 
 they do not outcrop over extensive areas, excepting in 
 the Adirondacks and in the Highlands of the Hudson. 
 Gneissic rocks have been quarried at many points within 
 the city limits of New York. In Westchester county 
 there are belts of gneiss and mica schist. Granite quar- 
 ries have been opened in Putnam, Orange, and Rock- 
 land counties." 
 
 Probably the most important of the true granites of 
 the state for monumental work is the red varietj- quar- 
 ried in various places on Grindstone Island, Jefferson 
 county, in the St. Lawrence river. The stone is deep 
 red and coarsely crystalline, taking a high lustrous 
 polish." 
 
 In 1902 granite was quarried in Clinton, Fulton, 
 Herkimer, Jefferson, Orange, Putnam, Richmond, 
 Rockland, St. Lawrence, and Westchester counties. 
 The 22 productive quarries had an output valued at 
 $651,014, of Avhich Westchester county was credited 
 with $302,526. The value of the granite, both rough 
 and dressed, quarried for l:)uilding purposes was 
 $3(t7,453, and of that dressed for monumental work was 
 $7,180. 
 
 Talc and N<iap.^tone. — The fine deposits of soapstone 
 in the vicinity of Gouverneur, in St. Lawrence county, 
 attracted the attention of a mineralogist prospecting in 
 that county during the seventies. Later, attention was 
 directed to the rich deposits of foliated talc in the town 
 of Fowler, but it was found that the material was not 
 suitable for the uses contemplated. About this time 
 workmen engaged in roadmaking in the vicinity of 
 Gouverneur found a large vein of fibrous talc, the first 
 of this variety discovered which, when pulverized, was 
 found to be a suitable material for weighting and fin- 
 ishing paper. Prospecting was carried on, new mines 
 were opened, and new mills erected, and b}' 1893 every 
 
 *Ne\v York State Museum, Bulletin No. 15, page 374. 
 'Stones for Building and Decoration, pages 78 and 79. 
 
272 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIP]S. 
 
 available water privilege from Talcville down the 
 Osweg-atehie to a point below (xouverneur was occu- 
 pied by a milling establishment devoted to the produc- 
 tion of pulverized talc.^ 
 
 All the mines that have been developed are found on 
 a comparativeljr narrow ridge, about 7 miles long, the 
 most valuable deposits being in the immediate vicinitv 
 of Talcville. Here the best beds are of unknown depth 
 and extent. In most of the mines to the south of Talc- 
 ville the fibrous material is too largely mixed with tfie 
 foliated talc to be valuable. At the Freeman mine 
 active operations are carried on 300 or -100 feet below 
 the surface, the deposit being of vein form and having 
 well-detined granitic walls. The material as it comes 
 out in the form of slabs is easily split in the direction 
 of the fiber, but is quite refractor}* across the grain. 
 The slabs have a pure, pale, sea-green tint, while the 
 manufactured product is snow-white. The principal 
 use of fibrous talc is in filling and Weighting paper, but 
 it is also used as an adulterant in certain drugs and as 
 a mixer in cheap grades of soap.' 
 
 In 1902 there were 4 productive mines in St. Law- 
 rence countj% the total output being 71,100 short tons, 
 valued at §61.5,3.50. 
 
 The following table, compiled from the reports of 
 the United States Geological Survey, shows the annual 
 production of fibrous talc in the state from 18S0 to 1902: 
 
 Table 7. — Annual production of tide and soapstone: ISSO to 1902. 
 [United States Geological Survey, " Mineral' Resources of the United States."} 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 
 YE.\R. 
 
 1 Short tons. 
 
 1880 
 
 4,210 
 
 5,000 
 
 6,000 
 
 6,000 
 
 10,000 
 
 10,000 
 
 12, 000 
 
 15,000 
 
 20, 000 
 
 23, 746 
 
 41,354 
 
 53,054 
 
 1892 . . . 
 
 1893 . . . 
 
 1X94 . . . 
 
 
 41 925 
 
 1881 
 
 35 861 
 
 1882 
 
 39i 906 
 
 1883 
 
 1895 ... 
 
 
 
 1884 
 
 1X9C 
 
 
 46 089 
 
 1885 
 
 
 1 1897 
 
 
 57 009 
 
 
 1898 . . . 
 
 
 
 1887 
 
 1899... 
 1900 ..- 
 
 
 . ^. - . 54, 655 
 
 1888 
 
 ' 63,. 500 
 
 1889 
 
 1901 . . . 
 
 1902 . . . 
 
 
 69,200 
 
 18»0 
 
 71,100 
 
 1891 
 
 
 
 
 2fai'hle. — Crystalline limestones occur in New York 
 city and in Westchester county, in the Highlands of the 
 Hudson, and in the Adirondack region. Quarries 
 opened in Westchester, Putnam, and Dutchess counties 
 have yielded a large amount of tine white marble. 
 
 Marble has been taken from quarries at Tuckahoe, in 
 Westchester county, since 1x20." The stone is pure 
 white in color and somewhat irregular in quality, but 
 the better grades are highly esteemed for architectund 
 purposes and have been used in some of the finest l)uil(l- 
 ings in New York city. ' 
 
 The Gouverneur marble, in St. Lawrence county, is a 
 verv coarselj^ crystalline light gray magnesian lime- 
 
 ' The Mineral Indu,«try, 189;!, Vol. 11, pages 60.3 to 606. 
 
 - Xew York State Muaennj, F>ulletin No. 15, pages 42.5 to 4;i2. 
 
 ■' Stones for Building and Decoration, pages 218 to 220. 
 
 stone, which although too coarse for carved work is 
 suitable for massive structures. It is also used largely 
 for monuments, as well as for building and ornamental 
 work, liecause it retains a good surface and polish and 
 is believed to be durable.'' 
 
 In the Lower Silurian formation at Plattsburg and 
 Chazy, in Clinton county, two excellent varieties of 
 colored marbles occur, which are commerciallj' known 
 as "Lepanto" and ''French gra}'." The French gray 
 has been used more extensively, with the po.ssible ex- 
 ception of the Tennessee marble, than any other domes- 
 tic marble for mantels, table tops, tiling, and general 
 interior decorative work. ■' 
 
 At Glens Falls, in AVarren county, there is an exten- 
 sive deposit of dark Itlue-black magnesian limestone, 
 certain strata of which furnish the finest varieties of 
 black marble at jfresent quarried in this country. The 
 stone is verv fine grained and compact, and when pol- 
 ished is a deep, lustrous black in color, though the 
 uniformity of the color is sometimes broken by the 
 presence of a small white fossil. 
 
 A beautiful coarsely crj^stalline marble of a carmine- 
 red color, sometimes slightlj- mottled or veined with 
 white, is found at Warwick, in Orange count}'. This 
 stone has been but little used, and the supply reported 
 is small. 
 
 A peculiar granular stone, consisting of an intimate 
 mixture of serpentine, dolomite, and calcite, inter- 
 spersed with small flecks of phlogopite, has been quar- 
 ried at Moriah and Port Henry, in Essex county, under 
 the name of ophite marble. This stone is nearly free 
 from the numerous dry seams and joints that prove 
 so obiectionaV)le in most serpentines, and it can be 
 obtained in sound blocks of fair size. The stone 
 polishes well and is said to be durable. A stone of the 
 same general nature has been quarried near Thurman,' 
 in Warren county, and it occurs elsewhere in the same 
 county. 
 
 The largest and most valuable deposit of serpentine 
 in the state is at Gouverneur, Fowler, and Edwards, in 
 St. Lawrence county. The rock is massive and sound 
 and remarkably free from the defects usually developed 
 in rocks of this class. Near Pitcairn , in the same county, 
 there is a fine deposit of serpentine of the variety com- 
 monly called precious, and serpentine, from almost black 
 to nearly white, forms the main range of hills on Staten 
 Island. ■' 
 
 The producing marble quarries of the state in 1902 
 numbered li, and were located in Clinton, Columbia 
 Dutchess, St. Lawrence, Warren, and Westchester 
 counties. The value of the marble quarried amounted 
 to $577,298, an increase over 1901 of $198,139. Of the 
 total, $267,013 was the value of the marble dressed for 
 
 'Stones for Building and Decoration, page .367. 
 ■'Ibid., page 368. 
 
NEW YORK. 
 
 273 
 
 buildiug, while that dressed for moiimiieutal work was 
 valued at $143,080. 
 
 jV/ifufdl (j((x. — Over a very large area in the western 
 part of the state natural ga.s is found in a luunher of 
 different sandstones and limestones. Along the south- 
 ern shores of Lake Ontario and Lake Erie are scat- 
 tered a vast number of small wells, each Furnishing gas 
 to from one to four families. 
 
 In lyOiJ there were 612 productive gas wells 
 
 the 
 
 state, producing an output valued at $81:6,-171, an increase 
 of $53,199 over 1901. 
 
 (ti/jisinii. — The gypsum deposits extend in a narrow 
 belt through the central part of the state in Madison, 
 Onondaga, Caj'uga, Ontario, Monroe, Livingston, and 
 Genesee counties. The l)ed near Union 8i)rings, in 
 Cayuga county, was first opened in liS'28.' In a num))er 
 of places the industry is onlj" of local importance, the 
 product being used exclusively for land plaster, but 
 there are some large plants which ]3roduce principally 
 wall plaster. 
 
 In 1902 the 17 productive plants produced 9.5,318 
 short tons, of which 60,184 was calcined into wall plaster 
 and plaster of Paris. The entire product was valued at 
 $259,170; that calcined into wall plaster at 1200,236. 
 The state ranked fourth among the states in the pro- 
 duction of this mineral. 
 
 The following table, compiled from the reports of the 
 United States Geological Surve^y, shows the annual pro- 
 duction of gypsum in New York state from 18S9 to 1902: 
 
 Table S. — Annual production uf gypxiim: 1SS9 lo 190J. 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral ResourceH of the United State.s."] 
 
 YEAE. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Hliorttons. 
 
 1889... 
 
 1890 . . . 
 
 1891 ... 
 1892... 
 1893 . . . 
 1894... 
 1895... 
 
 
 52, 608 
 32, 903 
 30, 135 
 32, 394 
 36,126 
 31, 798 
 33, 587 
 
 1896 ... 
 
 1897 . . . 
 1898... 
 1899... 
 1900... 
 1901... 
 1902* 
 
 
 23, 325 
 33,410 
 31,6.55 
 52, 149 
 .58,890 
 119, .565 
 110 3(i4 
 
 
 
 
 1 Census reports 95,318 tons of gypsum products. ' 
 
 Slate. — Roofing slate has been found in many local- 
 ities in the state and quarries have ))een opened in 
 Orange, Dutchess, Columbia, Rensselaer, and Wash- 
 ington counties. The only productive .slate quarries, 
 however, are in a narrow belt lying entirely within 
 Washington county. The stone varies in color from 
 red and purple to green and is of excellent (|uality.- 
 
 The 11 quarries productive in 1902, all in Washing- 
 ton county, had an output valued at $126,718 — an 
 increase of $25,758 over 1901. 
 
 Garnet. — 'This mineral is found in Warren county, 
 on the l)orders of the Adirondack region, and in Essex 
 
 ' New York State Museum, Twentieth Report of the State < ieolo- 
 gist, 1900, page rl80. 
 
 -New York State Museum, Bullethi No. 15, pages 421 ami Vl'l. 
 
 and St. Lawrence counties. The entire deposits in 
 \Varren (■ounty appear to be of the common variety, 
 almandine. It occurs in a formation (jf crystalline lime- 
 stone and in gnei.ssic rocks which adjoin or are inter- 
 calated with the crystalline limestone. Commercially 
 this mineral is classified as massive garnet, shell garnet — 
 the most valual)le for industrial [)urposes on account of 
 its purity — and pocket garnet.'' The garnet is used 
 almost exclusively in the manufacture of sandpaper, or 
 garnet piiper, which is used for abrasive purpo.ses by 
 manufacturers of boots and shoes and by wood manu- 
 facturers. 
 
 In 1902 garnet was mined commercially in Essex, 
 AVari'en, and St. Lawrence counties, but the work done 
 in St. Lawrence county was more or less experimental. 
 The total production for the state in 19(»2 was 2,760 
 tons, valued at $97,600. As the total output of garnet 
 in the United States for 1902 was 3,926 tons, valued at 
 $132, S20, New York state produced 73.5 per cent in 
 value of the entire product shown for the country. 
 
 trrajihitr. — Deposits of graphite are known to exist 
 throughout the Adirondack region, but the mining of 
 crystalline graphite in this portion of the .state has been 
 practically confined to a comparatively small section in 
 the southeast portion of Essex county and in the north- 
 east part of Warren county.* There are also occur- 
 rences of graphite in Dutchess county and se^'eral tons 
 have been obtained from them." 
 
 The material in the mines near Ticonderoga, in Essex 
 county, is in a vein of the purest foliated gi-aphite, sev- 
 eral inches in width. The folia often have a radiated 
 arrangement and are of considerable size. The gangue 
 is calcareous spar, which sometimes exhibits large and 
 perfect cleavages. At Johnsburg, in Warren county, 
 the mineral occurs in irregular shaped masses, weighing 
 from 1 to 20 pounds, in a vein of quartz.'"' 
 
 Early in the last century, after the accidental discov- 
 ery in 1815 of a deposit at Ticonderoga, in Essex countv, 
 graphite mining was carried on, in a primitive manner, 
 b}' the farmers owning the land, and the material, ground 
 with considerable magnetic iron ore, was used for stove 
 blacking.* 
 
 In 1830 the invention of the lead pencil aroused in- 
 creased interest in the Essex count}' mines. New open- 
 ings were made in the mountain side and pencil leads 
 were made from the crude graphite in the vicinitv of 
 the mines. In 1863 the American Graphite Companj- 
 acquired these properties, an extensive mill was erected, 
 and the industry increased so rapidly that the annual 
 production reached 50() tons in 1869. Subsequently the 
 same company acquired the Warren county properties.* 
 
 In 1902 the three productive mines of the state. 
 
 ' New York State Museum, Bulletin No. 1.5, i^age.s 553 and 554. 
 
 ''Private Historical Notes on the Graphite Deposits of Essex and 
 Warren Counties, New York, l)y H. V. Whitlock, under the direc- 
 tion of Mr. F. ,1. H. IMerrill, geologist of New York state. 
 
 ■'' Mineralogy of New York, pages 97 and 98. 
 
 30223—04- 
 
 -18 
 
274 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIP]S. 
 
 located in Essex and Warren counties, produced 1,375 
 tons of crystalline ^-raphite, valued at ii7T,487. As the 
 total quantit}^ of this mineral mined in the United 
 States in 190^ was 1,983 short tons, the contribution of 
 New York state was 69.3 per cent of the whole. 
 
 Corundiini and winery. — The emery mines of the state 
 are located in Westchester county, near Peekskill. In 
 most cases thej^ are abandoned iron mines, emerj- not 
 having- been recognized when iron ore was ))eing- mined 
 in this region. As the emery outcrops on the hillsides, 
 the mines are usually shallow openings or quarries.' 
 
 The output of the 3 mines productive in 19o2 was 
 2,886 tons, or 67.9 per cent of the production of corun- 
 dum and emery for the United States. The value of the 
 New York emery was fll:,625. 
 
 Buhrstones and milivtoiiev. — In the United States the 
 millstone varies from a sandstone to a quartz conglom- 
 erate. The rock from which it is made occurs along 
 the eastern slopes of the Appalachian mountains from 
 New York to North Carolina and is known by various 
 names. In New York state it is called " Esopus stone" 
 and is found in Ulster county, in the Oneida conglom- 
 erate. Millstones are now used extensively for grind- 
 ing the coarser cereals, mineral paint ores, fertilizers, 
 cement rock, barytes, and other minerals. Before the 
 mtroduction of the roller process in milling, millstones 
 were used prineipallj' in grinding wheat. 
 
 The 22 operators of tlie state reported for 1902 a 
 production of .5,1.58 stones, valued at §31t,570. All the 
 quarries from which the rock was taken were in Ulster 
 county. As the value of the liuhrstonesand millstones 
 made in the United States in 1902 was $59,808, New 
 York state alone furnished 66.2 per cent of this amount. 
 
 ^1// other irdnercds. — Deposits of clay occur in nearly 
 every county in the state, but the most important iire 
 those of the Hudson vallev. This region is probablv 
 
 1 New York State iluseum, Nineteenth Report of the State Oeol- 
 ogist, 1899, pages r 153 and ri54. 
 
 the most active brickmaking region in the world. In 
 1902 its operators produced 782,932,000 common brick, 
 or 73.7 per cent of the total output of common brick 
 reported for the state. The production was exceeded 
 by only two states. New York ranked lifth among the 
 states in 1902 in the value of its products of cla}', which 
 amounted to $8,411,113. The value of the clay mined 
 and sold by the 7 operators in 1902 was $14,535. '' 
 
 The crystalline quartz mined in Dutchess coimty in 
 1902 was used as a wood tiller. No statistics can be 
 shown for the single operator of the state without dis- 
 closing individual operations. The single productive 
 feldspar mine of the stat<^ in 1902 was near Bedford, in 
 Westchester county. The two productive Hint mines 
 in the state in 1902 were both in Westchester county. 
 The deposit of infusorial earth of W^hite Lake at Wil- 
 miirt, in Herkimer county, is dug from the bottom of 
 the lake, which covers about 4 acres, and has a thick- 
 ness of from 2 to 31) feet, being covered by about 4 feet 
 of water. ° As early as 1740 lead ore is said to have 
 been mined in Dutchess county, and in both Columbia 
 and St. Lawrence counties it was mined early in the 
 last century. The presence of both lead and zinc was 
 known in many other localities throughout the state, and 
 much money was expended in the exploitation of this 
 industry. * Only one mine, in St. Lawrence county, was 
 productive in 1902. Under the classification "mineral 
 pigments, crude,'' are the statistics for the production of 
 oi'es used in the manufacture of mineral paints. Such 
 ores were produced during 19(i2 in Cattaraugus, Rens- 
 selaer, and Washington counties, but the entire output 
 of the 5 mines was only 1.261 tons, valued at $4,251. 
 The single productive pyrite mine in the state in 1902 
 was located in St. Lawrence county. 
 
 'United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1902, pages 729, 748, and 769. 
 'New York State Museum, Bulletin No. 15, jjages 555 and 556. 
 * Mineralogy of New York, pages 45 to 52. 
 
NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Table 1 is a suniiuaw of the statistics for the productive mines and (juarries of the state of North Carolina 
 for 190:1. 
 
 Table 1.— SUMilARY; lilOi'. 
 
 Number of mines or qviarries . 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries - - - . 
 
 Wa^e-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 Value of products 
 
 126 
 137 
 
 SS4, 
 
 1, 
 SS17, 
 if9, 
 S76, 
 ?118, 
 $927, 
 
 Siliceous , t, , , 
 
 Gold and 
 silver. 
 
 3U 
 27 
 
 31 
 
 ., .578 
 
 C1.5 
 3222, S6S 
 
 $16, 163 
 $12, 881 
 S338, 7.50 
 
 62 
 S21,lli; 
 
 $27, 9.S1 
 $12, 147 
 388, 962 
 
 15 
 15 
 
 21 
 ■518,267 
 
 2U3 
 
 $66, 822 
 
 $10, 238 
 $26, 490 
 $71,287 
 
 28 
 26 
 
 4 
 
 $1,411 
 
 50 
 $15, 160 
 
 3 
 $2,100 
 
 88 
 $25, 318 
 
 $2, 952 
 $3, 121 
 $71,148 
 
 $2, 083 
 
 $256 
 
 864, 160 
 
 \ All other 
 minerals.^ 
 
 $.1 
 
 13 
 ,401 
 
 34 
 
 89, 914 
 $1,000 
 $5, 886 
 $2, 740 
 844, 130 
 
 19 
 36 
 
 36 
 
 $25, 757 
 
 604 
 
 $156, 267 
 
 88,000 
 
 $11,2:39 
 
 $30,844 
 
 $248, 939 
 
 1 Includes operators as follows: Buhrstones and millstones (operator reported under siliceous crystalline rocks'): clay, 3: coal, bituminous, 1; copper 
 garnet, 1: graphite, 2; iron ore, 3: limestones and dolomites, 4; precious stones, 18 (1 mine'i: sandstone's and quartzites. 2. 
 
 The state ranked fortj'-second in l'.to2 in the value of 
 products of mines and quarries, with a total of $927,37(1. 
 This small product (less than one-eighth of 1 per cent of 
 the total for the United State.s) should not he taken, 
 however, as a measure of the state's relative importance 
 in cj^uantity and diversitj' of mineral resources. The 
 minerals contributing to this tottd and arranged in the 
 order of values were siliceous crystalline rocks, talc and 
 soapstone, clay, gold and silver, mica, monazite, iron 
 ore, barytes, bituminous coal, copper ore, limestones 
 and dolomites, garnet, precious stones, sandstones and 
 quartzites, buhrstones and millstones, and graphite. 
 
 It will be noted that the production of gold and silver 
 in 1902 was exceeded in value by that of siliceous crys- 
 talline rocks and talc and soapstone, and almost equaled 
 by that of mica and monazite. Also that copper and 
 iron ore occupy relatively minor positions, while no 
 yield of zinc ore was reported. These facts suggest the 
 changing character of the state's mineral product and 
 the somewhat checkered and interesting nature of its 
 mining history. 
 
 A number of minerals occurring in the state in com- 
 mercial quantities were not produced in 1902. Asbes- 
 tos has been found on Tr^'on mountain, Polk county, 
 about 1|- miles west of Skj'uka. It is of the auiphibole 
 variety and occurs in what is apparently a series of 
 pockets, which have been traced across the country 
 for nearly a mile. One pocket that was opened 
 
 measured nearly 100 feet in width. It is of fair 
 C|uality, and large masses have been taken out in which 
 the fibei' was from 10 to lo inches long. The chromite 
 mines of Yancey county give indications of containing 
 large deposits, and there is a promising tleposit on Dark 
 Ridge creek, in Jackson county. Another property 
 recently de\'eloped is on Big Ivy creek, Buncombe 
 county, 1(3 miles northwest from A.sheville. Several 
 veins of the bla<'lv oxide of manganese of considerable 
 extent have been found. Oil shale exists in great 
 thickness in connection with the coal beds and yields a 
 large percentage of oil.' Phosphatic deposits were 
 first sj'stematically examined and studied in ISSA by the 
 state survey. They were found to be of two classes. 
 The first class consists of amorphous nodules, occurring 
 in small quantities in Sampson, Pender, Onslow. Du- 
 plin, Columbus, and New Hanover counties. These are 
 of little value commercially. The other class is that 
 of the phosphatic conglomerates found in l)eds of from 
 1 to (i feet thick, and located princ-ipally in New Han- 
 over and Pender counties. While the percentage of 
 phosphate of lime in these conglomerates does not 
 average over 10 to 20 per cent, they have Ijeeii ground 
 b}' several companies for local consumption." Grains 
 of platinum have been discovered among the sands of 
 gold washings in Kutherford and Burke counties, and 
 
 > Handbook ni North (.'arolina, by L. L. Polk, page 129. 
 ' Ele^'enth Cen!-U8, Report on jMineral Industries, page 690. 
 
 (275) 
 
276 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 also near Burnsville, in Yance^y county.' Nickel min- 
 erals in small quantities are associated with many of 
 the basic manganesium i-ocks. Genthite and garnierite 
 have been found, bat thus far they have not been dis- 
 covered in sufficient quantitj" to make them a commer- 
 cial source of nickel. A deposit of nickel ore aver- 
 aging 1.5 per cent of the metal is located near Morgan- 
 ton, Burke county. Pyrite, which is one of the most 
 common minerals in the state, is found especially in the 
 counties of Catawba, Gaston, Chatham, Union, and 
 Mecklenburg. ° 
 
 Other minerals which have been found are: Epidote, 
 ilmenite, manganese ore, manganiferous iron ore, mar- 
 ble, rutilated c^uartz, rutile, sperrylite, tungsten, 
 uranium, and vanadium. 
 
 In addition to the productive mines and quarries of 
 the state, extensive development work was carried on 
 during 1902 on 29 nonproductive mines and quarries, 
 the total outlay in this line amounting to §12(10,91.5. 
 Most of this expenditure was applied to the develop- 
 ment of gold and silver deposits, phosphate rock and 
 clay sharing the remainder in the order named. 
 
 The relative importance of those manufacturing in- 
 dustries which are closelj' allied to or based upon the 
 mining industry, using as their raw material the product 
 of the mine or quarry, is shown in the following table: 
 
 Table 2. — Manufactures based priiiiarilij iijimi the jirailtiets of mines 
 and quarries: 1900. 
 
 IXnUSTRY. 
 
 Value nf 
 
 pniducl. 
 
 
 
 &94, 919,663 
 
 Based upon products of mines or qnarries; 
 
 Chemicals and allied product.'^ 
 
 SI, 50 1,024 
 
 Ut;2,oc.i 
 
 1,011,504 
 
 243,836 
 
 l,2fU,978 
 
 
 Iron and steel, and their products 
 
 Metals and metal products, other tlian iron 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 780 403 
 
 
 
 
 
 89,139,260 
 
 
 
 
 As shown by Table 2, the total value of the products 
 of the manufacturing industries based primarily on 
 mines and quarries was $5,78(),-t():->. oi' <1. 1 per cent of 
 the product of all manufacturing industrii's in the state 
 in 1900. 
 
 During the same year there were employed in all 
 branches of manufacture in the state T<t,57(i wage- 
 earners, who were paid §13,«(38,130 in wages. In 1902 
 there were employed in the mines and (piarries of the 
 state 1,556 wage-earners, who receiA'cd $517,765 in 
 wages. On the basis of these figures it is seen that 
 97.8 per cent of the wage-earners of the coinliined in- 
 dustries, receiving 96.4 per cent of the wages, were 
 employed in manufacturing, while 2.2 per cent of the 
 wage-earners, receiving 3.6 per cent of the wages, were 
 employed in mining. 
 
 The following table, compiled from the reports of the 
 United States Geological Survey, shows the value of 
 the annual production from 1890 to 1902 for the lead- 
 ing minerals of the state for which comparable figures 
 are available: 
 
 Tablk 3. — Value of annual prejrluction of principal minereils: 1890 to 
 
 1902. 
 
 [United States Geological Survey, " Mineral Resourcesof the United States."] 
 
 YEAK. 
 
 Siliceous 
 
 crystalline 
 
 rocks. 
 
 Gold and 
 silver. 1 
 
 Talc and 
 .soapstone. 
 
 Monazite. 
 
 1890 
 
 S146, 627 
 
 160, 000 
 
 122,707 
 
 10S,993 
 
 75, 000 
 
 40,017 
 
 59, 236 
 
 79, 969 
 
 255, 544 
 
 257, 962 
 
 261, 288 
 
 338, 7.50 
 
 S126, 397 
 101,477 
 90, 196 
 70, .505 
 .52. 927 
 .54,720 
 44, 946 
 34,988 
 84, 905 
 34,888 
 
 5 35, 444 
 
 6 67,680 
 6 101,777 
 
 ii 
 iii 
 
 (■) 
 
 $27,. 820 
 31,880 
 75,308 
 77, 824 
 88, 962 
 
 (■3) 
 
 1891 
 
 ») 
 
 1892 
 
 r) 
 
 1,S93 . .. 
 
 ■i S7, 600 
 * 36, 193 
 
 1894 
 
 1895 
 
 1896 
 
 ■1 137, 1.50 
 
 <1,.500 
 
 ■■1,980 
 
 4 13 ,=i42 
 
 1 .^98 
 
 1899 
 
 < 20, 000 
 
 < 48, 805 
 * 59, 262 
 
 64,160 
 
 190U 
 
 1901 
 
 1902" 
 
 
 
 'TheMineralHaiifl Mineral T.cn'ulities of North Claroliiia, l>yF. A. 
 ( Tenth and W. C. Kerr, panf^ 12. 
 
 ^Geologv of North Carolina, by W. C Kerr, \'ol. 1, i>af.'e TiS. 
 
 1 Estimates of the Director of the Mint for the refined product; silver at coin- 
 ing value. The values given in Table 1 are the value-s at the mine. 
 - Not reported separately. 
 
 3 No production. 
 
 4 Includes production from South Carolina. 
 6 Silver at commercial value. 
 
 6 Census figures, except for gold and silver. 
 
 Siliceous crystoUiiie rod's. — Granite and gneiss are 
 among the commonest rocks of the state, being found 
 in all sections except the coastward region. The prin- 
 cipal producing counties where good grades of build- 
 ing granites are found are Gaston, Iredell, Rowan, 
 Surry, and Wilkes.'' 
 
 Talc and soapstone. — Talc is a verj^ common mineral 
 in North Carolina, both in the form of the impure 
 greenLsh massive or slaty rock (potstone), used for 
 monuments and for chimney and furnace hearths and 
 linings, and in the form of a pure massive white stea- 
 tite. The product for the year 1902 was reported from 
 Cherokee, Moore, and Swain counties, and constituted 
 7.8 per cent of the total product of the United States. 
 The most extensive beds of this mineral are found in 
 Cherokee and Macon counties in immediate association 
 with tlie marble range along the Nantahala, Valley, 
 and Nottely ri\-ers.* 
 
 CIiii/. — Many varieties of clay of varying value are 
 found at many points in the state, especiallj' in Guil- 
 ford, Chatham, Wake, Harnett, Robeson, Lenoir, and 
 Jackson counties." In Jackson county extensive beds 
 of kaolin of high grade have lieen found, and the total 
 clay product of the state for 1902 came from this county. 
 
 GoJd 0)1 d si I rev. — Gold was the principal product of 
 the mines of this state for nearlj^ three-fourths of a 
 century. It is widely distri))uted, but its principal field 
 is the eastern slope of tlie Blue Ridge. Silver, on the 
 whole, is a rare mineral in North Carolina. It has been 
 obtained in considerable ciuantities at Silvei' Hill, in 
 
 ^liffilogy of North Carolina, Vol. I, page 271 ff. 
 'Il.i.i, page 298. 
 "Iljid., page 296. 
 
NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 277 
 
 Davidson county. Other counties in which silver has 
 been found and in some instances mined with inditfei-ent 
 success are Burke, Caldwell, Wilkes, Gaston, Cabarrus, 
 Union, Montgomery, McDowell, Madison, Johnston, 
 Cherokee, and Surry.' 
 
 From the earliest da3's of placer gold mining in 1799 
 on the tributaries of the Pedee down to the decade im- 
 mediately preceding the Civil War, North C'arolina 
 ranked as a mining state of the lirst importance. The 
 bulk of the mining done in the state during this period 
 was gold mining, and from 1804 to 1827 all the gold 
 produced in the United States, amounting to $110,000, 
 came from the mines of this state. ^ That part of the 
 product of the gold mines of the state which was de- 
 posited in the United States Mint and its branches be- 
 tween 1804 and 1866 amounted to nearly $lO,0Oti,(.)0(.). 
 
 After the working out of theiarincipal placer deposits, 
 and when the progress in quartz mining had reached the 
 point where, owing to the fineness of the gold and the 
 increasingly refractorj^ character of the ores as the 
 water level was reached, further profitable pi-osecution 
 of mining with the crude machinery then in use had be- 
 come a problem of doubtful solution, a decline took 
 place in mining activity. This decline was greatly ac- 
 centuated l\y the discovery in California in 181:8 of rich 
 placer deposits and by the beginning in 18.51 of quartz 
 mining in the same state, where high-grade, free-milling 
 ores had been found in great abundance. Finalh', the 
 advent of the Civil War and the discontinuance of the 
 branches of the United States Mint at Charlotte, N. C, 
 and Dahlonega, Ga., brought to a practical close this 
 long and interesting period of mining activity' in the 
 state's historj'. 
 
 Since 1866 mining for gold has been carried on in tlie 
 state in a somewhat desultory way, and in later years 
 other minerals and other sections of the state have 
 claimed attention. The mineral wealth of the state is 
 bjr no means confined to the eastern slope of the Blue 
 Ridge — the principal gold belt, \^^est of that range, 
 between Smoky mountains and the Blue Ridge, and from 
 the upper water of the French Broad river westward, 
 there is a rich mining field. 
 
 Mica. — Mica is found in a half dozen or more counties 
 in the state, most of which lie west of the Blue Ridge. 
 The most noted localities are in Mitchell and Yancey 
 counties on the waters of the Nolichucky between the 
 Black mountain and the Roan. In this basin are a 
 great manjr enormous ledges of granite from which the 
 marketable D:ica is obtained." 
 
 Modern mica mining in the state dates from 1870, 
 since which time North Carolina has produced a very 
 important percentage of the total yield of this mineral 
 
 ' The Minerals and Mineral Localities of North Carolina, page 12, 
 and (jeology of North Carolina, Vol. I, page 2S8 ff. 
 
 ^United States Geological Survey, Sixteenth Annual Kejiort, Part 
 III, page 256, 
 
 "Geology of North Carolina, Vol. I, jiage 299. 
 
 in the United States. In 187<» the (mtirc reported 
 product of the t^ountry was from this state. In 1S80 
 it was 18.3 per cent; in 1890, 13. .3 per cent; and in 1902, 
 59.9 per cent of the totah 
 
 There is one point of unusual interest connected with 
 the history of mica mining in this state. The industry 
 is not really a new one, but has only been revived. The 
 present woi'kings are continually cutting into ancient 
 shafts and tunnels, and hundreds of spurs and ridges of 
 the mountains, especially all over Mitchell county, are 
 found to be honeycombed with extensive ancient work- 
 ings of which no one knows the date or history. In one 
 locality open pits 40 to 50 feet wide bj^ 75 to 100 feet 
 long, filled up to 15 or 20 feet of depth, are disposed 
 along the sloping crest of a long terminal ridge or spur 
 of a neighboring mountain. The excavated earth is 
 piled in imge heaps about the margins of the pits and 
 the whole overgrown with the heaviest forest trees — 
 oak and chestnut — some of them 3 feet and more in 
 diameter, and some of the largest, belonging to a former 
 generation of forest growth, falleit and decayed.'* It 
 would thus appear that not less than three hundred 
 years have passed since these pioneer toilers wrote in 
 the unmistakable language of pits and tunnels the first 
 chapter of the history' of mining in the state. These 
 old workings were at one tiiue thought to be abandoned 
 Spanish silver mines. There is no appearance, how- 
 ever, of a silver \'ein and no explanation of the object 
 of these extensive works othei' than that they were for 
 the purpose of obtaining the large plates of mica or 
 crystals of cyanite, both of which abound in the coarse 
 granite rock. It is known that mica was of conmion 
 occurrence in the tumuli of the Mound Builders, among 
 the utensils and ornaments which such primiti\'e people 
 were in the habit of burying with their dead. Many 
 cut forms similar to those found in the mounds have 
 been discovered among the rubbish and refuse heaps 
 about and in these old pits. These facts reveal, there- 
 fore, the purpose and probable date of these ancient 
 workings and show them to have been contemporary 
 with the extensive copper mining operations of Lake 
 Superior.* 
 
 2[oiiazl.te. — The total product of monazite mining in 
 the United States reported in 1902 came from the state 
 of North Carolina. While the existence of monazite 
 in commercial quantities in this state was first estab- 
 lished in 1879, by Mr. W. E. Hidden, of New York, 
 who, in the interest of Thomas A. Edison, the in^•entor, 
 inspected the gold placers on a hunt for platimmi, the 
 first recorded product of monazite mining in the state 
 was in 1887, and came from the Brindleton district, in 
 Burke county."' 
 
 //■'/// iiff. — Th(^ first recoriled discovery of iron ore 
 in North America occurred in the vear 1585, in North 
 
 *<:eology of North CaroUna, Vol. I, page HOI. 
 " Minerals and Mineral Localities of North Carolina, pages K9 
 and 9U. 
 
'278 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Carolina. It was made hy an expedition fitted out ]>\ 
 Sir ^^' alter Raleigh, and coniinaiided by Ralph Lane, 
 and which attempted to plant an English colony on 
 Roanoke Island. The ore was found near the coast, 
 and althouuli the importance of the discoA-ery was fully 
 realized, no attempt was made to utilize it, as tlie col- 
 onists were then on a search for gold. It was many 
 years after that a permanent settlement was made, 
 and the industry of iron mining and manufacture was 
 well under way in many other colonies before its be- 
 ginning here. ^ Iron ores of high grade and in large 
 quantities have been found in many sections of the 
 state, and at ditlerent periods during the last hvmdred 
 and twenty -five years the production of iron in the state 
 was an industry of relatively marked importance. 
 The ranges of iron ore deposits are widely distributed, 
 but in the main fall within the following counties: 
 Chatham, Orange, Guilford, Gaston, Lincoln, Catawba, 
 Yadkin, Surry, Stokes, jNIitchell, Ashe, Madison, Cher- 
 okee, and Johnston.'' The product of the state is still 
 small. That reported for 1902 came from Jolmston, 
 Madison, and Mitchell counties. 
 
 Barytes. — The commercial production of liarytes in 
 North Carolina, first noted at the census of 1.S81>, is 
 confined chiefly to Madison county, though deposits 
 have also been found in Gaston, Orange. Cabarrus, 
 and Union counties. ' For the j'ear l;_t02 the production 
 of barytes was $4-t,130, or 21.7 per cent of the total 
 product of the United States. 
 
 All other miiieraU. — Deposits of liituminous coal 
 exist in the state in Stokes and Rockingham counties, 
 in the valley of the Deep river. Coal has also been found 
 in Chatham and Moore counties.' No statistics can be 
 shown without disclosing individual operations. 
 
 Copper ore is found in many places in the state, the 
 principal variety being chalcopyrite, or copper pyrites. 
 Before the Civil War the industry of copper mining- 
 had made considerable headway-. Many of the gold 
 veins are associated with pyritic ores, practicallj' all 
 the old copper mines of the central part of the state 
 having been worked first for gold. The general char- 
 acter of these mines was that at about water level the 
 so-called "brown gold ores" were replaced by f[uartz 
 richly cliarged with iron pyrites more or less mixed 
 with copper pyrites, the latter increasing as the mine 
 deepens, and in many places beconiing the only or the 
 pi-edominating ores, and forming a regular copper vein. 
 Perhaps the most valuable deposits of copper in the 
 
 ' Iron in All Ages, by .James M. Swank, page 111-' ff. 
 ''■ Oeolojiy of North Carolina, Vol. I, page 218 ff. 
 ■'The Minerals and Mineral Localities of North Carolina, page 8.3. 
 ■•United States Geological Survey, Sixteenth Annual ReiJort, 
 Part IV, page 153. 
 
 state are in Ashe, Alleghany, and Watauga counties; 
 the most remarkable vein in this range is at Ore Knob, 
 in the southeast corner of Ashe county, near the top of 
 the Blue Ridge.' 
 
 Abrasi\'e garnet is widelj' distributed through the 
 state, and is a regular con.stituent of many of the mica 
 and hornblende slates. Large crystals of a brownish 
 red color are frequently met with in the mica mines of 
 Mitchell and Yancey counties. The product of the 
 North Carolina garnet mines has obtained the highest 
 price in the market, 160 per ton. The total product 
 of the state for 1902 was from Jackson countv. 
 
 Graphite occui's in many localities in the state. The 
 largest beds are in Wake count}'. Others occur in 
 Lincoln, Cleveland, Catawba, Alexander, Stokes, 
 Wilkes, Person, and Yancey counties." 
 
 Limestones though not abundant are found in more 
 than twenty counties, and distributed throughout the 
 state. Those in the eastern part are a shell conglomer- 
 ate, valualjle l)oth for building purposes and for the 
 manufacture of lime. Those of the middle and western 
 section are frecptently crystalline, and in several comi- 
 ties, especially in Cherokee and Macon, constitute a 
 very good marble. 
 
 Precious stones have been picked up at many places in 
 the central and western part of the state. Among these 
 have been a half dozen or more diamonds. The first one 
 was found in 1813 by Dr. M. F. Stephenson, of Gaines- 
 ville, Ga., at the ford of Briiulleton creek, in Burke 
 county, and was worth about $1()(!).' Garnet crystals 
 of great beauty and perfection and of various colors 
 are fouTid in Burke. Caldwell, and Cata«l)a counties.' 
 A peculiar green garnet has l>een foiuid in the Co\-ee 
 valley, for which the name rhodolite has been generally 
 adopted. Many emerald matrix specimens have been 
 found at Crab Tree nujuntain in Mitchell county. 
 Mining for amethyst has met with considerable success 
 at Tesnaty, on the creek of that name, in Smith Bridge 
 township, Mitchell county, where a large vein occurs 
 in an altered pegmatite. Crystals are found from one- 
 half to 8 inches in length, and in color they are light 
 and dark, the dark spots often being of the deepest, 
 richest purple. No finer amethysts have been found 
 in the United States. Several thousand dollars worth 
 of stones were sold from the first development work. 
 A very interesting new form of moonstone has been 
 found near Bakersville. The well-known occurrence of 
 pink and red ruby corundum in a gi-een amphibole 
 
 ■'' Ceology of North Carolina, Vol. I, page 271 ff. 
 " Ibid. , page 296. 
 'Ibid., page .57 of Appenihx. 
 
 -The Minerals and Mineral L(jcalities of N<jrth Carolina, 
 page 47 ff. 
 
NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 279 
 
 (.smiirao'dite) at Buck creek, Cla}' count}', lias been util- 
 ized as a new semiprecious stone. Pieces are selected 
 in whicli the bright spots of red or pink ruhy are in- 
 closed in the liright green matrix. The stone is being 
 introduced under the name of ru1)y matrix. 
 
 Sandstone of a superior quality has long been quar- 
 ried in the state. It is found in two narrow zones, one 
 l3'ing' along the valley of the Dan river, near and alin(^st 
 parallel to the northern boundary of the state, and the 
 other lying m a northeast and southw(\st direction, 
 nearh^ across the eastern side of the middle di\'ision of 
 
 the state.' In many places it is of such chai'acter as 
 to be well adapted to the pui'poses of millstones. Con- 
 glomerates, which ai'c associated with the sandstfnie, 
 have been made into excellent millstones, occasionall}' 
 of such (jualit}' as to be almost equal to the French 
 bidirstone. The rocks have been quarried for mill- 
 stones ill Anson, Moore, Madison, Person, Montgom- 
 ery, and Kowan counties." The total product of the 
 state ill 1'.HI2 was from Rowan count\'. 
 
 ' Geology of North Carolinii, Vol. I, page 
 ' Ibid., page 3.5. 
 
 304. 
 
NORTH DAKOTA. 
 
 Table 1 is a summary of the statistics for the produc- 
 tive mines and quarries in the state of North Dakota 
 for 1902. 
 
 Table 1. — Summanj: l'jO-2. 
 
 All min- 
 erals. 1 
 
 Number of mines or quarries . . 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials . 
 Value of product 
 
 4s 
 4S 
 
 62 
 
 S43, 980 
 
 J196, 534 
 $2, 79.5 
 J23,012 
 J88, 867 
 
 *334, 967 
 
 Tablp: U. — Mii'imfactures based primarily upon the productx of mines 
 and quarries: 1900. 
 
 ^Includes operators as follows: Cement, 1; and coal, bituminous, 47. 
 
 The lignite coal area of thi.s state is of very great ex- 
 tent, equal to at least half the area of Ohio.' Although 
 known for some time the coal fields are of only recent 
 development. Some cement of good quality is manu- 
 factured. 
 
 There is also every reason to believe that large .sand- 
 stone quarries will in time be developed, since there 
 are a number of suitable locations only awaiting a 
 sufficient demand to justify extensive development. 
 Granite and gneiss are also found throughout the east- 
 ern half of the state, except in the Red river valley, 
 Vjut are not quarried in commercial quantities. The 
 clay fields in the state are wholly undeveloped." 
 
 The value of the products of the manufacturing indus- 
 tries of North Dakota, based primarily upon minerals 
 mined and quarried as well as the value of all manufac- 
 tured products of the .state as reported at the Twelfth 
 Census are presented in the following tabic: 
 
 ' Geologii/al Survey of North Dakota, Second Biennial Report, 
 1902, page 35. 
 nbid.; pages 2S to 32. 
 
 (280) 
 
 INDUSTRY. 
 
 Value of i>rodnct. 
 
 All manufactures S9, 183, 114 
 
 Based upon products of mines or quarries: 
 
 (.'lay, glass, and stone products 8198, 224 
 
 Iron and steel and their products 103, ,511 
 
 Metals and metal products, other than iron and 
 
 steel 167, 864 
 
 Miscellaneous industries 874, 560 
 
 1,344,159 
 
 All other ! 7, 838, 9.55 
 
 Table 2 shows that the value of products of manu- 
 factures of North Dakota in 1900, based primarilj' upon 
 minerals mined and quarried, was $l,3i4,159, or 14.6 
 per cent of the total. The value of the output of the 
 mines and quarries of the state in 1902 was $33-4,9fiT, 
 or 3.. 5 per cent of the combined value of products of 
 manufacturing and mining in North Dakota. 
 
 The average number of wage-earners engaged in 
 manufactures in North Dakota as reported at the 
 Twelfth Census was 2,398, and the wages paid amounted 
 to $1,222,'172. The average number of wage-earners 
 engaged in mining and quarrying in the state in 1902 
 was 298, and the wages paid were §196,534. The 
 total num))(>r (.>f wage-earners, therefore, employed in 
 mining and manufacturing industries was 2,696. and 
 their wages amounted to ^il, 419, 006. On the basis 
 of these figures, those engaged in manufactures con.sti- 
 tute 8S.9 per cent of the total numliei' of wage-earn- 
 ers, while tlieii- wages amount to 86.1 per cent of the 
 total paid. The wage-earners employed in mining in- 
 dusti-ies constitute 11.1 per cent of the total number 
 employed, and they received 13.8 per cent of the wages 
 paid. 
 
 ('(lal. — Lignite coal in North Dakota underlies an 
 area of 28,620 square miles. This area i.s a part of the 
 
NORTH DAKOTA. 
 
 281 
 
 so-called Rocky mountain coal Held, which also includes 
 the coal areas of Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, 
 New Mexico, Idaho, and Nevada.' The earliest pro- 
 duction of coal worthy of statistical notice was produced 
 in 1884.' The North Dakota variety does not stand, 
 transportation well, and consequently can nt)t com- 
 pete with bituminous coal, except when the latter is 
 high priced. To be sold at a profit, therefore, North 
 Dakota coal must at present find a comparatively local 
 market.' 
 
 In 1902 the mines of the 47 operators reporting were 
 located in Burleigh, McLean, Morton, Stark, and Ward 
 counties. The total output was 226,511 short tons. 
 Ward county produced 93,786 tons of this amount. 
 
 The following figures taken from the reports of the 
 United States Geological Sujwej^ show the quantity and 
 value of the coal mined in the state since 18S4: 
 
 ^United States Geological Survey, 
 United States," 1902, page 402. 
 
 'Mineral Resources of the 
 
 Table 3. — Aiiinuil pr(jduction ufconl, liitniiiiiious: lHS4UjlH02. 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Minfral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 1KR4. 
 
 im,5. 
 
 1KS6. 
 1KK7. 
 ]««!<. 
 1SH9. 
 IKIIO. 
 1K9]. 
 ISH'i- 
 ] H93 . 
 
 Sliort tons. 
 
 35, 000 
 
 25, OUO 
 ■25, 955 
 
 Value. 
 
 S91,000 
 41,277 
 
 21, 470 
 
 32, 205 
 
 a-l, 000 
 
 119,000 
 
 28, 907 
 
 41, 431 
 
 30, 000 
 
 42,000 
 
 30, 000 
 •40, 725 
 49, 630 
 
 42, 000 
 39,250 
 5fi,250 
 
 1894. 
 1895. 
 1890. 
 1897. 
 1898. 
 1899. 
 1900. 
 1901. 
 1902: 
 
 42,015 
 38, 997 
 78, 0.50 
 77, 246 
 S3, 893 
 98, 809 
 129,883 
 166,601 
 226, 511 
 
 Vfilue. 
 
 $47,019 
 41,646 
 84,908 
 83,803 
 93,591 
 117, 500 
 158, 348 
 214,151 
 325, 967 
 
 1 Not reportL'd. 
 
 (Jeriierd. — No data relative to the .single cement plant 
 in the state can be shown without disclosing individual 
 operations. However, it may be said that the plant 
 has been erected aliout five j'ears and has })een a suc- 
 cessful though not a very large producer. The plant 
 is located at Pembina, on the Tongue river. ^ 
 
 MTnited States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1902, page 802. 
 
OHIO. 
 
 Table 1 is ;i summary of statistics for the productive mines, ([uarries, and wells in the state of Ohio for lOOi 
 
 Table 1.— SUMMARY : \}m. 
 
 Number of mines, quarries, ami wells- 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried oftieial^, elerks, etc.; 
 
 ^^ umber 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 Value of i)roduct 
 
 44,! 
 11,; 
 
 2, 
 t2,551, 
 
 3' 
 S23,222, 
 
 *2,701. 
 
 S7,711, 
 SIO, 126 
 $57, 186, 
 
 Coal, bitu- 
 minous. 
 
 648 
 513 
 
 1,314 
 ,222,966 
 
 ■2't. 963 
 , 693, 464 
 846,818 
 ,619,4.51 
 , 082, 788 
 , 9.53, 789 
 
 Petroleum. 
 
 Limestones 
 
 J629, 
 
 $2, 91.5, 
 S2, 212, 
 $4, 896, 
 t.5, .504, 
 S20, 7.57, 
 
 J1.55, 
 
 $1,4.54 
 
 S7, 
 
 9139 
 
 J560 
 
 Si, 204 
 
 2.59 
 249 
 
 20.5 
 4.51 
 
 065 
 328 
 276 
 648 
 462 
 998 
 
 Natural 
 
 gas. 
 
 1 
 
 3.52 
 
 
 417 
 
 
 241 
 
 S221 
 
 837 
 
 
 699 
 
 $441 
 
 .581 
 
 $i-i?, 
 
 (126 
 
 W91 
 
 223 
 
 SI, 139 
 
 201 
 
 S2,3.55 
 
 4.5X 
 
 Sandstones I 
 
 and 
 
 
 quartzit 
 
 es.i 
 
 
 115 
 
 
 91 
 
 
 200 
 
 S218 
 
 590 
 
 
 
 ?,m 
 
 SI, 171 
 
 674 
 
 W37 
 
 827 
 
 S.526 
 
 .521 
 
 S2, 078, 7.51 
 
 Grind- 
 Cement, 'stones and 
 pulpstones. 
 
 49 
 7, 838 
 
 37.5 
 8227,648 
 
 871, 829 
 S231, 322 
 S714, 551 
 
 22 
 310, 792 
 
 139 
 
 864,288 
 
 89, 982 
 $19, 777 
 8.560,412 
 
 All other 
 minerals. 2 
 
 63 
 
 .52 
 
 49 
 
 S;i4. 240 
 
 5.52 
 
 82.54, 010 
 
 81, 514 
 
 844, 205 
 
 861,. '89 
 
 8,561,601 
 
 1 Includes operating expenses for the production of grindstones and pulpstones, valued at 8399,726. 
 
 -Includes operators as fcillows; Clay, 31; gypsum (operator reported in Michigan); iron ore, 9; oilstones, whetstones, au'l 
 silica sand, 7; sulphur and pyrite, 3. 
 
 ■X'tliestones, 1; jtlinsphale mck. 1; 
 
 The coal tiekls of Ohio tire extensive and have been 
 yielding over I0,000,o0o tons annually since 1889. The 
 petroleum and natural-gas output is very large, a number 
 of the most productive wells in the country being found 
 in this .state. Some of Ohio's building stones are among 
 the finest in the United States, and find a read}' market. 
 Practically the entire output of grindstones and all the 
 pulpstones produced in this country come from this 
 .state. To supply its extensi\-e iron and steel industries 
 Ohio depends on other states for the necessary iriiu ore, 
 as its own deposits are not rich either in (juantity or 
 quality. Ohio is one of the leading states in the manu- 
 facture of Portland cement, and has long been a pro- 
 ducer of natural rock cement. Sandstone al>ounds and 
 when crushed and screened is used in glassmaking and 
 for other purposes. Large and valuable deposits of 
 clay aid in giving the state its leading position in the 
 cla\' working industries. 
 
 hi addition to the minerals referred to in Tafile 1, 
 .strontium ore is found at Put in P)ay, Ottawa county, 
 but none has been produced in commercial ([uantities 
 since 18'.*T. 
 
 The operators reporting acti\-e mines and wells, but 
 no production, gave employment to 2i)4 wage-earners 
 and paid $122,722 in wages during ll»02. The co.st of 
 supplies and materials amounted tt) §27,iU2, and of con- 
 tract work to $14,171. 
 
 The relative importance of manufacturing industries 
 closel}' allied to or based upon tlie mining industry, 
 using as their raw material the product of the mine or 
 quarry, is shown in the following table: 
 
 Table li. 
 
 -M(niul'actart'.'< b'A.'<cd jjrhtiaiili/ if/to)! tJie pnxhirU of tiinwi^ 
 and quarries: 1900. 
 
 INDI'STRY. 
 
 Value of pnidiict. 
 
 All manufactures 
 
 &Ki2,4as, 113 
 
 Based upon jirdiliicts nf luiiu.-'s nr nuarries: 
 
 Chemicals and ullifd jirodnets 
 
 Clay, glass, antl .•^tone jirnduct.^ 
 
 Iron and steel and their prodncts 
 
 Metals nnd metal products, udii'r than iron 
 
 and steel 
 
 Miseulljineous industries 
 
 818,795,296 
 
 29, 6;jl),884 
 
 2.55, 219, .520 
 
 
 16, 151,9.54 
 27, 722, 917 
 
 347, 820, ,571 
 
 All other - 484,617,542 
 
 From the foregoing table it will be seen that the 
 value of the products of manufactures liased primarily 
 upon minerals mined and quarried was $;:)47,820,,571, 
 or 11.8 per cent of the total. The value of the output 
 of the mines, quarries, and wells of Ohio for 1902 was 
 $57,18(;,922, or (:;.9 per cent of the total value of all 
 manufacturing and mining products for the state. 
 
 The Twelfth Census reported the average number 
 of wage-earners engaged in manufactures in Ohio as 
 345,8(;9 and the wages paid as $1,53, 955, 8;^jO. The aver- 
 age luimberof wage-earners engaged in mining in 1902 
 
 (2»2j 
 
OHIO. 
 
 283 
 
 wa,^ 37,173, and the wage.s paid were $33,y22,(.;,s(). 
 The Qiauufacturing and mining- indu.stries eonibined 
 gave emplo_yment to 383,04^ wage-earneiN and paid 
 $177,178,010 in wages. Manufactures enipU)yed 90.2 
 per cent of the wage-earner.s and paid s7 ]ier cent of 
 the wages, while mining employed 9.8 per ctuit of the 
 M-age-earner.s and paid 13 per cent of the total wage.s. 
 The following ta))le, compiled from the reports of 
 the United States Geological Survey, shows the value 
 of the annual production of the principal minerals of 
 this state from 1890 to 1902: 
 
 Taulk .'5. — \'iil(H' of (iiiinidl fyroiliictlini nf principiil viiucrdh: I.S'Jii 
 
 III 190J. 
 [United Stiitfs Gfologii-iil Survey, "Mineral Eesourees of tlie United States."] 
 
 Coal, bitu- 
 minous. 
 
 I Limestones 
 
 Petroleum. and 
 ' dolomites. 
 
 Natural 
 gas. 
 
 Sandstones, 
 
 and 
 quartzites. 
 
 1890 
 1891 
 1892 
 1893 
 1894 
 1895 
 1896 
 1897 
 1898 
 1899 
 1900 
 1901 
 1902 
 
 *10, 783, 171 
 12,106,115 
 12, 722, 745 
 12,351,139 
 
 9,841,723 
 10, 618, 477 
 10, 253, 461 
 
 9, 535, 409 
 12,027,336 
 14,361,903 
 19, 292, 246 
 20, 928, 1.58 
 26,953,789 
 
 $5, 644, 195 
 5, 576, 705 
 0,239,039 
 8, 124, 342 
 9, 206, 293 
 
 16, 399, 242 
 
 17, 693, 438 
 11,232,998 
 12, 205, 210 
 20, 966, 304 
 24,091,601 
 20, 533, 571 
 20,757,3.59 
 
 SI, 514, 934 
 1, 250, 000 
 2, 025, 000 
 1,848,063 
 1,733,477 
 1,568,713 
 1,399,412 
 1,486,5.50 
 
 1, 673, 160 
 1,793,604 
 1,969,387 
 
 2, 606, ,502 
 3,204,998 
 
 684 
 076 
 136, 
 610 
 276, 
 255, 
 172 
 171 
 488. 
 866, 
 178, 
 147, 
 355 
 
 046, 656 
 200, 000 
 300, 000 
 201,932 
 777, 034 
 449, 659 
 679, 265 
 600,068 
 494, 746 
 775, 642 
 233, .596 
 576, 723 
 078, 7.54 
 
 Cement. 
 
 $49, 000 
 82, 000 
 108, 500 
 86, 500 
 144,425 
 239, 221 
 267, H92 
 256,291 
 465, 276 
 721 , 473 
 667, 769 
 7.5S, 837 
 714,. 5.51 
 
 1 Census ligures. 
 
 Coal. — The coal fields of Ohio underlie between 
 10,000 and 12,000 square miles of the state area, and 
 are located in some thirty counties in the eastern and 
 southeastern portion of the state. The}- belong to the 
 northern Appalachian system, which ulsc) includes the 
 coal areas contained in western Pennsyh-ania, ^laryland. 
 Virginia, AA^est Virginia, and eastern Kentucky. The 
 coals are all of the bituminous variety and are known in 
 general terms as lilock, gas, cannel coal, etc.. and In- 
 special names indicating the producing localities. At 
 what period the deposits first became known is uncer- 
 tain, but tliej' were known to exist certainly as early as 
 1770.' Although some coal was undoubtedly produced 
 prior to 1828,^ when the first recorded shipment was 
 made, the tirst production recorded was in 1838. The 
 history of the output was not kept with any accuracy' 
 before 1872. 
 
 Of the 29 coal producing counties in Ohio in 1902, 
 9 had a production of 1,000,000 tons or o\'er, and of 
 the 61:8 mines 2 had an output of 1,0(.»0,000 tons or 
 over, and 51 an output of 100,000 tons or over. The 
 largest coal producing counties were Athens, Belmont, 
 Guernsey, Hocking, Jackson, Jefferson, Perry, Stark, 
 and Tuscarawas. Ohio ranked second in quantity of 
 product among the coal states until 1883, when Illinois 
 outranked it; in 1896 West Virginia ranked third, Ohio 
 
 'One Hundred Years of American Commerce, Vol. I, page 178. 
 ^ United States Geological Survey, Twenty-second Annual 
 Report, Part III, page 216. 
 
 taking fourth place. This place it still licJd in I9(i2, 
 although in \'alue of coal produced it I'anked third. 
 
 The foll(.)wing table shows tlie annual production of 
 coal in Ohio from 1838 to 1902. The figures for many 
 of the years prior to 1872 arc estimates. 
 
 TxniAi 4. — A'inriKil priifhu-lion ofroa/, liilatninon.^: ISoS lo 1!jO-^. 
 [United States Geological Sur\'e\-, " Mineral Itesourr-es of the United States."] 
 
 YEAR. Short tons. 
 
 YEAK. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 1838 
 
 119,9.52 
 1 25. 000 
 
 1871 
 
 4 000 000 
 
 1839 
 
 1872 
 
 5, 315, 294 
 
 1840 140 535 
 
 ; 1873 . 
 
 4,5.50,028 
 
 1841 
 
 160,000 
 225, 000 
 280, 000 
 340 000 
 
 1874 
 
 1875 
 
 1876 
 
 1877 ... 
 
 1,S42 
 
 1843 
 
 1844 
 
 4,804,2.59 
 3, .500, 000 
 5, 2.50, 000 
 
 1845 390 000 
 
 1878 
 
 5 .500 000 
 
 l.St6 
 
 420, 000 
 480, 000 
 640,000 
 BOO orio 
 
 1S79 
 
 6, 000, 000 
 7, 000, 000 
 8,226,000 
 9 4.50 000 
 
 1817 
 
 Is.xo 
 
 1848 
 
 1881 
 
 1849 
 
 1,HS2 
 
 1,S50 640. 000 
 
 1883 
 
 8, 229, 429 
 
 1851 
 
 670, 000 
 700, 000 
 760, 000 
 800, 000 
 890, 000 
 930, 000 
 
 1884 
 
 1885 
 
 1886 
 
 1887 
 
 7,640,062 
 7, 816, 179 
 8,435,211 
 10, 300, 708 
 
 I.t52 
 
 1863 
 
 1854 . . . 
 
 1855 
 
 
 1856 
 
 1889 . 
 
 9 976 787 
 
 18.57 
 
 
 
 18.58 
 
 1 000 000 : 1891 
 
 12, 868, 683 
 
 13, .562, 927 
 13 '^.53 646 
 
 1869 
 
 1,060,000 
 1,133,696 
 1, 1.50, 000 
 1,200,000 
 1,204,581 
 1,816,622 
 1,536,218 
 1,8.87,424 
 2,092,331 
 2, 475, 844 
 2,461,986 
 2,830,559 
 
 1892 . 
 
 1860 . . 
 
 1893 
 
 1861 
 
 1894 
 
 11, 909, 856 
 13, .3.55, 806 
 1 2, 876, 202 
 
 
 1895 
 
 1896 
 
 1863 
 
 1864 
 
 1897 . 
 
 12 196,942 
 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 
 1866 
 
 16 .500 ^^70 
 
 1867 . . 
 
 1900.... 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 18, 988, 1.50 
 20, 943, 807 
 
 1S68 
 
 1869 
 
 1870 
 
 
 
 
 Petroleum. — Asearh" as 1811 petroleum was obtained 
 in brine wells, but it was not until after Drake's dis- 
 covery on Oil creek, Pa., in 18.59, that the oil region 
 in the southeastern part of Ohio began to attract at- 
 tention.-' The Trenton rock, or Lima district, in the 
 northwestern jjart of the state, did not receive any 
 serious consideration until 188.5. when the great C"in- 
 cinnati arch began to be looked upon as a probable fac- 
 tor in the crude petroleum field.* The Trenton rock 
 petroleum comes from a limestone instead of a sand- 
 stone formation, is dark in color, and contains a con- 
 siderable quantity of sulphureted hydrogen, making it 
 rather refractory for refining purposes. The Lima 
 district, extending through "Wood, Hancock, Allen, 
 Sandusky, Auglaize. Mercer, Van Wert, Lucas, Wyan- 
 dot, and Ottawa counties, has been one of the largest 
 producers in the United States, and in 1902 its produc- 
 tion was about 7.5 per cent of the petroleum produced 
 in Ohio. 
 
 Since 189.5 Ohio has ranked tirst among the petroleum 
 producing states. In 1902 its 12,183 wells had an output 
 of 21,011,231 barrels, or nearly 21 per cent of the 
 entire production of the United States for that vear. 
 While Ohio's petroleum output for 19<>2 was less than 
 that for 1901, the product sold at an increase in price 
 averaging 1 cents per barrel. 
 
 ■'Tenth Census, Vol. X, page 12. 
 * Uniteil States Geological Survey, 
 ].iage 9(1. 
 
 ■Petroleum Bulletin," 1902, 
 
284 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 The following table shows the annual production of 
 petroleum in Ohio from the beginning of operations 
 until the close of liH^-2: 
 
 Table 5. — Annual production of pelrokuin: 1S7<1 ta IHOJ. 
 [United States Geological Survey, " Mineral Resoiircen of (he United StaLew."] 
 
 YEx\R. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 Total.. 
 
 283,751,317 
 
 1888 
 
 10,010,868 
 
 
 1889 
 
 1890 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 1S93 
 
 12,471,466 
 
 Previous to 1876 
 
 1876 . 
 
 200,000 
 31,763 
 29, 888 
 38, 179 
 29, 112 
 38,940 
 33,867 
 39, 761 
 47,632 
 90, 081 
 661,680 
 1,782,970 
 5,022,632 
 
 16.124,650 
 17,740,301 
 
 1877 
 
 
 
 16,792,154 
 19, .546,233 
 
 1879 
 
 1894 
 
 1895 
 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 
 1881 
 
 
 1882 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 - . 
 
 
 1884 
 
 
 
 
 1886 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 21,048,083 
 
 1887 
 
 
 
 
 Limestones and dolomites. — These .stones are men- 
 tioned in the Second Annual Report of the Geological 
 Surve}^ of Ohio as having been used as early as 1838 
 for building, burning into lime, macadamizing roads, 
 and even for ornamental purposes. They are almost 
 uniformly of a dull color, and though in manj- cases 
 durable and strong, are entirel}' unfit for any sort of 
 fine building or ornamental work. They are, there- 
 fore, used chiefly for the rough work of foundations, 
 street paving, and flagging, and to a ver_v large extent 
 for making quicklime.' 
 
 Ohio in 1902 ranked third in value of product in the 
 list of limestone producing states, being exceeded b\' 
 Pennsylvania and Illinois. 
 
 Natural gas. — There are three natui'al gas fields in 
 Ohio. The first known field was along the eastern mar- 
 gin of the state, where occur the sands of the Lower 
 Coal Measures, the Waverh' Series, and the Ohio shales. 
 The second field, the la.st to be developed, is in the central 
 portion of the state and receives its natural gas from the 
 Clinton limestone of the Upper .Silurian series. The 
 third field is found in the northwestern portion of 
 the ,state and obtains its natural gas exclusively from 
 the upper portion of the Trenton limestone of the Lower 
 Silurian series. Natural gas was first used in Ohio in 
 1866 in the manufacture of lampblack at Gambler, 
 Coshocton county; in 187i it was used at East Liver- 
 pool, in the household, for heat and light. The great 
 Trenton rock gas field was first opened at Findlay in 
 Movember, 1884, and the Lancaster gas field was de- 
 veloped by a well drilled near that city in 1887.^ The 
 gas produced from the eastern portion of the state was 
 not developed in suHicient (juantities to warrant the 
 piping of it to far distant localities, but it has been an 
 important factor in supplying many nearby towns and 
 industries. 
 
 ■Stones for BuildinK tind Decoration, by George P. Merrill, 
 page 319. 
 
 MInited States Geological Survey, "Mineral Ke.soiirccH of the 
 United States," 1902, j.age 645. 
 
 The value of the natural gas produced in Ohio in 1902 
 was $2,3.55,-458, which is an increase of $208,243 over 
 1901. The greatest production was in 1889, after the 
 great Findlav gas field had been first opened; the small- 
 est production was in 1897, just before the Lancaster 
 and Sugar Grove pools were developed. Of the 1,353 
 wells in operation during 1902, the 637 wells located in 
 the counties of Fairfield, Franklin, Hancock, Licking, 
 Knox, Belmont, Guernsey, Noble, and Mercer produced 
 natural gas valued at $2,107,731. The remaining 715 
 wells M'ere located in the following counties: Allen, 
 Ashtabula, Auglaize, Columbiana, Cuyahoga, Darke, 
 Hardin, Harrison, Holmes, Lake, Logan, Lorain, Lu- 
 cas, Monroe, Morgan, Ottawa, Sandusky, Stark, Van 
 Wert, Washington, and Wood. 
 
 Sandstones and qvartzites. — Quarries of excellent 
 sandstone abound in Ohio, of which the so-called 
 Waverl}' group are the most important for building- 
 purposes.^ The greatest sandstone deposits, known 
 geologically as the Berea grit, are located in Cuyahoga 
 and Lorain counties. The stone, of a veiy light bufi', 
 graj% or blue-gray color, is famous for its evenness of 
 color and puritj' of texture, and for building purposes 
 finds a ready market throughout the United States. The 
 value of the sandstone quarried in these two counties 
 in 1902 for building purposes amounted to $828,284. 
 
 The value of the sandstones and quartzites production 
 of Ohio for 1902, $2,078,754, is exceeded only by that 
 of Pennsylvania. These figures do not include the 
 value of stone quarried for grindstones and pulpstones. 
 The 115 quarries operated during 1902 were located in 
 the following counties, arranged according to the value 
 of the production: Cuj-ahoga, Lorain, Scioto, Fairfield, 
 Summit, Erie, Richland, ^lorrow, Belmont, Carroll, 
 Huron, Muskingum. ^Mahoning, Trumbull, Crawford, 
 Holmes, Harrison, Jefl'erson, Stark, ^Morgan, Tuscara- 
 was, Washington, ^leigs, Pike, Columbiana, Ashtabula, 
 Guernsey, Licking, Delaware, Miami, Pickaway, High- 
 land, and Perry. 
 
 .Cement. — Among the first cement plants to be estab- 
 lished was a small one at Sandusky, about 1845. In 
 1846 a plant was established at Defiance, and in 1858 at 
 Barnesville. The first Portland cement plant was estab- 
 lished in 1889.* In 1902 Ohio ranked seventh among 
 the states manufacturing this material. While the 
 growth of this industry in Ohio has been steadj', it has 
 not been as ma'rked as in some other states. In 189() 
 the prf)duction amounted to only 57,0(i<» barrels while 
 ill 1902 it amounted to 563,113 barrels. But one com- 
 pany now produces natui'al rock cement. 
 
 Grindsf ones and pidpstimes. — Four-fifths of all the 
 grindstones produced in the United States are quarried 
 in Ohio, the sandstone known as the Berea grit l)eing 
 the greatest source of supply. The 7 quarries operating 
 
 ' Stimes for Building and Decoration, page 1.54. 
 'United States Geological Survey, ".Mineral Kesonn 
 United States," 1902, page 80.3. 
 
 the 
 
OHIO. 
 
 285 
 
 in 1902 were located in Cuyahoga, Stark, Jett'erson, 
 Athens, and Washington counties. The value of the 
 total output in Ohio was $.560,413, while that of the 
 United States was $(167,131. 
 
 The following table shows the value of the aTinual 
 production of grindstones, 1S1(9 to 11103, it being im- 
 possible to segregate the production from the total for 
 the United States previous to 1899: 
 
 Tablk C. — Viiliii' of (iiiiiiiiil prnihirtiiiii iif iiriiiihtdiu'x: IXifi In lUOJ. 
 [UnitL'd Stattes Gt-'oln^Mcal Surv(.'y, " Mineral Kesonna'S iif tbu Uniletl Slates."] 
 
 VEAE. 
 
 Value. 
 
 YKAR. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1899 
 
 $480, 963 
 542, 721 
 
 
 $648,844 
 .560,412 
 
 1900 
 
 19U2 
 
 
 
 All other mine'tah. — The value of raw clay produced 
 by the 31 operators in 1903 was $101,305. 
 
 The single gypsum plant in the state is near Gvpsum, 
 in Ottawa county. The product is converted princi- 
 pally into wall plaster. 
 
 The first blast furnace in Ohio was completed in ISUI, 
 
 in Mahoning county,' and it is proljable that iron ore was 
 first mined in this state about that time. The Hanging 
 Rock district, in Lawrence county, along the Ohio river, 
 was once (juite a source of supply, but during late years 
 the quantit}" of iron ore mined in Ohio has steadily de- 
 creased, owing probably to the inferiority of tlie ore. 
 In 18S9 the production of iron ore in Ohio amounted to 
 2.54,394 long tons, while in 11»0'2 it was only 22,657 long 
 tons. 
 
 The silica sand production for 1903 was valued at 
 $153,374. A little less than a quarter of this crushed 
 sandstone is used in the manufacture of glass. 
 
 At a nunilx'r of the quarries in the Berea sandstone 
 district a grade of stone is found suitable for making 
 whetstones. The well-known Deerlick oilstone is made 
 at Chagrin Falls, Cuyahoga county. The value of the 
 production of whetstones and oilstones in Ohio can not 
 be shown separatelj" without disclosing the operations 
 of an individual establishment. 
 
 The pvrite produced tij' three operators in Tuscara- 
 was county is a by-product of coal. The phosphate 
 rock produced is found in Mahoning county. 
 
 ' Iron ill All Age>^, l>y Jame.s M. Swank, jiage .301. 
 
OKLAHOMA. 
 
 Table 1 is a .summary of the statistics for the produc- 
 tive quarries and wells in the territory of Oklahoma 
 for 1902: 
 
 Tahlk 1. — Sniiniiar'i: ]'.)r>2. 
 
 Number of quarrius and \vf lis. 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials. 
 Value of product 
 
 
 Lime- 
 
 Tc.tal. 
 
 stones 
 and <1( )!(")- 
 
 
 mites. 
 
 ■1\ 
 
 12 
 
 17 
 
 12 
 
 IS 
 
 4 
 
 S12,22:S 
 
 Rl, U35 
 
 l-.\s 
 
 46 
 
 $(;■), Mo 
 
 S22, 277 
 
 815,830 
 
 S840 
 
 S31,934 
 
 56,737 
 
 ?1S6, 70t) 
 
 S.50, 641 
 
 All other 
 min- 
 erals. 1 
 
 89, IW 
 
 842, 2r,.s 
 
 $14, 990 
 
 82'!, 197 
 
 813C., IC,:, 
 
 1 Ineludes operators as fctllows: Gypsnm, 3 lo '[iiarries r. petroleum, 1 i3 
 well.s}; sandstones and quartzites, 1. 
 
 From the al)o\e table it appears that mining- in 
 Okhihoma during 1902 was contined to the quarry- 
 ing of limestone, gypsum, sandstone, and the opera- 
 tion of three petroleum wells, (iypsum is by far the 
 most important product of mineral industr_v in the 
 territory. 
 
 Many stories have been circulated from time to time 
 regarding old Spanisli mines existing in Oklahoma,' )mi 
 they have little foundation. It is claimed, however, 
 that dates cut in the rocks in the Wichita mountains'' 
 indicate the discoverv of gold as early as 1S3M. These 
 mountains are located in tlie forbidden ground of the 
 Kiowa and Comanche reservation in the southwestern 
 part of the territory, and prospectors or minei's are 
 not allowed to explore the locality. 
 
 There are indications in many parts of the territory 
 of the occurrence of coal, asphalt, zinc, lead, copper, 
 iron, coljalt, mica, clay, and cement,^ but no production 
 of these minerals was reported in 1902. Coal has been 
 obtained in small quantities in Pawnee coiuity and in 
 tlie Osage reservation, and is also known to occur in 
 Payne, Lincoln, Logan, and Pottawatomie counties and 
 in the Kiowa and Comanche reservati(jn. 
 
 Deposits of co[)per occur near Kentfin in the extreme 
 western end of Jiea\'er county; zinc and lead are found 
 
 ' Itejxjrt <jf t)]e <rovernor cif Oklahoma, 1S99, jijige 79. 
 
 '' Iliifl., 19(i:!, page 69. 
 
 ' Iljifl., 1S99, j.atre.s 7K amJ 79. 
 
 (280) 
 
 in several places in eastern Oklahoma and in the Kiow'a 
 and Comanche reservation: and asphalt is known to 
 occur in Comanche and Kiowa counties, in some places 
 even oozing from the ground. Natural gas in small 
 quantities is found in Kay and (ireer counties, but no 
 profitable flow has lieen obtained.' 
 
 An excellent quality of dolomitic liliiestone is found 
 in Blaine county and deposits of granitic rocks occur in 
 the Wichita mountains. Cement is found in a number 
 of localities, and beds of clav suitable for the manufac- 
 ture of building and paving brick occui- in \-arious 
 parts of the territory. Cobalt and iron ore ar(> among 
 the minei'als reported liy Lewis and Cliirke in their ex- 
 ploration into this territory in IsOo to 1807. 
 
 The value of the ])r(Klucts cjf those manufacturing 
 industries l)ased primarily on the jiroductsof mines and 
 quarries is sliown in Ttiblc i' in comparison with the 
 total \;iluc <if ]>r<idncts (if till niamifactures. 
 
 Tahle U. — MniiiifiKiiii-i s liiitiiil jiriiiiiirilii iijkih t]ir prmhirtx nf mines 
 mill ijiiarriex: 190n. 
 
 IXIifSTJIV. 
 
 Value oi product. 
 
 All manillai'lures ' 87, 0.S3, 938 
 
 Hased ujioii itroduels of mines or quarries: 
 
 C'lay, Klass, and stone jiroclui'ts S2.'i2, 072 
 
 Iron and steel and their prod nets 59,2,50 
 
 Metals and metal jirodnt't^, otlier ttnin iron ami 
 
 steel 123, 418 
 
 Miscellaneous industries 188,881 
 
 .Ml other.. 
 
 Il, 4110, 317 
 
 Asshownintheabove table the manufactures of Okla- 
 h(ima. ))ased on the products of mines ;uid quarries, rep- 
 resent but 8..S per cent of the total of all manufactures. 
 The niinertd industry is insignificant when compared 
 with manufacturing in the territury; tht.' \'alue of the 
 product of mines, quarries, and wells in 1902 beingonly 
 2.6 per cent of the total obttiined liy eom])ining the total 
 value of manufactured products in 1900 with the total 
 value of the products of mines, tjuarries, ;ind wells in 
 1902. 
 
 At the Twelfth Census manufactures were reported 
 as giving employment to 2,051 wage-earners who were 
 paid $S(iT,82t') in wages. Mines and quarries in 1902 
 
 ' Kcpurt (jf t)ie Governoi- of (Jklahoma, 1901, page 102. 
 
OKLAHOMA. 
 
 287 
 
 emplo_yed 128 wage-earners and paid $«-i,54r) in wages. 
 Manufactures therefore contributed 94.1 per cent of 
 the wage- earners of the two industries and ])aid 92.6 
 per cent of tlie wages, while mines and mining gave 
 employment to .5.9 per cent of the wage-earners and 
 paid 7.4 per cent of the wages. 
 
 Limestones and doloia'des. — Quarrying operations for 
 limestones and dolomites are extensiveh^ carried on in 
 Kay county, which localitj' reports the only couunercial 
 production in 1902. The value of the output from the 
 12 productive quarries was $.50,541. The stone was 
 used principally for building, flagging, and curbing. 
 
 During 1901 the product of the limestone quarries 
 was chiefly crushed stone used for railroad ballast, 
 building purposes, etc., and was valued at $32,497.' 
 
 All other minei'dls. — One of the most iDromising natu- 
 ral products of Oklahoma is gypsum, for which a con- 
 siderable development is reported during the past few 
 years, due principally to the extension of railroads 
 through the territory." In 1S52, in his account of this 
 locality, jMarcy made the statement that the discovery 
 of gold in the Wichita mountains would attract more 
 attention, but that the gypsum l)eds would be worth 
 more than the gold. 
 
 Extending across the territory are great ledges of 
 gypsum. In some places along the rivers and creeks, 
 this soluble rock has succumbed to the action of the 
 water, and caves, tunnels, natural bridges, and fantas- 
 tic figures have been produced. Only the most con- 
 venient and advantageous outcrops have thus far been 
 qviarried.' 
 
 The following table, compiled from reports of the 
 United States Geological Survey, shows the aiuiual pro- 
 duction of gypsum fi-om 1898 to 1902: 
 
 'United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Re.^ources of the 
 United States," 1902, page 697. 
 nbid., page 906. 
 ^Report of the Governor of Oklahoma, 1900, page 79. 
 
 Table 3. — Ainviuil prarhKiinii uf r/i/pxiini.- JSVS to i:iO£. 
 [United status Ouologicul Survey, "Mini'ml Kesoiirces of Llie United States."] 
 
 Y F.Alt. 
 
 Quantity 
 (short' 
 tonsj. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 .3, 150 
 U,52fi 
 18, 437 
 15, 930 
 34,156 
 
 ivi.ow 
 
 t,s9y 
 
 3fi, tiOO 
 
 
 60, 3S0 
 
 1901 
 
 66,031 
 
 
 111,216 
 
 
 
 In 1902 the territory's production of gypsum was 
 quarried in the counties of Blaine, Caddo, Canadian, 
 and Kay. The product is reported to be of the same 
 character as that obtained in Kansas,* and it was all 
 calcined as wall plaster or plaster of Paris. The 
 first commercial production was reported in 1894, and 
 amounted to 1,300 short tons A'alued at $7,50(J. No 
 operations were reported during the next three j'ears, 
 but in 1898, 3,150 short tons were produced valued at 
 $12,000, and since then there has been a steady increase. 
 
 Sandstone occurs as a surface rock in almost ever}' 
 county in Oklahoma, varying in texture from a coarse, 
 rotten shale to a hard, fine grained stone.'' The produc- 
 tion in the territory for 1902 was all quarried in Logan 
 county. It was used chiefly in the rough for founda- 
 tions and similar building purposes, and also in small 
 quantities as crushed stone for roadmaking. 
 
 There were three producing petroleum wells in the 
 territorj' in 1902, all in Greer county. Two of them 
 were drilled during the year. The petroleum is a heavy 
 black lubricating oil, and it is found in hard, porous 
 rock. Indications of large oil deposits occur in various 
 parts of the territory," notably in the Osage reserva- 
 tion and in Payne, Lincoln, Pottawatomie, Oklahoma, 
 Comanche, and Kiowa counties. 
 
 *The Mineral Industry, 1897, Vol. VI, page .392. 
 
 * Report of the Governor of Oklahoma, 1901, page 102. 
 
OREGON. 
 
 Table ] is a suniraarv of the statistics for the productive mines and quarries in tlie state of Oregon for 1902. 
 
 Taei,e 1.— SUMMARY: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines or quarries. . 
 
 Numl:)er of operators 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 ■VYage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials. 
 Value of product 
 
 294 
 293 
 
 153 
 $1S9, 103 
 
 1,166 
 
 $1,033,075 
 
 SI 9, .522 
 
 8143, 748 
 
 t408, 112 
 
 $2,087,389 
 
 Gold and 
 silver. 
 
 Coal, bitu- 
 ndiious. 
 
 262 
 262 
 
 110 
 
 $146, 473 
 
 865 
 $816,711 
 $19,197 
 $114,402 
 $299, 705 
 ■1,8.51,853 
 
 32 
 827, 660 
 
 211 
 $144,801 
 
 $25, 7:37 
 
 $86, 355 
 
 $160, 075 
 
 Siliceous 
 
 crystalline 
 
 rocks. 
 
 3 
 $2, .590 
 
 35 
 $25, 4.54 
 
 Limestones 
 
 and 
 dolomites. 
 
 $977 
 $1,496 
 $38, 429 
 
 19 
 810, 102 
 
 $120 
 
 $4,220 
 
 $20, 133 
 
 All other 
 minerals. ^ 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 7 
 811,180 
 
 46 
 
 836, 007 
 
 8326 
 
 $2, 612 
 
 816, 336 
 
 816, 899 
 
 1 Includes ofierators ns follows: Borax, 1: enp[>i,T, 2; gypsum, 1: nickel and cobalt, 1; sandstones and quartzites, 1. 
 
 In the Blue mountain region and the Kogue river 
 section of the state are the principal gold producing 
 localities. Although silver bearing ore is quite widel}' 
 diffused, the production reported was principalh' ob- 
 tained in the form of allov with gold. The presence 
 of more or less important coal deposits is indicated 
 by outcroppings throughout the western and north- 
 western parts of the state and in Coos count}-. The 
 deposits of stone promise unlimited supplies of building- 
 material. ' Gypsum, used in making land plaster, occurs 
 in Baker country; borax is found in Harney countjr; 
 deposits of copper are known to exist in many portions 
 of the state; and nickel ore occurs in Douglas county. 
 
 In addition to the production reported, valuable min- 
 eral deposits occur in many portions of the state. Some 
 of these regions have been prcspected or operated to a 
 considerable extent, while others await only the advent 
 of transportation facilities or the expenditure of suffi- 
 cient capital in development to make them valuable 
 workings. A sj'nopsis of the principal of these known 
 occurrences is herewith given, compiled chiefly from 
 the facts gix'en in the third revised edition of "The Re- 
 sources of the State of Oregon," as collected and ])re- 
 pared by the state board of agriculture. 
 
 Antimony occurs in Jackson county, and tisbcstos of 
 good fiber is found in the southei'n and eastern part of 
 the state. Alkaline salts, potash, sodium, and niter, 
 and also borax, for which a production is reported in 
 11»02, are obtainable from lakes and spi-ings in the arid 
 region, east of theCascadcis, Natural comentis reported 
 in Douglas countj' and chi'ome ii-on oi-e or chromite in 
 a condition of remarkiibic piii'ity and in almost exhaust- 
 
 'T?ie Kesrmrces of Oregon, [lage.s 29 to 42. 
 
 (2HS) 
 
 le,ss quantity is being developed in the serpentine forma- 
 tions of Coos, Curry, Douglas, and Josephine counties. 
 Clay is found in Clackamas, Clatsop, and Coos counties; 
 glass .sand exists in streams flowing from granite rocks; 
 and graphite and infusorial earth are obtained in Jackson 
 count}'. 
 
 Important deposits of iron ores exist, chiefly in basalt, 
 in twelve counties, for the most part in the western 
 half of the state, although occurrences are also noted in 
 Umatilla and Grant counties in the Blue mountains. 
 Lead is found in Clackamas, Grant, and Linn counties, 
 principally as galena. Magne.site and other refractoiy 
 minerals are obtainable, at least in small quantities, in 
 the serpentine rocks of southern Oregon. Manganese 
 ore occurs in Columbia county, in the northern part of 
 the state; marl)le is found in Josephine and Wallowa 
 counties, and platinum and iridium in lodes are believed 
 to exist in the south, principally in .Coos, Curry, and 
 Douglas counties. Of the precious stones, jet has been 
 found in Clatsop county, while opals, serpentine, and 
 chrysoprase, generally useful for ornamental purposes 
 and occasionally rising to the dignity of gems, have all 
 been reported in the state. Quicksilver has been noted 
 in Douglas and Jackson counties, and zinc is known to 
 exist in the Cascade range in Lane and Linn counties, 
 chiefly in the form of zinc blende. 
 
 Nonproductive development operations were carried 
 on ([uite extensively in 1902, 192 operators reporting 
 expenditures as follows: Salaries, iil62,18-l; wao-es 
 $805,855; contract work, 175,594; cost of supplies and 
 materials, $21:1 ,161 ; and miscellaneous expenses, $47, 191. 
 These operations are reported for gold and silver, quick- 
 silver, and coal (bituminous), named in the order of the 
 amount expended. 
 
OREGON. 
 
 289 
 
 The relative importance among manufactures of manu- 
 facturing industries closely allied to or based upon the 
 mining industr_y, using as their raw material the prod- 
 uct of mine or cpiarry, is shown in the following table: 
 
 Table 2. — Manufactures based jx'imarilii upon ihi' jrnxhiiis of mini's 
 and quarries: 1900. 
 
 All manulacturoy 
 
 BasL'd upou products of mines or quarrie.^: 
 
 Chemicals and allied products 
 
 Clay, glass, and stone products 
 
 Iron and steel and their products 
 
 Metals and metal products, other than imn and 
 
 steel 
 
 Miscellaneous industries 
 
 All other. 
 
 Value of ])riiiluet. 
 
 J46, 000, 587 
 
 SI 48, 5.59 
 
 524, 697 
 
 1,116,654 
 
 893, 657 
 2, 758, 294 
 
 5,441,861 
 
 As presented in the above table, the manufactures 
 intimately related to mining and quarr^'ing were valued 
 at $5,44:1,861, which amouftt is about two and one-half 
 times the total products of the mineral industry in the 
 state and 11.8 per cent of the total of all manufactures. 
 The product of mining and quarrying in 1902 was 
 $2,087,389, or 4.3 per cent of the combined value of the 
 product of manufactures in 1900 and of mines and quar- 
 ries in 1902. Manufactures in 1900 gave employment to 
 17,236 wage-earners, who received $8,333,533 in wages. 
 Mines and cjuarries in 1902 gave emploj-ment to 1,166 
 wage-earners and paid $1,033,075 in wages. Of the 
 combined figures for the two industries — 18,1(12 wage- 
 earners and |i9,366,608 paid in wages — manufactures 
 gave employnient to 93.7 per cent of tlie wage-earners 
 and paid 89 per cent of the wages, while mines iind 
 quarries employed but 6.3 per cent of the wage-earners 
 and paid 11 per cent of the wages. 
 
 The following table, compiled from the reports of 
 the United States Geological Survey, shows the A-alue 
 of the annual production of the principal minerals re- 
 ported for the state from 1890 to 19()2: 
 
 T,\BLE 3. — Vcdiw of annual productioii of principal minerals: 1S90 
 
 to 1902. 
 
 [United States Geolog-ical Surrey, " 
 
 Mineral Resources of the United 
 
 States."] 
 
 YEAH. 
 
 Gold. I 
 
 Coal, bitu- 
 minous. 
 
 Silver, 1 
 
 Siliceous 
 crystal- 
 line 
 rocks. 
 
 Lime- 
 stones 
 and dol- 
 omites. 
 
 
 Jl, 100, 000 
 1, 640, 000 
 1, 400, 000 
 1, 645, 300 
 2, 113, 356 
 888,300 
 1,2.51,000 
 1,3.53,100 
 1, 177, 600 
 1, 429, 500 
 1,694,700 
 1,818,100 
 1, 816, 700 
 
 S177,875 
 155, 478 
 148, .546 
 164, 500 
 183,914 
 247, 901 
 294, 564 
 313,890 
 212, 184 
 260, 917 
 220, 001 
 173, 646 
 160, 075 
 
 S96, 969 
 
 297, 374 
 
 70, 077 
 
 15, 2.57 
 
 10, 3.51 
 
 65, 930 
 
 78, 998 
 
 89, 212 
 
 168,081 
 
 173, 641 
 
 3 71, .548 
 
 3 96,060 
 
 349,449 
 
 S44, 150 
 
 3,000 
 
 6,000 
 
 11,255 
 
 4, 993 
 1,728 
 2,449 
 1, 125 
 
 (^) 
 3, 012 
 
 5, 313 
 10, 754 
 38.429 
 
 (-) 
 
 1891 
 
 (-) 
 
 
 (-) 
 
 1893 
 
 J15, 100 
 
 1894 
 
 (2) 
 
 1895 
 
 970 
 
 1896 
 
 1,600 
 
 1897 
 
 (■-) 
 
 1898 
 
 7,480 
 
 1899 
 
 8,000 
 
 1900 
 
 10, 900 
 
 1901 
 
 24, .520 
 
 1902< 
 
 20, 133 
 
 
 
 1 Estimates of the Director of the Mint, value of the refined product: silver at 
 coining value. The values given in Table 1 are the values at the mine. 
 
 2 Not reported separately. 
 
 3 Commercial value. 
 
 4 Census figures, except for gold and silver. 
 
 Table 3 shows that there Avas a slight decrease in 
 mineral production during the past several years, silice- 
 ous crystalline rocks being the only indiistrj' reporting 
 an increase over 1901. The gold production during 
 1902 was only slightly less than during the previous 
 year and was con.siderably greater than that reported 
 at the beginning of the decade. 
 
 Gold and .nlver. — Gold was discovered on the Co- 
 quillo river in 1852 and along other streams in south- 
 ern and eastern Oregon.' The Blue mountain region 
 is the principal gold producing place, with the Kogue 
 river section second in importance. Placer mining is 
 more productive in the western, and quartz in the east- 
 ern part of the state. The first quartz mining was re- 
 ported in 1860. 
 
 Silver bearing ore is quite widel}' diffused, but the 
 percentage of the precious metal is often disappointing. 
 The silver reported is principally obtained in the form 
 of alloji- with gold, but important discoveries in lodes 
 have been prospected and promise well. 
 
 The annual production of gold and silver from 1891 
 to 1902 is given in the following table: 
 
 T.\BLE 4. — ^Innual production of gold and silrcr: 1S91 to 1902. 
 [Reports of the Director of the Slint.] 
 
 YE.\R. 
 
 Gold (fine 
 ounces).! 
 
 Silver (fine! 
 ounces).! 1 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Gold (fine Silver (fine 
 ounces).! | ounces). ^ 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 1,S94 
 
 79,335 
 67, 725 
 79, 592 
 102,234 
 42, 972 
 60, 517 
 
 230,000 i 1897 .• 
 
 .54,200 1898 
 
 11,800 i 1899 
 
 8,006 1900 
 
 65, 456 
 66,966 
 09, 152 
 81,980 
 87, 9.50 
 87, 881 
 
 69, 000 
 130,000 
 134, 300 
 115, 400 
 
 1895 
 
 .51,000 
 61,100 
 
 1901 
 
 160 100 
 
 1896 
 
 1902 
 
 93,300 
 
 1 Estimates of the Director of the Mint are for the refined product. 
 
 Coal, hltiuninom. — The coal production is obtained 
 principall}' from Coos county, where it has been mined 
 since the early fifties.' Outcroppings indicate the ex- 
 istence of deposits throughout the western and north- 
 western parts of the state as well as in the Blue mountain 
 region. The coal produced is mainly lignite, with an 
 average of le.ss than 50 per cent fixed carbon, a consider- 
 able proportion of water, and from 5 to 20 per cent of 
 ash. Oregon coal is free burning and well adapted for 
 steam and heating purposes, although it will not coke. 
 The following table shows the annual production from 
 1885 to 1902: 
 
 Table .5. — Annual production of coal, liitunrinous: 1SS,5 to 190S. 
 [United States Geological Survey, " Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 YEAR, 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 Y'EAR. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 1885 
 
 ..1 60,000 
 45 oon 
 
 1891 . 
 
 51,826 
 34,661 
 41, 683 
 47,521 
 78, 6.S5 
 101,721 
 
 1897 
 
 1S98 
 
 1899 
 
 107, 289 
 58, 184 
 
 1886 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 1887 - - 1 37! 696 
 
 1888 
 
 75, 000 
 64,359 
 
 . . 1 61 . ,51 4 
 
 1894 
 
 1900 
 
 58, 864 
 69,011 
 65, 648 
 
 1889 
 
 1895 
 
 1896 
 
 1901... . 
 
 1890 . 
 
 1902 
 
 
 
 
 ' The Resources of Oregon, pages 29 to 42. 
 
 30223—04- 
 
 -19 
 
290 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 The annual product has varied considerably, the year 
 of least production being 1892. The greatest produc- 
 tion was reported in 1897; since that time a decreased 
 product has been shown. In 1902 development opera- 
 tions were reported which indicated an increasing- 
 interest. 
 
 Siliceous crt/«talli/ie rocJcti. — Rocks of volcanic origin 
 predominate in the state; among them are the andesites, 
 the true basalts, the trachytes, and the tufas or frag- 
 mentary rocks. In 1902 the entire production was re- 
 ported from Baker, Benton, Gilliam, Jackson, Marion, 
 Multnomah, and Union counties. It was valued at 
 138,429. 
 
 The production during 1902 showed a decided in- 
 crease as compared with the years following 1890. 
 This increase in 1902 is chiefly attributed to the more 
 extensive use of the stone as a 2:)aving material and in 
 roadmaking. 
 
 Limestones (ind dolonntes. — Limestone deposits at 
 present commercially worked occur in Baker and Wal- 
 lowa counties in the northeastern, and Jackson and 
 Josephine counties in the southwestern part of the state. 
 In Grant and Union counties there are valuable deposits,' 
 the latter county being covered to a large extent with 
 blue limestone. During 1902 the entire production, 
 valued at $20,133, was used in lime liurning; in 1901 a 
 value of $12,420 was reported for lime burning; in 1900, 
 $10,525; and in 1899, $8,000. There was thus a steady 
 increase in the use of limestone for this purpose. The 
 comparativel}' large product shown for 1901 included a 
 value of $12,100 quarried for paving and roadmaking, 
 while during 1902 siliceous crystalline rocks were more 
 
 ' The Resources of Oregon, pages 29 to 42. 
 
 extensively used as a paving material and no limestone 
 was reported except for lime burning. 
 
 All other minerals. — The entire production of borax 
 in 1902 was reported by one company in Harney county, 
 although borax and various other alkaline soluble salts 
 are found also in Klamath and Lake counties. The 
 arid plains of this region are of late volcanic origin 
 and contain lakes with no outlets, carrying useful salts 
 in heavy solution. All the production reported was 
 submitted to a process of crystallization before being 
 marketed. 
 
 The copper produced is chiefl}' copper-glance and 
 nati\'e copper, carrying gold, and it occurs chiefly in 
 Assure veins. Deposits are known to exist in many 
 parts of the state, notably the native ore and chalcopy- 
 riteof theSantiam region in Liim county, the sulphides 
 of the eastern Oregon gold quartz mines, and the native 
 copper of Union and Baker counties. "* The 1902 pro- 
 duction was reported by one company in Josephine 
 county in southern Oregon, and was all reduced by 
 smelting. 
 
 A considerable production of gypsum was reported 
 in Baker county, none of which was sold in crude state, 
 all l)eing prepared as land plaster, wall or cement plas- 
 ter, or plaster of Paris. As onl v one company was en- 
 gaged in this production the statistics can not be given 
 separately, because to do so would disclose the opera- 
 tions of an individual establishment. 
 
 Nickel ore occurs, in association with garnierite, 
 chromite, magnetite, chrysoprase, chalcedonic cpiartz, 
 and serpentine minerals, principally in Douglas county.^ 
 A small production was reported for 1902. 
 
 '^The Resources of Oregon, pages 24 to 42. 
 
PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Taljle 1 is a summary of the statistics for the procluctive mines, ((uai-ries, and wells in the state oi Penns}'!- 
 vania for 1902. 
 
 Table 1.— SUMMARY: 1902. 
 
 Niimbor of mines, quarries, and wells. 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 Value of product 
 
 •18, 672 
 32, 266 
 
 9,36S 
 S9, .592, 910 
 
 190,93.5 
 
 8114, 122, 437 
 
 *5, 59H, 074 
 
 823,218,8.56 
 
 83:^,111,903 
 
 8236,871,417 
 
 Coal, bitu- 
 minous. 
 
 Coal, an- 
 thracite. 
 
 1,023 
 514 
 
 3, 830 
 J4, 142, 497 
 
 92,096 
 
 859, 848, 902 
 
 8474, 679 
 
 $6, 178, 975 
 
 $», 224, 475 
 
 8106,032,460 
 
 :!34 
 119 
 
 3,014 
 82,907,293 
 
 69, 691 
 838,716,113 
 8406,421 
 89,307,239 
 812, 740, 780 
 876, 173, 586 
 
 40, 444 
 9,808 
 
 5.50 
 8686,098 
 
 5, 610 
 S4,072,2,H7 
 82, 969, 046 
 83, 276, 131 
 83, 3.56, 606 
 815,266,093 
 
 Natural gas. 
 
 5, 408 
 363 
 
 718 
 8769,042 ! 
 
 2,115 I 
 81,308,205 
 81, 746, .500 
 82,899,633 t 
 82,687,228 1 
 814,352,183 
 
 207 
 8250, 2,52 
 
 5, 376 
 82,411,6.52 
 
 8711,782 
 84, 048, 508 
 $10, 223, 267 
 
 1 
 
 Limestones 
 
 and 
 dolomites. 
 
 907 
 896 
 
 287 
 8228, 826 
 
 6,934 
 12,881,295 
 
 Sandstones 
 Slate. and 
 
 quartzites. 
 
 8260, 428 
 
 8972, 605 
 
 86, 458, 433 
 
 259 
 8190, .565 
 
 283 
 
 258 
 
 2.52 
 8177, 786 
 
 426 2,864 
 
 81, 879; 175 $1,779,993 
 
 $312,186 8108,608 
 
 $417,773 I $208,883 
 
 $3,. 547, 322 82,800,108 
 
 Siliceous 
 Iron ore. I crystalline 
 rocks. 
 
 Number of mines, quarries, and wells . 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 Value of product 
 
 91 
 
 $74,788 
 
 1, 
 
 $436,: 
 
 81, 
 
 $61, 
 
 $166,422 
 
 $1,225,453 
 
 ,140 
 
 207 
 
 ;28 
 
 ,:!76 
 
 58 
 860, 877 
 
 703 
 $341,720 
 
 Clay. 
 
 $41 , 056 
 $128, 968 
 8661,062 
 
 828, 473 
 
 312 
 
 $130, 7.53 
 
 $300 
 
 $13, 825 
 
 842, 349 
 
 8288, 811 
 
 Mineral 
 
 pigments. Silica .sand, 
 crude. 
 
 12 
 12 
 
 40 
 $41,002 
 
 148 
 .$67, 006 
 
 15 
 811,890 
 
 141 
 
 864,01.5 
 
 87,465 
 
 169 
 
 $95, 623 
 
 $21, 269 
 $22, 816 
 8246, 346 
 
 88, 2,56 
 816, .572 
 8206, 676 
 
 84,274 
 828, 430 
 $160, 423 
 
 Feldspar. 
 
 9 
 
 $8,712 
 
 12,5 
 850, 876 
 
 Buhrstones 
 and 
 
 millstones. 
 
 All other 
 minerals. 1 
 
 $9, 074 
 832, 423 
 $116, 699 
 
 1 
 
 81,.500 
 
 27 
 $11, 713 
 
 $3,137 
 $4, 425 
 842, 721 
 
 1 
 8616 
 
 $121 
 
 866 
 
 81, 978 
 
 7 
 62 
 
 $5, 8.54 
 
 58 
 
 826, 286 
 
 $900 
 
 82, 497 
 
 $12, .575 
 
 869, 797 
 
 ^ Includes operators as follows: Crystalline rjuartz, 1: garnet, 1: graphite, 2: phosphate rock, 1; precious stones, 55 (no mines); talc and soap.sfone, 
 
 The vast and varied mineral resources of Pennsjdva- 
 nia y'ive the .state first rank in the mineral industry of 
 the country. The value of the output of the productive 
 mineral properties of the state in 1902 was $236,871,417, 
 or 29.7 per cent of the total value for the United States. 
 
 The most important of the .state's mineral resources, 
 from a commercial standpoint at least, are its coals. In 
 its vast stores of anthracite coal, which underlie some 
 484 square miles,' Pennsylvania has a notable advantage 
 over other states. There are three groups of parallel 
 valleys in which these coal measures appear, the North- 
 ern, or Wyoming and Lackawanna valley, the Middle, 
 or Lehigh and Mahanoy, and the Southern, froui which 
 the Lj'kens valley coal comes.'' The bituminous coal 
 fields which run in six parallel valleys' from New York 
 to Ohio and West Virginia, underlie some 15,800 square 
 miles of the state, and belong to the great Appalachian 
 field, which also includes the coal regions of Ohio, 
 
 'United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Re.sources of the 
 United State.s," 1902, page 291. 
 
 'The Anthracite Coal Industry, by Peter Roberts, pages 5 and 6. 
 'King's Handbook of the United States, page 722. 
 
 Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, eastern Kentucky, 
 Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama.' 
 
 The petroleum and natural-gas fields cover many 
 square miles of the state's area, and in the combined 
 values of petroleum and natural-gas production Penn- 
 sylvania leads among the states. 
 
 The Cornwall hills, in Lebanon count}', are composed 
 of and underlaid with magnetic iron ore forming one of 
 the most wonderful deposits of this variety of ore in 
 the world. Since 1740 nearly 9,000,000 tons of ore 
 have been quarried from these beds. Fine brown hema- 
 tite is taken from great open quarry mines in the cen- 
 tral valleys and transported hy rail to the iron works 
 in the bituminous coal region beyond the Alleghenies 
 and along the Lehigh and Schuylkill valleys." 
 
 At Friedensville, in Lehigh county, are located the 
 zinc mines which were opened in 1853, and were strong 
 producers up to 1876." On the Juniata, beds of hard, 
 
 * TTnited States Geological Survey, Twenty-second .\nnual Report 
 1900-1901, Part III, pages 125 and 233. 
 » King's Handbook of the United States, pages 721 and 722. 
 *<;)re Deposits of the United States, by James F. Kemp, page 175. 
 
 (291) 
 
292 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 white, siliceous sandstone occur, laro'c rpiantitics of 
 which are yearly used in i,dassniakiny. The quarries 
 at Slatington, in Lehigh county, produce vast quanti- 
 ties of the finest l>lue-l)lack slate for liilliard tables and 
 mantels, blacklioai'ds and slates, flooring and rooting.' 
 
 The Gap mine, in Lancaster county, once tlie most im- 
 portant nickel mine in the country, was opened in 1718 
 and worked for copper until 18.VJ. wIkmi tlic presence of 
 nickel was discovered." The mine is now shut down. 
 
 Marble of many varieties, from ))lack to white, is 
 found in the Great Valley, in Chester county, and has 
 been (piarried in immense (luantities in ]\Iontgoin(>ry 
 count3-. Serpentine, or greenstone, largelv used in 
 fine buildings, is quarried at Birmingham, and else- 
 where in Chester and Delaware counties.'' 
 
 Among other minerals in deposits of which the state 
 is rich may l>e mentioned the following: The mineral 
 paint, of Parry ville: steatite or talc, of Schuylkill; fire 
 clay and flagstones in several localities: the bluestone, 
 of Tunkhannock and Meshoppen; chrome ore and 
 graphite, of Chester county: sih'cr bearing lead, form- 
 erly mined in large quantities in Chester county; sand- 
 stones, of Swatara and Schuylkill counties; whetstones, 
 of Darby creek; granites, of Delaware and Philadelphia 
 counties; and the kaolin, of Pennsburg and New Gar- 
 den, used for making porcelain and china.' 
 
 The minerals found in the state, but which were not 
 produced in commercial quantities in 19()2,are chromite, 
 gypsum, ilmenite, lead ore, manganese ore, nickel, plati- 
 num, rutile, strontium oi'c, and zinc. 
 
 In addition to the productive nunes, quarries, and 
 wells referred to in Table 1. there were 18 operators in 
 1902 who reported development work, mostly in con- 
 nection with l)ituminouscoal, natural gas, and slate prop- 
 erties. These operators paid their salaried officials, 
 clerks, etc., $3,59() during the year, gave employment 
 to an average of 44 wage-earners, and paid S2().75i! in 
 wages. The woi'k done by eontract amounted to §oti,:-!o:i, 
 the miscellaneous expenses were $4,677, and tlie cost of 
 supplies and materials was l|i39,21(i. 
 
 ' King's Handbook of the United States, jiages; 725 and 726. 
 ^The ilineral Indu.<=try, 1892, Vol. I, j.age 345. 
 'King's Handbook of the United States, page 72(i. 
 
 The following table shows the value of the output of 
 manufactures, Ijased primarily upon the products of 
 mines and (quarries, and also the value of all manufac- 
 tured products of the state, as reported at the census 
 of 19(»0: 
 
 Table ii. — Mimufarturex hased primnrily npon the prmlnrtK ofmiries 
 
 nail I 
 
 s: lUOO. 
 
 Value ol pniduf-t. 
 
 All manufacturer ^\^ >i34, yyu, S60 
 
 Buseil upon [.roilui-ts of mines or quiirri'eM': 
 
 cliemiralM and allied products 
 
 Cliiy, ^Ijiss, and stone jirodiict.s 
 
 Iron and steel and their products 
 
 Metals and metal products, other than iron 
 
 and steel 
 
 Miscellaneous industries 
 
 SliO, 794, 380 
 57,386,4.'i3 
 632,501,781 
 
 35, 50-1, 2-19 
 86,408,772 
 
 All otlier- 
 
 872, 595, 036 
 962, 195, 226 
 
 As will li(> seen from the foregoing table, the value of 
 the manufactures based primarily upon the products of 
 mines and ([uarries was $872,595,<)35, or 47.6 per cent 
 of that for all manufactured products of the state in 
 I l'.t(M). The \'alue of the output of the productive 
 mines, quarries, and wells of the state for 190:2 was 
 8i!3<i,S71,417. or 11.4 per cent of the combined value 
 of manufactured products in 19( HJ, and mine and quarry 
 products in 19U-. 
 
 The manufacturing industries of Pennsylvania, as 
 I reported at the Twelfth Census, employed 733.834 
 ' wage-earners during 19(i0 and paid §332,07:2.670 in 
 wages. In 190'itlie operators of the productive mining 
 properties cniployed l'.to.'.»35 wage-earners and paid 
 §114, 122, 437 in wages. The tw'o industries therefore 
 i'iii[)loy(Hl a totid of 924,769 wage-etirners and paid 
 §446. Iii.">.l(i7 ill wages. Manufactures employed 7'.i.4 
 prr cent of the wage-earners and paid 74.4 per cent of 
 the wages, while mines and ([uarries employed 20.6 per 
 cent of the wage-cariu>rs and paid 2ri.(; per cent of the 
 wages. 
 
 The fdllowing tabic cunipiled from tlie reports of the 
 Uiiitc(l States (ieolngical Sur\ey, slui-ws the value of the 
 annual jiroduction of tht' pi'iiicipal minerals of Pennsyl- 
 vaiiiii from 18!t0 to 1902: 
 
 Table 3.— VAI.UK OF AXXU.V]. I'RODUCTl 
 
 [rnilcd stairs lieoloKiriil Survey, ■■ M 
 
 ON (il- I'KINCll'Ab 3J]N'KK.\i.S; ISild to ni02. 
 
 inenil Uesourccs iif llie rniled States."] 
 
 Coal, bitu- 
 minous. 
 
 1890 1 $35, 376, 916 
 
 1891 37,271,053 
 
 1892 39,017,164 
 
 1893 I 35, 2(10, 674 I 
 
 1X94 29, 479, M20 
 
 1H95 :{.'i, 9NII, 357 
 
 1896 1 35,368,219 
 
 1897 1 37, 636, ?,n 
 
 1898 43, 352, 588 
 
 1899 56,217,791 
 
 1900 ' 77, 4:!8, 515 
 
 1901 1 8' , 397, 686 
 
 1902 - - ; 1U6, 032, 460 
 
 Coal, an- 
 thracite. 
 
 73, 
 82, 
 85, 
 78, 
 82. 
 81, 
 
 Petroleum, i Natural Kas. , Cement. 
 
 •521, 
 15, 
 12, 
 15, 
 24, 
 22, 
 14, 
 13, 
 17, 
 18, 
 15, 
 15, 
 
 (') 
 
 240,7 
 
 302, 'J 
 
 563,, s 
 
 342, 9 
 
 9110, 
 
 982, 
 
 295, 
 
 608, 
 
 053, 
 
 088, 
 
 130, 
 
 S9, 551 
 
 025 
 
 7 
 
 834 
 
 016 
 
 7 
 
 376 
 
 281 
 
 6 
 
 188 
 
 0(iO 
 
 6 
 
 279 
 
 non 
 
 ;, 
 
 852 
 
 ooo 
 
 ;, 
 
 528 
 
 610 
 
 6 
 
 212 
 
 .513 
 
 6 
 
 806 
 
 742 
 
 8 
 
 337 
 
 210 
 
 1(1 
 
 215 
 
 112 
 
 12 
 
 688 
 
 161 
 
 14 
 
 352 
 
 183 
 
 *873, 
 1 , 069, 
 1,099, 
 928, 
 987, 
 1,056, 
 1,,528, 
 
 ■A, 392! 
 4,516, 
 5, 328, 
 fi, 759, 
 10,223, 
 
 Limestones 
 
 and 
 dolomites. 
 
 %2, 655, 
 2, 100, 
 1,900, 
 1,552, 
 
 2, 625, 
 
 3, 055, 
 2, 104, 
 
 2, 327, 
 2,740, 
 3,088, 
 
 3, 800, 
 5,081, 
 5, 458, 
 
 $2,011,726 
 2, 142, 905 
 2,333,000 
 1 , 472, 275 
 1,620,168 
 
 1, 647, 751 
 1,726,318 
 
 2, 365, 299 
 2, 491 , 756 
 2, .537, 022 
 
 2, 713, 598 
 2,984,261 
 
 3, r>17, 322 
 
 Sandstones 
 
 
 and 
 
 Iron on.'. 
 
 quartzites. 
 
 
 Jl, 609, 159 
 
 (>) 
 
 750, 000 
 
 1') 
 
 OaO, 111.10 
 
 ?2, 197,028 
 
 622, 552 
 
 1,374,313 
 
 349, 7.S7 
 
 643, 469 
 
 500, 000 
 
 997, 719 
 
 416, 926 
 
 920, 916 
 
 380, ,sl3 
 
 851 , 079 
 
 478, 151 
 
 877, 365 
 
 717,053 
 
 1.991,772 
 
 1,050,218 
 
 1,.S90,100 
 
 2, 063, 082 
 
 l,5i;|,i;'jii 
 
 2,800, HIS 
 
 1,225, |5:i 
 
 Siliceous 
 
 (-'rystalllne 
 
 rocks. 
 
 S623,2.52 
 575, 000 
 5.50, 000 
 206, 493 
 600, 000 
 300, 000 
 159,317 
 349, 947 
 237, 780 
 385, 101 
 396.271 
 IS6.011S 
 661 , in;2 
 
 I Value iii't re|jorled. 
 
 - Census ligures. 
 
PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 293 
 
 Coal, hituminous. — The l)ituminous coal fields under- 
 lying an area of 15,800 .square inile.s,^ lie eliiefly in the 
 western part of tlie state, and spread from Ohio, West 
 Virginia, and Maryland northeast toward New York." 
 
 The Upper Carboniferous in the bituminous coal fields 
 of Pennsylvania has been divided into the following five 
 subdivisions in descending order: Dunkard, Mononga- 
 hela, Conemaugh, Allegheny, and Pottsville. The prin- 
 cipal sources of coal are the Allegheny and Mononga- 
 hela formations, over 95 per cent of the output having 
 been derived therefrom. Shipping mines are also lo- 
 cated in the Pottsville and Conemaugh formations, the 
 mines of the former being situated on the very extensive 
 outcrop near the margins of the coal fields, while those 
 of the latter are almost entirel}^ confined to the area of 
 this formation near the southern boundar}' of the state. '^ 
 
 The earliest recorded instance of the mining of bitu- 
 minous coal in Pennsylvania was in 1760, when a, coal 
 mine was opened in the deposit along the Monongahela 
 river, at a point opposite the site of the present city of 
 Pittsburg. With the advent of the first steam engine 
 in Pittsburg in 1794 the demand for this fuel increased, 
 and by 1800 a number of mines wei'c being worked on 
 both sides of the river, the coal being used quite exten- 
 sively in salt works, glass factories, and for general 
 purposes. ' 
 
 Coal was first shipped from Pittsburg in 1803, and in 
 1S16 the shipments from this point down the Ohio river 
 amounted to 214,000 tons. About 1843 commercial 
 shipments from the Blossburg basin began, and a little 
 later the Barclay basin was developed. During the 
 same decade the use of the Sharon Ijlock coal in the 
 Mercer county furnaces is said to have begun. The 
 rapid development of the Cambria county coals prac- 
 ticall}^ began with the construction of the State Portage 
 and Pennsylvania railroads, and shortly after the com- 
 pletion of the Low Grade division of the Allegheny 
 Valley Railway in 1872 the notable development of the 
 Reynoldsville basin began.' 
 
 In 1902 there were 1,023 productive ))ituminous coal 
 mines in Pennsylvania, and the total output was 
 98,574,3(37 short tons, or 37.9 per cent of the produc- 
 tion of bituminous coal in the United States. The 
 value of this bituminous coal product was $10(1,032,460, 
 or 44.8 per cent of the total value of all mineral prod- 
 ucts of the state and 13.3 per cent of the total for the 
 United States in 1902. 
 
 Twenty-four counties in the state contributed to the 
 production of this mineral. Among these, Fayette and 
 Westmoreland, which contain the Conncllsville coking 
 region and which have stood for a number of years at 
 
 Ulnited States Geological Survey, "Mineral Re.iources of the 
 United States," 1902, page 293. 
 
 2 Ibid., Twenty-second Annual Report, 1900-1901, Part III, page 
 127. 
 
 nbid., pages 129 and 188. 
 
 * Ibid., page 188. 
 
 the head of the bituminous coal producing counties, 
 retained their supremacy, the former having a produc- 
 tion of 18,988,(J58 tons, and the latter 18,811,511 tons. 
 Allegheny county is third in rank, with 11,919,569 tons, 
 and Cambria county, with 10,561,835 tons, ranked 
 fourth.'' 
 
 The following table, compiled from reports of the 
 United States Geological Survey, shows the annual pro- 
 duction of bituminous coal in Pennsylvania from 1840 
 to 1902: 
 
 T.\BL1.; 4. — Annual prodiicliun of ronl, liilniiiiiiuvs: 1S40 to lUOS. 
 [United StaU'H Geologic-Ill Survey, "iliueral Ke.souroe.s of the United States."] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Short ton.s. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 
 1,2.50,94,5,473 
 
 1871 
 
 9, 040, 565 
 
 
 1872 
 
 11,695,040 
 
 
 464,826 
 
 475, 000 
 
 500, 000 
 
 6.50, 000 
 
 675, 000 
 
 700, 000 
 
 760, 000 
 
 399,840 
 
 500,000 
 
 7.50,000 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 1,200,000 
 
 1,400,000 
 
 1,500,000 I 
 
 1,6.50,000 
 
 1,780,000 1 
 
 1,850,000 1 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 2,200,000 
 
 2, 400, 000 
 
 2,679,773 | 
 
 3,200,000 
 
 4,000,000 
 
 5,000,000 1 
 
 5,839,000 ! 
 
 6,3.50,000 
 
 6,800,000 1 
 
 7,300,000 1 
 
 7,500,000 
 
 6,750,000 
 
 8,736,399 
 
 1873 
 
 13, 098, 829 
 
 1840 
 
 
 12, 320, 000 
 11,760,000 
 
 1841 
 
 1875 
 
 1842 
 
 1876 
 
 12, 880, 000 
 
 1843 
 
 
 14,000,000 
 15,120,000 
 
 1.844 
 
 1878 
 
 1845 
 
 1879 
 
 16,240,000 
 
 1846 
 
 1880 
 
 21, 280, 000 
 
 
 1.881 
 
 22, 400, 000 
 24, 640, 000 
 
 1848 
 
 1,849 
 
 18.50 
 
 1S.S3 
 
 1884 
 
 1885 
 
 1886 
 
 26, 880, 000 
 28, 000, 000 
 
 26, 000, 000 
 
 27, 094, .501 
 
 18.51 
 
 1852 
 
 1853 
 
 1854 
 
 1887 
 
 1888 
 
 31, 516, 8.56 
 33, 796, 727 
 
 1865 
 
 1866 
 
 1857 
 
 1868 - 
 
 1859 
 
 1889 
 
 1890 
 
 1.891 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 1895 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 36, 174, 089 
 42, 302, 173 
 42, 7.88, 490 
 46, 694,. 576 
 
 1860 
 
 1861 
 
 39, 912, 463 
 
 1862 
 
 1863 
 
 49, .557, 4.53 
 
 1864 
 
 
 1865 
 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 
 1868 
 
 1869 
 
 1870 
 
 79, 842, 326 
 82, 305, 946 
 98, 574, 367 
 
 Coal^ anthracite. — The anthracite coal region of 
 Pennsj'lvania, situated in the eastern part of the state, 
 embraces a territory of al)out 3,300 square miles, but 
 only about 484 square miles is underlaid by workable 
 coal measures. These measures are principally located 
 in Lackawanna, Luzerne, Carbon, Schuj'lkill, and 
 Northumberland counties, liut are also found in Sus- 
 quehanna, Sullivan, Columbia, Dauphin, Wayne, 
 Wvoming, and Lebanon counties," the last thr-ee men- 
 tioned, however, reporting no production in 1902. 
 
 The area is divided geographically into four divi- 
 sions, known as the Northern, Eastern Middle, Western 
 Middle, and Southern, and there is also a small basin in 
 Sullivan county, known as the Western Northern or 
 Loyalsock.' Of these fields, the Northern, also called 
 the "Wyoming, contains 200 square miles, or 34 per cent 
 of all the workable coal area. This rich deposit, cres- 
 cent in form, is 50 miles long and varies in width from 
 
 * Uniteil States Geological Survey, " ilinoral Resources of the 
 United States," 1902, page 42:^. 
 
 "Uiid., Twenty-second Annual Report, 1900-1901, Part III, 
 page (il. 
 
 ' Uiid., ])age 6:1 
 
294 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 5.5 miles to diminishing points where the coal seams end. 
 The extreme northern point of the crescent is in Sus- 
 quehanna county, near Forest City, and the remaiiuk'r 
 of the region is in Lackawanna and Luzerne counties.' 
 Since 1S66 this region has been the leading shipper of 
 coal." 
 
 The Middle fields contain 130 square miles and their 
 total length is 40 miles. These deposits lie principally 
 in Luzerne county, but some sections are in North- 
 umberland, Carbon, Schuylkill, and Columbia counties.' 
 
 The Southern field extends over 1-ftt square miles 
 and lies in Car))on, Schuylkill, and Dauphin counties. 
 The greatest width is about 4 miles, at Pottsville, and 
 tlie length is 55 miles.' 
 
 The first authentic record connected with anthracite 
 coal history' in the state is that in ITO'2 coal was dis- 
 covered by the early pioneers in the Wyoming district, 
 near the site of the present city of ^^'ilkesl)arre, and in 
 1769 it was first used by Obadiah Gore, a blacksmith. 
 The presence of coal in the Schuylkill region was known 
 . in 1770, but the beds were not developed until is'di. 
 From 1775 throughout the Revolutionary A\'ar anthra- 
 cite coal, from the mines near Wilkesbarrc, was shipped 
 to the arsenal at Carlisle for use in the manufacture of 
 war materials.' 
 
 Anthracite coal was first discovered in the Lehigh 
 region, near Mauch Chunk, in 1791 and in the follow- 
 ing year the Lehigh Coal Mine Company was formed 
 and secured control of a large tract of coal land. It 
 was not until 1802, however, that this company suc- 
 ceeded in floating coal laden arks duwn the .Susque- 
 hanna and through the Lehigh and Delawai'C livers to 
 Philadelphia. Owing to the belief that the coal would 
 not burn, no progress was made in the development <>i 
 the coal trade for some years.' 
 
 In 1805-6 two brothers, by the name of Smith, set- 
 tled in Plymouth, Pa., bought coal lands, and at once 
 commenced shipping coal to points along the Susque- 
 hanna river, and although reports of the anthracite coal 
 trade usually conuuenci.' with 18i^0, when 365 tons of 
 coal were shipped to Philadelphia from the Lehigh 
 region, the real credit should be gi\cii to the Smith 
 brothers, who had been shipping coal successfully for 
 thirteen years prior to the date usually accepted as that 
 beginning the record. 
 
 The trade from the Lehigh region was firmly estab- 
 lished between IS^lu and 1823. About 1825 the Scluiyl- 
 kill region was opened and in LS29 coal was being shipped 
 from Carlxnidale." Fi'om this time on th(^ trade has 
 rapidl}' inci'eased until it has reached its present enor- 
 mous proportions. 
 
 'The Anthracite Coal Industry, page 5. 
 
 'United States (ieoloKioal Survfy, "Mineral kcsuiiree^ ui tlie 
 United States," 1902, page 41 s. 
 
 ^The Anthracite (!oal Indn.stry, |iage (i. 
 
 * United States < ieologii'al Snrve\', 'rwentx-scrninl Anniial Heporl, 
 1900-]H01, Part HI, pages 74 to 70. 
 
 ■''Ibiil., pages 75 and 75. 
 
 During the early days of anthracite coal mining a 
 large percentage of the contents of the veins was not 
 turned to commercial use. The methods of mining, 
 transporting, and pieparing were wasteful, and the 
 operators were not economical in exploiting the veins, 
 thinking them inexhaustible. In these early years of 
 mining there was nothing to enforce economy in pro- 
 duction, as the veins were rich, labor cheap, and prices 
 comparatively high. These conditions existed until 
 some years after the Civil War. when, owing to the 
 diminution in profits, a more careful study was made 
 
 I of economical mining. Supplies were more carefullj' 
 handled, the veins were operated more scientifically, and 
 attention was gi\en the great waste annually going on 
 in the amoiuit of coal sent to the dumps. Early in the 
 fifties mining engineers in England had called attention 
 to waste in mining, but it was not until many years 
 later that nuiiing engineers in this country turned their 
 attention to the great waste in the anthracite coal fields. 
 As a result of modern methods more coal is now })eing 
 mined from the seams, better devices have been intrf)- 
 duced in haiuUing it, and better machinery put into the 
 breaker. 
 
 A great economy in the use of coal was effected with 
 
 ■ a decrease in its size. Between l87<.i and 1895 four or 
 five sizes, theretofore unknown to the trade, were 
 prepared for the market, and to-day they comprise 30 
 per cent of the coal shipped. 
 
 I In 1890 attention was directed to the old culm heaps, 
 
 I so long such a disfiguring element in the coal regions. 
 Previous to 1870 all sizes below cliestnut were sent to 
 the culm dump, and it has beer, estimated that in that 
 j'car these dumps contained about 76,000,000 tons of 
 marketable coal, and in the decade, 1870 to 1880, it has 
 been estimated that about 19,500,000 more tons were 
 thrown away. The matter of reclaiming the culm 
 
 ; dumps was agitated. D(\spite opposition from many 
 sources washcries were erected, and by the introduc- 
 tion of machinery, whereby still smaller sizes of coals 
 could be prepared, a large percentage of the waste is 
 now reclaimed and mark(»ted.'' The production of the 
 35 washcries rejiorted iit the census of 19o2 amounted 
 to 2.977,:'i55 long' tons. 
 
 In 1902 the 334: productive anthracite coal mines pro- 
 duced 36,9-10,710 long tons, the smallest annual pro- 
 duction since 188<), while in 1901 the production was 
 60.2-12,560 tons. This decrease-of 3S.T per cent was 
 entirely caused by the strike in the anthracite regions, 
 which lasted from May 12 to Octolier 23, 1902.' 
 
 The following counties contributed to the state's 
 output of anthracite coal for 1902: Carbon. Colum- 
 bia. Dauphin. Lackawanna. Luzerne, Northumber- 
 land, Schuylkill, Sullivan, and Susquehanna. Among 
 these Luzerne county ranked first in production, wiih 
 
 ■Tlie Anlhraeite Coal Industry, pages 21:-. to 227. 
 
 ' ReiMirt "II the Anthraeite Coal Strike of 191)2, page :i7. 
 
PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 295 
 
 13,852,826 ton.s; Lackawanna second, with 10,77!»,2()8 
 tons; and Schuylkill third, with 7,70-4,202 tons. 
 
 The following table, compiled from reports of the 
 United States (Teological Survey, shows the annual 
 production of anthracite coal from 1814 to 1902: 
 
 Table 5. — Anmial production of coal, qiithracUe: 1814 I" tHO.i. 
 [United states Geological Survey, "Mineral Resonrcea of the Unilerl States,"] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Short ton.s. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 Total. 
 
 1,554,322,592 
 
 1843 
 
 1844 
 
 1846 
 
 1846 
 
 1847 
 
 1848 
 
 1849 
 
 1860 
 
 1851 
 
 1852 
 
 1853 
 
 1864 
 
 1856 
 
 1856 
 
 1857 
 
 1858 
 
 1859 
 
 1860 
 
 1861 
 
 1862 
 
 1863 
 
 1864 . 
 
 1866 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 
 1868 
 
 1869 
 
 1870 
 
 1871 
 
 1872 
 
 1873 
 
 1, 656, 7.53 
 2,009,207 
 2,480,032 
 2,887,816 
 3,661,005 
 3,806,942 
 3, 995, 334 
 4,138,164 
 5, 481 , 065 
 6,151,9.57 
 6, 400, 426 
 7, 394, 876 
 8,141,754 
 8,. 634, 779 
 8,186,567 
 8, 426, 102 
 9,619,771 
 10,488,168 
 9,799,664 
 9, 695, 110 
 11,785,320 
 12,. 538, 649 
 11,891,746 
 15,6.51,183 
 16,002,109 
 17,003,405 
 17,083,134 
 18, .31.5, .640 
 19,342,0.57 
 24,233,166 
 26, 152, 837 
 
 1874 
 
 1875 
 
 1876 
 
 1877 
 
 1878 
 
 1879 
 
 1880 
 
 1881 
 
 1882 
 
 1883 
 
 1884 
 
 1886 
 
 1886 
 
 18,H7 
 
 1888 
 
 1889 
 
 1890 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 1895 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 24,8)8,790 
 22 485 766 
 
 1814 
 
 1815 
 
 1816 
 
 1817 
 
 1818 
 
 1819 
 
 1820 
 
 1821 
 
 1822 
 
 1823 
 
 1824 
 
 1825 
 
 1826 
 
 1827 
 
 1828 
 
 1829 
 
 1830 
 
 1831 
 
 1832 
 
 1833 
 
 1834 
 
 1835 
 
 1836 
 
 1837 
 
 1838 
 
 1839 
 
 1840 
 
 1841 
 
 1842 
 
 22 
 
 60 
 
 75 
 
 100 
 
 200 
 
 360 
 
 460 
 
 1,322 
 
 4,683 
 
 8, 563 
 
 13,685 
 
 42,988 
 
 59, 194 
 
 78, 151 
 
 95, 500 
 
 138, 086 
 
 216, 272 
 
 217,842 
 
 447, 550 
 
 600, 907 
 
 464, 015 
 
 690, a54 
 
 842,832 
 
 1,071,161 
 
 910, 075 
 
 1, 008, 322 
 
 1,0(>4,914 
 
 1,182,441 
 
 1,365,663 
 
 ■' 22, 793, 246 
 25, 660, 31(1 
 21,689,682 
 30, 207, 793 
 28,649,811 
 31,920,018 
 35,121,266 
 38,4.56,84ft 
 37, 156, 847 
 
 38, 335, 974 
 
 39, 036, 446 
 &., 088, 197 
 46, 619, 564 
 45, 544, 970 
 46,468,641 
 50, 665, 431 
 62, 472, 504 
 .53, 967,. 543 
 51,921,121 
 57, 999, 337 
 64, 346, 081 
 .52,611,680 
 .53,382,644 
 60, 418, 005 
 .57,367,916 
 67,471,667 
 41, 373, .595 
 
 In connection with the discussion of past production, 
 a consideration of probable future production is of great 
 importance, and as bearing on this sul)]'ectthe following 
 extract from the Report of the Anthracite Coal Strike 
 Commission has been inserted: 
 
 According to the estimates of the Pennsyl'S'ania geological sur- 
 vey, the amount of workable anthracite coal originally in the 
 ground was 19,500,000,000 tons. The production to the close of 
 1901, as previously stated, amounted to 1,350,000,000 long. tons, 
 which would indicate that there remained still available a total of 
 18,150,000,000 tons. Unfortunately, however, for every ton of coal 
 mined and marketed 11 tons, approximately, are either wasted or 
 left in the ground as pillars for the protection of the workings, so 
 that the actual yield of the beds is only about 40 per cent of the 
 contents. Upon this basis the exhaustion to date ha.o amounted to 
 3,375,000,000 tons. Deducting this from the original deposits, the 
 amount of anthracite remaining in the ground at the close of 1901 
 is found to be, approximately, 16,125,000,000tons. Ifpon the basis 
 of 40 per cent recovery this would yield 6,450,000,000 long tons. 
 The total production in 1901 was 60,242,560 long tons. If this rate 
 of production were to continue steadily the fields would become 
 exhausted in just about one hundred years. 
 
 Mr. William (Griffith, in a series of articles contributed to the 
 Bond Record in 1896, considers that the estimates upon which the 
 foregoing computations have been made were too liberal. His 
 estimates of the amount of minable coal remaining at the close of 
 1895 was 5,073,786,750 tons.' 
 
 'Mr. Griffith's estimate includes all workable coal in the North- 
 ern field having beds 4 feet thick and yielding 3 feet of clean coal. 
 In the other fields it includes seams 3 feet in thickness, capal)le of 
 yielding 2J- feet of clean coal. It excludes the culm piles, mine 
 pillars, etc. The acreage of each bed is multiplied by the thick- 
 ness of the seams in feet and thus reduced to foot-acres. Each foot- 
 acre was estimated to produce 650 tons of coal, and on the 1st of 
 January, 1896, the unworked areas were estimated to contain 
 7,805,826 loot-acres, or 5,073,786,750 tons. 
 
 in the six years from 1896 to 1901, inclusive, the jiroduction has 
 l)een, approximately, 308,570,000 tons, which would leave still 
 available for mining 4,765,216,750 tons. This supply, at the rate 
 of production in 1901, would la.st a little less than eighty years. 
 But as indicating how susceptible to error are human predictions, 
 it is well to state that in his carefully prepared statement, published 
 in 1896, Mr. Griffith assumes the limit of annual production would 
 be reached in 1906, and would amount in that year to 60,000,000 
 tons. 
 
 This amount of production was reached in 1901, in just half the 
 time predicted by Mr. Griffith, and the production of .lanuary, 
 1903, as. recently reported, shows that the anthracite mines are 
 capable of producing at a rate of 72,000,000 tons annually in their 
 present state of development. It is not to be supposed, however, 
 that the annual rate of anthracite production will continue practi- 
 cally uniform until the mines are exhausted and then suddenly 
 cease. Portions of the fields have already been worked out, others 
 are rapidly approaching total exhaustion, while others at the 
 present rate of production will, it is calculated, la.st from seven 
 hundred to eight hundretl years. If we can assume the annual 
 production will have reached its maximum limit at between 
 60,000,000 an.l 75,000,000 tons, and that the production will then 
 fall off gradually as it increased, we may expect anthracite mining 
 to continue for a period of from two hundred to two hundred and 
 fifty years. 
 
 This estimate is based upon the assumption that the available 
 coal will remain at about 40 per cent of the reserves. How much 
 this may be increased by better mining methods and the utiliza- 
 tion of former waste material it is impossible to say. Already a 
 large amount of fuel is being recovered from the old culm banks, 
 and it seems safe to predict that the coal saved will, in the near 
 future, equal 50 per cent of the contents of the fields worked. 
 However we may make our estimates of future production, it is 
 apparent that the maximum output has been almost if not quite 
 reached. The proiluction henceforth will be from lower levels 
 and thinner seams than those previously worked. This will neces- 
 sitate greater expense in mining and, consequentl}-, higher prices 
 for the fuel. With higher prices will necessarily follow more 
 economy in consumption, greater restriction of the market, and 
 the increased competition of other fuels. All conditions seem to 
 combine for the conservation of the supply of anthracite coal. 
 
 Pi'trnJenni,. — The Indians are known to have collected 
 what was called "Seneca oil" from petroleum springs, 
 and the indications are that at a much earlier period the 
 Mound Builders not onl}- gathered the oil flowing from 
 springs, but even dug wells in Pennsylvania and dipped 
 up the petroleum.^ 
 
 The earliest mention of petroleum in the state ap- 
 pears to have been in 1721, and on a map published in 
 1755 the word "petroleum" appears near the mouth of 
 what is at pre,sent known as Oil creek, on the Alle- 
 gheny river. From this time mention of the Seneca 
 oil, naphtha, or rock oil, as it was variously called, be- 
 came moi-e frequent.'^ 
 
 The real beginning of the petroleum industry dates 
 from the discovery in 1858 of Drake's well, near Titus- 
 ville, in Crawford county. The success of this well, 
 which produced 25 barrels daily, at that time an enor- 
 mous quantity, occasioned a period of great excitement, 
 and during 1859 and the next few years western Penn- 
 sylvania was a scene of indescriliable activity and spec- 
 
 -One Hundred Years of American Commerce, ^''ol. I, page 206 
 
 ■'Transactions of the American Institute of :\Iinino- Euo-Tneers 
 
 Vol. YIII, pages 20 and 21. o » ., 
 
296 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 ulation. Large number.s of wells were sunk along Oil 
 creek, French creek, and the Allegheny river; arlven- 
 turers iiocked thither from all parts of the country, 
 and what shortly became known as the "oil region" 
 was transformed from an almost unbroken forest into 
 camps and towns. 
 
 The first flowing well was struck early in 1861. Up 
 to that tmie all of the oil was drawn from the wells by 
 pumps. This well yielded 300 barrels per day and 
 flowed for tifteen months. Soon after the largest [low- 
 ing well ever operated in America, thc^ rhillips, was 
 struck, giving 3,000 ))arrcls per day. The discovery 
 of these "gushers" stimulated prospecting and enor- 
 mously increased the produc'tion, with a corresponding 
 decline in prices. 
 
 That the productive territorj^ need not necessarily 
 underlie the valleys and the river bottoms was demon- 
 strated in ISfii'. In the succeeding years wells were 
 struck on the high plateaus of Clarion, Butler, Arm- 
 strong, McKean, and Warren counties, the Clarion- 
 Butler, or Southern, tield lieing discovered in isTO. 
 
 In 187-1 the great Bradford field was discovered. This 
 field includes McKean county. Pa., and Allegany and 
 Cattaraugus counties, N. Y., and has been one of th<' 
 greatest oil producing fields in the history of the petro- 
 leum industry. 
 
 The other Pennsj'lvania oil fields are known as the 
 Middle, including Warren and Forest counties; the 
 Lower, or Southern, including Venango, Clarion, But- 
 ler, Beaver, and Lawrence counties; and the Washing- 
 ton, or Southwestern, including Allegheny, Washing- 
 ton, and Greene counties.' 
 
 For many years, in fact up to 1885, the Pennsylvania 
 field, which includes New York, was looked upon as the 
 undisputed source of sujDply of petroleum for the world, - 
 and up to 1903 this field had produced 638,101,l.">t; bar- 
 rels, or 53.9 per cent of all the crude petroleum pro- 
 duced in the United States since 1859. 
 
 In 1S91 the maximum annual output in the peti'oleum 
 production of the state was reached. Since 1891 Ohio 
 has sui'passed Pennsylvania in the production of petro- 
 leum, and in 1902 the state ranked fifth, ))eing out- 
 ranked b}' Ohio, Texas, California, and ^\'(■st \'irginia. ' 
 
 The following table, compiled from the rcjxirts n\' 
 the United States Geological Survey, shows thr annual 
 production of petroleum from 1891 to 19()i': 
 
 Table 6. — Annvdl jirodnclion. of ■jtiiroleiuii: /,\':i/ hi I'.io;. 
 [United SUiten Geologicjil Survey, " Minerul Resniircrs nf (lir I'liilcil stiiles."] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 BiirreLs. 
 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Barrel.^. 
 
 1891 
 
 31 , 424, 206 
 27, 149, 034 
 19,283,122 
 18,077,559 
 18,231,442 
 19, 379, 201 
 
 1X97 . . . 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 1898 . . 
 1899 
 
 
 ll', 7 13! 214 
 
 1894 _. 
 
 1 900 . . 
 
 1901 . .. 
 
 
 
 189.1... 
 
 
 
 
 1 89fi . . . 
 
 1902 ... 
 
 
 -{'} Of;n H80 
 
 
 
 pools are thickly scattered to the west of an imaginary 
 line drawn from the southeast corner of Greene county 
 to the northeast corner of Potter county, including an 
 area of about one-third of the entire state. The counties 
 cut by this imaginary line and all to the west of it pro- 
 duce more or less natural gas.* . 
 
 The presence of natural gas in Pennsylvania was 
 undoulitedly known early in the eighteenth century, 
 but the first recorded use of it in this country was in 
 1824, wiien a supply from a well was used to illuminate 
 the village inn at Fredonia, New York." 
 
 Early in the history of oil wdl drilling, which Ijegan 
 in iS.V.t, the gas whicli always escaped from oil wells was 
 usedasa f ucl for firing the lioilers on the drilling engines; 
 it was soon being piped to houses foi- use as light and 
 fuel. In 1872 the first natural gas plant was Ijuilt, and 
 a 2-inch line run from the Newton well to furnisli gas 
 f(.)r domestic purposes in Titusville, Pa., about five and 
 one-half miles distant. It was not, however, until 1871 
 that the great value of natural gas as a manufacturing 
 fuel was demonstrated. After that date its use rapidly 
 increased until by isiiu it was estimated that natural gas 
 had annually displaced as a fuel h),m{)MO tons of coal.' 
 
 Before the \iilue of natural gas as a fuel was fullj^, 
 appreciated the extensive fields aljout Pittsburg had 
 been discovered. The first well in this field was opened 
 November 1, l87.s, liut no att(>mpt was made to us(^ the 
 product of this well for four j-ears, and very little drill- 
 ing was done in the field until 1881. 
 
 About 1 s;9o till' teriltory south of Pittsburg began 
 to be developed, although gas had already been dis- 
 covered and used to a considerable extent in the vicin- 
 ity of Washington, Washington county. 
 
 In the i^arly days of the production of natural gas 
 .the original "'rock" pressure of the wells was so great 
 and the product i\e area so extensive that the supply 
 was believed to be yiracticallv inexhaustible, and as a 
 result it was wasteil in the most extravagant manner. 
 However, between ls,s5 and bsiHi the earlier fields 
 began to show unmistakable i'\idences of depletion. As 
 a result llie gas liecanie more \alual)le and meters and 
 otiici' sa\ing a[)plianc(>s were introduced.'' 
 
 In I'.HiL' ihe \alue of the natui'al gas jiroduccd in 
 Peniisy l\ ania amounted to !?14,3.">2.1n:'>. or 40.5 per cent 
 of the \alue of the entire ])rii(luet i(in in the country for 
 that yeai-. I'lie product came froni ."i.lUN wells. The 
 19U2 production is the greatest in the histury of the 
 stale since ISSo, with the exce])tioii of Lsss. \v||,.n it 
 readied its highest jioint. 
 
 < 'mil lit. A large mass of cenn'nt rock of (>,\cilleiit 
 quality was exposed near ^VilliamsJl(u■t, in Lycduiing 
 countv, in bS31, during the construction of a canal 
 
 Natv vdl (jiiK. — The largest area of natui'al gas in the 
 country li(;s within the state of Pennsylvania. The 
 
 ' The Mineral Industry, lSf«, Vnl. II, paKcs HY.) tn .'Ml . 
 '■^ One Iluiiilreil Years of Anicrican ('oniiiuicv, N'.il, ], |,,|„.,, 
 M'liitcd Stales (Icolopical Survey, "Mineral ItesunrceN ol' 
 United States," 190'„', fiage 54H ft. 
 I I hid., papelilW. 
 
 ■■Tlie :\[ineral Industry, 11)01, V.^l. X, i.a,i.'es 4(;4 an,l 46.5. 
 '' Hiid., ]iat,'rs 47(> an<l 477. 
 
PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 297 
 
 between Lock Haven, Clinton county, and Muncy, 
 Lj^coming county. A plant wan immediately erected 
 for the manufacture of such cement as should be re- 
 quired in the construction of the locks and dams of the 
 canal, and until the completion of the caiia. this plant 
 flourished. After this, however, the industry eon- 
 tiimed only in a small way, as the local demand for 
 cement was not great. In 1850, during the construc- 
 tion of the Lehigh canal, from Easton, Northampton 
 county, to Mauch Chunk, Carbon county, the cement 
 rock, of which such large quantities have Ijeen used in 
 this vallc}', was discovered. 
 
 The manufacture of cement for the Lehigh canal was 
 commenced at Siegfried, in Northampton county, and 
 the product proved to be of excellent quality. In 1S6.5 
 a large natural rock cement establishment was erected 
 at Coplay, in Lehigh county. While the product of 
 this plant was of good quality, competition led to ex- 
 periments in the manufacture of an artificial or Portland 
 cement, and in 1870 a small quantity of this important 
 material was produced. This was the first plant to suc- 
 cessfully make Portland cement in this country. In 
 1878 there were four plants manufacturing cement on^ 
 the Lehigh river. Their success was followed l:)y a 
 steady growth of the industry, and this locality became 
 the leading center of production of artificial cement. 
 This position it still holds, contributing more than one- 
 half the entire output of the United States.' 
 
 The development of this industry was, however, com- 
 paratively slow, caused undoubtedly by the increased 
 imports of artificial cement, and in 1891 the output of 
 Portland cement from the (J plants in Lehigh county 
 reached only 268, 5nO barrels." From this time on the 
 annual production of Poi'tland cement in Pennsylvania 
 has steadily increased, and in 1902 it reached the high- 
 est point in its histor^^ The production of Portland ce- 
 ment for that year in the United States was lfi.691,055 
 barrels, of which Pennsjdvania contributed 8. ,583, 926 
 barrels, or .51.3 per cent. 
 
 Of the 17 productive plants in the state in 1902, 7 were 
 located in Northampton county, 8 in Lehigh, and 1 each 
 in Berks and Lawrence. Portland cement alone was 
 manufactured by 11 of these plants, while the remain- 
 ing 6 made both artificial and natural-rock cement, the 
 production of the latter kind of cement amounting to 
 but 796,876 barrels. The value of the entire cement 
 production of the state was $10,223,267. 
 
 The following table, compiled from the reports of the 
 United States Geological Survey, shows the animal pro- 
 duction of both Portland and natural -rock cement, from 
 1890 to 1902: 
 
 'United States Geological Survey, " Mineral Eesources of the 
 United States," 1902. jiages 804 and 805. 
 2 Ibid., pages 805 to 807. 
 
 Table 7. — Amuial jirailai'lujit nf ceiiient: I,s:iO to lUiJii. 
 
 [nnit(.'d states (ieological Survey, "Mineral Kesnnreesi nf tlieUriited StateH."] 
 
 [Barrels.] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Portlimd. 
 
 Natural rock. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Portland. 
 
 Natural rock. 
 
 IX'Jl) 
 
 1891 
 
 vm-1 
 
 1893 
 
 1K94 
 
 221,000 
 26K, 500 
 ;30ll, 810 
 286,317 
 437, 10(1 
 SOI, 270 
 82a, 0.l4 
 
 5.55, 000 
 695, 000 
 004, 694 
 .667,110 
 006, 812 
 000, 895 
 008, 000 
 
 1S97 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 1,. 679, 724 
 2,095,141 
 3,217,905 
 4,984,417 
 
 7, 091,. 500 
 
 8, 770, 4.54 
 
 1775,000 
 1 499, 966 
 .611,404 
 087, 838 
 942, 364 
 796, 876 
 
 1H% 
 
 1 Barrels of 300 pounds. 
 
 LtmaHtorus and doloinltvx. — Large quantities of graj^ 
 or bluish gray stone, which because of its color and 
 texture is unsuited to anj^ form of ornamental Avork, 
 are found in the Lower Silurian formations in Mont- 
 gomery, Lancaster, and Chester counties. This stone 
 has been extensively quarried for general building pur- 
 poses and for foundations and })ridge abutments. 
 Limestone is also quarried for local use in Berks, Leb- 
 anon, Dauphin, Lancaster, York, and Cumberland 
 counties, the Lancaster county stone being verj' dur- 
 able. The stone quarried at York, in York county, is 
 very tine grained, compact, and of a deep blue-black 
 color, and if it were not uneven in texture might make 
 a fine marble.'' 
 
 In 1902 there were 907 limestone quarries in Penn- 
 sylvania, located in 13 different counties, among which 
 Lawrence county was first in the value of its limestone 
 production, Montgomery county was second, and Ches- 
 ter county third. The value of the limestone produc- 
 tion in Pennsylvania in 19(.»2 was '$5,158,133, which 
 gave the state first rank among the limestone producing 
 states of the country. The value of the limestone 
 quarried in the state for building jDurposes in this year 
 amounted to $209,215, the balance of the production 
 being used mainlj' for making lime, but also in road- 
 making, railroad Imllast, etc. 
 
 Slate. — Little is known of the beginning of American 
 slate quarrying. Probably the first quarry opened 
 was located in the Peach Bottom region in York county, 
 Pa., about 1800. Another ([uarry was opened at 
 Upper Mt. Bethel, Northampton count3\ in 1811, and 
 the Franklin quarry located near Slatington, in Lehigh 
 county, was being operated in 1816. On the south- 
 eastern side of the Blue or Kitatinny mountains, in 
 Northampton county, is located the most important 
 slate producing area of America.' This area forms a 
 belt which extends throughout th(.' entire northern part 
 of Northampton and Lehigh counties and thence, in 
 a gradually narrowing liand, in a southwesterly direc- 
 tion through Berks, Lebanon, Dauphin, Cumberland, 
 and Franklin counties." 
 
 'Stones for Building and Decoration, by George P. ^Merrill 
 page 321. 
 
 *The Mineral Industry, 1897, Vol. VI, joages 59.3 to 595. 
 * Stones for Building and Decoration, pages 192 to 194. 
 
298 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 This area has been divided into four regions — the 
 Bangor, the Pen Arg}-], the Lehigh, and the Hai'd 
 Vein. Of these regions the Bangor is the most impor- 
 tant, and the No. 1 Bangor slate is generally regarded 
 as the standard in this country.' The slate of this 
 region is soft and tough, and when free from ribbons 
 is generally of high quality and noted for its durability. 
 Aside from its use for roofing the material from the 
 Bangor region is also used in making l)lackboards, 
 school .slates, and mantels. The slate of the Pen Argyl 
 region closely resembles the Bangor slate. Almost the 
 entire output is used for roofing purposes. In area 
 the Lehigh region is the largest, and its output, besides 
 being used for roofing purposes, also makes excellent 
 blackboards. The slate from the Hard Vein region is 
 harder than that from any of the other regions." 
 
 In 1902 the 01 productive slate quarries of Pennsyl- 
 vania were located in Northampton, Lehigh, and York 
 counties. The total output of slate in the state for the 
 year was valued at $3,.54:7,322, of which $2,398,961, or 
 67.6 per cent, was contributed by Northampton county. 
 Of the entire output the value of that used as roofing- 
 slate amounted to §3, 001, .515, the rest of the product 
 being made into school slates, blackboards, mantels, 
 tilings, etc. 
 
 In 1902 the output of slate in the United States 
 amounted in value to $5,696,051, of which amount 
 Pennsylvania contributed 62.3 per cent. In this branch 
 of mineral industiy Penn.sylvania has long held first 
 place. 
 
 The following table, compiled from the reports of 
 the United States Geological Survey, shows the annual 
 production of roofing slate from LSSl to 1902: 
 
 T.VBLE.8. — Aiiinial proihirlUiH tif roofiiKj shilc: l,SS/f In 190.;. 
 [United States Geological Survey, " Mineral Resources of the L'liited States."] 
 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Squares. 
 
 YICAK. 
 
 Sqtiares. 
 
 1884 . . . 
 1885 
 
 
 339,004 
 
 ^ 34.5 660 
 
 1894 . . . 
 
 1895 . . . 
 
 1896 . . . 
 
 1897 . . . 
 
 1898 . , . 
 
 
 411,5,50 
 426 687 
 
 1886 . . . 
 
 1887 . . . 
 1888 
 
 
 360,805 
 
 390, 439 
 
 1 436, 000 
 
 476,038 
 
 431,324 
 6.57, 692 
 571,266 
 
 
 1S99 ... 
 
 
 711,138 
 
 1890 
 
 1900 
 
 
 788, 571 
 
 1891 . . . 
 
 1892 . . . 
 
 1893 . . . 
 
 
 607,824 1901 ... 
 
 .5.50, 000 1902 . . . 
 
 1 364, 051 
 
 
 8.53, (S2H 
 908, 206 
 
 
 
 1 Xot ri 
 
 porter!. 
 
 
 
 SandstoveK and ipui lizitas. — The principal quarry in 
 the state in the belt of Triassic sandstone is located Iti 
 Dauphin county. The texture of the rock is of medium 
 fineness and the color is a deep f)liiish brown. The ^ 
 stone compares very favorably with any other Triassic 
 stones and is now in very general use in all principal 
 eastern cities. 
 
 The Carboniferous sandstones of Pennsylvania, al- 
 though occasioniilly of good ([uality, are little (|uarried 
 
 'Tfie Mineral Industry, 1S97, \'ol. VI, jiage 59,'!. 
 ^Stones for Building and Ilcc(,irutii>ii, pafren 192 tn 194. 
 
 except for local use. The stones of Subcarboniferous 
 formation have been but little quarried for purposes of 
 construction, although at Franklin, in Venango county, 
 a fine grained, evenly bedded buff stone, resembling to 
 some extent the buff variet}' of the Berea grit, is quar- 
 ried for sidewalks and buildings in the vicinity. 
 
 Aside from the Triassic .stones those quarried from 
 the Devonian formations are the most important. The 
 stone from this formation, known as the Wyoming Val- 
 lev stone, agrees verv closel}' in general appearance with 
 much of the bluestone quarried in New York state.' 
 
 The value of the output of sandstones and quartzites, 
 including bluestones, quarried in Pennsylvania in 1902 
 amounted to 12,800,108, which gives to the state first 
 rank in the production of this class of minerals. The 
 1902 production exceeded that for 1901 by $737,026. 
 
 Iron on-. — The magnetite varietj' of iron ore, as well 
 as the red and brown hematites and the carbonate, is 
 found in various localities within the state in deposits of 
 more or less richness. The brown hematites are appar- 
 ently divided into two series, starting in the northern 
 section of the state, and running southwest in nearly 
 parallel lines. The magnetites occur between these two 
 belts. The carbonate vaiiety of iron ore is found in the 
 western portion of the state, and between the carbonate 
 and the brown hematite belts are found the red hema- 
 tites.* 
 
 The celebrated Cornwall mines of magnetic ore, con- 
 taining one of the largest and richest deposits of this va- 
 riety of iron ore in the country, ai'e located in Lebanon 
 county, 5 miles south of Lebanon and about midwav be- 
 tween Reading, on the Schuylkill river, andHarrisburg, 
 on the Susquehanna." The area of ore here exposed 
 measures al)out 4,0(»0 feet in a direction nearly east and 
 west, with a Ijreadth of from IdO to 80(t feet, and in- 
 cludes three hills, separated by two valleys, running 
 north and south. These mines have been among the 
 most iH'oductive iron ore properties in the country, hav- 
 ing produced up to 1889 over 1(»,()00.(.>0(I tons." 
 
 The limestones of the Cumberland \-alley are very 
 rich in limonite, or brown hematite ores, which form a 
 large part of the charges of the many l>last furnaces 
 situated on their outcrops. The mines from which these 
 ores are obtained are really only pits or tjuarries, the 
 ores being extracted by means of picks and shovels.' 
 
 While the presence of iron ore in Pennsylvania was 
 undoubtedly known at an early date, it is not prol)able 
 that any deposits were developed to any considerable ex- 
 tent until the latter part of the seventeenth or the early 
 years of the eighteenth century. 
 
 ^Stones for Buildinfi; and Decoration, ]>ages 1,59 to 162. 
 
 'United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of tlie 
 United States," 1891, page 20. 
 
 ■"' Tran.sactions of the American Institute of Mining' Enidiieers 
 Vol. XIV, page 878. 
 
 "A Treatise on Ore Depo.sits, liv .1. .Vitliur Pliillii.s K R S 
 Iiages820and821. 
 
 'Transactions of tlic .Vmcrican liisfilntc of .Minini' Kui'ineers 
 Vol. Ill, page 410. 
 
PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 299 
 
 The first recorded instance of tiie manufacture of 
 iron witiiin the state was in 1692, and the first success- 
 ful ironworks were establislied in 1716, on Manatawny 
 creek, in Berks county.' In the same year the develop- 
 ment of the iron ore mines of the Schuylkill valley 
 began." About 17^0, a furnace, located in the heart of 
 one of the richest deposits of magnetic iron ore in the 
 country, was erected on Ironstone creek, Colebrook- 
 dale township, in Berks county." The celebrated 
 deposits of magnetic iron ore of Cornwall hills are said 
 to have been worked about 1735,° and in 1742 the Corn- 
 wall furnace was built. The mine was described, a few 
 3'ears later, as being rich and abundant. During the 
 War of the Revolution, Cornwall furnace cast cannon 
 and shot and shell for the Continental Army, and it 
 was still in operation as late as 11S82.* 
 
 In 1902 there were 42 operators in Pennsylvania who 
 reported 47 productive iron mines, having an output of 
 822,932 long tons, which gave to the state sixth rank 
 in quantity of iron ore produced. 
 
 In the output of the different \'arieties of iron ores 
 the state ranks first in magnetite, M'ith a production of 
 616,645 tons; sixth in brown hematite, with li-;5,S46 
 tons; and twelfth in red hematite, with 20,441 tons." 
 
 In 1902 the following counties contributed to the 
 state's output: Berks, Bucks, Center, Cumberland, 
 Huntingdon, Lancaster, Lebanon, Lehigh, Northamp- 
 ton, Perry, Snj'der, Union, and York. Among these 
 Lebanon county ranks first, with 594,177 tons, or 72.2 
 per cent of the state's production, drawn entirely, in 
 1902, from the celebrated Cornwall mine. Center 
 county ranks second with a production of 64.3(82 tons, 
 and Lehigh county third with 58,508 tons. 
 
 Pennsylvania showed a decrease of 217,752 tons in 
 the production of iron ore in 1902, as compared with 
 1901. The value of the state's production was 
 $1,225,453, or an average value of i^l.4!i per ton. 
 
 The following table, compiled from reports of the 
 United States Geological Survey, shows the annual pro- 
 duction of iron ore from 1889 to 1902: 
 
 Table 9. — Aninnd jirnduiiion of iron orf: 1SS9 In 190:-'. 
 [United Statea Geologicnl Survey, "Mineral Eesources of the United States."] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Long tons. ' 
 
 1 
 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Long tons. 
 
 1880 
 
 1,560,234 1 
 
 1,361,622 
 
 1,272,928 
 
 1,084,047 
 
 697,985 
 
 532,087 
 
 900,340 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 747, 784 
 
 
 723, 742 
 
 1891 
 
 1898 
 
 773,082 
 
 
 1899 
 
 1,009,327 
 
 
 19(10 
 
 877, 684 
 
 1894 
 
 ] 901 
 
 1,040,684 
 
 1895 
 
 1902 . . . 
 
 
 822, 932 
 
 
 
 Sil'tCiMUK crydalliiie ivcli:^. — Although Pennsylvania 
 leads among the stone producing states, it furnishes 
 
 ' Iron in All Ages, by James M. Swank, page 164. 
 
 ^United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resouires of the 
 United States," 188:^-84, page 263. 
 
 ' Iron in All Ages, pages 167 and 168. 
 
 <Ibid., pages 182 and 18:3. 
 
 "United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Rcsmirces of the 
 United States," 1902, page 43. 
 
 comparatively little in the way of granitic rock. Nearly 
 all of the granite quari'ies in the state are in the dis- 
 trict extending from the Delaware river, at Trenton, to 
 the state line, near the Susquehanna, thus lying south 
 of the limestone valley of Montgomery county. The 
 largest of these quarries are in the vicinity of Phila- 
 delphia, and the product, which is for the most part a 
 dark gi'ay hornblende gneiss, is used particularl}- for 
 the rough work of foundations." 
 
 In 1902 siliceous crystalline njcks were quarried in 
 Adams, Berks, Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Fayette, 
 Lancaster. Lehigh, Montgomery, and Philadelphia 
 counties, the total output amounting in value to 
 $6<;l,()62. Among the counties referred to, Berks 
 ranks first in the out])ut of this rock, Delaware second, 
 and Philadelphia third. 
 
 Oliiy. — The refractory clays and shales of the coal 
 measures of Pennsylvania constitute one of its most 
 important mineral resources, especially in the western 
 part of the state. Among the more important of these 
 are the Bolivar fire clay, luider the upper FreeportCoal 
 Measures, and a fire clay in Beaver county, underlying 
 the Kittanning coal. Another important bed occurs 
 in Indiana, Cambria, and Beaver counties.' 
 
 The deposits of kaolin near Brandywine Smnmit, in 
 Delaware county, contain some of the oldest mines in 
 the country. In soutiieastern Pennsylvania the decaj' 
 of schi.stose or limestone rocks at the contact of the 
 Cambrian and Silurian has yielded ,some white residual 
 clays which, after washing, are suitable for white 
 eartl len ware man uf actu re. * 
 
 In the manufacture of brick and tile Pennsylvania 
 leads, l)ut in the production of clay products as a whole 
 the state ranks second. In 1902 clay was produced in 
 the state bj' 13 counties, and was valued at $288,811. 
 
 The following table, compiled from reports of the 
 United States Geological Survej', shows the annual 
 production of clay from 1900 to 1902: 
 
 T.\BLE 10. — Annual production of duy: 1900 to 190:2. 
 [United States (ieological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 1900 
 
 140 734 
 
 1901 
 
 
 1902 
 
 161 546 
 
 
 
 
 Mhiii'iil pi<jmeiif!<, rnidi . — The mineral substances 
 included under this heading are the ores used in the 
 manufacture of metallic jjaint. such as oclier, umber, 
 sienna, Venetian red, etc. 
 
 The "'paint bed" at Lehighgap was discovered in 
 185<i. This bed outcrops along the southern border of 
 
 "Stones for Building and Decoration, page 81. 
 'The Mineral Industry, 1901, Vol. X, page 114. 
 "Tlie Clays of the United States East of the jNIississippi Riyer, 
 by Henrich Hies, page 49. 
 
3CM) 
 
 MINES 
 
 AND QUAKlllES. 
 
 Carbon country, about 27 miles north of Bethlehem, in 
 a well defined ridge of Oriskany sandstone, known as 
 Stony Ridge. The bed, however, is not continuous 
 throughout the extent of this ridge. The ore is bluish 
 gray, resembling limestone, and is very hard and 
 compact. ^ 
 
 In 1902 there were 12 mines in Pennsylvania which 
 produced crude mineral pigments, located in the coun- 
 ties of Berks, Carbon, Lawrence, Lehigh, Lycoming, 
 Luzerne, Montgomery, Northampton, and Wyoming. 
 The output amounted to 20,807 short tons, valued at 
 $246,346. Carbon county was the greatest contributor 
 to this total, with Lehigh county next, and Northamy)- 
 ton count}' third. The production for the United States 
 amounted to 3.5,479 short tons, of which Pennsylvania 
 contributed 58.6 per cent. 
 
 Silica sand. — The glass sand mined in Pennsylvania 
 in 1902 came from the counties of Berks. Butler, Ches- 
 ter, Fayette, Lancaster, Lebanon, Mifflin, Somerset, 
 and Westmoreland. It occurs both as a sandstone, 
 which requires crushing and preparation before use, 
 and as a sand, which quickly disintegrates when quarried 
 and exposed to air and moisture.^ 
 
 The output of silica sand in the state in 1902 was 
 268,262 short tons, of which MilHin county contributed 
 76,000 tons, or 2s. 3 per cent, leading the remaining eight 
 counties producing this mineral. The state's output 
 was 60.2 per cent of that for the United States, which 
 was 44.5,903 short tons. 
 
 21ai'hle. — The only quarries of merchantable marble 
 at present worked Avithin Pennsylvania lie in the belt 
 of Lower Silurian limestone, which extends from Sads- 
 bury, in Lancaster county, in an eastei'ly direction 
 through C!hester countj% and through the western half 
 of ^Montgomery county. The prevailing colors of the 
 stone throughout the larger portion of this area are 
 yellowish or bluish, and as a consequence are suitable 
 onl_v for making quicklime or for ordinary rough 
 building purposes.' 
 
 Quarries were first opened in Montgomery county 
 about the time of the Revolution, and up to 1840 this 
 stone was almost the only material used in the better 
 class of stone buildings in and about Philadelphia. In- 
 creased transportation facilities about this date brought 
 the better varieties of eastern marbles into the Phila- 
 delphia market, and as a consequence the Montgomery 
 county marble was not in as great demand.'' 
 
 In 1902 there were only three productive quarries in 
 the state, located one each in Chester, Dauphin, and 
 Montgomerv counties. The ^■alue of the output fi'om 
 
 ' Transactions of the American Institntc of Mining Engineers, 
 Vol. XIX, pages a22 to 325, 
 
 'United States Geological Siirve\', "Mineral Kesourccs of the 
 United States," 1902, page 1011. 
 
 ■' Stones for Building and iJecoratJoJi, jiages 222 and 22,'!. 
 
 these quarries was $160,423; of this amount $110,977 
 represented the value of that which was dressed for 
 building purposes, and !ii24,000 that dressed for monu- 
 mental purposes. 
 
 Felds])!!!'. — Pennsylvania is one of the leading states 
 in the production of feldspar, large deposits of this 
 mineral occurring in the serpentines of Chester county 
 and in the granitic I'ocks of Delaware county. Nearly 
 all the feldspar quarries are worked as open pits, but 
 in a few instances underground tunnels have been 
 employed. The largest quarry is .located near Elam, 
 in Delaware county, and has been productive since 1883. 
 This quarry has been worked to a depth of 100 feet, 
 with some underground workings extending 300 feet 
 or more along a vein whi<-h the open working shows 
 to he 60 to 70 feet wide.* 
 
 In 1902 there were twelve productive feldspar quar- 
 ries in the state, all of which were located in Chester and 
 Delaware counties. The entire output amounted to 
 15,121 short tons, or 33.4 per cent of the production of 
 the United States for 19<t2. The value of the state's 
 output. amounted to iS115,699. 
 
 All (iIIkv iiiin&raln. — The American millstone vai'ies 
 from a sandstone to a quartz conglomerate, and the 
 rock from which it is made occurs along the eastern 
 slopes of the Apj^alachian mountains from New York 
 to North Carolina, and is known by various names. ° 
 In Pennsylvania it is called " Cocalico," and is found 
 in Lancaster county. The three productive quarries 
 in 1902 had an output valued at §1,978. 
 
 The crystalline (juartz produced in Pennsylvania in 
 1902 came from C'hester county and was largely used 
 in the manufacture of sandpaper. No figures can l)e 
 shown for the single operator without disclosing indi- 
 vidual operations. 
 
 The mineral worked throughout the entire Appa- 
 lachian region, either for pottery or under the name of 
 "fiint," and included in this report is quartz. It is 
 used chiefly in the manufacture of pottery and porce- 
 lain, although some of it is used in soapmaking and 
 wood fillers. The four productive quarries of the state 
 in 1902 were located in Adams, Chester, and Lancaster 
 counties, and had an output valued at $42,721, or 29.6 
 l)er cent of that for the United States. 
 
 The garnet found in Pennsylvania is of the ruby or 
 rose colored variety, and is used by the manufacturers 
 of shoes as an abrasive. The deposits are found in 
 Delaware county and occur in a quartzose gneiss." 
 There was but one operator in the state in 1902. 
 
 (iraphite is produced connnereially oidv in Chester 
 and Berks counties. In the nunc near Chester Springs, 
 
 ' Tlie Mineral Industry, 1898, Vol. VII, pages 267 and 2liS, 
 ■'United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1902, pages 878 and"879. 
 6 The Mineral Industry, 1897, Vol. VI, page 21. 
 
PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 301 
 
 in Chester eouuty, the mineral oecurs in two layer.s of 
 disintegrated miea schist, and the roclv is so distinguished 
 that most of the graphite material can lie removed 
 without blasting. In 1903 both the productive proper- 
 ties were located in Chester county.' 
 
 The output of the phosphate rock mines of Pennsyl- 
 vania, located in Juniata county, was first reported in 
 1899 by the United States Geological Survey, and 
 
 'The Mineral Inihistv\', IHOl, XtA. X, i.nu;e 369. 
 
 amounted to a,<»0() tons, valued at §i<,(Mj(i. In 1902 
 there was but on(^ operatoi-. 
 
 The value of the output classed under "precious 
 stones" was $5,()()0, and consisted of specimens of 
 anthracite and iron ore suitable for making into orna- 
 ments. 
 
 Th(; two soapstone (juarries of the state productive 
 in 190'i w(>ro located in Montgomery and Northampton 
 counties; the output is put on the market as ground talc. 
 
RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 Table 1 is a sumoiarv of the statistics for the produc- 
 tive mines and quarries in the state of Rhode Island for 
 1902. 
 
 Table 1. — Summary: 190^. 
 
 Number of mines or quarries . . 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials. 
 Value of product 
 
 Total. 
 
 Siliceous 
 
 crystalline 
 
 rocks. 
 
 All other 
 minerals.! 
 
 22 
 
 
 19 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 3 
 
 .M3 
 
 
 .54 
 
 2 
 
 S5t), 150 
 
 S.i5 
 
 310 
 
 8840 
 
 667 
 
 
 638 
 
 29 
 
 W35,224 
 
 8421 
 
 6U8 
 
 813,616 
 
 ?25, 938 
 
 822 
 
 898 
 
 83, 040 
 
 885,127 
 
 871 
 
 908 
 
 813,219 
 
 $774,611 
 
 8734,623 
 
 839, 988 
 
 includes operators aw frdlows: liraphite, 1; limestones and dolomites, 2. 
 
 Rhode Island ha.s held for many years a very promi- 
 nent position among granite producing state.s on account 
 of the superiority of its granite for monumental pur- 
 po.ses, 23articularly the stone that is (juarried at Westerly 
 and vicinity.' 
 
 In previous years some coal which was classed as 
 anthracite was mined in the eastern part of the state. 
 This product is not in reality an anthracite coal, but is 
 grapliitic, and. in the last few vears, has been included 
 with the graphite jjroduction." It is of a structure 
 Vjetween scaly and granular, and contains, in selected 
 samples, as much as U'l per cent carbon.'' 
 
 The following minerals also occur in the state, Init 
 were not mined in commercial (juaiitities in 1!>02: 
 Asbestos, galenite, garnet, iron ore, talc and soapstcjiie, 
 whetstones, copper ])yrite, sandstone, manganese ore, 
 agate, jasper, and molybdenum in Provitlence county, 
 and serpentine in Providence and Newport counties.' 
 Deposits of ilmenite, mica, monazite, and rutile also 
 occur, but were not exploited in \'M))i. 
 
 The following table shows for 1900 the value of the 
 prtiducts of manufactures closely allied to or l.iased 
 
 ' United State.s Genlogiriil .Survey, Twentietli Annual Report, 
 Part VI, continued, \>'<\iif -79. 
 
 '•'Ibid., "Mineral Ke^ourcea of the United State.s," I'.IU^, paKe 
 292. 
 
 ■' Ibid., pai^e 977. 
 
 *Ibid., 1S87, pajrc 7«.'i. 
 
 upon the products of mines and ((uarries, and also the 
 total value of all manufactures ff>r the year: 
 
 T.^BLE 2. — Jfaiiufiiclurrs Imsnd jji-imurili/ tipoii Oii: proijiifls af mines 
 find quarries: 1900. 
 
 INDf.sTKY. 
 
 .\11 manufactures 
 
 Based upon products (jf mines or quarries: 
 
 Ctiemicals and allied jiroducts 
 
 clay, glass, and stone prodviets 
 
 Iron and stet.4 and their products 
 
 Metalsand metal products, other than iron and 
 
 steel 
 
 Miscellaneous industries 
 
 Value of 
 
 firoduct. 
 
 
 8184,074,378 
 
 $871, 485 
 
 1,430,960 
 
 18,107,330 
 
 
 22,752,825 
 8,021,006 
 
 .51,183,606 
 
 
 132, 890, 772 
 
 The value of the products of the manufacturing indus- 
 trie.s of the state for 1900, as shown in Table 2, was 
 |1181:,071:,37S, to which amount those branches based 
 primarily on the products of mines and ([tiarries con- 
 tributed $.51,ls3,*30(3. or 27.8 per cent. During the 
 same year 98,81:-') wage-earners, receiving $'H,ll-i,(.)84, 
 were employed in all branches of manufacture. In 1902 
 the mines and (juarries gave employment to 6ti7 wage- 
 eai'ners, who were paid $1:35,224 in wages. The com- 
 bined industries, therefore, ga\-e enipl<>\-ment to '.t9.180 
 wage-earners and paid ^ll.i^l'.t.Hos in wages. Manufac- 
 tures contrilmted 99.3 per cent of the wage-earners and 
 99 per cent of the wages, while mines tmd tpiarries con- 
 triliuted seven-tenths of 1 per cent of the wage-earners 
 and 1 per cent of the wages. 
 
 The following table shows the value of the state's 
 annual production of siliceous crystalline rocks from 
 ls9(( to r.l(l2: 
 
 T.\]ti,K :}. — \'tiliii: iif iiiiiiiiut jii-iidiiiHiDi ,,/■ .,■(/;, TOILS' rnixtidliii, inr/:x: 
 1S9(I III iriii-.'. 
 
 [I'nited states Geolo^dcal Sur\-ey, "Miueriil Kesonrcus ni tlio United Stales."] 
 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1897 . . 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 \*alue. 
 
 1890 . . . 
 
 
 8931, 216 
 7.50, 000 
 600, 000 
 .509, 799 
 1,211,439 
 908, 473 
 746,277 
 
 
 8629, .564 
 320 "1"* 
 
 1891 - . . 
 
 
 1898 . . 
 
 
 1892 . . . 
 
 1899 . 
 
 400, 128 
 444,316 
 .501,698 
 734,623 
 
 1893 . . . 
 
 1900 
 
 1S94 ... 
 
 1901 . 
 
 1S95 
 
 1902 
 
 1896 
 
 
 
 
 
 U«12) 
 
RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 303 
 
 Slllceoun crystalline rods. — The mineral wealth of 
 the state consists principally in its deposits of granite, 
 which for the most part lie west of th(> l)ay in Provi- 
 dence, Kent, and Washington counties, although some 
 stone is quarried in Newport county. Beginning in 
 1890 with an output valued at |ltSl,21(), the production 
 decreased steadily until 181*3; then increased in 18i>4 to 
 $1,211,439, the maximum in the history of the state. 
 The value of the output decreased again gradually until 
 1898, when the lowest value, *320,212, in the last 
 thirteen vears was reached. Since 1S98 there has been 
 again a gradual increase, the value in 1902 amounting 
 to $731,623. This output was oljtained from 19 cjuar- 
 ries, 9 of which were located in Washington county, 6 
 in Providence, 3 in Newport, and 1 in Kent. The 
 quarries in Washington county produced the greater 
 part of the monumental stone of the state, 8 of the 9 
 quarries in this county showing this class of granite as 
 their principal product. The output of the remaining 
 cpiarries of the state was used chiefly for building stone, 
 but some was also used as paving, curbing, and crushed 
 stone for roadmaking and concrete, and some was sold 
 as riprap and rul)ble stone. 
 
 The value of the stone used for monumental work in 
 1902 was $650,719, or 75 per cent of the total, and in 
 1901, 1291,805, or 58.2 per cent of the total value for 
 that year. For the years 1898, 1899, and 1900 no sep- 
 aration was made of rough stone, but the chief product 
 was dressed stone for monumental work. 
 
 The importance of the state as a producer of monu- 
 mental stone from 1898 to 1902 is shown in Table 1. 
 
 Table 4. — Vutiu; of granite for iiioiMin.eiiUd n-orl; for thi: I'liiki/ SUdea 
 ami for Rluide Island, and jjer rejri IhiU Jlliodi: Inland formx if Die 
 United Stales: 1898 to 1902. 
 
 [Ciiitc'd States (iuoliif^ir-al Miirvej-, "Mineral Kescnircfs of the Kiiited States."] 
 
 YKAR. 
 
 United States. 
 
 Rliode Island. 
 
 Per cetit 
 of total. 
 
 1898 
 
 SI, 462, 598 
 1 , CH?, 967 
 1,598, 84 ;i 
 ■2,715,225 
 3, 998, 911 
 
 J204,7.39 
 145, 001 
 232, 144 
 291,805 
 550, 719 
 
 14.0 
 
 1839 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 8.6 
 14.5 
 10.7 
 
 ]90'2 
 
 13.8 
 
 
 
 The state, in 1898, was exceeded in value of its output 
 of monunuintal stone only by Vermont and New Hamp- 
 shire; its production was 14 per cent of the value for 
 the United States. In 1899 the value of the production 
 was 8.6 per cent of the total for all states, Khode Island 
 ranking fourth, being exceeded hy Vermont, Massachu- 
 setts, and New Hampshire. In 1900, 1901, and 19U2 
 the state ranked third, producing for the three j'ears 
 respectively 11.5, 10.7, and 13.8 per cent of the produc- 
 tion of monumental stone in the United States. Ver- 
 mont and New Hampshire led Ehode Island in 1900; 
 Vermont and Massachusetts in 1901 and 1902. 
 
 All otJier iiiinerah. — The onl_v producer of graphite 
 in the state is the Rhode Island Graphite Company, of 
 Providence. The output has been combined with that 
 of limestones and dolomites to avoid disclosing the 
 operations of any single establishment. 
 
 Only two limestone quarries reported production in 
 1902, both located at Limerock, in Providence county. 
 Almost the entire product was consumed in lime manu- 
 facture, though a small quantit}- was used for fluxing 
 l^urposes. 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Table 1 is a summary of the statistics for thic pro- 
 ductive mines and quarries in tiie state of Soutli Caro- 
 lina for 1902. 
 
 Table 1. — Sumiiirini: 1902. 
 
 Phu.sp mte ,ii 
 
 . "^l^- I -rocks. 
 
 Number of mines or 
 
 quarries 
 
 Number of operators — 
 Salaried officials, clerks, 
 etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 \\'ages 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses. 
 Cost of supplies and ma- 
 terials 
 
 Value of products 
 
 3.S 
 
 US 
 ?r26,992 
 
 2, 694 
 3891,737 
 S109, 890 
 
 $.342, 379 
 SI, 834, 134 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 80 
 805,401 
 
 1,498 
 843.5,553 
 865, 157 
 
 $162,836 
 8950, 208 
 
 15 
 14 
 
 41 
 
 .?32, S41 
 
 
 S15 
 
 •i:i-il 
 
 (I4i; 
 
 834 
 
 017 
 
 8131 
 
 771 
 
 8598, 848 
 
 545, 
 S3, 
 
 Sll, 
 8107, 
 
 14 
 
 ,300 
 
 198 
 
 448 j 
 
 185 I 
 
 612 , 
 325 
 
 ilncludes operators as follows: Gold and silver, 3; limestones anddt.tbtmites, 
 1; manganese ore, 1; precious stones, 5 ( no mine-^i . 
 
 The state ranked thirty-niutli in Vm^-I in the \aliie 
 of products of mines and ([uarries. with a total of 
 $l,S.3i,13J:. The range of mineral industry is contined 
 in the main to three or four diti'erent proihicts. Notahl(^ 
 among these is phosphate rock, in the mining of which 
 the state still takes high rank, though in finnier }-ears 
 it furnished nearly all of tlic production in tin.' I'nitcil 
 States. Granite of high grade is found in aliundancc, 
 and the kaolin beds of Aiken county arc c.\tcnsi\-cly 
 worked. Gold ore, while not distributed over a wide 
 area, is successfully mined. 
 
 Amongthe minerals of the' ■state which were not mined 
 commercially in VM)'^ are the following: Asl)estos occurs 
 near Glenn Springs and C'edar Springs in Spartanbui'g 
 county, and in Pickens county. Fuller's earth is found 
 in white, gray, a'cUow, pink, and bliicl<. Tlie deposits 
 e.xtend in a broken, sinuous band across almost the en- 
 tire state, and in some localities they apjiro.ximate -in 
 feet in thickness.^ Graphite has l)eei] found in the north- 
 east corner of Spartanbui'g county and ut Paris nioiiii- 
 tain in Greenville county. Iron ores occur in many 
 sections of the northern anfl northwestern part of the 
 state, many oF the banks ha\'ing bei^n \\()rked. The 
 counties in wdiich the principal deposits are located are 
 
 ' C/lavM ijf South (.'arnliini, l.y Eaile Sloan, jiaircfiO. 
 
 13 
 817,450 
 
 1S3 
 859, 690 
 87,. 501 
 
 836, lliO 
 8177,753 
 
 York, Union, Spartan))urg, Greenville, Abbeville, Lex- 
 ington. Pickens, and Ghestertield. Iron p3'rites are 
 abundant in Spartanburg and York counties, and occur 
 also in Chestertield and Lancaster. Monazite has been 
 found and mined in the extreme northern part of the 
 state, especially in Spartanburg county. Talc is found 
 in Abbeville. Ivcxington, Chester (where it has been 
 worked), Anderson, Spartanburg. Union, and Pickens 
 counties. Other minerals occurring in the state in 
 varying quantities are : Bismuth, ocher, copper, pyrite.s, 
 galena, brown coal, malachite, phosphate of lead, and 
 btirytes.^ 
 
 The relati\'e importance of manufacturing industries 
 closely allied to or based on mining industry using as 
 raw material the products of the mine cr quarry is 
 shown in tlie following table: 
 
 T.VHLE -. — Miiiiiifiirhn-f .■< Iiimnl jiriiiiiirilii upon jirorhicts of m in ex and 
 ijiiiirrirs: inoo. 
 
 INDUSTRY. 
 
 Vtiluo of product. 
 
 Vll munnfarturus 
 
 ?r.S, 7-18. 731 
 
 Based upiin the jTuducts of mines ur ([Uarries: 
 
 Chemicals and allied producls 
 
 Clay, Khiss, and stone |ir(iilncts 
 
 Iron and stcrl iind llirir prudnels 
 
 Mctiils and nielal products, other than iron 
 
 and steel 
 
 Miscellaneous industries 
 
 S4, 882, 506 
 8.H8, 935 
 412,493 
 
 291,845 
 596, 5:W 
 
 7, 072, 314 
 
 The total \idiieof tlie jn'oductsof the manufacturing 
 industries based primarily upon mining and quarrying 
 was, as shown liy Table -!, i!?T,(»72,314-, or 12 per cent of 
 the tfital value of the product of all manufacturing indus- 
 tries in the state ill I'.MM). The value of the output of the 
 mines and quarries of the state in li)0^' was §l,S34-,l;'>-l:, 
 or 3. 1 per cent of the combined value of the product of 
 manufacturing and mining. In 1 ',)()() there were em- 
 ployed in all branches of manufactures 4s. 135 wage- 
 eai-ners, who were paid iS^!>,455,',Mio in wages. In liMi2 
 there were employed ill the mines and (|uarries L',<i!)4 
 wage-earners, who received §Si.il, ToT in wages. Rv 
 
 ■' I'liitcil stales ( uMiliifjical Survey, "MiiuM:il IJcsouri-e.s ,,f ||,,. 
 I'liited States," lf^«7, page 78(> ff. 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 305 
 
 combining- the figures of these two branches of industry 
 and comparing, it is disclosed that 94.7 per cent of the 
 wage-earners, receiving !>l.-t per cent of the wages, 
 were eniplo^'ed in manufacturing, whih; 5.3 per cent of 
 the wage-earners, receiving 8.6 per cent of the wages, 
 were employed in mining. 
 
 The following table shows the value of the annual 
 production of the principal minerals of the state from 
 1890 to 1902: 
 
 Table 3. — Value of annual production of principal minerals: 18U0 
 
 to 190Z. 
 
 [United States Geologioal Survey, "Mineral Rewinrces of the United States."] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Phosphate 
 rock. 
 
 Silioeons 
 
 (Ty.stalline 
 
 "rock.^. 
 
 Clay. 
 
 1890 
 
 J2, 875, 605 
 
 2,948,138 
 
 1,877,709 
 
 2,157,014 
 
 1, 745, ,576 
 
 1,411,032 
 
 1,181,649 
 
 986,. 572 
 
 1, 107, 272 
 
 1,078,099 
 
 1,041,970 
 
 961,840 
 
 950, 208 
 
 S47,614 
 
 50,000 
 
 60,000 
 
 95, 443 
 
 45, 899 
 
 22, 083 
 
 55, 320 
 
 37, 820 
 
 169, 518 
 
 361,034 
 
 500, 802 
 
 996,084 
 
 598, 848 
 
 <!> 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 fi 1 
 
 1893 
 
 (1) 
 
 1894 
 
 1895 
 
 ni 
 
 1890 
 
 
 1897 
 
 S8:^ 200 
 
 1898 
 
 103 050 
 
 1899 
 
 
 1900 
 
 
 1901 
 
 143 700 
 
 1902 - 
 
 
 
 
 1 Not reported separately. 
 
 -Census figures. 
 
 PhospJiate riich. — The pho.sphate rock licit of the state 
 is To miles long and 30 miles wide, extending from the 
 mouth of the Broad river, near Port Roj'al, in the 
 ^^outheast, to the headwaters of the Wandti river in 
 the northeast. Its major axis is parallel with the coast, 
 and its greatest width is in the neighborhood of Charles- 
 ton.' The jDrincipal deposits are located in Berkeley, 
 Dorchester, Charleston, Colleton, and Bcanfort coun- 
 ties.'^ So far as occurrence in commercial quantities is 
 concerned, their distribution is confined within narrow 
 limits. The_v are found at the bottom of rivers, 20 to 
 30 feet in depth, and on land they occur at an elevation 
 but slightly above mean tide. The rock of commerce 
 occurs alwaj^s above the marl and is known as land or 
 water rock, according to its location. The water rock 
 is darker in color and harder than the land rock, and is 
 frecj^uently found in a layer or sheet of cemented or 
 tightly compacted nodules overlj-ing the marls at the 
 bottom of rivers and creeks, where it either forms the 
 bottom itself or is overlaid by a deposit of mud of 
 greater or less depth. The land rock is found gener- 
 ally at a depth of from 2 to 10 feet below the surface of 
 the soil. It occurs in masses or nodules varying in size 
 from that of a potato to several feet in diameter. These 
 nodules are rounded, rough, indented, and fretiuentl3' 
 perforated with irregular cavities, and in color they 
 
 ' Phosphates of America, by Francin Wyatt, Ph. D., page 49. 
 ^ South Carolina, by Harry Hammond, page 47, and map. 
 
 vai-y from olive or bluish black to a yellowish or gray- 
 ish white. By analysis they are found to contain 55 to 
 61 per cent of phosphate of lime, 5 to Ki per cent of 
 carbonate of lime, 2 to 10 per cent of organic matter 
 and water, with small quantities of fluorine, iron, mag- 
 nesia, alumina, sulphuric acid, and ,spnd. This daiid 
 rock is found in a loose layer varying from a few inches 
 to 30 feet in depth, and averaging about 8 inches. It 
 occurs in sand, mud, clay, or peat, and is often inter- 
 nungled with numerous remains of land and marine 
 animals. Among the former are the bones of the 
 mastodon, elephant, tapir, deer, and the domestic ani- 
 mals, the horse, cow, and the hog.' 
 
 The great bed, or series of beds, of phosphate rock 
 which was later destined to supply the civilized world 
 with the chief part of all the phosphate of lime used in 
 the manufacture of commercial fertilizers was discov- 
 ered, or rather its value was first definitely established, 
 in 1867.* To Dr. St. Julian Ravenel, of Charleston, this 
 honor has ])een accredited. However, forty years be- 
 fore, Robert Mills forecasted this discovery, saying, that 
 "' besides gypsum, we ma3' also expect to find in that 
 part of the state (the Atlantic seaboard), the same kind 
 of marl which has so greatly contributed to enhance the 
 value of the poor lands of New Jersey, by the fertilit}' 
 which it imparts to the soil.""' 
 
 At the close of the Civil War Dr. X. A. Pratt, of 
 Georgia, formei'ly connected with the Niter Bureau of 
 the Confederacy, visited Charleston with tlie object 
 of starting sulphuric acid chambers. His attention was 
 directed by Doctor Ravenel, who had already noted the 
 presence of phosphate of lime in considerable quantity 
 ill the marl stones, or nodules, near Charleston, to sam- 
 ples of the rock taken from the Ashley river region. 
 Doctor Pratt analyzed the specimens and found that the 
 rocks contained a sutficieutlj' high percentage of phos- 
 phate of lime to render them of merchantable value." 
 As soon as the commercial importance of the deposits 
 became generalh' known other available beds were 
 located, and considerable capital Avas employed in devel- 
 oping the industry by mining the crude rock, and 
 exporting the product or manufacturing it into super- 
 phosphates. Later the beds of many navigable streams 
 wei'e found to be largely paved with the \-aluable sub- 
 stance. In 1870 the mining for this river rock beo-an, 
 and was developed through the introduction of dredg- 
 ing and grappling apparatus into an industry of equal 
 importance with the mining of the rock on land.' 
 
 ' South Carohna, page 48. 
 
 * United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1882, page 511, 
 
 * Statistics of South Carolina, by Robert Mills, page 21. 
 "United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 
 United States," 1882, page 511 ff. 
 
 'Ibid., Eighteenth Annual Report, Part Y, continued Dase 
 1236. -' V ^ 
 
 30223—04- 
 
 -20 
 
306 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 I'able 4 shows the annual production of phosphate 
 rock from 1S(;7 to 1903. 
 
 Table 4. — Aniimtt prndiiclidii of ji]i(isp}i(it,' ruck: I.^'iir to 1<.H)2. 
 [riiiti'il Statfs r.i-oloKical Survey, ■' Miiu-ml Kesourc-us ,.i llir riiiteil States."] 
 
 Total 
 
 flniliug Mav SI 
 
 lHli7 
 
 186.H 
 
 1869 
 
 1870 
 
 1871 
 
 1872 
 
 1873 
 
 1874 
 
 1875 
 
 1876 
 
 1877 
 
 1878 
 
 1879 
 
 18S0 
 
 18S1 
 
 1882 
 
 18S:! 
 
 1884 
 
 1885 .. 
 
 Long tons. 
 
 10, 632 
 
 492 
 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 262 
 
 31 
 
 9,58 
 
 65 
 
 241 
 
 74 
 
 1HX 
 
 58 
 
 760 
 
 79 
 
 203 
 
 109,340 1 
 
 122 
 
 790 
 
 132 
 
 478 
 
 163 
 
 1100 
 
 210 
 
 322 
 
 199,365 
 
 190 
 
 763 
 
 266 
 
 734 
 
 332 
 
 077 
 
 378,380 
 
 431 
 
 779 
 
 395 
 
 403 
 
 Ending December 31- 
 18861 . 
 1886- 
 1887. 
 188S- 
 1889. 
 1890. 
 
 1891 . 
 
 1892 . 
 1893. 
 1894. 
 
 1895 . 
 
 1896 . 
 
 1897 . 
 
 1898 . 
 
 1899 . 
 1900. 
 
 1901 . 
 
 1902 . 
 
 Long tons. 
 
 277,789 
 430, 549 
 480, 558 
 448, 5t;7 
 .541,645 
 403, 998 
 475, .506 
 394, 228 
 .502, 564 
 4.50,108 
 431,975 
 ■102, 423 
 3.58, 280 
 399, 8,H4 
 350, 650 
 329,173 
 321,181 
 313,365 
 
 1 Seven months. 
 
 From the first the industry yielded large protits. tind 
 for a period of two and a half decades was prosecuted 
 with great energy. Beginning with a production of 
 long tons in l.SCT, it had increased in ISTT to 163,000 
 tons, and ten years later to -±80,5.58 tons, reaching the 
 maxinuim in Issii. with 541, til:5 tons. In 18',)(l the out- 
 put from the Florida mines had so increased that the 
 condition of the industry in South Carolina became 
 serious, and hy 18'.»2 what was once at a premium 
 hecame a drug. The Florida developments had not 
 only caused an (>\-erproduetion of high-grade rock. ])ut 
 luul forced upon the market immense quantities of lower 
 grades, wdiich could be used \vithout any enriching 
 material. The reason why 75 per cent and SO per cent 
 rotdv should rrttiin an exceptional value no longer 
 existed, luid so it sank to a common level with the poorer 
 products.' The adoption by the phosphate miners of 
 the state of di.'speratc measures to stem the tide and 
 shut off competition by cutting the prices, only resulted 
 in furthei' I'mbarrassment, until the nnirket price 
 dropped lielow the cost of production, and it became 
 possible for them to remain in the market only ))y sell- 
 ing at a very tangible loss." 
 
 The industry received further setbacks through a 
 royalty dispute between the state and river miners and 
 through a cyclone, August 37, 1893, which severely in- 
 jured the mining i)lants, especially those of the I'iver 
 miners at Beiuifort. ' Barring a temporary setback in 
 190(» to the industry in the state, due mainly to scarcity 
 (jf ti-ansportation facilities and high ocean freights, a 
 gi'adual reco\'ery has continued up to the present year.' 
 
 s!l H-rniix cri/sfiill iiir riirl's. — The granites and gneisses 
 arc wiilely disti'ibutcd and extensively (juarried above 
 
 the fall line. The term granite is generally applied to 
 all these rocks by the miners of the state. The gran- 
 ites proper are found in abundance and their outcrops 
 lie along three nearly parallel lines. On the most 
 southern of these lines they show themselves among the 
 .sand hills at Graniteville on Horse creek, Aiken county, 
 and thence at various points, in a northeasterly direc- 
 tion, to Columbia. Many j'ears ago notable quarries 
 for building materials began to be worked on this line 
 at Graniteville and at points in Richland county.' 
 
 The second line of outcrop extends from the neigh- 
 borhood of Harris creek, Edgefield county, across New- 
 ))erry, Fairfield, and Kershaw counties to the north- 
 western corner of Chesterfield. Here, also, quarries of 
 excellent granite, fine grained and easy splitting, have 
 been found, especially in Newberry and Fairfield coun- 
 ties, where there are inexhaustible (piantities of the 
 best building granite. A flesh colored porphyritic 
 granite is f(nind in Kershaw. In Edgefield and Lan- 
 caster counties it becomes coarser and syenitic in char- 
 acter. The third line of outcrop stretches through 
 Laurens, Union, and York counties. In the vicinity of 
 Union the granite is of exceedingly tine grain and 
 well adapted for architectural purposes, but most of 
 it on this line is characterized by a coarse porphyried 
 structure." Granite quarrying is an important indus- 
 try in the state, being exceeded in value of product 
 only by the mining of phosphate I'ock. 
 
 <'hii/. — Clays of manj' varieties are found widely dis- 
 tributed and constitute perhaps its greatest actual and 
 prospecti\c resource, lieing suscepti1)lc of greater ex- 
 tension and de\'e]opnuuit than any othei- mineral." 
 The cliiys were among the first in the I'nited States to 
 attract attention, and early in the nineteenth centurv, 
 prior to lS3fi, a Doctor (iarden carried a small shipment 
 of South Carolina kaolin to England and manufactured 
 it into china ware.' While common, or Itrick, clay of 
 excellent quality is fc)und in almost every neighborhood, 
 the state's principal wealth in clays lies in the extensive 
 deposits of kaolin remarkable for purity. The sedi- 
 mentary kaolins are widely distributed in the Savannah 
 river area, the Santee area, and the Edisto area, in the 
 counties of Aiken. Lexington, Kichland, and Kershaw. 
 In this region there are extensive beds of pure white 
 kaolin exceeding 18 feet in thickness, and affording 98 
 per cent of clay substance, which reciuires no other 
 preparation than drying." 
 
 The Savannah river area affords perhaps the most 
 remarka})le exposures of sedimentai-y kaolin in the 
 United States. In .some places they are practically con- 
 tinuous for miles. From Hamburg to Aiken extends a 
 zone 1-4 miles long by 5 miles wide.'' The l.)eds varv 
 from 5 to 25 feet in thit'kness with an oAMudmrden of 
 
 'The .Miiici^il liidii^frv, 1S!)2, \'nl. I, page HfiH. ■ 
 ■' llii.l., piit.'C :!71. 
 
 'I'lijtoil St;ilo,u ( Icoliigictil Survey, "Mineral Kesoun e.-^ of tlo 
 I'liilcil Staler," IS'.i:;, j.aLo-K 704 ati(r7().5. 
 ' II i.l., lilOl, pao,. ,sll. 
 
 * South Carolina, page 131. 
 
 "South Carolina GeoloKieal Survey, Series IV, Bulletin No. 1 
 Cllays of South Carolina, liy Earle Slcian, page !l. ' 
 
 ' Statisticw of South Carolina, page I'S. 
 "Clav8 of South Carolina, pages 49 and 50 
 ■'Iljii'l., jjages 4H, .50, and SI. 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 307 
 
 cross-bedded sand«, thin laj^ers of clay, and occasional 
 Lafayette loams and cobbles, ranging- in thickness from 
 almost nothing to more than 100 feet. The thickness 
 of the kaolin determines the amount of overbui'den that 
 can be economicallj' removed. This overburden is de- 
 graded by laborers with pick, shovel, and cart, or with 
 scrapes or steam shovels until a sufficient terrace of 
 clay is bared for extraction. The kaolin is moved in 
 limip form to the drj' sheds, where, after exposure to 
 air and light for a few weeks, it is packed in casks of 
 1 ton capacitj' and shipped to the consumer. These 
 deposits probably represent the largest body of clay 
 closely approximating kaolinite to be found in the 
 United States.' 
 
 In the Savannah river area of the coastal plain outside 
 of the distinctive clay zone pertaining to the Cretaceous 
 and Eocene formations, there are beds of clay of eco- 
 nomic importance. At North Augusta and Hamburg a 
 large deposit of alluvial clays occurs, which is excellently 
 adapted to the manufacture of brick and the coarser 
 stonewares.'^ A zone of older clays occurs approxi- 
 mately parallel with and about 30 miles distant from 
 the coast. These claj's are often fine grained and vary 
 in color from pale yellow to a mottled hlue; they are 
 associated in many instances with coarse sands. Their 
 average elevation above the sea level is (io feet. These 
 beds are developed near Garnett, and are adapted 
 to the manufacture of tiling, face brick, and common 
 brick." 
 
 All other minerah. — The gold l>elt extends from the 
 North Carolina border, southwest across the counties of 
 York, Lancaster, Chesterfield, Kershaw, Fairfield, Ches- 
 ter, Spartanburg, Greenville, Pickens, and Abbeville. 
 Auriferous gravels are found in many localities, but 
 chiefly in York, Union, and Spartanburg counties.' 
 The first consignment of gold from the sands of this 
 state reached the LTnited States Mint in the latter part of 
 1829.* The first recorded discovery of gold in the 
 state, however, antedates this by three years, and was 
 
 ' Clays of South Carolina, pages 49, 50, and 81. 
 ''Ibid., page 81. 
 
 'United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1882, page 728. 
 * Ibid. , Twentieth Annual Report, Part VI, page 1 11 ff . 
 
 made in the Abbeville and Spartanbui-g districts.'"' In 
 1S30 and 1831 numerous workings were under way in 
 the state, especially in Lancastei- and Chesterfield 
 counties, where, in the latter, at the Bi'cwer mine, even 
 at this early date, from 100 to 200 men were employed.'' 
 
 In 1859, 20 gold mines had been opened in the talc 
 slates of Chesterfield and Lancaster counties, and 10 in 
 the same slates in Abbeville and Edgefield, among the 
 latter the celebrated Dorn mine from which more than 
 a million dollars in gold has been taken. In Spartan- 
 burg, Union, and York counties there were 19 and in 
 Pickens and Greenville 8 others." 
 
 Gold mining, except in a few localities, remains prac- 
 tically as it stood in 1861. One notable exception, how- 
 ever, is found in the Haile gold mine, located in Lan- 
 caster county, which for many years has been perhaps 
 the most consistent producer east of the Rocky moun- 
 tains. The small sil\-er production in 1902 was also 
 from this mine. 
 
 Limestone occurs and to some extent has been cjuar- 
 ried in York, Spartanburg, Laurens, and Pickens coun- 
 ties.' It is used for bridge work and in crushed form 
 for road building." However, owing to the abundance 
 of granite for these purposes, it is used chiefl}' for 
 burning into lime. 
 
 A few tons of manganese ore were mined near Green- 
 wood in 1902, the mineral in great purity and abund- 
 ance having been found at the old Dorn gold mine in 
 Edgefield count}' and also in Abbeville, York. Laurens, 
 and Anderson counties.'' 
 
 Precious stones have been found at a number of 
 places in the state. The first garnet found in the United 
 States was picked up in Abbeville county, about 1825.* 
 It was of a greenish yellow color. Garnets have also 
 been found in Spartanburg count}'; rubies in Pickens; 
 tourmaline in York, Edgefield, Laurens, Anderson, and 
 Oconee; beryl in Edgefield and Laurens, and zircons in 
 Abbeville and Anderson. 
 
 * South Carolina, page 1H4. 
 
 * Ignited States Geological Survey, Sixteentli Annual Report, 
 Part III, page 257. 
 
 'South Carolina, page l.ST. 
 
 * United States (Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1889, page 428. 
 
 " Statistics of South Carolina, page 27. 
 
■iK 
 
 SOUTH DAKOTA. 
 
 Table 1 is a summaiy of the statistics for the pro- 
 ductive mines, quarries, and wells in the state of South 
 Dakota for 1902. 
 
 Table 1. — Summary: 190S. 
 
 Gold and 
 silver. 
 
 Number of mines, quar- 
 ries, and wells ' 
 
 Number of operators. . . 
 Salaried officials, elerks, 
 etc.: 
 
 Number 167 
 
 Salaries $242,461 
 
 Wage-earners: i 
 
 Average number .. . ;^, 131 : 
 
 Wages S3,:J74,776 
 
 Contract work «8, 349 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses . ^264,452 
 Cftst of supplies and ' 
 
 materials SI , 992, .57.5 
 
 Value of product Si., 7i;9, 104 
 
 Sand- 
 stones 
 
 and 
 quartz- 
 
 ites. 
 
 148 
 S222.690 
 
 2,914 
 S3, 217, 456 
 
 4 
 J2,R:33 
 
 94 
 S69..:09 
 
 Lime- 
 stones I All other 
 and dolo-' minerals. i 
 mites. 
 
 1 
 
 SI, 278 
 
 S43, 
 
 .55 
 714 
 
 S240, 112 S4, 669 
 
 $1, 93t>, 617 
 $6,464,2.58 
 
 S9, 703 
 S110,7S9 
 
 $1U,4.55 
 S8tl, 605 I 
 
 15 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 115,790 
 
 68 
 S14, 1. 97 
 S8, 349 
 S19, :505 
 
 *:», 800 
 8107,4.52 
 
 1 Includes of.erators as follows: Cement, 1; graphite. 2: gypsum, 2: lithium 
 ore, 1; mica, 3; natural gas, 3 (d wells): precious stones, 3 (mi mines). 
 
 Within the Black Hills i-coion, which covers ahout 
 3,500 square miles, and is (Miiliraced within Custer, 
 Lawrence. Meade, renninuton, and Fall Kivcr coun- 
 ties, a great diversity of minerals is found. The gold 
 and silver mines located here ha\-c since their discov- 
 ery yielded many million dollars" worth of the two 
 metals. This region also contain.s \-ast gypsum beds, 
 used for plaster of Paris; mica, of which large sheets 
 are exported; petroleum and natural gas; white, red, 
 and variegated .sandstones; white and purple limestones; 
 granite; and marble.' 
 
 Both lode tin and stream tin are found in the Black 
 Hills, the ore deposits covering an area of TiOO stjuare 
 miles, and extending in a great semicircle of -fO miles, 
 around and northwest of Harneys peak. The produc- 
 tion of tin in this region, however, has not yet amounted 
 to much, though great hopes are entertained of future 
 development. Copper, iron, manganese, lead, tungsten, 
 graphite, and spodiunene are also found in greater or 
 less quantities in the HilLs.' 
 
 Near Sioux Falls, in Minnehaha county, are found 
 inexhaustible depo.sits of the so-called jasper, in red, 
 pink, cherry, purple, peachblow, and gray tints. This 
 stone has been extensively used in building and for 
 monuments.'' 
 
 ' Kjuk'h IIan<ll)Ook ul' the United WtateH, jiajie 791. 
 f:!OH) 
 
 The minerals of known occurrence in the state, but 
 which were not produced in commercial quantities in 
 1902, are antimony, copper, fuller's earth, granite, 
 iron, lead, marble, nickel, pumice, tin, tungsten, and 
 uranium.'' 
 
 In addition to the productive mines, quarries, and 
 wells for which statistics are shown in Table 1, 114 op- 
 erators reported gold and silver mines the work in 
 connection with which was exclusively devoted to their 
 care and development. During the year 1902 these 
 operators employed 522 wage-earners and paid $581,163 
 in wages. The 99 .salaried officers, clerks, etc., re- 
 ceived $111,95(1. Miscellaneous expenses amounted to 
 $15,210, and the co.st of supplies and materials to 
 $166, 5H5. 
 
 Table 2 shows the value of the products of the manu- 
 facturing industries of South Dakota, based primarily 
 on minerals mined and quarried, and also the \alue of 
 all products manufactured in the state as reported to 
 the census of 190(1. 
 
 T.\BLE li. — Miiiniinrliii-es hii.'uvf jiri iiiaril 1/ tipoii llif jiriiiliK-t.'! of miiie." 
 ttitil ijiiiirrlis: 1900. 
 
 All manufactures 
 
 Based upon yiroducts of mines or quarries: 
 
 clay, glass, and stone products 
 
 Iron and steel and their products 
 
 Jletals and metal products, other tliati iron 
 
 and steel 
 
 Miscellaneous industries 
 
 Value of product. 
 
 All other. 
 
 S293. 56S 
 .54,265 
 
 2,:m,342 
 .583.644 
 
 The value of the manufactured products of the state, 
 based primarily on minerals mined and quarried, was 
 $3,2S2,S19, or 26.S per cent of the value of all the 
 manufactured products. The total value of the product 
 of the mines, quarries, and wells of South Dakota in 
 l'.t02, plus the total value of all manufactured products 
 in 1900, was $19,000,313, of which amount the product 
 of mines, quarries, and wells for l!Mi2 formed 35.6 per 
 cent and that of manufactures for 1900, 61.1 per cent. 
 
 At the census of 190(i the manufacturing industries 
 of South Dakota were reported as giving employment 
 during the census j^ear to an average numl)er of 3,121 
 wage-earners and paying $1,511,109 in wages. The 
 
 '' Iliid., payes 7!I2 and 7!):-!. 
 
SOUTH DAKOTA. 
 
 309 
 
 operators of the mines, quarries, and wells (jf the state 
 reported that the}' employed an average of 3,i;U waoe- 
 earners dnring 1902. and paid $3,374,776 in wiiges. The 
 combined industries, therefore, employed ('),yr)2 NS'age- 
 earners and paid |4,'.tli).liS5 in wages. Mining- gave 
 emploj'ment to 50.1 per cent of the wage-earners, but 
 paid 68.6 per cent of the wages, wliile manufactures 
 gave employment to 19. !• per cent of tiie wage-earners 
 and paid only 31.1 per cent of the wages. 
 
 Table 3, compiled from reports of the United States 
 Geological Survey, shows the value of the annual pro- 
 duction of the principal minerals of the state from 1S90 
 to 1902. 
 
 Table 3. — Vcihie of annual produrtion of tlie jiriiicijial minerals: 
 1S90 to ]!I0S. 
 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral llesources of the United States."] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Gold.i 
 
 Silver. 1 
 
 Sand&toneH 
 
 and 
 (luartzites. 
 
 Linieatone.s 
 
 and 
 dolomites. 
 
 1890 
 
 2»3,200,000 
 3,550,000 
 3, 700, 000 
 4,006,400 
 3, 299, 100 
 3, 869, 500 
 4, 969, 800 
 5,694,900 
 5,699,700 
 6,469,500 
 6, 177, 600 
 6, 479, 600 
 6, 965, 400 
 
 -'$129,292 
 
 129, 293 
 
 77, 676 
 
 181,527 
 
 76,248 
 
 206, 900 
 
 296, 727 
 
 190,836 
 
 196,913 
 
 188, 251 
 
 1 332, 444 
 
 M6 800 
 
 * 180, 306 
 
 *93, 570 
 26, 000 
 20, 000 
 36, 166 
 9,000 
 26,100 
 37, 077 
 (»l 
 9,000 
 18, 326 
 12,675 
 17, 647 
 
 110,789 
 
 i'^^ 
 
 1891 
 
 w 
 
 1892 
 
 I') 
 
 1893 
 
 *100 
 
 1894 
 
 1895 
 
 liooo 
 
 3,126 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 
 26, &58 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 
 1901 
 
 .63,780 
 86 605 
 
 1902 '' 
 
 
 
 ^ Estimates of the Director of the Mint; value of refined pnjdnct; silver at 
 coining value. The values given in Table 1 are the values at the mine, 
 
 2 Includes production from North Dakota. 
 
 3 Not reported separately. 
 ■1 Commercial value. 
 
 '> Census figures, except for gold and .silver. 
 
 Gold. — The earliest authentic date of the finding of 
 gold in the Black Hills is July 27, 1871, when small 
 quantities of the precious metal were found in the bed 
 of French creek, in Custer countj', bj' miners accom- 
 panjdng the expedition of Gen. George A. Custer. 
 From certain stories, still current, it would seem that 
 some of the Sioux Indians and a few white men knew 
 of the presence of gold in this region before 1871, but 
 nothing definite is known concerning the actual facts. 
 
 A few weeks after the Custer expedition, other depos- 
 its of the precious metal were found, on December 23, 
 1871, about 3 miles below the present site of Custer, by 
 a party entering the Black Hills region for settlement. 
 Much prospecting was done in this vicinity during the 
 winter, though little gold was found, and in the spring 
 of ISlb the party was forced by the military to leave. 
 The Black Hills country, then included within the 
 Sioux reservation, was not open to settlement, and 
 the Government made every effort to prevent prospect- 
 ors from entering. This policy only intensified the 
 desire to explore the region, and as a result of the 
 widespread interest the Government, early in 1875, 
 organized a special survey' for the purpose of learning 
 whether the mineral and other natural resources of the 
 region warranted its purchase from the Indians. 
 
 The fii-st authentic published statement of the finding 
 of gold in the Black Hills was in a letter dated June 
 17, 1875, from the geohjgist in charge of th(! sui-\'ey to 
 the Commissioner of Indian All'airs at Wasliington, 
 I). C., and which was first published in the Mining and 
 Engineering Journal. The gold referred to in this 
 letter was found June 12, 1875, in terraces or bars of 
 quartz gravel, on the north bend of Castle creek.' 
 About a month later important discoveries in the placer 
 deposits of Spring and Rapid creeks, northeast of 
 Harneys peak, caused a rush in that direction, which 
 was the first real stampede in connection with the gold 
 excitement in the Black Hills. B3' this time several 
 hundred prospectors had succeeded in gaining access 
 to the region, and of this number more than a hundred 
 staked out claims on Spring creek and commenced pan- 
 ning for gold. 
 
 The results of the survey having established the fact 
 that the Black Hills region was of much greater value 
 for mining purposes than it ever could be to the Indians, 
 the Government finally purchased it from the Sioux for 
 $4,500,000, and opened it for legal settlement February 
 2S, 1877. 
 
 The discovery in the fall of 1875 of the rich placers 
 of the Deadwood region, in Lawrence county, and, a 
 few weeks later, of the rich conglomerate ores and of 
 the great impregnated zone known as the Homestake 
 Belt, indicated the permanent wealth of thatiDartof the 
 Hills and the tide of settlement turned accordingly 
 northward from Custer. Since 1S75 Lawrence countj' 
 alone has far surpa.ssed the balance of the region in the 
 production of gold. 
 
 For ten years after gold was discovered the Black 
 Hills had no railway facilities of an}' kind, but at the 
 present time the northern part has excellent I'ailway 
 facilities, which fact has occasioned the opening up of 
 manj' important mines. The central and southern hills 
 are not so favored. 
 
 The gold bearing quartz veins are found chiefly in 
 Pennington and Custer counties, in the central and 
 southern part. Lawrence county, to the north, also 
 has some valuable quartz veins. The ores of the im- 
 pregnated zones are of great importance, one of them, 
 the Homestake Belt, having furnished approximately 
 three-fourths of the total output of gold in the Black 
 Hills. The Homestake ore bearing area is an irregular 
 belt lA^ miles long and one-half mile wide, near Lead 
 city, forming perhaps the largest and most easily 
 worked mass of low-grade gold ore in the world. In 
 Lawrence county only have the ores of the impregnated 
 zones been worked continuously for any length of time 
 though many claims, in Custer and Pennington counties, 
 are said to carry as high values as the Homestake ore. 
 
 The cement ores within the Hills west and southwest 
 of Deadwood were discovered in the early part of 1876 
 and in the same year the first quartz mill brought into 
 the Hills reached Deadwood. The siliceous ores are 
 
310 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 found only in the northern part, the producing ores 
 lying- in Lawrence county. 
 
 Placer gold is found in the gravel bai\s of all the 
 streams and in the various terraces lining their valleys. 
 The richest deposits, however, are either exhausted or 
 can no longer be worked extensively with proht lie- 
 cause of the lack of water supply. Associated with the 
 gold in the placers are garnets, hematite and limonite 
 pebbles, columbite, tantalite, cassiterite, and other less 
 noticeable minerals.' 
 
 The following table, compiled from rei)orts of the 
 Director of the Mint, shows the annual production of 
 gold in South Dakota from issT to UK (2: 
 
 Table -i. — Annual prndmiiuu <if ijuhl: 1SS7 hi 1902. 
 [Reports of the riirector ol tlic Mint.] 
 
 Fino 
 
 FiiK- 
 
 1887-'. 
 1888=. 
 18892. 
 1890=. 
 
 1891 . . 
 
 1892 . . 
 1898 . . 
 1894 . . 
 
 116,110 
 125,77.5 
 140, 2,S7 
 1,54,800 
 171,731 
 178, 9X7 
 193,809 
 1.59, .59 1 
 
 LS97 . 
 1S9,S . 
 1S99 . 
 
 I'.inl 
 J'lllJ 
 
 187,187 
 240,414 
 275, 491 
 275,723 
 
 312, 902 
 298. .S42 
 
 313, 44(1 
 330, 9.52 
 
 1 Estimate.^ of the Director of the Mint for refined product. The values 
 given in Table 1 are the values at the mine. 
 = Includes production from North Dakota. 
 
 Silrer. — Excepting the .'filial! ))ut fairly regular 
 amount of silver obtained frum gold bullion, silver in 
 the Black Hills is closely associated with lead." Argen- 
 tiferous galena ores are found in the Galena district 
 southeast of Deadwood. in the Carbonate district north- 
 west of Deadwood, and tit Spoktine. It i,s occasionally 
 found elsewhere, but apparently little or no contriliu- 
 tion to the output of the galena ores has been made 
 from other than the three localities mentioned. The 
 earliest developments worthy of note were made in Issl 
 at Galena.' 
 
 ."^ilver-lead ores were found near Carbonate in ls,s(:i. 
 Considerable lead and silver w;is produced by the Siki- 
 kane mine during the 3'ears 18'.>8-l;tO(), Init the mine is 
 now' idle. The character of the ore bodies in Ihe 
 various localities differs widely. They occur in the 
 Algonkian in \-eins, in the C'amlirian as shoots, and in 
 the Carboniferous as contact dejmsits, (he latter two 
 graduating more or less into eacli other. ' 
 
 Table .5, compiled from reports of the I )iree.tor of the 
 Mint, shows the annual production of sihcr from Ls.sT 
 to VM)-I. 
 
 iMiriHi-fil Wealth of tlic F!la<-k IFills, liy Cleopliiis (». O'Harra, 
 pafre <> ff. 
 
 '' Ibid., patje (io. 
 
 ■'■ Ibiil., pages m and (d. 
 
 Table .5. — Annual production of silver: 1S87 to 190S 
 [Reports of the Director of the Mint.] 
 
 YEAK. 
 
 Fineounces.i' 
 
 417,fi90 
 77, 344 
 .50, 000 
 
 100,000 
 
 100, 000 
 III), IJOO 
 
 MO, 100 
 .58, 973 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Fine ounces.i 
 
 
 1895 
 
 1.59, 300 
 
 1888 = 
 
 1 890 
 
 229, .500 
 
 1889 = 
 
 1S97 
 
 147,000 
 
 
 
 1,52, 300 
 
 1891 
 
 1899 
 
 145, 000 
 
 
 1900 
 
 536, 200 
 
 1^^93 
 
 I'.jnl 
 
 78,000 
 
 
 
 340, 200 
 
 
 
 
 I Estimates of the Director of the Mint for refined product. 
 = Iiiclii(li.s pn.ihietioii from .N'orlh Diikotu. 
 
 Siindxto^ieN and (jnartsitcK. — One (jf the most promis- 
 ing stones of the West is the pink and red quartzite 
 quarried near Siou.x Falls, in Minnehaha county. The 
 stone is so strong as to endure a pressure of 25,000 
 pounds to the square incli, is grained so closely as to be 
 almost impervious to moisture, and will take a polish 
 almost like glass, with which it favorabh' compares in 
 durability. In color the stone varies from light pink 
 to jasper red, and is one of th(> few stones now cjuarried 
 in the United States which are adapted equallj- to rough 
 building and both interior and exterior ornamental 
 work. ' 
 
 Eight of the Vl quarries in the state productive in 
 1902 were located in Minnehaha county, while Butte, 
 Fall River, Hanson, and Lawrence counties had only 1 
 each. The entire output of these quarries in 1902 was 
 valued at $110,789, an increase over 19(»1 of $93,142. 
 The value of the sandstone produced for building pur- 
 poses amounted to $42,102. 
 
 Lniiextiini-n and d/iJoinlffx.— 'V\u\ 10 quarries pro- 
 ductive in 1902 were located in Custer, Lawrence, and 
 Meade counties, and the output was \-;diii'd at $8*3.00.5, 
 of which §51:,75i:» was for tiux foi- l)last funuices. 
 
 All nt/irr iii/iDi'ids. — The single eenieiit plant in 
 South Dakota was built at Yiuikton, Yankton county, 
 in 1889, and produced its first Portland cement in the 
 following year, since which time it has been in success- 
 ful operation. Clialkstone of tlie Colorado Cretaceous 
 and the dai-l<, fat o\-er]yiiig clay ari> the materials used.'' 
 
 In many parts of the Hills graphitic slates tdiound, and 
 in many places the percentage of graphite is sufficiently 
 hi.gli to arouse some interest in the economic possibili- 
 ties of the (le])osits. ( 'onsiderable pros[iectini;' has been 
 done in the central hills, ]iarticiilarly near Custer. 
 Custer county, and liochford, Penninglon county.'' 
 
 ' Stones for I'.iiililin.;- and Deroi'ation, liv Ocnrirc P. Merrill nao-e 
 162. ■ ^ " 
 
 =* United ,'=^tates (icolo^dral Siir\c\', "Mineral Kesourees of the 
 United States," lilOL', page Sill'. 
 
 "Mineral Wealth of the ISlarU Hills, pane 72. 
 
SOUTH DAKOTA. 
 
 311 
 
 The deposits of gypsum of the Black Hills are utilized 
 for the manufacture of wall plaster at Spearlish, Law- 
 rence county, and Hot Springs, Fail River county.' 
 
 Spoduniene, a source of lithium salts, has recently 
 acquired commercial importance in the Black Hi lis, and 
 considerable local activity has been shown in the de- 
 velopment of the industry. The deposits are all found 
 in Custer and Pennington counties. This mineral Hi-st 
 attracted attention during the tin mining actixity in 
 ISSi, at which time its occurrence was iK^ted in se\-eral 
 localities.' The most noted of these is the Etta mine, 
 which is the only locality in which this mineral was 
 produced in I'.lOi!.'' 
 
 The earliest explorations for mica in the Black Hills 
 were made in ISTiJ, the tirst property upon which 
 much work was done being the McMacken mine, near 
 Custer. Several other mines Avere opened somewhat 
 later, liut most of them practically ceased operating- 
 after 1884, the work during subsequent years until 1S'.»9 
 being merely sufficient development work to hold 
 claims. The mineral is found in pegmatite dikes, 
 
 'United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1902, page 906. 
 
 ^Mineral Wealth of the Black Hills, page 75. 
 
 ^ TTnited States CJeological Survey, "Mineral Resources (jf the 
 United States," 1902, page 260. 
 
 which occur in great abundance in the granite rcigion 
 of Pennington and Custer counties.* Maiiy of the 
 dikes do not contain large mica liooks in sufficient 
 (juantity to make them profitable produeei-s. but all 
 ha\'e the mica present to a gi'cater or h'ss e.\te]it. In 
 Isill) the outiiut of mica was 2(t.ii'.)9 pounds, valued at 
 $18.()()0; in lltOO the sheet mica output reached the 
 miprecedented amount of (15. ()()(( pounds, valued at 
 $-1:5,000, while the production of scrap mica was 22-2 
 tons, worth 11,5.54." In 11»02 the production of rough 
 mica amounted to 205 tons, valued at *17,25n. and O.OOo 
 pounds of sheet mica, worth $1,200. 
 
 The natui-al gas found in South Dakota is associated 
 with Hows of water at various localities in Hughes and 
 Sully comities.''' The tii'st well in the state was drilled 
 at Pierre, Hughes county, in 1892, and there is no 
 apparent diminution of gas.' In 1902 the C producti\'e 
 wells had an output valued at $10,28i). 
 
 The rose quartz reported under the head of precious 
 stones was mined in Custer county, where there are 
 immense quantities of the mineral in sight." 
 
 * Mineral Wealth of the Black Hills, pages 72 and 7:-!. 
 ^ Ibid., pages 73 and 74. 
 
 "United States Geological Survey, "^lineral Resources ni the 
 United States," 1902, page 65.3. 
 
 ' Ibid., Twenty-first Annual Report, 1899-1900, Part VI, page .316. 
 ^ Ibid., " Mineral Resources of the United States," 1901, pjge 7.5U. 
 
TENNESSEE. 
 
 Table 1 is a summary of the statistics for the productive mines, quarries, and wells in the state of Tennessee 
 for 1902. 
 
 Table 1.— SUMMARY: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines, quarries, and wells 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries SCIJJ 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 10, 
 
 Wages I ?4, 81)4 
 
 Contract work ^m 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses j S720 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials j ^ S8.50 
 
 Value of products j ^9, 533; 
 
 118 
 S3iil,939 
 
 6, 220 
 
 $3,213,632 
 
 S14,094 
 
 S432,029 
 
 S390, 661 
 
 $6,399,721 
 
 Phosphate 
 rock. 
 
 40 
 37 
 
 116 
 
 $82, r26 
 
 1,.697 
 
 $493, »09 
 
 $157, 402 
 
 $81,882 
 
 $93, 716 
 
 $1,308,872 
 
 106 
 $71,635 
 
 1,299 
 .$612, 702 
 
 $111,8.64 
 
 $144,. 640 
 
 $1,123, ,527 
 
 Marble. 
 
 Limestones 
 > and 
 , dolomites. 
 
 11 
 10 
 
 $37, im 
 
 607 
 218,764 
 
 37 
 ,826 
 
 698 
 S222, 475 
 
 $11,268 
 818,726 
 $518, 266 
 
 811,462 
 $101,196 
 
 All other 
 minerals. 1 
 
 33 
 
 26 
 
 .59 
 $63, .624 
 
 469 
 
 $20-2, 9.59 
 
 S3, 000 
 
 371,988 
 
 $101,749 
 
 $701,373 
 
 1 1ncludes operators as follows; Barytes, 6: clay, 9; copper ore, 2; fluorspar, 1 
 sandstones and quartzites, 3. 
 
 Tennessee has long been conspicuous as a mining- 
 state; for more than one hundred years its great wealth 
 of iron ore deposits has engaged the attention of miners. 
 The coal lields, comprising almost one-eighth of the 
 total area of the state, are practically inexhaustible and 
 have been worked extensively. Since the discovery of 
 phosphate rock earl}- in the present decade its mining 
 has grown until the state's output of this mineral has 
 become second only to its production of coal. The 
 marble deposits of the state have long been famous. 
 Their earh^ development brought the state into promi- 
 nence, and with the increasing demand for '^ Tennessee" 
 marble the industry of its quarrying has grown steadily. 
 Another important branch of mining industry is that 
 which has developed around the valuable and extensive 
 deposits of copper ore in the Ducktown district. 
 
 Manganese is of frequent occurrence in various parts 
 of the state, chiefly in the eastern section in association 
 with the iron ores. The first manganese ore mined in 
 the United States was produced near AVhittield, Hick- 
 man county. The mine was first worked in 1S87, and 
 the output was used for coloring earthenware. The 
 two sections from which manganese oi'es have been 
 taken in commercial quantities are the vicinity of Sweet- 
 water, Monroe county and in Unicoi county.' 
 
 Lead and zinc ores occur at numerous ])oints in the 
 eastern and middle parts of Tennessee, and a half cen- 
 tury or more ago in the Vallc}- I'ange- west of the line 
 of Red Knobs lead mining gained considerable head- 
 
 ' United Ktatea (Jeolot^ical .Survey, Sixteenth Annual Keprirt, 
 1894-95, Part III, page.s 423 an.l 4L'4. 
 
 (312) 
 
 gold and silver, 2: mineral pigments, crude, 1; natural gas, 1; petroleum. 1; and 
 
 way. The industry lias not been l•e^■ived, although 
 deposits of galena occur that seemingl}' would warrant 
 commercial exploitation. Interesting featui'es of this 
 locality are the old and (jiiite i^xtensive '"diggins," 
 about which the oldest inhabitants and the Indians )je- 
 fore them knew nothing." It has been surmised that 
 these excavations were made in a search for galena. 
 Whether the object was to secure galena or other min- 
 erals, these workings point unerringly to an era of 
 mining activity which antedtites both history and tradi- 
 tion, and most probably was cotemporaneous with the 
 still more extensive^ and systematic operations in the 
 mountains of North C'arolina, and with prehistoric cop- 
 per mining in the Lake Superior region. The deposits 
 of zinc ore, especially those in the vicinity of Knox- 
 \ille, have be(<n worked in a desultory way for many 
 years, and considerable (piantities of ore have been 
 calcined and ship])ed to eastei'ii smeltei's.-' 
 
 Millstones of excellent ([uality have been made from 
 some of the rock formations. Those made from chert 
 were in great demand at one time and were regarded as 
 being e(pial to the French buhrstone.' 
 
 Cement has been manufactun^d at numerous points 
 from the outcroppings of the limestone, and asphaltum, 
 granite, gypsum, and rooting slate nvc known to occur 
 in greater or less quantities. 
 
 MJeolofcy of Tennessee, by James ^\. SalTonl, .\. Rl., l'|,. ]).^ 
 pages 4H4 ami 48.5. 
 
 'United States (ieological Survey, " i\Uneral Kesnurces of llu' 
 United States," 1882, page 367 ff. 
 
 ■' Geology of Tennessee, page 511. 
 
TENNES8K 
 
 .'^3 
 
 The followino' minerals are known to occur in the 
 state, but were not produced in commercial (|uaiitities 
 in llHi^; Asphaltum, cement, ^'raiiite, gypsum, lead ore, 
 manganese ore, millstones, slate, and zinc ore. 
 
 A total of $2'i,940 was expended in the state in devel- 
 opment work during 1902, but no ])r()duct was realized. 
 The minerals receiving attention in this way were nat- 
 ural gas, petroleum, and copper ore. 
 
 Table 2 shows the relative importance of the maiui- 
 facturing industries closelv allied to or based upon th(> 
 mining industry, using as their raw material the prod- 
 ucts of mines and quarries. 
 
 Table 2. — Mdimfdcliire.i ha>«_'(t jiriinurili/ upon Ihi' jirmlurln of niiiiiv 
 and iptorrii's: 1900. 
 
 INmiSTRY. 
 
 Value ol' 
 
 imiduct. 
 
 
 
 
 Based upon, products of mines or quarries; 
 
 SI, 6-19,078 
 
 '2,05(i,386 
 9, 8-lN, 440 
 
 1,30^^,7U0 
 3,703,078 
 
 
 
 
 Iron and steel and their pirodurts 
 
 
 Metals and metal products, other tlian irnn 
 
 
 Miscellaneous industries 
 
 
 
 18,5(35,681^ 
 
 
 
 89,57^,883 
 
 
 
 The total value of the products of the manufacturing 
 industries based on mining was $1S,.565,682 or 17.2 per 
 cent of the total value of the product of all manufactur- 
 ing industries in 1900. During the same year there 
 were employed in all branches of manufactures ,5(),o<)4 
 wage-earners, who were paid $10,61:7,688 in wages. In 
 11)02 the mines and quarries gave employment to lfi.s90 
 wage-earners, who received $1,861,241 in wages. By 
 combining the figures of these two branches of industry 
 it is disclosed that S2.3 per cent of the wage-earners 
 receiving 77.4 per cent of the wages were employed in 
 manufacturing, while 17.7 per cent of the wage-earners 
 receiving 22.6 per cent of tl' wages were eraplo3'ed in 
 mining. 
 
 The following table shows the value of the annual 
 production of the principal minerals of the state from 
 18110 to 1902: 
 
 Table 3. — Value of aimu'd prodtiction of principal minerah: 1S90 
 
 to 190-2. 
 
 [United States Geological Survey, " ilineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 Coal, bitu- I Phosphate 
 minous. rock. 
 
 1890 S2, 395, 746 
 
 1891 2, 668, 138 
 
 1892 2,35.5,441 
 
 1893 2, 048, 449 
 
 1894 2,119,481 
 
 1895 2,349,032 
 
 1896 2, 281, 296 
 
 1897 2, 329 634 
 
 1898 2,337,512 
 
 1899 2, 940, 644 
 
 1900 4,003,082 
 
 1901 4,067,389 
 
 1902 < 6,399,721 
 
 (>) 
 
 (') 
 
 (1) 
 
 (') 
 
 «67, 
 
 82, 
 
 67, 
 
 193, 
 
 498, 
 
 1,192, 
 
 1, 328, 
 
 1, 192, 
 
 1,308, 
 
 (=) 
 
 S505, 369 
 392,771 
 288, 005 
 447, 852 
 432, 932 
 479, 485 
 481, 192 
 
 ■ 694, 372 
 
 669, 087 
 
 912,849 
 
 1, 123, 527 
 
 8419, 467 
 400, 000 
 350, 000 
 150, 000 
 231,796 
 362, 277 
 381,373 
 441,954 
 316, 814 
 
 3 384, 705 
 424, 064 
 494, 637 
 518, 256 
 
 Lime- 
 stones 
 and dolo- 
 mites. 
 
 S73, 028 
 70, 000 
 20, 000 
 126, 089 
 188, 664 
 156, 898 
 157, 176 
 113,774 
 182, 402 
 208, 097 
 238, .505 
 330, 927 
 4S2, 033 
 
 C'lMil^hifiDiiiii/ius. — The iiKJst valuable ci.intribution 
 to the mineral wealth of the state are the coal hclds, 
 I'ompi'ising more than ."),000 s(juare miles and tra\'ers- 
 ing the state in a northeast and southwest direction.' 
 The belt in which these coal measures occur is coexten- 
 sive with the Cum()erland table-land and varies in 
 width fi'om 71 miles at the northern boundary to tA) 
 miles at the Gecjrgia and Alabama state line.^ In this 
 belt the industiT of coal mining has Ijeen developing 
 since long before the Civil War, during which its 
 growth was temporai'ily interi-u^jted.' Pi-actically all 
 the mining of these earlier years was on a petty scale, 
 and outside of Nashville and Memphis very little coal 
 was used, except for blacksmithing purposes.' The 
 industry did not reach a scale of any considerable im- 
 portance until some fifteen years after the war,'' but 
 it has developed steadily sint'e. In 1892 its progress 
 was seriously interfered with by strikes. Since 1893 
 production has increased rapidly, the output foi' 1902 
 being 50 pei' cent greater than that for 1897, and more 
 than double the production at the l)eginning of the 
 decade.' Nineteen counties of the state are embraced 
 wholly or in part within the coal belt, and the range of 
 the industry has expanded until coal is produced in 
 practically all of these counties. In Campbell county 
 is a part of the famous Jellico steam-coal field. The 
 Sewanee vein, one of the mo.st important, is extensively 
 worked in Grundy county. Much high-grade coke is 
 made from this product. 
 
 Other counties in which extensive coking establish- 
 ments are under way are Claiborne, Hamilton, Marion, 
 Rhea, and Roane." Eighty-eight per cent of the A'ield 
 in 19(.»2 was from the following counties: Anderson, 
 Campbell, Claiborne, Cumberland, (jrundy, Marion, 
 Morgan, Rhea, and Scott. The annual production of 
 tlie Tennessee mines from 1870 to 1902 is shown in 
 Table 4. 
 
 Table 4. — Aniniai prodiicHon of couj, liituminou.'i: 1S70 lo 1902. 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United states."] 
 
 YEAR. Sliorttons. I YEAR. 
 
 1870. 
 1871 . 
 1872. 
 1873 - 
 1874. 
 
 1875 . 
 
 1876 . 
 
 1877 . 
 
 1878 . 
 
 1879 . 
 1880. 
 1881 . 
 1882 
 
 1883 . 
 
 1884 . 
 
 1885 . 
 
 1886 . 
 
 149, 
 
 180, 
 
 224, 
 
 3.50, 
 
 360, 
 
 360, 
 
 6.50, 
 
 4.50. 
 
 375, 
 
 4.50. 
 
 641. 
 
 7.50, 
 
 860, 
 
 1,000, 
 
 1 , 200, 
 
 1,440, 
 
 1,714 
 
 1887 . 
 
 1888 . 
 
 1889 . 
 1890. 
 1,891 . 
 
 1892 . 
 
 1893 . 
 
 1894 . 
 
 1895 . 
 
 1896 . 
 
 1897 . 
 1S98 . 
 1899. 
 
 1900 . 
 
 1901 . 
 
 1902 . 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 1,900,000 
 
 1,967,297 
 
 1,925,689 
 
 2, 169, 585 
 
 2,413,678 
 
 2, 092, 064 
 
 1,902,2,58 
 
 2,180,879 
 
 2,-535,644 
 
 2,663,106 
 
 2, 888, 849 
 
 3, 022, 896 
 
 3, 330, 6.59 
 
 3, 509,. 562 
 
 3,633,290 
 
 4, 382, 968 
 
 1 No production. 
 
 2 Value not reported. 
 
 2 Includes production fn.mi North Carolina. 
 ♦Census figures. 
 
 Uieology of Tennessee, page 3ti6. 
 
 MTniteil States Geological Suvvev, Sixteenth Annual Report 
 Part, IV, page 188. 
 
 ''Ibid., "Mineral Resources of the United States," 188,5, page 64 
 
 ^The Production of Coal in 1902, bv Edward W. Parker^ntia-e 
 18.3. ■ ' ' *" 
 
 n^nited States Geological Survey, Sixteenth Annual Reeort 
 pa.se 1.88. ' ' " ' 
 
314 
 
 lAIlNES AND gUAKIilKS. 
 
 Phosphate rocl\ — Tho phosphate vock mined in tliis 
 state has been chissitied into three o-roups or ^■arietie.s, 
 according to color. The.se are blue rock, which occui'S 
 mainly in Hickman county: white rock, as typified by 
 the deposits occurring in Perry county; and l)rown 
 rock, deposits of which are confined principally to 
 Maury county.' Rocks cOTitaining varying percentages 
 of phosphate occur in se\eral other counties in the 
 phosphate rock region, whii'h extends from the viciidtv 
 of Nashville, south to the Tenni'ssee river. 
 
 The discovery and exploitation of the deposits of this 
 valuaVjle mineral in the state constitutes, in the main, 
 a repetition of the events attending the discoverv of 
 phosphatic rock in both South Carolina and Florida. 
 In all these cases the valualile phosphatic contents of 
 tlu' rock became known ))y accident. The existence of 
 the rocks was a matter of conmion knowledge, and 
 their peculiarities, at least in the case of South Carolina 
 and Tennessee, had been the subject of extended study 
 and investigation bv geologists. A remarkably accu- 
 rate description of the physical characteristics of the 
 phosphate deposits of Tennessee was given by Doctor 
 Saff'ord, in 1S69, in his Geology of Tennessee. Their 
 chemical nature and great commercial value, however, 
 remained a secret for a quarter of a centui-y longer. 
 
 Certain kinds of phosphate rock in Tennessee lia\e 
 been used for many j'ears in building operations re- 
 quiring stone. An object of interest to visitors to the 
 fields at present is a stone house made almost entirely of 
 phosphate rock many 3'ears ago by a religious recluse.' 
 
 The discovery of the deposits, the development of 
 which marked the beginning of phosphate mining in 
 the state, occurred in October, 1.SH3. During that year 
 Messrs. L. Bates and R. Childs had been prospecting 
 for coal in this sectio?. and a Mr. Harder, while fishing 
 in Swan creek in Lewis county, foimd some pecidiar 
 looking rocks, which he sent to these coal prospectors 
 for examination. Thinking the rocks indicated coal 
 these pi'ospectors shipped them to Prof. J. (.'. A\diarton, 
 an analytical chemist of Nashville. Cpon examining 
 them the chemist found one of the specimens to be a 
 high gi'ade of ])hospl)ate rock.'' ^^'hen the disco\'er\' 
 Ix'came known tlie scenes enacted in Soutli Carolina and 
 Florida were repeated. Prospectoi's ;uid speculators 
 were early fin the ground, and other disco\'eries ((uickly 
 followed in all directions. By July, LS',)4,'' several com- 
 panies had been organized, extensive tracts of land had 
 been purchased oi' leased, and the industry of phosjihate 
 mining was well undei- way. In the lattei- part of this 
 year tlje |ihosphatc rock of Temiessee first became a dis- 
 tinct factor in the market. About 45,000 tons were 
 mined and shipped between .July, lHi)4, and July. bsH,5. 
 For two years after the beginidng of the industry all 
 
 ' Uriitcrl States ( iiMilrii/icul Survey, Twentii-tli Aiiiiiiiil Rcpurt, 
 Fart VJ, contiiiiicd, \fA\ii- (i.'i:;. 
 
 '' Bureau of J^abor Statisticv ami MincH, of TcuucHsee, Fifth Annual 
 Efpfirt, page 269. 
 
 ■'Ibid., \rA%n- 2711. 
 
 the phosphate rock that left the state was mined in 
 Hickman county.^ In December, 1895, the Hon. S. Q. 
 Weatherhy, while passing along a road near Mt. 
 Pleasant, in Maury county, obserx-ed in the deep cuts a 
 thinly laminated rock that to him suggested zinc ore. 
 Actuated mainly by curiosity, and with no thought of 
 making any valuable discovery, he broke a piece to 
 study its structure, and found that instead of confirt)i- 
 ing his impression as to zinc ore it presented a granu- 
 late<l api)earance characteristic of the phosphate rock of 
 Lewis and Hickman counties. Samples were secured 
 and sent bi Mr. Lucius P. Bi'own. an analytical chemist 
 of Xash\ille, for examination, and they were found to 
 <'ontain phosphate of lime ranging in percentages from 
 75. 2 to Ts.l. For some nnjiiths this new disco\-ery was 
 not allowed to become knf)wn beyond a chosen few, 
 and in the meantime options were taken on much of the 
 land containing the phosphates. Mining operations 
 were begun within the town limits of ^It. Pleasant 
 in -Inly, 1S9(1, and the first sliipment was made on the 
 20th of that month. On this public disclosure there 
 was excitenient in all the surrounding neighborhood, 
 pervading all classes." The industry was prosecuted on 
 a conuuercial scale from the start, and grew rapidly. 
 Table 5 shows the monthly shipments of rock from 
 Mt. Pleasant daring the first thirteen months. 
 
 T.\BLE .5. — MoiiDilij xliipiiieiilx of jjhoxphnlr rock from Ml. Pleasant 
 district: 1896 and 1891. 
 
 [T'liitrd Stiiti's Geological Surve>', " Mineral Resources of the riiited States."] 
 
 Founds. 
 
 1890. 
 
 July (11 days) 784,797 
 
 August I 5, 783, 943 
 
 September I 5, 746, 782 
 
 October .5, (jlii, .5x9 
 
 November 10, 772, 980 
 
 December 15, 302, 292 
 
 1S97. 
 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 March .". 
 
 Aiiril 
 
 May 
 
 .Imle 
 
 July 
 
 16, 518, 
 15,244, 
 16, 061 , 
 18,51-1. 
 22, :i2:-;, 
 12, 369, 
 20, 142. 
 
 412 
 6.50 
 3(16 
 
 By the liitter ptirt <if Is'.h; tlie center of acti\-it\- had 
 mox'cil from Hickman to M;iiir\- conntw ;nid it has 
 remained there since. In js'.i-. Tenness<'c contributed 
 ^1-1 per cent of the total production of ])liospliate in the 
 United States, antl 12.4 per cent (d' the tiggrcgtite out- 
 pi:( of thi^ world." In IMtii the state exceeded South 
 ('aroliiiii ill pro<hiction, and has been second to Florida 
 since. 
 
 The outlook for the industry in the state is promis- 
 ing. Conditions are favorable for the economiciil " 
 operation of fertilizer factoi'ies. "^Phe shaleswitli w hich 
 tlie deposits of jjhospliate are intiM'stratitied are rich in 
 sul])liur, from whicli can be manubictured the sul])huric 
 acid necessary in the treatment of phosphate rock. 
 Thus the two (essential raw materials in the manu- 
 
 * ISiireaii of Labor Statistics and Jlines, of Teinies'see, Eio-hth 
 Anuual Report, page lH."!. ' " 
 
 ■'Ibid., iiaL'es'iO:! and '.'04. 
 Mbi.l , Nil \\\ ,\uiiual Report, patre ini. 
 
TENNESSEE. 
 
 315 
 
 facture of fertilizers are delivered, as it were, at the 
 ver^T doors of the factories free of freijjht chaiges.' 
 
 Table 6 shows the annual production of phosphate 
 roclv from 189 J- to 1902. 
 
 Table 0. — Annual production of pliOKpJiate rofk: 189.j to liiOH. 
 [Unitetl States (jc'i)logical Survey, '■Mineral Resimrecs ot tlie Hiiiteil States."] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Lonj^ tons. 
 
 j YEAR. 
 
 Long tons. 
 
 1894 
 
 19, 188 
 
 US, h\f< 
 
 26, 167 
 
 128, 723 
 
 308, 107 
 
 1 1899 
 
 430, 192 
 4.54, 491 
 409,653 
 390, 799 
 
 1X95 
 
 ( 1900 
 
 1H9(; 
 
 1901 
 
 1897 
 
 1 190'' 
 
 1898 
 
 
 
 
 Iron ore. — The iron ore deposits of Tennessee ai'e 
 comprised within four clearly defined helts extending 
 across the state. The central, or Ciuuherland, belt 
 embraces an area of about 5,00(J sc[uare miles, ' tind is 
 coextensive with the coal fields. The ore found in this 
 belt is red hematite. In a relative sense this belt is of 
 minor importance.' The other three belts are pro- 
 ducers, and the bulk of the state's great wealtli in iron 
 ores lies within their limits. The eastern belt extends 
 along the Smokj' mountains. Limonite, hematite, and 
 magnetic ores are found in this region. They do not 
 occur in regularly stratified beds nor in true veins, but 
 in masses of varying sizes, ranging from small lumps 
 to blocks of 10 and 15 feet in diameter. Ore i-ecently 
 discovered in this district is highly impregnated with 
 magnetic properties, and exerts a marked infiuence 
 over the needle of a compass lo feet away. There are 
 indications that this ore exists in large quantities.* 
 The Dyestone belt is parallel with the )>ase of the Cum- 
 berland table-land. ■' The chief ore of this belt is a 
 stratified red iron rock of highly fossil if eroiis char- 
 acter. The belt is remarkable for the extent and rich- 
 ness of its ore deposits, from which has l.)een taken the 
 bulk of the state's production. The ore averages 60 
 percent metallic iron.' The western belt traverses the 
 state from north to south along the dividing line be- 
 tween middle and west Tennes.see. It is .5() miles in 
 width, and embraces an area of more than ."i,(»0() square 
 miles. The ore throughout this l)elt averag(.'s about 
 one-third metallic iron. ' 
 
 The iron ores of Tennessee have long been celebrated. 
 The first settlers in the state began the manufacture of 
 iron soon after the close of the War of the Revolution." 
 Three-quarters of a century ago iron in the form of 
 
 'Bureau of Labor Statistics and Mines, of Tennessee, Fourth 
 Annual Report, page 119. 
 
 '■'Ibid., Second Annual Report, page 308. 
 
 "The Universal Cyclopedia, Vol. II, page ?f>i). 
 
 * Bureau of Labor Statistics and Mines, of Tennessee, Second 
 Annual Report, page 309. 
 
 *The Universal Cyclopedia, V'ol. II, page 350, and Bureau of 
 Labor Statistics and Mines, of Tennessee, Second Annual Report, 
 page 308. 
 
 " Iron in All Ages, by James M. Swank, page 288. 
 
 blooms was manufactured and shipped to Pittsburg.' 
 In 1850 Tennessee stood fourth among the states in the 
 production of iron ore,' and except during the Civil 
 War the industry has grown steadily since that time. 
 In the manufacture of car wheels and the best grades 
 of bar iron no ore is superior to the (M'c of Tennessee." 
 In Table 7 is shown the annual production of iron ore 
 in the state from 1890 to 1902. 
 
 Taule 7. — Anmuil jjrojiictioii of iron ore: 1H90 to 1902. 
 [Unitefl states Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Long tons. 
 
 465, B95 
 543, 923 
 406, 578 
 372, 996 
 292, 831 
 519, 796 
 535. 484 
 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Long tons. 
 
 1890 . . . 
 
 
 604, 497 
 
 1891 . . 
 
 1898 
 
 
 593 2'"'7 
 
 1892 
 
 1899 . . . 
 
 1900 . . . 
 
 1901 . . . 
 
 1902 . . . 
 
 
 632, 046 
 .594 171 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 789 494 
 
 1895 
 
 874, 542 
 
 189li . . . 
 
 
 
 Marljle. — The marbles of Tennessee, forming one of 
 the state's principal mineral resources, are widely dis- 
 tributed. They have been quarried in the eastern, 
 middle, and western sections of the state."' The chief 
 deposits, however, are comprised within an almost un- 
 broken zone or belt 20 miles in width and more than 
 loo miles in length, situated in etistei'n Tennessee, with 
 Knox county as its center." Within this range the 
 supply of marble is practically inexhaustible. There 
 are many kinds suitable for the various uses to which 
 marble has been put. In color almost everj^ tint and 
 shade between white and black is found in a great va- 
 riety of combination. There is no record of the earli- 
 est marble working in the state except that chiseled 
 into the first products of the industry. These old 
 tombstones, still sharp and clear in outline, scattered 
 through the churchyards of the region, and especially 
 those around the First Presbyterian church in Knox- 
 ville, serve the double purpose of carrying the date of 
 their manufacture back into the morning of the nine- 
 teenth century and of affording the most convincing 
 proof of the enduring qualities of the marble from 
 which they were cut. Marble quarrying along sys- 
 tematic lines dates from April, 1838, the first quarry 
 being opened at Rogersville, the seat of Hawkins 
 county."- OrA'ille Pace, a Yankee clock peddler,"' was 
 elected president, and the company was organized for 
 the purpose of sawing marble and estaljlishing a 
 marble factory in the \'icinity of Rogersville." This 
 quarry was located on the line of the stage road, and 
 
 'The United States C4eological Survev, "?ilineral Resources of 
 the United States," 1883-84, loage 277. 
 
 "Bureau of Labor Statistics and Mines, of Tennessee, Seventh 
 Annual Report, page 51. 
 
 "United States Geological Survev, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1883-84, page 279. 
 '" Geology of Tennessee, ]5age 506 ff. 
 
 "Bureau of Labor Statistics and !Mines, of Tennessee, Fifth An- 
 nual Report, page 248. 
 '-Ibid., page 244. 
 '"Ibid., page 245. 
 '* Geology of Tennessee, page 508. 
 
316 
 
 MINES AND gUAKUIES. 
 
 soon after the quanying operations were started Mr. 
 Kiee beo-an the erection ot a hirge briek tavern, the 
 interior of whieii he richly and profusely ornamented 
 with niarl)le mantels, shelves, steyis, and wainscoting. 
 The house \vas known as "Marble Hall," and is still stand- 
 ing, being \ised at present as a residence.' A block of 
 the light mottled strawberry variet}' was sent to the 
 builders of the "Washington Monument; it was inscribed 
 "Hawkins County Block." Another block, sent by 
 authority of the legislature, was called the "Tennessee 
 State Block.'" These attracted the attention of the 
 building committee of the Capitol at Washington, D. C, 
 and although the_Y had specimens from all the then 
 known marble deposits of the country, they decided in 
 favor of the East Tennessee marble." 
 
 Following this decision an extensive ([uarry was 
 opened by the Government at a point near I-vogersville 
 where the Holston river intersects the marble range, 
 and from here many thousand cubic feet were taken. 
 It was used in constructing the balustrades and col- 
 umns of the stairs holding up to the House and Senate' 
 galleries, the walls of the marble room, and other 2)arts 
 of the building. About one-half of the ornamental 
 material in the Capitol is of Tennessee marble.'' This 
 unequaled means of advertising at once brought the 
 state into national prominence as a marble producer. 
 In 1902 Tennessee ranked second in the production of 
 marble for interior dec</ration and fourth in the total 
 value of marble products. 
 
 Lliiietitonev and Jolaiiutis. — Most of the product of 
 the limestone and dolomite (juarries is burned into lime 
 or is used as flux in iron furnaces. The building lime- 
 stones of the state have only a local reputation, are 
 generally not of high grade, and are cpiarried to only 
 a limited extent. Almost one-half of the output of 
 building stone of this character during 1902 was from 
 Davidson county. A compact, finely fossiliferous, light 
 pink spotted limestone occurs near Nashville. Near 
 Chattanooga amagnesian limestone of bluish black color 
 is quarried for local use. This stone is said to be du- 
 rable. Other localities where limestones occur and ha\-e 
 been quarried to some extent for building pui-poses ai'e 
 near Columbia, and at Carters Creek, in Maury county, 
 and at Morristown and Springfield. A fine grained, 
 compact, and light colored oolitic stone, which cuts to a 
 sharp, smooth edge and seems to lie a most excellent 
 stone, occurs near Sherwood station.* 
 
 All other iiitiierdlti. — Barytes occurs in nnnierous 
 places in the state. Since it is freqnentl\ the matrix 
 of lead ore, its occurrenc'e is notable in the lead regions. 
 Thei-e are important deposits in (ireene countv and 
 at llaysboro, in the vicinity of Nashville."' 
 
 'Bureau (jf Lalior Statistics and Mines, of Tennessee, Fifth An- 
 nual Itciini't, ija^e 245. 
 
 '<ieoloK.\' ej Tennessee, [la^'e 508. 
 
 'Ibid., jjage 509. 
 
 ■•Stones for IJiiildin;,' and Decoration, liv < ieorge P. Merrill, 
 page -Vl-l. 
 
 ■■'GeoloK.v ol 'rr-iiiiessee, jiaj.'es 'I'M, 2K\, and W.'>. 
 
 Except in the use of common clay for brick, very 
 littl(> mining of this mineral is carried on. A large 
 [ bed of what is claimed to be kaolin or porcelain clay 
 owwvn in the state," T)ut there was no production from 
 it in 19(»2. The production of clay in 1902 consisted of 
 pipe. ball, fire, and .stoneware clay, and was mined to 
 .some extent in Carroll and Hardeman counties, but 
 chiefi^' in Henry county. 
 
 While deposits of c(jpper ore occur at numerous 
 places in the mountain region, the great deposits are in 
 the Ducktown district of Polk county, in the extreme 
 southeastern portion of the state. These ore deposits 
 are not true fissure \'eins; the}' are great lenticular 
 masses of ore and gangue material h'ing conformably 
 between strata of country^ rock. These masses or veins 
 occur generally in long ranges oi' belts, one succeeding 
 another longitudinally in approximately the same line, 
 and their feather edges not infrequt'ntlv overlap though 
 thrown apart liy intervening rock.' The discoverv of 
 copper in Polk county followed the discovery (jf gold 
 made some years pre\'iously on Co(|ua creek. It was 
 in the search for the latter metal that one of the gold 
 hiuiters. Mr. Senmions, in 1S13, foiu)d crystals of red 
 copper ore while punning the gra\els for gold in a 
 branch at a point where the Hiwassee copper mine 
 was later opened. Further investigation was carried 
 on by a ^Ir. (irout and several rich specimens of native 
 copper were found. In IslT a (terman miner named 
 W^d)er secured possession of the property and made 
 the first shipment of copper ore from the district. This 
 consisted of '.^0 casks and was sent to the Revere Smelt- 
 ing Works, near Boston. Before he had learned the 
 real value of his shipment the miner left and operations 
 ceased. In Is-t!) Mr. John Caldwell reached the dis- 
 trict in a search for copper ore, and to him, perhaps, 
 more than to any other is due tht> credit for the devel- 
 opment and exploitation of these valuable and exten- 
 sive deposits. The first mine opened in the district 
 was the Hiwassee in August, ls,5(i. Next came the 
 Cocheco in October of the same year, and one year 
 later the Tennessee. In ls.5i' two other mines were 
 oiK-ned. In ls.")3 this number was increased by 6 
 others with 3 more in ls.5-1:. ' When the almost insu- 
 perable obstacles in the way of the transportation of 
 machinery through the wild inoiuitainous countrv to 
 the district and the haiding of the product from it are 
 considered, this rapid development is all the more 
 reniiirkable and indicates plaiidy the richness and 
 extent of the deposits. By the end of Se])tember of 
 the following year, 1K55, 14,291 tons (.)f ore, worth 
 nioi'e than a million dollars, had been shipped from the 
 district. The Ducktown district continued to develop- 
 to the industry of mining was addeil that of MneltiiK>- 
 and later rolling mills were constiticled. Mining oper- 
 ations were interrupted during llie greater part of 
 
 '■'United States Geolo!J;i<'«l Survey, "Mineral Resourees of the 
 Knite.l States," 1H!«, pajie Hl)l». 
 ' Geulogy of Tennessee, page -177. 
 
TENNESSEE. 
 
 317 
 
 the Civil War period. As a result of this piolonged 
 suspension the mining properties suliered greatl}', 
 skilled laborers were dispersed, and, on the whole, con- 
 ditions in 1865 were altogether unfavorabk> for a 
 resumption of activity. However, the excellent quality 
 of the Ducktown copper, and the demand for it, fur- 
 nished a very potent stimulus, and soon operations were 
 under way on an even wider scale than before. The 
 copper industry was one of the first to recover from 
 the effects of this period of great industrial depression, 
 and has continued to be an important factor in the 
 state's mineral development since.' 
 
 Fluorspar occurs in numerous places in the state 
 and especially in Smith, Trousdale, and Wilson counties. 
 Some of the deposits are of commercial importance. 
 Fluorspar mining is new in the state, being a develop- 
 ment of the last one or two years.'' 
 
 The only section of the state in which gold has been 
 found in an}' important quantity is the southeastern 
 part between the French Broad river and the Georgia 
 line. Most of the mining operations have been con- 
 
 ' Geology of Tennessee, page 469 ft. 
 ^United States (Jeologieal Survey, 
 United States," 1902, page 899. 
 
 'iJineral Resources of th( 
 
 fined to Coqua creek and vicinity, a strip of country 
 about lo miles long by 2 or S miles wiflc. The first 
 discovery of gold in the state occurred in this region 
 in ] 831. Considerable placer mining was done at this 
 time and some gold has been mined each year since, but 
 the industr}' is of minor importance.'' 
 
 The only production of crude mineral pigments re- 
 ported for 1902 was a small quantity from James 
 county. 
 
 The beginning of the production of natural gas in the 
 state is of quite recent date, and the only report in 1902 
 was of a small anjount in Franklin county. 
 
 The first successful borings for petroleum in the state 
 were probably those in the southern part of Overton 
 county in 1.S66.' The industry at present is of minor 
 importance, the total production reported in 1902 being 
 a small quantity from Fentress county. 
 
 The workable sandstones of the state are not widely 
 distributed. A tine grained light pink and coarse bufi' 
 varietv occurs at Sewanee and a coarse gray variety at 
 Parksville."' 
 
 ' Geology of Tenne.ssee, page 489 ff . 
 
 'Ibid., pages 350 and 499. 
 
 ''Stones for Building and Decoration, page 163. 
 
TEXAS. 
 
 Table 1 is a summar_v of the statistics for the productive mines, quarries, and wells in the state of Texas 
 for 1902. 
 
 Table 1.— SUMMARY: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines, quarries, and wells 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages - 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 Value of product 
 
 1,067 
 .308 
 
 1, 210 
 *664, 802 
 
 3, ,853 
 $2,261,639 
 81,387,796 
 $923, 769 
 Jl, 0.51, 457 
 $6,981,532 
 
 Petroleum. 
 
 Coal, bitu- 
 minous. 
 
 $699, 
 
 Sl,.363, 
 
 $713, 
 
 $675, 
 
 $4,174, 
 
 9.55 
 211 
 
 999 
 
 :,129 
 
 723 
 209 
 463 
 176 
 937 
 731 
 
 $90, 
 1, 
 
 $102, 
 
 $99, 
 
 $1,477, 
 
 Quick- 
 silver. 
 
 19 
 
 $19,876 
 
 233 
 
 $87, 414 
 
 $-2:36 
 
 $6, ;M5 
 
 $73, 373 
 
 $2.54,350 
 
 LimestonesI Sandstones 
 
 and I and 
 dolomites, quartzites. 
 
 30 
 $21, 393 
 
 275 
 $124, 272 
 
 $8, 4.58 
 $:34,222 
 $228, 662 
 
 11 
 
 $8, 6.89 
 
 191 
 $100,399 
 
 $7, 644 
 $21, 261 
 $165, 565 
 
 Siliceous 
 
 crystalline 
 
 rocks. 
 
 56 
 $41,184 
 
 $2, 304 
 
 $6, 095 
 
 $60, 003 
 
 Natural All other 
 gas. I minerals. 1 
 
 1 
 $2,000 
 
 $18, 812 
 
 $2, 612 
 
 $125 
 
 $14. 9,53 
 
 11 
 10 
 
 51 
 $70, 229 
 
 396 
 $217,770 
 $5. 248 
 .581, 0:i3 
 $142,317 
 $606, 023 
 
 1 Includes i.iperators as follows: .\sphaltuni aotl l:]itnmini>iis rock. 1: cement, 2; cla.v, 3; gold and silver, 1: gypsum, 2: iron ore, 1 i2 mines). 
 
 As shown in the above table, the total output of the 
 mineral industry in Texas durino- llH.ii;! was valued at 
 $6, 981, -532; of this amount the product of petroleum 
 wells, valued at $4,174,731, formed 59.8 per cent, and 
 that of coal mining, with a valuation of §1,477,245, con- 
 stituted 21.2 per cent. Petroleum and bituminous coal 
 together represented more than four-tifths of the total 
 value of the mineral production in the state. 
 
 The gypsum reported in Texas was about one-tenth 
 that of the entire Cnited States production and ranked 
 third in importance among the minerals of th(.' state. 
 There were but two establishments reporting, and there- 
 fore the separate statistics for this industry are not 
 published. 
 
 Quicksilver ranked fourth in value among the minerals 
 of the state, the value of the production amounting to 
 16.4 per cent of the total for the United States. Follow- 
 ing in the order of their importance may lie mentioned 
 the production of cement, limestones and dolomites, 
 sandstones and quartzites, gold and silver, siliceous crys- 
 talline rocks, natural gas, iron ore, clay, and asphaltum 
 and bituminous rocks. 
 
 A large number of minerals, for wdiich no commer- 
 cial production was reported diu'ing 1900, are known to 
 occur in Texas. Among these may be mentioned the 
 following: Antimony, asbestos, bisimith, copper, feld- 
 spar, garnet, manganese, marble, molybdenum, slate, 
 and talc. Agati;, amethyst, opal, and tourmaline have 
 also been found in tin: state. 
 
 (31S) 
 
 Development work was carried on during the j'ear at 
 71 mines, quarries, and wells by 51 operators, their at- 
 tention being almost entirely directed to petroleum and 
 gas wells, coal mines, and sulphur and pyrite mines. 
 These tiperators paid $37,209 to their 36 salaried offi- 
 cials, clerks, etc. They also gave emploj'ment to 48 
 wage-earners and paid $46,766 in wages. The amount 
 expended for contract work was $245,542; the miscel- 
 laneous expenses were $2'.t,912; and the cost of supplies 
 and materials was $51,679. 
 
 The relative importance of manufacturing industries 
 closely allied to or based upon the mineral industry, and 
 using as their raw material the products of the mines 
 and quarries, is shown in Table 2 liy value of products. 
 
 Table 2. — Maniifaciitrrs hn.ted primarily upon ilie products of mines 
 Olid f/ioirriis: 1900. 
 
 INDDSTRY. 
 
 I manufactures 
 
 Based tipou products of mines or ijuarries: 
 
 Chemicals and allied [)ri)dlicls 
 
 Clay, glass, and st()nc products 
 
 Iron and steel and their products 
 
 Metals and metal products, other than iron 
 
 and steel 
 
 Miscellaneous industries 
 
 Value of product. 
 
 $119, 414, 982 
 
 $637, 827 
 2,490,360 
 2, 949, 000 
 
 8,;W0,672 
 5,199,974 
 
 19,623,833 
 99,791,149 
 
 Table 2 shows that the value of the manufactured 
 products bearing intimate relation to the miuino- indus- 
 try amounted to $19,623,833, or 16.4 per cent of the 
 
TKXAS. 
 
 319 
 
 total manufactured product of the .state in the year 1900. 
 During- this yenv there were enipkjyed in tlie manu- 
 facturing industries in Texas iS.lHS wage-earners, who 
 received $2(1, 551^,355 in wages. In 1!M)2 the operators 
 of the producti\-e mines, quarries, and wells of the state 
 reported the emplo_ynientof 3,8r)3 wage-earners, to whom 
 was paid the sum of 12,261,039. Of the combined fig- 
 ures it is shown that 92.6 per cent of the total wage- 
 earners were employed by mannfacturinge.stablishments 
 in 1900 and that they received 90.1 per cent of the wages, 
 while but 7.4 per cent of the entire number of wage- 
 earners were, in 1902, engaged in the mineral industry, 
 and were paid 9.9 per cent of the total wages. 
 
 The following table compiled from the report.s of the 
 United v^tates (xeological Survey, shows the A-ahio of 
 the principal minerals produced in Texa.s from 1890 to 
 1902: 
 
 T.vBLE 3. — ^'alue of annual production of principal minentU: 1S90 (n 
 
 1902. 
 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the Tnited states."] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Petroleum. 
 
 Coal, bitu- 
 mmoMs. 
 
 Limestones 
 
 and 
 dolomites. 
 
 Sandstones] Siliceous 
 and , crystalline 
 quartzites. ' rocks. 
 
 1890 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 1895 
 
 J227 
 
 227 
 
 226 
 
 210 
 
 300 
 
 2.50 
 
 1, 050 
 
 37, 662 
 
 277, 135 
 
 473, 443 
 
 $465, 900 
 412, 300 
 569,333 
 688,407 
 976,458 
 913,138 
 896,251 
 972,323 
 1,139,763 
 1 .334 S95 
 
 «217, 835 
 176,000 
 180, 000 
 28,100 
 41,. 526 
 62, 526 
 77,252 
 57,258 
 70, 321 
 100, 025 
 124, 728 
 209, 658 
 228, 662 
 
 S14, 661 
 
 i;,ooo 
 
 48, 000 
 77, 675 
 62, 360 
 97, 330 
 36, 000 
 30, 030 
 77,190 
 35, 738 
 37, 03,H 
 111,. 568 
 165, .565 
 
 *22, 550 
 75, 000 
 50, 000 
 38,991 
 
 1896 
 
 1' 1 
 
 1897 
 
 1S9.H 
 
 1899 
 
 3, .500 
 
 4,685 
 
 .84,945 
 
 1900 
 
 871,996 , 1,. 5,81, 914 
 1,217,351 , 1,907,024 
 4, 174, 731 1 477. ■>45 
 
 76 069 
 
 1901 
 
 ■^7 005 
 
 1902= 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Not reported separately. 
 - Census ligures. 
 
 Petroleum. — The presence of oil in tar spring-.s, oil 
 seeps, etc., in Texas had been known for many years, 
 but the first record of the discovery of petroleum in 
 quantities sufficient for use seems to have been about 
 1867, when it was found at a point 15 miles southeast 
 of Nacogdoches.' But little attention was paid to these 
 petroleum deposits until 1S83. During the period from 
 1887 to 1890, 90 wells were drilled in the vicinity of 
 Nacogdoches. Statistics of production first appeared in 
 1889, when i8 barrels were reported, with a valuation 
 of %Z¥). 
 
 About 1 894 oil was accidentally found at Corsicana, 
 during the sinking of an artesian well.*^ A company 
 was formed and other wells were sunk, oil being dis- 
 covered in 1898 at a depth of l,0-±(> feet. The drilling 
 in this locality is entii'ely through a hard clay, and the 
 oil obtained, resembling the Kan.sas product, is better 
 than the Ohio oil, but not as good as the Pennsylvania. 
 The Corsicana product has been used exclusively for 
 fuel and in the manufacture of illuminating gas in 
 Dallas, Houston, and Austin.' 
 
 ' Bulletin of the ITniversity of Texas, No. .5, .Tnly, 1901, jiages 1 
 and 2. 
 
 ''■ United States Geological Survey, Nineteentli Annual Report, 
 1897, Part VI. page 104. 
 
 'The Mineral Industry, 1897, Vol. A'l, page ."SL^. 
 
 The unexpected outburst of a tl-inch gu.sliei- in J9((l 
 near Beaumont, in Jefferson county, was tlie sensation 
 of the petroleum industry in the United States. Be- 
 ginning on January 10, in nine days a stream 160 feet 
 in height emptied out an estimated quantity of r>(.)(), ()(.»() 
 barrels of oil before being capped. As a result of this 
 wonderful find many companies were formed, drilling 
 commenced without delay, and in less than six months 
 there were 211 operators in that county. The eleva- 
 tion knf)wn as Spindle Top embraces about 12.5 acres, 
 and is in its highest part 40 feet above sea level; the 
 surrounding plain slopes southward 18 miles to the 
 (xulf of Mexico. This was the scene of most active 
 operations, and land was divided into small lots selling 
 for fabulous prices.' 
 
 At Sour Lake, in Hardin county, a slight development 
 was i-eported in 1893, but it was not until 1901 that any 
 consideral)le results were obtained. A gushing well, 
 flowing an 8-inch stream, was drilled earlj- in 1902, and 
 during the year a number of wells have been completed 
 and the value of the field has been fully established. 
 
 At the Saratoga well, 12 miles northwest of Sour 
 Lake, successful development work in 1902 was 
 reported. In Bexar county a small quantity of heavy 
 oil was produced and supplied a local demand. Work 
 in the Nacogdoches district, in which there were the 
 first indications of petroleum in the state, has been 
 practically abandoned, and no production was reported 
 for l!t02.'' 
 
 Table 4, compiled from the reports of the L^nited 
 States Geological Survey, presents the annual pi'oduc- 
 tion of petroleum in the state of Texas from the begin- 
 ning of the industry to the present time. 
 
 Table -Jt. — AmiMul prorhicliini of pietrolemii: 1SS9 to 1902. 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Itesuurces of the United States."] 
 
 1889 
 1890 
 1891 
 1892 
 1893 
 1894 
 1895 
 
 1896 . 
 
 1897 . 
 
 1898 . 
 
 1899 . 
 
 1900 . 
 
 1901 . 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 48 
 54 
 64 
 45 
 50 
 60 
 60 1902 1 18, 0.83; 6.58 
 
 1.4.50 
 
 65, 976 
 
 .546, 070 
 
 669, 013 
 
 836, 039 
 
 4,393,668 
 
 This table indicates the wonderful development of 
 the Texas petroleum fields since 19<H). During 1902 
 the- volume of production was second only to that of 
 Ohio. In a number of counties, not actual producers, 
 petroleum has been located in greater or less quantity. 
 Development work has lieen carried on to a very great 
 extent, over $400,000 having been expended during 
 1902 in nonproductive o]:)erations in connection with 
 the petroleum industry. 
 
 CtiaJ, l>!tumiri(ins. — Coal was known to exist in Texas 
 as early as 1836, and in 1840 a company was incorporated 
 
 'United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 Uniteil States," 1901, pages 56.5 to .567. 
 ■Tbid., 1902, pages 571 and 572. 
 
320 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIP]S. 
 
 to mine this fuel. A further investigation in 1S46 of 
 the Trinity river district, 30U miles above (ialveston, 
 resulted in the finding of coal in more extensive 
 measures than was anticipated, l)oth anthracite and a 
 semibituminous coal resembling cannel coal, being dis- 
 covered.' In 1859 the first geological report of Texas 
 contained an estimate as to the area of the coal fields in 
 the state, and in 1866 the coal seams at Belknap were 
 mentioned as well as a bed of coal about 6 miles north 
 of that place.' 
 
 Coal production in Texas during 1902 maj' be said to 
 have centered in Erath county, where the amount re- 
 ported exceeded that of all the other counties in the 
 state. Webb county, in the southern part of the state, 
 was second in importance, and Wise county in the 
 northern part of the state, ranked third. Maverick 
 county, on the Rio Grande river, and adjoining Webb 
 county, was fourth, and Parker county, between Erath 
 and Wise counties, ranked fifth, and a small production 
 was also reported in Eastland county. These were all 
 bituminous localities, and their total production was 
 valued at over $1,300,000 during 1902. 
 
 The secondary coal fields of Texas, for which produc- 
 tion of lignite was reported during 19<)2, wen' found 
 principally in the following counties, ranking in the 
 order named: Milam, Bastrop, Medina, Robertson, and 
 Wood. Several other minor productive lociditie.s were 
 reported. 
 
 Coal measures are found in Texa.s in thre<,' districts. 
 The northern or })ituininous field is the southern ex- 
 tremity of the Western coal liasin of the United States; 
 the semibituminous seam along the Rio Grande is .second 
 in importance; and larger than either in extent and 
 thickness, but least in \-alue of production, is the lignite 
 field, lying in the central part of the state, and including 
 over fiftv counties in Avliole or in part.'' 
 
 The following tal)le, compiled from the reports of 
 the United States (reological Survey, shows the annual 
 production of coal in Texas from ISS:-] to 1902: 
 
 Table .5. — AhuimiI iirddncliim (ifcunl, hitnminoiix: ISS.I In I9(U. 
 [United States Geological Survey, ■' Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 184,440 
 172, 100 
 246, 690 
 302,206 
 420, 848 
 484, 959 
 ,544,015 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Short toii'^. 
 
 188; 
 
 1.8hl 
 
 18,S.5 
 
 isso 
 
 1887 
 
 1,888 
 
 1889 
 
 100, 000 
 100, 000 
 133, 928 
 100, OOO 
 7.1, 000 
 90, 000 
 128,216 
 
 1890 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 
 639, 311 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 i;.86, 734 
 
 8,s3, S32 
 
 ',(i;.x, 373 
 
 1.107, 9.53 
 
 189.i 
 
 189(1 
 
 901 , 912 
 
 
 
 As shown in the above table there was a unifornilv 
 increasing production of coal in Texas from 1891, until 
 within the last year, when the vast exploitation of 
 petroleum wells exerted a depressing ettect on the 
 
 'Statistics of C:oal, by Richard C. Taylor, pages 223 and 224. 
 
 ^TheCoal Kitfivnin of .Vnicrica, by James Macfarland, Ph. I)., 
 pages 501 and 502. 
 
 ■'United States (4eolo^'i("il Siir\'cy, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," IHKS, (jages :i(iH and' ?,m. 
 
 industry. The reports for 1902 showed a decrease in 
 production of 2<t6,(»-l:l short tons, with a valuation of 
 $429,779 less than that reported for the i)revious yeai-. 
 
 Qu'tclsilrer. — The existence of cinnaV)ar, in the neigh- 
 borhood of California Hill, was known to the Comanche 
 Indians, as evidenced by the use in rude paintings and 
 hieroglyphics found on the limestone bluffs in this 
 locality of a vermilion pigment prepared from this ore. 
 With this exception no knowledge of these cinnabar 
 deposits reached civilization until about 1887, when 
 rumors of their existence were reported, but it was not 
 until 1894 that their location was actually discovered. 
 During 1896 and 1897 considerable prospecting was 
 done, and in 1900 the first furnace was erected and ore 
 treatment was begun.* 
 
 The cinnabar deposits occur in massive limestone, in 
 siUccous shales, and in a white, earthy, clay-like r-ock; 
 the ore is generally soft and friable, differing in this 
 re.spect from the cinnabar of the New Alinaden mine in 
 California, which is found in hard masses or in veinlets. ' 
 The mercury occurs, not only as cinnabar and as yellow 
 .sulphide, but it also is pi-esent in the nati\'e state in 
 several localities. Cinnabar, however, is the principal 
 mineral. 
 
 The mining operations have been most crude in 
 method; often the material mined has been carried to 
 the surface on the backs of the ^Mexican miners. A 
 scarcity of water and fuel has delayed the coinpletc 
 dc\'elopment of these quicksilver deposits, but the 
 recent discovery of asphaltum and coal and the jiossiblc 
 occurrence of petroleum may increase the general 
 interest in this lot'ality. 
 
 During I'.tOd the first production of quicksilver in 
 Texas was reported, amounting to 7.")n flasks; in I'.tol 
 this amount was increased to 2,932 fiasks, \alued at 
 $132,438, while in r.>i)2 there were reported .".,;'.i:» fiasks 
 of quicksilver and l,3(l() short tons of unrefined cinna- 
 bar, with a total valuation of $2.54,3.50. This produc- 
 tion is entirely in Brewster county in the \icinity of 
 Terlingua. 
 
 LiiiK-Kfiiiirs iniil (IdhiiiiHeH. — Valuable limestone de- 
 posits are scattered throughout a large portion of the 
 state; a production was reported in 25 counties during 
 l'.t02. The principal productive locality is in the vicin- 
 ity of Austin, Travis county, where a light colored, fine 
 grained limestone is (|uarried. El Paso county is second 
 in value of product and Williamson county, adjoining 
 Travis on the north, is third. Much of the jiroduction 
 is a compact, fine gi'ained cretaceous stone of excellent 
 quality, a part of which is crystalline, and when highly 
 polished is suital)le for interior decorative work. A 
 dark mottled \ariety of stone also occurs in some parts 
 of the state." 
 
 * Bulletin of the Ibiiversity of Texas, No. 15, 1902, pages 11 and 12. 
 ^ Tran.saetions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, 
 Vol. XXV, pages 72 and l'.\. 
 "Stones for liuilding and Decoration, by George 1'. Merrill, jiage 
 
TEXAS. 
 
 There was quarried in Texas during- 19(i'2 limestone 
 and dolomites to the value of $'2l!<S,(!(;'2. 
 
 Sa/idstones and /jitaiis/'teg. — The prineipal sandstone 
 quarrying operations in Texas during 11102 were in 
 Brazos eounty, where a earlioniferous stone of a gray 
 color is obtained.' Ward county, in the extreme west- 
 ern part of the state, was the second locality in impor- 
 tance, with Burnet and Fayette counties, respectively, 
 third and fourth in rank. 
 
 Before 1901 the sandstone quarrying in Texas was of 
 but little consequence, but during that year and 19(12 
 the industry grew until it has taken an important place 
 among the minerals of the state. The production of 
 1902 was valued at 1165,565. 
 
 Sih'ceot/s crystallme rock>i. — The siliceous crystalline 
 rocks quarried in the state during 1902 were obtained 
 in Llano and Burnet counties, in the central part of the 
 state, near the towns of Llano, Kingsland, and Burnet. 
 Both fine and coarse red granite were quarried, the lat- 
 ter corresponding closely to that obtained from Platte 
 canyon, Colorado. Red and gray granites occur in (iil- 
 lespie county, although no production was reported 
 from that locality during the year.'' 
 
 The value of siliceous crystalline rocks quarried in 
 Texas in 1902 was reported as $60,003, and about three- 
 fourths of this stone was used for monumental pur- 
 poses. The remainder, amounting in value to !|13,78'±, 
 was used in building operations. 
 
 Natural gas. — While prospecting for oil and gas in 
 the southwestern part of Washington county during 
 1879 a well was drilled which gave a strong flow of nat- 
 ural gas at a depth of about 160 feet. No practical use 
 was made of this gas, and the first commerciallj' suc- 
 cessful well in this locality was not drilled until 1888.' 
 
 The production during 1902 was all obtained in Jef- 
 ferson and Navarro counties, in the Beaumont and Cor- 
 sicana oil districts. The value of the output reported 
 hy the 14 wells in operation during this year was 114,953, 
 indicating a decrease in comparison with 1900 and 1901. 
 
 In some instances the gas obtained was used to force 
 the flow of oil wells. It spread over the surface of the 
 
 'Stones for Building and Decoration, page 164. 
 
 2 Ibid., page 83. 
 
 'Bulletin of the I'niversity of Texas, No. .5, .July, 1901, page 4. 
 
 petroleum in the porous limestone, and thereby started 
 the wells into operation. 
 
 All otJii'v iiiiiH_'r((l!i. —Thi'^ principal mineral in Texas 
 for which statistics may not be separately i-eported is 
 gypsum, and its production ranks next tf) that of bitu- 
 minous coal. Hardeman county was the oidy locality 
 where gypsum or gypsite was quarried, and the pi-od- 
 uct was sold chiefly as cement oi' wall plaster, although 
 a small amount was reported as consumed in making- 
 plaster of Paris. 
 
 Cement also is (piarried to a considerable extent in 
 Dallas and Bexar counties, and in value of production 
 ranks among the important mineral products of the 
 state. 
 
 Silver bearing quartz is mined quite extensi\rely in 
 Presidio county, in the locality of the Kio Grande. 
 Blanket deposits in limestone are found in pockets and 
 in some places in the strata. The ore is transported in 
 wagons to the town of Shaffer, where it is reduced to 
 the metallic state by amalgamation. 
 
 Small quantities of stoneware and fire cla}' were mined 
 by individuals near Elmendorf, in Bexar county. The 
 stoneware clay was not prepared at the mines, but was 
 sold in the raw state to a pottery establishment. 
 
 Deposits of asphaltum and asphaltic rock exist in 
 Texas, but the onl^' production during 1902 was a small 
 amount of liquid asphaltum obtained from test holes 
 sunk b\' an oil and development company in Travis 
 county. 
 
 Iron ores are found in a number of counties in Texas, 
 and some of the product is of Bessemer qualitj-. In 
 character, the deposits are a brown hematite or bog 
 ore, and the occurrences are found in a continuous and 
 persistent ledge covering the mountains of the eastern 
 part of the state.' According to the first record the 
 iron industry in Texas was started in Cass county, where 
 a blast furnace was in operation for some years prior 
 to 1859. A number of other furnaces and bloomeries 
 were also reported about this time, those in Cherokee 
 county, near Rusk, having been established during the 
 Civil War.^^ 
 
 * Annual Report of the Dallas Commercial t'lub, 1899, page 37. 
 "Iron in All Ages, by James M. Swank, page 338 ft. 
 
 30223—04- 
 
 -21 
 
UTAH. 
 
 Table 1 is a .summary of the statistics of the productive luines and quarries in the state of Utah for 1902. 
 
 Table 1.— SUMMARY: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines or quarries . 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 .Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 Value of product 
 
 178 
 170 
 
 413 
 
 J.587,005 
 
 5,712 
 
 55.089,122 
 
 $37,061. 
 
 3761,5.57 
 
 $1,835,658 
 
 S12, 378, 3.50 
 
 Gold and 
 silver. 
 
 83 
 83 
 
 261 
 $391,317 
 
 3,349 
 
 S3, 176, .599 
 
 $28, 493 
 
 $570, 250 
 
 $1,312,176 
 
 $8, 500, 904 
 
 Coal, bitu- 
 miiious. 
 
 39 
 36 
 
 67 
 $80,065 
 
 l,'w6 
 
 $1,254,090 
 
 $:J40 
 
 $94, 123 
 
 $196,114 
 
 $1,797,454 
 
 Copper ore. 
 
 51 
 $71,1,55 
 
 487 
 $4.39, 612 
 
 $71,448 
 
 $166, 226 
 
 $1,4.59,192 
 
 Limestones' Sandstones 
 
 and I and 
 dolomites, quartzites. 
 
 16 
 15 
 
 7 
 $2, 295 
 
 103 
 
 $77, 296 
 
 $250 
 
 $4, 4.57 
 
 $75, 046 
 
 $186, 663 
 
 $6, 720 
 
 65 
 
 $.50, 225 
 
 $.500 
 
 $4,460 
 
 $5, 070 
 
 $105,011 
 
 Siliceous 
 
 crystalline 
 
 rocks. 
 
 1 
 $330 
 
 $63 
 
 $130 
 $1,479 
 
 All other 
 minerals.! 
 
 12 
 12 
 
 21 
 $35, 453 
 
 131 
 $90, 970 
 $7,471 
 $16,7.56 
 $80, 896 
 $327,647 
 
 1 Includes operators as fi:)llows: Asphaltum and bituminous rock, 2; cement, 1; <']ay, 1 ; gypsum, 1: iron ore, 4; marble, 2; arid sulphur and pyrite, 1. 
 
 Tlie mineral resources of Utah constitute one of its 
 principal sources of wealtli. The state ranked third in 
 1902 among the states and territories in the value of 
 gold and silver production and fourteenth in the value 
 of all minerals. 
 
 The development of the mineral resources of the state 
 has been slow, principally because of the lack of trans- 
 portation facilities and to the fact that some of the 
 greatest ore bodies arc in almost inaccessible regions. 
 However, the activity in developing pi'operties within 
 the past few years has begun to attract capital, and 
 when the immense bodies of coal, iron, copper, and 
 other ores that the state is known to contain are proji- 
 erly worked, Utah will rank among the foremost 
 mineral producing states of the Union. 
 
 Gold and sih'cr mining has been developed to a greater 
 extent than any other branch of the mining industry, 
 and the product of this class of mines in 1902 amounted 
 to §.S,500,904, or 6S.7 per cent of the entire production 
 from the mines and quarries of the state. The other 
 minerals in the order of their importance are: Coal, 
 bituminous; copper ore; limestones and dolomites; 
 .sandstones and quartzites; cement, asphaltum, and bi- 
 tuminous rock; sulphur and pyrite; gypsum; iron ore; 
 maride; siliceous crystalline rocks; and clay. 
 
 Natural gas has been produced in Utah, but the wells 
 which were located near Salt Lake City became choked 
 bv the decomposition of the slate forming their walls, 
 and the industry in the state has practically been aban- 
 doned.' 
 
 ' United States GeoloKical Survey, 
 United Statci^," HMll.', jiaf^e 6.5.3. 
 
 ' Mineral KeHources of tiie 
 
 The list of minerals found in Utah liut not worked 
 commercially is a long one. including slate, antimony, 
 cinnaliar, mineral wax, alabaster, alum, natural gas, 
 precious stones, tripoli and pumice, saltpeter, borax, 
 and many others. In ^Nlilltird county is found the only 
 known deposit of lump pumice stone in the United 
 States. = 
 
 Among the gems to l)e found are some of the most 
 beautiful and brilliant crystals of the North American 
 to])az. These are found in considerable (juantities on 
 Thomas mountain, Deseret, an isolated and arid eleva- 
 tion about ti miles long in Millard county. These 
 crystals are larger than those from (California; are 
 always white, and evidently have been decokirized l)v 
 heat or exposure to sunlight. They are equally as l)ril- 
 liant as those from San Luis Potosi, Mexico, which they 
 closely resemble.' 
 
 Besides the work done at the productive mines and 
 (|uarries in 11102, development work was done on 273 
 mining properties, 266 of which were gold and silver, 
 the othei's l)eing distributed among the industries of 
 iron and manganese ores, marl)le, and petroleum. The 
 operators of these properties employed 211 salaried 
 officials, clerks, etc., to whom they paid $162,74:1 in 
 salaries. They also gave employment to '.166 wage- 
 earners, and paid them $920,621 in wages. The work 
 done by cOntrtict cost $162,716; the miscellaneous ex- 
 penses amounted to |133,.551. and the cost of su]>plies 
 and materials was $168,505. 
 
 '' United States Ge(jlogical Snrve\', 
 United Statc>8," 1900, paf,'e 19(). 
 ■Mbid., 1S91', iiafj;e 764. 
 
 'Mineral Resnurees of tlie 
 
 
UTAH. 
 
 323 
 
 The relativo importance of manufacturing industries 
 closely allied to or l)ased on the mining' industry, using- 
 as their raw material the product of the; mines and quar- 
 ries, is shown in the following table: 
 
 Tahlk '2. — Mtmufiii-lnren based iiriiiiai'ili/ upon tlw jnvthirlK i>J' mines 
 (mil qiiurrics: 1900. 
 
 INDUSTRY. 
 
 Value of product. 
 
 All manufi^cturos 
 
 Based uprni products of mine.s or quarries: 
 
 Clay, g"liiss, and stone products 
 
 Iron and steel and their products 
 
 Metals and metal products, other than iron 
 
 and steel 
 
 Miseellaneotis industries 
 
 J21, 156, 183 
 
 jm)9, 372 
 244,. 5-12 
 
 7, .595, ,594 
 783, 720 
 
 Another. 
 
 12, 032, 965 
 
 As may be seen from the foregoing- table, the value of 
 the products of the manufacturing industries of the 
 state based primarily upon minerals mined and quarried 
 was $9,123,228, or 43.1 per cent of all the manufactures 
 in the state. The value of the output of the productive 
 mines and quarries of the state in 1902 was $12,378,350, 
 or 36.9 per cent of the combined value of product of 
 manufactures in 1900 and mines and quarries in 19o2. 
 
 In 1902 the operators of the productive mines and 
 quarries of Utah gave emplo^auent to .5, TIM wage-earn- 
 ers and paid $5,089,122 in wages, and in 1900 the manu- 
 factures of the state gave emploj'ment to 0,015 wage- 
 earners and paid $3,388,370 in wages. The total average 
 number of wage-earners employed in mining and manu- 
 factures was 12,327, and $8,477,-192 was paid in wages. 
 Mining, therefore, employed 40.3 per cent of the wage- 
 earners and paid 6() per cent of the wages, while manu- 
 factures contributed 53.7 per cent of the wage-earners 
 and paid 40 per cent of the wages. 
 
 Table 3, compiled from the reports of the United 
 States Geological Survey, shows the \-alue of the annual 
 production of the principal minerals of the state, with 
 the exception of copper ore, values for which can not lie 
 obtained, from 1890 to 1902. 
 
 Table 3. — Value of annual jiroductio)i of principal minerals: 1S90 to 
 
 1902. 
 
 [United States Geological Survey, " Mineral Ke.sources of the United States."] 
 
 1890 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 1895 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 1.S98 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902«.... 
 
 Gold and 
 silver.^ 
 
 811,023,434 
 11,963,1.31 
 11,638,179 
 10,157,907 
 9, 576, 297 
 11,028,7-20 
 13, 313, 363 
 9,827,078 
 10,671,210 
 12,6-21,936 
 = 9,718,112 
 
 310,146,680 
 »9, 335, 301 
 
 Coal, liilu- 
 niinous. 
 
 96.52, 
 666, 
 562, 
 611, 
 603, 
 617, 
 500, 
 618, 
 752, 
 997, 
 ,447, 
 , 666, 
 ,797, 
 
 Limii'stones 
 
 and 
 
 dolomites. 
 
 m 
 
 668 
 
 8 
 
 000 
 
 17 
 
 446 
 
 23 
 
 696 
 
 22 
 
 563 
 
 9 
 
 358 
 
 9 
 
 250 
 
 11 
 
 721 
 
 6 
 
 381 
 
 12 
 
 749 
 
 78 
 
 900 
 
 186 
 
 663 
 
 Sandstones 
 
 and 
 quartzites. 
 
 S4S, 306 
 
 36,000 
 
 40, 000 
 
 136,462 
 
 15, 428 
 
 5, 000 
 
 7,860 
 
 7,907 
 
 15, 752 
 
 29, U91 
 
 66, 7.33 
 
 38,919 
 
 105,011 
 
 1 Estimates by the Director of the Jlint; value of the refined product; silver 
 at coining value. The values in Table 1 are values at the mine. 
 
 2 Not reported separately. 
 
 8 Silver at commercial value. 
 
 4 Census figures, except for gold and silver. 
 
 <Told and xilrer. — Ores of tlie precious metals were 
 known to e.xist in Utah in tlie early days, but mining of 
 most descriptions, and especially of gcjltl and silver, was 
 not encouraged, and it was not until 1802 that any sys- 
 tennitic prospecting was done.' In that year General 
 Connor, with the Tiiird California Infantry, arrived and 
 estal)lisbed Fort Douglas, near Salt Lake City. Many 
 of the members of his connnand, who were okl Cali- 
 fornia prospectors, were sent out to prospect the terri- 
 tory, and they located mines at Stockton, Bingham 
 Canyon, in Little Cottonwood canyon, and many other 
 localities. Capital was obtained and attempts were 
 made to smelt the lead-silver ore near Stockton about 
 1866-67, but the conditions were unfavorable, and the 
 net result was a failure at that time. No further gen- 
 eral activity in mining the precious metals was reported 
 until about 1870.' 
 
 Ores of good quality have been found in almost every 
 part of the state, even in the isolated mountains rising 
 out of the desert in western Utah; but any consider- 
 able development of mining in that region must await 
 additional facilities, especially those of tran.sportation. 
 From 1870 until 1886 the state's production of these 
 metals was ] 35,135 fine ounces of gold and 59,065,016 
 fine ounces of silver.'' 
 
 The following table, compiled from the reports of the 
 Director of the Mint, shows separate values for the 
 annual production of gold and silver from 1890 to 1902: 
 
 Table -i. — Value ofanuualjiroilucliou of gold and sileer: 1890 to 1902. 
 [Reports <.f the Director of the Mint.] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Gold. 
 
 Silver. 1 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Gold. 
 
 Silver. 1 
 
 1890 
 
 1891 
 
 1680, 000 
 
 650, 000 
 
 660.175 
 
 853, 6 )0 
 
 1,128,062 
 
 1,373,000 
 
 1,899,900 
 
 S10,343,434 
 11,313,131 
 10,978,004 
 9,304,307 
 8,448,238 
 9,6.55,720 
 11,413,463 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 $1,726,100 
 2, 2.86, 400 
 3, 460, 800 
 3,972,200 
 3, 690, 200 
 3, 594,. 500 
 
 88,100,978 
 8,386,810 
 
 l.'^9'^ 
 
 1899 
 
 9,171,135 
 
 1,S93 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 = 5, 746, 912 
 
 1.894 
 
 = 6,4.56,480 
 = 5,740,801 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Coining value 
 
 2 Commercial value. 
 
 The production of gold and silver in 1902, while a de- 
 crease of $811,379 from that of 1901, was 7.8 per cent of 
 $109,415,(.)()0, estimated liy the Director of the Mint as 
 the value of the output for the United States in 1902, 
 including- silver at its commercial value. 
 
 i'lKiL — The first discovery of coal in Utah was made 
 in 1851 at Coal creek, near Cedar city.* Mining was 
 carried on at Wales, Sanpete county, as early as 1855, 
 but only to a limited extent, and no general mining of 
 coal was done until about 1876. There was but a lim- 
 ited development of the industry until 1888 and 1889. 
 
 'Bancroft's? Ilis^tory of Utah, page 740. 
 
 '' Transactions of the American Institute of ilinino; Engineers, 
 ^'ol. XVI, page 'A. 
 
 '■■ k Treatise on Ore Deposits, by ,1. A. Phillii)s and Henry Louis, 
 I)age "(ill. 
 
 * IIar|ier's Kncycloiiedia of United States History, Vol. 9, page 
 5.'35. 
 
324 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 It is estimated that over y,0(»() .square miles of the 
 state's area are underlaid by workable eoal, and the 
 outeroppings for hundreds of miles in the central and 
 southern parts are evidences of the groat bodies of fuel 
 under the surface, which, with future development, 
 may make Utah one of the greatest coal producing 
 states in the Rocky mountain field.' 
 
 The industry has made its greatest development 
 within the past tive years, the product for 1902 amount- 
 ing to more than three times the product for 1897. 
 The yearly production since 1889 has shown a steady 
 increase, excepting in 1892 and 1896. Despite the pre- 
 vailing tendency toward higher prices throughout the 
 coal producing states in 1902, the average price per ton 
 in Utah was only 11.14, as compared with 11.26 in 1901." 
 
 The production for 1902 exceeded that of 1901 by 
 251,907 tons, or IH per cent, and shows an increase in 
 value of $131,372, or 7.8 per cent. The 39 coal mines 
 i-eporting in 1902 had a combined output of 1,574.521 
 short tons, valued at |l,797,-±54, which places Utah 
 nineteenth and twentieth, respectively, for quantity and 
 value, in the rank of coal producing states. As in 1901, 
 the greater part of the state's production, amounting 
 to over 95 per cent, came from Carbon count3\ 
 
 Table 5, compiled from the reports of the I'nited 
 States Geological Survey, shows the annual production 
 of coal in Utah, from 1876 to 1902. 
 
 Table .5. — Annual produciion of con I, hilmninoii.f: ISTft to 190J. 
 [United States Geological Survey, " Mineral Re.source.s of the United States."] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 1S76 
 
 .50,400 
 .50,400 
 67,200 
 225, (KX) 
 22.5,000 
 225, 000 
 2.50,000 
 2.50, 000 
 2.50, 000 
 213, 120 
 200,000 
 180, 021 
 2.58, 961 
 236, 651 
 
 1890 
 
 318, 159 
 371 045 
 
 1877 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 1878 
 
 1879 
 
 361,013 
 413, 205 
 431 .5.50 
 
 1880 
 
 1894 
 
 1895 
 
 1881 
 
 471 850 
 
 1882 . .. 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 418 627 
 
 
 
 1.H84 
 
 ,593, 709 
 
 1885 
 
 786, 049 
 
 1886 
 
 1 , 147, 027 
 
 1887 
 
 1888 
 
 1, 322, 614 
 1,, 574,. 521 
 
 1889 
 
 
 
 
 Copper ore. — Copper has long been produced from 
 the Utah mines, but until quite recently the metal has 
 been obtained only as a bj'-product from the smelting 
 of gold and silver ores. Since the development of the 
 mines of the West mountain district. Salt Lake comity, 
 the copper output has increased rapidly. The princijKil 
 producers are in Salt Lake, Beaver, Tooele, Juab, Sum- 
 mit, and Piute counties. Some of the mines in ]5ea\-cr 
 county are among the most promising to be found an\'- 
 where at a similar stage of development. ' 
 
 Utah is fast coming to the front as one of the impor- 
 tant copper producing states, and the fact that the out- 
 
 ' United States Geolofjii'al Survey, "Mineral Eesource.s of the 
 Unitefl States," 1888, puKe '■\~^■ 
 
 Mt)i(l., 1902, paf,'e4:j|. 
 
 'The Copper Ihiiiilhrjok, hv Horace .T. Shnejis, Vol. HI, pajxe 
 117. 
 
 put of 23,939,901 pounds of copper, valued at|l,-±59,192, 
 produced in 1902, is more than six times the production 
 of 1898, shows what extensive development this indus- 
 try is receiving. 
 
 The following table, compiled from reports of the 
 United States (ieological Survey, shows the annual pro- 
 duction of smelted copper in LHah, from 1883 to 1!)02: 
 
 Table 0. — Aiunial proilurtion of smeJieA copper: 1883 lo 190,^. 
 [United States Geological Survey, " Jlineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 1883 
 1884 
 1885 
 18.86 
 1887 
 1888 
 1889 
 1890 
 1S91 
 1.892 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 341, .885 1893 1,13.5,330 
 
 265, .526 1894 1,147, .570 
 
 126,199 1895 ' 2,184,708 
 
 ,500,000 1896 1 3, ,502, 012 
 
 2, .500, 000 1897 ' 3,919,010 
 
 2,131,047 1898 1 3,750,000 
 
 65, 467 1899 ! 9, .584, 746 
 
 1, 006, 636 , 1900 | 18, 3.54, 726 
 
 1,. 562, 098 1901 20,116,979 
 
 2,209,428 1902 23,939,901 
 
 Limestone!^ and doloin'des. — The value of the lime- 
 stone production of the state for 1902 was §186,663, or 
 more than double that of 1901, and over twenty times 
 that of 1897. The limestone was used principally for 
 burning into lime and as a fluxing material. The fol- 
 lowing counties, arranged according to the value of their 
 production, contributed to the state's output: Salt Lake, 
 Utah, Weber, Sanpete, Tooele, Summit, and San Juan. 
 
 Saruhtonesi <niJ piartzlteti. — Apparentl}' inexhausti- 
 ble supplies of Triassic sandstone of various shades of 
 red and pink occur at Red Butte near Salt Lake City, 
 and stones from this formation have been used to some 
 extent in Salt Lake City. * 
 
 The value of the sandstone quarried in the state in 
 19(»2 was 1105,011, or nearly three times that for 1901 
 and over thirteen times that for 1897. In 1902 the fol- 
 lowing counties contributed to the state's output of 
 sandstone: Summit, Utah, Salt Lake, and Iron. 
 
 SiJieeom crijdedllne roch: — In Little Cottonwood 
 canyon, not far from Salt Lake City, occurs a coarse, 
 light gray granite in seemingly inexhaustible quanti- 
 ties. The stone is apparently of excellent qualitv and 
 was used in the construction of the Mormon temple. •' 
 The value of the output of the 5 quarries productive in 
 1902 was 11,179, a decrease of 73.5 per cent from that 
 for 1901. The value of the granite quarried for mon- 
 umental work was $984. Beaver, Salt Lake, Utah, and 
 Weber counties contributed to the state's output. 
 
 A// other iriiiieraU. — Utah is exceptionally rich in 
 asphaltuni deposits. Bituminous limestone occurs in 
 large quantities, ))ut the excessive cost of transporta- 
 tion may prevent it becoming the source of a profitalde 
 industry for some time to come. The streets of Salt 
 Lake City, Ogden, and other cities in the state, are 
 paved with asphaltum produced near by, and the demand 
 
 'Stones for Building and Decoration, )iy ( icorge P. Merrill, page 
 l(i4. 
 '' lliid., page s;i. 
 
UTAH. 
 
 325 
 
 at present is contined ulmost wholly to the local trade. 
 Hard varieties of asphaltum such as gilsonite and elat- 
 erite occur in several widely separated localities, 
 frequently being associated with ozocerite. The prin- 
 cipal localities are at Fort Duchesne in the Uinta reser- 
 vation and at a place east of this reservation.' The 
 gilsonite from the Uinta reservation is an exceptionally 
 pure form of asphaltum. In spite of the fact that it 
 has to be hauled from 70 to 1(»() miles to the nearest 
 railroad point, its remarkable puritj' makes it possible 
 to stand the heavy cost of transportation, and a ready 
 market is found for the supply. Most of the output is 
 used in making varnish, but it is also used for various 
 other pui'poses.'' No statistics can l)e shown without 
 disclosing individual operations. 
 
 Cement rock of good quality' was discovered in 11S88 
 between Ogden and Provo Citj-, and in 1891 the first 
 production of Portland cement from Utah was reported. 
 The plant in operation in 1902 was at Salt Lake City 
 and the stone used came from Parleys canyon, about 
 10 miles east of the city. The plant had a capacit}' of 
 600 barrels per day.' 
 
 The production of clay in Utah in 1902 was contined 
 to one establishment. The clay mined was used prin- 
 cipally for making bricks and tile. 
 
 The gypsum deposits of Utah are extensive. The 
 demand in 1902 was for local consumption and only one 
 plant located at Nephi was reported as active. 
 
 On the divide between the heads of Big Cottonwood 
 and Snake creeks is a large deposit of niar})le, w^hich 
 
 ^United States Geological Survey, 
 United States," 1888, page 513. 
 nhid., 1892, page 702, 
 "Ibid., 1902, pages 807 and 808. 
 
 'Mineral Resources of the 
 
 covers many acres and is said to be many hundred feet 
 in thickness. This marble is white in color, and is free 
 from cracks or stains; it can be taken (jut in blocks as 
 large as it would be possible foi' the largest machinery 
 to handle.* In 1902 but two quarries in tiie state re 
 ported production. 
 
 Apparently inexhaustible supplies of iron ore exist 
 in southern Utah, especiallj' in Iron county. Beds of 
 magnetite and hematite that bear evidence of being 
 metamorphosed limonite, occur in limestone of uncer- 
 tain Silurian age, and associated with eruptive masses, 
 the ore forming great projecting ridges and prominent 
 outcrops, locally called "blow-outs." These deposits 
 occur over an area 1.5 by 5 miles and are in the south- 
 ern end of the Wasatt'h mountains. The samples show 
 rich ores, which at times exceed the Bessemer limit of 
 phosphorus. Tlie importance of these deposits lies in 
 the future. They are the largest in the West, and are 
 interesting in their bearing on the general origin of 
 magnetite.'' The 4 productive mines produced 16,210 
 tons of ore in 1902, valued at 127,117. The counties 
 contributing to the output vvere Millard, Juab, and 
 Utah. 
 
 The sulphur beds of Utah extend over a large area 
 and in places are of remarkable purity, but the exces- 
 sive cost of transportation and the develoj^ment of the 
 sulphur beds of Louisiana and other points move ac- 
 cessible to the market have, however, tended to curtail 
 the production in Utah. The principal source of the 
 production is Beaver countj'. 
 
 * United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1889-90, page 432. ' 
 ° Ore Deposits of the United States, by James F. Kemp, page 128. 
 
VERMONT. 
 
 Table 1 is a summarj^ of the statistics for the productive mines and quarries in the state of Vermont for 1902. 
 
 Table 1.— SUMMARY: 1902. 
 
 ■ - 
 
 Total. 
 
 Marble. 
 
 Siliceous 
 
 crystalline 
 
 rocks. 
 
 Slate. 
 
 Limestones 
 
 and 
 dolomites. 
 
 All other 
 minerals.i 
 
 Number of mines or quarries . 
 
 192 
 160 
 
 433 
 
 8376,077 
 
 5, 398 
 
 S3, 114, 399 
 
 8382, 734 
 
 81, 076, 143 
 
 $.5,904,705 
 
 22 
 16 
 
 195 
 
 8184, 877 
 
 2,074 
 
 81,206,208 
 
 8226, 103 
 
 8-523, 075 
 
 82, 628, 164 
 
 74 
 68 
 
 128 
 8104,6.55 
 
 1,505 
 
 89.58, 960 
 
 870. 6.53 
 
 8272,888 
 
 81, .570, 423 
 
 76 
 
 58 
 
 97 
 878,442 
 
 1,639 
 
 8874,263 
 
 879, 700 
 
 8162,410 
 
 81,464,918 
 
 14 
 13 
 
 12 
 87, 953 
 
 156 
 
 865,083 
 
 85,810 
 
 8116, 301 
 
 8225,703 
 
 6 
 
 Number of operators . . 
 
 5 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 Number 
 
 1 
 
 
 8150 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 24 
 
 
 89,895 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 8468 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 $1,469 
 
 
 815,497 
 
 
 
 ^Includes operators as follows: Buhrstones and millstones, 1; clay, 2; iro 
 quarrj' — operator reported in Arkansas). 
 
 The g-reat bulk of the mineral wealth of Vermont lies 
 in i^s vast rock depo.sits, comprising marble, granite, 
 limestone, slate, etc. The quarrying of these rocks 
 began more than a hundred 3'ears ago, and at an early 
 date some of them, notably marble, granite, and slate, 
 brought the state into national prominence; later, 
 through superiority of quality and especial fitness for 
 certain uses, these products were shipped beyond the 
 limits of the United States and found a market in prac- 
 ticall}' every civilized country of the world.' 
 
 The range of metalliferous ores in the state is quite 
 limited, and these, excepting copper, have not lieen 
 found in such quantitie.s as to warrant extensive ex- 
 ploitation. 
 
 There are several minerals occurring in the state for 
 which no production in commercial (piantities was 
 reported in 1902. Among them is asl^estos, which «'as 
 discovered at numerous places in the state many years 
 ago. It has been during the last few years only, how- 
 ever, that any .systematic development of th(^ deposits 
 has been attempted." \\\ I'.Hi^ these operations were 
 carried on in the north central part of the state, in the 
 towns of Eden, Lamoille eoiinty, and Lowell, Orleans 
 county." The Vermont aMhesto.s is of good (juality and 
 exists in great abundance. 
 
 Copper ores occur exteiisi\'ely in e;isternVei-iiioiit, par- 
 ticularly in Orange county, and con-siderable (luantities 
 have been extracted in tlie past. \\\ this region there 
 
 ■ Report of the Verinont State (leoloKi.st, 1901-2, pa^e 40. 
 ^United State.H (ieelo^^'ieul Survey, "Mineral Kesouree.u of (hr 
 United States," 1900, piif/es sOL' and SOU. 
 
 ^'Report of the \'ernioi]| State 1 Jeolo^riMl, 1901-2, pa^'i'siU and :i5, 
 
 (321; J 
 
 ore, 1; mineral pigments, crude, 1; oilstones, whetstones, and scythestones (1 
 
 were four mines, one of which was worked long before 
 the development of the Lake Superior mines, and reached 
 a depth of over 1,.500 feet.* The present owners have 
 expended large sums in installing new and modern ma- 
 chinery and methods, and have given evidence of an 
 intention to develop the property' on a large scale.' 
 
 llmenite, the most abundant of all the titanium min- 
 erals, occurs to some extent in comliination with vary- 
 ing c|uantities of ferric oxide. Kutile, one of the allied 
 minerals, also occurs in the state." 
 
 Mica, while of quite general occurrence throughout 
 the state in the form of small flakes, has been found in 
 deposits of commercial importance in only one locality. 
 This bed is at Sherburne. 
 
 Talc and soapstone have been found and mined in 
 Venuont, although there was no production reported 
 for 190-!. The known deposits occur in many localities 
 in the state, notahly in (irafton,' and operations are 
 being resumed at liochester, "Windsor county, on a prop- 
 erty which was woi'ked rather extensively during 18(35 
 and ISfiG." 
 
 Gold has been found in small (|uantities at some 
 places in the state, but its mining has not proved prof- 
 itable. 
 
 * lieport of the Vermont State Geoloi;i.st, 1901-2, page 84. 
 
 '^Report of the State ( ieolofjist on the Mineral Remiurcesof Ver- 
 mont, 1899-1900, pa>;c.' S. 
 
 "United States Geological Survey, "INlineral Re.snurees ef the 
 United States," 1901, page 272. 
 
 'Rejiortof the State Geologist on the Mineral Res(uireesof A'er- 
 moiit, 1SH9-1900, i)age 77. 
 
 "Uniteil States (ieologieal Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1902, page 807. 
 
VERMONT. 
 
 327 
 
 The relative importance of inaiial'aeturino- industries 
 closely allied to or l>ased upon the mining industry, 
 using as their raw material the products of mines and 
 quarries, is shown in the following table: 
 
 Takle 2. — ilunvj'adiires hased primitril;/ upon llie prDilucIs of riiini:i 
 and quarries: 1900. 
 
 INDUSTRY. 
 
 Value of 
 
 iroduet. 
 
 
 
 $.^7,623,815 
 
 Based upon products of mines or quarries: 
 
 $407, 837 
 6, 936, 749 
 4,939,690 
 
 410, r,43 
 I,3l9,;.y2 
 
 Clay, glass, aii<l stone iirt.diu'ts 
 
 Iron and steel and their i>roduots 
 
 Metals and metal products, other than iron and 
 steel 
 
 
 Miscellaneous industries. . . 
 
 
 
 14,013,801 
 
 
 
 All other 
 
 43, 610, 014 
 
 
 
 Table 2 shows that the total value of the state's man- 
 ufactures in 1900 amounted to $57,623,815, and that of 
 this sum $11,013,801, or 24.3 per cent, wa.s the value 
 of the product of manufacturing establishments using as 
 their raw material the products of mines and quarries. 
 For 1902 the reported value of the output of the mines 
 and quarries of the state was $5,904,705, or 9.3 per 
 cent of the combined value of the state's manufactures 
 in 1900 and mining and quarrying in 1902. 
 
 As reported at the census of 1900, the manufactures 
 of the state employed on an average 29,455 wage- 
 earners during the year and paid $12,237,684 in wages. 
 The corresponding figures for mines and quari-ies in 
 1902 were 5,398 wage-earners and $3,114,399 paid in 
 wages. Comparing the figures for manufactures and 
 mines and mining, it is seen that manufactures em- 
 ployed 84.5 per cent of the wage-earners and paid 79.7 
 per cent of the wages, while mines and quarries gave 
 employment to 15.5 per cent of the wage-earners and 
 paid 20.3 per cent of the wages. 
 
 The following table, compiled from the reports of 
 the United States Geological Survey, shows the value 
 of the annual production of the principal minerals of 
 the state from 1890 to 1902: 
 
 Table 3. — ]'ahie of mmval production of principal minrrals: 1S90 
 
 to 1902. 
 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Marble. 
 
 Siliceous 
 
 crystalline 
 
 rocks. 
 
 Slate. 
 
 Limestones 
 
 and 
 dolomites. 
 
 
 f2, 169,. 560 
 2,200,000 
 2, 27ft, 000 
 1, 621, 000 
 1,, 500,399 
 1,321,59« 
 1,101,5.57 
 2,050,229 
 2,067,938 
 2,241,806 
 2,184,8.52 
 2, 753. S83 
 2,628,164 
 
 S5,81,.S70 
 
 700,000 
 
 (i75.000 
 
 778. 4.59 
 
 803, 956 
 
 1,007,718 
 
 .S95..516 
 
 1.074.300 
 
 1.0,84,218 
 
 1,212,967 
 
 1,113,7.SS 
 
 1,245,828 
 
 I,. 570, 423 
 
 J842, 013 
 
 9.55,617 
 
 1,014,000 
 
 535, 732 
 
 658, 167 
 
 625, 331 
 
 609, .596 
 
 696,815 
 
 732, 6.84 
 
 SV2. 673 
 
 917,.)62 
 
 1,162,191 
 
 1,464,918 
 
 9195,066 
 
 
 176,000 
 
 1S92 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 1895 
 
 200,0(0 
 151,(l(,7 
 408,810 
 300, 0( 
 
 1890 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 147, 138 
 165, 657 
 174,1.50 
 2.82.173 
 1.88.100 
 205,138 
 
 1902 
 
 225, 703 
 
 
 
 this .stone in the linited States in 1902 was $5,044,182, 
 and of this amount Vermont contributed $2,628,164, 
 or 52.1 per cent. 
 
 Marble has l)een quarried in Vermont for more than 
 a century, the earliest authentic record of such work 
 having been made in 1785.' In 1902 the state's output 
 of marble came from the quarries in Rutland, Benning- 
 ton, Frankhn, Chittenden, and Grand Lsle counties, 
 though the stone is of known occurrence at man}^ other 
 localities in the .state.^ The most famous of Vermont 
 marble beds are those of West Rutland, and the name 
 "Rutland marble" is used to designate either that from 
 these quarries or from Proctor.^ Important quarries 
 are also located at Dorset and East Dorset, in Benning- 
 ton count}^ Much of this stone is of the finest quality 
 and is used for monuments, decorative work, and for 
 statues, as well as for genej-al building purposes.* 
 
 The color effects of Vermont marble are many and 
 beautiful, ranging from pure white through all shades 
 of blue, and sometimes green, to deep blue-black, 
 often being beautifully mottled and veined. The dark 
 varieties, as a rule, are the most durable and valuable, 
 although the white is in the greatest demand for mon- 
 umental and statuary work. This stone differs from 
 the marble of Ital_v in being of a dead white color and 
 lacking the luster so characteristic of the Italian prod- 
 uct. Marbles of different shades of gray, with sinuous 
 veins, as well as some of red, pink, and chocolate colors, 
 plain and mottled, are also found. ^ Black marble is 
 found at Isle La Motte, in Grand Isle county. 
 
 Since the deposits in Vermont are of great thickness, 
 the quarries occasionally reach a considerable depth, 
 or in following the vein the opening is pushed far under 
 a hill and forms a cavern, the walls and roof of which 
 are supported at intervals by enormous piers left for 
 that purpose. 
 
 The value of the marble, both rough and dressed, 
 that was used for monumental purposes, amounted to 
 $758,390, or 28.8 per cent of the total, while the value 
 used for building purposes amounted to $433,265, or 
 16.5 per cent of the total. 
 
 Siliceovs cry.italline rocks. — The occurrence of exten- 
 sive granite deposits in Vermont has been known since 
 the state was first settled." Notwithstanding this knowl- 
 edge, the quarrying of granite as an industry of im- 
 portance has had its growth almost entirely since 1880, 
 although small quantities of the stone were taken out 
 much earlier.' Granite has been uncovered in appar- 
 
 Marble. — Vermont leads all other states in the pro- 
 duction of marble. The total Aalue of the output of 
 
 ' One Hundred Years of American Commerce, Vol. I, page 189. 
 
 '■' United States Geological Survey, Sixteenth Annual Report, 
 1894-95, I'art JV, page 469. 
 
 ' Rejuirt on the Marble, Slate, and Granite Industries of ^'ermont, 
 by George N. Perkins, page 10. 
 
 ■•Stones for Building and Decoration, by George P. Jlerrill, iiace 
 2:35. " " 
 
 ' Ibid., pages 233 to 237. 
 
 ^ Eejiovt on the jNIarble, Slate, and Granite Industry of Vermont, 
 page 51. 
 
 ' Reiiort of the State Geologist on the Mineral Resources of Ver- 
 mont, 1899-1900, page 57. 
 
328 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 entl}' inexhaustible quantities in all parts of the state, 
 thouo'h the eenter of the granite quarr3dno- industry is at 
 Barre and Wood))ury. in Washington county. In fact, 
 the former place, now a thriving city, owes practically 
 its whole importance to the quarrying of this stone.' 
 
 Vermont granites vary in color, from light to dark 
 gray and range in texture from coarse to very fine.^ 
 The granite of Barre, is of the l)est quality known, and 
 is used to a ver}- large extent for momunents and tine; 
 decorative work, because it takes a tine polish, and 
 stands exposure to weather without apparent injury.' 
 The stone occurs in thick strata, and can be taken out 
 in immense blocks which adds greatly to its value as a 
 structural material.* 
 
 In 1902 Vermont ranked third among the granite pro- 
 ducing states with a product valued at $1,. 570,423. or 26. 6 
 per cent of mineral output of the state, and 8.6 per cent 
 of total value of product of the industry in this country. 
 
 The value of the granite, Vjoth rough and dressed, 
 that was used for monumental purposes, amounted to 
 $1,209,194, or 77 per cent of the state's production, 
 while the value of that used for all other purposes 
 amounted to 1361,229, or 23 per cent. 
 
 Slate. — Although slate is found in a majority of the 
 counties of the state, there are three distinct belts trav- 
 ersing the eastern, middle, and western parts of the state. 
 Of these, the western belt, especially that section lying 
 in Rutland county, is by far the most important, and it 
 is here that the well-known quarries at Castleton, Fair 
 Haven, Poultne}', Wells, and Pawlet are located.^ 
 
 The first slate quai-ry in Vermont is said to have been 
 opened in 1805," although the year 1839 is usually consid- 
 ered to be the date of the beginning of the industry in the 
 state. It was, however, not until 184.5 that the quarry- 
 ing of this stone began to assume the proportions of an 
 important branch of the mineral industry of the state.' 
 
 In Vermont slate is found in many colors, the most 
 common of which are green, purple, black, red, and 
 chocolate, with the variegated or mottled varieties,' a 
 single quarry not infrequently producing several differ- 
 ent colors of stone. Of the green shades, there are two 
 classes known as "sea green" and "unfading green," 
 both being used extensively for roofing purposes, the 
 unfading green retaining its color permanently, while 
 the sea green, upon exposure to weather, turns to a 
 yellowish brown. The quality of the two is about the 
 same, and where fine artistic ett'ect is not sought tlie sea- 
 green variet}' is equallj' satisfactoiy." 
 
 ' Report on the Marble, Slate, and Granite Industry of Vermont, 
 jia^fc 55. 
 
 ^ Report of the State (Geologist on the Mineral Refsoureen of \ er- 
 mont, 1899-1900, page 57. 
 
 - Ibid., pages 57 and 58, and 61 to 66. 
 
 ' Report on the Marble, Slate, and Granite Industries of Vermont, 
 jiages 58 to 67. 
 
 ^Stones for Building and Decoration, |iages lil5 and 196. 
 
 *■ Report on the Marble, Slate, and ( Jranite Industries of VeriiKJut, 
 jjage 4)i. 
 
 '' lieport of the State Geologist on the Mineral Resources of \'er- 
 mont, 1K99-I90n, page 17 ff. 
 
 ^The Mineral Iridnstrv, IWlV, \'ol. VI, [jage .■')!tH. 
 
 The (juarries are all open pits, ranging in depth to 
 as much as 300 feet. The quarry hig of slate is attended 
 by an enormous waste of material, not more than one- 
 sixth of the total quantity of rock removed being avail- 
 able for use, and the dump piles grow with such rapidity 
 and to such size as to become a serious hindrance to the 
 progress of the work." 
 
 Tite state's product of slate in 1902 amounted in value 
 to $1,464,918, or 24.8 per cent of the total value of its out- 
 put of all minerals. Of this amount, 91.4 per cent was 
 used for roofing purposes. Vermont ranked second 
 among the states in 1902 in the production of slate, and 
 the output was valued at 25.7 per cent of the total yield 
 of the country. It was put to the usual uses, including 
 roofing, school slates, beds for billiard tables, etc. 
 Large (piantities of domestic slate are exported and the 
 demand increases steadily.'" 
 
 LhiieKUniea and doloniiU^. — The most important de- 
 posits of limestone are found in Washington and Orange 
 counties." The stone has been quarried on the southern 
 end of Isle La Motte for over a century, the quarry being 
 nowhere much below the level of the lake.'" The stone 
 is thickly bedded, thus permitting the removal of blocks 
 15 or 16 feet in thickness, and ranges in color from white 
 to dark gray or black. The value of the stone burned 
 for lime formed 97.2 per cent of the total product. 
 
 All other minerals. — The only quarr}' credited to Ver- 
 mont as having produced buhrstones and millstones in 
 1902 is in Rutland county. 
 ' Clay has been found in Grand Isle county, some of the 
 deposits being 25 feet thick, and in small quantities in 
 various other parts of the state.''' In 1902 a production 
 was reported by two establishments located in Benning- 
 ton county. 
 
 An iron ore mine located near Brandon, Rutland 
 count}', reported a small production for 1902. The ore 
 Tias also been found at Monkton, Bennington, and other 
 localities, mostly in the southern part of the state." It 
 usually occurs in the form of ))og ore and limonite, and 
 was first discovered at Brandon in 181(>, soon after 
 which a forge and furnace were erected there. In the 
 same vicinity ocher has been discovered.'^ 
 
 In 19(»2 small amounts of ochei-, iron, and metallic 
 substances were extracted in Rutland county and, being 
 ground for jjaints, were classified as crude mineral pig- 
 ments. Aside from the small value they added to the 
 total mineral output of Vermont, these ser\e chieHv to 
 show the diversity of Rutland comity's mineral wealth. 
 
 There was one quarry in Orleans county from which 
 a production of oilstones, whetstones, and scvthestones 
 was reported in 1902. 
 
 "The Mine-.al Industry, 1897, Vol. VI, jiages (idl) and 607 
 
 '"Ibid., page 609. 
 
 " Re|)ort of the Vermont State Geologist, 1S99-]<IOO, |iage :!(! ft. 
 
 ''R('l>i>rt of the State (ieologist on the Mineral Resouri'es nf Ver- 
 mont, 1S99-1900, page 31. 
 
 '■' Report i.if the N'ermont State (ieol<igist, 1901-2, page 111. 
 
 " Refiort of the State (ieologist on the Mineral Resom-ces of Ver- 
 mont, IS1)9-1900, ]iage 15. 
 
 '■' lleporf (if llie Vermont State Genlcigi-^t, lllOl-l', pages Maud I.'). 
 
VIRGINIA. 
 
 Table 1 is a summary of the statistics for the pi'oductive mines and (juarries in the state of Viiginia for 1903. 
 
 Table 1.— SUMMARY: 1902. 
 
 Tntill. 
 
 Number of mines or quarries. 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 Value of product 
 
 J.546, 
 
 8, 
 
 *3, 458, 
 
 83-5, 
 
 $603, 
 
 8928, 
 
 $6,007, 
 
 192 
 140 
 
 700 
 204 
 
 993 
 4.'>0 
 964 
 290 
 
 387 
 807 
 
 Coal, bitu- 
 minous. 
 
 815: 
 
 179 
 ,930 
 
 3,004 
 
 :l, 407, 867 
 
 t27,600 
 
 8315, 384 
 
 8215, 4.58 
 
 ;2, 543, 595 
 
 62 
 25 
 
 257 
 8174, o;i4 
 
 2,686 
 
 $888, 958 
 
 $6,730 
 
 8120,563 
 
 8201, 426 
 
 81,652,799 
 
 Limestones .Sulphur 
 
 and ] and 
 dolomites, pyritc. 
 
 37 
 28 
 
 63 
 835, 4,59 
 
 890 
 $290, 979 
 
 824, 898 
 $126, 9.5B 
 $535,113 I $60i;642 
 
 32 
 $29, 970 
 
 6.55 
 $222, 986 
 $1, 134 
 $23, 2a5 
 8137, 491 
 
 Siliceous 
 Cement. | crystalline 
 rocks. 
 
 $44,675 
 
 178 
 883,423 
 
 $31,487 
 $91,100 
 $327,6.59 
 
 21 
 812,904 
 
 469 
 
 8190, 322 
 
 $12, 466 
 $22,290 
 $2«2, 046 
 
 Slate. 
 
 811 
 
 897, 
 
 Manganese 
 ore. 
 
 824, 
 820, 
 8160, 
 
 10 
 $4,241 
 
 113 
 833, 903 
 
 88,691 
 829, 444 
 
 All other 
 minerals. 1 
 
 31 
 31 
 
 80 
 877, .501 
 
 751 
 
 $242, 367 
 
 $500 
 
 850, 241 
 
 $104,011 
 
 8574, 558 
 
 t Includes operators as follows: Asbestos, 1: barytes, 3 (4 mines); buhrstones and millstones. 3: copper ore, 1: flint, 1; gold and silver, 5: gypsum, 2; infusorial 
 earth, tripoli, and pumice, 2; lead and zinc ore (2 mines — operator reported under iron ore): marl, 1; mica, 2: mineral pigments, crude, 2; precious stone;.. 3 (no 
 mines): rutlle, 1: sandstones and quartzites, 2; talc and soapstone, 2. 
 
 The range of mineral industiy in Virginia in 19U2 
 was wide and varied, comprising within its scope the 
 production on a conimercial scale of twenty-four differ- 
 ent minerals. First among these in point of value was 
 the production of bituminous coal, obtained in the main 
 from the vast deposits of high-grade steam and coking- 
 coal in the southwestern part of the state. It is this 
 region that furnishes the celebrated Pocahontas coal. 
 Iron ore, which was extensively produced in 1902, oc- 
 curs among- the mountains in deposits of remarkable 
 richness, the beds of ore being from 20 to 100 feet in 
 thickness and many miles long. For 300 miles the 
 western foothills of the Blue Ridge are lined with brown 
 hematite ore and solid masses of it appear along the 
 AUeghenies.^ The yield of brown hematite from this 
 region comprises an important percentage of the total 
 output of this variety in the country, and also consti- 
 tutes the bulk of iron ore production in the state. 
 
 The industry of manganese ore mining had its begin- 
 ning in Virginia, and more than one-half of the total 
 output of this mineral in the United States has been 
 contributed bj^ the mines of this state, during the third 
 of a century of manganese ore exploitation in the 
 country. 
 
 The lead and zinc deposits of Wythe county have 
 been worked for more than a hundred and twenty-five 
 years, and furnished lead co lioth the Continental and 
 Confederate Armies. - 
 
 'King's Handbook of the United State.o, page 8.58. 
 '■'Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, 
 Vol. V, page 8.5. 
 
 The great gold belt, 200 miles in length, which 
 stretches from the Potomac to the Dan, has furnished 
 more than 12,000.000 worth of gold to the Mint.' 
 
 The copper deposits of the state are extensive, espe- 
 cialh' in southwestern Virginia,' and the noted depo.sits 
 of Louisa countv have long- been the seat of an impor- 
 tant industry.' 
 
 The sandstones of the Blue Ridge, the limestones and 
 slates of the valleys, and the granites which are widely 
 distributed afford an abundant supph* of building ma- 
 terials, and their exploitation constitutes an important 
 industry in the .state.' 
 
 From the feitilizing- marls and greensands of Tide- 
 water westward to the vast coal and metalliferous de- 
 posits near the Kentucky and West Virginia lines is 
 spread a great varietj' of mineral wealth, which affords 
 such basis as to make the mining- industry an important 
 factor in the industrial activity of the state. 
 
 The following is a list of minerals of known occur- 
 rence in Virginia which were not produced commer- 
 cially in 1902: Allanite, alum, arsenic, bismuth, car- 
 bonite, feldspar, fire clay, kaolin, marble, plumliago, 
 quartz, serpentine, and tin. 
 
 Work of a developing character, where no produc- 
 tion was realized from the mining properties, was re- 
 ported by b operators, and was confined during 19(i2 to 
 gold and silver and manganese ore. These operators 
 
 ■' Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, 
 Vol. V, page 81 ff. 
 * The New International Encyclopedia, Vol. XYII, page 374. 
 
 (329) 
 
330 
 
 MINES AND gUARKIES. 
 
 paid $4,535 to S salaried officials, clerks, etc., during;- 
 ltiU2, and gave employment to an average iiumljer of 
 51 wage-earners who received $lT,'.H;-i in wages. Con- 
 tract work amounted to $158, miscellaneotis expenses 
 to $9,752, and the cost of supplies and materials to 
 $36,305. 
 
 The relative importance of manufacturing industries 
 closel}^ allied to or based upon the mining industr_y, 
 using as their raw material the products of mines and 
 quarries, is shown in the following table: 
 
 Table 2. — Manufactures based primarily upon the products of mhus 
 and quarries: 1900. 
 
 INDUSTRY. 
 
 Value of product. 
 
 
 S132 172 910 
 
 Based upon products of mines or quarries: 
 
 S4 4S3 348 
 
 
 2,121,495 
 
 Iron and steel and their products 
 
 Metals and metal products, other thaniron and 
 
 steel 
 
 Miscellaneous industries 
 
 13,549,769 
 
 1,698,151 
 
 5,419,838 
 
 
 97 079 cm 
 
 
 
 All other 
 
 104.900.309 
 
 
 The total value of the products of the manufacturing 
 industries based upon mining was $27,272,601, or 20.6 
 per cent of the total value of the product of all manu- 
 facturing industries in the state in 1900. During the 
 same year there were employed in all branches of 
 manufacture in the state 72,702 wage-earners, who 
 were paid $22,445,720 in wages. In 1902 there were 
 employed in the mines and quarries of the state 8,993 
 wage-earners, who received $3,458,450 in wages. Com- 
 paring the figures for these two branches of industry, 
 it will be seen that 89 per cent of the wage-earners, 
 receiving 86.6 per cent of the wages, were employed 
 in manufacturing, while 11 per cent of the wage- 
 earn-ers, receiving 13.4 per cent of the wages, were 
 employed in mining. 
 
 The following table, compiled from the reports of 
 the United States Geological Survey, shows the value 
 of the annual production of the principal minerals of 
 the state from 1890 to 1902: 
 
 Table 3. — Value of annual ])roduclloii uf principal uiiurrak: 1S90 
 
 to 1902. 
 
 [United States Geological Survey, " Jlineral Resources of th 
 
 L' United States."] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Coal, Ijitu- 
 minoas. 
 
 Iron ore. 
 
 Lime- 
 
 .stones 
 anrl 
 dolo- 
 mites. 
 
 Cement. 
 
 Siliceous 
 crystal- 
 line 
 rocks. 
 
 Slate. 
 
 Mhu- 
 
 ganese 
 
 ore. 
 
 1S90 
 
 J.589, 92,5 
 
 (') 
 
 $159, 023 
 
 2*45, 000 
 
 $332,548 
 
 $113, 079 
 
 $125, 121 
 
 1891 
 
 611,6.54 
 
 (A 
 
 170, 000 
 
 18,000 
 
 300, 000 
 
 127,819 
 
 180, 533 
 
 1892 
 
 .578, 429 
 
 =$1,428,801 
 
 185, 000 
 
 10, 000 
 
 300,000 
 
 150, 000 
 
 ,58, 966 
 
 1893.-.. 
 
 092, 748 
 
 21,0.50,977 
 
 82, 685 
 
 15,084 
 
 103,703 
 
 117,347 
 
 30, 802 
 
 1894 
 
 93a, 576 
 
 2873, 305 
 
 281,. 5-47 
 
 8, 700 
 
 123, 361 
 
 138, 151 
 
 16,6i58 
 
 189.5- - - - 
 
 869, 873 
 
 987, 077 
 
 268, 892 
 
 7, 830 
 
 70,426 
 
 111,357 
 
 15,6.56 
 
 189B 
 
 848, 851 
 
 1,220,619 
 
 182,640 
 
 10, .566 
 
 95,010 
 
 107, 863 
 
 21,485 
 
 1897---- 
 
 1,0''1.91S 
 
 974, 031 
 
 192,972 
 
 9,139 
 
 88, 096 
 
 145, 370 
 
 33, 630 
 
 1898 
 
 1,070,417 
 
 1,226,290 
 
 182, 852 
 
 5, 301 
 
 136, 180 
 
 150,946 
 
 55, 938 
 
 1899--.. 
 
 1,301,241 
 
 21,766, 110 
 
 255, 640 
 
 38,100 
 
 223, 380 
 
 183,110 
 
 53, 069 
 
 1900 
 
 2,123,222 
 
 21,489,318 
 
 403,318 
 
 88,286 
 
 211,080 
 
 190,211 
 
 69,921 
 
 1901---- 
 
 2,3.53,989 
 
 21,466,423 
 
 .539,128 
 
 V't 
 
 275, 701 
 
 178, 979 
 
 
 1902 1 .. 
 
 2, 543, 595 
 
 1,652,799 
 
 .535,113 
 
 327,6.59 
 
 282, 016 
 
 160, 951 
 
 29, 444 
 
 Coid. — The mining of coal in Virginia, and in the 
 United States, Ijegan in 1775, near Richmond; its occur- 
 rence in this locality, howe\-er, had been noted some 
 live years earlier.' From the beginning of the industry 
 of coal mining until 1789 the entire output went to 
 supply the local demand. During 1789 the product of 
 the mines began to find a wider market in the northern 
 cities, and for many years the bituminous coal deposits 
 of the Richmond basin were the only source from which 
 this mineral could be procured and shipped coa.stwise.' 
 The product sent out in this way to other cities had 
 grown in 1822 to 48,000 tons and in 1833 to 143,000 tons.' 
 About this time the discovery and development of other 
 coal areas carrying deposits of superior quality and 
 more economical of exploitation caused a rapid decline 
 in the output of this region. By the middle of the 
 century the production of coal in this field had practi- 
 cally ceased. For more than a quarter of a century 
 the output of coal in the .state was insignificant, but the 
 building of the Norfolk and Western Railway, in 1883, 
 was followed by the development of the great coal 
 deposits of southwestern Virginia, notably the Poca- 
 hontas region, and the state soon came again into 
 prominence as a coal producer. In 1880 the total coal 
 production of the state was only 112,000 short tons, but 
 in 1889, or seven j^ears after operations in the new 
 fields were under way, the output had increased to 
 865,786 short tons, and in 1902 had reached a total of 
 3,182,993 short tons. 
 
 The following table, compiled from the reports of 
 the United States Geological Survey, shows the annual 
 production of coal in the state from 1822 to 1902: 
 
 T.vBLE -i. — Annual production of coal, bituminous: 1S33 to 1902. 
 [United states Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 iNot reported scpiiralely. 
 2 Includes production from West Virginia, 
 sp.eported witlj tlie prodncliou for (iliio. 
 ^Census figures. 
 
 VE.iE. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 1822 
 
 .54,000 
 
 1,849 
 
 15, 000 
 10 000 
 
 1876 . . 
 
 85,000 
 90, 000 
 96, 000 
 
 18-'3 
 
 60, 000 
 
 18.50 
 
 1877 
 
 1824 
 
 67,040 
 75, 000 
 8S, 720 
 
 1.851 
 
 1852 
 
 10, 000 
 25,000 
 50,000 
 70,000 
 
 1878 
 
 1,S25 
 
 
 18'*6 
 
 18.53 
 
 1880 
 
 11'^ 000 
 
 1827 
 
 94, 000 
 
 18.54 
 
 1,881 
 
 112,000 
 
 1828 
 
 100, 080 
 
 1855 
 
 80,7.82 
 
 1882 
 
 112,000 
 
 1829 
 
 100,000 
 
 18.56 
 
 .52, 6,87 
 
 1883 
 
 2.52, 000 
 
 1S30 
 
 102,800 
 
 1857 
 
 63,605 
 
 1S,S4 
 
 336 000 
 
 1831 
 
 US, 000 
 
 1.S.5S 
 
 77,6,90 
 
 l,H.s5 
 
 667,000 
 
 1832 
 
 132, 000 
 
 1,8.59 
 
 59,0.55 
 
 18,S6 
 
 6.84, 951 
 
 1833 
 
 125,000 
 
 1.860 
 
 64,7,59 
 
 1S.S7 
 
 826, 263 
 
 1834 
 
 124 000 
 
 1 8til 
 
 45 165 
 
 1888 
 
 1,073,000 
 865, 786 
 
 1835 
 
 120,000 
 
 1.S62 
 
 1,5; 124 
 
 1.8.89 
 
 1836 
 
 124,000 
 
 1,863 
 
 10, 000 
 
 1890 
 
 784,011 
 
 1837 
 
 110,000 
 
 1861 
 
 40,000 
 
 1 891 
 
 736,399 
 
 1838 
 
 lf)7 999 
 
 1865 
 
 40 000 
 
 189'> 
 
 675,205 
 820, 339 
 
 1839 
 
 96,000 
 
 186.6 
 
 40,000 
 
 1.S93 
 
 1840 
 
 88, 000 
 
 l.S(;7 
 
 50 000 
 
 1894 
 
 1,229,083 
 1,368,324 
 1,2.54,723 
 
 
 
 I,8i;8 
 
 
 
 1812 
 
 73, 640 
 
 1869 
 
 6.5,000 
 
 1 896 
 
 18 13 
 
 70,000 
 
 1 870 
 
 69,219 
 
 1.897 
 
 1,528,302 
 
 1814 
 
 65, 000 
 
 1,871 
 
 70, otio 
 
 1 898 
 
 1,815,274 
 
 1845 
 
 50, 000 
 
 1872 
 
 69, 1 10 
 
 1899 
 
 2,105,791 
 
 1,816 
 
 40, 000 
 
 1873 
 
 67, 200 
 
 1900 
 
 2, 393, 751 
 
 1817 
 
 25,000 
 
 1874 
 
 70, 000 
 
 1901 
 
 2, 725, 873 
 
 1848 
 
 18, 000 
 
 1875 
 
 80, 000 
 
 1902 
 
 3,182,993 
 
 The coal deposits of the state occur in two distinct 
 areas. The first of these, that in wliicli the industrv 
 
 ' United States Gei>l(.>,i,'ical Sm-voy, Twenty- 
 port, Part III, pafje :mS. 
 
 'StatisticH cif Coal, liy K. ('. Taylor, jiaire 'IX. 
 
 ^eeoiiil Annual Re- 
 
VIRGINIA. 
 
 of coal milling in the country lind its iiiceiition, com- 
 prises tiie counties of Henrico, Chesterfield, and Gooch- 
 land, and parts of Powhatan and Amelia; the second, and 
 by far the more important field of the state, is a part 
 of the great Appalachian region and lies in the south- 
 western part of the state' Perhaps the most remark- 
 able and valuable occurrence of bituminous coal to be 
 found in the United States in association with vast 
 deposits of metalliferous ores is that forming the south- 
 eastern portion of the Kanawha basin and comprising 
 Tazewell, liussell, Scott, Buchanan, Wise, and I^ee 
 ■counties.^ 
 
 Iron ore. — Probably the first iron ore mining in 
 the New World occurred in Virginia, for on April 10, 
 1608, a ship belonging to the Virginia Company of 
 London sailed from Jamestown loaded with iron ore 
 and other commodities, reaching England on May 20. 
 The record of this first exploitation of American ore by 
 Europeans states that this ore was smelted and 17 tons 
 of metal were sold at &\: per ton.^ 
 
 For several years following numero'us attempts were 
 made bj- the Virginia Companj- to establish the indus- 
 try of iron manufacture in the vicinity of Falling creek. 
 Under the direction of John Berkley, who was sent 
 out by the company in 1621, the construction of several 
 plants for the reduction of the ore was begun. How- 
 ever, just when these works were nearing completion and 
 the prospects for a rapid development of the industry 
 were bright, the colony was massacred by the Indians, 
 ■on March 22, 1622. There is no record of further ef- 
 forts to manufacture iron in the colonj^ for many j^ears. 
 In 1687 and again in 1696 Col. AVilliam Byrd set on 
 foot a plan to rebuild these works, but the project 
 never materialized.* 
 
 In the eighteenth century, however, the colony be- 
 came very prominent in the manufacture of iron and 
 fulfilled in an eminent degree, though at a much later 
 •day, the expec'tations which had been entertained of its 
 iron producing capa))ilities bj- the enterprising but 
 unfortimate Virginia Company of Ijondon.* 
 
 To Col. Alexander Spotswood, who was governor of 
 the colony from 1710 to 172-3, has been accredited the 
 honor of establishing th(> iron industry of the state on 
 a firm and permanent basis. During this period a col- 
 ony of German Protestants settled at the head of the 
 Rappahannock ris'er, with the hope of locating mines. 
 It is probable that the first furnace in the state was 
 owned by Governor Spotswood and was built and oper- 
 ated in 1715 or 1716 by these Gerinan miners, who were 
 in his employ." 
 
 ■ The industrv of iron making, tlie growth of which 
 was stimulated by encouragement from the colonial go\'- 
 
 'Coal Statistics, pu))lished ))y Aliler & Ruley, 1902, page ItU. 
 '^Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, 
 Vol. VIII, page 343. 
 ■'Iron in All Ages, by James M. Swank, page 103. 
 <Ibid., pages 103 to 107. 
 ^ Ibid., pages 2.58 and 259. 
 
 ernment, spi'cad rapidly into other localities and at the 
 lieginning of the Revolution was an important factor in 
 the industrial develojiment of the colony.''' 
 
 In common with other industries, iron making took a 
 fresh start subsequent to the War of the Revolution 
 and for many years no state in the Union gave closer 
 attention to domestic manufactures than Virginia. As 
 the result of various causes, however, the iron indu.stry 
 in Virginia declined rapidly toward the middle of the 
 nineteenth century and by 18.56 many of the furnaces 
 and forges had been abandoned." 
 
 A new era of activity in iron working in Virginia 
 opened, however, with the discovery of vast deposits of 
 high-grade ore in the southwestern part of the state. 
 This was followed by extension of railroads into the re- 
 gion and the exploitation of the celebrated coal deposits 
 of the Pocahontas Flat Top district, and has resulted in 
 a reawakening in the industry that has again brought 
 the state into prominence as an iron producer.' 
 
 The following table, compiled from the reports of 
 the United States Geological Survej^, shows the annual 
 production of iron ore in the state from 1890 to 1902: 
 
 Table 5. — Annual production of iron ore: 1890 to 1902. 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 YE,\R. 
 
 Long tons. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Long tons. 
 
 1R90 
 
 .543, 583 
 e.58, 916 
 7U,0'27 
 1 (lie, 96.5 
 1 600, 562 
 712, '241 
 859, 466 
 
 1897 
 
 711 128 
 
 1,191 
 
 1898 . . 
 
 5.57 713 
 
 189^2 
 
 1899 
 
 1 Q«(^ 476 
 
 1893 
 
 1900 
 
 1 921 821 
 
 189-1 
 
 1901 . 
 
 1 925, 394 
 1 987, 958 
 
 1896 
 
 1902 
 
 1S96 
 
 
 
 
 1 Includes production from West Virginia. 
 
 Limestones and dolomites. — The predominating rocks 
 of the region west of the Blue Ridge afe the limestones. 
 This region has long been famous for the occurrence of 
 natural curiosities in the limestone formations, such as 
 Weyers cave, in Augusta county, the caves of Lurav, 
 in Page county, and the ^'atural Bridge, the arched 
 remnant of a cave, in Rockbridge county.* 
 
 The limestones have been quarried extensively at 
 numerous places, but have 1»een used to only a verv 
 limited extent for building purposes, the Inilk of the 
 output Ijcing utilized for making lime and as a flux in 
 the reduction of ores. 
 
 fSidpliiir and 2'ii/rite. — The extensive pyrite deposits 
 of the state, and especially those of Louisa county, where 
 practically inexhaustilile quantities occur, have long been 
 exploited. The bidk of the product of these mines has 
 goni> into the manufacture of sulphuric acid, the demand 
 for which commodity has increased materially during the 
 last decade, as a result of its extended use in the man- 
 ufacture of paper from wood pulp and in the manu- 
 
 "Iron in All Ages, pages 261 to 269. 
 
 ' Ibid., pages 269 to 271. 
 
 "The New International Encyclopedia, Vol. XVII, page 374. 
 
33: 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 facture of superphosphates from pho.sphate roek, in 
 which latter proces.s a ehemicaily pure sulphuric acid 
 i.s not essential and that made from pyritc serves the 
 purpose equally as well as that made from sulphur." 
 
 In the production of pyrite, the importance of which 
 is rapidl\' increasing, Virginia took first rank in 1902, 
 with an output valued at $501,642, oi- 6-4.7 per cent of 
 the total 3'ield of this mineral in the United States. 
 
 Cement. — The industry of the manufacture of cement 
 from natural rock in Virginia dates from 1835 and had 
 its beginning in Rockbridge county. The (juality 
 of this tirst product was excellent. Works were 
 established at Balcony Falls in 1848; subsequently this 
 plant was destroyed by flood and later was rebuilt on a 
 more extended scale at Locker, a short distance away, 
 where it is at present in operation and enjoys the dis- 
 tinction of being the oldest active cement plant in the 
 state. Another large and important cement plant is 
 located near Staunton, at Craigsville. It was built in 
 1900, and in 1902 contributed an important percentage 
 of high-grade cement to the total output of this mineral 
 in the state.'' 
 
 Table 6, compiled from the reports of the United 
 States Geological Survey, shows the annual production 
 of cement from 1890 to 1902. 
 
 Table 6. — Annual production of cement: 1890 to 1902. 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 YEAK. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 1890 . . . 
 1H91 . . . 
 
 
 1 .50,000 
 20,000 
 10,000 
 17,509 
 14, .500 
 13,0.50 
 16, 776 
 
 1897 
 
 1H98 
 
 15, 232 
 8,836 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 63, .500 
 83, 792 
 
 1894 
 
 (2) 
 
 1895 
 
 368, 869 
 
 
 
 
 1 Includes production from West Virginia. 
 - Included in the production of Ohio. 
 
 Siliceous cryHtalline ivcI'k. — The production of build- 
 ing stone has long been an important industry in the 
 state, and the output of the Virginia granite (juarries 
 has been used in many notable structures. Among 
 these is the State, War, and Navy Department liuild- 
 ing at W^ashington.' 
 
 The siliceous crystalline rocks of the state aic con- 
 tined in the main to a belt or zone running from Alex- 
 andria count}' through Fairfax, Fauquier, Spottsvlva- 
 nia, Henrico, Goochland, Chesterfield, Dinwiddie, and 
 Greenesville counties, into North Carolina. While a 
 wide area of occurrence is comprised within this Ixdt, 
 the outcrops of (juarriable granite are confined to a \ery 
 limited part of this region, the principal points being in 
 Chesterfield and Dinwiddie counties, on the James river, 
 and in the immediate vicinity of Richmond. 
 
 'United States Geoliif/ii-al Siirvev, " .'Miiicral l;i-."i.iircc,« of the 
 United States," 1902, [.a^'c i)41. 
 
 *Itjid., page HOH, 
 
 "Stone.- for Kiiiidinf,' and ilccoratinn, liv'Ieor^'e I'. Mcriill, |ia)_'c,« 
 8.5 and m. 
 
 The product of the (|uarries in the vicinity of Rich- 
 mond and of those in Chesterfield county is a massi\-e 
 gray granite, well adapted for general building purposes, 
 paving stone, and monumental work. This granite has 
 found a market in practically all the states and cities 
 south of New England and as far west as Nebraska.-' 
 
 SIdfe. — The occurrences of slate in deposits of com- 
 mercial importance are distributed over a considerable 
 area in Virginia and have been exploited in numerous 
 places. The principal producing district in 1902, and 
 that within which the industry of slate quarrying in 
 the state most probabh' had its origin, was in Bucking- 
 ham county.' Smallei- products were also reported 
 from Amherst and Albemarle counties. Abundant de- 
 posits of this mineral have been found and developed to 
 a limited extent in the Great Valley and Appalachian 
 districts.' 
 
 Mangditese arc — The beginning of manganese ore 
 mining in Virginia, and perhaps in the United States, 
 occurred in 1857 in the Shenandoah valley, about lOO 
 tons being taken out during that year. In 1868 and 
 1869 about 5.000 tons of manganese ore were taken out 
 near \^'armillster, and this marks the beginning of sys- 
 tematic manganese ore mining in the state." 
 
 For many years the states of Virginia and Georgia 
 have contributed the bulk of the output of this valuable 
 mineral in the United States, nearly all the yield being 
 exported to England. The period of greatest activitv 
 in manganese mining in the state was that beginning in 
 1885 and clcjsing with 1891, during which years the 
 average annual production was about 15,0oo tons, the 
 maximum output occurring in 1886, when the total was 
 20,567 long tons. There has been a marked decline in 
 the state's production in recent years. 
 
 Table 7, compiled from reports of the United States 
 Geological Survey, shows the annual production of 
 manganese oi-e in the state from 18S0 to 1902. inclusive, 
 during which period the state contributed more than 55 
 per cent of the total output of this mineral in the 
 counti-y. 
 
 Table 7. — Annnnl priulnclinn iif niongancne ore: ISSO to 1903. 
 United states i,i iilngirul Survey, " -Mineral Resources of the United States."]: 
 
 1.880. 
 1881 
 
 1882 . 
 
 1883 . 
 18,84 . 
 1885 . 
 188(1 . 
 
 1887 . 
 
 1888 . 
 
 1889 . 
 
 1890 . 
 
 Long tons. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 1891 
 
 191,007 
 
 
 1892 
 
 
 1893 
 
 
 1894 
 
 
 1895 
 
 
 1896 
 
 
 1897 
 
 
 189.S 
 
 20, .567 
 19, 835 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 
 1902 
 
 12,699 
 
 
 Long tons. 
 
 248 
 079 
 092 
 797 
 715 
 018 
 liSO 
 662 
 228 
 .881 
 275 
 041 
 
 ♦United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Kcsdiinrs i.f the 
 United States," l.SHL', pa^e 742. 
 
 ■■The Universal ('vciopedia. Vol. 12, page 211. 
 
 "United States (uMiiofjical Sarvey, "Mineral Kesotn-ecs ,,l the 
 United State.-..," lH!t2, pa-e 202 ff. 
 
VIPtGINIA, 
 
 333 
 
 The known occurrences of munganese ore in the stati' 
 are widel}- distributed, being practicall}' coextensive 
 with its area. Beginning' with the pocket occurrences 
 in the eastern part or Tidewater district, manganese 
 ore has been found and mined in the Midland, Pied- 
 mont, Bhie Kidge, Valley, Appalachia, and trans- 
 Appalachia divisions westward to the West Virginia 
 line. The great bulk of the state's output, however, 
 has come from the Vallej' region.' 
 
 All other minerals. — Asbestos, which occurs in nu- 
 merous places in western and southwestern Virginia,^ 
 was mined to a limited extent during the year. Barytes 
 of good quality and in large quantities occurs at many 
 points in the southern and southwestern parts of the 
 state, notably in Campbell county- in the vicinity of 
 Lynchburg,' and its mining has for manj^ years been 
 of relative importance. The output of this mineral in 
 Virginia in 1902 comprised more than one-fifth of the 
 total production in the country. 
 
 Buhrstones and millstones were obtained from granitic 
 rocks at several places in the state, the production for 
 1902 constituting nearly 20 per cent of the total value 
 of production of the United States. 
 
 Copper ores occur extensively in southwestern Vir- 
 ginia and in some other sections of the state, espe- 
 cially in Louisa county near Talersyille.* Copper was 
 produced on a commercial scale in 1902 at only one 
 mine. 
 
 Virginia became a producer of flint in 1902, though 
 the output was small and was confined to one mine. 
 
 Gold and silver in a limited wa}^ has been a mineral 
 product of the state for more than a century and a quar- 
 ter. The first recorded discovery of gold in the state 
 was that noted in the papers of Thomas Jefferson. About 
 4 miles below the falls on the Rappahannock river there 
 was found a lump of ore weighing 4 pounds ; this jnelded, 
 when treated, 17 pennyweights of gold." Gold is of 
 wide occurrence in the state, and extensive mining 
 operations have been prosecuted at different times over 
 a wide area. The principal deposits occur within the 
 Virginia gold belt, which extends from the Potomac 
 
 'United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1892, page 202 ff. 
 2 Ibid., 1882, page 738. 
 'Ibid., page 741. 
 «Ibid., 1887, page 799. 
 ^Ibid., Sixteenth Annual Report, 1894-95, Part III, page 2.56. 
 
 river to Halifax county, a distance of about 2n(» miles, 
 with a width varying from 1.5 to 2.5 miles." 
 
 Gypsum, the producing localities f)f which are the 
 Holstoii I'iver fields around Siilt\ille, was mined in 1902 
 to a limited extent at two points, though in former 
 years large ([uantities of this mineral were taken out.' 
 
 An extensive bed of infusorial earth is traceable from 
 the Patuxent river in Maryland to the Meherrin in 
 Virginia. Exposed patches occur at Richmond and 
 other points." The output in 1902 was limited to the 
 production of two concerns. 
 
 A small quantity of lead ore was produced in 1902 at 
 two mines, the work being carried on in connection 
 with the mining of iron ore. Extensive deposits of 
 lead ore occur in southwestern Virginia, and lead min- 
 ing was begun in this region more than a century ago." 
 
 The marls which occur in the eastern part of the 
 state were mined to a limited extent during the year, 
 one establishment reporting production. Virginia and 
 New Jersey mined the entire production of marl in the 
 United States in 1902. 
 
 Mica occurs in numerous places, notably in Hanover, 
 Goochland, Bedford, Henry, and Amelia counties." 
 The production in 1902 was from two mines. 
 
 Mineral paints were produced to a limited extent 
 during the year in Bedford and Page counties. 
 
 While no mining operations were prosecuted for 
 precious stones, specimens of value were picked up in 
 a nimiber of places. 
 
 Deposits of rutile occur on both sides of the Tj^e river 
 near Roseland post office, in Nelson county, and the pro- 
 duction of this mineral during the year was confined to 
 the output of one company operating in this vicinitj'. 
 
 Sandstones and quartzites were quarried during the 
 year on a commercial scale at two points. The occur- 
 rence of these rocks in the state is extensive.' 
 
 Numerous occurrences of soapstone have been noted 
 in the state, notably in the southern and southwestern 
 parts. In Campbell county there is a continuous belt 
 traceable for miles.'" The product of the state in 1902 
 was reported from two mines. 
 
 •■ United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1887, page 800. 
 
 ' King's Handbook of the United States, page 858. 
 
 "United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1887, page 803. 
 
 'The New International Encyclopedia, Vol. XVII, page 374. 
 
 '"United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1887, page 802. 
 
WASHINGTON. 
 
 Table 1 is a .suinmav}' of the statistics for the productive mines and (juarries of tlie state of Washington for 
 
 1902. 
 
 'Table 1 .— SI'^:\[_MARY: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines or riuarries. 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried officials, clerljs, etc: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 Value of product 
 
 90 
 
 8-1 
 
 •268 
 S328, 289 
 
 -1,567 
 
 $3, 736, 484 
 
 *29, 600 
 
 .S225, un 
 
 Jinf.,807 
 S6. 393,6.i9 
 
 Coal, bitu- 
 minous. 
 
 100 
 $221, 91.S 
 
 3,931 
 
 $3,220,263 
 
 »200 
 
 $180,213 
 
 $47:), 2.M 
 
 $4, Wl-1. 295 
 
 Gold and 
 silver. 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 34 
 $36, 065 
 
 229 
 $232,068 
 $29, 400 
 $23, 661 
 $55,068 
 $338, :i51 
 
 Limestones 
 and 
 
 dolomite: 
 
 $36, 701 
 
 147 
 
 $87,8,50 
 
 $8, 498 
 $28,425 
 $213,814 
 
 Siliceous 
 
 crystalline 
 
 rocks. 
 
 20 
 $11,948 
 
 137 
 
 $95, 949 
 
 $2, 644 
 
 $21,264 
 
 $147,273 
 
 Marble. 
 
 12 
 
 $10,400 
 
 63 
 $46,099 
 
 $9, 3,50 
 $22, 349 
 $61,176 
 
 Sandstones 
 
 and 
 quartzites. 
 
 All other 
 minerals.^ 
 
 $4,100 
 
 32 
 
 $23, 237 
 
 6 
 
 $8, 160 
 
 28 
 $30, 028 
 
 $3.50 
 $4,315 
 $30, 725 
 
 $4.55 
 $10, 532 
 $30, 025 
 
 ^ Includes opiTjitiirs as fullnws: Clay, 1; copper ore, 1; iin.ilybdenuiu, 1. 
 
 The large, mountainous area aliounds in rich deposits 
 of useful and precious minerals awaiting only the fur- 
 ther progress of developaient operations and improx-ed 
 transportation facilities to become valuable workings. 
 The coal fields have thus far received the greatest atten- 
 tion, the product of coalmines in 19(.)2 amounting to 84.7 
 per cent of the total mineral production in the state. 
 
 There was no production, on a commercial scale, of 
 iron ores in iyn:i, although deposits of consideral)le 
 extent are known to occur in the state. The iron ores 
 found in Washington are magnetites, hematites, limon- 
 ites, and mixtures of hematite and magnetite, and the 
 localities of principal occurrence are in Skagit, King, 
 Kittitas. Stevens, and Mason counties, while bog ore 
 is found in Whatcom, Clallam, Spokane, Whitman, 
 Thurston, and Jefl'erson counties." Galena is about the 
 onl_y lead ore found in the state and it occurs chiefly in 
 association with other sulphides, as does also zinc, wdiich 
 is found in small (juantities in the form of sphalerite or 
 zinc-blende." 
 
 The occurrence of platinum has been reported, but 
 the de]JOsits luuc not been sufficiently rich t(j place the 
 extraction of this metal on a paying basis. Nickel ore 
 is said to exist in Ferry county, and deposits of tungsten 
 are found in some parts of the state, but no mines have 
 been developed. Petroleum is obtainable in manj^ of 
 the coal regions, but has not been produced in commer- 
 cial quantities. 
 
 ' WaahiriKton (TeulnKii'iil Survey, \'ol. b I'aK''" ---^ ^" --''■ 
 ■'Ibid., pa^ef 40 and 41. 
 
 («34) 
 
 One hundred and tifty-one operators in the state of 
 Washington reported a total expenditure of §l,()i!::!,.3'»7 
 for development without production during 1902. This 
 amount includes salaries and wages, miscellaneous ex- 
 penses, cost of supplies and materials, and contract work, 
 and represents an outlay greater than one-hfth of the 
 total expenditures reported by the 9<> producing mines 
 and ciuarries in the state. Of the 151 mines reporting 
 development work, 143 were gold and silver mines with 
 expenses amounting to §989,812, or 9(;.s per cent of the 
 total disbursements for this purpose. 
 
 Mineral products form a basis foi' manufacturing 
 industries to a large extent, being used as raw or par- 
 tially manufactured material. The following table 
 shows the extent to which the manufacture or remanu- 
 facture of mine and quarry products into manufactured 
 products prevails in the state of Washington: 
 
 Table 13. — MimiifiirtKres hiitieil jii-iiiiiirilij iijiini the prodiids of mines- 
 mill ijiiarrieis: 19(i0. 
 
 INDl'STRY. 
 
 All raanufactnrcs 
 
 Based upon products of iniiiesor (jiiarrics: 
 
 C'hcmicals and allied products 
 
 Clay, glass, and stone prodtjcts 
 
 Iron and steel and tbeir products 
 
 Metals and metal products, other thai 
 
 and steel 
 
 Miscellaneous industries 
 
 Value of product. 
 
 $86, 795, 051 
 
 $i;9, 600 
 1,0.56,546 
 2,592,946 
 
 4,867,672 
 5, 562, 302 
 
 148, 965 
 646, 086 
 
WASHINGTON. 
 
 335 
 
 As shown l)y the above table the products of those 
 manufactures bearuig- intimate relation to minin<>' en- 
 quarrying- represent Itl.o per cent, or almost one-sixth 
 of the total value of the products of all manufacturing- 
 industries in the state. 
 
 The total mine and quarry production during- 1902 
 was valued at $5,393,659, or 5.8 per cent of the com- 
 bined products of manufactures in 1900 and mines and 
 quarries in 1902. 
 
 During- 1900 there were employed in all branches of 
 manufactures in the state 33,806 wage-earners who 
 were paid $19,106,873 in wages. In 1902 there were 
 
 employed in the mines and quarries of the state 4,567 
 wage-earners who received $3, 735, -ixl in wages. (lom- 
 Ijaring the figures for these two branches of industry, 
 it is seen that 88.1 per cent of the wage-earners, receiv- 
 ing- 83.6 per cent of the wages, were employed in 
 manufactui-ing establishments, while 11.9 per cent of 
 the wage-earners, recei\ing 16.4 percent of the wages, 
 were employed in the mines and quarries of the state. 
 The following table, compiled from reports of the 
 United States Geological Survey, shows the value of the 
 annual production of the principal minerals from 1890 
 to 1902: . . 
 
 Table 3.— VALUE OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION OF PRINCIPAL MINERALS: LS90 TO 1902. 
 [United .States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Coal, bitu- 
 minous. 
 
 Silver. 1 
 
 Gold. 1 
 
 Limestones 
 
 and 
 dolomites. 
 
 Siliceous 
 
 crystalline 
 
 rocks. 
 
 Marble. 
 
 Sandst(»ne8 
 
 anrl 
 quartzite.H. 
 
 1890 
 
 $3,426,590 
 2,437,270 
 2,763,647 
 2,920,876 
 2, .578, 441 
 
 2, 577, 958 
 2,396,078 
 2,777,687 
 
 3, 3.52, 798 
 3,603,989 
 4,700,068 
 4,271,076 
 4, 672, 296 
 
 $90, .505 
 
 213, 334 
 
 214,238 
 
 197,430 
 
 12, .520 
 
 158, 640 
 
 365, 426 
 
 138,214 
 
 328, 921 
 
 330, 990 
 
 •1139, 190 
 
 •1206, 640 
 
 ■1328,070 
 
 S204, 000 
 335, 000 
 373, 561 
 222, 100 
 232, 761 
 351,000 
 405, 700 
 419,900 
 766,200 
 685, 400 
 718,200 
 .580, 600 
 272, 200 
 
 S231,'287 
 
 26, 000 
 
 100, 000 
 
 139, 862 
 
 .59, 148 
 
 75, 910 
 
 83, 742 
 
 126, 877 
 
 140, 239 
 
 139,339 
 
 249,163 
 
 234, 587 
 
 213, 814 
 
 (-) 
 (=) 
 
 (2) 
 
 {'') 
 
 (2) 
 
 J6,800 
 9,700 
 42, 766 
 48, 900 
 43, 808 
 147, '273 
 
 '(3! 
 
 S3, 600 
 4,837 
 11,836 
 22,816 
 61, 176 
 
 $75,936 
 
 75,000 
 
 . 75, 000 
 
 15 000 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 1893. 
 
 1894 
 
 6^611 
 14, 777 
 
 1895. 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 16, 187 
 15, .575 
 58,395 
 68,133 
 89, 174 
 30, 725 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 1 Estimates of tlie Director of tlie Mint, the v^alues being for the refined product; silver at coining value. The values in Table 1 are the values at the mine. 
 2 Not reported separately. 
 
 3 Not reported. 
 
 4 Commercial value. 
 
 There has been a noticeable growth in the mining in- 
 dustry during the last decade. With the construction 
 of railways into mining- and quarrying districts, more 
 extensive development of the mineral resources of the 
 state should speedily follow. Metalliferous deposits 
 occur in many parts of the state,' the sulphide ores 
 appearing in greatest abundance. Arsenides and anti- 
 monites are also found, but oxides and carbonates are 
 somewhat less plentiful. The value of the nonmetallic 
 mineral product during- 19u2 greath- exceeded that of 
 the metallic, because of the extensive operations in coal 
 mining and stone quarrying. 
 
 Coal, hitumnious. — The first discovery of coal ■ was 
 in the Cowlitz valle}^ during 1 848, but the quality was 
 inferior. The occurrence of coal on the Stilaguamish 
 river" was known as early as 1851, and deposits near 
 Bellingham ba_y were discovered in 1852. In the fol- 
 lowing year the Sehome coal deposit, and that on the 
 Black river not far from Seattle, were opened. In 1863 
 coal was discovered at (iilman and also near Lake ^Yash- 
 ington, and at a later date the Green river and other 
 coal fields were found. 
 
 The character of the coal produced is chiefly lignite, 
 although it often ranges to a bituminous or a semi- 
 bituminous variet}^ Washington is the only one of 
 the Pacific states in which coal of a coking quality has 
 
 been mined, all the coal produced thus far in California 
 and Oregon having- been lignite. 
 
 The principal coal fields of the state are located in 
 Kittitas, King, Pierce, Skagit. Whatcom, and Lewis 
 counties in the order named, and important outcrop- 
 pings have lieen ni)ted in Lincoln, Spokane, Thurston, 
 and other counties. The production increased Y_)henom- 
 enally from 145,015 short tons, valued at $389,046, in 
 1880, to 1,263,689 short tons, with a value of $3,426,,590, 
 in 1890, an increase of 771.4 per cent in the quantity 
 and 780.8 per cent in value. During the jjeriod of 
 twelve years from 1890 to 1902 the increase in (juantity 
 was 112.2 per cent, and in value 33.4 per cent. 
 
 In 1902 the state ranked fifteenth in the United 
 States in coal production, the total value of the product 
 reported in that vear being over S4,50<i,()00. Table 4, 
 compiled from reports of the United States Geological 
 Survev, shows the annual production of coal from 1870 
 to 19<J2. 
 
 T.VBLE -ii.—AriiiUdl jirndiiiiioii nffonJ, hilniiiiiimm: 1S70 Id li)02. 
 [United Stjites Geokigieal Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 ' Washington Geological Survey, page 39. 
 -History of the Pacific States, bv Hubert H. 
 XXVI, page 340. 
 ^Washington Geological Survey, page 2o7 ff. 
 
 Bancroft, Vol. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 1870 
 
 17, ,841 
 •20,000 
 23, 000 
 26, 000 
 30,3.62 
 99, 6118 
 110,342 
 12(1, s*ii; 
 
 131,6110 
 142, 666 
 141,316 
 
 18,81 
 
 167, .6.64 
 
 177, 340 
 
 244, 990 
 
 166, 936 
 
 380, 260 
 
 423, 525 
 
 772,601 
 
 1,215,760 
 
 1,030,678 
 
 1,263,689 
 
 1,0.56, '249 
 
 1892 
 
 1 '^13 427 
 
 1871 
 
 18,S2 
 
 1 893 . . . 
 
 
 1872 
 
 18,83 
 
 1SS4 
 
 1 .SS5 
 
 ] 886 
 
 1.SS7 
 
 1894 
 
 1895 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 1,898 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 1.106,470 
 1.191,410 
 1,195, .504 
 1,434,112 
 1,X84,571 
 2, 029, 881 
 2,474,093 
 2,578,217 
 2, 6.81, '214 
 
 1873 
 
 1874 
 
 1875 
 
 1876 
 
 1.877 
 
 1878 
 
 1.S79 
 
 I.SSO 
 
 1 SS8 
 
 188'.l 
 
 1 S90 
 
 1K91 
 
336 
 
 MINKS AND QUARKIK8. 
 
 The economic importance of coal mining- to the state 
 is illustrated hy the fact that in 1902 the 3,931 wage- 
 earners employed received |3,i!20,2fi3 in wages, a sum 
 equal to 16.9 per cent of the wages paid to all the wage- 
 earners ill the manufacturing industries in the state in 
 1900. Of all the industries reported in the census of 
 manufactures in l'.»00, only the lumber and timber in- 
 dustry paid a larger sum to wage-earners than the 
 amount reported bj^ coal mining in 1902. 
 
 Gdid (Did stiver. — The discovery of gold' in IS-ts did 
 much to attract settlers to Washington. Gold is com- 
 monly found in the state associated with iron pyrite, 
 arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and galena,^ the 
 localities of occurrence being chietly in Chelan, Ferry, 
 Kittitas, Okanogan, .Snohomish, Spokane, Stevens, 
 Wallawalla, and Whitman counties. 
 
 Silver ores, principally galena,'' pyrite, and ruby 
 silver in slate, are widespread in their occurrence, being 
 often found in the same veins with gold and copper. 
 In Cedar canyon • and some other districts, native silver 
 is also found. 
 
 The following table, compiled from reports of the 
 Director of the Mint, shows the annual production of 
 gold and silver from 1891 to 1902: 
 
 Table 5. — Annual production of gold and xilrer: 1S91 to 190-2. 
 [Reports of the Ilireetor of the Mint.] 
 
 
 Gold (fine 
 
 Silver (tine 
 
 YEAR 
 
 Gold (fine 
 
 Silver (fine 
 
 
 ounces). 
 
 ounces). 
 
 
 ounces). 
 
 ounces). 
 
 1891 
 
 16, 206 
 
 165,000 
 
 1R97 
 
 20,312 
 
 106.900 
 
 1892 
 
 18,071 
 
 165, 700 
 
 1898 
 
 37, 065 
 
 2.54, 400 
 
 1893 
 
 10, 714 
 
 1.52, 700 
 
 1899 
 
 33,156 
 
 2.56,000 
 
 1894 
 
 11,260 
 
 9,683 
 
 1900 
 
 34,743 
 
 224,riO0 
 
 1895 
 
 16,980 
 
 122, 700 
 
 1901 
 
 28, 082 
 
 344, 400 
 
 1896 
 
 19,626 
 
 274, 900 
 
 1902 
 
 13, 166 
 
 619,000 
 
 As shown by Table 5, the production of precious 
 metals in Washington has fluctuated considerably dur- 
 ing the last decade. Extensive development operations 
 during 1902 indicate an unusual interest in the many 
 gold and silver deposits of the state. 
 
 Limestones and dolomites. — Extensive deposits of 
 limestone are found in many parts of the state, but 
 thus far only those in the vicinity of large towns or 
 along railroads or boat lines have been developed. 
 Limestone production is third among the important 
 mineral industries of Washington, and the principal 
 quarrying localities are in the northern and north- 
 western parts of the state. 
 
 The limestone quarried in the state has been utilized 
 
 ' History of the Pacific States, Vol. XXVI, pages 2.30 and .343. 
 " Washington (ieological Survey, Vol. I, jiages 39 and 40. 
 'The Mineral Industry, 1901, Vol. X, page 302. 
 
 chiefly in lime burning, and has never been used to any 
 considerable extent as a building material. The pro- 
 duction has decreased during the last three years. 
 
 SiJireotis irystaUine mcl-x. — The siliceous crystalline 
 rocks were second to limestone among the quarry 
 products of the state in 1902, with a product valued at 
 $117,273, or 32.5 per cent of the entire stone produc- 
 tion of the state. The principal quarrying localities of 
 this class of rocks are in the region adjacent to Puget 
 .sound, although considerable activity was reported in 
 the extreme eastern portion of the state. 
 
 A large increase in production is shown for 1902, 
 the value being more than that for the four previous 
 years combined. This increase was principally in rip- 
 rap and rubble, although the reports showed a gain in 
 the use of siliceous cr^^stalline rocks for all purposes. 
 
 Maii>le.—"^\iB marble quarried in Washington is of 
 a serpentinous character, and is found principalh' in 
 the eastern part of the state in Adams and Stevens 
 counties. It is necessarily extracted in small blocks 
 on account of its seamed markings. The production 
 in 1902 was largely utilized for building purposes and 
 interior decorations. 
 
 There was a large increase in the production of 1902 
 over former years, especially in the output of rough 
 and building marble. 
 
 fiatid'itones and quartzites. — The principal occur- 
 rences of sandstones in Washington are found in the 
 extreme northwestern part of the state in San Juan 
 and Whatcom counties, and the production has de- 
 creased materially as compared with previous years. 
 
 All other minerals. — Clay deposits occurring chietiy 
 as glacial clays, residual clays, and clay shales are found, 
 and a small production was reported from the north- 
 eastern part of the state, but no extensive mining of 
 these was done during the year. 
 
 The prevailing mineralogical character of the copper 
 ore mined in this state is copper glance passing into 
 chalcopyrite, and it is found in fissure veins with gran- 
 ite. The state's production in 1902 was confined to the 
 output of one establishment. 
 
 The utilization of molybdenum in the preparation of 
 steel has caused an increased demand for this mineral. 
 It is also used in the manufacture of chemical reao-ents, 
 principally ammonium molybdatc. and in the prepara- 
 tion of "blue carmine" for porcelain coloring.' The 
 molybdenite in this state occurs in association with 
 gold, silver, and copper ore. and all the production was 
 reported by one company. 
 
 'United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1901, pages 266 and 267. 
 
WEST VIRGINIA. 
 
 Table 1 is a tsumniarv of the statistics for tlie producti\'e mines, (juarries, and wells in the state of West 
 Virginia for 1!H)2. 
 
 Table 1.— SUMMARY: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines, quarries, and wells 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Averag"e number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 Value of product 
 
 Total. 
 
 $5, 
 
 S8, 
 $48, 
 
 14, ,S74 
 .5, 192 
 
 2,014 
 , 443, 1.50 
 
 30, 002 
 469, ,826 
 194, 279 
 408, :J46 
 519, 707 
 378,414 
 
 Coal, bitu- 
 minous. 
 
 ,522 
 406 
 
 1,9.87 
 81,760,448 
 
 23, 914 
 
 513,524,129 
 
 «23, 092 
 
 ?2, 087, .528 
 
 82,327,377 
 
 824, 748, 058 
 
 Petroleum. Natural j 
 
 Limestones 
 
 and 
 dolomites. 
 
 Sandstones 
 
 and 
 quartzites. 
 
 All other 
 minerals.! 
 
 13, 109 
 
 1,446 
 
 328 
 8399, 207 
 
 3,800 
 «2, 773, 312 
 $4, 170, 647 
 84, 523, 499 
 84,504,908 
 817,040,:!17 
 
 949 
 03 
 
 221 
 1225, .501 
 
 034 
 
 8410, 845 
 
 8994, 540 
 
 S822, 039 
 
 81,495,069 
 
 85, 390, 181 
 
 174 
 167 
 
 31 
 
 827, 259 
 
 1,068 
 $420, 401 
 
 110 
 100 
 
 38 
 $18, 965 
 
 453 
 8272, 123 
 
 8«, 144 
 878,146 
 8616, 366 
 
 817, 533 
 828,500 
 8423, 532 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 $5,770 
 
 133 
 802, 716 
 
 89,003 
 
 825, 767 
 
 $159, 360 
 
 ' Includes operators as follows: Cement, 1; clay, 4; grindstones and pulpstones, 2; iron ore, 1; silica sand, 2. 
 
 The extensive coal deposits in the state are almost 
 inexhaustible, coal being found in all but three coun- 
 ties, and the annual production has steadily increased 
 until in 1902 West Virginia ranked fourth among the 
 coal producing states. The oil production is large and 
 the state has within its borders the largest single pro- 
 ducing oil field in the world. Natural gas wells are 
 numerous and productive. Most excellent building 
 stones abound throughout the state, and the white sand 
 near Berkeley Springs, in Morgan county, is of excep- 
 tional puritj'. In several places in the state good grits 
 are found for making grind.stones. One of the most 
 widespread of all the natural resources of the state is 
 its clay. Iron ore is known to abound in many coun- 
 ties.' The manufacture of natural rock cement has 
 been going on for many years. ^ 
 
 The following minerals found in the state were not 
 mined or cjuarried in commercial quantities in 1902 : Gra- 
 hamite, manganese ore, and strontium ore. The cele- 
 brated grahamite deposits of Ritchie county, although 
 once mined extensively, liave been abandoned for over 
 twenty-live years.' 
 
 In addition to the active mines, quarries, and wells 
 shown in the foregoing table, development work, con- 
 fined to bituminous coal, natural gas, and silica sand 
 
 >The Mountain State, by George W. Summers, page 41. 
 
 ^United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1902, page 809. ,„,„„, -„ ,r 
 
 'Ibid., Twenty-second Annual Report, 1900-1901, Part I, page 
 233. 
 
 30223—04 22 
 
 was reported by 13 operators in 23 mines, quarries, and 
 wells; these gave employment during 1902 to 51 wage- 
 earners, and paid $26,645 in wages. The 1-i salaried 
 officials, clerks, etc., received $7,731. The cost of 
 work done by contract was $45,315; tlie miscellaneous 
 expenses were $6,303, and the cost of supplies and 
 materials amounted to $73,437. 
 
 Table 2 shows the value of the products of manufac- 
 tures, based primarily upon minerals mined and quar- 
 ried, and also the value of all products manufactured 
 in the state as reported at the census of 1900. 
 
 Table 2. — Manufactures based primarily upon the products cjf mines 
 and quarries: 1900. 
 
 INDUSTRY. 
 
 All manufactures 
 
 Based upon products of mines or quarries: 
 
 Chemicals and allied products 
 
 Clay, glass, and stone products 
 
 Iron and steel and their products 
 
 Metals and metal products, other than iron 
 
 and steel 
 
 Miscellaneous industries 
 
 All other. 
 
 Value of product. 
 
 874,838,330 
 
 $827, 560 
 
 3,934,849 
 
 20,407,330 
 
 700, 433 
 5,015,045 
 
 43, 892, .507 
 
 The value of the manufactured products, based pri- 
 maril}' upon minerals mined and quarried, was 
 $30,945,823, or 41.4 per cent of the total for all man- 
 ufactures, as shown in the foregoing table. The total 
 value of products of mines, quarries, and wells of West 
 Virginia in 1902 and manufactures in 1900 amounted to 
 
 (337) 
 
338 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 $123,216,744:. Of this amount, manufactures contrib- 
 uted 60.7 per cent, and mines and ([uarries 39.3 per cent. 
 
 In I'M), according to tiie Twelfth Census reports, 
 33,272 wage-earners were employed in manufacturing, 
 and the wages paid them during the same year amounted 
 to $12,969,237. The operators of the 14,874 productive 
 mines, quarries, and wells in 1902 employed 80,002 
 wage-earners, and paid them i!il7,469,,S26 in wages. 
 Manufactures and mining together gave employment 
 during the year to 63,274 wage-earners, and paid 
 $30,439,063 in wages. Manufactures, therefore, gave 
 emploj'ment to 52.6 per cent of the wage-earners, and 
 paid 42.6 per cent of the wages, while mines, quarries, 
 and wells furnished employment to 47.4 percent of the 
 wage-earners, and paid 57.4 per cent of the wages. 
 
 The following table shows the value of the annual 
 production of the leading minerals of the state from 
 1890 to 1902: 
 
 Table 3. — ]'aluc of annual production nf principal minerals: 1S90 lo 
 
 1902. 
 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United stateJi."] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 ""^i^ p«t™'--' i ''gr" 
 
 Limestones Sandstones 
 
 and and 
 dolomites, quartzites. 
 
 1 
 
 1890 . . 
 
 86,208,128 
 7,-359,816 
 
 7, 852, 114 
 8,251,170 
 8, 706, 808 
 7,710,576 
 8, 336, 685 
 
 8, 987, 393 
 10,131,264 
 12, 0.53, 268 
 18,416,871 
 20, 848, 184 
 24, 748, 6.58 
 
 S601, 198 
 
 1,612,826 
 
 2,119,901 
 
 6, 425, .522 
 
 7,221,717 
 
 11,038,770 
 
 11,829,618 
 
 10,310,178 
 
 12,426,369 
 
 18,014,766 
 
 21,922,702 
 
 17, 172, 724 
 
 17,040,317 
 
 S5, 400 
 
 35, 000 
 
 500 
 
 123,000 
 
 395, 000 
 
 100,000 
 
 640, 000 
 
 912, 528 
 
 1,334,023 
 
 2,335,864 
 
 2,9.59,032 
 
 3,9.54,472 
 
 5, 390, 181 
 
 S93, 8.56 
 85, 000 
 85, 000 
 19, 1.H4 
 43,773 
 42,892 
 69, 113 
 01, ,546 
 56, 167 
 58, .S02 
 .53, 701 
 447, 049 
 616, 366 
 
 S140 687 
 
 1891 
 
 
 1892 
 
 85 000 
 
 1893 
 
 46, 135 
 
 1894 
 
 63 865 
 
 1895 
 
 40 000 
 
 1896 
 
 
 1897 
 
 47 288 
 
 1898 
 
 14, 381 
 
 1899 
 
 33 860 
 
 1900 
 
 72, 438 
 
 1901 
 
 103 010 
 
 1902 
 
 423, .532 
 
 Coal. — The coal deposits of West Virginia, iinderl}'- 
 ing some 17,280 square miles of the state's area,' belong- 
 to the great Appalachian coal held, and have almost the 
 largest expanse of continuous coal measures in the 
 world." In all but 4 of the 55 counties of the sttite bi- 
 tuminous coal has been found.' 
 
 The advantages of the state in coal production lie in 
 the facts that a great number of the seams found arc ac- 
 cessible above water level, and that the coals are of vai'i- 
 ous compositions adapted to the requirements of trade. 
 The fat coking, gass}' bituminous, the hard and \al lia- 
 ble splint, and the rich and oily cannel coal are found 
 in great purity and made easily accessible through the 
 agency of running water, which has exposed the seams 
 in thousands of places. This fact, added to their size, 
 permits, as a general rule, the mining of coal in West 
 Virginia to be carried on at less cost, and witli more 
 economy, under con-esponding labor rates, tiiaii is pos- 
 sible in any other part of the Allegheny coal Helds.' 
 
 'United States Geological Survey, "Mineral liesnurecH of flie 
 United States," 1902, pat,'e 29?,. 
 
 ^Kesoureew of West Virf^inia, bv Maury and Fontaine, |iat,'e KiL'. 
 
 ■*The Mountain State, pa(,'e II.' 
 
 * Resoun.'es of We.st A'irf^duia, pa^'e 'J,\^,. 
 
 The presence of coal in West Virginia was known to 
 the earliest settlers, and shipments were made f i-om the 
 Cumberland-Piedmont district of Maryland and West 
 Virginia as early as 1842, but until 1855 all the ship- 
 ments were from Maryland.'' In 1863 a few small coal 
 mines produced some coal for domestic consumption," 
 and in 1864 the lir.st splint coal was mined at Coalburg, 
 in Kanawha county-' During the past twenty-three 
 years the increase in the coal production of West Vir- 
 ginia has averaged 1,()()0,0()0 tons a year. 
 
 The principtil coal producing regions of the state may 
 be divided into four districts, which include the more 
 important coal producing counties. These during 1902 
 produced nearly 90 per cent of the output of the state. 
 The two northern districts are known as the Fairmont, 
 or Upper ^lonongahela district, and the YAk Garden, 
 or Upper Potomac district. The two southern districts 
 are the Pocahontas, or Flat Top district, and the New 
 and Kanawha river district. The most important dis- 
 trict from the productive point of view is the New and 
 Kiiiiawha river district, which includes the counties of 
 Fayette. Kanawha. Raleigh, and Putnani." 
 
 In 19()2 coal was mined in 29 counties, among which 
 McDowell ranked Krst with ;i production of 5,459,655 
 tons, Fayette second with 4,775,112 tons, and [Marion 
 third with 3,397,194 tons. The total production in 1902 
 w'as 24,57(1,826 tons, an increase of 502,424 tons over 
 1901. The greatest increase was shown in McDowell 
 county. Fayette county showed a decrease of 1,277,277 
 tons, due to the strikes in 1902. 
 
 The following tal»le, compiled from the reports of 
 the United States (ieological Survey, shows the annual 
 production of coal in West Virginia from 18ti3 to 1902: 
 
 T.VBI.E 4. — Atiiinul jiroiha-iiiin af cnal, hiliuninons: ISH.i tn inOi. 
 [Cnited states Geologicjil Siir\'i'y, '■Mineral Resnnrees of the United States."] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 41,648 
 54 , .SH.S 
 87, 897 
 112, 068 
 89, 360 
 109, 227 
 103, 148 
 75,138 
 118,830 
 14',i, .521 
 072, 000 
 1,120,000 
 1.120,000 
 896, 000 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 YEAR, 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 18l',3 
 
 1877 
 
 l,H7.s 
 
 187'.l 
 
 1,120,000 
 1,120,000 
 1 , 400, 000 
 1,. 568, 000 
 
 1 , t)80, 000 
 2, 240, 000 
 
 2, 335, 833 
 3,360,000 
 
 3, 369, 062 
 4,005,796 
 4,8H1.620 
 5, 498, SOO 
 6,231,880 
 
 1890 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 1,893 
 
 7,394,654 
 9, '220, 665 
 9 738 755 
 
 
 18(i.'. 
 
 isi;i; 
 
 1S67 
 
 1880 
 
 1881 
 
 10. 708, .578 
 
 IS) is 
 
 1882 
 
 1883 
 
 1884 
 
 1885 
 
 1,S86 
 
 1.S87 
 
 1.H.88 
 
 1889 
 
 1895 
 
 11 387 961 
 
 1S60 
 
 1.H70 
 
 1871 
 
 1896 
 
 1.897 
 
 1898 
 
 12-, 876, 296 
 14, 248, 159 
 16,7tX) 999 
 
 1.S72 
 
 1S73 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 19,2.52,995 
 22.647,207 
 
 1S71 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 24.068,402 
 24,670,826 
 
 1875 
 
 1876 
 
 
 
 I'l-froJi'liiii. -At an early date petroleum in small 
 quantities was found in ^^'est Virginia, and as far 
 back as 1771 Thomas Jefferson described a burnino- 
 
 ■'United States Geolosiral Survey, " .Aliucral Resourees of the 
 United States," 1902, pare .'W."!. 
 
 '■ Report i.f the C'onniiissioner of Labor nf West N'iroinia, ISii7-;),S, 
 page IKi. 
 
 'Transaeti<ins of the Anieriean Institute .if :\liuiiif; Eii-im-crs 
 Vnl. X, pat.'e82. 
 
 "ruite<l States (ieologieal Survey, "Mineral Kesonrces nf the 
 United States," 1902, page 442. 
 
WEST VIRGINIA. 
 
 339 
 
 spring, and the oil connected therewith, located in the 
 Kanawha valley.' Prior to the Civil War the di.scovery 
 of oil in .shallow wells near Parker,sbur<;-, in th(^ Rurn- 
 ino- Springs region in the Little Kanawha \allev, caused 
 the most intense excitement, st'arcely equaled hy that in 
 California over the discovery of gold. Towtis spi-ang 
 into existence, derricks were 'erected, and oil wtdls were 
 bored, hut the war broke up the oil excitement, the der- 
 ricks and machinery were destroyed, and for a time, 
 the business was at a standstill." After the close of the 
 Civil War, in 1865, interest in the petroleum in the state 
 was revived and the industrj^ instead of being entirely 
 speculative was put on a legitimate business basis. As 
 a consequence oil development became more scientific 
 and operations were commenced almost simultaneously 
 at Burning Sprir^g.s, Oil Rock, California House, Vol- 
 cano, Sandhill, and Horseneck. It is estimated that 
 before 1876 not less than 3,000,000 barrels, valued at 
 $20,tMJ0,O(X), had been produced in these districts.' 
 
 The following table, compiled from the reports of 
 the United States Geological Survey, shows the annual 
 production of petroleum in West Virginia from 1870 
 to 1903; 
 
 Table 5, — Annual pmdnction of petroleum: 187 G to 1902. 
 
 [United States Geological Sun'ey, "Mineral Resources o£ the United States."] 
 
 Total 
 
 131, 701, 296 
 
 
 
 3,000,000 
 120, 000 
 172, 000 
 180, 000 
 180, 000 
 179, 000 
 1,11, 000 
 128,000 
 120, 000 
 90, 000 
 91,000 
 102, 000 
 145,000 
 
 1870 
 
 1877 . 
 
 
 1879 
 
 1880 . 
 
 1881 
 
 1882 
 
 1883 
 
 1884 
 
 1885 
 
 1886 
 
 1887 
 
 1888 . 
 
 1889 . 
 
 1890 . 
 
 1891 . 
 
 1892 - 
 1893. 
 
 1894 . 
 
 1895 . 
 
 1896 . 
 
 1897 . 
 l.so^^ . 
 1S99 . 
 1900. 
 
 1901 . 
 
 1902 . 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 119,448 
 S.14, 113 
 492, .578 
 406, 218 
 810,086 
 445,412 
 577, 624 
 
 120. 125 
 019, 770 
 090, 045 
 615, 101 
 910, 630 
 19.5,675 
 
 177. 126 
 613, 345 
 
 The modern development of the oil interests of the 
 state dates from 1889. That }'ear marked the opening 
 of the Dolls Run, Eureka, and Mannington oil pools,* 
 and from that time until 1900 there was an almost 
 stt^ady increase in the production. In 190(1 the output 
 of the oil wells of the state was 16,195,67.5 barrels. 
 
 Although oil had been developed in Pennsylvania 
 long before 1865, it was in West Virginia that the 
 means of transporting it to market in the manner now 
 recognized to be cheap, safe, and expeditious, were tirst 
 furnished.* 
 
 In 1902 the production of petroleum in West Vir- 
 ginia amounted to 13,513, .345 barrels, a decrease of 
 663,781 barrels from the product of the preceding year. 
 The 1902 output was valued at $17,040,317. The state 
 ranked second among the oil producing states and ter- 
 ritories in 1902, producing 15.1 per cent of the entire 
 output of the United States. 
 
 ^Resources of West Virginia, page 305. 
 
 ^ The Mountain State, page 77. 
 
 'Resources of West Virginia, pages 306 and 307. 
 
 *West Virginia Geological Survey, 189H, Vol. I, page.s 148 to 1,50. 
 
 ^Resources of West Virginia, page 308. 
 
 Ndt'itral gan. — It is (|uite probable tbat the Ijurning 
 springs of West Vii'ginia had attracted the attention of 
 the Indians long before the ad\('nt of the white man in 
 this region. One of the earliest records of these natural 
 gas vents was made by George Washington in 1775, 
 when he described a " burning spring" on the Kanawlia 
 river, 9 miles above Charleston. This was pi'ecmpted 
 along with other lands and given to him foi' military 
 ser\'ices by the state of Virginia, and he deeded it, 
 together with a s(iuare acre of ground, to the public." 
 
 The tirst natuial gas held to, be dovelcjped and put 
 into practit'al use was that near Wellsburg, ]5rooke 
 county. Natural gas was tii'st used for manufacturing- 
 purposes in West Virginia in the Kanawha valley thirty 
 yeai-s ].>efore it was used for that purpose in Penn- 
 sylvania.' 
 
 In 1902 West Virginia ranked third among the states 
 in the production of natural gas. Large areas in Lewis, 
 Harrison, Marion, Monongalia, and V^^'etzel counties 
 were discovered and developed between 1900 and 1902. 
 More or le.ss natural gas has been developed in Tjder, 
 Ritchie, Doddridge, Marshall, Wood, Wirt, Roane, Cal- 
 houn, Boone, Mingo, Kanawha, Logan, and Gilmer 
 counties." 
 
 Since 1895 there has been a notable yearly increase in 
 production of natural gas. In 1902 the value of the 
 production was §5,390,181, an increase of 11,435,709, oi- 
 36.3 per cent as compared with 1901. 
 
 Liiiii.'xfiiiii'K (iiid (lolciiiiitcn. — The value of the output 
 of the 174 quarries productive in 1902 amounted to 
 $616,366, an increase of $169,317 over the product of 
 1901. Jefferson county ranked first among the 11 coun- 
 ties in value of product, but Preston county ranked first 
 in number of quarries. The value of the blast furnace 
 flux produced in the state in 1902 was $268,059, or 43.5 
 per cent of the value of all limestone. 
 
 SaiuhUmen and qiittrtzitrH. — Among the beds of the 
 conglomerate coal measures, sandstones of almost any 
 size and texture can be quarried. In Monongalia 
 [ county a beautiful sandstone, of a light l)utf and dove 
 color, is found which can be dressed readilv, and is 
 most suitable for building purposes. In Taylor county 
 occurs the so-called Grafton sandstone of close texture, 
 sharp and clean grit, and gray color. The gray sand- 
 stone of Lewis county has few. if any, superiors in the 
 United States in architectural beauty. The sandstones 
 of the Lower Coal Measures on the upper portion of 
 the Kanawha river have furnished materials ft)r locks 
 and dams built by the Government.'' 
 
 Only 10 of the 110 quarries productive in 19(i2 had an 
 output valued at more than $10,00(1. The value of the 
 sandstones quarried in the state in 1902 was $423,532, 
 an increase of $320,522 over the value for 1901. Mercer 
 
 MVest Virginia Geological Survey, 1899, Vdl. I, pam- 124. 
 'The Mountain State, jjages 77 and 78. 
 
 Hlnited States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources df the 
 United States," 1902, page (i43. 
 ^l^esources of West Virginia, pages 315 and 31(1. 
 
340 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 ranked first amony- the counties in the state in the vahie 
 of its sandstones quarried in l't)0'2. 
 
 All oilier iiiliii'nilK. — Natnral rock renieiit was made 
 near Shepherdstc)Wii, -letl'erson county, as t-ariv as lSi!r>.' 
 The industry was not followed continuously in this 
 locality, but about LsTn a new plant was erected, aiul 
 for more than thirty years a superior brand of natural 
 rock cement was produced.' A single jilant rep<irted 
 production during 19(>2. 
 
 Quantities of good potter's and fire clay arc foun<l in 
 the state, and in llt(»2 West Virginia ranked fourtli 
 among the states in the value of its pottei'y ])rodiicts, 
 which amounted to !i^l,16ii,-l:(i-t, and Tunth in the value 
 of all its products of clay, which reached $;:!,5l!S,.544. 
 The value of the clay production of the state was 
 $43,266. 
 
 Good grits for grindstones are found in many coun- 
 ties in the state, and a part of the weiUknown ledge of 
 stone appearing in Ohio across the river f i-om Parkers- 
 burg is found in Wood county.'' In 190ii .lackson and 
 
 ' Resource.? of West Virginia, jjage .31.5. 
 
 '■'United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Keisources of the 
 United States," 1902, page 809. 
 'The Mountain State, page 91. 
 
 ^\'ood were the only counties from which griiidstone.s 
 were reported; the value was $22,-347. 
 
 Iron ore is found in the coal hills, the best being 
 around J/iurel hills and at Bea\er Lick mountain; but 
 the enormous beds of ore in the state have been as vet 
 only slightly developed.* At various times, before and 
 since the organization of the state, iron ha.s been made 
 from West Virginia ores, which, in every instance, pro- 
 duced iron of an excellent (|ualitJ^'^' Only one iron 
 mine was operated in the state in 19(12. 
 
 Near Berkeley Springs, in Morgan county, is a ridge 
 of sandstone, which, when crushed, yields a beautiful 
 white sand of exceptional purity. It is al)out the best 
 sand found in the United States, and large tjuantities of 
 it have been shipped foi- glassmaking.'' Sand for other 
 uses is obtained in oSIarion, Hampshire, Randolph, and 
 Monongalia counties." The output of sand in the state 
 for 11A)2 was l(i7,;")20 short tons, of which 74,720 tons 
 were glass saiul. The value of all sand was $121,540, 
 while that of the glass .sand was $99,340. 
 
 * King's Handbook of the United States, page 883. 
 -'The Mountain State, page 41. 
 
 "United States (ieological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1902, page iUU. 
 
WISCONSIN. 
 
 Table 1 is a summary of tlie statistics for tlie productive niine.s and ([uarries in the state of Wisconsin for 1902. 
 
 Table 1.— .SUMMARY: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines or quarries . 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 Value of product 
 
 $232, 
 
 3, 
 
 1, 987, 
 
 $3, 
 
 f427, 
 
 S804, 
 
 ^,427, 
 
 411 
 
 392 
 
 27.5 
 758 
 
 583 
 565 
 758 
 847 
 142 
 813 
 
 Limestones 
 Iron ore. and 
 
 dolomites. 
 
 16 
 10 
 
 .S3 
 S85, 262 
 
 1,361 
 
 $837, 661 
 
 $2, 760 
 
 $247, 149 
 
 $375, 969 
 
 $1,800,864 
 
 216 
 
 207 
 
 82 
 $.58, 363 
 
 1,062 
 $.539, 169 
 
 $47, 0.52 
 
 $290, 150 
 
 $1,:351,0.58 
 
 Lead and 
 zinc ore. 
 
 90 
 90 
 
 .50 
 $26,202 
 
 417 
 $192, 209 
 $1,008 
 $.54,. 534 
 $56, 774 
 $473,6.52 
 
 Siliceous 
 
 crystalline 
 
 rocks. 
 
 Sandstones 
 
 and 
 quartzites. 
 
 All other 
 minerals.' 
 
 30 
 
 831,284 
 
 391 
 
 $236, 496 
 
 826,211 
 
 $38,409 
 
 $369,137 
 
 13 
 ,129 
 
 199 
 $109,066 
 
 $3, 632 
 $17,169 
 $207, 086 
 
 17 
 $2^, .528 
 
 153 
 
 $72,965 
 
 $49,269 
 $28,681 
 $226,016 
 
 1 Includes operators as follows: Cement. 2; clay. 3; copper ore, 1: graphite, 1 (2 mines); mineral pigments, crude, 1. 
 
 Wisconsin has valuable iron ore deposits along the 
 borders of Lake Superior iu the north, the output of 
 which is yearly increasing, as well as extensive lead and 
 zinc ore mines which have been operated for many 
 years in the Galena-Dubuque region in the southwestern 
 part of the state. Large and valuable areas of building 
 stones are found in many parts of the state, and along 
 the shore of Lake Michigan there are large beds of clay. 
 Flint also is found, but was not mined in commercial 
 quantities in 1902. 
 
 The relative importance of manufacturing industries 
 closely allied to or based upon the mining industry, 
 using as their raw material the product of the mine or 
 quarr}', is shown in the following table: 
 
 Table '2. — Manufactures hnxed primarily upon the productx of mines 
 and fjuarries: 1900. 
 
 INDUSTRY. Value of product. 
 
 ji 11 manufactures $360, 818, 942 
 
 Based upon products of mines or quarries: 
 
 chemicals and allied products $1, 135,963 
 
 Clay, glass, and stone products 5, 159, 062 
 
 Iron and steel and their products 36, 300, 640 
 
 Metals and metal products, other than iron 
 
 and steel 6, 066, 962 
 
 Miscellaneous industries 11, 808, 224 
 
 60, 470, .H51 
 
 All other 300, 348, 091 
 
 The total value of the products of manufactures, 
 based primarily upon minerals mined or (juarried, was 
 $60,47(1,851, or 16.8 per cent of the value of ail manu- 
 factured products. The value of the output of the 
 mines and quarries in Wisconsin in 1902 was $1,427,813, 
 
 or 1.2 per cent of the total value of the product of 
 manufacturing and mining industries of the state. 
 
 The average number of wage-earners employed in 
 manufacturing establishments in 1900 was 142, ()7G. and 
 the total wages paid amounted to $58,407,597. The 
 corresponding tigures for the mines and quarries of 
 Wisconsin in 1902 were 3,583 wage-earners and 
 $1,987,665 paid in wages. It appears that of the num- 
 ber of wage-earners engaged in the two industries dur- 
 ing the j'ear, 98 per cent were employed in manufactur- 
 ing establishments and received 97 per cent of the 
 wages, while 2 2)er cent of the wage-earners were engaged 
 in mining and were paid 3 per cent of the wages. 
 
 The following table shows, for the years from 1890 
 to 1902, the value of the annual production of the prin- 
 cipal minerals, with the exception of lead and zinc for 
 which values can not be obtained: 
 
 Table .'J. — Value of annua} production of principal minerals: 1S90 to 
 
 190.1. 
 [L'nited Stales Gookigical Survey, ■' Mineral Resources of the United States,"] 
 
 Limestones 
 YEAR. 1 Iron ore. and 
 
 1 dolomites. 
 
 Siliceous 
 
 crystalline 
 
 rocks. 
 
 Sandstones 
 and 
 
 quartzites. 
 
 1890 (1) 
 
 1891 (') 
 
 1892 _ $1,428,921 
 
 1X93 6.S4,094 
 
 1.894 320, .518 
 
 $813,963 
 676, 000 
 676, 000 
 .543,283 
 798, 406 
 7.50, 000 
 .5.52 921 
 
 $266, 095 
 406, 000 
 400,000 
 133, 220 
 166, 098 
 80, 761 
 126, 639 
 126,134 
 176, S67 
 270, 538 
 407.711 
 389, 9.53 
 369, 137 
 
 $183,958 
 
 417,000 
 
 400,000 
 
 92, 193 
 
 94,888 
 
 78,000 
 
 65, 017 
 
 3:3, 620 
 
 80,341 
 
 132,901 
 
 81,. 571 
 
 90,425 
 
 207,086 
 
 1.896 1 071 .511 
 
 1,897 703,770 
 
 Wl, 232 
 698, 454 
 .S26, 486 
 9.89, 685 
 1,226,448 
 1,3.51,0.58 
 
 1898 687,913 
 
 1899 837 766 
 
 1900 2,081.272 
 
 1901 1,664,173 
 
 1902 ' 1,. 800.864 
 
 lvalue not repurtfil. 
 
 (341) 
 
342 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Tron ore. — Althougli the existence of iron ore, similar 
 to the Michigan ore, occurring in A\'isconsin along Lake 
 Superior, was known early in the last century, nothing 
 of any consequence was done toward developing the 
 deposits until about IISTT, when work was begun in 
 Florence country, and in l.S,s2, 27(),01T tons were ship- 
 ped from that count}'. The greatest de\'elopment of the 
 iron ore resources of the state haw occui'red since 1884: 
 in the Gogebic district in Ashland and Iron counties.^ 
 Iron ore of the red hematite variety from the Iron 
 Ridge, in Dodge county, was probably mined to some 
 extent as early as ls.5-i, reference being made in that 
 year to its qualit}- and abundance.' In 1902 the state 
 produced 783,996 long tons. The greatest amount was 
 mined in Iron county, which produced about 79 per cent 
 of the total. The production in the state from 1889 to 
 1902 is shown in the following table: 
 
 Table -A. — Aujiual production of iron ore: JSSS tn 1903. 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the rnitorl States."] 
 
 
 YE.\R. 
 
 Long tons. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Long tons. 
 
 1)^89 
 
 
 837,399 
 948,965 
 6S9, 481 
 790,179 
 439, 429 
 347, 601 
 649, 361 
 
 1896... 
 1897 . . . 
 1M98 
 
 
 607 405 
 
 1890 . . . 
 1891 
 
 
 
 .5.54,1.55 
 
 1892 . . . 
 
 1893 . . . 
 
 1894 . . . 
 1895... 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 579, 798 
 746,105 
 738, 868 
 783, 996 
 
 Limesionen and doloinitei^. — Limestone underlies a 
 large part of Wi.sconsin, the beds extending in a })road 
 belt through the eastern, southern, and western por- 
 tions of the state. The suital)ility of the stone for 
 building purposes varies greatly, not only in the differ- 
 ent formations, but also in the different beds of the 
 same formation, and the color of the stone ranges from 
 bufi', or straw-yellow, to dark bluish gray.'' 
 
 The earliest recorded quarry in the state was opened 
 at Genesee, Waukesha county, in 181:8, and this quai-ry 
 was operated continuously until 1872, since which time 
 it ha.y been worked only at intervals. The Wauwatosa 
 quarries, near Milwaukee, were opened in 1.S.55, and 
 one year later the tjuarry near Bridgepf)rt was opened.* 
 Previous to 1880, however, with a single excei)tion, no 
 product of the quarries had been exported from the 
 state. '^ 
 
 Wisconsin lanked seventh in 1902 among the lime- 
 stone producing states. The value of its production 
 was $1,351,0.58, of which $296,998 was the value of 
 the building .stone, which comes principally from the 
 quarries in Brown, Door, Miiwiuikce, Rock, and Wau- 
 kesha counties. The largest quarries were in Calumet, 
 
 ' Iron in All Afijes, by Jarne.s M. Swank, pagew 329 and :iS(). 
 
 2 Metallic Wealth of the United States, by .J. 1). Whitney, page 
 482. . ^, 
 
 ■^ Wisconsin Geological and Natural IliHt.iry Snrvey, Bnlletin Au. 
 IV, pages 2.55 and 2.56. 
 
 'Ibid., pages 300 and 31M. 
 
 ^■Stonesfor Building and Decoraticir], by (ieorge 1'. Merrill, page 
 323. 
 
 Door, Fond du Lat', Manitowoc, Racine, and Waukesha 
 counties. 
 
 Li'dd and z'niv ore. — The lead mines of the upper 
 Mississippi ^•alley district, compr-ising (irant, Lafay- 
 ette, and Towa counties in Wi.sconsin; Jo Daviess 
 county in Illinois; and Dubuque county in Iowa, seem 
 to have been disco\'ered by Nicholas Perrott about 
 1692. This metal was also noticed by Le Sueur in 1700, 
 and by John Car\(n- in 1766. The first mining in this 
 district was done by Julien I)ubu(pie in 1788 on the 
 site of the present city of I)ul)U(iuc, Iowa, but it was 
 not until about 1830 that lead mining became general 
 in southwestern Wisconsin. From that time until to- 
 day mining has })een continuous in the state." About 
 1860 zinc ore was first mined, the earlier work having 
 been entirely devoted to lead mining; now, however, 
 this district has become more important as a source of 
 supply of zinc than of lead ore. The ores mined are 
 galena, smithsonite, and sphalerite, the latter being the 
 most important." 
 
 In 1902 the total production of lead and zinc ore in 
 Wisconsin amounted to 21,999 sho)-t tons, having a 
 value of $173,6.52. Of this production only 2,623 tons 
 were lead ores. Lafayette countj' had a production of 
 9,156 short tons, the greater part of which was sphal- 
 erite. Of the 90 mines operated in 1902, 27 mined lead 
 ore only, 23 mined zinc ore only, and 40 mined both 
 lead and zinc ore. 
 
 Siliceous cryHfalluie rod's. — Although aliout one- 
 third of the entire area of Wisconsin is underlaid by the 
 older siliceous crystalline rocks, it has been within the 
 last twenty-five j'ears only that the iiuarrying of granite 
 has assumed any consideriible impoi'tance, and even now 
 the annual output is insignihcant when compared with 
 that of man J' other states.' For monumental purposes 
 the Wisconsin granites have been selected in preference 
 to granites from other parts of the country, and for 
 structural purposes the quarries can furnish either gray 
 or red granite of any retjuired dimension. For road 
 construction probably no state in the Union is better 
 provided with material. The granites \-arv in texture 
 from exceedingly tine grained to the coarse grained 
 porphyritic variety', and in color from a l)rilliant red to 
 a dark gray. The first granite ([uarry was opened at 
 (ri'anite Heights in ^Marathon county in 1880." Near 
 rtley, in Green Lake county, there occurs a beautiful 
 stone, almost black in cokir, with white porphyritic 
 feldspar, which has lieen quarried to some extent; and 
 near Berlin, in the same county, occur two mounds of 
 c )mpact, dense grayish black to pinkish (juartz por- 
 phyry or rhyolite, which takes a high jx.ilish and seems 
 to be eminently adapted for monumental work.'' 
 
 "Wisconsin (xeologieal and Natural Ilistciry Suryey, Bulletin 
 No. IX, pages 1 and 2. 
 
 'Stones for Building and Decoration, ]iiiges S7 and il8. 
 
 "Wisconsin ( ieological arjd Xatunil History Suryey Bulletin 
 No. IV, jiatres H9, 90, and 132. 
 
 'Stones tor Building and l)cc(.iratioii, pages 107 and 168. 
 
WISCONSIN. 
 
 Tho 18 quarries operating- in 1902 were located in 
 JDodge, Green Lake, Marathon, Marinette, Marquette, 
 Saulv, Waupaea, and Wausliara counties, and their out- 
 put was valued at $3(i9,i;jT. 
 
 Sandstones and ijuarfz/tex. — One of the most widely 
 distributed V)uilding' stones, and. one which furnishes 
 perhaps the greatest varietj' in color and texture among 
 the sedimentary rocks, is the sandstone of the Potsdam 
 and St. Peter s formation. The Potsdam appeai-s first 
 in the northeast corner of the state and swings in a broad 
 belt around to tho southwest and then again northwest. 
 A second smaller belt skirts the south shore of Lake 
 Superior entirely across the state in an cast and west 
 direction. The stone from this belt, on account of its 
 color, is conuuonly known as the Lake Superior brown- 
 stone, and was first quarried in 1868 on Bass Island. 
 This stone was quarried in the counties of Ashland. 
 Bayfield, and Douglas, and has been used for structural 
 purposes in manj' states.^ The stone quarried from the 
 southern Potsdam area is mostly used locally, the color, 
 texture, dural)ility, and composition of the stone vary- 
 ing greatlv in the difi'erent beds. The so-called St. 
 Peter's sandstone is found in a comparatively narrow 
 strip extending from the Menominee river, in the north- 
 eastern part of the state, south as far as the state line, 
 thence west to the Mississippi river. The stone is 
 brown, red, yellow, or nearly white in color, and as a 
 rule is coarse and rather friable.' 
 
 Based on the value of product, Sauk ranked first among 
 the sandstone producing counties of Wisconsin, Dunn 
 county second, and Bayfield third. Only 6 of the 23 
 counties in which sandstone is quarried had a value of 
 
 - Stones for Building and Decoration, pages 167 and 168. 
 
 output in excess of *1(),000. The value of the sand- 
 stone quarried in the state in 1902 was §i!07,0.s<>. 
 
 All. other minerals. ^In 187.5, at Whitefish P>ay, Mil- 
 waukee county, the first cement mill in the state was 
 erected, and with scarcely any interruption this plant 
 has been a stead}- producer of an excellent quality of 
 natural rock cement. A second plant was erected near 
 the first in 1S9U. Based on the value of the production, 
 Wisconsin ranked fourth among states producing nat- 
 ural rock cement. 
 
 Stratified beds of clay, from which over .50,000,000 
 bi'ick are made aimually, are found along the shore of 
 Lake Michigan. Although the clay usually is red the 
 bricks are cream coloi'ed, and Milwaukee derives its 
 name of "The Cream City" from the fact that this 
 brick has been used so extensively in its buildings.^ 
 The value of the clay produced in Wisconsin in 1902 
 was 123,178, and the value of the brick and tile made 
 from it was |1,011,373.' 
 
 There are copper ores in the zinc and lead district of 
 southwestern Wisconsin, and some crude attempts at 
 copper mining have been made. By far tlie most im- 
 portant recent development, however, has been in 
 Douglas county, in the northern part of the state.' 
 
 Some graphite was produced in Portage county in 
 19o2, and some metallic paints were made from a cer- 
 tain hematite iron ore found in Dodge count}-, but no 
 figures can be shown for either of these minerals with- 
 out disclosing individual operations. 
 
 ' King's Handbook of the United States, page 894. 
 
 ^United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Eesources of the 
 United States," 1902, page 726. 
 
 *The Copper Handbook, by Horace J. Stevens, Vol. Ill, page 
 118. 
 
WYOMING. 
 
 Table 1 is a summaiy of the statistics for the productive mines, t[uarries, and wells of the state of Wyomiug 
 for 1902. 
 
 Table 1.— SUMMARY: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines, quarries, and wells 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried oflicials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 Value of product 
 
 Total. 
 
 i, 
 
 33, -132, 
 «15, 
 S2K0, 
 
 S«1H, 
 
 Coal, bitu- 
 minous. 
 
 Sandstones 
 
 and 
 quartzites. 
 
 36 
 22 
 
 12.5 
 $im, 1.53 
 
 ■1,197 
 
 83,207,64.5 
 
 M2, 747 
 
 8224,947 
 
 S669, 328 
 
 S.5, 236, 339 
 
 3 
 
 S2,03X 
 
 $.5.S, 897 
 
 S2, 291 
 S4.337 
 S90, 691 
 
 Limestones 
 
 and 
 dolomites. 
 
 $5, 640 
 
 S225 
 S6, 340 
 
 Gold and 
 silver. 
 
 4 
 $3, 245 
 
 824, .570 
 8300 
 8160 
 
 811, 1:59 
 84,923 
 
 All other 
 minerals.^ 
 
 21 
 824, 180 
 
 183 
 
 8135, 407 
 
 82,500 
 
 8.53, 202 
 
 8133,467 
 
 8345, 993 
 
 "• Includes operators as follows: Cupftcr ore. I; grapliite (1 mine, operator reported in South Dakota); grindstones ami pulpstones (operator reported under 
 sandstones and (luartzitesi; gypsum, 2 (3 quarries): iron ore, 1: X'elroleuni, 2 (13 wells); jirecious stones, 3 (no miiu's). 
 
 Wj'oining is excelled bj' few states in the variety and 
 amount of its mineral resources.' Although greatly 
 hindered in tlie development of its mines and quari-ies 
 because of the lack of capital and means of transporta- 
 tion, its product in 1902 was valued at $.5,684,28B. In 
 the value of its mineral pioducts the state was twenty- 
 seventh in rank; almost the entire mineral pioduction 
 was from its mines of coal, in the output of which 
 mineral the state ranked fourteenth. 
 
 The rocks included in the group "sandstones and 
 quartzites," occur in almost inexhaustible beds, and are 
 equal to those of any othei- state in point of beauty and 
 durability.' 
 
 Limestones and dolomit(.'s are of wide occurrence and 
 were quarried to a limited extent in l!t02. 
 
 Gold and silver mining, which was an important fac- 
 tor in the early development of the state, has decreased 
 in importance, until in 1902 the product amountctl to 
 only $1,923. 
 
 Other minerals produced conmiercially in lltu^; were, 
 copper ore, graphite, gi'indstones and pulpstones, gyp- 
 sum, iron ore, petroleum, and precious stones. 
 
 Arsenic, asbestos, glass sand, granite, kaolin, and 
 fire cla\', magnesium, marlile, mica, platiiuun, vein and 
 stream tin, and volcanic ash art! of known occui'rcnce 
 in the state, but were not mined on a commercial scale 
 in 1902.' 
 
 ^ The State of Wynuiirig, by l'\'iiiiriore ( 'liiittcrtijij, jiafrcs !l hihI l:i. 
 ' Ibid., page 17. 
 "Ibid., jjage ::'> ff. 
 
 Development work confined to gold and silver and 
 petroleum was reported by ST operators in 1902. They 
 paid out §4(.i.5,285 for salaries and wages, $86,20-1: for 
 contract work, $85,120 for expenses of a miscellaneous 
 chiiracter, and $110,754 for supplies and materials. 
 
 Certain manufacturing industries are closelv allied to 
 or based u{>on the mining industry, using as raw mate- 
 rial the products of mines and quarries. The relative 
 importtmce of these branches of manufacture, as indi- 
 cated by the value of their products, is shown in the 
 following tat)le: 
 
 T.\iii,E li. — Mdiinfiirtunn Imsi'il jiriiiiarili/ ii/imt tltr jirvdnrls iif mines 
 iiiiij ijiiarrii's: 19ii(i. 
 
 ISIirSTHY. 
 
 Vahieof product. 
 
 
 
 
 riav, ^'la.'^s 
 
 iiicis (if mines or '!uarrii.'s: 
 an<I .^tdiir jtriHliii'ts 
 
 :W2, 175 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mrljils and 
 ami sti.'e] 
 
 nu'tal pn.'diifts, niluT tJnm iron 
 
 
 Misci'lluiiei 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 All other 
 
 
 644, 614 
 3, tlM, 626 
 
 
 
 The total value of product of these nuinufacturing 
 industries ba.sed on mining was, as shown by Table 2, 
 soil. OH, or 15 per cent of the product of all manufac- 
 tures in the stat(> in 1900. 
 
 The niimhei- of wage-earners employed in manufac- 
 tures in 1900 was 2,241, and they received $1,a.S0,14o 
 in wages. In 1902, 4,4S0 wtige-eaiiiers were employed 
 
WYOMING. 
 
 in mines and quarries, and they were paid $3,432,059 
 in wages. By combining the figures for these two 
 branches of industry it is shown that mines and quarries 
 furnished employment to 66.7 per cent of the wage- 
 earners, and paid 71.2 per cent of the wages, whih:^ there 
 were employed in manufactures 33.3 per cent of the 
 wage-earners, who were paid 28.8 per cent of the wages. 
 Table 3, compiled from the reports of the United 
 States Geological Survey, shows the value of the annual 
 production of the principal minerals from 1890 to 1902. 
 
 Tahle 3. — T'<'/»f of ummal production of principal minerals: 1890 to 
 
 190,.'. 
 
 [United States Geologital Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 YEAE. 
 
 Coal, bitu- 
 minous. 
 
 Sandstones 
 
 and 
 quartzites. 
 
 Gold and 
 silver. ' 
 
 1890 
 
 83,183,669 
 3,. 565, 276 
 3, 168, 776 
 3,290,904 
 3,170,392 
 2, 977, 901 
 2, 904, 185 
 3,136,694 
 3,664,190 
 4,742,526 
 6, 467, 953 
 6, 060, 462 
 5,236,339 
 
 816, 760 
 
 25,000 
 
 15,000 
 
 100 
 
 4,000 
 
 10, 000 
 
 16, 465 
 
 11,275 
 
 6,382 
 
 32, .583 
 
 27, 671 
 
 54, 145 
 
 90, 691 
 
 P) 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 . . - 
 
 (-) 
 
 1894 
 
 m 
 
 1895 . 
 
 {-) 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 $14, 429 
 11,329 
 6,429 
 29,717 
 
 3 34,324 
 
 1901 
 
 » 25,. 540 
 
 1902 < 
 
 3 41,4,50 
 
 
 
 1 Estimates of the Director of the Mint; values of the refined product; silver 
 at coining value. 
 
 2 Not reported separately. 
 
 " Silver at commercial value. 
 
 * Census figures, except for gold and silver. 
 
 Coal, hitiomi)ious. — The production of coal on a com- 
 mercial scale in Wyoming began in 1869.' The first 
 mine was opened at a point about 3 miles from Evans- 
 ton, in Uinta county, soon after the construction of the 
 transcontinental railway. 
 
 The coal fields of Wyoming cover an area of more 
 than 20,000 square miles; thej^ have been known since 
 1850, but remained undeveloped until 1868 because of 
 the lack of transportation facilities and market." Since 
 that time coal mining has developed into the leading 
 branch of mineral industiy in the state, and the known 
 area of coal deposits has been extended through succes- 
 sive discoveries until it includes every county in the 
 state; some of the veins vary in thickness up to 75 feet. 
 The most common variety is a pure lignite, though in 
 certain localities a good coking coal is mined. In 1887 a 
 semianthracite coal was discovered in Johnson county.' 
 
 The best grades are low in ash and sulphur, and are 
 excellent for steam making, domestic purposes, and 
 the manufacture of gas. During the early develop- 
 ment of the industry, almost the entire product was 
 sold to the railway companies,* but in later years their 
 consumption has amounted approximately to one-third 
 of the production.'"' 
 
 ' Harper's Encyclopedia, Vol. 9, jiage .564. 
 
 2 United States Geological Survey, ' ' Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1883, page 100. 
 ^ The State of Wyoming, page 14. 
 
 * King's Handbook of the United States, pages 906 and 907. 
 
 * Proceedings of the Wyoming Industrial Convention, 1901, 
 page 86. 
 
 Tal)le 4, compiled fi'oni n'])orts of tlic United States 
 Geological Survey, shows the annual production of 
 coiil, bituminous, from 1865 to 1902. 
 
 Table 4. — Amiiiiil jiroiltulion of roat^ hilumini)iis: 18H5 In 190'£. 
 [United States <ieologi(.nl Survey, "MiiiiTal Ki-sources of the United StiUes."] 
 
 1866 
 1866 
 1867 
 1868 
 1869 
 1870 
 1871 
 1872 
 1873 
 1874 
 1876 
 1876 
 1877 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 800 ! 
 
 2,500 
 
 6,000 
 
 6, 925 
 
 49, 382 
 
 106,296 
 
 147,328 
 
 221,745 ii 
 
 259,700 'i 
 
 219,061 
 
 300,808 
 
 334,6.50 
 
 342, 863 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 1878 
 1879 
 1880 
 1881 
 1882 
 1883 
 1884 
 1885 
 1886 
 1887 
 1888 
 1889 
 1890 
 
 333, 200 
 
 400, 991 
 
 .527,811 
 
 628, 181 
 
 707, 764 
 
 779, 689 
 
 902, 620 
 
 807, 328 
 
 829, 3.55 
 
 1,170,318 
 
 1,481,. 540 
 
 1,388,947 
 
 1,870,366 
 
 1891 ... 
 
 1892 . . . 
 
 1893 . . . 
 
 1894 . . - 
 1896 . . . 
 
 1896 . . . 
 
 1897 . . - 
 
 1898 ... 
 
 1899 . . . 
 
 1900 . . . 
 
 1901 - . . 
 
 1902 . . . 
 
 Short tons 
 
 327, 841 
 .503, 839 
 4;i9, 311 
 417, 463 
 246,911 
 229, 624 
 ,597, 886 
 863, 812 
 837, 392 
 014,602 
 486, 374 
 429,491 
 
 In 1902 the reports from 11 of the 13 counties 
 showed the mining of coal. Sweetwater count}' ranked 
 first, with a product of 1,595,310 tons, followed by 
 Uinta, with 1,595,333; Carbon, with .382,2()7: and Con- 
 verse, with 72,329 tons. The state's production in 1902 
 shows a decrease from that of 1901 of 55,883 tons, 
 Carbon and Sweetwater counties showing the greatest 
 loss. The statistics for Uinta county show an increase 
 of 156,186 tons for the year. 
 
 S'lndstones niid (luoiizittx. — A large amount of the 
 product of the sandstone quarries in Carbon county is 
 shipped to Colorado, Nebraska, and Utah. The capitol 
 at Cheyenne and the state penitentiary were built of this 
 stone. The Iron mountain quarries in Laramie county 
 produce a white stone that is much used for building 
 purposes. The Carnegie Library and Federal building 
 at Chevenne were constructed from this material." 
 
 In 1902 sandstones and quartzites were quarried in 
 Albany, Carbon, Crook, Laramie, and Uinta counties. 
 Of the total production, $90,691, that sold for building 
 purposes amounted to $10,151, and that for rubble to 
 $10,096. 
 
 LuiiestoneK and dolomites. — There are several expo- 
 sures of a thick limestone formation near Lava creek 
 and in the valley of the East Fork of the Yellowstone 
 river. Compact crystalline limestone also occurs near 
 the summit of the Owl creek range of mountains, and 
 in the Wind river range there are numerous strata re- 
 sembling the Quebec and Niagara limestones.' 
 
 The only ([uarries i-eported in 1902 were in Albany 
 county, and their product amounted to $6,340. Of this 
 amount, $2,250 was the value of stone used for lime 
 making and $4,000 the value used for blast furnace 
 Hux. 
 
 Gold and xUrer. — Though the Laramie trail, one of 
 the principal highways to the Pacific coast, was trav- 
 ersed by many caravans of Mormons on their waj- to 
 Deseret, Utah, and by thousands of prospectors going 
 
 * The State of Wyoming, page 17. 
 
 'Reconnaissance of Wyoming, by William A. .Tones, pages 111 
 and 112. 
 
346 
 
 :\IIXE>S AND QUARRIES. 
 
 to the gold fields of Culifornia, the occurrence of gold 
 io W\'omiiig was not discovered until 1867. In that 
 3'ear the placer mines on the Sweetwater river wei'e 
 found, and for several years produced rich results. 
 Placer and cjuartz mines have been discovered in almost 
 every countj' in the state.' The annual production of 
 gold and silvei' in the state since ISf'iT has ranged in 
 value from $25,000 to ^12.5. 000.- 
 
 All otJier miiwrah. — Copper, in the fo7-ni of glance, 
 pyrites, silicate, green carbonate, and red oxide, occurs 
 in Laramie, Carbon, AUiany, and Crook counties.' 
 
 Veins of graphite occur at French creek. Plumbago 
 canyon, and Halleck canyon in Albany county, and in 
 the Indian Grove mountains in Carbon county. The 
 veins are large and easily accessible and contain from 
 40 to 60 per cent of carbon.* 
 
 The Triassic formation exposed along the eastern 
 side of the Laramie plains contains a large percentage 
 of gypsum, one stratum near the bottom of the forma- 
 tion being of considerable thickness. The Laramie bed. 
 known localh' as a deposit of gypsite, has an average 
 depth of 9 feet, and the mineral needs only to be cal- 
 cined to prepare it for the market. The manufacture 
 of plaster of Paris and stucco has been carried on at 
 Ked Buttes since 1889. '■ 
 
 The occurrence of iron ore has been known for some 
 time at a point '2\ miles north of Rawlins station. Two 
 mines were opened here in 1871 and worked until 1877. 
 Since that time only a few tons have been mined in this 
 region and these have l)een used for the manufacture 
 of mineral paints." Hematite ore has been discovered 
 since in Crook, Uinta, Johnson, Fremont, Bighorn, 
 Albany, and Sheridan counties. Besides these hema- 
 tites, i)eds of claj' ironstone have been found in the 
 Cretaceous rocks and magnetites in the Laramie moun- 
 
 ' King's Handbook of the United States, pages 906 and 907. 
 
 ^ Ttie State fif Wyoming, page 13. 
 
 'United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1887, page 808. 
 
 *The State of Wyoming, page 16. 
 
 * The Laramie Cement Plaster, by E. K. Slosson and R. B. Moody, 
 page y> ff. 
 
 "Tenth Census of the United States, Vol. XV, jiage 48.5. 
 
 tains." Iron mountain, in Laramie county, 52 mile.s 
 north of Cheyenne, is a mass of red hematite 7 miles 
 long,' and Bradlej's peak in Carbon county has l)een 
 called a mountain of iron since it contains not less than 
 l,.500,OO0,0O(» tons of iron ore.' 
 
 About a (juarter of a century prior to the great oil 
 excitement in Pennsylvania, Bonneville announced the 
 discovery of oil in AA'yoming. Little attention seems to 
 have been paid to his aiuiouncement because the terri- 
 torial geologist, as late as ISHO, stated that the first 
 discovery had l>een made only twenty-five years before. 
 Certainly from istiU to I88<t, little or no attention was 
 paid to oil in the state. In Crook county a company col- 
 lected oil from the springs and sold it to miners until the 
 advent of the railway, which could bring eastern lubri- 
 cating oil cheaper than it could be brought in by team 
 from points in Wyoming. 
 
 The oil industry of the state was placed on a profit- 
 able basis in 1894, when a company at Casper completed 
 its wells in the Salt Creek basin. Because of the neces- 
 sarv haul by wagon and the high freight rates, prog- 
 ress in the development of this industry has been neces- 
 sarily slow. There are now 19 known fields located in 
 Bighorn, Cf)nverse, Crook, Fremont, Natrona, Uinta, 
 and Weston counties.* The oil is stored in sandstone, 
 magnesium, limestone, and conglomerate. It occurs in 
 all possible grades, containing in some cases as high 
 as 1:0 per cent of illuminating oil, and ranges in color 
 from honey -yellow to jet-black." 
 
 The semiprecious stones are found in altundance, 
 quartz ciystals, agates, jaspers, moss agates, garnets, 
 and beryls being the most important ones. The moss 
 agates found here are the best in the world.'" No mines 
 were in operation in 1902, though three operators 
 reported the finding of precious stones in surface 
 workings. 
 
 ' The State of Wyoming, page 27 ff. 
 
 "Proceedings of the Wyoming Industrial Convention, 1901, page 
 .19 ff. 
 
 "The Mineral Industry, 1896, Vol. V, pages 442 to 444. 
 '"The State of Wyoming, page 19. 
 
GENERAL TABLES 
 
 DETAILED SUMMARY, BY MINERALS AND 
 GROUPS OF MINERALS 
 
 (347) 
 
348 
 
 MINES AND gUAKRIES. 
 
 Table 1.— DETAILED SUMMARY, BY 
 
 MINERALS, BY GROUPS. 
 
 MMBHR (tK (irEItATnKs BY CHARACTER o|.- 
 OWNERSHIP. 
 
 Number 
 
 of mines, 
 
 quarries, 
 
 and 
 
 wells. T( 
 
 Individ- 
 
 144 
 
 »2b 
 
 ,S,i9 
 
 19 
 
 41 
 
 334 
 
 l.i, 806 
 n.H,671 
 
 r., 044 
 
 101 
 
 20.5 
 
 3, 240 
 
 ,H3 
 
 1.3U4 
 
 yoi; 
 
 199 
 
 82 
 
 All minerals 
 
 Metallic 
 
 Copper ore 
 
 Gold and silver 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 Lead and zinc ore 
 
 Manganese ore 
 
 Quicksilver 
 
 Fuels 
 
 Coal, anthracite 
 
 Coal, bituminous 
 
 Natural ^as 
 
 Petroleum 
 
 Structural materials 
 
 Cemen t 
 
 Clay 
 
 Limesti:)nes and dolomites 
 
 Marble 
 
 Sandstones and quartzites 
 
 Siliceous ervstalline rocks 
 
 Slate 
 
 Abrasive materials 
 
 Buhrstones and millstones 
 
 Corundum and emery 
 
 Crystalline quartz . .' 
 
 Garnet 
 
 Grindstones and pulpstones 
 
 Infusorial earth, tripoli, and 
 pumice. 
 
 Oilstones, whetstones, and scythe- 
 stones. 
 
 Chemical materials 
 
 Borax 
 
 Fluorspar 
 
 Gypsum 
 
 Phosphate rock 
 
 Sulphur and pyrite 
 
 filaments 
 
 Barytes 
 
 Mineral pigments, crude 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Asbestos 
 
 Asphalt urn and l)i luminous rock. 
 
 Bauxite 
 
 Feldspar 
 
 Flint 
 
 Fuller's earth 
 
 Graphiti' 
 
 Lithium ore 
 
 Marl 
 
 Mica 
 
 Monazite 
 
 Precious stones 
 
 Silica sand 
 
 Talc and soapstone 
 
 Tungsten 
 
 I'raniiiiii mid vanadium 
 
 All otlier minerals - 
 
 1 Includes 2s,92.'> o).crato 
 '' Includes operators as fi 
 
 144 
 
 2,992 
 332 
 
 19 
 37 
 
 140, 403 , 1 30, 017 
 
 119 
 
 4, 409 
 
 l,9t)7 
 
 29, .i22 
 
 ,5, 746 
 
 93 
 
 203 
 3, 137 
 
 1,211 
 H.i3 
 174 
 
 19 
 
 9.58 
 83 
 66 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 2,044 
 980 
 
 lots 
 
 3,638 : 
 
 I 
 
 4 ' 
 
 n.i 
 
 "1.5 
 759 
 
 436 
 
 27 
 
 29 
 
 23 
 
 ,5 
 
 1 
 
 h 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 11.5 
 23 
 
 49 
 3.5 
 
 11; 
 
 8 
 
 ,549 
 
 4 
 
 24 
 
 4 
 
 24 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 28 
 
 19 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 49 
 
 38 
 
 23 
 
 22 
 
 46 
 
 460 
 
 26 
 
 20 
 
 2U 
 
 20 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 (; 
 
 3 
 2 
 15 
 10 
 1 
 3 
 
 20 
 1 19 
 ,5 
 4 
 4 
 3 
 1 
 
 1,314 
 
 23 
 923 
 
 33 
 
 323 
 
 5 
 
 Incorpo- 
 rated Other 
 forms, 
 pany. 
 
 34 
 
 827 
 
 276 
 
 69 
 
 1,679 
 
 100 
 
 1,079 
 
 214 
 
 1.59 
 6 
 21 
 
 2,6.59 
 
 76 
 
 1,517 
 
 6,51 
 
 416 
 
 879 
 
 4 SO 
 
 14 
 
 324 
 
 219 
 
 83 
 52 
 344 
 45 
 119 
 176 
 
 13 
 3 
 
 25 
 
 lo 
 
 .5t; 
 
 14 
 
 194 
 
 45 
 
 SALARIEO OFFICIALS, CLERKS, ETC. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 38,128 
 
 839, 020, ,552 
 
 8,138 
 
 1,208 
 3,480 
 2,405 
 
 910 
 18 
 
 117 
 
 3,014 
 
 14,413 
 
 1 , 923 
 
 3, 033 
 
 6,342 
 
 31 
 1 
 9 
 
 913 
 
 186 
 , 231 
 
 352 
 
 847 
 ,377 
 
 437 
 
 Salaries. 
 
 9, 948, 
 
 1,768, 
 5,076, 
 2,113, 
 
 826, 
 9, 
 
 1.54 
 
 22,216, 
 
 2,907, 
 
 14,. 511, 
 
 1,810, 
 
 2, 986, 
 
 5, 699, 
 
 1,08' 
 1.50, 
 
 1,843, 
 341 
 713, 
 
 1,227, 
 334, 
 
 48, 
 
 14 
 
 4- 
 
 249 
 
 391 
 
 64 
 
 300, 
 3.55, 
 49, 
 
 5 
 35 
 
 22 
 
 10-1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 I'.i 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 s 
 
 63 
 349 
 
 42 
 27 
 IS 
 14 
 
 293 
 924 
 337 
 768 
 
 General officers. 
 
 3.600 
 240 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 116 
 437 
 129 
 76 
 
 16 
 
 :,700 
 
 134 
 
 1,741 
 
 3«6 
 
 439 
 
 148 
 .50 
 
 336 
 51 
 
 101 
 
 136 
 66 
 
 1 
 4 
 
 115 
 
 1 
 12 
 32 
 64 
 
 Superintendents, 
 
 managers, foremen 
 
 surveyors, etc. 
 
 Salaries. 
 
 4, .591 88, 218, .541 
 
 774 1,645,670 
 
 311,479 
 810, .5.56 
 298, 076 
 19.5, 910 
 
 29, 6.50 
 4,795,216 
 
 363, 684 
 
 3, 220. 0.54 
 
 560, .575 
 
 651, 003 
 
 1,4.55,282 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 15, 538 
 
 400 
 
 1,725 
 
 846 
 
 363 
 
 11 
 
 .54 
 
 Salaries. 
 
 816,666,416 
 
 4, 636, 451 
 
 6.55, 475 
 
 1,724,092 
 
 797, 807 
 
 365, 089 
 
 7,3.54 
 
 85,634 
 
 ,666 8,2.57,880 
 
 848 
 4,213 
 
 791 
 1,814 
 
 1,035,280 
 
 4,790,038 
 
 723, 085 
 
 1,709,477 
 
 3,1.51,906 
 
 347, 132 
 60, 295 
 
 .509.139 
 99, 260 
 
 1.54, .521 
 
 220, 180 
 64, 7.55 
 
 13,101 
 
 471 
 2, 9.50 
 2, 000 
 2, 1.50 
 
 480 
 1,000 
 
 4,0.50 
 
 184,804 
 
 5, 308 
 26, 000 
 
 93, 160 
 
 900 
 27, 700 
 10,000 
 4, 275 
 3, 875 
 3, 500 
 2, 600 
 
 406 
 94 
 1, 359 
 197 
 531 
 92:3 
 267 
 
 43 
 
 476, 661 
 67, 492 
 1,011,374 
 180, 783 
 408, 486 
 799, 195 
 207, 915 
 
 25,. 506 
 
 4,211 
 1,199 
 2,830 
 4,02« 
 10, 132 
 2, 056 
 
 1,0.50 
 
 1,800 
 
 7 
 
 10,. 598 
 
 11, ,545 
 
 17 
 
 12,437 
 
 73, 936 
 
 113 
 
 153. 095 
 
 88,473 
 
 2.53 
 
 213,983 
 
 9,060 
 
 31 
 
 28, 682 
 
 31 
 194 
 
 2, ,500 
 10,240 
 23,270 
 
 25, 205 
 
 5, 570 
 19, 635 
 
 151,773 
 
 1,665 
 15,013 
 19, t\30 
 14,800 
 9. 105 
 5, 000 
 10, 112 
 600 
 1,800 
 7,314 
 2,100 
 21,247 
 13,108 
 2S, 039 
 
 .000 
 240 
 
 ■ for which no 
 lows: clironu' 
 
 'barnctcr of ownership was reitorted, 
 ire, 1; magnesilr, 1; inoh lidcnuin. J; 
 
 i-kel and . 
 
GENERAL TABLES. 
 
 841 
 
 MINERALS AND (iROUPS OF MINERALS: 1!)UL'. 
 
 SALARIED OFFICIALS, CLEUl 
 
 continued. 
 
 ;.S, EIT.— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 WAHE-KAIiNEKS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fon'mcn, below 
 ground. 
 
 1 
 Clerks. 
 
 .\KK' 
 
 ret,nite. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Alinve gniiniil. 
 
 Boys 
 > 
 
 
 iier wage- 
 irners. 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 Aver- 
 
 num- '''^>^-»- \ 
 ber. 
 
 221,. 505 $125,086, .530 
 38, .597 26, 706, 191 
 
 I'^nt^iiie 
 
 and ( 
 
 el 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 60,869 
 
 ■rs, firemen, 
 Iber me- 
 iinies. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Miners and (jiiarry- 
 
 iiien, and slone- 
 
 eutlers. 
 
 under 16 All 
 ears. , e 
 
 
 1 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Salaries. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Salaries. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 Wage.s. 
 
 $369,9.59,960 
 81,0Jli,224 
 
 21,151,405 
 36,077,492 
 21,531,792 
 4,329,271 
 74, 924 
 881,340 
 
 236, 377, 041 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 6, 863 
 
 «6, 208, 307 
 
 11, 136 
 
 S7, 927,288 
 1, 257, 874 
 
 .581,728 
 
 S44, 178, 246 
 
 67, 129 
 
 t33, 971, 290 
 
 6, 219 
 .598 
 
 $1,339,478 
 
 87,298 
 
 $45, 297, 516 
 
 2, 360 
 
 2,409,340 
 
 1,605 
 
 110,404 
 
 26,007 , 
 36, 142 
 38, ,851 
 
 7,, 881 
 194 
 
 1,329 
 
 372, ,559 
 
 12,413 
 
 11, 16.5, ,843 
 
 6, 594 
 
 3, 047, 984 
 
 47, 829 
 
 1,013,337 
 
 1,781,983 
 
 116,373 
 
 12,245 
 
 46,217 
 
 121, .548 
 
 18, 962 
 
 12,370,816 
 
 337 
 8.50 
 7S2 
 366 
 5 
 20 
 
 4,402 
 
 -1.59, 611 
 
 1 , (190, 963 
 
 627, 178 
 
 209, S08 
 
 1,560 
 
 20, 220 
 
 3, 733, 614 
 
 355 
 468 
 648 
 105 
 2 
 27 
 
 7,615 
 
 341 , 891 
 4.51,163 
 390, 169 
 
 55, 520 
 481 
 
 18, 6.50 
 
 6,429,612 
 
 7,684 
 11,204 
 15, 769 
 3, 443 
 125 
 472 
 
 86, .530 
 
 5, 708, .509 
 11,233,608 
 7,444,435 
 1, 948, 180 
 41,479 
 329,9.80 
 
 60,013,635 
 
 2, 858 
 4, 515 
 
 3, 7.56 
 1,149 
 
 26 
 139 
 
 38, 466 
 
 2,792,418 
 5,212,222 
 2, 309,. 527 
 
 727, 232 
 10, 986 
 
 113,4.58 
 
 27,2-58,965 
 
 53 
 
 1,324 
 
 4,813 
 
 290 
 
 33 
 
 81 
 
 68 
 21 
 469 
 23 
 13 
 4 
 
 4,660 
 
 30,091 - 4,006 
 0, 0119 6, 344 
 
 77, 265 6, 731 
 5,644 ' 1,981 
 1,394 1 .53 
 1,145 ' 248 
 
 1,014,386 43,405 
 
 2, 838, 171 
 5, 002, 040 
 
 3, 275, 660 
 1,068,931 
 
 16,854 
 169, 160 
 
 21,740,284 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 998 
 3,404 
 
 812, 891 
 2, 920, 723 
 
 1,034 
 
 5, 055 
 
 746 
 
 780 
 
 1,642 
 
 695, 538 
 
 3, .581, 109 
 
 626, 677 
 
 626,288 
 
 1,068,171 
 
 69, 691 
 
 280,638 
 
 4,678 
 
 17,652 
 
 83, 295 
 
 38,716,113 
 
 181,482,2.88 
 
 2,936,279 
 
 13,242,361 
 
 44, 654, 637 
 
 27,964 
 36, 336 
 4, 678 
 17, 552 
 
 85, 384 
 
 12,133,983 
 21,701,012 
 2,936,279 1 
 13,242,361 
 
 44,230,027 
 
 6,084,0,53 
 
 779, 181 
 
 14,7.50,638 
 
 2,212,640 
 
 6,1.53,060 
 11,072,996 
 
 3,177,459 
 
 280,416 
 
 6,513 
 13, 632 
 
 1,.547 
 16, 773 
 
 8, 615 
 
 3, 921,. 505 
 9, .517, 316 
 1 , 165, 448 
 12,6.54,696 
 
 5, 375, 401 
 
 
 
 
 3,822 
 836 
 
 780,1.53 17,629 
 
 233,608 21,868 
 
 625 3. 129 
 
 7, 432, 325 
 
 11, 950, 088 
 
 1,770,206 
 
 687, 665 
 
 10, 023, 425 
 
 10 
 11 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 779 
 21,979 
 
 13 
 
 35 
 
 23, 771 
 
 63, 920 
 
 28, 642, 683 
 
 870 
 
 188, .518 
 
 14 
 
 20 
 15 
 
 15, 010 
 8, 761 
 
 339 
 26 
 536 
 104 
 215 
 318 
 104 
 
 15 
 
 248,711 
 13, 957 
 
 323, 234 
 60, 978 
 
 1.50, 572 
 
 208, 610 
 62,209 
 
 8,801 
 
 13,041 
 2,433 
 
 31,, 547 
 4, 070 
 
 10,448 
 
 18, 836 
 6,920 
 
 610 
 
 6, 328, 8.52 
 
 958, 892 
 
 14,750,638 
 
 2, 212, 640 
 
 6, 153, 060 
 11,072,996 
 
 3,177,459 
 
 296, 914 
 
 12, .524 
 2, 039 
 
 31,. 547 
 4,070 
 
 10,448 
 
 18, 836 
 5,920 
 
 585 
 
 2,092 
 106 
 
 2,233 
 617 
 
 1,248 
 
 1,916 
 .503 
 
 75 
 
 1,324,121 
 50, 580 
 
 1,3.54,0.53 
 295, .524 
 779, 149 
 
 1, 300, 178 
 271,796 
 
 43, 772 
 
 2,766 
 1,.3.58 
 
 22,036 
 2, .513 
 7,117 
 
 14, 474 
 3,666 
 
 387 
 
 1,210,291 
 .522,896 
 10, 2.50, 034 
 1,418,332 
 4,420,075 
 8, 666, 190 
 2,155,865 
 
 176, 798 
 
 109 
 30 
 
 2.58 
 22 
 76 
 
 206 
 
 169 
 
 3 
 
 22, .530 1 7, .5.57 
 6, .548 1 .545 
 66, 804 7, 020 
 3,7.56 1 1,018 
 17, 142 2, 007 
 46,434 i 2,240 
 36,304 1,.592 
 
 912 120 
 
 3, .527, 111 
 200, 157 
 
 3, 089, 747 
 495, 028 
 936, 694 
 
 1,061,194 
 713, 494 
 
 58,934 
 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 "O 
 
 
 
 ■11 
 
 1 
 
 600 
 
 •22 
 
 
 
 
 
 86 
 47 
 29 
 118 
 210 
 35 
 
 86 
 8, 835 
 
 39, 562 
 32,871 
 13, 592 
 59, 632 
 99, 598 
 13, 6.82 
 
 37,977 
 3, 313, 088 
 
 86 
 26 
 29 
 118 
 210 
 32 
 
 85 
 7,743 
 
 39, 662 
 18,271 
 13, .592 
 59,632 
 99,598 
 11,784 
 
 37,977 
 2,766,247 
 
 4 
 6 
 1 
 10 
 
 48 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 782 
 
 2,264 
 5, .525 
 
 600 
 4,914 
 27,110 
 
 930 
 
 2,429 
 427,492 
 
 80 
 U 
 26 
 61 
 118 
 20 
 
 71 
 4,664 
 
 36, 734 
 5, .546 
 12, 392 
 29, 505 
 54,270 
 7,2.54 
 
 31,097 
 1,482,601 
 
 
 
 2 
 8 
 2 
 47 
 42 
 10 
 
 .564 
 
 7,200 
 
 600 
 
 25, 213 
 
 17, 681 
 
 3,600 
 
 4,076 
 847, 297 
 
 •'3 
 
 1 
 
 600 
 
 2 
 2 
 4 
 5 
 2 
 
 1,211 
 1,200 
 3,000 
 2, 430 
 960 
 
 
 . .. 
 
 •?4 
 
 
 
 •'5 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 637' 
 
 ■'6 
 
 
 
 •'7 
 
 
 
 •'8 
 
 
 
 .54 
 
 375 
 
 9 
 
 oq 
 
 34 
 
 20, 942 
 
 180 
 
 126,512 
 
 8,8.57 
 
 2,243 
 
 30 
 
 3 
 11 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 3,480 
 2,849 
 8,948 
 275 
 5,390 
 
 5, 251 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 92 
 73 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 2,250 
 
 480 
 
 64,441 
 
 52, 473 
 
 6,868 
 
 6,988 
 
 153 
 
 269 
 
 1,472 
 
 5, 971 
 
 970 
 
 692 
 
 114,865 
 110,002 
 769, 258 
 1,930,093 
 398, 870 
 
 236,372 
 
 76 
 
 140 
 
 1,085 
 
 5, 901 
 
 541 
 
 488 
 
 ,52, 811 
 56, 236 
 6.51,. 593 
 1,906,293 
 199, 315 
 
 199, 407 
 
 17 
 25 
 101 
 513 
 126 
 
 37 
 
 14,267 
 12, 626 
 63, 744 
 278, 908 
 57, 9.57 
 
 20, 669 
 
 21 
 
 66 
 
 246 
 
 4,313 
 
 28 
 
 336 
 
 13. 300 
 
 21, 180 
 
 121,. 546 
 
 1,312,379 
 
 14,196 
 
 134, 676 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 25, 2.54 
 22, 195 
 365, 803 
 308, 900 
 125, 145 
 
 43, 762 
 
 31 
 
 1 
 
 36 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 234 
 
 500 
 
 6,106 
 
 2,017 
 
 300 
 
 57 
 
 7a5 
 
 1,039 
 
 374 
 
 113 
 
 32 
 33 
 34 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 9 
 3 
 
 19 
 
 3,001 
 2,250 
 
 14,789 
 
 4 
 12 
 
 63 
 
 1,280 
 6,708 
 
 29, 330 
 
 336 
 256 
 
 2,433 
 
 130,285 
 106,087 
 
 1,035,7.84 
 
 284 
 204 
 
 2,178 
 
 114, .551 
 ,84, 866 
 
 890, 607 
 
 4 
 33 
 
 442 
 
 1,6.50 
 19,019 
 
 186,104 
 
 270 
 66 
 
 1,228 
 
 110, 086 
 21,. 590 
 
 486, 648 
 
 - 
 
 300 
 
 8 
 105 
 
 2, .515 
 41,247 
 
 212, 998 
 
 37 
 '^8 
 
 32 
 
 4,9.57 
 
 476 
 
 39 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 5 
 3 
 6 
 3 
 4 
 
 63 
 4,280 
 3, 600 
 1,020 
 1,3.50 
 1,500 
 1,777 
 
 23 
 
 1,56 
 
 160 
 
 2.52 
 
 119 
 
 114 
 
 164 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 98 
 
 88 
 
 108 
 
 335 
 
 771 
 
 2 
 
 19 
 
 15 
 
 8, 250 
 79, .570 
 .59, 763 
 107,444 
 47,4.54 
 33, 775 
 76,729 
 
 3,744 
 
 4,769 
 44,043 
 •25, 318 
 88,017 
 149, 114 
 279, 083 
 
 1,260 
 17,040 
 10, 411 
 
 140 
 
 1.50 
 
 262 
 
 119 
 
 114 
 
 101 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 81 
 
 88 
 
 72 
 
 335 
 
 673 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7,875 
 
 66, 709 
 
 59, 763 
 
 107,444 
 
 47, 4.54 
 
 33, 775 
 
 45, 288 
 
 3,744 
 
 4,709 
 
 37, .523 
 
 25, 318 
 
 56,0.58 
 
 149,114 
 
 238,046 
 
 640 
 
 3, .576 
 
 3,611 
 
 5 
 17 
 17 
 
 1 18 
 11 
 12 
 27 
 
 2' 
 
 12 
 
 2,079 
 10, 784 
 10, 050 
 8,954 
 5, 187 
 6, 336 
 16,038 
 
 7.56" 
 
 6,673 
 
 16 
 101 
 
 183 
 
 65 
 
 54 
 
 33 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 58 
 
 86 
 
 50 
 
 149 
 
 331 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 5,328 
 
 47, 860 
 
 24,269 
 
 77, .541 
 
 27, 648 
 
 17,140 
 
 12,0.89 
 
 3,744 
 
 3,919 
 
 25, 312 
 
 24.728 
 
 39, 088 
 
 66,074 
 
 106,281 
 
 540 
 
 2,376 
 
 2,611 
 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 53 
 48 
 43 
 24 
 40 
 
 468 
 8, 065 
 24. 994 
 20,417 
 14,619 
 6,575 
 17,011 
 
 .10 
 
 1 
 
 1,240 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 4.50 
 532 
 
 4^? 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 
 
 24 
 1 
 
 3,72.5 
 
 150 
 
 
 
 •15 
 
 5 
 
 4,435 
 
 46 
 
 47 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 300 
 1,380 
 
 1 
 
 100 
 
 
 •18 
 
 1 
 
 450 
 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 18 
 
 164 
 
 60 
 
 5,538 
 .590 
 13, 103 
 64, 900 
 36, 718 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2,760 
 
 4 
 8 
 16 
 
 2, 180 
 3,880 
 8,000 
 
 4 
 
 32 
 
 282 
 
 1 
 
 3, 867 
 18,140 
 95,047 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 
 
 5? 
 
 9 
 
 4,404 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 1 
 
 1,500 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 1,200 
 1 1,000 
 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
350 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 T.\Bi,K 1.— DETAILED SUMMARY, BY MINERALS 
 
 
 MINERALS, BY GROUPS. 
 
 
 
 
 WAGE-EARNERS— eon tinued 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Below 
 
 ground. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 M 
 
 iners. 
 
 Miners' helpers. 
 
 Boy.s under 16 years. 
 
 .All other wage- 
 earners. 
 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 Wage.s. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 
 
 360, 223 
 
 J244, 873.430 
 
 257, 301 
 
 $184,674,193 
 
 18, 736 
 
 $11,496,910 
 
 5,638 
 
 $1,548,889 
 
 78,548 
 
 $47,163,438 
 
 
 
 
 71, 807 
 
 67,340,033 
 
 48, ,530 
 
 41,249,960 
 
 11,. 5.50, 164 
 18, 737, 9.54 
 8,868,687 
 1,079,326 
 31 , 310 
 3,82, .626 
 
 142, 575, 514 
 
 7,730 
 
 5,476,714 
 
 101 
 
 29, 593 
 
 15,446 
 
 10, 683, 760 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 18, 423 
 
 24, 93.S 
 
 23, 082 
 
 4,438 
 
 69 
 
 857 
 
 286, 029 
 
 15, 442, 896 
 24,843,884 , 
 14,087,3.57 
 2,381,091 
 33, 445 
 551,360 
 
 186,363,406 
 
 12,768 
 18,413 
 13, 743 
 3,010 
 63 
 533 
 
 207,040 
 
 1,2.57 
 3,293 
 2,293 
 
 6.58 
 3 
 
 220 
 
 10, 658 
 
 777,210 
 3,004,334 
 1,2.52,772 
 
 317,060 
 884 
 
 124,464 
 
 .6,797,374 
 
 :« 
 6 
 
 49 
 7 
 
 13, SOO 
 
 2,517 
 
 11,709 
 
 947 
 
 4,363 
 
 3,226 
 
 6,997 
 
 763 
 
 3 
 
 94 
 
 62,897 
 
 3,101,722 
 
 3,099,079 
 
 3,954,189 
 
 383, 769 
 
 1,2.51 
 
 43,750 
 
 36,472,391 
 
 
 
 fi 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 y 
 
 
 QuicksilvtT 
 
 Fuels 
 
 4 
 5,634 
 
 620 
 1,618,127 
 
 
 
 
 41, 727 
 244, 302 
 
 26,582,130 
 169,781,276 
 
 17, 767 
 189, 273 
 
 14, 364, 005 
 128,211,509 
 
 6,921 
 3,637 
 
 3,643,893 
 2, 153, 481 
 
 742 
 
 4,792 
 
 182, 362 
 1,335,766 
 
 16, 297 
 46, 600 
 
 8,391,870 
 28,080,521 
 
 IX 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 structural matLTials 
 
 911 
 
 424,610 
 
 666 
 
 260, 333 
 
 237 
 
 220 
 17 
 
 107,711 
 
 2 
 
 969 
 
 116 
 
 55, 497 
 
 
 617 
 394 
 
 244, 799 
 179,711 
 
 265 
 291 
 
 130,638 
 129, 695 
 
 99,100 
 8,011 
 
 2 
 
 969 
 
 30 
 
 86 
 
 14, 092 
 41, 405 
 
 16 
 
 Clay 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 IH 
 
 Marble 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 Abrasive materials 
 
 Buhrstones and millstones 
 
 25 
 
 16,498 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 10,648 
 
 10 
 
 6,850 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 D^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 22 
 
 14,000 
 
 12 
 
 8, 7.50 
 
 10 
 
 6,850 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■^fi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 28 
 
 Infusorial earth, tripoli, and 
 pumice. 
 
 Oilstones, whetstone?, and ecythe- 
 stones. 
 
 3 
 
 1,898 
 
 3 
 
 1 898 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1, 092 
 
 646,841 
 
 875 
 
 432, 284 
 
 144 
 '9 
 
 79, 579 
 
 1 
 
 200 
 
 72 
 
 34, 778 
 
 
 
 
 77 
 129 
 387 
 
 70 
 429 
 
 104 
 
 02, 0.54 
 .53, 767 
 
 207, 666 
 23,800 
 
 199,. 555 
 
 36,966 
 
 45 
 120 
 368 
 
 09 
 273 
 
 75 
 
 37,240 
 60,304 
 
 198,060 
 23,600 
 
 122,874 
 
 25, 350 
 
 20, 560 
 3,263 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 4,258 
 
 ^■-* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 9,605 
 
 ^1 
 
 Pho'iphate rf^tck 
 
 
 i 
 
 200 
 
 35 
 
 
 108 
 20 
 
 1 
 19 
 
 37 
 
 65, 766 
 8,016 
 
 48 
 9 
 
 20, 915 
 3,599 
 
 Pigments 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 87 
 
 .52 
 .52 
 
 2.55 
 
 16,734 
 21,231 
 
 146,177 
 
 61 
 24 
 
 210 
 
 15,446 
 9, 904 
 
 120, 098 
 
 375 
 12,070 
 
 288 
 
 7,728 
 
 21,600 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 3,599 
 3,413 
 
 39 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 16 
 
 375 
 12,861 
 
 1 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 Asphaltum and bituminous rock.. 
 
 1 
 
 791 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,]? 
 
 Feldspar 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Flint 
 
 
 ;::::::;::;:.... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -1=1 
 
 Fuller's earth 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 31,441 
 
 ,54 
 
 27, 672 
 
 6 
 
 2, 3.50 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1,419 
 
 17 
 
 Lithium ore 
 
 
 
 ■1H 
 
 Marl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1*1 
 
 Mica 
 
 17 
 
 6,520 
 
 12 
 
 4,600 
 
 3 
 
 1 , 280 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 640 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 3i,959 
 
 29 
 
 26, 295 
 
 6 
 
 5, 445 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1,219 
 
 5'* 
 
 
 'S'^ 
 
 
 98 
 1 
 
 1 1 
 9 
 
 41,037 
 
 720 
 
 13,464 
 
 li, 800 
 
 80 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 32, 402 
 
 720 
 
 13,404 
 
 3,. 500 
 
 17 
 
 8,500 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 135 
 
 
 
 
 
 St 
 
 Urnniurn and vanadium 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 'ipi 
 
 All othcrniineralsi 
 
 5 
 
 3,300 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "•■■| , 
 
 1 Includes operators as follows: Chrome ore, 1; mngne.site, 1 ; molybdenum, 1; niekel and eobuU, 2; rutile, 1. 
 
GENERAL TABLES. 
 
 351 
 
 AND GROUPS OF MINERx^LS: 1!)02— Continued. 
 
 
 
 
 AVERAGE NUMBI 
 
 .R OF W^ 
 F 
 
 IGE-EARNF 
 
 lis AT SPECIFIED 
 
 DAILY HATES OF PAY. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ngitlL'LTS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Firemen. 
 
 
 Less 
 than 
 
 to. TO. 
 
 $0.50 
 
 to 
 J0.74. 
 
 ».7.=> 
 
 to 
 J0.99. 
 
 Jl.OO 
 
 to 
 J1.24. 
 
 J1.2.S 
 
 to 
 J1.49. 
 
 81.60 
 
 to 
 81.74. 
 
 81.75 
 
 to 
 81.99. 
 
 82.00 
 
 to 
 82.24. 
 
 82.26 
 
 to 
 82.49. 
 
 82.50 
 
 to 
 82.71. 
 
 82.75 
 
 1.1 
 82.99. 
 
 $3.00 
 
 to 
 83.24. 
 
 83.26 
 
 lo 
 83.49. 
 
 83.60 
 
 to 
 83.74. 
 
 83.76 
 
 to 
 83.99. 
 
 84.00 
 
 to 
 84.24. 
 
 84.25 
 and 
 over. 
 
 $0..50 
 
 to 
 80.74. 
 
 80.75 
 
 to 
 80.99. 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 23 
 
 273 
 
 .'.69 
 
 1,264 
 228 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 168 
 
 44 
 
 1,813 
 
 3, 884 
 
 11,. 600 
 
 3, .646 
 
 607 
 
 1,101 
 
 186 
 
 452 
 380 
 
 89 
 
 762 
 
 173 
 
 6 
 
 .50 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 •1 
 
 B7 
 
 132 
 
 341 
 
 27 
 
 2 
 
 239 
 
 73 
 
 638 
 
 219 
 
 224 
 
 98 
 
 430 
 
 91 
 
 48 
 
 10 
 
 37 
 
 1 
 
 726 
 
 167 
 
 548 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 147 
 
 39 ' 
 
 79 
 
 29 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 ?. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 21; 
 21 
 
 29 
 (i 
 
 91 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 74 
 
 5 
 
 378 
 
 176 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2, 167 
 
 43 
 
 35 
 31 
 
 117 
 
 02 
 19 
 7 
 5 
 
 21 
 
 354 
 
 25 
 
 24 
 
 8 
 74 
 9 
 
 26 
 
 337 
 
 17 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 84 
 85 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 fi 
 
 
 
 
 .s 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 10,911 
 
 18 
 2,936 
 
 5 
 402 
 
 6 
 .520 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 3 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 119 
 
 169 
 
 .552 
 
 1,146 
 
 72 
 
 60 
 
 33 
 
 27 
 
 23 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 49 
 
 S 
 ft 
 ,^7 
 
 83 
 
 68 
 
 46 
 
 4 
 
 Bl 
 
 233 
 
 273 
 165 
 51 
 
 63 
 
 370 
 
 455 
 248 
 39 
 404 
 
 306 
 
 509 
 977 
 80 
 601 
 
 949 
 
 247 
 
 764 
 
 38 
 
 9,. 872 
 
 334 
 
 369 
 930 
 
 .57 
 1,680 
 
 339 
 
 75 
 
 241 
 
 14 
 
 72 
 
 104 
 
 13 
 303 
 
 22 
 182 
 
 133 
 
 3 
 50 
 
 3 
 16 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 26 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 3 
 
 11 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 T> 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 .5 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 6 
 17 
 8 
 12 
 11 
 20 
 
 39 
 2 
 .'17 
 25 
 12 
 17 
 81 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 24 
 166 
 12 
 .50 
 63 
 48 
 
 9 
 
 26 
 2 
 
 113 
 
 7 
 31 
 
 .89 
 38 
 
 1 
 
 98 
 11 
 288 
 30 
 236 
 226 
 
 "ii 
 
 22 
 
 68 
 
 119 
 6 
 46 
 96 
 
 3 
 
 42 
 4 
 101 
 15 
 68 
 93 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 4.5' 
 
 1 
 22 
 20 
 1 
 
 26 
 1 
 
 26 
 6 
 
 34 
 
 37 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 1 
 4 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 1 
 4 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 i' 
 
 4' 
 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 3' 
 
 2 
 
 18 
 
 
 7 
 3 
 1 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 '^0 
 
 
 
 
 •^l 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 23 
 
 O/j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 ''5 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 76 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 97 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ i 
 
 
 
 ■'R 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 76 
 
 1 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 oc* 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 37 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 14 
 
 3a 
 
 
 
 
 
 31 
 32 
 33 
 34 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 38 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 41 
 
 42 
 43 
 44 
 45 
 46 
 47 
 48 
 49 
 ■50 
 51 
 52 
 53 
 54 
 .55 
 5& 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 
 13 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 47 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 i" 
 
 1 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — — ' 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 .5 
 
 1 
 20 
 
 1 
 2 
 6 
 1 
 
 6 
 23 
 
 1 
 4 
 
 
 1 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 - — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 .... ^ 
 
 5 
 2 
 1 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 1 il 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.... j 1 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 !| 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 4 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 II 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
352 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 T.VBLE 1.— DETAfLEI) RT^MMARY, BY MINERALS 
 
 
 MINERALS, m' fiKOITS. 
 
 
 AVERAGE 
 
 NUMBER 
 
 IF W.KdE 
 
 EARNER.S 
 
 AT SPK 
 
 ■IFIED E 
 
 iitiniier] 
 
 AILY RATES OF 
 
 PAY— continued 
 
 
 
 
 •?1.IHI 
 
 to 
 S^l.'J-l. 
 
 $1.2.S 
 
 tn 
 SI. 49. 
 
 SI .."lU 
 
 til 
 SI. 74. 
 
 1,846 
 
 Sl.7r> 
 
 til 
 
 $1.99. 
 
 
 Firemen— Ci 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S2.00 
 
 to 
 S2.24. 
 
 1, 945 
 370 
 
 S2.25 
 
 tn 
 S2.49. 
 
 S2..50 
 
 til 
 S2.74. 
 
 S2.75 
 
 to 
 S2.99. 
 
 S3. 00 
 to 
 
 s;;.24. 
 
 S3.25 
 
 til 
 S3.49. 
 
 S3, 50 
 
 til 
 $3.74. 
 
 83.75 
 
 to 
 S3.99. 
 
 S4.00 
 
 to 
 S4.24. 
 
 S4.25 
 and 
 over. 
 
 1 
 
 
 281 
 
 2,422 
 40.5 
 
 457 
 73 
 
 562 
 
 Ill 
 
 244 
 
 20 
 
 267 
 
 6 
 
 38 
 
 9 
 
 
 ilet-allic 
 
 ., 
 
 (3-1 
 
 197 
 
 198 
 
 201 
 
 35 
 
 8 
 27 
 
 168 
 
 8 
 
 264 
 
 5 
 
 36 
 
 .5 
 
 
 Copper ore 
 
 Gold and silver 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 Lead and zinc oru 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 10 
 
 i" 
 
 41 
 
 9 
 
 i;w' 
 
 .'>3 
 
 10 
 
 h 
 
 7(i 
 
 HI4 
 
 78 
 
 4 
 
 312 
 
 119 
 
 15 
 
 1S3 
 
 41 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 1,3.33 
 
 4 
 9 
 37 
 
 8 
 
 99 
 72 
 9 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 144 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 ,5 
 
 134 
 
 128 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 2 
 34 
 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 f, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 Quicksilver 
 
 Fuels 
 
 Coal, anthracite 
 
 281 
 
 I.IU 
 
 4 
 1,.566 
 
 15 
 
 323 
 
 11 
 306 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 63 
 
 62 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 *) 
 
 ,23 
 
 144 
 
 14 
 
 l'.21 
 
 4.i9 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 292 
 
 815 
 721 
 30 
 
 219 
 
 1,108 
 
 21 
 
 ,5 
 
 199 
 
 21 
 
 283 
 
 19 
 
 27 
 
 255 
 
 4 
 
 20 
 
 48 
 
 1 
 
 .54 
 
 ' ! ' ' ! 
 
 n 
 
 38 
 
 • 5 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 T^ 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 1^ 
 
 Petroleum 
 
 S 
 12 
 
 24 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 Structural materials 
 
 Cement 
 
 Clay 
 
 Limestones and dolomites .. 
 
 Marble 
 
 7S 
 
 144 
 
 "3 
 
 (i.S 
 
 4 
 13 
 
 IS 
 
 11 
 
 419 
 
 57 
 
 
 
 
 IS 
 
 31 
 2 
 13 
 
 ■.;u 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 B7 
 10 
 130 
 13 
 18 
 2o 
 29 
 
 86 
 2 
 83 
 19 
 178 
 33 
 18 
 
 14 
 
 87 
 1 
 35 
 11 
 20 
 32 
 13 
 
 24 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1(^ 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 9 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 3' 
 
 23 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 1 
 1 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 
 
 1*^ 
 
 
 
 IP 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 on 
 
 Siliceous crystalline rocks 
 
 Slate 
 
 - 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 •?i 
 
 
 
 '>o 
 
 
 
 
 Buhrstones and millstones 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *>? 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 On 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 96 
 
 Garnet 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 07 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 OS 
 
 Infusorial earth, tripoli, and 
 pumice. 
 
 Oilstones, whetstones, and scythe- 
 stones. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 ■' 
 
 1 
 
 
 oq 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 SO 
 
 84 
 
 49 
 
 32 
 
 17 
 
 20 
 
 * 
 
 ' 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Borax 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 " " " 
 
 SI 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 [ 
 
 ^0 
 
 Fluorspar 
 
 Gvpsuni 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 76 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 S'^ 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 3 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 2 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 SI 
 
 Sulphur and pyrite 
 
 Pigments 
 
 BarYtes 
 
 37 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sfi 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 S7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 SH 
 
 Mineral pigments, crude 
 
 1 
 12 
 
 1 
 4 
 
 1 
 12 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 I 
 
 SO 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 '1 
 
 
 Asbestos 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 do 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Asphaltum and bituminous rock. 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 Flint 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 fl^^ 
 
 Fuller;s earth 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^Q 
 
 Marl 
 
 Mica 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [ 
 
 ^Q 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f>0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SI 
 
 Precious stones 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S'* 
 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; 1 
 
 ss 
 
 Talc and soapstone 
 
 ■' 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 s^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ss 
 
 Uranium and vanadium 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 5fi 
 
 All other minerals" 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Uncludes operators as follows: Chrome ore, 1; magnesite, 1; molybdenum, 1; nickel and cobalt, 2; rutile, 1. 
 
GENERAL TABLES. 
 
 ■Ab3 
 
 AND GROUPS OF JIINERALS: 1902— Continued. 
 
 
 
 
 AVERAGE NUMBER OF 
 
 WAGE-EARNER.M AT 
 
 ^PECIFIEJI 
 
 riAILV RATES OK PAY— fOlltiniU'd. 
 
 
 
 
 
 MiK'liini.'^tw, bliR'ksiiiiths, ciiriiL'TitiT.'^. and otln-r iiiurhaiiirs. 
 
 
 S0..50 
 
 to 
 80.74. 
 
 80.75 
 
 to 
 80.99. 
 
 81.00 
 
 to 
 81.24. 
 
 1 
 81.25 ■ 
 to ' 
 81.49. 
 
 798 
 
 81.50 
 
 to 
 81.74. 
 
 81.75 
 
 to 
 81.99. 
 
 82.00 
 
 to 
 82.24. 
 
 82,25 
 
 to 
 82.49, 
 
 82.,50 
 
 to 
 82.74. 
 
 82.75 
 
 to 
 82.99. 
 
 83,00 
 
 to 
 83,24. 
 
 $3,25 
 to 
 
 83,.19, 
 
 83,50 
 
 to 
 83,74, 
 
 83,75 
 
 to 
 88.99, 
 
 $4,00 
 
 to 
 $4.24. 
 
 84.25 
 iind 
 o\ er. 
 
 
 8 
 
 174 
 
 400 
 
 2, 333 
 
 2,899 
 
 5, 1.55 
 
 3, 916 
 
 3, 153 
 
 1, 185 
 
 2, 151 
 
 ,597 
 
 1,021 
 
 137 
 
 1,144 
 
 799 
 
 1 
 
 
 15 
 
 54 
 
 144 
 
 304 
 
 494 
 
 972 
 
 507 
 
 635 
 
 205 
 
 728 
 
 175 
 
 821 
 
 87 
 
 1,020 
 
 482 
 
 ., 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 12 
 
 36 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 108 
 
 u 
 
 32 
 
 206 
 54 
 
 90 
 11 
 341 
 51 
 
 233 ' 137 
 68 ''O 
 
 260 
 135 
 1,86 
 42 
 
 ,58 
 
 74 
 
 63 
 
 7 
 
 173 
 471 
 
 52 
 17 
 
 49 
 
 109 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 227 
 
 564 
 
 27 
 
 24 
 60 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 273 
 
 737 
 
 10 
 
 2,50 
 
 228 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 602 
 
 159 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 290 
 49 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 6 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 254 
 
 5 
 1,364 
 
 1 
 1,780 
 
 n 
 
 12 
 1,907 
 
 3 
 650 
 
 15 
 1,104 
 
 - 
 330 
 
 1 
 1,51 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 70 
 
 3,224 1 2,882 
 
 43 
 
 97 
 
 308 
 
 
 1 
 5 
 
 20 
 
 42 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 132 
 
 67 
 
 175 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 341 
 
 371 
 
 393 
 
 51 
 
 549 
 
 596 
 
 428 
 601 
 118 
 033 
 
 595 
 
 823 673 
 
 1,400 1,876 
 
 429 195 
 
 572 ' 138 
 
 876 ' 515 
 
 166 
 
 1,128 
 121 
 ,502 
 
 5.59 
 
 47 
 419 
 
 37 
 147 
 
 322 
 49 
 
 20 
 479 
 
 35 
 570 
 
 296 
 
 li5 
 
 2,58 
 
 92 
 
 4 
 76 
 14 
 ,57 
 
 44 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 34 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 62 
 18 
 16 
 
 21 
 
 
 4 
 1 
 
 11 
 37 ! 12 
 265 13 
 
 2 
 
 19 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 
 
 1 
 
 70 
 
 25 
 2 
 10 
 
 18 
 
 120 
 5 
 77 
 88 
 20 
 25 
 C 
 
 251 
 12 
 
 159 
 50 
 34 
 73 
 17 
 
 3 
 
 214 
 
 300 
 
 8 
 
 207 
 
 34 
 
 119 
 
 1 
 
 147 
 
 78 
 
 190 
 1 
 96 
 23 
 51 
 
 185 
 13 
 
 .58 
 
 32 
 
 5 
 
 - 
 
 5 ! 1 
 
 15 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 6 
 9 
 
 110 
 
 '>■! 
 
 142 
 
 85 
 22 
 
 7 
 
 72 
 
 24 
 
 172 
 
 3 
 
 24 
 
 44 
 
 1,58 
 5 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 38 
 
 9 
 10 
 
 3 
 15 
 
 i' 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 2 
 2 
 9 
 
 i' 
 
 17 
 
 
 18 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 89 ] 36 
 
 199 1 107 
 
 39 1 27 
 
 7 1 1 
 
 19 
 ''0 
 
 
 ■'1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■^3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 •>i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Or, 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ':; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 OR 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■'7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■'8 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 49 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ,jq 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 31 
 
 52 
 
 43 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 35 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 () 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 T 
 
 25 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 6 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 3-' 
 
 
 
 1 
 2S 
 23 
 
 
 
 4 
 5 
 
 ■s , 4 
 35 7 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 ] 
 
 33 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 8 
 23 
 
 1 
 
 29 
 5 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 31 
 
 6 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 &5 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 3S 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 41 
 4'^ 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ' 1 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 106 
 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 HI 
 
 7 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 i" 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 3 
 3 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 T 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 4i; 
 
 47 
 4S 
 49 
 50 
 51 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 110 
 
 105 
 
 3 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 
 
 
 ! - 1 
 
 
 ; 1 
 
 
 30223—04- 
 
354 
 
 MINES AND gUAKRIES. 
 
 Table 1.— DETAILED SUMMAEY, BY MINERALS 
 
 MINERALS, BY GROUPS. 
 
 All minerals. 
 
 Copper ore 
 
 Gold and silver. . . . 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 Lead and zinc ore . 
 Manganese ore — 
 Quicksilver 
 
 AVERAfiE NV-MBER OE WAGE. EARNERS AT 3PECIEIED I.AII.Y KATES OE PA Y— conlinucd. 
 
 MiniTs and quurrymcn, and stonecnlters. 
 
 Less 
 than 
 
 80..M SO.lf, SI .00 Jl.2.^ 
 
 to to to I I" 
 
 J0.7J. S0.99. S1.24. Sl.ly, 
 
 Coal, anthracite . 
 Coal, bituminous 
 
 Natural gas 
 
 Petroleum 
 
 14 Structural materials 
 
 Cement 
 
 Clay 
 
 Limestones and dolomites. 
 
 Marble 
 
 Sandstones and quartzites. 
 Siliceous crvstalline rocks. 
 Slate 
 
 Abrasive materials 
 
 Buhrstones and millstones . 
 
 Corundum and emery 
 
 Crystalline quartz 
 
 Garnet 
 
 Grindstones and pulpstones 
 Infusorial earth, tripoli, 
 
 pumice. 
 Oilston es, whetstones, and scyth 
 
 stones. 
 
 30 I Chemical materials 
 
 and 
 
 31 Borax 
 
 32 ) FHiorspar 
 
 33 ! Gypsum 
 
 34 I Phosphate rock , . . 
 
 35 Sulphur and pyrite 
 
 36 Pigments 
 
 37 Barytes 
 
 5S . Mineral jjigments, crude 
 
 39 Miscellaneous 
 
 Asbestos 
 
 Asphaltum and bituminous rock. 
 
 Bau.xite 
 
 Feldspar 
 
 Flint 
 
 Fuller's earth 
 
 Graphite 
 
 Lithium t>Tr 
 
 Marl 
 
 Mica 
 
 Monazite 
 
 Preciou.s stones 
 
 Silica .sand 
 
 Talc and soapstone 
 
 Tungsten 
 
 Uranium and vanadium 
 
 All other minerals ^ 
 
 $1..50 
 
 to 
 SI. 74. 
 
 J1.75 
 
 to 
 M.99. 
 
 
 IS, 903 30,569 
 
 lu 
 13 
 
 24 
 113 
 296 
 
 3,314 
 
 1 
 
 156 
 
 3,001 
 
 47 
 
 77 
 
 32 
 
 2,. 513 
 
 1,643 
 
 61 
 
 119 
 
 1 , 057 
 
 300 
 
 1 
 
 105 
 
 3,555 
 
 117 
 
 2,47S 
 
 909 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 37, 492 
 2,300 
 
 137 
 
 176 
 
 1 , .585 
 
 82.00 
 
 to 
 .S2.24. 
 
 3, 216 
 
 257 
 
 3, 926 
 
 6,042 19,3.54 
 
 30K , 1,217 
 
 """94', 20' 
 
 25,993 49,825 
 
 S2.26 
 
 to 
 J2.49. 
 
 39, 895 36, 721 
 
 S;2..50 
 
 S2.75 
 
 $3.00 
 
 S3.25 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 S2.74. 
 
 S2.99. 
 
 83.24. 
 
 83.49. 
 
 5,720 
 
 1,309 I 
 278 
 
 3,642 
 414 
 
 6, .562 
 
 1,679 
 
 2,869 
 
 1,687 
 
 93 
 
 5 
 
 219 
 
 32,0.80 28,103 
 
 83.50 
 
 to 
 83.74. 
 
 19,446 I 22,197 8,8.54 16,094 
 
 3, 092 
 
 368 
 
 2,238 
 
 481 
 
 2 
 
 7,934 
 
 374 
 
 7,200 
 
 304 
 
 7 
 
 745 
 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 1,101 3.293 
 
 24,.S92 46,532 
 
 3,776 2,195 
 28, 304 25, 908 
 
 3 48 
 
 14,. 595 : 11,9.32 
 
 1,.542 1,692 
 13,0.53 10,240 
 
 2 
 7,373 
 
 1,373 
 6,000 
 
 ,330 , 10,2.si; 
 
 .54 
 
 275 
 
 215 
 
 12 
 
 20 
 
 350 
 
 3.50 
 206 
 .. 106 
 468 
 125 
 9.58 
 117 
 
 1,166 
 730 
 
 5,4.50 
 585 
 587 
 
 1 , 583 
 
 12, 609 
 
 895 
 
 232 
 6, 232 
 
 438 
 1,.569 
 2,6.55 
 
 .588 
 
 160 
 
 i;,64i 
 
 9 
 14 
 
 3,0.58 1 
 
 40 
 
 8 
 21 
 10 
 
 i 
 
 327 
 
 34 
 
 4,011 
 
 146 
 1,177 
 2, 648 
 
 .505 
 
 70 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 24 
 
 169 
 
 76 
 1,631 
 1.50 
 1,697 
 1,7.58 
 1,160 
 
 35 
 
 26 
 
 32 
 
 .13 
 
 29 
 
 .578 
 
 317 
 
 35 
 
 199 
 
 328 
 
 293 
 
 435 
 
 814 
 
 600 
 
 263 
 
 66 
 
 141 
 
 211 
 
 1,163 
 
 142 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 6 
 144 
 112 
 573 
 1,318 
 .86 
 
 8 
 
 6 1.010 
 
 I 
 1 I 36 
 
 ,990 
 33 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 13 
 
 135 I 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 50 
 64 
 1 
 23 
 29 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 41 
 
 73 
 
 3.0 
 
 23 
 
 1 
 11 
 
 1 25 
 20 
 
 32 
 329 
 1 26 
 
 74 
 
 24 
 
 3 
 11 
 
 1.5h 
 1 
 
 .54 
 15 
 
 5 
 41 
 33 
 
 17 
 3 
 
 9,930 
 
 5, .552 
 4,310 
 
 5, .523 
 
 1,313 
 4,210 
 
 105 100 
 
 78 47 
 
 90 304 
 
 428 175 
 
 1 Includes operators us fnljows; Chrome ore, 1; Juagnesile, 1 ; mol ylidcnuui. 1 ; iiickrl and cobalt. 2; rutile, 1. 
 
GENERAL I^ABLES. 
 
 35 f 
 
 AND GROtTPS OF MINERALS: iy02— Continued. 
 
 AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE-EARNEKS AT SPECIrlED DAILY RATES OF PAY— continued. 
 
 Miners and quarrymon, 
 and stonet;utter,s — Cont'd . 
 
 S3.7.T 
 
 to 
 33.99. 
 
 1 
 
 199 
 
 •2 
 
 1,821 
 
 1,304 
 
 S4.UI) 
 
 to 
 $4.24. 
 
 2 
 23 
 18 
 
 40 
 910 
 
 94.25 
 and 
 over. 
 
 166 
 
 398 
 
 39 
 
 4 
 
 81 
 
 110 
 
 S0..^i0 
 
 to 
 J0.74. 
 
 502 
 363 
 
 MiltiTs' iK'lpers. 
 
 J0.7.'') 
 
 to 
 SU.93. 
 
 1 
 
 186 
 
 SI .00 
 
 to 
 J1.24. 
 
 110 
 
 60 
 
 l.il 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 .SO 
 
 441 
 337 
 
 SI. 2.'-) 
 
 to 
 SI. 49. 
 
 SS 
 23 
 194 
 302 
 
 Sl.riO 
 
 I" 
 SI. 74. 
 
 30 
 3 
 
 "3" 
 
 2 
 
 503 
 183 
 
 947 
 347 
 
 1 
 
 1,529 
 
 921 
 60S 
 
 228 
 220 
 
 SI. 75 
 
 to 
 SI. 99. 
 
 3, 692 
 
 .S2.II0 S2.25 
 
 to to 
 
 S2.24. 1 S2.19. 
 
 3,021 ' 1,907 
 
 618 
 21 
 
 ,265 I 385 
 
 336 I .50 
 
 136 1,84 
 
 645 105 
 
 124 I 24 
 
 .52 
 2, 379 
 
 2,086 
 293 
 
 24 
 1,747 
 
 22 
 1 , 522 
 
 1,196 ' 1,211 
 551 311 
 
 11 
 
 17 
 
 S2.,50 I 12.75 
 
 to : to 
 $2.74. S2.99. 
 
 1 , 429 488 
 
 ,889 126 
 
 30 
 810 
 
 38 
 
 S3.00 
 
 to 
 S3.24. 
 
 1 , 050 
 
 18 
 
 1,016 
 
 16 
 
 11 
 
 478 
 
 117 
 361 
 
 3 
 363 
 
 130 
 
 iso 
 
 S3.25 ,S3..50 
 
 to to 
 
 S3. 49. , S3.74. 
 
 S3.75 
 
 to 
 S3. 99. 
 
 S4.0fl 
 
 to 
 S4.24. 
 
 392 
 '■248 
 
 38 
 .502 
 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 ' 17 
 
 I 18 
 
 I 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 26 
 
 27 
 28 
 
 81 
 32 
 33 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 38 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 41 
 42 
 43 
 44 
 45 
 46 
 47 
 48 
 49 
 50 
 51 
 .52 
 53 
 54 
 55 
 66 
 
350 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 1.— DETAILED SUMMARY, BY MINERALS 
 
 
 MINERALS, BV GROUPS. 
 
 
 AVERAGE NTMBER 
 
 >F WAIi] 
 
 -EAU.VERS AT HPEOIFIEIi DAILY HATE.S 01 
 
 PAY— 
 
 pontinued. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Timbermen and track layur.s. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 80.60 
 to 
 
 80.74. 
 
 S0.7.T 
 
 to 
 J0.99. 
 
 4B 
 
 Jl.OO 
 
 to 
 
 $1.24. 
 209 
 
 $1.25 
 to 
 
 11.49. 
 
 381 
 
 SI.. 50 
 
 to 
 81.74. 
 
 SI. 75 
 
 to 
 S1.99. 
 
 2,102 
 
 82.00 
 
 to 
 82.24. 
 
 S2.'i5 
 
 to 
 82.49. 
 
 82. .50 
 to 
 
 82.74. 
 
 82.75 
 
 to 
 82.99. 
 
 312 
 
 $3.00 
 
 to 
 83.24. 
 
 399 
 
 83.26 
 
 to 
 83.49. 
 
 59 
 
 $3.50 
 
 to 
 83.74. 
 
 83.75 
 
 to 
 83.99. 
 
 $4.00 
 to 
 
 84 24. 
 
 84.25 
 and 
 over. 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1,119 
 
 3, 778 
 
 3,6-10 
 
 9.54 
 
 456 26 
 
 57 
 
 5 
 
 
 Metallic 
 
 o 
 
 
 6 
 
 35 
 
 97 
 
 148 
 
 765 
 
 991 
 
 301 
 
 406 
 
 30 
 
 215 
 
 51 
 
 428 26 
 
 57 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 14 
 
 95 
 
 359 
 
 1 
 
 6U7 
 
 13 
 
 55 
 
 "'"'215' 
 
 1 
 
 32 ! 3 
 
 57 23 
 
 317 1 
 
 28 
 
 177 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 2.S 
 2 
 
 207 
 
 26 
 31 
 
 3' 
 
 4 
 
 Gold and silver 
 
 
 
 207 9 
 
 ft 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 
 5 
 
 29 
 
 11 
 
 121 
 
 7 
 
 l)(i7 
 
 14 
 
 
 li 
 
 Lead and zinc ure 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 8 
 
 Quieksih'tT 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 954 
 
 1,315 
 
 11 
 2, 7.^6 
 
 
 
 
 184 
 
 2 
 
 l.^ 
 
 
 .1 
 
 
 q 
 
 
 1 
 
 29 
 2 
 
 74 
 
 .50 
 
 24 
 
 270 
 
 61 
 
 209 
 
 3, 339 
 
 .548 
 
 282 
 
 8 
 1 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 Cnal, anlliracitu 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 304 
 
 650 
 
 l'.21 
 691 
 
 326 
 2,460 
 
 579 
 2, 760 
 
 23 ' 6 
 625 i 277 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 1 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 V* 
 
 Natural fras 
 
 
 
 i;^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-1 
 
 Strnetural materials. 
 
 
 2 
 
 ia 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cement 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 |- 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1H 
 
 Clav 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 """:::; :::::.::;: i i 
 
 1.S 
 
 Marble 
 
 1 ■ , 
 
 
 i 
 
 I'l 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ■''() 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■n 
 
 Slate . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 O'-^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ■'5 
 
 Crystalline quartz 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ■^H 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 9S 
 
 Infusorial earth, tripnli. ami 
 pumiee. 
 
 Oilstones, whetstones, and scythe- 
 stones. 
 
 1 1 ' 
 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 oq 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 100 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 •If! 
 
 Fluorsjmr 
 
 ! ' 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 9/1 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 IM 
 
 1 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 
 i 
 
 ■^5 
 
 Sulphur mid ftvritc 
 
 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 - - 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3>5 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ... 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 41 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I'j 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 46 
 
 47 
 4« 
 49 
 50 
 51 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Marl 
 
 - . . . . 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 ' ! 
 
 Moiia/ite 
 
 , 
 
 
 _ . . ' "1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 54 
 55 
 
 56 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ..1 L ' 
 
 i !_ 1. ■ 1 i 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ■• Includes Operators US follows: Chrome ore. 1; magnesite, 1; molybdenuiu, 1; nickel am 
 
GENERAL TABLES. 
 
 857 
 
 AND GROUPS OF MINERALS: 1902— Continued. 
 
 
 
 
 
 AVEHACiE NV'MBER OF 
 
 \VACiE-EAKNER8 AT HPEfllFIED DAILY 
 
 KATE,S 01 
 
 PAY— PC 
 
 ntinued. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Boys under 16 
 
 years. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \n oih 
 
 jT wat,^e-eanUTs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Less 
 than 
 80.50. 
 
 J0..50 
 
 to 
 ».74. 
 
 S0.75 
 
 to 
 JO. 99. 
 
 Jl.OO 
 to 
 
 81.24. 
 
 81.25 
 
 to 
 
 J1.49. 
 
 81.50 
 
 to 
 
 81.74. 
 
 81.75 
 
 to 
 
 81.99. 
 
 82.00 
 
 to 
 82.24. 
 
 56 
 
 82.25 
 
 to 
 82.49. 
 
 22 
 10 
 
 Less 
 than 
 
 80..50. 
 
 80.60 
 
 to 
 80.74. 
 
 80.75 
 
 to 
 $0.99. 
 
 81.00 
 
 to 
 81.24. 
 
 81.25 
 
 to 
 
 81.49. 
 
 fl.,50 
 
 to 
 81.74. 
 
 81.75 
 
 to 
 81.99. 
 
 82.00 
 
 to 
 82.24. 
 
 82.25 
 
 to 
 82.49. 
 
 12,328 
 
 
 447 
 
 3,448 
 
 4,062 
 
 3,212 
 
 419 
 
 130 
 
 61 
 
 61 
 
 960 
 
 3, 616 
 
 12,960 
 1,666 
 
 21, 361 
 
 32, 442 
 
 25,073 
 
 27,543 
 
 1 
 
 163 1 
 
 287 
 
 116 
 
 44 
 
 48 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 
 
 70 
 
 610 
 
 2,120 
 
 4,4.59 
 
 6, .533 
 
 5, 607 
 
 1,444 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 2,50 
 
 12 
 2 
 5 
 
 2, S34 
 
 8 
 4 
 
 99 
 5 
 
 20 
 1 
 
 17 
 5 
 
 34 
 5 
 8 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 12 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 
 14 
 22 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 48 
 
 434 
 
 2 
 
 58 
 104 
 1,314 
 108 
 52 
 30 
 
 8,143 
 
 137 
 
 51 
 
 1,195 
 
 i;91 
 
 3 
 
 43 
 
 12,064 
 
 1 , 661 
 
 107 
 
 1,913 
 
 750 
 
 1 
 
 27 
 
 19, 699 
 
 2,130 
 
 288 
 
 3, .582 
 
 220 
 
 1,928 
 093 
 
 2,294 
 .571 
 
 458 
 292 
 4.69 
 207 
 
 .3 
 
 4 
 
 141 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 155 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 3,636 
 
 1 
 
 2,988 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 666 
 
 9 
 2, 323 
 
 13 
 16,0.56 
 
 Hi 
 
 20, 420 
 
 1,793 
 
 17,842 
 660 
 226 
 
 1,382 
 
 28 
 10, 397 
 
 8 
 
 358 
 
 112 
 
 60 
 
 39 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 09 
 
 S6 
 
 2,006 
 828 
 
 1,881 
 
 1 , 7.54 
 
 1 
 
 580 
 
 2,407 
 
 1 
 
 26 
 332 
 
 11? 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4.53 
 
 212 
 
 1 
 
 1,919 
 395 
 
 4.50 
 
 5, 397 
 
 2, 721 
 
 20 
 
 2,339 
 
 7,177 
 
 4,6.59 
 
 222 
 
 6 
 
 0, 798 
 
 7,949 
 
 10,660 
 
 1 , 098 
 
 86 
 
 7, .510 
 
 6,038 
 
 9,291 
 
 080 
 
 41 
 
 2,273 
 
 746 
 
 9, 309 
 
 306 
 
 36 
 
 445 
 
 10 
 
 60 
 
 39 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 1? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 115 
 
 285 
 
 276 
 
 179 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 123 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 37 
 9 
 
 16 
 6 
 4 
 
 36 
 7 
 
 15 
 13 
 95 
 14 
 26 
 56 
 66 
 
 1 
 84 
 
 19 
 
 3 
 
 60 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 30 
 65 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 20 
 
 3 
 
 97 
 47 
 87 
 44 
 5 
 1.53 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 620 
 270 
 905 
 60 
 125 
 230 
 129 
 
 14 
 
 2,482 
 129 
 
 2,215 
 261 
 561 
 448 
 699 
 
 16 
 
 2, 056 
 36 
 
 2, 508 
 343 
 766 
 739 
 463 
 
 35 
 
 974 
 48 
 
 627 
 92 
 
 267 
 
 190 
 75 
 
 21 
 
 279 
 21 
 
 476 
 68 
 
 173 
 
 209 
 96 
 
 20 
 
 200 
 
 9 
 
 31 
 
 58 
 
 70 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 2 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 os' 
 
 49 
 
 75 
 
 2 
 
 IS 
 59 
 20 
 
 2 
 5 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 45 20 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 2? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■'4 
 
 
 , 
 
 [ 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 ')5 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 13 
 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 27 
 
 ■>~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .. - - 
 
 
 
 
 ■'8 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 8 
 505 
 
 1 
 177 
 
 
 
 ■>q 
 
 12 
 
 37 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 100 
 
 282 
 
 705 
 
 211 
 
 88 
 
 40 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 
 11 
 3 
 416 
 20 
 55 
 
 31 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 7 
 
 04 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 476 
 195 
 
 40 
 
 45 
 56 
 82 
 29 
 
 13 
 
 3'' 
 
 
 3 
 
 27 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 232 
 49 
 
 16 
 
 161 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 33 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 45 
 10 
 
 55 
 45 
 
 34 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 8 
 32 
 
 .53 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 28 
 
 13 
 132 
 
 31 
 203 
 
 6 
 _ 
 
 3 
 
 23 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 39 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 40 
 
 21 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 31 
 5 
 1 
 
 6 
 10 
 23 
 9 
 4 
 ,s 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1'^ 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 i.5' 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24" 
 
 
 i 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 48 
 49 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,s 
 79 
 24 
 
 
 lis 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■57 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 f,9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 "■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
358 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table t.— HETAILEI) SUMMARY, BY MINERALS 
 
 
 MINERALS, HY GROUPS. 
 
 AVERAGE NUMBER OF 
 
 WAGE-EARNERS AT SPECIFIED DAILY RATES 
 
 OF PAY — continued. 
 
 AVERAGE 
 
 NUMBER OF WAGE-EARNERS EMPLOYED 
 DURING EACH MONTH. 
 
 
 
 
 All othtT wagu- 
 
 uarners— Continued. 
 
 
 
 Men If 
 
 years and over. 
 
 
 
 $2..50 
 
 to 
 $2.74. 
 
 J2.75 
 
 to 
 J2.99. 
 
 S3.00 
 
 to 
 J3.24. 
 
 S3.25 
 
 to 
 S3.49. 
 
 J3.50 
 
 to 
 S3.74. 
 
 1,493 
 
 S3.75 
 
 to 
 13.99. 
 
 56 
 
 {4.00 
 
 to 
 14.24. 
 
 J4.25 
 and 
 over. 
 
 .January. 
 
 Febru- 
 ary. 
 
 March. 
 
 April. 
 
 May. 
 
 1 
 
 All minerals 
 
 6,472 
 
 2,297 
 
 4,299 
 3,277 
 
 025 
 
 459 
 
 268 
 
 590,362 
 
 587, 181 
 
 .595, 413 
 
 604, 3.59 
 
 .5.56, 464 
 
 
 Metallic .__. 
 
 Copper ore 
 
 2 
 
 2, 029 
 
 630 
 
 1.52 
 
 401 
 
 65 
 
 12 
 
 484 
 
 1,394 
 
 34 
 
 397 
 
 196 
 
 102, 242 
 
 101,514 
 
 104, 087 
 
 107, 993 
 
 112,982 
 
 S 
 
 150 
 
 1,.5,53 
 
 251 
 
 47 
 
 327 
 
 2, 804 
 
 .52 
 
 92 
 
 45 
 
 405 
 
 28 
 
 6 
 
 .559 
 
 825 
 
 10 
 
 32' 
 
 97 
 
 290 
 
 10 
 
 72 
 
 119 
 
 5 
 
 24, 885 
 34,678 
 33, 8.54 
 
 7, 325 
 165 
 
 1,335 
 
 416. 024 
 
 24, 6.58 
 34, 925 
 33, 195 
 
 7,266 
 144 
 
 1,326 
 
 412, 9.53 
 
 25, 602 
 34, 810 
 34,714 
 
 7,465 
 172 
 
 1,324 
 
 407, 798 
 
 26, 088 
 35, 9.55 
 36,829 
 
 7,608 
 178 
 
 1,335 
 
 397, 800 
 
 27, 073 
 37, 164 
 39, 291 
 
 7,965 
 167 
 
 1,322 
 
 337,120 
 
 4 
 5 
 
 Gold and .silver 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 Lead and zine ore 
 
 7 
 
 Mane^anese ore 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 2.S 
 4, 000 
 
 1,.592 
 
 838 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 Fuels 
 
 102 
 
 70 
 
 18 
 
 32 
 
 59 
 
 
 Coal, anthracite 
 
 10 
 
 215 
 
 3, 347 
 
 144 
 
 264 
 
 418 
 
 149 
 
 1,407 
 
 21 
 
 15 
 
 70 
 
 79 
 
 666 
 
 10 
 
 83 
 
 166 
 
 3 
 99 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 
 110,018 
 
 284,823 
 
 3,819 
 
 17, 364 
 
 61,467 
 
 110, 760 
 
 281,380 
 
 3, .575 
 
 17,238 
 
 61, 746 
 
 109, 165 
 
 277, 656 
 
 3. 631 
 
 17, 346 
 
 72, 024 
 
 109, 190 
 
 267, 309 
 
 3,866 
 
 17, 435 
 
 86, 313 
 
 53, 169 
 
 262,3.58 
 
 4,111 
 
 17, 482 
 
 93, 630 
 
 H 
 
 Coal, bitaminou?s 
 
 51 
 12 
 
 29 
 
 6 
 HI 
 
 4 
 
 24 
 
 6 
 2 
 
 30 
 
 28 
 26 
 5 
 
 13 
 
 i;^ 
 
 
 1A 
 
 Struftural materials 
 
 
 Cement 
 
 Clav 
 
 15 
 
 164 
 34 
 54 
 
 57 
 31 
 26 
 52 
 
 6 
 
 30 
 
 6 
 14 
 1 
 5 
 14 
 
 31 
 3 
 24 
 
 3 
 93 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 10, 330 
 2,119 
 
 22,381 
 3,546 
 5,693 
 
 12,289 
 5,109 
 
 427 
 
 10, 272 
 2,100 
 
 22, 206 
 3, 593 
 5, 766 
 
 12, 665 
 5, 144 
 
 437 
 
 10, 771 
 
 2, 231 
 27, 391 
 
 3, 8.55 
 7,719 
 
 14,755 
 5, 302 
 
 475 
 
 12,290 
 2, 405 
 32, 808 
 , '1,064 
 '10,338 
 18,674 
 5,734 
 
 605 
 
 13, ISO 
 2, 575 
 
 34,807 
 4,294 
 
 12, 673 
 
 20, 138 
 5, 963 
 
 669 
 
 17 
 
 Limestones and dolomites 
 
 Marble. 
 
 - 
 
 4 ^ 1 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 
 IH 
 
 10 
 
 1Q 
 
 Sandstones and quartzites 
 
 silieeous ervstalline rocks 
 
 Slate . 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 
 '>0 
 
 1 
 
 (> 
 
 
 ■>1 
 
 
 '>■> 
 
 Abrasive materials 
 
 
 
 
 Buhrstones and millstones 
 
 Corundum and emery 
 
 
 
 
 23 
 ''4 
 
 6 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 74 
 30 
 17 
 02 
 149 
 29 
 
 60 
 7,610 
 
 76 
 37 
 17 
 62 
 1.53 
 29 
 
 63 
 7, 8(i9 
 
 87 
 35 
 17 
 68 
 165 
 29 
 
 74 
 
 8,111 
 
 174 
 
 147 
 
 1,304 
 
 5, 521 
 
 965 
 
 646 
 
 92 
 38 
 27 
 137 
 193 
 31 
 
 87 
 8,612 
 
 98 
 47 
 28 
 143 
 212 
 38 
 
 103 
 
 8,886 
 
 ''t 
 
 Crystalline quartz 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?fi 
 
 Garnet 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 97 
 
 Grindstones and pulpstones 
 
 
 
 98 
 
 Infusorial earth, tripoli, and 
 pumice. 
 
 Oilstones, whetstones.andscy the- 
 s tones. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9q 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?0 
 
 13 
 13 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Borax 
 
 
 
 — — 
 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 170 
 161 
 770 
 5, .562 
 917 
 
 483 
 
 170 
 
 147 
 
 1,271 
 
 5, 336 
 
 945 
 
 638 
 
 174 
 
 183 
 
 1,4.50 
 
 5,841 
 
 9W 
 
 6.55 
 
 174 
 
 2.55 
 
 1, .521 
 
 5,944 
 
 992 
 
 697 
 
 •:{0 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?'^ 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?l 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■^^ 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 ^fi 
 
 Pigments 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 244 
 239 
 
 2,109 
 
 402 
 236 
 
 2,024 
 
 414 
 
 232 
 
 418 
 237 
 
 2,381 
 
 443 
 2.54 
 
 2, 480 
 
 ^8 
 
 Mineral pigments, crude 
 
 1 
 
 ,5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 15 
 140 
 145 
 226 
 99 
 ,s.s 
 137 
 
 10 
 139 
 147 
 225 
 95 
 63 
 138 
 
 14 
 
 146 
 147 
 229 
 103 
 60 
 1.52 
 
 14 
 140 
 147 
 248 
 119 
 
 66 
 149 
 
 9 
 132 
 164 
 249 
 131 
 66 
 167 
 
 
 Asphaltum and hitumirnjiis n..-k 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 . .1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 Flint 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 FuHer's earth 
 
 
 
 
 
 46 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 10 
 
 92 
 
 270 
 
 766 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 76 
 
 29 
 
 90 
 
 264 
 
 717 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 16 
 
 78 
 
 108 
 
 87 
 
 335 
 
 769 
 
 3 
 
 17 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 101 
 
 118 
 
 112 
 
 343 
 
 783 
 
 3 
 
 19 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 98 
 126 
 109 
 365 
 813 
 
 49 
 
 Mica. 
 
 4 • 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 51 
 5'-! 
 53 
 51 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -' 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 55 
 56 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Includes operators as follows: climrac ore, 1; nuigncsitc, 1: ninlybdennm, 1; nickel and cobalt, 2; rutile, 1. 
 
GENERAL TABLES. 
 
 85;) 
 
 AND GROUPS OF MINERALS: 1902— Continued. 
 
 
 
 
 AVEK.Vr, p: .Nr.MBEK OK 
 
 \v'A(;E-ii.\it.N-ERS i;jrpi.(»YK 
 
 I IU'RINO EACH 
 
 MONTI 
 
 — corit 
 
 nucd. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 1 
 
 
 Men 16 years 
 
 and ovcT- 
 
 -(.'untinuc'd. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Boy.s under 16 years. 
 
 
 
 
 
 June. 
 
 July. 
 
 August. 
 .521,089 
 
 Septem- 
 lier. 
 
 529, 932 
 
 Oetolter. 
 
 566, .591 
 113,633 
 
 Novcni- 
 bur. 
 
 631,639 
 
 Decem- 
 l.er. 
 
 627,629 
 
 .Janu- 
 ary. 
 
 15, 440 
 590 
 
 111 
 27 
 
 405 
 27 
 13 
 
 14, 078 
 
 Febru- 
 ary. 
 
 15,4.54 
 
 March. 
 
 15,613 
 042 
 
 113 
 
 27 
 
 4.54 
 
 28 
 
 13 
 
 7 
 
 14,092 
 
 8.419 
 5, 671 
 
 April. 
 
 16,807 
 
 May. 
 
 .June. 
 
 July. 
 
 Au- 
 , gust. 
 
 Sep- 
 tem- 
 ber. 
 
 Octo- 
 ber. 
 
 No- 
 \'em- 
 
 ber. 
 
 De- 
 cem- 
 ber. 
 
 
 518, 197 
 
 509, 596 
 
 10,406 
 
 7,207 
 713 
 
 106 
 
 24 
 
 631 
 
 32 
 13 
 
 5, 504 
 
 7,274 
 
 7,443 
 
 7, .501 
 
 9, 205 
 
 16,283 
 
 16, .591 
 
 1 
 
 112,567 
 
 114, 013 
 
 114, 130 
 
 113,243 
 
 111,296 
 
 108, 760 
 
 ,581 
 
 689 
 
 113 
 31 
 
 497 
 28 
 13 
 7 
 
 14, 137 
 
 728 
 
 110 
 28 
 
 539 
 31 
 13 
 7 
 
 8,636 
 
 773 
 
 112 
 26 
 
 673 
 36 
 13 
 14 
 
 5, 397 
 
 773 
 
 92 
 26 
 .599 
 
 31 
 13 
 12 
 
 5, 578 
 
 766 
 
 744 
 
 93 
 
 29 
 
 670 
 
 32 
 
 ^? 
 
 7,441 
 
 708 
 
 681 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 17 
 IS 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 24 
 26 
 
 26, 466 
 37, 309 
 39, 311 
 
 7,996 
 185 
 
 1,300 
 
 296,039 
 
 26, 838 
 37, 104 
 40, 694 
 
 8, 008 
 180 
 
 1, 289 
 
 284,089 
 
 26, 908 
 37,140 
 41,426 
 
 8, 181 
 184 
 
 1,291 
 
 293, 932 
 
 25, 698 
 36, 733 
 41,259 
 
 8,067 
 167 
 
 1,319 
 
 304, .501 
 
 26, 273 
 36, 75(i 
 40, 958 
 
 8, 126 
 196 
 
 1,325 
 
 344,440 
 
 25, 720 
 36, 126 
 39, 859 
 
 8,034 
 206 
 
 1,351 
 
 421,671 
 
 25, 639 
 34, 680 
 38, 706 
 
 8,172 
 228 
 
 1,335 
 
 432, 013 
 
 110 
 
 397 
 27 
 13 
 
 14, 097 
 
 92 
 
 24 
 
 598 
 
 32 
 
 ^^ 
 
 5, 668 
 
 91 
 28 
 .542 
 27 
 13 
 7 
 
 13, 633 
 
 93 
 
 .511 
 30 
 13 
 
 7 
 
 14,067 
 
 16,301 
 
 257,803 
 
 4,671 
 
 17, 364 
 
 96,389 
 
 6,493 
 
 255, 481 
 
 4,631 
 
 17,484 
 
 98, 218 
 
 7, 610 
 
 263, 693 
 
 5, 082 
 
 17, ,547 
 
 99, 778 
 
 8, 136 
 
 273, 131 
 
 5,668 
 
 17, .566 
 
 98, 638 
 
 34, 773 
 
 286, 311 
 
 5,493 
 
 17, 863 
 
 96, 475 
 
 105,616 
 
 292, 891 
 
 5,330 
 
 17, 934 
 
 86, 3,81 
 
 110, 393 
 
 297, 284 
 
 6, 335 
 
 18, 001 
 
 75,017 
 
 8,362 
 5,714 
 
 8, 468 
 
 6, 627 
 
 2 
 
 8, 617 
 5, 6,18 
 
 2, 9.86 
 6, 648 
 
 -52 
 5, 460 
 
 69 
 5, 336 
 
 96 
 
 5, 480 
 
 2 
 
 100 
 5,. 566 
 
 1,696 
 6,743 
 
 2 
 
 7,804 
 
 5,827 
 
 2 
 
 8,209 
 
 5, 856 
 
 2 
 
 695 
 
 96 
 28 
 200 
 28 
 34 
 1.53 
 156 
 
 698 
 
 92 
 28 
 204 
 25 
 28 
 163 
 1.58 
 
 802 
 
 112 
 
 28 
 247 
 25 
 46 
 178 
 166 
 
 3 
 
 886 
 
 945 
 
 946 
 
 995 
 
 986 
 
 971 
 
 927 
 
 858 
 
 766 
 
 102 
 28 
 2'"'2 
 "l9 
 48 
 174 
 163 
 
 4 
 
 13, 280 
 2,624 
 
 36, 690 
 4,165 
 
 13,301 
 
 21, 362 
 6,967 
 
 673 
 
 13,479 
 2,604 
 
 36,153 
 4, 166 
 
 13,2.57 
 
 22,433 
 6, 126 
 
 675 
 
 14, 506 
 2, .568 
 
 36, 677 
 4,208 
 
 13,041 
 
 22,602 
 6,176 
 
 700 
 
 14, 549 
 2, 480 
 
 36, 332 
 4, 409 
 
 12, 609 
 
 22,092 
 0, 167 
 
 696 
 
 14, 349 
 2, 472 
 
 34,667 
 4, 2,55 
 
 11,897 
 
 21,788 
 6, 047 
 
 690 
 
 14, 185 
 2,393 
 
 30, 347 
 4,100 
 
 10, 428 
 
 19,147 
 5, 781 
 
 639 
 
 13,969 
 
 2, 265 
 26, 009 
 
 3, 921 
 7,742 
 
 15,6,15 
 5, 496 
 
 .592 
 
 123 
 
 28 
 269 
 26 
 67 
 208 
 164 
 
 3 
 
 123 
 33 
 
 105 
 212 
 173 
 
 3 
 
 116 
 34 
 
 269 
 
 19 
 
 1115 
 
 176 
 
 3 
 
 116 
 34 
 294 
 20 
 111 
 245 
 176 
 
 3 
 
 116 
 33 
 288 
 20 
 111 
 241 
 177 
 
 3 
 
 117 
 32 
 
 289 
 21 
 96 
 
 239 
 
 177 
 
 3 
 
 110 
 
 27 
 280 
 20 
 83 
 231 
 176 
 
 3 
 
 110 
 
 27 
 
 257 
 
 19 
 
 78 
 
 201 
 
 166 
 
 3 
 
 87 
 56 
 28 
 135 
 231 
 38 
 
 98 
 9,384 
 
 86 
 59 
 28 
 135 
 228 
 36 
 
 104 
 9, 395 
 
 83 
 51 
 44 
 135 
 249 
 36 
 
 102 
 9,261 
 
 85 
 59 
 40 
 145 
 243 
 37 
 
 87 
 9, .577 
 
 91 
 .55 
 34 
 138 
 248 
 39 
 
 91 
 9,211 
 
 95 
 42 
 34 
 140 
 218 
 39 
 
 71 
 8, 843 
 
 79 
 49 
 34 
 116 
 207 
 39 
 
 68 
 .8. .571 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 1 1 1 ' . 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •^- 
 
 •> 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 •- 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 27 
 
 41 
 
 1 
 41 
 
 1 
 
 43 
 
 1 
 61 
 
 1 
 61 
 
 1 
 
 64 
 
 1 
 
 69 
 
 1 
 66 
 
 1 
 57 
 
 1 
 57 
 
 1 
 49 
 
 51 
 
 29 
 30 
 
 96 
 
 280 
 
 1, 608 
 
 6,368 
 
 1,032 
 
 689 
 
 96 
 
 3'i3 
 
 1,590 
 
 6, 335 
 
 1,041 
 
 695 
 
 96 
 
 340 
 
 1,499 
 
 6, 322 
 
 1,004 
 
 701 
 
 168 
 
 354 
 
 1 , 693 
 
 6, 403 
 
 9.59 
 
 594 
 
 174 
 
 375 
 
 1,683 
 
 6,081 
 
 928 
 
 474 
 
 174 
 
 336 
 
 1,6.56 
 
 5,777 
 
 900 
 
 412 
 
 170 
 
 293 
 
 1, .583 
 
 5,718 
 
 807 
 
 396 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 4 
 43 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 4 
 42 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 3 
 39 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 39 
 12 
 
 4 
 •-> 
 
 33 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 33 
 12 
 
 32 
 33 
 34 
 36 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 41 
 42 
 43 
 44 
 45 
 46 
 47 
 48 
 49 
 
 3 
 30 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 30 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 30 
 10 
 
 3 
 42 
 16 
 
 3 
 
 41 
 17 
 
 4 
 42 
 
 IS 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 426 
 263 
 
 2, 456 
 
 427 
 268 
 
 2, 511 
 
 437 
 264 
 
 2,587 
 
 306 
 
 288 
 
 2, 683 
 
 194 
 280 
 
 2, 632 
 
 1.53 
 2.59 
 
 2,397 
 
 144 
 2.52 
 
 2,2.80 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 ' 
 
 4 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 1 
 
 129 
 147 
 256 
 137 
 
 55 
 171 
 
 21 
 
 10 
 106 
 119 
 141 
 341 
 764 
 3 
 
 27 
 
 8 
 
 144 
 
 143 
 
 276 
 
 138 
 
 48 
 
 163 
 
 23 
 
 11 
 
 108 
 
 127 
 
 140 
 
 332 
 
 791 
 
 9 
 
 157 
 
 143 
 
 259 
 
 134 
 
 60 
 
 169 
 
 23 
 
 U 
 
 112 
 
 130 
 
 120 
 
 366 
 
 826 
 
 32 
 164 
 145 
 272 
 134 
 130 
 174 
 6 
 
 11 
 108 
 119 
 118 
 380 
 841 
 
 61 
 199 
 160 
 252 
 127 
 1,58 
 1K5 
 
 .53 
 202 
 146 
 254 
 120 
 148 
 176 
 
 26 
 
 ISO 
 
 130 
 242 
 91 
 138 
 175 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 ^ 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 24 
 1 
 
 24 
 1 
 
 24 
 1 
 
 24 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 1 
 
 24 
 1 
 
 24 
 1 
 
 24 
 X 
 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 1 
 
 24 
 1 
 
 15 
 105 
 113 
 
 94 
 3(i6 
 766 
 
 17 
 104 
 20 
 99 
 328 
 705 
 
 13 
 105 
 20 
 94 
 331 
 711 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6'> 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 19 
 13 
 
 12 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
360 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Takle 1.— detailed summary, by minerals 
 
 MINERALS, BY GROUPS. 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 13 
 
 15 
 
 ll'l 
 
 17 
 
 IH 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 2(i 
 27 
 2» 
 
 29 
 
 31 
 32 
 33 
 34 
 35 
 
 37 
 3x 
 
 All mine 
 Metullic 
 
 »N'1'K,UT "WORK. 
 
 AuHnml 
 fiaitl. 
 
 J20, i;77, 1)38 
 1,371,921 
 
 Copper ore 
 
 Gold and silver . . . . 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 Lead and zinc ore . 
 
 Manganese ore 
 
 Qiiieksilver 
 
 ISS, 7(58 
 (;2U,090 
 425,292 
 lOS, i;07 
 
 , llU 
 
 Xnni)ier 
 
 ol em- 
 ployees. 
 
 Fluorspar 
 
 i.Tvpsnm 
 
 phosphate rocli .... 
 .Sulphur and pyrite 
 
 Pigments 
 
 Barytes 
 
 Mineral pigments 
 
 39 :Mi.-^ceIlaneous. 
 
 ]i;, loi; 
 
 40 
 41 
 42 
 43 
 44 
 45 
 4C. 
 47 
 48 
 43 
 50 
 51 
 .52 
 53 
 51 
 55 
 .50 1 
 
 Asbestos 
 
 Asphaitunj and bituminous rocl<. 
 
 Bauxite 
 
 Feldspar 
 
 Flint. 
 
 111,000 
 ,500 
 
 Fuller's earlli 
 
 Graphite 
 
 Lithiniji ore. . 
 Marl . 
 
 Mica 
 
 ^looazite 
 
 Preciiius slone.H 
 
 Silica >-alid 
 
 Talc and sujip^toic' 
 
 Tungsten 
 
 Itanium and \!iiiadinni . 
 \i\ iithcr minerals !■■ 
 
 21,183 
 
 2, .557 
 
 195 
 
 980 
 
 1,079 
 
 223 
 
 ,80 
 
 Coal, iiiulirai-itf 
 
 (.'oiil, liitnininous 
 
 Natural i^ns 
 
 I'L'trult'Uin 
 
 StniL-tural iiiatLTials 
 
 
 40C. 
 
 1,244 
 
 1,4.59 
 
 12, 9.50 
 
 i;o 
 
 421 
 
 111 
 001 
 031 
 
 749 
 
 1,731 
 5, 040 
 3, 268 
 7,949 
 
 208 
 
 
 10, 027 
 13,241 
 
 3l'i,3.sl 
 
 34 
 
 Clav 
 
 36 
 
 Limestitiiu^ and doluniitus 
 
 Marbk- 
 
 137 
 
 Sandstones and tj^uartzites 
 
 500 
 
 1 
 
 Slate 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Corundum and emerv 
 
 
 
 
 Garnet 
 
 . 
 
 Grindstones and pulpstones 
 
 
 
 Infusorial earth, tripoli, 
 
 and 
 vtlic- 
 
 
 
 pumi<-e. 
 
 
 
 stones. 
 
 
 101 
 
 095 
 
 331 
 
 
 
 
 Borax 
 
 
 
 300 3 
 
 lor, 7 
 
 ,102 TOO 
 
 . .5S7 15 
 
 10 
 
 11 ISfELLANEOUS EXPENSES, 
 
 $71,771,713 
 
 17, 168, 321 
 
 1,397, .165 
 5, 357, .529 
 ,s, 2.57, 714 
 2,092,001 
 3,845 
 59, 7i;7 
 
 -I7,S05,0S1 
 
 9, 307, 239 
 16,774,469 
 
 5,912,2.57 
 15,, SI 1,720 
 
 5, 750. 4S2 
 
 1,005.520 
 120., S73 
 
 1.410,0S1 
 ;is2, N77 
 87S, 7.S0 
 810, 200 
 446,115 
 
 42, 410 
 
 1, 1S{1 
 
 1/.I.50 
 
 4,9.52 
 
 24,433 
 
 2, 263 
 
 4, .553 
 
 47, OOli 
 
 23,002 
 
 200. 709 
 
 430, 475 
 
 39, 118 
 
 60, 448 
 
 35, 555 
 21,.s;i3 
 
 202, HO] 
 
 1 , 7,5.s 
 19,7.53 
 11,939 
 19, 107 
 11,291 
 2,057 
 II, 039 
 
 Royalties and 
 
 rent ol mine 
 
 and mining 
 
 plant. 
 
 J34, .530, 713 
 
 9, 691, 904 
 
 lientof oniees, 
 
 taxes, insnr- 
 
 anee, interest, 
 
 and other 
 
 sundries. 
 
 130, 215 
 
 1,423,399 
 
 K,,503,90H 
 
 1 , 525, 30.S 
 
 1 , 990 
 
 7, 07.S 
 
 23,204,920 
 
 
 07,(;93 
 
 
 
 2..s5li 
 2,090 
 10.,5M 
 5,, SI 3 
 
 .520 
 
 
 
 3,1 12 
 
 1,739 
 
 137 
 
 s, 373 
 
 »37,241,000 
 
 7,576,3.57 ! 
 
 1 , 207, 2.50 
 
 3,934,130 
 
 1,7.53,S00 
 
 .500, 033 
 
 l,.s|9 
 
 .52,0.SU 
 
 21, 540, 7.55 
 
 Costof supj^lies 
 and materials. 
 
 $123,814,967 
 
 39, 639, 703 
 
 Quantity 
 (short tons). 
 
 4,3.59,0.51 
 7,4-12,0K9 
 2, .533. S95 
 s, 929, S91 
 
 4,94S,18R 
 9, 332, 370 
 
 3, 37.H, 302 
 0, .ssl,,S35 
 
 1 , 200, 073 
 
 4, 489, S09 
 
 52, 905 
 
 59, as7 
 
 122, 093 
 05, ;W5 
 190,141 
 194, S92 
 209, 207 
 
 1,612,615 
 07, 4S6 
 
 1,017,388 
 317, 492 
 682, 636 
 615,314 
 176, 87H 
 
 8,421 
 
 33, 989 
 
 636 
 1,091 
 1 , 825 
 1,341 
 2,003 
 1,0.50 
 
 844 
 1,0,S8 
 
 125 
 
 3,011 
 
 22, 430 
 
 1,213 
 
 475 
 
 4,078 
 
 290,-110 
 
 445. 100 
 
 19.200 
 
 7. 900 
 
 19.912 
 
 2N. 100 
 15.702 
 1.50, ,s.57 
 
 7!o|s 
 
 21s. 125 
 32.070 
 
 -10,020 
 
 19, 822 
 
 27, :'>oo 
 
 s, 2.55 
 11, ,567 
 
 13.5, 10,S 
 
 ' Includes electric iio'l otlicr horscpo\ver" sii[i[,licd lt\- otlier es 
 
 - l,oiig Ion-. 
 
 ■'■ Iiirludc-s ]:;2,:;30 ^hort loii^ cjf lead ore and I91,:',32 -Icri |.,n- i 
 
 M;ui(-k>ilviT. Ihisks. 31,291 i70,; pounds each,; cinnal.ar. 11 727 
 
 ■^' J-iarrels of 12gidlori>. 
 
 '■'Barrel-. 
 
 ' Roofing slide rcfjorlcd, 1 , l;;6,10S squares; ijuatilily fnrol 
 
 ^ Nutuhcr i>f stoni.'s. 
 
 1,758 
 
 10,,X97 
 
 12,K.|9 
 
 s,.S'23 
 
 -s. 478 
 
 2.0.57 
 
 5.519 
 
 200 
 
 1, 107 
 
 7,011 
 10, lo:; 
 
 120 
 
 I '.10 
 175 
 
 11,0.S3,175 
 10, 099, 76ft 
 9, 005, 0()H 
 2,511,0.57 
 17,'2'28 
 322, 207 
 
 61, 928, -109 
 
 12, 7-10, 7S0 
 
 2I,79S, 922 
 
 I'l, 007, 255 
 
 17,781,512 
 
 20, 072, 399 
 
 9, 09H, 226 
 272, 823 
 
 5,403,912 
 ,825.822 
 
 l,29.s, 190 
 
 2,493,005 
 o.so,301 
 
 80, 309 
 
 1,.H09 
 
 20, 114 
 
 9.50 
 
 10,128 
 
 31,349 
 
 1,603,348 
 
 213, .538 
 31,374 
 341,760 
 799,414 
 217, 262 
 
 05, 845 
 
 7,772 
 58, 073 
 
 424,894 
 
 8, 233 
 21,9'28 
 40, 019 
 .50, 278 
 18,0-12 
 .28,966 
 .51,,8.|0 
 
 1,20,5 
 
 ui'.ioi 
 
 17, 7S1 
 3S, 3SI1 
 125,932 
 210 
 3.010 
 :!. 132 
 
 S796,826,417 
 
 -35, ,567, 110 
 3 023,662 
 216,477 
 ('J 
 
 = 36,940,710 
 260,216,844 
 
 124,0.5.5,360 
 1, 4.5,5, a57 
 
 eleefric motors owned. 
 
 216, 463, 587 
 
 .51,178,036 
 S2, 482,0.52 
 65,465,321 
 14,600,177 
 177,911 
 1,. 5.50, 090 
 
 469, 297, 671 
 
 76, 173, ,586 
 
 290, 8.58, 483 
 
 30, 867, 863 
 
 71, 397, 739 
 
 90, 370, 5.59 
 
 24, 268, XiH 
 2,061,072 
 
 30,441,.SU1 
 5,044,I.S2 
 
 
 10,601,1(1 
 18, 2.57, 944 
 
 {') 
 
 5,690,051 
 
 
 1,177,711 
 
 
 
 S6,C67 
 
 59, 80S 
 
 4, 251 
 
 104, 005 
 
 15, 104 
 
 43, 085 
 
 3,926 
 
 132, 820 
 
 5.1, 6.l7 
 
 , 667,431 
 
 6,415 
 
 55, 994 
 
 3,876 
 
 113,9i;8 
 
 
 10 618 669 
 
 
 
 "19,142 
 
 2, 383, 614 
 
 48, 818 
 
 275, 682 
 
 681,633 
 
 2,089,3-11 
 
 •-■1,. 518, 720 
 
 4,922,943 
 
 = 207,.S74 
 
 947,089 
 
 
 664, 039 
 
 
 
 01 , 068 
 
 •203, 1.54 
 
 35, 479 
 
 360, .S.S5 
 
 
 3,344.181 
 
 
 
 2, .505 
 
 40., ■200 
 
 66,23.8 
 
 ■230, 7'JN 
 
 •-' 29, 222 
 
 12S, 200 
 
 "'45, ■2.S7 
 
 2.50. 121 
 
 "36,365 
 
 144.209 
 
 11,492 
 
 98.114 
 
 '=27.-13S 
 
 2^27. 50S 
 
 1.215 
 
 25, 750 
 
 12, 139 
 
 12.711 
 
 1 '-^1 
 
 lis. SI 9 
 
 'i.s(i:^,noo 
 
 01,160 
 
 
 328, 450 
 
 -115,903 
 
 I21,^2.S9 
 
 9*, .»03 
 
 1.13S. 167 
 
 isl 
 
 5 '175 
 
 3,.S10 
 
 IS, 125 
 
 
 49, 256 
 
 SI'S mil tj;tvi_'n. 
 
GENERAL TABLES. 
 
 3(;i 
 
 AND (iROlIPS OF MINERALS: 1902— Continued. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 POAVKR, 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 horsepower. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Owned, 
 
 
 
 
 
 Toother 
 
 establish 
 raents. 
 
 .Supplied- 
 
 establish- 
 nts. 
 
 
 Engines. 
 
 Wnler 
 
 wheels. 
 
 Kleelrii- motors. 
 
 (1th el 
 
 liowi'r. 
 
 By other 
 me 
 
 
 Steam, 
 
 Gas or 
 
 tjasoline. 
 
 P^leetric. 
 
 Other. 
 
 
 Number, 
 
 Horse- 
 power. 
 
 Number. 
 13, 506 
 
 ' Horse- 
 power. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Horse- 
 power. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Horse- 
 power. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Horse- 
 power. 
 
 H(jrse- 
 power. 
 
 Horse- 
 power. 
 
 Horse- 
 power. 
 
 
 12, 867, ,562 
 
 64, 179 
 
 2, 432, 963 
 
 2,59,695 
 
 980 
 
 60, 897 
 45, 614 
 
 2, 893 
 
 883 
 
 130, 494 
 36, 742 
 
 1,162 
 
 84,546 
 
 2, 8.52 
 
 23, .566 
 
 5, 905 
 
 1 
 
 557,933 
 
 4, 976 
 
 455,202 
 
 293 
 
 35 
 
 198 
 
 11 
 
 32 
 
 5, 913 
 
 818 
 
 494 
 
 31,077 
 
 641 
 
 16,812 
 
 3, 315 
 
 2 
 
 198, .507 
 196,. S05 
 119, .5.5.8 
 41,901 
 354 
 1,808 
 
 1,969,569 
 
 792 
 1,925 
 1,132 
 1,060 
 11 
 ■ 56 
 
 53, 729 
 
 189, 426 
 122, 364 
 102,878 
 38,616 
 354 
 1,574 
 
 1 , 666, 227 
 
 1,184 
 
 4,060 
 
 86 
 
 431 
 
 8 
 
 788 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 326 
 
 43, 936 
 
 1,010 
 
 320 
 
 50 
 750 
 
 15 
 
 2, 312 
 
 32, U03 
 
 937 
 
 1,175 
 
 34 
 156 
 260 
 
 39 
 
 5,235 
 S, 003 
 15,444 
 2, 335 
 
 87 
 323 
 140 
 
 91 
 
 2, 336 
 14, 469 
 
 
 3 
 
 2, 983 
 140 
 192 
 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 17 
 13, 064 
 
 162 
 248, 892 
 
 3 
 11 
 
 22 
 1,3.84 
 
 1,411 
 
 15 
 
 71,802 
 
 5, 7.55 
 
 65, 972 
 
 50 
 
 25 
 
 20, 941 
 
 .568 
 
 60 
 48, 217 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 2, 163 
 
 2,. 517 
 
 2, 332 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 •^1 
 
 434, 220 
 .521,165 
 104,107 
 910,077 
 
 295, 448 
 
 4,629 
 
 6,516 
 
 787 
 
 41, 797 
 
 4, .825 
 
 415,827 
 489, 628 
 94,595 
 666, 177 
 
 273, 517 
 
 6 
 
 1.52 
 
 300 
 
 12, 606 
 
 109 
 
 1,85 
 
 
 78 
 
 1 , 325 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 .571 
 
 2.34 
 
 285 
 
 12 
 
 37 
 
 89 
 
 18,208 
 
 26, 075 
 
 2, 102 
 
 1,172 
 
 J,c,.s2 
 
 3.50 
 
 1,181 
 
 20 
 
 612 
 
 48 
 
 
 
 1,119 
 
 11 
 
 1,3.M 
 
 2, 167 
 225 
 125 
 
 4,217 
 V 3,442 
 
 192 
 
 42 
 
 2,098 
 
 136 
 
 240,505 
 4, 286 
 
 78 
 
 8,|-,10 
 
 114,092 
 4,478 
 64, 600 
 14, 286 
 25, 6.52 
 46, 986 
 25, 454 
 
 2,495 
 
 496 
 98 
 1,703 
 191 
 789 
 950 
 599 
 
 71 
 
 103, 811 
 3,942 
 61,547 
 10, 748 
 24,631 
 44, 189 
 24, 649 
 
 2, 300 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 59 
 
 26 
 
 2, .890 
 
 18 
 
 1,031 
 
 72' 
 
 88 
 
 21 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 6 
 
 16 
 5 
 
 1,8.54 
 
 25 
 
 .502 
 
 3, 413 
 
 886 
 
 1,.506 
 
 125 
 
 474 
 
 17,420 
 
 9 
 
 25 
 
 8 
 19 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 2,095 
 493 
 
 1,221 
 125 
 53 
 510 
 1.S5 
 
 95 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 36 
 32 
 
 6 
 23 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 769 
 2,220 
 
 60 
 442 
 
 30 
 
 5 
 
 ■' 
 
 102 
 
 97 
 
 2'i 
 
 471 
 195 
 
 3^5 
 
 
 12 
 
 ■10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 85 
 110 
 
 20 
 
 430 
 
 1,247 
 
 410 
 
 193 
 28, 860 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 85 
 
 
 
 
 '^3 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 41 
 
 7 
 
 13 
 404 
 
 30 
 
 20 
 
 420 
 
 1 , 235 
 
 3 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "^4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 •'6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 27 
 28 
 
 '■)q 
 
 410 
 185 
 
 27,009 
 
 
 
 
 
 i ' 5 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 24 
 
 8 
 302 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 1,094 
 10 
 
 18 
 
 674 
 
 6 
 
 405 
 
 
 
 .50 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 338 
 669 
 
 7,319 
 14, 229 
 
 6, 306 
 
 1,9.50 
 
 5 
 17 
 68 
 282 
 32 
 
 30 
 
 205 
 530 
 
 6, 385 
 13,974 
 
 5, 915 
 
 1,310 
 
 11 
 10 
 2 
 
 123 
 139 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 6 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 iiS 
 500 
 80 
 
 
 I| _ 
 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 ii 
 1 
 
 914 
 170 
 
 
 .. . il 
 
 
 33 
 
 4 
 1 
 
 85 
 320 
 
 50 
 
 
 1 
 
 31 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 40 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 ■^5 
 
 9 
 
 550 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 
 no 
 
 1 , .840 
 
 11,307 
 
 3 
 144 
 
 110 
 1,200 
 
 7,398 
 
 .... 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 40 
 174 
 
 9 
 51 
 
 550 
 3, 645 
 
 9 
 
 330 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 .50 
 20 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 
 10 
 
 60 
 
 39 
 10 
 
 
 105 
 720 
 624 
 1,204 
 740 
 460 
 769 
 
 2 
 11 
 19 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 105 
 660 
 575 
 854 
 155 
 430 
 749 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 60 
 49 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 64 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 350 
 
 585 
 
 
 
 
 
 : : 
 
 
 44 
 
 15 
 46 
 47 
 
 18 
 
 49 
 
 ~ 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 lu 
 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 185 
 
 30 
 
 1.50 
 
 2,000 
 
 3, 945 
 
 2.80 
 
 1 
 8 
 2 
 4 
 33 
 12 
 4 
 
 50 
 160 
 
 30 
 
 150 
 
 1 , 980 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ii; 
 
 
 
 .../.v.. ]'.V.\\[\[\. .[[////..'. 
 
 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 5'"> 
 
 1,235 
 220 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 33 
 
 2,700 
 
 3 
 
 
 225 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 45 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 1 1 ii 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Includes 2,600 short tons of crude. 
 
 10 Includes 21,870 short tons of crude. 
 
 11 Includes 16,070 short tons of g-round. 
 
 12 Includes 3,162 short tons of refined. 
 
 13 Cut or sheet mica, 373,266 pounds; sera 
 I-' Pounds. 
 
 1^ Includes operators as follows; Chrome < 
 
 . or WHsle, 1, -100 short tons. 
 
 tre, 1; raagnesiti', 1; nnily)jdenuTn, 1; iiick(_-l and ( 
 
DETAILED SUMMARY, BY STATES AND 
 
 TERRITORIES 
 
 (363) 
 
364 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 2.— DETAILKD SUMMARY, BY 
 
 STATE OR TERRITORY. 
 
 T'nitc.l Statr, 
 
 Alal^ama . . . 
 
 Arizona 
 
 Arkan.=as . . . 
 California - . 
 Coloradi i . . - 
 
 7 ' Connecticut . 
 
 8 Delaware 
 
 9 Florida 
 
 10 Georgia 
 
 Hi Idaho 
 
 12 I Illinois _ 
 
 13 IndiailTerritfiry. 
 
 14 Indiana 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Kansas 
 
 In 
 W 
 
 Kentucliy 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 191 JIailic 
 
 20 I Jlaryland 
 
 Massachu,setts . 
 
 17 
 
 1.8 
 
 21 
 
 22 ; Michigan. 
 
 Minnesota. 
 iVIissonri . . . 
 Montana . . 
 Nebraslta . . 
 
 Nevada 
 
 New Hampsliirc. 
 
 New Jerse\' 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 28 
 29 
 30 
 . 31 New YoTk . 
 
 32 North Carolina . 
 
 33 North Dakota . . 
 
 34 Ohio 
 
 3.'i I Oklahoma 
 
 36 I Oregon 
 
 37 Pennsylvania . . 
 
 38 Rhode Island... 
 
 39 Sonth Caroiina . 
 4U Sonth Dakota .. 
 41 : Tennessee - 
 
 42 ' Texas . . . 
 
 43 I Utah .... 
 
 44 I Vermont 
 
 45 I Virginia. 
 
 46 : Washington . . . 
 
 47 j West Virginia . 
 
 48 Wisconsin 
 
 49 I Wyoming 
 
 Nnmber 
 
 of mines, 
 
 quarries, 
 
 and 
 
 wells. ' 
 
 260 
 113 
 120 
 
 4, 037 
 1,147 
 
 90 
 12 
 71 
 119 
 292 
 
 16, 825 
 
 626 
 
 1 , 2.=.9 
 
 1,142 
 
 8 
 
 135 
 
 232 
 
 2.51 
 
 203 
 
 176 
 
 1,045 
 
 281 
 
 36 
 
 114 
 56 
 162 
 161 
 9, 768 
 
 126 
 
 18 
 
 .14,9:M 
 
 21 
 
 294 
 
 48, 672 
 
 22 
 
 38 
 
 77 
 
 241 
 
 1,067 
 178 
 192 
 192 
 
 90 
 
 11,.S74 
 
 111 
 
 74 
 
 XUMBER OF OPER.VTORS BY IT-IAKACTKR OF 
 OWNERSHIP. 
 
 Total. 
 
 ) 46, 8.58 
 
 172 
 
 1.58 
 
 131 
 
 1,.5.52 
 
 1,011 
 
 127 
 290 
 
 1,013 
 39 
 
 3,909 
 589 
 398 
 
 665 
 3 
 141 
 209 
 234 
 
 973 
 271 
 35 
 
 121 
 
 62 
 
 151 
 
 207 
 
 2,921 
 
 137 
 
 48 
 
 11,338 
 
 17 
 
 293 
 
 12,266 
 
 42 
 
 203 
 
 308 
 170 
 160 
 110 
 
 S4 
 5,192 
 
 Individ- 
 ual . 
 
 79 
 ,589 
 270 
 
 40 
 3 
 11 
 4(1 
 99 
 
 .593 
 314 
 193 
 
 134 
 135 
 
 25 
 180 
 395 
 100 
 
 23 
 
 18 
 3i; 
 
 119 
 179 
 
 1 . 364 
 11 
 14 
 33 
 67 
 
 69 
 40 
 60 
 40 
 
 It 
 lO.s 
 210 
 
 20 
 
 Incorpo- 
 rated 
 fomjiany 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 130 
 219 
 
 17 
 
 229 
 133 
 94 
 
 29 
 334 
 75 
 
 1 
 107 
 
 192 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 33 
 
 ,53 
 34 
 73 
 
 Other 
 forms. 
 
 SALARIED OFFIf:iALS, CT.ERKS, ETO. 
 
 Total. 
 
 General officers. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 194 II 38,128 
 
 511 
 181 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 61 
 
 
 251 
 
 12 
 
 4.S0 
 101 
 101 
 
 175 
 3 
 
 15 
 11 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 32 
 
 
 50 
 37 
 
 111 
 
 i 
 
 17 
 
 41 
 
 231 
 94 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 47 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 19 
 
 
 62 
 119 
 
 30 
 
 9 
 
 321 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 9 
 1 
 
 ,5h 
 
 
 .596 
 
 8 
 
 .).) 
 
 
 29 
 100 
 
 1,H3 
 96 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 271 
 li7 
 21 
 
 I 
 1 
 
 
 
 947 
 
 445 
 
 210 
 
 1,132 
 
 1,898 
 
 1.51 
 29 
 21K 
 3111 
 35) 
 
 1,869 
 260 
 
 1,662 
 610 
 .565 
 
 8.54 
 8 
 208 
 398 
 3(;0 
 
 l,.5,s5 
 675 
 
 1,438 
 571 
 12 
 
 146 
 92 
 420 
 
 2,-530 
 
 18 
 
 153 
 
 9, 368 
 
 56 
 
 148 
 
 167 
 
 773 
 
 1,210 
 113 
 433 
 700 
 
 258 
 
 2, 614 
 
 275 
 
 1.53 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 $39, 020, 6.52 
 
 979, 117 
 
 710,1.S3 
 
 191,. 528 
 
 1,8.87,860 
 
 2, 663, .333 
 
 132, 096 
 
 28, 047 
 
 22.S, 868 
 
 2119, 281 
 
 576, 690 
 
 1,910,9-10 
 253,171 
 
 1, 430,53s 
 .500,126 
 .527,212 
 
 666,360 
 
 7, 533 
 193, ,S14 
 465, (;65 
 309, 978 
 
 1,840,132 
 
 577, 336 
 1,233,811 
 
 912, 477 
 
 8, 001 
 
 222,098 
 fk8, 971 
 3.57,000 
 209, 569 
 7.ss,3,82 
 
 84,221 
 
 43, 9,sO 
 
 2,-551,0.83 
 
 12, 223 
 
 189,103 
 
 9,-592,910 
 
 ,56,150 
 
 126,992 
 
 242,461 
 
 664,379 
 
 66,4,802 
 .587,005 
 376,077 
 .546,204 
 
 328,289 
 
 2.113,150 
 
 232, 758 
 
 i,S8,616 
 
 97 
 53 
 
 34 
 
 301 
 
 133 
 45 
 
 164 
 51 
 
 40 
 
 6 
 
 102 
 
 341 
 4 
 
 17 
 
 13 
 
 130 
 
 81 
 30 
 66 
 
 35 
 
 276 
 
 31 
 
 19 
 
 Superintendents, 
 managers, fore- 
 men, surveyors, 
 etc. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 4, .591 I $8,218,541 
 
 206, 476 
 115, 981 
 39, .573 
 353, 119 
 471,-538 
 
 30, 629 
 12,000 
 60, .500 
 -55, 275 
 107,179 
 
 499, 911 
 47,838 
 395, 343 
 112, .805 
 131,143 
 
 211,. 563 
 
 26,423 
 
 258, 717 
 
 37, 708 
 
 3.53, f>49 
 
 72,878 
 
 301'., 791 
 
 121,765 
 
 58,224 
 li, 025 
 70. 370 
 
 19. .500 
 211,270 
 
 7. 920 
 
 7,400 
 
 645, 482 
 
 2, 962 
 
 25,492 
 
 1.799, .531 
 15.6.50 
 23, 2.80 
 
 20, 825 
 1-Si;, 6d8 
 
 169,-543 
 132.031 
 i;i,l-50 
 131,:!78 
 
 .53, 296 
 4.53, .576 
 48, 592 
 33, 322 
 
 15, .538 $10,666,416 
 
 .334 
 182 
 80 
 747 
 771 
 
 100 
 14 
 132 
 ll>8 
 1.59 
 
 .526 
 88 
 701 
 192 
 1.58 
 
 308 
 3 
 143 
 139 
 265 
 
 513 
 232 
 .537 
 217 
 10 
 
 69 
 66 
 
 180 
 90 
 
 437 
 
 11 
 
 86 
 
 3,4.54 
 25 
 
 109 
 80 
 
 338 
 
 043 
 142 
 
 269 
 327 
 
 109 
 
 1,033 
 
 134 
 
 381, 563 
 
 326, 642 
 
 68, 918 
 
 1, 102, 595 
 
 1,20.5,643 
 
 S3, 343 
 12, .571 
 135, .560 
 109, 073 
 260,117 
 
 5.55, 537 
 103,631 
 (;03, 948 
 1.59, 3.38 
 168,044 
 
 244,844 
 4,400 
 129, 378 
 109,269 
 218, 276 
 
 681, 602 
 224, :*i6 
 487, 626 
 406, 8.59 
 7, ODl 
 
 111, 391 
 .54, 291 
 164^778 
 123, 065 
 399, a50 
 
 .58, 073 
 
 18,960 
 
 1,116,776 
 
 7, 995 
 
 116,236 
 
 3, 775, 935 
 
 22,048 
 
 87, 969 
 
 117, f83 
 
 275, 196 
 
 346, 285 
 231,930 
 232, ,561 
 228, 221 
 
 160, 7.56 
 
 1,045, .821 
 
 104,777 
 
 78, 296 
 
 i Includes 28,926 operators for A\hicli i-haracLcr- ■■( (ir-gaiii> 
 2,123; Ohio, 9,997; Pennsylvania, 9,806: and W.-sl A'ir.L'inia, l.i;'. 
 -Includes 2 operators in Alaska and J in Hawaii. 
 
 rh-<l. distributed as follows: Indiana, 2,562; Kansas, 1; Kentuckv, 1; NeAV 5'ork, 
 
GENERA.L TA]iLE8. 
 
 3ti5 
 
 STATES ANJ) TERRITORIES: 1902. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 WAGE-EAIt,\'KKH. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SALAKIKD OFFICIALS, CI.EKKS, ETC.— 
 
 continued. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 AggregaU'. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Abnve 
 
 ^^round. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Foremen, below 
 ground. 
 
 C 
 
 erks. 
 
 Tolal. 
 
 Engineers, lire- 
 men, and other 
 meehanies. 
 
 Miners and quarry- 
 men, and .stone- 
 cutters. 
 
 Bo.vs under 16 
 years. 
 
 All other wage- 
 earners. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .\vfr- 
 
 
 Aver- 
 
 
 A^■e^- 
 
 
 Aver- 
 
 
 Aver- 
 
 
 Aver- 
 
 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Sularii'S. 
 
 Niini- 
 
 SulariL'S. 
 
 mi 111- 
 
 Wagi's. 
 
 age 
 
 llUlll- 
 
 Wages. 
 
 age 
 iiunr- 
 
 Wages. 
 
 age 
 num- 
 
 ^^'ages. 
 
 age 
 num- 
 
 Wages. 
 
 age 
 num- 
 
 Wages. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ber. 
 
 
 ber. 
 
 
 ber. 
 
 
 ber. 
 
 
 ber. 
 
 
 ber. 
 
 
 
 6, 863 
 
 m, 208, 307 
 
 11, 136 
 
 S7, 927, 288 
 
 581, 728 
 
 4369,969,960 
 
 ,221,505 
 
 $125, 080, 530 
 
 60, 859 
 
 $44, 478, 246 
 
 67, 129 
 
 833,971,290 
 
 6,219 
 
 81,339,478 
 
 87,298 
 
 $46,297,516 
 
 1 
 
 160 
 
 ■136, 949 
 
 3.56 
 
 254, 129 
 
 19, 132 
 
 10, 345, 148 
 
 6,001 
 
 2, 477, .581 
 
 1,146 
 
 636, 710 
 
 2,107 
 
 814,297 
 
 268 
 
 65,377 
 
 2,480 
 
 971, 197 
 
 2 
 
 M 
 
 150, 625 
 
 116 
 
 117, 935 
 
 5, 323 
 
 6,059,063 
 
 1, 720 
 
 1.647,840 
 
 672 
 
 830, 619 
 
 .58 
 
 .54,073 
 
 47 
 
 25, 720 
 
 943 
 
 737,428 
 
 3 
 
 35 
 
 30, 702 
 
 73 
 
 52, 335 
 
 2,944 
 
 1, 945, 479 
 
 812 
 
 409, 741 
 
 221 
 
 1.51,783 
 
 256 
 
 108,204 
 
 20 
 
 3,845 
 
 315 
 
 145,909 ; 4 
 
 198 
 
 224, 623 
 
 250 
 
 207,. 523 
 
 12,964 
 
 11,050,666 
 
 6, 319 
 
 5, 326, 422 
 
 2,177 
 
 2, 194, 091 
 
 1.923 
 
 1,408,748 
 
 16 
 
 5, 304 
 
 2,203 
 
 1,718,279 5 
 
 370 
 
 4.51, 887 
 
 540 
 
 534. 305 
 
 20,519 
 
 18,874,836 
 
 5, 728 
 
 5, 422, 100 
 
 2, 2.50 
 
 2,628,046 
 
 626 
 
 4.57, 631 
 
 41 
 
 14,2.53 
 
 2,811 
 
 2,422,170 1 6 
 
 1 
 
 772 
 
 28 
 
 17, 3,51 
 
 1,497 
 
 808, 772 
 
 1,437 
 
 786, 446 
 
 175 
 
 111,141 
 
 992 
 
 6.53, 973 
 
 7 
 
 1,603 
 
 263 
 
 119, 727 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 3,476 
 
 504 
 
 •>■>'-> Ci'io 
 
 437 
 
 196, 969 
 
 44 
 
 25, 836 
 
 224 
 
 100, 7.56 
 
 8 
 
 2, .500 
 
 161 
 
 67, 857 
 
 8 
 
 o 
 
 1,025 
 
 48 
 
 31,783 
 
 3, 146 
 
 1,082,030 
 
 3, 118 
 
 1,073, .530 
 
 348 
 
 194, 625 
 
 2,183 
 
 694,745 
 
 39 
 
 6,249 
 
 .548 
 
 177,911 
 
 9 
 
 40 
 
 19, 142 
 
 51 
 
 23,791 
 
 2, 820 
 
 1,085,047 
 
 2,401 
 
 927, 338 
 
 324 
 
 162, 461 
 
 1,487 
 
 .387.491 
 
 91 
 
 11,982 
 
 499 
 
 165,404 
 
 10 
 
 111 
 
 161.995 
 
 42 
 
 47, 399 
 
 3,563 
 
 3, 903, .504 
 
 ! 938 
 
 1,003,812 
 
 380 
 
 4.57, 710 
 
 164 
 
 141,693 
 
 2 
 
 3.50 
 
 392 
 
 404, 059 
 
 11 
 
 410 
 
 388, 570 
 
 661 
 
 466, 922 
 
 40, .523 
 
 26,986,397 
 
 7, .500 
 
 4, 603, 887 
 
 2,034 
 
 1,476,622 
 
 2,377 
 
 1,296,098 
 
 76 
 
 23, 707 
 
 3, 018 
 
 1,707,460 il2 
 
 49 
 
 44,849 
 
 89 
 
 56, 953 
 
 4, .814 
 
 3, 183, 322 
 
 787 
 
 457,881 
 
 342 
 
 225,113 
 
 17 
 
 9, 734 
 
 26 
 
 7,880 
 
 402 
 
 215, 1.54 13 
 
 144 
 
 116,127 
 
 .516 
 
 313, 120 
 
 16, 473 
 
 10, 729, 767 
 
 6,907 
 
 3,989,236 
 
 2,893 
 
 2,019,381 
 
 2,148 
 
 1,030,431 
 
 62 
 
 16, 101 
 
 1,804 
 
 923, 323 1 14 
 
 172 
 
 127, 790 
 
 1.59 
 
 100, 193 
 
 10, 437 
 
 6,791,161 
 
 1,942 
 
 1,103,314 
 
 465 
 
 310,238 
 
 566 
 
 297, 389 
 
 15 
 
 4,492 
 
 896 
 
 491,195 16 
 
 134 
 
 97, 315 
 
 190 
 
 130, 440 
 
 8,726 
 
 5, 680, .593 
 
 2, 3.59 
 
 1,329, .558 
 
 575 
 
 416,025 
 
 672 
 
 346, 063 
 
 12 
 
 3, .524 
 
 1,100 
 
 563,956 16 
 
 146 
 
 99. 475 
 
 206 
 
 110, 478 
 
 10, 654 
 
 5,193,792 
 
 2,781 
 
 1,246,332 
 
 659 
 
 395,. 520 
 
 999 
 
 387, 146 
 
 28 
 
 4,743 
 
 1,095 
 
 458, 923 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 3, 133 
 38,013 
 
 61 
 3,684 
 
 34, 444 
 
 2, 2.84, 789 
 
 61 
 
 3, 683 
 
 34,444 
 2,284,414 
 
 11 
 344 
 
 9, .527 
 233, 549 
 
 
 
 
 
 .50 
 
 678 
 
 24,917 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 2, 627 
 
 1,710, .596 
 
 34 
 
 10,271 
 
 329, 998 19 
 
 .SI 
 
 38, 376 
 
 109 
 
 .59,, 333 
 
 6, 826 
 
 4, 323, 939 
 
 2,394 
 
 1,134,215 
 
 334 
 
 212, 122 
 
 1,240 
 
 .581,726 
 
 68 
 
 14,449 
 
 732 
 
 325,918 20 
 
 7 
 
 4 . 573 
 
 79 
 
 49, 419 
 
 4,212 
 
 2,625,405 
 
 4,140 
 
 2,472,2.s.s 
 
 451 
 
 312, 901 
 
 2, 978 
 
 1,834,380 
 
 22 
 
 5, 726 
 
 689 
 
 319, 281 21 
 
 487 
 
 459, 053 
 
 452 
 
 345, 328 
 
 31, 951 
 
 20, 103, 616 
 
 10,578 
 
 6. 1,84, 324 
 
 3, 0,50 
 
 2, 096, 701 
 
 936 
 
 476, 116 
 
 12 
 
 2, 952 
 
 0,580 
 
 3, 608, 355 22 
 
 200 
 
 172, ,S27 
 
 198 
 
 107, 215 
 
 9,760 
 
 6, 391 , 184 
 
 4, 172 
 
 2,670,752 
 
 973 
 
 679. 426 
 
 1, 257 
 
 856, 728 
 
 7 
 
 1,.527 
 
 1,935 
 
 1,133,071 23 
 
 455 
 
 269, 495 
 
 282 
 
 169 9011 
 
 15,351 
 
 8, 757, 367 
 
 5,700 
 
 3,111,848 
 
 1,405 
 
 890. 039 
 
 1,5.53 
 
 808, 891 
 
 46 
 
 10, 904 
 
 2,696 
 
 1,402,014 124 
 
 133 
 
 220, 156 
 
 170 
 
 160, 697 
 
 10, .539 
 
 11,812,1.50 
 
 2, 520 
 
 2,825,8.52 . 
 
 1,310 
 
 1, 609, 631 
 
 283 
 
 270, 275 
 
 
 
 927 
 
 945,946 25 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 1,000 
 19, 860 
 
 178 
 1,132 
 
 95,935 
 1,205, .565 
 
 178 
 410 
 
 95,935 
 437,291 
 
 9 
 132 
 
 5, 938 
 171,709 
 
 127 
 23 
 
 68, 705 
 17, 423 
 
 
 615 
 540 
 
 40 
 253 
 
 20, 677 26 
 
 21 
 
 32, 623 
 
 247,5.59 27 
 
 
 
 IS 
 110 
 
 8. (i;..i 
 ■ i;8, 7.52 
 
 1, 233 
 5, 645 
 
 806, 494 
 2, 6.58, 727 
 
 1,262 
 4,436 
 
 806, 169 
 2,075,139 
 
 1.57 
 .567 
 
 1 00, 601 
 346, .808 
 
 1 , 031 
 
 2. 204 
 
 089, 870 
 1,004,004 
 
 8 
 19 
 
 2,323 
 4,076 
 
 36 
 1,646 
 
 13, 375 28 
 
 90 
 
 .53,1110 
 
 719,651 |29 
 
 43 
 
 40,838 
 
 36 
 
 26, 166 
 
 2, 273 
 
 1,646,833 
 
 594 
 
 432, 223 
 
 227 
 
 202, 526 
 
 148 
 
 83, 012 
 
 6 
 
 1,999 
 
 213 
 
 144,6.86 30 
 
 54 
 
 36, 624 
 
 198 
 
 140,638 
 
 9. 56)0 
 
 5, 099, 753 
 
 8, 367 
 
 4, .5.57, 510 
 
 1,3,80 
 
 921,733 
 
 3, ,821 
 
 2,1.52,9.57 
 
 68 
 
 16, 812 
 
 3,098 
 
 1.466,008 31 
 
 16 
 
 6,816 
 
 20 
 
 11,415 
 
 1..'..56 
 
 .517,765 
 
 1, 138 
 
 387, 744 
 
 130 
 
 •57. 717 
 
 720 
 
 2.57.366 
 
 19 
 
 2, 916 
 
 269 
 
 69,745 32 
 
 20 
 
 13, LSO 
 
 6 
 
 4,440 
 
 298 
 
 196, 534 
 
 43 
 
 28, 630 
 
 21 
 
 16, .540 
 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 12,090 1 33 
 
 313 
 
 229, 980 
 
 799 
 
 559, 845 
 
 37.173 
 
 23.222.6.80 
 
 13,765 
 
 8,060, .591 
 
 6, 399 
 
 4,439.4.54 
 
 3, .547 
 
 1,669,894 
 
 46 
 
 11,7.59 
 
 3, 773 
 
 1 , 939, 484 ! 34 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 l.s 
 
 1, 266 
 10,960 
 
 128 
 1,166 
 
 64,. 545 
 1,033,075 
 
 128 
 562 
 
 64, .545 
 473, 043 
 
 12 
 
 142 
 
 8, 241 
 1.58,045 
 
 71 
 2.59 
 
 34, 769 
 191,931 
 
 1 
 8 
 
 1115 
 2,264 
 
 44 
 153 
 
 21,430 35 
 
 22 
 
 30, 416 
 
 120,803 |36 
 
 1 . 956 
 
 1,697,462 
 
 3, 189 
 
 2, 319, 982 
 
 190, 936 
 
 114,122,437 
 
 08, 390 
 
 34, 532, 407 
 
 18, .8.59 
 
 12, 544, 444 
 
 12, 002 
 
 5,901,829 
 
 4,263 
 
 888, 416 
 
 B, 266 
 
 15, 197, 778 , 37 
 
 
 
 21 
 20 
 
 18, 452 
 14,793 
 
 667 
 2, 694 
 
 436,224 
 891, 737 
 
 667 
 2, 613 
 
 435, 224 
 863, 637 
 
 87 
 262 
 
 .57,899 
 137,823 
 
 458 
 1,7,89 
 
 322, 077 
 .5.83, 676 
 
 
 
 122 
 532 
 
 55, 248 i 38 
 
 o 
 
 951) 
 
 30 
 
 4,318 
 
 137,820 139 
 
 55 
 
 86, 683 
 
 19 
 
 17, 570 
 
 3,131 
 
 3,374,776 
 
 1,069 
 
 1,066,140 
 
 333 
 
 417,819 
 
 190 
 
 1.54,462 
 
 1 
 
 150 
 
 .543 
 
 493,715 
 
 40 
 
 104 
 
 77,818 
 
 201 
 
 124.747 
 
 10, 890 
 
 4, ,864, 241 
 
 4, 722 
 
 1,671,3S4 
 
 365 
 
 302, 864 
 
 2, 697 
 
 8.50, 708 
 
 179 
 
 33,171 
 
 1.281 
 
 484, 641 
 
 41 
 
 24 
 
 16, 628 
 
 2.'^5 
 
 132,346 
 
 3. 853 
 
 2.261,639 
 
 1,823 
 
 1,235,4.52 
 
 660 
 
 617, 496 
 
 470 
 
 235, 689 
 
 17 
 
 3, 593 
 
 676 
 
 378, 674 
 
 42 
 
 91 
 
 124, 202 
 
 99 
 
 98,.S42 
 
 3, 712 
 
 6, 089, 122 
 
 1,436 
 
 1 , 249, 954 
 
 442 
 
 458, 901 
 
 170 
 
 129, 179 
 
 10 
 
 3, 662 
 
 .814 
 
 6.58.212 143 
 
 
 
 134 
 210 
 
 82,376 
 118,908 
 
 6,398 
 8, 993 
 
 3,114,399 
 3, 458, 460 
 
 6, 393 
 6, 289 
 
 3, 112, .563 
 1.846,134 
 
 .520 
 961 
 
 316, 803 
 427, 378 
 
 3,644 
 2,957 
 
 2,137,192 
 994,236 
 
 64 
 287 
 
 15, S9S 
 IS, 031 
 
 1 . 163 
 1.0,84 
 
 64-1,670 |44 
 
 97 
 
 64, 697 
 
 376. 4S9 . 45 
 
 72 
 
 77, 869 
 
 42 
 
 36, 36,s 
 
 4,567 
 
 3,735,484 
 
 1,208 
 
 844, 4.57 
 
 340 
 
 283, 063 
 
 252 
 
 178, 695 
 
 31 
 
 10, aiio 
 
 .585 
 
 372,033 46 
 
 404 
 
 332, 577 
 
 9111 
 
 611.176 
 
 30, U02 
 
 17,469,826 
 
 10,138 
 
 6,080,421 
 
 5, 340 
 
 3,766,693 
 
 1,0.86 
 
 516, 864 
 
 190 
 
 48,3-56 
 
 3. .522 
 
 1, 748, .508 47 
 
 53 
 
 38, 183 
 
 .57 
 
 41,206 
 
 3,. 383 
 
 1, 987, 565 
 
 2,294 
 
 1,222,7.57 
 
 312 
 
 189, 0.d6 
 
 1,630 
 
 866, 648 
 
 10 
 
 1,934 
 
 342 
 
 165,119 48 
 
 
 30, 734 
 
 50 
 
 46, 264 
 
 4. 4.S6 
 
 3,432,0.59 
 
 1,1.53 
 
 .886, 990 
 
 397 
 
 348,798 
 
 140 
 
 102, 330 
 
 11 
 
 4,413 
 
 605 
 
 431,449 49 
 
366 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIP]S. 
 
 Tablk 2.— detailed SUMMARY, BY STATES 
 
 STATK OK TERltlTOKY. 
 
 WAIiE-EAENEltS— i;.ilUiTlued. 
 
 Boluw gnjuiKl. 
 
 Tolal. 
 
 Avt'rata' 
 niiiiiliiT. 
 
 WiiKr 
 
 AviTiige 
 
 Whkcs. 
 
 Jliiiers' lielpers. 
 
 Bovs iindiT li; years. All other vvagu-earutTs. 
 
 Aver- 
 ngc 
 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 Uiiitetl .states. 
 
 ,3U1 , J1,H4,BV4,1S3 18,730 
 
 Alabama . - 
 Arizona . . . 
 Arkansas . . 
 California . 
 Colorado . . 
 
 Conneetieut . 
 Delaware . . . . 
 9 I Florida 
 
 10 : (ieorgia 
 
 11 Idaho 
 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 1.5 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 26 
 
 27 
 28 
 29 
 
 32 
 33 
 34 
 35 
 30 
 
 37 
 38 
 39 
 40 
 41 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Indian Territory 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Kansas 
 
 13,131 1 
 3,003 ! 
 2,132 
 
 ,■;. 114.5 
 
 14, 791 
 00 
 
 419 
 
 2,025 
 
 33, 023 
 4,027 
 9, .506 
 8,495 
 6,367 
 
 Kentueky 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Maine 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 ',873 
 
 7,. 867. 507 
 3, 4 i 1.225 
 
 1 , .535. T.is 
 5,724.244 
 
 13, 1.52,730 
 
 22, 320 
 
 25, 0.53 
 
 8. 500 
 
 1.57, 709 
 
 2, 899, 092 
 
 22, 4S2. 510 
 2.725.441 
 6, 740, .531 
 5,-6S7,847 
 4,3.^,036 
 
 3, 947, 400 
 
 9,801 
 2, 310 
 1,.525 
 1,710 
 1 1 , 390 
 
 34 
 .1-1 
 
 275 
 2,041 
 
 7,310 
 6, 595 
 
 5, 148 
 
 fi, 395, 462 
 2,392,474 
 1,161,172 
 4,261,193 
 10, .399, 661 
 
 8. SIM.) 
 8. 5(11) 
 
 li:;,65i 
 
 17.773,212 
 1,946,375 
 5,278,103 
 4,. 530, .5.55 
 3, .595, 818 
 
 3,005,185 
 
 1 
 
 4,432 
 
 102 
 
 Michigan ' 21, 373 
 
 Minnesota 5, ,58.8 
 
 >Iissouri 9. 651 
 
 Montana s, "1 9 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 375 
 
 3, 189, 724 
 
 .53, 117 
 
 13,919,292 1 
 3,720,432 
 5, 645, 519 
 
 s, 986. 298 
 
 1 
 
 ;;. r,i9 
 
 3ll 
 
 12,710 
 3, 463 
 7 229 
 i\, 615 
 
 Nevada 
 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 New Mexico. ... 
 New York 
 
 North Carolina . 
 North Dakota . . 
 
 Ohio 
 
 rtklahoma 
 
 Oregon 
 
 1 
 1,209 
 1,081 
 1,193 
 
 418 
 
 2.53 
 
 23, 4(l.s 
 
 7i;,s. 274 
 
 325 
 
 5S3, .5.H.S 
 
 1,214,610 
 
 .542, 243 
 
 130,021 
 
 167,904 
 
 15.102,089 
 
 Pennsylvania .. 
 Rhode Island. .. 
 Siiuth Carolina . 
 South Dakota .. 
 Tennessee 
 
 .500, 032 
 79, ,589, 970 
 
 6.53 
 
 1 
 
 334 
 
 1,371 
 
 680 
 
 280 
 
 190 
 
 18. 168 
 
 468 
 .S4,017 
 
 375 
 
 2, 705, 325 
 
 21,032 
 
 8, 789, .531 
 2, 432, 487 
 4,300,494 
 7, .511, 382 
 
 710, .581 
 
 325 
 
 169,315 
 
 1,(X>0, 970 
 
 323, 262 
 
 91,197 
 
 127,08:! 
 
 12,1.51,290 
 
 443,3.10 
 .5.H, 709,299 
 
 42 Texas .... 
 
 43 Utah 
 
 41 Vermont . 
 
 45 ^'irginia.. 
 
 46 Washington.. 
 
 47 ' West Virginia 
 
 48 Wisconsin . . . . 
 
 49 Wyoming . . . . 
 
 81 
 2,062 
 6,.168 
 
 2.II3II 
 
 3.701 
 
 3, 3.59 
 19,864 
 1,2K9 
 3, 333 
 
 2.H, 100 
 2,308,030 
 3,192,8.57 
 
 1.026. 1S7 
 
 3..S39, 168 
 
 1 . .S36 
 
 1.012.316 
 
 2,891,027 
 
 1 1 , 3S9, 405 
 
 704, «08 
 
 2, .545, 009 
 
 991 
 4,2C4 
 
 1,.5,S5 
 3, 406 
 
 5 
 2. H.J9 
 
 2,515 
 
 13,486 
 
 944 
 
 2,298 
 
 10,900 
 1,17.5,665 
 2,393,286 
 
 .S42, 519 
 
 3,101,341 
 
 1 , 836 
 
 1,236,034 
 
 2, 279, 896 
 
 8,373.409 
 
 .5.59, 374 
 
 1,878,029 
 
 ,540 
 
 807 
 
 10 
 
 1 , 298 
 
 823 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 Tinm- 
 ber. 
 
 Wages 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 311,496,910 I ,5,638 
 
 213, 045 
 683, 0.56 
 5, 490 
 981,145 
 838, 2.50 
 
 SI , .548, 889 
 
 116, .524 
 
 1 , 300 
 
 7,044 
 
 1,000 
 
 19, 980 
 
 6.54 
 33 
 03 
 
 165 
 30 
 
 22, 081 
 382, 074 
 
 525, 323 
 21, 3,59 
 32, 724 
 
 105, 4.54 
 16,767 
 
 04.76.S 
 
 860 
 100 
 117 
 1.59 
 30 
 
 1,080 
 342 
 
 255, 019 
 28, .588 
 .35, 465 
 48, 725 
 9,043 
 
 41,:581 
 
 2, 368 
 477 
 .565 
 034 
 
 2,, 516 
 
 26 
 45 
 
 65 
 
 225 
 
 0, 306 
 1,111 
 2,070 
 1,.576 
 1,1.59 
 
 l.i;66 
 
 1,413 ; 
 
 393 
 623 
 356 
 
 12,900 
 
 829, 602 
 233, 182 
 312.330 
 327, 126 
 
 16,163 
 
 16, 687 
 3,088 
 
 700 
 44 
 
 1,732 
 1,7.32 
 1,0.39 
 
 313 
 73 
 293 
 
 r,4 
 
 , 6tl0 ' 
 
 144,009 
 42, 285 
 133,388 
 
 21,062 
 
 30,061 
 
 1 
 
 318 
 
 t;tl, 9.S9 1 
 
 4.0.59,1X17 2.160 
 
 5, 583 
 969 
 
 203 
 91,178 
 
 562 
 220 
 218 
 
 62 
 
 4,8.58 
 
 20 
 443 
 606 
 
 168 
 303 
 
 6, 000 
 463, 308 
 237,022 
 
 56,788 
 261,198 
 
 369 
 
 101 
 
 62S 
 
 8 
 
 .54, 600 8 
 
 314,000 ' 6.S0 
 
 4,471 1 3 
 
 46,6.56 i 24 
 
 4, .882 
 4,392 
 
 33 
 
 628 
 1 , 1,51 
 
 2.55 
 .5.56 
 
 2, 492 
 
 168, ,508 
 
 1,66)7 
 
 671 
 
 763 
 
 6, 070 
 
 334 
 
 936 
 
 Wages 
 
 W, 1.53, 438 
 
 1,142, .536 
 434, 395 
 361,432 
 480,846 
 
 2,194,849 
 
 9, .504 
 16,853 
 
 20,2tJ4 
 251,113 
 
 3, 928, 356 
 
 729,119 
 
 1,394,239 
 
 1,003,113 
 
 730, 407 
 
 776, 126 
 
 388,464 
 19, 185 
 
 4,283,936 
 
 1,0.54,763 
 
 956, 008 
 
 1,144,702 
 
 270, 264 
 
 1.59, 766 
 
 !M,624 
 
 17,762 
 
 40, 618 
 
 2, 883, 5.54 
 
 ,56, 357 
 16, 245, 867 
 
 11,200 
 669, 657 
 536, 730 
 
 121,998 
 472, 237 
 
 32. 
 
 ,416 
 
 .5.54,039 
 
 2, .533, 428 
 
 199, 296 
 
 010, 448 
 
GENERAL TABLES. 
 
 367 
 
 AND TERRITORIES; 1H02— Continued. 
 
 AVERAGE NUMBER (iF WAGE-EARNERS AT .SPECIFIED DAILY RATliS OF PAY. 
 
 iinei). 
 
 
 Engineers. 
 
 $4.00 
 
 to 
 
 $4.24. 
 
 1 
 
 
 Fir 
 
 
 LesH 
 than 
 SO..W. 
 
 S0..50 1 SU.75 
 
 to to 
 $0.74. W.99. 
 
 n.oo 
 
 to 
 S1.24. 
 
 Sl.2.5 11(1.50 
 
 to to 
 $1.49. ■ $1.74. 
 
 $1.75 
 
 to 
 $1.99. 
 
 $2.00 
 
 to 
 82.21. 
 
 $2.25 
 
 1(. 
 $2.49. 
 
 $2.60 
 
 lo 
 $2.74. 
 
 $2.75 
 
 lo 
 $2.99. 
 
 $3.00 
 
 lo 
 $3.24. 
 
 $3.25 $3.50 
 
 ■lo 1 to 
 
 $3.49. ! $3.74. 
 
 $3.75 
 
 to 
 $3.99, 
 
 1 $4.26 
 
 ! iind 
 
 over. 
 
 $0.50 
 
 to 
 $0.74, 
 
 $0.76 
 
 to 
 $0.99. 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 23 
 
 273 5i;9 
 
 1,264 
 
 1,813 
 
 3, 884 
 
 11,600 
 
 3, .546 
 
 607 
 
 1,101 
 
 186 
 
 462 
 
 89 
 
 762 
 
 173 
 
 6 
 
 50 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 1 23 
 
 95 
 
 42 
 
 46 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 63 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 223 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 11 , 86 : 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 4 
 1 
 
 7 
 9 
 41 
 12 
 
 8 
 1 
 
 6 
 1 
 3 
 6 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 7 ! 2 
 1 ' '.. 
 
 1 4 
 
 
 42 
 51 
 
 271 
 192 
 
 1 
 
 36 1 62 
 
 2 1 19 I 14 
 15 240 1 30 
 
 ! i 
 
 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 
 8 
 
 35 
 1 
 
 11 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 ] 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 
 ! ' 
 
 3 
 
 37 2i 
 
 20 1 2 
 
 10 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 29 
 
 33 
 
 3 
 6 
 
 61 
 1 
 
 23 
 6 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 3 
 12 
 
 69 
 
 8 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 57 
 3 
 
 10 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 1 
 
 .87 
 8 
 
 19 
 
 37 
 
 16 
 
 86 
 17 
 
 178 1 171 
 4i; 1 38 
 
 334 1,222 
 93 31 
 
 286 
 24 
 
 153 
 on 
 
 .58 
 4 
 
 6 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ::::.: i 
 
 23 
 
 "l 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 61 1 57 1 a,s 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 
 '■> 
 
 19 
 
 22 
 
 13 
 1 
 3 
 24 
 50 
 
 67 
 
 30 
 
 131 
 
 o 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 f 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 3 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 12 
 23 
 15 
 
 11 
 
 9 1 40 , TA 
 
 6 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 61 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 20 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.8 
 25 
 
 135 
 16 
 
 83 
 
 30 1 8 
 52 j 35 
 
 322 71 
 88 6S 
 212 103 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 "1 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 45 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 1 
 28 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 19 
 
 
 2 
 
 242 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 13 
 
 58 
 
 
 
 
 ; 10 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 48 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 32 
 
 1 
 
 99 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 5 1 5 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 29 
 30 
 31 
 
 32 
 33 
 34 
 35 
 36 
 
 37 
 .38 
 39 
 40 
 41 
 
 42 
 43 
 44 
 45 
 
 46 
 47 
 
 
 
 12 . 28 
 5 ■ 7 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 h j 37 
 8 6 
 
 60 
 1 
 
 315 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 574 
 
 2 ! 1 
 3,322 ; 94 
 
 1 2 
 
 2 I 11 
 
 3 ,804 ! 1 .896 
 
 33" 
 
 4' 
 
 192 
 
 4 
 10 
 1 
 6 
 
 113 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 17 
 
 34 ■ 78 
 
 258 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 425 
 
 1 1 1 
 1 2 
 
 698 ' 1,011 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 11 
 
 10 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 88 
 
 2"5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 11 1 13 1 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 9 
 6 
 3 
 
 128 
 35 
 
 
 6^!;::::::: 
 
 1 
 48 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 9 
 3 1 
 
 23 . 40 
 10 12 
 
 17 
 14 
 
 48 1 15 1 6 
 
 [ 
 17 IS ; 37 
 
 15 
 .5 
 
 
 
 1 
 10 
 
 
 
 14 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 
 IS 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 68 
 22 
 
 1 1 6 
 18 26 
 
 42; 6 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 .18 
 
 7 
 
 27 
 17 
 
 1 
 
 2- 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 1 
 
 55 43 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 1,971 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 30 
 
 601 
 
 7 
 
 25 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 21 
 
 5 
 2 
 
 3' 
 
 1 1 
 
 3 1 4 
 1 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 
 
 1 1 2 
 43 1 122 
 49 1 34 
 
 1 5 
 
 
 
 
 3 10 64 
 2 4 19 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 :::::;:;ii::::;""i 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 |i 
 
 49 
 
 1 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
368 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 2.— DETAILED SUMMAKY, BY STATES 
 
 
 ST.\Tli OR TERRITORY. 
 
 
 
 IVERAGE 
 
 NUMBER 
 
 OF WAGP 
 
 -EARNERS AT SPECIFIED 
 
 JAILY RATES OF 
 
 PAY — f-oiitinued 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 Firemen— Continued. 
 
 
 §1.00 
 to 
 
 SI. 24. 
 
 $1.25 
 
 to 
 M.4a. 
 
 SI. 60 
 
 to 
 $1.74. 
 
 $1.75 
 
 to 
 81.99. 
 
 82.00 
 to 
 
 $2.24. 
 
 1,945 
 
 $2.25 
 
 to 
 $2.49. 
 
 82.50 
 
 to 
 $2.74. 
 
 $2.75 
 
 to 
 $2.99. 
 
 83.00 
 
 to 
 
 $3.24. 
 
 83.25 
 
 to 
 $3.49. 
 
 20 
 
 $3.50 
 
 to 
 83.74. 
 
 83.75 
 
 to 
 $3.99. 
 
 84.00 
 
 to 
 $4.24. 
 
 84.25 
 and 
 over. 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 
 281 
 
 676 
 
 1, 646 
 
 2,422 
 
 457 
 
 ,562 
 
 Ill 
 
 244 
 
 267 
 
 6 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 14 
 
 95 
 
 72 
 
 94 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 
 13 1 10 
 
 9 , 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 4 
 5 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 ■' 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 3 
 
 24 
 6 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 15 
 25 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 3 
 11 
 2 
 
 298 
 17 
 95 
 42 
 11 
 
 17 
 1 
 9 
 9 
 4 
 
 199 
 
 87 
 .50 
 
 U 
 
 28 
 
 .58 10 
 .58 1 26 
 
 18 1 
 
 6^ 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 65 
 
 fi 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 3 
 29 
 3 
 3 
 
 13 
 23 
 
 9.S 
 
 12 
 46 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 q 
 
 Flnrida 
 
 46 
 30 
 
 31 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 130 
 33 
 51 
 
 20 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ::; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 3 
 
 32 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ,5 
 
 1 
 
 39 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 20 
 
 32 
 
 8 
 IS 
 8 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 13 1 
 
 3 
 
 4 1 
 3 
 
 1 
 8 
 
 
 13 
 14 
 
 Indian Territi TV 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 Kansas 
 
 1 
 5 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 IS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Maine 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 5 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 16 
 3 
 
 30 
 1 
 
 130 
 
 16 
 5 
 
 365 
 49 
 15 
 
 1^" 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 on 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 Michigan 
 
 
 
 
 
 O) 
 
 IS ,S7 1 
 31 6 . 2 
 9 14 2 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 ^■^ 
 
 
 
 
 Oi 
 
 Miss'iuri 
 
 
 i;9 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5| 9 
 
 
 
 ■"122" 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 •'fi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 07 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 24 
 8 
 
 32 
 
 1 
 1 
 9 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 2 
 
 2 
 
 OS 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 23 
 
 1 
 35 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 oq 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 1 11 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 New Yc'Fk 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 34 
 
 37 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 33 
 
 North Dakota 
 
 
 
 
 .1 
 
 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Oklahoma 
 
 Oregon 
 
 
 
 37 
 1 
 
 219 
 
 125 
 1 
 3 
 
 692 
 
 22 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 
 
 3fi 
 
 
 5 
 
 .) 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 37 
 
 Penn^vlvatiia 
 
 44 
 
 201 
 
 76S 
 2 
 1 
 
 1 , 095 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 12 
 
 11; 
 
 159 106, 5 
 
 1 
 
 
 33 
 
 Rhorlt IslaTiri _ 
 
 
 3q 
 
 South r')[ri)liii;i 
 
 3.5 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 11 
 
 :; 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 South Dakwtji . 
 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Texas 
 
 Utah 
 
 17 
 
 " ' 
 
 35 
 
 10 
 7 
 
 94" 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 9 
 1 
 
 1 1 
 .50 
 17 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 
 4? 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 17 3 
 
 i ' 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 43 
 
 6 26 1 10 
 2 1 1 
 
 1 ' 
 
 44 
 
 
 .52 
 
 
 111 
 r, 
 
 26 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 45 
 
 Virginia 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 46 
 47 
 
 Washington 
 
 27 2S 
 1 5 6, 
 
 9 
 
 3 ' 
 
 ll 
 
 i' 
 
 4S 
 
 
 1 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 49 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 
 .55 1 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
GENERAL TABLES. 
 
 sny 
 
 AND TERRITORIES; 190'2— Continued. 
 
 
 
 
 AVERAGE NUMBER OF 
 
 WAOE-EARNEllS AT St'ECIFIEII 
 
 DAILY RATES OK PAY — continued. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Machinists, blacivsmiths, carpenters, a 
 
 id other lueclianiCH. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $0.50 
 
 to 
 S0.74. 
 
 J0.75 
 
 to 
 $0,S)9. 
 
 $1.00 
 
 to 
 J1.24. 
 
 J1.25 
 
 to 
 ».49. 
 
 *1..50 
 
 to 
 
 SI. 71. 
 
 11.75 
 
 to 
 SI. 99. 
 
 S2.00 
 to 
 
 »2.2t. 
 
 92.25 
 
 to 
 *2.49. 
 
 »2.50 
 
 to 
 *2.74. 
 
 f2.75 
 
 to 
 $2.99. 
 
 .S3.00 
 to 
 
 .$3.24. 
 
 $3.25 
 
 to 
 $3.49. 
 
 J3..50 
 
 to 
 $3.74. 
 
 $3.75 
 
 to 
 .$3.99. 
 
 $4.00 
 
 to 
 $4.24. 
 
 $1.25 
 and 
 over. 
 
 
 8 
 
 174 
 
 400 
 
 798 
 
 2,333 
 
 2, 899 
 
 5,155 
 
 3,916 
 
 3, 153 
 
 1,185 
 
 2, 1,51 
 
 .597 
 
 1,021 
 
 137 
 
 1,144 
 
 799 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 39 
 
 143 
 
 104 
 
 101 
 9 
 
 48 
 8 
 
 40 
 
 38 
 20 
 165 
 59 
 
 8 
 4 
 13 
 6 
 3 
 
 127 
 18 
 
 113 
 36 
 91 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 34 
 
 76 
 
 57 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 86 
 
 
 
 1 
 141 
 
 
 ?, 
 
 
 35 
 
 81 
 
 182 
 199 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 31 
 
 3 
 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 2 
 4 
 
 5 
 1 
 25 
 23 
 
 10 
 12 
 
 12 
 2 
 
 24 
 
 22 
 
 1 
 
 19 
 6 
 
 48 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 60 
 
 9 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 33 19 
 
 53 ' 54 
 56 : 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 48 
 
 358 
 
 67 
 64 
 
 3.3 
 15 
 
 78 
 392 
 
 1.52 
 
 74 
 
 5 
 
 
 42 1 342 
 
 6 
 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 - 26 
 
 22 
 
 5 
 
 169 
 43 
 
 6 
 4 
 7 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 1 
 3 
 39 
 
 5 
 1 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 
 f-, 
 
 3 1 24 
 
 n 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 in 
 
 
 1 
 
 102 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 11 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 32 
 
 94 
 
 8 
 22 
 
 65 
 6 
 
 25 
 8 
 9 
 
 2.52 
 83 
 49 
 
 't^ 
 
 62 
 10 
 41 
 
 36 
 3 
 
 40 
 2 
 
 1? 
 
 
 1 
 11 
 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ;-:■:::::: «' 
 
 101 114 
 63 51 
 
 - 
 
 « 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 15 
 
 
 6 
 
 20 
 
 42 
 
 111 
 1 
 48 
 52 
 27 
 
 499 
 
 1.53 
 
 182 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 15 
 
 48 
 32 
 
 3 1 9I\ 
 
 7 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 111 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 2 
 
 IS 
 ] 
 
 10 
 
 27 
 7 
 
 76 
 8 
 53 
 
 .33 
 23 
 27 
 
 313 
 95 
 82 
 
 60 
 2 
 
 44 
 
 82 
 22 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 16 
 36 
 
 42 
 27 
 21 
 82 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 ■ 1 
 
 9 
 19 
 6 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 200 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 ■>1 
 
 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ■ 6 
 
 ?•>, 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 94 
 
 
 241 
 
 2.53 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 16 
 8 
 3 
 32 
 
 7 
 12 
 
 5 
 28 
 20 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 18 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 3(1 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 56 
 
 16 
 55 
 1 
 75 
 
 6 
 
 250 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 41 
 
 4 
 
 103 
 
 8 
 3 
 215 
 1 
 5 
 
 826 
 16 
 19 
 1 
 17 
 
 101 
 34 
 26 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 270 
 
 14 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 
 2 
 
 42 1 26 
 
 4 ' 3 
 
 142 1 76 
 
 10 1 1 
 
 2 
 5 
 14 
 
 i 
 
 18 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 OQ 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 16 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 30 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 1.5 
 
 114 
 9 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 :!so 
 1 
 
 
 .56" 
 
 3 
 79 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 U 
 
 57 
 
 3J2 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 
 2 
 
 69 
 
 31 
 
 
 35 
 
 
 1 
 
 98 
 1 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 323 
 13 
 
 i' 
 
 11 
 365 
 16 
 
 3 
 165 
 
 29" 
 
 21 
 
 4 
 
 19 
 9 
 
 6 
 27 
 
 3fi 
 
 
 5 
 
 239 
 
 7 
 
 970 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 1,120 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 1,8.85 , 1,724 
 12 6 
 
 37 
 
 
 38 
 
 1 
 
 26 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 52 
 
 
 39 
 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 28 
 2 
 1 
 
 10 
 103 
 
 .55 
 1 
 
 7 
 42 
 
 4 
 
 53 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 to 
 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 6 
 5 
 
 48 
 4 
 
 90 
 
 7 
 
 
 33 
 
 61 1 12 
 29 ? 
 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 51 
 45 
 22 
 12 
 
 
 9 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 19 
 
 
 2 
 76 
 
 26 
 
 1 '43 
 
 
 1 
 145 
 
 SI 
 98 
 
 1 
 
 "3 
 
 18 
 92 
 
 2 
 
 326 
 
 9 
 
 26 
 45 
 
 412 
 41 
 
 2 
 
 43 
 
 !44 
 
 
 114 
 1 
 
 67 23 
 
 9 1 31 
 
 570 ! 195 
 
 33 19 
 
 18 33 
 
 
 
 1 45 
 
 
 ly 1 38 
 lay 164 
 
 24 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 1 
 
 4 
 5 
 
 3 1 46 
 
 
 17 
 2 
 
 7 !47 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 2^ 
 
 1 
 63 
 
 
 48 
 49 
 
 15 
 
 17 
 
 " 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 30223—04- 
 
 -24 
 
370 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 2. 
 
 -DETAILED KUMMAKY, BY STATES 
 
 STATE OR TERRITORY. 
 
 United Status. 
 
 Alabama . . 
 Arizona . . . 
 Arkansas . . 
 California . 
 C>:)lorado . . 
 
 Connecticut . 
 
 Dela\\'are 
 
 Florida 
 
 (ieorf^ia 
 
 Idaho 
 
 17 Kentucky 
 
 l.s I Louisiana 
 
 191 Maine 
 
 20 ; Maryland 
 
 21 Massachusetts . 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Indian Territory 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Michigan . . 
 Minnesota. 
 Missouri . . . 
 ^lontflna . . 
 Nebraska.. 
 
 27 , Neyada 
 
 2.S Xew Hampshire. 
 29 New .Jersey. 
 
 New Mexicf). 
 New York . . . 
 
 32 North Carolina . 
 
 38 North Dakota . . 
 
 34 Ohio 
 
 3.5 Oklahoma 
 
 30 Oregon 
 
 Pennsylvania . . 
 Rhode Island... 
 South Carolina - 
 South Dakota . . 
 Tennessee 
 
 42 Texas ... 
 
 43 T'tah 
 
 44 Vermont . 
 4.5 I Virginia . 
 
 46 Washington . . 
 
 47 West Virginia 
 
 48 Wisconsin 
 
 49 Wyoming 
 
 AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE-EARNERS AT SPECIFIED IJAILY RATES OF PA Y— continued. 
 
 Miners luid iiuarrymen, and stonecutters. 
 
 Less 
 than 
 80.50. 
 
 80. .50 
 
 to 
 80.74. 
 
 80.75 
 to 
 
 81.00 
 
 to 
 81.24. 
 
 996 
 1 
 
 78 
 
 81.25 81 ..50 
 
 to to 
 
 $1.49. 81.74. 
 
 18, 903 
 
 374 
 327 
 
 33 
 
 i7 
 
 ,f.3U 
 763 
 12 
 
 109 
 125 
 29 
 33 
 
 1 , 060 
 15 
 
 72 
 
 73 
 113 
 73 
 
 669 
 271 
 914 
 65 
 214 
 
 1 , 6.S3 
 
 9 
 
 172 
 
 447 
 112 
 115 
 142 
 
 2,373 
 74 
 
 1,105 
 604 
 610 
 
 1,266 
 
 243 
 37 
 
 230 
 
 "si' 
 
 VII 
 
 3 
 92R 
 
 1 I. 
 1.54 
 
 83 
 24 
 237 
 
 204 
 6 
 3 
 
 1 , 636 
 4 
 
 2, 464 
 
 170 
 4 
 64 
 
 3, 403 
 
 69 
 460 
 91 
 
 12 
 i;44 
 
 35 
 
 1,119 
 
 110 
 
 529 
 
 106 
 1 
 
 (;47 
 
 i, 564 
 
 34 
 
 129 
 
 3 
 
 633 
 
 649 
 1 
 
 4S.5 
 
 1,411 
 130 
 
 SI. 75 
 
 to 
 $1.99. 
 
 82.00 
 
 to 
 82,24. 
 
 $2.25 
 
 to 
 82.49. 
 
 37,492 65,307 
 
 1 , 766 
 113 
 
 308 
 484 
 
 249 
 16 
 
 . 960 
 42 
 90 
 
 607 
 818 
 
 39, 895 
 
 35 
 
 9 
 
 26 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 ,720 
 
 7, 483 
 
 3,628 
 
 30fi 
 
 583 
 
 311 
 
 -{■<:'. 
 
 1,6.30 
 
 2, 024 
 
 866 
 
 2,411 
 
 1,210 
 
 .874 
 
 SIS 
 
 1 , 028 
 
 S2..50 $2.75 $3.00 
 
 to ! to , to 
 $2.74. ■ $2.99. $3.24. 
 
 $3.25 ; $3.50 
 
 to I to 
 $3.49. $3.74. 
 
 698 
 396 i 
 .536 
 
 1,113 
 
 48 
 
 1,213 
 
 51 
 
 188 
 
 742 
 
 347 
 
 1 , 575 
 
 49 
 47 
 
 4,607 
 49 
 
 10, 336 
 
 45 
 
 29 
 
 1 
 
 1,147 
 
 257 
 
 11 
 
 627 
 
 353 
 
 2,252 
 
 915 
 
 30 
 
 753 
 368 
 716 
 
 351 
 
 781 
 
 1,631 
 
 4 
 
 117 
 
 350 
 323 
 
 S4 
 
 32 
 
 8 
 
 2, 254 
 
 14 
 
 13,060 
 
 i 
 
 15 
 960 
 
 3S 
 
 :, ,510 
 
 636 
 
 20 
 
 237 
 357 
 729 
 
 5,294 
 1,.526 
 2,7.50 
 
 14 
 
 70 
 
 lOS 
 
 36 
 47 
 
 , .S98 
 
 4 
 
 145 
 
 .S13 
 4.54 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 26 
 
 70 
 
 153 
 
 2, 934 
 
 'is' 
 
 14, 362 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 448 
 
 6,,53 
 isl 
 
 2fl.s 
 
 1, 760 
 135 
 317 
 
 63 
 
 202 
 
 48 
 
 19 
 
 56 
 
 3, 259 
 
 2 
 
 125 
 
 66, 
 
 227 
 
 6 
 
 169 
 
 149 
 
 27 
 
 3 
 
 49 
 
 1 
 
 59 
 
 4.50 
 
 30 
 
 49 
 
 145 
 4 . 
 
 64 
 
 0, 1U2 
 
 5. 106, 
 
 26 
 
 96 
 
 1 
 
 
 93 
 
 6 
 
 170 
 
 76, 
 
 10 
 
 
 6S4 
 
 1,1.55 
 
 1S9 
 
 317 
 
 37 
 
 7 
 
 209 
 
 381 
 
 1,491 
 
 490 
 
 53 
 
 36 
 
 790 
 
 131 
 
 305 
 251 
 
 3. 960 
 
 5, ISl 
 
 118 
 
 10 
 
 ,S8 
 
 40 
 
 33 
 
 3 
 
 219 
 
 3 
 
 ■ 1.1 
 
 ,S 
 
 675 
 
 6,4 
 
 1.50 
 
 60 
 
 26 
 
 
 1 , 668 
 
 130 
 
 510 
 
 276 
 
 4.S 
 
 2.5 
 
 206 
 
 ,52 
 
 298 
 3 
 66 
 
 .419 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 937 
 
 16 
 199 
 
GENERAL TABLES. 
 
 371 
 
 AND TEKR]TORIES: 1902— Continued. 
 
 
 AVKKACiE 
 
 NUMBKK OF IVAfiE 
 
 KAHNKRH 
 
 AT SPEnil'-II':!) PAILY KATES ni<' PAY 
 
 — rontinned. 
 
 
 
 
 MintTs and quarrvmen, and 
 stonecutter.5— ContintuHl. 
 
 Miiicr.s' liclixT.s. 
 
 
 S3. 75 
 
 to 
 S3. 99. 
 
 S4.00 
 
 to 
 S4.24. 
 
 I 
 S4.25 
 iind 
 ovor. 
 
 S0.50 
 
 to 
 $0.74. 
 
 S0.75 
 
 to 
 S0.99. 
 
 tl.OO 
 
 to 
 S1.24. 
 
 SI. 25 
 
 to 
 SI. 49. 
 
 2,004 
 
 SI. 50 
 
 to 
 SI. 71. 
 
 SI. 75 
 
 to 
 SI. 99. 
 
 3, 692 
 
 82.00 
 
 to 
 J2.21. 
 
 3,021 
 
 S2.25 
 
 lo 
 .J2.49. 
 
 1,907 
 
 S2.S0 
 
 to 
 S2.74. 
 
 1,429 
 
 S2.75 
 
 to 
 S2.99. 
 
 488 
 
 83.00 
 
 lo 
 S3.24. 
 
 1,186 
 
 93.25 
 
 to 
 8.3.19. 
 
 83.50 
 
 to 
 83.74. 
 
 83.75 
 
 to 
 83.99. 
 
 84.00 
 
 to 
 84.24. 
 
 4 
 
 
 2, 078 
 
 1,750 
 
 1,063 
 
 , 26 
 
 262 
 
 1,190 
 
 2, 699 
 
 392 
 
 .541 
 
 5 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 123 
 
 133 
 
 26?, 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 25 
 
 9 
 149 
 
 5 
 
 7« 
 20 
 
 5o' 
 
 i77' 
 
 3 
 12 
 
 ¥ 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 '> 
 
 1 
 
 45 
 
 290 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 
 4.S2 
 
 13 
 
 33' 
 
 19 
 
 (il 
 ""I 
 
 16 
 
 6 
 
 223 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 1715 
 545 
 
 2 
 
 56 ' 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 111 
 
 1 
 
 147 
 
 7 1 1 i 
 
 .58 6 i 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 S 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 8 
 17 
 
 Ii5 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1(1 
 
 3 
 147 
 
 4 
 
 81 
 
 5 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 4 
 94 
 
 43 
 
 17 
 
 19 
 
 (■i8 
 
 71 
 10 
 
 .s 
 
 (il 
 
 ILS 
 
 304 
 100 
 
 3 
 144 
 
 43 1 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 v 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 20 
 33 
 
 18 
 
 3 
 
 40 
 1 
 2 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 34 
 9 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 70 
 
 15 
 1 
 
 
 
 I'l 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 10 
 
 14 
 1 
 
 ! 
 
 I 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 16 
 
 2 
 
 
 i ' ■ 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IH 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 269 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■'0 
 
 ! 1 
 
 21 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 34 
 In 
 84 
 
 17 
 
 370 
 
 231 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■■'1 
 
 1 
 
 
 47 
 
 
 110 
 
 64 
 
 Ill 
 
 102 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 ■>-> 
 
 17 
 
 13 
 3 
 63 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 ■'3 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 :'.03 
 
 21 
 
 20 
 39 
 
 
 
 
 
 0\ 
 
 55 
 
 57 
 
 1 
 
 225 
 
 71 1 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 ■'t 
 
 
 1 
 
 ' 1 
 
 
 ■'6 
 
 ♦■- 
 
 1 
 
 243 
 6 
 
 8 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 2 
 94 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 07 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 OR 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 31 
 
 2.5,s 
 40 
 
 23 
 
 
 ( 
 
 [ 
 
 1 1 
 
 oq 
 
 .50 
 
 2 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 31 
 
 13 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 •"■ 
 
 
 
 r> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 .55 1 27 
 
 95 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 :15 
 
 3 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 
 I'l 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 35 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,320 
 
 16 
 1,309 
 
 3 
 249 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 29 
 
 
 1 ' 
 
 36 
 
 786 
 2 
 
 274 
 
 1 
 
 .506 
 1 
 1 
 10 
 
 
 2 
 
 475 
 
 1.1145 
 
 l.Uls 
 
 2,137 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 37 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 39 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .54 
 
 1 *^^1 i 
 
 10 
 
 
 5 
 
 110 
 66 
 
 147 
 .50 
 
 96 
 
 1.S8 
 
 19 
 
 39 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 43 
 
 7 
 1 
 1 
 
 .5 
 IS 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 "1 
 
 " 
 
 100 
 
 31 
 
 87 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 1 
 
 44 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 60 
 
 33 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 9 
 4 
 
 86 
 33 
 
 1 
 13 
 
 
 S4 
 8 
 
 48 
 42 
 
 13 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 72 
 
 233 
 
 132 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 48 
 49 
 
 248 
 
 11 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 , : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
372 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Tauij.: l:.— detailed SUMMARY, BY STATES 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 
 1.5 
 16 
 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 26 
 
 27 
 28 
 29 
 30 
 31 
 
 32 
 33 
 31 
 35 
 36 
 
 37 
 38 
 39 
 40 
 41 
 
 42 
 43 
 44 
 45 
 
 46 
 
 47 
 48 
 49 
 
 
 
 
 .iVEKAGE NUMBER 
 
 }V WAGE-EARNERS AT SPECIFIED 
 
 DAILY BATES OF FAY— 
 
 continued. 
 
 
 
 STATE OR TKRRITOK'i-. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Timbermen and track 
 
 avers. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J0.50 
 
 to 
 $0.74. 
 
 JO. 75 
 
 to 
 80.99. 
 
 n.oo 
 
 to 
 J1.24. 
 
 SI. 25 
 
 to 
 $1.J9. 
 
 SI.. 50 
 
 to 
 SI. 74. 
 
 «1.75 
 
 to 
 SI. 99. 
 
 S2.00 
 
 to 
 S2.24. 
 
 .ff2.25 
 
 to 
 .J2.49. 
 
 S2.R0 
 to 
 
 J2.74. 
 
 J2.75 
 
 to 
 S2,99. 
 
 312 
 
 J3.00 
 
 to 
 S3.24. 
 
 *3.25 
 
 to 
 J3.49. 
 
 S3.50 
 
 to 
 13.74. 
 
 S3.75 
 
 to 
 $3.99. 
 
 $4.00 
 
 to 
 $4.24. 
 
 $4.25 
 and 
 over. 
 
 United stales 
 
 1 
 
 46 
 
 209 
 17 
 
 381 
 
 1,119 
 
 2,102 
 
 3, 778 
 19 
 
 3, 640 
 
 9.5-1 
 
 399 
 
 59 
 
 4.56 
 
 26 
 
 57 
 
 5 
 
 
 "" 
 
 5 
 
 .54 
 
 92 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 89 
 
 IS 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 Arizona 
 
 7 
 
 29 
 
 7 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 10 
 
 22 
 83 
 
 
 6 
 
 i 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 141 
 
 51 
 208 
 
 13 
 5 
 
 133 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 ' 3 
 
 'J 
 
 21 
 
 3 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Florida 
 
 
 
 Kill 
 :) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Georgia 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 45 
 
 26 
 
 22 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 .5 
 3 
 
 27 
 3 
 
 " 
 
 3 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 , 
 
 2 
 
 IS 
 
 543 
 
 3 
 
 26 
 
 132 
 6 
 
 88 
 
 li.s4 
 
 130 
 
 298 
 
 16 
 
 99 
 
 7 
 
 Indian Territory ' ' 
 
 
 
 
 Indiana 
 
 1 
 
 
 2" 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 4 
 
 20 
 
 8 
 
 44 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Kentucliv 
 
 16 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Maine 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Maryland 
 
 30 
 
 Hi 
 10 
 
 500 
 
 91 
 
 1 
 
 91 
 
 33 
 
 1 
 
 325 
 12 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Michigan 
 
 
 
 5 
 '2 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 .551 
 420 
 56 
 
 248 
 90 
 
 i' 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 29 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 Mi-ssouri 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 7 
 
 80 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 221 
 
 2 
 
 ■-■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 New Hampshirr 
 
 1 ' ^ 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 G 
 
 
 i 
 
 lOs 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 r.i 11 1 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 5 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 3 
 10 
 
 51' ' 
 
 "204" 
 
 2 
 245 
 
 
 
 
 Ohio 
 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 
 Oklahoma 
 
 
 
 Oregon . ' 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 1,023 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 i ! 
 
 5H 
 
 81 
 
 401 
 
 8,59 
 
 1,410 
 
 114 
 
 13 5 1 
 
 
 Rhode Island 1 
 
 
 South Carolina in 
 
 
 1 . 
 
 
 
 South Dakota ! ' 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 3 
 
 ^0 
 
 3 
 
 OS 
 
 3 1 
 
 ■2 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 Texas -i; 
 
 
 
 Utah 
 
 39 
 
 20 2 1 
 
 ,■ 
 
 Vermont .,. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Ii7 
 
 89 
 
 10 
 
 2S7 
 
 9 
 
 22S 
 50 
 
 10 . 
 1 
 
 28 
 353 
 33 
 
 110 
 9S 
 6 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 37 
 44 
 
 
 
 
 12 6 1 
 7 3 
 
 j 
 
 West Virginia 1 
 
 S 
 
 s:} 
 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■| ■ I 
 
 """1 1 
 
GENERAL TABLES. 
 
 373 
 
 AND TERRITORIES: lHO'->— Oontiime.l. 
 
 
 
 AVEItAGE Nl'MEKR OF WAGE-EARXEKS AT .SPECIFIED DAILY KATES OF PAY— eOlltillued. 
 
 
 Boys under 10 yours. 
 
 [ 
 
 All other wage-earners. 
 
 
 Less 1 $0.50 $0.75 $1.00 
 thrtll to to to 
 $0..50. $0.74. $0.99. 1 $1.24. 
 
 $1.25 
 
 to 
 $1.49. 
 
 $1.50 $1.75 
 
 to ' to 
 $1.74. $1.99. 
 
 $2.00 
 
 to 
 $2.24. 
 
 $2.25 
 
 to 
 $2.49. 
 
 Ill 
 
 $0..50 $0.75 
 
 to to 
 $0.74. 1 $0.99. 
 
 $1.00 
 
 to 
 $1.24. 
 
 $1.25 
 
 to 
 $1.49. 
 
 $1.60 
 to 
 
 $1.74. 
 
 91.76 
 
 to 
 81.99. 
 
 $2.00 
 
 to 
 $2,24. 
 
 $2.26 
 
 to 
 $2.49. 
 
 
 447 
 
 3,448 1 4,002 
 
 3,212 
 
 419 
 
 130 
 
 61 
 
 99 
 
 56 
 
 36 
 12 
 
 22 
 
 01 
 
 900 
 
 3,015 
 
 12, 960 
 
 21,351 
 
 32,442 
 
 25, 073 
 
 27, .543 
 
 1 2, 328 
 
 1 
 
 43 
 
 140 1 204 
 
 105 
 IS 
 
 7 
 69 
 
 8 
 3 
 
 
 
 12 
 10 
 
 
 9 I 229 
 
 1,360 
 
 1,043 
 
 S 
 71 
 101 
 21 
 
 91 
 
 lis 
 
 78 
 
 845 
 41 
 183 
 111 
 73 
 
 144 
 60 
 25 
 .50 
 2 
 
 S42 
 271 
 702 
 420 
 075 
 
 563 
 .50 
 207 
 392 
 422 
 
 3, 180 
 
 174 
 
 1,080 
 
 651 
 
 90 
 
 61 
 
 116 
 
 .592 
 
 25 
 9 
 
 12 
 1 
 
 1,568 
 101 
 438 
 366 
 167 
 
 662 
 
 1,56 
 312 
 192 
 670 
 .543 
 
 8 
 
 157 
 227 
 207 
 2X8 
 1,56 
 
 1 
 
 9, 
 
 ( 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 ; 36 
 4 j 
 
 
 'i'l ■* 
 
 17 1 10 
 
 43 
 13 
 
 64 
 
 19 
 
 18 
 282 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 17 
 
 3 1 
 
 ., 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 
 1 (1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,s 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 S 
 
 6 
 
 48 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 47 
 
 17 
 1 
 
 14 
 3 
 1 
 
 137 
 
 25 
 
 i 
 
 .54 
 58 
 27 
 13 
 16 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 1 i 
 
 
 is' 
 
 3 
 1 
 6 
 
 4,011 
 378 
 368 
 960 
 706 
 
 96 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 129 
 
 10 
 5 
 6 
 2 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 1,127 
 267 
 
 1,373 
 144 
 229 
 
 38 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 ' HI 
 
 11 
 
 778 
 
 41 
 
 135 
 
 64 
 17 
 
 10 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 S3 
 4 
 81 
 18 
 
 163 
 89 
 
 343 
 .59 
 
 l'> 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 132 1 24 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 11 
 
 21 
 20 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 1 
 448 I 670 
 
 17 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 3 
 67 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 33 
 
 13 
 30 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 1 
 17 
 
 16 1 1 
 14 19 
 
 1 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 lb 
 16 
 
 42 
 127 
 42 
 
 225 
 133 
 
 77 
 
 338 
 
 60 
 
 5, 031 
 965 
 435 
 
 77 
 131 
 29 
 
 2, 776 
 
 1,436 
 
 1 , 006 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 6 
 
 468 
 251 
 333 
 44 
 
 19 
 
 6 
 1 
 
 ■A 
 
 
 ■■. r 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 2 
 9 
 
 1 1 
 41 10 
 
 7 "16 
 173 ! 972 
 
 1 I 9 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 26 
 
 '>1 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 95 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 35 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 .838 
 
 16 
 
 1 i:^i 
 
 34 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 107 
 
 89 
 268 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 72 
 
 .55 
 
 143 
 
 3 
 
 19 
 
 3, 447 
 
 7 
 
 133 
 
 7,898 
 
 16 
 
 6 
 
 20 
 
 - 94 
 
 58 
 170 
 97 
 :33 
 
 183 
 
 S67 
 
 51 
 
 275 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 9 
 
 
 3 
 15 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 22 
 
 .53 
 
 3 
 
 124 
 
 116 
 
 1 
 
 274 
 
 1 
 981 
 
 4 
 946 
 
 28 
 29 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 29' 
 
 44 
 
 1 
 9 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 20 , 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 22 
 
 8 
 
 188 
 1 
 79 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 , 13 
 
 8 
 814 
 
 2i- 
 
 313 
 
 S3 
 34 
 35 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 3 
 
 105 
 1 
 1 
 
 215 6 
 
 8 1 3 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 1 1. _ 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 11, 387 
 
 32 
 4 
 
 13.299 
 
 
 
 1,203 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 I'l, 870 
 
 1.53 
 
 2 
 
 590 
 
 41 
 
 12 
 
 48 
 670 
 
 9 
 010 
 39 
 
 8 
 
 
 9 
 5,182 
 
 111 
 
 2, 221 
 
 123 
 
 33 I 5 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 498 
 
 1 
 
 ion 
 
 2,084 
 
 19 
 
 217 
 
 8,789 
 
 3 
 22 
 140 
 
 204 
 
 51 
 
 1.52 
 
 207 
 
 79 
 
 1,726 
 
 342 
 
 2.53 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 27 ' 4 
 
 4 1 9 
 
 290 1 651 ; 
 
 80 160 
 
 6 1 20 
 
 216 1 398 
 
 200 , 187 
 
 21 ,89 
 
 1 39 
 
 
 1 
 205 
 
 12 
 1 
 
 13 
 171 
 
 4 
 251 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 8 
 1 
 
 91 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 n 
 
 "■^1 r^^^-----^^^^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 79 
 
 55 
 1 
 
 276 
 
 69 
 
 9" 
 
 33 
 
 29 
 124 
 
 ,58 
 38 
 
 400 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 43 
 44 
 45 
 
 46 
 
 1 12 
 
 29 20 
 
 63 1 27 
 
 6 15 
 
 4 : ' 3 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 127 
 
 
 10 1 60 
 
 103 
 
 8 1 6 
 
 40 1 7 
 
 1 3 
 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 353 
 4 
 
 207 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 95 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 9 
 
 110 
 42 
 
 
 
 
 12 12 'i 4 
 
 
 
 i . I 1 1 
 
 410 
 
 49 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
374 
 
 MINP]S AND QUARIIIES. 
 
 Table 3.— DETAILED SUMMARY, BY STATES 
 
 STATE OK TERRITORY. 
 
 rnited States. 
 
 Alabama . . 
 Arizona . . . 
 Arkansas . . 
 California . 
 
 C:.lorado , . 
 
 Connecticut . 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Florida 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Indian Territory 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Maine 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Massachusetts, 
 
 Michigan.. 
 Minnesota . 
 
 Missouri . . . 
 Montana . . 
 Nebraska. . 
 
 Nevada 
 
 New Hanapshiro. 
 
 New .l(.'rse\" 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 N'ew Y(.)rk 
 
 North Carolina . 
 North Dakota. .. 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Oklahoma 
 
 (jregon 
 
 Pennsylvania.. . 
 Rhode Island. . . 
 South Carolina . 
 South Dakota.. . 
 Tennessee 
 
 42 Texas 
 
 4:; Utah 
 
 44 A'^ermoTit 
 
 4n Virginia 
 
 46 , Washington 
 
 47 West Virginia .. . 
 
 4s Wisconsin 
 
 49 ] Wyoming 
 
 AVERAGE NUMBEK OF W A( f E-KA KNERS AT SPECIFIED DAILY RATES 
 
 OF I'AY— ^contiiMU'd. 
 
 All other wage-earners — Ciintinned. 
 
 to 
 
 ^2.74. 
 
 36 
 
 104 
 
 S15 
 fi3S 
 
 Sf2.75 I $1U0 $3.2.'. 
 
 to ' to to 
 
 $2.99. S3.24. 3:3.49. 
 
 35 
 
 125 
 
 10 
 
 101 
 
 684 
 
 168 
 
 92 
 
 112 
 
 316 
 
 116 
 
 §3.50 S3.75 
 
 to to 
 
 S3.74. S3.99. 
 
 94 
 242 
 
 S4.00 
 
 to 
 S4.24. 
 
 19 ! 
 110 
 
 64 I 
 
 1 
 
 15 ' 
 
 11 
 
 22 
 
 201 
 S6 
 
 49 !- 
 
 24 I 
 
 180 
 
 82 
 
 133 
 
 559 I 
 59 I 
 
 4\ 
 
 -II 
 
 1 I. 
 
 144 
 
 103 
 
 140 
 
 3.=! 
 
 2 
 
 
 424 
 
 31 
 
 13 
 4 
 
 41 
 3 
 
 20 
 13S 
 
 $4.25 
 and 
 
 13 
 
 lOH 
 
 15 
 
 "'3' 
 8l 
 
 3 ; 
 
 "3' 
 
 AVEKAfjE NUMBER OF WAGE-EARNER8 EMPLOYED IfUKlNG 
 EACH MONTH. 
 
 Men 16 years and over. 
 
 IS, 101 
 4,972 
 3, 130 
 12,179 
 20, 406 
 
 787 
 
 190 
 
 3,130 
 
 2, 531 
 
 3,226 
 
 39,433 
 5, 040 
 14, 972 
 11,24H 
 9, 2.SS 
 
 10 
 
 .35 
 
 59 
 
 2, 619 
 
 6, 309 
 
 3,001 
 
 30, 625 
 7,049 
 
 15,131 
 
 9,442 
 
 55 
 
 949 
 
 477 
 
 4, 338 
 
 2, 334 
 
 6,184 
 
 1,004 
 
 409 
 
 34, 137 
 
 67 
 
 1,008 
 
 224, 167 
 4.54 
 
 2, 657 
 2,919 
 
 10. 291 
 
 3, 6,50 
 6, S14 
 
 4, .589 
 7,833 
 
 4.670 
 31,120 
 2,S2S 
 5,105 
 
 18, 007 
 
 4, 963 
 
 3,073 
 
 12, 273 
 
 20, 493 
 
 760 
 
 204 
 
 2,988 
 
 2, .509 
 
 3, 275 
 
 39, 375 
 
 4, 952 
 15, 047 
 11,098 
 
 9,020 
 
 10, 191 
 59 
 2,813 
 6,313 
 3,004 
 
 29, 6.80 
 7,067 
 
 15, 057 
 
 9, 942 
 
 75 
 
 930 
 
 590 
 
 4,451 
 
 2, 179 
 
 6.1,5.s 
 
 1,066 
 
 3.54 
 
 34,004 
 
 73 
 
 1, 030 
 
 222, 9.54 
 478 
 
 2. 638 
 2,941 
 
 10.042 
 
 3,607 
 
 5, 732 
 4,694 
 7, 666 
 
 4,672 
 31,032 
 2, 828 
 4.. 824 
 
 .595, 413 
 
 18,341 
 5, 059 
 2,819 
 12, 635 
 19,671 
 
 937 
 404 
 
 2, 995 
 2,602 
 3,422 
 
 39, 303 
 
 4, .589 
 1.5, 747 
 10,342 
 
 8,843 
 
 10,043 
 
 .59 
 
 3,048 
 
 6, 5.58 
 
 3, 2.59 
 
 30, 809 
 
 7, .516 
 14, 830 
 10.2,34 
 
 128 
 
 987 
 
 717 
 
 4.. 8.58 
 
 2,187 
 
 6. ,';.5S 
 
 35, O&S 
 
 89 
 
 1, 107 
 
 224, 621 
 
 609 
 
 2, 715 
 
 2, 950 
 10, 252 
 
 3,786 
 5, 6.'i4 
 5, 073 
 8,218 
 
 4.691 
 31,6.58 
 
 3, 065 
 
 4, .537 
 
 April. 
 
 18, 629 
 
 6,229 
 
 2, 677 
 
 13, 237 
 
 19, 647 
 
 1,433 
 531 
 3,043 
 2, 074 
 3, 593 
 
 37,586 
 4,151 
 
 15, 924 
 9,040 
 
 8, 212 
 
 9,830 
 59 
 3, 797 
 6, 7.52 
 4,293 
 
 30, 219 
 
 8,882 
 
 14,631 
 
 10.2.86 
 
 207 
 
 1,115 
 1 . 261 
 5, 871 
 2, 164 
 9,225 
 
 1,649 
 
 178 
 
 35. 713 
 
 136 
 
 1,203 
 
 226, 463 
 
 634 
 
 2, 856 
 
 3, 0.87 
 
 10, 726 
 
 3, 806 
 5, 432 
 5, 406 
 8,. 523 
 
 4.602 
 32. 001 
 3, .590 
 4,1.56 
 
 18, 499 
 5, .550 
 2,664 
 13, 346 
 19, 984 
 
 1,696 
 6.55 
 3,048 
 2,729 
 3,690 
 
 37,049 
 4,099 
 
 15, 699 
 8,968 
 7,998 
 
 9, 765 
 59 
 3,984 
 6,866 
 4,283 
 
 31,932 ' 
 10, 2S6 
 14. 944 
 10.711 
 191 
 
 1,224 
 1,519 
 6,109 
 2,152 
 10, .820 
 
 1,817 
 
 1.54 
 
 36.031! 
 
 1.52 
 
 1,236 
 
 171,233 
 
 769 
 
 2,697 
 
 3,102 
 
 11,014 
 
 3, 933 
 5, 530 
 5, 631 
 
 8,878 
 
 4,198 
 31,730 
 4,032 
 3, 804 
 
GENERAL TABLES. 
 
 375 
 
 AND TERRITORIES: 1902— Continued. 
 
 
 
 
 
 .WEKAGfi NT 
 
 MBEK Ol'^ WACiE-KAKNEllS KMl'l 
 
 )YEL) ! 
 
 UEINU 
 
 EAr:H MONTH — continued. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Men 16 years and over 
 
 — Continued. 
 
 
 Boys under If, years. 
 
 
 
 June. 
 
 1 
 ,Tuly. 
 
 August. 
 
 Septem- 
 ber. 
 
 Oetober. 
 
 Niivem- 
 her. 
 
 Deeember. 
 
 .Janu- 
 ary. 
 
 Febru- 
 ary. 
 
 March 
 
 April. 
 
 May. 
 
 Juue. 
 
 July. 
 
 Au- 
 gust. 
 
 Svp- 
 tem- 
 lier. 
 
 Oeto- 
 ber. 
 
 No- 
 vem- 
 ber. 
 
 De- 
 eem- 
 ber. 
 
 
 
 61.S, ia7 
 
 509, .596 
 
 521. 0,S9 
 
 .529.932 
 
 .566, .591 
 
 631, 639 
 
 627,629 
 
 15.410 
 643 
 
 15,4.54 
 
 5, 613 
 
 5, .807 
 
 10, 406 
 
 7,267 
 633 
 
 7. 274 
 589 
 
 7, 443 
 
 7, .501 
 
 9, 205 
 
 16,283 
 
 15, .591 
 
 1 
 
 
 18,710 1 
 
 16,773 
 
 18.379 
 
 18,774 
 
 19, 225 
 
 19, 349 
 
 19,237 
 
 619 
 
 613 
 
 602 
 
 628 
 
 664 
 
 664 
 
 6.52 
 
 640 
 
 613 
 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 
 « 
 
 .5, .523 I 
 2, 67.5 
 
 5,347 
 2.652 
 
 6. 396 
 
 2 787 
 
 5.220 
 2.937 
 
 6, 273 
 3,056 
 
 6,267 
 3,043 
 
 5, 477 
 3,191 
 
 50 
 54 
 
 50 
 .55 
 
 50 
 
 51 
 
 .50 
 42 
 
 50 
 49 
 
 50 
 46 
 
 51 
 
 53 
 
 48 
 58 
 
 .51 
 
 59 
 
 50 
 49 
 
 .56 
 
 .52 
 
 
 13,100 
 
 13,040 
 
 13.179 
 
 13. 122 1 
 
 13,342 
 
 13,181 
 
 12.706 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 IS 
 
 2(1 
 
 20 
 
 19 
 
 26 
 
 24 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 20, 536 
 
 20,286 
 
 20. 653 
 
 20,890 
 
 21,313 
 
 21,139 
 
 20, 046 
 
 99 
 
 99 
 
 91 
 
 88 
 
 95 
 
 9S 
 
 102 
 
 96 
 
 89 
 
 96 
 
 104 
 
 
 
 
 1,863 
 
 2,028 
 
 2.075 
 
 2.037 
 
 1,814 
 
 1,436 
 
 1.014 
 
 7 
 
 « 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 .5 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 
 666 
 3,071 
 
 662 
 3,035 i 
 
 515 
 3.076 
 
 .568 
 3.135 
 
 595 
 3,288 
 
 .536 
 3, 231 
 
 426 
 3.244 
 
 
 
 9 
 33 
 
 9 
 14 
 
 9 
 44 
 
 9 
 44 
 
 10 
 
 45 
 
 10 
 44 
 
 10 
 41 
 
 41 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 ■d 
 
 :33 
 
 « 
 
 
 2,706 
 
 2,772 
 
 2, 875 
 
 2,822 
 
 2,838 
 
 2, 897 
 
 2. 721 
 
 80 
 
 94 
 
 90 
 
 UI2 
 
 91 
 
 96 
 
 101; 
 
 104 
 
 103 
 
 103 
 
 96 
 
 93 
 
 
 
 3, 765 
 
 3,778 
 
 3. 738 
 
 3,714 
 
 3, 667 
 
 3,537 
 
 3. 315 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 37, 132 
 
 37,751 
 
 38, 281 
 
 40, .541 
 
 42, 726 
 
 42, ,8X7 
 
 43.100 
 
 917 
 
 897 
 
 918 
 
 906, 
 
 .S.SS 
 
 887 
 
 879 
 
 913 
 
 951 
 
 975 
 
 996 
 
 986 
 
 12 
 
 
 4,487 
 
 4,603 
 
 4,671 
 
 4,660 
 
 4,786 
 
 5, 033 
 
 5. 185 
 
 126 
 
 124 
 
 124 
 
 12U 
 
 119 
 
 119 
 
 128 
 
 130 
 
 127 
 
 129 
 
 135 
 
 131 
 
 13 
 
 
 15, 891 
 
 36,200 
 
 16, .578 
 
 17, 385 
 
 17,813 
 
 17,415 
 
 16, 857 
 
 166 
 
 .169 
 
 173 
 
 176 
 
 1S4 
 
 185 
 
 195 
 
 1.86 
 
 195 
 
 189 
 
 182 
 
 169 
 
 
 
 8,916 
 
 9,325 
 
 9. 694 
 
 10. 666 
 
 11,1.57 
 
 11,. 345 
 
 11,3.57 
 
 173 
 
 171 
 
 17U 
 
 165 
 
 166 
 
 164 
 
 172 
 
 LSI 
 
 187 
 
 182 
 
 177 
 
 180 
 
 I.-) 
 
 
 8,035 
 
 8,316 
 
 8, 502 
 
 8.844 
 
 9, 232 
 
 8, .8.S5 
 
 9, 033 
 
 41 
 
 41 
 
 44 
 
 49 
 
 41 
 
 40 
 
 39 
 
 41 
 
 43 
 
 44 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 
 9,486 
 
 9, 926 
 
 10,243 
 
 10,724 
 
 11,264 
 
 11,. 530 
 
 11,. 587 
 
 219 
 
 223 
 
 231 
 
 227 
 
 218 
 
 214 
 
 249 
 
 229 
 
 230 
 
 231 
 
 229 
 
 224 
 
 17 
 18 
 
 
 69 ! 
 
 69 
 
 .59 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4,455 
 
 4, .530 
 
 4,612 
 
 4, 450 
 
 3. 826 
 
 3, 175 
 
 2, 491 
 
 26 
 
 32 
 
 2S 
 
 32 
 
 34 
 
 38 
 
 ;i8 
 
 41 
 
 li 
 
 :5.S 
 
 33 
 
 27 
 
 19 
 
 
 6,667 
 
 6,776 
 
 6.861 
 
 6.745 
 
 6,, SOS 
 
 6,675 
 
 6, 485 
 
 161 
 
 1.57 
 
 1S2 
 
 179 
 
 178 
 
 164 
 
 176 
 
 176 
 
 178 
 
 189 
 
 182 
 
 178 
 
 20 
 
 
 4, 889 
 
 5, 112 
 
 4, 983 
 
 4.9.56 
 
 4. 960 
 
 4,419 
 
 3.481 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 IS 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 
 20 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 30, 991 
 
 31,908 
 
 32,711 
 
 33. 849 
 
 34. 141 
 
 33, 074 
 
 32. 825 
 
 68 
 
 56 
 
 6 s 
 
 60 
 
 66 
 
 54 
 
 62 
 
 47 
 
 49 
 
 50 
 
 49 
 
 49 
 
 22 
 
 
 10, 577 
 
 10, 957 
 
 11.290 
 
 11.4.54 
 
 11. 262 
 
 10, 848 
 
 9. 849 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 15, 001 
 
 15. 112 
 
 15, "52 
 
 15. 194 
 
 15.777 
 
 15, 901; 
 
 16.021 
 
 103 
 
 103 
 
 109 
 
 104 
 
 107 
 
 106 
 
 119 
 
 121 
 
 122 
 
 123 
 
 lis 
 
 121 
 
 24 
 
 
 10, 832 
 
 11,0.53 
 
 10. 491 
 
 10.6.51 
 
 10. 909 
 
 11. 057 
 
 K). 752 
 
 ! 20 
 
 IS 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 
 D 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 233 
 
 224 
 
 220 
 
 225 
 
 218 
 
 186 
 
 1.50 
 
 i 2 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 2b 
 
 
 
 1,234 
 
 1 , 215 
 
 1.193 
 
 1,1S2 
 
 1.174 
 
 1.106 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 ;; 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 27 
 
 
 1 463 
 
 1,5.80 
 
 1 , (■i20 
 
 1.. 5,8:5 
 
 1..594 
 
 1.49s 
 
 l.o:?8 
 
 2 
 
 '2 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 28 
 
 
 6, 166 
 
 6,446 
 
 6, 437 
 
 6.137 
 
 5. 904 
 
 5,600 
 
 5, 195 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 17 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 22 
 
 21 
 
 19 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 2,289 
 
 2. 394 
 
 2. 219 
 
 2. :345 
 
 2. 24S 
 
 2, -Ml 
 
 25 
 
 21 
 
 
 2/ 
 
 28 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 22 
 
 
 22 
 
 21 
 
 20 
 
 30 
 
 
 11, 360 
 
 11,294 
 
 1!,318 
 
 11.299 
 
 10. 941 
 
 10. 003 
 
 8, 420 
 
 .56 
 
 56 
 
 60 
 
 69 
 
 78 
 
 S2 
 
 SI 
 
 81 
 
 
 •- 
 
 
 60 
 
 31 
 
 
 1,7S1 
 
 1.838 
 
 1,842 
 
 1.798 
 
 1.6X5 
 
 1.341 
 
 ].3:w 
 
 19 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 19 
 
 IX 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 19 
 
 22 
 
 19 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 168 
 
 192 
 
 243 
 
 382 
 
 492 
 
 .541 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 33 
 
 
 36,510 
 
 36. .897 
 
 37,991 
 
 :«.208 
 
 39.166 
 
 38. 805 
 
 :S9.153 
 
 327 
 
 319 
 
 340 
 
 344 
 
 3.58 
 
 3a8 
 
 3.82 
 
 386 
 
 375 
 
 402 
 
 398 
 
 379 
 
 U 
 
 
 13S 
 
 138 
 
 142 
 
 138 
 
 168 
 
 1.57 
 
 126 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,2.84 
 
 1.264 
 
 1.238 
 
 1.207 
 
 1.134 
 
 1.127 
 
 1.046 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 ■^ 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 ' 
 
 7 
 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 36 
 
 
 136,110 
 
 127. 112 
 
 130,514 
 
 1:32.005 
 
 1.59. 190 
 
 228. 070 
 
 231.705 
 
 10.1:36 
 
 10,195 
 
 10.217 
 
 10, 362 
 
 4..S66 
 
 1,9.51 
 
 1,968 
 
 2,028 
 
 2,016 
 
 3,5.84 
 
 9, 671 
 
 10. 082 
 
 37 
 
 
 751 
 
 785 
 
 799 
 
 7.54 
 
 711 
 
 06n 
 
 .-iy5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2, i;44 
 
 2. 662 
 
 2..S77 
 
 2. 789 
 
 2.667 
 
 2.406 
 
 2.360 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 :13 
 
 :ii 
 
 si 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 39 
 
 
 3 167 
 
 3. ISO 
 
 3. 210 
 
 3. 234 
 
 3. 293 
 
 3. 261 
 
 3.216 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 11, 214 
 
 10.. 51 3 
 
 10.412 
 
 10.392 
 
 10. 278 
 
 10. .S06 
 
 10. 828 
 
 312 
 
 313 
 
 :5iCi 
 
 320 
 
 328 
 
 :!34 
 
 
 339 
 
 ; 337 
 
 :326 
 
 
 33i 
 
 11 
 
 
 3 946 
 
 3. 954 
 
 3, .871 
 
 3, 763 
 
 3, .844 
 
 3. 833 
 
 3. .875 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 39 
 
 39 
 
 39 
 
 39 
 
 39 
 
 39 
 
 39 
 
 39 
 
 42 
 
 
 5,479 
 
 5, 607 
 
 5. 730 
 
 5, 916 
 
 5, 807 
 
 5, 806 
 
 5. 755 
 
 ■ 20 
 
 22 
 
 19 
 
 21 
 
 < 19 
 
 
 23 
 
 21 
 
 
 19 
 
 21 
 
 23 
 
 43 
 
 
 5 681 
 
 5. 676 
 
 5, 805 
 
 5, 623 
 
 5, 266 
 
 4.911 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 63 
 
 64 
 
 66 
 
 67 
 
 66 
 
 66 
 
 64 
 
 63 
 
 64 
 
 44 
 
 
 8,790 
 
 9,243 
 
 9. 370 
 
 8. 945 
 
 8, 845 
 
 8, .503 
 
 S.446 
 
 324 
 
 315 
 
 3.52 
 
 386 
 
 413 
 
 404 
 
 440 
 
 431 
 
 434 
 
 400 
 
 38.-) 
 
 372 
 
 4.5 
 
 
 4 189 
 
 4 478 
 
 4,366 
 
 4.407 
 
 4,676 
 
 4. 715 
 
 4. 672 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 42 
 
 36 
 
 35 
 
 33 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 42 
 
 42 
 
 41 
 
 46 
 
 
 
 22. 866 
 
 24,495 
 
 25. 820 
 
 29,276 
 
 :M.498 
 
 32. 640 
 
 969 
 
 974 
 
 9.S3 
 
 983 
 
 999 
 
 782 
 
 632 
 
 673 
 
 718 
 
 866 
 
 921 
 
 940 
 
 47 
 
 
 4,155 
 3,876 
 
 4 095 
 
 4. 099 
 
 3. 938 
 
 3,. 800 
 
 3, 486 
 
 2,924 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 18 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 
 48 
 
 
 4.037 
 
 1 4.160 
 
 4, .516 
 
 4,733 
 
 4.768 
 
 4.896 
 
 34 
 
 34 
 
 34 
 
 32 
 
 35 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 39 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 49 
 
376 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 2.— DETAILED SUMMARY, BY STATES 
 
 39 
 40 
 41 
 
 STATE OR TERRITORY. 
 
 United States. 
 
 Alabama . . 
 Arizona . . . 
 Arlcansas .. 
 California . 
 Colorado . . 
 
 Connecticut . 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Florida 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Idaho 
 
 CONTRACT AVORK. 
 
 Amount paid. 
 
 820, 6V 
 
 26V, 279 
 169,942 
 860 
 620, 894 
 393, 98.5 
 
 12 Illinois 
 
 13 Indian Territory 
 
 14 Indiana 
 
 1.5 Iowa 
 
 16 Kansas 
 
 17 Kentucky 
 
 18 Louisiana 
 
 19 Maine 
 
 •20 Maryland 
 
 21 Massachusetts. 
 
 1,021 
 122, 619 
 43,442 
 
 26,016 
 
 78, 639 
 
 2, 164, 380 
 
 48, 106 
 
 213, 182 
 
 224, 923 
 10.5, 858 
 
 22 Michigan I 
 
 23 Minnesota [ 
 
 24 Missouri 
 
 25 Montana 
 
 26 ■ Nebraska I . 
 
 8,499 
 1,8.53 
 
 77,047 
 339,244 
 172, .514 
 
 64, 636 
 
 Nevada 
 
 New Hampshire . 
 New Jersey 
 
 30 New Mexico 
 
 31 i New York 
 
 32 North Carolina . 
 
 33 North Dakota . . 
 
 34 Ohio 
 
 35 Oklahoma 
 
 36 Oregon 
 
 10, 770 
 
 48, 381 
 
 3.55, 113 
 
 9,000 
 
 2, 795 
 
 , 701, .557 
 
 Number of 
 employees. 
 
 37 Penn.sylvania . . 
 
 38 Rhode' I.sland .. 
 .South Carolina . 
 South Dakota . , 
 Tennessee 
 
 19.. 522 
 5, .598, 074 
 
 42 Texas .... 
 
 43 Utah 
 
 44 Vermont . 
 
 45 ; Virginia.. 
 
 46 I Washington . . . 
 
 47 ' West Virginia . 
 
 48 j Wisconsin 
 
 49 Wyoming 
 
 8,349 
 174,496 
 
 1,. 3,87,796 
 37, 054 
 
 35, 964 
 
 29, 600 
 
 6, 194, 279 
 
 3, 758 
 
 15, 547 
 
 1,420 
 
 179 
 
 13 
 
 604 
 
 619 
 
 .569 
 43 
 
 144 
 541 
 2,678 
 242 
 366 
 
 315 
 21 
 
 121 
 
 726 
 
 411 
 
 85 
 
 113 
 173 
 
 284 
 
 40 
 
 9 
 
 2,619 
 
 57 
 5, 102 
 
 12 
 
 387 
 
 1,098 
 126 
 
 . 114 
 
 30 
 
 1 , 783 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXPENSES. 
 
 858, 861 
 
 392, 495 
 
 96, 481 
 
 1,783,790 
 
 3,0.32,544 
 
 59, 918 
 
 39,278 
 
 304,142 
 
 231,145 
 
 636, 409 
 
 1, .543, 903 
 366, 332 
 
 3, 387, 668 
 373, 252 
 767,069 
 
 600, 613 
 25, 820 
 121,5.50 
 443,170 
 273, 791 
 
 3,869,461 
 
 4,242,8.54 
 
 2, 118, 436 
 
 893, 258 
 
 2,790 
 
 177, 3.55 
 26, 993 
 303, 669 
 140, 065 
 1,276,232 
 
 76, 842 
 
 23, 012 
 
 7,711,026 
 
 15, 830 
 
 143, 748 
 
 23,218,866 
 
 25, 938 
 
 109, 890 
 
 264, 4.52 
 
 720, 483 
 
 $71,771,713 
 
 92:1 
 
 769 
 
 761 
 
 .557 
 
 3.82 
 
 734 
 
 603 
 
 290 
 
 225, 161 
 
 468,346 
 
 427 
 
 847 
 
 280 
 
 602 
 
 Royalties and 
 
 rent of mine and 
 
 mining plant. 
 
 Rent of offices, 
 
 taxes, insurance 
 
 interest, and other 
 
 sundries. 
 
 S34,.530, 713 
 
 195, 045 
 
 18, 667 
 
 40, 818 
 
 6.85, 982 
 
 1,064,6.53 
 
 17,855 
 16,187 
 131,493 
 42, 008 
 28, 103 
 
 474,475 
 249, 034 
 1,807,948 
 220, 698 
 3.84,012 
 
 156, 562 
 23, 207 
 12,714 
 
 143,771 
 44, 325 
 
 2,311,479 
 
 3,6.81,664 
 
 1,398,827 
 
 231,774 
 
 823 
 
 ,50,003 
 
 2, 372 
 
 110,163 
 
 64,438 
 369, 281 
 
 19,971 
 
 1,407 
 
 4, 192, 221 
 
 11,667 
 
 60, 499 
 
 10, 736, 258 
 
 15,143 
 
 48, 691 
 
 8,736 
 
 414,367 
 
 295, 130 
 
 41,098 
 
 101,546 
 
 318, 763 
 
 66, 6,58 
 
 3, 874, 780 
 
 260, 376 
 
 95, 222 
 
 837,241,000 
 
 663,806 
 
 373, 928 
 
 .54,663 
 
 1,097, ,808 
 
 1,967,891 
 
 42, 063 
 23, 091 
 172,649 
 1.89, 137 
 608, 306 
 
 1,069,428 
 117,298 
 
 1,. 579, 720 
 152, 5.54 
 383, 057 
 
 444, 051 
 2, 613 
 108,842 
 299, 399 
 229, 466 
 
 1,557,982 
 
 .561, 190 
 
 719,609 
 
 661,484 
 
 1,967 
 
 127, 362 
 24, 621 
 
 193, .506 
 75, 617 
 
 906, 951 
 
 56,871 
 21,605 
 3, 518, 805 
 4,163 
 83, 249 
 
 12, 482, .598 
 
 10,795 
 
 61,199 
 
 2.55, 716 
 
 306,116 
 
 628, 639 
 720, 4.59 
 281,188 
 284, 627 
 
 168, (i03 
 
 3,, 593, 566 
 
 167,472 
 
 1 86, 3K0 
 
 Cost of supplies and 
 materials. 
 
 $123,814,967 
 
 2,043,914 
 3, 060, .521 
 244, 379 
 6, 673, 7,55 
 7, 006, 846 
 
 236,075 
 
 46, 361 
 
 618,0.57 
 
 566,06,7 
 
 1,626,1.53 
 
 3, 515, 833 
 329, 063 
 
 3, 810, 666 
 961,996 
 
 1,374, .536 
 
 1.20' 
 
 771 
 a54 
 476, 964 
 8.59, 7.55 
 762, 335 
 
 9, .341, 409 
 2, 868, 340 
 
 2, .8.59, 018 
 5,007,102 
 
 11,173 
 
 623, 457 
 
 134, 12,s 
 
 2,235,964 
 
 497, 949 
 
 3, 002,. 5,54 
 
 118,782 
 
 88, 867 
 
 10, 126, 452 
 
 31,934 
 
 40S, 112 
 
 33,111,903 
 
 85, 127 
 
 342, 3^9 
 
 1,992,. 575 
 
 8.50, 485 
 
 1,0,51,4.57 
 
 l,835,6.5.s 
 
 1,076,143 
 
 928, ,387 
 
 615, ,807 
 
 8, 519, 767 
 
 S04, 142 
 
 ■SI 8, 496 
 
 Value of 
 product. 
 
 8790,826,417 
 
 17,367,992 
 11, 197, 375 
 2,840,341 
 28,870,406 
 40, 603, 286 
 
 1,425,9,59 
 448, 467 
 
 2, 943, 806 
 3,117,3.58 
 8,214,671 
 
 38,234,410 
 4,321,380 
 
 28,224,760 
 9,670,424 
 
 10,700.285 
 
 8, .533, 423 
 279, 327 
 
 3, 656, 134 
 7, 313, 712 
 4,671,8,55 
 
 50, 1.57, 3.58 
 25, 729, .545 
 20,2,84,6,56 
 28, 265, 086 
 148, 391 
 
 3, 518, 430 
 1,176,312 
 6, 605, 402 
 2, 686, 473 
 13, 3.50, 421 
 
 927, 376 
 
 334, 967 
 
 57, 186, 922 
 
 186, 706 
 
 2, 087, 389 
 
 236, .871, 417 
 
 774,611 
 
 1,. 834. 134 
 
 6, 769, 104 
 
 9, .533, 782 
 
 6, 981., 532 
 12, 378, 3.50 
 
 5, 904, 706 
 
 6, 607, 807 
 
 5, 393, 659 
 48,378,414 
 4,427,813 
 
 5, 684, 2,86 
 
GENERAL TABLES. 
 
 377 
 
 AND TERRITORIES: 1902— Continued. 
 
 Owned. 
 
 Total 
 horsepower. 
 
 1 2, 867, .162 
 
 31,952 
 
 11,253 
 
 7, 446 
 
 75, 607 
 ,S9, 479 
 
 7, %.T 
 1,.506 
 
 10,4.57 
 9, 945 
 
 19, 175 
 
 95, 799 
 
 13, 474 
 132,082 
 
 15, HI 
 22, 511 
 
 20, 286 
 4,440 
 7,009 
 15, 396 
 11,337 
 
 205, 452 
 
 30, 229 
 
 51, 965 
 
 67,273 
 
 296 
 
 4, 826 
 2,617 
 
 21,. 598 
 8,808 
 
 84,699 
 
 3,954 
 
 964 
 
 210, 901 
 
 494 
 
 3,791 
 
 1,179,776 
 1,486 
 4, 833 
 14, 190 
 
 14, 502 
 
 13, 0.58 
 
 Engines, 
 
 Steam. 
 
 Gas or fJ:a,soline. 
 
 Water \vhcel,s 
 
 J-lleetrift mntoPK. 
 
 Number, 
 
 15 
 
 618 
 
 15 
 
 209 
 
 18,847 
 
 12 
 
 109 
 
 244,267 
 
 12 
 
 774 
 
 20.796 
 
 64, 179 
 
 426 
 
 161 1 
 177 
 1.307 
 1,046 I, 
 
 132 
 
 203 
 
 210 1 
 146 
 
 1,529 
 178 
 
 1,481 
 378 
 
 381 
 7 
 182 
 184 
 117 
 
 927 
 308 
 ,272 
 458 
 
 266 
 189 
 
 29, 631 
 43 
 
 118 
 86 
 
 197 
 
 Horse- 
 power. 
 
 2, 432, 963 
 
 28, 197 
 10,094 
 7, 379 
 36, 728 
 i;8, 1,82 
 
 7,775 
 1, 388 
 10, 157 
 7, .585 
 9, 573 
 
 94, 642 
 
 13, 069 
 107,770 
 
 14, .503 
 18, ,S55 
 
 18, 642 
 4,440 
 6,. 532 
 13, 385 
 10, 776 
 
 193,878 
 
 26, 936 
 
 48, 978 
 
 ,57, 938 
 
 292 
 
 2, 
 
 2, 
 
 20, 
 
 74', 
 
 3, 
 
 153, 
 
 983, 
 1, 
 4, 
 12, 
 12, 
 
 HI 
 964 
 9.50 
 494 
 
 112 
 414 
 773 
 
 687 
 298 
 
 347 
 
 10, 446 
 
 142 
 
 12,. 573 
 
 265 
 
 11,. 526 
 
 268 
 
 17,048 
 
 125 
 
 10, .596 
 
 875 
 
 239, 008 
 
 212 
 
 11,829 
 
 148 
 
 18,086 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 894 
 
 34 
 
 3S 
 
 19 
 266 
 
 8, 299 
 1 
 
 Horse- 
 power, 
 
 Number, 
 
 980 
 
 86 
 
 970 
 
 17 
 
 3,675 
 
 30 
 
 61 
 
 1 , 382 
 
 183 
 
 20 
 
 18,971 
 
 160 
 
 3,432 '1 
 
 440 ' 
 
 25 
 12 
 
 5 
 148 
 269 
 305 
 
 4 
 
 306 
 ,461 
 
 55, 362 
 
 161, 625 
 12 
 
 .521 
 209 
 
 46 
 
 49 
 
 1,097 
 
 360 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 '.524' 
 
 Horse- 
 power. 
 
 21 , 694 
 7, 4.57 
 
 Number. 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 302 
 
 170 
 2, 059 
 7, ,553 
 
 10 
 
 100 
 
 4 
 41 
 
 144 
 
 10 
 74 
 14 
 23 
 
 380 
 465 
 347 
 
 2,260 
 
 1,368 
 
 80 
 
 1,663 
 
 126 
 15 
 69 
 89 
 
 1,467 
 10 
 95 
 604 
 3,114 
 i 
 635 
 
 6 
 12 
 26 
 109 
 
 5 
 12 
 1,58 
 
 31 
 14 
 
 1,101 
 .825 
 
 14 
 678 
 
 Horse- 
 power*, 
 
 35 
 
 512 
 
 972 
 
 12, 932 
 
 13,588 
 
 5(10 
 
 1,52 
 
 2, 199 
 
 5, 244 
 315 
 
 3, 823 
 296 
 
 15 
 70 
 
 6, 065 
 
 405 
 
 2, 04V 
 
 4, 0.58 
 
 1,107 
 
 80 
 
 427 
 
 1,667 
 
 3, 229 
 
 120 
 
 86 
 
 6, 493 
 
 666 
 31,. 505 
 
 1,116 
 3, 323 
 1, 0.55 
 
 35 
 86 
 ,S05 
 
 40 
 4,177 
 1,835 
 1,910 
 
 2,185 
 
 16,894 
 
 34 
 
 1,079 
 
 Other power. 
 
 HI 
 3 
 1 
 
 32 
 109 
 
 Horse- 
 power. 
 
 84, 646 
 
 3,669 
 
 180 
 
 .50 
 
 1 , 715 
 
 5, 791 
 
 Supplied- 
 
 To other 
 establish- 
 ments. 
 
 Horse- 
 power. 
 
 110 
 100 
 234 
 472 
 
 972 
 385 
 5, 176 
 438 
 112 
 
 994 
 
 70 
 
 1,476 
 
 167 
 
 9,309 
 1,332 
 2,389 
 4,607 
 
 456 
 363 
 
 B,v otlier establish- 
 ments. 
 
 Horse- 
 power. 
 
 23,. 556 
 
 116 
 3 
 
 34 
 
 20 
 140 
 61 
 
 1,50 
 101 
 130 
 
 338 
 2 
 .3 
 10 
 38 
 
 35 
 18 
 6 
 18 
 
 5 
 20 
 
 1,313 
 
 30 
 
 29, 752 
 
 50 
 
 60 
 
 1,425 
 
 2,095 
 
 1,039 
 .578 
 230 
 698 
 
 189 
 
 3,947 
 
 63 
 
 2, 700 
 
 125 
 70 
 
 Other. 
 
 Horse- 
 power. 
 
 8, 825 
 7,022 
 
 45 
 35 
 
 305 
 
 .57 
 
 1,956 
 
 61 
 
 485 
 
 1,462 
 10 
 
 1,141 
 130 
 
 26 
 215 
 
 ,970 
 249 
 
 165 
 12 
 60 
 
 140 
 192 
 804 
 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 
 15 
 16 
 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 26 
 
 27 
 28 
 29 
 
 32 
 33 
 34 
 35 
 36 
 
 40 
 41 
 
 42 
 43 
 44 
 45 
 
 46 
 47 
 48 
 49 
 
 1 Includes eleetric and other horsepower "supplied by other establishments,'' but does not include horsepower of electric motors owned. 
 
DETAILED SUMMARY, STATES AND TERRITORIES, 
 
 BY MINERALS 
 
 (379) 
 
380 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 3.— DP:TAILED SUMMARY, STATES 
 
 
 STATE OR TEEEITOEY AND MINERALS. 
 
 Number 
 
 of mines, 
 
 quarries, 
 
 and 
 
 wells. 
 
 1.51,516 
 
 Xuml:)cr 
 
 of oper- 
 ators. 
 
 SALARIED OFFICIAI..S, 
 CLERKS, ETC. 
 
 WAGE-EARJIERS. 
 
 
 Number. 
 
 38, 128 
 
 Salaries. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Men 16 years and over. 
 
 Boys under 16 years. 
 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 -Average 
 number. 
 
 AVages. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 ■Wages. 
 
 1 
 
 Uiiitud States 
 
 46, 8.58 
 
 839, 020, 5.52 
 
 681, 728 
 
 t369, 9.59, 960 
 
 .569, 871 
 
 8367,071,. 593 
 
 11,857 
 
 82, 888, 367 
 
 ■) 
 
 260 
 
 172 
 
 947 
 
 979, 117 
 
 19, 132 
 
 10, 345, 148 
 
 18, .502 
 
 10, 173, '247 
 
 630 
 
 171,901 
 
 
 Clay 
 
 ■1 
 
 5 
 145 
 
 4 
 .59 
 33 
 
 7 
 
 113 
 
 5 
 
 91 
 
 4 
 
 31 
 29 
 
 5 
 
 1.5S 
 
 
 33 
 
 12, 9.30 
 
 34 
 
 4,864 
 
 1,002 
 
 .58 
 
 211 
 
 5,3'23 
 
 9,634 
 
 7,841,4.57 
 
 12, 182 
 
 2,0'29,807 
 
 3.54, 718 
 
 30, .523 
 
 66, .827 
 
 5, 069, 065 
 
 3, 497, .528 
 
 1,498,251 
 
 24, 922 
 
 3.8, 364 
 
 1,945,479 
 
 14, .504 
 1,7,80,061 
 43,6.80 
 10,616 
 .52,170 
 4,260 
 40,189 
 
 11,0.50,066 
 
 33 
 
 12, 462 
 
 ■M 
 
 4, 738 
 
 979 
 
 .58 
 
 198 
 
 5, 273 
 
 9,634 
 
 7, 693, 918 
 
 12, 182 
 
 2,009,431 
 
 .3.51,002 
 
 30, 523 
 
 06, .5.57 
 
 5, 032, 045 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 623 
 
 7 
 
 227 
 
 63 
 
 6 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 445 
 
 709, 449 
 6,710 
 
 188,441 
 
 54, .597 
 
 2, 6.50 
 
 17,270 
 
 710, 183 
 
 468 
 
 147, ,539 
 
 
 
 ' 6 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 126 
 23 
 
 20, 376 
 3, 716 
 
 
 
 R 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 13 
 
 .50 
 
 270 
 27,0'20 
 
 10 
 
 Arizona 
 
 Copper ore 
 
 11 
 
 30 
 74 
 4 
 5 
 
 120 
 
 30 
 74 
 4 
 .50 
 
 131 
 
 2.58 
 
 169 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 210 
 
 399, 276 
 
 283, 033 
 
 16,775 
 
 11,100 
 
 191,. 528 
 
 3,797 
 
 1,442 
 
 32 
 
 .52 
 
 2,944 
 
 3,747 
 
 1,442 
 
 32 
 
 52 
 
 2, 892 
 
 3, 470, .508 
 
 1,498,2.51 
 
 24, 922 
 
 38, 364 
 
 1,933,990 
 
 .50 
 
 . 27,020 
 
 T' 
 
 Gold and silver 
 
 13 
 
 Sandstones and qiiartzires 
 
 " '1 
 
 14 
 
 All otlier minerals'! 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 .52 
 
 11,489 
 
 
 Bauxite 
 
 16 
 
 19 
 53 
 13 
 
 4 
 18 
 
 3 
 10 
 
 4,037 
 
 3 
 33 
 12 
 
 3 
 17 
 
 3 
 60 
 
 1, 552 
 
 13 
 
 146 
 
 16 
 
 o 
 
 11 
 
 I 20 
 I 1,432 
 
 10,876 
 148,113 
 7,864 
 1,050 
 5, 806 
 1,6.50 
 
 16, 170 
 
 1,. 887, 860 
 
 30 
 
 2, 574 
 
 119 
 
 23 
 111 
 
 10 
 
 77 
 
 12, 964 
 
 ■28 
 
 2, 527 
 
 118 
 
 23 
 111 
 
 10 
 
 75 
 
 12,946 
 
 32 
 
 141 
 
 17 
 
 180 
 
 496 
 
 7, 9.82 
 
 281 
 
 7 
 
 48 
 
 21 
 
 1,112 
 
 19 
 
 1,094 
 
 363 
 
 917 
 
 23.5 
 
 20,422 
 
 14,164 
 1 , 709, 397 
 43, 530 
 10, 615 
 62, 170 
 4,260 
 39, 864 
 
 11,044,302 
 
 
 
 47 
 
 1 
 
 3.50 
 
 10,664 
 
 150 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 90 
 
 Oilstones. "whetstones, and seythestones 
 Sandstones and (juartzites 
 
 21 
 
 Silieeons erystalline roclis 
 
 All ottier minerals* 
 
 California 
 
 Asphaltum and y)itumin<iiiv rock 
 
 Borax 
 
 Clay 
 
 Coal, bituminous^' 
 
 Copper ore 
 
 Gold and silver 
 
 Limestones and dolomites 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 19 
 
 325 
 6,364 
 
 24 
 
 9 
 4 
 6 
 
 '? 
 
 1,020 
 
 17 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 29 
 
 2, 757 
 31 
 36 
 15 
 64 
 24 
 
 1,147 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 1,020 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 290 
 
 47 
 
 34 
 
 11 
 
 62 
 
 15 
 
 1,011 
 
 3 
 1 10 
 
 '■ 2^ 
 38 
 718 
 
 8,280 
 14,778 
 
 3, .5.58 
 
 35, 088 
 
 48, 033 
 
 1 , 049, 840 
 
 9,400 
 
 32 
 
 141 
 
 17 
 
 182 
 
 496 
 
 7,989 
 
 281 
 
 7 
 
 60 
 
 21 
 
 1,112 
 
 19 
 
 1,096 
 
 363 
 
 920 
 
 238 
 
 ■20, .519 
 
 20, 031 
 108, 525 
 
 11,680 
 
 126, .553 
 
 445,247 
 
 7,101,003 
 
 163, 130 
 
 4,740 
 
 39, 96] 
 
 10,800 
 1,087,839 
 
 12,591 
 793, 926 
 269,433 
 687, 6.58 
 167, ,5,59 
 
 18, 874, 836 
 
 ,32, 642 
 
 6,000,1.83 
 
 108, 981 
 
 11,72<;,123 
 
 417,162 
 
 6, 475 
 
 l'27,f47 
 
 l.')8, J31; 
 
 237, 905 
 
 34,082 
 
 17,040 
 
 23, 060 
 
 808, 772 
 
 ■20, 031 
 108, .525 
 
 11,680 
 
 126, 073 
 
 445, '247 
 
 7,098,869 
 
 H'i3,130 
 
 4,740 
 
 39,030 
 
 10,800 
 1,087,839 
 
 12, ,591 
 793, 141 
 269,433 
 686, 694 
 166,479 
 
 18,840,603 
 
 
 Z> 
 
 
 26 
 
 
 j 
 
 27 
 28 
 
 2 
 
 480 
 
 29 
 30 
 
 7 
 
 2,134 j 
 
 SI 
 
 Manganese ore 
 
 
 1 
 
 32 
 33 
 
 Marble 
 
 Natural Kas 
 
 Petroleum 
 
 Preeiou.s sttiiies 
 
 13 
 10 
 
 384 
 
 '.IS 
 
 ,s 
 38 
 37 
 
 1,898 
 
 9,297 
 
 14,940 
 
 4.52, 320 
 
 9,087 
 
 131, '278 
 
 11,, 840 
 
 46, 0.54 
 
 42,061 
 
 2, 663, 333 
 
 2 
 
 921 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 36 
 37 
 
 Quicksilver 
 
 Sandstones and iiuartzitL's" 
 
 Siliceous crystalline rocks 
 
 - 
 
 786 
 
 38 
 39 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 97 
 
 964 
 1,080 
 
 34,233 
 
 40 
 
 Colorado 
 
 
 Clay 
 
 Coal, bituminous 
 
 41 
 42 
 43 
 
 4 
 
 12li 
 
 18 
 
 772 
 
 33 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 111 
 
 51 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 90 
 
 4 
 
 80 
 
 18 
 
 772 
 
 ■20 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 47 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 33 
 
 78 
 
 3 
 Oil 
 
 25 
 1,148 
 
 33 
 3 
 li 
 
 23 
 
 33 
 
 4 
 
 15] 
 
 2,460 
 818,445 
 
 17,338 
 1,687,518 
 
 42, 677 
 2, 025 
 6,, 566 
 
 43,0.55 ' 
 
 28, 704 
 6, 345 
 3,. 500 
 4,800 
 
 132,095 
 
 .50 
 
 7, 9.56 
 
 116 
 
 11,200 
 
 418 
 
 6 
 
 188 
 
 147 
 
 343 
 
 46 
 
 19 
 
 33 
 
 1,497 
 
 .50 
 
 7, 861 
 
 115 
 
 11,199 
 
 418 
 
 6 
 
 186 
 
 147 
 
 343 
 
 46 
 
 19 
 
 33 
 
 1,490 
 
 32. W2 
 
 5,973,270 
 
 108,981 
 
 11,7'26,,543 
 
 417,162 
 
 5,475 
 
 r27,007 
 
 138,436 
 
 237, 905 
 
 34, 082 
 
 17,040 
 
 23,060 
 
 807, 167 
 
 94" 
 
 32,"9i3'| 
 
 
 Gold and silver 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 Lead and zinc ore 
 
 Limestones and dolomites 
 
 45 
 
 1 
 
 680 
 
 47 
 
 48 
 
 '- 
 
 '"'■740" 
 
 49 
 50 
 51 
 
 Sandstones and quartzites 
 
 Siliceous crystalline rocks 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r'onnecticut 
 
 53 
 
 7 
 
 1,605 
 
 
 Crystalline quartz. 
 
 54 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 49 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 4 
 
 44 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 l.S 
 15 
 87 
 13 
 
 29 
 
 6, 030 
 5,345 
 1,200 
 18,830 
 13, .5.54 
 75, 682 
 11,461 
 
 28, 017 
 
 18 
 71 
 10 
 136 
 142 
 943 
 178 
 
 .50I 
 
 8,792 
 33, 672 
 
 4,835 
 
 66, 765 
 
 73, 939 
 
 535, 334 
 
 85, 435 
 
 ■222, 622 
 
 69, 472 
 1,53,1.50 
 
 1.0.82,030 
 
 28. 054 
 996,801 
 .57.175 
 
 18 
 71 
 10 
 135 
 142 
 936 
 178 
 
 .196 
 
 8, 792 
 33, 672 
 
 4,,s:55 
 
 M, 7li5 
 
 73, 939 
 
 .533, 72'.) 
 
 1 
 
 
 65 
 
 Feldspar 
 
 Flint 
 
 
 
 
 .:■ 
 
 i,'60.5' 
 
 57 
 
 Limestones and dolomites 
 
 .58 
 59 
 
 Sandstones and quartzites 
 
 fiO 
 
 All other minerals n 
 
 61 
 
 Delaware 
 
 220,122 
 
 8 
 
 2, 600 
 
 
 Clay 
 
 Siliceous crystalline rocks. 
 
 i 
 
 62 
 63 
 
 64 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 71 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 46 
 
 6 
 36 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 218 
 
 12,740 1 
 15,307 
 
 228, 8li8 
 
 169 
 335 
 
 3, 146 
 
 169 
 327 
 
 3, 107 
 
 87 
 
 . 2, .850 
 
 170 
 
 69,472 
 1,50,6.50 
 
 1,076,7.81 i 
 
 39 
 
 2,' .500' 
 
 6, '249 
 
 
 Limestones and dolomites 
 
 Fhosfiiiaterock 
 
 65 
 
 66 
 67 
 
 6 
 I'll 
 
 ■1 ! 
 
 3 
 192 
 23 
 
 2,410 
 ■206,108 
 211, 350 
 
 87 
 
 2,. 866 
 
 193 
 
 ■28,0.54 
 
 994,0.52 
 
 .53,l'.75 
 
 'iii'l 
 
 '2,' 749" 
 
 3, 600 
 
 
 
 ^ Long tons. 
 
 = Includes o[.i.rntors as follows; Bauxite, 1 (3 mines) ; ccmi-nl.r 
 
 -Includes operators as follows: FliiorsT.iir, 2; lead ami zinc of 1 
 
 -1 Includes or.erators as follows: Asphiiltiim and bituminous rock 
 1; phospliiite rock, 1; prccitais stones, 50 ino iiiiiics'i; slate, ]. 
 
 ''Includes 2 operators in Alaska. 
 
 "Barrels of 12 gallons. 
 
 'Quicksilver, 28,972 flasks (76; iioiiiids each i and III I' 
 
 "Includes 1 npcriilor in Iliiwiii). 
 
 M)iclndc". c,|i'.nilors iis fi,llows: Ccmcnl 2 chniiiici.ri 
 nnncriil pigrncnls, crude, 2: slalc, I: laic a)id soii|,.^lon'', I 
 
 urap 
 : pre 
 
 )itc, 1: 
 
 ■io)IS S 
 
 ma 
 
 OIM 
 
 , 1; f 
 
 lllcr^s 
 
 ■art 
 
 rlile, 1 : sulphur ami jorite. 1. 
 
 s, 4i; (I iniiici: sill. .cons crystalline ri'cks, 1. 
 
 h, 2; g.il'l and silviT, 1; manganese ore, 2: luarlil 
 
 irl hai- 
 
 KM.MIII 
 
 ingmcnls, crude, 
 
 csitc. 1; mica, 1 nil mines); 
 
GENERAL TABLES. 
 
 3.S1 
 
 AMD TERRITOKIES, BY MINERALS: 19U2 
 
 WAcpMiAHN-EKs— (.■(intimied. 
 
 Above ^romid. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 21,505 
 
 6,001 
 
 33 
 
 1,567 
 
 12 
 
 3,133 
 
 1,002 
 
 58 
 
 196 
 
 1,720 
 
 1,178 
 
 459 
 
 32 
 
 51 
 
 812 
 
 30 
 4.54 
 119 
 
 23 
 111 
 
 10 
 
 6,319 
 
 32 
 
 64 
 17 
 61 
 
 111 
 2, 675 
 
 2S1 
 
 50 
 
 21 
 
 1,112 
 
 12 
 
 425 
 
 363 
 
 920 
 
 173 
 
 Wages 
 
 8125,086,530 
 
 14 
 
 1,.5X8 
 
 23 
 
 3,2.v5 
 
 56 
 
 1 
 
 ISX 
 
 147 
 
 343 
 
 46 
 
 6 
 
 IS 
 71 
 10 
 135 
 142 
 943 
 118 
 
 102 
 335 
 
 87 
 
 , M58 
 173 
 
 2,477,581 
 
 804. 
 
 4, 
 
 1,213, 
 
 3.54, 
 
 30, 
 
 60, 
 
 Below ground. 
 
 .Vverage 
 number. 
 
 Wages 
 
 360, 223 
 
 a3,131 
 
 244,873,430 
 
 7, 867, 567 
 
 11,363 I 7,037,347 
 
 22 I 7,292 
 
 1,731 , 816,178 
 
 15 I 6,750 
 
 3,603 3,411,225 
 
 1,072, 
 
 613, 
 
 24, 
 
 2,619 
 983 
 
 409, 741 
 
 1 
 
 2, 132 
 
 14. 
 253, 
 43, 
 10, 
 62, 
 4, 
 31, 
 
 20, 
 
 46, 
 
 11, 
 
 42, 
 
 106, 
 
 2,410, 
 
 163, 
 
 1, 
 
 39, 
 
 10, 
 
 1,087, 
 
 S, 
 
 305, 
 
 269, 
 
 687, 
 
 117, 
 
 5,422,100 14,791 
 
 1,207 
 ■^2 
 
 3, 5.56 
 61 
 
 i: 
 
 127: 
 
 138. 
 237 
 
 34: 
 3, 
 
 22, 
 
 36 
 
 6,367 
 
 92 
 
 7,915 
 
 362 
 
 ■4 
 
 1 
 
 786,446 
 
 8, 792 
 33, 1172 
 
 4, ,S35 
 
 66,765 
 
 73, 939 
 
 535, 334 
 
 03, 109 
 
 196, 969 
 
 43, 819 
 1.53, 1.50 
 
 1, 073, 530 
 
 28,0.54 
 994,301 
 51,175 I 
 
 20 
 
 2, 425, 500 
 985, 175 
 
 ('ONTliACr \\o1;k. 
 
 Aniiniut 
 paid. 
 
 520, 677, 938 
 267,279 
 
 550 
 1, 535, 738 
 
 1,526,558 
 
 12 I 9,1,H0 
 
 6,645 I 5,724,244 
 
 62,0.54 
 
 121 I 84,304 
 
 385 I 340,011 
 
 5,314 I 4,690,4.54 
 
 3,240 
 
 5, 654 
 4.s,s, .si^7 
 
 49, 700 
 13, 452, 736 
 
 23, 692 
 
 4, 798, 2.83 
 
 86, 013 
 
 8, 169, 641 
 
 355, 973 
 
 4, 3.50 
 
 13,464 
 720 
 
 2, .500 
 6,000 
 
 266, 579 
 
 1,200 
 
 ,500 
 
 122, 337 
 37,605 
 
 375 
 485 
 
 Number 
 of em- 
 ployees. 
 
 47,066 
 4,060 
 
 12, 300 
 431, 699 
 
 393, 9.S0 
 
 7, 460 
 
 14,413 
 
 965 
 
 360, 707 
 
 .sno 
 
 9.6.50 
 
 4,021 
 
 21,183 
 1,420 
 
 1,411 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 121 
 
 68 
 
 13 
 
 98 
 
 3 
 
 473 
 
 MlsCKl.i.A.VKOl'H K.VPKN.SE.S. 
 
 »71,771,713 
 
 145 
 10 
 
 858, 861 
 
 3,866 
 
 734, 972 
 
 824 
 
 88, 008 
 
 26, 954 
 
 1,536 
 
 3,092 
 
 392, 496 
 
 2.56, 7.53 
 
 114,046 
 
 9,006 
 
 12, 691 
 
 95, 481 
 
 4,176 
 
 82,949 
 
 1,716 
 
 686 
 1, 530 
 
 945 
 3, 481 
 
 1,186 
 46, 206 
 
 1,6.56 
 
 8,377 
 
 15,367 
 
 967, 7.55 
 
 15, 790 
 
 .50 
 
 0,487 
 
 16, 737 
 
 671, 138 
 
 1,.568 
 63,462 
 14,7.58 
 39, 232 
 25.022 
 
 :, 032, 544 
 
 7,037 
 081,494 
 
 4, 608 
 :, 1.56, 217 
 
 114, .540 
 490 
 
 5, 886 
 40, 163 
 12,089 
 
 2,930 
 490 
 6,000 1 
 
 59, 918 
 
 1,4.50 
 4,564 
 675 
 9,028 
 6,881 
 31,8.59 
 5, 461 
 
 39, 278 
 
 19, .590 
 19, 688 
 
 304, 142 
 
 2,208 
 2.S3, 149 
 
 18. 785 
 
 Royalties 
 
 and'rent oi 
 
 mine and 
 
 mining 
 
 pliint." 
 
 $34, ,530, 713 
 
 3, 785 
 149,013 
 
 37, 938 
 
 2, 079 
 
 1,4.80 
 
 7.50 
 
 IS, 667 
 
 7, 679 
 2,8S8 
 
 8, 000 
 40, 818 
 
 39 
 
 533 
 
 175 
 350 
 760 
 
 685 
 
 982 
 
 81)0 
 19, 200 
 1,6.56 
 3,000 
 1,200 
 403, 990 
 8, .825 
 
 900 
 214^261' 
 
 7.07,s 
 
 6.130 
 
 IS. 039 
 
 903 
 
 1,064,6.53 
 
 7,314 
 
 228, 376 
 
 360 
 
 715, 309 
 
 87.1194 
 
 IS, 597 
 
 4,631 
 
 65 
 
 Rent of 
 
 offiees, taxes, 
 
 in.surance. 
 
 interest, and 
 
 other 
 
 .sundries. 
 
 ,325 
 ,, .S.54 
 520 
 ,320 
 95 
 ,308 
 :, 433 
 
 8, .589 
 7, .598 
 
 $37,241,000 
 
 663,806 
 
 249, 074 
 
 111, 1.58 
 
 9, 005 
 
 4,691 
 
 54,663 
 
 4, 176 
 
 43,416 
 
 1,716 
 
 610 
 I.ISO 
 
 185 
 3, 481 
 
 1,097,808 
 
 385 
 27, 006 
 
 323 
 
 4.53,118 
 
 4.2JS 
 
 1,440,908 
 
 27,440 
 
 490 
 
 2,979 
 
 21,. 566 
 
 7. 4.58 
 
 2,S65 
 
 490 
 
 6,000 
 
 42,063 
 
 125 
 710 
 155 
 7, 708 
 6,786 
 23, .551 
 3, 028 
 
 23, 091 
 
 11,001 
 12,090 
 
 1,350 
 
 120,143 
 
 10.000 
 
 858 
 1 63. 006 
 
 81 
 
 .585,9.59 
 
 824 
 
 50,070 
 
 23, 876 
 
 ,55 
 
 2,942 
 
 373, 928 
 
 5. 377 
 
 14,167 
 
 563, 7(i5 
 
 0,965 
 
 60 
 
 5, .587 
 
 15,737 
 
 356,877 
 
 1,.5(1S 
 
 46.381 
 
 8, 628 
 
 21,193 
 
 24,119 
 
 1,967,891 
 
 Cost of 
 
 supplies and 
 
 materials. 
 
 8123, 814, 967 
 
 I'JJneludcs 100 short tons of lead ore and 1,.536 sliort tons of ziue ore. 
 
 "Ineludes ■■peratoTMasfoUow.s: Cement. 1; gypsum. 1; uaturnl gas, 3; iirer-ions stones. 2.i (no miiiesl; tun.gsteu, 3. 
 
 1- Inelutles 5.207 tons of crude. 
 
 " Iuelu,1es .s.i2 tons of crude. 
 
 "Includes operators as follows: Asbestos. 1; eliiy, 1; ynniet, 2; iron ore, I (2 mines i; marble, li tungsten, 1. 
 
 11 Includes operators as follows: Clay, 2; fuller's earth, 2. 
 
 2,043,914 
 
 ,993 
 1,219,310 
 ",216 
 ,286 
 1,012 
 .,230 
 1,807 
 
 1, 
 
 592,2 
 
 149, 
 
 5,2 
 
 70, ( 
 
 3,060,621 
 
 2,135,676 
 873, 091 
 50, 220 
 
 i,5:w 
 
 244,379 
 
 10,602 
 
 177,716 
 
 32, .579 
 
 1, 625 
 
 7, 915 
 
 6.50 
 
 13,292 
 
 6, 673, 766 
 
 1 
 
 210 
 
 45 
 
 211, 
 
 2, 966, 
 
 111 
 
 10, 
 
 13, 
 
 1,479. 
 
 7, 
 
 248, 
 
 80, 
 
 115. 
 
 170, 
 
 350 
 729 
 910 
 030 
 163 
 102 
 564 
 461 
 317 
 698 
 .528 
 113 
 894 
 967 
 429 
 500 
 
 l,o:39, 
 
 38, 
 
 5,(:()3, 
 
 137, 
 
 3, 
 
 21, 
 
 08, 
 
 36, 
 
 4, 
 
 3, 
 
 45, 
 
 608 
 831 
 
 452 
 450 
 000 
 440 
 708 
 196 
 720 
 010 
 210 
 
 236,075 
 
 PKontTCT. 
 
 Quantitj- 
 (short tons). 
 
 40, 065 
 10, 354, 570 
 
 13,571,474 
 
 14,645 
 1,943,9,32 
 
 35, 377 
 16, 340 
 23, 4S3 
 87,196 
 
 •113, 9.S4,268 
 
 75,913 
 7,40i;343 
 
 1" 1,636 
 "396,901 
 
 700 
 10,077 
 1,965 
 64,346 
 14, 668 \ 
 118,231 
 25, 488 
 
 46,361 
 
 10,400 
 
 1=13,949 
 
 "1,812 
 
 27,2:56 ' 123,319 
 18,126 !l 
 
 (796,826,417 
 17, 367, 992 
 
 19, 742 
 
 12,419,666 
 
 1,0.57 
 
 3, 936, 812 
 
 759, 61 7 
 
 42, 700 
 
 188, 392 
 
 11, 197, 376 
 
 279, 224 
 764,677 
 107,910 
 45, .564 
 
 13, 920 
 , 639, 214 
 113, 163 
 21,275 
 85, 917 
 12, 116 
 .54, 737 
 
 101, 
 
 2,370, 
 
 24, 
 
 273, 
 
 1,599, 
 
 15, 473. 
 
 521, 
 
 10, 
 
 92, 
 
 120, 
 
 4,873, 
 
 65, 
 
 1,296, 
 
 469, 
 
 1,137 
 
 442 
 
 40, 603, 2.S6 
 
 67, 4:m 
 
 8,:397, 812 
 
 71,411 
 
 29,6.55.974 
 
 1,0.S4.424 
 
 22, 398 
 
 203, 700 
 
 484, 6s3 
 
 366, 161 
 
 6t;, 023 
 
 48, 125 
 
 135. 141 
 
 1,425,9.59 63 
 
 32 
 
 075 
 
 73 
 
 764 
 
 11 
 
 576 
 
 205. 371 
 
 128, 679 
 
 812 
 
 141 
 
 162 
 
 4.54 
 
 448 
 
 467 
 
 171 
 
 714 
 
 276 
 
 753 
 
 2, 943 
 
 .S06 
 
 14, 769 
 542, 322 
 60, 966 
 
 17S6, 115 
 
 63, 571 
 
 ;. 0.55, 463 
 
 224, 772 
 
 62 
 63 
 
 65 
 06 
 67 
 
382 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Tablk 3.— detailed SUMMARY, STATES AND 
 
 69 
 70 
 71 
 72 
 73 
 74 
 
 76 
 
 77 
 
 113 
 114 
 
 lis 
 
 UB 
 117 
 
 lis 
 
 119 
 
 121 
 
 123 
 124 
 125 
 12(; 
 127 
 
 13] 
 
 STATE (.)R TERRITORY AND MINERALS. 
 
 68 Georgia - 
 
 Bauxite 
 
 Clay 
 
 Coal, bituminous 
 
 Gold and silver 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 Limestones and dolomites 
 
 Manganese ore 
 
 Marble 
 
 Mineral pigments, enide . . 
 Siliceous crystalline rocks. 
 All other minerals - 
 
 Gold and silver 
 
 Limestones and dolomites. . 
 Sand.stones and quartzites. . 
 All other minerals 3 
 
 Cement 
 
 Clay 
 
 Coal, bituminous 
 
 Fluorspar 
 
 Lead and zinc ore 
 
 Limestones and dolomites . 
 
 Natural gas ^ 
 
 Sandstones and qnartzites . 
 
 94 Indian Territory 
 
 9.5 Asphaltum and bituminous rock. 
 
 96 I Coal, bituminous 
 
 97 ! All other minerals " 
 
 9S , Indiana . 
 
 99 Cement 
 
 100 Coal, bituminous 
 
 101 Limestones and dolomites . 
 
 102 Natural gas 
 
 103 I Petroleum 
 
 104 Sandstones and quartzites . 
 
 105 ' All other minerals o 
 
 100 lo-vva . 
 
 107' Coal, bituminous 
 
 lO.s Gypsum 
 
 109 , Lead and zinc ore 
 
 110 Limestones and dolomites. 
 
 111 ; Sandstones and quartzitcs. 
 
 112 Kansas 
 
 Coal, bituminous 
 
 Lead and zinc ore 
 
 Limestones and dolomites 
 
 Natural gas 
 
 Petroleum 
 
 Sandstones and quartzitcs 
 All other minerals '2 
 
 120 ICentucky 
 
 .Isphaltum and bituminous rock. 
 
 Clay 
 
 Coal , bituminous 
 
 Flurirsf.ar 
 
 Limestones and dolomites 
 
 Natunil .gas 
 
 Petroleum 
 
 Sandstones and quartzitcs 
 
 All other minerals^'* 
 
 All minerals 
 
 Number 
 
 of mines, 
 
 quarries, 
 
 and 
 
 wells. 
 
 Number 
 of oper- 
 ators. 
 
 14 
 11 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 14 
 
 ISO 
 
 30 
 
 IS 
 
 ,58 
 L5 
 
 14 
 
 244 
 
 32 
 
 175 
 57 
 115 
 114 
 J 70 
 19 
 9 
 
 523 
 14 
 
 70 ' 
 
 117 j 
 392 I 
 
 9 ', 
 7 ,' 
 
 14 
 150 
 24 
 
 18 
 
 ii;, X-Sr> 
 
 3,909 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 339 
 
 283 
 
 100 
 
 1.56 
 
 6.861 
 
 880 
 
 9,439 
 
 2,-567 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 " 
 
 625 
 
 589 
 
 299 
 3 
 
 14 
 241 
 
 32 
 
 132 
 57 
 115 
 
 57 
 12 
 
 18 
 7 
 
 503 
 10 
 69 
 19 
 39 
 
 SALARIED OFFICIALS, 
 CLERKS, ETC. 
 
 .5111 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 284 
 
 65 
 037 
 2611 
 .580 
 lOS 
 
 367 
 35 
 32 
 43 
 33 
 3 
 
 593 
 31 
 68 
 32 
 63 
 16 
 15 
 
 Salaries. 
 
 1209, 281 
 
 WAGE-EAKNERS. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Wages 
 
 19, 355 
 12, 320 
 
 20, 326 
 29, .508 
 42, 361 
 
 6,752 
 
 2,964 
 
 23,050 
 
 5,134 
 
 34, 636 
 
 12, 975 
 
 576, 690 
 
 5.50, .548 
 
 1,232 
 24,910 
 
 , 910, 940 
 
 93 
 136 
 16S 
 334 
 688 
 1.52 
 
 62 
 310 
 
 66 
 724 
 
 K8 
 
 3, .563 
 
 168 
 40, 523 
 
 .59,2.59 
 
 1,200 
 
 1,.564,,S32 
 
 5,304 
 
 9,120 
 
 270,025 
 
 488 
 
 42 
 
 36, 617 
 
 71 
 
 104 
 
 3.178 
 
 1 
 
 1 , 200 
 2,53,171 
 
 4, 410 28 
 
 240, 581 4, 763 
 
 8,180 23 
 
 1,430,. 538 
 
 16,473 
 
 71,166 
 .530,492 
 238, 186 
 447, .508 
 138, 536 
 4, 6.50 
 
 .500,126 
 
 436,828 
 15, KS3 
 
 280 
 46,775 
 
 360 
 
 527,242 
 
 .568 
 
 10, 593 
 
 2,834 
 
 938 
 
 1,463 
 
 41 
 
 36 
 
 10, 437 
 
 9, 439 
 293 
 
 13 
 6S0 
 
 12 
 
 8, 726 
 
 345,162 
 21,143 
 20,011 
 32,012 
 31,664 
 3, 400 
 73, .850 
 
 666, 360 
 
 20 
 200 
 
 17 
 3, 
 
 47(i,50K 
 21,107 
 48, 105 
 34,250 
 44,376 
 10, 270 
 10, ,H2 1 
 
 7, ,533 
 
 100 
 116 
 137 
 ,537 
 
 6;) 
 
 , 085, 047 
 
 36, 5.59 
 37, 333 
 74, 649 
 
 107,718 
 
 229, 138 
 42,. 516 
 21,161 
 
 105, 709 
 19,471 
 
 3S2, .559 
 28, 234 
 
 3,903,604 
 
 3,698,345 
 
 3, 964 
 
 4, 6.55 
 
 196, .540 
 
 26,9X6,397 
 
 261,926 
 
 19, 602 
 
 24,. 876, 201 
 
 28, 846 
 
 51,. 565 
 
 1 , 737, 363 
 
 600 
 
 10, 295 
 
 3, 1,83,, 322 
 
 13, 185 
 
 3,1.54,267 
 
 15,870 
 
 10,729,767 
 
 266, 949 
 
 7, 396, 425 
 
 1,399,829 
 
 586, 860 
 
 1,045,925 
 
 19, .567 
 
 14,212 
 
 6,791,161 
 
 6,251,732 
 170, .S28 
 
 5, 766 
 3,57, 249 
 
 5, .586 
 
 5, 680,. 593 
 
 4, 719, 595 
 140, 249 
 288, 347 
 
 65,9.52 
 108, 756 
 
 67, 260 
 290, 434 
 
 5, 193, 792 
 
 4.S 
 
 9,077 
 
 193 
 
 771 
 
 .50 
 
 79 
 
 166 
 
 202 
 
 Men 16 years and over. 
 
 Boys under 16 years. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 22, 674 
 17, 080 
 , 522, 207 
 79, 107 
 319,700 
 27, .560 I 
 69,1.S9 
 63, .5.89 
 72, 786 
 
 34,444 
 
 2, 723 
 
 92 
 129 
 168 
 331 
 647 
 149 
 
 53 
 304 
 
 66 
 700 
 
 85 
 
 168 
 39, 697 
 
 4,88 
 
 42 
 
 35, 705 
 
 71 
 
 103 
 
 3, 165 
 
 1 
 
 28 
 4, 637 
 
 10, 468 
 
 2, 783 
 
 938 
 
 1,463 
 
 40 
 
 35 
 
 10, 263 
 
 13 
 
 671 
 
 12 
 
 8, 6S4 
 
 6,983 
 223 
 .566 
 98 
 146 
 135 
 533 
 
 10,427 
 
 6.1 
 48 
 8, .K59 
 191 
 768 
 50 
 79 
 165 
 202 
 
 01 
 
 ' Long tons. 
 
 = Includes operators as follows: Asbestos, 1; cement. 
 
 Wages 
 
 Average ! ,vae-es 
 nnrnhpr "ages. 
 
 ,071,985 
 
 36,4.59 
 36,209 
 74,649 
 
 107, 328 
 
 223, 346 
 42, 192 
 20, 207 
 
 104, 869 
 19,471 
 
 379,281 
 27, 974 
 
 3, 902, 812 
 
 3,697,6.53 
 
 3, 964 
 
 4, 655 
 196,, 540 
 
 26, 707, 071 
 
 41 
 3 
 9 
 6 
 
 24 
 3 
 
 261,926 
 
 19, 602 
 
 24,599,993 
 
 28, 846 
 
 51,390 
 
 1,734,420 
 
 600 
 
 10, 295 
 
 912 
 
 i 
 
 3, 146, 8.54 
 
 13, 186 
 
 3,117,799 
 
 15, 870 
 
 10,678,201 
 
 266, 718 
 
 7, 3.58, 450 
 
 1,387,072 
 
 586, S60 
 
 1,045,925 
 
 19,339 
 
 13,837 
 
 6, 737, 944 
 
 6, 200. 926 
 i;0,82N 
 
 3,54,. S3,s 
 5, 5Sti 
 
 5, 66S,026 
 
 1 
 
 125 
 61 
 
 , 709, 228 
 140,249 
 288, 347 
 66, 327 
 108, 756 
 
 66, ,SS5 
 2.S9,234 
 
 ,147,668 
 
 22, .574 
 17,080 
 ,477, .522 
 7S, 873 
 31S,.545 
 27, .560 
 i;9. 1.S9 
 63, .539 
 72,7,S6 
 
 34, 444 
 
 813, 062 
 
 100 
 1,124 
 
 390 
 
 5, 792 
 324 
 9.54 
 840 
 
 3,278 
 260 
 
 692 
 692 
 
 279, 326 
 
 276, 208 
 
 176 
 2, 943 
 
 36,468 
 
 36, 46S 
 
 231 
 
 .37,975 
 12: 7.57 
 
 228 
 375 
 
 10, 367 
 
 375 
 
 1 , 200 
 
 46, 124 
 
 44,' 685' 
 
 234 
 
 1,1.55 
 
 noes operators as ifaiows: Asrjcsios, i: cciueuL, .:: graphite, 2: infusorial earth, trifn.ili, ami pumice lojuTatur reported under talc 
 sandstones ami quartzitcs, 1: slate, 1; talc and soapstone, 1; sulphur and pyrite, 1. 
 
 '■'■ Includes operators as follows: Coal, bituminous, 5; copper ore, 1; precious stones, 1: siliceiais crystalline rocks, 2. 
 ■t Barrels 
 
 :M,44I i 
 
 and .soapstouc); mica, 1 
 
 :'lrH•]ll'^■^ 7:i2 >liorl tons of lead ore and 2,778 short tons of zinc ore. 
 
 Mnr-ludcs 1 o|icrpilor (2 wellsi for jictroleiim. 
 
 I Includes op.Talors us follows: Natural gas, 1: petroleum, 2 (13 wells); sUiceous crystalline rocks, 1. 
 
 ^Barrels of 12 gallons. 
 
GENERAL TABLES. 
 
 TERRITORIES, BY illNERALS: 1902— Continued. 
 
 888 
 
 WAGE-EAKXERs— continued. 
 
 Above j^round. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 93 
 136 
 
 76 
 1S7 
 536 
 152 
 
 50 
 310 
 
 5t 
 V2t 
 
 »3 
 
 5T 
 7, .500 
 
 J 84 
 
 36 
 
 3, 713 
 
 3.S 
 
 2,s 
 
 3, 17.S 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 6, 907 
 
 531 
 
 1, 064 
 
 2, 834 
 938 
 
 1,463 
 41 
 
 , 095 
 
 149 
 
 6 
 
 6S0 
 
 12 
 
 780 
 120 
 566 
 100 
 
 H6 
 
 137 
 .510 
 
 2, 7.S1 
 
 65 
 48 
 1,299 
 98 
 774 
 50 
 
 iSl 
 202 
 
 61 
 
 r,l 
 
 Wages. 
 
 S927, 338 
 
 36, 
 37, 
 36, 
 60, 
 
 170, 
 42, 
 17, 
 
 105, 
 15, 
 
 382, 
 
 25, 934 
 1,003, .812 
 
 930, 418 
 3, 964 
 4,6.55 
 
 64, 775 111 
 
 4,.503, .■iS7 33,023 
 
 Below ground. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Wages, 
 
 $1.57, 709 
 
 92 
 147 
 1.52 
 
 38, 387 
 50, ,824 
 68, 820 
 
 12 
 
 ii 
 
 3, 600 
 
 "3,'778 
 
 CONTRACT WORK. 
 
 Amount 
 paid. 
 
 121,464 
 1,0.30 
 
 2,300 
 2, 899, 692 
 
 2,767,927 
 
 131,765 
 22, 482,. 510 
 
 2.58. 676 
 
 17, 075 
 
 . 449, 583 
 
 15, 328 
 
 14, 967 
 
 , 737, 363 
 
 600 
 
 10, 295 
 
 457, 881 
 
 11,922 
 430, 089 
 15,870 
 
 3,989,236 
 
 253, 163 
 669, 680 
 1, 399, 829 
 586,, 860 
 1,045,925 
 19, .567 
 14,212 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 32,904 
 
 33 
 
 76 
 
 3,250 
 
 2, .527 
 
 22,426,618 
 
 , 13, 517 
 
 36, 59X 
 
 25, 441 
 
 1,263 
 724, 17S 
 
 9,566 
 
 6, 740, .531 
 
 37 
 9,529 
 
 13, 786 
 6, 726, 745 
 
 1,103,314 
 
 6.51, 
 .86, 
 ■1 
 
 357! 
 5, 
 
 1,329, 
 
 441,; 
 
 80,; 
 
 288,1 
 65,' 
 
 10-s, ■ 
 67,: 
 
 8,344 
 144 
 
 6,367 
 
 6,237 
 103 
 
 5, .599, 817 
 
 84, 808 
 
 3,222 
 
 4,351,035 
 
 ■13,442 
 
 1,800 
 26,010 
 
 78, 639 
 
 1,029 
 56,610 
 21,000 
 
 2, 104, 3.S0 
 
 1,046,444 
 1,091,:«3 
 
 Number 
 of em- 
 ployees. 
 
 48, 106 
 48, 046 
 
 60 
 213, 1.S2 
 
 4, 277, 7.54 
 60, 046 
 
 ,199 
 ,332 
 
 7,.S73 I 3,947,460 
 
 17, 
 614, 
 39, 
 319, 
 27, 
 69, 
 63, 
 
 571 
 
 080 
 
 447 
 
 407 
 
 700 
 
 .560 I 
 
 189 
 
 589 
 
 786 
 
 ., 907, 760 
 39, 700 
 
 34,444 
 
 :34, 444 
 
 3,644 
 
 922 
 
 300 
 
 107, 968 
 
 99, 467 
 
 .s.Hl 
 224,923 
 
 4, 000 
 
 10, 668 
 
 ■iOQ 
 
 900 
 
 9,297 
 
 194,462 
 
 5,296 
 105,8,58 
 ]05,.s.'iS 
 
 563 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 520 
 
 15 
 
 1,267 
 1,310 
 
 242 
 240 
 
 106 
 11 
 
 128 
 105 
 
 10 
 315 
 
 M ISO ELLA NEors E.XPENSES. 
 
 Total. 
 
 J231, 145 
 
 9, 564 
 
 3, 017 
 18,319 
 
 9, 684 
 76, 622 
 
 3,348 
 
 2, 915 
 68, 6.57 
 
 1 , 713 
 32, .588 
 
 4,818 
 
 636, 409 
 
 614, 670 
 
 110 
 
 615 
 
 21.011 
 
 1 , .543, 903 
 
 Royalties 
 
 and rent of 
 
 mine and 
 
 nuTiing 
 
 plant. 
 
 842,0 
 
 Rent of 
 offices, taxes, 
 
 insurance, 
 
 interest, and 
 
 other 
 
 sundries. 
 
 1,340 
 100 
 
 3,486 
 8, 351 
 2, .527 
 1,575 
 15,412 
 
 8.701 
 516 
 
 28,103 
 
 .50 
 474,475 
 
 35, 621 
 
 1,999 
 
 1,2.58,686 
 
 1,149 
 
 11,079 
 
 233, 379 
 
 44 
 
 1,946 
 
 366, 332 
 
 2, 213 
 
 3,58, 960 
 
 5, 1.59 
 
 3,3.87,668 
 
 1,035 
 
 425,705 
 
 250 
 
 9,8.53 
 
 36, 439 
 
 1,193 
 249,034 
 
 796 
 
 244,439 
 
 3,799 
 
 .53, 44 
 
 449,0.54 i 
 
 191'., 907 
 
 1,:«9,3.55 
 
 1,286,499 
 
 1,706 
 
 700 
 
 373, 252 
 
 341,191 
 
 6, 605 
 
 2, .511 
 
 22, 518 
 
 527 
 
 767,069 
 
 418, 921 
 151,279 
 24, 378 
 40, 109 
 51,0.54 
 5, 790 
 75, .538 
 
 600, 613 
 
 21 
 
 11,948 
 
 1,.546 
 
 285, 792 
 
 22, 328 
 
 14,443 
 
 112, 794 
 
 147,295 
 
 928 
 
 3, .539 
 
 25, 820 
 25, ,S20 
 
 216,4,58 
 
 539i N44 
 
 1,0;M,070 
 
 928 
 
 375 
 
 220, 698 
 
 211, 275 
 1,0.88 
 1,9.55 
 6,108 
 
 272 
 
 :3H4,012 
 
 173, 770 
 140, 7;S6 
 14,0.S9 
 21, 038 
 28, 265 
 2,367 
 3, 7.57 
 
 1.56, .562 
 
 79, 189 
 7, 6,50 
 6, 461 
 
 23, 207 
 
 S189, 137 
 
 8, 224 
 
 2,917 
 18,319 
 
 6, 198 
 
 68, 271 
 
 821 
 
 1,:540 
 .53,145 
 
 1,713 
 23, S87 
 
 4,302 
 
 608, ,306 
 
 586,623 
 
 110 
 
 609 
 
 20, 964 
 
 1,069,428 
 
 35, 621 
 
 964 
 
 832, 981 
 
 899 
 
 1,226 
 
 196, 940 
 
 44 
 
 763 
 
 117, 298 
 
 1,417 
 
 114, .521 
 
 1,360 
 
 1,. 579, 720 
 
 63, 447 
 233, 696 
 179, 634 
 ,8.59, .5]] 
 2.52, 429 
 778 
 325 
 
 1.52, .5.>4 
 
 129, 916 
 
 5,417 
 
 556 
 
 16, 410 
 
 255 
 
 383,05' 
 
 l"/_ 
 
 _^: _ 
 
 ■245 
 
 1.51 
 
 10 
 
 .543 
 
 10 
 
 289 
 
 19,071 1 
 
 0') 
 
 799 
 
 3 
 
 423 
 
 71 
 
 781 
 
 444, 051 
 
 11,948 
 
 649 
 
 206, 603 
 
 M,67S 
 
 7, 982 
 
 101,0i;9 
 
 93, 6.82 
 
 901 
 
 3. 539 
 
 2,613 
 
 2,61;! 
 
 Cost of 
 
 supplies and 
 
 materials. 
 
 S566, 067 
 
 23, 917 
 18, .500 
 
 107, 994 
 33,123 
 04, 932 
 17, 905 
 6, 866 
 77, 205 
 13, 146 
 
 188, 278 
 17, 201 
 
 1,626,1.53 
 
 1,605,090 
 
 1,'265 
 
 :?52 
 
 18, 840 
 
 3, 515, 833 
 
 185, 881 
 
 3, 916 
 
 ;, 834, 444 
 
 17,115 
 
 20, 464 
 
 451 , 90.S 
 
 1.50 
 
 1,9.55 
 
 329, 063 
 
 6, 299 
 
 320, 664 
 
 2,100 
 
 3, 810, 666 
 
 420. 16S 
 
 729,104 
 
 499. 764 
 
 1 , 0'28, ;i58 
 
 1,126,627 
 
 3, 040 
 
 3, 605 
 
 961,996 
 
 .841,. 506 
 47, 6.83 
 
 919 
 71,361 
 
 .527 
 
 596,. 501 
 84,313 
 61,342 
 
 165,859 
 
 296, ,821 
 13,944 
 
 1 65, 755 
 
 1,207,771 
 
 10, 
 
 743, 
 
 13, 
 
 54, 
 
 10, 
 102, 
 
 353 
 '2.50 
 313 
 9.52 
 809 
 197 
 .'<22 
 165 
 ,910 
 
 , 354 
 
 Quantity 
 
 [short tons) 
 
 1 20, 644 
 
 18, 595 
 
 414, 083 
 
 1 330, 554 
 
 "''':3,'.5oo' 
 
 .5, t',m 
 
 93,117, 3.58 
 
 96, 194 
 
 76, 480 
 .589,018 
 149, 150 
 4.52,717 
 HI.. 589 
 
 20, 830 
 660, 51 7 
 
 48,4-23 
 803, 778 
 108, 662 
 
 8,214,671 80 
 
 8, 177, 267 
 15, 074 
 13,777 
 8, .563 
 
 38, 234, 410 
 
 ■11,0.58,084 
 .52, 1.52 
 
 32, 939, 373 
 18,860 
 '' 3, 570 
 
 769, 251 
 
 38, 463 
 
 33, 945, 910 
 
 123, 000 
 
 90,619 
 
 3, 232, 123 
 
 2,844 
 
 :K, 200 
 
 4,;',21,3.80 
 
 2, 566 
 2,820,666 
 
 11,7.54 
 
 4,265,106 
 
 44,. 520 
 
 28,224.760 
 
 < 1,879,, 891 
 9, 446, 424 
 
 1,286,228 
 10, 399, 660 
 2, 865, 691 
 7,081,344 
 6, ,526, 622 
 37, 693 
 27, 622 
 
 5, 904, 766 
 
 1'20, 779 
 
 M.561 
 
 5, 266, 065 
 "■25,110 
 
 6,862,7.87 
 737, 656 
 670, .536 
 824, 431 
 292, 464 
 105, 509 
 
 1,206,902 
 
 22 
 
 498 
 
 26 
 
 562 
 
 6,766 
 
 984 
 
 29 
 
 030 
 
 44 
 1, 666 
 143 
 593, 
 365 
 172 
 f2s 
 349 
 
 704 
 ■256 
 967 
 410 
 747 
 611 
 .S37 
 470 
 4'21 
 
 99 
 100 
 101 
 102 
 103 
 104 
 105 
 
 9, 676, 4^24 ' 106 
 
 8, 660, 287 107 
 337, 734 108 
 
 13,3.58 109 
 649,984 I 110 
 
 15.061 111 
 
 10,700,2,85 112 
 
 113 
 114 
 115 
 116 
 117 
 118 
 119 
 
 8, .533. 423 120 
 
 121 
 122 
 123 
 
 r24 
 
 125 
 126 
 127 
 128 
 ]'29 
 
 i;)0 
 
 '.■-'■'4 ' 279,:127 ■ISl 
 
 ■' includes operators as follu\vs; Clay, 2; oilstones, whetstones, and scythestones, 5 [0 mines); sulphur and pyrite (operator reported under coal, bituminous) 
 T"' Includes 186 short, tons of lead ore anrl 375 short ttms of zinc ore. 
 n Includes 3.468 short tons of lead ore and 21,642 shiirt tons of zinc ore. 
 i-Includes operators as follows: Cement, 2; gypsum, 5 (7 quarries), 
 
 ■;' Includes operators as follows: Cement, 1 (2 quarries); iron ore, 3; lead and zinc ore, 1; oilstones, wlietstones, and scythestones, 1. 
 i^lncludes operators as follows: Petroleum, 2 (7 5vells); sulphur and pyrite, 1, 
 
384 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 3.— DETAILED SUMMARY, STATES AND 
 
 
 STATE OR TERRITORY AND I^IIXERALS. 
 
 Number 
 of mines, 
 
 ijuarries, 
 and 
 wells. 
 
 I 
 
 Number ' 
 
 of oper- 1 
 
 ators. 1 
 
 SALARIED OFFICIALS, 
 CLERKS, ETC. 
 
 WAGE-EARNERS. 
 
 
 Numlier. 
 
 Salaries. 
 
 1 
 
 otal. 
 
 Men 16 years and over. 
 
 Boys und 
 
 er 16 years. 
 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 13'^ 
 
 
 135 
 
 141 ; 
 
 208 
 
 J193, 814 
 
 3,084 
 
 82,284,789 
 
 3, 6.50 
 
 S2, 274,. 518 
 
 34 
 
 SIO, 271 
 
 
 Limestones and dolomites 
 
 Siliceous crystalline rocks 
 
 133 
 134 
 135 
 136 
 
 137 
 
 11 
 110 
 
 7 
 
 232 
 
 11 
 
 103 
 
 20 
 
 209 
 
 16 
 
 163 
 
 7 
 398 
 
 13, 236 
 
 158, 516 
 
 16, 999 
 
 5, 063 
 
 465, 665 
 
 591 
 
 2,832 
 
 217 
 
 44 
 
 6, ,826 
 
 288, .512 
 
 1,.S67,200 
 
 110. K18 
 
 18. 2.59 
 
 4, 323, 939 
 
 74,677 
 
 4, 5.56 
 3,408,117 
 
 21,383 
 
 22, 349 
 
 1.59, 793 
 
 1,716 
 
 5, 394 
 435, 372 
 
 72, 179 
 58, 403 
 
 2, 525, 405 
 
 .591 
 
 2,798 
 
 217 
 
 44 
 
 6, 651 
 
 288, .512 
 
 1,8.56,929 
 
 110,818 
 
 18.2.59 
 
 1.273,. 5.55 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 10,271 
 
 All other mineralsi 
 
 Maryland 
 
 
 
 175 
 
 .50, 384 
 
 13S 
 
 4 
 6 
 
 44 
 6 
 
 29 
 
 102 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 17 
 6 
 9 
 
 251 
 
 4 
 6 
 30 
 
 28 
 
 100 
 
 4 
 
 i 
 
 8 
 234 
 
 22 
 
 1 
 
 210 
 
 14 
 5 
 
 53 
 
 17,227 
 
 300 
 
 315, 791 
 
 11,080 
 
 1,910 
 
 31, '289 
 
 170 
 
 21 
 
 4,936 
 
 65 
 
 76 
 
 430 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 817 
 
 145 
 
 150 
 
 4,242 
 
 169 
 
 21 
 
 4,807 
 
 65 
 
 64 
 
 419 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 802 
 
 140 
 
 149 
 
 4,220 
 
 74, 477 
 
 4, 5.56 
 3, 426,. 337 
 
 21,383 
 
 20, 204 
 
 157, 865 
 
 1,716 
 
 5, 232 
 432. 404 
 
 71,090 
 .5.8, 291 
 
 2,. 519, 679 
 
 1 
 
 200 
 
 139 
 
 Clay.. 
 
 129 
 
 rr 
 
 41, 7-HO 
 
 2,'i4.5' 
 
 1,928 
 
 14] 
 
 Flint 
 
 143 
 144 
 145 
 146 
 147 
 
 
 Mineral pigments, crude 
 
 Sandstones and quartzites 
 
 Siliceous crystalline rocks 
 
 Slate 
 
 2 
 65 
 10 
 16 
 
 300 
 
 1,148 
 67, 925 
 
 4, .520 
 14,475 
 
 309, 978 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 162 
 2,908 
 1,089 
 
 112 
 
 5, 726 
 
 148 
 
 
 149 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 Limestones and dolomites 
 
 Marble 
 
 Sandstones and quartzites 
 
 Siliceous crystalline rocks 
 
 All other minerals'' 
 
 1.50 
 161 
 
 1,52 
 153 
 1.54 
 
 155 
 
 11 
 8 
 
 19 
 
 204 
 
 9 
 
 203 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 194 
 
 9 
 
 146 
 
 17 
 13 
 35 
 279 
 16 
 
 1 . 5S5 
 
 102 
 99 
 419 
 127 
 750 
 62 
 21 
 5 
 
 675 
 
 12,606 
 12,468 
 25, 536 
 248, .512 
 10. 8.56 
 
 1,, 840, 132 
 
 203 
 130 
 312 
 3, 395 
 172 
 
 31,9.51 
 
 99, 740 
 
 72, 730 
 
 2,045^340 
 ,H4, 618 
 
 20, 103, 616 
 
 203 
 130 
 342 
 3, 373 
 172 
 
 31,897 
 
 99, 740 
 
 72, 730 
 
 222, 977 
 
 2, 039, 014 
 
 84,618 
 
 20, 084,. 501 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "" 
 
 5. 720 
 
 .54 
 
 19.116 
 
 
 Cement 
 
 Coal, biturainou.s 
 
 1.56 
 1.57 
 1.58 
 159 
 160 
 161 
 
 11 
 
 31 
 20 
 
 6 
 SO 
 30 
 
 9 
 
 n; 
 
 176 
 
 10 
 30 
 20 
 4 
 41 
 29 
 8 
 4 
 
 255 
 
 131,131 
 
 87. 780 
 598.076 
 171.215 
 775, 914 
 49,264 
 23, 470 
 3,2.52 
 
 577, 386 
 
 430, 994 
 86, 969 
 
 938 
 
 1,446 
 
 13, 887 
 
 3.59 
 
 14,4.56 
 
 666 
 
 151 
 
 .50 
 
 9,760 
 
 .535, .570 
 
 1,075.805 
 
 s, 71 1, 892 
 
 176. 6U7 
 
 9, 132, 763 
 
 325, 379 
 
 SO, 108 
 
 26, 492 
 
 6,391,1.S4 
 
 ,5,376,933 
 481,. 501 
 
 938 
 
 1,443 
 
 13,8.50 
 
 359 
 
 14,446 
 
 • 063 
 
 148 
 
 50 
 
 9, 753 
 
 .535,. 570 
 
 1,075,228 
 
 8,731,087 
 
 170, 607 
 
 9,129,270 
 
 324, 779 
 
 .85, 468 
 
 26, 492 
 
 6,3.89,6.57 
 
 
 37 
 
 677 
 13, 806 
 
 Gypsum 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 Limestimes and dolomites 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 3,493 
 600 
 640 
 
 
 
 164 
 
 Minnesota ■. 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 1,.527 
 
 
 .59 
 
 77 
 
 31 
 76 
 
 110 
 12 
 26 
 
 973 
 
 .529 
 92 
 
 8, 2.50 
 785 
 
 8,254 
 781 
 
 5,376,490 
 480, 546 
 
 ■2 
 4 
 
 443 
 
 
 
 1.015 
 
 167 
 
 
 
 168 
 
 Sandstones and Cjuartzites 
 
 Siliceous crystalline rocks 
 
 i:; 
 
 l.Ulj 
 
 18 
 36 
 
 1 , 438 
 
 1 
 211 
 1211 
 15 
 
 1,55 
 1 
 
 16 
 23 
 
 .571 
 
 61 
 
 310 
 
 1 85 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 146 
 
 136 
 
 18, (154 
 40, 719 
 
 1,233,811 
 
 670 
 
 111,115 
 
 325, 1 17 
 
 14,766 
 
 727,1121 
 
 129.291 
 
 232 
 
 3, 375 
 
 11,614 
 
 11,. 580 
 
 912, 477 
 
 305 
 414 
 
 15,361 
 
 215, 068 
 317, 622 
 
 8,7.57,367 
 
 306 
 413 
 
 j 15, 238 
 
 '^15 068 
 
 
 
 169 
 
 170 
 
 31 7,. 5.53 
 
 8. 729, 776 
 
 1 
 113 
 
 69 
 27.. 591 
 
 
 
 171 
 
 HI 
 
 :isi 
 
 34 
 374 
 142 
 13 
 10 
 11 
 IS 
 
 281 
 
 2s 
 
 25 
 315 
 
 27 
 
 371 
 
 13i; 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 271 
 
 239 
 
 120 
 
 6, ,501 
 
 148 
 
 6.612 
 
 1,434 
 
 99, 799 
 66, 169 
 
 3, 927, 158 
 .57, 475 
 
 3,691,923 
 752, 178 
 
 239 
 120 
 
 6, 430 
 147 
 
 6, 584 
 1 1,424 
 
 99, 799 
 66, 169 
 
 3.909,0.57 
 57, 305 
 
 3, 6„S5, 773 
 719.027 
 
 
 
 172 
 
 Clay 
 
 173 
 
 65 
 1 
 
 17, .501 
 
 170 
 
 6,150 
 
 2, 551 
 
 174 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 175 
 176 
 
 Lead and zinc ore 
 
 Limestones and dolomites 
 
 177 
 
 Natural gas 
 
 178 
 
 56 
 179 
 62 
 
 10, 539 
 
 31,989 
 104,624 
 26, 0.52 
 
 11,812,1.50 
 
 55 
 171 
 02 
 
 10,630 
 
 31,865 
 103, .529 
 26. 0.52 
 
 11, ,809, 062 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 i24 
 1,095 
 
 179 
 
 ISO 
 
 Siliceous crystalline rocks 
 
 .\11 other mineralsi" 
 
 ISI 
 
 
 9 
 
 3,0,88 
 
 
 Coal bituminous 
 
 182 
 
 27 
 176 
 10 
 
 8 
 3 
 17 
 
 36 
 
 34 
 
 27 
 176 
 
 10 
 3 
 8 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 35 
 
 80, 674 
 194,415 
 318, 020 
 4,091 
 1 , 730 
 3, 900 
 1,420 
 .8, 227 
 
 8, 001 
 
 1 , .587 
 6, 388 
 
 2, 27s 
 
 91 
 39 
 57 
 21 
 78 
 
 178 
 
 1,516,043 
 7, 339, 773 
 2, (ISS, 0.52 
 70, 07s 
 43. 6IM 
 62,117 
 26, 488 
 75, 935 
 
 95, 935 
 
 1,.578 
 6, 388 
 2, 278 
 91 
 39 
 .57 
 21 
 78 
 
 176 
 
 170 
 
 1, 130 
 
 1,512,955 
 7, 339, 773 
 2, OSS, (.152 
 70, 078 
 43, 664 
 .52, 117 
 26 4.88 
 
 9 
 
 ' 3,0,88 
 
 183 
 
 Copper ore 
 
 184 
 
 
 
 185 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 187 
 
 .Sandstones and rjuarlzitcs 
 
 
 188 
 
 SilicefiUH crystalline rocks 
 
 
 
 isq 
 
 
 
 
 190 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 95, 320 
 
 2 
 
 616 
 
 I'll 
 
 36 
 IM 
 
 35 
 121 
 
 8, 001 
 222, 098 
 
 178 
 1,132 
 
 95, 935 
 1,205, .565 
 
 95, 320 
 1 , 205, 025 
 
 2 
 
 615 
 640 
 
 192 
 
 Nevada 
 
 Gold IU]<1 silver 
 
 Sandstones and quartzites 
 
 All other minerals I'* 
 
 193 
 194 
 
 104 
 3 
 
 104 
 
 i! 
 
 210, 838 
 
 \ 1,075 
 55 
 
 1,162,337 
 
 1,583 
 
 41,645 
 
 1,073 
 55 
 
 1,161,797 
 1 , 583 
 
 - 
 
 540 
 
 195 
 
 ill 
 
 ) 1 , 260 
 
 41,645 
 
 
 
 1 Includes operators as follow,'^: Feldspar, 'i; flint (operator n'pnrlrd umliT fields 
 
 2 Barrels. 
 
 ■'■Includes 1,895 short tons crude. 
 
 '' Includes opuratorn a^ I'ullows: Feldspar, Li Ci mincsi; f,'old and silver. 
 
 '-Includes opcnilors ;ts I'nllows: A.^ljHsfos, 1; cljiy, 1; ci .rniid iiui nnd . 
 tripoli, and puniici.'. ] ; irtjii ore, 1 ; snl[iliur iind |]\'riii>, 1 ; hi li' an<l sii;t[i-t(nic 1 
 
 '■LnriKtons. 
 
 ' lufJudes o|jeni[urs 11- tnllnu-. <'liiy, 1 : ,L,M-u|.|iiic, ■^; t,'riiidstuiies and [.iil[is|(i 
 scythcMtories foix.M'iilur tv|,iirieil nndrr sand.siijiics n nd i|uartzi ti-t); pd rnli'iini, I 
 
 mica, 'J: prccinus stones, 13 (uo 
 
 i'u^iirial cartti, Iripoli, aud pumice, 1: mnrlilc, 'J; tidr and soapstoue. '2. 
 
 , 1: irld-par lopiTalor reporlcd under Hint); tlinl. 1; yrapliitc, 1; inl'usorial cnrlh, 
 
 .■s Mip.TiiInr rr[i(irti'il under suuilsUmes and ijnart/ite^ ) ; oilstones, whel^tnues and 
 i:; wells). 
 
GENERAL TABLES. 
 
 385 
 
 TERRITORIES, BY MINERALS: 1902— Continued, 
 
 W.\GE-l-:.\ KN KKS— (.-( Hit illlK'd . 
 
 Aljiive i^^round. 
 
 Average ■■ ^^ 
 number, ' " "-S'^''^- 
 
 3, 1583 
 
 ,591 
 
 2, 832 
 
 217 
 
 43 
 
 2, 394 
 
 107 
 21 
 .568 
 65 
 76 
 430 
 4 
 12 
 817 
 145 
 149 
 
 203 
 
 130 
 
 342 
 
 3,396 
 
 70 
 
 10, 578 
 
 938 ! 
 
 160 
 4,817 
 
 313 
 3,494 
 
 666 
 
 1.51 
 50 
 
 4,172 
 
 2,668 
 785 
 
 305 
 414 
 
 5, 700 
 
 235 
 78 
 664 
 147 
 
 2, 845 
 1,434 
 
 2S8, 
 
 1,.'<67, 
 
 110, 
 
 17, 
 
 46, 
 
 4, 
 
 308, 
 
 21, 
 
 Below ground. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 159, 
 1, 
 6, 
 
 435 
 
 222 
 
 2,045^ 
 
 31, 
 
 6,184, 
 
 23': 
 
 .556 ' 
 
 142 j 
 
 383 1 
 
 349 
 
 793 
 
 716 
 
 394 
 
 372 , 
 
 179 
 
 099 
 
 Wages, 
 
 1 , 375 ; 
 
 4,432 3,189,724 I 
 
 CONTK,\rT WORK. 
 
 Amount 
 paid. 
 
 304 
 .53, 117 
 
 740 
 730 
 977 
 340 
 .501 
 
 324 
 
 102 
 21,373 ' 
 
 53, 117 
 13,919,292 
 
 535, 570 
 87,401 
 2, 896, 064 
 1,52, 143 
 2,075,167 
 326, 379 
 ,86, 108 
 26,492 
 
 2, 670, 7.52 
 
 1, 295 
 
 9,070 
 
 46 
 
 10, 962 
 
 988,404 
 
 5, 848, S28 
 
 24,464 
 
 7, 057, ,196 
 
 1,6,56, .501 
 481, .561 
 
 3,720,432 
 
 216,068 
 317,622 
 
 3,111,848 
 
 9, 651 
 
 98,529 
 40,462 I 
 
 362,8.57 
 
 ,56, 676 
 
 1,638,482 
 
 7,52,178 
 
 4 
 
 42 
 
 5, 837 
 
 1 
 3, 767 
 
 6, 645, 519 
 
 1,270 , 
 
 25, 707 
 
 3, .564,301 
 
 800 
 
 2, 053, 141 
 
 Number 
 of em- 
 Ijloyees, 
 
 f8,499 
 
 1 , 8.53 
 
 1,8.53 
 77, 047 
 
 7, .500 
 11,725 
 
 .57, .382 I 
 
 338,214 
 1,000 
 
 42, 031 
 
 600 
 
 105,877 
 
 14, .596 
 
 960 
 
 MI.SOELL.^.NEOl'S E.\Fl':NSr:,'^, 
 
 3 
 
 110 
 60 
 
 198 
 61 
 
 T(.tal. 
 
 S121, 556 
 
 312, 
 
 9, 
 
 12: 
 
 20, 
 
 36, 
 211 
 
 8, 
 
 3, 869, 
 
 13 
 9 
 
 726 
 
 723 
 3 
 
 
 31,9.89 
 104, 624 
 26, 052 
 
 2, 825, .8.52 
 
 
 
 
 
 2,520 
 
 8,019 
 
 8, 986, 298 
 
 64,636 
 
 i2' 
 
 ,85 
 
 2,57 
 1,192 
 
 837 
 91 
 24 
 57 
 21 
 41 
 
 178 
 
 230, 364 
 
 1,410,431 
 
 976,006 
 
 1,330 
 5, 196 
 1,441 
 
 1,2.85,679 
 5, 929, 342 
 1,712,047 
 
 ' 1,000 
 40, 975 
 19, 161 
 
 13 
 28 
 26 
 
 25,614 
 62,117 
 26, 488 
 34,8.56 
 
 95, 935 
 
 15 
 
 18,1,56 
 
 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 41,080 
 
 3, 600 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 178 
 410 
 
 95, 935 
 437, 291 
 
 ' 
 
 
 722 
 
 7i;8,274 
 
 7,944 
 
 13 
 
 372 
 
 3^6 
 
 408,573 
 1 , 588 
 27, 135 
 
 703 
 19 
 
 7.53, 764 
 
 i4,",5io" 
 
 7, 914 
 
 13 
 
 170, 
 106, 
 473, 
 44 
 3,004 
 36 
 20, 
 12 
 
 4,242, 
 
 4,131 
 60, 
 
 45, 
 12, 
 
 2,118, 
 
 18, 
 11 
 2,50, 
 3, 
 1, 768, 
 51 
 
 4, 
 893, 
 
 llh, 
 4.56 
 310, 
 
 192 
 
 837 
 440 
 745 
 
 Royalties 
 
 and rent of 
 
 mine and 
 
 mining 
 
 plant. 
 
 477 
 414 
 .501 
 715 
 384 
 4(i4 
 642 
 864 
 
 526 
 3.HO 
 
 im 
 
 740 
 
 028 
 
 951 
 704 
 078 
 373 
 458 
 .506 
 591 
 621 
 256 
 
 790 
 
 355 
 
 206 
 351 
 798 
 
 »12,714 
 
 Rent of 
 offices, taxes, 
 
 insurance, 
 
 interest, and 
 
 other 
 
 sundries. 
 
 5, 248 
 
 6, 036 
 593 
 
 113 
 
 2, 201 
 
 245 
 
 105, 607 
 
 3,087 
 
 2, 271 
 
 6, 363 
 
 600 
 
 11,430 
 
 1,967 
 
 10, 000 
 
 44,325 
 
 112 
 
 460 
 19,SS2 
 19, 471 
 4,400 
 
 ,311,479 
 
 48, 127 
 2,842 
 
 2, 2,51, 864 
 
 300 
 
 5, 235 
 
 111 
 
 3,6.81,664 
 
 3, 648, 7,50 
 
 23, 941 
 
 ,471 
 ,,502 
 
 11, 
 6, 
 118, 
 2 
 1,23,5! 
 17, 
 
 92 
 , 350 
 , 228 
 
 41,1,53 
 85, 409 
 102, 168 
 
 19, 6.52 
 351 
 
 S108,812 
 
 32, 365 
 60, 377 
 12,903 
 3, 197 
 
 299, 399 
 
 15,' 
 
 713 
 
 11 
 
 206, 591 
 
 6, 485 
 
 10,043 
 
 14, 178 
 
 40 
 
 61 
 
 32, 426 
 
 3, 566 
 
 10, 006 
 
 229, 466 
 
 15, 658 
 
 192,274 
 
 4,177 
 
 1,5,57,982 
 
 <'osl of 
 
 supplies ami 
 
 materials. 
 
 170, 477 
 ,58, 287 
 
 470, 659 
 44,715 
 
 749,520 
 36, 164 
 15, 407 
 12, 7.53 
 
 ,561,190 
 
 486, 776 
 
 26,439 
 
 180 
 
 38, 269 
 
 10, .526 
 
 719, 609 
 
 7,436 
 
 5, 440 
 
 131,943 
 
 835 
 
 532, 705 
 
 33, 564 
 
 ,591 
 
 .529 
 
 2, 906 
 
 3, 670 
 
 661,484 
 
 77,540 
 
 370, 699 
 
 207, 977 
 
 829 
 
 830 
 
 838 
 
 278 
 
 2,493 
 
 1,967 
 127,3,52 
 
 122,664 
 "4,' 79s' 
 
 S476, 964 
 
 226, 694 
 
 217, .548 
 
 27,. 329 
 
 6, 393 
 
 859, 755 
 
 Quantity 
 (short tons). 
 
 S3, 656, 134 
 
 745, 132 
 
 2, 6.59, 4.50 
 
 206, 558 
 
 44, 994 
 
 133 
 134 
 135 
 136 
 
 ,313,712 137 
 
 51,879 
 ,580 
 510,092 ; 
 8,627 i| 
 2,639 1 
 13.5, .560 
 1,2.50 ,i 
 1,152 ' 
 107, 435 
 18,078 ' 
 22,463 I 
 
 762,335 I 
 
 =409,200 
 
 8,882 
 
 5,271,609 
 
 3 9,798 
 
 24,, 367 
 
 2, .520 
 
 133, 609 
 18, 324 
 .59.486 
 
 .509; 702 
 41,214 
 
 1.50, 680 
 
 10, 065 
 
 I, .579, 869 
 
 .56, 551 
 
 46,911 
 
 453, 030 
 
 10, 9,50 
 
 16, 405 
 
 7.58, 203 
 
 118,084 
 
 113, 974 
 
 138 
 139 
 140 
 141 
 142 
 143 
 144 
 145 
 146 
 147 
 148 
 
 4,671,8.55 ,149 
 
 704, 
 
 82, 
 4,688, 
 
 237 I 
 
 448 
 
 419 
 
 634 
 
 194 
 
 689 
 
 793 
 
 995 
 
 2 1,, 577, 006 
 964, 718 
 
 208, 563 
 » 11, 136, 215 
 
 339, 349 
 165, 489 
 
 487, 366 
 
 3, 451, 397 
 
 228, 264 
 
 ,50 
 
 167 
 
 3.58 
 
 2 
 
 134 
 
 396 
 
 1 
 
 6.53 
 
 192 
 
 18 
 
 247 
 
 207 
 
 
 4.59 
 
 621 
 
 26 
 
 69.5,860 
 
 
 667 
 
 072 
 
 
 18.S 
 
 073 
 
 
 121 
 
 937 
 
 1.50 
 1.51 
 162 
 1.53 
 1.54 
 
 1.56 
 157 
 1.58 
 1.59 
 160 
 161 
 162 
 163 
 
 :, 868, 340 
 
 I 25, 729, .545 164 
 
 15,137,6,50 1 23,989,227 1 165 
 
 13,1.5: 
 52,27: 
 
 905, 857 
 
 8,000 
 
 347,472 
 
 478, 989 
 
 166 
 
 167 
 168 
 169 
 
 20,284,656 170 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 304, 
 
 26, 
 
 :, 189, 
 
 405 
 123 
 821 
 0.52 
 461 
 o,>2 
 
 600 
 ',664 
 :, 104 
 :, 566 
 
 31,;J34 
 
 121,401 
 
 3,890,164 
 
 6 66,308 
 
 ":«4,.594 
 
 104, 
 
 134, 
 
 5, 374, 
 
 106, 
 
 2,565, 
 
 1,697, 
 
 2, 
 
 66, 
 
 1.57, 
 
 94, 
 
 171 
 172 
 173 
 174 
 175 
 176 
 177 
 178 
 179 
 1180 
 
 1,007,102 
 
 28,265,085 1X81 
 
 233, 930 
 3,649,127 
 1,069, :il 10 
 8, 036 
 5, 920 
 5,810 
 2, .583 
 32, 397 
 
 11,173 
 
 11,173 
 623, 457 
 
 2,443,447 ! 182 
 
 20, 563, 3-53 183 
 
 4, 688, ,536 184 
 
 104,725 185 
 
 115,000 186 
 
 85, 1.52 187 
 
 77,0.50 188 
 
 187, .S22 189 
 
 148,391 190 
 
 lis, :591 191 
 
 3,518,430 192 
 
 599, 928 
 
 2,50 
 
 23, 279 
 
 ,409,348 193 
 
 6, 115 194 
 
 102,967 195 
 
 s Includes 2 operatijrs for cement. 
 
 nncludesl24,537short tons o£ lead ore and 240,0.57 sliort tons o) zini' ore. . , . , . ., , , 
 
 '"Includes operators as follows: Cement, 1; infusorial earth, trij.oli, and pumice, 2: mineral inKmi'nts, crude, 2; nickel an.l c^.halt, 1: petroleum, 2 (10 wells); 
 
 ^" '■'ii™neludes operators as follows: Corundum and emery, 1; Hint, 1; graphite, 1 (Sminesi; grindstones and puljistones i.iperator reported under ,sandstones and 
 Quartzites); gypsum, 2; iron ore, 3: manganese ore, 1; marble, 1, ,. . , ^ , ,^ „„ 
 
 12 Includes operators as follows' Infusorial earth, tripoli, and pumice, 1 1 2 quarries): limestones and dolomites, 33: sandstones and quartzites, 1. 
 
 13 Includes operators as follows: Borax, 1: copper ore, 1: gypsum, 1: limestones and dolomites, 1: jirecious stones, 8 (1 mine); siliceous crystalline rocks, 1; sul- 
 phur and pyrite, 1, 
 
 30223—04 2.5 
 
386 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table S.^DETAILED SUMMARY, STATES AND 
 
 197 
 198 
 
 200 
 201 
 202 
 203 
 204 
 205 
 206 
 
 207 
 
 208 
 209 
 210 
 211 
 212 
 213 
 
 214 
 
 215 
 216 
 217 
 218 
 219 
 220 
 221 
 222 
 223 
 224 
 225 
 226 
 227 
 228 
 229 
 230 
 231 
 232 
 
 STATE OR TERRITORY AND MINERAJ.S. 
 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 Siliceous crystalline rocks 
 All other minerals^ 
 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Clay 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 Limestones and dolomites. , 
 
 Marl 
 
 Sandstones and quartzites . 
 Siliceous crystalline rocks. . 
 All other minerals 3 
 
 Number 
 of mines, Number 
 quarries, , nf oper- 
 and ati^rs. 
 wells. 
 
 .il 
 
 1112 
 
 New Mexico. 
 
 Coal, bituminous 
 
 Copper ore 
 
 Gold and silver 
 
 Precious stones 
 
 Sandstones and quartzites 
 All other minerals ^ 
 
 New York . 
 
 9,768 
 
 Buhrstones and millstones 
 
 Cement 
 
 Clay 
 
 Corundum and emery 
 
 Garnet 
 
 Graphite 
 
 Gypsum 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 Limestones and dolomites. 
 
 Marble 
 
 Mineral pigments, crude . . 
 
 Natural gas 
 
 Petroleum 
 
 Sandstones and quartzites. 
 Siliceous crystalline rocks. 
 
 Slate '. 
 
 Tale and .soapstone 
 
 All other minerals^ 
 
 233 North Carolina . 
 
 234 
 235 
 236 
 237 
 238 
 239 
 240 
 241 
 
 Baryt.es 
 
 Gold and silver 
 
 Limestones nnd dolomites. 
 
 Mica 
 
 Monazite 
 
 Siliceous crystalline rocks. 
 
 Talc and soapstone 
 
 All other mineralsi2 
 
 21 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 181 
 
 14 
 
 5 
 
 r.l2 
 
 I, 443 
 
 377 
 
 22 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 242 I North Dakota . 
 
 243 
 244 
 
 245 
 246 
 247 
 248 
 249 
 250 
 251 
 262 
 263 
 254 
 255 
 256 
 
 All minerals !■* . 
 Ohio 
 
 Cement 
 
 Clay 
 
 Coal, bituminous 
 
 Grindstones and pulpstones' 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 Limestones and dolomites. . . 
 
 Natural gas 
 
 Petroleum 
 
 Sandstones and quartzites i''. 
 
 Silica sand 
 
 Sulphur and pyrite 
 
 All other minerals'^' 
 
 257 Cjklahoma. 
 
 258 
 259 I 
 
 Limestones and dolomites 
 All other minerals 1^ 
 
 48 
 44,934 
 
 31 
 
 (US 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 259 
 
 , 352 
 
 ;, 483 
 
 115 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 22 
 
 20 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 178 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 108 
 
 :,123 
 
 364 
 
 22 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 137 
 
 48 
 11,338 
 
 7 
 
 31 
 
 513 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 249 
 
 417 
 
 10, 002 
 
 91 
 
 3 
 
 SALARIED OFFICIALS, 
 CLERKS, ETC. 
 
 Number. 
 
 35 
 138 
 15 
 
 28 
 92 
 112 
 
 6 
 791 
 
 141 
 6 
 5 
 
 62 
 174 
 34 
 
 .52 
 2,630 
 
 49 
 
 13 
 
 1,314 
 
 22 
 
 205 
 241 
 t60 
 200 
 18 
 
 14 
 
 Salaries. 
 
 $68, 971 
 
 65, 648 
 3,323 
 
 26,044 
 101, 870 
 11,301 
 
 17, 847 
 64, 508 
 135,430 
 
 209, .569 
 
 85, 599 
 32, 120 
 80, 390 
 5, 160 
 
 6,300 
 
 788, 382 
 
 3, 740 
 
 160, 282 
 
 2,576 
 
 2, 349 
 
 6,0.50 
 
 6,627 
 
 32,600 
 
 65, 231 
 
 166, 469 
 
 40, 634 
 
 Ii3, 016 
 92, 116 
 67, 463 
 42, 942 
 14,646 
 19, 664 
 2,000 
 
 84,224 
 
 5, 401 
 
 18,267 
 
 600 
 
 1,411 
 
 2,100 
 23, 578 
 
 7,710 
 25, 167 
 
 43, 980 
 
 43, 980 
 2,551,083 
 
 57, 838 
 
 8,580 
 
 1,222,966 
 
 10, 792 
 
 2,037 
 
 155, 451 
 
 221,837 
 
 629, 369 
 
 218, .590 
 
 13, 988 
 
 9, 035 
 
 3,036 ' 
 
 9,188 
 
 WAGE-EAKNEBS. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 1,219 
 
 34 
 
 702 
 1,660 
 
 187 
 6 
 
 418 
 
 947 
 1,725 
 
 2,275 
 
 1,439 
 
 164 
 
 519 
 
 36 
 
 8 
 
 109 
 
 9,560 
 
 .59 
 
 2,'4n9 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 83 
 
 71 
 
 214 
 
 906 
 
 2, 422 
 
 469 
 
 4 
 
 121 
 
 408 
 
 1,284 
 
 656 
 
 126 
 
 163 
 
 34 
 
 1,560 
 
 34 
 
 203 
 
 17 
 
 60 
 
 88 
 
 615 
 
 298 
 37, 173 
 
 376 
 
 120 
 25, 963 
 
 139 
 
 111 
 3, l)i;5 
 
 699 
 4,0)7 
 2, 363 
 
 1.55 
 1 
 
 165 
 
 If 
 
 S2 I 
 
 Wages. 
 
 $806, 494 
 
 791, 196 
 15, 298 
 
 2,6.58,727 
 
 293, 232 
 773, 286 
 80, 654 
 2,860 
 232, 480 
 433, 166 
 843,049 
 
 1,646,833 
 
 28, 
 
 1,203 
 
 6, 
 
 4, 
 
 47 
 
 36, 
 
 100 
 
 432 
 
 1,214 
 
 332 
 
 2, 
 
 84, 
 
 296, 
 
 786, 
 
 357, 
 
 69, 
 
 83, 
 
 15, 
 
 517, 766 
 
 9,914 
 66, 822 
 4,727 
 15, 160 
 26,318 
 222, 868 
 21,416 
 1.51,540 
 
 196, 534 
 
 196,. 6.34 
 
 1, 222, 680 
 
 227, 
 
 .58, 
 
 10,693, 
 
 64, 
 
 38, 
 
 1,464, 
 
 441, 
 
 2,915, 
 
 1,171, 
 
 69, 
 
 86, 
 
 22,277 
 42, 2i;8 
 
 Men 16 years and over. 
 
 Average wtiffes 
 number. "*^'" 
 
 Boys under 16 years. 
 
 1,027,460 
 128, 483 
 409, 779 
 22,087 
 6,615 
 52, 609 
 
 5, 099, 753 
 
 ,211 
 34 
 
 9,490 
 
 ,59 
 
 ,425 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 83 
 
 71 
 
 214 
 
 963 
 
 ,410 
 
 469 
 
 4 
 
 121 
 
 408 
 
 ,276 
 
 043 
 
 124 
 
 163 
 
 34 
 
 34 
 201 
 17 
 .50 
 88 
 607 
 62 
 478 
 
 297 
 36, 809 
 
 375 
 
 120 
 25, 627 
 
 137 
 
 111 
 3,067 
 
 699 
 4,017 
 2, 345 
 
 1.55 
 1 
 
 166 
 
 127 
 
 46 
 
 J804, 171 
 
 292, 
 772, 
 80, 
 2, 
 232, 
 431, 
 .H42, 
 
 1,639,251 
 
 1,021 
 
 128, 
 
 408 
 
 22 
 
 6, 
 
 52 
 
 5,081,972 
 
 28, 021 
 
 , 194, 175 
 
 6,396 
 
 4,446 
 
 47,093 
 
 35, 583 
 
 100, 996 
 
 4 31,. 589 
 
 ,212,053 
 
 332, 086 
 
 2, 2;57 
 
 84,476 
 
 296,713 
 
 783, 574 
 
 354, 402 
 
 69,104 
 
 83, 680 
 
 15, 328 
 
 614, 849 
 
 A\'erage 
 number. 
 
 9,914 
 
 66, .512 
 
 4,727 
 
 15, 160 
 
 2.5, 318 
 
 221,. 568 
 
 21,416 
 
 1.50, 234 
 
 196, 331 
 
 196, 331 
 23, 119, 743 
 
 227, ,518 
 
 .58, 818 
 
 16,696,705 
 
 63, 751 
 
 38, 901 
 
 1,4.52,527 
 
 4 11,. 581 
 
 2,915,787 
 
 1,167,834 
 
 69,675 
 
 403 
 
 86,213 
 
 64,440 
 
 22, 172 
 42, 268 
 
 Wages. 
 
 8 
 
 S2,323 
 
 8 
 
 2, 323 
 
 19 
 
 4,070 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 1,184 
 1,074 
 
 
 2 
 6 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 20 
 "3' 
 
 1 
 364 
 
 336 
 2 
 
 400 
 
 1,218 
 
 200 
 
 6,432 
 
 'i,'i.5o 
 
 4.50 
 2,689 
 
 2, 120 
 
 2,927 
 
 457 
 
 1 , 306 
 203 
 
 203 
 102, 937 
 
 90, 769 
 537 
 
 3,840 
 
 1 Includes operators as follows: Infusorial earth, tripoli, and ]tumice,-l; mica, 2; oilstones, whetstones, and scythcstones (2 mines: operator reported in Arkan- 
 sas) ; precious stones, 10 (no mines). 
 
 2 Long tons. 
 
 3 Includes operators as follows: t'ement, 2; lead and zinc ore, 1: slate, 1; talc inid soapstone, 1. 
 
 4 Includes operators as follows: Graphite, 1: iron ore, 1 12 mines): lead and zinc i.ire, 1: marble, 2: mica, 1: [»lKisptitilc mck, 1. 
 
 5 Stones. 
 "Barrels. 
 
 ^ Includes 50 tons crude. 
 
 ^Barrels of 42 gallons. 
 
 ^Includes operators as follows: Crystalline quartz, 1; feldsiuir, 1; Hint, 2; infusorial earth, trijtoli, and pumice, 1; lead and zinc ore, 1: snlphnrand pyrite, 1. 
 
GENERAL TABLES. 
 
 TERRITORIES, BY MINERALS: 1902— Continued. 
 
 387 
 
 
 VAGK-K.-VRNKKS — c-()lltill1 
 
 e.l. 
 
 {■O.NTKACT 
 
 WCIKK. 
 
 MI9CE 
 
 .l.ANEOUS E.XPF.NSES. 
 
 Co.st cif 
 
 supplies and 
 
 iiinterials. 
 
 PROUL-CT, 
 
 
 Abovi 
 
 Avorag:e 
 number. 
 
 y;rouii(J. 
 Wages. 
 
 Beli.\\ 
 
 gromid. 
 
 .\mouiit 
 paid. 
 
 Number 
 of em- 
 ployees. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Royalties 
 
 and rent of 
 
 mine and 
 
 mining 
 
 plant. 
 
 Rent of 
 
 offiees, taxes, 
 
 insurance, 
 
 interest, and 
 
 other 
 
 sundries. 
 
 Quantity 
 (short tons). 
 
 \^a]ue. 
 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Wages. 
 $326 
 
 
 1,252 
 
 $806, 169 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 $26, 993 
 
 82, 372 
 
 $24, 621 
 
 $134, 128 
 
 
 $1,176,312 
 
 19fi 
 
 — — 
 
 
 
 
 1,219 
 33 
 
 4,436 
 
 791,196 
 14,973 
 
 2, 075, 139 
 
 
 
 26,719 
 274 
 
 303, 669 
 
 2, 372 
 
 24, 347 
 274 
 
 193,. 506 
 
 132,122 
 2, 006 
 
 2, 235, 964 
 
 
 1,147,097 
 29,216 
 
 0, 605, 402 
 
 197 
 
 1 
 1,209 
 
 325 
 .583, 588 
 
 
 
 198 
 
 $10,770 
 
 113 
 
 110, 163 
 
 
 199 
 
 
 
 702 
 636 
 187 
 6 
 418 
 947 
 1,540 
 
 594 
 
 293, 232 
 277, 622 
 80, 654 
 2,860 
 232,480 
 433, 166 
 755, 225 
 
 432, 223 
 
 
 
 
 
 19, 403 .' 
 30,114 
 7,833 
 60 
 18, 3.52 
 63, 136 
 174,772 
 
 140, 0.55 
 
 6,939 
 7,915 
 3,869 
 
 12,464 
 
 22,199 
 
 3,964 
 
 6(1 
 
 4, 705 
 
 39,515 
 
 110,599 
 
 75, 617 
 
 07,476 
 
 429,231 
 
 23, 044 
 
 235 
 
 36, 080 
 
 164,662 
 
 1,. 51.5, 336 
 
 497, 949 
 
 494, 800 
 =441,879 
 
 612, 721 
 1, 228, 664 
 
 188, 6.50 
 4, 865 
 
 406, 726 
 
 948,474 
 3,215,302 
 
 2,686,473 
 
 20O 
 
 1 , 024 
 
 495, 764 
 
 10,770 
 
 113 
 
 201 
 
 202 
 
 
 
 
 8,172 
 
 203 
 
 
 
 
 13, 647 
 13,621) 
 64.173 
 
 64, 43,s 
 
 204 
 
 
 
 
 
 205 
 
 185 
 1,681 
 
 87, 824 
 1,214,610 
 
 
 
 206 
 
 48, 381 
 
 173 
 
 
 207 
 
 
 
 285 
 29 
 
 141 
 
 22 
 
 8 
 
 109 
 
 8,367 
 
 198,173 
 29, 842 
 
 131,252 
 
 13, 932 
 
 6, 516 
 
 52, ,609 
 
 4, ,557, .510 
 
 1,154 
 135 
 
 378 
 14 
 
 829, 287 
 
 98,641 
 
 278, 527 
 
 8,1,55 
 
 6,770 
 10, 266 
 32,345 
 
 81 
 31 
 61 
 
 63,990 
 26, 858 
 34,110 
 1,900 
 536 
 12, 661 
 
 1,276,232 
 
 26, 668 
 12,123 
 13,127 
 
 37, 322 
 
 14, 736 
 
 20, 983 
 
 1,900 
 
 536 
 
 141 
 
 906, 951 
 
 1.56, 513 
 
 49, 408 
 
 2.56, 816 
 
 2,480 
 
 370 
 
 32,362 
 
 3,002,5.54 
 
 1,048,763 
 
 1,-500,230 
 271, 270 
 677, 168 
 .51,600 
 12, 291 
 173,914 
 
 13, 350, 421 
 
 208 
 209 
 
 
 210 
 
 
 211 
 
 
 
 
 
 212 
 
 
 
 
 12,. 520 
 369,281 
 
 .. 
 
 213 
 
 1,193 
 
 642, 243 
 
 3.55, 113 
 
 284 
 
 
 214 
 
 
 
 69 
 
 2,083 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 83 
 
 36 
 
 141 
 
 352 
 
 2, 422 
 
 469 
 
 4 
 
 121 
 
 408 
 
 1,284 
 
 655 
 
 126 
 
 77 
 
 24 
 
 1,138 
 
 28, 021 
 
 1,022,946 
 
 6,396 
 
 4,446 
 
 47,093 
 
 19, 0,53 
 
 67,408 
 
 162,2.58 
 
 1,214,742 
 
 332, 086 
 
 2, 257 
 
 84,476 
 
 296,713 
 
 785, 694 
 
 357, 329 
 
 69, 661 
 
 46,278 
 
 10, 7.53 
 
 387,744 
 
 
 
 
 
 849 
 
 310, 772 
 
 1,087 
 
 2, 171 
 
 3,200 
 
 1,124 
 
 14,081 
 
 199, .587 
 
 142,206 
 
 31,283 
 
 90 
 
 127, .530 
 
 2.59, 740 
 
 104, 493 
 
 29, 157 
 
 8,429 
 
 38,786 
 
 1,647 
 
 76, 842 
 
 123 
 
 11,644 
 
 400 
 
 1,091 
 
 726 
 
 299, 128 
 
 687 
 
 1,0.80 
 
 3, 200 
 
 1,064 
 
 6, .580 
 
 187, 202 
 
 113, .544 
 
 25,268 
 
 65 
 
 95, 091 
 
 65, 023 
 
 73,1,84 
 
 18, 977 
 
 4,937 
 
 10, .560 
 
 646 
 
 .56, .871 
 
 1,489 
 
 1,374,640 
 
 1,056 
 
 2, 575 
 
 8,200 
 
 19, .543 
 
 31, 175 
 
 293, 950 
 
 451, 876 
 
 100, 705 
 
 735 
 
 39, 920 
 
 440, 004 
 
 108, 159 
 
 94, 299 
 
 16,225 
 
 15,2.53 
 
 2, 7.50 
 
 118,782 
 
 '5,168 
 
 "4,734,147 
 
 8, 909 
 
 2,886 
 
 2,760 
 
 n,375 
 
 9.5, 318 
 
 2.5.55,321 
 
 39, 570 
 
 3, 656, 589 
 
 14, .535 
 
 44, 625 
 
 97, 600 
 
 77, 437 
 
 259, 170 
 
 1,362,987 
 
 2, 503, .536 
 
 677,298 
 
 4, 251 
 
 346, 471 
 
 1,. 530, 852 
 
 1,408,699 
 
 651,014 
 
 126,718 
 
 615, 350 
 
 33,719 
 
 927,376 
 
 215 
 
 376 
 
 180, 367 
 
 4,4.50 
 
 4 
 
 216 
 217 
 
 
 
 
 218 
 
 
 
 
 219 
 
 35 
 73 
 613 
 
 16,530 
 33,588 
 269, 781 
 
 
 60 
 
 7, .501 
 
 12,385 
 
 28, 662 
 
 6, 02.5 
 
 32, 439 
 191,717 
 31,309 
 10,180 
 
 3,492 
 28, 226 
 
 1,002 
 
 19,971 
 
 220 
 
 
 
 921 
 
 
 222. 
 
 
 223 
 
 
 
 
 
 224 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,261 
 
 225 
 
 
 
 77, 904 
 272, 7.59 
 
 97 
 1.83 
 
 ??6 
 
 
 
 8i,ii9,730 
 
 227 
 
 
 
 
 228 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 990 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 230 
 
 86 
 10 
 
 418 
 
 37,402 
 4, .575 
 
 130,021 
 
 
 71,100 
 
 931 
 
 
 
 
 93? 
 
 9,000 
 
 40 
 
 
 933 
 
 
 
 2 
 81 
 17 
 38 
 88 
 
 615 
 54 
 
 243 
 
 45 
 
 4.50 
 28,514 
 4,727 
 11,728 
 25, 318 
 222, 868 
 18,716 
 75, 423 
 
 28, 630 
 
 32 
 
 122 
 
 9,464 
 38,308 
 
 1,000 
 
 10 
 
 5,886 
 10,238 
 763 
 2,952 
 2,083 
 16,463 
 27, 981 
 10,476 
 
 23,012 
 
 5, 680 
 
 415 
 
 488 
 
 2, 592 
 
 1,739 
 
 .5, .586 
 
 720 
 
 2, 7.52 
 
 1,407 
 
 206 
 
 9,823 
 
 275 
 
 360 
 
 344 
 
 10,878 
 
 27, 261 
 
 7,724 
 
 21, 606 
 
 2, 740 
 
 26, 490 
 
 3,888 
 
 3,121 
 
 266 
 
 42,884 
 
 12,447 
 
 26, 956 
 
 88, 867 
 
 14,679 
 
 44,130 
 71,287 
 23, 153 
 71,148 
 64, 160 
 
 234 
 935 
 
 8,000 
 
 30 
 
 
 936 
 
 12 
 
 3,432 
 
 11.802,000 
 
 9S7 
 
 
 238 
 
 
 
 
 338,7.50 239 
 
 8 
 244 
 
 2.53 
 
 2,700 
 76,117 
 
 167, 904 
 
 
 
 5,238 
 
 88,962 240 
 
 
 
 225 7.86 !241 
 
 2,795 
 
 9 
 
 
 334,967 ■'42 
 
 
 
 
 45 
 13, 765 
 
 28, 630 
 8, 060, .591 
 
 2,53 
 23, 408 
 
 167, 904 
 15, 162, 089 
 
 2, 796 
 2, 701,. 557 
 
 9 
 2,619 
 
 23, 012 
 7,711,026 
 
 1,407 
 4,192,221 
 
 21,605 
 3, 518, 805 
 
 88, 867 
 10, 126, 4.52 
 
 ■■-- 
 
 334,967 
 .57, 186, 922 
 
 243 
 244 
 
 366 
 
 65 
 
 2,792 
 
 139 
 
 24 
 
 3,065 
 
 699 
 
 4,017 
 
 2,363 
 
 1.55 
 
 1 
 
 79 
 
 128 
 
 219, 962 
 28, 133 
 
 1, 644, 4.56 
 
 64,288 
 
 10,661 
 
 1,454,328 
 
 441,. 581 
 
 2, 915, 787 
 1,171,674 
 
 69, 676 
 
 403 
 
 39, 643 
 
 64,. 545 
 
 9 
 
 55 
 
 23, 171 
 
 7, ,586 
 
 30, 685 
 
 15,049,008 
 
 
 
 71,829 
 
 7,072 
 
 1,619,451 
 
 ■ 9, 982 
 
 1,.5.56 
 
 139, 648 
 
 491,223 
 
 4,. 896, 861 
 
 437, 827 
 
 7,566 
 
 1,677 
 
 3, 476 
 
 854, 604 
 
 1,898 
 
 1, .503 
 
 41, 223 
 
 198,671 
 
 3.046,994 
 
 16,. 595 
 
 3,139 
 
 70, 1,52 
 
 3, 596 
 
 764,847 
 
 8,084 
 
 53 
 
 98, 425 
 
 292, 552 
 
 1,.S49,867 
 
 421,232 
 
 4, 427 
 
 231,322 
 
 12, 346 
 
 2, 082, 788 
 
 19, 777 
 
 345 
 
 560, 462 
 
 1,139,201 
 
 5, 504, 792 
 
 ■526, .521 
 
 13, 598 
 
 "697,088 
 
 142, 440 
 
 23,. 519, 894 
 
 49,9.57 
 
 22, 6.57 
 
 714, 561 
 
 101,305 
 
 26, 953, 789 
 
 560, 412 
 
 41,976 
 
 3,204,998 
 
 2,356,4.58 
 
 20, 767, 359 
 
 2,078,7.54 
 
 152, 274 
 
 25, 129 
 
 240,917 
 
 186,706 
 
 945 
 
 1,414 
 46,. 818 
 
 4 
 290 
 
 246 
 247 
 248 
 
 87 
 
 2,8, 240 
 
 
 
 949 
 
 ' 7, 276 
 
 1 433, 026 
 
 2,212,923 
 
 16 
 
 415 
 
 1,.S92 
 
 950 
 
 
 
 
 951 
 
 
 821,014,231 
 
 2.52 
 
 
 963 
 
 
 100 
 
 ' 
 
 132,921 
 = 8,063 
 
 254 
 
 
 2.56 
 
 86 
 
 46, .570 
 
 
 
 28, Oil 
 15,830 
 
 22, 441 
 11,667 
 
 6,570 
 4,163 
 
 35, 300 
 31,934 
 
 956 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 957 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 46 
 82 
 
 22, 277 
 42, 268 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 840 
 14,990 
 
 200 
 11,467 
 
 640 
 3, .523 
 
 6,737 
 25, 197 
 
 .50, .541 
 136, 165 
 
 95R 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 9=,q 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 Cut or sheet mica, 303,816 pounds; scrap or waste, 544 short tons. 
 
 i=Inelude's operators as follows: Buhrstones and millstones (operator reported under siliceous crystalline rocks); clay 
 
 garnet 1- graphite, 2; iron ore, 3; precious stones, 18 (1 mine); sandstones and quartzites, 2. 
 
 ' iniiciudes operators as follows: Cement, 1: coal, bituminous, 47. , ^ ,. 
 
 " Includes grindstones and pulpstones, valued at $399,726, for wh)ch all operaDng expenses arc reported under sandstom 
 IS Includes operating expen.ses of grindstones and pulpstones, vnhied at $399,726, pr.i.lucc.l )n pa)Mlst.inc quarries. 
 i« Includes operators as foUows: Gvpsum (2 quarries; operator reported in Michigan) ; oilstones, whetstones, and scythestones, 1 
 1' Includes operators as follows: Gvpsum, 3 (6 quarries); petroleum, 1 (3 wells); sandstones and quartzites, 1. 
 
 1, bit)imiirnus. 1; copper ore, 2; 
 
 ^ and 
 
 quartzites. 
 phosphate roc 
 
 k, 1. 
 
388 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table :{.— DKTAILEI) SUiMMARY, STATER AND 
 
 261 
 262 
 263 
 264 
 266 
 
 267 
 268 
 269 
 270 
 271 
 272 
 273 
 274 
 276 
 276 
 277 
 278 
 279 
 280 
 281 
 282 
 283 
 284 
 
 STATK OR TERKlTnRY AND MINERALS. 
 
 Ori-gnli 
 
 Coal, bituminous 
 
 Gold aii'l silver 
 
 LinK'stones and dolomites. 
 Siliceous erysttiUine rooks. 
 All other minerals' 
 
 Pennsylvania . 
 
 Buhrstones and millstones . 
 
 Cement -- 
 
 Clay 
 
 Coal, anthrneite 
 
 Coal, bittiminons - . . . 
 
 Feldspar 
 
 Flint 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 Limestones and dolomites. . 
 
 Marble 
 
 Mineral pigments, crude . . . 
 
 Natural gas 
 
 Petroleum 
 
 Sandstones and quartzites. . 
 
 Silica sand 
 
 Siliceous cry.stalline rooks. . 
 
 Slate 
 
 All other minerals ■ 
 
 28.6 Rhode Island. 
 
 286 
 287 
 
 Siliceous crystalline rocks. 
 All other minerals " 
 
 288 ! South Carolina 
 
 289 
 290 
 291 
 292 
 
 294 
 295 
 296 
 297 
 298 
 299 
 
 Clay 
 
 Phosphate nak 
 
 Siliceous crystallim- 
 All other minerals'' 
 
 South Dakota 
 
 Gold and silver 
 
 Limestones and dolomites. 
 
 Mica 
 
 Natural gas 
 
 Sandstones and quartzites 
 All other minerals n 
 
 300 ! Tennes^ 
 
 302 
 303 
 304 
 30.5 
 306 
 307 
 
 310 
 
 311 
 312 
 313 
 314 
 31B 
 316 
 3)7 
 318 
 319 
 
 320 
 
 321 
 322 
 323 
 324 
 32.5 
 326 
 327 
 
 Barvtes 
 
 Clay 
 
 Crial, bituminous 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 Limestones and dolomites. . 
 
 Marble 
 
 Pliosphate rock 
 
 Sandstones and quartzites . 
 All other minerals''- 
 
 Clay 
 
 Coal, bituminous 
 
 Limestones and dolomites. 
 
 Natural gas 
 
 Petroleum 
 
 Quicksilver 
 
 Sandstones and quartzites 
 Silici'ous crystalline rocks. 
 All other minerals It 
 
 Coal, l)ituminous 
 
 Cojiper ore 
 
 Gold and silver 
 
 Limestones and dolomites. . . 
 Sandstones and quartzites . . 
 Siliceous crystalline rocks. . . 
 .\1I oilier minerals'^ 
 
 .SALARIEI) OFFICIAES 
 CrLEEKS, ETC. 
 
 Number 
 
 of mines. Number 
 quarries, ol" oper- 
 and ators. 
 wells. 
 
 Number. , Salarii-s. 
 
 lU 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 S4 
 
 .51 
 11 
 
 40 
 
 3.5 
 14 
 
 ' Includes ojieratra's as folI{»\\-s 
 
 '- Stones, 
 
 ■1 Barrels. 
 
 ^ Long tons. 
 
 '' Includes 4, '238 tr.iis crude. 
 
 ^ Barrels of 42 gallons. 
 
 ' Includes operators a.s follow s 
 
 ' Includes operators as follows 
 
 9 
 262 
 
 3 
 14 
 19 
 
 119 
 
 1,023 
 
 514 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 47 
 
 42 
 
 907 
 
 .S96 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 5, 40.S 
 
 363 
 
 10 444 
 
 9, 808 
 258 
 
 283 
 
 14 
 
 11 
 
 44 
 
 13 
 
 91 
 
 Kl 
 
 ' 
 
 62 1 
 
 22 
 
 '22 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 38 
 
 42 
 
 s 
 
 S 
 
 10 
 
 lU 
 
 1.5 
 
 14 
 
 ,0 
 
 10 
 
 77 
 
 " 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 ',1.55 
 
 '211 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 ,s 
 
 K 
 
 ,s 
 
 7 
 
 178 
 
 170 
 
 39 
 
 36 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 ,S3 
 
 83 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 Bora.x, I: cofipcr ore, 2; 
 
 32 
 
 110 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 207 
 
 22 
 
 3,014 
 
 3,830 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 91 
 
 287 
 
 8 
 
 40 
 
 718 
 
 .5.50 
 
 2.52 
 
 15 
 
 58 
 
 2.59 
 
 41 
 13 
 
 118 
 1 
 
 1 
 4 
 418 
 106 
 37 
 38 
 lift 
 3 
 ftl 
 
 91 
 30 
 1 
 999 
 19 
 11 
 
 51 
 '261 
 
 21 I 
 nickel and i 
 
 J189, 103 
 
 27, 660 
 
 146,473 
 
 1,'200 
 
 2,590 
 
 11,1.80 
 
 ,.592,910 
 
 2,50, 2.52 
 
 '2.S, 473 
 
 ,'.'»7,'2'J3 
 
 ,142,497 
 
 8, 712 
 
 1,.500 
 
 74, 788 
 
 228, ,S2r. 
 
 7, H'lO 
 
 11,1102 
 
 7l'.9, 012 
 
 (;si;,il',l,s 
 
 177,7.s« 
 
 11,.S90 
 
 00, 877 
 
 190,5.55 
 
 5, ,S54 
 
 .56, 1.50 
 
 B5, 310 
 840 
 
 126,992 
 
 11,300 
 63, 401 
 32, 841 
 17, 4.50 
 
 242,461 
 
 '222, 5'JO 
 1,27K 
 9, .580 
 
 WA'iE- EARNERS. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 211 
 8.55 
 19 
 35 
 46 
 
 1 
 
 5, 37i; 
 
 312 
 
 69,691 
 
 92. "','5 
 
 1,110 
 
 6, 934 
 
 169 
 
 148 
 
 2,115 
 
 5,610 
 
 2,S64 
 
 HI 
 
 703 
 
 3,426 
 
 ,5,H 
 
 667 
 
 AVa^es. 
 
 SI, 033, 075 
 
 144, 801 
 816, 711 
 10,102 
 26, 4.54 
 36, 007 
 
 114,122,437 
 
 638 
 29 
 
 2, l',94 
 
 19N 
 1 , 49K 
 
 815 
 183 
 
 3,131 
 
 016 
 
 2,411,6.52 
 
 1 30, 733 
 
 3S, 716, 113 
 
 59, .s-IK, 902 
 
 60, 876 
 
 11,713 
 
 436, 207 
 
 2,S.S1,2'.I6 
 
 • '.'3,6'23 
 
 67,006 
 
 1 , 30S, 205 
 
 I,"72,'J,S7 
 
 1,779,993 
 
 61,(115 
 
 311.72" 
 
 1,879,173 
 
 26, 2K6 
 
 435, 224 
 
 Men 16 years and over. Boys under 16 years. 
 
 Average , -w^ges 
 number. "^^^ ' 
 
 1, 157 
 
 $1,030,471 
 
 '204 
 
 863 
 
 19 
 
 35 
 
 46 
 
 184,. 512 
 
 142,617 
 
 816, '291 
 
 10,102 
 
 26, 4.54 
 
 36, 007 
 
 112, 6.58, 224 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 6, 423 
 
 421, 608 
 13, 610 
 
 891,737 
 
 45, 44.S 
 4:i5, 5.53 
 351,046 
 
 69, 690 
 
 3, 374, 77(; 
 
 3,217,456 
 43,714 
 
 IS, '288 
 
 661 
 
 379 
 
 1 
 
 Olio 
 
 1 
 
 900 
 
 381 
 
 939 
 
 71 
 
 .■i;i5 
 
 27 
 
 826 
 
 37 
 
 430 
 
 82 
 
 123 
 
 1 
 
 HO 
 
 a'.l 
 
 ISI 
 
 ',11 
 
 69, .509 
 
 li'i 
 
 •25, ,809 
 
 10, S'.IO 
 
 4,.S64,'241 
 
 26 
 
 7, .5-25 
 
 46 
 
 13,110 
 
 6, 220 
 
 3, 213, 632 
 
 1 , 299 
 
 512,702 
 
 I'i'.IS 
 
 ■J'22, 173 
 
 607 
 
 218. 7i;i 
 
 1 , 3'.I7 
 
 193, 8119 
 
 111 
 
 l.osi; 
 
 387 
 
 17s, 20S 
 
 90, 086 
 
 21,393 
 
 2,000 
 
 414, r29 
 
 19, .876 
 8, 089 
 8, 400 
 
 70, 229 
 
 6,87,006 
 
 80, 065 
 
 71,166 
 
 391,317 
 
 2, 296 
 
 6, 720 
 
 "36^4.53' 
 
 ■oball, 1 
 
 723 
 233 
 191 
 66 
 396 
 
 5, 712 
 
 1,.576 
 
 187 
 
 3, 349 
 
 103 
 
 66 
 
 1 
 
 131 
 
 991,391 
 121,272 
 
 S7! II I 
 1110,399 
 
 11,184 
 217.770 
 
 3 089,122 
 
 1, '2.54. 090 
 
 I3'.l, 61'. 
 
 1 
 
 5, 331 
 
 311 
 
 65, 127 
 
 90, 483 
 
 123 
 
 27 
 
 1,118 
 
 6, 901 
 
 166 
 
 148 
 
 2,113 
 
 6, 610 
 
 2, 839 
 
 141 
 
 702 
 
 3,311 
 
 68 
 
 667 
 
 638 
 29 
 
 2, 664 
 
 190 
 
 1,498 
 
 793 
 
 183 
 
 3, 130 
 
 616 
 
 2,402,439 
 
 130, 463 
 
 37, 7.53, .598 
 
 59, 399, 959 
 
 60, 456 
 
 11,713 
 
 43:1, 295 
 
 2, 872, '286 
 
 96, 123 
 
 67, 006 
 
 1,308,205 
 
 4,072,287 
 
 1,774,117 
 
 64, 016 
 
 341,480 
 
 1,8.54,871 
 
 26, 286 
 
 435, 224 
 
 45 
 
 1 
 
 4,664 
 
 1, 612 
 
 421, 608 
 13,616 
 
 887,419 
 
 10, 664 
 
 21 
 
 4li 
 
 6,046 
 
 1,205 
 
 681 
 
 604 
 
 1,577 
 
 10 
 
 371 
 
 3,814 
 
 44.288 
 436, .5.53 
 347, .888 
 
 .59, (WO 
 
 3,374,026 
 
 3, '217, 4.56 
 43,714 
 
 1 8, '288 
 
 69, 359 
 25, ,809 
 
 4, 805, 250 
 
 , 1 76, 
 
 V.19 
 
 77, '296 
 
 .50, 2'26 
 
 330 
 
 90, 970 
 
 1,9.53 
 271 
 
 "7'23' 
 
 227 
 
 191 
 
 ,56 
 
 394 
 
 5, 691 
 
 1,5(V2 
 487 
 3, 345 
 103 
 04 
 1 
 129 
 
 7, 225 
 13,110 
 3, l,sl,6'.IO 
 495, 293 
 219,918 
 218, 401 
 490, 3-52 
 4,0,H6 
 17.5, 142 
 
 2, 263, 164 
 
 986,. 565 
 r23, 1 18 
 
 699. 209 
 .S6,434 
 
 100,399 
 11,034 
 
 217,405 
 
 6,081,068 I 
 
 1, '249, 096 
 
 139, 612 
 
 3, 171, '2S',I 
 
 77,296 
 
 60, 075 
 
 330 
 
 90, 370 
 
 nu'lstoncs ad'i qiiartzilcs, 1. 
 
 Wages 
 
 2, 184 
 420 
 
 2 1 
 
 CrvshilloM 
 ' Jra[iljitc, 
 
 ()iiar(z, 1 ; 
 ; linicstoii 
 
 Krnpbi 
 loniiles 
 
 pbospbiilr rock, 1; precious stones, 33 (no nun. 
 
 iipsloni 
 
 9,193 
 
 300 
 
 962, 515 
 
 448, 943 
 
 420 
 
 2, 912 
 
 9,010 
 
 .500 
 
 1 240 
 
 116 24,304 
 
 4,318 
 
 1,160 
 
 3,1.58 
 1.50 
 
 74 
 
 31,, 842 
 
 94 
 
 17,409 
 
 17 
 
 2, 557 
 
 3 
 
 360 
 
 '20 
 
 3,457 
 
 8,475 
 
 3,, 826 
 1,1.54 
 
 9S0 
 
 150 
 365 
 
 8, 0,54 
 
 4,994 
 ''2,'3i(j' 
 '"i.56' 
 
 '"m 
 
GENERAL TABLES. 
 
 yyi) 
 
 TERRITORIES, BY MINERALS: 1902— Continued. 
 
 WAlili-ICAKNERS — continTiod. 
 
 Above g:roiind. 
 
 Average ... 
 
 Below ^^rouini. 
 
 .'Vverage 
 number. 
 
 $473, 0-13 
 
 42 
 436 
 19 
 ■in 
 30 
 
 6S, 390 
 
 3,S7, 
 10, 
 
 1 
 
 5, 370 
 
 ■J4S 
 
 27,964 
 
 11,660 
 
 12.5 1 
 
 27 
 
 873 
 
 6,934 
 
 169 1 
 
 107 
 
 2,11.S 
 
 .5, 610 
 
 2,864 
 
 141 
 
 703 
 
 3,126 
 
 47 
 
 667 
 
 103 
 777 
 102 
 i, 454 
 ,607 
 
 1,467 
 616 
 
 169 
 419 
 
 Wages 
 
 $560, 032 
 
 116, 698 
 428, ;134 
 
 16 
 122,645 
 
 14,400 
 79,689,970 
 
 638 
 29 
 
 2,613 
 
 2,411, 
 
 104, 
 
 12, 133, 
 
 6, 996, 
 
 50, 
 
 11, 
 
 329, 
 
 2,881, 
 
 96, 
 
 49, 
 
 1,308, 
 
 4,072, 
 
 1,779, 
 
 64, 
 
 341, 
 
 1,879, 
 
 21 
 
 64 I 26,347 
 41,727 26,582,130 
 ,80,435 ! 62, 852, .514 
 
 106, 757 
 "'i7'453' 
 
 INTltATT WORK. 
 
 .'Vniount 
 yiaid. 
 
 $19, .522 
 
 Xuiiilier 
 of em- 
 ployees. 
 
 32.5 
 5, .598, 074 
 
 300 
 406,421 
 474, 679 
 
 1 
 
 1,731 
 
 985 
 
 1,745 500 I 988 
 2,969,046 1,391 
 
 421, 
 13, 
 
 198 
 
 1,498 
 
 816 
 
 102 
 
 1,069 
 
 616 
 637 
 
 45, 448 
 
 856 
 .55 
 19 
 
 4,722 
 
 351,046 
 31, .590 
 
 911,724 
 43,714 
 16, 900 
 
 81 
 2,062 
 
 28,100 
 2,308,630 
 
 ;, 058 
 "'3' 
 
 2,305,732 
 2,' 388' 
 
 69,609 
 25, 299 
 
 1 
 6, 168 
 
 26 
 
 46 
 
 834 
 
 845 
 
 698 
 
 607 
 
 1,.535 
 
 10 
 
 121 
 
 1,828 
 
 237 
 275 
 
 723 
 47 
 
 191 
 .56 
 
 294 
 
 1,436 
 
 7, 525 
 
 13, 140 
 
 400, 088 
 
 276, 937 
 
 222, 475 
 
 218,764 
 
 472, .509 I 
 
 4,086 
 
 55, 860 
 
 7,943 
 
 
 406 
 
 174,496 
 
 5, 386 
 4.54 
 
 2,813,444 
 235, 765 
 
 62 
 266 
 
 87,307 
 124,272 
 
 21, 300 
 " '122,348 
 1,026,187 
 
 904, 084 
 
 157,402 
 
 3^666' 
 
 1,3.87,796 
 
 306 
 
 io 
 
 1,098 
 
 38 
 
 699,209 
 
 24,881 
 100,399 
 
 41.1«4 
 158, 200 
 
 1,249,9.54 
 
 102 
 4,276 
 
 261 
 41 
 
 848 
 
 103 
 
 65 
 
 1 
 
 117 
 
 bSO, 228 
 
 40, 934 
 
 821, 569 
 
 77,296 
 
 ,60,225 
 
 330 
 
 79, 372 
 
 1,315 
 446 
 
 2, ,501 
 
 59, 570 
 
 3,839,168 
 
 1,073,862 
 
 398, 678 
 
 2, 355, 030 
 
 18, ,812 
 
 363, 463 
 
 235 
 
 17 
 
 1, 061 
 
 4 
 
 5, 248 
 37,0.54 
 
 14 
 
 11,. 698 II 
 
 28, 493 
 260 
 600 
 
 "7," ,471' 
 
 14 
 126 
 
 MlHeEl.],AN'l':t)TS KX I'RNSKS. 
 
 S143, 748 
 
 26, 737 
 
 114,402 
 
 120 
 
 977 
 
 23, 21s, 856 
 
 121 
 
 711,782 
 
 13, 825 
 
 9, 307, 239 
 
 6,178,975 
 
 9,074 
 
 3, 137 
 
 61, 376 
 
 260, 428 
 
 4,274 
 
 21 , 2.59 
 
 2,899,i;33 
 
 3, 276, 131 
 
 108, 608 
 
 8, 2.56 
 
 41, 0,56 
 
 312, 186 
 
 2, 497 
 
 25, 938 
 
 Royal tie,s 
 
 juHi rent of 
 
 mine and 
 
 mining 
 
 plant. 
 
 58, 292 
 600 
 
 10,731;, 
 
 ;.58 
 
 22, .898 
 3,040 
 
 109, 890 
 
 3, 185 
 66, 157 
 34,047 
 
 7, 601 
 
 264,452 
 
 240,112 
 
 366 
 
 7,406 
 
 4, 669 
 1 1 . 899 
 
 720, 4K3 
 
 475 
 
 3, 745 
 
 432, 029 
 
 111,8.54 
 
 11,462 
 
 11,268 
 
 81,882 
 
 329 
 
 67, 439 
 
 923, 769 
 
 1.50 
 
 102, 237 
 
 8, 468 
 
 2, 612 
 
 713,176 
 
 6, 305 
 
 7, 644 
 2, 304 
 
 ,H0, .883 
 
 761, 557 
 
 94, 123 
 71,448 
 670, 250 
 4, 467 
 4,460 
 63 
 1 6, 766 
 
 63 
 
 13, 448 
 
 6, 445 
 
 4,3.69,0.51 
 
 2,714,816 
 
 4,818 
 
 2, 074 
 
 26, 343 
 
 168, 747 
 
 300 
 
 12, 661 
 
 1, 223, 278 
 
 1,916.987 
 
 61 , 792 
 
 2, 475 
 
 26, 025 
 
 207,130 
 
 815 
 
 16,143 
 
 13,643 
 l,.50O 
 
 38, 333 
 
 7,488 
 2, 870 
 
 2,2.59 
 45 
 
 4,55 
 
 60 
 
 245, 001 
 
 93, 672 
 
 5,749 
 
 6,100 
 
 53, 7.54 
 
 Rent of 
 
 tlliees, taxes, 
 
 insnrance, 
 
 interest, and 
 
 other 
 
 sllmlries. 
 
 $83, 249 
 
 24,130 
 
 56,110 
 
 120 
 
 377 
 
 2, .512 
 
 12,482,598 
 
 68 
 
 698, 33.1 
 
 7,380 
 
 4, 948, 188 
 
 3, 464, 1.59 
 
 4,2.50 
 
 1,063 
 
 35, 033 
 
 91, 681 
 
 3, 974 
 8,608 
 
 1,676,366 
 
 1,3,58,144 
 
 .56, ,81 6 
 
 6, 780 
 
 16,031 
 
 105, 056 
 
 1,682 
 
 10, 795 
 
 Cost of 
 
 siipplieK and 
 
 materials. 
 
 $408,112 
 
 9, 265 
 1, 640 
 
 61,199 
 
 3, 185 
 2(i, 824 
 26, .569 
 
 4, 631 
 
 205 
 
 716 
 
 233, 706 
 
 340 
 
 7,406 
 
 2,410 
 1 1 , 864 
 
 3. 
 187, 
 18. 
 6, 
 5, 
 28, 
 
 9, ,576 
 295, 130 
 
 17, 199 
 
 2, ,570 
 
 2,032 
 
 21 ;i, 1,50 
 
 5,416 
 1,296 
 5, 169 
 
 41,098 
 
 643 
 12,166 
 23, 243 
 
 1 , 080 
 S40 
 
 20 
 686 
 028 
 1.82 
 713 
 168 
 128 
 329 
 863 
 
 628,1 
 
 1,50 
 
 ,84, 738 
 
 5,888 
 
 680 
 
 4.52,026 
 
 6, 306 
 
 2, 229 
 
 1,009 
 
 76, 714 
 
 720, 459 
 
 3. 
 
 93, 480 
 
 59, 282 
 
 647,007 
 
 3,377 
 
 3,620 
 
 63 
 
 13,630 
 
 86, 3.55 
 
 299, 706 
 
 4,220 
 
 1,496 
 
 16,336 
 
 33,111,903 
 
 66 
 
 4, 048, 608 
 
 42, 349 
 
 12, 740, 780 
 
 8,224,475 
 
 32, 423 
 
 4, 425 
 
 166,422 
 
 972, 606 
 
 28, 430 
 
 22, 816 
 
 2, 687, 228 
 
 3, 356, 606 
 208, 883 
 
 16, 572 
 128, 968 
 417, 773 
 
 12,676 
 
 86, 127 
 
 C^naiitity 
 (short toTis}. 
 
 2 199 
 
 2 9, 360, 802 
 
 161,. 646 
 
 * 36, 940, 710 
 
 98, 674, 367 
 
 1.5, 121 
 
 '9,785 
 
 ■•822,932 
 
 talne 
 
 92,087,389 
 
 20,807 
 « 12, 663^880" 
 
 160, 075 
 
 1,861,8.53 
 
 20, 133 
 
 ;J8, 429 
 
 16,899 
 
 236,871,417 
 
 1,978 
 
 10,223,267 
 
 288, 811 
 
 76, 173, 686 
 
 032. 460 
 
 115,699 
 
 42,721 
 
 1,225,4.53 
 
 5, 4.68, 433 
 
 160, 42:5 
 
 246, 346 
 
 14,352.1,S3 
 
 16,266,093 
 
 2.,s60, 108 
 
 205, 675 
 
 661.062 
 
 3, .547, 322 
 
 69, 797 
 
 lot 
 
 71,908 
 13,219 
 
 342, 379 
 
 11,612 
 162,836 
 131,771 
 
 36,l(j0 
 
 1,936,617 
 10, 465 
 4, .579 
 
 29, 136 
 ■1327,6,57 
 
 ('") 
 
 9, 703 
 31,221 
 
 540 
 
 3,255 
 
 767 
 
 14, 650 
 
 390, 661 
 
 4, 382, 968 
 
 144,540 
 
 1,874,. 642 
 
 101,196 
 
 
 IS, 725 
 
 
 93, 715 
 
 ■1432,603 
 
 660 
 
 
 99. 782 
 
 
 99, 
 34,; 
 
 675, ! 
 
 73,; 
 
 21,; 
 
 5, ( 
 
 142,; 
 
 196 
 
 114 
 
 166 
 
 226 
 
 ,312 
 
 176 
 
 7.5,046 
 
 ;i 
 
 070 
 
 
 130 1 
 
 ,so 
 
 896 
 
 310 
 901,912 
 
 1,-574, .621 
 
 74,611 
 
 734, 623 
 39. 9S8 
 
 1,834,134 
 
 107, 326 
 9,50, 208 
 698, ,S48 
 177,7,53 
 
 ,, 464, 2-58 
 
 86, 605 
 
 18, 4.50 
 
 10, '2,80 
 
 110,789 
 
 9. .5;38, 7.82 
 
 14, 
 
 27 
 
 i, 399! 
 
 ,123, 
 
 482, 
 
 .518, 
 
 0,51, 
 
 1,981 
 
 456 
 .477,246 
 228, 662 
 14,953 
 
 aincludes operators as follows: Gold and silver, 3; limestones and dolomites, 1; manganese ore, 1; jireeious stones, ;-. (no mmesi. 
 I" 6 000 pounds eut or sheet mica, 205 .short tons rough as mined. 
 
 11 Includes operators as follows: Cement, 1; graphite, 2; gypsum, 2; lithium ore, 1; jireeioiis stones, 3 (no mines). 
 
 ^Includes operators aslollows: Copper ore, "2; fiuorspar, 1; gold and ailver, 2; mineral pigments, i-nme, 1; natural .gas, 1 (2 wells); petroleum, 1 (7 wells). 
 I'i Quicksilver, 6,319 flasks (76J pounds each); cinnabar, 1,:300 .short tons. 
 
 "Iiicludes operators as follows: Asphaltum an.l bituminous rock, 1; cement. 2; gold and silver. 1; gypsum. 2; iron ore. 1 (2 mines). 
 15 Includes operators as follows: Asphaltum and bituminous roeli, 2; cement, 1; clay, 1; gyp.sum, 1; iron ore, 4; marble, 2; .sulphur and pyrite, 1. 
 
 4 
 
 174 
 
 731 
 
 
 264 
 
 350 
 
 
 165 
 
 565 
 
 
 60 
 
 003 , 
 
 
 605 
 
 568 
 
 12 
 
 378 
 
 3.50 
 
 1 
 
 797 
 
 4:64 
 
 1 
 
 4,19 
 
 192 
 
 8 
 
 .600 
 
 904 
 
 
 186,(563 
 
 
 105 
 
 on 
 
 
 1 
 
 479 
 
 
 327 
 
 647 
 
 262 
 263 
 264 
 266 
 
 266 
 
 267 
 268 
 269 
 270 
 271 
 272 
 273 
 274 
 275 
 276 
 277 
 278 
 279 
 280 
 281 
 282 
 283 
 284 
 
 286 
 287 
 
 288 
 
 289 
 290 
 291 
 292 
 
 294 
 295 
 296 
 297 
 298 
 299 
 
 301 
 302 
 '303 
 304 
 305 
 306 
 307 
 
 311 
 312 
 313 
 314 
 315 
 316 
 ;317 
 318 
 319 
 
 321 
 322 
 323 
 :324 
 325 
 326 
 321 
 
390 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 3.^I»P:TAILE1) SUMMARY, STATES AND 
 
 329 
 
 330 
 331 
 332 
 333 
 
 334 
 
 336 
 336 
 337 
 338 
 339 
 340 
 341 
 342 
 343 
 344 
 345 
 346 
 
 348 
 349 
 350 
 351 
 352 
 353 
 354 
 
 373 
 
 374 1 
 
 375 ! 
 376 
 
 STATE OR TERRITOKV ANr> MINERALS. 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Limestones and dolomites . 
 
 Mart^Ie 
 
 Silieeous crvstalline rocks, . 
 
 Slate '. 
 
 All other minerals! 
 
 ^'ir,!?inia 
 
 Barytes 
 
 Buhrstones and millstones . 
 
 Cement 
 
 Coal, bituminous 
 
 Gold and silver 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 Limestones and dolomites . 
 
 Manganese ore 
 
 Siliceous crvstalline roeks. . 
 
 Slate '. 
 
 Sulphur and pyrite 
 
 All other minerals-' 
 
 Washington 
 
 Coal, bituminous 
 
 Gold and silver 
 
 Limestones and dolomites . 
 Marble 
 
 Sandstones and r^uartzites . 
 Siliceous crystalline rocks.. 
 All other minerals 
 
 3-55 West ^'irginia 
 
 356 Clay 
 
 .357 j Coal, bituminous 
 
 358 Limestones and dolomites 
 
 359 I Natural gas 
 
 360 Petroleum 
 
 361 I Sandstones and quartzites 
 
 362 All other minerals^ 
 
 363 Wisconsin . 
 
 364 Clay 
 
 365 i Iron ore 
 
 366 I Lead and zinc ore 
 
 367 ) Limestones and dolomites . 
 
 368 ; Sandstones and quartzites . 
 
 369 Siliceous orv.stalline rocks . 
 
 370 All other minerals i" 
 
 371 Wyoming 
 
 Coal, bituminous 
 
 Gold and silver 
 
 Limestones and dolomite 
 Sandstones and quartzite: 
 All other minerals 11 
 
 Numlier 
 
 of mines, 
 
 (jtiarries, 
 
 and 
 
 ivclls. 
 
 Number 
 of oper- 
 ators. 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 26 
 
 62 
 
 37 
 6 
 
 17 
 4 
 6 
 
 19 
 
 31 
 12 
 5 
 3 
 9 
 3 
 
 174 
 
 949 
 
 ,109 
 
 no 
 
 6 
 
 90 
 216 
 62 
 
 18 
 
 , 192 
 
 4 
 
 406 
 167 
 63 
 4,446 
 100 
 6 
 
 3 
 10 
 90 
 207 
 62 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 SALARIEIi OFFICIALS, 
 CLERKS. ETC. 
 
 Nnnil:)er. Salaries. 
 
 12 
 195 
 128 
 
 97 
 1 
 
 43 
 
 179 
 
 257 
 63 
 10 
 21 
 15 
 32 
 64 
 
 S376, 077 
 
 7, 9.53 
 
 181,. 877 
 
 l(l4,i;.55 
 
 78, 442 
 
 1,50 
 
 .546,204 
 
 160 
 34 
 
 22 
 12 
 
 4 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 2,614 
 
 1 
 
 1,9.S7 
 
 31 
 
 221 
 
 328 
 
 221,915 
 36, 065 
 35, 701 
 10, 400 
 
 4,100 
 11,948 
 
 8, 160 
 
 83 
 .50 
 82 
 13 
 30 
 15 
 
 125 
 4 
 
 720 
 
 .766,448 
 
 27, 2.59 
 
 225, .501 
 
 399, 207 
 
 18,965 
 
 5, 050 
 
 232, 7.58 
 
 3,(iO0 
 85, 262 
 26, 2b2 
 58, 363 
 
 9, 129 
 31,284 
 18,928 
 
 188,616 
 
 1.59,163 
 3, 245 
 
 2, 038 
 24, 180 
 
 8,088 
 
 942 
 
 44,675 
 
 1.55,930 
 
 1,815 
 
 174,034 
 
 35, 4.59 
 
 4,241 
 
 12,904 
 
 11,490 
 
 29, 970 
 
 66, 666 
 
 328, 289 
 
 Total. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 5, 398 
 
 156 
 
 2, 074 
 
 1 , .505 
 
 1,639 
 
 24 
 
 8, 993 
 
 Wages, 
 
 S3, 114, 399 
 
 37 
 
 17 
 
 178 
 
 3,004 
 
 43 
 
 2, 686 
 
 890 
 
 113 
 
 469 
 
 247 
 
 655 
 
 664 
 
 4, 567 
 
 65, 083 
 
 1,206,208 
 
 968, 950 
 
 874,263 
 
 9, 895 
 
 3, 4.58, 4.50 
 
 13,047 
 6,726 
 
 83, 423 
 1,407,867 
 
 11,684 
 888, 9.58 
 290, 979 
 
 33, 903 
 190, 322 
 
 97, 645 
 222,986 
 211,011 
 
 3, 735, 484 
 
 3,931 
 
 229 
 147 
 63 
 32 
 137 
 28 
 
 30,002 
 
 3, 220, 263 
 232, 0.58 
 87, 850 
 46, 099 
 23, 237 
 95, 949 
 30, 028 
 
 17,469,826 
 
 41 
 
 23,914 ; 
 
 1,068 ; 
 
 634 I 
 
 3,800 I 
 
 4,53 I 
 
 92 
 
 3, 583 
 
 36 
 1.361 
 417 
 1,062 
 199 
 391 
 117 
 
 4, 486 
 
 26, 022 
 13, .524, 429 
 426, 401 
 410, 846 
 2,773,312 
 272, 123 
 37, 694 
 
 1,987,565 
 
 16,0.50 
 ,837, 661 
 192, 209 
 ,539,169 
 109,066 
 236, 496 
 
 ,56, 915 
 
 3, 432, 059 
 
 74 
 1,83 
 
 3,207, ,545 
 
 24.. 570 
 
 6, 640 
 
 ,58, 897 
 
 135, 407 
 
 WAGE-EARNERS. 
 
 Men 16 years and over. Boys under 16 years. 
 
 A\'erage 
 number. 
 
 5, 334 
 
 166 
 
 2,068 
 
 1,485 
 
 1,601 
 
 24 
 
 8,605 
 
 37 
 
 17 
 
 172 
 
 2,884 
 
 43 
 
 2,493 
 
 8.54 
 
 109 
 
 464 
 
 240 
 
 642 
 
 6.50 
 
 4, 628 
 
 3,893 
 229 ' 
 147 
 62 
 32 
 137 
 28 
 
 41 
 
 23,065 
 
 1,0.59 
 
 634 
 
 3,800 
 
 442 
 
 91 
 
 3, .570 
 
 34 
 1 , 354 
 416 
 1,061 
 198 
 390 
 117 
 
 4,451 
 
 4, 162 
 
 25 
 
 7 
 
 74 
 
 1,S3 
 
 Wages. 
 
 S3, 098, .501 
 
 65, 083 
 
 1,205,308 
 
 9.53, .508 
 
 864, 707 
 
 9, 895 
 
 3,391,922 
 
 13, 047 
 6,725 
 
 82, 126 
 1,385,948 
 
 11,, 584 
 S66. 737 
 284, 643 
 
 33, 463 
 189, 272 
 
 96, 997 
 220, 969 
 210,411 
 
 3,722,326 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 3, 207, 205 
 232, 058 
 ,S7, 8.50 
 45, 999 
 23, 237 
 96,949 
 30, 028 
 
 17,2.52,962 | 
 
 25,02>2 
 
 13,312,617 
 
 424, 364 
 
 410, 845 
 
 2,773,312 
 
 269,204 
 
 37,. 598 
 
 1,983,964 
 
 15,4.50 ' 
 Sa5,394 
 191,943 
 .538,9.59 
 108,9.58 
 236,345 
 
 .56.915 
 
 3,417,709 
 
 3, 193, 195 
 24,670 
 5,640 I 
 .58,897 ■ 
 136,407 I 
 
 1 Includes operators as follows: Buhrstones and millstones, 1; clay, 2; in 
 operator reported in .\rkansasi. 
 
 2 Stones. 
 "Barrels. 
 
 * Long tons. 
 
 5 Incliides operators as follows: .^sbi'stos, 1: copi.c.f ore. 1; tlhil.l 
 
 6 
 120 
 
 "Wages 
 
 193 
 36 
 4 
 5 
 7 
 13 
 4 
 
 870 
 
 .S49 
 9 
 
 11 
 1 
 
 15, 898 
 
 900 
 5, 442 
 9, 556 
 
 1,297 
 21,919 
 
 32,221 
 6, 336 
 
 440 
 1,050 
 
 648 
 2,017 
 
 600 
 
 13,168 
 
 216,864 
 
 211. S12 
 2,037 
 
 2, 919 
 96 
 
 3, 601 
 
 600 
 2, 267 
 266 
 210 
 108 
 1.50 
 
 14,3.50 
 
 .1: mill. Till i.igiiiriils. .Tilde, 1; .lilstones, whetst.. lies, ami seythestoncs (1 .|Uarry; 
 
 psiim, 2: iiifu 
 
 .....^....^.^...,^... ...J.,.. ..,.,,,,,„.,.-, .. ,,,,,,,,, ,.,,.. J, jojo.j. ^\nsuiji, j: iriMis.iri) 
 
 reported under iron ore); marl, 1; mica. 2; mineral pigments, crii.li\ 2; i.r.'cious stones. 3 1 1 
 
 ■ ■arl 
 1 mill 
 
 1. tripoli 
 
 an.l 
 ■. 1; s. 
 
 piiiiiici,, 2; I.'H.l an.l ziii.- ore (2 mines; operat.ir 
 ilidstoii.'S an.l .|iiarlzites, 2; tal.- and soapstone, 2. 
 
GENERAL TABLES. 
 
 391 
 
 TERKITOKIES, BY MINERALS: 190?— Cimtiimed. 
 
 
 vAi; E-EA KN iiRs— ei )iilini 
 
 efl. 
 
 CONTKACT 
 
 \^-oltK. 
 
 MisoEi.i.A.NEors |.:xl 
 
 ENSES. 
 
 Oo.st of 
 
 supplies and 
 
 materials. 
 
 PHol>r('T. 
 
 
 AbuVL 
 
 grouiirl. 
 
 Belo\ 
 
 grdund. 
 
 Amiiunt 
 paid. 
 
 Numl)er 
 of em- 
 ployees. 
 
 Total. 
 
 RoyaUies 
 
 and rent of 
 
 mine and 
 
 mining 
 
 plant. 
 
 Rent of 
 olliees, ta.xes, 
 
 insnj.anee, 
 
 interest, and 
 
 other 
 
 snndrie.s. 
 
 i Qnantitj' 
 (short tonsj. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 
 5,393 
 
 $3, 112, .563 
 
 ^ 
 
 SI, 836 
 
 
 
 
 .......... 
 
 S382, 734 
 
 5,810 
 
 226,103 
 
 70, 653 
 
 79, 700 
 
 -168 
 
 603, 290 
 
 *101,.546 
 
 1281,188 
 
 $1,076,143 
 
 
 f5, 904, 705 
 
 328 
 
 
 
 156 
 
 2,074 
 
 1,505 
 
 1, 639 
 
 19 
 
 5, 289 
 
 65, 083 
 
 1,206,208 
 
 9,58,9.50 
 
 874,263 
 
 8,059 
 
 1,846,134 
 
 b 
 
 3,704 
 
 1 , 83(; 
 1,612,316 
 
 
 2, 7.50 
 27, 663 
 17, 039 
 53, 794 
 300 
 
 318,763 
 
 3, 060 
 
 198,440 
 
 63,614 
 
 25, 906 
 
 168 
 
 284,. 527 
 
 116, 301 
 523, 075 
 272, 888 
 162, 410 
 1,469 
 
 928, 387 
 
 225, 703 
 
 2,628,164 
 
 1,. 570, 423 
 
 1,464,918 
 
 15,497 
 
 6,607,807 
 
 329 
 330 
 331 
 332 
 333 
 
 J35, 964 
 
 114 
 
 334 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 17 
 163 
 369 
 
 17 
 
 2,002 
 
 890 
 
 73 
 469 
 247 
 389 
 632 
 
 1,208 
 
 8,047 
 
 6, 725 
 
 79, 423 
 
 179,444 
 
 5, 186 
 
 641,286 
 
 290,979 
 
 22,418 
 
 190, 322 
 
 97,645 
 
 122,431 
 
 202,228 
 
 844,457 
 
 16 
 
 i,5' 
 
 2, 635 
 26 
 684 
 
 6,000 
 
 4,"6o6' 
 
 1,228,423 
 
 0,398 
 
 247, 672 
 
 
 
 10,243 
 
 185 
 
 31,487 
 
 315, 384 
 
 444 
 
 120,563 
 
 24, 898 
 
 600 
 
 12,466 
 
 24, 366 
 
 23, 285 
 
 39, 369 
 
 225, 161 
 
 9, 650 
 1,50 
 
 177,199 
 
 370 
 93, 429 
 6, 659 
 421 
 10,163 
 2, 200 
 
 593 
 
 35 
 
 31,487 
 
 138,185 
 
 74 
 
 27, 134 
 
 18, 239 
 
 179 
 
 2,303 
 
 22, 166 
 
 23, 286 
 
 20, 847 
 
 168,603 
 
 2, 087 
 
 1.55 
 
 91,100 
 
 215, 4.58 
 
 4,011 
 
 201,426 
 
 126, 956 
 
 8, 691 
 
 22, 290 
 
 20, 964 
 
 137,491 
 
 97, 768 
 
 616,807 
 
 12,400 
 
 2 904 
 
 .'284,000 
 
 3, 182, 993 
 
 39,700 
 
 11,435 
 
 327, 669 
 
 2, .543, 595 
 
 2, 723 
 
 1,0.52,799 
 
 .535, 113 
 
 29, 444 
 
 282,046 
 
 160, 961 
 
 501, 642 
 
 520, 700 
 
 5. 393, 6,59 
 
 335 
 
 
 
 
 336 
 
 27,600 
 
 62 
 
 3:58 
 339 
 
 6, 730 
 
 63 
 
 < 973, 301 
 
 340 
 311 
 
 40 
 
 11,485 
 
 
 < 3, 041 
 
 342 
 
 
 343 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 341 
 
 266 
 22 
 
 3,359 
 
 100, 555 
 8,783 
 
 2,891,027 
 
 1,134 
 600 
 
 29, 600 
 
 t 
 30 
 
 * 127, 642 
 
 346 
 
 18, .522 
 56, 5.58 
 
 316 
 
 : 
 
 347 
 
 
 
 773 
 51 
 
 147 
 63 
 32 
 
 137 
 5 
 
 10,138 
 
 .532, 485 
 53, 484 
 87,850 
 46, 099 
 23,237 
 96, 949 
 5,353 
 
 6,080,421 
 
 3,158 
 178 
 
 2, 087, 778 
 178,574 
 
 200 
 29,400 
 
 3 
 
 27 
 
 180,213 
 23, 651 
 8,498 
 9,350 
 360 
 2, 614 
 4.55 
 
 7, 468, 346 
 
 40, 780 
 
 14,876 
 
 902 
 
 139,433 
 8, 775 
 7,596 
 9, 3.50 
 
 3.50 
 2,644 
 
 4.55 
 
 3, 593, 566 
 
 473,2.54 
 66, 668 
 28,425 
 22, 349 
 4,316 
 21,264 
 10, .532 
 
 8,. 519, 767 
 
 2,681,214 
 
 4, .572, 295 
 338, 361 
 213, 814 
 61,176 
 30,725 
 147, 273 
 30, 025 
 
 48, 378, 414 
 
 348 
 349 
 
 
 350 
 
 
 
 
 351 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 352 
 
 
 
 
 
 353 
 
 23 
 19,864 
 
 24, 675 
 11,389,405 
 
 
 
 
 351 
 
 6, 194, 279 
 
 1,7X3 
 
 3,S74,780 
 
 1 
 
 355 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 4,077 
 1,068 
 
 034 
 3,800 
 
 4.53 
 92 
 
 2,294 
 
 6, 1.56 
 2,1,53,890 
 426, 401 
 410,846 
 2, 773, 312 
 272, 123 
 37, 694 
 
 1,222,767 
 
 27 
 19,837 
 
 18,866 
 11, 370,. 539 
 
 1 
 i 
 
 1,618 
 
 2, 087, .528 
 
 8,144 
 
 822, 639 
 
 4,523,499 
 
 17, .533 
 
 7, 3.S6 
 
 427,847 
 
 
 1, 618 
 871,. 588 
 
 7,768 
 
 314,771 
 
 2,391,256 
 
 2,777 
 
 3,788 
 
 167, 472 
 
 10,421 
 2,327,377 
 
 78, 146 
 1,495,069 
 4,664,908 
 
 28, 500 
 
 15, 340 
 
 804, 142 
 
 57, 506 
 24, 570, 826 
 
 43,266 
 
 24, 748, 668 
 
 616, 366 
 
 5,390,181 
 
 17, 040, 317 
 
 423, 532 
 
 116,094 
 
 4,427,813 
 
 356 
 
 23, 092 
 
 79 
 
 1,215,940 
 
 376 
 
 .507,868 
 
 2,132,243 
 
 14,7.56 
 
 3, .597 
 
 260, 375 
 
 357 
 358 
 
 
 
 994, 640 
 4,170,647 
 
 298 
 1,406 
 
 
 359 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "13,513,345 
 
 360 
 361 
 
 
 36-' 
 
 1,289 
 
 764, 808 
 
 3, 7.5S 
 
 20 
 
 
 363 
 
 
 
 34 
 384 
 122 
 1,062 
 199 
 391 
 102 
 
 1,153 
 
 ' 15, 1.50 
 216,118 
 
 56, 924 
 539, 169 
 109,066 
 236,495 
 
 49, 835 
 
 886,990 
 
 977 
 295 
 
 900 
 621,543 
 135, 285 
 
 1 1 
 
 1,225 
 
 247,149 
 
 .54,. 534 
 
 47,052 
 
 3,632 
 26,211 
 48,044 
 
 280, 602 
 
 877 
 
 181,243 
 
 52, 876 
 
 3, 675 
 
 817 
 
 622 
 
 20, 266 
 
 96, 222 
 
 348 
 65,906 
 
 1,6.58 
 43, 377 
 
 2, 815 
 26, .589 
 27, 779 
 
 185, 380 
 
 3,092 
 375, 9.59 
 66, 774 
 290, 160 
 17, 169 
 36, 409 
 25, 589 
 
 818, 496 
 
 2, 735 
 » 783, 996 
 "21,999 
 
 23, 178 
 1,800,864 
 473, 6.52 
 1,3.51,0.58 
 207, 086 
 369,137 
 202, 838 
 
 5, 684, 286 
 
 
 2,760 
 1,008 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 365 
 366 
 
 367 
 
 
 
 
 
 368 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 3,333 
 
 7, 080 
 2,545,069 
 
 
 
 
 370 
 
 15, .547 
 
 21 
 
 
 371 
 
 
 
 
 883 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 74 
 
 181 
 
 680,663 
 7,667 
 5, 640 
 58, 897 
 
 134, 123 
 
 3,314 
 17 
 
 2, 626, 882 
 16,903 
 
 12,747 
 300 
 
 17 
 1 
 
 224,947 
 
 160 
 
 2 
 
 2, 291 
 
 53, 202 
 
 63. 095 
 
 161,8.52 
 160 
 
 981 
 22,385 
 
 669, 328 
 
 11,139 
 
 226 
 
 4,337 
 
 133, 467 
 
 4.129,491 
 
 5,236,339 
 4, 923 
 6,340 
 90, 691 
 
 372 
 373 
 
 
 
 
 371 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1,310 
 30,817 
 
 
 375 
 
 2 
 
 1,284 
 
 2, .500 
 
 3 
 
 
 345 993 1 376 
 
 
 
 
 Includes operators as follows; Clay, 1; copper ore, 1; molybdenum, 1. 
 
 ' Barrels of 42 gallons. 
 
 « Includes operators as follows: Cement, 1: grindstones and pulpstones, 2; iron ore, 1: .silica sand, 2. 
 
 Includes 2,623 short tons of lead ore and 19,;376 short tons of zinc ore. 
 
 loincludes operators as follows: Cement, 2; copper ore, 1: graphite, 1 (2 mines): mineral pigments, crude, 1. 
 
 n Includes operators as follows: Copper ore, 1: graphite (1 mine: operator reported in South Dakota): grindstones and puljistones (operator reported under 
 sandstones and quartzites): gvpsum, 2 (3 quarries): iron ore. 1; petroleum, 2 (13 wells): precious stones, 3 (no mines). 
 
REPORTS ON SEPARATE MINERALS 
 
 IRON ORE 
 
 (393) 
 
IRON ORE. 
 
 By John Birkinbine. 
 
 The statistics which are given in this report refer 
 solely to the irou ore mines located in the I'nited States, 
 excluding- the insular possessions and Alaska; they 
 show that in the year l!>()2, 35,567,410 long tons of iron 
 ore were mined in the United States, 25 states and ter- 
 ritories contributing to malte this total. This includes 
 13,275 tons of special manganiferous iron ores obtained 
 in Colorado. These ores were included Ijecause the 
 labor and wages expended on them could not be segre- 
 gated from those expended on the iron ores proper. 
 The amount of true iron ore produced was 35,554,135 
 long tons. 
 
 The statistics included in this report do not show 
 fully comparative data for the various census years 
 because the inquiries at the different census periods were 
 not identical. However, such as are shown will aid in 
 a study of past and existing conditions. 
 
 Prior to 1880, the number of iron ore luines grew 
 with the pig iron industry, individual ))last furnaces 
 depending largely upon mines which were adjacent to 
 the plant or controlled by the same owners. Subse- 
 quently, as blast furnaces were enlarged requiring 
 greater amounts of iron ore, it became necessary that 
 several mines should be combined under the same man- 
 agement, or that existing mines should be exploited to 
 a more liberal extent than before. 
 
 In Table 1 the statistics for each of the census years 
 1902, 1889, and 1880 are presented, but a resume of the 
 data, so far as it could be collated, for 1850, 1860, and 
 1870 is given, as follows; In 1850 the "number of estab- 
 lishments" was 197; the wage-earners were 2,195, re- 
 ceiving a total of $590,866 in wages; the cost of supplies 
 and materials was $63,651, and the value of the product 
 of the regular mining establishments to which these data 
 refer was $1,217,803; but the amount of iron ore 
 smelted was given as l,579,3o9 long tons. 
 
 In 1860 the total amount of iron ore mined from 157 
 regular mining establishments was 908,300 short tons, 
 or 810,982 long tons. These establishments gave em- 
 ployment to 3,177 persons, to whom $901,852 was paid 
 in wages, and 1249,699 was the cost of raw material. 
 In addition, many of the large iron works of the coun- 
 
 try mined their own ore, the quantity thus raised 
 amounting to 2,309,975 short tons, making the total 
 quantity 3,218,275 short tons, or 2,873,460 long tons. 
 While the short ton was not designated as the unit of 
 measure in 1860 or 1870, it was reported in 1880 and 
 presumablj' was used at prior censuses. 
 
 In 1870 there were 420 regular mining establish- 
 ments, employing 15,022 wage-earners, who received 
 as compensation $6,838,022. The cost of supplies and 
 materials was $1,279,563. The product was 3,395,718 
 short tons, equivalent to 3,031,891 long tons, valued at 
 $13,204,138. This production does not include the 
 amount raised, between 800,000 and 900,(M»0 tons, by 
 some of the blast furnace operators, so that at a low 
 estimate the production of 1870 reached a total of at 
 least 3,831,891 long tons. 
 
 The incjuiries for the census j'ears 1902, 1889, and 
 1880 were more nearly identical than any of the others, 
 and therefore a comparison of these gives results of 
 greater immediate A-alue. The statistics for these peri- 
 ods are summarized in the following table: 
 
 Table 1. — Comparative summanj: ISSO to 1902. 
 
 1889 
 
 Number of mince 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneou.s expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials . 
 Prodtict: 
 
 Quantity, long tou.s 
 
 Value 
 
 521,631, 
 
 S426, 
 
 IS, 257, 
 
 S9, 005, 
 
 35, 567, 
 S65. 4155, 
 
 .525 
 332 
 
 ,405 
 ;,230 
 
 ,851 
 792 
 292 
 714 
 
 410 
 321 
 
 592 
 
 = 520 ' 
 S529, 043 
 
 3 37,707 
 
 813,880,108 
 
 SI, 578, 010 
 
 J3, 795, 509 
 
 $4,998,988 
 
 (') 
 
 = 805 
 
 1,2.53 
 C) 
 
 30,415 
 
 <S9, .538, 117 
 
 (M 
 
 (M 
 
 S2, 894, Oil 
 
 14,. 518, 041 
 S33,:351,978 
 
 7, 
 S23, 
 
 120, 362 
 loe,957 
 
 1 Not rei>orted. 
 = Establishments. 
 
 ■■'Foremen included as wage-earners. 
 ^Salaries included in wages. 
 
 The number of mines in 1902 shows an apparent 
 decrease of 67 since 1889. which was caused in part by 
 a difference in the methods followed at the two censuses. 
 In the year 1889 all iron mines were included which 
 were doing exploratory worlc. In the statistics for 
 1902, however, only the mines which contributed iron 
 ore are included, 257 which were being prospected, 
 
 (395) 
 
39r. 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 or in which sliafts wore hcing sunl<;, or wiiich were 
 temporarily idle, being excluded. There have been 
 nume'rous consolidations of important mines, thus re- 
 ducing- still further the number reported in lltoi. Iti 
 many instances two or three mines which were formerly 
 operated inde])endently have been united, connected 
 witli common shafts or slopes, and the ore usually all 
 mined under one management. Thus, the C'hapin mine, 
 on the ]\Ienominee range in Michigan, combines what 
 were formerly known as th(^ Chapin, Ludington, and 
 Hamilton mines; the Nori'ie mine, on the Gogebic range 
 in ^Michigan, embraces the North Norrie, East Norrie, 
 Norrie, and Pal)st; and the Gary mine, on the same range 
 in Wisconsin, represents the Gary, ^^'est Garv, and 
 Odanah nnnes. Other similar consolidations in the 
 Lake Superior and Southern districts could be mentioned. 
 
 In the 18S0 census the nundier of establishments was 
 reported as 805; this included a number of small opera- 
 tions, especially in the eastern section of the United 
 States, wdiich were afterwards abandont'd because im- 
 proved transportation facilities permitted the utiliza- 
 tion of the richer ores of the Lake Superior district 
 where operations on a large scale were possible. 
 
 The number of wage-earners and salaried otticials was 
 38,227 in 1889 and 41,256 in 1902, but the compensa- 
 tion paid them increased from $l-t,109,151 in 1889 to 
 $23,61:5,022 in 1902. It would appear, therefore, that 
 the proportionate increase in the amount paid was much 
 greater than in the number employed. This is due, in 
 part, to the difierent methods used in the calculation of 
 the average number of men employed. In 1902 the 
 number of employees in active min(\s only were consid- 
 ered, and the average number employed during the vcar 
 was reduced to correspond with the number which would 
 be required at •"continuous employment for twelve 
 months to produce the (piantity of product reported.'" 
 Thus, if 200 men -svere employed at an open cut mine 
 which, owing to climatic conditions, could be operated 
 for only nine months during the year, the average num- 
 ber for the entire year, its detei-mined in 1902, would be 
 150 instead of 2n(i. The proportionate increase in the 
 amount paid, therefore, is not so much greater than that 
 in the number of employees as it might se(»m from the 
 statistics. 
 
 Moreover, in the ix.s'.t census all of the persons em- 
 ployed at mines wdiich were active, or nngiit again be- 
 come active, were included. If to the number given 
 for 1902 in Table 1 those employed in the exploitation 
 of mines not yet shipping ore and in mines temporarily 
 idle be added, the total number of persons- employed 
 woidd be increased from 41,256 to 41,551, and the 
 wages from $23,645,022 to $23,822,339. In addition, 
 in 1902, 1,365 men were employed by contractors in 
 acti\'e irnn(w and in de\-elopme]it work, the contractors 
 recei\'ing $641,460. 
 
 In the year 1889 the cost of supplies and materials 
 was $4,99.S,!(88, the amount paid in wages and salaries 
 
 was $14,409,151, contract work cost $1,578,010, and mis- 
 cellaneous expenses $3,795,509, a total of $24,781,658. 
 In the year 1902 the total wages and salaries were 
 $23,645,022, contract work cost $425,292, supplies and 
 materials $9,0o5,6OS, miscellaneous expenses were 
 $8,257,714, a, total (^f $41,333,636.^ 
 
 Table 1 indicates that in 1902 the quantity of ore 
 mined was about five times the product in 1880, but 
 that the value of the ore produced in 19(12 was less than 
 three times that of 1S80. 
 
 The total value at the mines of the 35,567,41(J long 
 tons of iron oi-e produt-cd during the year 1902 was 
 $(i5,465,321, an average of $1.^4 per ton. The value 
 of the 14,518,041 long tons produced in the year 1889 
 was $33,351,978, (jr $2.30 per ton. This shows an 
 increase in quantity of 21,049,369 long tons anrl in value 
 of $32,113,343. liecause of the greater use of lal)or- 
 saving appliances, and other economies, resulting in 
 piirt from the consolidation of contiguous mines, the 
 average value per ton shows a reduction of 4ti cents, or 
 20 per cent. 
 
 In the following statement the average value at the 
 mine per ton of iron ore is presented for the census 
 years from lS(i(.) to 1902, inclusive. The figures for 
 the regular mining establishments are taken fur the 
 earlier years, as the diflference in total amount would 
 make little change in the average \alue per ton of 
 product. 
 
 CENSUS VEAH. 
 
 Average 
 value at 
 the mine 
 per loDg 
 
 tnn of 
 iruii ore. 
 
 IStiO 
 
 
 
 S-J. 69 
 4.3.5 
 3. 2.T 
 2. ?M 
 1.S4 
 
 ISTO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lyO'2 -- 
 
 
 
 
 In th(^ earliei- census yetirs the mines were nearer the 
 furnaces, while in the Ititer the ore was carried lono- 
 distances to points of consumption. This explains, in 
 part, the higher value at the mines in former years. 
 
 T)i'Vi'li)piHiiii mirl-. — In conn(>ction with minin"- a 
 certain tunount of preparatory or explorsdory work is 
 always required. In most of the producing mines the 
 labor, co.st of supplies and materials, and miscellaneous 
 expenses incidental to such work are charged to the 
 i-egular opertiting expenses and do not appear separatelv 
 in the reports. There are, however, in addition, a 
 number of mines which are mere explorations or 
 developments, not having produced any ore, or old 
 nunes wddch, having been abandoned, have l)een 
 r(M)pened. It is dithcult to olitain accurate^ informa- 
 tion in regard to the expenditures for WK)rk dou(> pre- 
 paratory to the actual shipping of the ore, espt-ciallv 
 where acom])any has not been organized, but such data 
 
 ' 1902 lifjiues are exeUisive of lieveloptnent work. 
 
IRON ORE. 
 
 97 
 
 as could be secured are suiumarized in the follnwinu- 
 table: 
 
 Tahlk 2. — Derelojtmeiit irorl;, liy sUiliv: 190i!. 
 
 
 United 
 
 Mielii- 
 
 Minue- 
 
 
 ,VII 
 
 
 States. 
 
 gan. 
 
 sota. 
 
 rtali. 
 4 
 
 oOict' 
 states.i 
 
 Number of mines. 
 
 37 
 33 
 
 
 19 
 16 
 
 
 Number of Dprrntors '.'. 
 
 ,s 
 
 s 
 
 Salai'iefl offiriulN, elrrks c\c'- 
 
 
 
 
 
 NmnbL'r ■...;. 
 
 'JS 
 
 9 
 
 f> 
 
 ;. 
 
 10 
 
 Salaries 
 
 S2U. 715 
 
 S8, 269 
 
 J2,23i; 
 
 SI , 1100 
 
 tf9,220 
 
 Wupe-earners: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total a\'(.'rage number. 
 
 21)7 
 
 98 
 
 117 
 
 .1 
 
 IS 
 
 Total wages 
 
 fl.i(l,liO'.2 
 
 SffiS, 36li 
 
 S73, 7(111 
 
 S),410 
 
 S''0 l:iii 
 
 Above ground — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Average number 
 
 ■>-l\ 
 
 US 
 
 112 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 Wa.ges 
 
 ivi^, :is3 
 
 S3U, 387 
 
 870, 296 
 
 Jl , (ISO 
 
 S14,tl2I 
 
 Below ground — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .V^■erage number 
 
 -ii; 
 
 30 
 
 
 ... 
 
 s 
 
 Wages 
 
 S3i,2i;i 
 
 SIS, 9i;9 
 
 S3, 406 
 
 §3, 330 
 
 So, 616 
 
 Contraet work: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Amount paid 
 
 J'JKi, IGS 
 286 
 
 S68, a;M 
 
 
 $216, 8B8 
 
 284 
 
 »2, 34i; 
 
 S300 
 SI 40 
 
 
 Number of employees 
 
 
 Miseellaneous expenses 
 
 r'$63;465" 
 
 S2 04'' 
 
 Cost of .supplies and materials. . . 
 
 S143, 641 
 
 J71, 091 
 
 SCi6, 310 
 
 S2, 0311 
 
 S3, 610 
 
 1 IneUides operators distributed as follows: .\labama, r ralifornia \- Colo, 
 rarto, 1: b™-a, 1: New ,)ersey, 1: New York. 1: Pennsylvania, 2. 
 
 Table 2 shows that there were oT nonproductive mines 
 engaged in development work in the United States in 
 1902, employing 28 salaried officials and an average of 
 2fiT wage-earners, who received 1177,317; the cost of 
 supplies and materials being $113,541 and the miscel- 
 laneous expenses $68,533. These mines were capitalized 
 at $2,(!S5.000. 
 
 "While these figures do not represent the full amount 
 of expenditures for this class of work during 1!M)l>. they 
 give some idea of the exjjense necesstiry bef(.)re mines 
 become producti\-e. The most active exploitation of 
 new clei)osits was in the states of Minnesota and Midi- 
 igan. In most of the older ,states. such as New .lerscv 
 and New York, little exploratory work was done, 
 except by acti\-e companies: such work was included 
 in the reports of the tictive mining operations of these 
 comjianies. 
 
 In addition to the mines included in the above table, 
 there were 220 mines which ajipear to have been en- 
 tirely inactive during 1902 as regards i^roduction or 
 development work, no expenses for siuli work having 
 been reported. 
 
 The mines classed as idle should not be considered ;is 
 including abandoned mines or openings which have 
 been idle for a long time with no efl'ort made to revi\e 
 them, nor do they include mines which have been dis- 
 mantled. The purpose was to add to the record statistics 
 covering such mines or operations as ma_y be producers 
 in the near futui'e. 
 
 t'ltjiifal sfocl: II f / iicDi'pin'dfi'il (■(HiiptmicK. — It is diffi- 
 cult to arri^•e at a fair determination of the proportion 
 of capital stock and bonds properly chargi^tible against 
 iron ore mines when operated by corporations owning 
 blast furnaces and rolling mills, coal mines, railroads, 
 etc., or by companies subordinate to parent organiza- 
 tions, or where the mining property is leased. Thus, 
 A leases an iron ore property to B, who for this lease 
 pays either a definite sum or, more often, a fixed or slid- 
 
 ing scale royalty per ton foi' the ore taken out foi- a gi\-en 
 [ time. Usually a minimiim annual output l)eing stipu- 
 j lated. The operations may he ui)on a small part of the 
 propeity owned by A, liut if A places a value upon it, 
 this \alue would probably include the entire tract. B 
 can tix no value for the ii'on ore property, being mcrelv 
 a lessee, and would probably base his \-aluation upon 
 the royalty he pays capitalized, which will be constantly 
 changing as the mines are worked energetically or other- 
 wise, or as the demand ftjr oi-e is active or slack. The 
 ownei' or the lessee may or may not be interested in the 
 manufacture of iron. There tire cases whert.' the mines 
 of an iron pi-oducing company are worked under lease 
 for the advantiige of another company, because of the 
 location of the deposit as i-elated to the works of the 
 owner or the lessee. 
 
 In some instances compiini(\s organized vears ago 
 with moderate capital own or control large mines <jr 
 land containing reserves of ore, the properties repre- 
 senting many times the capital stock of the company. 
 In one instance there is a recoi'd of a company whose 
 dividends in one year equalled the entire capitalization 
 of the company. On the other hand, organizations 
 capitalized in late years have iron ore holdings of com- 
 parati\-cly small value, or are apparently over capital- 
 ized if the market value of the stock is considered. In 
 the state of ^Minnesota some mines are owned in fee 
 simple: others are on lands belonging to the state, 
 whidi issues a mining lease at a fixed rcn'alty. Some 
 of these mining leases were secured by parties who 
 sold them for ti lump sum varying ticcording to the 
 amount of ore which is believed to exist on the propertv. 
 or leased the property subject to the first and also ti 
 second royalty, usutdly from 5 to 20 cents per ton, a 
 mininmm amount of ore lieing specified to be won each 
 yciir. In such cases the companies operating the mines 
 are in reality sublessees, and thei'e ;ire instances where 
 a third lease has been made, and the par value of the 
 stock may not represent anything like the true value 
 of the ore deposit. In some of the Southern states ;i 
 number of mines are worked by mining comjDanies, 
 who win the ore from the deposits and deliver it f. o. b. 
 at the mine at a fixed rate, which is paid by the owners 
 of the property, and in this case the returns from this 
 mining company would merely represent the value of 
 the e<|uipment used, ;ind would not include the value 
 of the ore property, which may be many times greater 
 than that of the machinery, tools, and appliances used 
 by companies which are really contractors. 
 
 In the Southern states and in the Lake Superior 
 region many mines are leased, the capittdization of the 
 operating company representing merely the value of 
 th(> lease and not of the land. In addition to earnino-.s 
 on the capital stock of the company a fixed or, in some 
 cases, a sliding royalty is paid, which, in the latter case, 
 is based upon the market price of the ore; this royalty 
 value is not recognized in the capitalization. 
 
398 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 The following- table presents the details of the capitalization of the incorporated companies: 
 Table 3.— CAPITALIZATION OF INCORPORATED COMPANIES: 1902. 
 
 Number of incorporated companies 
 
 Number reporting capitalization : 
 
 Capital stock and bonds issued 
 
 Capital stock: 
 
 Total authorized — 
 
 Nimiber of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Total issued — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid 
 
 Common — 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number of shares . 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of shares , 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid — 
 Preferred — 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number of shares . 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of shares . 
 
 Bonds: 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number 
 
 Par value 
 
 Interest paid . 
 Assessments levied 
 
 Par value . 
 Dividends paid. 
 
 United States 
 
 ■214 
 1S3 
 
 $1^47, 798, 970 
 
 12, 3.58, 
 $26.5, 0.53, 
 
 10, 672, 
 
 S233, 9:53, 
 
 S6, 329, 
 
 11,700, 
 $204,052, 
 
 10, 126, 
 
 $182, 651, 
 
 $3, 183, 
 
 6.58, 
 861 ,,001, 
 
 645, 
 8.51,281, 
 83, 145, 
 
 47, 
 822, 647, 
 
 813, S65 
 8.521 
 864 
 
 007 
 .500 
 
 363 
 600 
 111 
 300 
 
 27 
 
 25 
 
 $22,122,470 
 
 1, 237, 7.56 
 819,927,600 
 
 1,099,443 
 
 $17,477,970 
 
 $420, 999 
 
 1,147,9.56 
 $14,823,600 
 
 1,037,656 
 
 813, 693, 600 
 
 8200, 000 
 
 89, 800 
 $.5, 104, 000 
 
 61,787 
 
 $3, 784, 370 
 
 $220, 999 
 
 6 239 
 $5, 239] 500 
 
 4,644 
 
 84,644,600 
 
 $268, 291 
 
 Colorado 
 
 IX 
 
 18 
 
 $27, 766, 000 
 
 6, 464, 1,60 
 $28, 669, 000 
 
 5,464,110 
 
 $27, 665, 000 
 
 $102,000 
 
 6, 464, 1.50 
 828, 669, 000 
 
 .5,464,110 
 
 $27,666,000 
 
 $102, 000 
 
 100 
 8100, 000 
 
 ICO 
 8100, 000 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 74,300 
 
 l:«, ,620 
 ,419,000 
 
 48,308 
 84,197,800 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 81,000,000 
 
 5, 000 
 8.500, 000 
 
 8, 000 
 
 $.600, 000 
 
 114,770 
 $11, 391,. 600 
 
 32, 558 
 $3,170,300 
 
 15, 7.50 
 81, 027,. 600 
 
 16, 760 
 81, 027,. 500 
 
 6,000 
 8.500,000 
 
 6, 000 
 $.500, 000 
 
 7.53 
 8203, 000 
 
 189 
 $76, 500 
 
 .600 
 $500, 000 
 
 .500 
 8.500, 000 
 
 Michigan, 
 
 896 
 
 41 
 32 
 
 , 458, 000 
 
 1, .585, 350 
 8101,340,000 
 
 1,49.5,390 
 894,039,000 
 S3, 270, 483 
 
 1,;«1,3.60 
 876, 240, 000 
 
 1,282,870 
 
 $73,087,000 
 
 81, 845, .500 
 
 2.54,000 
 $25, 100, 000 
 
 21 2, .620 
 820,9.52,000 
 $1,424,983 
 
 10, 900 
 810, :550, 000 
 
 2, 969 
 
 82,419,000 
 
 S.5., 2.50 
 
 31 
 
 26 
 
 8.56, .6:«, 200 
 
 848, .600 
 $64, .590, 000 
 
 7.5s, 922 
 866, .532, 200 
 $1, 720, 983 
 
 598, 100 
 $39, 5.50, 000 
 
 6.50, 002 
 
 835, r,40, 200 
 
 $296, 000 
 
 2.50,400 
 $25,040,000 
 
 208,920 
 $20, 892, 000 
 81,424,983 
 
 Missouri. 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 $:i05, 000 
 
 03, 2.50 
 8335, 000 
 
 33, 250 
 
 $306, 000 
 
 $40,000 
 
 63,2.50 
 $336, 000 
 
 33, 250 
 
 $306,000 
 
 $40,000 
 
 Number of incorporated companies 
 
 Number reporting capitalization 
 
 Capital stock and bonds issued 
 
 Capital stock: 
 
 Total authorized — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Total issued — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid 
 
 Common — 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number of sliares. 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of shares . 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid . , . 
 preferred — 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number of shares . 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of shares . 
 
 Par viilue 
 
 Dividends paid . . . 
 Bonds: 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number 
 
 Par value 
 
 Interest paid 
 
 A.sse.s-smcnts levied 
 
 New Jersey. 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 $5, oas, 400 
 
 63, 7.50 
 85, 745, 000 
 
 54, 784 
 
 $5, 388, 400 
 
 876, 000 
 
 38, 160 
 83, 1,S6, 000 
 
 29, 181 
 82,828:400 
 
 26, 600 
 82,. 660, 000 
 
 25, 600 
 
 82,. 560, 000 
 
 $75,000 
 
 1,000 
 8600, 000 
 
 1,000 
 8600,000 
 
 New York. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 $10, 129, 900 
 
 90, 200 
 $8, 995, 000 
 
 85, 849 
 
 8«, 669, 900 
 
 $314,021 
 
 75, 200 
 87,495,000 
 
 70, .849 
 
 $7, 059, 900 
 
 8314,021 
 
 15, 000 
 $1,600,000 
 
 16, 00(1 
 $1,. 500, 000 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 :.698, 000 
 
 6, 476 
 $6.50, 000 
 
 4,896 
 8.587, .500 
 
 Pennsylva- 
 nia. 
 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 6, 476 
 $650, 000 
 
 4, 895 
 $.587, .500 
 
 2, 676 
 $1,676,000 
 
 1,.570 
 
 $1 , 670, 000 
 
 $63, .500 
 
 12 
 11 
 
 $6,464,225 
 
 .58, 326 
 $4,:W1,300 
 
 .39, 614 
 
 $2, 614, 226 
 
 $43,. 579 
 
 .57.426 
 $4, 336, 300 
 
 38, .575 
 
 $2, 673, 2.50 
 
 $43, 579 
 
 1,200 
 846. 000 
 
 1,039 
 $40, 975 
 
 $1,040,000 $5,702,600 $7, 335. :!76 
 
 9. 480 
 8948, 000 
 
 8, 9.50 
 $896, 000 
 
 9, 480 
 $948, 000 
 
 8. 960 
 $895. 000 
 
 70. 6.60 
 86.065,000 
 
 300, 200 
 87, 620, 000 
 
 66,026 292,815 
 
 8.6.102,600 i $7, 33.6,:i75 
 
 $.52,500 1 $280,000 
 
 64,400 
 $6,440,000 
 
 300, 200 
 , 520, 000 
 
 .50,776 I 292,815 
 
 $4,, 577. 600 . 87.3:36, :f75 
 
 $.62, ,500 I . $2,80,000 
 
 I 
 
 6,2.50 
 $625,000 
 
 6,2,50 i 
 $.525,000 
 
 70 
 $;K, 000 
 
 21 
 
 $10, .600 
 
 $420 
 
 26, 371 
 $2,8.50,000 
 
 25, 371 
 
 $2, 8.50, 000 
 
 $141,160 
 
 146 
 $146,000 
 
 145 
 
 $145, 000 
 
 604 
 
 8600,000 ; 
 
 .604 
 
 $600,000 
 
 $25, 000 
 
 $1, 800 
 
 All other 
 states. 
 
 1 14 
 
 = 10 
 
 $3, 083, .500 
 
 1,425,490 
 $2, 969, 000 
 
 1,225,135 
 
 82, 733,. 500 
 
 $9. 840 
 
 1,42.6,490 
 82, 969, 000 
 
 1,226,135 
 
 $2, 733, 500 
 
 89,840 
 
 :!.50 
 8350, 000 
 
 3.50 
 
 8360, 000 
 
 $17, .500 
 
 "$.500 
 
 1 Includes companies distributed as follows: Connecticut, 1; Kentucky, 3; Massachusetts, 1: Montana, 2: North Carolina, 3: Texas, 1- Ctah 
 
 2 Includes companies distributed as follows: Connectii-ut, 1; Kentucky, 3; iMnssachusetts, 1: Moutiina, 1; North Carolinii. 1: Ti'.xas! 1: VUih', 
 
 Wyoming, 1. 
 
 In the statistics presented in Table 3, where the iron | ported from the iron mines in Michigan, Minnesota, 
 ore lauds were owned by companies operating blast j and Wisconsin, which, with the exception of a few out- 
 furnaces, steel mills, or other industrial enterprises, an I lying mines, are embraced in the Lake Superior region, 
 effort was made to secure an approximate proportion , These thi'ce states produced 76.1 per cent of all the 
 of the capitalization which would properly he charge- | ore mined in l!)()ii. 
 
 able against the iron ore mines, but without success, 
 and in such cases the statistics are for the entire cap- 
 italization f)f the company. 
 
 The table siiows that a large pi'oportion, 64.7 per 
 cent, of the capitalization of stock and honds was re- 
 
 Next to the Liike Superior region, Colorado shows 
 the largest capitalization, but nmch of the iron won in 
 that state is from mines of tiie precious metiil. In 
 some instances this argentiferous iron ore is the onlv 
 mineral at ])re,sent won from the oijeration. and there- 
 
IRON ORE. 
 
 399 
 
 toio tho entire capitalization (originallj- ba.secl on the 
 suppo.scd value of the mine as a precious metal pro- 
 ducer) i,s included in the iron ore report. 
 
 Alabama ranks next to the Lake Superior region and 
 Colorado in the capitalization, as would naturally !)(> 
 expected from the large amount of iron ore producinl. 
 New York, New Jersey, Virginia, Pennsyhania, and 
 Georgia follow in the order named, the remaining 
 states being comparatively unimportant, so far as the 
 capitalization of their iron mining companies is con- 
 cerned. 
 
 In the year 190::^ the capitalization, including funded 
 
 debt, of 183 incorporated companies owning active iron 
 ore mines reached a total of $247,798,970. In the year 
 1.S89 returns were secured from the .592 dili'erent mines 
 of the value of the land, Ijuildings and fixtures, tools 
 and implements, and the amount of cash and stock on 
 hand, showing a total of $109,766,199. Therefore, no 
 information (jf comparative value is obtainable from a 
 study of the reports of the capital invested in iron ore 
 mines at the two census periods. 
 
 Einployeeti and inaijeff. — The following table shows the 
 average number of wage-earners employed during each 
 
 month in iron ore mining, by states and territories: 
 
 Table 4.— AVP:RAGE NUMBER OF AV AGE-EARNERS EMPLOYED DURING EA(.:H MONTH, BY STATP:S AND TERRI- 
 TORIES: 1902. 
 
 Total average number. 
 
 Average number of men 16 years and 
 over 
 
 .January 
 
 February . - 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 .Tune 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September . 
 
 October 
 
 November . 
 December , 
 
 United 
 States. 
 
 38, 8,51 
 
 Average nuniberof boys under 16 years . 
 
 January . . 
 February . 
 
 Marcb 
 
 April 
 
 May . 
 
 38,333 
 
 33, 8.54 
 33, 195 
 34, 714 
 36, 829 
 39, 291 
 39, 311 
 40, 594 
 41,426 
 41,2.59 
 40, 958 
 39, 8.59 
 38, 706 
 
 518 
 
 Ala- 
 bama. 
 
 4,864 
 
 4,738 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August , . . . 
 September . 
 
 October 
 
 November . 
 December . 
 
 405 
 397 
 454 
 497 
 539 
 531 
 573 
 699 
 .598 
 570 
 .542 
 511 
 
 4,358 
 4,403 
 4,616 
 4, 655 
 4,693 
 4, 715 
 4, 8,50 
 4,887 
 4,,S61 
 4,987 
 4,939 
 4,892 
 
 126 
 
 113 
 102 
 118 
 109 
 117 
 114 
 124 
 143 
 143 
 141 
 147 
 141 
 
 Colo- '■ Geor- 
 rado. ' gia. 
 
 Mary 
 land. 
 
 437 
 428 
 428 
 433 
 409 
 413 
 390 
 406 
 412 
 407 
 437 
 419 
 
 662 
 ,559 
 644 
 659 
 670 
 673 
 661 
 664 
 647 
 630 
 705 
 690 
 
 Michi- 
 gan. 
 
 13, 415 
 12, &58 
 13, 373 
 13,946 
 14, 803 
 14, 399 
 14,977 
 15, 340 
 15,441 
 15, 449 
 14,911 
 14,440 
 
 10 
 
 Minne-| Mi.s- 
 sota. souri. 
 
 8,254 
 
 6, 210 
 6,198 
 6,416 
 7,370 
 8,449 
 8,759 
 9,102 
 9,456 
 9, 6.59 
 9,449 
 9,308 
 8,672 
 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 H 
 
 13 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 11 
 
 16 
 
 13 
 
 18 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 108 
 113 
 113 
 134 
 
 147 
 1,53 
 182 
 182 
 164 
 1,56 
 156 
 1.56 
 
 New 
 Jersey, 
 
 1,6.55 
 
 New 
 York. 
 
 963 
 
 1,453 1 
 
 1,.535 I 
 
 1,.580 
 
 1,684 
 
 1,732 
 
 1,769 
 
 1,775 
 
 1,762 
 
 1,694 
 
 1,647 
 
 1,617 
 
 1,612 
 
 965 
 
 862 
 928 
 
 1,007 
 959 
 989 
 894 
 978 
 946 
 
 1,019 
 996 
 
 1,013 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 34 
 
 69 
 112 
 115 
 125 
 1.58 
 141 
 137 
 104 
 121 
 127 
 
 89 
 
 Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 I I All other 
 
 Ten- Vir- • Wis- ' states 
 ne.ssee. ] ginia. 'cousin. 'and terri- 
 tories.^ 
 
 1, 140 1, 299 
 
 1,074 
 1,021 
 990 
 1,076 
 1,102 
 1,100 
 1,229 
 1,179 
 1,184 
 1,1,53 
 1,1.58 
 1,1,50 
 
 1,205 
 
 2,493 
 
 1,126 
 1,113 
 1,134 
 1,208 
 1,260 
 1,271 
 1, 2.57 
 1,271 
 1,217 
 1,226 
 1,196 
 1,193 
 
 94 
 
 2,136 
 2,104 
 2,337 
 2,396 
 2,664 
 2,682 
 2, 845 
 2,846 
 2,718 
 2,577 
 2,318 
 2,293 
 
 193 
 
 723 
 
 1,354 ' 
 
 1,393 
 1,372 
 1,3,55 
 1,393 
 1,429 
 1,403 
 1,392 
 1,421 
 1,336 
 1,346 
 1,227 
 1,181 
 
 .553 
 530 
 611 
 
 678 
 776 
 780 
 807 
 812 
 793 
 720 
 715 
 865 
 
 10 
 
 86 
 
 141 
 
 2 
 
 1(1 
 
 86 
 
 137 
 
 2 
 
 1(1 
 
 88 
 
 164 
 
 4 
 
 29 
 
 93 
 
 189 
 
 6 
 
 29 
 
 101 
 
 216 
 
 6 
 
 30 
 
 102 
 
 212 
 
 8 
 
 3(1 
 
 94 
 
 230 
 
 11 
 
 34 
 
 98 
 
 228 
 
 12 
 
 31 
 
 99 
 
 224 
 
 9 
 
 23 
 
 93 
 
 211 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 96 
 
 190 
 
 8 
 
 13 
 
 93 
 
 174 
 
 6 
 
 'Includes operators distributed as follows: Connecticut, 1; Kentucky. 3; Massachusetts, 1: Montana, 3: New Mexico, 1: North Carolina, :i: Texas, 1: Utah, 4: 
 Vermont, 1: West Virginia, 1. 
 
 The.se statistics show practicalljr .steadj- employment 
 in such states as Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee, and 
 Virginia, where the climatic conditions do not interfere 
 with mining operations; and even in the states of Min- 
 nesota, Michigan, and Wisconsin, the variation in the 
 number employed was less than generally presumed 
 to be the case. This was undoubtedly due to the fact 
 that the demand for ore encouraged a considerable 
 amount of "dead work" and underground exploitation 
 during the winter months. It is probable that figures 
 for the 3^ear 19().3 would show considerably greater 
 variation between the seasons than those for 1902. 
 
 While the states of Minnesota and Michigan pro- 
 duced 76.7 per cent of the iron ore mined in the United 
 States in 1902, the average number of wage-earners in 
 those states represented onlj' .58.5 per cent of the total 
 for the country', and a calculation shows that for each 
 wage-earner in those states 1,156 tons of iron ore were 
 produced. Similar estimates for important producing 
 states and for the country appear in the following table, 
 to which the figures for 1889 have been added for the 
 purpose of comparison: 
 
 Table .5.- 
 
 -To))K of iron ore produced per ii:age-earner, hi/ .ifafes: 1902 
 and 1SS9. 
 
 
 190-J 
 
 1889 
 
 .ST.\TE. 
 
 Quantity 
 produced 
 (long tons). 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 wage- 
 earners. 
 
 Tons of 
 ore per 
 wage- 
 earner. 
 
 915 
 
 Quantity ^ fl'™: 
 produced 1 ^^^^l 
 
 <10"g'°"^)-earnfrs. 
 
 Tons ol 
 ore per 
 wage- 
 earner. 
 
 United States . . . 
 
 35,567,410 
 
 38, 861 
 
 14,518,041 
 
 36,341 
 
 1,697 
 
 12,496 
 
 3,019 
 
 2,307 
 1,478 
 4,219 
 1,737 
 3,011 
 1,780 
 
 736 
 
 366 
 
 678 
 
 1,565 
 
 n,2,52 
 
 399 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 15,137,650 
 11,1:35,215 
 3., 574, 174 
 
 1 973, 301 
 874, ,542 
 822, 932 
 783,996 
 555, 321 
 441,879 
 
 2 330, ,5,54 
 306, 572 
 
 66, 308 
 22, 657 
 
 ■' 542, 009 
 
 8,256 
 14, 4.56 
 4,864 
 
 12,686 
 1,299 
 1.140 
 1, 361 
 965 
 1 , 660 
 
 2688 
 418 
 148 
 111 
 
 3799 
 
 1,834 1 
 770 
 Tib 
 
 362 
 
 864, .508 
 5, 8.56, 169 
 1,570,319 
 
 .511,255 
 
 473,294 
 
 1.560.234 
 
 509 
 469 
 
 
 520 
 
 Virginia and \A'est 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 222 
 320 
 370 
 
 
 ,576 .| 837,399 
 575 ,' 1,247, ,537 
 266 i| 415,510 
 
 4,80 ■ 2,58,145 
 73:! 1 109,136 
 448 ' 265,718 
 204 , 254,294 
 
 67S < 294, 523 
 
 482 
 
 New York 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 Georgia, and Xortli 
 
 414 
 233 
 
 :!51 
 
 
 29s 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Ohio 
 
 392 
 162 
 
 All other states and 
 territories 
 
 235 
 
 I Includes \'irL,Mnia only. 
 
 - Inclu.li's <;c,>rt,M;i only. 
 
 :i Includes Ccjnnccticait, Kentucky, Maryland, Ma.ssachusetts, Montana, New 
 Mexico, North Carolina, Texas, Utah, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wyoming. 
 
 < Includes Connecticut, Delaware, Idaho, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, 
 Massachusetts, Montana, New Mexico, Oregon, Texas, Utah, and Washington'. 
 
400 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 It should be pointed out, in eonnection with the fore- 
 going table, that the increase in 1!>02 over IS.Si* in the 
 productive capacity per wage-earner is probably con- 
 siderably less than is indicated l)y tlie figures, owing to 
 the difference in the method of computing the average 
 number of wage-earners at the two censuses. 
 
 An analysis of the statistics oi wage-earners presents 
 some interesting features. In Table l-i, showing the 
 detailed statistics, it will be noted that out of a total of 
 38,851 wage-earners, 23,(i8'i are reported as employed 
 below ground. That is, of the total iuunl)er of wage- 
 earners engaged in the iron ore industry 5y.4 per cent 
 are employed below the surface, the remainder being- 
 engaged upon surface mining oi' upon the work above 
 ground. It is also shown that out of a total of 38,851, 
 those returned as miners and miners' helpers, number 
 20,849, which suggests that sliglitly over one-half of 
 those engaged in the iron ore industry may lie consid- 
 ered as actually digging the ore. 
 
 As already stated, exact comparisons between the num- 
 ber of wage-earners at the Eleventh and Twelfth censuses 
 can not be made, by reason of the fact that in VM}-2 the num- 
 ber of employees was reduced to the basis of prac- 
 tically continuous work (30(.> days) during the year. 
 
 However, out of a total of 37,707 employees reported 
 in 1889, 19,708 were returned as working below ground. 
 The miners and laborers below ground, who may be 
 considered as representing miners and miners' helpers, 
 showed a total of 18,911 in 1889. The miners engaged 
 in large open-cut operations were classed as laborers, 
 and if the number of these l)e added to the above total, 
 and this again corrected for the employees who were 
 not actually helpers, the resulting figure indicates that 
 practically the same ratio held good in 1889 as in 1902, 
 namely, that about one-half of the wage-earners at iron 
 ore mines may be considered as having actually dug the 
 ore. 
 
 Table 14 shows also that a number of the miners 
 worked above ground, and that a large pi-oportion of 
 the unclassified labor was employed below the surface. 
 The unclassified labor represented about 29.9 per cent 
 of all those engaged in the iron ore industry. This is 
 accounted for by the fact that in a number of the large 
 open-cut mines, where the operations were carried on 
 b}' steam shovel, the only skilled help was really those 
 engaged in the handling of machinery, trains, etc. 
 
 Talile 6 shows for 1902 the distribution of wage- 
 earners according to daily rates of pay, liy states. 
 
 Table fi.— DISTRIBUTION' OF WA(;E-1:ARNERS ACCORDIN<i TO DAILY RATES OF PAY 
 
 TERRITORIES; 1902. 
 
 BY STATi:S AND 
 
 [Each cumulative percentage sliitws tlie [iroportiun of tlic total number receiving a wtige as great as, or greater tliaii, tlie lowest wage ol tiie gi\'en wage group.] 
 
 RATE PER DAY 
 (DOLLARS). 
 
 Total . 
 
 Less 
 0.50 
 0.75 
 1.00 
 1.25 
 1..50 
 1.75 
 2.00 
 2.2.5 
 2..50 
 2.75 
 3.00 
 3.25 
 3.50 
 3.75 
 4.00 
 4,25 
 
 than 0..50. 
 to 0,74.... 
 to 0.99.... 
 to 1.24.... 
 to 1,49.... 
 to 1.74.... 
 to 1.99.... 
 to 2.24-... 
 
 to 2.49 
 
 to 2.74 
 
 to 2.99 
 
 to 3.24 
 
 to 3.49-... 
 
 to 3.74 
 
 to 3.99.-.. 
 
 to 4,24 
 
 and over-. 
 
 TNITED STATES. 
 
 I 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 n\jm- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 cent 
 
 of 
 total. 
 
 0.4 
 0.7 
 
 n.y 
 
 7.4 
 14.1 
 18.9 
 22.0 
 12.5 
 0.4 
 1.6 
 1.2 
 0.2 
 0.3 
 {-) 
 0.1 
 0.1 
 
 Ctiniu- 
 Iati\-e 
 per- 
 cent- 
 age. 
 
 age 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 4, 804 
 
 100. 
 
 99. 
 
 98. 
 
 96. 
 
 84. 
 
 77. 
 
 63. 
 
 44. 
 
 22. 
 9. 
 3.) 
 1.' 
 0. ' 
 0. i 
 
 0. ; 
 0.: 
 0.: 
 
 21 
 
 87 
 
 209 
 
 1,239 
 
 743 
 
 1,504 
 
 858 
 
 169 
 
 5 
 
 23 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 Per 
 cent 
 
 of 
 total. 
 
 100.0 
 
 Cumu- 
 lative 
 per- 
 cent- 
 age. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 ntim- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 cent 
 
 of 
 total. 
 
 14, 45(i 100. 
 
 MINNESOTA. 
 
 Cumu- 
 lative 
 per- 
 cent- 
 age. 
 
 0.4 
 1.8 
 4.3 
 25. 5 
 1,5,3 
 30,9 
 17.fi 
 3.5 
 0,1 
 0,5 
 {■') 
 0,1 
 
 100,0 
 99,6 
 97,8 
 93. 5 
 08, 
 52,7 
 21,8 
 4,2 
 0,7 
 0,6 
 0,1 
 0,1 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 5U 
 
 148 
 
 1,622 
 
 3,614 
 
 4,132 
 
 3,156 
 
 1,421 
 
 184 
 
 74 
 
 13 
 
 18 
 
 C-l 
 0.1 
 0.4 
 1,0 
 11.2 
 25. 
 28. i; 
 21.8 
 9.8 
 1.3 
 0.5 
 0,1 
 0.1 
 (,-) 
 0,1 
 
 100, 
 
 99,9 
 
 99,9 
 
 99,5 
 
 98.5 
 
 87.3 
 
 62.3 
 
 33. 7 
 
 11,9 
 
 2.1 
 
 0.8 
 
 0,3 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.1 
 
 0.1 
 
 (=) 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 11 
 
 17 
 
 211 
 
 1,763 
 
 3,40-1 
 
 1,361 
 
 807 
 
 390 
 
 93 
 
 44 
 
 54 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 29 
 
 Per 
 
 cent 
 
 of 
 
 total. 
 
 {-) 
 
 Cumu- 
 lative 
 per- 
 cent- 
 age. 
 
 0.1 
 0.2 
 2.6 
 
 21.4 
 
 41.2 
 
 16.5 I 
 
 10. 5 ' 
 4.7 
 1.1 
 0.5 
 0.7 
 
 C-] 
 0.1 
 0.4 
 
 100. 
 99. 
 99. 
 99. 
 99. 
 
 NEW .tERSEY, 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 1,660 
 
 
 3 
 47 
 391 
 693 
 433 
 57 
 25 
 5 
 
 Per 
 cent 
 
 total. 
 
 C^umu- 
 
 lative 
 
 jier- 
 
 eent- 
 
 agc. 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.2 
 
 2.8 
 
 23.6 
 
 41.7 
 
 26.1 
 
 3.4 
 
 1.5 
 
 0.3 
 
 100.0 
 99.6 
 99.4 
 96.6 
 73.0 
 31.3 
 5.2 
 1.8 
 0.3 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 Per 
 cent 
 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 Ctimu- 
 lative 
 per- 
 cent- 
 age. 
 
 170 
 
 219 
 
 448 
 
 64 
 
 36 
 
 H 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 0.2 
 17.6 
 
 3.7 
 1.5 
 0.6 
 0.3 
 0.3 
 
 100.0 
 99,8 
 82.2 
 59. 5 
 13.1 
 6.4 
 
 i!2 
 0,7 
 0.4 
 0,1 
 0,1 
 0,1 
 0.1 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 RATE PER DAY 
 (DOLLARS). 
 
 Average ,.^^J.,i 
 
 Total . 
 
 1,140 100,0 
 
 Les.s 
 0,50 
 0,75 
 1.00 
 1.25 
 1,,50 
 1,75 
 2,00 
 2,25 
 2,.50 
 2,75 
 3,00 
 3,25 
 3,50 
 3.75 
 4.00 
 4,25 
 
 than 0,50. 
 to 0,74---- 
 toO.99.--- 
 tol.24---- 
 tol-49---- 
 tol,74---- 
 to 1,99---- 
 to 2,24 - - - - 
 to 2,49-... 
 to 2.74.... 
 to 2.99... - 
 to 3.24.... 
 to 3.49.... 
 to 3.74.... 
 to 3.99.-.. 
 
 10 
 
 57 
 
 411 
 
 336 
 
 240 
 
 28 
 
 28 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 0.7 
 0,9 
 ,5.0 
 36.1 
 29, 5 
 21.0 
 2,4 
 2.0 
 0.7 
 0.2 
 1.5 
 
 to 4.24.... 
 and ovcr- 
 
 Cumn- 
 lalive 
 per- 
 centage. 
 
 TENNESSEE. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 100.0 
 
 99. 3 
 
 98. I 
 
 93. 4 
 
 57. 3 
 
 27. 8 
 
 0.8 
 
 4.4 
 
 2.4 
 
 1.7 
 
 1.5 
 
 48 
 258 
 140 
 113 
 244 
 
 11 
 
 20 
 121 
 
 39 
 
 Per 
 
 cent of 
 
 total. 
 
 100.0 
 
 Cumu- 
 lative 
 per- 
 centage. 
 
 0.2 
 3.7 
 19.9 
 33. 9 
 8.7 
 18.8 
 0,8 
 1.5 
 9. 3 
 3.0 
 
 0.2 
 
 100. 
 
 99.8 
 
 96. 1 
 
 76. 2 
 
 42, 3 
 
 33, 6 
 
 14,8 
 
 14,0 
 
 12, 5 
 
 3,2 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2 
 
 Average 
 numljer. 
 
 2,680 
 
 96 
 
 ,80 
 
 146 
 
 1 , 593 
 
 579 
 
 123 
 
 22 
 
 28 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 Per 
 
 cent of 
 
 total. 
 
 Cumu- 
 lative 
 per- 
 ; centage. 
 
 100. 
 
 3. 6 
 
 3,0 
 
 5,4 
 
 59,3 
 
 21,6 
 
 4,6 
 
 0,8 
 
 1.0 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.3 
 
 0,2 
 
 (-■) 
 
 100. 
 
 96. 4 
 93.4 
 
 88.0 
 
 28.7 
 
 7.1 
 
 1.7 
 0.7 
 0. 5 
 0.2 
 
 WISCONSIN. 
 
 -AveragG 
 number. 
 
 Per 
 cent of 
 
 total. 
 
 Cumu- 
 lative 
 per- 
 centage. 
 
 ALL OTHER STATES AND 
 TERRITORIES.^ 
 
 -Average 
 numbt^r. 
 
 Cumu- 
 lative 
 per- 
 centage. 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 105 
 
 451 
 
 582 
 
 1,53 
 
 39 
 
 0.3 
 0,3 
 1,0 
 7,7 
 33, 1 
 42, 8 
 11,2 
 2,9 
 0,4 
 
 0.1 
 
 0.1 
 0,1 
 
 100. 
 
 99, 7 
 
 99, 4 
 
 98, 4 
 
 90, 7 
 
 57,6 
 
 14.8 
 
 3. 6 
 
 0.7 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.1 
 
 13 
 47 
 162 
 653 
 311 
 278 
 100 
 84 
 13 
 102 
 
 ^H 
 
 30.2 
 14.5 
 12.8 ' 
 
 4.6 
 
 3.9 
 
 ^;? 
 1.1 
 
 12,7 
 0,9 
 2, 5 
 
 14 
 12 
 
 0, 6 
 0,6 
 
 100,0 
 
 99,4 
 
 97,2 
 
 89,7 
 
 59,5 
 
 45,0 
 
 32. 2 
 
 27.6 
 
 23.7 
 
 23.1 
 
 18.4 
 
 17.3 
 
 4.6 
 
 3.7 
 
 1.2 
 
 1.2 
 
 0.6 
 
 ' Includes 8,105 wage-earners, paid h\- I In' (orj, for \\ Itoiii 
 2Le.ss than one-tenth of I j,er ecnl, 
 
 ^Includes Colorado, Cout lieul, ic-orgiii, Ki-iilucky, M;i 
 
 West Virginia, and Wyauing. 
 
 id, M;l 
 
 earnings are shown, 
 chlisells Missouri. Ml 
 
 Niirlli Ciii-nlina, Dili 
 
 Texas, rtali, Vermont, 
 

 
 li: 
 
 
 i%,iUi' ' 
 
 ^ 
 
 {U' 
 
 '^^'-i ' 
 
 
IRON ()RE. 
 
 401 
 
 111 the preceding- table the distrilmtion of wage- 
 euniers, aecording to daily rates of pay, is shown sepa- 
 rately for the 8 states which reported inor(> than 1,0(10 
 wao-e-earners, and also for New York, which is the only 
 other state in which the numl)er of wage-earners ap- 
 proximated 1,000. These 9 states gave einploynKMit to 
 3ti,687 wage-earners, or '.i-t.4 per cent of the tolal niini- 
 ber employed in this industry in the United States. 
 Of the states for which statistics arc presented sepa- 
 rately, ^linncsota, shows the highest rates of pay, '.t7. t 
 per cent of the wage-earners haxing received at least 
 $1.75 per day, and 34.5 per cent of these $2.25 per day 
 or over. The rates of pay were only slightly lower in 
 Michigan and Wisconsin. In the former state 11.2 per 
 cent received between §1.50 and $1.71, while in Wis- 
 consin the proportion with rates of $2.25 or over was 
 considerably smaller than in Minnesota. Michigan, 
 Minnesota, and Wisconsin constitute the Lake Superior 
 district, and the rates in these 3 states were materially 
 higher than those in the other states. In each of the 
 3 states of the Lake Superior district the bulk of the 
 wage-earners received $2 per day or over, while in 
 each of the other states for whitdi statistics are shown 
 separately, practically all the wage-earners received 
 less than $2 per day. 
 
 The state in which the daily rates of pay approached 
 most nearly those of the Lake Superior district is New 
 
 .Tei'sey, where the range of wages for 91.4 per cent of 
 the employees was from $1.25 to $l.lMt. New York, 
 Alabama, Pennsylvania, and AV'isconsin follow in the 
 order named. New Yoi'k shows a considerable number 
 with rates of less than $1.25 per day and a cf>nipara- 
 ti\'ely small mmiber who I'cceived as nuich as fl.75. 
 In Alal)ama the bulk of the wage-earners, 89.3 per 
 cent, received between $1 and $1.99. There was verj^ 
 little ditterence on the whole between the rates paid in 
 Pennsylvania and those paid in Tennessee. The pro- 
 portion receiving $1.75 oi' over was greater in Tennes- 
 see, but the number who received less than $1 was so 
 large as to offset this. Rates were lower on the whole 
 in Virginia than in any other state which rejjorted a 
 large number of wage-earners, only 7.1 per cent of the 
 total number having l»een paid as much as $1.50 to 
 $1.74 per day. 
 
 Table 7 .shows the distribution of the wage-earners 
 employed in 1902 in the mining of iron ore among the 
 several occupations and according to daily rates of pay. 
 For each occupation the average numlier employed dur- 
 ing the year at specified rates, and the percentages 
 which these numbers form of the total luunber, are 
 given. In an additional colunm these percentages are 
 accumulated, thus rendering it possible to determine 
 what proportion of the total number received as much 
 as, or more than, a given rate. 
 
 T.\BLE 7.— DISTRIBUTION OF WAGlvEARNEHS A('COKDIX(; To DAILY RATES OF PAY: 1902. 
 [Eiicli cumulative percuutagu shows the proportion of the total numher reeeiving a wage as g:reat as. or greater thau, the lowest wage ol the given wage group.] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 MACHINISTS, BLACKS.MITHS, 
 
 
 
 
 
 ALL CLASSES. 
 
 ENGINEERS. 
 
 
 t-IKEMEN 
 
 
 CARPENTERS, AND OTHER 
 
 
 :mixers. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 MECHANICS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Per 
 
 Cumula- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (DOLLARS). 
 
 
 Per 
 
 Cumula- 
 
 
 Per 
 
 Cumula- 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 , 1 Per 
 
 Cumula- 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per 
 
 Cumula- 
 
 
 t Average 
 number. 
 
 cent of 
 total. 
 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 number. 
 
 cent of 
 total. 
 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 cent of 
 total. 
 
 100.0 
 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 number. 
 
 cent of 
 total. 
 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 cent of 
 total. 
 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 Total 
 
 . 138,851 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 1,102 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 812 
 
 
 1,842 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 
 18, 5.56 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Less than 0.50 
 
 0.50 to 0.74 
 
 141 
 
 4 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ""o.'i 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 0.1 
 
 lUO. 
 
 853 
 
 .1 2 
 
 98. 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.4 
 
 99.9 
 
 3 
 
 6.2 
 
 ioo.o 
 
 296 
 
 1.6 
 
 99.9 
 
 1 Goto 1 24 
 
 4,618 
 
 11.9 
 
 96.7 
 
 
 1.9 
 
 lUO. 
 
 49 
 
 6.0 
 
 99.5 
 
 36 
 
 2.0 
 
 99.8 
 
 3,001 
 
 16. 2 
 
 98.3 
 
 1.25tol.49.-- 
 
 2,874 
 
 7.4 
 
 84.8 
 
 91 
 
 ,s. 3 
 
 98.1 
 
 135 
 
 16.6 
 
 93.5 
 
 108 
 
 6.9 
 
 97.8 
 
 1,0.57 
 
 .5.7 
 
 82.1 
 
 1 nO to 1.74 
 
 5,468 
 
 14.1 
 
 77.4 
 
 itw 
 
 15. 3 
 
 89. 8 
 
 76 
 
 9.4 
 
 76.9 
 
 206 
 
 11.2 
 
 91.9 
 
 2,478 
 
 13.4 
 
 76.4 
 
 1.75tol.99 
 
 7, 344 
 
 18.9 
 
 63.3 
 
 239 
 
 21.7 
 
 74.5 
 
 312 
 
 38.4 
 
 67. 5 
 
 341 
 
 18.6 
 
 80.7 
 
 1,.5.85 
 
 8.5 
 
 63.0 
 
 •2 00 to 2.24 
 
 . ' 8, 535 
 
 22.0 
 
 44.4 
 
 378 
 
 34.3 
 
 ,52.8 
 
 183 
 
 22.5 
 
 29.1 
 
 602 
 
 27. 2 
 
 62.2 
 
 3,926 
 
 21.2 
 
 54.5 
 
 
 4,862 
 
 12.6 
 
 22.4 
 
 84 
 
 7.6 
 
 18.5 
 
 37 
 
 4.5 
 
 6.6 
 
 290 
 
 15.7 
 
 35. 
 
 3, 642 
 
 19.6 
 
 33.3 
 
 
 2,511 
 
 6.4 
 
 9.9 
 
 23 
 
 2.1 
 
 10.9 
 
 9 
 
 1.1 
 
 2.1 
 
 186 10.1 
 
 19.3 
 
 1,687 
 
 9.1 
 
 13.7 
 
 
 630 
 4.54 
 
 1.6 
 1.2 
 
 3.5 
 1.9 
 
 7 
 25 
 
 0.6 
 2.3 
 
 8.8 
 8.2 
 
 
 
 1.0 
 1.0 
 
 63 3.4 
 
 .52 2. 8 
 
 9.2 
 .5.8 
 
 481 
 304 
 
 2.6 
 1.6 
 
 4.6 
 
 3 OOto.3.24 
 
 3 
 
 0.4 
 
 2.0 
 
 3 2.=»to3 49 
 
 77 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.7 
 
 9 
 
 0.8 
 
 5.9 
 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.6 
 
 12 0.7 
 
 
 
 
 0.4 
 
 
 125 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.5 
 
 17 
 
 1.6 
 
 5.1 
 
 2 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.3 
 
 27 , 1.5 
 
 2.3 
 
 DO 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.3 
 
 3.7.5 to 3.99 
 
 7 
 
 (=) 
 
 0.2 
 
 1 
 
 0.1 
 
 3.6 
 
 
 
 
 2 0. 1 
 
 n'- 
 
 2 
 
 (=) 
 
 (=) 
 
 4.00to4.24 
 
 30 
 43 
 
 0.1 
 0.1 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.1 
 
 10 
 29 
 
 0.9 
 2.6 
 
 3.5 
 
 
 
 
 4 0.2 
 
 0.2 
 
 5 
 
 •■•(Vf 
 
 
 2.6 
 
 
 t-; 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 MINERS' HELPERS. 
 
 RATE PER DAY 
 (DOLLARS). 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Total . 
 
 Less than 0.50. 
 
 0..50to0.74 
 
 0.75 to 0.99 
 
 1.00 to 1.24 
 
 1.25 to 1.49 
 
 1.50tol.74 
 
 1.75tol.99 
 
 2.00 to 2.24 
 
 2.25 to 2. 49 
 
 2..50to2.74 
 
 2.7.5 to 2.99 
 
 3.00 to 3.24 
 
 3.25 to 3.49 
 
 3..50to3.74 
 
 3.75 to 3.99 
 
 4.00 to 4. 24 
 
 4.25 and over. . 
 
 13 
 151 
 194 
 .503 
 618 
 645 
 105 
 38 
 10 
 16 
 
 Per cent of Cumula- 
 tntal tiveper- 
 
 totai. eentage. 
 
 100.0 
 
 0.6 
 
 6.6 
 
 8.5 
 
 21.9 
 
 26.9 
 
 28.1 
 
 4.6 
 
 1.7 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.7 
 
 100. 
 99.4 
 92.8 
 ,84.3 
 62.4 
 35. 6 
 7.4 
 2.8 
 1.1 
 0.7 
 
 TIMBERMEN AND TRACK LAYERS. 
 
 .\\erage 
 numljer. 
 
 "tot-, i tive.per- 
 '°''"- I eentage. 
 
 29 
 86 
 121 
 667 
 607 
 245 
 317 
 
 0.2 
 
 1.4 
 
 4.1 
 
 5.7 
 31.8 
 28. 9 
 11.7 
 16. 1 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.1 
 
 0. 1 [ 
 
 0.7 
 
 100.0 
 99.8 
 98.4 
 94.3 
 88.6 
 66.8 
 27.9 
 16.2 
 1.1 
 0.9 
 0. ,s 
 0.7 
 
 BOYS UNDER 16, YEARS. 
 
 ALL OTHER WAGE-EARNERS. 
 
 .\verage Per cent of 
 number. total. 
 
 Cumula- 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per cent ' C.umula- 
 
 °f '"'«'■! centile. 
 
 100.0 ' 
 
 4S. :>, 
 
 19,1 
 0.0 
 
 2.1 
 0.6 
 
 15 
 
 434 
 
 1,314 
 
 1,196 
 
 1,913 
 
 3, .582 
 
 2. 294 
 
 459 
 
 251 
 
 65 
 
 62 
 
 28 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 0.1 
 3.7 
 11.3 
 10.3 
 16.5 
 30.8 
 19.7 
 3.9 
 2.2 
 0.6 
 0.5 
 0.2 
 0.1 
 
 0.1 
 
 (=) 
 
 100.0 
 
 99.9 
 
 96.2 
 
 84.9 
 
 74.6 
 
 58.1 
 
 27.3 
 
 7. 6 
 
 3.7 
 
 1.5 
 
 0.9 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.1 
 
 0.1 
 
 (-') 
 
 1 Includes 8,105 wage-earners paid by the ton, for whom average daily eartiirigs are shown. 
 30223—04 26 
 
 -Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 
 
402 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES, 
 
 More than half, 52.8 per cent, of the total nnmber of 
 engineers received p2 or over. Most of the engineers 
 are, however, concentrated in the $-2 group, and the 
 two groups below, 71.3 per cent, receiving between 
 $1.50 and $2.24. The wages for firemen are seen to be 
 somewhat lower than those for engineers. For firemen 
 the lower-limit median rate group is $1.75, while for 
 engineers it is $2; in each case a greater number of 
 employees is included in the median group than in an}' 
 other. 
 
 The range of wages for over 82 per cent of machinists 
 was from $1.50 to $2.74. The median rate lies between 
 $2 and $2.24, and the distribution both above and 
 below that rate is comparatively regular. In this occu- 
 pation, also, the median grouf) comprises a greater 
 nimiber of men than is found at anj^ other rate. 
 
 The table shows a very wide range in the rates paid 
 to miners. The wages for the bulk of the employees 
 ranged from $1 to $2.74, with the median at $2. Bj- 
 far the greater portion of miners' helpers are concen- 
 trated in three wage groups, the range for 76.9 per cent 
 being from $1.50 to $2.24. 
 
 The median wage for timbermen and track laj'ers was 
 between $2 and $2.24, and the bulk of the employees 
 received from $1.50 to $2.74. 
 
 Almost half of the boys employed, 48.3 per cent, 
 received between 50 cents and 75 cents; 27.2 per cent 
 received less than 50 cents, and 19.1 per cent received 
 between 75 cents and $1. The median rate for all 
 other wage-earners was between $1.75 and $1.99. The 
 wages for 92.3 per cent of the total number ranged 
 from 75 cents to $2.24. 
 
 In the j'ear 1889, also, data in regard to the wages 
 paid the different classes of labor, both above and below 
 ground, were obtained. The returns were in the form of 
 average daily wages and mav be summarized as follows: 
 
 OCCUPATION. 
 
 Average 
 wages 
 
 per day 
 above 
 
 ground. 
 
 ! 
 
 OCCrPATlON. 
 
 Average 
 wages 
 
 per day 
 beli.iw 
 
 ground. 
 
 P^jremen and overseers 
 
 §2.40 
 
 i.yo 
 
 1.29 
 
 U, (i2 
 
 : Foremen and overseers 
 
 $2. 4f> 
 1.91 
 
 Laborers 
 
 Boys under Hi years 
 
 Laborers 
 
 Boys under Ifl y(;ars 
 
 U. S2 
 
 Media 11 ical jxwer. — The detailed summary' shows that 
 119,668 horsepower was used at iron ore mines in the 
 various operations requiring power. This power was 
 applied chiefly through 1,132 steam engines, with a 
 horsepower of 102,87.s, or 80 per cent of the total. 
 There were also 11 gas or gasoline engines with a horse- 
 power of 86, 11 water wheels having a horsepower of 
 1,010, and 260 miscellaneous appliances with a horse- 
 power of 15,444. In addition to this primary power 35 
 electric motors were used, theii- total horsepower being 
 937; 140 horsepower was rented to other establishments. 
 
 At the census of 1889, 1,109 steam boilei's, with a 
 total horsepower capacity of 57,976, were reported by 
 iron ore mines. It was stated in the report on iron ore 
 at that census that these boilers furnished steam to 
 1,093. steam engines, including air compressors, hoist- 
 ing machinery, and engines for driving washeries, etc. 
 In 1902 the mechanical power was applied for the pur- 
 poses for which power is commonl}^ employed in mining 
 work, namely, for hoisting the ore from the shaft, for 
 subse([uent beneticiating treatment, for operating steam 
 shovels and dredges in open-cut mining, pumping and 
 ventilating machinery, mechanical haulage, air com- 
 pressors, electric lighting, drills, etc. 
 
 Table 14 shows also the distribution of the power 
 among the several states; Michigan led in the horse- 
 power employed, having 47,395 horsepower, or 39.6 
 per cent of the total; Minnesota had 25,332 horsepower, 
 or 21.2 per cent of the total; Alabama, 1O.370 horse- 
 power, or .S.7 per cent; New Jerse}', 6,684 horsepower, 
 or 5.6 per cent; and New York, 6,015, or 5 per cent. 
 In the other states the amount of mechanical power used 
 was smaller, but on the whole proportionate to the 
 extent of their operations. 
 
 Production. — At the Eighth and Ninth censuses the 
 statistics of production were not collected in the same 
 manner as in subsequent census years. In 1860 the 
 number of tons of ivo\i ore mined bj- the owners of 
 lilast furnaces was reported separately from the pro- 
 duction of what were considered strictly mining com- 
 panies. The report shows that the blast furnace estab- 
 lishments used 2,309,975 short tons in 18tiO, and that 
 in addition 9(18,300 short tons were produced by mining 
 companies, a total of 3,218,275 short tons, equivalent 
 to 2,873,460 long tons. 
 
 In 1870 the total amount of iron ore produced by the 
 mines reporting was 3,395,718 short tons, equivalent 
 to 3,031,891 long tons; in addition some ore was pro- 
 duced I)}- the owners of blast furnaces which the Bureau 
 of the Census estimated at from 800.000 to 900.000 long 
 tons, so that, taking the first named figure, at least 
 3,831,891 long tons of iron ore were mined in 1870. 
 At the Tenth, P^leventh, and Twelfth censuses the data 
 were obtained from all mines irrespective of their own- 
 ership or their relation to blast furnaces. The follow- 
 ing statement gives a comparison of the figures for 
 these censuses: 
 
 Prodnctiun itf iron ore: JS60 io 1902. 
 
 CENSl'H YEAR. 
 
 Quantity 
 (long tons). 
 
 ISGO 
 
 1870 
 
 1880 
 
 1889 
 
 1902 ;j 'xi^HM 
 
 2,873,460 
 3,831,891 
 7, 120, 3()2 
 14,518,0-11 
 
IRON ORE. 
 
 403 
 
 There is, as mentioned, some uncertainty' in regard 
 to the produetion of iron ore at the Eighth and Ninth 
 censuses, but in comparing the statistics of the various 
 censuses it will bo noted that the production in IHSO 
 was nearlj' double that of IKTt), while in 1SS9 the out- 
 put was twice that of 1880. In IStOO, according to the 
 figures of the United States Geological Sur\'e_v (the cen- 
 sus of 1902 was taken at a time thirteen years removed 
 from 1889), the proportion over 1889 was ahnost iden- 
 tical. Thus, in every decade since 1870 the production 
 of iron ore in the United States has practically been 
 doubled. 
 
 The following table presents for each class of iron ore 
 the amount produced in the census years 1902, 1889, 
 and 1880, together with the percentages which these 
 amounts formed of the total for all classes: 
 
 Table 8. — Pruductiun uf iron ores hij viiriettex, witli per cent of total: 
 1903, 1889, and 1880. 
 
 Tabi.k 0. — /'rodactloii. of iron ore, liy nintex and' territories crndrurie- 
 tirs- J90J. 
 
 [Long tons.] 
 
 
 ino2 
 
 1889 
 
 1880 
 
 VARIETY. 
 
 Quantity 
 
 (longton.s). 
 
 Per 
 cent of 
 total. 
 
 Quantity 
 
 (longtona). 
 
 Per 
 eent of 
 total. 
 
 Per 
 
 Quantity ..p,,,,,, 
 (long tons). 7Xi: 
 
 Total 
 
 35, 567, 410 
 
 100.0 
 
 14, 518, 041 
 
 100.0 
 
 7,120,362 100.0 
 
 Red hematite 
 
 Brown hematite . . 
 
 Magnetite 
 
 Carbonate 
 
 30, 532, 149 
 
 13,318,7,59 
 
 1,688,,%0 
 
 27,642 
 
 8.5.9 
 9.3 
 4.7 
 0.1 
 
 9, 066, 288 
 
 2, .523, 087 
 
 2, .506, 415 
 
 432, 251 
 
 62.4 
 17.4 
 17.2 
 3.0 
 
 i 2,243,993 31.6 
 
 ; 1,918,622 26.9 
 
 2,134,276 30.0 
 
 823,471 ■ 11.6 
 
 1 Includes 13,275 tons of manganiferous ore. 
 
 There has been an increasing preference for rich and 
 easily smelted iron ores, and considering the ditfcrent 
 varieties of ore, it will be found that the amount of red 
 hematite reported in 1880 was but 31.5 per cent; in 
 1889, 62.1 per cent; and in 1902, 85.9 per cent of the 
 total outiDut. The brown hematite, although augment- 
 ing in the amounts mined, indicates a decided decrease 
 in percentages of the total; from 1,918,622 long tons in 
 1880 this class of ore increased to 2,523,087 long tons 
 in 1889 and 3,305.181 long tons in 1902, the percent- 
 ages at the three censuses l)eing respectively 26.9, 17.1, 
 and 9.3 2:»er cent. On the other hand, the magnetites 
 and carbonates have shown a decline, not only in total 
 production, but also in percentage. The former con- 
 tributed 30 per cent (2,134,276 tons) of the total in 
 1880, 17.2 per cent (2,506.41.5) in 1889, and 4.7 per cent 
 (1,688,860) in 1902. The carbonate ore has fallen from 
 823,471 long tons, 11.6 per cent, in 1880 to but 27,642 
 tons, one-tenth of 1 per cent, of the total in 1902. 
 
 The production of iron ore of the different varieties, 
 bv states, in the year 1902 Avas as follows: 
 
 STATE nn TKKKl- 
 TORV. 
 
 Total. 
 
 35, 567,. 110 
 
 15,1.37,650 
 11,135,215 
 3, 574, 474 
 
 987, 9.58 
 .S74, 512 
 
 Ked 
 hematite. 
 
 Brown 
 liematite. 
 
 Magnetite. 
 1,688,860 
 
 Carlj'jn- 
 ate. 
 
 United States.. 
 
 80, 532, 149 
 
 1 3, 318, 759 
 
 27,642 
 
 
 15,137,650 
 11,079,124 
 2, .506, 635 
 
 31,677 
 370, 643 
 
 
 
 
 Michigan 
 
 
 66, 091 
 
 
 1 , 008, 839 
 
 963, 128 
 .503, 899 
 185, 840 
 26, 680 
 
 12, 67C 
 
 
 Virginia and West 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 3, 163 
 '"'"616,64.5' 
 
 
 
 7,H3!996 1 7.58,316 
 
 
 
 451, 670 
 441,879 
 
 30, 836 
 
 88, 686 
 
 
 
 441,879 
 
 
 
 (ieorgia and North 
 
 364, 890 
 
 362, 0.34 
 
 306,672 
 
 71, 006 
 
 66, 308 
 
 29, 093 
 24,367 
 
 117,812 1 216,242 
 
 1 
 
 255,269 1 18,079 
 4,375 1 1302,197 
 42 195 2S.811 
 
 
 .Montana. New Mex- 
 iwi, Utah, and 
 Wyoming 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .57, 937 
 
 8,371 
 29,093 
 
 
 
 Connecticut, Massa- 
 chusetts, and Ver- 
 
 
 
 
 
 19, 382 
 
 
 4,985 
 22,657 
 
 
 22,657 
 6, .516 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6,6io 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Includes 13,275 tons of manganiferous iron ore used in the manufacture of 
 spiegeleisen. 
 
 Con.?idering the individual states it is evident that 
 those located in the Lake Superior region and in the 
 Southern and Western states have shown an almost con- 
 stant increase. In the ^liddle Atlantic and New Eng- 
 land states, however, the bog, brown hematite, fossil, 
 and magnetite ores, which formerly were the chief reli- 
 ance of the local blast furnaces, have been replaced 
 by the richer Lake Superior ores, and therefore show 
 a marked falling off. The states will be considered in 
 the order of their prominence in 1902. 
 
 Ji/;//>/r.sy>^rt.— This state in 1902 contributed 15,137,650 
 long tons of iron ore, a greater amount than was pro- 
 duced by the entire country in 18S9. This shows the 
 unprecedented increase in thirteen years of eighteen 
 times the amount contrilnited in 188!t, viz, 864,508 long 
 tons, when Minnesota occupied tifth position, while in 
 the previous census year, 1880, no iron ore was mined 
 in the .state, the first production l)eingin the year 1.884. 
 Since the year last mentioned the state has shown a 
 phenomenal and practically an uninterrupted advance 
 in the yearly output, l^he ore is obtained from the 
 Vermilion and Mesabi ranges, that secured from the 
 former being a hard specular or red hematite ore, while 
 in the latter the red and brown hematites are much 
 softer and in many localities rpiite finely comminuted. 
 No true limonite ore is shipped from Minnesota, but 
 the degree of hydration of some of the red hematites 
 and the prevailing color encouraged the trade recogni- 
 tion of pai't of the state's product as brown hematite. 
 
404 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 A comparison of the production and value of Minne- utilizing magnetites wliich occur in apparently moderate 
 
 quantities. 
 
 Frodaction and value of Alabama iron ore: 1880 to I90S. 
 
 sota iron ores at the last two census years is as follows 
 
 ProdiActtun and value of Minnesota iron ore: 1SS9 ami 1903. 
 
 YE.\R. 
 
 Quantity 
 (long tons). 
 
 Value. 
 
 1889. 
 
 864, .508 
 1.5,137,650 
 
 *2, 478, 041 
 
 1902 
 
 23, 989, 227 
 
 
 
 Mtchigcm. — In the year 18SU the amount of iron ore 
 mined in Michigan was 1,640,814 long tons, gi\'ing the 
 state second rank, Pennsjdvania being first. The output 
 increased in 1889 to 5.8.56,169 long tons, Michigan rank- 
 ing first and continuing to hold that position until 1901. 
 In 1902 the production was 11,135,215 long tons, nearly 
 ' double that at the previous census. The greater por- 
 tion of this ore was of high grade, although in late 
 years some siliceous ores comparatively low in iron 
 content and also low in phosphorus have been won for 
 use as a mixture in the furnaces with richer ores low 
 in silica. The three I'anges from which this ore was 
 mined, the Marquette, Menominee, and Gogebic ranges, 
 are all located closer to shipping ports and to the prin- 
 cipal pig iron manufacturing centers than the Minne- 
 sota ranges, and the ores therefore command a higher 
 relative value at the mine than those of Minnesota, as 
 will be seen from the following statement: 
 
 I'roduclion and value of Mirhiijan iron, ore: 18S0 to WOil. 
 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Quantity 
 
 (long tons). 
 
 ^'aluo. 
 
 1880 
 
 1,610,814 
 5,8.56,169 
 11,135,215 
 
 S6, 034, 648 
 
 
 15,800,521 
 
 
 26,696,860 
 
 
 
 Alahniiio. — In 188(.> Alabama was a comparatively 
 unimportant iron ore producer, the quantity obtained 
 being 171,139 long tons, giving the state seventh posi- 
 tion. The extensive deposits of fossil ores, particularly 
 in the Birmingham district, located close to supplies 
 of fuel and flux, were, however, the foundation of an 
 important pig iron industry, and the amount of ore 
 mined increa.sed in 1889 to 1.570,319 long tons, which 
 was more than doubled in the year 1902, when 3,574,474 
 long tons were won, as shown in the statement below. 
 These ores, however, are not of so high a grade, nor 
 are their values so great, as those of the Lake Superior 
 district. In addition to the red hematite ores referred 
 to, important deposits of brown hematite have been 
 developed, and this chtss of mineral represents about 
 one-third of the iron ore siq^ply of the state. Some 
 exploitation has also been carried on for the purpose of 
 
 1880 
 1889 
 1902 
 
 Quantity 
 (longtfins) 
 
 171,139 
 1, 570, 319 
 3, .574, 474 
 
 3201,865 
 1,511,611 
 3,936,812 
 
 T'7/Y/////rt and West TV/y/Z^/zV/.— The iron industry in 
 Virginia Avas estalilished early in the seventeenth cen- 
 tury, but as charcoal was the fuel used in the old fur- 
 naces, the amount of ore consumed, which was usually- 
 mined within convenient reach of the furnaces, was 
 small. The production for 1880 in Virginia and West 
 A^irginia was 217.448 long tons. The output in 1889 was 
 511,255 long tons, and in 1902, 9.s7,95S long tons. The 
 iron ore supply of the Virginias has been supplemented 
 in late years by the importation of iron ores from the 
 Lake Superior region. Most of the iron ores now ob- 
 tained in the Virginias are of the brown hematite 
 variety, !)ut some red hematites and magnetites are 
 also mined. The production and value for the last three 
 census years are given as follows: 
 
 Production and ralue (f Yirijinia and West Virginia iron ore: 1880 
 to 190;. 
 
 YKAIl. 
 
 (Quantity 
 
 (longtons). 
 
 Valur. 
 
 IHSO 
 
 217,448 
 511,2,55 
 987, 958 
 
 S530, 943 
 
 
 
 935,290 
 
 190'^ 
 
 
 1,667,456 
 
 
 
 
 Tennessee. — Tennessee occupied tenth position as a 
 producer of iron ore in 1880, eighth in 1889, and fifth 
 in 1902, its output consisting of brown and red hema- 
 tites, the amounts and values being as follows: 
 
 I'rodui:tion- and ealue if Tennessee iron ore: 1880 to 190:1. 
 
 Quantity i , , , 
 (longtons).: ^ '""'^■ 
 
 1880 
 1889 
 1902 
 
 93, 272 
 473, 294 
 874, ,542 
 
 S147,181 
 
 606, 476 
 
 1,123,527 
 
 I'ciiii.si/I I'diila. — Pennsylvania, which produced prac- 
 tically half of the total pig iron manufactured in the 
 Lnited States in 1902, might be supposed to be the largest 
 iron ore producing state, and prior to improved trans- 
 portation facilities this was the case. In the year 1880 
 it occupied first position, with a total of 1,951,496 long 
 tons, declining U< third in ls89. the output being 
 1,561 1. ^'34 long tons, and to sixth place in I9(t2, produc- 
 
IRON ORE 
 
 ino- only 8:22,932 long tons, due to the use l)y Pennsyl- 
 vaiiia furnaces of rich ores from other sections of the 
 eountry. Magnetites predominated, lirown lu>matite 
 f)eino- second and red liematite k\xst in importance. A 
 statement of the (juantity and value at each of the last 
 three census years follows: 
 
 PriiiUidion and mine of Fcintsiilvania iron art': 1S.S0 io 190.'. 
 
 YEAH. 
 
 Quantity 
 (longtiuis). 
 
 Vnllic. 
 
 1880 
 
 1,951,J9C. 
 
 1 . 560, 234 
 
 S22,932 
 
 S5, 517, 079 
 3,063, ,534 
 ] ■^■'5 4')3 
 
 1SS9. 
 
 1902 
 
 
 
 Wiseont<!)i. — The bulk of the iron ore obtained in 
 Wisconsin is secured from the Gogebic and Menominee 
 ranges, Avhich extend from the state of Michigan into 
 Wisconsin. ^Nlost of the ore is red hematite, a small 
 proportion being brown hematite. This state contrib- 
 uted 37,000 long tons of iron ore in 1880, 837,399 long 
 tons in 1889, and 783,990 long tons in 1902, the quantities 
 and values being as follows: 
 
 Frodiirtioii (in<J raliie of ]\'ii;cr,ii)!i-ji iron orr: ISSO to ]riO.:\ 
 
 Quantity 
 llongtons) 
 
 1880 : 37, 000 
 
 1889 837, 399 
 
 1 902 _ . . _ _ I 783, 990 
 
 $73, 000 
 1 , 840, 908 
 1,800,864 
 
 Xi'ir Yiirl-. — 111 earlier yctirs large amounts of iron 
 ore of all four classes were obtained from various de- 
 posits in New York, the total for 1880 being 1,12(;,899 
 long tons, giving the state third position. Thi^ output 
 had risen in the year 1889 to 1.217,537 long tons, but 
 in 1902 there was a decline to 555,321 long tons. The 
 bulk of New York ores mined are magnetites, Init 
 some red and brown hematites are found. A statement 
 for the last three census years follows: 
 
 Prodiiiiioii ond rahit; of Xen: Yorl; , 
 
 ISSil In iri02 
 
 Quantity 
 
 (longtons). 
 
 18,80. 
 18.89. 
 1902. 
 
 1,12(5,899 
 
 1,247,537 
 
 555, 321 
 
 .J3, 654, 872 
 3,100,216 
 1,362,987 
 
 OtliKi- .states andierr'doriis. — None of the other states 
 or territories contriljuted over one-h;ilf million tons 
 in 191 »2, and they will not, therefore, lie considered 
 individually. In the foUo^ving table the production of 
 these remaining .states and territories in 19<i2. 1889, 
 and 1880, is given, together with the total value of the 
 iron ore mined: 
 
 T.\]ii.i.; to. ^'Jiioiititi/ oiiil raho' ,,/ iron uri', III/ Kloli'.'i anil Irrriln 
 I.S.wi) In /:i/i,/. 
 
 STA-|-|.: (tit TKR- 
 
 
 
 KITOHV. 
 
 Quantity 
 
 
 
 (long 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 tons). 
 
 
 Colnraild 
 
 1 306, 572 
 
 81,084,424 
 
 Ccin iiec-t icut. 
 
 
 
 M a i n e , an d 
 
 
 
 Mn.'i.sacliuKell.s. 
 
 ■- 29, 093 
 
 .81,374 
 
 lielawaro and 
 
 
 
 Mar\iand 
 
 » 24, 367 
 
 46,911 
 
 (.lertrgia and 
 
 
 
 N(»rt]i Caro- 
 
 
 
 lina 
 
 364,890 
 
 505, 488 
 
 Idali<.aadM,.n- 
 
 
 
 taiia 
 
 <3,090 
 71,006 
 
 19 642 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 80, 169 
 
 Missouri 
 
 66, 308 
 
 106,379 
 
 New,Iersey 
 
 441,879 
 
 1,228,664 
 
 NewXexirntind 
 
 
 
 Utall 
 
 1 3.58, 944 
 
 455, 674 
 
 Ollio 
 
 22, 657 
 
 41,976 
 
 Oregon a n <1 
 
 
 
 Washington 
 
 
 
 Texas 
 
 6, 516 
 
 6, 434 
 
 1880 
 
 Quantity 
 (long 
 tons). 
 
 109 
 
 136 
 
 88 
 
 251 
 
 29 
 
 380 
 
 258 
 
 145 
 
 24 
 
 77 
 
 265 
 
 416 
 
 072 
 487 
 718 
 610 
 
 36,050 
 2.54, 294 
 
 26,283 
 13, 000 
 
 9487, 433 
 
 2i;5, 901 
 08,240 
 
 334,025 
 
 158, 974 
 
 136, .559 
 
 661,041 
 
 1,341,. 643 
 
 70, 956 
 532, 725 
 
 39, 234 
 19,7.50 ! 
 
 Quantity 
 (long I \'alue- 
 lons). j 
 
 92, .549 
 127,102 
 
 $382, 929 
 428, 244 
 
 84,. 584 14.S, 907 
 
 .67, 865 
 .344,819 
 676, 225 
 
 166, 905 
 1,074,875 
 2, 910, 442 
 
 488,753 1,269, .530 
 
 »6,226 I 4,609 
 
 3,214 ' 8,100 
 
 1 Includes 13,275 tons of manganiferous iron ore, valued at $52,371. 
 
 ^Includes Vermont: no jjroductiou from Maine. 
 
 ■' Maryland only. 
 
 * Montana oidy. 
 
 ^ Also Wyoming. 
 
 oOregon'only. 
 
 The predominating ores obtained fi'om these states 
 are brown hematite from New England, Delaware, 
 Maryland. Georgia, Colorado, Oregon, Washington, 
 and Texas; magnetites from New Jersey, North Caro- 
 lina, and New ^lexico; red hematites from Missouri 
 and ^^'yonling; and carbonates from Ohio. 
 
 Table II shows in a general way the status of the 
 iron ore industry in the United States by important 
 districts. 
 
 T.\B1.E 11. — Sniinnrtrij, hij dislrirla: 190.'. 
 
 Lalie Su- 
 perior dis- 
 trict. 1 
 
 Number of mines 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, 
 etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 .Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses. 
 Cost of supplies and ma- 
 terials 
 
 Product: 
 
 Quantitv, long tons. 
 
 Value 
 
 Mechanical power: 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 161 
 79 
 
 1,358 
 $1,288,380 
 
 Southern 
 district. - 
 
 393 
 $302, 337 
 
 6, 861 
 
 23, 999 
 
 $15,308,242 $2,771,647 
 
 $398,376 I $500 
 
 $7,385,070 $276,484 
 
 $6,725,609 I $.801,7.58 
 
 26,977,404 ' 4,779,570 
 
 $.52, 422, 685 ;$5, 513, 056 
 
 New York, 
 New Jer- Virginia 
 sey, and , and West 
 Pennsyl- I Virginia, 
 vania. 
 
 291 
 $241,8,89 
 
 3,765 
 
 $1,641,532 
 
 $11,998 
 
 $291,077 
 
 $.893 
 
 $6 
 
 $121 
 
 260 
 ,4.84 
 
 699 
 254 
 730 
 366 
 
 Kocky 
 Moun- 
 tain dis- 
 trict. ■'' 
 
 43 
 
 28 
 
 .50 
 $65, 304 
 
 713 
 
 $617,207 
 
 $3,940 
 
 $160,081 
 
 $889,603 ■ $201,726 j $272,425 
 
 1,820,132 
 
 $3,817,104 
 
 987, 
 
 '$1,667, 
 
 958 ' 
 456 
 
 668, (i06 
 rl,. 5.59, 740 
 
 1 , 095 
 
 1 Includes Michigan, Minnesota, and part of M'isct.tnsin. 
 
 - Includes Alabama, Ceorgia, and Tennessee. 
 
 ^ Includes Colorado, Montana. Nc\v .Mexico, Utah, and \\yoming. 
 
 No attempt was made to include in Tabic 11 the sta- 
 tistics for the entire country, as such data are presented 
 in other tables, but the states of Michigan, Minnesota, 
 and Wisconsin are grouped in the Lake Superior region.. 
 
406 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 while the southern district includes the iron ore mines 
 of Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee. Other impor- 
 tant groups of states, such us New Yoi-k and New Jer- 
 sey combined with Pennsylvania, and Virginia com- 
 bined with West Virginia, are also shown, and the 
 Rocky Mountain region is presented as a whole to indi- 
 cate the extent of iron ore production in that section of 
 the country. The comparisons suggested by the table 
 will be understood as covering the districts generally, 
 and not as applicable to the individual mines. 
 
 It will be noted that 151 mines in the Lake yupei-ior 
 region produced ^O.yTT.lrdl: long tons, ecjuivalent to 
 178,658 long tons per mine, while in the Southern dis- 
 trict 100 mines produced ■1,779,57(1 long tons, an a\'erage 
 of 1:7,796 long tons jjcr mine, mainly attributable to the 
 difference in the character of the deposits of the two 
 regions. The Lake Superior ores occur in large lieds 
 or lenses, making the local development extensi\'e, and 
 encouraging the introduction of labor-saving appliances. 
 The high grade of ore mined, as compared with that in 
 other parts of the country, is also responsible in part 
 for the extensive development. In the Southern district 
 the ore deposits are either in stratified beds or in pock- 
 ets, and the local developments while important arc not 
 so large, nor is the ore as i-ich as in the Lake Superior 
 region; therefore, the application of labor-saving appli- 
 ances is not justified to the extent it is in the Lake 
 Superior district. 
 
 Iviports. — While enormous quantities of rich iron 
 ores are produced in the United States, large amounts 
 of iron ores are imported, principally from Cuba (where 
 all of the mines are operated by American capital), and 
 used in blast furnaces located in the eastern portion of 
 the United States. Small (juantities are also brought 
 in to supply the charcoal furnace located at Port Town- 
 send, Wash., and for other uses than smelting. 
 
 The following tatile shows the ([uantity and value of 
 the iron ore imported during the years 1SS1» to 1902: 
 
 Table 12. — (iaanlity and valui: of iron ore hiiported: 1889 to I'JOJ. 
 
 Quantity | 
 (long tons). 
 
 I Qnantity 
 (long tons). 
 
 1889 
 
 . . . . ' 853, 673 
 
 *1, 8.52, 392 
 
 1890 
 
 ....1 1,246,830 
 
 2, 854, 118 
 
 1891 
 
 ....1 912,864 
 
 2, 4.56,. 521 
 
 1892 
 
 806,586 
 
 1, 795, 644 
 
 1893 
 
 . . . . i 626, 951 
 
 906, 687 
 
 1894 
 
 .... 1 167, 307 
 
 267, 241 
 
 1895 
 
 524, 153 
 
 786, 207 
 
 
 
 
 1896 -.. 682,806 
 
 1897 1 489,970 
 
 1898 ! 187,208 
 
 1899 1 674,082 
 
 1900 ' 897, 831 
 
 1901 901), 960 
 
 1902 1,166,470 
 
 VlllUr 
 
 81,036,917 
 678,912 
 265, M8 
 1,082.847 
 1,303,196 
 1,6.59,273 
 2, 583. 077 
 
 The values given are those placed on the iron ore at 
 the point of .shipment and do not include any allowance 
 for freight or import duty. 
 
 Previous to lS9i) Spain ranked first as a contributor, 
 supplying in 1890 over half a million tons, the ores com- 
 ing from the Bilbao district, in the northern portion 
 of the country, or from mines located neai' the Medi- 
 terranean sea, in .suiithcrn Spain. In lK9y, however, 
 Cuba took first rank, which position it still hokb. In 
 
 the earlier years Algeria and Italy were also important 
 conti'ibutors, but lately the amount received from these 
 countries has been small, and in some _years none has 
 been imported. 
 
 In 18S9 and 1890 Greece forwarded a comparatively 
 small amount of iron ore, some of Avhich contained a 
 small percentage of manganese. Newfoundland and 
 Labrador contri})uted oi'c in 1889, 1890, and 1896. 
 
 In the year 1902 the imports of iron ore, 1,165,470 
 long tons, were the largest since 1890, when 1,21:6,830 
 lono- tons were broug-ht to this country. Cuba was the 
 principal contributor in 1902, supplying 696,375 long 
 tons; the provinces of Quebec and Ontario, Canada, sent 
 203,824 tons; Spain, 153,527 tons; and Newfoundland 
 and Labrador (principally Newfoundland), sl,'.)20 tons. 
 Smaller amounts were imported from Algeria, Belgium, 
 British Colum])ia, France, Germany, and Great Britain. 
 
 Table 14 is a detailed summary of the statistics for 
 active mines, by states and territories. Where one or 
 two operations only were active in a state, the statistics 
 have been combined in order not to disclose individual 
 operations, and are presented under the head "all other 
 states and territories.'' This table, in connection with 
 Table 9, presents a .synopsis of the entire iron ore in- 
 dustry of the United States. 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE. 
 
 The phenomenal record made in producing \)\g iron 
 in the United States is illustrated liy the following state- 
 ment from the annual statistical report of the American 
 Iron and Steel Association. This shows the growth in 
 the manufacture of pig iron in the past nine years, 
 until in the year 11M)2 the maximum production approxi- 
 mated 1S,(I()U,0()(» tons. 
 
 Pi-i'iinctinn "f j>i{j 
 
 1804 til 190i. 
 
 YBAH. 
 
 Long tt)ns. 
 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Long tons. 
 
 1894 
 
 0,6.57,388 
 9, 446,, 308 
 
 8, 623, 127 
 
 9, 662, 680 
 11,773,934 
 
 1899... 
 1900... 
 1901 . . . 
 1902... 
 
 
 
 1S95 
 
 13 789 24'^ 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 15] 878! 354 
 17, .821, 307 
 
 
 
 
 This record naturally invites attention to the mate- 
 rials entering into the manufacture oi pig metal, the 
 character of these materials, and the sources from Avhich 
 they are (obtained. Fuels, iron ores, and flux(>s, com- 
 ponents of commercial pig iron, in passing through 
 blast furnaces, ])roduce either pig iron in merchantalile 
 form or liquid metal, to be carried to Bessemer con- 
 verters or open-hearth furnaces. In 1902 an effort was 
 made on behalf of the Canadian govermiient in ecpiat- 
 ing l)onuses to iron industries, to discriminate against 
 li(iuid metal being classed as pig iron, but the conten- 
 tion was not sustained, and commercially the entire 
 product of ))last Furnaces smelting iron ore is considered 
 and reixirted for statistical purposes as piv- iron. 
 
IRON ORE. 
 
 407 
 
 t^n- the production of the quantity of piy nietul 
 •^■vedited to the United States in the year I'.tO'J there 
 were required about 30,(»()0,000 tons of T)itiuninous coal 
 (the laru-er portion of Avhich Avas converted into coke) 
 and al)out one niillion and a half tons of anthracite coal. 
 In addition to mineral fuel prol)al)ly ;!.')(>, (Hio tons, ov 
 3S,(>0(),()ou bushels of charcoal were consumed in l)last 
 furnaees. About 33,000,000 tons of iron ovv were fed 
 to the furnaces, and the tlux necessary to carry away 
 the impurities of the ores is estimated at al)Out eiji'ht 
 and a half million tons. Therefore, to supply the lilast 
 furnaces of the United States in 1902, which produced 
 nearly 1S,( (00,000 tons of pii;' iron, there were recjuired 
 •about 73.000,000 tons of raw materials. 
 
 In the manufacture of pig iron a considerable cjuantity 
 of rolling mill cinder, roll scale, etc., is produced which 
 is also employed practically as ore. Some "' blue billy " 
 or "purple ore,'' resulting frOm the calcination of 
 pyrites and the residuum from roasting ferriferous and 
 manganiferous zinc ores, are also utilized. The total 
 amount of iron ore and of materials used as ore made 
 available in the United States in 1902 may be approxi- 
 mated as follows: 
 
 T.ins. 
 
 35, riH7,41() 
 
 1,165,470 
 
 1 , S)00, 000 
 
 Domestic iron ores 
 
 Foreign iron ores 
 
 Roll scale, mill cinder, l)lue billy, etc 
 
 Total . 
 
 88, (K2, K,S0 
 
 Some iron ore is employed for other purposes than 
 for the manufacture of pig iron. It forms an impor- 
 tant part of the charge of many open-hearth steel f lu-- 
 naces, and is used also for tix in puddling and other 
 furnaces, for flux in silver smelting, and in making- 
 metallic paints. After making allowance for the other 
 materials that are used as ore and deducting the ([uan- 
 titj" of ore which is applied to purposes other than iron 
 production, the actual (piantity of iron ore and ma- 
 terials used as ore entering into the manufacture of pig- 
 iron in VM)-2 is found to be, approximately, 33.0(.>0,000 
 long tons. 
 
 The active demand for iron ore to maintain in opera- 
 tion the blast furnaces of the United States, and the 
 expectation that this demand would continue, was 
 responsible to a great extent for the phenomenally 
 large output of the iron ore mines in the year 1902. 
 Large stocks of ore accumulated at or near blast fur- 
 nace plants aided in swelling the total iron ore supply 
 to figures never before reached and which may not be 
 exceeded in the near future. 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF I HON ORK. 
 
 Iron ore may be considered in foiu- general conunei-- 
 cial classes, as follows: 
 
 (1) Red hematite, including all anhydrous hematites, 
 known >)y various names, such as red hematite, specu- 
 lar, micaceous, fossil or slate iron ore, martite. blue 
 hematite, etc. 
 
 (2) Brown hematite, including the varieties of hy- 
 drated sesquioxirlc of iron, recognized as limonite, 
 goethite, turgite, bog ores, pip(> oi'es, etc. 
 
 (3) Magnetite, an ore in which the iron occurs as 
 magnetic oxide and whi<-h includes some martite, 
 mined with the magnetite. Martite is a red hematite 
 ore which preser\-es to a varying extent the crystal- 
 line form of magnetit(\ but which is nonmagnetic oi' 
 nearly so. 
 
 (1) Uarbonates comprise those ores which contain a 
 considerable amount of carl)onic acid, such as spathic 
 ore, blackband, siclerite, clay ironstone, etc. 
 
 This classification is to be considered as general, the 
 ores having various local or trade names. Thus the 
 prevailing color or general physical appearance is used 
 to indicate an ore, as blue, black, red, or brown, mica- 
 ceous or glistening hematite. The term "specular," 
 although more properly applied to a glistening ore, is 
 by custom gi\'en to many dull red hematites. Other 
 hematites receive designations according to their topo- 
 graphical or geographical occurrence, . as "fossil,"' 
 "mountain," or "A'alley" ore, or to the structure, as 
 "flaxseed" ore, "slate" ore, etc. In the brown hema- 
 tite class " limonite," "turgite," etc., are mineralogical 
 terms referring to the degree of hydration. Init the 
 physical stiucture and appearance of some of the ores 
 are described by the term "lump" ore, "pipe" ore, 
 " liotryoidal" ore, " needle" ore, etc. The beneficiating 
 of l)ro\vn hematites has given rise to the terms "wash" 
 ore, "sand" ore, etc. The carbonate ores are known 
 as spathic ore, limestone ore, Itlackband ore, kidney 
 I ore, etc. 
 
 The association of other substances with iron also 
 furnishes names to certain ores, such as pyrite, pyrrho- 
 ! tite, ilmenite, chromite, etc., but in this discussion it is 
 not essential that either the chemical, mineralogical, or 
 physical features of the various ores should be consid- 
 ered in detail. 
 
 The early iron industry of the United States was 
 based largel}* upon bog ores, limonites. or other forms 
 of brown hematites, t)btained at points convenient 
 to the Atlantic seaboard. Magnetites also were 
 emploj-ed at first by means of a direct process wherelty, 
 in Catalan forges, the ores were reduced and the result- 
 ing metal forged into blooms or billets without passing 
 through the casting process; subsequently magnetites 
 as well as hematites were smelted in l)last furnaces. 
 But the later de\'elopment of the iron industry and 
 present great importance are due largely to the use of 
 red hematite ore. 
 
 The })rown hematites and red hematites are of the 
 same chcnucal composition in so far as iron oxide is 
 the ))asis of the ore. th(> primary dirt'erences being- 
 structural and the lowei- percentages of combined and 
 hv"-roscopic water in the red hematites. Red hematite, 
 if free from other impurities, will yield 70 per cent of 
 iron, and pure brown hematite, if thoroughly dried out 
 
408 
 
 ]\IINE8 AND QUARRIES. 
 
 and calcined to eliminate all water, will also yield the 
 same proportion of iron. But if the ores are merely 
 dried to drive off the moisture, which differs under 
 varying- conditions, the amount of metallic iron possible 
 in a pure red hematite is about To per cent, and in a 
 pure brown hematite 60 per cent. However, iron ores 
 seldom occur practically pure, the amounts of silica, 
 alumina, lime, magnesia, and of such elements as 
 mano-anese, chromium, sulphur, phosphorus, titanium, 
 etc., reducing the actual percentage of metallic iron 
 obtainable from ores. 
 
 Magnetic ores are capaiile of yielding in the pure state 
 more metal than any other ores, and pure magnetite 
 would show 72.48 per cent of metallic iron, but mag- 
 netites, like the hematites, are subject to deterioration 
 from other elements which are present. 
 
 The fourth form of iron ore is the carl)onate or 
 spathic, in which the oxide of iron is associated with 
 carbonic acid and genei'ally with lime. If this carbonic 
 acid is driven off' by heat carbonate ores become prac- 
 tically Ijrown hematites, but in the natural state the 
 purest carbonate would not vield over 46.7 per cent oi 
 iron. Consideral)le of the early iron industry, particu- 
 larly in western Pennsyhania, eastern and southern 
 Ohio, Kentucky, and ^Maryland, and also t<.i a <-crtain 
 extent in eastern New York, was based upon the use of 
 carbonate ores, but because of the facts that these ores 
 in their natural state are '" lean," that they usuall}- occur 
 in veins that must be worked underground, often deteri- 
 orating as workings are extended, and that the ore must 
 be roasted, the rjuantity of carbonate iron ores em- 
 ployed has Ijeen greatly reduced, until in the year l'.tU2 
 only i!7,ti42 tons were used. 
 
 In late years the quantity of magnetic iron ores util- 
 ized annually in producing pig iron has increased but 
 slightly, although some remarkal.)le deposits of these 
 ores are available. But magnetites are not as i-eadily 
 reduced as the hematites, are often dense and hard, arc 
 liable to have an excess of sulphur, phosphoi'us, or 
 titanium, or are so closely associated with the gangue 
 matter as to make them lean, demanding that r(.)astiiig 
 or some method of concentration, either by hydraulic 
 or magnetic separators, should be employed. 
 
 Brown hematites occui- mostly in pockets or lenses, 
 but ai'e occasi(jnally found in strata, often associatixl 
 closelv witli limestone, and also more or less intimately 
 mixed witli chu's and siliceous matter. Conset[uently, 
 many Ijrown hematites require washing to separate the 
 clay and sand, and in some cases this washed ore is sub- 
 sequent! j^ I'oasted to drive off' the excess of moisture. 
 
 All methods of beneficiating ores, such as roasting, 
 washing, and separating, add to the expense of produc- 
 tion, and it is tlierefore not surprising that red hema- 
 tites, which seldom retjuii-e preliminary treatment, have 
 met with genci'al favoi'. This preference can also be 
 
 explained h}' the fact that the ores are usually readilj^ 
 reducible, and most of those mined yield satisfactory 
 percentages of iron. Another feature of material ad- 
 vantage is that man^' red hematites occur in large and 
 well-defined lenses or bodies, permitting the exploiting 
 of the deposits on a large scale by utilizing labor-saving 
 appliances. The use of such appliances may extend 
 from the winning of the ore at the mine to its delivery 
 at the blast furnaces. Thus a large proportion of the 
 red hematite ore from the Lake Superior region is 
 never touched by mainial lalior. That which is obtained 
 from open cut workings is in many cases dug by 
 steam shovels which load the ore into standard railroad 
 cars. In some underground mines manual laVjor is con- 
 fined practically to directing the ore into '"mills'" and 
 chutes, which discharge into mine cars, these cars being 
 elevated and automatically dumped into bins from 
 which standard railroad cars are loaded. In other un- 
 dergromid operations it is necessar3' to shovel the ore 
 liy hand into mine cars, but thereafter labor-saving ap- 
 pliances are available. 
 
 Most of the ore mined in the Lake Superior region 
 is carried in standard railroad dump cars to shipping' 
 docks, where it is dropped into bins, from which chutes 
 convey it into the holds of vessels brought to the side of 
 the docks. These vessels are unloaded by mechanit-al 
 appliances, which deliver the ore either onto stock piles 
 or into standard raili'oad cars, which carry it to the 
 blast furnaces. At the blast furnace plants there are 
 equally satisfactory mechanical appliances, such as car 
 dumpers, which empty a loo.Ooo-pound car by reversing 
 it. or tra\eling bridges, fitted with large buckets, which 
 transfer to bins or to stock piles the ore dumped from 
 the cars. These devices are so perfected that only a 
 small amount of ore is touched by hand from the time 
 it l("aves its native bed until it passes into the blast fur- 
 nace, and while they are most in evidence in the Lake 
 Superioi- region they are in use in coiniection with 
 important iron ore mines in other ]iortions of the 
 country. 
 
 DISTRIBUTION' OF OEK DEPOSITS. 
 
 The distrihution of iron ore throughout the L'nited 
 States is general; there is no state in which iron ores of 
 som(> kind are not found in considerahh^, quantities, but 
 all are not available for use. 
 
 In some cases the ores are too lean, that is, carry too 
 small a percentage of iron; in others deleterious ele- 
 ments, such as phosphorus, sulphur, silica, and titanium, 
 are in excess. Some dejiosits are too far from desirable 
 fuel, or too inconveni(>nt to blast furnaces, to make their 
 immediate utilization practicable; others are in small 
 Ijodies or veins, or are scattered over too large areas to 
 make their exploitation profftal)le. It is probabh> that 
 some of the undeveloped deposits may be exploited in 
 
IRON ORE. 
 
 409 
 
 tho near future as the development of newer .sections 
 of the country makes fresh demands for iron, or as the 
 extension of railroad facilities and water transportation 
 brings the ores and fuel into convenient association. 
 Improvements in smelting- and fluxing ores, which arc 
 now considered undesirable because of the presence of 
 some of the elements mentioned above, may also make 
 the production of satisfactory metal from tiiese ores a 
 commercial possibility. While the nr.uiager of a smelt- 
 ing plant can obtain ores high in ii'on, or tliose which 
 need no beneliciating treatment, at prices which permit 
 him to produce metal at a satisfactory profit, he can not 
 be expected to consider favorably supi)lying flic blast 
 furnaces under his directit)n with inferior raw material. 
 But the rapid increase in the output of the blast fur- 
 naces to meet the growing demands of a de\-eloping 
 country may in the near future encourage the utiliza- 
 tit)n of ores which are now considered luidesirahle. 
 
 While the statistical data is reported by states, except 
 in such cases as would disclose individual statistics, a 
 presentation of the industrj' according to prominent 
 districts is ofi'ered as of interest, for the lines dividing- 
 states are lost in anything affecting the industry of the 
 nation. The statistics for these districts are i^resented 
 in summarized form in Table 11. 
 
 Thi> Lfil'e Si(jjit'/iif i-i-gioii. — The greatest de\-elop- 
 ment of iron ore deposits in the world is in the Lake 
 Superior region, which in 1902 produced 26,it7T.4ol: long- 
 tons, or 76 per cent of the total output for the United 
 States. No other section of the United States, and no 
 other district in the world, has shown such marvelous 
 development or produced so much iron ore as the region 
 embracing parts of northern INIichigan and Wisconsin 
 and the eastern portion of ^Minnesota. Whether in tlie 
 same extent of territoiT elsewhere there may or may 
 not be larger deposits of iron ore of equally desirable 
 composition can not l)e asserted, for it is by develop- 
 ment that these great properties have become known 
 and their reserves approxiiuately determined. But 
 to-day the Lake Superior region stands in a uni(jue po- 
 sition by reason of the large quantity and generally 
 superior character of iron (ires won from the hve ranges 
 or subdistricts which it embraces. Some of these mines 
 have been in operation for fifty years, a number of 
 them for half that time, liut the largest annual pro- 
 ducers are later developments. 
 
 The initial shipment of iron ore from the Lake 
 Superior region is credited to the year 1856; the devel- 
 opment has advanced almost constantly, and about two- 
 thirds of the total product since 1S56 has been taken 
 from its mines in the last ten years. 
 
 The production of iron ore in the Lake Superior 
 region in the past decade and the quantity previously 
 shipped are as follows: 
 
 Pruduclidn of Luke Supcrinr iron ore, ls;iS In 
 xliijriiicnlx. 
 
 1.90J, irilli 'jjrrrionx 
 
 
 
 YEAK. 
 
 Long tons. 
 
 1893 . 
 
 
 
 C,. 594, 620 
 7, 082, 548 
 10 268 978 
 
 1S9-I 
 
 
 1R9G . . - . ... 
 
 10, .566, 3.59 
 
 1S97 - 
 
 12, -20.5, 522 
 
 1S98 . 
 
 13,779,308 
 
 1899 
 
 17,802,9.5.5 
 20, 564, 238 
 
 1900 . 
 
 1901 . 
 
 21,446,903 
 
 1 90-.^ 
 
 26,977,404 
 
 
 Tritiil for 1(1 \ertrs 
 
 
 
 
 147,887 835 
 
 
 
 
 73,440,647 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 221,328,482 
 
 
 
 
 The mines of this region are located at an elevation 
 of from 1,(100 to l..!»00 feet above Lake Superioi-, the 
 distance from the lake ^•arying from a few to a hun- 
 dred miles. The output finds cheap transportation for 
 the rail haul to the lakes, has grades favorable to the 
 traffic, and on the lake shores expensive and well- 
 equipped docks have been constructed at seven difi'erent 
 ports, where the oi'c coming in train loads is received 
 into liins, and delivered from the bins by gravity into 
 the holds of vessels. The vessels take the ore from the 
 shipping- docks and carry it through two or more of the 
 Great Lakes to receiving docks where equal facilities 
 for unloading by mechanical appliances have been pro- 
 vided. In this way enormous quantities of ore are 
 handled cheaply and expeditiously. 
 
 The Lake Superior region is also unique in that its 
 location is such that ore can be delivered at furnaces, 
 in a populous section of the country, and there meet a 
 cheap fuel sup])ly; in other words, its market facilities 
 are unexcelled. It has been this which has chiefly 
 encouraged the phenomenal development. 
 
 The ([uantities of iron ore olttained from the h^'c 
 ranges eraltraced in the Lake Superior region, taking- 
 these in the order of their initial shipment, are as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 The Marcjuette range, in the northern peninsula of 
 ^Michigan, has contrilmted since is.jlatotalof ri(_),915,21T 
 long tons, or 3i> per cent of the entire production of the 
 Lake Superior region. 
 
 The Mencjuiinee range, south of the ^Marquette range 
 and extending from the northern peninsula of ^Michigan 
 across inti.> northern Wisconsin, has shipped, since 1877. 
 1:2,1:06.22s long tons, or 10 per cent of the entire 
 production. 
 
 The (xogebic range, west of the ]\ienominee and Mar- 
 quette, partly in the northern peninsula of Michigan 
 and partly in Wisconsin, has suiiplied, since 1881, 
 38,288,761 long tons, or 17 per cent of the entire 
 production. 
 
 The Vermilion range, in the eastern portion of the 
 
410 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 state of Minnesotii, hafs, since 18S4, sent forwai'd 
 19.074,424 long tons, or 9 per cent of the entire 
 production. 
 
 The Mesabi range, in Minnesota, soutli of tlie Ver- 
 milion range, in the brief interval since its opening in 
 1S92, has furnished 54, 041, .532 tons, or 25 per cent of 
 the entire production of the region. 
 
 The total production of these live ranges since their 
 opening is 221,320, lt)2 tons, and adding 2,320 tons not 
 credited to any particular range, the grand total for 
 the Lake Superior i-egion is 221,328,482 tons. This far 
 exceeds the quantity of iron ore won from any otiier 
 mining district in the world, and the amount obtained 
 in the year 1902 from these five ranges, which repre- 
 sents their maxinuun production, is in excess of the 
 entire production in one year of any foreign country. 
 The cjuantity of ore won from the state of Minnesota 
 in 1902 has only been exceeded by the yearly produc- 
 tion of Great Britain in thii'teen years and of German}^ 
 in six 3'ears. None of the other foreign countries has 
 as j^et reached a total approximating this state's 1902 
 output. 
 
 The Vermilion range, in Minnesota, was opened in 
 the year 1884. The ore which is there produced is a 
 hard specular, high in ii-on, and visually of Bessemer 
 grade. This range is the farthest removed from the 
 principal pig iron producing centers, and the high 
 esteem in which the ore is held is shown by the fact 
 that much of it traverses a distance of over 1,0(»0 miles 
 to points of consumption. The two principal producing 
 mines in this range are known as the Pioneer and the 
 Chandler. Plate I is a surface \'iew of these mines, 
 showing the shafts and various buildings connected 
 with the mining operations, the large open cut, and the 
 extent to which timber has been denuded for mine sup- 
 ports and fuel. 
 
 Plate il shows the Auburn mine, on the Mesabi range, 
 in Minnesota. The ore in this deposit is won by the 
 "milling" system, in which the surface earth is 
 removed and the ore drawn througii "raises" into drifts 
 located some distance lielow the top of the ore, making 
 in this way large sinks or craters. This system retjuires 
 that the cover be stripped, and is esjiecially adapted to 
 shallow deposits of soft ore. The plate gives an excel- 
 lent view of the crater which is formed by the mining. 
 A steam shovel is at work loading ore cars, which are 
 taken through the tunnel shown to the shaft, throuoli 
 which it is elevated to tlie sui-face. 
 
 Plate III is a view of the N(j. 2 pit of the Adams mine, 
 where red hematite is obtained; it is located at Eveleth, 
 Minn. Tlie indine plane is shown hfittomed in oi'e, 
 while ill the left of the illustration ar(^ si'eii the tunnels 
 whidi are run hack in the ore. Operations have 
 lifM'ii carried on at this mine liotli in open pits and 
 iiiiflergi'ounfl. 
 
 Ill some of the newer mines modern apparatus has 
 
 been installed. Plate IV shows a view of a steel shaft 
 frame at the Adams mine. It is provided with hoppers 
 in which to receive ore from skip cars, and was one of 
 the first of this class to be erected in the country. 
 
 Plate V, a view on the Mesabi range, in. Minnesota, 
 shows large deposits of ore. These are usually of a 
 comparatively soft character, lying in nearlj^ horizontal 
 strata and with covering of such slight depth that they 
 can be easily stripped. The ore is won by means of 
 steam shovels which place it directly on iron ore cars, 
 in which it is hauled to the dodvs. In this way immense 
 ([uantities of ore are cheaply and easih' obtained. It is 
 owing principally to these mines that Minnesota shows 
 a larger production per employee than any of the other 
 states. 
 
 The view presented herewith shows the Mountain 
 Iron mine, located at Mountain Iron, Minn., in which 
 three steam shovels are shown, one being at work, as 
 seen at the top of the picture, stripping the ore, while 
 in the foreground another shovel is engaged in loading 
 the cars, and on the right-hand side a third shovel is at 
 work. 
 
 Around some of the more important mines in the 
 Lake Superior region towns have sprung up, which are 
 dependent entirely upon the iron ore industry. Plate 
 
 VI shows a group of mine buildings, crusher house, A 
 and B shafts, and some of the dwelling houses located 
 at the Clifi's Shaft mine on Lake Bancroft, Mich., and 
 gives a good idea of the general surface appearance of 
 a well conducted Lake Superior iron ore mine. 
 
 The earliest mining in the Lake Superior district was 
 on the ^Marquette range and one of the oldest opera- 
 tions is the Cleveland mine, which has been supplying 
 ore constantly for a period of over fifty years. Plate 
 
 VII shows a general view of the Cleveland Lake mine of 
 the Cleveland Clifi's C'ompany. looking from the east. 
 The shaft houses, ore piles, and dumps are shown, 
 together with the ore cars. In the foreground are im- 
 mense piles of lumber. The lake bed, drained for the 
 purpose of (Extending mining operations, may also be 
 seen. 
 
 Most of the iron ore won in Michigan is taken from 
 underground mines; the only views obtainable of these 
 are such as ar(> taken by Hash light. Plate VIII illus- 
 trates the Clifi's Shaft mine, one of the more prominent 
 on the Marquette range in Michigan. A mine car run- 
 ning along a ti'adc placed at the bottom of the drift is 
 loaded with ore which has been broken down by means 
 of explosives. A power drill in operation is shown 
 in tlie right of the picture. 
 
 Plato IX is a y'ww of part of the open cut of the Salis- 
 bury red hematite mine, on the Mar((uette range, in 
 Michigan. 
 
 In the suninier of 190H the L;ike Superior Iron ]\Iin- 
 iiig Company, a pioneer of the region, celebrated the 
 liftieth year of its activity, and the following statement, 
 
IRON ORE. 
 
 411 
 
 which embraces the salient points of a contribution for 
 the occasion by the author of this report, enipliasizcs 
 the development referred to: 
 
 Neither the records of the production of the Lake Superior region 
 nor the annual reports of the American Iron and Steel Association 
 go back beyond 1854; therefore no data earlier than this will he 
 exact. 
 
 In 1854 there was one mine reported as operating in tlie Mar- 
 quette range, the shipments amounting to 3,000 tons. In 1902 tlie 
 shipments of the JIarquette range were 3,868,025 tons, the lake 
 shipments from all ranges in that year reaching a total of 27,0;(9,169 
 tons. 
 
 The production or consumption nf iron ore in the United States 
 in 1854 can only be estimated from the quantity of pig iron made. 
 According to the census statistics of 1850 there would have been in 
 the neighborhood of 1, ,500,000 tons of iron ore consumed during 
 that year, for there was made in the country 563,775 tons of pig 
 iron. In 1854, according to the reports of the American Ir(jn and 
 Steel Association, 736,218 net tons, equivalent to 657,337 gross tons, 
 of pig iron required about 1,750,000 tons of iron ore, whereas in 
 1902 the country produced 17,821,307 gross tone of pig iron, and 
 the domestic output of all the iron ore mines in the country for 
 1902 was 35,567,410 long tons. 
 
 At least 137 producing mines are now active in the Lake Superior 
 region, a number having exceeded annual outputs of 1,000,000 tons, 
 and one mine has approximated 2,000,000 tons in a year. The 
 estimated iron ore production of the country in 1854 approximated 
 1,75(1,000 tons, based upon the reported pig iron production, and 
 the yield of ores did not exceed an average of 40 per cent of metallic 
 iron. Therefore, it is doubtful if in 1854 the United States produced 
 as much iron ore as the Fayal mine in Minnesota did in 1902, which 
 in that year shipped 1,919,172 tons. Considered on the basis of 
 metallic contents, however, this output of the Fayal mine prol)al.)ly 
 produced as much pig iron as was made in the United States in any 
 year up to 1866. 
 
 In order to indicate the chemical composition of the 
 iron ores obtained from the Lake Superior district the 
 following statements have been prepared. The first 
 shows what may be considered as representative com- 
 positions of standard ores of each of the ranges; and in 
 tlie second the analyses are for the lower grade ores, 
 which are employed largely because of high silica and 
 low phosphorous contents. These anal3'ses are of ores 
 in their natural condition, and rei^resent cargo lots. 
 Determinations of ores obtained from individual mines 
 in each of the ranges will vary from those given in the 
 statements. 
 
 Typical analyse.'' of Lake Superior iron ores. 
 
 CONTENT. 
 
 Marquette 
 
 range 
 (per cent). 
 
 Menomi- 
 nee range 
 (per cent). 
 
 Gogebic 
 
 range 
 
 (per cent). 
 
 Vermilion' 
 
 range 
 (per cent). 
 
 Mesabi 
 
 range 
 
 (per cent). 
 
 Iron 
 
 Phu.splK irus 
 
 Silica 
 
 .56. 5 
 0.03.53 
 4. .584 
 
 .55. 2423 
 0. 0.594 
 6. 7693 
 
 66. 308 
 0. 0338 
 3. .5961 
 
 ""i6.'828" 
 
 61.36 
 0.0373 
 4. 2.515 
 
 4.' .5619' 
 
 56.0996 
 0. 0365 
 3.4867 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Moisture 
 
 0. 0089 
 -.1 11.85 
 
 1 
 
 ii'.sm 
 
 
 A 
 
 laljises 
 
 of 
 
 silicerjus ores. 
 
 
 
 CI INTENT. 
 
 Marquette 
 
 range 
 (per cent). 
 
 Menomi- 
 nee range 
 (per cent). 
 
 42, 129 
 0. 0244 
 .34.111 
 
 Vermilion 
 
 range 
 (per cent). 
 
 
 42. 27 
 
 0. 0316 
 35. 834 
 
 0. 0099 
 
 1.23 
 
 51. 1938 
 
 
 0. 0498 
 
 
 22. 3642 
 
 
 
 
 
 3.21 
 
 
 
 Alahaiiia-Ti'iinessee, or SoutJiern d'htrict. — Next to the 
 Lake Superior district in order of present impoi'tance, 
 basing such importance on the quantitj' of iron ore pro- 
 duced, is the district of which Birmingham, Ala., ma}' 
 be considered the business center, embracing northern 
 Alabama, part of northern Georgia, and part of south- 
 ern Tennessee. In 1902 Alabama supplied 3,574,474 
 tons, (Jeorgia 830,554 tons, and Tennessee S74,542 tons, 
 making a total for this district of 4,779,570 tons of iron 
 ore. The bulk of the Alabama ores are red hematites, 
 these ores being largely mined convenient to Birming- 
 ham. There is, however, a considerable quantitv of 
 brown hematite mined in Alabama and also in Georgia 
 and Tennessee. A statement covering the classification 
 of ores in these three states for the year 1902 may be 
 summarized as follows: 
 
 Prdductioii of iron orex, Soulhern tlixtricl, hy xtates anil rarielie.'c 1H03. 
 
 Total 
 (long tons) 
 
 Red I Brown 
 
 hematite | hematite 
 
 (long tons). (long tons). 
 
 Southern district 4, 779, 570 
 
 .Vlabama ' 3, 574, 474 
 
 Georgia \ 330, 654 
 
 Tennessee 874, .542 
 
 2, .565, 635 
 117,812 
 370, 643 
 
 1,725,480 
 
 1, 008, 839 
 212,742 
 503, 899 
 
 Apparently the largest development of the hematite 
 ores Hanking the Allegheny mountains exists in Ala- 
 bama, where the red hematite (known locally as Red 
 mountain ores), obtained in large quantities close to de- 
 posits of coal suitable for the manufacture of coke, have 
 encouraged the growth of the iron industry. The red 
 hematites are locally recognized as soft and hard ores, 
 the former, being at or near the surface, are partially 
 decomposed; the lattei' are mined by underground 
 workings and may lie sul)clivided into siliceous ores, 
 in which silica is present in (piantity, and '' limey"" ores, 
 in which the proportion of lime may be such as to make 
 the ore approximately self-fluxing. Nearly parallel 
 with the Red mountain deposits are important beds of 
 brown hematite and limonite ore, occurring in isolated 
 deposits, some of large extent. In fact, the exploited 
 brown hematite deposits of this region are of greater 
 average extent than those found in other portions of 
 the countiy. Occasional deposits of magnetite are also 
 found in the Alabama-Tennessee district, but few have 
 been worked. Some carbonate ore has also been won 
 and used in the manufacture of special irons. 
 
 Plate X illustrates the openings at one of the Red 
 mountain mines near Birmingham. Plate XI is a view 
 of a limonite bank near Tecumseh, Cherokee county, 
 Ala.; the ore is broken down, loaded onto tram cars, 
 as shown, and taken to washers, from which it goes to 
 the railroad cars. 
 
 JS^eir Yuri' iiml Xeir Emjland. — Magnetite iron ores 
 are produced chiefly in New York, New Jersey, and 
 Pennsylvania, but some are won from North Carolina, 
 Michigan, New Mexico, and Utah. The deposits of 
 
41; 
 
 MINP]S AND QUARRIES. 
 
 this class of mineral in New York state arc phenome- 
 nally large, and so far as metallic contents arc con- 
 cerned, unusually rich; but many carry phosphorus, 
 sulphur, or titanium in excess, some of the most exten- 
 sive deposits having- so much titanium that they have 
 not been brought into commercial use. High phos- 
 phorous ores, however, have l.)pen and are mined to a 
 large extent, and l)eneticiated ))y magnetic concentra- 
 tion. Some ores in the vicinity of Port Henry, N, Y,, 
 carry as high as 3 per cent of phosphorus, as apatite, 
 mixed with the magnetic crystals, which, after the ore 
 is comminuted, can he readily separated, either by mag- 
 netic separatoi's or by jigs. Other ores of the Port 
 Henrjr mines district are of Bessemer grade, and from 
 one opening 3(», 00(1 tons of very high grade magnetic 
 ore were obtained. This ore approached chemical pu- 
 rity, was of Bessemer grade as to phosphorus contents, 
 and was practicallv a mass of well-detined octahedral 
 crystalline forms, some an inch and a quarter on the 
 face, man}' having practically perfect proportions. Still 
 larger sized crystals have been found, but these were 
 more or less imperfect, and masses of crystals affected 
 by pressure had some faces flattened. 
 
 The localities which liavc been worked in tlie Lake 
 Champlain district arc the mines at Chatt'augay, west of 
 Plattsburg; the mines at ]\Ioriah, west of Port Henry; 
 and those west of Crown Point. These deposits are at 
 elevations of from 6<iO to l,0(»n feet abov(> the level of 
 Lake Champlain, and while some explorations (jriginally 
 developed Ijcds of considerable size by an (jpen cut, 
 most of the mining is now underground, and much of 
 it at a depth of .500 feet or more. Some mines which 
 have been exploited are adjacent to the shore of the 
 lake, others are close to tlie Adirondack momitains, and 
 some are on the western side of the I'ange. I'roinincnt 
 among the titaniferous ore deposits are the Si)lit Rock 
 mine, on Lake Champlain. and thr Adirondack \'illage 
 mine, close to the main Adirondack range. These titan- 
 ifei'ous ores were utilized in former years by the Cat- 
 alan or direct process, in which the ore was c(inv(.'rte(i 
 into metal )»y charcoal in open hearths. 
 
 The Port Henry mines, located at .'\Iin(»\ ille, near 
 Lake Champlain, in Essex county, have Icjng been fa- 
 mous as a source of iron ore supjjly; it is claimed that 
 the hrst ore was taken out in 1K04. The ore is a dense 
 magnetite, and Plate XII is a A'iew of No. -Zl mine of the 
 Port Henry Iron Ore Com]iany. It shows the large 
 pillars of jjure ore left to support the I'oof of tlie mine, 
 the operations now lieing pi'actically all undeig'round. 
 It is estimated that there are in the jjillarsof this mine 
 and of the mines adjoining, belonging to AVitherhec, 
 Shei-man & Co., at least S00,()()0 tons of ore. The de- 
 posit is very large, ha\'ing a thi(;kness in s(jme places of i 
 -100 feet. The ore bodies are dividcfl into two parts by 
 ahorse of I'ock, and at the lower de])tli diamond drill- 
 ings have indicated the existence of two nnderl\'ing 
 veins of on^ high in iron and phosphorus and low in i 
 
 silica. The ore which is sold in the market is high in 
 iron, but also contains phosphorus in the form of apa- 
 tite, making it all of non-Bessemer quality. 
 
 Other deposits of magnetite occur in the Iludson 
 river district, the most pronounced exposures and veins 
 being south of West Point on the Highlands east of the 
 Hudson river, extending as far as Croton Falls, but 
 some magnetite is also found west of the river, and this 
 line of deposits can be traced from New York into New 
 flersey. The southern New York magnetites are. as a 
 rule, lean, and contain either an excess of phosphorus 
 or, more frequently, of sulphui'. There lias been con- 
 siderable exploitation of these deposits, but outside of 
 the Till}^ Foster mine none has been a large producer, 
 and all are inactive. The Tilly Foster appeared to be 
 a large lens, which was worked first as an open bed, 
 then the ore body was followed bj' shafting, the rooms 
 being tilled with concrete arches to permit the removal 
 of pillars, and finally the working was restored to an 
 open pit by the removal of 600,000 cubic yards of over- 
 lying rock. Large expenditures were also made on the 
 Theall mine, near Brewster, which was worked y)y an 
 extensive tunnel with stopes, shafts, and galleries. A 
 concentrating plant was er(>cted at this mine, liut sub- 
 sequently dismantled. The Benson luine in northern 
 New York, west of the Adirondack mountains, has also 
 installed a separating plant, and has produced mer- 
 chantable concentrates in considerable quantity from 
 lean magnetites. The Lake Chaiuplain district has been 
 prominent in the efforts to beneticiate ores by con- 
 centration by the use of jigs, and also l)y magnetic 
 separators. At the Port Henry mines is the' largest 
 separator plant in the country. 
 
 New York is one of the few states where, in addition 
 to the magnetites, the three other varieties of iron 
 ore ar(> found. Red hematite is mined fi'om the north 
 centi'al poi'tion of the state, in Jefferson, Clinton, and 
 Oneida counties; brown hematites are won in the south- 
 ern portion, east of the Hudson river, in Dutchess and 
 t'oluinbia counties, and in the same district carbonate 
 oi'c has been found to a considerable extent, and a large 
 ])lant for roasting these ores has been constructed near 
 Catskill Landi]ig. 
 
 Some of the brown hematite luines along the ITarlem 
 Railroad ha\'e been worke(l for many years, and have 
 been, and are still, the main reliance of the charcoal 
 iron industi'y along the Conncctit'ut and JS'ew York 
 boundary, 'i'his same class of ores extends into Litch- 
 lield county. Conn., and Berkshire county, jNIass., the 
 district being generally recognized as the Salisburv 
 region. The lapid denudation of available tind)er, and 
 the necessity of oi)ci'ating small blast furnace plants 
 producing a special grade of pig iron, has reduced the 
 mimber of furnaces, so that now only a fewarc^ making 
 ircjn with charcoal; these smelt brown hc^nalite and 
 some carbonate ores. 
 
 In addition to the brown hematite ores mentioned as 
 
IRON ORE. 
 
 413 
 
 occurviny in southwestern Massachusetts and north- 
 wosteru Connecticut, hog ores arc found in eastern 
 Massachusetts, and were the foundation up(jn which the; 
 hrst practical development of the iron industry in the 
 nited States was based. Magnetic ore occui's in 
 Khode Island, and mag-netites and hrown hematites 
 have been mined in Maine and Vermont. 
 
 3 t'w Jefscij. — The magnetite ores extendi ng from New- 
 York across northern New .Jersey into Pennsylvania, 
 hav(^ been liberally developed in a munber of locations 
 in New Jersey. The importance of the industry, how- 
 ever, has declined in late years, the bulk of the produ('t 
 being confined to a few of the more important mines. 
 As a rule, the ores of New Jersey are lean, and some of 
 them carry sulphur or phosphorus in excess, Ijut others 
 are of Bessemer grade. In western New Jersey magne- 
 tites also occur in a decomposed condition, and carry 
 considerable manganese. Brown hematites are found 
 in western New Jersey, in the vicinity of Belvidere, but 
 have not been extensively developed. The early iron 
 industry of New Jersey was based upon the use of bog 
 ores, which came from the district close to the ot'ean 
 front; these are no longer used, and all of the ore won 
 in New Jersey is of the )nagnetite class. The beneticia- 
 tion of magnetic ores by washing and 1)y separation has 
 reached a development in New Jersey approximating 
 that of the state of New York. The failure of some of 
 the more pretentious magnetic separating plants, whicli 
 comminuted ore finely, has encouraged magnetic cob- 
 bing and the treatment of ore as coarse grains by sep- 
 arators. The roasting of dense ores is also a feature 
 of New Jersey blast furnace practice. 
 
 PennHi/Jvaiiui. — Peiuisyhania, although not the pio- 
 neer in American iron industry (its initial enterprise 
 having been estalilished about ITlti), rapidly advanced 
 to iirst place, and by reason of the wide distril)ution of 
 all classes of iron ore and alnindance of fuel, ))ecame 
 the largest producer of iron, and still holds that rank, 
 although the bulk of the iron ore used in tiie manufac- 
 ture of its iron and steel products is mined outside of 
 the state. 
 
 The most important iron mining operation in Penn- 
 sylvania is that carried on in the Cornwall ore deposit 
 in Lebanon county, which has produced about three- 
 fourths of a million tons aniuially, and, since the year 
 1740, has contributed a total approximating eighteen 
 million tons to supply Pennsylvania iron works. This 
 ore as mined yields on the average about 4fj per cent of 
 iron, carries about three-fourths of 1 per cent of copper, 
 and about 2i- per cent of sulphur. It nuist, therefore, 
 be roasted, and ore-roasting kilns have here obtained 
 their largest development. Furnaces of the (Ijers 
 cylindrical form, using solid fuel, are used at some 
 plants, and at others there are circular or rectangular 
 kilns heati>d by producer gas after the Davis-Colby 
 patents. 
 
 The Cornwall ore bank, at (!ornwall, Lebanon county. 
 
 is a large de])Osit of magnetite from which inunense 
 quantities of ore have been won. Most of thi' ore is 
 obtained above water lev(d, cars being riii] in on a series 
 of terraces. The ore is ])i-oken down and loaded onto 
 cai's by means of barrows, and thus transported to the 
 furnaces. 
 
 Plate Xlll shows two terraces in solid ore, with the 
 workmen engaged in tilling tiie oit cai's. In the back- 
 ground of the j)icture a stilj^ping whicli covers the ore 
 can be seen. 
 
 Along the iSouth moLuitaiii. fi'oni the Delaware ri\'er 
 to and Ijcyond the Sus((U(4ianiia river, deposits of mag- 
 netic iron ores are found and have been worked. In 
 Ijchigh and Lancaster counties at present they are 
 mined chieHy for concentration, as the ore is lean. ]\\ 
 Berks county a large underground development was 
 niad(! at Boyertown, some shafts extending over flOD 
 feet in deptli, the ore being, as a rule, low in phos- 
 phorus but high in sulphur, and requiring roasting. 
 These mines are being unwatered to make it possible 
 to obtain ore. Between Boyertown and Cornwall a 
 number of magnetic deposits have been worked spas- 
 modically, and beyond the Susquehanna, in Adams and 
 York counties, similar mines ha-^-e l)een in operati(jn. 
 In Lancaster county a magnetic concentrating plant 
 has lateljf been installed, operating on a large mass of 
 lean magnetite, which is crushed, sized, and separated, 
 the object being to form the concentrates into briquettes 
 for use in blast furnaces. 
 
 Along the northern and v\'estcrn faces of the South 
 mountain, and in the valley between the South and 
 North momitain ranges, l)rown hematite ore has been 
 mined in many localities, some of, the deposits having 
 l)een worked on a liberal scale, and others, producing 
 but little, have a history approximating a century of 
 time. As a rule, these brown hematites require wasli- 
 ing to make them desirable for blast furnace purposes, 
 and they yield, after such treatment, al)out 4.5 per cent 
 of iron, some with 2 to 5 per cent of manganese, and 
 all with phosphorus above the Bessemer limit. Other 
 brown hematites of nearly similar composition occur 
 in central Pemisylvania, along the eastern flank of the 
 foothills of the Allegheny mountains, in Bedford. Cen- 
 ter, Huntingdon, and other counties. In the same re- 
 gion fossil and red hematites are won by underground 
 operations, and this is true also of deposits in north- 
 eastern Pennsyh'ania, along the Blue mountain range, 
 and in the vicinity of Danville and Bloomsburg. Prac- 
 tically all of the brown hematites have been won from 
 open cut wcu'kings, the ore occurring with clay and 
 limestone, and re(juiring washing. ^luch of the red 
 hematite was mined from small underground drifts. 
 
 In the liitumiiKJus coal belt, which extends across 
 Pennsyh'ania from northeast to southwest, with the 
 Allegheny mountains as an axis, the carl)onate ores 
 obtained were formerly an important base of supply. 
 The location of many of these ores in small veins, the 
 
414 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 exploitation of which is expensive, the necessity of 
 roasting them, and their generally high phosphorus 
 content have much limited their use. 
 
 Dclavai'e and Jfifri/hiiiJ. — In Delaware there are 
 several isolated deposits of brown hematite which have 
 been worked but are now inactive. In eastern Mary- 
 land carbonates which occur njixed with clay are luined 
 in a desultory way )>y farmers and used near the city 
 of Washington to produce a special grade of pig metal 
 with charcoal. In M'estern Maryland there are brown 
 hematites in considerable cpiantities, also indications of 
 red hematites, and some lean magnetites, which, while 
 appearing to occur in large proportions, would have to 
 be concentrated to be merchantable. 
 
 Tlie Vhyihids and Carol in an. — In Virginia the bulk 
 of the iron ores mined are of the brown hematite class, 
 some occurring in beds of cla}-, others in a form ap- 
 proaching veins embedded in rock strata. Minor 
 deposits of red hematite also exist, and in southwestern 
 Virginia and in western North Carolina there are large 
 bodies of magnetites. Titaniferous magnetites and 
 brown hematites occur in central North Carolina and 
 extend into South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, and 
 Alabama. 
 
 The Appalachian mountain chain is bordered by iron 
 ore deposits from northern New York through New 
 Jersey, Pennsjdvania, Maryland, the Virginias, North 
 Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama. These 
 deposits are mostly magnetites and 1>rown hematites, 
 the latter generally showing in the \alleys, the former 
 often in foothills or on the slopes of the mountains. 
 Some red hematites are also found on the mountain 
 slopes. Nearly paralleling the Appalachian range, and 
 occup3'ing positions in the foothills of the Allegheny 
 mountains, are deposits of brown hematite, also of car- 
 bonates. The carbonates are mor(i abundant in the 
 coal beai'ing regions, and occur on ))oth flanks of the 
 Allegheny mountains. 
 
 Still farther west carbonate ores and some brown 
 hematites are found in the coal measures of western 
 Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Gliio, Kentucky, and 
 eastern Tennessee; red and brown hematite are abun- 
 dant in Kentucky and Tennessee. 
 
 Ohio. — The ores obtained from Ohio and from the 
 portion of Kentucky adjacent to the Ohio river arc 
 either carbonates or hematites, resulting from the 
 weathering of car))onates; these have sustained a con- 
 siderable iron industry for many years in southei-n Ohio 
 and in Kentucky, in a locality' known as the Hanging- 
 Rock region, with Ironton, Ohio, and Ashland, Kv-. as 
 business centers. The original installations were all 
 charcoal furnaces, some of which are still acti\'e; for a 
 time some furnaces used raw bituminous coal, but the 
 larger plants are now dependent on coke, local ores 
 being used, supplemented by other ores from the Lake 
 Superior region. 
 
 There are also in Kejitucky excellent deposits of 
 
 limonite, and these extend into Tennessee, some quite 
 important mines existing in the central and western 
 portions of the state. There are also carbonates in the 
 southwestern section which extend into Mississippi. 
 Carbonate ore also exists in northern Florida. 
 
 Wijicoihsin avd loim. — The liberal exploitation of the 
 iron ores in the. Lake Superior I'egion has directed atten- 
 tion to deposits in adjacent states. In central Wisconsin 
 brown hematite exists in pockets or lenses. In southern 
 Wisconsin there is a unique deposit of high phosphorus 
 red hematite ore, wdiich, owing to its physical structure, 
 is known as flaxseed ore, and an apparently large quan- 
 tity of red hematite of excellent composition has also 
 lately been discovered \>\ drilling and shafting in the 
 vicinity of North Freedom, Sauk county, Wis. This 
 deposit is expected to be a factor in the iron ore supplj^ 
 of Chicago and vicinity. In northeastern Iowa brown 
 hematites have been wrought, and carbonates are found 
 in the western section of the state. 
 
 Jfi.ssoari and Arhmviis. — Missouri attained promi- 
 nence as an iron producing state several decades ago 
 through the Iron Mountain and Pilot Knob deposits, 
 which gave promise of being large producers, hut as 
 development proceeded these ore beds were practically 
 exhausted, although it is possible there may be undis- 
 covered extensions of them. In central, eastern, and 
 southern Missouri red hematite and brown hematite 
 ores are obtained in quantities, and these ores also ex- 
 tend into Arkansas, although there has been no devel- 
 opment in that state. 
 
 Texas. — The exploitations for iron ore in Texas have 
 been chiefly in the northeastei-n section, where brown 
 hematites have l)een won from near the surface, and the 
 fact that these lie in nearly horizontal layers, covered 
 })ut slightly with a ferruginous sandstone and sand, 
 suggests that they are bog ores fornnng the bottom of 
 an extinct lake. They extend o\er a large territory, 
 I except whei-e the plateaus are cut by water courses. 
 In central Texas an important deposit of red hematite 
 ore, claimed to l)e of excellent (juality, has been opened 
 up, l)ut in the a))sence of demand f(n- this mineral ex- 
 ploitation has not been prosecutcnl. 
 
 Roclnj jMiiaiifain nigion. — The section of the country 
 which may be considered as the liocky Momitain region 
 has a number of important deposits of iron ores and all 
 the general classes of ores are found. In Avhat might 
 be called the distinctively mountainous section, on the 
 western slopes, magiK^tites are ol:)taiued, and some 
 deposits of apparent magnitude are known to exist, but 
 owing to the high elevation of the deposits and the 
 amount of snow encountered, they have not l)een ex- 
 ploited. It is possilde that the increasing demand for 
 iron ores may encourage development. 
 
 The iron ore deposits at Sunrise, Laramie coimty, 
 Wyo., are quite extensi\'e; until late years, however, 
 but little ore had been prochu-ed from them. The 
 ore is a, red hematite occurring in carlK)iHfei-ous lime- 
 
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 m^ 
 
 1^ .■ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 •I 
 
 wm^ 
 
 
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 ■ ^^W^Y' 
 
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 ■«■' 
 
 
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 „ '.V 
 
 ,,■ y^'^--'rf M' 
 
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 J" .',..- , 
 
 I 
 
 .'^*^^^H^^^^^ 
 
 
 rV 
 
 
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 ^/.^jg^gj^ 
 
 
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 J^^ 
 
 ■•.r-'y-yT ^_ . ^^P^Bj 
 
 
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 ':!•»'-- i5,5r- 
 
 
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 ^'-'in^i 
 
 ^^^^ .jpBHIf 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ^ 
 
 PLATE X. — RED HEMATITE MINE, RED MOUNTAIN, NEAR bIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA, 
 
 PLATE XL— LIMONITE BANKS NEAR TECUMSEH, CHEROKEE COUNTY, ALABAMA, 
 
IRON ORE. 
 
 415 
 
 stone; rovers, as it is claimed, a supertieial area of 
 alxnit L>() smiare miles; contains from rtO to (17 per cent 
 ''f iron from 2.5 to 5 per cent of silica, and is low 
 "I phosphorus. It is won by open cut working, as 
 shown in the illustration, the steam ,sho\-els loading 
 onto cars on which it is taken to the furnaces at Pueblo, 
 Colo. The view (Plate XIV) shows the (U'e hi sUii to- 
 g-ether with the covering of limestone and earth. 
 
 In New ^Mexico there is a deposit where red hematite 
 and magnetite ores are obtained. The Fierro, or U nion 
 Hill, and Jim Fair mines are located in the territory 
 of New Mexico, near Hanover. Mr. D. M. Barringer, 
 ]M. E., states that the ore generally, but not always, 
 occurs with eruptive granite and limestone, probably 
 carboniferous, the vein being vertical or dipping at a 
 steep angle. The ore of the Union Hill mine is a mix- 
 ture of approximately 75 per cent luagnetite and 25 
 per cent hematite, and is quite hard. 
 
 The ore of the Jim Fair mine is of practically the 
 reverse composition to that of the Union Hill, the 
 greater portion being of the hematite variety, and is 
 also quite hard. Both here and at the Union Hill mine 
 the ore stands in dikes, and is quarried out in open 
 cuts. ]Mr. Barringer states that at one place there is a 
 large deposit of brown hematite ore, and at one point 
 there is also a consideral)le amount of specular ore. 
 l^he ore carries satisfactorj^ percentages of iron, and 
 is of Bessemer quality. The permanency of this deposit 
 does not seem assured from the results of mining- 
 operations to date. 
 
 In the San Luis vallev of Colorado, which may be 
 said to be in the heart of the Rocky mountains, lirown 
 hematite ores are mined, and one mine has been phe- 
 nomenal not only for the quantity taki-n fr(jm it, but 
 also for, the low percentage of phosphorus in the ore. 
 In fact, the product has been persistently a Bessemer 
 ore, and it is probable that no other deposit of )>rown 
 hematite has produced as much low phosphorus ore as 
 the Orient mine. This mine is located in the eastern 
 part of Saguache county, Colo., about eight miles from 
 Villa Grove, and was opened in 1882. The ore l;)ody is 
 from 30 to 150 feet in width and is worked by means 
 of tunnels, from which stopes are run. Over 1,000.000 
 tons of ore have been obtained from this deposit, but 
 unfortunately it shows signs of exhaustion. It may 
 be, however, that deposits of similar character will l)e 
 found in the same district. 
 
 Plate XV is a view of the Orient mine, showing one 
 of the inclines from which the ore is loaded onto cars 
 for transportation to the l>last furnace. 
 
 Between the Pacific coast and the Rocky mountains 
 there are a numlier of deposits of iron ore, but few 
 have been exploited, because there has been little or no 
 market for the mineral. Blast furnaces which were 
 located at Ogden, Utah, at Clipper Gap, Cal., and at 
 Salem, Oreg., have ceased operations, and th(> only 
 enterpi'ise now active is near Port Townsend, on Puget 
 
 sound, in the state of Washington. This plant has 
 dra^vii its supi)ly in part fi-<im local hematites (bog- 
 ores), but is largel}' dependent upon magnetic ores 
 inqjorted fi-oni British Columbia. Tlio plants now idle 
 relied, when in operation, mostly on brown hematite 
 oi-es mined near the, furnaces, with the exception of 
 the plant in ITtah which received as part of its supply 
 red hematites fi-om Wyoming. In northern and south- 
 ern California magnetites and red hematites are re- 
 ported, but nothing beyond exphu-atory work has been 
 done upon them. When satisfactory supplies of metal- 
 lurgical fuel become available it is possible that some 
 of these Pacific coast deposits may be exploited. Mag- 
 netite has also been mined near Lovelocks, Nevada. 
 
 VAI.UE OF IKON ORE T)EPf)SITS. 
 
 The determination of the value of iron ore deposits 
 is difficult, for tliey are onlj^ serviceable in so far as the 
 material of which they are composed may be utilized. 
 Thus, a mountain of excellent iron ore remote from 
 l)last furnaces or other means of utilization, without 
 transportation facilities to carry the mineral to points 
 where markets exist, would stand practically useless 
 until these conditions were modified. 
 
 The quality of the iron ore obtainable has a decided 
 infiuence upon the value of the product, and therefore 
 upon that of the deposit. Ores low in phosphorus, 
 although with moderate iron content, command premi- 
 ums over those carrying this element in excess, and in 
 the present state of metallurgical development ores 
 carrying titanium are considered undesiral)le, although 
 in the near future they may possibly be sought after. 
 A sulphurous ore requiring roasting is less desirable 
 than one free from sulphur, and ores which require 
 washing or beneficiating, either by jigs or magnetic 
 separators, have less value than those which can be 
 used in their native state. Therefore, the apparent 
 quantity and a\erage quality of an ore in a deposit and 
 its a(-cessibility to markets or prospective points of 
 consunqDtion afiect its value. Where a mine is produc- 
 ing and where the tests made to determine the apparent 
 extent of the deposit are satisfactory, its value may be 
 gauged bv capitalization based upon a royalty charge 
 for ore mined, for in an ore deposit the material taken 
 out is not reproduced, and therefore some allowance 
 covering a value for the ore won is proper. 
 
 The diificulties of determining the \alue of iron ore 
 deposits are increased by the fact that in some instances 
 mere mining rights are granted, while in others a pro- 
 i)rietor may allow a mining company to take ore at a 
 tixed rate per ton, or upon a sliding scale. In still 
 other cases tin' ownership is in a state which grants 
 mini no- leases at tonnage rates; these leased properties 
 after having been (wplored or developed are sublet, and 
 thus two or more royalties may be cumulative. A 
 deposit of ore has no definite value to the lessee or sub- 
 lessee, other than what he gets out of it during- tlie 
 
416 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 term of his lease, for he has no interest in its future 
 and the owner can practically base no estimate of value 
 except by capitalizing its earning- capacity, providing 
 that earning capacity can be maintained. Another 
 feature vs'hich has caused trouble in an attempt to deter- 
 mine approximate valuations for the iron ore deposits 
 of the United States has been that a company may own 
 or lease a considerable tract of land (_)nly a small part 
 of which has been explored or exploited. It would be 
 manifestly unfair to base an estimate of the value of 
 the entire property upon results obtained from a limited 
 area. 
 
 During July. VM}'2, an interesting suit in chancery 
 developed the estimate which the officers of the United 
 States Steel Corporaticjn placed upon its iron ore prop- 
 erties. Practically this estimate claimed that the cor- 
 poration had in reserve, in deposits which had been 
 tested, over 700,000,000 tons of iron ore, upon which 
 the company placed a value to itself of $1 per ton. 
 This was not merely a royalty estimate, but represented 
 what the officers of the corporation considered the ore 
 was worth as a material for conversion into merchant- 
 able products, taking into consideration the location of 
 the deposits in relation to it~; furnaces and mills, and 
 the fact that as far as known this supply could not }»e 
 duplicated elsewhere, certaitdy not within any limit of 
 transportation to the corporation's existing plants. 
 This valuation was (|uestioned because an olficial of the 
 corporation had stated that it had reserves of ore and 
 fuel sufficient for sixty years, the assumption being 
 that the value of a sup]3ly of mineral which would not 
 be exhausted before sixty years would be stronglj' af- 
 fected bj'the interest which the money invested should 
 earn in that time. In a case such as indicated, an iron 
 ore deposit which produces a quantity of ore desirable 
 ill quality, so as to be of material service to the indus- 
 try, imdoubtedly possesses a value to the owners which 
 is not fully measured by a mere royalty charge, for it 
 acts as a basis for supplying raw material and gives the 
 owner not only a possilile profit on the mining, but a 
 priiti'ction in cases (if fluctuations in prices of ore, a 
 value difficult to estimate in money. 
 
 comm?:kciai. value <if the product. 
 
 The detei'iiiination of the \alueof iron ores is contin- 
 gent upon the character of each ore, its chemical com- 
 ponents, its texture, its locatifjn in relation to blast 
 furnaces wh(!re it can be used, and transportation facil- 
 ities. The custom hei-(^t(jfore followcrl in census reports 
 of ascertaining as closeh' as jiossible what commercial 
 \-alue the various ores represent at the mines, including 
 anv royalty or allowance for rf^yalty, and excluding all 
 transportation charges has been followed in this report. 
 In discussing the output by states, the value of the ore 
 deli\'ered at jioiiits of consumjjtion is not taken into 
 considerati(jn. Iiut c<imiiarisons ai'e liascd upon what the 
 
 ores ai-e commerciallj' worth at the mine ready for 
 market. The value, however, should and does include 
 the cost of beneficiating ores when they receive such 
 treatment, so as to make the record show the total value 
 of the iron ore produced in each state. 
 
 The prices of the Lake Superior ores of Bessemer 
 (|uality are based on a standard ore yielding 63 per cent 
 of iron when dried at 212"-' F., with 0.04.5 per cent phos- 
 phorus and 10 per cent moisture, ecpiivalent to .56.7 per 
 centof metallic iron in the natural condition. The stand- 
 ard for non-Bessemer ores yields 60 per cent of iron 
 when dried at 212 ' F. , with 12 per cent moisture, equiv- 
 alent to 52. S per cent metallic iron in the natural con- 
 dition. The calculation to determine the selling price 
 is made on ores having the above hypothetical analysis, 
 delivered f. o. li. cars at blast furnaces. If the ores 
 yield abo\e or below the chemical standard the price is 
 adjusted accordingly by premium or discount. The 
 scale for Hessemer ores takes into account the percent- 
 age of both iron and phosphorus. The price of non- 
 Bessemer ores is determined in the same way, but 
 usually only metal lit' iron is taken into consideration 
 unless other constituents are excessive. 
 
 The physical condition of iron ores — that is. whether 
 thej' are coarse or line, dense or open in structure — 
 also afi'ects their commercial value. The ^Nlesabi range 
 ores ari' divided into three classes, according to their 
 degrees of fineness, as d(;termined by sieve tests; the 
 second class is 10 cents, and the third class 25 cents 
 below the price placed upon the first class. 
 
 All of the ore mined in the United States is not util- 
 ized in the production of metal for steel manufacture, 
 for in this freedom from phosphorus is generally 
 necessary; an exi'css of this element, however, is 
 admissible in iron treated by the basic Bessemer 
 process. 
 
 For use in foundries, for treatment in ])uddling fur- 
 naces, and for other purposes which, taken together, 
 consume approximately oiu^-cjuarter of the pig iron 
 produced, the limitations as to phosphorus are less 
 rigid. Feu- these purposes many ores may be smelted 
 which me not considered desirable in manufacturing 
 pig iron for eoiu'ersion into steel. Howexer, other 
 elements than ]ihosphonis demand consideration, and 
 in the selection of ores their chemical composition de- 
 termines their a\ailability for specific use. The per- 
 centage of iron which an ore yi(dds is th(^ Krst consid- 
 eration, for upon this the economy of smelting prima- 
 rily de[)eiuls, hut objectionable elements or oxidc^s may 
 encourage tli(> sel(>ctioii of an ore containing less metal- 
 lic iron, hut freer from objectionable constitiu'iits than 
 an ore with high iron contents associated Avith delete- 
 rious ingredients. 
 
 Seeking for large outputs of metal of a particular 
 composition, and for low fuel consumption. Mast fur- 
 nace managers may refus(> nearby ores lean in iron or 
 carrying undesirabl(> constituents, and hring from a 
 

 PLATE XII.— VIEW OF NO. 21 MINE, PORT HENRY IRON COMPANY, MINEVILLE, NEAR PORT HENRY, NEW YORK. 
 
 PLATE XIM.—CUT 
 
 IN MIDDLE HILL, CORNWALL ORE BANKS, CORNWALL, LEBANON COUNTY, 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
IRON OliE 
 
 417 
 
 '''^tauoe ores with larger percontagos of ni(>tal or with 
 ^*'i'y little of phosphorus, sulphur, titauiuui, etc. 
 
 I ho following- table shows the (juaiitity of iron ore 
 
 ])ro<luccd in each state and territory in the United 
 ytati.'s, its \-alue, and tlie average value per ton, for 
 each \ car from IS'.IK to llHli'; 
 
 Taulk 1:5.— (jrAXTlTY, VALUE, AND AVKUA(tF, VAU'K VVAl TON OF FltOX ORK, l!Y STATES AND TERRITORIES: 
 
 LSD! I To I! 101'. 
 
 VATK OK TKKRlTtiKY. 
 
 i-iviiuitity 
 (lon^tons) 
 
 Unitei! States.. 
 
 3.1, fiOT, 410 
 
 J0.5, 4«5, 321 
 
 Minnef^ota 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Virginia and \\\st \'ir- 
 ginia 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 New York 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 Geo'-gia anil North Caro- 
 lina 
 
 Nevada, New Mexico, 
 Utah, and Wyomin,g. . . 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Connecticut and Massa- 
 chusetts 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Texas 
 
 1.=., 137, 6.i0 
 11,13,^,215 
 3, 574, 474 
 
 987, 958 
 874, 542 
 822, 932 
 783, 996 
 .=i65, 321 
 441,879 
 
 364, 890 
 
 2 362,034 
 306, 572 
 71, 006 
 66, 308 
 
 « 29, 093 
 
 24,307 
 
 22, 657 
 
 6,516 
 
 23, 9,S9, 227 
 
 26, 695, 860 
 
 3, 936, 812 
 
 1,667,456 
 1,123, ,527 
 1, 225, 4.53 
 1,800.864 
 1,362,987 
 1.228,664 
 
 505, 48H 
 
 475,316 
 
 1,084,424 
 
 86, 169 
 
 106,379 
 
 81,374 
 
 46,911 
 
 41,976 
 
 6,434 
 
 
 .Vverage 
 
 value 
 
 per ton. 
 
 81.84 
 
 I. .58 
 
 2.40 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.69 
 
 1.28 
 
 1.49 
 
 2.30 
 
 2.45 
 
 2. 78 
 
 1.39 
 
 1.31 [ 
 
 3.54 
 
 1.21 
 
 1.60 
 
 2.80 
 
 1.93 
 
 1.85 
 
 0.99 
 
 tiuan 
 
 itv 
 
 (lontrtons). 
 
 28, 887 
 
 479 
 
 11, 109 
 
 537 
 
 9,654 
 
 067 
 
 2,801 
 
 732 
 
 92.5,394 
 
 789 
 
 494 
 
 1,040,684 1 
 
 738,868 1 
 
 420 
 
 218 
 
 401 
 
 989 
 
 $49,256,245 
 
 1 215, .599 
 
 3 234, .514 
 
 401,037 
 
 '46,499 
 
 14,230 
 
 25,214 
 21,218 
 44,185 I 
 
 (') 1 
 
 15,335,513 
 
 21,7.35, .592 
 
 2, .587, 719 
 
 1,466,423 
 912, S49 
 1, .561, 620 
 1,561,173 
 1,006,231 
 918, Oil 
 
 258, 227 
 
 367, .S64 
 
 1,284,265 
 
 48, 938 
 
 33, 742 
 
 73, 487 
 33, 825 
 67, 776 
 
 (') 
 
 Average 
 
 value 
 per ton. 
 
 SI. 71 
 
 1.38 
 2.25 
 0.92 
 
 1.58 
 1.16 
 1..50 
 2. 12 
 2.39 
 
 1.20 
 
 1..57 
 3.18 
 1.05 
 2.37 
 
 2.91 
 1. .59 
 1..53 
 
 Qnaiitil.\' 
 : long tons) 
 
 27,. 5.53, 161 
 
 9,834,399 
 9, 926, 727 
 2,759,247 
 
 921,821 
 594,171 
 877, 684 
 746, 105 
 441,485 
 344,247 
 
 336, 1K6 
 
 n32,277 
 407,084 
 655,0.57 
 41,366 
 
 .31, 185 
 26, 223 
 61,016 
 
 16, .S.Sl 
 
 1900 
 
 
 Value. 
 
 Average 
 
 value 
 per ton. 
 
 S2. 42 
 
 t66,.590,504 
 
 24,384,393 
 28, 859, 6.50 
 2, 629, 068 
 
 1, 489, 318 
 069,087 
 1,890,100 
 2, 081, 272 
 1,103,817 
 956, 711 
 
 2.48 
 2.91 
 0.95 
 
 1.62 
 1.13 
 
 2.15 
 2.79 
 2.60 
 
 2.78 
 
 446,351 
 
 202, 480 
 
 1,. 510, 831 
 
 60, 886 
 
 62, 745 
 
 75, 702 
 .55, 735 
 98, .563 
 13, 792 
 
 ] . 33 
 
 1..53 
 3.71 
 1.11 
 
 1.52 
 
 2.43 
 2.13 
 1.62 
 0.82 
 
 18i>!l 
 
 Quantity 
 (longtons) 
 
 8,161,289 
 9, 146, 1.57 
 2, 662, 943 
 
 980,476 
 632, 046 
 1,009,327 
 579, 798 
 443, 790 
 256, 186 
 
 284,364 
 
 .54, 148 
 
 307, 557 
 
 35, 384 
 
 22, 720 
 
 29,611 
 
 3, 42S 
 
 .53,221 
 
 14,729 
 
 Average 
 
 value 
 per ton. 
 
 *.34,999,077 
 
 9,924,8.53 
 13,707,899 i 
 2,601,609 
 
 1.22 
 1.50 
 0.98 
 
 1, 706, 410 
 
 1.79 
 
 694, 372 
 
 1.10 
 
 1,991,772 
 
 1.97 
 
 837, 760 
 
 1.44 
 
 1,241,985 
 
 2.80 
 
 814,920 
 
 3.18 
 
 307,965 
 
 1.08 
 
 108, 720 
 
 2.01 
 
 749,734 
 
 2.44 
 
 36,384 
 
 1.00 
 
 42,203 
 
 1.86 
 
 77, 989 
 
 2.63 
 
 4,628 
 
 1.35 
 
 77, 606 
 
 1.46 
 
 13,262 
 
 0.90 
 
 1 Includes South Carolina. 
 
 -Includes Montana. No product reported for Nevada. 
 
 3 Includes Texas and Montana. 
 
 ^ Includes ^lontana. 
 
 The values at different mines vary greatly and only 
 the averages are presented in the abo\-c table. In con- 
 sidering these values it must be remembered that they 
 represent the labor employed and the expenses of oper- 
 ating, royalties, or sinking fund, but no transportation 
 charges. These values are not the selling prices of the 
 ores, which are gauged when delivered either at the 
 furnace or at receiving points where they are handled 
 for distribution. 
 
 MINING METHODS. 
 
 Iron ore deposits in the United States vary materi- 
 ally in character, size, and occurrence, and the geolog- 
 ical and physical conditions of the several varieties 
 generallv known as magnetite, red hematite, brown 
 hematite, and carbonate oi-es require different methods 
 of exploitation which also vary greatly. The known 
 character, the apparent dimensions, the general form, 
 and the position of an iron ore deposit, with reference 
 to the surface and water, the physical structure or 
 chemical composition of the material to l>e extracted, 
 the character of the earth or rock inclosing or occurring 
 in the ore body, the stratification, di]), and strike, tlie 
 simplicity or complexity of the ore Iwdy. the conven- 
 ience of the deposit to an available market for its pro- 
 duct, tuid the capital at command of those 5vho attempt 
 the exploitation all influence the metliods followed in 
 mining ii'on ore. 
 
 Where the ore bod}' projects aliove or lies close to the 
 surface, or where in a large aiiparciitly well defined 
 30;':'3— 04 27 
 
 5 Includes Iowa. 
 
 •^Includes Vermont. 
 
 ^Included \vith Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and \^'yoming. 
 
 deposit the cover can be stripped to advantage, the 
 exploitation may be carried on bj^ open cut work, from 
 which the ore is taken out either by train or, after 
 digging, lifted b}' steampower applied to inclines or to 
 vertical hoists. 
 
 In the Mesal.)i range of Minnesota, in the Sunrise 
 district of Wyoming, ;ind in a number of brown hema- 
 tite deposits of the South, large open cuts are worked 
 by the use of the steam shovel, these ai^jaliances remov- 
 ing the ore in successive benches after large areas have 
 been stripped by the same method. 
 
 Where the body of ore is under consideral:)le cover, 
 if the roof is firm, or if the vein matter is comparati^•ely 
 ntirrow and the dip steep, it is removed through shafts, 
 either vertical or inclined, and through tunnels or adits. 
 In a number of instances open cut work has, after reach- 
 ing a considerable dejath, been supplemented by under- 
 ground exploitation, while in a few cases this method 
 has been reversed and a large open cut has supplanted 
 underground work. The shafts or adits, which are gen- 
 erally expected to serve as long as the deposit yields 
 ore, are necessarily cost!}" and need to be planned and 
 located witli care, for tlwough these the miners have 
 iiccess to the underground workings, and the ore and 
 water are ctirried to the natural surface. 
 
 Except when the strata penetrated are exceptionally 
 compact ;ind hard, the shtifts or adits must be sub- 
 stantially timbered, so that they can be maintained 
 until the deposit is exhausted; they are excavated either 
 in the ore or in inclosing rock, and if in the ore large 
 
418 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIP]S. 
 
 bodies are left adjacent to these avenues of approaeh 
 as a safeguard against accident. From these main 
 arteries drifts are opened either parallel or at different 
 angles in wide or shallow deposits, or at determined 
 depths in narrow and deep deposits, and from these in 
 turn supplementary' drifts are run and rooms or stopes 
 excavated. 
 
 In deposits dipping considerably from the horizon 
 one prevailing method of exploitiition is to open a series 
 of drifts at different levels, from which mining is carried 
 on simultaneousl}' ; the upper levels are farther advanced 
 than those below, the oi'e being taken out in horizontal 
 sections or slices, known in mining parlance as stopes. 
 When the ore is worked above a given level and 
 allowed to fall b}' gravit}^, through chutes or otherwise, 
 to vehicles which deliver it to the main arteries, the 
 method is called " overhand stoping." Where the 
 material is attacked below a level and the ore raised to 
 this level, the method is recognized as "underhand 
 stoping." The overhand system is, under most circum- 
 stances, the cheaper and more advantageous, but the 
 underhand stoping is necessary in taking up floors, 
 removing pillars, and in some open cut work. 
 
 In underground operations the space made void as 
 the ore is removed must be protected, at least in part, 
 either by timbering or by filling in rock or other waste 
 material. In some instances the ore, if hard and if left 
 in pillars alternating with rooms or stopes, will safely 
 support the roof, but often the proportion of ore sacri- 
 ficed is too great to make this method desirable. 
 
 After shafts or adits have been sunk and main drifts 
 run the ore is taken out by various systems, which may 
 he briefl}' designated as follows: 
 
 " Milling," in which the surface earth is removed and 
 the ore drawn through "raises" into drifts located 
 some distance below the top of the ore, thus making 
 large sinks or craters. This system requires that the 
 cover be stripped, and is especially adapted to niodcr- 
 ately shallow deposits of soft ore covering a large area. 
 
 In "caving" a series of levels connecting with the 
 main shaft or with several shafts are sinuiltancously 
 worked, the ore being taken out h-»m the upper levels 
 and delivered through winzes to lower levels which are 
 protected by the ore vn situ. As the ore is removed 
 from the portion of one level the superincumbent rock 
 or earth is allowed to cave upon the ore below, and fre- 
 quently the settling of the material is facilitated ))y the 
 use of explosives. By this method but little ore need 
 be left in a deposit, and if care is exercised tlie risks 
 are not great and but little waste becomes mixed with 
 the ore. This method is applied more to soft or mod- 
 erately soft ores than to those whicii are harder, but it 
 is used in some hard ore mines where the roof or hang- 
 ing wall is insecure. 
 
 "Drifting" is employed in all underground mining, 
 but where a series of parallel drifts, one advanced more 
 than another, are employed to slice off the deposit the 
 
 method is specifically known as the "drifting or slicing 
 system." 
 
 " Room mining" may be considered either as digging 
 out cavities which alternate with pillars, or as opening 
 cavities of considerable length, width, and height, usu- 
 ally from foot wall to hanging wall, and supporting the 
 last named and the roof by an elaborate arrangement of 
 timbers known as square sets, in which the timbers are 
 so placed as to form the outlines of a series of cubes 
 resting upon one another by carefuUj' fitted joints. 
 This method is largely employed in removing soft hema- 
 tite, and some of the cavities thus made and protected 
 are of enormous size. 
 
 "Filling" is not so much a method of mining as a 
 means of protecting the workings by depositing in the 
 cavities waste rock, sand, and other refuse. This 
 method is often more economical than timber support, 
 and is adapted to hard ore mines. 
 
 The magnetites, as a rule, are found in fairly well- 
 defined veins, inclosed between walls and dipping at 
 steep angles from the horizon. Some of these veins are 
 of enormous size, as in the Lake Champlain district of 
 New York, where the texture and hardness of the ore 
 permit of its use as pillars in the mines. Other veins 
 are narrow and tortuous, although persistent, and each 
 of these characteristics demands different methods of 
 exploitation. 
 
 Where magnetic iron ore is obtained from under- 
 ground operations the ore left as pillars generally fur- 
 nishes sufficient support for the roof. There have been 
 instances where the proportion of the total ore in the 
 deposits which these pillars represented was so large, 
 or the tendency of the mineral to break from the pillars 
 in large masses was so great, as to cause their abandon- 
 ment. 
 
 FINE ORES. 
 
 During late years there have been interesting discus- 
 sions in the technical press concerning disturl)ances in 
 blast furnaces, which are attributed largely to the 
 increasing use of finely comminuted iron ores. The 
 ti-oubles have been emphasized by the contemporaneous 
 development of the JMesabi range in Minnesota, where 
 a majority of the ores occur finely comminuted, some 
 practically as powder, by the use of concentrated ores, 
 and by the increase in the dimensions and power of 
 blast furnaces. As a result, fine ores have been dis- 
 credited, and explosions, slips, and losses in the blast 
 furnaces have been attributed to the use of these ores. 
 Fine ore is undoubtedly more troublesome in the blast 
 furnace than ore which is of moderate size, as the com- 
 minuted material is liable to sift down through the 
 charge and accumulate in portions of the furnace, in- 
 creasing the resistance of the blast, and a portion as 
 flocculent material is carried over with the furnace 
 gases. In some blast furnaces the latter represents so 
 large a proportion of the ore charged that the material 
 
.Ki^iM- f 
 
 PLATE XIV.— SUNRISE PIT FROM THE EAST, AT SUNRISE, LARAMIE COUNTY, WYOMING. 
 
 PLATE XV.— NOS. 3 AND 4 TRAMS AND RAILROAD TRACKS, ORIENT MINE, NEAR SALIDA, SAGUACHE COUNTY, COLORADO. 
 
IRON ORE. 
 
 419 
 
 is recovered and formed into briquettes, or made into 
 mud with water, to be returned into the furnace. 
 
 There is no intention to question the desirabilit}' of 
 using relatively coarse ores in blast furnaces, but it is 
 probable that fine ores are blamed for some disturb- 
 ances for which they are only partially responsible. 
 The accumulation of tine material of any kind in a por- 
 tion of a blast furnace may cause unequal settlements, 
 slips, or irregular operation, and, while the tine ore is 
 subject to this, the same results may come from an accu- 
 mulation of comminuted coke and fluxes. In the en- 
 largement of blast furnaces the system of feeding- 
 materials has been radically changed. Where thousands 
 of tons are fed daily into the throat of a blast furnace, 
 the handling of this becomes an important matter, and 
 labor-saving appliances are demanded. A few j^ears 
 ago the general practice of blast furnaces, of what was 
 then large size but would now be considered of moder- 
 ate dimensions, was to discharge the raw material from 
 car.s running upon trestles, shovel or fork this into 
 charging buggies which were elevated to the top of the 
 furnace and discharged upon the bell, which closed the 
 throat bj" fitting against the hopper. But where large 
 quantities are daily handled bins have been introduced 
 which take the place of trestles, and the material, in- 
 stead of being shoveled or forked into the discharging 
 buggies, drops from railroad cars into bins and from 
 bins through chutes into scale or weigh cars, thence into 
 skip cars, which are lifted considerahlj' above the top 
 of the furnace and dumped into the receiving hopper, 
 thence through a bell and chamber to the main furnace 
 bell. 
 
 Bins have been erected to considerable height, and in 
 dumping the material, particularly coke, into the bins, 
 or in passing it through them, it becomes more or less 
 broken. At some furnaces the coke bin discharges 
 immediately into the skip car running to the top of the 
 furnace, but in a majority of cases the weigh car inter- 
 venes. As a consequence, a large percentage of coke 
 is ground to powder, for it may have an aggregate drop 
 of from 30 to .50 feet from the time it leaves the car in 
 which it is transported until it touches the main bell of 
 the furnace. 
 
 In the smelting operation there is no opportunity for 
 coke to be consumed until it approaches the tuyeres of 
 the blast furnace, for it is liere that the combustion of 
 the fuel is made possible by the admission of heated 
 air. An excess of free oxygen woidd carry this com- 
 bustion to a point which would result in imperfect and 
 irregular furnace operation, conse(iuentIy the fine 
 material which may accumulate in the shaft or upper 
 portion of the furnace may be added to until it is in 
 such volume and position as to cause a disturbance b_y 
 slipping, resulting in increased pressure of blast, and 
 an irregular working of the blast furnace. While the 
 same may be true of the line ore, this has the advantage 
 of being reduced by the gas(>s resulting from the com- 
 
 bustion of the fuel. Investigations of some of the 
 larger furnaces blown out for repair seklonj show unre- 
 duced ore, although the proportion of hne ore fed may 
 have been large, but indicate volumes of coke dust 
 adjacent to the walls or accuuudated in different por- 
 tions of the blast furnace. The combination of hne ore 
 and fine coke may therefore be considered largely' 
 responsible for many slips and irregularities, but it is 
 possible that explosions which have been so severe at a 
 number of furnaces are attributable primarily to floc- 
 culent incandescent carbonaceous matter (resulting 
 from the grinding of the coke), meeting oxygen under 
 conditions similar to those in coal mines, flour mills, 
 and grain elevators. 
 
 The quantity and chemical character of the fine ores 
 which are available demonstrate the necessity of their 
 use, and it is the duty of those designing or operating 
 blast furnaces to provide for such utilization, and where 
 satisfactory operation is secured under disadvantage the 
 manager of a plant is entitled to proper credit for 
 overcoming difficulties. The constructor must take into 
 consideration the handling and distribution of this 
 material, and also design and equip the furnace to meet 
 the excessive pressure or unequal settlement which may 
 be traceable to the tine ores, whether associated with 
 fine coke or not. The latter condition will exist to 
 some extent in any furnace, although for the reasons 
 given above the quantity of fine coke is undoubtedly 
 greatly magnified in the recent method of handling the 
 materials. Ores which cost at the furnace 5, G, or 
 more cents per unit of metal can not be wasted with 
 impunitj', and where it is found impracticable to control 
 the loss of fine ore through the gas flues, the collection 
 of these, and their preparation for subsequent treat- 
 ment, demand attention. The briquetting of fine ores, 
 whether in their natural state or after beneficiation, is 
 also conmianding attention. Whenever an iron ore is 
 handled and rehandled, passed through any mechanical 
 apparatus, or heated, there is additional cost placed 
 against it, and this cost will naturally afl:ect the price 
 of pig iron. However, it may be assumed as an axiom 
 that the treatment of ores preliminary to their lieino- 
 fed into the blast furnace can generally be considered 
 as more economical than depending on the furnace to 
 do the work. 
 
 Methods of cheaply beneficiating and briquetting fine 
 ores so as to introduce them into the blast furnace, and 
 permit of their being carried down into the zone of 
 reduction l)efore changing form, seem to present a pos- 
 sible feature of advance, to which those interested in the 
 smelting of iron can well aft'ord to give attention. 
 
 While fine ores are considered l>y many manao-ers 
 undesirable, there is also objection to the mineral being 
 of large size, especially in dense magnetites or red 
 hematites. Preliminary t'rushing to approximately 
 uniform size is therefore desirable, and to meet fur- 
 nace requirements largo crushing plants are in use at 
 
420 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 some important mines, the purpose being to reduce the 
 hard ores to sizes convenient for handling and adapted 
 to quick reduction. 
 
 COKt'EKTRATION OF IKON ORES. 
 
 In various parts of the country there are deposits of 
 iron ores of considerable magnitude in which the amount 
 of metallic iron is insufficient to justify the mining of 
 the mineral and its use in blast furnaces. Some of 
 these deposits are located so that the ore can })e cheaply 
 mined, and are also convenient to transportation facili- 
 ties to market. 
 
 To reduce the percentage of gangue and to produce 
 material carrying iron sufficient for economical smelt- 
 ing, these ores need to be beneticiated, and usually they 
 are comminuted by crushing or grinding if the}' are not 
 naturally of a size suitable for the purpose. After 
 reduction in size the ore is either passed through jigs, 
 where in connection with water the iron oxide separates 
 from the gangue by specific gravity or the fine material 
 is delivered to magnetic separators. The separation in 
 jigs is effected when the specific gravitj' of the iron 
 oxide and the gangue differ sufficiently to permit of a 
 good separation. In magnetic separation the magnetic 
 particles are attracted to belts, drums, or to stationary 
 magnets and the gangue or such portion as is feebly 
 magnetic is rejected. In either process time and the 
 degree of comminution are elements in securing satis- 
 factory results. Magnetic separation is confined to the 
 treatment of lean magnetic ores or to hematites which 
 are made magnetic by preliminary roasting, although 
 some of the apparatus used discriminates satisfactorily 
 between minerals of moderately different magnetic 
 qualit}'. 
 
 The size of the grains of ore intermixed with the 
 gangue determines the possibilit}^ of perfection being- 
 approached by either system of concentration. But in 
 many ores these grains are so small that the connniini- 
 tion required adds greatl}' to the cost, and also produces 
 material whose desirability for smelting purposes is 
 limited. Consequently, most of the concentrating plants 
 do not attempt to attain perfection in separation, but 
 produce a concentrate which, while l^elow the possible 
 standard of puritv obtainable, is acceptalile to the blast 
 furnace managers because of the size of the grains. It 
 is found to be advantageous to lose a portion of the min- 
 eral in the tailings rather than to attempt perfection 
 with the separators. In some cases the tailings, when 
 practically free frcnu iron, are re-treated because of thi; 
 value of these bj^-products. Tlie sand resulting from 
 a siliceous ore finds a ready sale, and the apatite sepa- 
 rated from high phosphorus magnetite is in demand for 
 fertilizing. 
 
 The magnetic separatoi's in use in the United States 
 in l'.)02 produced 11)2,285 long tons of commercial ore. 
 Most of this \va~ miejnrtite Drc. In additif)n a cobbin'j 
 
 method was used, wherein ore of considerable size was 
 treated by magnetic separators. The possibilities of 
 producing an ore rich enough for smelting purposes 
 from some of the large deposits of lean magnetite have 
 encouraged the introduction of a number of forms of 
 separators, only a few of which, however, have proved 
 of sufficient economic importance to be used. 
 
 ROASTING IRON ORES. 
 
 Among the methods used to beneficiate iron ores — 
 that is, to improve their natural condition — is roasting, 
 which ma}' be applied for several purposes: 
 
 1. To drive off' moisture. 
 
 2. AVhile driving off' moisture, to bake so as to sepa- 
 rate the earthy matter which adheres to some ores and 
 which often carries a large proportion of silica. 
 
 3. To eliminate carbonic acid, as in the case of the 
 treatment of carlionate ores, thereb}' practically con- 
 verting carbonate into Vjrown hematite. 
 
 i. To reduce the percentage of sulphur carried in 
 many ores, particularl}- magnetites. 
 
 5. To break up dense ores or make changes in the 
 degree of oxidation and thus increase their reducibilit}'. 
 
 Roasting was formerly done entireh' in open heaps, 
 formed of layers of wood (in some cases charcoal or 
 tine bituminous coal supplementing the wood), alternat- 
 ing with layers of ore. These piles, when fire was 
 applied to them, burned for months, and, in fact, the 
 pile after being completed at one end was extended, 
 while the end first finished was being roasted and the 
 roasted ore taken from it to the furnace. An improve- 
 ment in roasting was the introduction of cylindrical or 
 rectangular masonry or metal kilns, in which fuel is 
 mixed with the ore. In this way a more economical 
 handling of the material is possible, and the results are 
 under better control. In later years improvements in 
 the roasting of ore have been practically confined to 
 f(M:>ding kilns with gas, dei'ived directly from the gas 
 furnaces or obtained from gas producers. In the dr}-- 
 ing of brown hematites advanced progress is illustrated 
 at the Shelby Iron Works, Alabama, where the Davis- 
 Colby kiln using gas, roasts brown hematite ores. A 
 statement by Mr. Charles J. Christian shows that tak- 
 ing green ore as it came fi-om the washer, the yield was 
 i?) per cent, and to ff ux this ore 23 per cent of limestone 
 was required, while to smelt it 135 bushels of charcoal 
 were necessary. When roasted in heaps, the moisture 
 driven otf, and the reduction of silica, which was obtained 
 by screening, showed a yield of 50 per cent of iron, the 
 I'cquirements for smelting being 20 per cent of lime- 
 stone and 1((5 bushels of charcoal. When gas kilns were 
 introduced the yield of the ore was increased to 5S per 
 cent, the proportion of fiux was reduced to IS per cent 
 and the fuel consumption to K)^ bushels of charcoal. 
 
 An experiment was also made in taking from a stock 
 pile ore which had been i-oasted in heaps a-id reroast- 
 
DIAGRAM 1- CLASSIFICATION OF IRON ORE PRODUCTION: 1889 TO I902. 
 
 YEAR 
 
 1902 
 
 1901 
 
 1900 
 
 1899 
 
 1898 
 
 1897 
 
 1896 
 
 1895 
 
 1894 
 
 1893 
 
 1892 
 
 MILLIONS OF LONG TONS. 
 
 1891 
 
 1890 
 
 1889 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 3E 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ] 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [ 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 RED HEM ATI TE 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 BROWN H EM ATITE 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 MAGN ETI TE 
 
 
 
 j _ 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 CARBONATE 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 B 
 
IRON ORE. 
 
 421 
 
 ing it. When the yield was increased to 56 per cent, the 
 flux M'as reduced to 15 per cent of the ore burden, and 
 the fuel consumption fell to 95 bushels of cliarcoal pt'r 
 ton of iron. Inordinary practice, Mr. Christian states, 
 that the shrinkage of ore due to roasting and screening- 
 is about )>:', per cent, water to the extent of 15 to IS 
 per cent being driven olf; the balance is tailings in 
 which ther(^, is some iron, but this loss is more than com- 
 pensated for by the reduction in silica. The richer ore 
 not only requires less flux and fuel, but also increases 
 the product from a given furnace and reduces the cost 
 of production correspondingly. 
 
 In roasting for the elimination of carbonic acid, most 
 of the ores have been treated in piles, although some 
 have been subjected to the roasting process in large 
 kilns, some of these being 16 feet in diameter and 60 
 feet high; it is probable, however, that better results 
 would be obtained m lower kilns. This treatment of 
 the roasted ore is primarily to convert the carbonate 
 into sesquioxide of iron by driving ofl' the carl)onic acid 
 gas, and practically converting the clay ironstone ore 
 into a brown hematite ore. 
 
 A number of years ago efl'orts were made in Scotland 
 to use the upper portion of a blast furnace for this pur- 
 pose, and one plant was erected in this country, the ex- 
 pectation being not only to drive off the carbonic acid 
 gas from the ore, but to coke the raw coal as it passed 
 down the furnace. This departure need not be further 
 considered, as practically all the roasting is now done 
 prior to feeding the ore to the furnace, and the results 
 obtained encourage the continuance of this practice. 
 
 When sulphur is to be eliminated, the old practice of 
 feeding solid fuel with the ore to heaps or kilns is less 
 perfect than the new, as in the newer kilns using gas 
 the ore is maintained at a high temperature, so as to 
 oxidize more of the sulphur than would otherwise be 
 the case. The most extensive use of ore roasting kilns 
 is in the neighborhood of the Cornwall ore mines, 
 Pennsylvania, where the average amount of sul])hur in 
 the ore as mined is 2.5 per cent. In kilns operated by 
 fuel fed in alternate layers with the ore the sulphur is 
 reduced about one-half; but in the kilns where gas is 
 applied and the incandescent ore subsequently sub- 
 jected to currents of air, the percentage of sulphur is 
 reduced lielow 1 per cent. In addition to reducing the 
 sulphur, the ore is improved in texture, and results ob- 
 tained at the Wharton furnace in New Jersey show a 
 very decided improvement independent of the elimi- 
 nation of sulphur. The roasting undouljtedly affects 
 the physical character of the ore, making it more por- 
 ous; it is, therefore, more readily attacked b_v the ))last 
 furnace gases. Where a component is to Ije eliminated 
 in whole or in part, the driving off' of this, whether it 
 be water, carlionic acid, or sulphur, affects the texture 
 of the mineral and makes it more readily reducible. It 
 may be that the combined water in a magnetic ore, or 
 
 the proportion whicii is hygros(^opic, removed in the 
 pi'ocess of roasting, improves the texture of the ore; 
 l)ut this is not a matter upon wliicii enough experiment 
 has been made to speak with detiniteness. 
 
 Mr. Edward Kelly, manager of the \\'harton blast 
 furnaces in New Jersey, states that the base of the ore 
 mixtui-e used in these furnaces is Hibernia magnetic ore, 
 a close grained refractory ore, which is roasted to secure 
 lower fuel consumption than is necessary when using it 
 in the raw state. One furnace using 75 per cent Hiber- 
 nia roasted ore, 12.5 per cent Hibernia raw ore, and 
 12.5 per cent soft Lake Superior liematite (the yield of 
 this mixture approximating 50 per cent of iron) pro- 
 duced a ton of pig iron on a fuel consumption of 2,050 
 pounds. Another furnace, using 75 per cent Hibernia 
 unroasted ore and 25 per cent of hematites, required 
 2,500 pounds of fuel to make 1 ton of metal. There- 
 fore, the apparent saving at the furnace using Hibernia 
 ore roasted is 450 pounds of fuel per ton of metal. 
 With fuel at §4 per ton, this represents a saving of 90 
 cents per ton of pig iron, which the management at- 
 tributed entirely to the roasting of Hibernia ore. 
 
 It may be considered as an established principle that 
 whenever the metallic yield of an ore can be improved 
 and the cinder making constituents reduced and j'et left 
 in sufficient quantity to permit satisfactory smelting, 
 such a treatment is more economically done before 
 charging the ore into the furnace than after it reaches 
 the tunnel head, and it maj' be asserted that the bene- 
 ficiating of ores in a blast furnace is the most expensive 
 method to follow. 
 
 To determine the results to be obtained from roasting 
 an iron ore a practical demonstration is essential. A 
 laboratory test will be of value, but not nearlv so satis- 
 factor}^ as a practical trial in a blast furnace. However, 
 as such a trial is expensive, the laboratory experiment 
 must be relied upon where there is no roasting appli- 
 ance. Thus, by taking a sample of unroasted ore, 
 crushing it fine, and similarly treating a sample of 
 the same ore roasted, exposing this in tubes to the action 
 of furnace gases, or of a current of carbon monoxide 
 gas at a low red heat, the amount of oxygen in each 
 case removed could be compared. Such a test would 
 indicate whether a saving in fuel to offset the expense 
 of roasting is pi'obable. Blast furnaces using raw Lake 
 Champlain magnetic ores require from 2,6(i0 to 2.S00 
 pounds of fuel per ton of metal, and in similar furnaces 
 using Lake Superior ores 2,000 to 2,200 pounds per 
 ton are re((uired. With coke at $2.25 per ton the fuel 
 saving of 601) pounds repi'esents a decreased cost of 
 67.5 cents per ton of pig iron. When magnetites are 
 roasted the smelting conditions approximate those pre- 
 vailing with red hematites. 
 
 Another feature whicli has attracted attention in the 
 Lake Superior region is the amount of moisture in the 
 ore, and the proposition has been made to experiment 
 
422 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 on a large scale with the idea of reducing this, a.s it 
 limits the yield of the ore in the furnace and means 
 additional freight by vessels tu the lower lake and froui 
 the receiving docks to the Mast furnaces. 
 
 ADVANTAGES OF MIXING IKON ORES. 
 
 The circumstances surrounding the mining, hand- 
 ling, and transporting of ores from the Lake Superior 
 iron region seem to have a decidedly beneficial influence 
 in securing the delivery to the blast furnaces of ores of 
 nearly uniform composition. Similar conditions pre- 
 vail elsewhere, but not to the same extent as in the 
 Lake Superior region, because of the size of the de- 
 posits in that district, their liberal exploitation, their 
 distance from points of consumption, and climatic con- 
 ditions which limit the water transportation of ores. 
 
 All iron deposits vary more or less in different por- 
 tions. This variation may be in the percentage of iron, 
 silica, phosphorus, or other ingredients, and where a 
 furnace depends on local mines, drawing upon them 
 from day to day, receiving its stock practically as mined, 
 greater irregularities are to be expected in the ore de- 
 livered than where ore passes through various handlings. 
 
 In the Lake Superior region the practice of the larger 
 mines, although the mineral may nominally be of uni- 
 form character, is to win ore from sevei'al portions of 
 the deposit simultaneously. The ores so won may be 
 mixed in trains going to the ore docks, or trains may 
 be made up entirel}' of ore from certain portions of the 
 mines. Unless the chemical composition of this ore 
 varies notably in the percentages of iron and phos- 
 phorus no segregation is necessary, and a number of 
 bins in the shipping dock are tilled with ore as it comes 
 down in the railroad trains. A vessel brought to the 
 side of the dock receives ore simultaneously, or nearlv 
 so, from a number of alternate pocket spouts, and is 
 then moved to intermediate spouts. As the bins or 
 pockets hold several carloads each there is a mixture in 
 these and a further mixture-, in the hokl of the vessel. 
 
 When the vessel reaches the receiving dock the ore 
 is taken out b}" mechanical appliances, seldom liy hand, 
 the buckets delivering the ore either to stock piles on 
 the receiving docks or directly into cars which conve}' 
 it to the blast furnace. 
 
 As the shipping season on the Great Lakes covers 
 usually about seven months in each year the ))last fur- 
 naces must either carry stocks of ore at the phints or 
 have them held at the receiving docks. Such accumula- 
 tions of stocks result in securing a general mixture of 
 ores from each mine which supplies the plant. Where 
 work is prosecuted in the winter in the Lake Superior 
 region, it is confined principally to dead work or ex- 
 ploration, largely to opening up drifts or chambers to 
 facilitate mining during the next season. This ore 
 taken out in the winter becomes thoroughly mixed in 
 the stock pile and is subject to the same handling as 
 
 above described. Even if the ore is delivered from ves- 
 sels directly to cars, and these cars are dumped into the 
 bins at the blast furnace, there is the admixture of ore 
 from different parts of the mine, resulting from hand- 
 ling at the shipping and receiving docks, a mixture 
 which it is not possible to secure from ores which are 
 mined and sent directly to the furnace. The result is 
 that the Lake Superior ores from different mines natur- 
 ally have greater uniformity than those from other sec- 
 tions which maj'' have ores of equal desirability. This 
 may seem an unimportant matter when the avei'age of 
 the ores charged determine the basis on which to use 
 them, but it exerts an effect on the operation of the 
 furnace because there may be constant changes which 
 affect the fluxing. For if at one time of a day the ore 
 is low in silica, and at another time comparatively high, 
 although the ore comes from the same bin, the fluxing 
 will not be as perfoctl}' equated as desired. As a con- 
 sequence, the interior lining of a blast furnace is at- 
 tacked, or the pig iron produced is more irregular 
 than if the same relation between the gangue material 
 in the ore and the fluxing medium was maintained 
 steadil}'. 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF IRON ORE PRODUCTION. 
 
 The rapid growth in production, both absolutel}' and 
 proportionately, of red hematite in the United States is 
 illustrated by Diagram I, which shows proportionate!}' 
 the quantity of red hematite, brown hematite, mag- 
 netite, and carbonate iron ores produced in 1889 (the 
 classification being that of the Eleventh Census), and 
 from 1890 to 19(i2, inclusive. While there has been 
 a decided increase in red hematite, there has also been 
 an advance, aljsolutely l)ut not proportionately, in 
 brown hematite, and a decline in the proportion of 
 magnetite, although in late years this has been nearly 
 stationary. The (juantity of carbonate ore has con- 
 stantly decreased. 
 
 Diagram II gives the relative quantities of each class 
 of ore supplied by the more important producing states 
 for the three census years 1880, 1889, and 1902. The 
 illustration does not embrace the stat,es producing 
 small quantities. Even if the year 1900 had been se- 
 lected for the comparison, the growth over 1889 would 
 have been shown to be almost as great as that of 1889 
 over 1880. The increase of 190'i over 1889 is greater. 
 
 The plate shows that the entire production of Min- 
 nesota, and nearly ail of the output of Alabama, 
 Michigan, and WisconsiTi, is classed as red hematite. 
 It also shows the advance made in thirteen years, 
 which is most notable in Alabama, Michigan, and 
 Minnesota. The majority of the brown hematites are 
 indicated as being mined in Alabama, Colorado, Geor- 
 gia, Penn.sylvania, Tennessee, and the Virginias, while 
 the magnetites come principally from New Jersey, 
 IS'ew York, and Pennsylvania. The production has 
 
DIAGRAM nr PRODUCTION OF IRON ORES IN THE UNITED STATES ■• 1902,1889, AND 1880. 
 
 MINNESOTA 
 I 2 
 
 MILLIONS OF LONG TONS. 
 6 7 8 9 10 
 
 II iz 
 
 14 15 
 
 I II 
 
 1902 
 1889 
 ISBO 
 
 1902 
 1889 
 1680 
 
 1902 
 1889 
 1880 
 
 1902 
 1889 
 1880 
 
 1902 
 1889 
 1880 
 
 1902 
 1889 
 1880 
 
 1902 
 1889 
 1880 
 
 1902 
 1889 
 1880 
 
 1902 
 1889 
 1880 
 
 1902 
 1889 
 ISBO 
 
 1902 
 1889 
 1880 
 
 1902 
 1889 
 1880 
 
 1902 
 1889 
 1880 
 
 rr 
 
 ^ 
 
 MICHIGAN 
 
 ALABAMA 
 
 VIRGINIA AND WESTVIRGINIA 
 
 TENNESSEE 
 
 PENNSYLVAN lA 
 
 rn 
 
 I I 
 
 WISCONSIN 
 
 N EW YORK 
 
 NEW JERSEY 
 
 GEORGIA AND NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 RED HEM AT I TE 
 BROWN HEMATITE 
 MAGN ETI TE 
 CARBONATE 
 
 I 1 
 
 I I 
 
 MONTANA, NEW MEXICO, UTAH , WYOM ING , IDAHO, OREGON AND WASHINGTON 
 
 COLORADO 
 
 OTHER STATES 
 
 H 
 
IRON ORE. 
 
 423 
 
 declined in New Jerse}', New York, Pennsylviinia, and 
 in the group of states which inchides "all others" not 
 specially designated. Necessarily where the (piantity 
 of any one kind of ore has been too small to be shown 
 on the plate it has been omitted. The le^^end of eoloi's 
 and the sy.steni of single and double cross hatching- 
 illustrate the different varieties of ores for the three 
 census years covered by the diagram. 
 
 PRODUCTION OF IRON ORE IN LARGE MINES. 
 
 The juoportion of the output of the United States 
 contriliuted by large mines is a matter to which atten- 
 tion has been drawn, and Diagram III is presented to 
 illustrate this. Data are not at hand showing the num- 
 ber of large mines and their total output, except for 
 the years beginning with 1892, but the total production 
 is given for the census years 1850, 18H0, 1S70, 1S8(I, 
 and 1889. The full lines of the column illustrate the 
 total production of the ore, while the shaded portions 
 show the cpiantity contributed by mines supplying over 
 50.000 tons. The total number of the larger mines in 
 each year since 1891 appears in numerals at the sides 
 of the respective columns. This showing demonstrates 
 that while there has been an increase in the output of 
 
 the smaller mines the bulk of the augmented pi-oduct 
 is due to the larger mines. 
 
 CONTEMPORANEOUS PRODUCTION OF IRON ORE IN THE 
 irNITED STATES, GREAT 15KITAIN, AN1> GERMANY. 
 
 Diagram IV shows for the year.s 1889 to 1902, inclu- 
 sive, the relative quantities of iron ore produced in 
 Great Britain, Germany, and the United States, and 
 the proportion of the production of the United States 
 supplied by the Lake Superior region. It will be noted 
 that with the exception of 1894 the United States was 
 a larger producer than either Great Britain or Ger- 
 many. The strides hj which these competitors have 
 been distanced is illustrated by the showing for the 
 interval from 1896 to 1902. A varying and practically 
 decreasing tendency of the iron ore trade is illustrated 
 for Great Britain, while a general advance is shown for 
 German3\ The plate indicates the relation to the iron 
 ore industry of the United States borne by the produc- 
 tion of the Lake Superior region, which, since 1899, 
 has been greater than the annual output of the mines 
 of Great Britain, and since 1900 considerablj'in advance 
 of the total product of the German mines. 
 
DIAGRAM III.— ANNUAL PRODUCTION OF IRON ORE IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 MILLIONS OF LONG TONS 
 
 NUMBER OF MINES 
 ,_ EACH PRODUCING OVER 
 ^° 50,000 TONS ANNUALLY 
 
 126 
 104 
 I 10 
 
 90 
 
 82 
 
 73 
 
 75 
 
 72 
 
 44 
 
 54 
 
 71 
 
 Proportirni siippliod Liy mines prnducint^ iimre than 
 fid, 000 tniiH eat-'li, per .■iniiuin. 
 
DIAGRAM IV.— CONTEMPORANEOUS PRODUCTION OF IRON ORES IN THE UNITED STATES, GREAT 
 BRITAIN, AND GERMANY; ALSO RELATIVE Pf^OPORTION SUPPLIED FROM THE LAKE SUPERIOR 
 REGION: 1889 TO 1902. 
 
 1880 1890 1891 1892 1893 1R94 189ri 1890 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J- 
 / 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 4 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 . '■^■''■^' 
 
 ^ 
 
 2 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 i^-^ 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 1 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /!/- 
 
 \ 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 x/ 
 
 
 \ 
 \ 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /J 
 
 
 \ 
 \ 
 
 
 S 16 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 , — - ■ ■ 
 
 / 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■/■--ZL 
 
 ■ ■/■ 
 
 ^ 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ ' 
 
 
 r:^''''^''^ 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 ' 
 
 ^^ 
 
 -" 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 .y-%-y--^ - 
 
 ^Y 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 +/ 
 
 A 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .y 
 
 X, 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 ""'X 
 
 ,+' 
 
 \ 
 
 X 
 
 h 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 >' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total production of the United States 
 
 Production of Germany 
 
 Production of the Lake Superior Region ^x — x— x — x— Production of Great Britain 
 
426 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 14.— DETAILED 
 
 Number of mines 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Character of organization: 
 
 3 Individual 
 
 4 Firm 
 
 5 Incorporated company 
 
 Cooperative association 
 
 Salaried oflicials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Total number 
 
 Total salaries 
 
 General officers — 
 9 Number 
 
 10 Salaries 
 
 Superintendents, managers, foremen, surveyors, etc. — 
 
 11 Number 
 
 12 Salaries 
 
 Foremen below ground — 
 
 13 Number 
 
 14 Salaries 
 
 Clerks- 
 
 15 Number 
 
 16 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 17 Aggregate average number 
 
 18 Aggregate wages 
 
 Above ground — 
 
 19 Total average number 
 
 20 Total wages 
 
 Engineers, firemen, and other mechanics — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miners — 
 
 23 Average number 
 
 24 Wages 
 
 Boys under 16 years — 
 
 25 Average number 
 
 26 Wages 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Below ground — 
 
 Total average number 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Miners — 
 
 31 • Average number 
 
 32 Wages 
 
 Miners' helpers — 
 
 33 ' Average number 
 
 34 Wages 
 
 Boys under 16 years — 
 
 35 " Average number 
 
 36 Wages 
 
 All other wage-earners— 
 
 37 Average number 
 
 38 Wages 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at specified daily rates of pay 
 
 Eiigineers — 
 
 39 $1.00 to SI. 24 
 
 40 31.25 to SI. 49 
 
 41 SI. 50 to 31.74 
 
 42 SI. 75 to S1.99 
 
 43 82.00 to 82.24 
 
 44 $2.25 to 82.49 
 
 $2.50 to 82.74 
 
 46 S2.75 to S2.99 - 
 
 47 83.00 to 33.24 
 
 48 $3.25 to 33.49 
 
 49 S3.50 to 33.74 
 
 83.75 to S3.99 
 
 84.00 to 84.24 
 
 $4.25 and over 
 
 Firemen — 
 
 .53 S0..50 to S0.7J 
 
 .54 80.75 to 30.99 
 
 55 $1.00 to 31 ,24 
 
 .56 $1.26 to $1.49 
 
 ,57 $1.. 50 to $1.74 
 
 ,58 81.75 to $1.99 
 
 59 $2.00 to 82.24 
 
 60 $2.26 to $2.49 
 
 61 $2.50 to 82.74 
 
 C2 83.00 to 83.24 
 
 63 $3.25 to 83.49 
 
 64 83.50 to $3.74 
 
 Machinists, blacksmiths, carpenters, and otlicr mechanics— 
 
 S0.75 to $0.99 
 
 Sl.OO to $1.24 
 
 SI. 25 to $1 .49 
 
 SI. .50 to $1.74 
 
 81.75 to 31 .99 
 
 70 $2.00 to 82.24 
 
 71 $2.25 to $2.49 
 
 $2..50 to $2.74 
 
 73 $2.76 to 82.99 
 
 74 $3.00 to 83.24 
 
 83.25 to $3.49 
 
 $3..50 to 83.74 
 
 77 S3.75 to 83.99 
 
 78 $4.00 to $4.24 
 
 79 84.25 and o^er 
 
 United States. 
 
 525 
 332 
 
 S3 
 
 33 
 
 214 
 
 Alabama. 
 
 2, 
 $2,113, 
 
 $298, 
 
 $797, 
 
 8627, 
 
 $390, 
 
 38, 
 5-21,. 531, 
 
 15, 
 
 $7,444, 
 
 3, 
 $2,309, 
 
 4 
 
 81, 781 
 
 877, 
 
 6, 
 
 ',275, 
 
 23, 
 
 814, 087, 
 
 13, 
 8,808, 
 
 2, 
 
 $1,2.52, 
 
 $11, 
 
 6, 
 $3, 954, 
 
 49 
 709 
 
 997 
 189 
 
 21 
 91 
 168 
 239 
 
 378 
 K4 
 23 
 
 7 
 25 
 
 9 
 17 
 
 1 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 49 
 l:-i5 
 76, 
 312 
 183 
 37 
 
 108 
 
 206 
 
 341 
 
 602 
 
 290 
 
 186 
 
 63 
 
 62 
 
 12 
 
 27 
 
 •} 
 
 10 
 4 
 
 227 
 81.88,441 
 
 11 
 
 $35, 100 
 
 107 
 891, 361 
 
 26 
 818, 640 
 
 83 
 843, 450 
 
 4, 864 
 82,029,807 
 
 3, 133 
 81,213,629 
 
 36-1 
 8182, 305 
 
 1,417 
 8570, 526 
 
 116 
 818, 376 
 
 1,236 
 8442,422 
 
 1,731 
 8816, 178 
 
 1,110 
 $577, 989 
 
 355 
 $136, 210 
 
 10 
 $2, 000 
 
 25li 
 $99, 979 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 33 
 
 842,. 577 
 
 5 
 86, 6.50 
 
 9 
 $14,600 
 
 10 
 $14,297 
 
 9 
 
 $7, 130 
 
 418 
 $417,162 
 
 56 
 $61 , 189 
 
 30 
 835,413 
 
 26 
 S25, 776 
 
 362 
 $355, 973 
 
 282 
 $287, 428 
 
 63 
 835, 647 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 &larvland. 
 
 60 
 842, 361 
 
 813,855 
 
 30 
 
 817, 728 
 
 8 
 $4, 118 
 
 13 
 $6,660 
 
 688 
 $229, 138 
 
 636 
 $170,318 
 
 59 
 827,327 
 
 365 
 $112, 3.57 
 
 35 
 
 $4, 712 
 
 77 
 $25,922 
 
 1.52 
 858, 820 
 
 106 
 $43,446 
 
 28 
 $10, .545 
 
 27 
 32, 898 
 
 6 
 $1,080 
 
 12 
 $3,749 
 
 5 
 $1,910 
 
 1 
 $600 
 
 1 
 
 8400 
 
 76 
 $22, 349 
 
 76 
 $22, 349 
 
 6 
 81, 955 
 
 .59 
 $18, 249 
 
 12 
 82,145 
 
 Michigan. 
 
 750 
 8775, 914 
 
 33 
 
 8102,237 
 
 195 
 $256, 1.57 
 
 307 
 8274,098 I 
 
 216 
 
 $143,422 
 
 14,456 
 9, 132, 763 
 
 3,494 
 $2, 076, 167 
 
 1,401 
 8912, 013 
 
 39 
 
 823, 185 
 
 8407 
 
 2,062 
 81, 139, 562 
 
 10, 962 
 87, 057, .596 
 
 6,217 
 $1,2.52.2:30 
 
 1,005 
 $6:)0, 919 
 
 8 
 S3, 086 
 
 3,7:32 
 32, 171,:361 
 
 111 
 
 219, 
 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 . 
 
 45 ' 
 1.52 
 233 
 168 
 
 73 
 
 21 
 
 17 
 
 8 ; 
 
 12 ! 
 
 1 ! 
 
 2 
 
IRON ORE. 
 
 427 
 
 SUMMARY: 1902. 
 
 Minne.'idta. 
 
 Missouri. 
 
 New Jersey. 
 
 New Yttrk. 
 
 Ohiii. 
 
 IVnflsylviiiiin. 
 
 Tennessee. 
 
 ^'i^ginia. 
 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 All other states 
 and territories. 
 
 1 
 
 59 
 31 
 
 34 
 
 27 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 9 
 
 15 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 9 
 
 2 
 2 
 5 
 
 47 
 42 
 
 20 
 9 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 91 
 
 874,788 
 
 9 
 819, .500 
 
 .54 
 841,353 
 
 15 
 
 86,848 
 
 13 
 
 87,087 
 
 1,140 
 8436,207 
 
 873 
 8329, 450 
 
 121 
 
 865, 759 
 
 480 
 8180,290 
 
 21 
 82,806 
 
 22 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 62 
 25 
 
 2 
 5 
 18 
 
 16 
 10 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 23 
 20 
 
 5 
 1 
 14 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 31 
 
 5 
 1 
 
 15 
 814, 766 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 6 
 
 529 
 8430, 994 
 
 24 
 
 834, 378 
 
 139 
 $134, 979 
 
 200 
 8172, 827 
 
 160 
 888,810 
 
 8,256 
 85,376,933 
 
 2,668 
 81,6.56,501 
 
 834 
 8580,891 
 
 103 
 
 859,820 
 
 2 
 8443 
 
 1,729 
 81,015,347 
 
 5,688 
 83, 720, 432 
 
 3, 463 
 82,432,487 
 
 393 
 8233, 182 
 
 138 
 8101,. H70 
 
 8 
 
 62 
 865. 231 
 
 5 
 814, 750 
 
 17 
 
 825,336 
 
 29 
 818,485 
 
 11 
 
 86, 660 
 
 965 
 8432, 039 
 
 352 
 8162, 2.58 
 
 148 
 877,190 
 
 824, .541 
 
 8450 
 
 1.30 
 860, 077 
 
 613 
 
 8269, 781 
 
 365 
 
 8170, 691 
 
 54 
 
 825, 038 
 
 ' 82, 037 
 
 100 
 871,. 535 
 
 89, 200 
 
 60 
 837, H46 
 
 14 
 
 810,084 
 
 25 
 814, 405 
 
 1,299 
 8.512,702 
 
 846 
 8276, 937 
 
 132 
 
 863, 709 
 
 398 
 8128, 399 
 
 90 
 81 6,. 509 
 
 226 
 868, 320 
 
 454 
 8235, 765 
 
 326 
 8177, 039 
 
 85 
 843, 096 
 
 4 
 8900 
 
 39 
 814,730 
 
 2.57 
 8174,034 
 
 8 
 829, 200 
 
 146 
 
 887, 184 
 
 44 
 822, 262 
 
 .59 
 836,388 
 
 2,686 
 8888, 9.58 
 
 2, 002 
 8641,286 
 
 219 
 896, 987 
 
 1,413 
 8447, 518 
 
 176 
 829, 3.51 
 
 194 
 
 867,430 
 
 684 
 8247, 672 
 
 640 
 
 8236, 040 
 
 8 
 82, 272 
 
 17 
 
 82, 870 
 
 19 
 86, 490 
 
 23 
 22 
 4 
 6 
 5 
 5 
 1 
 
 83 
 885, 262 
 
 2 
 84,036 
 
 23 
 8:1,971 
 
 34 
 
 829, 975 
 
 24 
 
 819, 280 
 
 1,361 
 8837, 661 
 
 384 
 8216, 118 
 
 153 
 898,462 
 
 62 
 833,8:32 
 
 4 
 
 $600 
 
 165 
 883, 224 
 
 977 
 8621, .543 
 
 646 
 8421,929 
 
 8 
 $4,471 
 
 3 
 
 61,667 
 
 321 
 8193,476 
 
 44 
 8il,.510 
 
 82, 400 
 
 33 
 8:?3,460 
 
 3 
 82, 047 
 
 6 
 83, 603 
 
 723 
 8346,411 
 
 .^>43 
 8274, 375 
 
 65 
 841.974 
 
 329 
 81.53 :3.50 
 
 7 
 9 
 
 89, .500 816. 770 
 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 84,705 
 
 1 
 8240 
 
 1 
 8321 
 
 148 
 857,475 
 
 147 
 856, 675 
 
 11 
 86,8.50 
 
 54 
 820, 155 
 
 21 
 819, 4.57 
 
 90 
 853, 100 
 
 19 
 
 812, 543 
 
 1,660 
 
 8773, 286 
 
 636 
 8277,522 
 
 212 
 8117, 792 
 
 1 
 8770 
 
 1 
 82.57 
 
 3 
 81,010 
 
 111 
 838, 901 
 
 24 
 
 810,661 
 
 8900 
 
 22 
 89,761 
 
 \^2 
 
 13 
 14 
 
 15 
 16 
 
 17 
 18 
 
 19 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 3 25 
 
 8170 ' 81, 074 
 81 419 
 
 
 8222 26 
 
 
 146 
 
 27 
 
 829, 500 
 
 1 
 5800 
 
 1 
 8800 
 
 81.58, 656 
 
 1,024 
 8495, 764 
 
 261 
 8133, 1.56 
 
 206 
 895,143 
 
 
 880,. 595 
 
 267 
 8106, 757 
 
 1.52 
 861 . 679 
 
 86 
 833, 365 
 
 1 
 8106 
 
 28 
 811,607 
 
 4 
 25 
 14 
 
 1 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 
 87 
 828, 240 
 
 80 
 825, 900 
 
 180 
 872, 036 
 
 95 
 847, 873 
 
 12 
 
 82, 884 
 
 29 
 30 
 
 31 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 1,732 
 81, 054, 763 
 
 
 557 
 8267,465 
 
 194 
 874,0.52 
 
 10 
 8 
 11 
 14 
 9 
 
 7 
 82, 340 
 
 73 
 8-!l,279 
 
 1 
 7 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 37 
 38 
 
 39 
 
 1 1 1 . 3 
 1 ! 30 
 
 8 
 18 
 
 5 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 82 
 .52 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 42 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 42 
 43 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 46 
 
 47 
 
 19 
 9 
 
 13 
 1 
 1 
 
 27 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 49 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 53 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .54 
 55 
 66 
 
 
 
 1 
 26 
 
 
 1 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 9 
 
 
 .-, 
 
 
 
 3 
 29 
 14 
 
 
 19 1 1 3 
 
 9 1 9 
 
 1 
 
 47 
 
 86 
 
 31 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 .>■! 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 59 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 61 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 62 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 63 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 
 „ 
 
 65 
 66 
 67 
 68 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 16 
 30 
 
 9 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 8 
 
 19 
 5 
 
 13 
 4 
 4 
 
 
 4 
 3 
 5 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 .J 
 
 ■"/ r 
 
 11 
 
 26 
 5 
 7 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 31 
 
 9 
 
 19 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 29 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 1 
 3 
 7 
 1 
 2 
 1 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 78 
 130 
 82 
 78 
 22 
 21 
 6 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 i' 
 
 69 
 VO 
 71 
 72 
 78 
 74 
 75 
 76 
 77 
 78 
 79 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Includes operators distributed as follows: Connecticut, 1 (2 mines); Kentucky, 3: Massachusetts 
 Texas, 1 {2 mines): Utah. 4: Vermo.nt, 1; West Virginia, 1: Wyoming, 1. 
 
 Montana, 3: New Mexico, 1 (2 mines); North Carolina, 3; 
 
428 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 14.— DETAILED 
 
 United States. 
 
 90 
 91 
 92 
 93 
 94 
 
 95 
 96 
 97 
 98 
 99 
 100 
 101 
 102 
 103 
 104 
 
 105 
 lOlj 
 107 
 108 
 109 
 110 
 111 
 112 
 113 
 114 
 115 
 116 
 
 117 
 118 
 119 
 120 
 121 
 122 
 
 123 
 124 
 125 
 126 
 127 
 128 
 129 
 130 
 131 
 132 
 133 
 134 
 135 
 136 
 137 
 138 
 
 139 
 140 
 141 
 142 
 143 
 144 
 145 
 146 
 147 
 148 
 149 
 150 
 
 151 
 152 
 153 
 154 
 155 
 156 
 157 
 158 
 159 
 160 
 161 
 162 
 
 163 
 164 
 
 165 
 166 
 167 
 168 
 
 169 
 170 
 
 Average number ut wage-earners at specitied daiJy rates of pay — Con. 
 Miners — 
 
 80.50 to 80.74 - 
 
 80.75 to 80.99 
 
 81.00 to 81.24 
 
 $1.25 to 81.49 
 
 81.50 to 81.74 
 
 81.75 to 81.99 
 
 82.00 to 82.24 
 
 $2.25 to 82.49 - . . - - 
 
 $2.50 to $2.74 - - 
 
 $2.75 to $2.99 - 
 
 $3.00 to 83.24 
 
 $3.26 to 83.49 
 
 $3.50 to 83.74 
 
 83. 76 to 83.99 
 
 84.26 and over 
 
 Sliners' helpers — 
 
 80.75 to $0.99 - - - 
 
 $1.00 to $1.24 - . - - - 
 
 $1.26 to 81.49 - 
 
 $1..50 to 81.74 
 
 81.75 to 81.99 
 
 82.00 to $2.24 
 
 $2.25 to $2.49 - 
 
 $2.. 50 to $2.74 
 
 82.75 to $2.99 
 
 83.00 to $3.24 
 
 Timbermen and traek layers — 
 
 $0.75 to 80.99 
 
 81.00 to $1.24 
 
 $1.25 to 81 .49 
 
 81.50 to $1.74 - 
 
 81.75 to 81.99 
 
 82.00 to $2.24 
 
 82.25 to $2.49 
 
 $2..50 to 82.74 
 
 $2.75 to 82.99 
 
 83.00 to $3.24 
 
 83.25 to 83.49 
 
 83..50 to $3.74 - 
 
 Bovs under 16 years— 
 
 " Less than $0.50 
 
 80.50 to $0.74 - 
 
 80.75 to $0.99 
 
 81.00 to 81.24 
 
 $1.25 to $1.49 
 
 81.50 to 81.74 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 $0.50 to 80.74 - 
 
 80.75 to 80.99 
 
 81.00 to 81.24 
 
 81.25 to $1.49 
 
 $1.50 to 81.74 
 
 $1,75 to $1.99 
 
 $2.00 to 82.24 
 
 82.25 to 82.49 
 
 82.50 to 82.74 
 
 82.75 to S2.99 
 
 83.00 to $3.24 ... - 
 
 $3.26 to 83.49 
 
 $3.60 to $3.74 
 
 83.75 to $3.99 
 
 84.00 to $4.24 
 
 S4.25 and over 
 
 Average number of wage-earners during eaeh month: 
 Men 16 year.s and over — 
 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 March 
 
 April - 
 
 May 
 
 .Tune 
 
 July - . - - 
 
 August 
 
 .September 
 
 October 
 
 November - 
 
 December 
 
 Boys under 16 yc-ars — 
 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June ■ . 
 
 July 
 
 August - 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 r'ontract worli: 
 
 .Vrnount paid 
 
 Number of employees 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses: 
 
 Total 
 
 Royalties and rent ol mine and mining plant 
 
 Rent of offlees, taxes, insurance, inleresl, and all other .sundries 
 
 1 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 Product: 
 
 Quantity, long Ions 
 
 I Value 
 
 13 
 
 296 
 
 3, 001 
 
 1,0.57 
 
 2,478 
 
 1, 585 
 
 3, 926 
 
 3,642 
 
 1, 687 
 
 481 
 
 304 
 
 24 
 
 55 
 
 13 
 
 151 
 
 194 
 
 603 
 
 618 
 
 645 
 
 105 
 
 38 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 29 
 86 
 121 
 667 
 607 
 245 
 317 
 4 
 
 141 
 
 250 
 
 1 
 
 3 : 
 
 15 
 
 434 
 
 1,314 
 
 1,195 
 
 1,913 
 
 .582 
 294 
 4.59 
 251 
 05 
 
 Ul , 
 
 2 I 
 10 
 5 
 
 33, 864 
 33, 195 
 34,714 
 36, 829 
 39, 291 
 39,311 
 40, 594 
 ■11,426 
 41,2.59 
 40, 9.58 
 39, 869 
 38,706 
 
 .105 
 397 
 1.51 
 497 
 539 
 531 
 573 
 599 
 598 
 :570 
 542 
 511 
 
 8425, 292 
 1,079 
 
 $8, 2.57, 714 
 86, .503, 90S 
 $1,7.5;), 806 
 89,005,608 
 
 :W, .567, 110 
 $66, 465, 321 
 
 80 
 
 372 
 
 167 
 
 1,058 
 
 762 
 
 88 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 108 
 77 
 170 
 
 106 
 723 
 357 
 108 
 61 
 1 
 
 4,358 
 4, 403 
 4,616 
 4,6.55 
 4,693 
 4,715 
 I,, 8.50 
 4,887 
 4,861 
 4,987 
 4,939 
 4,892 
 
 113 
 102 
 118 
 109 
 117 
 114 
 124 
 143 
 143 
 141 
 147 
 141 
 
 $.88,008 
 8:i7, 938 
 $50, 070 
 8592, 286 
 
 3,. 571, 474 
 83, 936, 812 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 14 
 
 228 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 8 1. 
 ...j. 
 
 437 
 428 
 426 
 433 
 409 
 413 
 
 mo 
 
 406 
 412 
 407 
 437 
 419 
 
 $114,. 540 
 $87, 094 
 827, 446 
 
 8137,4.50 
 
 I 300, 572 
 1 $1,084, 424 
 
 38 
 
 297 
 
 64 
 
 72 
 
 13 
 15 
 
 11 
 :jO 
 
 3 
 64 
 
 .5.59 
 644 
 659 
 670 
 073 
 661 
 664 
 647 
 630 
 706 
 690 
 
 33 
 40 
 35 
 41 
 36 
 38 
 43 
 41 
 46 
 48 
 45 
 46 
 
 $76, 622 
 
 $8, 361 
 
 $68,271 
 
 864,932 
 
 330, .554 
 84.52, 717 
 
 Michigan. 
 
 812, 314 
 8'2,271 
 
 810,043 
 82,639 
 
 463 
 
 126 
 
 2, 056 
 
 2, .510 
 
 907 
 
 135 
 
 40 
 
 :J64 
 
 .526 
 
 102 
 
 1 ' 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 411 
 129 
 147 
 295 
 
 12 
 
 47 
 
 131 
 
 ,095 
 
 :, 225 
 
 '899 
 
 203 
 
 141 
 
 17 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 13,416 
 
 12, 8.58 
 
 13, 373 
 13,946 
 14,803 r 
 14,399 
 14,977 
 1.5,340 
 15,441 
 1.5,449 I 
 14,911 
 14,440 
 
 10 
 11 
 13 
 14 
 13 
 13 
 11 
 
 $57, 382 
 96 
 
 $;!,004,384 
 
 $2, 2.54, 864 
 
 $749, 620 
 
 83,661,194 
 
 24,367 11,136,215 
 
 8-16,911 ! 826,695,860 
 
 1 Includes 13,275 tons of nianganiferous iron ore valued at $.52,371, u.sed in 1 
 Colorado is due to the sUvit content, and to its availability for use a.sa fluxing ■ 
 
 c'lure of spiegeleisen. The high average value per ton of the product in 
 iru mixed with other gold and silver ores in the smelter. 
 
IRON ORE. 
 
 429 
 
 SUMMARY: 1902— Continued. 
 
 Minnesota. 
 
 Missouri. 
 
 New Jersey. 
 
 New Yorlc. 
 
 
 Oliio. 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Tenne.s.Hee. 
 
 Virgrinia. 
 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 All other states 
 and territories. 
 
 80 
 81 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 113 
 
 1,414 
 
 408 
 
 34 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 49 
 
 23 
 
 213 
 
 192 
 
 180 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 367 
 
 1,265 
 
 862 
 
 677 
 
 317 
 
 34 
 
 1 
 
 33 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 36 
 2 
 
 
 70 
 11 
 3111 
 31 
 11 
 10 
 
 402 
 
 61 
 
 106 
 
 1 
 
 liti' 
 
 38 
 
 
 113 82 
 
 10 
 62 
 176 
 
 2 
 11 
 
 
 42 .S3 
 
 23 
 6 
 
 42 
 60 
 4,52 
 130 
 29 
 3 
 
 118 
 45 
 45 
 2 
 15 
 9 
 2 
 
 84 
 85 
 
 
 86 
 
 
 
 87 
 
 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 88 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 89 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 91 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 92 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 93 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 12 
 
 94 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 95 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 10 
 
 71 
 5 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 96 
 
 
 
 31 
 151 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 97 
 
 48 
 
 231 
 
 111 
 
 3 
 
 
 42 
 
 
 ,86 
 
 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 101 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 0'' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 103 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 104 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 105 
 
 2 
 
 
 6 
 2 
 3 
 105 
 14 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 4 
 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 23 
 
 
 2 
 
 106 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 107 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 i 
 
 108 
 
 94 
 
 420 
 
 90 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 .56 
 33 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 109 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 110 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 111 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 112 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 113 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 114 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 115 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 116 
 
 117 
 
 1 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 8 
 9 
 4 
 1 
 
 2 
 44 
 
 48 
 
 96 
 02 
 23 
 12 
 
 
 ■-) 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 1 118 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 4 
 
 '119 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 120 
 
 
 
 
 
 121 
 1 '■' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 37 
 
 329 
 
 402 
 
 43 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 1 
 30 
 177 
 31 
 
 29 
 6 
 
 4 
 210 
 29 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 124 
 
 4 
 1 
 
 3 123 
 
 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 IS 
 
 4 
 35 
 8 
 4 
 6 
 1 
 
 
 1'>4 
 
 7 
 
 13 
 
 139 
 
 933 
 
 1,310 
 
 261 
 
 86 
 
 47 
 
 15 
 
 27 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 6, 210 
 6,198 
 6,416 
 7,370 
 8,449 
 8, 7.59 
 9,102 
 9,466 
 9,659 
 9,449 
 9,308 
 8,672 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 f 338, 244 
 723 
 
 »4, 134, 626 
 
 J3, 648, 750 
 
 8486, 776 
 
 82,699,115 
 
 15,137,650 
 823,989,227 
 
 1 
 72 
 7 
 
 i 
 
 74 
 163 
 50 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 13 
 57 
 265 
 46 
 1 
 2 
 
 1-25 
 r'6 
 
 
 '"'" ' 
 
 127 
 128 
 1W 
 
 
 
 
 
 130 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 131 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 13'' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 133 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 134 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 135 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 136 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 137 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 138 
 
 108 
 113 
 113 
 134 
 147 
 1.53 
 182 
 182 
 164 
 156 
 1.56 
 166 
 
 1,453 
 1, 635 
 1,.580 
 1,684 
 1,732 
 1,769 
 1,775 
 1,762 
 1,694 
 1,647 
 1,617 
 1,612 
 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 6 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 
 $10, 770 
 113 
 
 $30,114 
 
 $7, 915 
 
 822,199 
 
 8429, 231 
 
 441, 879 
 81,22,8,604 
 
 965 
 862 
 928 
 
 1,007 
 959 
 989 
 894 
 978 
 946 
 
 1,019 
 996 
 
 1,013 
 
 2 
 
 34 
 69 
 112 
 115 
 125 
 1.58 
 141 
 137 
 104 
 121 
 127 
 89 
 
 1,074 
 1,021 
 990 
 1,076 
 1,102 
 1,100 
 1,229 
 1,179 
 1, 1,84 
 1,1.53 
 1, 1.58 
 1, 1.50 
 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 29 
 29 
 30 
 30 
 34 
 31 
 23 
 15 
 13 
 
 $1,228 
 4 
 
 $61,376 
 
 $26, 343 
 
 $35, 033 
 
 $166,422 
 
 822,932 
 $1,226,4.53 
 
 1,126 
 1,113 
 1,134 
 1,208 
 1,2.50 
 1,271 
 1,257 
 1,271 
 1 , 217 
 1,225 
 1,195 
 1, 193 
 
 85 
 86 
 88 
 93 
 101 
 102 
 94 
 98 
 99 
 93 
 96 
 93 
 
 2,136 
 2,104 
 2,337 
 2,396 
 2,664 
 2,682 
 2, 845 
 2,846 
 2,718 
 2,677 
 2,318 
 2, 293 
 
 141 
 137 
 164 
 189 
 216 
 212 
 230 
 228 
 224 
 211 
 190 
 174 
 
 $6, 730 
 53 
 
 $120, 563 
 893, 429 
 $27, 134 
 
 8201,426 
 
 973, 301 
 
 $1,652,799 
 
 1, 393 
 1,372 
 1,3.55 
 1,393 
 1,429 
 1,403 
 1,392 
 1,421 
 1,336 
 1,346 
 1,227 
 1,181 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 6 
 6 
 8 
 11 
 12 
 9 
 10 
 8 
 6 
 
 $2, 750 
 10 
 
 $247, 149 
 
 $181,243 
 
 $65,906 
 
 $375,9.59 
 
 783, 996 
 $1,800,864 
 
 553 
 630 
 611 
 678 
 776 
 780 
 807 
 812 
 793 
 720 
 716 
 865 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 2 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 1 
 4 
 
 $7,188 
 23 
 
 $51, 748 
 
 $45,612 
 
 $6, 136 
 
 $210,067 
 
 517,642 
 $716, 721 
 
 139 
 140 
 141 
 142 
 143 
 144 
 145 
 146 
 147 
 148 
 149 
 150 
 
 151 
 
 
 1.52 
 
 
 153 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 8600 
 60 
 
 83, 373 
 
 $2, 638 
 
 8836 
 
 826,0.52 
 
 66,308 
 8106,379 
 
 
 1.54 
 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 
 1 56 
 
 
 156 
 
 
 1.57 
 158 
 
 
 
 
 160 
 
 
 161 
 
 
 162 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 164 
 
 $199, 58 
 
 812,38 
 
 8187, 20 
 
 8293, 95 
 
 555, 32 
 81,362,98 
 
 7 
 5 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 7 
 
 81,. 656 
 
 81, .503 
 
 8.53 
 
 $345 
 
 22,6.57 
 $41,976 
 
 $111,8.54 
 $93, 672 
 818, 182 
 
 $144, .540 
 
 874,542 
 $1,123. .527 
 
 165 
 166 
 167 
 168 
 
 169 
 
 170 
 
430 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 14.— DETAILED 
 
 172 
 173 
 
 174 
 175 
 
 176 
 177 
 
 178 
 179 
 
 181 
 182 
 183 
 
 Power; 
 
 Total horsepower 
 
 Owned — 
 
 Engines — 
 Steam — 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Gas or gasoline- 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Water w"heels — 
 
 Number - . . 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Other power- 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Rented — 
 
 Steam , horsepower 
 
 Electric motors owned— 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Supplied to other establishments, horsepower 
 
 United States. 
 
 119,558 
 
 1,132 
 102, 878 
 
 11 
 1,010 
 
 260 
 16, 144 
 
 35 ' 
 
 937 ; 
 
 140 
 
 105 
 7,440 
 
 62 
 2,930 
 
 Colorado, 
 
 865 
 
 14 
 
 786 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 2,681 
 
 40 
 2,512 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 6 
 315 
 
 3 
 160 
 
 Michigan. 
 
 324 
 38, 361 
 
 7 
 750 
 
 86 
 8,294 
 
IRON ORE. 
 
 431 
 
 SUMMARY: 1902— Continued. 
 
 Minnesota. 
 
 Missouri. 
 
 New Jersey. 
 
 New York. 
 
 Ollio. 
 
 Fennsylvaiiia. 
 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 Wi.seonsin. 
 
 All otlier states 
 and territories. 
 
 
 2S, 332 
 
 20C 
 23, 928 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 63,5 
 
 10 
 62,5 
 
 1 
 10 
 
 fi, 684 
 
 78 
 fi, .584 
 
 (1,01,5 
 
 38 
 5, 820 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 100 
 
 85 
 
 ■50 
 
 1 
 
 50 
 
 4,480 
 
 87 
 3, 722 
 
 1 
 38 
 
 ■2, 8B5 
 
 38 
 1,770 
 
 4, 68C 
 
 87 
 4,217 
 
 1 
 
 fi 
 
 15.5 
 
 12 
 308 
 
 5, 894 
 
 76 
 5, 834 
 
 1,391 
 
 23 
 1,026 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 1 
 5 
 
 358 
 
 171 
 
 172 
 173 
 
 174 
 
 
 
 
 
 175 
 
 
 
 
 
 17f. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 60 
 
 177 
 
 39 
 1,254 
 
 140 
 
 13 
 
 140 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 10 
 720 
 
 20 
 1 , 095 
 
 178 
 
 
 
 179 
 
 
 180 
 
 
 
 2 
 4 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 120 
 
 181 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18"' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 183 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
MANGANESE ORE 
 
 30223—04 2S (4;.!3) 
 
MANGANESE ORE, 
 
 By John Birkinbink. 
 
 Although manganese occupies an important position 
 among metals, and is necessary in the manufacture of 
 steel, of glass, and in the chemical industry, tlie pro- 
 duction in the United States is small; and in 1902 may 
 properly be discounted to the extent of '.t,(J()() long tons 
 reported as mined in Montana, which was not imme- 
 diately available for consumption. 
 
 Table 1 is a comparative summary of the statistics for 
 the industry as reported for the years 1902, 1889, and 
 1880. 
 
 Table 1. — Comparative ftannnfiry: 28S0 to 1902. 
 
 , etc.: 
 
 Number of mines 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 Product: 
 
 Quantity, long tons 
 
 Value 
 
 I!)0'2 
 
 19 
 19 
 
 18 
 59, 395 
 
 194 
 
 $74,924 
 
 S3, 845 
 
 S17, 728 
 
 16, 477 
 $177, 911 
 
 1889 
 
 1880 
 
 (=) 
 
 432 
 $123, 958 
 
 (') 
 (') 
 
 24, 197 
 $240, 569 
 
 0) 
 
 (■) 
 
 222 
 !>$4C,6in 
 
 $16,164 
 
 •11,350 
 < 4102,700 
 
 ^ Not reported. 
 2 Not reported separately. 
 
 ^Includes salaries, not separable, of 10 .salaried employees. 
 ■• Includes 6:57 tons, with an estimated value of 85,765, for which statistics of 
 wage-earners, wages, and other expenses, etc., were not obtainable. 
 
 In the year 1902 the data are given in full, but for the 
 previous census years some details are unobtainable, 
 and in the year 1880 there was 1 mine from which no 
 information was secured except the production of ore 
 and its estimated value. 
 
 Of the 19 mines reported in 1902, 3 were in Califor- 
 nia, 6 each in Georgia and Virginia, 2 in Arkansas, and 
 1 each in Montana and South Carolina. The entire 
 number was controlled by 19 operators, of whom 8 were 
 individuals; 5, firms; and 6, incorporated companies. 
 
 Oapital Htock of incorporated coirqxinlen. — Table 2, 
 which follows, presents the statistics of capitalization 
 of incorporated companies. 
 
 Table 2. — Capitalization of incorporated rompanies: 190S. 
 
 Number of incorporated companies.. 
 
 Number reporting capitalization 
 
 Capital stock: 
 
 Total authorized — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Total issued — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Common — 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Preferred — 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 I.ssued — 
 
 Number of shares 
 Par value 
 
 United 
 States. 
 
 Califor- 
 nia. 
 
 523, 280 
 $2,8.55,000 
 
 123,330 
 $2,4.55,0.50 
 
 517,280 
 $2,2,55,000 
 
 117,330 ! 100,050 
 $1,8.55,0.50 $100,050 
 
 500,000 
 $500,000 
 
 100, 0.50 
 $100,0.50 
 
 .500,000 
 $.500,000 
 
 6,000 
 $600, 000 
 
 6,000 
 iOO, 000 
 
 Georgia. Virginia. 
 
 30 , 23,2.50 
 .$30,000 $2,32,5,000 
 
 .30 23,250 
 
 $30,000 182,325,000 
 
 30 
 $30,000 
 
 30 
 $30, 000 
 
 17,260 
 $1,725,000 
 
 17,250 
 $1,725,000 
 
 6,000 
 $600, 000 
 
 6,000 
 $600, 000 
 
 Table 2 shows that the capital stock issued amounted 
 to $2,1:55,0.50. 
 
 In 1889 the inquiries in regard to capital were dif- 
 ferent from 1902, the capital invested in lands, build- 
 ings and fixtures, machinery, tools and implements, 
 live stock, cash, and stock of ore on hand being asked 
 for at that census; therefore no comparison of anv 
 value can be made. According to the reports made in 
 1889 the total amount of capital invested was $2,188,950, 
 divided as follows: Land, $1,618,650; buildings and 
 tixtmes, $98,700; machinery, tools, etc., $233,750; 
 other items, including cash, $237,850. 
 
 EriijAoyees and imges. — In Table 10 the statistics of 
 employees and wages are presented in detail by states. 
 The different classes of salaried oflncials and wage-earn- 
 ers are given. 
 
 Of the total amount, $81,319, reported as paid for 
 salaries and wages in the production of manganese ore, 
 $74,924, or 88.9 per cent, was paid to wage-earners, 
 and $9,395, or 11.1 per cent, to the salaried officials, 
 clerks, etc. 
 
 (43.5) 
 
a:m\ 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES, 
 
 Table 10 .show.s also the avenio-o muui)or of wag'c- 
 earners at specified daily rates of pay l)y oceupations. 
 Miners constituted 41). 5 per cent of the total number of 
 wage-earners, and of all miners 80.2 per cent Avere em- 
 ployed at rates from $1 to $l.-2i per day. This lo^v 
 wage rate was due to the fact that most of the employees 
 were unskilled, and the wages paid in the Southern 
 states were loAver, as a rule, than tlios(> prevailing in 
 the Lake Supeiior region, where the climatic condi- 
 tions are more severe. Of the !."> engineers, >\ recei\-od 
 $2 or more per day. jMiners' helpers formed a small 
 class, constituting 1.5 -pn' cent of the total wage-earners. 
 The class of "all other wage-earners" numbered 5(1, 
 composed chiefly of ordinary laborers. Of these work- 
 men 92.9 per cent received from §1 to $1.21 per day, 
 the same general rate as that of many of the miners, 
 while 7.1 per cent received $1.25 or more. 
 
 The average number of wage-earners, men and l)oys, 
 employed during each month of the year, is also shown 
 in Table 10. With the exception of the mines in 
 Georgia, where employment was practically constant, 
 the average number of wage-earners \aried consider- 
 abl}'. It will be noted that during the summer and fall 
 months the average numl)er of wage-earners in \'irginia 
 was considerably augmented, falling ofl' during the win- 
 ter and early spring months. In California the opera- 
 tions practically closed in August and remained in this 
 condition until the end of the year. 
 
 For the various mechanical operations requiring 
 power at the mines there were 11 steam engines of 35-1 
 horsepower. 
 
 Pi'oduct'uin. — To show the relative production of 
 manganese ores in 19(J2 and in each of the nine years 
 preceding. Table 3 is presented. It gives the produc- 
 tion, total value, and average value per ton of ore at 
 the mines. 
 
 Table :i. — /'niiliici:oii i,f uKi-injinifac mrs: JSU.i It, 190?. 
 [r'nitril Stiites fieolnt,'icul Sll^^"('y, ■■ Mineral HusoiircrN nl ttu; rriite<l Stutcs,"] 
 
 Table -i. — I'ruilactUin <md value, and average rain f per ton, of man- 
 i/crnese orcif, by slaten: 1!)03. 
 
 (^"^-^v ^'^•-- '31 
 
 isas 
 
 1K94 
 
 1895 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 - 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 191)0 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 088 
 108 
 9.17 
 935 
 771 
 99.'i 
 177 
 
 SC6, i'jM 
 53, &n 
 71,769 
 90, 727 
 95, 503 
 129, 185 
 82, 278 
 10(1, 289 
 110,722 
 177,911 
 
 ■tH. (;:i 
 
 8. 50 
 
 8.99 
 8. 60 
 8.10 
 8.28 
 8.62 
 9.73 
 10. .80 
 
 The following table shows the (juantity, total value, 
 and average value pci- ton of tlie manganese ore pro- 
 duced by states in the year llHij;. Thr production of 
 South Carolina was a sample shipment, the value of 
 which was estimat(.'d: 
 
 STATE. 
 
 (Quantity 1 vnliip 
 
 Average 
 
 value 
 
 per ton. 
 
 
 10,477 $177,911 
 
 810.80 
 
 
 
 
 (') 
 846 
 3, .500 
 
 (>) 
 
 (') 
 3,041 
 9, 090 
 
 l'o?i76 
 20, 830 
 (>) 
 (') 
 29, 444 
 117,462 
 
 5. 15 
 
 ('Hiifnrnia .. 
 
 12.03 
 
 (lL'iir/,nu 
 
 5. 95 
 
 
 13.00 
 
 
 5.00 
 
 \'irf^iiii;t 
 
 9.68 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' Xot given .separately, in order to avfii'l disclcjKing (iiKrations of individual 
 e.stabli.sbments. 
 
 In producing the total for 1902, 16,477 tons, valued 
 at|l77,911, () states contributed, viz: Montana, Georgia, 
 Virginia, California, Arkansas, and (South Carolina, in 
 the order named. 
 
 The following table gives the production by states 
 for the census years ls,S9 and 1902, and for each of 
 the twelve years intervening. The figures for the years 
 between 1889 and 11)02 were obtained from the statis- 
 tical reports of the United States Geological Survev. 
 
 T.\BLE 5. — I'roiluction of manganese ores, by states: 1889 to 1902. 
 [I'niled States Geologieal Survey, " Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 Total . 
 
 1889. 
 1890. 
 1891 . 
 1892. 
 1893. 
 1894. 
 1895. 
 189i;. 
 1X97. 
 1 89,s , 
 1899. 
 1900. 
 1901. 
 1902. 
 
 (Iongt™.s) (longtons, 
 
 197, 814 
 
 197 
 684 
 416 
 613 
 718 
 308 
 .547 
 088 
 101? 
 957 
 935 
 771 
 995 
 477 
 
 14,616 
 12, 699 
 16, 248 
 6, 079 
 4, 092 
 1,797 
 1,715 
 2,018 
 3, 650 
 5, 662 
 6, 228 
 7,881 
 4,275 
 3,041 
 
 Georgia 
 
 (longtons) 
 
 5, 208 
 749 
 
 3, .676 
 826 
 724 
 
 1,277 
 3,8.56 
 4,0,S6 
 3, 332 
 0, 689 
 3,089 
 3,447 
 
 4, 074 
 3, 500 
 
 Arkansa.s 
 (Iongton.s) 
 
 33, 167 
 
 2, .528 
 
 5, 339 
 
 1, 6.50 
 
 6, 708 
 2, 020 
 1,934 
 2,991 
 3, 421 
 3,240 
 
 2, 662 
 356 
 146 
 
 91 
 82 
 
 All other 
 
 states 
 (longtons). 
 
 30, 215 
 
 1,845 
 6,897 
 1,943 
 
 882 
 
 1,300 
 
 985 
 
 504 
 
 886 
 
 944 
 
 262 
 
 298 
 
 3, 555 
 
 9,8.54 
 
 The output of the three states producing the greatest 
 ([uantities, Ai/, ^'irginia, Georgia, and Arkansas, as 
 well as the total for the United States, shows a marked 
 falling ofl' since the year ISSli, when the total mined in 
 Virginia was 14,<il(i long tons; in Georgia, 5,208 long 
 tons; ill Arkansas, 2,528 long tons; and in other states, 
 1,845 long tons; a total of 24,197 long tons, valued at 
 $240,559. 
 
 In the year 1H()2 the production of manganese ore 
 per wage-earner was greater than in either 18S!) or 
 isso, being 85 tons, as against 5(; tons in 1889 and 49 
 tons in 18S(). 15ut for the census year 1889 the total 
 number of perst)ns employed is given for the time 
 during which the mines were opei-ated, whereas for the 
 census year 1902 the average number is the number 
 that would ])e re((uired at continuous employment 
 throughout the year. 
 
MANGANESE ORE. 
 
 437 
 
 Imports of mcmganeKe ore. — The United Statew is the 
 largest iiiaiuifacturer of steel in the world. Tn the proc- 
 esses of the conversion of iron into steel spieyeleisen 
 or ferromanganese obtained from manganese or man- 
 ganiferous ore is a necessity- Conseciuently, owing to 
 the insufficieixt.,supply of this mineral obtained in the 
 United States, large quantities are imported. 
 
 Through the courtes}^ of the Bureau of Statistics of 
 the Department of Commerce and Labor, the following 
 table has been prepared showing the importation of 
 manganese ore into the United States during the cal- 
 endar year 1902, by countries: 
 
 Table 6. — ImpoHs of manganese ore, hij cuuniriet<: 1902. 
 
 Quantity 
 (long tons). 
 
 Totf.l . 
 
 235, 67G 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Brazil 
 
 British East Indies 
 
 Colombia 
 
 Cuba 
 
 Germany 
 
 Japan 
 
 Nova Scotia, New Bruns\\'i('k, ete 
 
 Quebec, Ontario, etc 
 
 Russia 
 
 Spain 
 
 Turkey in Europe 
 
 United Kingdom 
 
 165 
 
 102,550 
 
 6J,170 
 
 700 
 
 36, 294 
 
 2,155 
 
 2, 4, SI 
 
 59 
 
 140 
 
 3,338 
 
 10, 464 
 
 12, 609 
 
 4.51 
 
 Value. 
 
 $1,931,282 
 
 1.962 
 
 ,006,969 
 
 352, 487 
 
 3, 385 
 
 285, 571 
 
 68, 241 
 
 37, 064 
 
 2,311 
 
 820 
 
 24,. 581 
 
 48,098 
 
 88, 979 
 
 10, 814 
 
 Table 6 shows that in the census year 19(»2, 2.35, .57r) 
 long tons were imported, valued at Sl.',»P)1.2.s2, an a\'er- 
 age of $8.20 per ton. The valuations placed on this ore 
 are as invoiced at the point of shipment, and do not 
 include the cost of ocean freight to the United States 
 or rail charges to points of consumption. The principal 
 contributor was Brazil, with a total of l(t2,5;30 long 
 tons, valued at $1,006,969. The other contributing 
 countries were India, Cuba, Turkey, Spain, Russia, 
 Japan, Germany, Colombia, United Kingdom, Canada, 
 and Belgium, in the order named. 
 
 The following table gives the quantity and value of 
 manganese ore imported into the United States from 
 18S;) to 1902, inclusive: 
 
 T.iBLE 7. — Imports of manganese ore : 1SS9 to 190.'. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Quantity 
 
 (long tons). 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 1,436,950 
 
 J13, 028, 432 
 
 
 
 1889 
 
 4,2.86 
 
 34, 1,54 
 
 28, 825 
 
 .58,572 
 
 68,113 
 
 44, 6.55 
 
 86,111 
 
 31,489 
 
 119,901 
 
 114,885 
 
 188, 349 
 
 256, 252 
 
 165,722 
 
 235, 576 
 
 78, 391 
 
 
 516, 900 
 
 1891 
 
 380, 618 
 
 1892 
 
 840, 811 
 
 1893 
 
 880, 238 
 
 1894 
 
 432, 561 
 
 1895 
 
 747 910 
 
 1896 
 
 250, 468 
 1,023,824 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 831 , 967 
 
 1899 
 
 1,.5S4 .528 
 
 1900 
 
 2, 042, 361 
 1,486 573 
 
 ] 901 
 
 1902 
 
 1 , 931 , 282 
 
 
 
 Tal.)le 7 shows that, with the exception of the year 
 1900, the largest quantity imported was in the year 1902. 
 It will be of interest to note that in the year 1889, 
 21,197 long tons of domestic manganese ore wei-e pro- 
 duced and 1,286 long tons of manganese ore imported; 
 whci'eas, in the year 1902, 16,477 long tons of domestic 
 manganese ore were mined and 23.5,576 long tons im- 
 ported. In the fourteen years under consideration the 
 manganese mines of the United States have contributed 
 197,814 long tons, while the importations have amounted 
 to 1,436,9.50 long tons; therefore, 87.9 per cent of the 
 manganese ore used in the United States during these 
 fourteen years came from foreign countries. In the 
 y&A.v 19()2 the quantity of imported manganese ore rep- 
 resented 93.5 per centof the total consumption. In 1902 
 tlie greater portion, 200,434 long tons, of the manga- 
 nese ore brought to this country was received at the 
 port of Baltimore, Marjdand. 
 
 WorhTfi production. — As the greater portion of the 
 manganese ore consumed in this country is obtained 
 from foreign nations, Table S is presented showing the 
 production of the more important manganese producing 
 countries. For each countiy the latest I'eliable statis- 
 tics obtainable have been used, the years to which the 
 figures relate being indicated in the table. 
 
 Table S. — ^^'ol■hV s production of manganese ores. 
 
 North America: 
 
 United States.. . 
 
 Canada! 
 
 Cuba' 
 
 South America: 
 
 Brazil > 
 
 Chilei 
 
 Europe: 
 
 Austria 
 
 Bosnia and Her- 
 zegovina 
 
 France 
 
 Germany 
 
 Greece..' 
 
 Hungary 
 
 Prodtiction! 
 ■ (long tons). 
 
 1902 
 1902 
 1902 
 
 1902 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 1902 
 1901 
 1901 
 1901 
 1902 
 
 1.56, 
 31, 
 
 T*roduction 
 ■ (longtons). 
 
 Europe— Continued. 
 
 Italy 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Russia 
 
 Spain ' 
 
 Sweden 
 
 Turkey ' 
 
 Asia: 
 
 India 
 
 .Japan 
 
 .Java 1 
 
 Oceania: 
 
 New Zealand... 
 
 Queen.sland 
 
 South Australia. 
 
 1902 
 
 1901 
 1900 
 1902 I 
 1902 
 1902 
 
 1902 
 1901 
 1899 
 
 1901 I 
 
 1901 
 
 1901 
 
 2,438 
 
 = 904 
 
 884, 20O 
 
 61,949 
 
 2, 805 
 
 49, 210 
 
 157, 780 
 15,8.58 
 1,388 
 
 208 
 218 
 192 
 
 1 Exports. :: Metric tons. 
 
 Russia has for years been the largest producer, the 
 bulk of the ore coming from the Caucasus region, the 
 mines being located in the Secharopan district of the gov- 
 ernment of Kutais, not far from the extreme eastern 
 shore of the Black Sea, near Poti. India has impor- 
 tant deposits which have been actively exploited in late 
 years, most of those from which shipments are made 
 being located in the presidency of Madras. In the 
 year 1902 Brazil, where the manganese industry has 
 been lately developed, took third position: most of the 
 ore mined being obtained in the Minas Geraes and Naz- 
 areth districts, located in the states of Minas Geraes 
 and Bahia, respectively, in the eastern central portion 
 of the country. Spain, Turkey, Cuba, and Chile have 
 
438 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 important depo.sits of iu:iii<j;-aneso ores, and siiiall nuan- 
 tities are obtained in the Austrian Empire, Franee, 
 Germany, (xreeee, ltal_y, Portugal, Sweden, Japan, 
 Canada, New Zealand, and in Australia. Failure to 
 appreciate the necessity of careful preparation of ores 
 has restricted the quantities shipped from some of these 
 countries. 
 
 In the United States the manganese deposits exploited 
 are either of comparativel}' small extent, or the min- 
 eral contains phosphorus or silica in such proportions 
 as to limit the transportation value of the ore, or the 
 deposits are too far removed from markets where the 
 ore would be consumed to make their development at 
 present desirable. Manganese, however, either in the 
 form of an ore or associated with iron or silver, has 
 been supplied in large (quantities. The tiulk of this, 
 being applied to the manufacture of steel, is sold under 
 limitations, wherein the modicum of phosphorus and 
 the percentage of silica, calculated on sliding scales, 
 affect the prices paid for the ore, thus seriously inter- 
 fering witli tlie development of some properties where 
 the quantity is apparently sufficient, but the quality is 
 not desirable. 
 
 Value of manganese ari'x. — Manganese ores are A'alued 
 from a sliding scale for the ore delivered f. o. 1). cars at 
 the large steel works, the prices being based on ores 
 containing not more than S per cent of silica or more 
 than one-tenth of 1 per cent of phosphorus. To illus- 
 trate, the following may be taken as the prices for man- 
 ganese ores delivered in the Pittsburg (Pa.) district, 
 they being subject to ciiange without notice unless 
 otherwise agreed: 
 
 Price-t paid for ininig<iiie«f ai-i- ilfiimred in, the J'illxliiirrj ( /-•((. ) dintrirl. 
 
 I'RirE I'EK UNIT, 
 
 MANGANESK. 
 
 (cents). 
 
 nrsi.' 
 (cents). 
 
 Ore eontaining— 
 
 Above 49 per cent . 
 46 to 49 per cent . . . 
 43 to 4f> per cent .. . 
 40 to 43 percent ... 
 37 to 40 per cent . . . 
 34 to 37 per cent ... 
 31 to 34 per cent . . . 
 
 'it; 
 
 •H 
 23 
 22 
 
 These prices are subject to deductions as follows: For 
 each 1 per cent of silica in excess of S per cent. If) cents 
 per ton, and for each two-hundredths of 1 per cent of 
 phosphorus in excess of one-tenth of 1 per cent, 1 cent 
 per unit of manganese. Settlements are based on 
 analyses of the ores dried at 212'-' F., the percentage of 
 moisture in samples wht.m taken being deductt.nl frf)m 
 the weijfht. 
 
 The value of ore at the mines would be prac'sically the 
 price obtained for the oi-e delivered in the Pittsburg dis- 
 trict, as al)ove, less transportation charges. 
 
 In the manufacture of steel for various purposes and 
 by different methods, the metallic manganese required 
 ranges from about i» to 40 pounds per ton of ingots pro- 
 duced, the average for the entire steel industry approxi- 
 mating 20 pounds of metallic manganese, or about 25 
 pounds of high-grade ferromanganese per ton of ingots 
 made. 
 
 ILnujoiiifi'ivufi iron ores. — In addition to the true 
 manganese ore produced, considerable quantities of 
 manganiferous iron ore are obtained in the United 
 States, the statistics of which are included in the report 
 on iron ores. In the yeai' 1902 there was obtained in the 
 state of Colorado 13,27;") lonff tons of this class of ore, 
 in which the percentage of manganese varied from 18 
 to 32 Y^ev cent, having a total reported ^alue at the 
 mines of $ri2.371. This ore was all used in the produc- 
 tion of spiegeleisen at steel works and should properly 
 be classed as manganese ore, but owiny to tlie im- 
 possibility of segregating the proportion of wage- 
 earners, wages, and other expens(>s chargeable in the 
 different mines from which this ore was obtained, the 
 (lata were included in the statistics of iron ore. In the 
 Lake Superior regi(jn, also, consideral)le amounts of 
 ii'on oi'e are won whidi carry small percentages of 
 manganese, but. a>> a ride, this does not exceed 1 per 
 cent. In X'irginia, too, a small quantity of manganif- 
 erous iron ore has been secured while mining true 
 manganese ore. 
 
 The following statement shows the quantity, per- 
 centage of manganese, value at the mine, and average 
 value per ton of manganiferous iron ores mined in the 
 United States during the year l;to2: 
 
 Pi'iidiii-liwi of iii'fHf/iiiiifi'rnus iron orei<: 190J, 
 
 T..tiil 
 
 CnlMnMl.i 
 
 I.ii kr Siiprrinr reK'iot 
 \'irL,niiin 
 
 (iuantity 
 ( long tons). 
 
 Per cent 
 of manga- 
 nese. 
 
 Viihie. 
 
 .\verage 
 
 value per 
 
 ton. 
 
 901,214 
 
 1 to 32 
 
 $2,001,626 
 
 $2.22 
 
 13, 27.1 18 to 32 
 f<.s-l,a39 1 to 10 
 3. UOU 1 1 ) 
 
 fi2,371 
 
 l,946,2.'S.i 
 
 3,000 
 
 3.9n 
 2.20 
 1.00 
 
 1 Not given. 
 
 The following ttible presents the production, total 
 value ill the mine, and average \alue per ton of the 
 manganiferous iron ores obtained in the United States 
 from ISSl* to 1902, inclusive, the statistics for the years 
 between the two censuses being obtained from the 
 reports of the United States Ceological Survey. 
 
I^IANGANESE ORE. 
 
 489 
 
 Tabt.k 0. — Production of inaiif/an iff roils ivf HI orc>;: ISS'j to l'.KK.\ 
 [L'Uitfd Status Ueological Survt'y, " Mineral Hesoiu'ct^s of the I'nilud States."] 
 
 YKAl:. 
 
 Quantity 
 ( longtons). 
 
 83, 434 
 61, 863 
 132, 511 
 153, 373 
 117, 782 
 205, 488 
 125, 729 
 338,712 
 202, 304 
 287, 810 
 761,845 
 377, 577 
 574,489 
 901, 214 
 
 \a\»v. 
 
 .\\-urawt' 
 \allu' JH.T 
 
 tiMI. 
 
 1889 
 
 J271,680 
 
 231,655 
 
 314,099 
 
 354,664 
 
 283,228 
 
 408, 597 
 
 233, 998 
 
 726,413 
 
 343, 784 
 
 429,302 
 
 1,147,047 
 
 1,037,314 
 
 1,475,084 
 
 2,001,626 
 
 S3 26 
 
 1890 
 
 3.74 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 2.37 
 2.31 
 
 1893 
 
 
 1894 
 
 1 99 
 
 1895 
 
 
 1896 - 
 
 ■1 14 
 
 1897 
 
 
 1898 . 
 
 1 49 
 
 1899 
 
 
 1900 . ... 
 
 2 75 
 
 1901 
 
 
 1902 
 
 2 T^ 
 
 
 
 In the year 1SS9 the total production of manganif- 
 erous iron ores in the United State.s was 88,434 long- 
 tons, valued at $271,680. In 1902 the production was 
 901,214 long- tons, an increase of 817,780 long tons, or 
 nearly tenfold. 
 
 Argent'/fei'Dus manganlfeiritix iron oren. — In the state 
 of Colorado argentiferous manganiferous iron ore is 
 obtained from precious metal mines. Thi.s ore, con- 
 taining an insufficient quantity of silver to make it 
 \'a!uable on that account, finds a ready market as a flux 
 for use in smelters. The ores which are mined chieliy 
 in the vicinity of Leadville, Colo. , are classed usually 
 as carbonates, sulphides, oxides, and siliceous ores. 
 The first two classes are dependent for their value upon 
 the carbonates and sulphides of lead and silver, but the 
 oxides and siliceous ores maj' or may not be dependent 
 on the precious metal content, and unless the value of 
 the ores for smelting purposes was greater than the 
 charge for the extraction of the precious metal (approxi- 
 mating ?12 per ton) they have been considered as iron 
 ores and included in the report on that mineral. The 
 total quantity of these ores (which contain varying per- 
 centages of manganese) mined in the year 1902 was 
 194,132 long tons, valued at $9<»8,098, an average of 
 14.68 per ton. In 1889, 64,987 long tons of argentifer- 
 ous manganiferous ores valued at $227,4.55, were mined 
 in the United States, the average value being $3. .50 per 
 ton. This shows an increase in 1902 of 129,145 tons, or 
 nearly twofold, while the average value per ton rose to 
 $4.68". 
 
 Manganiferous sine ores. — The frankjinite mines, 
 located in northern New Jerse}', produce ores which 
 carry, in addition to the zinc content, iron and manga- 
 nese. The clinker resulting from treatment for the 
 removal of zinc is utilized in the production of spiegel- 
 eisen. The quantity of this class of material produced 
 in 1902 was 65,246 long tons, valued nominally at !?1 
 
 per ton. I'hc production in 1889 was 43,648 long t(jns, 
 valued at $54,560, or an a\'erage value of $1.25 per ton. 
 A resume of the useful minerals profluced in the 
 LTnited States in 1902, which contained manganese in 
 notabk' proportions, is given in the following state- 
 ment, in which the figures for the year 1S89 ha\'e been 
 included for purposes of comparison: 
 
 Ufii'fal,)n'nitn'(ih pro'liireil i-oiituhdiKj man/janf^.^e in nolfthlf projtorltoii.'^: 
 1902 iind hW9. 
 
 
 1902 
 
 188» 
 
 
 Quan- 
 
 tit.v 
 
 (loiig 
 
 tons). 
 
 Value. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 value 
 per ton. 
 
 Quaii- 
 
 tit.v 
 
 (long 
 
 tons). 
 
 Value. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 value 
 per ton. 
 
 Total 
 
 1,177,069 
 
 t3, 152, 881 
 
 S2.68 
 
 216, 266 
 
 »794,2.54 
 
 S3. 67 
 
 
 
 Manganese ores 
 
 Manganiferou.s iron 
 
 16,477 
 901,214 
 194,132 
 
 <^^^, 246 
 
 177,911 
 
 2,0111,62(1 
 
 908, 098 
 
 65, 246 
 
 10.80 
 2. 22 
 4.68 
 1. 00 
 
 24, 197 
 .S3, 4.34 
 64.987 
 43, 648 
 
 240, .559 
 
 271,680 
 
 227, 455 
 
 .54,, 560 
 
 9.94 
 3.26 
 
 Manganiferous .silver 
 ores 
 
 3. .50 
 
 Manganiferous zinc 
 
 1. 25 
 
 
 
 The total quantity of manganese and manganiferous 
 ores mined in the United States in 1S89 was 216,266 
 long tons, valued at $794,254, wh(>reas in 19(.)2 it had 
 risen to l,177.n69 long tons, valueil at $3,152,881. the 
 increase being confined entirely to manganiferous ores, 
 the jn'oduction of true manganese ores having decreased. 
 
 EKVIEW OF THE IXDU.STRY BY STATES. 
 
 The conditions surrounding and afiectiiig the pro- 
 duction of manganese ores in different states are sum- 
 marized as follows: 
 
 Arhrnms. — Manganese ores occur chiefiy in two dis- 
 tricts of Arkansa.s — (a) the Batesville district, in Inde- 
 pendence and Izard counties, in the northeastern part of 
 the state; and (b) in the southwestern section, extending 
 from Pulaski countj- on the east to Pope couutj' and 
 Indian Territory on the west. The mining in the latter 
 district has been limited and practically all of the ores 
 mined have come from the Batesville region, where they 
 occur in residuary clays, derived from the decay of 
 limestone. 
 
 Ore was discovered near Batesville alioutl84t>, and in 
 1850 small quantities were sent to Boston, New York, 
 Philadelphia, and Chicago. The maximum output was 
 in the j^ear 1892, when 6,708 long tons were produced. 
 Lately, however, there has been a marked decline, for 
 although some of the ores of Arkansas carry satisfac- 
 tory percentages of manganese, their high phosphorus 
 content, in addition to the di.stanc-es from points of con- 
 
440 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIKS. 
 
 (sumption and tlu' expense of niinino-, has rendereil the 
 winning- of many of them unprofitable. 
 
 In ly02, 82 tons of manganese ore were secured. 
 According to the Eleventh Census the amount of man- 
 ganese ore mined in Arkansas in 1889 was -i.O^S tons. 
 The total production of the district from 1850 to l'.K)i>, 
 inclusive — some of the figures being estimate's — was 
 49,974 tons. 
 
 (Mifornla. — California contains a number of deposits 
 of manganese ore, some of which are reported as of 
 high quality, and have been largely employed in chlori- 
 nation works for the reduction of gold ores. In 19(i2 
 deposits in Alameda, San Joaquin, Santa Clara, and 
 Stanislaus counties were operated, the amount produced 
 being 84H tons. The quantity mined in 1SS9 was oH 
 tons. The total production of manganese ore in Cali- 
 fornia from llsT4 to 1902, inclusive, as near as can be 
 ascertained, amounts to 11, .3.58 tons, the production in 
 1902 Ijeing the maximum. 
 
 Colorado. — A large amount of iron oi'e, which con- 
 tains a mixture of iron, manganese, and the precious 
 metals, is produced in Colorado. The greater portion 
 of this ore, which carries an insufficient amount of the 
 precious metals to make it valuable on that account, 
 is used as a flux in smelters, while some of that which 
 is higher in manganese content is forwarded to steel 
 works, where it is utilized in the manufacture of spie- 
 geleisen. The figures for the production of these classes 
 of ores, which ha\'e been included in the census report 
 on iron ores, are inserted here as an item of interest. 
 The comparison of the production inthej'ear 19()2 with 
 that of the census year 1889 is shown in th(> following- 
 statement: 
 
 Pi-t)ihtrtiijii of iiiitii'inniffrnti>i urt-A 'in t 'n/ora<fii : lUii; utnl ISS'.i. 
 
 (long tons). (loiiKtoiiK). 
 
 Ti>ral 
 
 
 
 207, 407 
 VMAWZ 
 
 07 Otl2 
 
 
 tr<-s ii.scd 
 
 for yiruducjiig spie^d- 
 
 
 Manganiferous inni 
 eiseii 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (_ri'or{/i(i. — The manganese ores of Georgia iire won 
 from two districts -thf Cartersville district, located 
 near the town of that name in Bartow county, and the 
 Cave Springs disti-ict, in Floyd and Polk counties. '1 he 
 deposits in the latter district have been Imt little 
 worked, nearly the entire production coming from the 
 Cartei-sville district. The mines which were acti\'e in the 
 year 1902 were all located there. Some of these man- 
 ganese, ores are (jf good (jiiality, ))ut others contain com- 
 paratively lijgh pei-centagesof ])hosphoi-usandare lower 
 in manganese. The total amount of manganese ore ob- 
 tained in Ceoro-ia in i IHli! was ?,J,{)\) lung tons, while in 
 1889 it was r).ao,S long tons, showing a d(.'crease of l.To.s 
 
 tons, or 32. S per cent. The total production of this 
 district from 18f)6 to 1902, inclusive— the output for 
 some of the years ))eing estimated — was 91,594 long 
 tons, the maximum production being 9,024 long tons, in 
 1887. 
 
 Miintiiuii. — In previous years Montana has been an 
 unimportant contri))utor of manganese ore, but in 1902 
 a large quantity of ore was reported as mined, but not 
 shipped, from two deposits in this state. Although 
 most of this will n(^t be immediatel}' available for use, 
 the reported product is included in the statistical data. 
 The deposits are located at a considerable distance from 
 steel works, which are the largest consumers of this ore, 
 and unless satisfactory rail rates are secui-ed it is doubt- 
 ful whether this state will become an important producer 
 in the innnediate future. 
 
 Sdiifh (J(i roll nil. -As has been stated, the 8 tons 
 of manganese ore which were secured near Greenwood, 
 in this state, were shipped as a sample: no systematic 
 mining- has been reported. 
 
 Vii'ijinUi. — Virginia was the most important pro- 
 flucer of manganese oi'e in the United States in 1889, 
 a to al of 14,610 long tons being secured. Xearh' all of 
 this came from the Crimoi-a mine, located in Augusta 
 county, but after a few years this mine showed signs of 
 exhaustion and mining op(>rations were suspended. 
 It has, however, been reopened in the hope of encoun- 
 tering new reserves of ore, and if these expectations 
 are realized the state may again become an important 
 contributor. The 1902 output was only 3,()41 tons. 
 The aggregate production from 188(» to 1902, inclusive, 
 was 191,nt;7 tons, the output <.if the year 1886, when 
 20,.>ti7 long tons were mined, being the maximum. 
 
 Table 10 is a detailed summary of the statistics of the 
 manganese industry for the United States, by states, 
 in 1902. 
 
 DESCKUTIVK. 
 
 Manganese is not found in a metallic state in nature, 
 but usually occurs as an oxide, carbonate, or silicate in 
 comliination with one or more of the other elements. 
 The oxides are the most connnon of manganese minerals, 
 hut rhodonite and rhodochrosite — th(> silicate and the 
 carbonate — are f rc((uently n)et. The conmiercially im- 
 [lortant ores are the oxides — pyrolusite, psilomelane, 
 biaunite, manganite, hausniannite, and wad — brief 
 descriptions of which l^ollow: 
 
 Pyrolusite, a pei-oxidc or binoxide of manganese 
 (MnO.,), is of an iron-black color, giving a black streak 
 on a test plate, with a hardness of 2 to 2. .5 and a specific 
 gravity of 4.S to u. If i)ure, it woidd yield 0,3.2 per 
 cent of manganese and 36.8 per cent of oxygen. It is 
 used in the manufacture of ferromangancse, in the 
 pr<iduction of chlorine, and in freeing glass from the 
 lii-o\\ n oi- s'-reen color. 
 
MANGANESE ORE. 
 
 441 
 
 Psilomclanc, one of tlic cominoii ores of iiiiinyiinese, 
 usually occurs associiited with pyrolusitc. It is also a 
 hinoxide or peroxide of manganese, l)ut contains vary- 
 ing- anunints of combined water, and often potassium, 
 barium, and iron. It is generall}' niassi\e (i. e., not 
 crj'stallized), has a hardness of 5 to (i (nuicli harder 
 than pyrolusite), and a specific gravity from -i to 4.4. 
 It is black, steel-blue, or greenish-l)lack in color. Its 
 uses are the same as those of pyi-olusite, and by some 
 it is considered a hydrated xariety of this mineral. 
 The manganese contents range, when the ore is pure, 
 from 45 to HO per cent. 
 
 liraunite is an anhydrous oxide of manganese 
 (Mn^Oj, usually containing silica. It is a black or 
 brownish-black ore, generally cr3'stalline, giving the 
 same streak as pyrolusite on the test plate and having 
 a submetallic luster. It has a hardness of 6 to (i.5 and 
 a specific gravity of 4.8. When pure, which is rarely 
 the case, it contains (>9 per cent of metallic manganese. 
 
 Manganite, a hydrous sesquioxide of manganese 
 (Mn^OgH^O), is of a steel-black or iron-ljlack color, with 
 a hardness of 4 to 4.5 and a specific gravity of 4.3 to 
 4.4. When the water is removed from manganite it 
 changes to pyrolusite, hausmannite, or braunite; in 
 some cases the latter minerals are sujjposed to l)c 
 altered manganite, this being especially true of 
 pyrolusite. 
 
 Hausmannite, a double protcbinoxide of manganese 
 (MhjOJ, is of a brownish-black color and of a suljme- 
 tallic luster, with a hardness of from 5 to 5.5 and a 
 specific gravity of 4.7. It is a rare mineral, which, if 
 pure, would contain 72.1 per c(Mit <if manganese aii<l 
 39.1) per cent of oxygen. 
 
 Wad, or bog manganese, is an impure peroxide of 
 
 manganese, with peroxide of iron carryirig from 10 to 
 ovei' 25 per cent of water, often se\'eral per cent of oxide 
 of (■()balt or cop})er, and sometimes jiickei. Its hardness 
 is from I to t) and its specific gravity- 3 to 4. The 
 color \aries from brown to black. It occurs in irregu- 
 lar masses in clay as solid beds several feet thick, but 
 on account of its impurities is seldom used as a source 
 of manganese, but is occasionally employed as the base 
 for black or bi'own paint. 
 
 Both manganese and nianganiferous ores ai-e applied 
 to the industrial arts, their uses being summarized as 
 follows: As an alloy with iron in the production of 
 ferromanganese and spiegeleisen manganese is em- 
 ployed in the conversion of iron into steel. It is also 
 alloj'cd with copper, either with or without iron in 
 manganese bronze, and with aluminum, zinc, copper, 
 and silicon in silver bronze, and with aluminum, zinc, 
 tin, lead, and magnesium. 
 
 Manganese ore is employed as a flux in smelting 
 precious metals; it is utilized as an oxidizer in chem- 
 ical works ill the manufacture of chlorine and bromine; 
 as a decolorizer of glass and also for coloring it; as a 
 drier for varnishes and paints; for Leclanche batteries 
 in the preparation of oxygen in a small way; in the 
 manufacture of disinfecting permanganates, etc. It is 
 also used as coloi-ing material in printing, in pottery- 
 and brick, and for green and violet paints. Some 
 varieties of manganese ore are also utilized in a limited 
 way in medicine, in chemical laboratories, and in jewehy 
 manufacture. 
 
 Most of the nianganiferous ores are applied either to 
 the production of spiegeleisen or as an integral part of 
 the charge of an iron pi'oducing plant, or are fed to 
 silver smelters as a tlux. 
 
442 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 TAHi.h^ lO.— DKTAILKI) SUMMARY: 1902. 
 
 Nunibor of mines 
 
 Numbf r of operatt.trs 
 
 ( 'haracter of organization; 
 
 Individual 
 
 Firm . . _ 
 
 Incorporated f< mi puny 
 
 yalaried officials, i-lcrks, vU:.: 
 
 Tiital number 
 
 Tntal salaries 
 
 Superintendents, managers, 
 foremen, surveyors, etc. — 
 
 Number " 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Foremen below gmund — 
 
 Number '. : 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Clerks- 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Aggregate average number 
 
 Aggregate wages 
 
 Above groiuid — 
 
 Total average number 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Engineers, tircmen, 
 and other meehan- 
 ics— 
 
 Average number . . 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miners — 
 
 Average numbL-r .. 
 
 ^^'ages 
 
 Boys under 16 years- 
 Average number . . 
 
 Wages 
 
 All other -wage-earn- 
 ers— 
 
 Average numljer .. 
 
 Wages 
 
 Below ground — 
 
 Totul average number 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Miners — 
 
 Average number . . 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miners' helpers — 
 
 Average number . . 
 
 Wages 
 
 All Other wage-earn- 
 ers — 
 Average number . . 
 
 Wages 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at 
 specitied daily rates of pay: 
 Engnieers— 
 
 Sl.OO to S1.24 
 
 S1.25 toSl.Jy 
 
 :$2.00 to S2.'i4 
 
 Firemen — 
 
 Sl.OO to 31.24 
 
 S2.0U to 82.24 
 
 3Iachinists, blacksmiths, carpen- 
 ters, and other mechanics — 
 
 81.00 to SI. 24 
 
 S2.00tO§2.24 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at 
 specified daily rates of pay — Cont'd. 
 Miners — 
 
 .$1.24 
 
 SI. 49 
 
 SI. 74 
 
 S2.74 
 
 S3.74 
 
 Sl.OO to 
 81.2;--. to 
 Sl.,^0 to 
 S2.nO to 
 &3.r)U to 
 
 Miners' helpers — 
 
 81.00 to $1.24 
 
 81.25 to 81. 49 
 
 Bovs under 16 vear.s — 
 
 " Less than 40.50 
 
 80.50 to 80.74 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 81.00 to 81.24 
 
 81.25 to 81. 4y 
 
 81.50 to 81.74 
 
 Average number of ivage-earners em- 
 ployed during each month: 
 Men 16 years and ()\'er — 
 
 .lanuary 
 
 February 
 
 ilarch 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 Boys \inder 16 years — 
 
 January 
 
 Februa ry 
 
 March . ' 
 
 April 
 
 May - 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August : . 
 
 Se]tteuiber 
 
 Octolier 
 
 Nn\-emtier 
 
 December 
 
 Jliseellaneons expenses: 
 
 Total 
 
 Royalties and rent of mine 
 and mining plant 
 
 Rent of offices, taxes, insur- 
 ance, interest, and all other 
 
 sundries 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 Product: 
 
 Quantity, long tons 
 
 Value 
 
 Power, owned: 
 
 Engines, steam- 
 Number 
 
 Horse7)o\vcr 
 
 United 
 States. 
 
 165 
 144 
 
 172 
 178 
 167 
 185 
 ISO 
 184 
 167 
 196 
 206 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 13 I 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 83,845 ■ 
 
 81,996 
 
 81,s4i» 
 
 16, 477 
 
 8177,911 
 
 U 
 
 354 
 
 Cali- 
 
 Geor- 
 
 Vir- 
 
 All 
 other 
 
 fornia. 
 
 gia. 
 
 ginia. 
 
 Ktate.s.i 
 
 
 37 
 
 40 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 •> 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 ■> 
 
 
 
 
 '> 
 
 
 
 ■1 
 
 48 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 V. 
 
 53 
 
 85 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 53 
 
 64 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 53 
 
 9-2 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 53 
 
 98 
 
 
 6 
 
 53 
 
 96 
 
 
 6 
 
 53 
 
 114 
 
 
 6 
 
 53 
 
 109 
 
 
 6 
 
 53 
 
 113 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 102 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 131 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 141 
 
 
 
 63 
 
 ](i3 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 
 S50 
 
 S2, 915 
 
 S600 
 
 S280 
 
 
 SI. .575 
 
 $421 
 
 
 $50 
 
 Jl,310 
 
 SI 79 
 
 8280 
 
 «61 
 
 86, ,si;6 
 
 88, 691 
 
 81,210 
 
 846 
 
 3, .500 
 
 8,041 
 
 9,090 
 
 »10, 175 
 
 S20,.S3O 
 
 S29, 444 
 
 8117, 462 
 
 
 4 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 iia 
 
 192 
 
 
 1 Includes operators distributed as follows: Arkansas, 2; Montana, 1; Soutli Carolina, 1. 
 
LEAD AND ZINC ORE 
 
 (44:;; 
 
LEAD AND ZINC ORE. 
 
 B}^ Isaac \. Houkwich, Ph. D. 
 
 The present report deals onl^y with mines producing 
 nonargentiterous h>ad and zinc ores. The statistics 
 relative to the production of lead and zinc incidental to 
 mining for gt)ld and .silver are treated in the report on 
 gold and silver. 
 
 I'he combination of the mining and smelting of lead 
 in earlv times precluded separate statistics for each 
 23rocess. The census data relating specifically to lead 
 mining were first presented in 1870. The earliest men- 
 tion of zinc ore in census reports was in I860, when 
 2 mines were reported with 52 employees and a value 
 of product aggregating $72,600. Lead and zinc mining 
 was reported at the census of 1870, and at the two sub- 
 sequent censuses. Differences in the scope of the in- 
 quiry, and in the method of presenting the results, 
 materially impair the value of the statistics of all these 
 years for comparative purposes. At the Eleventh 
 Cen.sus no statistics of wages, or of other expenditures, 
 were shown for the zinc mines of southwestern Mis- 
 souri; only the output, amounting to 186,262.308 
 pounds, valued at $2,02i,057, was reported for that dis- 
 trict. The statistics of the Eleventh Census are, there- 
 fore, omitted from the comparative summary given in 
 the following tab'e: 
 
 Table 1. — Ciiiiijuinitive minmari/: 190 J, I8811, imd 1S70. 
 
 Numt'iT of rniin's 
 
 NTimhri- itf i»j>crjtt('i-n 
 
 Salarici) urtieiiils. rlerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 saljiries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contraet work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 Value of product 
 
 1880 
 
 559 
 
 2011 
 
 1127 
 
 557 
 
 1 = ) 
 
 (-■) 
 
 910 
 
 420 
 
 {■) 
 
 .1826, 327 
 
 (■') 
 
 C-i 
 
 7,881 
 
 7,063 
 
 1,714 
 
 J4, 329, 271 
 
 S1U8, i;07 
 
 m, 092, 001 
 
 J2, 511 , B75 
 
 <»11.600,177 
 
 2*2,640,265 
 
 ( = ) 
 
 ( = ) 
 
 J331 , 970 
 
 $3,837,161 
 
 «600, 628 
 (-) 
 
 !:> 
 
 t78, 687 
 SI, 524, 884 
 
 1 l<:stablishments. 
 -Not reported. 
 -Salaries included in wages. 
 
 ■I Includes $83,781, value of product of custom mills, and $1 ,913,810, for which 
 the number of mines was not reported. 
 
 In order to make the data of the Eleventh Census 
 comparal)le with those of the Twelfth, a summary of 
 all mines, exclusive of the zinc mines of Missouri, is 
 presented for the two years in the following table: 
 
 / 
 
 T.\BLE '2. — (_'omparalire s-ummary, exclasire of zinc mines in Missouri: 
 1902 and 1S89. 
 
 Number of mines I 238 
 
 Salaries S404, 836 
 
 Wages $2, 042, 821 
 
 Cnntract wnrk $32,761 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses $495,388 
 
 Cost of supjilies and materials , $1, 1.53, 129 
 
 Value of product $5, 713, 601 
 
 1889 
 
 (') 
 
 2 821,033 
 ?1, 220, 766 
 $34, .511 
 $242, 649 
 $407, 938 
 $2, 780, 122 
 
 1 Not rej'orted. 
 
 -Salaries of foremen included in wages. 
 
 The total number of lead and zinc mines reported for 
 the United States in 1902 is 559, and the total number 
 of operators 557; the difference represents 2 incorpo- 
 rated companies in Virginia that operated iron mines in 
 connection with zinc mines and are included in the report 
 on iron mines; the statistics for the zinc mines, how- 
 ever, e.xcept those of capitalization, were segregated 
 and are showm in this report. 
 
 Because of the prevalence oi the leasing system in 
 the operation of the lead and zinc mines, the terms 
 "mine" and '' oj^erator" are indetinite in their meaning. 
 The unit of these tallies represents every operation 
 for which a separate return was made. If the land was 
 operated by its owner, the owner's report was included 
 in the tables. Leasing companies whose business was 
 confined to clisti'il)uting land in small lots among oper- 
 ators and to drawing royalties, were not included in the 
 general tables, unless some hired labor was employed by 
 them in developing the mines, [f the land was operated 
 by a lessee with the help of hired labor, the lessee's 
 report was tabulated. The numerous small sublessees, 
 personally working in the mines, as a rule did not report; 
 only 56 operators of that class made returns, and the 
 
 (44.5) 
 
446 
 
 MINES x^.ND QUARRIES. 
 
 statistics for these are included in the ta})leis. The share and zinc production of Kansas and Missouri is shown 
 contributed by this class of small operators to the lead in the following table: 
 
 Table 3.— DISTRIBUTION OF THE VALUE OF THE LEAD AND ZINC PRODUCTION OF KANSAS AND MISSOURI BY 
 
 CLASS OF OPERATORS: 1902.' 
 
 
 KANSAS. 
 
 MISSOURI, 
 
 CLASS OF OPERATOR, 
 
 Total. 
 
 Per cent 
 of total, ( 
 
 Lead ore. 
 
 Zinc ore. 
 
 Total, 
 
 Per cent 
 of total. 
 
 Lead ore. 
 
 ZiiH- ore. 
 
 Total 
 
 J707, oa; 
 
 100,0 
 
 $463,084 
 
 $543, 942 
 
 812,513,021 
 
 100,0 
 
 $5, .520, 211 
 
 86,992,810 
 
 
 
 
 342, 943 
 3fi4, 0S3 
 
 48,6 
 .')l,.'i 
 
 67, 144 
 y.-i,940 
 
 27.5, 799 
 268, 143 
 
 10,496,884 
 2,016,137 
 
 83.9 
 1(1. 1 
 
 5,073,363 
 446, 8-18 
 
 5, 423, 521 
 
 
 1,. 569, 289 
 
 
 
 1 Exclusive of tlie production of custom mills valued at $73,189, 
 
 Of the 557 operators reporting, only W) owned the 
 mines they operated, 461 were first lessees or sublessees, 
 and 6 failed to report as to ownership. The Missouri 
 lead and zinc mine inspector's list of mines enumerates 
 151 landowners; according to cen,sus returns for Mis- 
 souri. 61 operators were owners of the lands the_y oper- 
 ated, which leaves 90 landowners whose mines were 
 operated under the leasing system. The above number 
 of lessees and sublessees does not include the numerous 
 class of small sublessees who do the work themselves 
 with pick and shovel. The number of such sublessees 
 reported by landowners w^as 638. of whom 632 were 
 reported from Missouri. This numl)er. however, is 
 very far from complete, an accurate count being pre- 
 cluded by the shifting character of this class of miners. 
 
 The unincorporated form of business organization 
 was the prevailing form among operators. There were 
 in all 398 unincorporated concerns and 161 corporations 
 directlj^ engaged in operating the mines. Judged by 
 the volume of production, the corporations held a place 
 of greater prominence in the lead-zinc mining industry 
 than that held by unincorporated operators. 
 
 The share of each class of operators in the total pro- 
 duction and the average output per mine are shown in 
 the following table: 
 
 T,\BLE 4. — C'laKsijicdtifiri i/f!eoil. mid zinc iiiirii'H, hi/ cliiiraclir of 
 oii.mership: 1902. 
 
 CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP, 
 
 Total . 
 
 Numl,ier 
 of mines. 
 
 Incorporated company . 
 
 Firm 
 
 Individual 
 
 other form 
 
 Form not reported 
 
 161 
 323 
 
 814, 600, 177 
 
 8,823,1.59 
 
 3,073,822 
 
 670, 201 
 
 119,185 
 
 1,913,810 
 
 Per cent 
 of total. 
 
 Average 
 per mine. 
 
 60,4 
 
 21,1 
 
 4.6 
 
 0,8 
 13.1 
 
 1 Exclusive of those for which character of organization was not reported, 
 
 A summary for incorporated and iinincorporati^l 
 operators is presented in the following table: 
 
 T.\BLE .5. — Suiitrnary for i acorporfded and ^inincorporatcd, opernforK: 
 
 1902. 
 
 '822,696 
 
 64, 802 
 9,616 
 10,1.56 
 13,243 
 
 Number of mines 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses, exclusive of 
 royalties 
 
 Royalties 
 
 Work on share of product 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 Value of product, total 
 
 Lead — 
 
 Quantity, short tons 
 
 Value 
 
 Zinc- 
 Quantity, short tons 
 
 Value 
 
 Total, 
 
 1,559 
 
 8826, 327 
 
 84, 329, 271 
 
 8108, 607 
 
 8.566,633 
 SI,. 526, 368 
 
 $234, 461 
 
 $2, .511, 6.57 
 
 =814,600,177 
 
 6 132, 330 
 85, 8,50, 721 
 
 « 491, 332 
 88, 668, 676 
 
 Incorpo- 
 rated, 
 
 '161 
 
 8634, 177 
 
 82, 928, 788 
 
 $49, 903 
 
 8512, 319 
 
 $584, 149 
 
 8189, 597 
 
 81,771,672 
 
 '88,823,169 
 
 '106,409 
 $4,630,281 
 
 "326,, 576 
 $4,277,660 
 
 Unincorpo- 
 rated, 
 
 398 
 
 $192,160 
 
 81,400,483 
 
 $58, 704 
 
 $64,314 
 8941,219 
 
 $44,864 
 
 $739,985 
 
 *$5,777,018 
 
 26, 921 
 81,. 320, 440 
 
 164, 7.56 
 84,388,015 
 
 1 Includes 2 corporations whose capitalization is reported under iron ore. 
 
 ■-'Includes $83,781, value of product from custom mills, 
 
 ' Includes $15,218, value of product from custom mills. 
 
 ^ Includes -868,663, value of product from custom mills, 
 
 'Includes 10,1)23 tons, valued at -8432,231, yiroduct of small operators not re- 
 porting, 
 
 "Includes 60,686 tons, valued at 81, .533,848, product of small operators not re- 
 porting, 
 
 F"rom the preceding table the average value per ton 
 of lead ore is computed to be $44 for the product of all 
 mines, $43 for incorporated and $49 for unincorporated 
 operators. Average values of zinc ore drawn from the 
 preceding statement would be misleading, inasmuch as 
 the quantity and the value of zinc ore for incorporated 
 companies and, consetiuently, for all mines in the United 
 States, are affected by the returns of 3 large eastern 
 mines — 1 in New Jersey and 2 in Virginia — that produce 
 low grade ore. In the following statement these mines 
 are eliminated, and the average vidues, relating only to 
 western ores, which are approximately of the same 
 grade, disclose no substantial difference between incor- 
 porated and unincoT'porated forms of ownership: 
 
 Quaiitili/ mid ndnr of high grade zinc ore, mined by incorporated and. 
 iiniiiearporated operators: 1902. 
 
 CHARACTF.R OF OWNF.RSHIP. 
 
 Incorporated. . . . 
 Unincorporated . 
 
 Short 
 tons. 
 
 289, 800 
 
 125,044 
 l(i4,756 
 
 Value 
 
 88, 022, 622 
 
 3, 634,. 507 
 4,388,015 
 
 Average 
 per ton. 
 
 827, 68 
 
 29.07 
 26, 63 
 
LEAD AND ZINC ORE. 
 
 447 
 
 Capital dock of Incorporated companies. — The capitalization of the incorporated companies is shown in the 
 foUowiug- table: 
 
 Table 6.— CAPITALIZATION OF INCORPORATED COMPANIES; 1902. 
 
 United 
 States.' 
 
 8, 
 
 
 8, 
 J.50, 
 
 «3, 
 
 Number of incorporated companies 
 
 Clapital stoek ana bonds issued 9n], 
 
 Capital stock: 
 
 Total authorized — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par valne 
 
 Total i.s.sued — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid 
 
 Common — 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par valne 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid 
 
 Preferred — 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number of sliares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of sliares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid 
 
 Bonds; 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number 
 
 Par value 
 
 Interest paid - 
 
 Assessments levied 
 
 159 
 ;,891 
 
 $3. 
 
 sr2 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 StiOO, 000 
 
 1 , 000, 000 
 $1,000,000 
 
 600, 000 
 J«00, 000 
 
 1,000.000 
 $1,000,000 
 
 (100, 000 
 8600, 000 
 
 Kansas. 
 
 J:B0,000 
 
 •IM, 300 
 
 »;i30, 000 
 
 2.i0, 300 
 J330, 000 
 
 'iW, 300 
 
 j;bo, 000 
 
 2.''iD, 300 
 .t330, 000 
 
 8 
 8K'2.S, 000 
 
 .■)31,.500 
 %Tln, 000 
 
 .il6, .500 
 
 $710, 000 
 
 S3, OVi 
 
 .531,. WO 
 872.5, 000 
 
 516, .500 
 
 $710, 000 
 
 $3,015 
 
 Missouri. Wisconsin. 
 
 340 
 $115,000 
 
 340 
 
 $115, 000 
 
 $6,900 
 
 129 
 
 .SM, 9.58, 891 
 
 6, 495, 822 
 $46, 666, 200 
 
 4, 585, 329 
 
 $:M,670,641 
 
 $879, 500 
 
 6, 225, 022 
 $43, 623, 200 
 
 4, 360, 6.56 
 
 831,298,286 
 
 $825, 960 
 
 270, 800 
 $3, 043, 000 
 
 224,773 
 
 $2, 372, :i55 : 
 
 $.53,640 
 
 16 
 
 $263,000 
 
 231,070 . 
 $;162, 000 
 
 142,670 
 $263,000 
 
 $17, .500 I 
 
 231,670 
 8362,000 j 
 
 142,670 
 
 $263,000 ! 
 
 $17, .500 
 
 All other 
 
 states. 2 
 
 .$14,3.50,000 
 
 103, .500 
 $10,:i50,000 
 
 103, .500 
 
 $10, 350, 000 
 
 81,600,000 
 
 103, .500 
 
 810, a5o, 000 
 
 103, 600 
 810, 360, 000 
 $1,600,000 
 
 4, 925 
 82, 460, 000 
 
 2, 505 
 
 81, 288, 2.50 
 
 $.59, 300 
 
 $64, 531 
 
 815, 000 
 
 10, 000 
 $10,000,000 
 
 4,000 
 
 $4,000,000 
 
 S160.000 
 
 1 In addition there were 2 incorporated companies owning 2 mines in \'irginia. and also owning and operating iron ore mines in West Virginia. The capitali- 
 zation of these companies is reported under iron ore, since the capitalization for each industry can not be segregated. 
 ^Includes 1 in New Jersey and 1 in New York. 
 
 The division of the capital stock into common and 
 preferred is not in general use among the lead and zinc 
 mining corporations. In the following statement the 
 159 operating companies are grouped in accordance 
 with the class of stock reported by them: 
 
 Incorporated companies grouped by class eif stock: 1902. 
 
 
 Number 
 of incor- 
 porated 
 
 com- 
 panies. 
 
 AMOUNT ISSUED. 
 
 CLASS OF STOCK. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Common. 
 
 Preferrel. 
 
 Total 
 
 1.59 
 
 $45, 923, 641 
 
 $43, 551 , 286 
 
 82, 372, 3.55 
 
 
 
 Both common and preferred . 
 
 14 
 145 
 
 8, 760. 661 
 37, 162, 980 
 
 6, 388, .306 
 37, 162, 980 
 
 2. 372, 356 
 
 
 
 The total bonded indebtedness reported was: Author- 
 ized, $12,575,000; issued. $5,403,250; the interest paid 
 was 1226,200. Among- the companies for which a 
 bonded indebtedness was reported were 2 companies 
 whose capital stock and bonds represented manufactur- 
 ing plants in addition to mining property. With these 
 companies eliminated, there were in all 7 mining com- 
 panies with an authorized bonded indebtedness aggre- 
 
 gating $2,525,000, of which bonds to the value of 
 $1,353,250 had been issued. One of these companies 
 reported $200,000 as authorized but none issued; 4 
 reported an authorized indebtedness of $1,265,000, of 
 which 11,220,000 was issued. The interest paid 
 amounted to $63,200. the average rate being 5.2 per 
 cent; 2 companies paid no interest on outstanding- 
 bonds during the year. 
 
 Few companies in the lead-zinc mining- industry lev- 
 ied assessments. In 1902, 12 companies, 11 in Missouri 
 and 1 in Wiscon.sin, reported total assessments since 
 organization amounting to $79,531. 
 
 Of the 159 incorporated companies, onlj^ 45 declared 
 dividends in 1902. Of this number, 3 companies op- 
 erated smelting and other manufacturing establish- 
 ments in connection with their mines, and their 
 reported capitalization and dividends embraced their 
 entire operations. The following table shows the capi- 
 talization and dividends of the 42 mining companies 
 by which dividends were paid in 1902, exclusive of the 
 3 engaged in other business beside mining, and also 
 the capitalization of the 114 companies by which no 
 dividends were declared in 1902. 
 
448 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 7.— INCOKPOKATED (.MtMPAXIKS, DIVIDEND AND N(.)NI)IVIDENI) PAYIN(t, BY KIND OF STOCK: 1902,i 
 
 Dividend paving fompanies: 
 Total . 
 
 AUTHORIZED. 
 
 NumVjerof 
 
 shares 
 or bonris. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Common .stock - - '2, 447, 3.^U 
 
 Preferred stock - - I «9, 000 
 
 Bonds ^ - 400 
 
 Companies X'aving no dividends in 190'J: 
 Total 
 
 S17, 
 14, 
 
 Common stock r,, 1)84, 642 
 
 Preferred stock | l.sl.KOO 
 
 Bonds 4, eaO 
 
 ii7,000 
 
 7.57, 000 
 
 :, 300, 000 
 
 200, 000 
 
 1,191.200 
 
 1,123,200 
 
 743, 000 
 
 !, 325, 000 
 
 A\-erage 
 
 per 
 
 share 
 
 or bond. 
 
 $6. 03 
 2.5. K4 
 .500. 00 
 
 Ntimberof 
 
 shares 
 or bond.s. 
 
 Total 
 
 1,490,9.55 
 63, 768 
 
 4. 42 
 
 4.09 
 
 49.5. 74 
 
 4,497,571 
 
 161, 005 
 
 2, 670 
 
 $11, 4.58, .5.50 
 9,808,400 
 1 , 6.50, 1.50 
 
 21,. 568, 341 
 
 19,492,886 
 
 722, 205 
 
 1,3.53,260 
 
 Average 
 
 per 
 
 share 
 
 or bond. 
 
 Dividends 
 
 or interest 
 
 paid. 
 
 36. .58 
 25.88 ' 
 
 8672, .515 
 618, 975 
 53,. 540 
 
 4.33 
 
 4.49 
 
 .506.84 
 
 63, 200 
 
 1 Exohisive of 3 companies engatrcd in mantifacturnif; as well as mining. 
 
 Of the 42 dividend paying com])aiiie.s whose dividends 
 are .shown in the i^receding table, there were only 5 
 with hotli preferred and connnon stock; of these only 1 
 company declai'ed dividends on both classes of stock, 
 while 4 paid di\'idends on preferred stock alone. The 
 average rate of dividends on preferred stock was 3.2 
 per cent. The 38 companies which declared dividends 
 on comoion stock had an authorized capitalization of 
 111,957,000, divided into |l(),95T,O00 common, and 
 fl.000,00() preferred; of this the amount outstanding 
 was §6,008,400 common and ^25,550 preferred. The 
 average rate of dividends paid by these companies on 
 their common stock was 10.3 per cent. 
 
 The census returns furnish no data for determining 
 the net profits earned in mining, since the excess of the 
 value of the jiroduct over the expenses reported is not 
 an indication of actual profit; yet some data bearing 
 indirectly on the subject are found in the returns of the 
 dividend paying companies. The payment of dividends 
 by a company may oitlinarily be taken as a proof of 
 successful operation. Cei'tainly it must not be assumed 
 that the dividends paid during one year are derived 
 from the pi'ofits of the .same 3'ear, nor that tlie failure 
 to declare a dividend during a certain yeai' is an evi- 
 dence of unprofital)]e mining. In the lirst case, the 
 dividends may represent the accumidated earnings of 
 former years, while in the second, the surplus may 
 have lieen invested in the ac(|uisition of new property, 
 in tlie erection of new plants, etc. With these i|ualiti- 
 ctitions, the following comparati\'e summary is pre- 
 sented: 
 
 T.ABLE S. — Siitiuiiari/ for dii'idead paying and nondivideud jtaying 
 companies: 1902. 
 
 Nnmber of companies 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Work cm share of product 
 
 Royalties .• 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses, exclusive of r(iy- 
 
 alties '. . 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 Value of product ' , 
 
 Average value per company 
 
 Lead: 
 
 Quantity, short tons 
 
 Value 
 
 Average value per ton 
 
 Zinc: 
 
 Quantity, short tons 
 
 Value . '. 
 
 Average value per ton 
 
 Incorporated' »;™J«f 
 companies.. „„r;^>^^f^^ 
 
 1.36 
 J.594,016 
 S2, 713, 993 
 ?49, 103 
 8189, 597 
 $507, 954 
 
 42 
 $2:33, 181 
 $951, 865 
 $21,;377 
 S189. 597 
 8273, 119 
 
 849.5,809 1 1 $87,489 
 
 S1,612,09,H $731,348 
 
 '$8,174,181 'I $3, .502, 890 
 
 852,399 !' 883,402 
 
 106,0,85 |l :?3,949 
 
 84,525,081 ' 81,475,889 
 
 843.06 ; 843.47 
 
 124,919 69,4.53 
 
 83,633,882 11 $2,027,001 
 
 829.09 :! 829.19 
 
 Xondivi- 
 
 dend 
 
 paying 
 
 companies. 
 
 114 
 
 8360, 8.36 
 
 81,762,128 
 
 827, 726 
 
 $234,8:35 
 
 8408, 320 
 
 8880, 7.50 
 
 2$4,671,291 
 
 $40, 976 
 
 71, 136 
 
 S3, 049, 192 
 
 $42. 8S 
 
 .55, 466 
 
 81,606,881 
 
 828. 97 
 
 . Exc]usi^■e of 3 companies engaged in manufacturing as well as mining. 
 - Includes yiroduct of custom mills. 
 
 It appears from the preceding table that the dividend 
 paying conijjanies enjoyed no advantage either in the 
 grade of their ore or in the marketing of the same, 
 since the average prices received by them did not per- 
 ceptibly difl'er from those generally prevailing in 1902. 
 But the two classes differed in the volume of production; 
 the average for dividend paying companies was twice 
 as large as that for the nondivideud paying companies, 
 the a\erage being |83,402 and $40,976, respectively. 
 
 Eiiiphiijccx 1111(1 'iriK/en. — The following table shows 
 tlie average number of wage-earners employed during 
 each month, bv states and territories: 
 
LEAD AND ZING ORE. 
 
 449 
 
 Tabi.h 0. — Average number of ivage-earners emploi/ed during each 
 month, by stale.i and terrilories: 190 i. 
 
 Men 16 years and over 
 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 .luue 
 
 ■luly 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 Oetober 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 Boys under 16 years: 
 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 Mari'h 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 .lune 
 
 July 
 
 Auf,'ust 
 
 Septemljer 
 
 October 
 
 No\'eniber 
 
 December 
 
 United 
 States. 
 
 7, 325 
 7, 266 
 7, 465 
 7,608 
 7,965 
 7, 996 
 8,008 
 8,181 
 8, 067 
 8,126 
 8,034 
 8, 172 
 
 27 
 27 
 28 
 28 
 31 
 32 
 35 
 31 
 32 
 32 
 
 Colo- 
 
 Illi- 
 
 
 rado. 
 
 nois. 
 
 
 
 97 
 
 12 
 
 
 94 
 
 16 
 
 
 96 
 
 16 
 
 
 111 
 
 13 
 
 20 
 
 115 
 
 16 
 
 20 
 
 124 
 
 9 
 
 20 
 
 82 
 
 7 
 
 
 98 
 
 9 
 
 
 114 
 
 16 
 
 
 92 
 
 12 
 
 
 82 
 
 13 
 
 
 131 
 
 17 
 
 Kan- 1 Mis- 
 sas. .suuri. 
 
 175 
 167 
 187 
 209 
 207 
 197 
 227 
 238 
 258 
 270 
 273 
 268 
 
 6, 136 
 6, 153 
 6, 277 
 6,415 
 6, 726 
 6, 7.60 
 6,766 
 6, 890 
 6,689 
 6,729 
 6, 710 
 6,768 
 
 25 
 25 
 
 ^^1 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 27 
 
 30 
 
 Wis- 
 eon- 
 
 445 
 415 
 427 
 393 
 364 
 388 
 390 
 407 
 437 
 463 
 431 
 432 
 
 All 
 olher 
 states 
 and 
 terri- 
 tories.' 
 
 461 
 421 
 462 
 467 
 517 
 508 
 516 
 639 
 5.53 
 5.59 
 626 
 556 
 
 'Includes operators as follows: Arizona, 1; Kentucky. 1; New Jersey, 1: 
 New Mexico, 1; Ne^v York, 1: Virginia (2 mines; operators reported under iron 
 ore). 
 
 The number of .salaried official.s. clerk.s, etc., for the 
 559 mine.s reporting was 910, or an average of l.*J to a 
 mine. Of these 76 were salaried ofiicials of corpora- 
 tions. Since the total number of corporations was 161, 
 it appears that more than one-half of them had no sala- 
 ried officials. 
 
 The average number of wage-earners was 7,1S81, or 14 
 to a mine. The aggregate wages paid amounted to 
 $4,329,^71. Miners working in the mines on shares 
 are not included in the general tables. 
 
 In any analysis of these figures it must be borne in 
 mind that the above number of wage-earners is an 
 average computed on the basis of 300 working days, 
 and is not identical with the actual number of persons 
 who earned the amount of wages reported. The aver- 
 age per wage-earner accordingly represents the cost of 
 one man's labor power to the employer, and this cost is 
 not identical with the average annual earnings. For 
 the purpose of estimating the earning capacity of wage- 
 earners, average daily rates should be consulted. 
 
 In the following table the distribution of the wage- 
 earners according to dail}' rates of pa}- is shown for the 
 various occupations: 
 
 Table lO.— DISTRIBUTION OF \VA(;E-EARNER,S ACCORDINCi TO DAILY RATES OF PAY, BY OCCUPATIOXS: 1902. 
 
 RATE PER DAY 
 
 ALL OCCUPA- 
 TIO.NS. 
 
 ENGINEERS. 
 
 FIREMEN. 
 
 MACHINISTS, 
 BLACKSMITHS, 
 CARPENTERS, 
 AND ()THER 
 MECHANICS. 
 
 MINERS. 
 
 MIXERS' 
 HELPERS. 
 
 TIMBERMEN 
 
 AND TRACK 
 
 LAYERS. 
 
 BOYS C.NDER 
 16 YEAP.a. 
 
 ALL OTHER 
 WAGE- 
 EARNERS. 
 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 cent of 
 total. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 num- 
 ber 
 
 Per 
 
 cent of 
 total. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 224 
 
 Per 
 cent of 
 total. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 cent of 
 total. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 nitm- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 
 cent of 
 
 total. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 cent of 
 total. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 
 cent of 
 
 total. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 cent of 
 total. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 cent of 
 total. 
 
 Total 
 
 17,881 
 
 100.0 
 
 528 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 397 
 
 100.0 
 
 3,300 
 
 100.0 
 
 668 
 
 100.0 
 
 36 
 
 100.0 
 
 30 
 
 100.0 
 
 2,708 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 165 
 
 1,371 
 
 2,0.63 
 
 683 
 
 2,301 
 
 788 
 
 309 
 
 26 
 
 143 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 0.1 
 
 0.2 
 0.1 
 2.1 
 
 17.4 
 
 26.0 
 
 8.7 
 
 29.2 
 
 10.0 
 
 3.9 
 
 0.3 
 
 1.8 
 
 0,1 
 
 0.1 
 
 (=) 
 
 (=) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 12 
 6 
 
 5 
 1 
 
 16.7 
 40.0 
 16.7 
 16.7 
 3.3 
 6.6 
 
 
 
 50 to 74 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1U8 
 
 691 
 
 750 
 
 220 
 
 .571 
 
 207 
 
 47 
 
 12 
 
 92 
 
 6 
 
 0. 1 
 
 75 to 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 11 
 
 .54 
 
 51 
 
 159 
 
 49 
 
 42 
 
 7 
 
 17 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 0.3 
 
 2.8 
 
 13. 6 
 
 12.8 
 
 40.0 
 
 12.3 
 
 10.6 
 
 1.7 
 
 4.3 
 
 0.8 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.3 
 
 47 
 
 300 
 
 909 
 
 308 
 
 1,217 
 
 414 
 
 93 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1.4 
 9.1 
 27.5 
 9.3 
 36.9 
 12. 6 
 2.8 
 0.1 
 0.3 
 
 4 
 302 
 183 
 
 21 
 124 
 
 24 
 
 0.6 
 45.9 
 27.8 
 
 3.2 
 18.8 
 
 3.7 
 
 
 4.0 
 
 1.25 to 1.49 
 
 1.50tol.74 
 
 2 
 
 44 
 
 73 
 
 176 
 
 85 
 
 117 
 
 5 
 
 ■ 24 
 
 6,4 
 8.3 
 13.8 
 33.3 
 16.1 
 22.2 
 0.9 
 4.6 
 
 53 
 104 
 
 7 
 41 
 
 8 
 10 
 
 23.7 
 46.4 
 3.1 
 18.3 
 3.6 
 4.5 
 
 11 
 7 
 3 
 
 13 
 1 
 
 30.6 
 19.4 
 
 8.3 
 36.1 
 
 2.8 
 
 25. 5 
 
 27.7 
 
 8.1 
 
 2 00 to 2 24 
 
 
 
 21.1 
 
 2 25 to 2 49 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.7 
 
 2 75 to 2 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.4 
 
 :l 00 to 3 24 
 
 1 
 
 0.4 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2.8 
 
 
 
 3.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.2 
 
 
 1 
 
 0.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 'i 75 to ?, 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4.00 to 4.24 
 
 i 
 
 0.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 ! 1 , 
 
 
 
 1 Includes 2 wage-earners paid by the ton, for whom average daily wages are shown. 
 ^ Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 
 
 In the above table 6,0(»8 wage-earners, or 76.2 per 
 cent of the total number, are included under the two 
 heads "miners" and "all other wage- earners." It will 
 be noticed also that there i.s comparatively little differ- 
 ence in the range of wages for the several classes of 
 employees. 
 
 30223—04 29 
 
 Of the total number of wage-earners, 7,196, or 91.3 
 per cent, ret;eived between $1.25 and $2.49 per daj'. Of 
 those classed as miners the proportion included between 
 those rates was even greater, constituting 95.4 per cent 
 of all the miners. The number of miners who received 
 f 1.50 per day was evidently very large, as was also that 
 
450 
 
 .AIINKS AND QUARRIES. 
 
 of those who were paid $3 per daj-, for 27.5 per cent are 
 iiichided in the ^-roup $1.50 to $1.74 and 36.9 per cent 
 in the g-roup P2 to $2.24. 
 
 There were (!5S men reported as miners' helpers. 
 The daily rates of pay lor 485 of them, 73.7 per cent of 
 the total number, were between $1.25 and $1.74. Only 
 3t) men were reported as timbermen and track layers; 
 the rates of pay for 34 of these men ranged from $1.25 
 to $2.24. Most of the men employed as firemen re- 
 ceived between $1.24 and $2.24 per day; !»1.5 per cent 
 of the total numlier was included between those rates. 
 The rate at which the greatest number were employed 
 was probably $1.50, since 40.4 per cent are included in 
 the group $1.50 to $1.74. For engineers, machinists, 
 and other mechanics wages were somewhat higher. Of 
 the engineers, 93.7 per cent, and of the machinists and 
 other mechanics, Si».3 per cent, were paid l^etween $1.50 
 and $2.74 per day. 
 
 There were 30 boys under 16 years reported as em- 
 ployed in lead and zinc mines, 28 of them from Mis- 
 souri. Of these boys. 12 were paid between 50 and 74 
 cents per day, 5 were paid less than 50 cents, while 5 
 received between 75 and 99 cents, and 8 received $1 or 
 over. 
 
 The proportion of the employees included under the 
 head of '"all other wage-earners" is very large, but 
 the range of wages differed \ery little from that for the 
 balance of the wage-earners, 94.1 per cent of the total 
 nund)er having received between $1 and $2.49 per day. 
 
 Contract mining, i. e., working at a stated rate per 
 ton, is exceptional in lead-zinc mining; according to the 
 reports a total of $266 was paid for such wnrk during 
 the year, and this amount has been included in the 
 
 general tables. In those mines, however, where the 
 landowner or lirst lessee is also the buyer of all ore 
 mined by the sublessees, the latter are virtually wage- 
 earners paid by the ton. The total nundter of such 
 sublessees reported was 63S and the total amount paid 
 to them was $234,461; out of this amount they were 
 retpiired to furnish their own su[)plies. 
 
 The total numl)er of men engaged in mining can not 
 1)6 ascertained with aecui-acy. The lead and zinc mine 
 inspector of Missouri reported 11,358 men employed in 
 all capacities at the lead and zinc mines; he explained, 
 however, that "it must not tie understood that this 
 number is employed continuously, as (piite a number of 
 farmers mine in many counties when not engaged in 
 farm work."' The census returns from the lead and 
 zinc mines of Missouri show an average of ti,612 wage- 
 earners and 777 salaried employees, in all 7.3S9 persons. 
 The average nund)er of the census is the number that 
 would l:)e required at continuous employment for 300 
 days in the year to produce the (piantity of ore reported. 
 The two numbers are inconunensurate; the difference 
 l)etween them, 3,969 persons, would be much in excess 
 of the average number of nnners working on shares, as 
 well as of the actual numbci' of such miners ^\■ho atone 
 time or another during the year pei'form some work in 
 the mines. Taking the \alue of <ire produced as a basis, 
 the average numljer of such miners could be estimated 
 for Missouri at about 1,30() men. 
 
 The following table shows lead and zinc minesclassitied 
 by the length of time in operation during the year, so 
 far as reports were made in this particular: 
 
 ' Sixteenth Annual Repnrt iif the State Leail and Zinc Mine In- 
 sjiei'tfir of Missiiuri, patje Hi. 
 
 Table 1 1 . — hlvVD AND ZINC MIXES, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF DAYS LN OPERATION, 
 
 TERRITORIES: 1902. 
 
 BY STATES AND 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 
 
 
 DAYS 
 
 IN OPERATION. 
 
 
 
 
 STATK OR TEKRITOKV. 
 
 30 r)r 
 
 less. 
 
 25 
 
 31 t.iBO. 
 
 61 t(/9U. 
 
 91 til 120. 
 
 121 tol.'>0. 
 42 
 
 151 tc 
 
 1x0. 
 31 
 
 IKl tn2UI. 
 50 
 
 211 t.)240. 
 60 
 
 241 1(>27II. 
 58 
 
 271 to 3011. 
 
 Mil to 330. 
 
 *""-3«^-,re,i^?Ld. 
 
 United States 
 
 559 
 
 44 
 
 40 
 
 .55 
 
 109 
 
 20 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 14 
 57 
 
 a74 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 9(5 
 
 " 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 ■.^(1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 23 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 29 
 
 1 
 4 
 4 
 31 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 4.5 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 11 
 09 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 ■A 
 19 
 
 4 
 
 ■M 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 1 
 
 -; 
 
 
 Missouri 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 New ^'ork 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 ■"^ 
 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 10 1 HI 
 
 s 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 All other .states and 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 MiKiludes Arizona, 1; Keiitm-ky, 1; New Ml-xIi'd, 1. 
 
LEAD AND ZINC ORE. 
 
 451 
 
 2[echan!c((l pmoer. — Steam was the prevail iii<^- kind (.)f 
 power in 1902. There were .l,Ot)0 .steam en^-incs, 45 
 electric motors, ?>'>, gas or gasoline engines, 8 water 
 wheels, and 30 other power generators in use dui'ing the 
 year. Renting of power was practically unknown; the 
 total number of horsepower supplied to other estab- 
 lishments by the operators reporting was lU, and the 
 total supplied to the mines by other establishments was 
 199, while a total of 41,901 hors(^power was owned. 
 The progress in this respect within the last three dec- 
 ades is shown in the following table, by states and ter- 
 ritories : 
 
 Table 12. — Sleam enginct:, hy ntfiie.f and territories: 190S, ISSO, 
 and 1S70. 
 
 
 1902 
 
 1880 
 
 1870 
 
 STATE OR TERRITORY. 
 
 Ninn- Horse- 
 ber. power. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Horse- 
 power. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Horse- 
 power. 
 
 Unitod states 
 
 1,060 
 
 38,616 
 
 167 
 
 6, 739 
 
 21 
 
 953 
 
 Illinois 
 
 14 
 
 3flJ 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 118 
 
 3 
 
 28 
 
 240 
 
 25 
 
 268 
 
 2,805 
 
 37 
 
 3, 364 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 Iowa 
 
 
 40 
 
 Kansa.^ . . 
 
 92 
 
 904 
 
 2.5 
 
 25 
 
 2,512 
 
 32, 9.53 
 
 617 
 
 2, 170 
 
 
 
 2 1 79 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 All other states and territories ^ . 
 
 4 
 13 
 
 85 
 736 
 
 1 Includes the following states and territories: 1902: Arizona, Colorado, New 
 Jersey, New Yorli, and Virginia. 1880: New .Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Ten- 
 nessee. 1870: North Carolina and Pennsylvania. 
 
 Production. — In 1902 the dressing of the ore was 
 done at the mine in nearly every case. Of the .5.59 
 concerns reporting, 525 Avere equipped with concen- 
 trating plants or hand jigs, 1(1 were custom mills, and 
 18 made no report as to equipment for treating the 
 ore, presumablj' having no facilities for dressing their 
 ore at the mine. 
 
 The total reported value of the product of the lead 
 and zinc mines and mills in 1902 was §14.ti0o.lT7. 
 
 This amount was made uj) as shown in the following 
 statement: 
 
 Vidne i,f Ihr Inul n,i,l :iiir pruihirl.- 10(U. 
 
 I'rodnetion of mines: 
 
 Lead ore .55,8.50,721 
 
 Zi nc ore **. ''*'"• *''■' 
 
 Total «4,5]6,396 
 
 Production of custom mills: 
 
 Earned for custom work 34, 3U9 
 
 Ore sold 122, 616 
 
 Total 
 
 Deduct cost i»r (irc purchased . 
 
 1.56,9.55 
 73,171 
 
 Net value 
 
 Total, mines and mills 414, 600, 177 
 
 While the production of custom mills adds to the 
 value of the ore treated, it can not, theoretical!}' at 
 least, add anything to the quantity of the product; it 
 would therefore be a duplication to add the product of 
 the mills to that of the mines. In actual practice a 
 portion of the product of the custom mills was recov- 
 ered from "sludge," i. e., mill refuse purchased from 
 the neighboring mines equipped with mills. The re- 
 ports of the latter are assumed to include the value 
 realized from the sale of sludge; it is, however, by no 
 means certain that these \aluesare included in all cases. 
 The shidge is considered of little value; it is usuallj' 
 sold for a lump sum. without much regard to ([uantitv. 
 It is possible, therefore, that by deducting the value of 
 purchased ore from the total value of the product the 
 value of the lead and zinc product niav have been under- 
 rated. Likewise, by omitting from the ([uantity of the 
 product shown in Talile 18, the output of custom mills, 
 the total production may have been underrated. Still, 
 as the gross \'alue of all the ore sold l;)y the mills 
 amounted to only $122, (i4t), or less than 1 per cent of 
 the total production of the lead-zinc mines, the error 
 may be treated as a negligible quantity. 
 
 The quantity, total value, and average value per ton 
 of lead and zinc ore produced in 1902 are shown by 
 states and territories in the following table: 
 
 Table 13.— QUANTITY, TOTAL VALUE, AND AVERAGE VALUE PER TON OF LEAD AND ZINC ORE, BY STATES AND 
 
 TERRITORIES: 1902. 
 
 STATB OR TERRITORY- 
 
 LEAD ORE. 
 
 United states! \ $14,, 526, 988 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 All other states and territories^ 
 
 90, 619 
 
 13,3.58 
 
 707, 026 
 
 1,513,021 
 
 473,6,52 
 
 729, 312 
 
 Per cent 
 of total. 
 
 0.6 
 0.1 
 4.9 
 
 86.1 
 3.3 
 5.0 
 
 792 
 186 
 
 3,468 
 
 124,. 537 
 
 2,623 
 
 724 
 
 30, 936 
 9, lOfi 
 163. 084 
 5, ,520, 211 
 122,1,84 
 16, 792 
 
 Average 
 
 value 
 per ton. 
 
 39.06 
 48. 96 
 47.03 
 44.33 
 46. .58 
 21 . 81 
 
 Short 
 tons. 
 
 Value. 
 
 -Average 
 
 value 
 per ton. 
 
 491,332 
 
 JS, 665, 675 
 
 S17.64 
 
 2,778 
 
 376 
 
 21,642 
 
 240,0.57 
 
 19,376 
 
 207. 103 
 
 .59, 683 
 
 4, 2.52 
 
 .543, 942 
 
 6,992,810 
 
 351 , 468 
 
 713, ,520 
 
 21.48 
 11.31 
 25. 13 
 29.13 
 18.14 
 3. 45 
 
 1 Does not include the production of custom mills in Kansa.s and Missouri 
 
 2 Includes the following .states and territories: Arizona, Colorado, Kentucl 
 
 ky. New .Jersey, New Mexico, New ^■ork, and ^'i^gillia. 
 
 The value of the lead and zinc ores shown in the 
 preceding table is $14,526,9S8, or 173,189 less than the 
 value of product shown in Table 1, and in the detailed 
 summary. This difference is accounted for by the 
 absence of the net value of the production of custom 
 
 mills in Kansas and Missouri. According to the pre- 
 ceding table, six-sevenths of the lead and zinc produc- 
 tion of the United States was furnished bv the state of 
 Missouri. 
 
 The pi'ogress made by the lead-zinc mining industry 
 
452 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 since the Eleventh Census appears from the following 
 comparative summaries : 
 
 Table 14. — Comparative summary, quantity and value ofleadore, by 
 states and territories: 190S and 1889. 
 
 
 .SHORT TON.S. 
 
 
 VALUE. 
 
 
 STATE OR TERRITORY. 
 
 1902 
 
 1889 
 
 Per- 
 cent 
 of in- 
 crea.se. 
 
 1902 
 
 1889 
 
 Per- 
 cent 
 of in- 
 crease. 
 
 United States^.. . 
 
 132, 330 
 
 60, 238 
 
 44, 482 
 
 3,617 
 
 1,678 
 
 173 
 
 163. 4 
 
 180.0 
 24.1 
 .56.3 
 
 357. 8 
 
 $5,861,313 
 
 *1, 754, 380 
 
 234. 1 
 
 
 124, 537 
 
 3,468 
 
 2,623 
 
 792 
 
 186 
 
 3 724 
 
 5, 520, 211 
 
 163,084 
 
 122, 184 
 
 30, 936 
 
 9,106 
 
 3 15, 792 
 
 1,-571,161 
 
 103,236 
 
 64, 063 
 
 4,800 
 
 251. 4 
 
 
 .58.0 
 
 
 90.7 
 
 Illinois 
 
 .544. 5 
 
 
 
 All other states and ter- 
 
 ''288 
 
 151.4 
 
 m,120 
 
 42.0 
 
 
 
 1 Does not include the production of custom mills in Kansas and Missouri 
 in 1902. 
 
 '^ Decrease. 
 
 ^Includes Arizona, CoUirado, Kentucky, New Jersey, New Mexico, New 
 York, and Virginia. 
 
 't Southern states. 
 
 Table 15. — Comparative sumrnart/, quantity and value of zinc ore, 
 by states and territories: J90S mid 1889. 
 
 
 SHORT TONS. 1 
 
 VALUE. 
 
 STATE OR TERRITORY. 
 
 1902 
 
 1889 
 234, .503 
 
 Per 
 cent 
 of in- 
 crease. 
 
 1902 
 
 1889 
 
 Per 
 
 cent 
 of in- 
 crease. 
 
 United States i-... 
 
 491, 332 
 
 109.5 
 
 S8, 665, 675 
 
 $3,049,799 
 
 184.1 
 
 
 240, 057 
 
 21, 642 
 
 19, 376 
 
 2,778 
 
 375 
 
 3 201,. 532 
 
 f'5, 572 
 
 93, 131 
 39, .575 
 24,832 
 
 1.57.8 
 -!45.3 
 = 22.0 
 
 6,992,810 
 
 .543,942 
 
 3.51,468 
 
 59, 683 
 
 4, 2.52 
 
 3643, 1.53 
 
 s 70, 367 
 
 2, 024, 057 
 299, 192 
 400, .568 
 
 245. 5 
 
 
 81.8 
 
 
 n2. 3 
 
 
 
 Iowa . . . . 
 
 450 
 463, 339 
 
 »13, 176 
 
 no. 7 
 
 218.2 
 = .57. 7 
 
 3,600 
 4175, 0.52 
 
 9147,330 
 
 18. i 
 
 
 267.4 
 
 All other states and ter- 
 
 2-52.2 
 
 
 
 1 Does not include the production of custom mills in Kansas and Missouri 
 in 1902. ,..,.^.- 
 
 2 Decrease. 
 
 3 Includes New Jersey and Virginia, 
 
 4 Includes New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Number not reported, 
 s Includes Colorado, Kentucky, and New Mexico. 
 
 Includes Arkansas, New Mexico, and the Southern states. 
 
 In the following statement the census returns for 
 Missouri are compared with the report of the lead and 
 zinc mine inspector of that state: 
 
 }uantlty and valve of lead and. zinc ore, Census and JItssorin mine inspector s retiirns: 190'2. 
 
 
 SOURCE OF INFORMATION. 
 
 Total value. 
 
 
 LEAL) ORE. 
 
 
 ZINC ORE. 
 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Average 
 
 value 
 per ton. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Average 
 
 value 
 
 per ton. 
 
 
 
 »12,613,021 
 
 124, 537 
 
 $5, .520, 211 
 
 S44. 33 
 
 240, 057 
 
 S6, 992, 810 
 
 S29. 13 
 
 
 
 
 state mine inspectfir 
 
 Difference: 
 
 More (+) or less 
 Per cent 
 
 12, .370, 985 
 
 -142,036 
 -1.1 
 
 126,831 
 
 -^2,294 
 
 + 1.8 
 
 5, 318, 167 
 
 -202. 0.54 
 -3.7 
 
 41.93 
 
 -2.40 
 -5.4 
 
 234, 903 
 
 -.5,1.54 
 -2,1 
 
 7,0.52,828 
 
 4-60,018 
 +0.8 
 
 30.02 
 
 ( ) 
 
 + 0.89 
 
 
 +3.0 
 
 ' E.xclusive of production of custom mills. 
 
 As evidenced by the preceding statement, the census 
 returns on production are in substantial agreement 
 with those of the state mine inspector. Small discrep- 
 ancies of from 1 to 3 per cent are quite unavoidable 
 in view of the nature of the information. In many 
 cases the value reported by the operator was not the 
 actual amount entered on his books, but an estimate 
 based upon an assumed average value of the ore, 
 which was the best information obtainable. Small 
 operators only too often keep very imperfect books, if 
 any, whereas the largest producers, who do not sell 
 their ores but smelt them at their own plants and mar- 
 ket the bullion, must put an assumed valuation upon 
 the ore in order to answer the inquiries of the Bureau 
 of the Census or of the state bureau of mines. There- 
 fore, if the reports of such operators were made on 
 different dates, the estimates for the same mining com- 
 Yjany might differ, and in more than one case this state 
 of affairs was disclosed by a comparison of the confiden- 
 tial census returns with the figures published by the state 
 mine inspector. That the discrepancy is on the whole 
 within such narrow limits may he accepted as proof of 
 the substantial accuracy of the returns. 
 
 The mining district comprising Kansas and a portion 
 
 of Missouri is called the Joplin-Galena district. The 
 average base prices of zinc and lead ores in this district, 
 computed from monthl}^ averages for 1902, were re- 
 ported by the United States Geological Survey as fol- 
 lows: Lead per 1,000 pounds, |123.05; zinc per short 
 ton, $30.33. For 1902 the range of fluctuations of 
 monthly base prices in the same district was as follows: 
 
 
 Lead ore 
 per 1,000 
 pounds. 
 
 Zinc ore 
 
 per short 
 
 ton. 
 
 Highest price ,. 
 
 Lowest price 
 
 S25. 00 
 21.00 
 
 $34. 37 
 26. 76 
 
 
 4.00 
 
 7.61 
 
 
 
 
 These averages arc not strictly comparable with the 
 average values by states and territories given in Table 
 18. The variations, however, are inconsiderable, viz: 
 
 Average value above {-\-) or below { — ) base price. 
 
 Zinc ore 
 
 per short 
 
 ton. 
 
 Kansas . . 
 
 Missi.iiiri . 
 
 Lead ore 
 per 1,000 
 pounds. 
 
 -■-W.46 
 - 0.,S9 
 
 +J6. 20 
 + 1.20 
 
LP]AI) AND ZINC ORE. 
 
 453 
 
 It appears from these t'omparisons that the variations 
 between the values reported to the Bureau of the Census 
 and the average base prices for the year 1903 were 
 within the ordinary range of nuiriiet fluctuations. Tiie 
 quantity reported represents dressed ore of various 
 grades, except in a few cases where the (luantity of 
 rough ore was reported and could not be reduced to 
 terms of dressed ore. 
 
 Table 16 is a summary of tlio statistics for all lead 
 and zinc mines in Missouri at the censuses of 1902, 188o, 
 and 1870. 
 
 Table 16. — Comparalivi' miminari/, lead and z'mc mines, J/i.ssoxr/.- 
 190J, 1880, and 1870. 
 
 Number of mines 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried oflicial.'i, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 Value of product 
 
 1880 
 
 1H70 
 
 374 
 374 
 
 777 
 J727,021 
 
 6, 612 
 $3,691,923 
 8105, 877 
 $1,768,4,58 
 $2, 189, 461 
 $12, 655, 580 
 
 4,180 
 2*2,034,254 
 
 (') 
 
 $194, .532 
 $2,077,944 
 
 (') 
 
 539 
 $124,179 
 
 (') 
 
 0) 
 
 $5, li.54 
 $201,. HK5 
 
 1 Not reported. 
 
 2 .Salaries included in waf^cs. 
 
 As has been .stated above, at the Eleventli Census the 
 statistics of zinc mines of southern Missouri were con- 
 fined to the quantity and value of the output. Mine 
 expenses were reported onl}^ for lead mines. In the 
 following table the data concerning these mines are 
 collated with the expenses and production of the mines 
 for which the product reported for 1902 was likewise 
 only lead ore: 
 
 Table 17. — Comparative summary of mines producing lead ore on!//, 
 Missouri : 1903 and 1889. 
 
 Number of mines 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 Product: 
 
 Short tons 
 
 Value 
 
 59 
 $308,290 
 $1,448,902 
 $30, 031 
 8465, 212 
 8842,945 
 
 (■) 
 
 (') 
 $401,431 
 88,625 
 $142. 1.53 
 $244, 784 
 
 93, 926 
 $4,126,278 
 
 44,482 
 81, .571, 161 
 
 1 Not reported . 
 
 The following table, reproduced from the report of 
 the state lead and zinc mine inspector of Missouri 
 for 1902, shows the growth of the zinc production in 
 that state, bj' ^^ears, from the beginning of zinc mining, 
 in 1873, to the year 1902. The output of 1902, as 
 reported by the state mine inspector, exceeds by eight- 
 tenths of 1 per cent that reported to the Bureau of the 
 Census. The reasons for this insignificant variance are 
 discussed on a previous page. 
 
 Table 18. — (Jiiaviilij (in.d value of zinr ore, Missouri : IS7.i lo l'.i()2. 
 
 [Sixteenlli Ann\ial Kepurt of the Li'ud jind Zinc .Mine In.xpcctor of Missouri, for 
 the year ending December 31, 1902.] 
 
 YKAR. 
 
 Number 
 of tons. 
 
 1873 
 
 960 
 5,100 
 3, 600 
 ll,:iOO 
 10,000 
 12,000 
 20, 000 
 27, .500 
 35, .500 
 
 34, 900 
 
 35, 700 
 43,200 
 42, 200 
 48,400 
 57, 300 
 61,. 550 
 82, 357 
 
 1874 
 
 1875 
 
 1876 
 
 1877 
 
 1878 
 
 1X79 
 
 1880 
 
 1881 
 
 1882. 
 
 
 1884 
 
 1885 
 
 1886 
 
 1887... 
 
 1888 
 
 1889 
 
 
 Amount 
 
 received for 
 
 output. 
 
 $8, 
 SI, 
 36, 
 148, 
 140, 
 198, 
 
 ;mo, 
 
 440, 
 
 579, 
 
 589, 
 
 624, 
 
 777, 
 
 738, 
 
 895, 
 
 1, 088, 
 
 1,292, 
 
 1,765, 
 
 640. 00 
 000. 00 
 000. 00 
 000. 00 
 000. 00 
 000. 00 
 000. 00 
 000. 00 
 1.50.00 
 100. 00 
 7.50. 00 
 600. 00 
 500. 00 
 400. 00 
 700. 00 
 .5.50. 00 
 734. 08 
 
 Numljcr 
 of tons. 
 
 1890 
 
 100, 248 
 123,7.52 
 
 1891 
 
 
 131 , 488 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 108, .591 
 89,1.50 
 
 
 101 294 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 92, 7.54 
 93, 148 
 139, 008 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1900' 
 
 181, 430 
 186, 293 
 105, 1.50 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 224,074 
 234,903 
 
 Total 
 
 2, 443, .510 
 
 Amount 
 
 received for 
 
 output. 
 
 .$2, 250, 
 2,673, 
 2, 862, 
 2, 245, 
 1,.337, 
 
 1, 707, 
 1,831, 
 1,706 
 
 2, 927, 
 
 5, 974, 
 5,711 
 2,835, 
 
 6, 308, 
 7,052, 
 
 .583. 00 
 063. :!6 
 475. 08 
 028.80 
 910. 36 
 665. 40 
 856. 45 
 947.83 
 321.00 
 624. 00 
 631.00 
 896. 00 
 671.00 
 819.00 
 
 .56,145,615.06 
 
 1 For ten years prior to 1901 the above figures covered a fiscal year ending 
 .Tunc 30. The six months accounted for above are the last six months of 1900, 
 making full years for the period. 
 
 LEAD CONTKNTS OF LEAD AND ZINC ORES. 
 
 The lead contents of the ore can be estimated by com- 
 parison with the returns from lead smelters. The re- 
 turns from 5 leading mining and smelting companies of 
 Missouri .show a total of 103,428 tons of their own and 
 purchased ore treated, from which 70,491 tons of lead 
 were recovered, or an average of 68.2 per cent. The 
 quantity of nonargentiferous lead ore treated b}' those 
 companies is equal to 78 per cent of the total quantity 
 mined during the year. A glance at the price column 
 of Table 13 shows that the ore was brought b}- concen- 
 tration to about the same grade throughout the nonar- 
 gentiferous lead region. The only exception is found 
 in the group of "all other states," where the quantity 
 reported apparently' represented crude oi'e. The c^uan- 
 tity, however, being only somewhat over two-tenths of 
 1 per cent, the effect of this variation upon the average 
 for the United States could not exceed a few cents per 
 ton. The average percentage of recovery reported by 
 the above-mentioned .5 smelting companies — viz, 68 per 
 cent — may therefore be taken as representative of the 
 results generally obtained in the United States.^ The 
 metal yield of all nonargentiferous ores may be esti- 
 mated on this basis, in round figures, at 90,000 tons. 
 According to reports from the same companies, lead 
 bullion of the value of $2,534,683 was produced from 
 concentrates valued at $2,045,978 — i. e., 24 per cent was 
 added to the value of concentrates by smelting. The 
 total reported value of the lead concentrates produced 
 in the United States was $5,S50.721. By an addition 
 of 24 per cent of this amount $7,255,00(1 is obtained as 
 the estimated value of the 90,000 tons of metallic lead 
 
 'The relation of the product to lead ores consumed in 1880 was 
 represented by the following percentages: Illinois, 68.6; Iowa, 70.2; 
 Wisconsin, 66.6; Kansas, 69.3; and Missouri, 72.4. 
 
454 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIP]S. 
 
 recoverable from nonargentiferous ores. The average 
 value is 4.03 cents per pound of refined lead, which is 
 within the range of the prices of lead at New York city 
 in 1902 as reported by the United States Geological Sur- 
 vey — viz, highest, 4.10 cents; lowest, 4 cents. There- 
 ports made by smelters to the United States Geological 
 Survey show 79,445 tons of pig lead produced from 
 nonargentiferous ores of Missouri, Kansas, Wisconsin, 
 Illinois, Iowa, Virginia, and Kentucky. The difference 
 is accounted for by the fact that "a considerable quan- 
 tity of the ore is converted into a pigment."^ 
 
 ZINC CONTENTS OF LEAD AND ZINC ORES. 
 
 The zinc ores of Missouri and Kansas are usually sold 
 upon an assay basis of (!0 per cent of metallic zinc in 
 the concentrates, with a deduction of $1 for every unit 
 or percentage below that standard, and a similar allow- 
 ance for higher grades of concentrates. Sixty per cent 
 is thought to be, approximately, the average for the 
 entire district. 
 
 The price of ore shipped from mines in Wisconsin is 
 determined by the price of ore in Missouri. The 
 avei'age value per ton of zinc ore in Missouri was $29. 13, 
 and in Wisconsin $18.14; the difference, $10.99, may 
 be taken as reflecting the difference in the grade of the 
 concentrates, and would show an average assay of 49 
 per cent for Wisconsin ore (dressed). The three states 
 named furnished 278,727 tons out of a total of 283,680 
 tons for the W^estern states, or 98.3 per cent of the total 
 output of western mines. The eastern and southern 
 ores are of a much lower grade. The average zinc con- 
 tents of New Jersey concentrates was about 2.5 percent; 
 the chemical composition of the ore, according to Mr. 
 
 Ingalls, is 23.58 per cent zinc. The concentrates of 
 Virginia assay 38.08 zinc.'' From these data the zinc 
 contents of the ores mined are estimated for the prin- 
 cipal producing states as follows: 
 
 Table 19. — Zitic contents of ores mined In the principid producing 
 states: 190i!. 
 
 Missouri . . . 
 Kan.sas 
 
 Wisconsin . . 
 New Jersey' 
 Virginia ' . . 
 
 Short tons 
 
 of con- 
 centrates. 
 
 Average 
 
 assay 
 
 (per 
 
 cent). 
 
 Zinc con- 
 tents (short 
 tons). 
 
 482, 607 
 
 
 217,726 
 
 
 240, 057 
 21,642 
 19, 376 
 
 201,532 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 49 
 
 f 25 
 
 1 38 
 
 144, 034 
 12, 9.S5 
 9,494 
 
 } 61,213 
 
 ' tlniterl State.s Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1902, page 209. 
 
 ' The computation is made separately for New Jersey and Virginia, but the 
 returns can not be shown separately without disclo.sing individual operations. 
 
 This leaves 8,725 tons of ore, or about 2 per cent, 
 the zinc contents of which are a matter of conjecture. 
 
 GENERAL SUMMARY OF LEAD AND ZINC MINES, BY STATES 
 AND CHARACTER OF MINE. 
 
 A table for all lead and zinc mines is presented by 
 states. Small mines from which no individual reports 
 were received are not included in this statement. The 
 royalties shown in the detailed summar}' at the close of 
 this report include those paid by these sublessees; there- 
 fore royalties are omitted also. The rate of royalty is 
 fixed by custom and does not, as a rule, vary in indi- 
 vidual cases. Custom mills which merely rework ore 
 mined elsewhere or mill refuse ("sludge") are not in- 
 cluded in the following table which is intended to pre- 
 sent the facts relating to mines only: 
 
 ' Proiluction and Properties of Zinc, by Walter Benton Ingalls, 
 jiages 198 and 2(11. 
 
 Table 20.— SUMMARY OF LEAD AND ZINC MINES, BY STATES: 1902. 
 
 ,T,,.rp. Number 
 ^^^^'^^ 1 of mines. 
 
 Salaries. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Contract 
 worit. 
 
 Worli on 
 share of 
 product, 
 
 $244, 661 
 
 Mi.scella- 
 
 neons 
 
 expenses, 
 
 exclusive 
 
 of royalties. 
 
 Cost of sup- ,, 1 . 
 plies and*^ Value of 
 materials. Proaui^t. 
 
 
 ff818,4,51 
 
 S4, 244, 256 
 
 J108, 607 
 
 f.543,172 
 
 f2, 058, 933 
 
 »12, .550, 617 
 
 
 
 9, 120 
 
 2K0 
 
 61, 565 
 5, 766 
 129, .584 
 3,650,337 
 192, 209 
 214,795 
 
 
 
 1, 226 
 
 ,556 
 
 10,226 
 
 .512,996 
 
 1,6.58 
 
 16, .510 
 
 
 
 
 
 919 
 
 72, 4.53 
 
 1,748,749 
 
 .56, 774 
 
 159 674 
 
 13, 358 
 
 342, 943 
 
 10, 963, 294 
 
 473, 652 
 
 666, 751 
 
 
 20, 783 
 721, 905 
 26, 202 
 40,161 
 
 922 
 
 105, 877 
 
 1,008 
 
 800 
 
 ""228,'6h' 
 
 
 
 All otlier 'States- . i 7 
 
 15, 997 
 
 
 
 t Custom mills and small mines not included. 
 
 -Includes operators distributed as follows: Colonido, 3: New Jersey, 1: New York, 1; Virginia. 2, 
 
 In analyzing the figures of the preceding talile, the the great majoiity of these mines innluced the expense 
 
 prevalence of mining on a small scale in Iowa and Wis- for supplies. 
 
 consin should be taken into consideration. In a mine W^here the .same mine produces both lead and zinc 
 
 worked on a small scale the opcratoi- gives his personal ore, it is impossilde to segregate the expenses incident 
 
 attention to man}' details of business which on a larger to each of these products. There were a numlM>r of 
 
 scale of operation require the services of .salaiied em- mines, however, which reported but one product, either 
 
 ployees; furthermore, the absence of steampower in i lead or zinc ore. 
 
LEAD AND ZINC ORE. 
 
 455 
 
 The following is a comparative summary of all mines, 
 classitied according to the character of their pi'oduct, 
 the division showing those producing lead ore only, 
 
 those producing zinc ore only, and those producin< 
 both lead and zinc ore: 
 
 Table 31.— SUMMARY OF MINES, BY CHARACTKR OF PRODUCT; 1902. 
 
 CHARATTER OF 
 PRODUCT. 
 
 United State.H i 
 
 Lead ore 
 
 Zinc ore 
 
 Lead and zinc ore . . . 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 mines 
 
 108 
 114 
 289 
 
 Siilarios 
 
 J«18,4B1 
 
 314, 875 
 171, 792 
 331, 784 
 
 Wage.'; 
 
 S4, 244, 2.56 
 
 1,493,068 
 
 844,233 
 
 1, 906, 955 
 
 Contract 
 worli. 
 
 *108,607 
 
 30, 031 
 12, 792 
 65, 784 
 
 Work on 
 share of 
 product. 
 
 Miscella- 
 
 nc 
 
 ■UH 
 
 expenses. 
 exclusi\'e 
 of royal- 
 ties. 
 
 S244,6(il 
 
 217, .522 
 
 1643, 172 
 
 384, 716 
 07,014 
 91,443 
 
 Cost f)f sn[) 
 plies and 
 materials. 
 
 855, 514 
 .590, 7.56 
 612, 663 
 
 Value of 
 j)roduct. 
 
 *12,,560,617 
 
 4, 209, 174 
 2, 467, 623 
 5, 873, 820 
 
 Short 
 tons. 
 
 122, 307 
 95, 790 
 
 26,517 
 
 Value. 
 
 S5, 418, 490 
 
 4, 209, 174 
 'i,'269,'3i6' 
 
 
 
 ZINC. 
 
 
 Value 
 per ton. 
 
 Short 
 tons. 
 
 430, M7 
 
 Value. 
 
 ! Value 
 'per ton. 
 
 S44. ao 
 
 97,l;i2,]27 
 
 SlO.rjG 
 
 45.61 
 
 263,985 2,467,623 
 166,662 4,664,504 
 
 1 Custom mills and .small mines not included. 
 
 The average value realized per ton of lead ore shows 
 no marked ditierence for either class of lead mines. 
 The average values per ton of zinc ore, shown in the 
 preceding table, are misleading because they include 
 the low grade zinc ores of New Jersey and Virginia. 
 When those ores are eliminated, the total output of dis- 
 tinctively zinc mines is reduced to 62,453 tons, valued 
 at f 1,824,470, which corresponds to an average value of 
 
 $29 per ton. Thus there is no perceptible difference in 
 the average value of zinc ore of the .same class. 
 
 The following is a comparative summary of zinc 
 mines by districts, viz, Kan.sas and Missouri, which i.s 
 the main zinc producing region; the upper Mississippi 
 valley, extending over Wisconsin, Illinois, and Iowa; 
 and the Eastern states, embracing New Jersey and 
 Virginia: 
 
 Table 33.— SUMMARY' FOR MINES PRODUCING ZINC ORE EXCLUSIVELY', BY' DISTRICTS: 1902. 
 
 
 Number 
 of mines. 
 
 Salaries. 
 
 W^ages. 
 
 Contract 
 work. 
 
 Miscella- 
 neous 
 expenses, 
 exclu.sive 
 of royalties. 
 
 Cost of sup- 
 plies and 
 materials. 
 
 PRODUCT. 
 
 DISTRICT. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 ^■"'-- '^!^ 
 
 
 144 
 
 $171,792 
 
 $844,233 
 
 $12, 792 
 
 $67, 014 
 
 $690, 756 
 
 263, 985 
 
 $2,467,623 
 
 
 
 113 
 
 28 
 3 
 
 125, .544 
 8,312 
 37 936 
 
 572, 6.52 
 62, 821 
 208, 760 
 
 11,965 
 
 827 
 
 50, 287 
 
 747 
 
 15,980 
 
 414, 216 
 
 19, 966 
 
 156,674 
 
 56, 236 
 
 6,217 
 
 201,532 
 
 1,702,829 ' $30.28 
 121,611 19. .57 
 643,1.53 3.19 
 
 Upper Mississippi valley ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Includes mines as follows: Illinois, 3: Iowa. 2; Wisconsin. 23. -Includes mines as follows; New .Jersey, 1; Virginia. 2. 
 
 The following table is a summary for lead mines yielding no zinc by product, by districts: 
 
 Table 33.— SUMMARY FOR MINES PRODUCING LEAD ORE EXCLUSIVELY, BY DISTRICTS: 1902. 
 
 
 Number 
 of mines. 
 
 Salaries. 
 $314, 875 
 
 W'ages. 
 
 t:ontract 
 work and 
 work on 
 share of 
 product. 
 
 Miscella- 
 neous ex- 
 penses, ex- 
 clusive of 
 royalties. 
 
 Cost of sup- 
 plies and 
 materials. 
 
 PRODUCT. 
 
 DISTRICT. 
 
 Short 
 tons. 
 
 Value. 
 
 -Vvcrage 
 luT ton. 
 
 United States 
 
 108 
 
 59 
 49 
 
 $1,493,068 
 
 $.57, 170 
 
 mm, 716 
 
 $855, 614 
 
 95, 790 
 
 $4,209,174 
 
 4. 126, 278 
 82, 896 
 
 S13. 94 
 
 
 
 308,290 
 
 6,585 
 
 1,448,902 
 44, 166 
 
 .57,170 
 
 383, 380 
 1,335 
 
 842, 946 
 12, 569 
 
 93,926 
 
 1,864 
 
 43.93 
 44.47 
 
 Upper Mississippi valley' 
 
 
 I Includes mines distributed as follows; Illinois, 10; Iowa. 12; Wisconsin, 27. 
 
 A detailed summary of the lead and zinc ore industry 
 for 1902 is given in Table 34. 
 
 AURIFEROUS AND AKGENTIFEROUS LEAD AND ZINC ORES. 
 
 The statistics of mines producing auriferous and 
 argentiferous lead and zinc ores are given in the report 
 on gold and silver. Still, as these ores furnish a not 
 inconsiderable share of the materials from which lead 
 and zinc are produced in this country, a proper com- 
 parison of the production of the mines with the con- 
 sumption of the lead and zinc ores must embrace all 
 
 classes of these ores. The production of lead and zinc 
 from all sources, as returned by the census of mines 
 and (Quarries for the year 1902, is collated in the follow- 
 ing statement: 
 
 ]'<ili(i' of lead (111(1 ziiiv in all occi, hi/ .sources- af j>roil(ii1ioii: 1903. 
 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Zinc. 
 
 Total 
 
 filS ISl 01'^ 
 
 $9, 006, 361 
 
 
 
 In noiiargentiferouH lead and zinc ores 
 
 In gold and silver ore 
 
 In copper ore 
 
 1 5, 8.50, 721 
 
 12,311,239 
 
 19,053 
 
 8, 666, 675 
 340, 686 
 
 
 
 
456 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIP]S. 
 
 Mr. Hari\y A. Lee, commis.sionci- of inine.s of Colo- 
 rado, in his report for 1901-2, wrote as follows of 
 zinc mining in that state: 
 
 Zinc is practically a new product that i jccurs intimately associated 
 with iron and lead sulphides in bodies of great magnitude. TTntil 
 within the past few years these ore bodies were wurtbless on ac- 
 count of the zinc sulphides present, anil were, therefore, as far as 
 possible, left intact in the mines. The extraction of the more valu- 
 able ores has, nevertheless, developed large bodies of zinciferous 
 ores that are now a valuable asset.' 
 
 Zinc associated with gold, silver, and lead was re- 
 ported from Colorado, where, according to census 
 returns, 51,996,073 pounds of zinc were contained in 
 2-i5,555 tons of gold and silver })earing lead ore, show- 
 ing an average assay of 10.6 per cent of zinc in the ore. 
 In addition to this, the reports from nonargentiferous 
 
 ^ Report of the State Bureau of :Mines of Colorado for the years 
 1901-2, page 105. 
 
 lead and zinc mines included in the preceding statements 
 show a product of 1,.536 tons of zinc concentrates. The 
 commissioner of mines estimated the production for 
 1902 at 52,.582,510 pounds of zinc. Thi.s leaves 586,437 
 pounds for the contents of 1,536 tons of nonargentifer- 
 ous lead and zinc ore included in previous statements, 
 which would correspond to 19.5 per cent of zinc in the 
 dressed ore. The estimate is apparently too low. 
 
 The value reported to the Bureau of the Census is 
 $335,436 for the zinc contents of argentiferous ore and 
 118,398 for the lead and zinc ores; in all, |3.53,S34. The 
 value reported by the commissioner of mines was com- 
 puted at the average price for .spelter, 4.84 cents per 
 pound, which amounts to $2,544,993. The price realized 
 by the mine operator was about 13.9 per cent of the 
 value of metallic zinc contained in the ore. 
 
 The mineralogical character of the zinc bearing ores 
 of Colorado is shown in the following statement: 
 
 
 Assay 
 
 contents 
 
 of the z 
 
 ' n<' ores 
 
 of Colo 
 
 rado: li> 
 
 0^;i. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ORE. 
 
 
 
 Number 
 of mines 
 report- 
 ing. 
 
 Gold 
 value. 
 
 Silver 
 value. 
 
 LEAD. 
 
 ZINC. 
 
 CLASS OF 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 12 
 
 S139, 619 
 
 $633,064 
 
 11,316,284 
 
 8260,412 
 
 .51,996,072 
 
 S:«6,436 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 7 
 3 
 
 640 
 139, 079 
 
 1,937 
 
 616, 875 
 
 14,2S2 
 
 
 
 674,753 
 47, 395, 139 
 4, 026, 180 
 
 5,260 
 
 
 9, 290, 784 
 2, 02.5, .WO 
 
 230, 206 
 30, 206 
 
 295, 796 
 
 
 34,380 
 
 
 
 
 A classification of these zinc bearing ores by the com- 
 mercial value of the principal metal is presented in the 
 following statement: 
 
 Classification of zinc hearing ores of Colorado hy the commercial value 
 of the principal metals: 1902. 
 
 COMPOSITION OF THE ORE. 
 
 Value of 
 zinc con- 
 tents. 
 
 Metals of chief value. 
 
 Other metals. 
 
 Total 
 
 
 $335, 436 
 
 
 Lead 
 
 Gold and wilver 
 
 
 Gold and silver 
 
 150, 734 
 45, (i6'2 
 
 
 Lead, gold, and silver 
 
 139, 140 
 
 
 
 As appears from the preceding statement, most of the 
 Colorado zinc was a by-product of auriferous and argen- 
 tiferous lead ore. Lead smelters very reluctantly 
 handle this class of ore; they make no allowance for the 
 zinc, and even charge a penalty in case the assaj' shows 
 zinc in excess of a certain percentage. According to 
 Census reports, concentration and magnetic separation 
 of zinc ore have been introduced at some iniiics. Ship- 
 ments of zinc ore were made to Kansas zinc smelters 
 and to New York for export. IJndcu- th(^ stinmlus of 
 the growing supply of zinc ore, zinc works have 
 been recently erected in C(.>lorado. 
 
 Reports from Utah show 19,5,S2,443 pounds of zinc 
 among the contents of argentiferous lead ore. With 
 the exception of a small shipment iissaying 105, 000 
 pounds of zinc, no returns were brought by the zinc, 
 although the rough ore assayed 4.2 per cent zinc The 
 
 ore was bought by lead smelters for its gold, silver, and 
 lead contents. In Utah as well as in Colorado there 
 were other mines which produced zinciferou.s ores; but 
 since the operators received no returns for their zinc, 
 they kept no records of the same, and failed to report 
 it to the Bureau of the Census. 
 
 Consumption of zinc ore. — The zinc contents of lead 
 and zinc ore were estimated above at 217,726 tons, ex- 
 clusive of the contents of S,725 tons, which could not 
 be estimated with any degree of accuracy. The zinc 
 contents of auiiferous and argentiferous ores were 
 given in Census rejjorts from Colorado as 25,998 tons. 
 The reports from Utah showed one shipment of ore 
 as.saying 52 tons of zinc, for which payment was re- 
 ceived. This makes a total of 243,776 tons of zinc and 
 8,725 tons of zin<' ore. No account is taken of zincifer- 
 ous ore shipped to lead smelters, there being no posi- 
 tive information to show how the zinc contents of such 
 ores were utilized, or even that they were utilized at all. 
 
 The production of spelter for 1902 was reported by 
 the United States ({eological Survey as 156,927 tons. 
 Allowing 15 per cent for the lo.ss in smelting, the zinc 
 contents of the ores from which this output was ex- 
 tracted, may be estimated at 184,600 tons. To this 
 must be added the output of zinc oxide, which is manu- 
 factured in the United States directly from the ore. 
 The production of zinc oxide for l',M)2 is estimated' at 
 52,730 tons. The zinc contents of this product, figured 
 at the rate of 80.3 per cent of zinc in the oxide, were 
 e(|ual to 42,342 tons. The total output of zinc in all 
 
 'The Mineral Industry, \'iil. XI, j.agi- (illO. 
 
LEAD AND ZINC ORPl 
 
 457 
 
 forms for 1902 may be estimated therefore at 226,!t42 
 tons, or in round numbers at 227,000 tons. 
 
 The expoi'ts of zinc ore for the calendar year 1902 
 were 49,762 long tons,' or 55,733 short tons. Of this 
 quantity, 20,S«3 long tons were exported through New 
 York; the rest, with the exception of a small quantity, 
 was exported through Galveston. The New York ex- 
 ports represented New Jersey ores which contained, at 
 an assay rate of about 25 per cent, 5,221 long tons or 
 5,847 short tons of zinc. The estimated production and 
 consumption would thus compare as follows: 
 
 Production and consumption of zinc: 1903. 
 
 
 Zinc (short 
 
 tons). 
 
 Ore (short 
 tons). 
 
 Total prodiu'tion 
 
 243,776 
 
 8 725 
 
 
 
 Domestic consumption in the manufacture of spelter 
 and oxides 
 
 2'27, 000 
 5,847 
 
 
 Exports: 
 
 New Jersey ores 
 
 
 Other ores ■I - 
 
 32 344 
 
 
 
 
 
 232, 847 
 
 +10,929 
 
 
 Excess ( + ) or deticienoy ( -) of production over con- 
 
 
 
 
 1 28,879 long tons. 
 
 The deficiencjr of 23,619 tons of ore in the preceding 
 calculation is covered by the excess of 10,929 tons of 
 zinc, which corresponds to an average tenor of 46 per 
 cent zinc in western ores. No account is taken here of 
 the increase or decrease of the stock of ore. It must 
 be understood that these are onlj^ rough estimates, 
 allowing a wide range for error. 
 
 Tendency toward centralization. — The lead-zinc min- 
 ing industry has not escaped the general trend of modern 
 business toward centralization. In this respect a marked 
 difference in degree exists between those mines which 
 may be classed as zinc mines, lead being mined onlj- as 
 a by-product, and those which may properlj^ be classed 
 as lead mines, zinc occurring, if at all, as a by-product. 
 
 The following table shows the distribution of lead 
 mines by value of production in 1902: 
 
 ' Mineral Resources of the 
 Table 24. — Classification of lead mines by value of product: 1903.^ 
 
 ' United States Geological Survey, 
 United States," 1902, page 225. 
 
 
 Num- 
 ber 
 of 
 mines. 
 
 VALUE OF PRODUCT. 
 
 PRODUCT PER MINE. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Per 
 
 cent 
 
 of 
 total. 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Zinc. 
 
 Total 2 
 
 176 
 
 t4, 963, 625 
 
 100.0 
 
 0.2 
 0.4 
 4.2 
 12.0 
 7.7 
 25. 2 
 50.3 
 
 S4, 743, 264 
 
 J220, 361 
 
 
 
 
 23 
 C.B 
 29 
 5 
 5 
 3 
 
 9, 335 
 
 17, 784 
 
 210, .540 
 
 .596, 892 
 
 381, 737 
 
 1,2.50,719 
 
 2,497,618 
 
 8,777 
 
 15, 848 
 
 181, 378 
 
 484, 236 
 
 304,688 
 
 1,2.50,719 
 
 2,497,618 
 
 6,58 
 
 8500 to S999 
 
 1,936 
 
 %1 OOC to S9 VI99 
 
 29,162 
 
 SIO.OOO to ^9,999 
 
 111,6.56 
 
 S50 000 to $99 999 
 
 77, 049 
 
 SlOU.OOO to $499,999 
 
 
 S500 000 and over 
 
 
 
 
 lA clas^^ification by states is impossible without disclosing the identity of 
 some individual establishments. 
 
 2 Custom mills and small mines not included. 
 
 The following table showH the zinc mines classilied 
 by value of production: 
 
 Table 25. — Clamfication of zinc rnhiea hij vaiat of j/roduct: 1902.^ 
 
 
 Num- 
 ber 
 of 
 mines. 
 
 
 VALUE OF PRODUCT. 
 
 
 PRODUCT PER MINE. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Per ! 
 total. 
 
 Leaf]. 
 
 Total 2 
 
 365 
 
 $7,686,992 
 
 100.0 
 
 86, 912, 030 
 
 8674, 962 
 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 28 
 
 1.50 
 
 118 
 
 ■ 36 
 
 7 
 
 6,306 
 
 19, 686 
 
 629, 497 
 
 3, 050, 173 
 
 2,372,1.51 
 
 1,509,280 
 
 0.1 
 
 0.2 
 
 8.3 
 
 40.2 
 
 31.3 
 
 19.9 
 
 fi, 020 
 
 17, 908 
 
 6.52, 228 
 
 2,7.51,249 
 
 2, 177, 674 
 
 1,406,9.51 
 
 285 
 
 jeOO to $999 
 
 1,678 
 
 81,000 to 89,999 
 
 77, 269 
 
 810,000 to 849,999 
 
 298, 924 
 
 850.000 to 899 999 
 
 194,477 
 
 
 102, 329 
 
 
 
 1 A classification by states is impossible without disclosing the identity of 
 some individual establishments. 
 
 -Custom milLs and small mines not included. 
 
 '^ Includes 1 establishment reporting a product of over 8250,000 but less than 
 8500,000, and 1 reporting a product of over 8500,000. 
 
 Missouri. — The state lead and zinc mine inspector of 
 Missouri, in his report for 1902, noted the decrease 
 within recent 3fears of the number of individual oper- 
 ators, who were giving place to large and strong com- 
 panies.'' As the mines of Missouri furnish the bulk of 
 the zinc and soft lead production of the United States, 
 the tendencies observed in Missouri ma}^ be .said to be 
 representative of the industry in general. 
 
 In .soft lead mining the progress of centralization is 
 far in advance of that manifested by the zinc mining 
 industry. The degree of centralization reached in each 
 branch appears from Tables 26 and 27, which show the 
 distribution of all operators by value of production. 
 This classification does not include the great number 
 of sublessees employing no hired labor. 
 
 '•'Sixteenth Annual Report of the State Lead and Zinc iline 
 Inspector of Missouri, pages 10 and 11. 
 
 Table 36. — Classification of lead mines, Missouri, by ralue of prod- 
 uct: 190S.^ 
 
 1 
 
 VALUE OF PRODUCT. 
 
 
 PRODUCT PER MINE. 
 
 Num- 
 ber 
 of 
 mines. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Per 
 cent- 
 age 
 of 
 total. 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Zinc. 
 
 Total 
 
 108 
 
 84, 788, 799 
 
 100.0 
 
 $4, 696, 606 
 
 8192, 193 
 
 
 Less than 8500. . 
 
 20 
 15 
 37 
 23 
 6 
 6 
 3 
 
 3,643 
 
 1 11,248 
 
 127,020 
 
 .516, 814 
 
 381,737 
 
 1,2,50,719 
 
 2, 497, 618 
 
 1 :^ iqn 
 
 4.53 
 
 1,360 
 
 22, 981 
 
 90, 3.50 
 
 77,049 
 
 8-500 to 8999 
 
 0.2 
 2.6 
 10.8 
 8.0 
 26.1 
 .52. " 
 
 9,888 
 
 104, 039 
 
 426, 464 
 
 304,688 
 
 1,2.50,719 
 
 ■'497 filS 
 
 81,000 to 89,999 
 
 810 000 to 849 999 
 
 8.50,000 to 899,999 
 
 8100,000 to 8499,999 
 
 8500,000 and over 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Exclusive of the production of sublessees who employ no hired labor. 
 
458 
 
 Table tiT . — ClassiJicaUon uf zinc minex, 
 iJiiii: 1911:.'.' 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Missouri, lnj valiu' of pro- 
 
 
 Num- 
 ber nf 
 mines. 
 
 VALUli; O 
 
 ' PRODUCT. 
 
 
 PRUDUCT PER MINE. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Per 
 
 cent 
 
 of 
 
 total. 
 
 Zinc. 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Total 
 
 2.54 
 
 86,174,495 
 
 100.0 
 
 SB, 587, 181 
 
 $587,314 
 
 
 Less than S500 
 
 19 
 15 
 
 .S2 
 
 98 
 
 34 
 
 6 
 
 4,486 
 
 11,197 
 
 366, 072 
 
 2,600,174 
 
 2,266,991 
 
 925, 575 
 
 1 
 
 0.1 
 0.2 
 .5.9 
 42.1 
 36.7 
 15.0 
 
 4, 222 
 
 10, 523 
 
 326, 533 
 
 2, 343, 122 
 
 2, 079, .535 
 
 823, 246 
 
 264 
 
 J500 to S999 
 
 
 Sl.OOO toS9,999... 
 
 39, 639 
 2,57,062 
 187 456 
 
 810,000 toS49,999 
 
 $50,000 to 199,999 
 
 JIOO.OOO ana over -' 
 
 
 
 
 1 Exclusive of the production of sublessees "who employ no hired labor. 
 
 2 Includes 1 establishment reporting a product of over '(f250,000. 
 
 It i.s apparent from the preceding tables that the 
 bulk of the zinc mine output of Mi.s.souri i.s the result 
 of production on a middle scale, or from $10,000 to 
 $100,000; very large producers, as well as the very 
 small, falling far behind, while over three-quarters of 
 the output of .soft lead is furnished Ijy S mines, with a 
 production of more than $100,000 each. Three opera- 
 tors, each with an output exceeding $500,000, produced 
 over one-half of the lead output of the state. 
 
 Tables 28 and 29, showing the correlation between 
 the value of production and ownership of mineral lands, 
 have been compiled in this office from the individual 
 reports of mining companies published in the annual 
 report of the lead and zinc mine inspector of the state 
 of Missouri for the vear 1902. 
 
 Table 28.— LEAD MINES OF MISSOURI, ACREAGE OWNED, AND VALUE OF PRODUCT: 1902. 
 
 [Compiled from 16th Annual Rej.ort uf the Stjtte Lead and Zinc Mine Inspector of Missouri.] 
 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 owners. 
 
 ACREAGE. 
 
 
 VALUE OF PRODUCT. 
 
 
 SIZE np PROPERTY. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Per cent 
 of total. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Per cent 
 Of total. 
 
 Per acre. 
 
 Lead. ' 
 
 Zinc. 
 
 Total 1 
 
 45 
 
 90, 519 
 
 100.0 
 
 $4,409,044 
 
 100.0 
 
 849 84,216,692 j 
 
 8192,. 352 
 
 
 
 Less than 10 acres 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 800 
 4,282 
 8.5,418 
 
 0.9 
 4.7 
 94 4 
 
 11, 927 
 
 399, 048 
 
 .504, 308 
 
 3, 493, 761 
 
 0.3 
 9.0 
 11.4 
 79.3 
 
 628 ! 10,064 
 499 1 2.53,699 
 118 ' 4.59,168 
 41 ' 3.493.761 
 
 1,863 
 
 10 to 99 acres 
 
 145, 349 
 45, 140 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Exclusive of lead valued at §117,374 and zinc at 8420, produced by operators who did not report acreage. 
 - Less than nnc-teuth nf 1 per cent. 
 
 As appears from the preceding table, the title to all 
 lead bearing lands in Missouri were concentrated in the 
 hands of 45 owners, 94 per cent of all the lands being 
 held by 12 owners in tracts of over 1,(.)00 acres. The 
 same properties furnished over three-fourths (77.74 per 
 
 cent) of the total production. The production per acre 
 decreased with the increase of the acreage, the range 
 being from $628 per acre for the small properties to $41 
 per acre for the larger ones; this points to the fact that 
 the larger properties are as yet undeveloped. 
 
 Table 29.— ZINC MINES OF ,-\IIS.S()URI, ACREAGE OWNED, AND VALUE OF PRODUCT: 1902. 
 [Compiled from IGth Annual Report of the State Lead and Zinc Mine Inspector of Missouri.] 
 
 )!'• I'KOI'ERTV. 
 
 Less than 10 acres . 
 
 10 to 99 acres 
 
 100 tr. 999 acres 
 
 l.nOfl iicres and ove 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 owners. 
 
 Per cent 
 of total. 
 
 100.0 
 
 t,ll8 
 
 6,191 
 
 24,824 
 
 0.2 
 11.8 
 17.6 
 70.4 
 
 value of product. 
 
 87, 630, 402 
 
 230,415 
 3,415,;»7 
 2,625,2.50 
 1,3.59,370 
 
 Per cent 
 of total. 
 
 3.0 
 44.8 
 34.4 
 
 17.8 
 
 $6, 685, 875 
 
 ,711 215, S,S5 
 
 .S2:! 3, 067, .548 
 
 424 2,271,784 
 
 .55 l,l:W,(i.58 
 
 S944, 
 
 14, ,530 
 347,819 
 3.53, 4i;ii 
 22.s,712 
 
 ' Exclusive of zinc viil 1 jitS174.181 and lead \'Mlucd atS39,564, prciduced b\' operators who did not report acrcjigc. 
 
 rs fi'om the above table, ovei' two-thirds of zinc bearing lield.-< owned l)y the larger companies is 
 
 still awaiting devcdopment, whereas the small proper- 
 ties are under active operation. 
 
 Local olxservers have noted the connection between 
 the growth of centralization and the progress of dee]i 
 mining. Shallow mining, which was universal in the 
 past, has given way to deep mining, as shown in the 
 following table compiled from the Report of the State 
 Lead and Zinc Mine Inspector of Mi.ssouri: 
 
 As appea 
 all the zinc bearing lands were owned l»y (j companies. 
 The output, however, did not keep pace with the ai'ea 
 owned, since only one-sixth of the total outjiut was 
 produced by these ronipanies. 'With the increase in 
 the size of the property thei-e was a decrease in the 
 production pei- acre; while the small projierties yielded 
 $2,711 ])er acre, the largest yielded only !ii55 per acre. 
 This indicat<'s that the gi'eater part of th( 
 
 extensive 
 
LEAD AND ZINC ORE. 
 
 459 
 
 Tahlr 30. — Depth of shaft and value of jtrodiui hi Missouri: Jf/Ot\ 
 
 [(Joiniiik'd from lOtli Annual Report of the State Lead and Zinc Mine Inspeetor 
 of Missouri.] 
 
 
 Number 
 of oper- 
 ators or 
 lessees. 
 
 VALUE OF I'lioDl'CT. 
 
 AVEItAKE DEPTH OF SHAFT. 
 
 ^°*'''- of total. 
 
 A verage 
 per oper- 
 ator. 
 
 Total 1 
 
 189 
 
 $11,937,1X6 100.0 
 
 866, 688 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 124 
 
 30 
 
 428, 520 3. f, 
 6,812,029 57.1 
 4,696,037 39.3 
 
 12,243 
 
 100 to 199 feet 
 
 54 940 
 
 
 1.56,. 535 
 
 
 
 1 Exi'lusive of lead and zinc valued at J433,799, produced ffom mines that did 
 not rei)ort the depth of shaft. 
 
 It appears from thi.s table that the bulk of the product 
 was obtained from mines over lOO feet in depth; a})out 
 two-tifths of the production came from mine.s over 200 
 feet in depth. The average value per operator increased 
 with the depth of the mine. 
 
 Production on a s)naN scale. — There were in 1902 a 
 number of mines operated bj' means of animal or hand 
 power only. The Reportof the State Mine Inspector of 
 Missouri shows that there were in that state 857 shafts 
 equipped with 639 steam hoisters and 265 horse hoisters. 
 Of the 559 mines and mills reported to the Bureau of 
 the Census, 170 were Avithout mechanical power, 355 
 possessed mechanical power, 16 were custom mills, and 
 IS failed to report as to their equipment. 
 
 Table 31 shows the average production for all mines 
 and for those using hand and animal power only, b\' 
 states. 
 
 Table 31. — Arrrnge iiriKhiclion. fur nil iniitex mnlfor Vkak -itxiiig hand 
 (tnd iiiiiiiiul /joiri'r uiili/, hi/ sldti's: 100':i. 
 
 AVERAGE VALUE OF 
 PRODUCT PER MJ.NE. 
 
 With hand 
 
 All mines, and animal 
 
 poweronly. 
 
 Ullilcfl StatcH 
 
 Illinois , . , , 
 
 Ipvva 
 
 Kansas — 
 Missouri. . . 
 Wisconsin . 
 
 823,199 
 
 6, 473 
 
 9.54 
 
 6, 35] 
 
 30, 285 
 
 6, 263 
 
 82, 852 
 
 8,897 
 1,726 
 2,6.57 
 2,476 
 3, 376 
 
 The following table shows the distribution of the 
 mines using onl}? hand and animal power, bj' value of 
 production, and l)y states: 
 
 Table 32. — Number and wdae of prodact'wu of miii.es ujithout 
 mechanical power, bij states: 19fJJ. 
 
 
 NUMBER OF MINES. 
 
 PRODUCT PER MINE. 
 
 United 
 States. 
 
 Kansas. 
 
 Missouri, ■^^■l^;,""- otiier 
 ""■ states.i 
 
 Total 
 
 170 
 
 20 
 
 .58 73 ; 19 
 
 
 48 
 28 
 82 
 12 
 
 4 
 4 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 12 
 
 21 
 5 
 
 17 7 
 
 8500 to 8999 
 
 10 2 
 
 81 000 to $9 999 
 
 42 8 
 
 810 000 to 849 999 
 
 4 ' 2 
 
 
 
 
 ' Includes Illinois and Iowa. 
 
 Table 33 is a summarj' showing expenses and prod- 
 uct, by states, for mines using hand and animal power 
 onlv. 
 
 Table 33.— SUMMARY FUR MINES OPERATED WITHOUT MECHANICAL POWER, BY STATES: 1902. 
 
 United St; 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Kansas 
 
 ^Missouri 
 
 V.'isconsin 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 mines. 
 
 Number 
 
 of owners Salaries, 
 working. 
 
 819, 4S4 
 
 14 
 64 
 08 
 24 
 
 280 
 
 125 
 
 9, 363 
 
 9,716 
 
 Wages. 
 
 8170, 354 
 
 10, 520 
 
 5, 766 
 
 9, 289 
 
 47, 104 
 
 97, 676 
 
 Contract 
 work and 
 work on 
 share of 
 product. 
 
 829, 365 
 
 28, 867 
 498 
 
 Miscella- 
 neous 
 expenses, 
 exclusive 
 of royal- 
 ties. 
 
 Cost of 
 supplies 
 and ma- 
 terials. 
 
 84,202 $44,0X7 
 
 2, 7.52 
 894 
 
 1,041 
 919 
 
 6,609 
 17, 183 
 18, 336 
 
 Total 
 value. 
 
 Short 
 tons. 
 
 Zinc. 
 
 $484, 800 
 
 19, 486 
 24, 158 
 .51, 140 
 143, 631 
 246, 385 
 
 110 
 
 186 
 
 543 
 
 2, 375 
 
 1,801 
 
 Value 
 
 8236,911 
 
 Short 
 
 5, 406 
 9,106 
 
 23,949 
 115, 603 
 
 82, X47 
 
 13, 543 $247, 889 
 
 700 
 
 375 
 
 903 
 
 1,491 
 
 10,074 
 
 14, 080 
 15, 0.52 
 27. 191 
 
 28,028 
 163, 538 
 
 A computation from the figures presented shows an 
 average value of about ^7 per ton of lead ore. The 
 average computed for all mines of the same states was 
 about %4:-i. The value per ton of zinc ore realized by 
 the operators using only hand and animal power aver- 
 aged about $18, and the average computed for all mines 
 of the same states was lil^ewise al)out $18. This shows 
 that in marketing their ores the small operators enjoved 
 the same facilities as all other competitors in the lead 
 and zinc market. 
 
 The detailed statistics of lead and zinc mining for 
 1902 are given in Table 34. 
 
 DESCKIPTIVE. 
 
 The earliest discovery of lead on the American conti- 
 nent is recorded fourteen years after the landing of 
 the first English settlers in Virginia. In 1621 lead 
 deposits were found in the vicinity of Falling creek, 
 near Jamt'stown. The steady tide of Europetui immi- 
 gration in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries 
 caused a growing demand for bullets and stimulated 
 further discoveries wherever the settlements of the 
 colonists extended. The Frem-li actjuainted the north- 
 western Indians with firearms, inducing them to hunt 
 
400 
 
 ]\IINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 fur l)earino- animals on a large scale; consequently lead 
 assunieel a value in the eyes of the Indians, both for 
 use in making bullets for their own weapons and as an 
 article of traffic. Toward the close of the seventeenth 
 centurv the Indians living in the region comprising 
 portions of the present states of Wisconsin, Illinois, 
 and Iowa, were smelting lead and bartering it with the 
 French traders. In the second half of the eighteenth 
 century lead had become of such importance in the 
 trade of the upper Mississippi country that it served as 
 currency, the rate of exchange being a peck of corn 
 for a peck of ore. In 1810 Nicholas Boilvin, United 
 States Indian agent at Prairie du Chien, went on foot 
 from Rock Island to the mouth of the Wisconsin, and 
 reported that the Indians of the region had "mostly 
 abandoned the chase, except to furnish themselves with 
 meat, and turned their attention to the manufacture of 
 lead."^ 
 
 Previous to the Louisiana purchase nearly all the 
 valuable lead mining lands were within the domains of 
 France and Spain. Soon after these lands had passed 
 under the jurisdiction of the United States, Congress, 
 by the act of March 3, 1807, reserved all Government 
 lands bearing lead ores, and authorized leases of these 
 lands. The first leases provided for a 10 per cent roy- 
 alty on the lead produced; the rate was afterwards re- 
 duced to 6 per cent. No leases were issued until 1822, 
 when crowds of prospectors began to enter this region. 
 A few years later the mines gave emplo3'ment to over 
 2,000 men, many of them farmers, who with their 
 slaves spent onlv their spare time in the mines. The 
 royalties were paid with some regularity for a short 
 time only; after 1834, as a consequence of the immense 
 number of illegal entries of mineral land at the Wiscon- 
 sin land office, the smelters and miners refused to make 
 any further payments, and the Government was unable 
 to collect any royalty from them. After much trouble 
 and expense, it was, in 1847, finally concluded to sell 
 the mineral lands.* 
 
 The chief lefid mining districts, which to-day furnish 
 the bulk of the lead production of the United States, 
 were not developed until nmch later. Tlie lead deposits 
 of the Joplin-Galena district, embracing southwestern 
 Missouri and pait of Kansas, were discovered in 1848, 
 but attracted little attention before the Civil ^\'ar. The 
 great western deposits of argentiferous galena were 
 discovered in 18<i4, but could not be worked pi'ohtably 
 until the extension of the railroads through that region. 
 
 Mi'thiida of iiilunKj itiulsiiieUiiKj. — The early methods 
 of lead mining fin this continent woi'e extremely crude. 
 The Indians, wh(j dui'ing the time of thii French do- 
 minion were the chief producers, only skimmed the 
 sui-face, although occasionally tliey would drift for some 
 
 ' Early Lead Mining in IlIinoiH und Wisconsin, )iy Reuben (Sold 
 Tliwaites, in Kefiort of Aiiic'rican Historicul Association, 1893, 
 
 ■'.Metallic, Wealth ..!' the I'liilcd Slates, h\- .1, I), W'liit iicy, page 
 405. 
 
 distance into the sidehills, and when the}^ reached rock 
 would build a fire under it and crack it by dashing cold 
 water on the heated surface. Their tools, in the earliest 
 times, were buckhorns, many of which were found in 
 abandoned drifts ])y the first white settlers, but in the 
 eighteenth century they obtained iron itnplements from 
 the traders to whom the}' sold their lead. The Indians 
 loaded their ore in the shafts into tough deerskins, the 
 bundle being hoisted to the surface or dragged up in- 
 clined planes by long thongs of hide. Many of these 
 leads, abandoned l)y the Indians when the work of de- 
 veloping them became too gi'eat for their simple tools, 
 were found at a later epoch to be among the most 
 profitable in the region. 
 
 Improvement in the method of working the mines 
 was very slow for a long time after the advent of white 
 miners. The first shaft in a lead mine in Missouri was 
 sunk about the beginning of the nineteenth century. 
 Schoolcraft, who visited the lead mining district in 1819, 
 found about 40 mines, 4 or 6 of which had regular 
 shafts. There was not an engine of an}' kind — horse, 
 steam, or water power — for removing water from the 
 mines, several of which, with the richest prospects in 
 view, had been abandoned on this account. 
 
 The reduction of lead ore to the metallic state was in 
 the earliest times not differentiated from mining. Any 
 man who found a vein could mine and smelt the ore 
 roughly himself. The methods of smelting were crude 
 in the extreme. A hole was dug in the ground and 
 lined with rocks. This was usually located on a hillside 
 for the purpose of getting a strong air draft. Hollow 
 log heaps were reared; the centers were filled with min- 
 eral ; then as much wood as possible was piled on top 
 of and around the heaps, and tiie mass was fired, with 
 the result that a portion of the ore was smelted and ran 
 into trenches in the ground. Sometimes this operation 
 had to be i-epeated three times. Rough pigs run into 
 a scooped-out hollow in the earth itself, and weighing 
 about 75 pounds, were usualh' made by the Indian 
 squaws. This method of smelting was wasteful, but 
 since the supply of ore was apparently unlimited the 
 same practice was followed as late as the first quarter 
 of the nineteenth century liy white miners, as well as 
 l)y operators who worked their mines with slave labor. 
 About that time smelting l)egan to be specialized by 
 ore buyers as a separate occupation. The methods of 
 reduction practiced in those days are thus descri))ed 
 by Schoolcraft: 
 
 Having raised a sntlieient (juantity of ore for smelting, the next 
 pnjci'ss consists in cleaning the ore from all extraneous matter. 
 This is done by small picks, tapered down to such a point that a 
 careful hand may detach the smallest particle of adhering sjiai-. Jt 
 is necessary that the ore should be well cleaned, for it would other- 
 wise jirove refractory in smelting. If there be any lumps of un- 
 I'omnion size, these are beaten smaller. The object is to bring the 
 lumps as near as may be to a uniform size, so that the heat may 
 operate equally in <lesulphurating the ore. It is desirable that the 
 lumps should be about the bigness of a man's two lists, or about b'j 
 poimds in weit,dit; if too small, a dilliciillN- and a waste is experi- 
 
LEAD AND ZINC ORE. 
 
 4()1 
 
 enced in smelting. In thi,s state tlie ore is conveyed to tlie fnrnafe 
 and piled on the logs prepared tor its reception. When the charge 
 is pnt in, which may in a common way be atiout 5,000 pnnnds, it is 
 surrounded by logs of wood and covered over at the top and the 
 fire is lit up at the mouth below. A gentle warmth is given at first, 
 which is raised very gradually and kept at this point for about 
 twelve hours to allow the sulphur to dissipate; the heat is then 
 increased for the purpose of smelting the ore, and in twelve hours 
 more the operation is completed and the lead obtained. Wood is 
 occasionally added as the process goes on, and there is a practical 
 nicety required in keeping the furnace in proper order, regulating 
 the draft of air, etc., so that some smelters are much more expert, 
 and thereby extract a greater quantity of lead from a like body of 
 ore than others. This furnace is called the log furnace, and so far 
 as I know, is peculiar to this country. It is of very simple construc- 
 tion, consisting of an inclined hearth, surrounded by walls on three 
 sides, open at top, and with an arch for the admission ot air below, 
 and upon the whole it appears well adapted to the present situa- 
 tion and circumstances of the people. It is cheap, simple, may be 
 built at almost any place, and answers the purpose very well. A 
 good furnace of this kind may be built at an expense of from $.50 
 to $60, every expense considered.' 
 
 It does not seem from this description tbut tlio white 
 miners and smelters had by that time made much im- 
 provement upon the primitive methods of the Indians. 
 It was not before 1836 that the log furnace was super- 
 seded b}' the blast furnace. 
 
 Ignorance of scientific methods caused the early 
 miners to throw away the lead carbonate, or cerussite, 
 which they called "dry bone" and considered worth- 
 less. It accumulated in great heaps until the arrival, 
 in 1838, of a German named Ilagen, who knew the 
 value of "dry bone," and erected furnaces for its re- 
 duction. The result of the utilization of the cerussite 
 was a largeh^ increased production. 
 
 Utilizatlmi of zinc ore. — The ignorance of the prac- 
 tical miner likewise retarded the utilization of zinc ores, 
 which are associated with lead ores and now constitute 
 the chief value of the output of the zinc-lead mines. 
 The presence of zinc in the lead mines of the Missis- 
 sippi valle^r was noted b}' Schoolcraft, who wrote as 
 early as 1819: 
 
 Considering the rarity of this metal in America, and its extensive 
 usefulness, which is yearly increasing, I have no doubt it will 
 shortly attract the attention of some capitalist and become a source 
 of much profit.^ 
 
 It took, however, more than half a century before 
 the prediction was fulfilled. Whitne}-, writing thirty- 
 five years later, gave expression to the following view: 
 
 No one acquainted with the manufacture of zinc ores into metal 
 or oxide would recommend the establishment of works for this 
 purpose in the western lead region, as the business can not be 
 made profitable against the competition of the Belgian and Prus 
 sian manufactories, except under the most favorable circumstances 
 of situation and an abundant supply of ore which can be obtained 
 without any considerable mining cost. The zinc deposits of the 
 West do not satisfy these conditions either as regards quantity or 
 quality of the ore or of the jsroximity of fuel.' 
 
 ' View of the Lead Mines, bv Henrv Rowe Schoolcraft, pages 93 
 and 94. 
 '^Ibid., page 56. 
 ' Metallic Wealth of the United .States, page ?>f>2. 
 
 The.se words of one who was an expert in his own 
 time have a peculiar sound to-day, when it is consid- 
 ered that over $8,000,000 was won from the western 
 zinc deposits in 1902. 
 
 For over half a century zinc ore was taken out of the 
 mines of the southwestern part of Missouri, in connec- 
 tion with lead ore, and thrown upon the dump pile 
 as worthless. Mines were deserted because of the 
 prevalence of this refuse or "tifi'," as it was called by 
 the miners. In the early seventies this joeculiar look- 
 ing substance, which was causing the lead miners so 
 much trouble, was examined by a geologist and pro- 
 nounced to he zinc ore. A carload of it was shipped to 
 Lasalle, 111., for treatment. The smelter returned |15 
 for the carload, telling the shippers that it was a high 
 grade of zinc ore. This led to further shipments of the 
 ore. Abandoned mines were graduall}' reopened be- 
 cause of the zinc ore the}^ contained, and in 1902 the zinc 
 product of Missouri was more than eleven times the value 
 of all the zinc ore mined in the Eastern states, where zinc 
 mining dates back to 1848, and where the mines were the 
 main source of the domestic zinc supply previous to the 
 development of the Joplin-Galena district. 
 
 Biixhu'HH iirf/aiiization. — The last twenty years in the 
 history of the lead-zinc mining industry have been a 
 period of change. A contemporaneous description of 
 the Vjusiness methods of twenty vcars ago is given in 
 the following excerpts: 
 
 When a good prospect is discovered in new ground the land 
 around it is leased from the original owners on ro}'altie8 ranging 
 from 10 to 25 per cent by a number of individuals, wdio organize 
 various mining, fir, as they would more properly be called, land 
 companies. These companies have the land <livided up into lots 
 200 feet square, and a plat of it made; select certain lots for them- 
 selves, and tlirow the others open to miners. They usually start 
 a shaft on one of their own lots, and put in a pumji. If the indi- 
 cations continue good, many of the lots, particularly those near 
 the pump shaft, are quickly taken up T)y parties of miners who 
 sink shafts upon them, timber the ground, put up hoisting con- 
 trivances, furnish all supplies, and l)ear all expenses. 
 
 AVhen ore is struck it is drifted on and followed in all directions 
 up to the boundaries of the lot in question. The ore is raised to 
 the surface and crushed and washed by the miners, and is sold to 
 one of the zinc or mineral buyers. It is weighed over~the com- 
 pany's scales, and paid for to the company, wdiich deducts a roy- 
 alty of 25 per cent on zinc blends and 50 per cent on " mineral " 
 (galena); and if it has pumps running, a pump rent of $1 a ton on 
 zinc ore and $2 on 1,000 pounds of galena; and pays over the 
 balance to the miners. The royalties, of course, vary with 
 circumstances, but the above are general.* 
 
 With a few exceptions all the mining was done by 
 small companies, mostly unchartered associations of 
 persons li\ing in the immediate neighl)orhood. Some 
 storekeeper, farmer, or local capitalist furnished the 
 small amount of money needed for tools; and the men 
 who worked in the ground in winter usually engaged in 
 farm work during the summer. The ore was generallv 
 raised to the surface by a windlass, and cleaned bj^ hand 
 
 'United States tieological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1882, pages :W9 and ,370. 
 
462 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIP^S. 
 
 with a '•pickawee" haininer, or crushed with a "l)uclv- 
 ing- iron" on a Hat ntono, or b}' an itinerant horsepower 
 crusher, and was concentrated In' sluicino- and hand jig- 
 ging-. Tlie holders of lots sometimes put up crushing 
 and washing machinery on their lots. 
 
 The machinery is usually of the simplest description — a farm or 
 small stationary engine, covered by a shed of rough boards, a 
 small-sized Blake's breaker, set over a pair of rolls, and a horse 
 whim or a whip. The jigs are ordinary hand jigs, with an over- 
 head breakstaff, working a sieve 2 by Sj feet up and down in a 
 box of water. The jigging is usually done by contract, and is paid 
 for by the ton of cleaned ore. It is common to see from 10 to 20 
 of these jigs grouped trigether under a shed of poles, covered with 
 branches of trees or rough boards.' 
 
 The smelting companies which drew their ore supply 
 from this district had their resident or traveling pur- 
 chasing agents. Most of the miners were poor and 
 unable to work their diggings to good advantage, or to 
 hold their ore long after it was cleaned. 
 
 The labor was to a considerable extent performed by 
 miners working upon their own account. Men with no 
 capital but their picks and shovels would lease small min- 
 ing lots and try their hu'k. The advantages of the bias- 
 ing system to the landowner and mine operator, as 
 compared with the regular wage system, are further 
 explained in the same article. The miners, working on 
 their own account, with hopes of large idtimate gains, 
 have every inducement to work hard and cheaply, and 
 to follow every clew that working prospectors, who, 
 during the season wander from place to place, and fol- 
 low every real or supposed indication of ore, may find. 
 
 How else, it may lie askeil, could jmjspcrting hi' so well or so 
 cheaply done? And there is a class of enterprising, skillful, well-to-do 
 miners, naturally associated as partners, who ha\e made one (jr 
 more good strikes, and are always ready to take hold of any new 
 venture that promises well, either in working a lot or in forming a 
 land company to open new mines. Where else could be found capi- 
 talists so willing to risk their money in a speculative venture? 
 Men of this sort are always ready and able to work themselves, or 
 to direct the work above or Vjelow ground. How else could be 
 olitained as willing and as watchful superintendents, foremen, and 
 (derks? '' 
 
 The leasing svstem has maintained itself up to the 
 present da}' in zinc mining. A comprehensive descrip- 
 tion of this system is given in ti recent pamphlet hy a 
 local expert, Mr. Frank Eberle: 
 
 The methods of mining anil handling zini' ore are * * * un- 
 like those used in mining for other minerals. The first step neces- 
 sary is to secure the land ujion which to begin oiierations. Zinc 
 mining lands are seldom sold, their owners preferring to lease them 
 on royalty. Virgin lands, or those on which no mineral has been 
 found, or which have never been prosjiected for mineral, are leased 
 at 10 per cent royalty, that is to say, tlielandowner leases the land 
 and agrees to take as payrrjent one-tenth of all the ore obtained 
 
 'United States ( (eological Survey, 
 United States," 1««2, jiage .'^70. 
 - Ibid., page 871 . 
 
 '.Mineral Kesources of tin 
 
 irou\ his land. The comjiany or individual who secures the lease 
 then divides the tract uji into 1-acre mining lots and prospects the 
 land with a steam drill in several places to ascertain whether the 
 land contains mineral, and where the best bodies of ore are located, 
 their depth, thickness, and the force of water that the miners will 
 have to contend with. When the land has been sufficiently pjros- 
 pected, l(jts are then snl)leased to miners at 20 per cent royalty, 
 which means that the miners must give 20 per cent, orone-tifth, of 
 the ore to the company or individual holding the original lease. 
 <.)ut of this 20 per cent the original lessee must pay the landowners 
 10 per cent, and generally he must also undertake to put in pump- 
 ing plants, to keep the tract drained, where the water is so strong 
 as to interfere with mining. The miners lease one or more lots 
 from the lessee of the tract, and begin operation liy sinking a 
 shaft. * * * 
 
 The zinc ore, or "jack," is purchased at the mines by "jack" buy- 
 ers representing American and European smelters. These buyers 
 * * * bid on the week's output of zinc ore. They make an 
 (jffer of so much a ton for all of the ore to be taken out of the mine 
 during the week. If the offer is accepted, the "jack" buyer sends 
 his wagons to the mines, and hauls the ore to the cars for ship- 
 ment to the smelters for which he buys. Every Satunlay evening 
 is settling-up time. Then the mine owners, miners, and ore lay- 
 ers assemble in the various towns in the district, and the < ire buyer 
 draws a check for the ore purchased from each mine. The check 
 is made payable to the landowner upon whose property the ore 
 was mined. He takes out his 10 per cent royalty, and passes the 
 lialance to the original lease holder, who takes out his 10 per cent 
 royalty and gives the balance to the ndne ojierator, who pays his 
 ojierating expenses out of the share he receives.'' 
 
 The larger companies which have their own smelters 
 buy all the ore from their lessees at a stipulated price, 
 deducting from the same their royalties. 
 
 J//ri/./if/ ill (I Miiiill ii-iuj. — ]t is of great theoretical 
 and practical interest to note the special conditions 
 which have pei'mitted of the sur\'ival of zinc-lead min- 
 ing on a small scale, and often with primitive methods, 
 amid concentration of ownership in mineral lands. 
 
 The subject is tr(\ited from a technical point of view 
 in the Twenty-second Annual Report of the United 
 States (teological Sui'vey, from which the following is 
 ((noted: 
 
 The indiviilual ore bodies are rarely large. The mines must ac- 
 corilingly tie short lived, and the plants must be built to meet that 
 condition. In a district where it is cheaper to sink a new shaft 
 than to tram ore 600 or 700 feet underground, central shafts of 
 large capacity are out of place. Large central mills to which the 
 ore of a wliolc tract is brought are not considered a good invest- 
 ment. In luuding 100 tons of 10 per cent <ire HO tons of waste 
 drift are movcil, and when siui|ile and effective mills of small 
 capacity are so easily and cheaply built and run, individual mills 
 are to be jireferred, even though the larger mill be able to make a 
 sUglit saving ]ier ton in null charges. It is difheult to supply dirt 
 steailily enough to keep a large mill running, and loss of time is 
 more costly with a large than a small plant. The mills of the 
 district * * * are very simple, and are developed on the 
 principle of using a rougher jig before cleaning, instead of attempt- 
 ing close sizing. The result is a very great cajiacity at small cost. 
 The saving is notso close as in a well-run sizing mill, but the extra 
 ore saved by the latter is not in this clistrict worth the added cost 
 
 ' Frank Eherle, /inc Mining, pages S and 20. 
 
LEAD AND ZINC ORE. 
 
 463 
 
 of saving it. * * * A hundred-ton mill can be built in the 
 district at a general price of $0,500 tn $7,000, and the opening 
 anil ecjuipping of a mine costs ordinaril)', approximately, iSlO.OOO. 
 The mill can be run by four men. To that number must be adiled 
 a hoisterman and an underground force. * * * Tiie mill and 
 plant are of such style as to be readily torn down and moveil 
 when the particular ore body is worked out, and the whole jilant 
 is designed for rapid work. Economy is sought in first cost rather 
 than in refinements of efficiency. * * * Tlie whole .style of 
 equipment and the methods of mining and milling are designeil to 
 meet the conditions of short-lived individual deposits (if low-grade 
 ore.' 
 
 The higher cost of runninj^- small plants, as compared 
 with mines operated on a large scale, comes front the 
 expensive methods of generating and distributing power, 
 but it is the opinion of Mr. Bain that, with modern 
 methods of power transmission, this difficulty can be 
 overcome by the development of central power plants. 
 
 ' Twenty-second Annual Report of the United States Geological 
 Survey, Part II, 1900-1901. Preliminary report on the lead and 
 zinc deposits of the Ozark region, by H. F. Bain, page 227. 
 
 Though the actual operation of tlie mines is to some 
 extent still conducted on a small scale, the t(;ndency 
 towsird combination has not been without effect upon 
 the zinc-lead mining industry. 
 
 Both the productive capacity and the consumptive demand for 
 spelter have been centralized in a striking manner. Upward of 50 
 per cent of the consumption of spelter in the United States is for 
 the purpo.se of galvanizing iron, which business is now chiefly in 
 the liands of the constituent companies of the United States Steel 
 Corporation. The manufacture of sheet zinc is in the hands of 
 four companies. The manufacture of brass in Connecticut, which 
 is the principal center of that industry, is controlled by one com- 
 pany. The consumption of spelter for use in the desilverization 
 of lead is also chiefly in the hands of one corporation. It is safe 
 to say, therefore, that 75 or 80 per cent of the demand for American 
 spelter now comes from seven corporations. On the other hand, 
 the production of spelter has also been centralized, practically the 
 ndiole of the active smelting capacity being now divided among 
 seven concerns.^ 
 
 '' Production ami Properties of Zinc, pages 4(! and 47. 
 
 Table 34.— DETAILED SUMMARY: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines 
 
 Number of operators _ _ _ , 
 
 Character of ownership: 
 
 Individual 
 
 Firm 
 
 Incorporated company 
 
 ("ither t'drin 
 
 Salaried olticials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Total number 
 
 Total salaries - - - . 
 
 General offiocr.s — 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Superintendents, managers, fniL-men, surveyors, ct<-.- 
 
 N umber 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Foremen below ground — 
 
 Numbtr 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Clerks- 
 Number 
 
 Salaries - 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Aggregate average number 
 
 Aggregate wages 
 
 Above ground- 
 Total average number 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Engineers, firemen, and other iiu'Chanics — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miners — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Boys under Hi years- 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 All other wage-earners- 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Below ground — 
 
 Total average number 
 
 Total wages , 
 
 Miners — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miners' helpers — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Boys under 16 years- 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 All other wage-earners- — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 United 
 States. 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 Kansas. 
 
 Missouri. 
 
 \\'isconsiii. 
 
 All other 
 
 states 
 and ter- 
 ritfjries.i 
 
 .5.59 
 567 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 It 
 14 
 
 14 
 14 
 
 .57 
 57 
 
 374 
 374 
 
 90 
 90 
 
 7 
 5 
 
 (>>> 
 
 
 4 
 6 
 4 
 
 2 
 12 
 
 44 
 
 35 
 321,143 
 
 48 
 189 
 129 
 
 8 
 
 $727, 021 
 
 5 
 70 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 323 
 
 159 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 
 910 
 
 98211. 327 
 
 3 
 
 $2, 025 
 
 12 
 $9, 120 
 
 1 
 
 8280 
 
 60 
 
 826, 202 
 
 32 
 $40, .536 
 
 7<'> 
 
 1 
 $500 
 
 $1,000 
 
 
 
 8176, 6.50 
 
 
 
 $195, 910 
 
 
 
 
 $17,760 
 
 363 
 S365, 089 
 
 2 
 $1,.525 
 
 $6, 870 
 
 1 
 $280 
 
 14 
 311,746 
 
 289 
 3307. 470 
 
 33 
 $19, 294 
 
 17 
 $17,904 
 
 366 
 
 
 $.500 
 
 
 19 
 
 38 827 
 
 .329 
 3193 573 
 
 17 
 
 36 908 
 
 
 $209, HUH 
 
 
 
 
 105 
 
 
 $750 
 
 
 2 
 $670 
 
 94 
 349 328 
 
 
 _ 
 
 $55, .520 
 
 
 
 
 34 H7'> 
 
 7, .181 
 $4,329,271 
 
 5 
 $5,475 
 
 104 
 $51,666 
 
 13 
 $5, 766 
 
 223 
 $140, 249 
 
 6,612 
 33,691,923 
 
 417 
 $192, 209 
 
 ,507 
 3242, 084 
 
 3,443 
 $1,94H, 180 
 
 1 
 
 $1,125 
 
 28 
 $14, 907 
 
 6 
 32, .544 
 
 120 
 380, 203 
 
 2,845 
 81,638,482 
 
 122 
 $56, 924 
 
 321 
 
 31.53, 936 
 
 1,149 
 
 $727,232 
 
 1 
 $1,125 
 
 11 
 $6,310 
 
 10 
 
 $4,. 5.56 
 
 
 36 
 323 253 
 
 1,007 
 3642 665 
 
 313 850 
 
 67 
 «40 0''9 
 
 290 
 
 
 6 
 
 $4, 000 
 
 1.55 
 
 82 
 
 
 3146, 373 
 
 
 310,899 
 
 23 
 
 
 1 
 
 $175 
 
 6 
 33, 926 
 
 
 21 
 
 35, 203 
 
 1.662 
 $903, 304 
 
 3,767 
 82,0.53,441 
 
 1 
 $266 
 
 12 
 85,744 
 
 295 
 $135, 285 
 
 $5, 644 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 981 
 
 
 
 77 
 $.52,9.50 
 
 103 
 $60, 046 
 
 224 
 3103, 007 
 
 186 
 388,149 
 
 $1,068,931 
 
 
 4,438 
 $2,381,091 
 
 4 
 94. 3.50 
 
 76 
 336, .598 
 
 33,222 
 
 3, 010 
 $1, 679, 325 
 
 4 
 
 $4, 3.50 
 
 74 
 
 335, 763 
 
 33, 222 
 
 98 
 $56, 771 
 
 2,471 
 81,413,280 
 
 282 
 8129, 465 
 
 74 
 
 $36, 484 
 
 6S8 
 
 
 2 
 $846 
 
 
 5 
 $3,275 
 
 .544 
 8264,064 
 
 $947 
 
 745 
 $375, 1.50 
 
 
 
 8317,0.50 
 
 
 
 348 866 
 
 
 
 
 
 $947 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 763 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 85, .820 
 
 
 $383, 769 
 
 
 
 
 
 82, 799 
 
 1 Includes operators distributed as follows: Arizona, 1; Kentucky, 1; 
 iron ore). 
 
 2 Includes timbcrmen and track layers. 
 
 Now Jersey, 1; New Mexico, 1; New York, 1; Virginia (2 
 
 operator reported luider 
 
464 
 
 MINES AND (^TARRIES. 
 
 Tahle 34.— detailed SUMMARY: 1902— Continiieil. 
 
 
 United 
 
 States. 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 Kansas. 
 
 Mis.souri. 
 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 All other 
 
 slates 
 and ter- 
 ritories. 
 
 Average number of wai,'e-earners at spocilU'd rluily rutus of pay: 
 Engineers— 
 
 S1.25 to SI 49 
 
 2 
 
 44 
 
 73 
 
 176 
 
 85 
 
 117 
 
 5 
 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 53 
 104 
 
 7 
 41 
 
 8 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 54 
 -<1 
 159 
 49 
 42 
 7 
 
 'I 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 47 
 
 300 
 
 909 
 
 308 
 
 1 , 217 
 
 414 
 
 93 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 302 
 183 
 
 21 
 124 
 
 24 
 
 11 
 7 
 3 
 
 13 
 1 
 1 
 
 5 
 12 
 6 
 B 
 1 
 
 2 
 2 
 108 
 691 
 750 
 220 
 571 
 207 
 47 
 12 
 92 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 9 
 6 
 5 
 
 
 SI 50 to Si 74 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 61 
 149 
 
 78 
 
 111 
 
 5 
 
 24 
 
 6 
 
 Sl.75toSl.99 
 
 
 
 17 
 6 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 S2 25 to S2 4<* 
 
 
 
 
 S2 50 to S2 74 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 S3 00 to S3 24 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 S3 50 to S3 74 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 S4 00 to S4 ''4 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Firemen— 
 
 1 
 
 
 53 
 100 
 
 7 
 36 
 
 8 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 37 
 
 41 
 
 142 
 
 46 
 
 38 
 
 6 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 19 
 209 
 529 
 227 
 1,131 
 413 
 
 90 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 SI 75 to SI 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 4 
 
 S2 25 to S2 49 
 
 
 
 
 
 S'> 50 to S2 74 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Machinists, blacksmitlis, cjirpentLTs, and ntluT nn'clmnio — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SI 25 to SI 49 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 S1.50 to 81.74.. 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 S'2 00 to 82 24 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 $2.2.5 to S2.49 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 82.60 to 82.74 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 S2.75toS2.99 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 83.00 to 83.24 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 $3.50 to 83.74 . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 $-3.75 to 83.99 
 
 
 
 
 
 Miners- 
 Si 00 to SI 24 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 91 
 
 2.56 
 
 13 
 
 o 
 
 26 
 
 81.25 to SI. 49 
 
 
 
 
 
 SI 50 to 81.74 
 
 
 72 13 
 
 
 39 
 
 SI 75 to 81 99 
 
 
 29 
 73 
 
 39 
 
 $2.00 to 82.24 
 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 $2.25 to $2.49 
 
 
 
 
 $2 .50 to 82 74 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 $2.75toS2.99 
 
 
 
 
 83 00 to 83.24 . 
 
 ! ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 83 25 to S3 49 
 
 
 
 
 
 S3.60 to 83.74 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Miners' helpers — 
 $1 00 to $1 24 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 300 
 
 76 
 
 20 
 
 120 
 
 24 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 $1.25 to $1.49 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SI 75 to $1 99 
 
 
 
 1 
 4 
 
 
 
 82.00 to 82.24 
 
 
 
 
 82.25 to 82.49 
 
 
 
 
 Timbermen and tracic layers — 
 
 81.25 to 81.49 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 81.75 to 81. 99 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 $2.00 to $2.24 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 5 
 11 
 5 
 4 
 1 
 2 
 
 
 
 $2 25 to S2 49 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 83.00 to $3.24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Boys under 16 vears — 
 
 Less tlian $0.50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 80.50 to $0.74 - 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 $0.75 to 80.99 
 
 
 
 
 
 81.00 to $1 .24 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 81.25 to 81.49 - 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 81.50 to 81.74 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 All other wagre-earners — 
 
 80..50 to S0.74 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ 
 
 80.75 to 80.99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 $1.00 to $1.24 
 
 
 
 
 78 
 
 589 
 
 (WO 
 
 201 
 
 490 
 
 207 
 
 43 
 
 12 
 
 73 
 
 3 
 
 6, 135 
 6, 163 
 6, 277 
 6, 415 
 6, 726 
 6, 760 
 6, 766 
 6, 890 
 6, 689 
 6,, 729 
 6,710 
 6, 768 
 
 25 
 25 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 27 
 32 
 30 
 31 
 31 
 27 
 30 
 
 
 30 
 
 $1.25 to $1.49 
 
 
 
 1 
 •-} 
 
 10 
 39 
 
 4 
 16 
 4 
 
 
 $1 50 to 81 74 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 81.76 to SI. 99 - 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 $2.00 to $2 24 
 
 
 
 
 $2.25 to $2.49 
 
 
 
 
 82..50 to $2.74 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 82.75 to $2.99 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 $3.00 to 83.24 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 18 
 3 
 
 175 
 
 167 
 187 
 209 
 207 
 197 
 227 
 238 
 258 
 270 
 273 
 268 
 
 
 
 83.25 to 83.49 
 
 
 
 
 
 Average number of wat^e-earners employed duriiit,' rat-h iiiontli: 
 Men 16 years and <iver— 
 
 
 97 12 
 
 91 16 
 96 16 
 
 HI 13 
 115 ' 16 
 121 9 
 82 7 
 
 98 , 9 
 114 16 
 
 92 1 2 
 82 13 
 
 131 17 
 
 446 
 415 
 427 
 393 
 364 
 388 
 390 
 407 
 437 
 463 
 431 
 432 
 
 4til 
 421 
 462 
 
 
 7, 2li(i 
 
 
 
 7, 4(;5 
 7, 608 
 7, 965 
 7.996 
 8, 008 
 8,181 
 8,067 
 8, 125 
 8,034 
 8,172 
 
 27 
 28 
 28 
 31 
 32 
 35 
 31 
 32 
 32 
 27 
 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 
 •20 
 20 
 20 
 
 517 
 
 50.S 
 
 August 
 
 53'* 
 
 
 553 
 
 559 
 
 Octr)ber 
 
 
 
 
 5'>5 
 
 
 
 
 Boys under 16 years — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mareh ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 May 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,Julv 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oe [ober 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 December - - 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
LEAD AND ZINC ORE. 
 
 4H5 
 
 TAHi.io :54.^I)l':TAILKr) SrMMAKY: l!)()L'— (.'oiitinued. 
 
 Tnitofl 
 
 StutfS. 
 
 QIOH, (i07 
 2'J3 
 
 41 . 'Jul 
 
 Coiitruet work: 
 
 Anioimt paid 
 
 \uinl)iT of I'lnployeus 
 
 MiscrlljiiK-'ius uxpunsew: 
 
 'I'ol ti I m, 092, OUl 
 
 Kiiyiiliit's and rent <>i mino and mining ]>liiiil 5^1,525, ::5fiK 
 
 lU'iit of otiices, taxes, insn ranee, and all oIIkm' Hiiiidi'icH i $^^{^)i\Jy,',:] 
 
 t'osL of supplies and materials ' 3^2, Ml , (irw 
 
 Value of pn iduet | i SM, GOO, 17"; 
 
 Power: 
 
 Total liorsepowcr 
 
 itwncd— 
 
 l-Iu^nru's-- 
 Sleam— 
 
 Nunilier 
 
 Horsc[tower 
 
 (las or Kas'iliiii.'— 
 
 Nuinl»fr 
 
 Ilorsepow cr 
 
 \^'atLT wheels — 
 
 Nuiuher 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Otiier p(.wer— I 
 
 Number _ 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Rented— 
 
 Eleetric, horsepower 
 
 ( )ther power, horsepower 
 
 Electric motors ow^nod— 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsept iwer 
 
 Supplied to other establishments, horsepn^^er 
 
 I 
 
 1, or.o 
 
 88. tin i 
 
 320 
 
 89 
 
 192 
 
 l,47n 
 91 
 
 (■(.Icni.ln. 
 
 Illinnis. 
 
 loWii. 
 
 Kansas. 
 
 1922 
 11 
 
 Jlissiiiiri, 
 
 »105,H77 
 l',)« 
 
 All other 
 ritorie". 
 
 IHQfl 
 
 
 1 
 
 ?1,0U8 ' 
 
 ](J 
 
 
 W9U 
 
 Jll,(J7;i S2,511 
 
 «51 , 279 
 ?140,73i; 
 
 }l,7i;«, 15X 
 
 Sl,2:)5,7.5;; 
 
 S5:l2, 795 
 
 J2,lX9,4i;l 
 
 J12,5,55,.5W.I 
 
 3.5, CKO 
 
 904 
 32, 9.53 
 
 fi 
 113 
 
 854,. 534 $103,6.50 
 $52, n6 J84, 195 
 
 »49l) 
 
 SIl.OlllJ 
 
 $22, ;i',iK 
 
 7(1 
 
 $1 , 221) 
 
 1(211, ii;i 
 *'.i(),(:i'J 
 
 IT' 
 
 .S.55(i 
 
 $91 'J 
 
 tIS.SoS 
 
 J10,543 
 iM/.iV.', 
 J7;J7, 051) 
 
 2,512 
 
 92 
 2,612 
 
 Jl,(i.5X JI9,4.55 
 
 S,5fi, 774 SISH, 72i; 
 
 S473,6.52 8706,914 
 
 me, 2, 3x1 
 
 I 
 
 1 u 
 
 
 25 21 
 
 50 3ti4 
 
 
 617 2,120 
 
 1 4 
 
 
 17 4 
 
 2(1 4,s 
 
 
 
 229 21 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 so 
 
 39 
 2,335 
 
 7 
 192 
 
 1. 107 
 Bl 
 
 240 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 'At 
 
 
 35 
 30 
 
 2 5 
 
 
 
 12 -'22 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Includes 81,965,779 fnr which no individual reports were received. 
 
 30223—114- 
 
 -30 
 
COPPER ORE 
 
 (467} 
 
COPPER ORE. 
 
 Bv JsAAC A. HolMlWKni, I'll. 1). 
 
 The statistics for I'oppei' ore in this report are those 
 of mines producing ores, the prini'ipal or only value of 
 which is their copper contents. The statistics for ore 
 dressing- works (stamp mills and concentrating plants) 
 connected with copper mines ai-e included in the returns. 
 Copper is recovered also as a by-product of the smelt- 
 ing of ores valued chiefly for their precious metal con- 
 
 tents. All statistics relating to the mining of tliese ores 
 are included in the returns for gold and silver mines. 
 Smelters are regarded as manufacturing establishments 
 and were included in the Report on Manufactures of the 
 Census of 1!>U(.). 
 
 The following tal;)le is a comparative summary of the 
 statistics of copper mines from 1S<')(.) to 1902: 
 
 Table 1.— (.'(JMPARATIVE SU.AIMAKY; ISHO To 15102. 
 
 Number of mines 
 
 Number of operators . . . 
 SEilaried officials, clerks. 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number . . . 
 
 Wages 
 
 luitraet "work 
 
 Mist-el la neons expenses 
 
 Cost I if supplies and materials 
 
 Product: 
 
 Quantity of ore mined, short tons 
 
 Copper contents of ore shipped and milled, })oini(ls. 
 
 Value at mine of ore shipped and milled 
 
 ' Detailed figures sliowu only for Micliigau, ^rftntana 
 
 ■-' Not reported. 
 
 '■' Establishments. 
 
 ■< Fi:)remen included in wage-earners. 
 
 '' Not reported separately. 
 
 •^Salaries included in wages. 
 
 I Value of .5,4I0..'JJ(i pounds .i( coiijirr fur Western slati 
 
 During the forty-two years covei'cd by th(> table the 
 growth of copper mining has lieen very marked, the 
 value of products having increased $47, SI*), Sl-f, or over 
 fourteenfold. The increase in the total wages was 
 $19,335, 2i5, or nearly elevenfold. 
 
 It was found that in most of the acti\e mines no sep- 
 arate account was kept for devclopuKMit work. The 
 expenses of pi-oducing mines, therefore, include the 
 cost of development work incidental to mining. Con- 
 siderable development work was done m mines that 
 reported no production. Most of them were located in 
 the Western states, where the mineralogical character 
 of the ore was described as auriferous and ai'gentifer- 
 ous copper, yet it woukl not be practical)le to classify 
 such mines as copper, or gold and silver mines, in 
 accordance with the chief valuable (ihnuent of the ore, 
 before they have become regular producers. In most 
 
 li)Oi 
 
 18801 
 
 1880 
 
 1870 
 
 1.860 
 
 144 
 144 
 
 
 42 
 
 (■-) 
 
 »40 
 
 347 
 {'1 
 
 1,208 
 SI, 768, 456 
 
 <70 
 S123,236 
 
 219 
 
 (5) 
 (■') 
 
 1^) 
 
 26,007 
 
 21,l.'il,40.5 
 
 $18»,768 
 
 $1,397,46.5 
 
 11,083,175 
 
 ■19,7.50 
 
 SB, 610, 781 
 
 $337,061 
 
 $1,8.52.7.58 
 
 $5, 638, 694 
 
 6, 039 
 « $3, 214, 031 
 
 (=) 
 Sl,;Wl..s26 
 
 5, 404 
 $2, 706, 264 
 
 1-') 
 i-l 
 $.586, .844 
 
 5, 1.53 
 
 $1,816,160 
 
 $506, M4 
 
 11,780,064 
 25, 004, 529 
 51,178,030 
 
 3, »22, 742 
 ■ 220,569,438 
 
 1,007,490 
 .56,115,454 
 ' $8, 856, 869 
 
 1=) 
 (=) 
 $5,201,312 
 
 (-1 
 
 ,$3,361,222 
 
 . and Xcw 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 
 
 
 ■s and 153.880 liiauids for Tcuuessee noi reported. 
 
 cases the work was prosecuted in the expectation of 
 developing a gold and silver mine. All such mines 
 were, therefore, classed as gold and silver mines. 
 Distinctively copper mines in the development stage 
 were reported from the toUowing states: Michigan. 10 
 mines; A^'iscdiisin. Maryland, (icorgia, Tennessee, and 
 Missouri. 1 mine each. The statistics for these mines 
 are not included in the i)n'ceding sunimarv for produc- 
 ing mines, but are ])resented st'])arately in the following 
 statement: 
 
 Jhirliijiiiinil irni-l.': liHlJ. 
 
 Number of mines. . 
 Number of opcraloi 
 Salaried ottirials. el 
 
 Xnnibei- 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners; 
 
 .\yerage uumbi 
 
 Wagj 
 
 15 
 15 
 
 SI14.2U8 
 ;W2 
 
 $184,424 
 
 $200 
 
 $:3.S. 530 
 
 ( :< ml raet \vork 
 
 Miscellaneous exiienses ^..j,,_ ,,.,y 
 
 Cost of supplies and materiids $135^ 847 
 
 (4m)) 
 
470 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 JTumher of inhh's and (iperaforx. — The terms "'mine" 
 and '"operator," a.s used in this report, require a word 
 of explanation. In some eases certain properties wex'e 
 combined by the owner under one management and 
 reported as one mine, while others were operated as 
 separate mines and so reported. When a "group" of 
 mines was included in one report, it was v^vj largely a 
 matter of opinion whether all or some of the properties 
 constituting the group were to be considered as separate 
 mines, or whether all properties had been merged into 
 one mine. The onh' relialile unit of enumeration was 
 the reporting corporation, iirm. or individual. Among 
 these were 2 corporations whose luines were operated 
 by lessees and 1 holding company, the Amalgamated 
 Copper Company. The capitalization of the tirst two 
 was a distinct element of the capital invested in copper 
 mining, cpiite independent of the capital invested by 
 the lessee, and it was believed, therefore, that this 
 ought to be included in the total capitalization reported 
 for the copper mining industry. As regards the Amal- 
 gamated Copper Company, it is a matter of opinion 
 whether it or the companies whose entire stock is 
 owned by it should be regarded as the actual operators. 
 It was therefore thought preferable to show in the 
 tables the tc_)tal number of companies reporting. If 
 the holding company and the two lessors are excluded 
 from the total number reporting, then the number of 
 operators was 141. If, on the other hand, the con- 
 stituent companies of the Anialgamateil Copper Com- 
 pany are excluded, then the total number of operators 
 was 136. 
 
 Clioracter of (iii'iiei'xhi l>. — The corporate form of own- 
 ership was the predominating type in the copper mining 
 industry. Of the 141 operators 1(H) were incorporated 
 companies, 23 were firms or limited partnerships, T.i 
 were individuals. 1 was a (■oo]ierati\'e association, and 
 I was an estate. In Michigan all c(i])])cr mining (i]ier- 
 ators were incorporated. 
 
 A summary of all copper mines. classiHed by character 
 of ownership, is presented in Table 2. 
 
 Table ^. — Sinjiiiinrii, hy rjicirncli'r of oinier^Iiiji: 190S. 
 
 ' Inclurles 2 mines cljisse^l under "other forms.'" 
 
 It appears from the preceding table that the share 
 contributed l)y each class of operators to the output of 
 the mines was as follows: Incf)r])orated companies. 
 $50.421, .S3T. or H8..5 per cent; individuals, $594,377, or 
 1.2 per cent; tirms, 1^161,822, or three-tenths of 1 per 
 cent. Al)out three-fourths of the copper ore mined b^' 
 individuals and firms was sold in the crude state, the 
 remaining one-fourth being dressed or smelted at the 
 mine. The incorporated companies, on the contrary, 
 sold only (i per cent of their ore in the crude state, 
 namely, a product valued at $4,5115.588; the value 
 of dressed ore sold by them was Ss. 611, 415, or 11.3 
 per cent, and that of ore smelted at the mine or 
 shipped to smelters opei-ated by the same companies 
 was §63.109,113, or 82.7 per cent. 
 
 i'lip'ifiil stocJi' of iiicorj>ori(t(\l conijiiiiiii n. — The capi- 
 talization of the incor]")(irat(>rl companies is shown in 
 Table 3. In the consideration of the capitalization of 
 the copper miiung companies, it should be borne in 
 mind that a jiortion of the capital stoclc of some of 
 them represented the valn(^ of smelting plants owned 
 and operated by the same companies. 
 
COPPP]R. 
 
 Table 3.— CAPITALIZATION OF INCORPOKATEI) COMPANIKS: 1902. 
 
 471 
 
 Number of incorporated companies 
 
 Capital stock and bonds issued 
 
 Capital stock: 
 
 Total authorized — 
 
 Nuraber of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Total issued — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid 
 
 Common — 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends laiid, .. 
 Preferred- 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid... 
 Bonds: 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number 
 
 Par value 
 
 Interest paid 
 
 Assessments levied 
 
 United States. 
 
 100 
 t3-S, 315, KOO 
 
 45, 218, 707 
 $441,788,125 
 
 32, 390, 560 
 8372,240,270 
 J14,llti,002 
 
 42,318,707 
 t42i|,321,U25 
 
 31,105,500 
 t361,38»,770 
 $13,667,012 
 
 2, 900, 000 
 812, 46B, 500 
 
 1,285,000 
 
 810,851,600 
 
 8448, 990 
 
 303,950 
 86,960,000 
 
 303, 029 
 
 $6, 076, 630 
 
 8174, 600 
 
 87, 725, 748 
 
 Arizona. 
 
 California. Colorado. 
 
 21 4 
 
 8:!1,;W2,493 89,416,597 
 
 8,690,000 
 833,780,000 
 
 6,911,026 
 
 828,302,963 
 
 83,667,030 
 
 8,690,000 
 $33, 780, 000 
 
 6,911,020 
 $28, 302, 963 
 83,667,036 
 
 300, 000 
 83,000,000 
 
 299, 953 
 82,999,5:50 
 
 1,260,000 
 810, 633, 125 
 
 1,000,020 
 
 89,416, .597 
 
 8291,990 
 
 1,000,000 
 ri, 766, 625 
 
 750, 020 
 $4,. 6,50, 097 
 
 13 
 $7, 735, 585 
 
 10,951,000 
 $9, 965, 000 
 
 8, 086, .500 
 
 87,7:j.5,685 
 
 87,000 
 
 8,851,000 
 87,806,000 
 
 7,101,500 
 80, 7,50, .585 
 
 2.50,000 
 84, 866, .500 
 
 250,000 
 
 $4, 866, .500 
 
 $291,990 
 
 2,100,000 
 82, 100, 000 
 
 986, 000 
 
 8985, 000 
 
 87, 000 
 
 8132, 400 
 
 Idaho. 
 
 Michigan. 
 
 82,000,000 
 
 200, 000 
 82, .600, 000 
 
 160, 000 
 81, 600, 000 
 
 200,000 
 :, .500, 000 
 
 1.50,000 
 , .500, 000 
 
 20 
 $46, 4.53, 750 
 
 1,960,000 
 $49,000,000 
 
 1,908,150 
 
 $46,4.63,7,50 
 
 83,290,000 
 
 1,960,000 
 849,000,000 
 
 1,908,1.50 
 
 846,453,7.50 
 
 83,290,000 
 
 14 
 ,.548,400 
 
 6, ;«5, 000 
 $299,625,000 
 
 5, 704, 194 
 
 8251, 547, 400 
 
 86,325,976 
 
 6,345,000 
 8294,625,000 
 
 5, 6.54, 194 
 
 8246,. 647, 400 
 
 $6, 175, 970 
 
 .50,000 
 $5, 000, 000 
 
 50, 000 
 
 $5, 000, 000 
 
 8150,000 
 
 1 
 
 $86, 600 
 
 200, 000 
 8100,000 
 
 173,000 
 
 886, 600 
 
 200,000 
 .$100,000 
 
 173, 000 
 886,. 600 
 
 500 
 8500,000 
 
 600 
 8.500, 000 
 830,000 
 
 87, 368, 348 
 
 82 
 
 2,S00 
 800,000 
 
 2,001 
 82,001,000 
 
 8132,000 
 
 Number of incorporated companies 
 
 Capital stock and bonds issued 
 
 Capital stock: 
 
 Total authorized — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par val ue 
 
 Total issued — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid 
 
 Common — 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number of shares. 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 r>ividends paid. . . 
 Preferred — 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number of shares. 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of shares. 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid . . . 
 Bonds: 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued— 
 
 Number 
 
 Par value 
 
 Interest paid 
 
 Assessments levied 
 
 New Mexico. 
 
 North 
 Carolina. 
 
 Oregon. 
 
 Utah. 
 
 Virginia, 
 
 6 
 , 900 
 
 83,000,000 .$2, .500, 000 84,, 875, 000 
 
 11 1 
 
 ;, 822, .515 810,000 
 
 000 
 000 
 
 960 
 960 
 
 ;)oo,ooo 
 
 $3,000,000 
 
 300, 000 
 83, 000. 000 
 
 30.007 
 700,000 
 
 18, 007 
 , .500, 000 
 
 81' 
 
 ,800, 
 ,100, 
 
 1, 639, 
 ;, 849, 
 
 $3,000,000 I 83,700,000 
 
 300,000 
 83,000,000 
 
 18,007 
 , 500, 000 
 
 200,000 
 85,000,000 
 
 175,000 
 84,375,000 
 
 200,000 
 36,000,000 
 
 175,000 
 84,376,000 
 
 3, 702, 600 
 86, 875, 000 
 
 3,644,503 
 
 86,822,615 
 
 85:-;4,ooo 
 
 3, 702, 500 
 86,875,000 
 
 3, 644, 503 
 
 86, 822. 515 
 8534,000 
 
 200 
 810, 000 
 
 200 
 $10, 000 
 
 200 
 810, 000 
 
 200 
 810, 000 
 
 Washing- 
 ton. 
 
 Wyom- 
 ing. 
 
 1 ! 1 1 
 
 --.' 81,000,000 8640,000 
 
 3, .500, 000 
 83, 600, 000 
 
 40,000 1,000,000 
 81,000,000 81,000,000 
 
 40, 000 
 81,000,000 
 
 640,000 
 8640, 000 
 
 3,000,000 
 S3, 000, 000 
 
 40,000 1,000,000 
 81,000,000 81,000,000 
 
 40,000 
 81,000,000 
 
 640, 000 
 5640, 000 
 
 800, 000 
 8500, 000 
 
 8150, 
 
 875, 
 
 150 
 000 
 
 500 
 
 1 
 
 
 S-SOO, (100 
 
 
 
 501 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 SI 2, 500 
 
 
 
 
472 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 As shown in Table 3, the division of sU)rk into com- 
 mon and preferred is not general with copper niinino- 
 companies. There vfere only «i companies reporting 
 both common and preferred stock; up to the close of 
 the year IKOi, 1 of these had issued n.o stock of either 
 kind. The issue of bonds was not favored generally by 
 
 having bonded indebtedness, and of the f6,!i.o0,00() 
 of bonds authorized, $6,075,530 were issued. Assess- 
 ments on stock were also unusual, the total amount 
 levied by all companies since organization being only 
 $7,725, 7-1:8. • 
 
 The following table shows each class of capital stock, 
 
 copper mining companies; there were only ti companies I authorized and issued, in detail: 
 
 Table 4.— INCORPORATED COMPANIES, GROUPED BY CLASS OF STOCK: 1902. 
 
 CLA.SS OF STOCK REPORTKIi. 
 
 Number of 
 incorpora- 
 ted ci>m- 
 panies. 
 
 100 
 
 16 
 94 
 
 
 AUTHORIZEP. 
 
 
 
 IS.'^fED. 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 Common. 
 
 Preferred. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Common. 
 
 Preferred. 
 
 Total 
 
 8441,788,12.5 
 
 92, 833, 12.T 
 348, 9.5;i. 000 
 
 S429,321,C.2.i 
 
 $12. 466. .500 
 
 SK2,240,270 
 
 $361,388,770 
 
 $10. 851,. 500 
 
 
 
 Both common and preferred 
 
 80, 366, 02.1 
 348, 9.5.5, 000 
 
 12, 466, .500 
 
 .56,816,597 
 316,423,673 
 
 45,965,097 
 315, 423, 673 
 
 10,851,500 
 
 Common only 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 One t'ompany had is.sued no common or preferred stock up to tlie close of 1902 
 
 The capital stock shown in Table 3 includes a dupli- 
 cation since the capitalization of the Amalgamated Chop- 
 per Companv, as well as that of its constituent com- 
 panies, is reported. Table 5 shows the capitalization 
 of the Amalgamated Copper Company and each of its 
 constituent copper mining companies. Neither the 
 Table .5.— CAPITALIZATION OF THE AMALGAJIATED COPPER COaiPANY .\ND ITS CONSTITUENT COMPANIES: IHOl' 
 
 parent company noi- any of its constituent companies 
 has preferred stock. The Amalgamated Copper Com- 
 panj' owns the entire capital stock of the Colorado Smelt- 
 ing and Mining Company, and of the Washoe Copper 
 Company, and a controlling interest in the others. 
 
 
 
 fOM.MO> 
 
 STOCK. 
 
 
 BOND.S. 
 
 
 CO.MPANY. 
 
 Auth 
 
 orized. 
 
 Issued. 
 
 Authorized. 
 
 Issued. 
 
 
 Shares. 
 
 Par yahie. 
 
 Shares. 
 
 Par value. 
 
 Number. J Par yalue. 
 1 
 
 Number. 
 
 Par yalue. 
 
 Amalgamated Copper Company 
 
 1.. 5.50, 000 
 
 1,200,000 
 
 1.50. 000 
 
 200, 000 
 
 100, 000 
 
 2:so, 000 
 
 200, 000 
 
 $155. 000. 000 
 30, 000. oon 
 :i. 7.50. 000 
 2.000. (JOO 
 1 . 000. 000 
 2, :W0, OOU 
 20, 000, 000 
 
 1, .5:58, 880 
 1.200,000 
 1.50, 000 
 200, 000 
 100, 000 
 229, .SSO 
 30,464 
 
 $1.53, 88S, 000 
 30, 000. OUO 
 3.7.50.000 
 2. 000. 000 
 1.000. ooo 
 2. 29S, .500 
 3.046.400 
 
 1 
 
 
 Anaconda Copper Mining Company 
 
 
 
 Boston and Montana Consolidated Mining Company. 
 
 Butte and Boston Con.sididated Mining Company 
 
 Colorado Smelting and Mining Company 
 
 i.:ioo si.:56o.oo6 
 
 1..5U0 1.. 500. 000 
 
 .501 
 1..500 
 
 $.501.0011 
 
 1, .5)10. (ino 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dividends. — The total amount of dividends paid in 
 1902 was $14,116,002. Of this amount, $3,077,760 was 
 paid by the Amalgamated Copper Company. These 
 dividends were derived partly from the dividends 
 declared by its constituent companies, and partly fr(.)m 
 the earnings of other properties of the Amalgamated 
 
 Copper Company, such as coal mines, railways, etc. 
 The following table shows the capitalization and di\'i- 
 deuds of all dividend paying companies, with the excep- 
 tion of the Amalgamated Copper Company, and also 
 the capitalization of the companies tliat paid no divi- 
 dends in IHOL': 
 
 Table 6.— INCORPORATKH C0:\IPANIES, ( 'LA.ssIFIEIi WITH ULL.VTKiX TO I H VIDENDS, CAPITAL STOCK, AND 
 
 BONDS: 1!H)L'. ' 
 
 Dividend paying companies: 
 'I'otal fapitalizjition 
 
 CAI'ITAl. STOCK A.NI) HO.NDS. 
 
 .Authorized. 
 
 Number of 
 
 shares or 
 
 bonds. 
 
 .\verage 
 per share 
 or bond. 
 
 Common stock 
 
 Preferred stfjck - 
 
 Boiid.s 
 
 (.lojjipanies by whiclj no dividends were paid in 1002: 
 Total capitalization 
 
 Common stock. , 
 Preferrecl stf)ck . 
 Bonds 
 
 6, 202, .500 
 
 1,400,000 
 
 361,300 
 
 37,068,8.57 
 
 $167,783,125 
 
 152, .516, 625 
 
 10. 966. .500 
 
 4,:3O0,000 
 
 125,9.55,000 
 
 :;5, .ii;i;, 207 
 
 1,. 500, (100 
 
 1 21,, 805, 000 
 l,.5(IO.II0O 
 2.0.50.(100 
 
 $29. 32 
 7.83 
 11.90 
 
 :i. 42 
 
 1.00 
 
 1,000.00 
 
 l.^sueil. 
 
 Number of 
 
 shares or 
 
 bonds. 
 
 5,403,431 
 
 4,117,977 
 985, 000 
 300,454 
 
 25,7.51,278 
 
 25, 448, 703 
 300,000 
 
 Par value 
 
 Total. 
 
 $116, 963, 457 
 
 102, 911, 427 
 10, .5.51,. 500 
 3, 500, 530 
 
 107,464,343 
 
 104,. 589, 343 
 
 300, 000 
 
 2, 576, 000 
 
 Dividends 
 
 .\yorage or int«.'rcst 
 
 jier share j pair], 
 or bond. 
 
 $11,0.80,242 
 
 $24. 99 
 10.71 
 11. 65 
 
 4.11 
 
 1.00 
 
 1,000.00 
 
 10, 5S9, 252 
 448, 990 
 42,000 
 
 132, ,500 
 
 ' Kiclu.sive of the AmKlnidiialcd Copper Company. 
 
COPPER. 
 
 478 
 
 There were 18 dividend paying- companies, with capi- 
 tal stocli issued tt) the value of $113,-±62,i)27; whereas 
 81 companies, with capital stock issued to the value of 
 $104,889,343, declared no dividends. Dividends on 
 $10,6.51,500 of preferred stock were declared by 4 com- 
 panies,; the rate of dividends averag-ed 4.3 per t'cnt. 
 No dividends were declared by these companies on thcii- 
 common stock, which was issued to the amount of 
 145,965,097. Two companies with preferred stock 
 authorized declared no dividends; the authorized pre- 
 ferred stock of these companies was $l,5tH),000; the 
 amount issued, f 300,000. 
 
 Dividends on common stock were declared by 14 com- 
 panies with an authorized capitalization of $75,150,000, 
 of which $56,946,330 was outstandino-; no preferred 
 stock was authorized by these companies. The average 
 rate of dividends on connnon stock was 18.6 per cent. 
 
 A comparison between the par values of dividend 
 paying and nondividend paying stocks is not without 
 interest. The average par value per share of dividend 
 paving common stock was $21.07, whereas the average 
 par value of a share of common stock on which no 
 dividends were declared was only $4. 11. Similarly, the 
 par value per share of preferred stock was $10.71 for 
 dividend paying- and only $1 for nondividend paying- 
 companies. It is apparent that the type of mining- 
 enterprises, for which capital stock is issued at $1 and 
 less per share, is more frequent among nondividend 
 paying- than among- dividend paying- companies. The 
 latter are, for the most part, concerns the capital stock 
 of which is issued at prevailing commercial values per 
 share, viz, at $25 and over. 
 
 The following- statement shows the stock and bonds 
 on which dividends and interest were paid: 
 
 Classes of stock and bonds on irliicli diiidends and interest irerepaid: 
 
 190S. 
 
 CLASS. 
 
 Number 
 of com- 
 panies. 
 
 Authorized. 
 
 Issued. 
 
 Dividcuds or 
 interest paid. 
 
 Percent. 
 
 C'ommon stock... 
 Preferred stock . . 
 
 14 
 4 
 4 
 
 $75, l.W, 000 
 
 10, gee,,™ 
 
 3,800,000 
 
 m>, 9-46, 330 
 10, 651,. WO 
 3,001,000 
 
 JIO, 689, 262 
 448, 990 
 174, 500 
 
 IS. B 
 4.3 
 5.8 
 
 
 
 The total amount of interest paid on bonds was 
 $174,500, of which $132,500 was paid by companies 
 that declared no dividends in 1902. The rate of inter- 
 est on bonds averaged 5.8 percent. 
 
 A number of corporations operated both copper mines 
 and smelters, and some were interested in other prop- 
 erties, such as coal or iron mines, railways, etc. The 
 dividends reported for such companies were derived 
 from all those sources and can not lie segregated. 
 
 A comparative summary of dividend paying com- 
 panies — with the exception of the Amalgamated Copper 
 Company, which, being merely a holding company, is 
 therefore excluded — and those which declared no divi- 
 dends in 1902, is presented in Table 7. 
 
 T.Uil.K 7. — Comparathv snnimitrii of diridi-nd /uiyiiiy and noiidiri- 
 ihiid jiiiiiliii/ (■iiiiijionirx: I:/OJ.' 
 
 I colnjtatilcs. 
 
 NllTI 
 
 Saliii 
 
 Wall's 
 
 Coiilrfict \\()rk 
 
 MisccllarK.'uiis c-Xpcnscs 
 
 Cos! nf siipiplics antl jiiati.-rials 
 
 (.)re sljij)ped and jiiillcd; 
 
 Short tons 
 
 Value of product at mine, tolal . 
 
 Average per company 
 
 Btillion contents — 
 CopixT — 
 
 I'ounds , 
 
 Value 
 
 Silver 
 
 Gold 
 
 other metals 
 
 Total gross value 
 
 Average per (on 
 
 Crude ore .sold 
 
 Dressed ore sokl 
 
 Ore smelted 
 
 Total. 
 
 99 
 
 SI , 712, .306 
 
 $•20, 579, 298 
 
 $183, 508 
 
 $1,3.58,7(11 
 
 $10,809,966 
 
 11,296,8.57 
 
 $60,421,837 
 
 $.509,311 
 
 612, .555,284 
 
 $09, 048, 933 
 
 $6, 466, 924 
 
 $1,782,273 
 
 $17, 986 
 
 $76,316,116 
 
 m. 75 
 
 $4, .596, 588 
 $8,611,415 
 $63,109,113 
 
 iJivideud 
 
 pa.\'ing coni- 
 
 jmuics. 
 
 Kondi\i- 
 dcTid pacing 
 companies. 
 
 18 
 
 $724, 774 
 
 $10, 357, 693 
 
 $92,3,84 ! 
 
 $512, 955 
 
 $6,103,479 
 
 5,762,972 
 
 $32, 605, 752 
 
 $1,826,589 
 
 383,894,605 
 
 S43, 235, 653 
 
 $2, 849, 871 
 
 $1, 166, 286 
 
 $15, .527 
 
 $47, 267, 337 
 
 $8.20 
 
 $2,617,567 
 
 $903, 074 
 
 $43, 746, 696 
 
 81 
 
 $987, 532 
 
 $10,221,605 
 
 $91,184 
 
 $815,806 
 
 $4,646,487 
 
 5, -533, 8S5 
 
 $17, S16, 085 
 
 $216, 5S3 
 
 228, 660, 679 
 
 $■26, HI 3, '280 
 
 $2,617,0.53 
 
 .$615,987 
 
 $2, 4.59 
 
 $29,048,779 
 
 .$5. 25 
 
 .$1,978,021 
 
 $7, 708, Ml 
 
 $19, 362, 417 
 
 1 Exclusive of the Amalgamated Copper Company, which is merely a la tiding 
 company. 
 
 It must be borne in mind that the payment of divi- 
 dends in a given vear is not indicative of profits earned 
 during that year. Dividends may be declared from the 
 accumulated surplus of former years. On the other 
 hand, the failure to declare a dividend does not neces- 
 sarily show a loss; the earnings may have been invested 
 in development work, in new equipment for the plants, 
 in acquiring new property, etc. Some of the principal 
 copper mining companies are close corporations, the 
 stock of which is held bj^ a limited numlier of persons. 
 As the shares are not on the market, it is often a matter 
 of indifference to the stockholders whether a dividend 
 is declared or the net earnings are accumulated as a 
 surplus. 
 
 The chief ditlerences disclosed by the preceding- table 
 between the dividend paying corporations and those 
 which paid no dividends in 1902 ai'e as follows: 
 
 First. The grade of ore mined was higher with the 
 former than with the latter, viz, $8.20 pei- ton as 
 against $5.25 per ton. 
 
 Second. Where dividends were paid the ore was 
 nearly all smelted at works connected with the mines, 
 whereas in other cases much of the ore was sold. 
 
 Third. The ax'erage value of product per dividend 
 paying company was $1,826,589. while the averag<' for 
 other companies was only $216,583; apparently it was 
 the largest companies that declared dividends in l'.io2. 
 
 The census returns for 1902 cover a year of low 
 prices of copjxM-. .V comparison with the dividends 
 for previous vears will be found on a subsei[uent page, 
 in connection with a study of prices. 
 
 Kiiij>h>iiei't< iiiiil ii'iKjiK. — Wage-earners constituted 
 95.6 per cent of the total number of employees, and 
 their wages were 92.3 per cent of the total salaries and 
 wages. Table 8 shows, by states and territories, the 
 average number of men, and of boys under 16 years of 
 age, employed during each month. 
 
474 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 8.— AVERAGE NUMBER OF WACiE-EARXEKS EMPL<JYED DURING EACH MONTH: 1902. 
 
 
 United 
 
 States. 
 
 Arizona. 
 
 California. 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 Michigan. 
 
 Montana. 
 
 New Mex- 
 ico. 
 
 ('tail. 
 
 All other 
 states and 
 territories. 
 
 Men 16 years and over: 
 
 January 
 
 24, 885 
 
 24, 658 
 25, 602 
 26, 088 
 27, 073 
 26, 466 
 26, 8;m 
 
 25, 908 
 25, 698 
 
 26, 273 
 25, 720 
 25,639 
 
 111 
 
 110 
 
 113 
 
 113 
 
 110 
 
 106 
 
 112 
 
 92 
 
 92 
 
 93 
 
 91 
 
 93 
 
 3, .534 
 3, .519 
 3,709 
 3, 686 
 3,941 
 3,9137 
 3,8.54 
 3,867 
 3,711 
 3, 742 
 3, 665 
 3,796 
 
 .50 
 50 
 50 
 50 
 60 
 50 
 51 
 48 
 51 
 ,50 
 50 
 .50 
 
 384 
 345 
 387 
 482 
 .543 
 ,585 
 6:J5 
 664 
 6.59 
 611 
 4;J4 
 223 
 
 117 
 112 
 124 
 129 
 124 
 117 
 118 
 117 
 113 
 115 
 97 
 97 
 
 13, 8:59 
 13, 2.57 
 13, 679 
 14,118 
 14,512 
 13, 952 
 14, 249 
 13, 760 
 13, 660 
 13, 973 
 13, 490 
 13, 711 
 
 41 
 43 
 45 
 47 
 43 
 39 
 
 5, 603 
 6, 102 
 
 6, m.i 
 6, 304 
 6, ,567 
 6, 538 
 6, 656 
 6,168 
 6,317 
 6, .585 
 6, 838 
 6,615 
 
 Ill 
 121 
 141 
 
 160 
 146 
 173 
 147 
 1H2 
 161 
 212 
 212 
 202 
 
 .5.55 
 614 
 498 
 503 
 .513 
 513 
 .52« 
 493 
 487 
 430 
 406 
 4U4 
 
 742 
 
 February 
 
 688 
 
 March 
 
 701 
 
 
 706 
 
 May 
 
 727 
 
 
 651 
 
 July 
 
 651 
 
 August 
 
 657 
 
 
 .587 
 
 October 
 
 605 
 
 578 
 
 
 .591 
 
 Boys under 16 years of age: 
 January 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 44 
 27 
 27 
 29 
 27 
 29 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 The average number of wage-earners was greatest, 
 27,183, in May, and least, 24,768, in Februaiy; the 
 variation during the year was not marked. 
 
 In the following table the averag-e number of wace- 
 
 earners at certain specified rates of pay is .shown for 
 the various classes of employees, and also the percent- 
 age which the number at each rate forms of the total 
 number in the class: 
 
 Tablk 9.— distribution OF '\V.\(;E-EARNERS AC('()RDIN(t TO DAILY RATES OF PAY, BY OCCUPATIONS: 1902. 
 
 RATE PER BAY 
 (DOLLARS;. 
 
 All occupa- 
 tions. 
 
 Engineers. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 Total '26,007 
 
 
 
 75 to 99 
 
 
 1.00 to 1.24 
 
 
 1 25 to 1 49 
 
 
 l.nO to 1.74 
 
 1 
 
 1 75 to 1 99 
 
 
 ■^ 00 to 2 24 
 
 '-». 
 
 2 '^5 to 2. 49 
 
 
 
 2 50 to 2 74 
 
 ^ 
 
 2.75 to 2.99 
 
 
 
 
 3 '^5 to 3 49 
 
 
 
 r. 
 
 3 75 to 3 99 
 
 
 
 
 4.25 and over 
 
 
 Per 
 cent of 
 total, j 
 
 0.1 
 0.2 
 
 0.8 
 1.4 
 7.1 
 12. 9 
 24.1 
 8.0 
 
 8.8 
 
 3^7 
 0.5 
 25.9 
 0.2 
 
 1.5 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 cent of 
 total 
 
 JIachinists, i 
 blacksmiths, car- 
 penters, and oth- 
 er mechanics. 
 
 .Aver- 
 age 
 
 num- 
 tjer. 
 
 0.4 
 5, 3 
 1.8 
 J. 9 
 
 13.4 
 7.8 
 6. 3 
 
 11.2 
 3. 8 
 1.5 
 4.5 
 1.8 
 
 30. 3 
 7.0 
 
 Per 
 cent of Averiige 
 
 1 
 i:54 
 
 0.2 
 1.9 
 2.1 
 16.0 
 24.4 
 O.s 
 
 1.1 
 0. 2 
 
 0.4 
 0.4 
 
 90 
 233 
 137 
 
 24 
 273 
 250 
 
 Per 
 
 cent of 
 total. 
 
 Aver- p 
 ber. 
 
 100.0 |112, 821 
 
 1.8 
 
 4.9 
 12. 8 
 
 7. 5 
 14.3 
 
 3.2 
 
 I- '""- 
 VL 5 
 
 1.3 
 15.0 
 13.8 
 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 61 
 
 36 
 
 137 
 
 3.216 
 
 1.309 
 
 1,679 
 
 3I>8 
 
 374 
 
 total. 
 
 Miners' liclp- 
 ers. 
 
 .\yer- 
 age 
 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 ;'entof 
 total 
 
 100.0 , 1,257 
 
 0.2 
 
 0. 5 
 
 I -I 
 43! 3 
 (-'I 
 0. :' 
 
 U. 1 
 
 7.0 
 6.1 
 39. 6 
 26. 7 
 4.0 
 2.4 
 0.8 
 1.4 
 
 Timbermen 
 
 and track 
 
 layers. 
 
 Boys under 16 
 years. 
 
 .\ver- 
 age 
 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 centol 
 total. 
 
 100.0 
 
 0. ■ 
 
 14 
 95 
 
 3.59 
 .55 
 32 
 3 
 28 
 21 
 
 207 
 17 
 26 
 
 1.6 
 11.0 
 41.6 
 
 6. 4 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 cent of 
 total. 
 
 T2 
 
 19.4 
 33. 
 
 All other 
 wage -earners. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 num- 
 
 Per 
 
 Icentof 
 
 total. 
 
 8,105 I 100.0 
 
 Is 
 
 0.3 
 3.3 
 2,4 
 24. U 
 2.0 
 3.0 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 
 o8 
 
 137 
 
 1,661 ' 
 
 2, 430 
 
 1,928 
 
 4.58 
 
 1511 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.7 
 
 1.7 
 
 20. 5 
 
 30.0 
 
 23.8 
 
 .5.6 
 
 1.9 
 
 1.9 
 
 4.0 
 
 0. 5 
 
 6. 9 
 
 1.2 
 0.9 
 
 1 Includes 2.206 miners, all in Michigan, who were paid in accordance with the amount of work done; for these the figures shown in this table represent aver- 
 age dailv earnings. 
 
 "- Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 
 
 The range of wages for the bulk of the rnipl(jytM's 
 was from ^1.5<) to $o.7-t, 24,324 wage-earners, or '.13.. 5 
 per cent of the total number, being included between 
 those, rates. Practically all those classed as miners 
 were paid at least |'.2 per day, and ,5,552 of them, or 43.3 
 per cent, received between $3.50 and $3.74. Most of 
 the highly paid miners were reported from Montana 
 and Arizona. Of those classed as miners' helpers, 1,257 
 in all, tu;.3 per cent were paid between $1.75 and $2.24, 
 22.1 per cent having received le.ss than $1.75, and 11. (> 
 per cent, $2.25 or over. There was a wide range in the 
 rates paid to timtiei-men and track layers; 454, or 52.6 
 per cent of the total number, were paid between $1.75 
 
 and $2.24, and 24 per cent, from $3.50 to $3.74. Prac- 
 tically all of the timbermen and track layers at $3.50 or 
 over were reported from Montana. 
 
 There was also a wide range in th(>. rates for engineers, 
 firemen, machinists, and other mechanics. In each 
 of these three classes more than !♦(• per cent of the 
 wage-earners received $1.75 per day or over. The 
 proportion receiving $3.50 or over was as follows: 
 Engineers, 43.6 per cent; firemen, 28.3 per cent; 
 and machinists and other mechanics, 42.6 per 
 cent. In each case the greatest number at rates of 
 $3.50 or over were reported from Montana and 
 Arizona. 
 
COPPER. 
 
 475 
 
 The number of boys under Ifi years employed was 
 .small, only 103, or less than live-tenths of 1 per cent, 
 having- been reported. Their rates varied from 50 cents 
 to $2.49 a day. Of the 103 boys, 50 were employed 
 in Arizona and 37 in Michigan. 
 
 The 8,105 employees grouped under "all other wage- 
 earners" constituted 31.2 per cent of the total number. 
 
 Their duties were so varied as to render impossible any 
 separation into well-defined occupations. The rates of 
 pay for the greater portion of these wage-earners ranged 
 from $1..50 to $2.24 per day, 74.3 percent being in- 
 cluded l)etween those rates. 
 
 The following table shows the distribution of wage- 
 earners according to daily rates of pay, bj^ states: 
 
 Table 10.— DISTRIBFTION OF WA<1 K-EARNKRS ACCORDINif TO DAILY RATES (»F PAY, BY STATES; 1902. 
 [Each cumulative percentage shows the proportion of tlie total ntimbcr receiving a wane as great as, or greater than, the lowest wage of the given wage group.] 
 
 KATE PER 1>AY 
 (I'OLLARS). 
 
 Average 
 numVjcr. 
 
 Total 
 
 '26,007 
 
 
 CM to 0.74 
 
 75 to 0.99 
 
 29 
 49 
 
 1.00 to 1.24 
 
 1 '>5 to 1 49 
 
 201 
 368 
 
 l..Wtol.74 
 
 1 75 to 1 99 
 
 1,847 
 3,354 
 6,277 
 2, 066 
 2,285 
 661 
 
 2.00 to 2.24 
 
 2.25 to 2.49 
 
 2..50 to 2.74 
 
 2 75 to 2.99 
 
 3 00 to 3 24 
 
 961 
 
 3.25 to 3.49 
 
 131 
 
 3..50to3.74 
 
 3.75 to 3.99 
 
 4.00 to 4.24 
 
 6,742 
 64 
 605 
 
 4.2.T anil over 
 
 377 
 
 TED STATES. 
 
 Per 
 
 Cumula- 
 
 cent of 
 
 tive per- 
 
 total. 
 
 centage. 
 
 100.0 
 0.1 
 
 
 100.0 
 
 0.2 
 
 99.9 
 
 0.8 
 
 99.7 
 
 1.4 
 
 98.9 
 
 7.1 
 
 97.5 
 
 12.9 
 
 90.4 
 
 24.1 
 
 77.5 
 
 8.0 
 
 53.4 
 
 8.8 
 
 45.4 
 
 2.5 
 
 36. 6 
 
 3.7 
 
 34.1 
 
 0.5 
 
 30.4 
 
 25.9 
 
 29.9 
 
 0.2 
 
 4.0 
 
 2.3 
 
 3.8 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.5 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 18 
 
 24 
 
 47 
 
 680 
 
 346 
 
 597 
 
 195 
 
 156 
 
 331 
 
 84 
 
 1,176 
 
 45 
 
 l,iS 
 
 41 
 
 Per 
 cent of 
 total. 
 
 Cumula- 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 0.5 
 0.6 
 1.2 
 
 15. 3 
 9.1 
 
 15.7 
 6.1 
 4.1 
 8.7 
 2. 2 
 
 31.0 
 1.2 
 4.2 
 1.1 
 
 100.0 
 99.5 
 98.9 
 97.7 
 82.4 
 73.3 
 67.6 
 52.5 
 48.4 
 39.7 
 37.6 
 6.5 
 5.3 
 1.1 
 
 MICHIGAN. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 1 13, 887 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 162 
 
 197 
 
 1, 662 
 
 2,705 
 
 5, 805 
 
 1,381 
 
 1,703 
 
 138 
 
 106 
 
 Per 
 cent < tf 
 total. 
 
 100.0 
 
 r-) 
 
 0.1 
 
 1.2 
 
 1.4 
 
 11.9 
 
 19.6 
 
 41.8 
 
 9.9 
 
 12.2 
 
 1.0 
 
 0.8 
 
 0.1 
 
 0.1 
 
 Cumula- 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 100. 
 99. 
 99. 
 98. 
 97. 
 85. 
 65. 
 24. 
 14. 
 
 i^ 
 
 0. 
 0. 
 0. 
 0. 
 
 (=) 
 
 MONTANA. 
 
 A LI, OTHER STATES. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 6,388 
 
 229 
 
 10 
 
 5,347 
 
 5 
 
 416 
 
 328 
 
 Per 
 cent of 
 total. 
 
 Cumula- 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 , 1 Per 
 
 Average , , 
 
 0.2 
 0.1 
 0.6 
 
 1,935 
 
 28 
 41 
 21 
 147 
 118 
 69 
 114 
 
 1.4 
 2.1 
 1.1 
 7.6 
 7.6 
 3.6 
 6.9 
 
 Cumula- 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 3.6 
 0.2 
 83.7 
 0.1 
 6.5 
 5.1 
 
 99.8 
 
 79 
 
 4,1 
 
 99.7 
 
 3.54 
 
 18.3 
 
 99.2 
 
 368 
 
 19.0 
 
 99.2 
 
 295 
 
 16.2 
 
 96.6 
 
 30 
 
 l.B 
 
 96.4 
 
 217 
 
 11.2 
 
 11.7 
 11.6 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 1.1 
 
 6.1 
 
 3 
 
 0.2 
 
 100.0 
 
 98.6 
 96. 6 
 95.4 
 87.8 
 80.2 
 76.6 
 70.7 
 66.6 
 48.3 
 29.3 
 14.1 
 12.5 
 1.3 
 1.3 
 0.2 
 
 1 Includes 2,206 miners paid in accordance with the amount of work di.me; f<.)r these only average daily earnings were obtained. 
 - Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 
 
 Only Arizona, Michigan, and Montana are shown 
 separately. These 3 states gave employment to 24,072 
 wage-earners, or 92.6 per cent of the total number em- 
 ployed in mines, the principal product of which was 
 copper ore. Of the 3 states, Montana shows liy far the 
 highest rates, 6,095 wage-earners, or 95.4 per cent of 
 the total number, receiving $3.50 per daj^ or over. In 
 Arizona 37.5 per cent of the wage-earners received 
 $3.50 or over per day, and 40.1 per cent from $1.75 to 
 $2.49. In Michigan the wages paid were much lower 
 than in either Arizona or Montana, practically all of 
 the men employed in copper mines in that state receiv- 
 ing between $1.50 and $2.74. 
 
 The 1,935 wage-earners grouped under •'all other 
 states" are distributed among 13 states, no single state 
 reporting as many as 500. 
 
 The tenacity of antiquated forms of industrial rela- 
 tions is exemplified in the few copper mines Avhere 
 labor was performed on a share of the product. This 
 form of employment is frequently found in gold mines, 
 where the miners so employed are locally known as 
 "leasers," "'tributers," etc. There were only 7 cases 
 of this kind reported at copper mines, namely, 4 in 
 Montana, of which 3 were in Silverbow county; 2 in 
 Arizona; and 1 in Colorado. In all, 22 men besides the 
 regular wage-earners found employment on such terms 
 in these mines. The total output was valued at $25,567 
 at the mines, the output of no mine exceeding $10,000 
 in value. The percentage of copper in the ore varied 
 from 6 to 29 per cent. The share received by the mine 
 
 owner ranged from 10 to 20 per cent of the gross value 
 of the ore, and from 10 to 25 per cent of the value at the 
 mine, after smelting and freight charges were deducted. 
 The miner, out of his share of the product, furnished 
 his own supplies. 
 
 Dai/v in operation. — \w the following table 126 cop- 
 per mines are classified by the number of days in op- 
 eration; 18 of the 144 mines failed to report on this 
 subject: 
 
 Table 1 1 . — Ntunher of mineif, classified according lo time in ojieralioii, 
 by states and territories: 190i. 
 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 nines 
 report- 
 ing. 
 
 
 NUMBER OF DAYS 
 
 IN OPERATION. 
 
 STATE OR TKR- 
 RITOBY. 
 
 30 
 and 
 
 less. 
 
 31 
 to 
 60. 
 
 61 
 
 to 
 
 90. 
 
 91 
 to 
 120. 
 
 121 
 to 
 1.50. 
 
 151 
 to 
 180. 
 
 181 
 
 to 
 
 210. 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 
 211 
 to 
 240. 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 241 
 
 to 
 
 270. 
 
 271 
 to 
 300. 
 
 301 331 
 to to 
 330. 360. 
 
 Total 
 
 126 
 
 3 
 
 
 6 3 
 
 7 8 
 
 4 , 9 1 33 39 
 
 
 31 
 
 16 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 2'.... 
 
 1 '....' 3 1 4 
 
 2 ...J 2 1 14 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 13 3 
 
 
 Ill 3 
 2 3 .... 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 '"i" 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 1 1 
 
 3 
 
 .... 
 
 ■' 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 ... 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 .... 
 4 2 
 
 Utah 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Washington 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 2ni<reilaneovs eaj>eihies. — This item includes rent and 
 royalties of all descriptions, "taxes, insurance, interest, 
 advertising, office supplies, law expenses, injuries and 
 
476 
 
 MINE 8 AND QUARRIES. 
 
 damao-e.s, telegraph and teleplione .sei-\'ice, gas, and all 
 other .sundries not reported elsewhere." The total 
 amount reported under this head was $1,397,46.5. Of 
 this amount $1^0,215 was paid in rent and royaltie.s, 
 viz, $o.3,lS-l: in royalties for mine and mineral land. 
 §22,393 in water rents, and ti74,63S in other rents and 
 royalties. On the Mdiole, ro\'alties and rents were but 
 an insignificant item in the copper mining industry. 
 All other miscellaneous expenses aggregated $1,267,250. 
 
 Supplies and materiah. — The general term ''mate- 
 rials " has scarcely any application to copper mining. 
 The ''material" operated upon in a mine is the rock 
 underground. The inquiry calling for " total cost of sup- 
 plies and materials of all kinds used during the year" 
 at the mine contained the following explanatory note: 
 
 "The cost of the following materials should be re- 
 ported under this inquiry: Lumber and timber used 
 for repairs, mine supports, track ties, cars, and all other 
 purjjoses; iron and steel for blacksmithing, rails, frogs, 
 sleepers, etc., for tracks and repairs, parts of machineiT 
 and tools used for renewals and repairs; explosives, 
 water for boilers and for other purposes, fuel, illumi- 
 nating and lubricating oils, machinery supplies, etc." 
 
 All the items here enumerated strictly come under 
 the definition of "supplies." The "material" treated 
 at the mills is the ore which comes from the mine. It 
 is not customary in mining bookkeeping to charge the 
 mill with the value of the ore brought from the mine. 
 In the schedule relating to "reduction works, other 
 than smelters," there were two separate inquiries, one 
 relating to "materials," the other to '"supplies." The 
 former called for a statement of the '" character of ma- 
 terials used, whether ore. tailings, or other materials," 
 and was confined to ''materials bought in 1902." The 
 amoinit reported in answer to this iiK|iiiry is not in- 
 cluded in the "cost of supplies and materials" shown 
 in Table 1. but is gi\-i'n as a separate iti-ni. I'nrchased 
 ores formed buf a very insigniticaiit pai't of the total 
 tonnage treated at mills eoiuiected with copjier mines, 
 namely, l,(t68 tons out of a total of 6..j.'')S,222 tons 
 treated in 1902. 
 
 The explanatory note to thi' in(|iiii-y relating (o mill 
 "supplies" enumerated: "Shoes, dies, screens, jilates, 
 and other parts of machinery and tools used for 
 renewals and repairs; ijuicksihcr, cyanide of potassium, 
 lumber, iron, steel, oil, fuel, water, etc." The total 
 cost of "supplies and materials," as herein <leliiie{i, 
 was reported as Sll,0,s3.l75. 
 
 2L-rJio/iiiral jiiiirrr. — T\\c total primary power of all 
 classes used in copper mines aggregated 19,s..")07 liorse- 
 l)ower, of which moi-e than two-thii-ds, \i/,, 137,772 
 horsepower, was used in Michigan, and one-fourth. \'iz, 
 49,090 horsepower, in Montana. The (piantity of power 
 used had no ?-elation to either the valu(' of the product 
 or the cop})er contents of the ore. lint was I'oughh' pro- 
 portionate to the (|uantity of ci'ude ore mined, as 
 appears from the following statement: 
 
 Jfnrsi'/Kjii'n' iisrd nnil laiix )iiiiii'il, hi/ slalrs riiiil territories: lUO .' 
 
 Total 
 liurse- 
 jiower. 
 
 Tons 
 mined. 
 
 Horse- ' Tons 
 power, I minr'l, 
 percent. | percent. 
 
 198, .507 
 
 11,780,064 
 
 100.0 
 
 100. 
 
 137,772 
 49, 090 
 
 11,64.5 
 
 6, 247, .317 
 3,428,860 
 2, 103, 887 
 
 69.4 1 
 
 24.7 ! 
 
 .5.9 
 
 .53.0 
 29.1 
 ]7.9 
 
 United States 
 
 Jlichigan 
 
 Montanji 
 
 All other states ;in't tcrri lories 
 
 The predoniiiiiiting form of power us(.'d in l'.)02 was 
 steam. The total horsepower used, including all 
 primary power o^vned and electric power rented, was 
 di\-ided as follows: ,Steam, 189,426, or 95.4 per cent; 
 compressed air (described in the tables as " other 
 power"), 5,235, or 2.6 jwr cent; gas or gasoline, 1,1.S4, 
 or six-tenths of 1 per cent; water, 326, or two-tenths of 
 1 per cent; and rented power, all electric, 2,33ti, or 1.2 
 per cent. In tiddition there were 50 electric motors, 
 having a capacity of 2,312 horsepower. 
 
 The average horsepower per mine was l,37l». The 
 power supplied ])\ all mines to other establishments 
 was only 87 horsepower. Twelve mines in Silverbow 
 county, Mont., 1 mine in Salt Lake county, Utah and 
 1 in Shasta county, Cal., were supplied with power by 
 other estaldishments. The arrangement was apparently 
 made feasible by the proximity of mining centers like 
 Butte or Salt Lake City. The mine in Shasta county 
 was supplietl liy a San Francisco power company from 
 one of its substations located in the mountains. 
 
 The total number of steam engines was 792, or an 
 average of 5.5 per mine, with an average capacitv of 
 239 horsepower per engine. The total number of gas 
 ()!■ gasoline engines was 35. with an average capacity of 
 84 hoi-sepower ])er engine. They were reportt>d from 
 13 mines, of which 1 used also steampower and 1 water- 
 powin-. The total number of electric motors was 5(1. 
 with an ;i\-erage capacity of 46 horsepowei' per motor. 
 Electric power was I'cported fi'om Ls mines, nearlv all 
 very large ])roducers. namely. 5 with an output exceed- 
 ing SL.iNio.noo: ,s with an output ranging from S5(_>o.<i()0 
 to $1.00(1,000; I with a product above $250. (mio. but 
 less than S50().oo(): 1 with a product above Sloo.ooit, 
 but less than Sl'5(i. 000; 1 witha product above •'55(). 000, 
 but less than ^loo.ooo; and 2 with a jiroduct less than 
 $10,000. of which 1, howe\'er, expended dui'ing the 
 year more than S-_'."]0.(i(io in de\ <'loj)nient work, t'oni- 
 ])ressc(l air was reported from 16 mines, of which 8 wvve 
 located in Montana. \Vaterpower was reported from 6 
 mines, oF which 2 used also steampower and 1 a i;as 
 engine. There were in all N water wheels in u.se, w ith 
 an average capacity <if 41 horsepower ]ier wheel. 
 
 The exclusive u.s(^ of gas or water power is character- 
 istic of mining on a small scale. Of the 41 mines com- 
 ing under the description of .small mines there was none 
 with an output exceeding $50,000, while f,n- 7 the \alue 
 of the product was between $10,000 and $5o.ooo. and 
 for 15 it was between $1,(MH) and $lo,()oo. At 2 mines 
 
COi'PER. 
 
 477 
 
 a little over $1(;»,0()0 each was expended, in 19o:i, in 
 doxelopment work with but small returns. 
 
 The use of steanipower in copper mines in IsTO, 1880, 
 and 1902 is shown in the following statement. No 
 information for 1S89 is available. 
 
 Sleaiitjioiirr uned: lUO;, IS'SO, aiid If!70. 
 
 
 Tolal 
 num- 
 ber of 
 mine.s. 
 
 NUMBER l^F 
 ENGINES. 
 
 HORSEPOWER. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Total. 
 
 792 
 135 
 93 
 
 Average 
 per mine. 
 
 Total. 
 
 A\erage 
 
 per 
 engine. 
 
 .Average, 
 per mine. 
 
 1902 
 
 144 
 
 41 
 
 140 
 
 5.5 
 3.3 
 2.3 
 
 : 189, 426 
 13,511 
 6, 328 
 
 239 
 100 
 
 68 
 
 1,315 
 
 1880 
 
 330 
 
 l.STO 
 
 158 
 
 
 
 1 Establishments. 
 
 Within the past twenty-two years the average num- 
 ber of steam engines, the total horsepower used, and 
 the average horscpowei- per engine ha\e grown in a 
 reniai'lvalile degree. On tlie other hand, the use of 
 waterpower had practically been discarded in copper 
 mines as earlv as 1870. The total number of water 
 wheels reported at the Ninth Census was '4 with a total 
 of 70 horsepower, as compared with US steam engines 
 with 6,;'WS horsepower. 
 
 The following table shows the number of hoists, 
 pumps, and power drills, ^vith the kind of power used 
 to run the. same, for Western and Southern states and 
 territories in 1902. No reports on this subject were 
 received from Michigan (which state has reported more 
 than two-thirds of the horsepower used at mines), 
 Nevada, Virginia, and Wisi.'onsin. 
 
 T.\ni.E 12. 
 
 -HOISTS, PUMPS, AND POWER DRILLS, IN WESTERN AND SOUTHERN STATES AND TERRITORIES, CLAS- 
 SIFIED BY KIND OF POWER I^SED; 1902. 
 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 
 mines 
 report- 
 ing. 
 
 HOISTS, KIND OF POWER. 
 
 PLUMPS, KIND OF POWER. 
 
 
 POWER DRILLS, KIND OF POWER. 
 
 STATE OR TERRITORY. 
 
 Total 
 number. 
 
 Steam. 
 
 '^oT 1 Com- 
 ga^^o- IPressed 
 hue. '"'• 
 
 Elec- 
 tric. 
 
 Total 
 number. 
 
 Steam. 
 
 Gas 
 
 or 
 ga.so- 
 linc. 
 
 Com- 
 pressed 
 air. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Elec- 
 tric. 
 
 1 Total 
 number. 
 
 Steam. 
 
 Com- 
 pressed 
 air. 
 
 Elec- 
 tric. 
 
 United States ... 
 
 121 
 
 228 
 
 » 
 
 16 51 
 
 3 
 
 160 
 
 153 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 900 
 
 135 
 
 763 
 
 2 
 
 Arizona 
 
 30 
 7 
 
 42 
 9 
 
 31 
 5 
 6 
 
 .87 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 1 1 
 
 2 ■ 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 ' 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 25 \' 1 
 
 22 
 
 26 
 
 7 
 
 .-, 
 
 California 
 
 3 : 2 
 2 ■ 1 
 5 5 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 26 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 18 ; 10 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 17 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 13 
 1 
 1 
 
 135 
 9 
 
 1 47 
 
 
 1 ■' 
 
 
 
 638 
 
 
 
 10 
 2 
 2 
 4 
 6 
 
 1 10 
 
 ■ 2 
 
 ! 4 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 Oregon 
 
 1 '' 
 1 12 
 
 2 
 6 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 73 : .56 ' 17 
 49 . 3 1 46 
 
 
 Utah 
 
 2 , i ' 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 i' 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i! 1 
 
 
 At the mines reporting there were 228 hoists in use 
 in 1902, an average of about two per mine. Of this 
 numbei- 158 were run by steam, 51 by compressed air, 
 16 by gas or gasoline, and 3 bj^ electricity. The use of 
 compressed air as a motive power for hoists was prac- 
 tically confined to Montana, there being only 2 engines 
 of that class in operation in Colorado, 1 in California, 
 and 1 in Utah. Of the 3 electric hoists, 1 was used in 
 Arizona and 2 in California. 
 
 There were 160 pumps in operation, an average of 
 1 per mine; practically all were operated bv steam, 
 the exceptions being 2 each operated by gas or gaso- 
 line, compressed air, and water, and 1 by electricity. 
 
 Of the 122 mines reporting machinery, the number 
 reporting power drills was 31. At these mines there 
 were 900 power drills in operation, of which nearly 
 four-fifths were reported from Montana. The motive 
 power was mostly compressed air; only 135, less than 
 one-sixth of the number reported, were operated by 
 steam and only 2 by electricity. Those operated by 
 steam were distributed as follows: Montana, 72; Ten- 
 nessee, 66; and all other states, 7. In the Tennessee 
 copper mines steam still held the tirst place, oidy 17 
 drills having been run by compressed air. 
 
 The following is a statement of the tonnage mined 
 and the wages paid to miners and miners' helpers below 
 ground in mines equipped with power drills and in 
 those not reporting them: 
 
 Tonnaye mined and ivuges paid tu miners and miners' Jielpers in mines 
 with and witJioid, power drills: 190?. 
 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 mines. 
 
 TONS MINED. 
 
 Wages of 
 miners. 
 
 Wages of 
 
 
 ^■-'--- ptr^gl 
 
 miners' 
 helpers. 
 
 Total 1 
 
 122 
 
 1 
 5,440,9.52 
 
 4,667,766 
 773,186 
 
 44,598 
 
 S7, 8.59, 053 
 
 8582,765 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 88 
 
 137,287 
 8, 786 
 
 6,039,480 
 1,819, .573 
 
 
 No power drills reported 
 
 80, 760 
 
 1 Jlichigan, Wisconsin, and Virginia not reported. 
 
 It appears that about six-sevenths of all ore produced 
 in the 122 mines reporting came from mines equipped 
 with power drills. The average tonnage per mine thus 
 equipped was about fifteen times as great as the aver- 
 age for other mines. Miners' wages averaged $1.29 
 per ton for mines having power drills and 1(2.35 for 
 those reporting none. On the other hand, wages of 
 miners' helpers averaged 11 cents per ton for each class. 
 
478 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 There were 32 mines which had no mechanical power; 
 of these 26 were in the development stage, with a total 
 product valued at $78,176, averaging- |3,007 per mine; 
 and 6 in the productive stage, with a total product of 
 $121,4:20, averaging |20,237 per mine. There were, 
 moreover, 9 mines which failed to report on mechan- 
 ical power, presumabl_Y because thej' had none; their 
 total product was valued at $141,373, averaging $15,708 
 per mine. This leaves a product of $50,837,067 for the 
 102 operators (exclusive of 1 holding compan}') report- 
 ing mechanical power, averaging $498,402 per mine. 
 It is evident that the mines without mechanical power 
 were either in the incipient stage or belonged to the 
 type of small mines. These mines were distributed 
 among the states and territories as follows: Arizona. 
 10; Colorado, 9; New Mexico, 8; Montana, 7; Cali- 
 fornia and Utah, 2 each; Nevada, Virginia, and Wis- 
 consin, 1 each. 
 
 In most of the copper mines some mechanical method 
 was used for the transportation of the ore from the 
 mine to the reduction works or the nearest point of 
 shipment. Of the 122 operators reporting on this sub- 
 ject only 29 hauled their ore by teams, while 93, or 
 three-fourths of the whole number, reported some 
 mechanical method of transportation. The total length 
 of railroad tracks reported was 55 miles on the surface 
 and 145 miles underground, and the total number of 
 locomotives in use was 28. Of the 55 miles of surface 
 tracks, 5 companies owned 42 miles, as follows: In Ten- 
 nessee, the Tennessee Copper Company, 11 miles, and 
 the Ducktown Sulphur, Copper and Iron Company (Lim- 
 ited), 7 miles; in Arizona, the Arizona Copper Company 
 (Limited), 10 miles, and the Detroit Copper Mining 
 Company, 4 miles; and in Idaho, the White Knob Cop- 
 per Compan}' (Limited), 10 miles. This does not 
 include railroads intended for general traffic. The 
 remaining 13 miles of surface tracks were distributed 
 among 117 mines. No reports on the subject of rail- 
 road ownership were received from the Lake Superior 
 region and Virginia. 
 
 Waaler plants are an important part of the mine 
 equipment. The reports showed 66 miles of ditches, 
 Humes, etc., of which 42 were in Colorado, an average 
 of more than 2 miles per mine; 8 in California, an 
 average of more than 1 mile per mine; and 16 in all 
 other states, making an average of 715 feet per mine. 
 
 Production. — The value of the output of copper 
 mines was $51,178,036. This was the value at the mine 
 of the product classed as copper ore, rough or dressed. 
 The gross value of the copper contents of the same was 
 $70,175,810; the total ^-alue of the copper contents of all 
 ores mined in the United States was $71,192,014. Tlie 
 following table sets foi'th in detail the relation between 
 these values: 
 
 Table 13. — Copper contents of all ores mined, and production of cop- 
 per mines, values less charges: 1902. 
 Total value of copper contents of all ores miner! S71.192,01'l 
 
 Copper contents of gold and silver ores 
 
 Copper contents of copper ores 
 
 Production of copper mines: 
 
 Contents of ores sold or treated and gross value of same— 
 
 CODCer pounds. . 625, 004, ,529 tVO, 175, KIO 
 
 Gold ....fine ounces.. 92,911 1,8,54,025 
 
 Silver ....tine ounces.. 11,4,52,280 5,833,2,56 
 
 Lead.'.".'.'.'.'..". pounds.. 5.52,070 19,053 
 
 Iron „„ _^^ 
 
 //, /92 
 
 Increase in stock of ore, estimated value . 
 
 Le.ss 
 
 Treatment and freight charges 26, 762, 189 
 
 Co.st of purchased ores, 1.06H tons 1 9, /33 
 
 1,016,204 
 70,175,810 
 
 7, 959, 958 
 
 26,781,922 
 
 Value at the mine. 
 
 The value of the ore shown is computed in conformity 
 with the customary method adopted in settlements Ije- 
 tween mine operators and smelters for gold and silver 
 bearing copper ores. The mine operator is credited 
 with the value of the copper and othe- metals contained 
 in his ore, at a stipulated price per pound of copper, 
 per ounce of gold and silver, etc., and he is charged a 
 stipulated price per ton for treatment and for freight 
 from the mine to the smelter. The difference paid to 
 him is the value of the ore at the mine. 
 
 The price of copper averaged 11.2 cents per pound; 
 the price of silver, about 50.9 cents per tine ounce; and 
 gold was generally paid for at the rate of $19.95 cents 
 per tine oimce. The usual allowance for the gold con- 
 tents of the copper ore was at a round figure of $20 per 
 tine ounce, the difference between this rate and the 
 coining rate of $20.67 per ounce being reckoned among 
 the charges for treatment. 
 
 The preceding table shows, among the metallic con- 
 tents of the copper ore. iron valued at $22. An allowance 
 for iron is made only on these ores which are sufiicieutly 
 rich in that metal to be of vakie as a fluxing material. 
 
 The increase of the stock of ore represents a portion 
 of the ore mined in 1902 which remained unsold on Jan- 
 uary 1, 1903. The value is necessarily an estimate. It 
 applies only to the mines the ore from which was sold 
 in crude state, the gi'oss value and the charges being 
 reported for the portion sold, the value of the rest Iteing 
 estimated on the .same l)asis. Where the ore was dressed 
 at the mine, or shipped to a smelter operated under 
 joint management with the mine, it was impossible in 
 most cases to estimate the value of the ore in the liins, 
 the segregation of the cost of milling from other 
 expenses being impracticable. 
 
 The increase in the stock of ore reported was 39,494 
 tons, or three-tenths of 1 per cent, out of a total of 11,780,- 
 ()64 tons mined. Evidently, as a rule, only the ton- 
 nage treated was reported. The 1,(»68 tons of ore pur- 
 chased by th(> mills are taken to be a duplication of the 
 product of some mines, which reported the value of 
 their ores .sold. Therefore the value of this ore, 
 $19,733, is deducted from the total value reported for 
 
COPPER. 
 
 479 
 
 1902. Yet it i.s po.s.sihle that this ore may have come, 
 in part at lea.st, from mines idle in 1902. The error, 
 if any, is a negligible quantity. 
 
 In the following table the bullion contents of the 
 copper ores mined in 1902 are shown by states and 
 teri'itories: 
 
 Table 14.— BULLION CONTENTS OF COPPER ORES SOLD AND TREATED, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1902. 
 
 
 COPPER. 
 
 SILVER. 
 
 GOLD. 
 
 LEAD. 
 
 iBOS. 
 
 
 Pounds. 
 625, 004, 529 
 
 Value. 
 $70, 175, 810 ; 
 
 Fine nunees. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Fine ounoes. 
 
 Value. 
 
 PoundH, 
 
 Value. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 11,4.52,280 
 
 ^""612,714 
 
 711, 7N5 
 
 l'.l,6li:l 
 
 24,953 
 
 9, 676, 603 
 
 6, 048 
 
 375,874- 
 
 11,587 
 
 11,083 
 
 J5, 833, 256 
 
 92,911 
 
 $1,854,026 
 
 ,552, 070 
 
 $19, 0.53 
 
 .?22 
 
 
 
 
 121,235,646 
 
 26,530,204 
 
 644, 960 
 
 171,102,066 
 
 267,779,794 
 
 7,297,383 
 
 17,600,676 
 
 12,661,328 
 
 162, 683 
 
 13,3.61,837 ' 
 
 3,063,817 
 
 M, 197 
 
 20, 100, 425 
 
 30,034,912 
 
 1400,318 
 
 1,795,511 
 
 1, 356, 959 
 
 17,834 
 
 311,. 666 
 
 370, 737 
 
 9, 854 
 
 12,097 
 
 4, 935, 070 
 
 3,021 
 
 181,837 
 
 3, 510 
 
 6, 674 
 
 15, .526 310,071 
 
 17,211 1 3.63,274 
 
 716 14,362 
 
 431, 360 
 
 15,. 527 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 Colorado 
 
 61, 770 
 
 1,329 
 
 
 
 
 
 32, 1,63 644, 178 
 229 4,, 676 
 
 26, 893 624, 225 
 120 1 2,240 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Utah 
 
 .50, .640 
 
 1,903 
 
 
 
 
 
 8,400 
 
 294 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ The value for New Mexico is a flat value and does not include charges for smelting and freight. 
 
 2 Includes North Carolina. Tennessee, and Virginia. 
 
 'Includes Idaho, Nevada, Oregtm, Washington, A\'isconsin, and ■\Vyoming. 
 
 Some silver was contained in the copper ores mined 
 in every state; but the silver contents of the Lake' 
 Superior ores were too insignificant to pay for the cost 
 of recovering them, and, as a rule, brought no value to 
 the owner. For the .same reason no returns were made 
 to the mine operator for the gold and silver contents 
 of the southern ore, though some of them ultima telj' 
 reached the eastern electrolytic refineries where the 
 precious metals were saved, thus increasing the refined 
 gold and silver product brought into the market. 
 
 The average price realized by the mine operator for 
 the copper contents of his ore varied by states, as shown 
 in the statement below from 5.5 cents per pound m 
 New Mexico to 11.7 cents in Michigan. The extremely 
 low price in New Mexico was a flat price, no charges 
 being made for smelting and freight. The variations 
 in other states were produced bj^ the fluctuations of the 
 New York price of copper in the course of the year, 
 and depended further upon the manner in which the 
 ore was disposed of, as will be fully explained. 
 
 Average price per pound of copper in, the ore, hy stales and territories.- 
 
 190-2. 
 
 Superior district, while in western mines it is infre- 
 quent. A comparative statement of ores dressed before 
 smelting and those shipped in crude state follows: 
 
 Method of treatment of coppier ore: 1902. 
 
 STATE OR TERRITORY. 
 
 United States . 
 
 California. 
 Colorado . . 
 Michigan . 
 Montana . 
 
 New Mexico ^ — 
 Utah 
 
 Southern states 2 . 
 All other states 3 . 
 
 Cents. 
 
 11.5 
 10.0 
 11.7 
 11.2 
 .6.5 
 10.2 
 10.7 
 11.7 
 
 1 The price for New Mexico was a flat price, from which no deduction was 
 made for smelting and freight. 
 
 '- Includes North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. 
 
 3 Includes Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Wa.shington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. 
 
 All copper ores mined in the United States are re- 
 duced to the metallic state by smelting, some after 
 being crushed at stamp mills and dressed, that is, cleaned 
 of worthless rock, and thus concentrated hito a smaller 
 volume. Dressing is the univer.sal practice in the Lake 
 
 
 COPPER CONTENTS. 
 
 GROSS VALUE. 
 
 
 Tons of ore. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Per 
 cent 
 
 of 
 crude 
 
 ore. 
 
 Aver- 
 Aggregate. p|^ 
 ton. 
 
 Total 
 
 11,464,868 
 
 626,004,529 
 
 2.73 
 
 $70,176,810 
 
 $6.12 
 
 Dressed before smelting. . . 
 Smelted in crude state 
 
 16,569,397 
 = 4,906,471 
 
 223, 936, 242 
 401,069.287 
 
 1.68 
 4.19 
 
 25,987,738 ] 3.89 
 44,1.88,072 9.24 
 
 1 The contents of 1,068 tons of ore sold by the mine operators and dressed 
 by the purchasers are included under both heads, and to this extent constitute 
 a duplication. 
 
 = The copper contents of 123,393 tons of ore smelted in crude state were 
 included in one item with those of ore dressed before smelting. 
 
 The ore shipped from the mine directlj' to the smelter 
 was of a higher grade than the average ore which had 
 to be dressed oefore it could be shipped to the smelter, 
 the average value per ton of crude ore being |9.21 for 
 the former and $3.89 for the latter. Since, however, 
 the dressed ores included Lake Superior copper bearing 
 rock, which is of a much lower value than western 
 crude ores, the latter are presented separately in the 
 following .statement: 
 
 Copjoer contents tind gross value of irestern crude ores: 1902. 
 
 
 COPPER CONTENTS. 
 
 GROSS VALVE. 
 
 
 Tons of ore. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Per 
 cent 
 
 of 
 crude 
 ore. 
 
 Aggregate. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 per 
 ton. 
 
 Total 
 
 5,144,496 
 
 441,241,136 
 
 4.29 
 
 $48,718,216 
 
 $9.47 
 
 
 
 1 490, 24S 
 '711,140 
 
 3, 943, 107 
 
 46,612,446 
 .62,833,177 
 
 341, 795, 513 
 
 4.74 
 3.71 
 
 4.33 
 
 4, 0.59, 618 
 
 5, 8.SS, 103 
 
 8.26 
 8. 28 
 
 Dressed before smelting... 
 
 Smelted in crude state at 
 
 works connected with 
 
 
 
 
 1 Inclndt's a duplication of the contents of 1,06S tons of ore, as explained above. 
 
480 
 
 Mmp]K AND QUAKRIES. 
 
 Of the 711,140 tons dressed before smelting only 
 3y,551 tons, or 5.11 per eent, were shipped to outside 
 smelters, the rest, after coneentration, was shipped for 
 smelting- to works operated b}' the mine owners. The 
 practice of dressing lief ore smelting was confined to 
 Arizona. 
 
 As appears from the preceding statement, the grade 
 of ore did not vary materially with the disposition of 
 tlie same. The way in which the ore was handled was 
 apparently determined by the ecpiipment of the mining 
 company. 
 
 In the copper industry the combination of mining 
 and smelting under the same operator is the predomi- 
 nating type of organization. The total value of the ore 
 
 shipped to smelting works operated in connection with 
 mines amounted to $40,432,863, whereas the value of 
 the ore shi]iped to custom smodters was only $10,745,173. 
 The number of mines connected with smelters was 29, 
 and the number from which oiv. was shipped to custom 
 suKdters was 1L5. The average output per mine was 
 $l,()49,4(i'.> for the former and $93,436 for the latter. 
 
 The following table shows, by states and territories, 
 the gross value and the metallic contents, the charges 
 for treatment and freight and the value of the pi'oduct 
 ;it the mine for (U'es sold and for those smelted by the 
 mine operator The Lake Supei'ioi- district and the 
 Southern states are com))incd to avoid disclosing items 
 reported by indi\idual establishments. 
 
 Tabi 
 
 1.5. 
 
 -VALUK OF ORE SOLI) AND SMELTED BY (_)WNER, COST (.)F KEDUCTION, AND VALUE AT MINE, BY 
 
 STATES AND TERRITOPJES; 1902. 
 
 I'NITED STATES. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Tons sold and trt- att'd 
 
 Copper (.-ontents: 
 
 Pounds I t;2r>, (X)4,ri29 
 
 Per cent of crude ore , 2.1 
 
 Value S70. 17.'). SKI 
 
 Average value per pound, cents 11. i^ 
 
 Value of by-pro'lucts: 
 
 Silver .' S.=>, S33, 2oi> 
 
 Gold $1, 8.M, 025 
 
 other metals S19, 07.5 
 
 Total gross value $77, 882, 166 
 
 .\verage per ton S6. 79 
 
 Cost of reduction and freight 826, 762, 180 
 
 Average per ton S2, 33 
 
 Value at mine i $.51, 119, 977 
 
 i 
 
 3. 9)w;, : 
 
 .^1 
 
 12.'!, IIW, S29 
 1..S8 
 
 jl3,(llll,.iU9 
 10,4 
 
 7, 198, 347 
 
 499,, tW, 700 
 3. 32 
 
 $.57,174,301 
 11.4 
 
 $4,6.51,626 
 $1, 648, 352 
 
 J1,1,H1 631 
 
 S2U.5, 673 
 
 $19,075 
 
 S14,407,,ss,s $63 474,278 
 
 $3.65 $8 45 
 
 $3, 740, .507 ' $23 021,682 
 
 80.95 i $3.06 
 
 $10, 667 381 $40, 452 596 
 
 25,913 ! 
 
 I 
 
 3,698,128 
 
 7.14 
 
 $351,130 
 
 9.4 
 
 $45,331 
 $8,291 i 
 $15, .549 i 
 $420,301 
 $:W,03 
 $167,623 
 $15.17 
 $2.52,678 I 
 
 Smelted. 
 
 1, 149,319 
 
 117, .537, 418 
 5.11 
 
 $13,000,707 
 11.1 
 
 $266, 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Sold. 
 
 $301, 
 
 7S0 
 
 1 
 
 $13 568, 
 
 712 
 
 $11 
 
 ,66 
 
 $5, 557, 
 
 544 
 
 $- 
 
 . 77 
 
 $8,011, 
 
 108 
 
 33. 090 
 
 4,35S,339 
 
 6, .59 
 
 $479, 407 
 
 10,9 
 
 $117, 241 
 $92, 9.58 
 
 $689. 606 
 
 $20, 84 
 
 $311,2.5-1 
 
 $9,41 
 
 $378, 352 
 
 Smelted. 
 
 202,498 
 
 22,171,865 
 5.47 
 
 $2, .574, 410 
 11.6 
 
 $2.53, 496 
 $260, 316 
 
 $3, 088, 222 
 
 $15. 25 
 
 $1,866,911 
 
 $9.22 
 
 $1,221,311 
 
 MONTANA. 
 
 Sold. 
 
 Tons sold and treated 
 
 Copper contends: 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Per cent of crude ore 
 
 Value 
 
 Average value per pound, cents 
 Value of bv-products: 
 
 Silver 
 
 Gold 
 
 Other meta.ls 
 
 Total gross value 
 
 Average per ton 
 
 Cost of reduction and freight 
 
 Average per ton 
 
 Value at mine 
 
 405,278 
 
 31,108,927 
 
 3,84 
 
 $2, 764, 036 
 
 8,9 
 
 $936,405 
 
 $27, 4(H 
 
 Smelted. 
 
 3,027,866 
 
 236, 670, 867 
 3.91 
 
 $27,270,876 
 11 5 
 
 $3, 998, 665 
 $616,774 
 
 1 
 
 $3, 727, .H45 
 $9,20 
 
 $1,716,847 
 $4, 24 
 
 $2,010,998 
 
 $31,8.S6,315 
 $10. .53 
 $13,3.39,361 i 
 
 $4.41 
 $18, .546, 951 
 
 14, 1.52 
 
 2,711,026 
 
 9. .58 
 
 $206, 068 
 
 7,6 
 
 $50, 108 
 
 $.55, 085 
 
 $1,903 
 
 $:)13, 164 
 
 $22,13 
 
 $113, .580 
 
 $8,03 
 
 $199, .584 
 
 Smelted, 
 
 231,860 
 
 14,&'i9,6.50 
 3.21 
 
 $1,. 589, 443 
 10.7 
 
 $131, 729 
 $469, 140 
 
 $2,190,312 
 
 $9 45 
 
 $930, 704 
 
 $4.01 
 
 $1,2.59.608 
 
 OTHEU WESTEKN STATES. - 
 
 Sold. 
 
 LAKE SUPERIOR DISTRICT 
 AND SOUTHERN STATES.^ 
 
 $16. 949 
 
 $19, 695 
 
 $1,623 
 
 $515, 338 
 
 ' 1. 83 
 
 $192, 802 
 
 $3.68 
 
 $322, .536 
 
 Sold. 
 
 3, 435, 654 
 
 7.5,266,4.59 
 1,10 
 
 $8. 723, 797 
 11.6 
 
 $15, .597 
 $2,240 
 
 $8," 741 ,'634' 
 $2. .54 
 
 $1,238,401 ' 
 $0.36 
 
 $7, .503, 233 
 
 Smelted. 
 
 2, .SS4, 719 
 
 108,496,934 
 1.88 
 
 $12. 733, 797 
 11.7 
 
 $10 
 
 $12,7:«,807 
 
 $4.41 
 
 $1,323,947 
 
 $0.46 
 
 $11,409,860 
 
 slock 
 
 1 Does not include $58,0.59, the difference between value of incn.-a 
 of ore j)urcha.sed, included here but not shown in Table 1, 
 
 2 Includes Colorado, Idaho, Nevada. New Mexico, (Jrcgoii, \\'!isliint,'t(ni, and W 
 ■^Includes Michigan, Nortli Carolina, Tennessee, Vlrgiiiia, and Wisconsin. 
 
 The cost of reduction and freight includes all charg(>s 
 of any description deducted l)y the bu^'cr of the on» 
 from the gross value of the same, whenever the ore was 
 sold, or all charges made by the smelting works against 
 the mine wdienever both were operated by llic same 
 owiiei'. Most of the Micliigan mines reporteil sepa- 
 rately commissions, sellinge.xpenscs, etc. ; some reported 
 separately the cost of haulage from mine to smelter. 
 
 WHien 11 mine was operat(»d in connection with a 
 smelter, a se})arate report was seciii-ed for the latter, e.\- 
 cc'jit in one case, wdiere the smidter was operated merel\ 
 as a test for a, few days. The inijiiiries called Foi- 1 lie lot ul 
 
 on hand at close of year, having been neither sold nor smelted, and tlie value 
 yoming, 
 
 amount paid in salaries and wages during the year 1902, 
 the cost of supplies used during the year, and miscel- 
 laneous expenses, covering substantially the same items 
 as indicated a))ove; also total tolls received for custom 
 smidting and relining. as w(dl as total tolls paid on the 
 product <d' the smelter shipped for further treatment to 
 other suKdters and refineries. In accordance with the 
 general ])lan of the census of mines and (piarries the 
 ex[)enses of the smelting works wer(> not included 
 among mining expenses. F>ut when no charges were 
 made on the books of the sniidter against the mine, both 
 being operat"d ;is one establishment, the total exiicnscs 
 
COPPER. 
 
 481 
 
 reported for the smelter were reg'arded as tlie cost of 
 smeltino- the ores shipped from the compan\''s mine and 
 were deducted from the gross value of the bullion con- 
 tents, in order to arrive at the value at the mine. 
 Thus the gross value in Table V^ represents the A-alue 
 of the refined product, and the value at mine is tiiat of 
 the ore computed as herein explained. No attempt was 
 made to estimate the profits of the operator on the 
 smelting of the ores mined by him, as it would be purely 
 a matter of conjecture. It was assumed that the ore 
 was treated at cost, and the profit, if any, is therefore 
 included in the value of the product at the mine. 
 
 When, in addition to the ores mined, custom ores 
 were treated by the smelter, the expenses of the smelter 
 were apportioned between the ores mined and those 
 purchased on the basis of the tonnage, and the amount 
 chargeable against the mine was deducted from the 
 gross value. The total quantity of custom ores thus 
 treated was only 447,944 tons, as compared with 
 7.513,269 tons shipped from mines operated under the 
 same management, or 5.6 per cent of the total quan- 
 tity treated. Thus any error in that calculation could 
 not materiall}' aflect the results. 
 
 The value of the product at the mine, thus computed, 
 represents the value of the ore, crude or dressed. -The 
 value of the ore at the mine shown in Table 13 differs 
 slightly from that shown in Table 15. The difference 
 amounts to $58,059, which is due to the omission from 
 Table 15 of the estimated value of the increase of stock 
 of ore, amounting to $77,792, and the inclusion of the 
 cost of purchased ores, amounting to $19,733. 
 
 The average tenor of copper in the crude ore was 2.7 
 per cent or "units" of 20 pounds to the ton, and the 
 average value per pound of copper contents was 11.2 
 cents; the gross value per ton on that basis averaged 
 $6.79. Of the ores sold, nearly seven-eighths were Lake 
 and Southern low-grade ores; taking the United .States 
 as a whole, therefore, the average percentage of copper 
 for ore sold appears to have been less than one-half of 
 the average for ores smelted. A comparison by states 
 discloses a diiierent condition; with the exception of 
 Montana, ores shipped to custom smelters were of a 
 higher grade than those smelted at the mine; appar- 
 ently, low-grade ore could not bear the expense of ship- 
 ment to a distant smelter, and could be profitably 
 treated only at the mine. In Montana the grade of 
 ore does not differ in the two cases, which is due to 
 the fact that most of the mines are centered near 
 Butte, so that the cost of transportation is not of such 
 importance as elsewhere. The last group, combining 
 the Lake Superior district and the Southern states, 
 merely reflects the defects of the United States average, 
 the reasons for which have been explained. 
 
 The average value realized per pound of copper is 1 
 cent less for ore sold than for ore smelted by the owner. 
 The same relation is observed everywhere, the differ- 
 ence in price on Western ores varying from seven-tenths 
 8(t22,3— 04 ;^1 
 
 of a cent in California to 3.1 cents in LTtah. The mar- 
 gin represents a part of the charges for the treatment 
 of the oi'e. The low price reported from "other West- 
 ern states'" is due to the fact, as explained abo\e, that 
 in New Mexico ores containing 7,297,383 pounds of cop- 
 per, and valued at $400,318 were sold at a Hat price, no 
 deductions being made for treatment. In the Lake Su- 
 perior district the same \'alue is allowed per pound of 
 tine copper in the dressed ore (locally known as •'min- 
 eral "') and in refined bullion. The slight variation of 
 one-tenth of a cent is due to the difference in Southern 
 oi'es. 
 
 The average charges for treatment and freight nmst 
 be compared by states or groups of states, inasmuch as 
 the result for the United States is affected by the inclu- 
 sion of Lake ores which are shipped to the SQielter after 
 being considerably reduced in weight by dressing. Of 
 the total quantity of Lake ores, 5,036,547 tons were re- 
 duced to 120,042 tons of mineral — that is, to 2.4 per 
 cent of the original weight. This method naturally 
 reduced the cost per ton of rock treated. Compared 
 hj states the cost of treatment varies; in California 
 and Montana, as well as in the Lake Superior district 
 and in the Southein states, there is no apparent differ- 
 ence between the charges on ores sold and those smelted 
 by the mine operator, whereas in all other Western 
 states the cost of treatment is higher for the former 
 than for the latter. 
 
 A segregation of the cost of reduction into charges 
 for treatment and freight was not in all cases obtain- 
 able. The aggregate charges for reduction amounted 
 to $26,762,189. This amount was distributed as 
 
 Cost uf reduction of ores: 190£. 
 
 Total . 
 
 Ore smelted 
 by o^vner. 
 
 ?23,021,682 
 
 Charges for trtatment, etc I 22, 124, 950 
 
 Freight ! 3,402,&59 
 
 Not reported separately ' 1,234,880 
 
 2, 033, 857 
 549, 260 
 557,390 
 
 19,491,093 
 
 2,853,099 
 
 677, 490 
 
 As appears from the preceding statement, 95.4 per 
 cent of the total cost of reduction reported for ores 
 smelted by the mine operators, and 85 per cent of the 
 total reported for ores sold, could be segregated into 
 freight and other charges. Freight, as far as reported, 
 amounted to about one-sixth of the cost of reduction 
 for ores and concentrates shipped to outside smelters, 
 and to about one-eighth for ores smelted at works con- 
 nected with the mine. The item of freight amounted, 
 in all, to $3,402,359, which was equal to a charge of 
 4.4 per cent on the gross value of the ore. 
 
 Mines and iiiiJJy. — When a mine and reduction works 
 were operated under the same management, separate 
 reports were required for each, and special schedules 
 were provided for the purpose. Still the mine operator 
 
482 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 was given the option of making one report covering 
 both the mine and the reduetion works, wlrenever it was 
 impracticable to report them separately. 
 
 In the Lake Superior district, where ore dressing is 
 an integral part of copper mining, the reports furnished 
 by the mine operators included in each case both the 
 mine and the mill. Separate reports for mine and mill 
 were received from each of the 7 western operators. A 
 summary of these reports is presented in the following- 
 table: 
 
 Table 16. — iSummarii of mines combined irilh mills irherr sepuriitely 
 reported: l'JO'2. 
 
 Mines and 
 mills. 
 
 Xumber of mines and mills 
 
 Salaries $164, 517 
 
 Wages SI, 562, W6 
 
 Contract work : S44, S91 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses £137, 213 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials ' S716, 468 
 
 Cost of purchased ores ' $19,733 
 
 Value of product at mine ' 84, 237, 6.'^H 
 
 734,. 555 
 
 146,160 
 
 Ore mined, short tons 
 
 Crude ore shipped to smelters, shi;>rt tnns ... 
 
 Ore milled, short tons: 
 
 From mine 
 
 Purchased 
 
 Concentrates produced, short tons 
 
 Bullion contents of ore shipped and milled: 
 
 Copper — 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Gross value *6, 116, WO 
 
 Silver I W5, 263 
 
 Gold I S25, 022 
 
 Other metals I 315, ,527 
 
 Total gross value : 86,201,912 
 
 58.5, 539 
 
 l,0i:8 
 
 77,903 
 
 .57,370,088 
 
 8131,404 I 833,113 
 81,277,963 I 8284,683 
 
 844,89] 
 
 876,713 , 860,600 
 
 8.592,887 8123,5X1 
 
 819, 733 
 
 "'734^555' !!;!!!!!!; 
 
 I .585, 539 
 
 ' 1,068 
 
 I 77, 903 
 
 The following table is a sununary of all mines that 
 were separately reported, with and without mill con- 
 nection. Lake Superior mines, as stated, do not come 
 within this category. The table is confined to mines 
 onlv; no data relating to mills are included therein. 
 
 T.iBLE IT. — Sii.mmary^ exrlusirc of mi/Is, fir minis irilh mill rnnnrr- 
 tions rompored nith- mines not connected irilh mills: 1U02. 
 
 'Mines report- 
 ing. 
 
 Number of mines 123 
 
 Salaries SI, 137, 267 
 
 Wages I 812, 121, .518 
 
 Contract work i $177, 043 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses | S862, 519 
 
 Co.st of supplies and materials ■ 36, 271 , 175 
 
 Value of product at mine 332, 872, .560 
 
 Ore mined, short tons 5, ri42, 712 
 
 Ore shipped and milled: 
 
 Short tons 5, 493, 21K 
 
 Bullion contents — 
 Copper — 
 
 Pounds 453, 452, 464 
 
 Value 8.50, 065, 442 
 
 Silver 35, X21 , 159 
 
 Gold 31 , 8ryl, 025 
 
 other metals 819, 075 
 
 Mines with 
 mill con- 
 nection. 
 
 8131,404 
 
 31,277,963 
 
 $.14,891 
 
 87r,,713 
 
 8692, ,H87 
 
 $3,7:i5,811 
 
 7;!4, 555 
 
 731, 699 
 
 .56,920,088 
 
 $6,096,367 
 
 $-15, 263 
 
 825, 022 
 
 $15, .527 
 
 Mines not 
 connected 
 with mills. 
 
 116 
 
 81.006,863 
 
 310,.H43,.6.56 
 
 $132, 152 
 
 8785, 806 
 
 85, 678, 2.H8 
 
 329, 136, 749 
 
 4,,S08, 1.57 
 
 4,761,519 
 
 396, 632, 376 
 
 tii. 9.59, 075 
 
 35, 775, .H96 
 
 81,829,003 
 
 S3, 548 
 
 Where the mine was connected with a mill the valut> 
 of product repoiied was that of the mill product, which 
 would not be comparable with the \alue reported by 
 mines without a mill connection; the value at mine has, 
 therefore, been estimated in the same mariner as in cases 
 where the ore was smelted at works connected with the 
 
 mine; the total reported expenses of the mill have been 
 deducted from the value of the mill product, and the 
 difi'erence is taken to represent the value of the crude 
 ore at the mine. The gross value of the product is 
 obtained by deducting the cost, $19,733, of ore pur- 
 chased for the mill, from the gross value of the bullion 
 contents; the same amount being deducted from the 
 reported valae of copper, in order to obtain the value 
 of the copper contents of the ore mined. The value of 
 the copper contents of purchased ore, of course, ex- 
 ceeded the price paid by the mill for the crude ore. 
 Yet as the copper contents of purchased ores were less 
 than 1 per cent of the total cpiantity treated, they may 
 be regarded as a negligible quantity. 
 
 Cdiiijxtrisoii hij i/eof/rajiluc <liri><l,<ntn. — The growth of 
 the copper production in the United States is mainly 
 the result of the development of copper mining in 
 Montana and Arizona. In ls7it tive-sixths of the pro- 
 duction of the United States came from ^lichigan; 
 though the annual production of Michigan has since 
 more than trebled, the relative share of Michigan had 
 declined to a little over one-fourth in l'.i02, while the 
 output of Montana and Arizona for the year VM)-1 
 amounted to nearly three-tifths of the production of the 
 I'nited States. The copper production of the above 
 three states and of the United States since the year 
 1.'583 when records for Montana and Arizona began, 
 is presented in the following table: 
 
 T.-iBLE T8. — Prudiiction of the Vnifed States, and of the Luke Supe- 
 rior, ilontano, and Arizona districts: ISSS to 100.':'. 
 
 [L'nited States Geological Survev, "Mineral Resources of the United States," 
 
 1902.] 
 
 [Long tons.] 
 
 
 Total 
 
 LAKE .SUfERIOK. 
 
 .MONTANA. 
 
 AKIZ 
 
 :tNA. 
 
 
 produc- 
 tion. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 YK.\K. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ITnited 
 
 Produc- 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Produc- 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Produc- 
 
 Per cent 
 
 
 States. 
 
 tion. 
 
 of total. 
 
 tion. 
 
 of total. 
 
 tion. 
 
 of total. 
 
 18S3.... 
 
 .51,674 
 
 26,663 
 
 .51.6 
 
 11,011 
 
 21.3 
 
 10, 668 
 
 20.7 
 
 18S4.... 
 
 64, 708 
 
 30, 961 
 
 47.8 
 
 19,256 
 
 29.8 
 
 11,935 
 
 18.4 
 
 1885.... 
 
 74,052 
 
 32,209 
 
 43. 5 
 
 30, 267 
 
 40.9 
 
 10, 137 
 
 13.7 
 
 1886.... 
 
 70,430 
 
 36, 124 
 
 B1.3 
 
 26,362 
 
 36. 
 
 6,990 
 
 9.9 
 
 1887.... 
 
 81,017 
 
 33,941 
 
 41. 9 
 
 35, 133 
 
 43.4 
 
 7,910 
 
 9.7 
 
 1888.... 
 
 101, 054 
 
 38, 604 
 
 38.2 
 
 43, 704 
 
 43.2 
 
 14,195 
 
 14.0 
 
 1889.... 
 
 101,239 
 
 39,364 
 
 :w. 7 
 
 43, .149 
 
 43.3 
 
 13, 6.51 
 
 13.5 
 
 1890 
 
 115, 966 
 
 4.5,273 
 
 38. 9 
 
 .50,4:J7 
 
 43.6 
 
 15, 534 
 
 13.4 
 
 1891.... 
 
 126, 839 
 
 60, 992 
 
 40. 2 
 
 50, 028 
 
 39. 6 
 
 17,800 
 
 14.0 
 
 1892 
 
 164,018 
 
 54, 999 
 
 36. 7 
 
 72, S60 
 
 47. 3 
 
 17, 160 
 
 11.1 
 
 1893.... 
 
 147,033 
 
 .50, 270 
 
 34.2 
 
 69, 290 
 
 47.1 
 
 19, 200 
 
 13.1 
 
 1S94.... 
 
 1.58,120 
 
 ,51,031 
 
 32.3 
 
 81,729 
 
 61.6 
 
 19, 873 
 
 12.6 
 
 1S95 
 
 169,917 
 
 57,737 
 
 34.0 
 
 84, 900 
 
 50.0 
 
 21,40S 
 
 12.6 
 
 1.S96.... 
 
 205, 384 
 
 64, 073 
 
 31.2 
 
 99,071 
 
 48.2 
 
 32, .560 
 
 15. 8 
 
 1897.... 
 
 220, 571 
 
 64, 868 
 
 29.1 
 
 102, 807 
 
 46. 6 
 
 36, 398 
 
 16.5 
 
 1898 
 
 235,0.50 
 
 66, 291 
 
 2S. 2 
 
 92,041 
 
 :39.2 
 
 49, 624 
 
 21.1 
 
 1899.... 
 
 253, 870 
 
 65, 803 
 
 25. 9 
 
 100, .503 
 
 39.6 
 
 69, 399 
 
 23.4 
 
 1900.... 
 
 270, .588 
 
 64,938 
 
 24.0 
 
 120,865 
 
 44.7 
 
 52, 820 
 
 19.5 
 
 1901.... 
 
 268, 782 
 
 69, 772 
 
 25. 9 
 
 102, 621 
 
 38.2 
 
 58, 383 
 
 21.7 
 
 1902.... 
 
 294,423 
 
 76,166 
 
 25. 9 
 
 r28,975 
 
 43. 8 
 
 63, 547 
 
 18. 2 
 
 A comparative summary liy geographic divisions is 
 presented in Table lit. The Lake Superi(.)r district is 
 practically .synonymous with the state of Michigan; 
 the returns of the present census of mines and ([uar- 
 ries show only 1 small mine in \\'iseonsin, with an out- 
 put valued at less than $.500. 
 
COPPER. 
 
 483 
 
 Table tO. — Comparatire summari/ of wesleni, Luke Siiperiov, mid 
 southern copper mines: 190-'. 
 
 Number of mines 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 Value of product at mine 
 
 Ore mined, short tons 
 
 Ore sliipped and milled; 
 
 Short tons 
 
 Bullion contents- 
 Copper— 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Value, total 
 
 Average per pound, cents . . 
 
 Silver 
 
 Gold 
 
 Other metals 
 
 Total gross value 
 
 Average percentage of copper in ore . . . 
 Average return from by-products: 
 
 Per ton mined 
 
 Per ton sold and treated 
 
 Per pound of copper, cents 
 
 Western 
 states. 
 
 118 
 
 81, 106, ail) 
 
 $12, 212, 9S7 
 
 8177, 043 
 
 S859, 031 
 
 S6, 293, 251 
 
 J32, 206, 884 
 
 6, 186, 183 
 
 ,S, 14B, m-i 
 
 441,241,136 
 
 $48,718,216 
 
 11.0 
 
 S."!, 817, 649 
 
 $1,8.51,78.=. 
 
 »19, 076 
 
 t56,406,72.'j 
 
 4.29 
 
 tl.48 
 
 J1.49 
 
 1.7 
 
 Lake Supe- 
 rior district. 
 
 2B 
 
 t.'i'lS, (176 
 
 )t8,74fi,204 
 
 $11,72.=) 
 
 S474, 446 
 
 $4, 688, 419 
 
 818,247,417 
 
 6, 247, 352 
 
 .'1,971,650 
 
 171,102,065 
 
 $20, 100, 635 
 
 11.7 
 
 812,097 
 
 $20, 112, 732 
 1.43 
 
 80. 002 
 $0. 002 
 
 Southern 
 states. 
 
 5 
 864,324 
 8193,244 
 
 8i;3, 988 
 8101,505 
 8665, 676 
 
 346. .529 
 
 348, 723 
 
 12,661,328 
 
 $1,356,959 
 
 10.7 
 
 S3, 510 
 
 $2, 240 
 
 $1,362,709 
 1.S2 
 
 $0. 017 
 $0. 016 
 
 La/ie Superior district. — Until the development of cop- 
 per mining- in the Western states, in the early eighties, 
 the Michigan mines were practically the only source of 
 domestic production of copper. A comparative sum- 
 mar}' of census statistics for Michigan copper mines 
 beginning with 1860 is presented in the following table: 
 
 Table 30. — Comparative summary, Micldgau: 1S60 to 1902. 
 
 Number of mines 20 
 
 Salaried oificials, 
 clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 419 
 
 Salaries $598, 076 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number... 13,887 
 
 Wages $8, 744, 892 
 
 Contract work $11,725 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 8473,501 
 
 Cost of supplies and 
 
 materials $4, 688, 419 
 
 Product; 
 
 Pounds of copper . . 171, 102, 065 
 
 Value 820,563,353 
 
 1902 
 
 1889 
 
 (') 
 
 Ml 
 $67, 369 
 
 3 6,696 
 
 1, 174, 363 
 
 $306, 627 
 
 $1, 247, 978 
 
 $2, 682, 491 
 
 87,45.5,675 
 
 1880 
 
 
 5,190 I 4,188 
 
 $2,661,243 IS2,346,,535 
 
 $1,215,206 
 
 8566, 410 
 
 46,830,262 ' (M 
 
 $7,979,232 j$4,312,167 
 
 I860 
 
 
 8, 631 
 
 81,388,208 
 
 (■) 
 8139, 600 
 
 (>) 
 $2, 282, 182 
 
 1 Not reported. 
 
 2 Establishments. 
 
 3 Foremen included in wage-earners. 
 * Not reported separately. ' 
 
 The noteworthy feature disclosed by the preceding 
 table is the gradual concentration of production from 
 one census to another'. Assuming that the establish- 
 ments reporting in 1860 and 1870 represented mines, 
 the number of mines decreased fi-om 1860 to 1880, and 
 since then has remained about the same; but the output 
 at each census has been about double the value or 
 the quantity reported at the preceding census. The 
 average production per mine was as follows: In 1860, 
 $72,379; in 1870, $159,710; in 1S80, $419,960; and in 
 1902, $1,028,168. 
 
 The progress in the equipment of mines went on in 
 proportion to the increase in the volume of production. 
 This is illustrated by the growth of the number and 
 horsepower of .steam engines used, as summarized in 
 the following statement: 
 
 Sleiini eiiijini's iimi jiorsepoH'i'r in Michit/tin : 190:^, ISSO, n nil 1870. 
 
 1902 
 1880 
 1.870 
 
 
 NUMBER 01' EN- 
 
 
 GINES. 
 
 Num- 
 
 
 ber of 
 
 
 
 mines. 
 
 
 Average 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 per 
 mine. 
 
 I 
 
 20 
 
 439 
 
 22.0 1 
 
 19 
 
 113 
 
 6.9 ' 
 
 127 
 
 86 
 
 3.2 1 
 
 HORSEPOWEK. 
 
 Average 
 [ler en- 
 gine. 
 
 137, .522 
 12,715 
 5, 943 
 
 313 
 112 
 69 
 
 Aver- 
 age per 
 
 6., 876 
 069 
 
 1 Establishments. 
 
 The preceding .statement clearly shows the remarkable 
 growth of the application of steampower, especially 
 within the last two decades. The average power em- 
 ployed in the production of 1 short ton of fine copi^er in 
 1880 was e(|ual to fif t3'-five hundredths of 1 horsepower, 
 and in 19(»2 to 1.61 horsepower, nearly threefold. 
 
 Of the 20 mines reporting in 1902, 18 made complete 
 reports, stating the cjuantity of rock treated, the quan- 
 tity of mineral produced, and the fine copper contents 
 of the mineral; 3 failed to state the quantity of rock 
 treated, but reported the quantity of mineral and cop- 
 per contents; l reported the quantitj^ of rock treated 
 and the fine copper contents, but failed to report the 
 quantity of mineral produced. The total reported quan- 
 tity of rock hoisted was 6,217,317 tons, of which 
 5,971,61.5 tons were treated and 275,702 tons, or 4.1 per 
 cent, were rejected as too poor to go to the stamp mill. 
 
 Complete reports from 13 mines showed 5,036,547 
 tons treated at stamp mills, with a yield of 240,084,170 
 pounds of mineral, containing 144,217,300 pounds of 
 fine copper. The rock was reduced by treatment to 2.4 
 per cent of its weight; the fine copper contents averaged 
 6(1.1 per cent of the mineral, or 1.4 per cent of the weight 
 of the rock. Returns from 16 mines showed 5,971.615 
 tons of rock treated, containing 165,631,605 pounds of 
 fine copper, or 1.4 per cent of the quantity of ore 
 treated. Returns from 17 mines showed 249,569,244 
 pounds of mineral, yielding 149,262,636 pounds of fine 
 copper, or 59.8 per cent. 
 
 The percentage of mineral produced varied in indi- 
 vidual cases from six-tenths of 1 per cent to 2.4 per 
 cent of the rock treated, and the copper contents varied 
 from 53.4 per cent to 91 per cent of the mineral. The 
 proportion of 2.4 per cent of mineral to the c[uantity 
 of rock treated and 60 per cent for the fine copper con- 
 tents of the mineral, or 1.4 per cent for the fine copper 
 contents of the rock, may be taken as representing the 
 general average. Upon this basis^the cjuantity of rock 
 treated in case.s where mineral alone was reported may 
 be estimated at 198,000 tons, which would raise the 
 quantity reported to about 6,179.000 tons, or 3.2 per 
 cent. 
 
 The total quantity of rock hoisted in 1889 was 2,363.733 
 tons, of which 2,137,653 tons were treated, a part of 
 the ore being rejected as too poor to go to the stump 
 
484 
 
 MINE8 ANJ.) gUARRIES. 
 
 mill. This quantity of ore yioldfMl llT,S()4:,!)2(i pounds 
 of mineral, or an averatj'O of I'.s per cent. The aver- 
 age percentage of tine copper in the mineral wa.s 74. ^ 
 per cent. 
 
 The progress of copper mining in the i./ake Supt'rior 
 di.strict is shown in the following statement: 
 
 I'l-iiiliictiini, and divideiuls of L(il:c cniiju'r iiiiin'i;, by iiiiiidn'tiiiiiil j)iji-iii(Jx: 
 1S79 to l;ii).'.' 
 
 
 Quantity of 
 tine copper 
 (pounds). 
 
 GROSS V- 
 
 LLUE. 
 
 DIVIDENDS. 
 
 .^vernKi- 
 
 gross 
 
 PERIOD. 
 
 Total. 
 
 .Vvcr- 
 a^e pet 
 pounrl 
 
 (ct-nt.'*). 
 
 .\moiint. 
 
 Avet- 
 age pet 
 pound 
 
 (cents). 
 
 5.1 
 
 2. H 
 3.0 
 2. 7 
 3.5 
 
 .5.4 
 t'l 7 
 2.0 
 
 value per 
 
 pound, 
 
 less dh-i- 
 
 dends [.er 
 
 pound 
 
 (eentsi. 
 
 1879-1.S82 
 
 1883-1886 
 
 1887-1890 
 
 1891-1894 
 
 189.5-1898 
 
 1899-1902 
 
 1899-1901 
 
 1902 
 
 204,094,755 
 282,121,955 
 352, 086, 633 
 464,335,117 
 562, 056, 573 
 
 615, 920, 822 
 444, 818, 757 
 171,102,065 
 
 S37, 769, 141 
 35,683,232 
 .50. 755, 245 
 49, 963, 618 
 63,996,758 
 
 95, 929, .592 
 75, 829, 167 
 20, 100, 425 
 
 1,8.5 
 12.6 
 14.4 
 10.8 
 11.4 
 
 15.6 
 17.0 
 11.7 
 
 $10,413,620 
 7, 867, 500 
 10,715,000 
 12,700,000 
 19, ,553, 2.50 
 
 33,066,5M 
 29, 626, 5.50 
 3, 440, 000 
 
 13.4 
 9.S 
 
 11.4 
 8.1 
 
 Rl. 2 
 in. 3 
 
 
 
 
 1 Compiled from the Copper Handbook, \'ol. III, page 573. 
 
 In the statement which follows all Lake Superior 
 copper companie,s are divided into three classes: (1) 
 Those whose total dividends since organization have 
 more than equalled the amount of capital stock issued, 
 (2) those whose dividends have not equalled the amount 
 of cajDital stock issued, and (.3) those which have never 
 paid any dividends. 
 
 ' '<! piled stock issued and total dlridoida paid xince orciaii'tzation lii/ J,ake 
 Superior iiiiirin// rfjinjiunles.^ 
 
 Total . 
 
 Dividends in excess of stock issued. 
 
 Dividends short of stock issued 
 
 No dividends paid 
 
 Number 
 
 of com- ' Stock issued. 
 
 panics. 
 
 5, 122, 000 
 3, 9«7, .500 
 36, 929, 000 
 
 Dividends 
 paid. 
 
 $117, 685, 920 
 
 116,04.5,920 
 1, (MO, 000 
 
 ^ The C'opper riandbook. Vol. Ill, page 592. 
 
 The large majority of the Lake Superior copper min- 
 ing companies have never paid any dividends. Of the 
 16 dividend paying companies 4 were ab.sorbed )»y other 
 companies, 2 of which were themselves dividend pajing; 
 y were closed after a successful career; 1 was closed after 
 earning in eleven years enough to retire its outstand- 
 ing capital stock; and 1 was closed after proving a losing 
 venture. This lea^^es 1(> active dividend paying C(jm- 
 panies, of which, howe\-er, only '4 paid di\-idends in 
 1903. The total numher of acti\'e companies reported 
 to the census of 1903 was 2(i; it is therefore apparent 
 that 10 of this number had nexer paid any dividends. 
 Of the 44 companies which at one time oi' another have 
 o[)e,rated in the Lake Superior region 34 were ina<'tive 
 or did not exist during the census year. The 2 mines 
 mentioned aliose which closed after proving profitable 
 investments were Clitf. which from Ls41t to l.s(i7 netted 
 
 in dividends $3,4(.)T,t)30, after earning an amount equal 
 to its capital stock of $111,000, and Central, which from 
 1864 to IKKI netted in dividends iiil,870,u0u, after earn- 
 ing an amount equal to its caj^ital stock of !|l(.)0.(tn(i. 
 
 A very instructive record of mining for a long series 
 of years is presented in the published reports of the 
 Quincy Mining Company. It was organized in hsi.s 
 and reincorporated in 1S7N with a capital stock of 
 $2,.500,0(»0. and had paid in dividends since organiza- 
 tion to the close of 1902. Sl.3.i»2(»,(.)0(>. The Cf)mpany 
 operated its own smelter in connection with its mine, 
 and marketed refined coppei-. The statistics are given 
 in the folkiwing statement:' 
 
 (Jidiici/ Mining i'oiii'pariii: 1S6H to 19ii;. 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 
 1868 
 
 1,H69 
 
 1870 
 
 1.871 
 
 1872 
 
 1873 
 
 1874 
 
 1875 
 
 1876 
 
 1877 
 
 1.S78 
 
 1879 
 
 188U 
 
 1881 
 
 1882 
 
 1883 
 
 1884 
 
 1885 
 
 1886 
 
 1887 
 
 1888 
 
 1889 
 
 1890 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 1895 
 
 1.896 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 19011 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 Product 
 
 (jioundsi. 
 
 2,114,220 
 
 1,921,620 
 
 1,417,941 
 
 2, 417, 365 
 
 2, 496, 774 
 
 2, 409, .501 
 
 2,269,104 
 
 2,621,087 
 
 3,0.50.1.54 
 
 2, 798, 281 
 
 3,073,171 
 
 2,837,014 
 
 2, 991, 050 
 
 2,639,958 
 
 3,609,2.50 
 
 6,702,606 
 
 5,682,663 
 
 6, 012, 239 
 
 5, 680, 087 
 
 5,848,497 
 
 .5, ,888, .517 
 
 5, 603, 691 
 
 6, 367, 809 
 
 0, 405, 686 
 
 8,064,253 
 
 10. .542. 519 
 
 11,103,926 
 
 14,398,477 
 
 15,4.84,014 
 
 16,304.721 
 
 16,. 863, 477 
 
 16,924,618 
 
 16,3.54,061 
 
 14,301,182 
 
 14, 116, .551 
 
 20, .'dO, 720 
 
 ls,!IS8,49] 
 
 Yield r>f 
 tine cop- 
 per per 
 lathoni 
 broken 
 (pounds). 
 
 I 
 
 451 
 
 526 
 
 447 I 
 
 446 
 
 .528 
 
 441 
 
 391 ; 
 
 491 
 
 577 
 
 485 
 
 .507 
 
 467 
 
 395 
 
 403 
 
 563 \ 
 
 766 
 
 800 
 
 8.50 
 
 722 
 
 710 1 
 
 6:!8 
 
 781 
 
 690 ' 
 
 690 : 
 
 769 
 
 685 
 
 574 
 
 .584 
 
 .517 
 
 477 
 
 481 
 
 513 i 
 
 427 
 
 391 
 
 409 
 
 347 
 
 Price ob- 
 tained 
 
 per 
 pound 
 (cents). 
 
 31.3 
 
 22.7 
 2.5.2 
 21.9 
 21.5 
 22.8 
 32. 5 
 26.5 
 21.9 
 22. 7 
 20'0 
 18.6 
 14.9 
 16.3 
 18.6 
 18.7 
 17.1 
 13. 7 
 12.2 
 11.4 
 11.1 
 11.7 
 15.9 
 12.0 
 15. 7 
 12.8 
 11.2 
 10.4 
 9.5 
 10.1 
 10.0 
 11.1 
 12.0 
 17.0 
 16.6 
 16. 1 
 12.0 
 
 Cost per 
 
 pound ' xT,,„j,„r Average 
 exclu.sive J^'im.'^er njon,),!,- 
 
 f 'T' ' miners, "'"tract 
 struction ( wage>. 
 
 (cents). I 
 
 29. 
 IS. 9 
 23.1 
 16.7 
 1.5.3 
 15.2 
 22.9 
 18.6 
 15.1 
 1.5.8 
 1.5.7 
 15.1 
 14.0 
 13.7 
 U.S 
 10.6 
 9.5 
 8.9 
 8.6 
 7.5 
 6.8 
 8.6 
 10.1 
 9.4 
 8 2 
 9.1 
 .8.8 
 7.1 
 5, 7 
 .5.9 
 6.5 
 0.8 
 6.8 
 8.1 
 9.3 
 8. 8 
 9.0 
 
 167 
 157 
 210 
 181 
 104 
 233 
 223 
 234 
 217 
 227 
 247 
 2!H 
 212 
 192 
 212 
 152 
 165 
 157 
 132 
 140 
 142 
 1,58 
 145 
 146 
 182 
 238 
 2.59 
 285 
 336 
 379 
 393 
 381 
 401 
 433 
 533 
 
 853. 16 
 50.83 
 50.44 
 51.10 
 46.09 
 47.08 
 60.62 
 62.42 
 43.38 
 46.74 
 47.13 
 43.79 
 41. .50 
 38.76 
 49.10 
 48. .54 
 18.83 
 46.02 
 
 _ 43. 35 
 44.00 
 45.80 
 48.40 
 49.60 
 49. 15 
 52.60 
 53.40 
 .53. 75 
 49.60 
 .50. 70 
 .50.00 
 52.00 
 52. .52 
 .52. 50 
 56. 72 
 62. 00 
 62. 00 
 62. 00 
 
 The preceding statement shows that the average an- 
 nual production of the company' increased after 1866 
 nearly tenfold, whereas the average number of miners 
 employed increased about 2^ times — that is. the aver- 
 age miner is able to produce with modern methods 
 and machinery about four times as much as in 1S66. 
 The cost of production per pound has been reduced to 
 less than one-third of what it was in 1866. 
 
 J/t/nfo/iii , Ai'>r-iinii ,(t ii(] yi'ii^ 2Ji',rK:<i. — Copper mining 
 in Montana. Arizona, and New Mexico did not develop 
 until the eighties. Very scant information on copper 
 mines in that region is recorded in the reports of the 
 Tenth Census. Ailzona reported 110 wao'e-cniruers 
 whose wages aggregated !!i;77,12.s. The production did 
 
 iPor IKIili to llldl, taken from the ("oppci- Ihiiidliuok, Vol. Ill, 
 pages 4."iS and 4.V.I; for UWIl', frein tlie report of the conipanv. 
 
COPPER. 
 
 485 
 
 not exceed 7,650 tons of ore. which contained ;'!,I,s;i7riM hud only l.'^>tons to show, which yicld(!d 4.05rj pounds of 
 pounds of copper. coppci'. 
 
 Montana reported in 1880 only 523 tons of ore con- 
 taining l,21ji.o(»» pounds of copper, and New Mexico 
 
 A coinparative suniuiary for the years 11)02 and 1889 
 follows: 
 
 Tablk ;il.— comparative Sl)>niAi;Y FoI: AKIZOXA, .MONTANA, ANIi NKW MKNICO: I'.Kii' AND Is.sH. 
 
 Arizona 
 
 Montana j 
 
 Nt'w Mexico 
 
 iao2 
 
 18KSI 
 18112 
 1HS9 
 1902 
 1S,H9 
 
 SAI.AKIKl) n 
 CLEKKS, 
 
 'l-'UIAl 
 KTC. 
 
 Number. , Salaries. 
 
 25K 
 14 
 
 310 
 
 10 
 
 24 
 
 5 
 
 Sf399, 27f> 
 23, 7i;2 
 194, 4iri 
 22,."il5 
 32, 120 
 7, 2ri0 
 
 -VveraK'e 
 numlicr. 
 
 3, 797 
 
 S3K 
 
 6, 38K 
 
 1,9IH 
 
 1(;4 
 
 240 
 
 Wages 
 
 93,497,.')28 
 
 72C.021 
 
 7,339,773 
 
 2,010,940 
 
 128, 4«3 
 
 184,701 
 
 iitracl 
 
 v<irk. 
 
 122, 337 
 
 23, 774 
 
 10, 975 
 
 2, 722 
 
 10,266 
 
 1,320 
 
 Miseella- Cost of siip- 
 
 neou,s ex- i plies and 
 
 pense.s. I materials. 
 
 S256, 753 
 48, 242 
 4.56, 108 
 138,288 
 2(1, 858 
 8, 338 
 
 
 
 I'HilDrCT. 
 
 
 
 
 rn],i,..r. 
 
 (intciiis. 
 
 Tons.) 
 
 uru. 
 
 
 I i'vv (.-eiit 
 
 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 nitio per 
 
 1 ton. 
 
 .t2, 136,1170 
 
 326, 020 
 
 3,649,127 
 
 1,029,990 
 
 49, 4fl8 
 
 30, 469 
 
 
 
 
 1 , 210, 301 
 
 121,235,616 
 
 
 155, 686 
 
 31,362,685 
 
 
 3,428,860 
 
 267, 779, 794 
 
 
 698, 837 
 
 97,808,064 
 
 
 46, 993 
 
 7, 297, 383 
 
 
 34,. 586 
 
 3, aH3, 014 
 
 
 5. 01 
 
 10.08 
 3. 90 
 7.00 
 7.76 
 5. 61 
 
 The average copper content.s per ton of ore mined in 
 Montana and Arizona lias considerably decreased since 
 1889. It may be inferred from tliese tignres that the 
 development of those parts of the country, and the 
 introduction of improved processes, have made it possi- 
 ble to treat lower grades of ore, which could not ha^'e 
 been profitably worked in 1889. 
 
 S?nelte/'s coiuieeted ic/J/t Diin.i'n. — The following table 
 
 is a summary for smelters connected with mines: the 
 expenses shown thei'ein (salaries and wages, miscella- 
 neous expenses, supplies and materials) are not in- 
 cluded in the statistics of copper mines, having been 
 used merely in estimating the value of the ore at the 
 mine as explained on a previous page, under the head 
 of "production." 
 
 Table 22.— SUM:\I ,\EY OF SMELTKRS AND RKFIN1':KIE8 ('oNN1':( 'TED WITH :\IINE8: 1902. 
 
 CHARACTER OF SMELTING WORKS. 
 
 Total 
 
 Treating ore from mine only 
 
 Treating ore mined by company and pur 
 
 chased ore 
 
 Connected with rctinery 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 estab- 
 lish- 
 ments. 
 
 I 
 
 Salaries 
 land wages 
 
 Miscel- 
 laneous 
 expenses. 
 
 Supplies 
 
 and 
 materials, 
 not includ- 
 I ing ores. 
 
 Cost of 
 refilling. 
 
 Freigiiton 
 bullion 
 shipx)ed. 
 
 MATERIALS TREATED. 
 
 Ore from 
 
 mine (short 
 
 tons). 
 
 29 ' 88,796,932 $2,156,205 ! S9, 033,227 | 81,961,001 tl, .536, 788 ]j 4,161,772 
 
 2,322,779 j 321,351 i 2,466,770 | 954,316 1 984,819 
 
 9.58, 2.55 
 
 1.715,388 
 4, 7.58, 815 
 
 98, 8.58 
 1,735,996 
 
 1,732,249 
 4,834,208 
 
 981,016 
 25, 669 
 
 511,675 811,1177 
 
 10,294 . 2,391,840 
 
 Purchas- 
 ed ore 
 (short 
 tons]. 
 
 411, 029 
 
 162,208 
 248, 821 
 
 Purcliased 
 matte 
 
 ( shi irt 
 tons I. 
 
 17,248 
 19, 667 
 
 Copper 
 produced 
 ( prtundsi. 
 
 .567,111,390 
 
 112.245. .520 
 278.;iS2,.596 
 
 The summary is not intended as a complete presenta- 
 tion of the business transacted by the smelters, which 
 is beyond the scope of the census of mines and quarries. 
 The cost of purchased ores is therefore not included in 
 the statement, nor are the earnings from the treatment 
 of custom ores given therein. Copper .smelters located 
 in Michigan ai'e not comprised in this statement. It 
 includes, however, the Buffalo smelter of the Calumet 
 and Hecla Mining Company, to which a portion of its 
 product is shipped for treatment. 
 
 The copper product shown contains a duplication (jf 
 11,8()S,230 pounds, representing the contents of matte 
 produced b_v one of the smelters and further treated at 
 two of the six smelters and refinerit^s intduded in the 
 summary. The total copper product of these smelters 
 was accordingly ol-o.'io.S.Kio pounds. 
 
 (Joppiir rontenU of all (irtx mined, uidud/ny qold and 
 xilver oref<. — The production discus.sed in the preceding- 
 pages is that which is credited to the copper mines, as 
 therein defined. For certain comparative purposes it 
 is necessary to show the copper contents of all ores 
 mined, including those whose chief value is that of 
 their precious metal contents. The following statement 
 shows the copper contents of all ores mined in 19()2. Ijy 
 sources of production: 
 
 ' 'upper contents of all ores mined, l>i/ soarces of produftion: 190S. 
 
 iOTRCE OF PRoDfCTION. 
 
 (.■I'jipcc niiucs 
 
 (liild iiiid sihcr mines. 
 
 639, 033, 392 
 
 1125. 004. .529 
 14,02.s, .S(13 
 
 'Truss \-alue 
 at mine. 
 
 71,192,014 
 
 7(1,175,810 
 1,016,204 
 
486 
 
 MINP]S AND QUARRIES. 
 
 The share contributed l)y each state or territory to 
 the copper production of tlie I'nited States is shown in 
 the following table: 
 
 Table 23. — Copper contenlx of all or(v iiihicd, hi/ slnlrs miil terrilo- 
 rii'.s: 190:3. 
 
 STATE OR TERRITORY. 
 
 United States- 
 
 Arizona 
 
 California 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Montana 
 
 Nevada 
 
 New Mexico ... 
 North Carolina . 
 
 Oregon 
 
 South Dakota .. 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Utah 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Washington 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 639, 033, 392 
 
 121,409,275 
 
 26, .549, 063 
 
 5,841,074 
 
 9, .500 
 
 86,442 
 
 171,102,065 
 
 268, 440, 090 
 
 29,114 
 
 8,017,902 
 
 418,801 
 
 46, 1.54 
 
 787 
 
 12, 284,. 515 
 
 24,720,824 
 
 3,246 
 
 72, .540 
 
 Value. 
 
 971,192,014 
 
 :. ouo 
 
 ,367,136 
 
 , 055, 908 
 
 4.50, 355 
 
 ] , 235 
 
 9,149 
 
 , 100, 425 
 
 ', 092, 781 
 
 3,134 
 
 462, 053 
 
 45, .531 
 
 2,800 
 
 67 
 
 ,316,991 
 
 . 272, 692 
 
 398 
 
 10,890 
 
 210 
 
 26U 
 
 Conftvrrqrtkin of eoppcv own. — In order to \'erify the 
 accuracy of the returns for the production of copper 
 mines, thej- must be compared with the reports of all 
 copper smelters showing- tlie consumption of copper 
 ores as materials for smelting. 
 
 With that purpose in view tlic special schedule 
 relating to copper mines contained an in([uiry calling 
 for the name and address of the mill or works at wdiich 
 the ore was treated. The special schedule provided for 
 mills ("reduction works other than smelters") called 
 for the "name, location, and character of establish- 
 ment to which the product was sold or shipped for final 
 treatment." A similar inquiry was inserted in tlie 
 special schedules addressed to smelters. These in(jairies 
 were intended to trace the product from the producer 
 to the consumer, as well as to guard against duplica- 
 tions in cases where the same product was successively 
 treated by different estaldishments. 
 
 Only 4 mines failed to answer the inquiry. The 
 total production of those mines was i.57 tons of ore, 
 containing 2u,60-± pounds of copper, having a gross 
 value of $2,21ii; in a total production of copper the 
 gross value of which exceeded §70,000,0(io, this is a 
 negligible quantity. 
 
 Copper ore mined in the United States is e\Tiitually 
 converted into metallic copper in this countrj-, with the 
 exception of a small quantity exported in the shape of 
 matte. Matte (called also "regulus") is a semi- 
 metallic product obtained from ore ])y fusion; it eon- 
 tains from 2.5 to 70 per cent of copper and is blown by 
 further fusion to metallic copper. 
 
 A portion of the ore was thus concentrated at local 
 
 matte smelters and shipped for further treatment to 
 other smelters which produce pig copper. The total 
 line copper contents of matte shipped, according to 
 reports received at the Bureau of the Census, amounted 
 to 43,339,268 pounds. Of this quantity, 6,717,594 
 pounds were shipped to New York brokers for export; 
 13,325,690 pounds were traced from the matte smelters 
 to the plants where the matte was converted into metal- 
 lic copper; 22,977,984 pounds were reported by copper 
 smelters as the contents of purchased matte, the pro- 
 ducers of the matte failing to report; and 319,000 
 pounds were reported by shippers, the destination of 
 the matte not being stated. 
 
 The copper contents of the matte, with the exception 
 of the 13,326,690 pounds wdiich were reported by both 
 shippers and buj'ers. must be included in the total out- 
 put of copper. The 319,000 pounds rei)orted only by 
 shippers were either intended for export, or thev may 
 have been duplicated in the report of some other 
 smelter. Compared with the total production of the 
 United States, the error would amount to only tive- 
 hundredths of 1 per cent. 
 
 The production of matte and metallic copper, as re- 
 ported ])y smelters, is shown in the statement l)elow. 
 
 The Lake Superior ores were smelted at the following 
 works: Tlie output of the Calumet and Hecla ^Mining 
 Company and the Quincy Mining Company at their 
 own smelters, from which reports were secured; the 
 mineral from all other mines was treated by the Quincy 
 Mining Company and by the Lake Superior Smelting 
 Company, at Hancock, !Mich. No report was secured 
 from the latter. The copper product of Lake Superior 
 ores has, therefoi-e, been taken from the reports of the 
 Michigan mining companies, including the two above 
 named, which had tlieir own smelters. 
 
 Some copper was produced l)y lead smelters engaged 
 principally in the treatment of gold and silver bearing- 
 ores; the (piantity reported by them is shown separately 
 in the following statement: 
 
 Frodiirlioii of iiirloUic ropjh-r mid inaltc in tlie Uiiiled Slolrs: 190-^. 
 
 Metallic copijur: Fine copper (pounds). 
 
 From — 
 
 ^^'^ -stern and southern ores 424, 721, 738 
 
 l.u kc.' Superior ores m] 102I 065 
 
 Imported ores 40, 797, 847 
 
 Reported by lead smelters 18, 931, 168 
 
 Ma 1 ti ■ 43^ 339', 268 
 
 rteduct dtiplication in matte. 
 
 Total output of smelters 
 
 Less product of imported circs. 
 
 698, 892, 086 
 13,325,690 
 
 6.85, 566, 396 
 40,797,847 
 
 Total copper product of all domestic ores 644, 7t-,.s, ,-i49 
 
 Reported by mine operators t 63'.li 03o', 392 
 
 Variance 
 
 5, 735, 157 
 
 1 Iiicliifles 14,02S,,S63 poinids reporle<l as ).y-]irodiict of Kold and silv 
 
COITER. 
 
 487 
 
 Thp variance botween the output- of mines and smelt- 
 ers is les,s than 1 per cent. 
 
 The United States Geological Survey reports the total 
 output of copper refineries as 699,5flS,()4:J: pounds, and 
 estimates the copper contents of imported ores at 
 40,000,000 pounds; the ditference, 050,508,044 pounds, 
 is taken to represent the copper production of tlie United 
 States for 1902. This estimate exceeds the production 
 of mines by 20,475,252 pounds, or 2.9 per cent, and 
 the output of smelters by 15,340,155 pounds, or 2.4 
 per cent. 
 
 There naturally vrould be a ditference I)et«'een the 
 copper contents of ore shipped from the mines and the 
 quantity of copper produced by smelters and refineries. 
 Where the ore was smelted l)y the mine operator the 
 quantity reported, as a rule, represented the actual re- 
 covery of fine copper; but where the ore was shipped 
 to a custom smelter the quantity reported represented 
 the assav contents which were paid for. Furthermore, 
 the periods covered by the returns were not in all cases 
 the same, some companies reporting for their various 
 fiscal 3'ears nearest to the calendar year 1902. Then, 
 too, the stocks on hand and in jDrocess carried at the 
 smelters and refineries fluctuate from one year to an- 
 other. In one case reported to this office the deli\'eries 
 of an electrolytic copper refinery for 1002 difl'ered from 
 the receipts for the same year by more than 40,000,<)00 
 l^ounds of fine copper. Again, duplications can not 
 always be avoided. That the variance l)etweeii the 
 quantities reported for the several stages of the copper 
 industry' is confined within such narrow limits vouches 
 for the substantial accuracy of the results. 
 
 JSLinercd ]<ni<]-'<. — The primary distinction between 
 mining and manufacturing is that in the former 
 industry there are three factors of production, viz, 
 land, capital, and labor, while only labor and capital 
 are essential in the latter. The present census of mines 
 and quarries is the first in which the scope of the inquiry 
 has in some branches been extended to the ownership of 
 mineral lands. Though the special schedule provided 
 for gold, silver, lead, and copper mines was confined 
 to mineral lands, it is probable that in some cases the 
 reports included all lands of any description, such as 
 timber lands, building lots, etc. 
 
 The following table shows the distribution of mineral 
 lands, by title of tenure, for the United States and by 
 states and territories. For 5 of the 144 mines no report 
 was made on this subject — 3 in Arizona, 1 in New 
 Mexico, and 1 in Virginia; 1 establishment was a hold- 
 ing company. 
 
 Tabi.io ij4-. — Sininiiari/ of ininnni! hiiyih^ Ity sfalj'!< oik] ferriforie.^: 
 
 LAND OWNED. 
 
 STA-II': OK TEKItn-liKY. 
 
 Total 
 acres. 
 
 UnitfHl Stntes 
 
 86, .523 
 
 
 
 13, 754 
 
 6, 120 
 
 1,664 
 
 644 
 
 39, 281 
 
 California 
 
 Cnlorado 
 
 Tilalio 
 
 
 
 2, 572 
 
 200 
 
 4,478 
 
 2, 357 
 
 1,400 
 
 11,600 
 
 1,088 
 
 800 
 
 320 
 
 346 
 
 Nevada 
 
 New IMexico 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 Oregon ... 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Utah 
 
 Washington 
 
 WA'ominff 
 
 
 of mines. 
 
 LAND LEASED. 
 
 of mines. 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 20 
 23 
 
 1 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 11 I 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 13, 754 
 
 5, 960 
 
 1,422 
 
 544 
 
 39, 281 
 
 2,306 
 
 200 
 
 3, 895 
 
 1,257 
 
 1,400 
 
 10, 750 
 
 1,056 
 
 800 
 
 320 
 
 325 
 
 1 160 
 4 242 
 
 
 4 
 
 266 
 
 6 
 1 
 
 5S3 
 1,100 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 850 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 ^rtf this nninl)er4 mines reported both owned and leased land. 
 
 Of the acreage owned, as shown in the preceding 
 table, 91 acres were reported by the owners as leased 
 to other parties, viz, 16 acres in Montrose county. 
 Colo., on which copper was not mined, and 75 acres 
 distributed among other states and territories, upon 
 which miners were virtually employed on a share of the 
 product, as explained on a previous page. In the above 
 table, consequently, these 91 acres are not duplicated. 
 
 The leasing of hind apparentlj^ plays a very sulDor- 
 dinate part in copper mining. The royalties on the 
 3,25.3 acres leased aggregated $33,184, or a little over 
 $10 per acre. The greater part of the acreage, namely, 
 2,080 acres, was held by 4 operators, who, in addition 
 to leased land, operated their own mines and made in 
 each case only one report for the entire operation. A 
 summary for those mines which were operated exclu- 
 sively on leased land is presented in the following table: 
 
 Table 2.5. — Number of mines operating exclusively on leased lamh, 
 (teres leaseil, value of product, and royalties paid : 1903. 
 
 STATE OK TERRITORY. 
 
 Number 
 of mines. 
 
 16 
 
 Aereag-e 
 leased. 
 
 at mine. P'"'^- 
 
 
 1,173 
 
 885,103 821,291 
 
 
 Colorado . . . 
 
 4 
 4 
 5 
 3 
 
 242 
 266 
 473 
 192 
 
 1 620 360 
 
 Montana 
 
 New Mexico - 
 
 All others! 
 
 29,955 ■ 7, .579 
 49,014 11,. 508 
 4, 514 1, 844 
 
 1 Includes California. 1: Utah, 2. 
 
 The mines operated on leased land were all very 
 small producers; a little over one-half of that land, 
 viz, 652 acres, was still under development. The roy- 
 alties paid amounted to a])out one-fourth of the value 
 of the product at the mine. 
 
488 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 In the following tal>le all mines are classilied by the area of mineral lands owned and leased : 
 Table 26.— ACREA<;E OF MINERAL LANDS, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1902. 
 
 STATE OR TKRRITtlRV. 
 
 ■JO ACRES OR LESS. 21 TO 99 Af'RES. 
 
 100 TO 999 ATRES. 1,000 TO 4,999 ACRfiK. 
 
 fi,000 ACRES AND 
 
 Number i Number 
 
 report- Acreage. ( report- 
 ing. I ! ing. 
 
 United State 
 
 Arizona 
 
 California 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Montana 
 
 Nevada 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 North Carolina . . . 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Utah 
 
 Washington 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 86,523 
 
 I Number Number 
 
 Acreage, report- Acreage, report- 
 ing, ing.. 
 
 j Number 
 Acreage, j report- 
 i ing- 
 
 59 I 17,345 
 
 Number 
 Acreage, report- 
 ing. 
 
 48,861 
 
 •J7 
 
 13,7.54 
 
 7 
 
 ti, 120 
 
 IS 
 
 1,604 
 
 1 
 
 544 
 
 20 
 
 39, 281 
 
 27 
 
 2, 572 
 
 1 
 
 200 
 
 Hi 
 
 4,478 
 
 ■) 
 
 2, 357 
 
 2 
 
 1,400 
 
 ■> 
 
 ii,i;oo 
 
 13 
 
 l,08.s 
 
 1 
 
 800 
 
 1 
 
 320 
 
 1 
 
 345 ' 
 
 20 
 40 
 
 Acrt'MKe. 
 
 18, 070 
 
 200 
 60 
 435 
 
 4,821 I 
 1,040 1- 
 1,189 . 
 
 .544 '. 
 2,740 
 2,213 . 
 
 200 ,. 
 2,265 1 
 
 31,. 541 
 
 100 
 
 2, 000 I 
 2,3.57 I 
 1,300 I 
 2,930 
 
 768 
 800 
 320 
 345 
 
 The correlation between owner.ship of land and value 
 of production i.s .shown in the following- table: 
 
 Table 37. — Acreage oivned and leafed, and value of praduvt: IHOJ. 
 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 mines. 
 
 AREA. 
 
 VALUE OF PRODUCT AVERAGE 
 AT MINE. AAJA'E. 
 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 100.0 
 
 Amount. 
 
 VVT 
 
 cent. 
 
 Per Per 
 mine.' iicre.^ 
 
 
 144 
 
 86, .523 
 
 851, 178, 030 
 
 100.0 
 
 S3.57, .888 
 
 S,5,86 
 
 
 
 
 
 Less than 100 acres . . 
 
 100 to 999 acres 
 
 1,000 to 4, 999 acres... 
 5,000 acres and over . 
 Acreage not reported 
 
 .54 
 .59 
 23 
 3 
 ■■'5 
 
 1,647 
 17,345 
 48, 861 
 18,670 
 
 1.9 
 20.0 
 56.6 
 21.6 
 
 5, 926, 937 
 
 20, 963, 80H 
 
 23,622,384 
 
 164,9.51 
 
 499, 9.56 
 
 11.6 
 
 40.9 
 
 46.2 
 
 0.3 
 
 1 
 
 109, 758 
 355, 319 
 1,027,060 
 1 .54,984 
 124 989 
 
 3, .599 
 1.209 
 
 4 S3 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 This average is computed only for mines reporting product. 
 2This average is computed only for mines reporting acreage. 
 ^Includes one holding company. 
 
 It appears that the value of the production of the 
 mines bore no close relation to the area of mineral lands 
 owned or leased. Still the averagfe value of production 
 per mine increased with the increase in the area of min- 
 eral lands owned up to 5,000 acres, though not in the 
 same ratio. 
 
 The average value of production per acre decreased 
 as the area increased and the three largest owners were 
 among the smallest producers. It is probable that while 
 the smaller properties were under active operation the 
 larger were awaiting development. 
 
 Coiiceatratiori <if the tnduxtry. — Copper mining is a 
 highly centralized industry, as appears from the ft)l- 
 lowing tables. Table 28 shows the acreage of all min- 
 eral lands bv districts. 
 
 Table 28.— ACRKAGK OF .MINERAL LANDS, BY DISTRICTS: 1902. 
 
 
 j 
 
 TOTA T.. 
 
 ( 
 
 20 ACBE.S OR LESS. 
 
 21 TO 99 ACRES. 
 
 100 TO 999 ACRES. 
 
 1,000 TO 4, 999 ACRES. 
 
 5,000 ACRES AMI 
 OVER. 
 
 
 Number 
 report- 
 ing. 
 
 Acreage. 
 
 Number 
 report- 
 ing. 
 
 Acreage. 
 
 Number 
 report- 
 ing. 
 
 26 
 26 
 
 .\creage. 
 
 Number 
 report- 
 ing. 
 
 .\creage. 
 
 Number 
 
 report- Acreage, 
 ing. 
 
 Number 
 report- 
 ing. 
 
 Arr(..aLre. 
 
 United States 
 
 139 
 
 86, .523 
 
 28 
 
 3.10 
 310 
 
 1,307 
 
 59 
 
 17,345 
 
 23 : 48 861 
 
 3 
 
 IS, 670 
 
 
 
 
 
 114 
 
 1 
 32.905 
 
 28 
 
 1,307 
 
 54 
 
 14.285 
 
 5 
 15 
 3 
 
 12,033 
 31,. 541 
 .5,287 
 
 1 
 
 5, 000 
 5, 000 
 8, 670 
 
 
 21 :I9,601 
 
 5 ' 3,060 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The preceding table clearly illustrates the degree of Table 29.~rinssificat!un of copper miven by ridne of produclion: 
 
 concentration in the ownership of mineral lands; 78 per 
 cent of the entire area was held by 26 companies, of 
 which It] were in tlie Lake Superior district. In the 
 Southern states there were no mining properties of less 
 than l.OOii acres; in the Lake .Superior district only ."i 
 held less than l.oon. the a\'erage for these being ()12 
 acres. All small mines were located in the \\Vstern 
 states, where the concentration was less pronounced. 
 
 Table 21) shows the classification oi all co])per mines 
 of the United States by value of production. 
 
 190S 
 
 iitnrj. in- \'ALni 
 
 Lc^ 
 
 Total .... 
 ■ than 8.500 . 
 
 .",(10 
 
 -I nini iM -!i,:i;i9 
 
 ;l",niiii In iW.ilyy 
 
 .1^50.0111) In -IIH,',)',!'.* 
 
 8100,0110 lo?2l'.l,'.l'.l',l.. 
 *2.50,00(l lo ^I'.l'.l.'.l'.l'.l . . 
 S,5(10,(lllll lo Ji.;«H,99'.l . . 
 SI ,11110,1100 and over . 
 
 Number 
 in each 
 group. 
 
 OF i*Rol)U<T AT 
 MLNF. 
 
 I Per cent. 
 
 851,178,036 ' 
 
 21 
 
 4,015 
 
 0.01 
 
 9 
 
 6, .523 
 
 0. 01 
 
 U 
 
 1.55, .5.52 
 
 0. 30 
 
 25 
 
 578, 766 
 
 1.13 
 
 6 
 
 379, 162 
 
 11.74 
 
 S 
 
 1,160,687 
 
 2. 27 
 
 s 
 
 3, 265, 037 
 
 6. 3S 
 
 11 
 
 s, 171,371 
 
 1 5. 97 
 
 12 
 
 37, 1.56, 9211 
 
 73.19 
 
COPPER. 
 
 489 
 
 As seen from the preceding taljle, alxnit three-fourths 
 of the output was contributed by 12 mines producing- 
 over $1,000,000 each, and only about one-ninth l)y V21 
 mines producing less than $500,000 each. 
 
 A similar classification by geographic divisions is 
 impossible without disclosing the individual returns of 
 some mine. It may be stated, howevei'. from an exam- 
 ination of the statistics of production arranged by 
 states, in the same manner as abt)\e, that the same ))ro- 
 poi'tions shown in the table obtain, with but slight \iiri- 
 ations, in Montana, Arizona, and the Lake Superior 
 district, wdiich furnish together !»2 per cent of the pro- 
 duction of the United States. The mines located in 
 other states ranged, according to their output, as fol- 
 lows: 1 over $1,000,000; 1 over $.500,000, but less than 
 $1,000,000; 2 over $250,000, but less than $500,000. 
 The output of these 1 mines was valued at $2,928,958, 
 or 71.6 per cent of the total product of these states. 
 There were, moreover, 62 mines distributed as follows: 
 6 producing over $100,000, b\it less than $250,000 each, 
 with an aggregate output of $819,661, or 20.1 per cent 
 of the total; 11 producing more than $10,000, but less 
 than $100,000 each, with an output of $269,8.39, or 6.6 
 percent; and 45 producing less than $10,000 each, with 
 an aggregate output of $69,584, or 1.7 per cent. 
 
 The preceding statistics, dealing as they do with in- 
 dividual mines or operating companies as units, do not 
 fulh" express the actual degree of concentration which 
 manifested itself in a variety of forms. One holding 
 company, the Amalgamated Copper C'ompan}% con- 
 trolled, through the ownership of stock, 6 copper mining 
 companies in Montana. The combined production of 
 these companies for the j^ear ending June 1, 1903, accord- 
 ing to their sworn statements filed with the assessors of 
 Silverbow county, Mont., aggregated 3,140.380 tons of 
 ore, having a gross value of $33,635,176. Compared 
 with the total production of the copper mines of the 
 United States, as reported at the census of 1902, or for 
 the fiscal year nearest to the same, the output of the 
 Amalgamated Copper Company constituted 27. 4 per cent 
 of the tonnage and 43.1 per cent of the gross value. 
 
 Closely allied with the Amalgamated Copper Corn- 
 pan j' was the Tennessee Copper Company, whose direct- 
 orate included two of the directors of the former. Its 
 n)ining properties situated in Tennessee produced in 
 1902, according to the report of the directors to the 
 stockholders, 8.103,534 pounds of copper, gross value, 
 $1,024,450, which amounted to 1.3 per cent of the gross 
 value of the output of all copper mines, as reported to 
 the Bureau of the Census. 
 
 Next in importance after the Amalgamated Copper 
 Company was the Calumet and Ilecla Copper Company 
 of Michigan. President Alexander Agassiz reported 
 for the fiscal year ending April 30, 1903, a production 
 of 38,316 long tons of fine copper, e(|ual to 85,827,840 
 
 pounds.' The fine copper contents of the copj^er ores 
 ti-ciited in the United States in 1902, as reported to the 
 Bureau of the Census, amounted to 625,004,529 pounds. 
 The production of the Calumet and Hecla Copper Com- 
 l)any accordingly appi'oximated 14 per cent of the total 
 output of the copper min(!s of the I'nited States. 
 
 The third place was held by the United Copper- (Jom- 
 pany, which was organized in Montana under the cor- 
 porate name of the Montana Ore Purchasing Company. 
 The latter reported to the assessors of Silverbow 
 county, Mont., for the fiscal year ended June 1, 19(.)3, 
 an output of 293,332 tons of ore having a gross value 
 of $3,587,692. Mr. F. Augustus Heinze, president of 
 the company, made the following statement to the press 
 regarding the production of the companj-: 
 
 Pri/duciuiii of the I'niled Copper Compomj: I'.iCh'i uiid 19(il.^ 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Copper 
 (pounds). 
 
 Silver 
 (ounces). 
 
 Gold 
 
 1 ounces). 
 
 190-2 . 
 
 30,374,696 
 30, 318, C'28 
 
 919, .=>90 
 LOSS,!?-! 
 
 
 1901 
 
 4 631 
 
 
 
 ' The Commercial and Financial ('hronicle, \'ol. 76, pages K70 and 9*27. 
 
 Compared with the output of the copper mines of the 
 United States, the production of the I'nited Copper 
 Company constituted 4.6 per cent of the total gross 
 value, or 4.8 per cent of the fine cojDper contents. 
 
 An important group of mines was represented by 7 
 Michigan companies, which, though maintaining a sepa- 
 
 ' rate corporate existence, were united under a common 
 management through the ownership of the stock b_v the 
 
 ! same group of stockholders. These were the Winona 
 Copper Company, the Wolverine Copper Mining Com- 
 pany, the Mohawk Mining Company, the Atlantic Min- 
 ing Company, the Baltic Mining Company, the Michigan 
 Copper Company, and the Champion Copper Company. 
 The total output of these companies, as shown in their 
 published reports, yielded 25.237,594 pounds of fine 
 copper having a gross value of $2,992,335, and consti- 
 tuted 4 per cent of the fine copper contents, or 3.8 per 
 cent of the gross value reported at the census f)f 190i! 
 for all copper mines. 
 
 The re.spective shares contributed by the above- 
 
 ! named companies to the production of the United 
 States are shown in the following statement: 
 
 I'trrenluge jiroditclioii of eleven companies formed of total: 190..'. 
 
 Anialffaniatcil Cnp])er (_'ompan.v 
 
 Tennessee Copper (_-om])any 
 
 Calumet and Hecla Copper ( 'oni))an>' 
 
 United ("^(jpper CompauN' 
 
 Seven Jlichi.i^an eompianies 
 
 'Tlie ( 'niiiiiiprcial and FinaiK-ial Chronicle, Viil. 77, pagv 19.'!. 
 
490 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 This list is not exhaustive; it does not include the 
 United Verde Copper Compcany of Arizona and the 
 Colusa-Parrott Copper Company of Montana, which 
 are controlled bj^ the same interests, and probably 
 some other mines for which there are no available data. 
 The properties enumerated in the preceding statement 
 contribute two-thirds of the output of the United States. 
 
 The possibilities for further centralization are indi- 
 cated by the location of the general offices of the mining 
 companies. Of the Hi mines, 4:9 had their offices in 
 the East — 31 in New York and 18 in Boston. The 
 output of these mines aggregated 4H3.1i.5,212 pounds of 
 copper out of a total output of 639,033,392 pounds; that 
 is, 72 per cent of the production of the United States. 
 
 During the years 1900, 1901. and 1902, the output 
 of the principal copper producers was handled by a 
 joint selling agency — the United Metals Selling Com- 
 pany. This company was organized on -Tanuary 29, 
 1900, and included among its incorporators two repre- 
 sentatives of interests identified with the Amalgamated 
 Copper Company. Its patronage, however, was not 
 conhned to that company alone. The company's 
 charges were from 1.5 to 2.5 per cent for selling cop- 
 per. Its total sales for 1902 were estimated hj- the Boston 
 News Bureau at 51:5,000,000 pounds,^ which amounted 
 to 83 per cent of the output of refined copper for the year, 
 as estimated bv the United States Geological Survey. 
 
 In 1892 an association of cof)per producers, known as 
 the American Producers' Association, was formed. It 
 represented the following mines: Montana district, 
 those of the Amalgamated Copper Company; Arizona 
 district — Verde, Arizona, Queen, Detroit, Dominion; 
 Lake Superior district — Calumet, Tamarack. Quincy, 
 Osceola, Atlantic, Franklin, Tamarack, jr., Kearsarge, 
 Wolverine, and Central.^ Other companies joined the 
 association subsequent to the date on which that list was 
 compiled.' The association received from its members 
 reports of the production of copper, which were com- 
 piled and published monthly. The production of the 
 mines affiliated, as well as of those outside the associa- 
 tion as contained in these reports, is shown in the fol- 
 lowing comparative statement; 
 
 American product! on of copper, as reported hijtlie Aiiiericun Producers' 
 
 Association: 1S93 to i;iO:i. 
 
 [Long tons.] 
 
 Report- I OiUsidc 
 ling mines, source.s. 
 
 Second si.x niontiiHf 
 
 189a 
 
 1,194 
 
 1X9.5 
 
 L'(96 
 
 1X97 
 
 1.H9S 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 190] 
 
 1902 
 
 112, 
 l.W 
 171, 
 20.3, 
 216, 
 234, 
 262, 
 268, 
 26.5, 
 295, 
 
 59, 239 
 
 6, 287 
 
 129,760 
 
 12, 730 
 
 112,, 513 
 
 ■17, 080 
 
 155, 497 
 
 15,700 
 
 1,S9, 194 
 
 14, 400 
 
 201,206 
 
 11,900 
 
 216, 222 
 
 18, 060 
 
 230, 806 
 
 31,100 
 
 227,987 
 
 40, 800 
 
 223, 356 
 
 41.900 
 
 258, 056 
 
 37, 600 
 
 'The Commercial ami F"inanfial Chmiiiclc, Veil. 7n, page 2S4; 
 Vol. 76, page 'A'.'A. 
 
 ^llonthlv Summary of Comnicrci' anil l-'inancc i>f I'niteil States, 
 May, 1900," page a 107'. 
 
 " nniteil States (Jeological Survey, "MiiiiTal Resources of Ihc 
 United States," 1902, page 166. 
 
 Early in 1903 large producing interests withdrew 
 from the American Association, declining to furnish 
 statistics, so that the monthly compilations have ceased. 
 
 It is worthjr of note that the centralizing tendency in 
 the o23eration of copper mines has been accompanied 
 by a growing decentralization of property interests. 
 This clearly appears from the following statement of 
 the number of stockholders of copper mining companies 
 of the Lake Superior district where the corporate form 
 of organization has entirely superseded firm or indi- 
 vidual ownership. 
 
 Number of shareholders in. Lake copper companies: 1806 to 1903} 
 
 
 Number 
 of .share- 
 holders. 
 
 Refined cop- 
 perproduced, 
 gross vahie. 
 
 PER CENT OF 
 
 INCREASE SINCE 
 
 1896. 
 
 
 Number 
 of share- 
 holders. 
 
 Gross 
 value. 
 
 1896 
 
 6, .598 
 7,208 
 8,897 
 11,072 
 18, 026 
 20, 665 
 22,. 568 
 
 $15, 7.58, 935 
 16,530,843 
 17, 829, 871 
 26,098,382 
 23,691,928 
 26, 038, 571 
 20 100 425 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 9.2 
 
 34.8 
 
 67.8 
 
 173.2 
 
 213.2 
 
 4.9 
 13.1 
 
 
 
 1900 . 
 
 .50 3 
 
 1901 
 
 65.2 
 
 1902 
 
 ''■■' 
 
 
 
 
 
 iThe Coiii.cr Handbook, Vol. Ill, pages .573, .574, and .594. The production of 
 1902 is taki'Ti Irom Census returns. The percentages were computed in the 
 Bureau of the Census. 
 
 Production on a small scale. — As may be inferred 
 f rom.the degree of concentration shown above, the day 
 of copper mining on a small scale is past. A survival 
 of old time methods was presented by 3 mines operated 
 by waterpower. The more mod(>rn small gas or gaso- 
 liiue engine enabled 12 other mines to conduct opera- 
 tions on a small scale. A summary of these 15 mines, 
 using waterpower or gas exclusively, is presented in 
 the following table: 
 
 Table 30. — Summar\j of mines using only water wheels, nr gas or 
 
 gasoline engines: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines i.^ 
 
 Salaries [[[[[[.]'.'..'. S31, 043 
 
 Wages s;i49, 902 
 
 Contract work ^3,^9 
 
 Miscelhiueous expenses ^n (51^ 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials "" ^50' 764 
 
 j Tons of ore produced: ' ' 
 
 Total mined jg 528 
 
 Sold ; ' ; ■ " ,^1 o^Q 
 
 Treated 7^ 4^9 
 
 Gross value of ore sold or treateil [.[...... ^279,273 
 
 Copper contents: 
 
 Poun'ls 2, 634, 000 
 
 \ alue 3256 451 
 
 Value of by-products: 
 
 Silver J18,416 
 
 Gold $3,6,86 
 
 Lead «7.>0 
 
 Reductiiin charges, freight, etc '' $106^^324 
 
 Value "f product at mine S172i949 
 
 Expended in development work V...'. ^$75/216 
 
 AviTagc jii'fccutage of copper in the ore /// ^ 10 4 
 
 AvcriiL^c \ 11 hir; 
 
 Klric (ojiper, cents perpiound 97 
 
 (.ttoss value per ton goo" 54 
 
 Average cost of reduction, per ton .[[....... $8! 39 
 
 The total output of the 15 mines summarized in the 
 preceding table amounted to $1T2,9J:9 in value, to which 
 should ))e added the sum of 175,216, representing, the 
 \alue of development work done during the vear. The 
 ore was exceptionally rich, yielding 10.4 per cent of 
 tine, copjx'i-. Tlie avei'age price realized per pound of 
 copper was 9.7 cents, which brought i|^22.ol: per ton of 
 ci-u(le ore. The average cost of reduction amounted to 
 
COPPER. 
 
 491 
 
 f8.39 pel' ton, which left $13.65 per ton as vahie at 
 mine, whereas the gross vahie of all copper ores mined 
 and treated in the United States averaged only $(;.79 
 per ton. It is probable that it was only the exception- 
 ally high grade of the ore that made mining on so small 
 a scale possible. 
 
 The worWa production and the 'world's copper mar- 
 Jcet. — The United States is to-diiy the chief producer of 
 cojjper in the world; nearly two-thirds of the world's 
 output in 1902 was furnished by the United States. 
 The following table is a summary of the production of 
 the copper uiines of the world: 
 
 Table 31.— PRODUCTION OF COPPER MINKS OF THE WORLD; 1879 TO 1!)02.' 
 
 [Long t(ins.] 
 
 Total for the world 
 
 Total for North America 
 
 United States 
 
 Canada and Newfottndland 
 Mexico 
 
 Total for South America . 
 
 Argentina. 
 
 Bolivia 
 
 Chile 
 
 Peru 
 
 Venezuela . 
 
 349,870 
 
 •294, COO 
 19, 48,5 
 35, 785 
 
 38, 7.50 
 
 240 
 
 2,000 
 
 28, 930 
 
 7, .5,H0 
 
 1901 
 
 318, 640 
 
 267, 410 
 20, .800 
 30,430 
 
 42, 385 
 
 85 
 
 2, 000 
 
 30, 780 
 
 9,520 
 
 Total for Europe . 
 
 90,985 93.013 
 
 1000 
 
 301,237 
 
 208, 787 
 10, 400 
 22,050 
 
 36,095 
 
 75 
 2, 100 
 25, 700 
 8, 220 
 
 Austria-Hungary, including Bosnia and 
 
 Servia 
 
 England 
 
 Germany 
 
 Italy...". 
 
 Rupsia 
 
 Sweden and Norway 
 
 Spain and Portugal 
 
 Turkey 
 
 Asia (Japan) 
 
 Australia 
 
 Africa 
 
 1,.500 
 
 1,335 
 
 600 
 
 532 
 
 21,605 
 
 21,720 
 
 3, 370 
 
 3,000 
 
 8,000 
 
 8,000 
 
 5, 020 
 
 3, 825 
 
 49, 790 
 
 .53, 621 
 
 1,100 
 
 980 
 
 29, 775 
 
 27,475 
 
 ■If., CIO 
 
 30, 875 
 
 4, 450 
 
 6,400 
 
 1,355 
 
 650 
 
 20, 410 
 
 2, 9.55 
 
 . 6, 740 
 
 4,385 
 
 52, 872 
 
 .520 
 
 27,840 
 23, 020 
 6,720 
 
 262,206 
 9,430 
 19,335 
 
 32, 730 
 
 65 
 2, .500 
 25,000 
 5, 165 
 
 1,.505 
 C35 
 23, ICO 
 2, 965 
 7, 210 
 4,130 
 .52, 168 
 920 
 
 28, 310 
 
 20, 7.50 
 
 6,490 
 
 429, 626 399, 730 
 
 260, 846 237, 135 
 
 234, 271 
 10,140 
 16,435 
 
 216, 060 
 
 7, 705 
 13,. 370 
 
 30,0C5 25,300 
 
 125 
 2,0.50 
 24, 8.50 
 3,040 
 
 88, 430 
 
 1,.540 
 
 640 
 
 20, 085 
 
 2, 965 
 
 6, 260 
 
 4,095 
 
 .52, 375 
 
 470 
 
 25, 175 
 18, 000 
 7,110 
 
 200 
 
 2,200 
 
 21, 900 
 
 1,000 
 
 18«fi 
 
 203, 893 
 5, 800 
 11.1.50 
 
 2i;, 340 
 
 100 
 
 2,000 
 
 23, 500 
 
 740 
 
 1, C.55 
 
 520 
 
 20,145 
 
 3,4,80 
 
 f),025 
 
 3,995 
 
 .53,060 
 
 975 
 
 23. 000 
 17, OUO 
 7,440 
 
 1, 285 
 555 
 
 20, 065 
 3,400 
 5,100 
 3,000 
 
 53, 325 
 
 21,000 
 11,000 
 7, 4.50 
 
 189.5 
 
 1,S94 
 
 334, .565 324, ,505 
 
 172, 300 
 5, 800 
 11,620 
 
 159, 695 
 6,900 
 11,770 
 
 147,210 
 7,040 
 8,480 
 
 24,925 ' 26,810 27,320 
 
 1.50 
 
 2, 2.50 
 
 22, 075 
 
 450 
 
 230 
 2,300 
 21,. 340 
 
 440 
 2, 500 
 
 160 
 
 2,500 
 
 21, 3.50 
 
 460 
 2,, 8.50 
 
 83,7.80 .81,, 890 
 
 165, 825 
 
 1.52, 620 
 5. 890 
 7, ,315 
 
 29, 015 
 
 200 
 2, 860 
 22, .565 
 
 290 
 3, 100 
 
 85, 182 
 
 1,310 
 
 2,120 
 
 1,425 
 
 1,385 
 
 .580 
 
 445 
 
 425 
 
 495 
 
 16, .555 
 
 17,200 
 
 16, 1.50 
 
 17, 295 
 
 2,500 
 
 2, COO 
 
 2, .500 
 
 2, 500 
 
 5,280 
 
 5, 000 
 
 5, 000 
 
 4,900 
 
 3,200 
 
 2, 240 
 
 2, 395 
 
 2, 145 
 
 54, 950 
 
 .54, 175 
 
 .53, 995 
 
 56, 462 
 
 18,430 
 
 20, 050 
 
 18, 000 
 
 18, 000 
 
 10, 000 
 
 9. 000 
 
 7, .500 
 
 6, .500 
 
 7, 115 
 
 C. 500 
 
 6,090 
 
 5. 950 
 
 1.38, 919 
 
 128, 179 
 5, .540 
 5, 200 
 
 29, 015 
 
 210 
 
 2, 1.50 
 
 19, 875 
 
 280 
 6, .500 
 
 80, 937 
 
 1, 2.50 
 72C 
 
 16,150 
 2,200 
 4,800 
 1,902 
 
 .53. 915 
 
 17,000 
 7.. 500 
 6,020 
 
 Total for the world . 
 
 Total for North America- 
 
 United States 
 
 Canada and Newfoundland. 
 Mexico 
 
 Total for South America . 
 
 Argentina.. 
 
 Bolivia 
 
 Chile 
 
 Peru 
 
 Venezuela . 
 
 269, 455 
 
 261, 205 
 
 116, 325 
 
 4, 785 
 4, 325 
 
 33,960 
 
 Total for Europe . 
 
 Austria-Hungary, including Bosnia and 
 
 Servia 
 
 England 
 
 Germany 
 
 Italy 
 
 Russia 
 
 Sweden and Norway 
 
 Spain and Portugal 
 
 Turkey 
 
 1.50 
 
 1,900 
 
 26,120 
 
 1.50 
 5, 640 
 
 80, 990 
 
 1,.510 
 935 
 
 17, 625 
 2, 200 
 4,800 
 2, 220 
 
 51,700 
 
 114,669 
 
 105, 774 
 5, 115 
 3,780 
 
 31,478 
 
 190 
 
 1,200 
 
 24, 260 
 
 275 
 5,563 
 
 83, 898 
 
 1,525 
 905 
 
 17,356 
 3,500 
 4,070 
 2,272 
 
 .54, 270 
 
 108, 776 
 
 101,710 
 4,300 
 2, 766 
 
 37, 090 
 
 150 
 
 1,4.50 
 
 31,240 
 
 250 
 4,000 
 
 85, 560 
 
 1.868 
 1,456 
 
 15, 230 
 3, .500 
 4,700 
 2, 356 
 
 .*, 450 
 
 223,798 217,1 
 
 83,914 
 
 1885 
 
 79, 109 
 2, 7,55 
 2,050 
 
 33, .570 
 
 170 
 
 1,800 
 
 29, 150 
 
 50 
 
 2,900 
 
 80, 214 
 
 1,414 
 389 
 
 14, 875 
 2,500 
 5, 000 
 2,330 
 
 53, 706 
 
 69,805 
 
 2,685 
 
 250 
 
 40, 088 
 
 180 
 
 1,100 
 
 35, 025 
 
 75 
 
 3,708 
 
 76, 433 
 
 1,099 
 1,471 
 14, 465 
 2,100 
 
 4, 875 
 2,770 
 49, 653 
 
 76, 403 
 
 74, 050 
 
 1,978 
 
 375 
 
 44, 573 
 
 1S84 
 
 64, 700 
 
 1,668 
 
 291 
 
 48, 269 
 
 233 
 
 1,600 
 
 38, .500 
 
 229 
 4,111 
 
 77,616 
 
 1,59 
 
 1,500 
 
 41, 648 
 
 362 
 4,600 
 
 75, 961 
 
 188.3 
 
 64,167 
 
 51, 570 
 2,108 
 
 47, 4.35 
 
 188-2 
 
 181,622 
 
 42,871 
 
 40, 470 
 
 2,000 
 
 401 
 
 51,108 
 
 293 
 
 1,680 
 
 41,099 
 
 395 
 4,018 
 
 72, 554 
 
 1,185 
 
 1,270 
 
 2, 773 
 
 3, 3.50 
 
 15, 2.50 
 
 14, 782 
 
 2,000 
 
 2,000 
 
 6,100 
 
 4,700 
 
 3,335 
 
 3,444 
 
 47. 873 
 
 46,415 
 
 10,000 
 
 10, 000 
 
 11,400 
 
 14, 100 
 
 5, 700 
 
 5, 260 
 
 1,290 
 2, 620 
 
 14, 643 
 1,600 
 4,400 
 3,394 
 
 44, 607 
 
 800 
 
 3,259 
 
 42,909 
 
 440 
 3,700 
 
 66, 243 
 
 163, 369 
 
 30, 882 
 
 2,218 
 
 333 
 
 44, 3,89 
 
 307 
 
 2, 655 
 
 37, 989 
 
 615 
 2,, 823 
 
 65, 960 
 
 1,115 
 3,464 
 
 13, 31C 
 1,400 
 4,000 
 3,388 
 
 39,560 
 
 1,270 
 3. 875 
 
 12, 742 
 1,480 
 3,700 
 3,635 
 
 39, 258 
 
 25,010 
 
 1..5.50 
 
 400 
 
 47, 616 
 
 300 
 
 2,000 
 
 42,916 
 
 600 
 1,800 
 
 60, 245 
 
 1,290 
 3, 662 
 
 10,800 
 1,380 
 3,300 
 3, .500 
 
 36.313 
 
 1879 
 
 23, 3.50 
 
 1,550 
 
 400 
 
 .53, 815 
 
 300 
 
 2. 000 
 
 49, 318 
 
 600 
 1,597 
 
 54,620 
 
 1,145 
 3,462 
 9,000 
 1,140 
 3,300 
 3. 212 
 33,361 
 
 Asia (Japan) . 
 
 Australia 
 
 Africa 
 
 15,000 
 7, .500 
 6,670 
 
 15, 000 
 8,300 
 7,860 
 
 11 , 600 
 7, 4.50 
 7, .5,50 
 
 11,000 
 7,700 
 7,400 
 
 12,000 
 9,700 
 6, 125 
 
 7,600 
 12,000 
 5,600 
 
 4, 800 
 11,000 
 
 5, 600 
 
 3, 900 
 10.000 
 5. 687 
 
 3, 900 
 9,700 
 5, 538 
 
 3. 900 
 9. .500 
 
 4, 828 
 
 1 Compiled by Henry R. Merton & Co., Ltd., London: cited in Statistical Compilations of Lead, Copper, Spelter, Tin, Silver, Nickel, Aluminum, and (.juicksilve 
 by the Metallgesellschaft and the Metallurgische Gesellschaft A.-G., 1898, page 10, and 1903, pages 6 and 7. 
 
 As shown by the preceding table. North and South 
 America, since 1883, have been the chief source of the 
 world's .supply of copper. While the production of 
 South America has declined, North America as a copper 
 producer has, since 1892, overshadowed the rest of 
 the world. Since 189.5 the mines of the United States 
 alone have furnished more than one-half of the world's 
 copper. 
 
 Amon^ European producers the Iberian peninsula held 
 the tirst place. Prior to 1882 its output exceeded the 
 production of the United States, and, in 1882, both 
 countries were on the same level, but within the follow- 
 ing twenty years the production of Spain and Portugal 
 increased by only aliout 25 per cent, while the produc- 
 tion of the United States in 1902 was more than seven 
 times as large as it was twentv vears before. 
 
492 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Mexico, which prior to 1894 was but a small factor 
 in tlie worlcl\s production of copper, has .since that year 
 more than trebled its output and gained third place 
 among- the copper producing- rountries. 
 
 Next after Mexico was Japan, which since 1890 has 
 doul)led its output, and Australia, whose progress has 
 been still more rapid. Germany ha.s shown no appreci- 
 able gains since 1896, and has been outranked by Mexico 
 and Australia. 
 
 In the table which follows, the refined copper product 
 of smelters and refineries of all countries since 1889, as 
 compiled by the Metallgesellschaft and Metallurgische 
 Gesellschaft A.-G., is compared with the copper con- 
 tents of the output of all copper mines, as compiled bj^ 
 Henry R. Merton & Co., Limited. 
 
 Table 32. — Copper output of mines and .tmeJters of all countries: 
 ISSV to 190z.^ 
 
 Total . 
 
 1889. 
 1890. 
 1891. 
 1892. 
 1893. 
 
 1895.. 
 1896.. 
 1897.. 
 1898.. 
 1899.. 
 1900.. 
 1901.. 
 19022. 
 
 Metric 
 tons. 
 
 265, 384 
 273, 765 
 283,861 
 315, 439 
 308, 387 
 329,698 
 339,919 
 379, 337 
 406, 126 
 436, .500 
 479, KOO 
 492, .566 
 627, 089 
 561,148 
 
 SMELTERS. 
 
 Metric 
 tons. 
 
 Pef cent 
 of mine 
 output. 
 
 6,404,886 I 
 
 267, 182 
 
 100.7 
 
 282,251 
 
 103.1 
 
 291,226 
 
 102.6 
 
 317, 137 
 
 100 8 
 
 ,304, 700 
 
 98.8 
 
 328, 000 
 
 99.5 
 
 351, 600 
 
 103.4 
 
 393, 200 
 
 103.7 
 
 418, 900 
 
 103.1 
 
 433, 300 
 
 99.3 
 
 480, 000 
 
 100.0 
 
 487, 200 
 
 98.9 
 
 517, .550 
 
 98.2 
 
 532, 700 
 
 96. 7 
 
 The following table shows the growth of the world's 
 production of copper during the past century: 
 
 T.VBLE 33. — Ormrth- of the world's eopper production in Die nineteenth 
 century.^ 
 [Long tons.] 
 
 1 Cited in report bv the Metallgesellschaft and Metallurgische Gesellschaft 
 A.-G., 1903. 
 
 2 Figures for United States exceed United States Census figures by 6.149,608 
 pounds. As the difference is less than 1 per cent, the estimate of Henry R. Mer 
 ton & Co., Ltd., is retained for the sake of comparison. 
 
 The variations between the output of mines and 
 smelters have been confined within narrow limits, viz, 
 between 3.7 per cent above and ?>.?> per cent below the 
 mine output. This close agreement is due to the fact 
 that copper is mostly mined and smelted by the same 
 producers; either quantity' may therefore be used for 
 comparisons. 
 
 DErADE. 
 
 World's 
 
 production 
 
 of each 
 
 decade. 
 
 Increase of 
 
 production 
 
 over 
 
 previous 
 
 decades. 
 
 tnnmf im^Tea.se of 
 decide! production. 
 
 
 91,000 
 96,000 
 1*5,000 
 218, 400 
 291,000 
 .506, 999 
 300, 000 
 1,189,000 
 
 
 9,100 
 
 9,600 
 
 13, .500 
 
 21,840 
 
 29,100 
 
 50, 699 
 
 90, 000 
 
 118,900 
 
 237, 339 
 
 370, 890 
 
 
 1811 to 1820 
 
 5,000 
 
 39, 000 
 
 83,400 
 
 72,600 
 
 216,999 
 
 393, 001 
 
 289,000 
 
 1,084,398 
 
 1,33.5,503 
 
 .500 
 
 
 3, 900 
 
 1831 to 1840 
 
 8, 3-40 
 
 1841 to 1850 
 
 7, 260 
 
 1851 to 18C0 
 
 1861 to 1870 
 
 21 , .599 
 39,300 
 
 1871 to ] 880 
 
 28, 900 
 
 1881 to 1890 
 
 2, 373, 398 
 3,708,901 
 
 lOH. 439 
 
 1891 to 1900 
 
 133. 5.50 
 
 
 
 iThe Co7>per Handbook, Vol. Ill, page 565. 
 
 A study of the table shows that during the first two 
 decades of the past century the production of copper 
 remained practit^all}^ stationary. From 1820 to 1880 
 the average yearly production more than doubled once 
 in every twenty years. Within the last two decades of 
 the century the annual average production more than 
 trebled, increasing from 118,900 tons during the years 
 from 1871 to 1880 to 370,890 tons from 1891 to 1900. 
 The annual average output from 1881 to 1890 exceeded 
 the average for the preceding decade by 118,439 tons, 
 i. e., by 99. H per cent, and the annual average for the 
 years from 1891 to 1900 showed an increase over the 
 preceding decade amounting to 133,551 tons, or 56.3 
 per cent. Though the increase in production during 
 the last decade was absolutely greater than during the 
 preceding period, yet owing to the enlarged volume of 
 production the relative increase appears smaller. 
 
 The extraordinary progress of copper mining within 
 the last two decades was stimulati^d by the rapid exten- 
 sion of the u.ses of electricity to all branches of in- 
 dustry. The United States has Iteen the chief factor 
 in this progress. The production of the United States 
 increased from 1879 to 1902 more than twelvefold. 
 The share of the United States in the progress of copper 
 mining is shown in the following comparative summarj' 
 bj^ quadrennial periods: 
 
 T,\BLE 34.— OUTPT'T OF COPT'EK MIXES OF THE UNITED STATES AND OTHER COUNTRIES, BY QUADRENNIAL 
 
 PERIODS: 1.S79 TO 1902.' 
 
 [Lung t.lllS.] 
 
 1879 to 1882 . 
 1883 to 1886 . 
 1887 to 1890 . 
 1891 tr) 1894 . 
 1896 to] 898 . 
 1899 I'll 902 ■- 
 
 
 T^lTAL I'KODl 
 
 CTION. 
 
 
 INCREASE OVER PRECEDING PERIOO. 
 
 All countries, 
 
 6.50, 913 
 862, 333 
 1,012,484 
 1,217,898 
 1,.5.37.2«4 
 2,018,301 
 
 United 
 States. 
 
 119,712 
 200,126 
 402, 918 
 .587, 701 
 .820, .524 
 1,093,003 
 
 other 
 countries. 
 
 Per cent 
 T'nited 
 
 states. 
 
 countries. 
 
 United 
 Slates. 
 
 Other 
 countries. 
 
 Per cent 
 United 
 States. 
 
 .531,201 
 002, 208 
 609, 506 
 f.30, 191 
 710,760 
 925, 298 
 
 18.4 
 30. 2 
 .39. s 
 18. 3 
 .53. 8 
 .54. 2 
 
 
 
 
 2ii,420 
 160,161 
 206, 414 
 319, 386 
 4H1,017 
 
 140,413 
 142, 793 
 184, 786 
 238, ,820 
 266, 479 
 
 71,007 
 7, 3,58 
 20, 628 
 80, 666 
 214,538 
 
 66. 4 
 95.1 
 90.0 
 74.8 
 .55. 4 
 
 t Henry R. Merton A Company's ligtircs. (.itcd in llie 
 
 '.! Figures for United Stiites ex( 1 Uuitc'd Stales I' 
 
 Ltd.. is retained for sake of cornparisoti. 
 
 rcj.ort liy llic .Metallgesellschaft and Metalliirgiselir GcM.llsc.hnfl \ -( 
 'liMns figures liy 6,149,608 pounds. As this is Icjs llnili I iht i-cuI. Iln 
 
 ci(.|(Oier, I'.io;;, 
 rsliuuitc of lli'iiry K. Mcrli 
 
CUPPEK 
 
 498 
 
 Up to the period from 1895 to 1898 the United States 
 wu.s rapidly gaining- over ail other countries. From 
 1887 to 1891 practicall_v all the increase in the world's 
 production of copper came from the United States. 
 During the j'ears from 1895 to 1898 the United States 
 outranked all other countries. During the last period, 
 closed by the census year 1902, the production of the 
 United States maintained its rate of growth. l>ut min- 
 ing in other countries took on a new life under the 
 stimulus of high prices, as will be shown l)elow, and 
 the increase in their output nearh' reached that of the 
 United States. 
 
 In Table 35 the world's production and consumption 
 of copper are shown since the year 1895, when the 
 United States surpassed the total production of all 
 other countries. All countries are arranged in two 
 classes: (1) Those whose domestic consumption of re- 
 fined copper exceeded the output of their own mines, 
 and (2) those whose mines produced more than was 
 consumed at home. E'or the sake of l)revity, the 
 former are designated as "importing countries" and 
 the latter as "exporting countries." 
 
 It must be understood, however, that some of the 
 countries designated here as "importing'' also exj^orted 
 considerable quantities of copper, while those desig- 
 nated as "exporting" may have imported copper oie, 
 matte, etc., to be later reexported as refined copper. 
 
 In calculating the domestic consumption foi- each coini- 
 try its imports are added to its production, and its 
 exports are deducted from the total; the increase oi- 
 decrea,se of the stocks of cf^pper fronj year to year is 
 also taken into account wherever ascertainable. The 
 estimate of domestic consumption which is arri\cd at 
 in this manner represents the supply of copper a\aila- 
 ble for domestic consumption, liut is not necessarily 
 identical with the quantity actually consumed in manu- 
 factui'es for which copper serves as material. 
 
 In Table 35 the column headed "product of mines'" 
 represents only the production of copper from domes- 
 tic ores, as reported by Henry K. Merton & Co., Ltd.: 
 the column "consumption" rt'presents the supply 
 available from all sources for domestic consumption, 
 as computed by the Metallgesellschaft and Metallur- 
 gische Gesellschaft A.-G.; the "net demand for im- 
 ported copper" in the list of importing countries and. 
 the "net supply available for export" in the list of 
 exporting countries represents, in each case, the differ- 
 ence between the totals of the two columns just men- 
 tioned. The talile thus shows, on the one hand, the 
 share contributed by each copper mining country 
 to the world's supply of copper, and on the other 
 hand the demand for unmanufactured copper directly 
 exercised by the manufacturing industries of each 
 country. 
 
 Table 35.— WORLD'S PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF t:OPPER, BY COt^NTRIES: 189.5 TO 1902. 
 
 [Long toll.s.] 
 
 EXPURTINt; roUXTRY. 
 
 
 190-2 
 
 
 1901 
 
 
 1 
 
 Product 
 of mines. 
 
 1900 
 
 Con- 
 sump- 
 tion. 
 
 Net de- 
 mand iOT 
 imported 
 
 copper. 
 
 
 1899 
 
 
 IMPORTING COUNTRY. 
 
 Product 
 of mines. 
 
 Con- 
 sump- 
 tion. 
 
 Net de- 
 mand for 
 imported 
 
 copper. 
 
 IToduct 
 of mines. 
 
 Con- 
 sump- 
 tion. 
 
 Net de- 
 mand for 
 imported 
 
 copper. 
 
 Product 
 <jf mines. 
 
 Con- 
 sump- 
 tion. 
 
 Net de- 
 mand for 
 imported 
 
 copper. 
 
 Total 
 
 35, 075 
 
 328, 635 
 
 293,560 
 
 34, .587 
 
 279, 226 
 
 241, 639 
 
 32, 110 
 
 317,148 
 
 2.85, 038 
 
 35, 775 
 
 276, 620 
 
 240. 84.5 
 
 
 
 
 600 
 21,605 
 
 118, 638 
 100, 324 
 52, 060 
 18, 862 
 17, 219 
 10,218 
 6,592 
 2,361 
 2,361 
 
 118,038 
 78,719 
 ,52, 060 
 17, 362 
 9,219 
 6,848 
 6,. 592 
 2,361 
 2,361 
 
 532 
 21,720 
 
 103, .552 
 
 82, 243 
 
 42, 382 
 
 17,920 
 
 13, 873 
 
 9,214 
 
 6, 396 
 
 2, 361 
 
 1,279 
 
 103,020 
 60, .523 
 42, 382 
 16, .591 
 5, 873 
 6,214 
 6,396 
 2,361 
 1,279 
 
 650 
 20, 410 
 
 107,034 
 
 107,176 
 
 .51, 780 
 
 19, 382 
 
 13,972 
 
 8,211 
 
 6, 160 
 
 2,361 
 
 1,082 
 
 106, 384 
 
 86,766 
 
 51, 780 
 
 18, 027 
 
 7,232 
 
 5,2.56 
 
 6,150 
 
 2,361 
 
 1,082 
 
 635 
 23, 460 
 
 85, 137 
 
 96, 094 
 
 48, 442 
 
 16, .855 
 
 13, .578 
 
 7, .560 
 
 5,412 
 
 2, 361 
 
 1,181 
 
 84, .502 
 
 Germany 
 
 72, 634 
 48,442 
 15, 3.50 
 6,368 
 
 AtLstria-Hungary 
 
 1,500 
 8,000 
 3,370 
 
 1,335 
 8,000 
 3,000 
 
 1,3.55 
 6, 740 
 2, 955 
 
 1,.505 
 7,210 
 2,965 
 
 Italy 
 
 4, .595 
 
 
 6 41" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■' 361 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1481 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 North America; 
 
 United States 
 
 Canada and Newfoundland 
 
 Mexico 
 
 .South America: 
 
 Chile 
 
 other South American countries 
 Europe: 
 
 Sweden and Norway 
 
 Spain and Portugal 
 
 Turkey 
 
 Asia (Japan) 
 
 Australia 
 
 Africa 
 
 Kept for Net sup- 
 Product domestic 'ply avail- 
 of mines, iconsump- able for 
 tion. export. 
 
 507, 395 
 
 294, 600 
 19,485 
 35, 785 
 
 28, 930 
 9,820 
 
 5,020 i 
 49, 790 
 
 1,100 • 
 29,775 
 28,640 
 
 4,4.50 
 
 289, 332 
 
 2, 8.53 
 15, 2.51 
 
 94,641 
 19, 485 
 35, 785 
 
 28, 930 
 9,820 
 
 ,53, 057 
 
 43,164 
 4,450 
 
 Product 
 of mines. 
 
 484, 201 
 
 267,410 
 20, .800 
 30, 430 
 
 30, 780 
 11, 605 
 
 3, 825 
 .53, 621 
 980 
 27, 475 
 30, 875 
 
 6,400 
 
 Kept for j Net sup 
 
 domestic jply avail 
 
 consump-j able for 
 
 tion. I export. 
 
 Product 
 able for i of mines. 
 
 2, 658 
 7,970 
 
 236, 940 
 
 30, 677 
 20, 800 
 30, 430 
 
 30, 780 
 11,605 
 
 50, 380 
 6,400 
 
 Kept for 
 domestic 
 consump- 
 tion. 
 
 268, 787 
 10, 400 
 22, 0.50 
 
 25, 700 
 10, 395 
 
 4,385 
 
 52, 872 
 
 .520 
 
 27,840 
 
 23, 020 
 
 6, 720 
 
 Net sup- 
 ply avail- 
 able for 
 export. 
 
 163, 413 
 
 9, 920 
 
 117,360 
 10, 400 
 22, 050 
 
 26,700 
 10, 395 
 
 40, 940 
 6,720 
 
 Kept for 
 Product domestic 
 of mines, consump- 
 tion. 
 
 Net sup- 
 ply avail- 
 able for 
 export. 
 
 4:36,469 196,674 
 
 262,206 185,8.51 
 
 9,430 
 
 19,335 
 
 25,000 ' 
 
 7, 730 
 
 4,130 I 
 .52,168 \ 1,968 
 
 920 1 1 
 28,310 i „ „-- 
 20,7.50 IJ *''»*^ 
 
 6. 490 
 
 76. a>5 
 9.430 
 19, 335 
 
 25, 000 
 7, 730 
 
 40. 205 
 6,490 
 
 1 Includes Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru. 
 
494 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 35.— WORLD'S PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF COPI^ER, BY COUNTRIES: 1895 TO 1902— Continued. 
 
 IMPOKTING COUNTRY. 
 
 Total . 
 
 1898 
 
 1S97 
 
 Product 
 of mines. 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 Germany - 
 
 France ." 
 
 Austria-Hungary 
 
 Russia '. 
 
 Italy 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 Exports from Europe. 
 
 640 
 20, 08.1 
 
 i.SJO 
 6,260 
 2, 96.5 
 
 Con- 
 sump- 
 tion. 
 
 102, 
 95, 
 
 48, 
 IS, 
 1", 
 7, 
 5, 
 
 Net de 
 mand fori Product 
 imported] of mines. 
 
 copper 
 
 268,213 
 
 102, 066 
 75, 370 
 JN, 7.56 
 16,773 
 10.9.59 
 4,706 
 8,707 
 2,361 
 1, .525 
 
 31,825 
 
 ,520 
 20, 145 
 
 'i,'6.55' 
 6, 025 
 3,480 
 
 Con- 
 sump- 
 tion. 
 
 300, 572 
 
 107,771 
 
 88, 355 
 
 51,035 
 
 16,917 
 
 19,187 
 
 7,665 
 
 8,100 
 
 2, 361 
 
 1,181 
 
 Net de- 
 mand for 
 imported 
 
 copfier. 
 
 107, 251 
 
 68, 210 
 
 51,035 
 
 15, 262 
 
 13,162 
 
 4,185 
 
 6, lUO 
 
 2, 361 
 
 1,181 
 
 1896 
 
 Product 
 of mines. 
 
 30, 405 
 
 .555 
 20,065 
 
 ""i,'28.5' 
 5, 100 
 3, 400 
 
 Con- 
 sump- 
 tion. 
 
 2S4, 166 
 
 114, 799 
 
 78,161 
 
 42, 529 
 
 14,566 
 
 18, 006 
 
 6, 856 
 
 5, 412 
 
 2,361 
 
 1,476 
 
 Net de- 
 mand for 
 imported 
 
 copper. 
 
 Product 
 of mines. 
 
 26, 225 
 
 580 
 16, .5.55 
 
 "i.sio' 
 
 5, 280 
 2,-500 
 
 Con- 
 sump- 
 
 232, 060 
 
 90, 080 
 62, 787 
 37, .560 
 12, 665 
 13,775 
 6,534 
 4,920 
 2, 361 
 1, 378 
 
 Net de- 
 mand for 
 imported 
 
 copper. 
 
 205, 835 
 
 89, .500 
 46,232 
 37,. 560 
 11,3.55 
 8,495 
 4,034 
 4,920 
 2. 361 
 1,378 
 
 EXPORTING COUNTRY. 
 
 Product 
 of mines. 
 
 Total ... 
 
 North America: 
 
 United States 234, 271 
 
 Canada and Newfoundland 10, 140 
 
 Mexico 16, 43.'' 
 
 South America: 
 
 Chile 24, 8.50 
 
 Other South American countries^, ... 5,215 
 Europe: ; 
 
 Sweden and Nijrway : 4, 095 
 
 Spain and Portugal | .52,375 
 
 Turkey i 470 
 
 Asia (Japan i ' 25, 175 
 
 Australia ■ 18, 000 
 
 Africa ! 7,110 
 
 Kept for 
 domestic 
 consump- 
 tion. 
 
 13,480 
 
 Net sup- 
 ply avail- 
 able for 
 export. 
 
 112. 338 
 10, 140 
 16, 435 
 
 24, 8.50 
 5,215 
 
 29, 695 
 7,110 
 
 Product 
 of mines. 
 
 Kept for 
 domestic 
 consump- 
 tion. 
 
 216,060 
 7, 705 
 13, 370 
 
 21,900 
 3, 400 
 
 3, 995 
 
 53, 060 
 
 975 
 
 23, OOO 
 
 17, 000 
 
 7,440 
 
 104, 294 
 
 1,968 
 13, 873 
 
 Net sup- 
 ply avail- 
 able for 
 export. 
 
 247, 770 
 
 111,766 
 7,705 
 13, 370 
 
 21,900 
 3, 100 
 
 26. 127 
 7,440 
 
 Kept for 
 Product domestic 
 of mines, consump- 
 tion. 
 
 :342,9.58 109,773 
 
 203, 
 5, 
 11, 
 
 i 21 
 I 11 
 
 893 I 94,424 
 
 800 ! 
 
 1.50 I 
 
 500 ' 
 
 .840 , 
 
 000 ,1 
 
 325 \ 2,263 
 
 »0-} 13,086 
 
 4.50 ' 
 
 Net sup- 
 ply avail- 
 able for 
 export. 
 
 Kept for I Net sup- 
 
 Product I domestic 
 of mines, consump- 
 i tion. 
 
 ply avail- 
 able for 
 export. 
 
 233,185 I 308,340 126,075 
 
 109,469 
 5,800 
 11,1.50 ! 
 
 23,500 
 2, S40 
 
 18,914 
 7,450 
 
 172,300 ' 116,433 I .55,867 
 
 5,800 i ' 5,800 
 
 11,620 : 11,620 
 
 22, 075 1 22, 075 
 
 2,8.50 1 2,8.50 
 
 3.200 ) I 
 
 .54,9.50 - 1,771 i -56, :J79 
 
 ■ '18,430' I. -- ,.-, .,„ „„ 
 
 10,000 j • -u.mv 
 
 7,115 7,11-5 
 
 1 Includes .-\rgcntina, Bolivia, and Pcrn- 
 
 The recapitulation which follow.s shows the share of 
 the worlcVs output consumed at home and exported; tlie 
 domestic consumption is obtained by adding the pro- 
 duction of importing countries to the domestic con- 
 sumption of exporting countries. 
 
 T.\BLE 36. — ^Vol■hP^: jiroduction, domeslir consiumption, and siipphj 
 available for export, irith -per cent of total produciion: 1895 tolSOS. 
 
 [Long tons-] 
 
 
 Total 
 produc- 
 tion. 
 
 Domestic 
 consump- 
 tion. 
 
 Net supply 
 available 
 for export. 
 
 PER CENT OF PRO- 
 DUCTION- 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Domestic 
 
 con.sump- 
 
 tion. 
 
 44.3 
 
 Net sup- 
 ply avail 
 able for 
 export. 
 
 Total r-.. 
 
 3, .555, .585 
 
 1,575,972 
 
 1,979,613 
 
 .55. 7 
 
 1895. 
 
 334, 565 
 373, 363 
 399, 730 
 429, 626 
 472, 244 
 484, 799 
 518, 788 
 ,542, 470 
 
 1.52, 300 
 140,178 
 161,900 
 168, .576 
 232, 449 
 195, .523 
 281,848 
 253, 138 
 
 182, 265 
 2:J3,1S5 
 247, 770 
 261 , 050 
 239, 795 
 289, 276 
 236, 940 
 289, 332 
 
 45.5 
 :37.5 
 3,8.0 
 39-2 
 49- 2 
 40-3 
 .54.3 
 -46.7 
 
 -54. 5 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 62. 5 
 62.0 
 60.8 
 .50. 8 
 ,59. 7 
 45. 7 
 53- 3 
 
 Tables 35 and 3«3 bring out the fact that copper is 
 preeminently an article of international trade. More 
 than one-half of the copper mined was exported for 
 consumption to other countries. With the exception 
 of the United States, the principal producers of copper 
 had practical!}' no market for it at home. The United 
 States, though holding the first place among the con- 
 sumers of copper, was also largely dependent upon the 
 foreign market for the .sale of the product of its mines. 
 
 There is a difference amounting from a fraction of 1 
 per cent to over 10 per cent between the total net sup- 
 ply available for export and the total net demand for 
 imported copper. The variance is due in part to the 
 well-known disagreement between export and import sta- 
 tistics and partly to the fact that the resmelting of old 
 copper enters into the calculation of the consumption 
 for some countries. 
 
 On the whole, the copper mines of the United States 
 have since ls!(5 supplied over one-third of the demand 
 for imported copper, as shown in the following table: 
 
 Table .37- — ('imsuniption of copper in ini/iorting countries and exports 
 of doiin-xtic Clipper front the J'nited States: 1S95 to 1903. 
 
 [Long tons-] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Imp(.^rting 
 
 countries' 
 
 netdemand 
 
 for imported 
 
 copper. 
 
 Available for 
 export in 
 the United 
 
 States. 
 
 Supplied by 
 other coun- 
 tries. 
 
 Total 
 
 2, 060, 638 
 
 708, 473 
 
 1, :»2, 165 
 
 
 1.S9,5-],S9S 
 
 1899-1902 
 
 996,-556 
 1,064,082 
 
 205,835 
 253, 761 
 268,747 
 268,213 
 240, 845 
 2.S-5, II3X 
 244, (Wl 
 29:1, 5110 
 
 389,440 
 319, 033 
 
 607,116 
 745, 049 
 
 1895 
 
 56, 867 
 108,469 
 111,766 
 112, 338 
 
 76,365 
 117,360 
 
 30, 677 
 
 94, 641 
 
 149, 968 
 144,292 
 156, 981 
 
 lH9i; 
 
 1 897 
 
 1898 
 
 1.899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 164. 490 
 167,678 
 213,962 
 198,919 
 
 The principal consumers of copper besides the United 
 States were (ireat Britain, ( Jermany, and France. The 
 same countries Avere also the principal importers of 
 
COPPER. 
 
 copper, while the United States, Spain, and Portugal 
 were the principal exportei's of domeistic copper. N(^xt 
 after Spain and Portugal as exporters of domestic cop- 
 per followed, in consecutive order, Mexico, Chile, 
 Japan, Australia, and Canada. 
 
 Europe being the principal market for copper, a com- 
 parative tahle is next presented showing in parallel col- 
 umns the gross expoi'ts to Europe from other continents, 
 the net supply of domestic copper available for export, 
 and tlie excess of tlie one over the other. 
 
 Table 38. 
 
 TRADE OF THE PRINCIPAL ]';XP(JRT1N( i (M^UNTRIES WITH EUROPE; 1895 TO 1902. 
 
 [Long tons.] 
 
 1902 
 
 EXPORTrXG 
 
 Total 
 
 North America: 
 
 United States 
 
 Canada and Newfoundland 
 
 Slexico 
 
 South America; 
 
 Chile 
 
 other South American countrie 
 
 Asia (Japan) 
 
 Australia 
 
 Domestic 
 
 sn(i[ily 
 available 
 for export. 
 
 231,825 
 
 94,641 
 19, 485 
 35, 785 
 
 28, 930 
 9,820 
 
 43, 164 
 
 .'Vctual ex- 
 ports to 
 Kiirope. 
 
 Excess of- 
 
 I 14,169 
 i 18, 104 
 
 Domestic Exports to 
 supply over Europe 
 exports to overavaila- 
 Europe. ble supply. 
 
 73,130 
 
 6, 988 
 9,820 
 
 10,891 
 
 67,904 
 
 1901 
 
 Domestic 
 
 supply 
 available 
 for export. 
 
 Excess of- 
 
 Actual ex- 
 
 Domestic 
 
 ports to I ^....^^....^ 
 Europe, supply over 
 exports t< 
 
 Exports to 
 Europe 
 
 ,..^_. overavaila- 
 
 Europe. iblc supply. 
 
 20,800 1 
 ;W,430 1/ 
 
 30, 780 
 11,605 
 50, 380 
 
 91,801 
 8,6.59 
 
 20,367 '1 
 20, .564 / 
 
 11,605 
 9,449 
 
 EXPORTING COUNTRY. 
 
 Total . 
 
 North America; 
 
 United States 
 
 Canada and Newfoundland 
 
 Mexico 
 
 South America; 
 
 Chile 
 
 other South American countries. 
 
 Asia (Japan) 
 
 Australia 
 
 1900 
 
 Domestic 
 
 supply 
 
 available 
 
 for export. 
 
 117,360 
 10, 400 
 22,0.50 
 
 25, 700 
 10,395 
 
 Actual ex- 
 ports to 
 Europe. 
 
 Domestic 
 
 supply over 
 
 exports to 
 
 Europe. 
 
 151,033 
 11,315 
 
 I 18, 596 
 I 17,120 
 
 Excess of— 
 
 1899 
 
 Exports to 
 
 Europe 
 overavaila 
 ble supply 
 
 6,218 
 10, 395 
 
 Domestic 
 
 supply 
 avadable 
 for export. 
 
 33,673 
 
 33, 673 
 
 76, 355 
 9, 430 
 19, 335 
 
 25, 000 
 7, 730 
 
 Actual ex- 
 ports to 
 Europe. 
 
 111,086 
 I 11,118 
 
 I 20, 663 
 
 \ 16, mo 
 
 Excess of- 
 
 Domestic 
 
 supply over 
 
 exports to 
 
 Europe. 
 
 Exports to 
 
 Europe 
 overavaila- 
 ble supply. 
 
 17,647 
 
 8,175 
 7,730 
 
 34, 731 
 
 EXPORTING COUNTRY. 
 
 EXPORTING COUNTRY'. 
 
 Total 
 
 North America; 
 
 United States 
 
 Canada and Newfoundland 
 
 Mexico 
 
 South America; 
 
 Chile 
 
 other South American countries 
 
 Asia (Japan) 
 
 Australia 
 
 supply 
 available 
 for export. 
 
 Actual ex- 
 ports to 
 Enroyje. 
 
 Domestic | E.xportsto 
 supply over Europe 
 exports to overavaila- 
 Europe. ■ ble supply 
 
 198, 673 
 
 194,819 
 
 112,338 
 10,140 
 16, 435 
 
 24,8.50 
 5, 215 
 
 29, 695 
 
 140,407 
 10,036 
 
 ( 12,201 
 l 14,464 
 
 28,069 
 
 7,139 
 5,216 
 
 3,030 
 
 Domestic 
 
 supply 
 
 available 
 
 for export. 
 
 Actual ex- 
 ports to 
 Europe. 
 
 184, 268 
 
 Domestic E.xports to 
 supply oven Europe 
 exports to overavaila- 
 Europe. ble supply. 
 
 178, 288 
 
 111,766 123,975 
 
 13; 370 1 1 ^■■•■-■^l 
 
 21,900 I 17,711 
 
 3, 400 , 
 
 ■>6 107 jj 11.11s 
 
 -°''-' 1 1 10,233 
 
 18, 189 
 
 12, 209 
 
 6,.S24 i 
 
 4,189 ' 
 
 3,400 
 
 4,776 I 
 
 Total 
 
 North America; 
 
 United States 
 
 Canada and Newfoundland 
 
 Mexico 
 
 South America; 
 
 Chile 
 
 other South American countries 
 
 Asia (Japan) 
 
 Australia 
 
 1896 
 
 Domestic 
 
 supply 
 
 available 
 
 for export. 
 
 .Actual ex- 
 ports to 
 Europe. 
 
 E.xcess of- 
 
 Domestic Exports to 
 supply over Euro])e 
 exports to overavaila- 
 Europe. ble supply. 
 
 162, .576 
 
 15,436 
 
 109, 469 
 5,800 
 11,150 
 
 23,500 
 2,840 
 
 115,808 
 
 18,. 596 
 
 ( "s.'.sk' 
 
 t 8,100 
 
 ■,733 
 
 4,904 
 2,840 
 
 1895 
 
 Domestic 
 
 supply 
 available 
 for export. 
 
 118,771 
 
 6, 339 55, 867 
 
 f 5, 800 
 
 l 11,620 
 
 22, 075 
 2, 850 
 
 Actual ex- 
 ports to 
 Europe. 
 
 Domestic 
 
 supply over 
 
 exports to 
 
 Europe. 
 
 54, 214 
 10, 725 
 
 20, 5.59 
 
 11,315 
 7,970 
 
 Exports to 
 
 Europe 
 overavaila- 
 ble supply. 
 
 15, 262 
 
 1. 653 
 6, 695 
 
 2,790 
 2, 850 
 
4V)6 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIP:S. 
 
 The precedino; table clearly shows the place of each 
 producing country in the world's copper trade. Begin- 
 ning with the year 18!t6, the United States showed a 
 growing excess of exports to Europe over its domestic 
 supply, wliereas in all other coppei' producing coiuiti'ies 
 the snpph' available for export exceeded the direct 
 exports to Europe. The t'xcess of the exports from 
 the United States in 19ul and 1902 was very near the 
 surplus of all other countries, after deducting their 
 direct exports to Europe. These tigures demonstrate 
 that the United States has within late years gained 
 control of the export trade of non-European copper 
 producing countries. 
 
 A closer study of the statistics shows that the direct 
 exports to Europe from Canada and ]Mexico have 
 
 fallen otf slightly, while the supply of copper available 
 in these countries foi' export has more than treVjled 
 since 189.5. All this copper found its wa}' to the 
 United States, to be reexported to Europe. The direct 
 exports to Europe from Canada and Mexico are but 
 a minor portion of their total copper exports. The 
 United States has also a fair share of the copper trade 
 of .lapan, Australia, and Chile, though these counti'ies 
 for the most part maintain direct relations with Europe. 
 The share of the United States in each of the princi- 
 pal European copper markets, namely, Great Britain, 
 Germany, and France, is shown in the following table. 
 The imports reported b}' these countries from the United 
 States represent actual exports from this country, both 
 of domestic and foreign copper. 
 
 T.ABLE 39.— COPPER CONSrjIPTIOX OF OREAT BRITAIN, OERilANY, AND FRANCE, AND IMPORTS FROM THE UNITED 
 
 STATES: 189.5 TO 1902. 
 [Metric toii.s.] 
 
 1895- 
 1896. 
 1897. 
 1898. 
 1899. 
 1900- 
 1901- 
 190'2. 
 
 GRE.\T BRIT.VIN. 
 
 ImyiortL^d 
 Consiimp- from the 
 tion. 1 I United 
 states. - 
 
 91,. 551 
 116,674 
 109, .531 
 104,373 
 
 X6, .528 
 108,782 
 105, 243 
 120, .576 
 
 Supplied 
 
 from other 
 
 sources. 
 
 20, 923 
 
 70, 6iS 
 
 40, 446 
 
 76,228 
 
 33, 387 
 
 76,144 
 
 39, 608 
 
 64, 76.5 
 
 21,43K j 
 
 05, 090 
 
 32, .5.57 
 
 76, 225 
 
 21,761 
 
 83, 482 
 
 -14,345 
 
 76,231 
 
 Consump- 
 tion. 1 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 states = ' ^°'"»'^-^- 
 
 63,. 813 
 79,438 
 89,798 
 97,014 
 97,664 
 
 108,927 
 84,840 
 
 101,963 
 
 31,311 
 42, .504 
 50, 420 
 52, 473 
 47,742 
 66,264 
 42, 422 
 60, 274 
 
 32, 502 
 36,934 
 39, 378 
 44,. 541 
 49, 922 
 42, 663 
 42, 418 
 41,689 
 
 Imported i r. ,■ ■, 
 Cun,sump-; from the I .^^uPPl'^d 
 tion. ' United 
 
 State.s. = 
 
 38,174 
 43, 224 
 
 51, 869 
 49, 5.52 
 49, 233 
 
 52, 626 
 43, 074 
 .52, 909 
 
 from other 
 sources. 
 
 11,999 
 22, 3.57 
 26, 592 
 23, 125 
 25, 098 
 29, 575 
 14, 237 
 29,936 
 
 26, 175 
 20, 867 
 25, 277 
 26,427 
 24, 136 
 23, 051 
 28,8;i7 
 •22, 973 
 
 1 From the Metallgesellschatt and Metallurgische Gesellschaft A.-G., 1903, page 9. 
 -From United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the Ignited States.' 
 
 1902, pages 193 and 195. 
 
 Germany was the largest European consumer of 
 American copper. The German copper market de- 
 pended upon the United States for more than one-half 
 of its supply, the balance being furnished by the Ger- 
 man mines and by imports from other countries. The 
 second place among the consumers of American copper 
 was held by Great Britain; the position of American 
 copper in the English market was important, vet far 
 from dominant. The French market has, since isittl, 
 developed a large demand for American copper; in VM)2 
 two-thirds of the copper consumed in France was im- 
 ported h-om the United States. 
 
 Iiitefujitloiiol orr/a/iiisatioii hhhhk/ jiroducirK. — The 
 degree of concentration which has been noted in the 
 United States was also cliarticteristic of the copper 
 mining industry in other countries. 
 
 In Spain the two largest mines, the Rio Tinto and 
 the Tharsis, were operated l)y English corporations, 
 the former being controlled by the Rothschild interests.' 
 The Rio Tinto produced in ISHil, 79,279,520 pounds of 
 tine copper, and the Tharsis l(),(i3<i,48() pounds. They 
 furnished fV)ur-hfths of the pi-oducrion of Spain. 
 
 In Alexico the two largest mining companies were the 
 Greene Consolidated Copper Clomjjany, an American 
 
 corporation, and the Compagnie du Boleo, supposed to 
 be controlled by the French house of the Rothschilds.'' 
 The former reported, for the year ending August 1, 1902, 
 a product of 27,8.">-l,-l:97 pounds of tine copper in matte 
 and bullion," and the latter produced in 1901. 24,153,197 
 pounds.* The combined production of these two mines 
 represented two-thirds of the total output of Mexico. 
 
 In Germany the Mansfeld mines produced in 1901 
 42,0(17.200 pounds of copper, which was practically all 
 the copper produced in Germany. 
 
 The concentration of the copper mining industry 
 imder the control of a limited number of companies 
 facilitated organization among them. The first attempt 
 at organization was the Secretan syndicate, which was 
 formed in Paris in the fall of 18S7, with the object of 
 improving the i)rice of copper. The syndicate was 
 organized with a capital stock of 100,000,000 francs, di- 
 vided into shares of 1,000,000 francs each. In October, 
 18S7, tine copper was quoted in London at from =€39 to 
 i;40 per ton. The syndicate made contracts with min- 
 ing companies in all parts of the world for their entire 
 supply at prices ranging from £68 to £7o per ton. 
 
 'The ('(.ppei- HandbiMik, Vol. III,]iat;es 471 and .512; Tlic Tnitli 
 aljniit tlic Trusts, liy .Toliii Moody, pafje 40. 
 
 ''The Cojiper Handbook, Vol. Ill, pages 471 and .512; The Truth 
 about the Trusts, page 211. 
 
 ■'Annual Rejiort of the Ureene C<insolidated Copper Company, 
 1902. 1 ." 
 
 'The (upper Handbook, \'ol. Ill, [lajje 5li(3. 
 
DIAGRAM I.— AVERAGE PRICES OF COPPER, NEW YORK AND LONDON: 1879 TO 1902. 
 
 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 
 1879 1881 1833 1885 1887 1889 1891 1893 1895 1897 1899 1901 
 
 £ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PEH TON 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 / 
 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 11 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 — - 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 \\ 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 \\ 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / / 
 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 \\ 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 // 
 
 
 \ 
 
 \ \ 
 
 60 
 
 / 
 
 - — 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 \ \ 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 \ 
 \ 
 
 \ \ 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 I 
 1 
 
 \ 
 \ 
 \ 
 
 / 
 / 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 \\ 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 \ 
 
 ^ 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -Price at New York 
 
 Price lit London 
 
 30223^04- 
 
498 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 The price of copper immediately took an upward cour.se 
 and was soon driven as high a.s £100 per ton. High 
 prices stimulated the extension of mining, and the out- 
 put was greatly increased. In order to sustain the 
 price the syndicate was compelled to bu}' all copper that 
 was offered to it. On the other hand, consumers re- 
 duced their stock to the lowest limit, preferring to buy 
 from day to day. As a result, the visible stock of cop- 
 per rapidly increased, rising from 42,301 tons on Janu- 
 ary 1, 1888, to 104,10.5 tons a year later. Though it 
 was financed by one of the leading French banks. La 
 Bancjue de Paris et de Pays Bas, and had the support of 
 the Bank of France, the scheme finally collapsed, end- 
 ing in the bankruptcy of the syndicate.' 
 
 In 1892 an organization was created, known as the 
 European Producers' Committee. It represented the 
 principal mines of Spain and Portugal, Germany, the 
 Cape Colony, Mexico, and Australia, and was managed 
 by European boards of directors. The mines have 
 reported their output each month to a secretary in Lon- 
 don since Jul_v, 1892.^ As previously stated, simultane- 
 ously with the European organization, the American 
 Producers' Association was organized, and lioth organ- 
 izations maintained friendly relations and exchanged 
 monthly reports with each other. The share of the 
 world's output which was controlled l)y these two 
 organizations is shown in the following table: 
 
 Table 40. — World' s production and output of American and foreign 
 reporting minet!: 1S9S to 190J. 
 
 [Long tons.] 
 
 
 World's 
 production.! 
 
 PKODUCTION or REPORTING MINES. 
 
 YEAE. 
 
 Ameri- 
 can. - 
 
 Foreign.2 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 r^er cent 
 of world's 
 product. 
 
 1893 
 
 303, 530 
 324, 505 
 334,. 565 
 373, 363 
 399, 730 
 429, 626 
 472, 244 
 484,799 
 .518,788 
 542, 470 
 
 142,490 
 1.59, 623 
 171,197 
 203, 894 
 216, 106 
 234,272 
 262, 206 
 268,787 
 265,255 
 295, 656 
 
 81,785 
 88, 531 
 86, 178 
 86,196 
 88,270 
 84,. 554 
 89, 240 
 89,431 
 100, 241 
 108, 875 
 
 224, 275 
 248, 1,54 
 267,375 
 290,090 
 304, 376 
 318, 826 
 3.51,446 
 3.58,218 
 365, 496 
 404, ,531 
 
 73.9 
 
 Ig94 
 
 76.5 
 
 
 76.9 
 
 1896 
 
 77.7 
 
 1897 
 
 76.1 
 
 
 74.2 
 
 1899 
 
 74.4 
 
 
 73.9 
 
 1901 
 
 70.5 
 
 
 74.6 
 
 
 
 iprom compilation by Henry R. Morton & Co., Limited. 
 2 From United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United 
 States," 1902, pages 166 and 167. 
 
 In 1903 large producing interests withdrew from the 
 American Association, declining to furnish statistics in 
 the future, so that the nionthly compilations have 
 ceased." Considering that the United States supplies 
 two-thirds of the copper product of the world, the 
 
 ' Le .Toiirnal des Economiates, Vol. XLV, 1889, page42.5; L':6cono- 
 miste Fran(;ais, March 9, 1889, page 289. 
 
 '' Monthly Summary of Commerce and Finance of the United 
 State.«, May, 1900, page 3107. 
 
 'United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 TJmted States," 1902, page 167. 
 
 termination of the understanding between American 
 producers means that the international organization 
 among copper producers, which was represented by 
 the two associations, has practically come to an end. 
 
 Pi'iecK. — The price of copper governing in the L^nited 
 States is the New York price for Lake copper, the price 
 of electrolytic copper, being usually from one-eight to 
 one-fourth of a cent lower-, the price ruling in the 
 international market is the London price for standard 
 copper. Table 41 is a comparative table showing the 
 average annual prices of copper in New York and 
 London since 1879. , 
 
 Table 4-1. — Average prices of copper, London and Aew Yori:: 1879 
 
 to 190S} 
 
 
 standard 
 copper at 
 London, 
 price per 
 long ton. 
 
 LAEE roPI 
 YO 
 
 Cents per 
 pound. 
 
 ER AT NEW 
 RK. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 English 
 
 equi\-alent 
 
 (£ per long 
 
 ton). 
 
 1,S79 
 
 .i' s. d. 
 5,s 3 9 
 61 14 7 
 
 61 16 9 
 66 10 5 
 
 62 17 11 
 53 1 7 6 
 
 17- 
 
 ■20- 
 
 18- 
 
 18i 
 
 15J 
 
 13J 
 
 11} 
 
 11 
 
 lU 
 
 16f 
 
 13* 
 
 15* 
 
 Hi 
 10} 
 9i 
 lOJ 
 lOJ 
 11 J 
 12 
 17J 
 16.70 
 16.77i 
 11.97S 
 
 79 
 
 18.S0 
 
 18S1 
 
 18S2 . 
 
 93 
 83J 
 
 1.8.S3 
 
 ^' 
 
 ]8,s4 
 
 1S,S5 
 
 43 U 
 40 1 8 
 46 5 
 81 11 3 
 49 14 8 1 
 54 5 3 
 51 9 4 
 
 45 13 2 
 43 15 
 40 7 4 
 42 19 7 
 
 46 18 1 
 49 2 7 
 .51 16 7 
 73 13 9 
 73 12 6 
 66 19 8 
 .52 11 5 
 
 51' 
 
 18K6 
 
 51 
 
 52 
 
 77 
 
 63i 
 
 72i 
 
 .59i 
 
 .53 
 
 49J 
 
 43} 
 
 49J 
 
 50i 
 
 52 » 
 
 LS-SH _ 
 
 1889 
 
 189U 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 1895. 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 1.S9K 
 
 55i 
 82 
 
 1H99 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 
 1902 
 
 5.5{ 
 
 
 '" Comparntiye Statistics of Lead, Copper, etc.," compiled by the Metallge- 
 sellschaft and Metallnrgisehe Gesellschaft A.-G., October, 1903. page 10. 
 
 The movement of prices is illustrated by Diagram I. 
 The solid line representing the New York price runs 
 above the broken line representing the London price, 
 with the single exception of the year 1888, when the 
 London price, by a sudden bound, rose to heights 
 never witnessed either before or since within the last 
 two decades. Although the New York price promptly 
 responded, yet for once it stopped below the London 
 price. The reason for this extraordinary rise was the 
 attempted corner of the London market by the Secretan 
 syndicate. The failure of the scheme drove the Lon- 
 don price down; the New York price also receded, yet 
 not quite as low, and the former relative position was 
 restored. 
 
 The opening of copper mines in Montana and Arizona 
 resulted in a downward tendencv of prices from 1882 
 to 1886, which is shown by the movement of both lines 
 in the diagram. A slight improvement marked the 
 year 1890, after which a downward movement set in 
 
DIAGRAM II.— PRODUCTION, CONSUMPTION, AND EXPORTS OF COPPER IN THE UNITED 
 
 STATES: 1895 TO 1902. 
 
 1895 
 
 
 1896 
 
 1S97 
 
 1898 1890 1000 1001 
 
 19 
 
 THOUSAND 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TONS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 300 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 260 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 / 
 
 -. 
 
 "■\, 
 
 200 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 . '-^^ 
 
 150 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "^--^ 
 
 ■^-,_^ 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 ---■"^ 
 
 \^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 ._ 
 
 -- — '' 
 
 
 
 
 -^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 X 
 
 -Available for export 
 
 - Consumption 
 
 • Product of mines 
 
 DIAGRAM llA.— AVERAGE NEW YORK PRICES OF COPPER ,895 TO 
 
 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 19C 
 
 CENTS 
 
 PEH 
 POUND 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 — — -____^ 
 
 
 s^ 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
500 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 again, which touched its lowest point in 1894. The 
 lines then take again an upward course. 
 
 The diagram also makes possible a studj^ of the eiiect 
 of organization among producers upon the movement 
 of prices. Since 1892 the copper producers have kept 
 informed from month to month concerning the output 
 of the principal copper mines in all parts of the world. 
 The output of the mines outside of the European and 
 American associations did not exceed one-fourth of 
 the world's production of copper. Thus the principal 
 mines have been enabled to adjust their production 
 with regard to the general state of the copper supplj'. 
 The diagram shows that this knowledge of the demand 
 and supply has not had the eifect of steadying the 
 prices; the range of fluctuations in New York and 
 London since 1892 has been as wide as it was prior to 
 that year. The dijtterence between the New York and 
 the London price shown by the distance between the 
 solid and the broken lines has somewhat narrowed and, 
 through all the vicissitudes of the market, has been less 
 subject to fluctuation than before 1892. 
 
 In 1899 the Amalgamated Copper Company was or- 
 ganized. According to an official statement issued by 
 the company, it adopted from the beginning the "policy 
 of maintaining a firm price." Its selling agents were 
 therefore "insti'ucted not to attempt to force upon the 
 market more than was actually needed for consumption, 
 but to maintain a firm price."' The price was raised 
 from 12 cents to 17 cents in 1899 and was maintained, with 
 a slight reduction, until December, 1901, when the com- 
 pany was forced to reduce the price to the former level 
 of 12 cents. The reason given for this reduction was 
 the failure of other copper producing companies to take 
 the same view of the situation and to maintain a firm 
 price by restricting their output. The effect of this 
 policy upon the copper trade can l)e studied from the 
 preceding tables and the diagrams illustrating the same. 
 
 Diagrams II and IIa show the production of copper 
 in the United States, the supplv held for domestic con- 
 sumption, the domestic supplj' available for export, and 
 the average New York prices of copper from 1895 to 
 19()2. The upward mo\oment of the solid line in Dia- 
 gram Ha, representing the New York price, is followed 
 by a similar movement of the dotted line in Diagram II 
 representing the copper output of the mines in the 
 United States. The solid line in Diagram II repre- 
 senting the net domestic supply available fcir export 
 moves in tlie opposite direction; the rise of prices in 
 1899 is shown to have been accompanied by a decrease 
 of exports; in I'.tOO a slight reduction in the price was 
 attended by an increase of exports; in 1901 the price was 
 maintained, but the exports sank to the lowest point; 
 ill 1902 the slump in the price was followed by an 
 increase of the exports. The solid line in Diagram 11, 
 representing pi'ices and tne dash-and-dot lin(> represent- 
 
 ing in Diagram II the amount of the domestic product 
 held at home and available for domestic consumption 
 run almost parallel. 
 
 The movements of the solid line in Diagram Ha and 
 of the dotted line in Diagram II indicate that the high 
 prices of 1899 to 1901 stimulated production. In order 
 to maintain a firm price it was necessary to reduce 
 exports, which resulted in an increase of the suppi}' 
 available for domestic consumption. 
 
 The relation between the available supply and the 
 actual demand for domestic consumption in 1900, 1901, 
 and 1902 is shown in the data published by the United 
 States Geological Survey. The available supply is 
 computed by adding the production of domestic copper 
 and imports of copper in ore, matte, bars, etc., entered 
 for consumption, and b}' deducting from the sum the 
 exports of copper. The demand, or estimated con- 
 sumption, is obtained by deducting the increase in pro- 
 ducers' stocks from the available supply, or by adding 
 to it the decrease in producers' stocks. The following 
 statement shows the relation of supply and demand to 
 prices: " 
 
 Supply awl deniand and prices in the United. Slates: 1.900 to 190J. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Supply 
 (pounds). 
 
 Demand 
 
 (pounds). 
 
 Excess of 
 
 supply over 
 
 demand 
 
 (pounds). 
 
 Excess of de- 
 mand over 
 
 supply 
 (pounds), j 
 
 PRICE OF LAKE 
 
 COPPER IX NEW 
 
 YORK (CENTS 
 
 PEE POUND). 
 
 
 High- 
 est. 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 1900 
 
 362,891,121 
 .517,7tjl,014 
 425, 339, 480 
 
 356,891,121 
 382,761,014 
 .5.51,6,88, im 
 
 6,000,000 
 135,000,000 
 
 
 17J 16 
 
 1901 
 
 
 17 
 13J 
 
 12j 
 
 KOI 
 
 126,348,64.5 
 
 lo; 
 
 'The CouirniTci:il and Kiiiancial (.Ihniiiiclc, \'ol. T.'i, page 1314. 
 
 In 1900 the copper producers managed to keep the 
 supply close to the limits of demand; the price was 
 maintained between 16 and ITi cents per pound. In 
 1901 the domestic demand remained almost stationary, 
 but the supply increased enormously, which was due 
 to a reduction in the foreign exports. In the face of 
 this increased supply the price was for fully eleven 
 months held at the .same level as during the year before, 
 and only in December, 1901, was it reduced to 12|- 
 cents. Except for a brief slump to lOi^ cents in Janu- 
 ary, 1902, and a rise to 13^ in February, the price dur- 
 ing the year fluctuated between 11^ and 12f cents, and 
 at these prices nearly all of the surplus was absorbed 
 in the domestic market; the demand in 1902 exceeded 
 by 14 per cent that of the previous 3'ear. 
 
 The effect of high prices upon the American trade 
 with Europe is shown in Diagram III. The solid line 
 representing the net demand for imported copper and 
 the dotted line representing the share supplied liy the 
 United States run almost parallel. An increase of the 
 demand in Europe, as here represented, increases im- 
 ports from the United States; a slackening of the 
 demand reduces imports from the United States. At 
 
 ' Initcil Stales Geological Survey, '•:\Iineral Resource;.^ of the 
 Unile.l States," 1!»012, pagew 188 and ISll. 
 
DIAGRAM III.— EUROPEAN DEMAND FOR IMPORTED COPPER: 
 (895 TO 1 902. 
 
 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 190] 19f 
 
 LONG 
 TONS 
 
 300,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 275,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 250,000 
 
 
 225,000 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ' 
 
 200,000 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 -^ 
 
 175,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 / 
 
 
 160,000 
 
 
 
 
 _ — --' 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 125,000 
 
 — 
 
 '^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 75,000 
 
 60,000 
 
 25,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 •■•■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -Net demand for imported copper 
 •Supplied by United States 
 
 Supplied by other countries 
 
DIAGRAM IV.— CONSUMPTION OF IMPORTED COPPER IN GREAT BRITAIN, IMPORTS FROM 
 THE UNITED STATES AND OTHER COUNTRIES: 1895 TO 1902. 
 
 18 
 
 93 189G 
 
 18 
 
 97 189.S 
 
 isyH 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 19( 
 
 OUSANO 
 TONS 
 
 120 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 110 
 
 
 *''■•'. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 ..••"' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 70 
 
 __- — - 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 .^- 
 
 _— --^' 
 
 ^"^- 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 ""-^ 
 
 
 
 ^-^ 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 30 
 
 y^ 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 
 ^~\ 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 y^ 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 ^^^^ 
 
 X 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Supplied from the X^nited States 
 
 Supplied from other sources 
 
 Consumption 
 
 DIAGRAM IVa,— AVERAGE LONDON PRICES OF COPPER: 1895 TO 1902. 
 
 1895 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 £ 
 
 PEfl TON 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 \^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^\ 
 
 .--—-' — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
DIAGRAM v.— CONSUMPTION OF COPPER IN FRANCE; 
 1895 TO 1902. 
 
 1895 
 
 65,000 
 50,000 
 45,000 
 40,000 
 35,000 
 30,000 
 25,000 
 20,000 
 16,000 
 10,000 
 
 1800 
 
 189? 
 
 1898 
 
 1890 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 ' " N 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^___ 
 
 _^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 -^ . 
 
 .■•\ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DIAGRAM VI.— CONSUMPTION OF COPPER IN GERMANY; 
 1895 TO 1902. 
 
 1895 
 
 189fi 
 
 1897 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 inoi 
 
 105,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 95,000 
 
 90,000 
 
 45,000 
 40,000 
 35,000 
 30.000 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .X 
 N 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 . * ^^ 
 
 ^^'^''' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -Consumption 
 
 ■ Supplied from United States 
 
 • Supplied from other sources 
 
504 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 the same time, with reduced exports from the United 
 States, the line of dashes representing the imports from 
 other countries is slowly rising; in 1901, notwithstand- 
 ing the fall in the European demand, the line suddenly 
 goes up, while imports from the United States show a 
 heavj' decline. The rise of the demand and a parallel 
 rise of the imports from America in 19(t2 are accom- 
 panied by a decline in the imports from other 
 sources. 
 
 A comparison of the totals for the quadrennial periods 
 1895 to 1898 and 1899 to 190-2 (see Table 37) shows that 
 while the European deinand rose from 99t;I,.556 to 
 l,0t:>l:,082 long tons, the imports from the United States 
 fell from 389,410 to 319,033 tons. 
 
 The effect of the latest price movement ujjon the 
 American export trade was not alike in the principal 
 European markets. 
 
 Diagrams IV and IVa illustrate the correlation be- 
 tween the Loudon price, the consumption in Great 
 Britain, and the imports from the United States and 
 other countries^ The results appear to be the same as 
 shown for Europe as a whole. In the French market 
 the decline of American imports, as shown in Diagram 
 V, created somewhat of an increase in the imports from 
 other countries, not, however, corresponding to the 
 shortage of the former. Diagram VI shows for Ger- 
 many a parallel movement between the consumption of 
 
 that country and the imports from the United States; 
 yet the decline of American imports in 1901 did not 
 increase the imports from other countries. 
 
 While the effect of high prices from 1899 to 1901 
 upon the export trade may appear unfavorable, yet it 
 was declared by the Amalgamated Copper Company, 
 in its official statement, that "the portion of the cop- 
 per which has been sold has realized a larger profit than 
 would have been realized had all the copper which had 
 been produced been sold at a much lower price.'" This 
 view is borne out by the following comparison of the 
 pi'oduction, prices, and dividends for the A'ears 1895 to 
 1902: 
 
 Production, jjrtcex, and dividends: 1S95 to 1002. 
 
 1895 
 18% 
 1897 
 1898 
 1899 
 1900 
 19IJ1 
 1902 
 
 Production 
 of copper 
 (pounns). 
 
 Average 
 
 price per 
 
 pound 
 
 (cents). 
 
 380,614,080 
 
 460, 060, 160 
 
 494,079,040 
 
 626,612,000 
 
 568,668,800 
 
 602,808,340 
 
 601,489,280 
 
 639,033,392 
 
 10.73 
 10.98 
 11.36 
 12. 05 
 17.76 
 16. 65 
 10. 72 
 12. 16 
 
 DIVIDEND.?. 
 
 Average 
 
 (cents). 
 
 $4,200,000 
 6, 675, 000 
 8,222,000 
 12,647,000 : 
 28,042,000 
 30,074,000 
 24,396,000 
 11,038,242 
 
 l.IO 
 1.21 
 1.66 
 2.40 
 4.93 
 4.99 
 4.05 
 1.73 
 
 Table 42, which follows, shows in detail the statistics 
 of t'opper mines for 1902: 
 
 Table -t;i.— DETAILED STTMJIARY; 1902. 
 
 Number of mines 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Character of ownership: 
 
 Individual 
 
 Firm 
 
 Incorporated company 
 
 other form 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Total number 
 
 Total salaries 
 
 General officers — 
 
 Number 
 
 Ralari es 
 
 Superintendents, managers, surve.vors, foremen, 
 etc.— 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Foremen below ground — 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Clerks- 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners; 
 
 Aggregate average num ber 
 
 Aggregate wages 
 
 Above ground- 
 Total average number 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Engineers, firemen, and other uie- 
 chanics — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miners — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Boys unrlerl6 years — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 All other wage-earners— 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wnges 
 
 United States. ■: Arizona. 
 
 144 
 144 
 
 19 
 
 23 ' 
 100 
 
 1 , 208 
 S],76s,4.'i6 
 
 116 
 3:511,479 
 
 400 
 
 S655, 476 
 
 337 
 S459,i;n 
 
 355 
 .J341,H91 
 
 26,007 
 921,1.51,405 
 
 7, 584 
 J5, 358, .509 
 
 , s.is 
 
 53 
 S47,829 
 
 68 
 J30, 091 
 
 4,605 
 
 $2,4.HK,m 
 
 258 
 S399,275 
 
 25 
 S.52, .556 
 
 87 
 S1.55, KOS 
 
 California. Colorado 
 
 47 
 925,720 
 
 :J8 
 S48,033 
 
 19 
 
 $27,644 
 
 10 
 $12,480 
 
 9 
 
 97, 909 
 
 $3, 497, .528 S445, 247 
 
 1,178 I 111 
 
 $1,072,028 I 9105,236 
 
 25 
 917,338 
 
 3 
 
 $033 
 
 II 
 911,l.s5 
 
 $4. 5(10 
 
 $1,020 
 
 115 
 
 9108, 981 
 
 23 
 
 $22, 368 
 
 450 77 1 4 
 
 $.538,565 I 978,068 I $15, ,588 
 
 11 I 1 
 
 $11,241 ! 
 
 670 34 
 
 9 196, .502 : 927,168 ; $6,780 
 
 Michigan, 
 
 Montana. 
 
 419 I :ilO 
 
 $.598,076 I $494,415 
 
 49 , 21 
 
 9148,729 I $61,4:!4 
 
 123 i 
 9185, .561 
 
 1.52 
 $104,477 
 
 95 
 999, 309 
 
 13,887 
 $8, 744, 892 
 
 4,, 817 
 92, 646, 064 
 
 1, 293 
 
 9939, 284 
 
 19 
 $13,176 
 
 3,. 500 
 91,592,29'.! 
 
 91 
 9187, IB5 
 
 123 
 9110,011 
 
 6, 388 
 97,339,773 
 
 1,192 
 , 410. 431 
 
 S,S5 
 $1,095,,S30 
 
 New 
 Mexico. 
 
 24 
 
 $32, 120 
 
 Utah. 
 
 All other 
 
 14 
 $21, .500 
 
 6 
 $6, 870 
 
 $3,7.50 
 
 164 ; 
 
 $128, 483 
 
 29 
 
 929, 842 
 
 20 
 924,412 
 
 $1,200 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 $24,193 
 
 14 I 
 $17,665 
 
 11 
 
 $12,780 
 
 487 
 $439,612 
 
 41 
 $40, 934 
 
 934,714 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 51 I .83 
 
 971,1.55 I $108,044 
 
 9 9 
 
 $16,517 .$31,610 
 
 941,8.89 
 917 
 
 111 
 ,221 
 
 23 
 
 $17, 324 
 
 673 
 9446, 889 
 
 193 
 9131,606 
 
 86 
 $65, 967 
 
 21 
 $22, 212 
 
 16 
 $3, 066 
 
 $40, 371 
 
 ilncliidi.sopiTalors distrihutcd as follows: biaho.l; Nevada, 1; North Haniliua, 2; (Oregon, 2; Tennessee, 2; Virginia,!; Washington, 1; Wisconsin, 1; Wyomini?, 1. 
 
COPPER. 
 
 Table 42.— DETAILED SUMMARY: 1902— Continued. 
 
 505 
 
 
 United .Elates. 
 
 Arizona. 
 
 1 
 California 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Mieliigaii. 
 
 1 
 
 9,070 
 $6, 19s, 828 
 
 5, 381 
 $4,018,26,0 
 
 392 
 .$189, 224 
 
 32 
 
 $12, 600 
 
 3,265 
 $1,978,X44 
 
 1 
 23 
 10 
 23 
 69 
 43 
 32 
 55 
 
 1 
 
 Montana. 
 
 New 
 Mexico. 
 
 Utah, 
 
 A]l other 
 states. 
 
 Wagen^arners— Continued. 
 
 Aggregate wage.'^ — Continued. 
 Below ground — 
 
 IH, 423 
 815,792,896 
 
 12, 768 
 $11,900,164 
 
 1,2.57 
 $777,210 
 
 35 
 $13, 800 
 
 4, 363 
 $3,101,722 
 
 29 
 10 
 27 
 74 
 43 
 35 
 62 
 21 
 H 
 25 
 10 
 167 
 39 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 10 
 78 
 119 
 
 4 
 99 
 
 ,s 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 134 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 32 
 
 90 
 
 233 
 
 137 
 
 260 
 
 58 
 
 173 
 
 49 
 
 "■24 
 273 
 250 
 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 61 
 
 36 
 
 137 
 
 2,076, 
 
 1 , 309 
 
 1,679 
 
 368 
 
 1,.514 
 
 7 
 
 5, .552 
 
 1 
 40 
 16 
 
 3 
 
 no 
 
 88 
 77 
 197 
 336 
 50 
 30 
 10 
 18 
 38 
 
 6 
 14 
 95 
 359 
 .55 
 32 
 
 3 
 28 
 21 
 207 
 17 
 26 
 
 2,019 
 1 $2, 425, ,500 
 
 1,679 
 81,706,6.80 
 
 7U0 
 $471,150 
 
 3 
 $1,300 
 
 237 
 $246, 470 
 
 1 
 
 385 
 $340,011 
 
 311 
 
 8299, 177 
 
 18 
 816,425 
 
 92 
 $86,613 
 
 82 
 I7,s, XTi 
 
 $6, 300 
 
 5,196 
 $5, 929, 342 
 
 4, .518 
 
 $5, 155, 224 
 
 4 
 83, 900 
 
 135 
 $98, 641 
 
 118 
 $88, 223 
 
 14 
 
 $7, 528 
 
 446 
 8398, 678 
 
 435 
 $389, 907 
 
 9 
 S7, 402 
 
 480 
 
 
 ^315, 283 
 
 214 
 
 $164, 415 
 
 113 
 
 S75, 281 
 
 Miners- 
 Average number 
 
 Miners' helpers — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Boys under 16 years — 
 
 Average number 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 All other wage-earners' — 
 
 Average number 
 
 26 
 $24,409 
 
 3 
 $1,935 
 
 674 
 
 8770,218 
 
 3 
 
 $2, 890 
 
 2 
 $1,309 
 
 153 
 ff75, 587 
 
 Average number of Avage-eiirnersat speellled daily rates 
 of iiay: 
 Engineers— 
 
 Sl.OO to 81.21 
 
 81.25 to 81. 49 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 81..50 to 81.74 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $1.75 to 81.99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 82.00 to$2.2J 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $2.25 to $2.49 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $2.50 to $2.74 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $2.75 toS'\99 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 () 
 
 83.00 to 83.24 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 34 
 17 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 ■> 
 
 $3.25 to 83.49 
 
 
 
 83.50 to S3. 74 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 83.75 to $3.99 
 
 
 
 
 $4.00 to $4.24 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 124 
 20 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 84.25 and over 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 Firemen — 
 
 $1.00 to $1.24 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 81.25 to $1.49 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 9 
 
 76 
 
 1!9 
 
 1 
 
 S7 
 
 
 
 
 
 $1.50 to 81.74 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $1.75 to $1.99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 $2.00 to $2.24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $2.2.5 to $2.49 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $2..50 to 82.74 
 
 7 
 K 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 $2.75 to 82.99 
 
 
 
 
 
 83.00 to $3.24 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 $3.26 to $3.49 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 $3.50 to 83.74 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 108 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 $3.75 to $3.99 
 
 
 
 
 
 84.00 to $4.24 
 
 
 
 
 •7 
 
 
 
 
 Slachinlsts, blaclismiths, carpenters, and other me- 
 chanics— 
 81.00 to $1.24 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 30 
 
 82 
 
 213 
 
 120 
 
 214 
 
 48 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 81.25 to $1.49 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 81. .50 to $1.74 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $1.75 to $1.99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 $2.00 to 82.24 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 82.25 to 82.49 
 
 s 
 5 
 
 IS 
 1 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 $2.50 to $2.74 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 $2.75 to $2.99 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 $3.00 to $3.24 
 
 $3.26 to $3.49 
 
 76 
 34 
 .53 
 17 
 89 
 15 
 
 1 
 1 
 4 
 
 60 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 $3.50 to $3.74 
 
 83.75 to 83.99. 
 
 149 
 
 3 
 
 170 
 
 230 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 $4 00 to $4 24 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 $4.25 to $4.49 
 
 
 
 Miners — 
 
 $0.75 to 80.99 
 
 
 
 
 
 81.00 to $1.24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $1.25 to $1.49 
 
 14 
 
 98 
 
 3^^ 
 101 
 53 
 93 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $1.50 to $1.74 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $2.00 to $2.24 
 
 67 
 
 74 
 
 IIB 
 79 
 
 
 1. 967 
 
 931 
 
 1,2.S7 
 
 
 
 
 $2.25 to $2.49 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 $2 50 to $2 74 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 
 179 
 
 191 
 
 6,1 
 
 4 
 
 K'l 
 
 82.75 to $2.99 
 
 
 
 $3 00 to 83 24 . 
 
 1,215 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 83 26 to 83 49 
 
 
 
 $3.50 t0$3.74 
 
 1 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 26 
 
 
 4.471 
 
 2 
 
 
 $3 75 to $3 99 
 
 
 
 
 $4 00 to $4 24 
 
 
 
 
 3,5 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 84 25 and over 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Miners' helpers— 
 
 SO 50 to SO 74 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 fti no to ft! 24 
 
 
 
 
 no 
 
 64 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 4.82 
 149 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S2 00 to S2 24 
 
 
 
 186 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 fi2 25 to ft2 49 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 «9 50 to ffi2 74 
 
 !S 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 
 Jf' 75 to S"^ 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 Q"^ 00 to S8 24 
 
 7 
 11 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Timbermen and track layers— 
 
 fti no to ff^l 24 
 
 
 
 5 
 9 
 95 
 359 
 ,55 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 «i 75 to SI 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CQ <=;o to'^'^ 74 
 
 
 1 
 3 
 IS 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 83.00 to ®3.24 
 
 ifS 25 to fi3 49 
 
 (1 
 17 
 
 1 
 15 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1| 
 
 
 
 
 185 
 26 
 
 2 
 
 
 19 
 
 $3 75 to $3 99 . 
 
 
 
 
 84.00 to 84.24 - 
 
 
 
 
 I Includes timbermen and track lavers. 
 
500 
 
 MINES AND QUAEKIES. 
 
 Table 42.— DETAILED SUMMARY: 1902— Continued. 
 
 
 United States. 
 
 Arizona. 
 
 California. 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 Michigan. 
 
 Montana. 
 
 New 
 Mexico. 
 
 Utah. 
 
 All other 
 
 states. 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at specitied daily rates 
 of pay— Continued. 
 Boys under 16 years— 
 
 SO 50 to SO. 74 
 
 12 
 8 
 20 
 34 
 7 
 12 
 10 
 
 14 
 17 
 
 1,9.5,8 
 
 137 
 
 661 
 
 1,.530 
 
 1,928 
 
 4.58 
 
 1.50 
 
 152 
 
 327 
 
 45 
 
 559 
 
 97 
 
 72 
 
 24, 885 
 
 24, 658 
 25, 602 
 26,088 
 27, 073 
 26, 466 
 26, 838 
 25,908 
 25, 698 
 26, 273 
 
 25, 720 
 25, 639 
 
 111 
 
 110 
 
 113 
 
 113 
 
 110 
 
 106 
 
 112 
 
 92 
 
 92 
 
 93 
 
 91 
 
 93 
 
 $188, 768 
 195 
 
 Sl,;597,465 
 $130,215 
 
 .$1, 207, 2.50 
 .SU, 083, 175 
 $.51,178,036 
 
 198, 507 
 
 792 
 1.89,426 
 
 35 
 1,184 
 
 8 
 326 
 
 ^1 
 
 5, 2a5 
 
 2, 336 
 
 50 
 2, 312 
 
 87 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 31 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 18 
 3 
 7 
 12 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fti 50 to SI 74 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 All Other wage-earners— 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 1,942 
 
 74 
 
 .562 
 
 1,.529 
 
 1,752 
 
 228 
 
 53 
 
 35 
 
 18 
 
 1 
 9 
 1 
 
 13,839 
 13,2.57 
 13, 679 
 14,118 
 14, .512 
 13, 9.52 
 14,249 
 13, 760 
 13, 660 
 13, 973 
 13, 490 
 13,711 
 
 44 
 43 
 45 
 47 
 43 
 39 
 44 
 27 
 27 
 29 
 27 
 29 
 
 $11,725 
 9 
 
 $173,. 501 
 $2,842 
 
 $470,069 
 $4,688,419 
 $18, 247, 207 
 
 137,772 
 
 439 
 
 137, ,522 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 go 75 to fiO 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 33 
 
 iio" 
 
 207 
 64 
 94 
 
 142 
 
 :J3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 «1 ,R0 to ft! 74 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 63 
 
 
 5 
 9 
 11 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 S2 00 to ft'' 24 
 
 10 
 9 
 24 
 
 8 
 
 
 13 
 
 JS9 25 tnf^^ 49 
 
 
 5 
 <2 
 
 1 
 
 
 $■' 50 to S'' 74 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 
 R9 7n to ^■"' 99 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 4 
 
 157 
 
 10 
 
 434 
 
 .58 
 66 
 
 6,603 
 6,102 
 0,363 
 6,804 
 6, .567 
 6,538 
 6,6.56 
 6,168 
 6,317 
 6,686 
 6,8&8 
 6,615 
 
 
 
 S3 25 to S3 49 
 
 
 
 
 
 123 
 30 
 
 3, .534 
 3,519 
 3,709 
 3,686 
 3,941 
 3,937 
 3, 851 
 3,867 
 3,714 
 3,742 
 3, 665 
 3, 796 
 
 50 
 50 
 50 
 50 
 50 
 50 
 51 
 48 
 51 
 .50 
 50 
 .50 
 
 $122, 337 
 121 
 
 $2.56, 7.53 
 $7, 679 
 
 $249, 074 
 $2,135,676 
 $8, 279, 224 
 
 5, 637 
 
 56 
 
 4,808 
 
 24 
 804 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 $4.00 to S4.24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Average number of \vflge-earner.s emploved during L'ach 
 month: 
 Men 16 years and over — 
 Januarv 
 
 3.84 
 345 
 &87 
 482 
 .543 
 .585 
 635 
 664 
 659 
 611 
 434 
 
 117 
 112 
 124 
 129 
 124 
 117 
 
 lis 
 
 117 
 113 
 115 
 97 
 97 
 
 Ill 
 121 
 141 
 160 
 146 
 173 
 147 
 182 
 161 
 212 
 212 
 202 
 
 655 
 614 
 498 
 503 
 513 
 613 
 528 
 493 
 487 
 430 
 406 
 404 
 
 742 
 
 
 6.88 
 
 March. 
 
 701 
 
 
 706 
 
 May 
 
 727 
 
 .Tune 
 
 6.51 
 
 July 
 
 6.51 
 
 
 667 
 
 September 
 
 .587 
 
 October 
 
 605 
 
 
 578 
 
 December 
 
 .591 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 May 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 July 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 Septemtjer 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 December 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 Contract work: 
 
 
 $965 
 3 
 
 $1, 608 
 $360 
 
 $4,248 
 $38, 221 
 $-1, 411 
 
 442 
 
 7 
 275 
 
 42 
 
 1 
 
 75 
 
 1 
 .50 
 
 $40, 975 
 28 
 
 $466, 108 
 $85, 409 
 
 $370,699 
 $3, 649, 127 
 $20, .563, 353 
 
 49,090 
 
 218 
 43, 057 
 
 3 
 196 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 4, 030 
 
 1,.806 
 
 18 
 1,189 
 
 87 
 
 $10, 260 
 31 
 
 $26, 8.58 
 $12, 123 
 
 $14,735 
 
 $49, 408 
 
 $271,270 
 
 849 
 
 16 
 846 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 
 
 Numberof employee.'^. ... 
 
 
 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses: 
 
 Total 
 
 $15,;567 
 $1, 200 
 
 $14, 167 
 
 $211,163 
 
 $1,. 599, 663 
 
 1,018 
 
 12 
 408 
 
 '2 
 ,50 
 
 1 
 5 
 
 <2 
 125 
 
 430 
 
 10 
 
 430 
 
 $71,448 
 $12, 166 
 
 $59,282 
 
 $166,226 
 
 $1,459,192 
 
 754 
 
 13 
 405 
 
 3 
 
 89 
 
 1 
 60 
 
 110 
 
 100 
 
 1 
 100 
 
 $92, 822 
 $8, 436 
 
 Royalties and rent of mine and mining pjlant 
 
 Rent of offices, taxes, insurance, interest, and 
 
 
 $144, 935 
 8686, 716 
 
 2 945 
 
 Value of product 
 
 Power: 
 
 Total horsepower .... . . 
 
 Owned— 
 
 Engines — 
 Steam- 
 
 
 Horsepower. 
 
 .^05 
 
 Gas or gasoline- 
 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 
 
 Water wheels — 
 
 Number 
 
 4 
 
 Horsepriwer . . 
 
 
 
 
 195 
 6 
 
 Other power- 
 Number 
 
 1 
 25 
 
 3 
 
 2.50 
 
 Ken ted— 
 
 
 
 Electric motors owned— 
 
 Number ... 
 
 8 
 405 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 101 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,80 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
GOLD AND SILVER 
 
 (507) 
 
GOLD AND SILVER. 
 
 By Isaac A. IIouewich, Ph. D. 
 
 Gold and silver mines as treated in this chapter em- 
 brace (1) gold washing's, commonly known as placers; 
 (2) deep mines, which jdeld gold and silver bearing ore; 
 and (3) ore dressing and reduction works, commonly 
 known as mills, and operated either in connection with 
 mines or independently. Smelters were classified at the 
 Twelfth Census as manufacturing establishments, and 
 were therefore excluded from the census of mines and 
 quarries. 
 
 The precious metals being frequently associated in 
 the ore with base metals, a proper classification of mines 
 b3' the character of metals produced is attended with 
 certain dilBculties and must perforce appear artificial. 
 Thus, from a minei'alogical or metallurgical point of 
 view, an ore assaying .50 pounds of copper to the short 
 ton and only 1 ounce of gold is a copper ore, whereas 
 from a commercial standpoint it is a gold ore, since 
 the value of the 1 ounce of gold is about three times 
 the value of the copper contained in the ore. The 
 criterion must be determined by the object of the 
 classification. The object of an industrial census being 
 primarily the study of economic conditions, the classi- 
 fication of industries must be based upon an economic 
 test. 
 
 The product of a mine is accordingly defined here as 
 a gold and silver ore whenever the precious metals con- 
 stitute the principal elements of its comnaercial value. 
 The statistics relative to the mining of copper ores car- 
 rying small values in gold and silver are presented, 
 together with those for other copper ores. Argentif- 
 erous iron ores, valued chiefly as fluxing material, though 
 
 carrying small quantities of silver, are classed with iron 
 ores. 
 
 This rule, like any other, is not without exceptions. 
 The value of argentiferous lead ores follows the fluc- 
 tuations in the market prices of silver and lead. The 
 price of silver in 1902 was the lowest in many j-ears. 
 As a result, some mines, whose product at the prices 
 ruling in 19()1 was regarded as silver ore, realized in 
 1902 less for the silver than for the lead contents of 
 their ore. Many more mines, which at the previous 
 censuses were classed as silver mines, would now have 
 to be considered lead mines, if judged by the relative 
 values of the silver and lead contents of their ores. 
 Such a classification would obviously be purely acci- 
 dental and would destroy the value of all comparisons 
 with the results of previous censuses. It was, therefore, 
 deemed necessary to include all argentiferous lead mines 
 among gold and silver mines. 
 
 There was, furthermore, a very numerous class of 
 mines whose operations in 1902 were confined to devel- 
 opment work. Any classification of such mines by the 
 character of the ore in sight in advance of actual pro- 
 duction is of necessitj^ arbitrary. Though the work 
 may at present be pursued with the prospect of finding 
 gold and silver in paying quantities, many of these 
 mines, in the light of past experience, will develop into 
 copper, iron, or zinc mines. Yet the commercial na- 
 ture of the investment impresses all such ventures with 
 the character of gold and silver mines. 
 
 Census statistics of the gold and silver industry from 
 1860 to 1902 are summarized in the following table: 
 
 (.509) 
 
510 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 1.— COMPARATIVE SUMMARY : 1860 TO 1902. 
 
 
 IftOi 
 
 1889 
 
 18801 
 
 1870 
 
 ' 
 
 
 Producing mines. 
 
 Develop- 
 ment work 
 
 without 
 production. 
 
 All mines. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Placer. 
 
 Deep. 
 
 1860 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 Placer. 
 
 Deep. 
 
 
 
 2,992 
 2, 992 
 
 3,480 
 85 076, 773 
 
 975 
 975 
 
 275 
 8324, 418 
 
 2,321 
 
 81,818,758 
 
 819,953 
 
 8279, 485 
 
 8790,986 
 
 6$5, 327, 726 
 
 2,017 
 2,017 
 
 3,205 
 84,762,a55 
 
 33,821 
 
 834,238,734 
 
 8606,137 
 
 86, 078, 044 
 
 $15, 908, 782 
 
 877,154,326 
 
 3, 252 
 3,252 
 
 2,284 
 $2,336,470 
 
 11,763 
 
 $11,580,684 
 
 $1,542,771 
 
 81,017,3.56 
 
 $6,075,077 
 
 6,244 
 6,244 
 
 5,764 
 87, 412, 243 
 
 47, 905 
 $47,658,176 
 $2,168,861 
 $6,374,886 
 
 821,774,845 
 
 $82, 482, 052 
 
 4,738 
 C) 
 
 873 
 $1, 347, 373 
 
 ■1.56,434 
 
 $40,412,022 
 
 81,421,301 
 
 86, 4.52, 701 
 
 '813,817,739 
 
 i 
 
 693 
 
 732 
 
 18, 415 
 $12,261,3.53 
 
 (') 
 (») 
 
 $4,681,268 
 6874,127,177 
 
 3 2,377 
 
 r-) 
 h 
 
 16,908 
 $8, 796,. 525 
 
 84,064,333 
 826,452,6.52 
 
 1,994 
 
 P^ 
 
 10,441 
 $3,378,579 
 (=) 
 (=) 
 
 $1,8.58,334 
 $9,775,144 
 
 383 
 
 r-) 
 
 6,467 
 $6,417,946 
 
 {') 
 
 C-) 
 
 $2,20.5,999 
 816, 677, .508 
 
 (•-) 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried ofBcials, clerks, etc.: 
 Number . . . 
 
 3 7,202 
 
 
 C) 
 
 Wage -earners; 
 
 ATcrage number 
 
 36, 142 
 836,077,492 
 8626,090 ' 
 85,3.57,529 ; 
 
 816, 699, 768 
 
 882,482,052 
 
 44, 316 
 $23,661,620 
 
 
 C-) 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses — 
 Cost of supplies and ma- 
 
 $16, .561, 786 
 
 Value of product at mine: 
 Total 
 
 $47, 163, 170 
 
 
 
 
 
 877, 154, :326 
 85,327,726 
 
 
 $77, 1.54, 326 
 
 
 877,1.54,326 
 $5, 327, 720 
 
 {-) 
 
 »862,030,746 
 812,096,432 
 
 $16, 677,. 508 
 89,775,144 
 
 '$9,'77.5,'i44' 
 
 816, 677, .508 
 
 (-> 
 
 Placer ... 
 
 85, 327, 726 
 
 
 (-) 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 All statistics, except for product, for deep mines only. 
 
 2 Not reported. 
 
 3 Establishments. 
 
 * Includes 2,937 salaried employees whose salaries are included in amount paid wage-earners and are not separable therefrom. 
 
 6 Includes an estimated production of $1,138,181 for a number of small mines for ivhich no reports were received directly from operators. 
 
 nThe value of the copper and lead by-product for Utah, Colorado, and Montana, $4,689,178, is added to the value of the precious metals. The product included 
 31,797,474 ounces of silver, which were reported at coining value. For the purpose of comparison the value has been reduced to commercial value, at the rate of 
 81.134 per ounce fine, which was the average for the vear 1879 and 1.880. The total value reported at the Tenth Census was 879,179.798. 
 
 Few reliable compixrison.s can be based upon the tig- 
 iires summarized in Table l.a.s the method of collecting 
 and presenting the data varied from census to census. 
 The statistics for 1889 include those for mines at 
 which only development work was done. This is prob- 
 ably true of the previous Census reports. The totals 
 for 1902 were therefore summarized to show also the 
 statistics of mines reporting development work only. 
 
 Devdopment i€orl\ — In Table 1 is shown the extent 
 of development work done in mines from which no pro- 
 duction was reported. This kind of work was generally 
 prosecuted to some extent in producing mines as well, 
 but was always reported as a part of the ordinary min- 
 ing expenses. In many cases the account was kept 
 separately; where it was not, no separate report could 
 be made, for the operators were unable to estimate the 
 cost with any degree of accurac3'. The total amount 
 expended by regular producers, as far as reported, was 
 $4,683,929. There were, moreover, a number of mines 
 the expenditures for which largely exceeded the re- 
 ceipts. In some instances this may have been due to a 
 poor grade of oi-e; in others to unfavorable conditions 
 which made mining unprofitable. In most cases, how- 
 ever, an examination of the mine reports disclosed no 
 difference in the grade of ore or the charges for treat- 
 ment and freight as compared with other producing 
 mines of the same district; the exces.s of expenditures 
 over returns was therefore presumably due to outlays 
 for development. All such reports were classified sep- 
 arately. This classiKcation was not extended, however, 
 to mines combined with mills, for in such cases heavy 
 expenditures might have been incurred for mill equip- 
 ment and construction work other than development. 
 A summary of such mines, distinguished as ''develop- 
 ing and producing," is presented in the following table, 
 
 in parallel columns with data relating to regular pro- 
 ducers, designated as "productive:" 
 
 T.VBLE 2. — (Joinpuratlfi; mammary of productive and of developing and 
 producing mines vithoul mill connection in the United States : 1902. 
 
 
 DEEP. 
 
 PLACKK. 
 
 
 Produc- 
 tive. 
 
 Developing 
 and pro- 
 ducing. 
 
 Produc- 
 tive. 
 
 Develop- 
 ing and 
 produc- 
 ing. 
 
 Number of mines 
 
 Salaried ofRcials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 700 
 
 653 
 8935,181 
 
 6,634 
 $7,005,021 
 $198, 432 
 $1,044,140 
 $1 , 453, 719 
 82, 760, 323 
 1,326,757 
 
 $18,444,330 
 89,014,601 
 82,420,183 
 829,879,114 
 $23 
 89,371,678 
 $7 
 $20, 507, 436 
 
 575 
 
 .545 
 $622,277 
 
 3,851 
 
 $3,774,122 
 
 $188, 685 
 
 $19.5,239 
 
 $468, 669 
 
 81,716,281 
 
 228,614 
 
 82, 753, 241 
 
 81, 125, 930 
 
 $468, 576 
 
 $4,347,747 
 
 819 
 
 $1,679,111 
 
 87 
 
 82,668,636 
 
 818 
 
 190 
 $229,224 
 
 1,718 
 
 $1,3.51,367 
 
 $10,422 
 
 876, 749 
 
 3234, 327 
 
 $.588, 251 
 
 157 
 
 
 893, 294 
 
 606 
 
 $471,611 
 
 $9, .531 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 .Vverage number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract wcirk 
 
 Work on share of product 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials . 
 Ore sold and treated, short tons. 
 
 $45, 158 
 8203,112 
 
 Value of bullion contents: 
 Gold 
 
 
 
 Silver 
 
 
 
 other metals 
 
 
 
 Total gross value 
 
 
 
 Average per ton 
 
 
 
 Treatment charges and freight. 
 
 
 
 .Vverage per ton 
 
 
 
 Value oi product at mine 
 
 $3, 958, 728 
 
 $230,817 
 
 Nu/iihi'v ofm'inex aiuJ <ij)erator><. — These terms, whose 
 meaning is perfectly plain in ordinary language, require 
 a further dotinition when applied in a statistical sense 
 to gold and silver mining. 
 
 There are few mines which represent one original 
 location; most of the mining properties represent 
 "groups" of mines, which wan-e at some time past 
 operated as independent undertakings, but have since 
 been united, by purchase, lease, or otherwise, under 
 one management. The identit}- of some of these mines 
 may still be preserved; in most cases, however, their 
 accounts are not segregated, or are only imperfectly 
 segregated, on the books of the present owners. Thus 
 
GOLD AND SILVER. 
 
 511 
 
 some operators will make a separate report for each 
 mine, while others will make oue report for the group, 
 though the difference between the properties may be in 
 the system of bookkeeping rather tlian in mining con- 
 ditions. 
 
 Where a mine was operated by a lessee a report was 
 required from liim. But in some mining districts it is 
 customar}^ to apportion the mine, in small allotments or 
 "blocks," among a number of miners working on a 
 roj^alty and designated as "lessees." The shifting- 
 character of this class of "lessees" precluded a com- 
 plete canvass of their operations; in all such cases the 
 owner of the mining property was required to make 
 one report covering all his lessees. 
 
 In placer mining there arc numerous prospectors 
 and gold seekers moving from place to place who can 
 not be reached bj' a census of mines. These miners are 
 not included in the number of operators, but their pro- 
 duction was ascertained from other reliable sources and 
 is included. 
 
 A number of mines changed hands in the course of 
 the year, and separate reports were received from each 
 of the parties by wliom the mine was successively 
 operated. While the location and equipment of the 
 mine remained the same, j-et the character of owner- 
 ship, capitalization, method of treatment of the ore, 
 etc., in some cases had undergone a change; a combi- 
 nation of heterogeneous reports, made b}- different 
 operators, into one, for the mines, was impracticable. 
 ]Mills operated in connection with mines were bj- some 
 operators reported separatel3^ and by others wei'e in- 
 cluded in the mine report. 
 
 In order to meet all these varying conditions it was 
 deemed advisable to accept every individual report as 
 a unit of enumeration, except that reduction works 
 when connected with mines were in all cases counted 
 as a part of the mine equipment. The number of mines 
 and the number of operators as given in the tables are, 
 therefore, identical. The total number of active mines, 
 as here defined, was 2,992. 
 
 There were, furthermore, 3,2.52 mines which were 
 operated in 1902 but reported no production, the work 
 being confined to the development of the mines. This 
 does not include mining prospects upon which "assess- 
 ment work" was done, i. e., the quantity of labor re- 
 quired by law as a condition for holding title to the 
 mining claim. The scope of the census of mines and 
 quarries did not comprise a canvass of mining pros- 
 pects, but a number of mining properties locall}' re- 
 ported as active or in the development stage proved 
 upon inquiry to be mere prospects. The number of 
 claims which were thus reported and the number of 
 their owners are shown in the following table, by states 
 and territories, arranged according to the number of 
 claims reported: 
 
 Table 3. — Mining prospects npon which assessment work viasdone, hy 
 stales and territories: 190S. 
 
 STATE on TERRITORY. 
 
 Number 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 
 of 
 
 owners. 
 
 claims. 
 
 5,135 
 
 5,511 
 
 1,219 
 
 1,322 
 
 944 
 
 995 
 
 618 
 
 633 
 
 422 
 
 502 
 
 460 
 
 476 
 
 419 
 
 439 
 
 403 
 
 403 
 
 384 
 
 389 
 
 194 
 
 213 
 
 31 
 
 98 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 United States 
 
 California 
 
 Wa,shington 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Oreffon 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Nevada 
 
 New Mexieo 
 
 Arizona 
 
 Utah 
 
 South Daliota 
 
 Wyfiming 
 
 IVIontana 
 
 Arliansas 
 
 Alabama 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 As shown by Table 8, the attention of the prospectors 
 was turned mainly to California, Washington, and Colo- 
 rado, over one-half of the claims being located in those 
 .3 states. The lowest rank among the AVestern states 
 was held by Montana, which reported only 17 pros- 
 pectors. Prospecting in the Southern states was excep- 
 tional. The total number of claims reported exceeded 
 but little the number of owners. There were in all 1:3 
 owners reporting more than one claim each, and the 
 total number of claims held hj them was 119; the 
 highest number of claims held by one owner was 32, and 
 was reported from Oregon. The following table shows 
 the distribution of owners by the number of claims 
 held: 
 
 Table 4. — Distribution of mining prospectors hy narnher of claims 
 held: 1902. 
 
 
 NUMBER OF CLAIMS HELD BY EACH PROSPECTOR. 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 owners. 
 
 N 
 c 
 
 umber 
 of 
 aims. 
 
 
 Total 
 
 5 
 
 13.5 
 
 
 5 511 
 
 
 
 
 1.. 
 
 5 
 
 092 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 6 
 7 
 4 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 
 5, 092 
 4 
 12 
 12 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 fi 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 42 
 56 
 
 8 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 20 
 11 
 13 
 14 
 
 11 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 ifi 
 
 
 ■in 
 
 
 20 
 28 
 60 
 32 
 
 otl 
 
 
 sn 
 
 
 <;') 
 
 
 
 
 The total number of mines reported as idle was 3,957. 
 This number embraces only mines which had been pre- 
 viously reputed as active, and the owners of which were 
 therefore either communicated with bj^ mail or visited 
 by special agents. There were doubtless man}- more 
 mines which had at some time been operated, but were 
 idle in 1902. 
 
 Character of oivnerKhlj). — The majority of gold and 
 
512 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 silver mining enterprises in 1903 did not have an incor- 
 porated form of organization. A distinction is to be 
 noted in this respect between deep mines and those in the 
 development stage on the one hand and placers on the 
 other hand; while about one-half of the former were 
 operated b_v incorporated companies, the owners of only 
 about one-sixth of the latter were incorporated. An- 
 other noteworthy fact is that the majority of incorpo- 
 rated companies were engaged exclusively in develop- 
 ment work, whereas the majority of firms and individuals 
 operated producing mines. It would seem, therefore, 
 that the corporate form of ownership is more favorable 
 to the dev^elopment of modern mines. The following- 
 table presents the classification of all mines by charac- 
 ter of ownership: 
 
 Table 5. — All mines, classified by character of onmemhip: 190S. 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 Incorpo- 
 pany. , 
 
 ludi- 
 vidual. 
 
 Other 
 form. 
 
 
 6,244 
 
 2,774 i 1,772 
 
 1,641 
 
 67 
 
 
 
 Producing mines: 
 
 2, 992 
 
 2,017 
 
 97n 
 
 1,079 
 923 
 l.Sf, 
 
 923 
 bio 
 348 
 849 
 
 9.58 
 ,501 
 4.57 
 683 
 
 32 
 
 
 18 
 
 Placer 
 
 14 
 
 
 3.252 ! 1.695 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 
 The mines classed as "other form" included coopera- 
 tive as.sociations, mines held in joint ownership and by 
 estates, etc. 
 
 The corporate form of ownership was especially 
 prevalent among producing mines in Arizona, Colorado, 
 and Utah; the owners of more than one-half of all mines 
 in the first two and of four-fifths of those in the last- 
 named state being incorporated companies. Among 
 mines reporting development work only, the corporate 
 form predominated in Arizona, Nevada, Oregon, South 
 Dakota, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. 
 
 The share contributed by each type of organization 
 to the production is shown in Table 6. 
 
 Table 0. — Producing mines, classified by character of ownership and 
 rid'ite of product: 1902. 
 
 CHARACTER OF OWNERSII 
 
 Incorporated company . 
 
 Firm 
 
 Individual 
 
 Other form 
 
 Not classified 
 
 Deep mines . 
 
 Incorporated company 
 
 Firm 
 
 Individual 
 
 Other form 
 
 Not classified 
 
 Numljer 
 of oper- 
 ators. 
 
 1,079 
 923 
 958 
 32 
 
 924 
 
 ,576 
 
 499 
 
 18 
 
 Placer mines. 
 
 Incorporated company 
 
 Firm 
 
 Individual 
 
 other form 
 
 Not classified 
 
 1.5.5 
 
 347 
 
 4.59 
 
 14 
 
 VALUE OF PRODUCT AT MINES. 
 
 Total. 
 
 882,482,052 
 
 68, 327, 754 
 
 8, 398, 221 
 
 3, 890, 304 
 
 231,938 
 
 1,633,835 
 
 77, 15,1, 326 
 
 65,831,994 
 
 7, .577, 430 
 
 3, 108, .535 
 
 140. 713 
 
 495, 654 
 
 5, 327, 726 
 
 2, 495, 760 
 
 820, 791 
 
 781,769 
 
 91,225 
 
 1,138,181 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Averasre 
 
 100.0 1 S27,021 
 
 82.8 
 10.2 
 4.7 
 0.3 
 2.0 
 
 63, 325 
 9,099 
 4,061 
 7,248 
 
 100.0 1 38,006 
 
 8.5.3 
 9.8 
 4.0 
 0.2 
 0.7 
 
 100.0 
 
 71,247 
 13, 1.55 
 6,230 
 
 7,817 
 
 1 4,297 
 
 46.9 
 15.4 
 14.7 
 1.7 
 21.3 
 
 16, 102 
 2, 365 
 1,703 
 6,516 
 
 1 The " not classified " product was excluded in obtaining this average. 
 
 The preceding table sliows that the corporate form 
 of ownership, though adopted by only a little over one- 
 third of all active operators, figured in more than 
 four-fifths of the total output of the mines and showed 
 the largest output per mine. Both firms and individ- 
 uals belonged to the small type of producers. Other 
 forms of organization represented but three-tenths of 1 
 per cent of the total output. The corporate form of 
 ownership played a more important part in deep than 
 in placer mining, the ownei'ship of about one-half of 
 all deep mines, contributing over five-sixths of the 
 product, being that of incorporated companies, whereas 
 the number of incorporated owners of placer mines 
 was less than one-sixth of all placer mines, and their 
 product was but about one-half of the total for all mines. 
 
 The following table is a summary for mines owned 
 t)y incorporated and by unincorporated operators: 
 
 Table 7.— SUMMARY FOR ALL MINES, BY CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP: 1902. 
 
 ALL MINF8. 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried employees: 
 General officer.s — 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 other salaried employees- 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Work on share of product . . . 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 J810; 
 
 S4,266 
 
 836, 077, 
 
 8626! 
 
 81,621 
 
 85, 357, 
 
 ( :ost of supplies and materials S16, 699, 
 
 (>re sold and treated, short tons 
 Value of bullion contents: 
 
 Gold 
 
 Silver 
 
 Lead 
 
 Other metals 
 
 Total gross value 
 
 Average value per ton 
 Value of product at mine ' ... . 
 
 Average per mine 
 
 9, 542 
 
 862, 324, 
 821,318, 
 812, 259, 
 81,. 558, 
 897, 459, 
 
 880,848, 
 827, 
 
 Incorpo- 
 rated. 
 
 UnincoriKi- 
 ratcd. 
 
 437 
 8810, 6.55 
 
 2, 527 
 
 83,634,263 
 
 830,053,790 
 
 8521,921 
 
 81,164,965 
 
 84,419,537 
 
 814,677,977 
 
 8,461,023 
 
 851,023,1102 
 818,663,3.53 
 810, 199,325 
 81,300,649 
 884,086,329 
 
 868,' 327,' 7.5-1' 
 863,325 
 
 510 
 8631 , 955 
 .f6, 023, 702 
 8104,169 
 845r,, 923 
 !*9;)7, 992 
 82, 021 , 791 
 1,078,841 
 
 -ftR, : 
 ^■> ■ 
 
 82! 
 
 111,1191 
 
 780 
 82.17, 3(iO 
 $13,372,906 
 
 8i2, .520,463' 
 $6, 545 
 
 Total. 
 
 DEEP BIINES. 
 
 Incorpo- 
 rated. 
 
 408 
 
 8772, 968 
 
 2,797 
 83, 979, 387 
 834, 254, 514 
 8606, 137 
 81, .545, 129 
 85, 078, 044 
 815,908,402 
 9, .542, 864 
 
 858, 122, 1,S7 
 
 821,315,793 
 
 812, 2.59, 106 
 
 81,5.57,1.56 
 
 893,254,2^0 
 
 810 
 
 876, 658, 672 
 
 838, 006 
 
 408 
 8772, 968 
 
 2, 326 
 83, 386, 286 
 628,927,165 
 8511,-136 
 81,164,315 
 84,223,025 
 814,081,894 
 8,464,023 
 
 851,-520,030 
 818,. 561, 793 
 810,199,326 
 81,300,185 
 881,. 581, 333 
 810 
 805,831,994 
 871,247 
 
 Unincorpo- 
 rated. 
 
 471 
 
 8-593,101 
 
 85,327,349 
 
 894,701 
 
 8380, 814 
 
 88.55,019 
 
 81, 826, .508 
 
 1,078,841 
 
 86, 602, 1.57 
 
 82,7.54,000 
 
 82,0,59,780 
 
 8266, 970 
 
 811,672,9(17 
 
 811 
 
 810, 826, 678 
 
 89, 905 
 
 PLACER MINES. 
 
 29 
 
 837,587 
 
 246 
 
 8286, 831 
 
 81,822,978 
 
 819, 953 
 
 876, 749 
 
 8279,485 
 
 8791,366 
 
 84,201,906 
 82, 235 
 
 8854 
 , 204, 995 
 
 84,189,545 
 84, 297 
 
 Incorpo- 
 rateu. 
 
 8:57, ,587 
 
 201 
 
 8247, 977 
 
 11,126,625 
 
 810,4,H5 
 
 8640 
 
 $196,512 
 
 8596, 083 
 
 82, 502, 972 
 81,. 560 
 
 8-104 
 82, .504,996 
 
 ' 82 ,'495,' 760 
 816, 102 
 
 Unincorpo- 
 rated. 
 
 45 
 
 $38, 854 
 
 $696, 3.53 
 
 $9, 468 
 
 876,109 
 
 882, 973 
 
 8195, 283 
 
 81,698,934 
 
 8675 
 
 8390 
 81,699,999 
 
 '8i,'693,"78,5 
 82, 066 
 
 ' In addition to this, 81,633,835 represents the product of iiiiues for which the Tumihcr of operators and character of ownership was not rcp(U-ted 8495 654 being 
 ; value produced by deep mines and $1,138,181 that by placers. - ■ . 
 
GOLD AND SILVER. 
 
 5i;'. 
 
 As appears from Tahlo 7, there were approxiiiiiitely 
 3 salaried officials, clerks, etc.. to an ax-era^^c mine of 
 incorporated own(>rshi}), whereas only 1 mine in 4 of 
 those owned !)y unincorporated operators had e\'en 1 
 salaried employee; evidently at the mines of iinincoi-- 
 porated owners the work usually done hy salaried eni- 
 ])loyees was performed by the operators thcmseh'es. 
 It is woi'thy of note that iiotwithstiuidini;- the larye 
 nuni])er of mines under corporate ownership, the gold 
 and silver niiniiii^' industry remained under local control. 
 The location of the general office of the mine may ho 
 taken as a test. The following statement shows the 
 number of mines with general offices in the principal 
 business or mining centers and those whose offices were 
 located in other cities or towns, or at the mine: 
 
 LomiUm of general offices tif iiiiiiex hij cilien: lHOi. 
 
 LOCATION- OF GENEKAI, ul-TKlE. 
 
 All 
 mines. 
 
 Prodiu'infa^. 
 
 Develop- 
 ment work 
 without 
 jiroflue- 
 tion. 
 
 Total 
 
 G, 244 
 
 2,992 
 
 3,252 
 
 
 
 San Friincisco 
 
 212 
 249 
 278 
 136 
 73 
 5,296 
 
 133 
 
 77 
 136 
 .M 
 34 
 2, 5S9 
 
 79 
 
 Denver 
 
 142 
 
 New York - 
 
 Boston 
 
 83 
 39 
 
 
 
 o\'er, those Avith offices in San Francisco, Salt Lake 
 ('ity.or Den\('r were likewise mostly local conceins 
 whose mines wei-e situated within tlie same sttitr. This 
 Wits e(|ually true of ])roducing and of de\-eloping mines, 
 which fact appears from the following statement: 
 
 (u'lirral iijlicrx, tehellirr irilliii, nr hUIkihI Ihe sirilr irlierr: Ihe viliie !.'. 
 /ihuihil: r.iO.'. 
 
 
 i:aiioX Oh 
 
 IJKNEI' 
 
 Al. ol-FIOE. 
 
 LOCATION OK MINE. 
 
 ].( 
 
 Within Without. 
 Ihestate. thestate. 
 
 Sun Francisco . , . 
 
 1 .=.9 .'S 
 
 
 192 .07 
 2C2 , 16 
 
 
 Total 
 
 C13 T->i; 
 
 
 
 
 
 328 
 285 
 
 
 Proclucinf^ 
 
 65 
 
 
 61 
 
 
 
 The numlier of companies with general offices in 
 lar^-e business or mining centers was considerablv short i 
 of the total number of incorporated companies. j\Iore- I 
 
 3022:3—04 3:^ 
 
 The few producing mines with eastern offices in New 
 York and Boston had but a \ery small part in the gold 
 and silver mining industiy in l'..)()i!. Their aggregate 
 product amounted to $4,122,206 — 5 per cent of the totiil 
 for the United States — and the average product per 
 company was only $4ii,u()(). 
 
 ('npitdl Htocl: (if 1 iiciirjxii'iifi (] roiiipci'ii irs. — The capi- 
 talization of all incorporated gold and silver mining 
 C(.)mpanies for l'.K)2 is shown in Taldes 8 tindO; the foi'- 
 jn(>r rehiting to producing mines, the latter to such as 
 reported development work only for the year l!»()i;. 
 
514 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 8.— CAPITALIZATION OF INt!OEP()KATEl) COMPANIES OPERATING PRODUCINO :\IINES: 1902. 
 
 Number of incorporated companies 
 
 Capital stock and bonds issued 
 
 Capital stock: 
 
 Total authorized — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Total issued — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid 
 
 Common — 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number of shares. 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of shares. 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid . . . 
 Preferred — 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number of shares. 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of shares. 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid , . . 
 Bonds: 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued— 
 
 Number 
 
 Par value 
 
 Interest paid 
 
 Assessments levied 
 
 United States. 
 
 1,079 
 tl, 024, 970, MS 
 
 773, 862, 231 
 81,213,420,117 
 
 filI,U4,=., H94 :W4,000 
 
 Jl,017,(lll,79:^ SI, -512, 011(1 
 
 f] , fil2, Olio 
 
 602, 000 
 83, 002, 000 
 
 766,744,974 
 81,194,317,427 
 
 60.n, 187, 956 
 
 81,002,055, .W6 
 
 810,124,711 
 
 7,117,257 
 819, 102, 690 
 
 5, 8-57, 738 
 
 814, 956, 197 
 
 8330, 033 
 
 445, 678 
 89, 839, 200 
 
 296, 147 
 
 87, 9.58, 8.50 
 
 8409, 392 
 
 821,200,119 
 
 602, 000 
 83, 002, 000 
 
 304, 000 
 81,512,000 
 
 83«,.S74,129 
 
 :M, 951, 000 
 8-50, 340, 000 
 
 27, .501, 129 
 
 837,661,129 
 
 8404,5.50 
 
 36,031,000 
 848,320,000 
 
 1 
 ',000 
 
 20, 000 
 $2,000,000 
 
 15, 770 
 81,. 577, 000 
 
 20, 000 
 82, 000, 000 
 
 25, .501, 129 I 15,770 
 
 8;!5,661,129 ■ 81,. 577, 000 
 
 8404, ,5.50 
 
 2,020,000 
 82,020,000 
 
 2, 000, 000 
 82, 000. 000 
 
 241 
 
 8160, 121, O.SI 
 
 94,023,578 
 8202, 760, 300 
 
 71,964,616 
 
 31.59, 476, (131 
 
 81,099,399 
 
 94, 333, 578 
 8202, 070, 300 
 
 71,674,616 
 
 81.59, 186, 031 
 
 81,099,399 
 
 590, 000 
 8690, 000 
 
 290, 000 
 8290, 000 
 
 1,965 
 81,435,000 
 
 1,408 
 
 81,213,000 
 
 878,710 
 
 8160, 950 
 
 2, 735 
 8785, 000 
 
 1,494 
 
 8645, 050 
 
 842,862 
 
 83, 980, 4.54 
 
 389 
 8.397,621,7:13 
 
 382, 343, 293 
 8440,0:35,417 
 
 325, 997, .522 
 
 8392, 887, 833 
 
 83, 689, 444 
 
 380,4.54,435 
 1432, 642, 717 
 
 324, 265, 489 
 
 8386, 174, 633 
 
 83, 425, 051 
 
 1, ,8,88,8,58 
 87, :!92,700 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 1,7.32,0:J3 
 
 86,713,200 
 
 8264,393 
 
 17 
 819, (182, 000 
 
 17, 867, .500 
 822, .500, 000 
 
 15, 246, 520 
 $18, 9.52, 000 
 
 17, 867,. 500 
 $22, 500, 000 
 
 15, 246, ,520 
 818,9,52,000 
 
 113,900 
 85, 985, 000 
 
 11.642 
 
 84, 733, 900 
 
 8211,120 
 
 8186,01.5 
 
 175,000 
 8175, 000 
 
 i:w,ooo 
 81:30,00(1 
 
 86, .500 
 85, 000 
 
 Idaho. 
 
 865, 682, 257 
 
 36, 962, 340 
 $80, 404, 200 
 
 28, 616, 387 
 
 865, 348, 357 
 
 8880, 271 
 
 :3fi,171,940 
 876, 904, 200 
 
 28,3-10,312 
 
 $63, 499, 857 
 
 8880, 271 
 
 790, 400 
 S3, .500, 000 
 
 276,075 
 81,848,500 
 
 Montana. 
 
 $70, 328, 440 
 
 29,351,580 
 878, 650, 000 
 
 21,615,899 
 
 $69, 660, 440 
 
 $248, 093 
 
 29, 293, .580 
 $77,3.50,000 
 
 21, .5(30, 385 
 
 $68, 609, 040 
 
 8248, 093 
 
 .58, 000 
 81, 300, 000 
 
 55, 514 
 81,051,400 
 
 1.50, 493 
 8334,200 
 
 1.50, 490 
 
 $333, 900 
 
 814, 000 
 
 8.54, 324 
 
 1,190 
 8890, 000 
 
 818 
 
 8668, 000 
 
 $40, 200 
 
 $4, 472 
 
 Number of incorporated companies 44 
 
 Capital stock and bonds issued $49, 664, 296 
 
 Capital stock: 
 
 Total authr)rized — 
 
 Number of shares 20, 006, 300 
 
 Par value 855, 492, 400 
 
 Total issued — 
 
 Number of shares | 15, 235, 801 
 
 Par value $49, 664, 296 
 
 Dividends paid 877, 602 
 
 Common — 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number of shares. 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of shares. 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid , . . 
 Preferred — 
 
 .Vuthorized— 
 
 Number of shares. 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Num ber of shares . 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid . . . 
 Bonds; 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number 
 
 Par value 
 
 Interest paid 
 
 Assessments levied $15, 361, oio : 
 
 19, .5.56, 300 
 ;8.55, 042, 400 
 
 14, 935, 801 
 849,364,296 
 829, 602 
 
 4.50, 000 
 $4.50, 000 
 
 300, 000 
 8300, (X)0 
 848,000 
 
 39 
 
 ;, 731 
 
 :36,025, 200 
 $44,400,000 
 
 17, 337, .531 
 
 824,437,731 
 
 869, 050 
 
 36, 005, 200 
 $44,200,000 
 
 17,:317,.531 
 
 $24,2:37,7:31 
 
 869, 650 
 
 20, 000 
 8200, 000 
 
 North 
 (7ar(iliUii. 
 
 84,900,000 
 
 3, 215, 000 
 89, 250, 000 
 
 2,1.56,000 
 $4,900,000 
 
 20, 000 
 8200, 000 
 
 3, 215, 000 
 89, 260, 000 
 
 2,1.56,000 
 $4,900,000 
 
 ( Iregdu, 
 
 48 
 825,118,821 \ 
 
 31,790,440 
 838, 9.55, 800 
 
 18,299,761 
 
 825,118,821 
 
 61,669 
 
 :31,790, 440 
 $38, 955, 800 
 
 18,299,761 
 
 $25,118,821 
 
 861,669 
 
 South 
 ''arolina. 
 
 Si>uth 
 Dakota. 
 
 87.50, 000 
 
 550, 000 
 8550, 000 
 
 .550, 000 
 8.5.50, 000 
 
 40(1, 000 
 8400, 000 
 
 400, 000 
 $400, 000 
 
 150, 000 
 $1.50. 000 
 
 95 
 835, 000 
 
 96 
 $35, 000 
 
 1.50, 000 
 $1.50, 000 
 
 23 
 8.54,.511,:396 
 
 28,617,000 
 864, 160, 000 
 
 20, 836, 9.59 
 
 8.54,511,396 
 
 $262, 891 
 
 27,717,000 
 863,2,50,000 
 
 19,9.54,9.52 
 
 $53,629,:3.89 
 
 $245, 251 
 
 900. 000 
 8900, 000 
 
 ,SX2, 007 
 $882,007 
 $17,640 
 
 1.50,000 
 $1.50,000 
 
 1511,000 
 11.50,000 
 
 Washington. 
 
 $85, 251 , 659 
 
 21 , 162, 000 
 889, 205, 000 
 
 19,668,689 
 
 $8.5,2.51,6,59 
 
 $3, 661, 175 
 
 21,162,000 
 889, 205, 000 
 
 19,668,6.89 
 885,251,6,59 
 $3,661,175 
 
 200 
 $200,000 
 
 200 
 
 $200, 000 
 
 $16,000 
 
 $21,000 
 
 15 
 $20,487,1(10 
 
 23, 700, 000 
 $23,9.50,000 
 
 20, 683, 110 
 820, 487, 100 
 
 23,4,50,001 
 821, 450, 010 
 
 20, .531, 001 
 
 818,966,010 
 
 249, 999 
 82, 499, 990 
 
 1.52,109 
 81, .521, 090 
 
 Wyoming. 
 
 7,625,000 
 $7, 626, 000 
 
 5, 016, 000 
 $5, 016, 000 
 
 7,625,000 
 7,625,000 
 
 5,016.000 
 85,016,000 
 
 $190,000 
 
GOLD AND SILVKR. 
 
 515 
 
 Tablk 9.— CAPTTALIZATTOX OF INOoHPORATED COMPANIES REPOKTIN(; DEVELOPMENT AVORK WITHOUT 
 
 PRODUCTION; 1902. 
 
 Uuitc'dStiUc'j 
 
 Number of incorporated uompanios 
 
 Capital stocli and bondy issnuit 
 
 Capital stock; 
 
 Total anthorized — 
 
 Ninnber of shares 
 
 P)ir \alue 
 
 Total issned — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid 
 
 Common — 
 
 Anthorized — 
 
 Nuniiierof sllares. 
 
 Par \alne 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number ( if shares. 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid... 
 Preferred — 
 
 Autht,irizeil — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value , 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Ninuber of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends X'aid. . 
 Bonds; 
 
 .Authorized — 
 
 Number 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued— 
 
 Number 
 
 Par value 
 
 In terest paid 
 
 Assessments levied 
 
 »1, 
 
 i,i;9.'"i 
 l7;i:uKi,:i5'J 
 
 72«,93X, Kd 
 90H,3,M,12(; 
 
 010,(iO2,6K2 
 
 171,13«,lfil 
 
 $7b, 144 
 
 7Ui,4:», U71 
 K91,.W2, 12(1 
 
 001,916,2.')6 
 
 162,290,21:3 
 
 J69, 000 
 
 Aln- 
 laiiia. 
 
 J2, 000 
 
 10 
 
 $■2, 000 
 
 40 
 
 j;2, 000 
 
 $19.'^ 
 
 207 
 441, 2H7 
 
 200, 138,. 590 
 *:.iM,360,000 
 
 127,0SI1,734 
 n93, .534, 907 
 
 1.5, ,503, 090 
 $10,799,000 
 
 X, 686, 326 
 
 J8, X48. 248 
 
 *6, 144 
 
 ,5, SIO 
 S3, 340, 040 
 
 ;!,5,0 
 
 82,101,891 
 
 $.5r,, .570 
 
 }31,657,.5C3 
 
 40 I 2.58,288,690 
 $2,000 $3.52,060,000 
 
 40 
 
 $2, 000 
 
 126, 392, 397 
 $192, 840, .570 
 
 1,8,50,000 
 $2, 300, 000 
 
 694, 337 
 $694, ;337 
 
 $89, 2 
 
 146 
 !74,203 $27' 
 
 64,817,596 
 $122, 763, 126 
 
 36, 687,. 521 
 
 $89,274,203 
 
 $60, 000 
 
 -1, 702, 596 
 $121, 613, 126 
 
 ;i6, 672,.521 
 
 $89, 124, 203 
 
 $60, 000 
 
 116,000 
 $1, 150, 000 
 
 15, OUO 
 $150, 000 
 
 4^12, 718, 390 
 $405, ,520, 820 
 
 :104, 964, 632 
 $277, 467, 162 
 
 436,797, ;Wll 
 1398, 947, ,829 
 
 301, 470, 4SC, 
 $273,271,066 
 
 3, 000 
 $3,000,000 
 
 1,,875 
 
 $1,906, ,380 
 
 $46, 132 
 
 $40, 000 
 
 Jl,771,2:)0 
 
 433 
 
 , ,567, 162 
 
 200,000 148,919,000 40,000 , 95,119,000 
 
 $6iO00,000 $120,8.58,000 $1,000,000 $132,887,000 
 
 5, 921 , 090 
 SO,. 573, 000 
 
 3,494,190 
 $4,196,100, 
 
 (ieorgia. 
 
 $100,000 
 
 Idahi 
 
 1.58 1 
 
 $71,035, :i57 $1,000,000 
 
 Marvland. Montana. 
 
 $75, 998^ 
 
 100, 000 
 $100,000 
 
 180,000 
 $5, 900, 000 
 
 85,335,944 ! 40,000 
 
 $70,912,846 $1,000,000 
 
 $6,190 I 
 
 147, 060, ,500 ' 40,000 
 $119,118,000 $1,000,000 
 
 100,000 84,283,444 I 40,000 
 $100,000 $69, 975, .546 $1,000,000 
 
 20, 000 
 $100,000 
 
 ], 852, ,500 
 $1,710,000 
 
 1,000 
 $100,000 
 
 1,000 
 $100,000 
 $8,000 \ 
 
 1,0,52, .',00 I 
 
 S9:37.;;iio 
 
 $5,190 
 
 42,662,417 
 $7.5, 998, 616 
 
 95,119,000 
 $132,887,000 
 
 43, 662, 417 
 $75, 998, 616 
 
 Nevada. 
 
 61 
 
 $:«,47i,oai 
 
 ;i6, 775,460 
 854, 956, 680 
 
 27, 613, 829 
 
 $39,471,031 
 
 $954 
 
 36, 2.59, 460 
 8.53,381,680 
 
 27, 270, 236 
 $38, 99-5, 726 
 
 760 
 $180, 040 
 
 315 
 $102,611 I 
 
 $2. .138 
 $196,925 
 
 616, 000 
 31,675,000 
 
 343, 393 
 
 $475, 305 
 
 8954 
 
 $27,603,812 
 
 Number of incorporated companies 
 
 Capital stoct and bonds issued 
 
 Capital stock; 
 
 Total authorized — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Total issued — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid 
 
 Common — 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number of shares. 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of shares. 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid... 
 Preferred — 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number of shares. 
 
 Parvalue 
 
 Issued— 
 
 Number of shares. 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid... 
 Bonds; 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issned — 
 
 Number 
 
 Par value 
 
 Interest paid 
 
 Assessments levied 
 
 New .ler- 
 
 INew Mexico. 
 
 1 
 
 $400,000 I $44,091,863 
 
 500, 000 
 $.500, 000 
 
 400,000 
 8100,000 
 
 500, 000 
 $.500, 000 
 
 400,000 
 8400, 000 
 
 08,543,7.30 
 $69, l;i5,000 
 
 39, 574, 499 
 $14,0:!8,803 
 
 68,103,2.50 
 $68, .509,000 
 
 39, 265, 799 
 $44,181,603 
 
 378, 300 
 $020,000 
 
 308, 700 
 $437. 200 
 
 North Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 Oregon. 
 
 100 
 $123,990,915 
 
 South 
 Dakota. 
 
 Virgiina. Washington. 
 
 80 
 $47,107,9.55 
 
 4,011,120 
 $17,112,000 
 
 1,189,620 
 $4, 984, .500 
 
 140,231,615 1 133,100,600 
 8193,4.50,000 $137,770,000 
 
 4.011,120 
 $17,112,000 
 
 1,189,620 
 $1,9,S4,.300 
 
 70,976,019 
 
 $125, 990, 913 
 
 89, 000 
 
 140,231,615 
 $193,4.50,000 
 
 70,976,019 
 
 $125,990,915 
 
 $9, 000 
 
 1,88 
 873,751,408 
 
 84,971,000 
 $92, 839, 000 
 
 38,092,497 
 $47, 167, 9.55 
 
 60,8,53,60] 1,160, ,5.50 
 
 $73,7,51,408 82,000,-5,50 
 
 $2, 600, .530 
 
 106 
 $91,:K9,630 
 
 3,900,000 I 179,830,000 
 86,400,000 I 8136, 317, ,500 
 
 132, 600, 600 
 $137, 170, 000 
 
 37, 662, 497 
 $46, 637, 955 
 
 84,971,000 
 $92, 839, 000 
 
 66, 863, 561 
 $73, 7.54, 408 
 
 3,960,000 
 $5, 400, 000 
 
 1,1 60, .5.50 
 $2, 600, 5.50 
 
 000.000 
 8600.000 
 
 5:50.000 
 ■.5;)0,000 
 
 133,238,641 
 891,329,6.50 
 
 175,980,000 
 $134, 382, .500 
 
 131,190,641 
 $90,021,6.50 
 
 3, 8.50. 000 
 81,936,000 
 
 2, 048, 000 
 81,308,000 
 
 Wyoming-. 
 
 65 
 832, 610, 935 
 
 60,062,000 
 857, 480, 000 
 
 34,626,078 
 $32, 510, 955 
 
 59, 662, 000 
 $57, 2,80, 000 
 
 :34,426,078 
 $32,410,955 
 
 400, 000 
 $200, 000 
 
 200,000 
 8100, 000 
 
 1,0.50 
 $60,000 
 
 330 
 $.53. 000 
 
 832,000 
 
 $.54, 7.30 
 
 SI,i;7S, 996 
 
5ir. 
 
 MINES AND QUARKTES. 
 
 A coiiipiirison of the results .shown in 'rallies N and '.» 
 shows that the amount of outstaiulini;' stock and bonds 
 of the coiupanics which rcporti'il only dc\ clojinicnt 
 work in i'M)2 was greater than tluit of tlic conipanics 
 rcportiiii;' production. \iz, !!^l, l7ll,:!n(.).:',ri-_; foi- tln' for- 
 mer as compared with $l,i)!:!4,'.»TH.Ci4:-'. I'oi- the latter. 
 Tht' share of placers in the total outstanding capitaliza- 
 tion of producine- mines amouuted to !j;<')S,()(),''i,7iJ-t, or 
 6.('i per cent, w hile that <if dcej) mines was S'.t."i('i,'.)64,.S-ii). 
 
 The division of stock into coimnou an<l prcd'erred is 
 not customary with u-old anrl sih'cr minine' companies. 
 In l'M)^2 there were 77 companies having- preferred stock, 
 the par \-alue of that issued heine- i?2;^.S()4,44."). 'I'his 
 was onl_\ 1 }>er cent of the total outstaiidine- capitaliza- 
 tion of producing mines. 
 
 Assessment companies, once a jirominent feat\u'e in 
 
 gold and siher mining, ar(> l(\ss conspicuous to-cla_v. 
 There were, in IDOlI. ^'."iH assessmeid companies, of which 
 '.I'.) opei'ated pi'oducing and l.-jf uon|iroducing' mines. 
 'Idle amount of assessments le\'ied since organization 
 hy the foruK-r was SLn,20U,l];i, and liy the latter 
 i5i;jl.<)r>7.rir,;;, a total of l?ri'2, 857,6.^2, representing an 
 addition of 2 piu' cent t(.i the total outstanding- capital 
 stuck and funded indebtedness. The greater partof tliis 
 amount, >ii4i!,lt<l('i,82:i, was i-epoi'ted from Nevada, where 
 assessments are still among- the favorite means of raising- 
 funds foi- imestment in gohl a)id sih'cr mining. 
 
 The issue of bonds was little favored, the total 
 amount issued on produ -iiig and developing mines be- 
 ing oidy !?l(i, l2t 1,74!. The following- statement shows 
 the distribution of incorporated companies by the class 
 of stock authorized and issued: 
 
 //ii-orjiiinifi i/ rn/iij/iiii/i-^, i/rmijiri/ //y i'/i/ks of xtdcl': I'lO.i. 
 
 CLASS OF STOCK. 
 
 (IjHTntini,' jiroihirlliK' lilHU's 
 
 Toml 
 
 Bf.ilh (■(trainon jiimI iirclVrrr.! . 
 Common on]\' 
 
 Hi till fomnioii mill jirrfurrerl 
 
 Common only 
 
 KrportiiiL.' (li'Vi^lopiiK-iit work without iiroiliution: 
 
 Total 
 
 Xnniber 
 of ilicor- 
 
 
 AITTHOHIZKO. 
 
 
 
 IH.SUF.D. 
 
 
 llOIMtlTl 
 
 roln|i;l- 
 nii'S. 
 
 Tiitiil. 
 ?l,2l:;,4LiU,117 
 
 n2,2'.;9,fiuo 
 l.l.ii.uin, .=ii7 
 
 ],9ti.s,:-;.'ii, iLifi 
 
 CiO, l.MI, 001) 
 1,H4.S, 192, 120 
 
 ColiilMon. 
 
 ITi-fiTri-il. 
 S19, 1112,090 
 
 Tiiliil. 
 
 Common. 
 
 Prrfrrri..!. 
 
 1 , 1179 
 
 $l,19.|,;ii7,-l27 
 
 51,1)17,011,793 
 
 Sl,002,0.'i.'),.i90 
 
 S14,9.-)0,197 
 
 31 
 l.Ols 
 
 l:!, 126, 910 
 l,l.il.l90,.'S17 
 
 ),.s9i,.5.:.2,rji; 
 
 19, 102,0tl0 
 
 .^2,649,032 
 t)0 1,362, 161 
 
 l,l7l,i:.is, 101 
 
 37,693,4:5.1 
 904,362,161 
 
 1,102,290,213 
 
 14,9.56,197 
 
 l,i;9.5 
 
 16,799,001) 
 10,7<,I9, 000 
 
 .s, S4S, 24S 
 
 111 
 1 , 1149 
 
 ■l:;, :!iiO, iion 
 1,K4X, 192, 1213 
 
 37, .Wl, 728 
 1,133,003,733 
 
 1 
 
 2.S, 686, 4.S0 
 1,133,003,733 
 
 S, 848,248 
 
 
 
 
 The following table shows the ptir \ tilue i>f the niillior- 
 ized capital stock and bonds uf till guld and sil\'er 
 mining companies engtigcd in deep oi- placer mining, 
 ]iroduciiig iind non])r;)ducing, by sttitcs and t crritniies, 
 for VMVl and Isso; 
 
 T.VBLE JO. — Aiilhoiizi'il rujjihiliiiithiii (if i iicnrpiii-iilril i-diii iHiriUs, i>rii- 
 
 (lllriinl mill ,iiiiii,rn,lnrnn/ ifini,^. hi/ slnlrn ,1 ml I in'lUir'n :■ : I'djaiiil 
 
 ISSO. ' 
 
 TATI-; OK TI.:KKIT0KY. ^f''"''",'' C;l].il;il.«tork ^,''!'''"7 C,i|,ilill stork 
 
 or nil or- .n,,! i„,t,,i, ,1.. 01 11 h or- .,. 1 j 
 
 r™it'"i ■ , :^!: , ;i'"^'"-i 
 
 enmiii 
 nil's. 
 
 tliiirizcil— Jii: 
 \-lllllo. 
 
 Unitod .States 
 
 Alitbanni 
 
 Arizona 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 California 
 
 Colorarlo 
 
 Oi'orKia 
 
 iilaho 
 
 .Mailii- 
 
 .Marvialiil 
 
 .Montana 
 
 Ni'vaila 
 
 Nfw Hain|isliir.' 
 Xi-\v.Ji-rsov 
 
 .\i'W Jli-.Viro ... 
 
 .\orth Carolina. 
 
 OivKon 
 
 Soiitli Carolina, 
 nth Jiakola ,. 
 
 74 ¥3,134,9.50,483 
 
 3 
 
 3,004,000 
 
 2.50 
 
 ■109, 13.'i, 000 
 
 1 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 3.H7 
 
 326, 308, 426 
 
 .S22 
 
 ,S.nl,6ll,'237 
 
 19 
 
 2H, 67.'i, 000 
 
 2:i3 
 
 201,776,440 
 
 1 
 
 105 
 
 1,1100,000 
 212, 427,000 
 110, tl'.I.O.SO 
 
 To,\a 
 
 flah 
 
 Virginia 
 
 WasltiiiKtiMi 
 
 Wyomin^^ 
 
 riaror niijli'^ Ju 
 liystatrs 
 
 fiOO, 11(10 
 1 13,(i:;o,ooo 
 
 20,302,000 
 
 ■232, lO.'i.KOO 
 
 7."'iO.O0(l 
 
 201. '.120, 000 
 
 1.50,000 
 
 I.S2,I11 1.000 
 
 5, 100, 00(1 
 
 I'.O, 267, 50(1 
 
 65, 105,1100 
 
 9 
 
 19 
 
 tl50 
 
 000 
 
 7.S 1 
 
 751.1 
 
 615 
 
 000 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 5110,000 
 
 ■_< 
 
 
 6110 
 
 000 
 
 6 
 
 [, 
 
 .lOO 
 
 000 
 
 - 
 
 5 
 
 000 
 
 000 
 
 21 
 
 ll.s 
 
 soil 
 
 000 
 
 12 
 
 1.56 
 
 200 
 
 noil 
 
 y, 
 
 
 759 
 
 0011 
 
 1 
 
 
 Kill 
 
 000 
 
 There were in till !:!() cumpanies b\ wliicli dixidends 
 were |)aid in I'.idl': nf these I'-'i operated deep mines 
 and !•"> ])l ;cei- mines. I'lie following sttitement shows 
 the cajiilalizatiiin and dixidends nf all di\idend [)a\iiig 
 comjianics and tilsn the capitalization of the companies 
 which ])aid im di\ idends in l!H)2. 
 
 The statement sIkiws llitit the !i\-eruge par \'alue 
 per sliai-c of slock \aried, rttnging from a minimum 
 of SI. 47 for iiiindi\ idenil ptiying common stock to a 
 nKi.\iiiiiiiii of >s:'!.i;l for dividend pin-ing preferred. 
 Tliere wits no material ditference between the inerage 
 Jiar \ tilue of stock aiilliorized tnid issued foi- dixidend 
 paying and noiidi\idend iiaying (-ompiinies, although 
 the a\ei-iige for the former was somewhat higher thtui 
 foi- the latter. ()f the l^Ki (.-ompanies which paid di\i- 
 dends in liMiii. 4 ]iaid them on preferred .stock only. 
 Their ttuthorizeil capitjil stock wa.s $3,'.t2.5,000, of which 
 SL'.dnii.oiHi was common and $1,. 52.5, 000 was preferred. 
 The outstanding conimon stock iimounted to $2,150,- 
 ()0(» and the oulsttindiiig in-eferred to §1,457,(;?,2. The 
 amount paid in dividends on pnd'erred stock wtis 
 $'.tM,2.s.5. One compiiny, with an tuithorized capital 
 stock of S'.).,sr)4,(iO(), of which Sj^ri,'.!] .S,,S()() was c-ommon 
 and $;'.,'• *d.5,.SU0 was ]irefcri-ed. all being issued, paid in 
 dividends $2:'i(i,7."i2 on coimnon and $2l'i<i.74.s on pi-e- 
 Fer|-eil stock. 
 
 The average rale of di\ idends on common slock W!ls 
 ."i.."! |ie|- cent tiiid on )irere|-|-e(l CI per «-ent. One luill- 
 dred tiiiil lliiily-oiic other compjinies had onlv one 
 
GOLD AND SILVER. 
 
 517 
 
 class of stock upon which dividciids were paid. There ' sliarc (jf stociv aiith(.)rizcd was S2:.'.ns and pm' share 
 
 were i!l companies authorized to issue honds of a total issued, S-'i-'^''^- The total amount of interest paid was 
 
 par value of $9,S3!>,y()(); the honds were issued of a par i ¥-l:t*l»,3',Jl!, a\'(U-agino- C, percent. None of these il coni- 
 
 value of $7,!>58,S.5(l. The averay'c vidue of honds per | panics paid dividends on its sto( k. 
 
 ( 'ii [ntiiJ iziii loll (if (h I'liIt'iiiJ jiid/i III/ mill IK I IK 1 1 1'lilriid /III iji ml coiiijki ii i<k irii h il i rule in Ik n ml i iifi n-^l jm i<l : 1902. 
 
 ACTUORIZF.I). 
 
 
 Number of 
 
 sliares or 
 
 bitnds. 
 
 Total par 
 \aiin^ 
 
 8213,187,7,50 
 
 237,716,9,50 
 5, 470, .SOO 
 
 9SI.1, 1171,. -167 
 
 .\veraKe 
 persliare 
 or lioiid. 
 
 S2. 03 
 
 2.01 
 3. .50 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.47 
 
 2.45 
 
 22. 0.1 
 
 .\iniih.T of 
 
 ,-liaresor 
 
 lionilM. 
 
 Total par 
 \'alne. 
 
 S191,020,365 
 
 A\eraKe 
 ]M'r .slairc 
 or IjoiHJ. 
 
 Dividpnd.sur 
 
 l>i\-ideiul paying compunii.'s: 
 
 Total capitalization 
 
 119,629,807 
 
 118, Oli.'S, 349 
 1,. 564, 458 
 
 654,678, 002 
 
 94,717,9.50 
 
 S2.01 
 
 1.99 
 3.6) 
 
 1.61 
 
 1..59 
 2.19 
 
 26. 88 
 
 810,454,744 
 
 C<»mmiin storlc _ 
 
 Preferred stoel; 
 
 Xoiidividend payiii^^ coiniianies: 
 Total eapitalizatiun 
 
 93, 220,, SCO 
 1,497,090 
 
 516,623,891 
 
 611,967,096 
 
 4,360,648 
 
 296, 147 
 
 185,616,933 
 5, 403, 432 
 
 S33, 950, 27.S 
 
 10,124,711 
 330,033 
 
 409 392 
 
 
 
 
 648, 679, 625 
 
 6,5.52,799 
 
 445, 578 
 
 9.511,600,477 
 13,631,890 
 9, 839, 200 
 
 816,438,663 
 9, ,5.52, 765 
 7,9.58.850 
 
 
 Preferred stock 
 
 
 Bonds 
 
 409, 392 
 
 
 
 The followiiig is a statement of dividends paid bv in- 
 corporated companies in I'.tn-i and 1SS4. compared with 
 the production of the precious metals for the same yeai's: 
 
 Nnnilier 
 of mines. 
 
 Amiaint i 
 dividend 
 
 1902 1 . 
 1SS4 = . 
 
 Gro.«s value 
 of the pre- 
 
 cirais metals 
 (commer- 
 cial). 
 
 136 
 54 
 
 810,4.54,744 ' $.S5,223, 732 
 7,, 567, 698 \ 72,. 870, 000 
 
 1 Exclusive of Alaska. 
 -Report of the Director of the Mint on tlie Production of tlie Preeiiars Metals j 
 in the United States, 1884, page 14. 
 
 A summar\' of dividend and noudividcnd payiiie- com- j 
 panics is presented in Table 11. It must be borne in mind 
 that the payment of dividends in a given year is not in- ! 
 dicative of net profits earned during the same year, for 
 dividends may be paid from the accumulated surplus of 
 former years. Among the lo(.> companies wdiich paid 
 dividends w'ere 15 wliose e.vponditures, mostly for devel- 
 Table 11.— SUM.MARY for DIVIDEND P.iYINGAXD NOXDIV 
 
 opmeiit work, during the year exceeded their receipts. 
 The dividends declared by these companies aggregated 
 $H15.14'.i, out of a total product valued at §l,05t»,617. 
 It is obvious that thesi> dividends had no relation to the 
 earnings of the year. Likewise, the failure to declare 
 a dividend docs not nocessaril}- show actual loss. Earn- 
 ings ma}' have been invested in development work, in 
 new e((uipment of plants, in acquiring new property, 
 etc. It is fair to assume, however, that generally 
 the payment of di\'idcnds is a sign of successful opera- 
 tion. To facilitate coruparisons, all incorporated com- 
 panies arc arranged under three heads: (1) Dividend 
 paj'ing — that is, companies that paid dividends during 
 1902; ('•^) nondividend paying companies owning pro- 
 ductive mines; (3) developing and producing companies, 
 meaning companies with wdiich production was uterely 
 incidental to development work, expenditures being- in 
 < xcess of receipts. 
 
 IDEXD PAYING COMPANIES, BY CLASSES OF MINES: 1902. 
 
 AI,L MINKS. 
 
 Number of operators 
 Salaries: 
 
 General officers., 
 other salaried 
 
 employees 
 
 Wages - 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Work on share of 
 
 jiroduct 
 
 Miscellaneous ex- 
 penses 
 
 Cost of supplies and 
 
 materials 
 
 Ore sold and treated, 
 
 shrirt tons 
 
 Value of bullion 
 contents: 
 
 Gold ,. 
 
 .. Silver 
 
 Lead 
 
 other metals 
 
 Total gross value 
 Average per 
 
 ton 
 
 Value of firoduct at 
 
 mine 
 
 Average per 
 mine 
 
 DEEP MTNES, 
 
 Nondividend j.aying. 
 
 Develop- 
 Productive.! ^H^^. 
 ing. 
 
 614 
 8487,345 
 
 329 
 
 881, 463 
 
 81,.':00,118 8493,826 
 
 816.151,227 '82,745,869 
 
 .8177,724 I 8148,729 
 
 8777, 7:)9 8109,226 
 
 82,013,436 ; $361,. 579 
 
 $7,9.53,299 81,254,577 
 
 5,108,251 l: 
 
 26, 107, 659 
 
 J6, 5:J0, 997 
 
 i3,l;l6, 101 
 
 8.574, 09.S 
 
 '836, 348, 855 
 
 31,. 578, 495 
 851 , 431 
 
 81 , 383, 720 
 8714,. 592 
 8104, 929 
 8102, 083 
 
 82, 305, 324 
 
 ■1,441,:«7 
 S4,:W1 
 
 Nondividend paying. 
 
 ,535 
 
 $474,420 
 
 81,674,664 
 
 815, 629, 01)9 
 
 8177, :587 
 
 Developing 
 and pro- 
 ducing. 
 
 PI. ACER MINES. 
 
 272 
 
 873,236 
 
 8 no,. 527 
 
 $2,4U,642 
 
 8111,624 
 
 8777,099 1 ' 8109,225 
 1 
 81,.S,S9,.576 : 8:.!24,9.57 
 
 87,669,827 81,106,815 
 
 5,1 OK, 251 i 132.792 
 
 824,746,100 
 
 86, 530, 100 
 
 83, I3(i, 101 
 
 8573, 640 
 
 834,935,941 
 
 81,241,972 
 8714, 483 
 8104, 929 
 8102, 077 
 
 82, 163, 461 
 
 S65,s:;l.994 834,311,515 830, 220, .570 81,299,909 
 671.247 I 8293,26,1 856,487' 84,779 
 
 
 Dividend 
 paying. 
 
 Nondividen 
 
 1 paying. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Productive. 
 
 Develop- 
 ing and 
 produc- 
 ing. 
 
 1.55 
 
 837,, 587 
 
 8247,977 
 
 81, 126,625 
 
 S10,4.S5 
 
 8640 
 
 19 
 
 816,435 
 
 839, 224 
 
 8300, 250 
 
 $6, 243 
 
 79 
 
 812, 925 
 
 $125,4.54 
 
 8522, 168 
 
 8137 
 
 8640 
 
 $123, 860 
 
 8-83, 172 
 
 57 
 
 88, 227 
 
 883, 299 
 
 8:304,217 
 
 81,105 
 
 8196,612 
 S596i, 083 
 
 836,0:50 
 8164,. S49 
 
 8147, 762 
 
 82, .502, 972 
 81,560 
 
 8999,665 
 8654 
 
 81, 361,. 559 
 8897 
 
 $141,748 
 S109 
 
 $164 
 82, .504,996 
 
 ■1.000,219 
 
 84.58 
 81,362,914 
 
 86 
 8141,863 
 
 82, 495, 760 
 816,102 
 
 8996,417 
 
 j 8.52,41:! 
 1 
 
 Sl,:5.57,925 
 $17,1.89 
 
 $141,418 
 $2. 4'U 
 
518 
 
 MINES AND (QUARRIES. 
 
 The preceding table shows that the dividend paying 
 companies contrihuted over one-half of the output. 
 Taking deep mines alone and eliminating ronipanies 
 with which production was merely' incidental t(_) devcdop- 
 ment work, it will he observed that the grade of ore 
 mined by dividend paying companies was worth $14 p(>r 
 ton, whereas the ore mined b}' nondividend paying 
 companies was worth only $7. 
 
 Empl(jijee>< and imijex. — The average number of wage- 
 earners employed in gold and silver mines was 47, '.M);") 
 men. of whom 3.3, 8'2] were employed in deep mines, 
 2,321 in placer mines, and ll,7ti3 in mines re])orting only 
 development work. Their total wages amounted to 
 
 $4T,t>.58,r7fi. In any analysis of these figures it nmst 
 be l)orne in mind that the above number of wage-earners 
 is an average, comjiuted on the Ijasis of 3i»0 working 
 days, and is not identical with the actual number of 
 persons who earned the amount of wages reported. 
 The average per wage-earner accordingly represents 
 the cost of one man's labor to the employer, which 
 is not identical with the average annual earnings. For 
 the purpose of estimating the earning capacity of wage- 
 earners, average daily rates should ))e consulted. 
 
 The following table shows tlie distribution of wage- 
 earners according to daily rates of pav for the several 
 classes of emplov(>es: 
 
 Table 12.— DLSTKIBUTION UF WAGE-EARXERf^ ACC'()KI)1N(t To DAILY liATES OF RAY, BY OCCUPATIONS: 1902. 
 
 RATE PER DAY 
 (DOLLARS). 
 
 ALL ULASyES. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 cent of 
 total 
 
 Total 47,905 
 
 Les.s than 0.50. 
 
 0.50 to 0.74 
 
 0.75 to 0.99 
 
 1.00 to 1.24 
 
 1.25 to 1.43 
 
 l,.50tol.74 
 
 1.75tol.99 
 
 2.00 to 2.24 
 
 2.25 to 2.49 
 
 2.50 to 2.74 
 
 2.75 to 2.99 
 
 3.00 to 3. 24 
 
 3.25 to 3.49 
 
 3,.50to3.74 
 
 3.75 to 3.99 
 
 4.00 to 4. 24 
 
 4.25 and over. . 
 
 ENGINEERS. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 num- 
 ber 
 
 Per 
 cent of 
 total 
 
 2,129 ' 100.0 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 MACHINISTS, 
 BLACKSMITHS, 
 CARCENTERS, 
 AND OTHER 
 MFXHANICS. 
 
 cent of ' 
 
 Per 
 
 cent of 
 tiittil. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 cent of 
 total. 
 
 MINERS' HEI 
 ERS. 
 
 TIMBERMEN 
 
 ANIi TRACK 
 
 LAYERS. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 ! Per 
 cent of 
 total. 
 
 (') 
 0.2 
 0.8 
 1.1 
 0.7 
 1.1 
 1.5 
 3.2 
 1.9 
 
 13.9 
 7.5 
 
 33.4 
 4.0 
 
 21.0 
 1.0 
 7.4 
 1.3 
 
 7 
 30 
 15 
 9 
 3 
 
 4fiO 
 94 
 
 478 
 45 
 
 7H2 
 
 137 
 
 0.3 
 1.4 
 0.7 
 0.4 
 0.2 
 0.4 
 0.1 
 2.4 
 1.3 
 
 21.6 
 4.4 
 
 22. 5 
 2.1 
 
 35.8 
 6.4 
 
 19 
 9 
 
 77 
 28 
 
 l(;9 
 
 6 
 1.58 
 3 
 46 
 5 
 
 0.7 
 3.4 
 0.2 
 0.9 
 0.9 
 3.4 
 1.6 
 
 13.9 
 5.1 
 
 30. 6 
 0.9 
 
 28.6 
 0.6 
 8.3 
 0.9 
 
 3,403 100.0 ; 28,068 I 100.0 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 
 3li 
 
 16 
 
 13 
 
 80 
 
 23 
 
 161 
 
 81 
 
 682 
 
 136 
 
 791 
 
 73 
 
 998 
 
 2S3 
 
 0.4 
 0.6 
 1.1 
 
 0,5 
 0.4 
 2.3 
 0,7 
 4.7 
 2.4 
 20.0 
 4.0 
 
 2. I 
 29. 3 
 8.3 
 
 11 
 172 
 242 
 183 
 249 
 2,50 
 439 
 337 
 
 3, 633 
 
 2, 829 
 
 10,101 
 
 981 
 
 6, 921 
 299 
 
 1,3.58 
 63 
 
 (') 
 0.6 
 0.9 
 0.6 
 0.9 
 0.9 
 1.6 
 1.2 
 12.9 
 10.1 
 36.0 
 3.5 
 24.7 
 1.1 
 4.8 
 0.2 
 
 3,864 ' 100.0 
 
 25 
 
 112 
 
 78 
 
 28 
 
 53 
 
 103 
 
 180 
 
 210 
 
 916 
 
 142 
 
 ,188 
 
 2.59 
 
 .554 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 0.7 
 2.9 
 2.0 
 0.7 
 1.4 
 2.7 
 4,7 
 5.4 
 
 23.7 
 3.7 
 
 30.7 
 6.7 
 
 14.3 
 0.1 
 0.3 
 
 Aver- p 
 
 n'^S; fentof 
 --- total 
 
 BOVS CNOER 
 16 YEARS. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 ALL OTHER 
 WACiE EARNERS. 
 
 <'™'»'number^«''"'' 
 total, inumber. j^j^,^ 
 
 iitli 
 
 )1" I per cent. 
 
 As shown bv the above table, practically all of the 
 wage-earners in gold and silver mines received $2 per 
 day or over. When the figures for the several classes 
 are combined it is found that IK^.o per cent of the total 
 number received between $2 and $4.24. The statistics 
 .show a very large concentration of the wage-earners in 
 three rate group.s, as follows: 13.9 per cent of the total 
 number in group $2..5i) to $2.74, 33.4 per cent in 
 group S3 to $3.24, and 21 per cent in group $3.. Mi to 
 $3.74. Most of the employees included in these groups 
 probably received the e\'en rates $2. .50, $3 or $3.r)() 
 per day. 
 
 More than half of the wage-earnci's were returned 
 as miners. Their wages ranged between nai'row limits, 
 87.2 per cent of the total number ha\'ing beeri ]iai(l 
 from $2. .50 to $3.74 per day. In the rate grou]) $1! to 
 $3.24 arc included 3t) per cent of all the miners i-epoi'ted. 
 There were also 3,8(14 men returned as miners' helpers, 
 about one-seventh tlic number of miners. The rates of 
 pa}' for these helpei's were somewhat lower than those 
 paid to the miners. 
 
 The rates paid to enginrrrs, niadiinisis, and other 
 
 mechanics were higher than those of the other wage- 
 eai'uers; 112.8 per cent of the engineers and 86.;> per 
 cent of the machinists and other mechanics received 
 $3 per day or o\er. Xi $1 or more the respective pro- 
 portions were 42.2 and 37. <> per cent. The rates for 
 firemen were somewhat lower, a much greater propor- 
 tion of them having been paid less than $3 per day. 
 The range of wages for 7H.l per cent of the firemen 
 was from $2.5(» to $3.74 per day. There were 574 tim- 
 bermen and track layers reported, all but 8 of whom re- 
 ceived $2..5n pel- day or more. The daily rates for the 
 great ])art of these employees were prol.)ably $3 or $3.50, 
 as 33.3 per cent of them are included in the group $3 
 to $3.24, and 36. H per cent in the group $3.50 to $3.74. 
 
 The bo\'s under 1(1 years employed in gold and silver 
 mines nimibered only 33, and constituted h^ss than one- 
 tenth of 1 per cent of the total numl.)er of wage-earners. 
 Five of these boys received less than 50 cents a day, 
 and the rest of them were paid between 50 cents and 
 $2.24. 
 
 'I'lie grou[) of "all other wage-earners" includes 
 '.»,27'.i men who were not reported under the more spe- 
 
GOLD AND SILVER. 
 
 519 
 
 oific bonds. The nites of pay for the.se employees were 
 somewhat lower thaii those for the wat>'e-(>arners already 
 considei'ed, about one-tifth (21. S per cent) iiaviiiu- lieen 
 paid less than $2..^0 per day. The majority of tliem, 
 however, received at least it^:^.5() and a large proj)ortion 
 received considerahly more than that. The o-roup 
 showing the greatest nund)erof employees is tliat fi-om 
 $3 to $3.24; in that tme group are included 34. .'j ])cr 
 cent of all the wage-eai'ners in this class. 
 
 Talile 13 shows the disti-ilmtion of wage-earnei's 
 according to daily rates of pay for those states which 
 emploved on tlic average mor'(.' than one thousand wage- 
 eai'ners. In addition to the luunhcr included in each 
 nite group, the percentages which these mnnbers foi'm 
 of the states total are given and also the <.-umulati\'e per- 
 centages Avhich show for each rate the proportion of the 
 total num])er receiving tliat I'ate or more. 
 
 a»L\(; TO DAILY P.ATP:S of pay, by STATItS AND 
 IlvS: 11)01?. 
 
 [Each cumulative percentage shows the proportion ol the total number reLcivhiK a wage as great as, or greater than, the lowest wage of the given wage group.] 
 
 T.uiLE 13.— DISTRIBUTION OF WA(tK-KAKNKRS .\('0<)K] 
 
 TEKKlTOUIlvS: 11)01?. 
 
 R.\TE PER D.iY 
 ^DOLL.IRS). 
 
 Total-... 
 
 Less than 0..^0 . 
 0.50 to 0.74 .... 
 0.75 to 0.99 . . . - 
 1.00 to 1.24 .... 
 
 1.25 to 1.49 
 
 1.50 to 1.74 .... 
 
 1.75 to 1.99 
 
 2.00 to 2.24 . . . . 
 2.25 to 2.49 . . . . 
 2.50 to 2.74 .... 
 2.75 to 2.99 . . . . 
 3.00 to 3.24 .... 
 3.25 to 3.49 .... 
 3.50 to 3.74 .... 
 3.75 to 3.99 .... 
 4.00 to 4.24 .... 
 4.25 and over . 
 
 I'NrTED ST.\TES, 
 
 .Vverage ; „„^'f'".f 
 
 47,905 100.0 
 
 16 
 
 72 
 
 397 
 
 544 
 
 351 
 
 606 
 
 718 
 
 1,536 
 
 92S 
 
 6, 641 
 
 3,603 
 
 15,994 
 
 1,922 
 
 10, 043 
 
 46,8 
 
 3, ,544 
 
 622 
 
 Cumula- 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 0.2 
 0.8 
 1.1 
 0.7 
 1.1 
 1.5 
 3.2 
 1.9 
 
 13.9 
 7.5 
 
 33. 4 
 4.0 
 
 21.0 
 1.0 
 7.4 
 1.3 
 
 100.0 
 99.9 
 99.8 
 99.0 
 97.9 
 97.2 
 96.1 
 94.6 
 91.4 
 89.5 
 76.6 
 68. 1 
 34.7 
 30.7 
 9,7 
 8.7 
 1.3 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 3, 685 
 
 CALIFORNIA, 
 
 Per Cumula- 
 
 1 
 
 (') 
 
 7 
 
 0,2 
 
 27 
 
 0.7 
 
 135 
 
 3.7 
 
 148 
 
 4.0 
 
 241 
 
 6.6 
 
 35 
 
 1.0 
 
 188 
 
 5.1 
 
 115 
 
 3.1 
 
 874 
 
 23.7 
 
 173 
 
 4.7 
 
 1,229 
 
 33.4 
 
 19 
 
 0.5 
 
 418 
 
 11.4 
 
 75 
 
 2.0 
 
 100.0 
 99.9 
 99. s 
 99. 1 
 95.4 
 91.4 
 ,S4.9 
 83.9 
 78.8 
 75. 7 
 ,52. 
 47.3 
 13.9 
 13.4 
 2.0 
 
 Average 
 
 cent of ! tive per- .,,, , - 
 total, eentige """>''<-■■■■ 
 
 Per [ Cumula- 
 eent of I tive per- 
 ietal, eentage. 
 
 Average ' ^'="^ Cumula- 
 imoer, ^^^^j^ eentage. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 30 
 
 1U5 
 
 23J 
 
 409 
 
 472 
 
 3,077 
 
 1 , 290 
 
 2,836 
 
 193 
 
 4,S8 
 
 40 
 
 209 
 
 36 
 
 ('; 
 (') 
 0,2 
 0.3 
 1.1 
 2.4 
 4.3 
 5.0 
 32. 6 
 13.7 
 30.1 
 2.1 
 5,2 
 0.4 
 2. 2 
 
 o'.i 
 
 100.0 
 99.9 
 99.9 
 99.9 
 99.8 
 99.6 
 98.4 
 96.0 
 91.7 
 S6.7 
 .54.1 
 40.4 
 10.3 
 8.2 
 3.0 
 2.6 
 0.4 
 
 1 13, .503 
 
 100. 
 
 1 ! 
 
 
 , 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 16 
 
 160 
 
 327 
 
 77 
 
 1,360 
 
 935 
 
 6, .529 
 
 606 
 
 1,.541 
 
 264 
 
 1,488 1 
 
 186 
 
 0.1 
 
 (') 
 
 0,1 
 1.2 
 2.4 
 0.6 
 
 10.1 
 6.9 
 
 48.3 
 4.5 
 
 11.4 
 2.0 
 
 11.0 
 1.4 
 
 100. 
 99.9 
 99.9 
 99.9 
 99.9 
 99.8 
 98.6 
 96.2 
 95.6 
 85.5 
 78.6 
 30.3 
 25. 8 
 14.4 
 12.4 
 1.4 
 
 3 
 
 22 
 
 13 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 36 
 
 14 
 
 64 
 
 86 
 
 1,184 
 
 625 
 
 1,831 
 
 12 
 
 277 
 
 4S 
 
 Per Cumula- 
 cent of tive per- 
 total. eentage. 
 
 0} 
 
 0.1 
 0.5 
 0.3 
 0.2 
 0.2 
 0.9 
 0.3 
 1.5 
 2.0 
 28.0 
 14.8 
 43.2 
 0.3 
 6.6 
 1.1 
 
 100.0 
 99.9 
 99.9 
 99.9 
 99.4 
 99.1 
 98.9 
 98.7 
 97.8 
 97.5 
 96.0 
 94.0 
 66.0 
 51.2 
 8.0 
 7.7 
 1.1 
 
 RATE PER DAY 
 (DOLLARS). 
 
 Less than 0.50. 
 0..50 toO.74 .... 
 
 0.75 to 0.99 
 
 1.00 to 1.24 .... 
 1.25 to 1.49 .... 
 1.. 50 to 1.74 .... 
 1.75 to 1.99 .... 
 
 2.00 to 2.24 
 
 2.25 to 2.49 
 
 2.50 to 2.74 
 
 2.75 to 2.99 
 
 3.00 to 3.24 
 
 3.25 to 3.49 
 
 3..50to3.74 
 
 3.75 to 3.99 
 
 4.00 to 4.24 
 
 4.25 and over.. 
 
 MONTA.NA. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 20 
 
 436 
 
 29 
 
 1,.816 
 
 46 
 
 337 
 70 
 
 Per 
 
 cent of 
 total. 
 
 0.1 
 
 0.7 
 
 15.8 
 1.1 
 
 6.5.8 
 1.7 
 
 12.2 
 2.6 
 
 Cumula- 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 00.0 
 99.9 
 99.9 
 99.9 
 99.9 
 99.9 
 99.9 
 99.2 
 99.2 
 ,83.4 
 82.3 
 16.5 
 14.8 
 2.6 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 1,649 
 
 65 
 16 
 14 
 2 
 46 
 76 
 
 641 
 67 
 
 217 
 8 
 
 418 
 85 
 
 Per 
 cent of 
 total. 
 
 Cumula- 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 SOUTH DAKOTA, 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 3, 436 
 
 100.0 
 99.9 
 99.9 
 99, 8 
 99,7 
 99, 7 
 95, 8 
 
 Per 
 cent of 
 total. 
 
 Cumula- 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 ALL OTHER STATES AND 
 TERRITORIES, 
 
 Average eent of I five'Der" ' ^™™Se 
 number, rt'al ; centlge ' "'"^ber. 
 
 4,285 ■ 100,0 
 
 10 
 
 0,3 
 
 94,8 
 94,0 
 93,9 
 91,1 
 86,5 
 47.6 
 44.1 
 30,9 
 30.4 
 6,1 
 
 18 
 
 1 
 
 242 
 
 4 
 
 1,064 
 
 8 
 
 1,8.52 
 
 6 
 
 145 
 
 86 
 
 0.5 
 
 0) 
 7.1 
 0.1 
 
 31.0 
 0.2 
 
 .53.9 
 0.2 
 4.2 
 2.5 
 
 99.7 
 99.2 
 99.2 
 92 
 92. 
 61. 
 60. 
 6. 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 163 
 
 238 
 
 1,121 
 
 936 
 
 1,297 
 
 140 
 
 274 
 
 36 
 
 59 
 
 0,2 
 
 0,1 
 
 (■) 
 
 0,1 
 
 3.6 
 
 5.6 
 
 26.2 
 
 21.8 
 
 30.3 
 
 3.3 
 
 6,4 
 
 8 
 
 1,4 
 
 0,2 
 
 100,0 
 
 99,9 
 
 99,9 
 
 99,9 
 
 99,8 
 
 99.7 
 
 99,7 
 
 99,6 
 
 96,0 
 
 90,4 
 
 64,2 
 
 42.4 
 
 12.1 
 
 8,8 
 
 2,4 
 
 1,6 
 
 0,2 
 
 Per I Cumu la- 
 cent of tive per- 
 total, eentage. 
 
 390 
 479 
 269 
 167 
 147 
 335 
 
 89 
 
 623 
 
 161 
 
 1,134 
 
 91 
 795 
 
 37 
 193 
 
 30 
 
 0,2 
 1,4 
 7,9 
 9,7 
 6,6 
 3,4 
 3,0 
 6.8 
 1.8 
 
 10.6 
 3.3 
 
 23. 1 
 1.8 
 
 16.2 
 0,8 
 3,9 
 0.6 
 
 100.0 
 99.8 
 98.4 
 90.5 
 80.8 
 76.3 
 71.9 
 68.9 
 62.1 
 60.3 
 49.7 
 46.4 
 23. 3 
 21. 5 
 5.3 
 4,5 
 0,6 
 
 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 pereem. 
 
 Of the states for which statistics are presented sep- 
 arately in the abo\-e table, rates were highest in Mon- 
 tana. Practically all of the wage-earners in that state 
 received at least $3 per day, and 82.3 per cent of them 
 were paid $3.50 or over. In the .single group $3.50 
 to $3.74 are included 65.8 per cent of all the wage-earn- 
 ers and a large proportion of these probably received 
 exactly $3.5(» per day. 
 
 In South Dakota, Idaho, and Nevada the rates paid 
 were somewhat less than in Montana, but between 
 the three states there was, on the whole, comparatively 
 
 little difference. At first glance it would seem that 
 of the three states rates were highest in Nevada, for 
 that state shows an exceptionally large proportion of 
 wage-earners at $4 and over. It will be noticed, 
 however, that the proportions at $3 or more and at 
 $3.50 or more are greater in South Dakota and Idaho 
 than in Nevada, while the proportions receiving less 
 than $3 are smaller. Of the wage-earners in South 
 Dakota, 53.9 per cent are imduded in the single group 
 $3.5i» to $3.74, and 31 p(M- cent in the group $3 to 
 $3.24. In Idaho 8(3 per cent are included in three 
 
52U 
 
 ]\[INKS AND QUAKRIP:S. 
 
 consecutive groups, constituting; the ranoe froiii ^y> to 
 $3.74 per day. There was a gTeater divergeiu'e in the 
 wages paid in Nevada, the group including the great- 
 est number of employees lieing that from >:>'> to >t^H.i!4-, 
 and the one including the next largest numl>ei' ))eing 
 that from $4 to *4.2-l-. 
 
 Following the states above mentioned in the oi'dei' of 
 the rates paid come Coloratlo and Arizona. In these 
 two states, also, there was on the whole com]jaratively 
 little difference in wages. In Colorado the range of 
 wage.s for 94.2 per cent of the wage-earuei's was from 
 S'2.50 to S-i.2-4 per day, -48. o per cent l.ieing included 
 in the single grouj) §2 to ¥3.24. In Arizona the wage- 
 earners were distributed in smaller groups over a 
 wider range. Practically all of them (i.iT.l per cent) 
 received between $1..5i} and §4.24 per day. The great- 
 est concentration in Arizona is at §3 to §3.5(.) i)er day, 
 23.7 per cent l)eing included in group $3 to $3.24 and 
 33.4 per cent in group §3.5ii to $3.74. 
 
 Of the states which employed, on the average, more 
 than one thousand wage-earners, California and Utah 
 show the lowest rates. In each of these states the 
 greater part of the wage-earners received between 
 $2.50 and §3.24 per day, the proportion included 
 between those limits being- 7('i.4 per cent f(U' California 
 and 78.3 per cent for Utah. 
 
 It will be noticed that the statistics grouped under 
 "all other states and territoi-ies"' include practically all 
 the returns for wage-earners receiving less than $1.50 
 per daj'. This is due to the inclusion of several 
 Southern states, in which rates of wages were low. 
 Thev reported a comparatively small numl>er of wage- 
 earner.s. The employees at the higher rates included 
 under '"all other states and territories" were prin- 
 cipally in Oregon, New Mexico, and Washington, 
 where rates were approximately the same as in the 
 Western states, for which a separate showing is made 
 in Table 13. 
 
 In addition to regular wage-earners employed by the 
 day or by the task, there is a special class of labor va- 
 riously designated as "leasers," "block lessees," "triV)- 
 uters," "chloriders," etc. Technically, they "lease" 
 from the operator a block in the mine and '■pav"a 
 stipulated royalty, which \-aries with the richness of 
 the ore; in reality all tlie (jre hoistefl is usually delivered 
 to the operator and marketed hy him, or else it is 
 shipped in his name to the sampler or smelter; the 
 operator retains his royalty, or authorizes the ore buyer 
 to withhold the same, and ])ays to the "lessees" their 
 share of the proceeds. In all cases these woi-kers fur- 
 nish tlieii' mvn mine supplies. While resembling in 
 form an (.)rdinai-v mining lease, tins is in substance a 
 contract of employment on a share of the jii'oduct. 
 
 The average niimbei- of miners emplo\('(l on a sliai'e 
 of the ])roduit in I'JifZ was I.L'so, and the total com- 
 
 pensation received by them amounted to §1,452,692, 
 which included the cost of supplies furnished b_y them. 
 This system is in vogue chiefly in Colorado, which re- 
 ported 158 mines worked on shares, with 823 "leaser.s." 
 California liad 27 such mines; Montana, 18; Nevada, 7; 
 Idaho, 3; New Mexico, 3; Arizona, 3; Oregon, 2; and 
 Georgia and North Carolina, 1 each. 
 
 A summary of mines employing this class of labor i.s 
 presented in the table next following. Deep mines are 
 divided into two groups — those worked on shares only 
 and those employing lioth share and wage workers. 
 There were only 2 jilacer mines reported as having both 
 classes of labor; these 2 mines are therefore omitted 
 from the table. The mines worked exclusively on 
 shares were small. The larger mines where this sys- 
 tem was practiced also employed regular wage-earners. 
 
 Table 14. — S/iitiin<(ri/ for niliir.^ trorlnl on :<]ian 
 
 i:i02 
 
 
 DEEP. 
 
 PLACER. 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 Without 
 wage labor. 
 
 With wage 
 labor. 
 
 Without 
 wage la- 
 bor. 
 
 Xumljtr of mines 
 
 NUIDljlT 'tf OWIKTS wiirkiiiK 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Waiii's 
 
 203 
 
 11 
 
 $219,208 
 
 $1,093,176 
 
 $35,555 
 
 1,122 
 
 $1, 375, 843 
 
 $236, 9.59 
 
 $487, 298 
 
 331,, 526 
 
 $3, 513, 849 
 
 $1,236,292 
 
 $223, 479 
 
 $4,973,620 
 
 $15 
 
 $3, .5a5, 2.54 
 
 $17,661 
 
 162 
 
 11 
 
 $19,224 
 
 41 
 
 "'si99,"984" 
 
 $1,193,176 
 
 $26, 435 
 
 675 
 $818,241 
 $197, 693 
 $469, 243 
 ■ 274,368 
 
 $2,, 804,608 
 
 $944, 255 
 
 $158,664 
 
 53, 907,, 527 
 
 $14 
 
 $2,,S.56,369 
 
 $20, 2.58 
 
 18 
 
 
 $9, 120 
 
 447 
 
 86.57, 602 
 
 $39, 266 
 
 $18,065 
 
 57, 1.58 
 
 $709, 241 
 
 8292, 037 
 
 $64,815 
 
 $1,066,093 
 
 $18 
 
 $728, 885 
 
 $4, 499 
 
 $137 
 130 
 
 Sliarf wr.rliers: 
 Nmiilier 
 
 Amoinit pai'l 
 
 Miscellaneous e.x]>enses 
 
 Cost of sup[>lies and materials... 
 <.)re sold and treated, short tons. 
 \'alue of Ijvdlion contents: 
 
 Gold 
 
 $64, 2-55 
 $2, 335 
 $4,880 
 
 $89, 004 
 
 Cither metals 
 
 $223 
 $89,227 
 
 Total gross value 
 
 Average per ton 
 
 
 
 
 $4,895 
 
 
 There are a number of gold and silver mines in which 
 manual labor is performed by the owners, either with 
 or without the a.ssistance of hired help. The total 
 number of owners so employed in producing mines 
 was reported as 1,495 and the number so engaged in 
 mines under devtdopment was 609. There were in all 
 5'.»9 producing mines and 2S1 under development which 
 employed no hired labor at all. It must be borne in 
 mind, however, that the census agents were instructed 
 to omit from their canvass mines where less than 
 two wage-earners M'ere employed. The above numbers, 
 therefore, inclufle (jiily ,such mines as were reached by 
 corresi)ondence and those Mdiich were supposed from 
 prcdiminiiry informaticjn to come within the scope of 
 the ctmvass, but were found upon personal iiKjuirv bv 
 special agents to employ no hired labor. The total 
 number of men engaged in working their own mines 
 withi>ut liired labor, or with but casual h(>lp. must be 
 consitlerably larger than the number reported. 
 
 A summary for mines operated Axithout hired hdxir, 
 as jar as reported, is [iresented in the following table: 
 
GOLD AND .SILVER. 
 
 521 
 
 T.vui.:^ !%. 
 
 '11 iiiiiKirfi Jar iiiiiif.s (ipiTdti'd iriUioid Jiifci! Itihiir: Jf'fJJ. 
 
 Number of mines 
 
 Number of uwnerH wnrkiiiK 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses, total 
 
 Rent unci royalties 
 
 Mines and mineral hunls 
 
 Water 
 
 Other 
 
 Other miscellaneous expensi'-: 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 Ore sold or treated, short tons 
 
 A veraf,'!.' ]>er deep mine 
 
 Total gross value 
 
 Average per ton 
 
 Treatment charges and freight 
 
 Value of product at mine j $4S2, sr.s 
 
 Average per mine 
 
 Totiil. 
 
 riacer. 
 39fi 
 
 asia 
 
 l.lC.a 
 
 774 
 
 *1,6S5 
 
 
 931,09-1 
 
 $W,!inl 
 
 *2B, Ofl- 
 
 S1.1, 10(1 
 
 tlS,9li(i 
 
 88,312 
 
 $2, 53li 
 
 S2, 317 
 
 S-I,ri55 
 
 S4,471 
 
 So, 037 
 
 »3,4.'i7 
 
 S-11,7-IS 
 
 S21,24H 
 
 il, 332 
 
 
 -IC, 
 352S, I'Ji; 
 
 
 *293, 17i; 
 
 SJf) 
 
 
 S-l.''), 92,H 
 
 m , 4U7 
 
 $4S2, SC.S 
 
 S291, 7811 
 
 ssoe 
 
 8737 
 
 Deep. 
 
 203 
 391 
 
 Sl.ilWi 
 »12,r.37 
 Sio, 9r>7 
 Sio,i;.''ii 
 
 8219 
 
 J.S4 
 
 81 , hm 
 
 820,497 
 
 9, 332 
 
 Hi 
 
 82:15,320 
 
 82,1 
 
 $44,r,21 
 
 8190, 799 
 
 8940 
 
 The averao-e output per mine, a.s .■<ho\vn in the [ne- 
 ceding tahh', wa.s .'ess than one thousand dolhvrs; the 
 outjiut of ore in r.n averag-e deep mine operated with- 
 out hired lahor was 46 ton.s, and there were about two 
 owners worlving in an average mine. It is evident that 
 the worlv did not oceupy the entire time of the owners. 
 This must l)e borne in mind if it is desired to mal-ce 
 eomparisons with other mines. Ore liringing §i{,5 per 
 ton is con.sidered a higli-gi'ade product. 
 
 Tire mines at which owner.s were reported to be doing 
 manual labor include cooperative mines, the number of 
 which was 25. Of this number there were 11 mines 
 each of which reported less than five men employed. 
 
 The terra "cooperative" as applied to such mines is 
 somewhat vague. A "cooperative as.sociation'' consist- 
 ing of from two to four men, often working by turns 
 and devoting to the work only .such time as can be 
 spared from other occupations, i.s not easily distinguished 
 from an ordinary partnership. If 5 members be consid- 
 ered the minimum for a cooperative association, there 
 were 14 such associations, with 171 working members: 
 in addition to these, 1 man was hired for wages. C)f 
 these associations, 1 with 12 working members was incor- 
 porated, with a capital stock of $60,000, and upon this 
 capital a dividend of 6 per cent was paid. This mine 
 is also included among those owned by incorporated 
 companies. The greatest number of men reported by 
 a single association was 23. Twelve associations, with 
 a combined membership of 136 men, were engaged 
 in placer mining, and 2 with 3.5 men were operating 
 deep mines. The membership of these associations 
 included 101 Chinese and'70 persons of all other nation- 
 alities. The Chinese were working exclusively in placer 
 mines. There were in all S associations composed 
 exclusively of Chinese, with a total member.ship of 95 
 men; the greatest number reported by any Chinese as- 
 sociation was 16. There were 5 associations, with a 
 total membership of 6S men, composed of other nation- 
 alities and 1 with a mixed membership. 
 
 The total output of all cooperative associations was 
 valued at the mine at $112,313, averaging §6,594 per 
 mine. The mines are grouped ))y the value of pro- 
 duction , as follows : One with an output of le.ss than §500 ; 
 3 with an output exceeding $5(>0 but less than |;i,<»i)0; 
 7 with an output exceeding $1,0(»0 but less than i};i(i,0()((; 
 and 2 with an output exceeding §10,000 but less than 
 $oO,0<"'<*- 
 
 Vdiili'iicl inifk.-- An amount of cimtract woi-k in and 
 about the mines was (hnie liy in(li\'iduals, firms, and 
 companies making a specialty of certain (dasses of work. 
 The total amount paid for contract work was $2,16,S,,S61, 
 of which $1,542,771 was paid at mines when; dc'V(dop- 
 ment work alone was prosecuted, and $626,090 at pro- 
 ducing mines. The latter amount was nearly all ex- 
 pended in (le\'elo])ment work, such as tiuineling, shaft 
 sinking, ilrifting, I'unning levels and winzes, etc. Min- 
 ing jji'oper (stoj)ing) was only in two cases reported a,s 
 being doiK! Ijy contract along with dex'elopment work, 
 the total expenditur<> for contract work in these two cases 
 amounting to $46,)S,S,S, I'umping was reported in two 
 cases only, the total amount being insignificant. In a 
 few cases cutting and hauling of wf)od and timlx'r, 
 roadmaking, and Ijuilding and cleaning of ditches wer(; 
 reported, the total expense amounting to $15,414. 
 
 The number of men employed on contract work could 
 .not always be stated accurately liy mine operators, for 
 the reason that they had no direct control over the 
 men employed by the contractors. Very frequently 
 the number of men to be furnished by the contractor 
 was .-.tipulated in the contract. .Still the time consumed 
 by them in doing the work was in most cases not 
 stated; therefore the number of men could not be re- 
 duced to an annual average basis of 30i) working daj's, 
 and duplications could not be avoided. The same men 
 working in a mining camp on a number of mines suc- 
 cessively were reported by several operators. The 
 total numlier reported for producing mines was 980 
 men, whereas in mines reporting development work 
 only, the num])er of men emploj-ed by contractors 
 aggregated as many as 5,649. The number of men re- 
 ported in each (dass of mines shows an extreme dispro- 
 portion to the amounts ]:)aid for contract work. It is 
 apparent that in some cases the numlier of men must 
 have been underestimated, whereas in others there were 
 probably many duplications. 
 
 The several (dasses of labor presented under the head 
 of ''employees and wages"' and "contract work"' com- 
 prise an average of 47,9t(5 regular wage-earners, l,2,sO 
 workers for a share of the product, 2,104 owners doing 
 manual labor, and 6.629 men emploj-ed bj^ contractors. 
 In addition to these, 5,135 prospectors reported 5,519 
 mining claims, upon which, in compliance with the min- 
 ing laws, the sum of $551,900 ought to have been ex- 
 pended in assessment work. Considering that many 
 mines were operated only at certain seasons and that 
 during a portion of the year the miners had to employ 
 their tinu^ in other industries, it ma}' be conservatively 
 estimated that from 50,0((0 to 6(),00(i men found em- 
 ployment in gold and silver mining. 
 
 T'nm: III iijirrafiini. — Tables !(), 17, IS, 19, and 20 
 present a classihcation of producing mines by the num- 
 ber of days in operation, number of shifts employed 
 per day, and nund)er of hours per shift, and a like 
 classihcation of all mills whenever separately reported. 
 
 For a number of the mills combined with mines 
 only one report was made for l)oth mill and mine, in 
 which c!>se the report was included with the number of 
 mills. There were, as stated on a preceding page, 599 
 
522 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 mines in which no hii'cd liihor was employed, nut iii- 
 chiding 162 mines wliei-e all miners were woriviny on a 
 share of the produrt, and 2,393 mines and mills witli 
 regular wage-earners. Many of the two former classes 
 failed to report the numhi'rof days and hours in opcra- 
 tit)n. The number of mines repoi'ting the days in op- 
 eration was 2,525, and the number reporting the hours 
 in operation was 2,4:ii4. The total nnnd>er of mines 
 shown in Taltles IS and 19 includes a duplication of 3-1 
 mines which reported different hours for various classes 
 of emplovees. All other mines reported the same hours 
 for all employees. 
 
 Table 16. — Xumber nf iniiifx, fUtssificd according to tiiuiibci' iij diu/x 
 in opcrdthiii. III! slides and territories: 1902. 
 
 STATE OR TERRI- 
 TORY. 
 
 United Slate 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Arizona 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 California 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Montana 
 
 Nevada 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Oregon 
 
 South Carolina . 
 South Dakota .. 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Texas 
 
 Utah 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Washington 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 Total 
 num- 
 ber 
 report- 
 ing. 
 
 30 I 31 
 and, to 
 
 91 121 151 
 to to to 
 
 less 60. 90. 120. 1.50. 180. 
 
 2,. 525 96 211 218 
 
 253 1201 197 
 
 67 
 1 
 
 812 
 
 648 
 
 43 
 
 20i; 
 
 1 
 
 175 
 
 74 
 
 .H2 
 
 13 
 
 240 
 
 3 
 
 38 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 "; 
 
 27 
 4 
 
 1 . 
 1 
 
 36 . 69 
 
 19 ' BO 
 
 4 6 
 
 9 21 
 
 1 4 
 6 12 
 
 181 ' 211 
 
 to : to 
 
 8 3 ' 6 1 3 
 
 62 I 64 I 68 
 
 53 I 35 34 
 
 5 I 3 7 
 
 21 ■ 13 ' 13 
 
 29 50 
 38 I 32 
 
 1 I.... 
 10 ' 4 
 
 19 
 
 100 
 
 145 
 
 1 
 
 34 
 
 19 
 15 
 
 T.\BLE 17. — yiiinher nf iiiillx, cla.i.Hifipd arcordin;/ lo nnndicr of days in 
 (iiicralinn, lii; slates and lerrilories: IHOJ. 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 I'AYS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 STATK nii TKKKI- 
 TOKV. 
 
 ber 
 report- 
 ing. 
 
 30 
 and 
 
 less 
 
 81 
 
 1 
 6 
 
 42 
 4 
 2 
 
 12 
 ■' 
 
 31 
 to 
 60. 
 
 76 
 
 61 
 to 
 90. 
 
 40 
 
 91 
 to 
 120. 
 
 36 
 
 121 
 to 
 1.50. 
 
 31 
 
 151 
 to 
 180. 
 
 23 
 
 181 
 to 
 210. 
 
 17 
 
 211 
 to 
 240. 
 
 13 
 
 241 
 to 
 270. 
 
 24 
 
 271 
 to 
 300. 
 
 34 
 
 301 
 to 
 330. 
 
 17 
 
 331 
 
 to 
 366. 
 
 United States. 
 
 482 
 
 1 
 29 
 235 
 71 
 in 
 
 9U 
 
 
 6 
 
 38 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 21 
 
 1 
 4 
 
 "19' 
 4 
 2 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 19 
 
 4 
 
 "3" 
 
 2 
 
 is' 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 "3' 
 1 
 
 1 
 6 
 3 
 
 1 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 'io 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 6 
 1 
 6 
 
 "i 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 .... 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 
 44 
 
 Colorado 
 
 23 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 24 ,1 3 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 "4' 
 
 5 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 2 ,.... 
 
 
 1 
 6 
 1 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 .... 
 
 2 1 1 
 
 4 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 ■) 
 
 Utah 
 
 17 
 
 1 ■' 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 ] 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 .... 
 
 
 Washington 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 T.VBLE 18. — Xniidicr nf mines and niilts in tiie Vniled Stales, elassified 
 according io nnndiee <;/' n-ni-l:ing sliifts per daii, and ninnlu'r nf lionrs 
 jier shift: 1902. 
 
 
 Total 
 report- 
 ing. 
 
 MI.NF.S. 
 
 :\rrr.i..s. 
 
 HOUKS IN OFERA- 
 TIOX. 
 
 Run- 
 ning 1 
 shiit. 
 
 1,767 
 
 Run- 
 ning2 
 
 shifts. 
 
 621 
 
 Run- 
 nings 
 shifts. 
 
 Total 
 report- 
 ing. 
 
 "479" 
 
 Run- Run- Run- 
 ning 1 ning2 ning3 
 shift. 1 shifts. 'Shifts. 
 
 United States . 
 
 2.528 
 
 140 
 
 166 
 
 276 
 
 37 
 
 
 13 
 
 929 
 
 362 
 
 1,099 
 
 
 
 116 
 
 13 
 
 ,589 
 
 270 
 
 1 ,872 
 
 3 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 200 
 92 
 
 227 
 6 
 96 
 
 140 
 
 60 
 15 
 69 
 4 
 331 
 
 10 
 
 n 
 
 .58 
 
 is i 37 
 
 
 4 ' 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 '> ■> 
 
 
 8.5 1 246 
 
 
 
 
 
 T.\Bi,E 1!>.— XTMBKI; (IF --MIXES, CL.\SSIFIKr) AtX'OKDIXtT TO NUMBER (IF W(iKKIN(; SHIFTS PER ll.\Y, .\Mi Xr:MBER 
 
 OF IKJURS PER SHIFT, P,Y STATES AXD TERRITORIES: 1902. 
 
 
 Total 
 
 re- 
 [tort- 
 ing. 
 
 
 RCNNIXG 1 SHIFT. 
 
 
 
 
 RUNNING 2 SHIFTS. 
 
 
 
 
 RUNNING 3 SHIFTS. 
 
 
 
 STATE OR TEHR[- 
 TORV. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Less 
 than 
 
 8 
 hours 
 
 8 
 hfinrs 
 
 9 
 hours 
 
 270 
 
 10 
 hours 
 
 872 
 
 2 
 
 28 
 
 1 
 
 365 
 
 :!2 
 
 .-in 
 
 91 
 
 1 
 
 31 
 
 36 
 
 H 
 
 176 
 
 1 
 
 -^ 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 hours 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 hours 
 
 20 
 
 Tolal. 
 
 612 
 
 1 
 20 
 
 Less 
 than 
 
 8 
 hours 
 
 hours 
 200 
 
 9 
 hours 
 
 10 
 liours 
 
 11 
 
 hours 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 hours 
 
 Total. 
 
 Less 
 than 8 
 
 H hours 
 hiairs 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 hours 
 
 10 
 hours 
 
 11 
 hours 
 
 12 
 hours 
 
 
 2, 528 
 
 1,767 
 
 o 
 
 45 
 
 1 
 
 .571 
 
 461 
 
 31 
 
 140 
 
 1 
 
 111 
 
 46 
 
 68 
 
 9 
 
 203 
 
 1 
 
 26 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 34 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 589 
 
 \ 
 
 92 
 
 227 
 
 96 
 
 140 
 
 
 
 140 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Alabama 
 
 3 
 
 70 
 
 1 
 
 812 
 
 6.59 
 
 37 
 
 203 
 
 1 
 
 174 
 
 74 
 
 82 
 
 12 
 
 246 
 
 3 
 
 39 
 
 1 
 82 
 
 4 
 19 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 62 
 360 
 
 V.'.l 
 65 
 
 1 
 ...... 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 ----,5' 
 
 191 
 
 174 
 
 6 
 
 55 
 
 
 8 
 114 
 
 21 
 41 
 
 118 
 12 
 
 
 41 
 4 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 50 
 24 
 
 
 
 50 
 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Georgia 
 
 
 
 Idaho 
 
 - 
 
 31 
 
 10 
 
 
 4, 6 
 
 29 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 77 
 15 
 8 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 23 
 13 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 r. 
 3 
 
 ■4 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 ' 
 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 5 
 
 1 
 3 
 6 
 
 i'.'.'.V. 
 
 20 
 5 
 1 
 3 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 37 
 11 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 Tennessee. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Utah 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 ;i4 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 
 31 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 1 
 7 
 
 
 
 1 '■' 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 :::::: "2 :;::: 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ■■i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 ii 
 
 
 
GOLD AND SILVER. 
 
 523 
 
 Table 20.— NUMBER OF MILLS, CLASSIFIED ACCORDIN(; TO NUMBER OF WORKINO SHIFTS PER DAY, AND NUMBER 
 
 OF HOURS PER SHIFT, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1902. 
 
 
 Total 
 re- 
 port- 
 ing. 
 
 RUNNI.NU 1 SHIET. 
 
 
 
 RUNNING 
 
 2 SHIFTS. 
 
 J , 111 
 
 iirs hours 
 
 11 
 hours 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 hours 
 
 .240 
 
 
 RONNIM; 3 SHIFTS. 
 
 
 STATE OR TERRI- 
 TORY. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Les.s 
 tlian 
 
 8 
 hours 
 
 hours 
 
 9 
 hours 
 
 10 
 liours 
 
 .58 
 
 11 
 hours 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 liours 
 
 8.5 
 
 Total. 
 27(1 
 
 Less 
 
 than 
 
 s 
 hours 
 
 ,s 
 linurs 
 
 13 
 
 hi 
 
 Total. 
 37 
 
 Less 
 than 
 
 8 
 hours 
 
 8 
 hours 
 
 9 
 hours 
 
 10 
 hours 
 
 11 
 hours 
 
 12 
 Injurs 
 
 
 479 
 
 166 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 
 37 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 28 
 285 
 72 
 
 9 
 J4 
 
 9 
 24 
 18 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 10 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 17 
 91 
 11 
 3 
 1.5 
 1 
 5 
 10 
 1 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 5 
 32 
 2 
 2 
 8 
 
 
 1 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Arizona 
 
 
 
 1 
 5 
 1 
 
 ...... 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 lU 
 132 
 
 29 
 1 
 
 17 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 lU 
 
 120 
 
 49 
 
 5 
 
 28 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 9 
 
 
 1 
 12 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 4 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 ('oh.niilo 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Idaliii 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Molilalia 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 7 
 2 
 
 
 ""'1 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 3 
 1 
 
 ' i 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 
 1 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .South Carolina . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 6 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 " 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 Utah 
 
 5 
 1 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 Virginia 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Washington 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Siijyilies (ind materially and miscellaneovs escpenses. — 
 The general term "materials" has scarcely any appli- 
 cation to mining. The "material" operated upon in a 
 mine is the rock underground or the gold l:)earing 
 gravel. The inquii'y calling for "total cost of supplies 
 and materials of all kinds used during the year" at the 
 mine contained the following explanatory note: 
 
 "The cost of the following materials should here- 
 ported under this inquiry: Lumber and timber used 
 for repairs, mine supports, track ties, cars, and for all 
 other purposes; iron and steel for blacksmithing: rails, 
 frogs, sleepers, etc., for tracks and repairs; parts t)f 
 machinery and tools used for renewals and repairs; 
 explosives, water for boilers and for other purposes; 
 fuel, illuminating and lubricating oils, machinery sup- 
 plies, etc." 
 
 All the items hei'e enumerated come strictly under 
 the definition of "supplies." The "material" treated 
 at the mills is the ore which comes from the mine. It 
 is not customary in mining bookkeeping to charge the 
 mill with the value of the ore brought from the mine. 
 In the schedule relating to " reduction works, other 
 than smelters," there were two separate inquiries, one 
 relating to "materials," another to "supplies." The 
 former called for a statement of the "character of ma- 
 terials used, whether ore, tailings, or other materials." 
 and was confined to "materials bought in l'..)()2." The 
 amount reported in answer to this inquiry is not in- 
 cluded in the cost of "supplies and materials" but is 
 given elsewhere as a separate item. 
 
 The explanatory note to the inquiry relating to mill 
 "supplies" enumerated: "Shoes, dies, screens, plates, 
 and other parts of machineiy and tools used for re- 
 newals and repairs; (jnicksilver. cyanide of potassium, 
 lumber, iron, steel, oil, fuel, water, etc." 
 
 The total cost of "supplies and materials," as herein 
 defined, was reported as 121,774,846, distributed as 
 follows: Producing mines, deep, |il.5,9()S,782; placer, 
 $790,986; developing mines, 1.5,075,077. 
 
 The item, "miscellaneous expenses," includes rent 
 and roviilties of all descriptions, " taxes, insurance, in- 
 terest, advertising, office supplies, law expenses, injuries 
 and damages, telegraph and telephone service, gas, and 
 all other sundries not re^Dorted elsewhere." 
 
 The total amount of miscellaneous expenses of pro- 
 
 ducing mines was f.i 
 
 (",529, of which $1, -419, 155 was 
 
 reported as rents and royalties of all descriptions for 
 mines, and $3,93S,;:]74 for all other mine expenses and 
 miscellaneous mill expenses; the latter item includes 
 the sum of $4,244 paid by custom mills as I'oyalties for 
 the pi'ivilege of reworking old tailings. 
 
 The miscellaneous expenses of developing mines ag- 
 gregated $1,017,356, of which rents and rovalties of all 
 descriptions amounted toonly $71,131. That theamount 
 of rents and royalties paid by this class of mines was so 
 insignificant is in harmonj- with the character of the 
 mines, royalties and rents being as a rule proportionate 
 to the returns of the mine. "Where the mine is not pro- 
 ducing, the labor and expense incurred by the operator 
 in developing the mine are a part consideration for the 
 privilege of working the same. 
 
 Of the items making up the total royalties ($71,131). 
 the principal expense ($41,916) was for the use of 
 water, and the next largest sum ($16,153) was ex- 
 pended for electric power; other power (air. steam, 
 etc.), cost $2,406; the rents of mines and mineral hinds 
 amounted to $4,528; expenditures on plant and im- 
 provements were $3,572; for tunnel privileges, $843: 
 and rent of office and miscellaneous rents, $1,713. 
 
524 
 
 M1NE8 AND QUARRIES. 
 
 The following- is a statement of rents and royalties 
 paid by producing mines: 
 
 Total . 
 
 Mines and mineral lamls . 
 Plant and improvemenls. . 
 
 Tunnel privileges 
 
 Water rent 
 
 Electric power 
 
 Air and steam power 
 
 Miscellaneons rents 
 
 Jl,4i9,isr, 
 
 1 9;i, Ti'i 
 M,7'21 
 
 287,11111 
 
 215/ OJ 
 
 2, 111 
 
 68, 857 
 
 Deep. 
 
 Placer. 
 
 1 , 273, 38S 
 
 S115, 7C7 
 
 (149, 51)5 
 
 46, 807 
 
 .SO, 511 
 
 4,177 
 
 i;l,2.".7 
 
 ^,') 
 
 2 t;i, :iH) 
 
 4:1,664 
 
 ii'i.'i.'.iii; 
 
 4y,-880 
 
 ■' 111 
 
 
 ii7,(;i'.i 
 
 1,208 
 
 The greater part of the royalties paid for the use of 
 the mines and mineral lands, §50(l,.5.5n, was reported 
 from Colorado; the amount reported l)y all other states 
 was only $195,822. Koyalties for tunntd privileges 
 were reported as follows: Colorado, ^-t'j.H.^-i: Ne\'ada. 
 $12,482; Utah, $T,2t;fi; all other states, is5S0. The most 
 of the paj'ments for water rents, $210. (Jil, was r(>poi\ed 
 from California; the next largest sum, §4(i.7i)7, \\as re- 
 ported from Colorado, while all other states aggregated 
 $3.5,662. The amount e.xpended for rent of (deetric 
 power was $215,802, of which $12s,(iT7 was reported 
 from California and $87,725 from Colorado. Th(^ rent 
 of other power was exceptional. 
 
 The royalties do not include those charged to so-called 
 " block lessees," " tributers,"' etc., who made no reports 
 to the census. A\^here the mine was worked iiy regular 
 wage-earners as well as bj' trilniters the amount cliarged 
 against the latter as roj'alties could not be segregated. 
 But where this was the onU class of labor employed in 
 mining the amount charged as roj-alties can be ascer- 
 tained by deducting the amount paid to the lessees from 
 the total value realized for the ore at the mine. 
 
 Mineral laii(h. — The primary distinction between 
 
 mining and manufacturing is that in the latter only 
 capital and labor are factors, while in the former industry 
 there are three factors of production, viz, land, capital, 
 and labor. The present census of mines and (piarries 
 is the fir.st in whicli the scope of the inipiiry has in some 
 branches been extended to the ownershii) of mineral 
 lands. Though the special schedule providing for gold, 
 silver, lead, and copi>er mines confined itself to mineral 
 lands, it is probable that in some cases the reports 
 included lands of all descriptions, such as timbering 
 lands, building lots, etc. 
 
 The acreag(> of mineral lands was reportefl for 5,845 
 mines, viz: Producing, deep. 1,'..»1P); producing, placer, 
 84<i; mines in the development stage, :>, 0^6. No report 
 of acreage was made for 178 producing, and for 166 
 developing, mines; the.se constituted 5.5 jjcrcent of the 
 total. Thi' area rei)orted ))y producing mines was 
 406,001) acres, of which 21'.l,;-i4'.> acres belonged to deep 
 mines and IS6,660 acr(>s to placers: 653,001 acres were 
 reported by mines under development. This shows 
 that the area held for development exceeds by more 
 than one-half th(^ acreag(> of producing mines. 
 
 The leasing of mineral lands had only a sub(jrdinate 
 part in gold and silver mining. The total area rented was 
 58,807 acres, 33,259 acres by operators f)f jiroducing 
 mines and 25,548 acres for development. The total ro}-- 
 alties paid for the use of mineral lands amounted to 
 $696,372, of which $46,807 was paid on placers and 
 $649,565 for deep mines. In Table 21 all mines report- 
 ing acreage are arranged b}' the area owned and leased, 
 by the character of mine, and bv states and territories. 
 The numbi'r of niini\s contains a duplication of (i8 mines 
 which were located on land ]>artly owned and partly 
 leased. 
 
 Tablk 131.— CL.VSSIFIC.VrKjX ()l<^ MIXES aCOOKDIXi; To ACRE.Vi;K, P,Y ST.VTES .VXD TKKRITORIKS; VMi 
 
 producing mines: 
 Deep — 
 
 Land owned- 
 Total 
 
 20 acres or less 
 
 21 to 99 acres 
 
 100 to 999 acres 
 
 1,000 acres and over. . 
 
 Land leased — 
 
 Total 
 
 20 acres or less 
 
 21 to 99 acres 
 
 100 to 999 acres 
 
 Placer — 
 
 Land owned — 
 
 Total 
 
 20 arri'S lir less . 
 
 21 to 99 acres... 
 100 to \f.n acres. 
 ],OUOa<Tes and ( 
 
 Land leased — 
 
 Total 
 
 20 atT''s or loss . 
 
 21 lo :).l aiavs... 
 100 I'i 9:1:1 aeros. 
 1,01111 aeros and . 
 
 Develoriment work withoiil jai 
 Owned and joascd — 
 
 Total 
 
 20 acros or li'ss 
 
 21 loir.) a errs 
 
 100 to 9:19 acres 
 
 1,0110 arn-^ and over 
 
 10,111111 lo :i:i,:i:i:i acre. 
 
 111(1,(1110 aiTivs and o\ 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 A 1. A HA .MA. 
 
 ARKANSAS 
 
 Aj.lEOR.NIA. 
 
 Nnm- 
 ber of 
 mines 
 report- 
 ing. 
 
 495 
 
 568 
 
 469 
 
 29 
 
 264 
 111 
 29 
 
 196 
 273 
 286 
 'XI 
 
 Acreage. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 205, 384 100.0 
 
 3.5 
 14.3 
 55. 4 
 26.8 
 
 7,263 
 
 29,2«6 
 
 113,732 
 
 ,55,104 
 
 Csl 
 1,(176 
 1,277 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 mines 
 report- 
 ing. 
 
 13,965 ! 100.0 l| 
 
 23.2 |i. 
 
 36.3 . 
 40.5 j 
 
 3,235 
 5, 071 
 5,6.59 
 
 167,366 
 
 3,494 
 14,519 
 SI,:B8 
 67, 985 
 
 19,294 
 
 1 
 
 ^11 
 
 s 
 'J 
 
 iv.iy 
 
 (.;.');i 
 
 0(1] 
 
 ")',) 
 
 Sfi.S 
 
 lOl 
 
 ss 
 1 (n.) 
 
 ]r,i 
 t)i)() 
 
 8.7 
 
 48. 6 
 10.6 
 
 1(10.0 
 1.2 
 
 1. I 
 9.2 
 15. 1 
 
 Acre- 
 age. 
 
 4U0 
 1,400 
 
 Num- 
 
 
 Num- 
 
 ber of 
 
 
 ber of 
 
 
 ago. 
 
 
 report- 
 
 report- 
 
 ing. 
 
 
 my. 
 
 
 10, 765 
 
 6 ■ 106 
 25 ; 1,4,52 
 36 9,208 
 
 40 
 
 5:6 ' 
 
 Acre- 
 age. 
 
 I 
 
 Nmn 
 ber ^if 
 
 mines 
 report- 
 ing. 
 
 139 
 135 
 122 
 
 I 
 
 1:19 
 165 
 147 
 16 
 
 102 
 112 
 U 
 
 .\cre 
 age. 
 
 48, :i 53 
 
 2, .571 
 
 7,491 
 
 26, .539 
 
 11,752 
 
 1 . 572 
 
 252 
 420 
 900 
 
 S;l, 834 
 
 2, -183 
 8,717 
 
 41,042 
 31 , 592 
 
 10, 713 
 
 141 
 
 558 
 
 3, 737 
 
 7l,l:is 
 
 1,710 
 
 5, Kin 
 
 ;59,517 
 
 26, 990 
 
 100,000 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 mines 
 report- 
 ing. 
 
 232 
 211 
 
 85 
 
 249 
 
 LSO 
 
 Acre- 
 age. 
 
 40, 301 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 mines 
 report- 
 ing. 
 
 2,489 
 9, 391 
 19., Sin 
 8, 620 
 
 1,719 
 2,:.!(i8 
 1,691 
 
 9,.8:w 
 i;(.i 
 
 40 
 3,265 
 6,473 
 
 740 
 
 2 
 
 700 
 
 915 
 
 83,461 
 
 401 
 
 4,;?72 
 
 3,511 
 
 16, 382 
 
 i:i7 
 
 30, 877 
 
 6 
 
 11,, 830 
 
 1 
 
 20,0(1(1 
 
 .'Vere- 
 
 age. 
 
 1,160-. 
 
 60 
 
 40 
 
 1 , 660 
 
 60 
 1,55 
 
 1 , 250 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 708 
 
 2 
 
 340 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 320 
 
GOLD AND SILVER. 52.^. 
 
 Table 21.— CLASSIFICATION OK MINKS AC0Oi:l)IX(; TO ACRKA(iK, BY STATKS AND TKRRIT(»RIES: 1902— Con) inuefl. 
 
 
 lOAHd. 
 
 MA in 
 
 Xuiil- 
 bcr (.f 
 mines 
 report- 
 ing. 
 
 L.V.NI). 
 
 Acn - 
 (C^c. 
 
 MO.N- 
 
 ■.\N.\. 
 
 NEV 
 
 Xnm- 
 
 Ijcrof 
 mines 
 report- 
 ing. 
 
 \o.\. 
 
 NI-:\\' .IKKSEV. 
 
 .\KW .ME.Xlro. 
 
 .VOUTU (AKo- 
 
 oi:t 
 
 (;o.v. 
 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 mines 
 report- 
 ing. 
 
 Acre- 
 auc. 
 
 la, 24li 
 SOS 
 
 11 \r,t\ 
 
 Xnm- 
 l.cr of 
 mini's 
 re|.ort- 
 ing. 
 
 ,\.TC- 
 
 agc. 
 
 Ai're- 
 agc. 
 
 N'nm- 
 ber of 
 mines 
 report- 
 ing. 
 
 Acre- 
 age. 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 mines 
 rejiort- 
 ing. 
 
 Acre- 
 age. 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 mines 
 report- 
 ing. 
 
 Acre- 
 age. 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 mines 
 report- 
 ing. 
 
 Acre- 
 age. 
 
 Produfiiig mines: 
 Deep- 
 Land owned— 
 
 Ill 
 
 1(1 
 42 
 ■19 
 
 
 
 
 67 
 
 23 
 
 17 
 
 26 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 1 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 3 
 1 
 3 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 8, 253 
 
 
 1.5, 072 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 1 
 6 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3, .580 
 
 68 
 
 9,. 397 
 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 264 
 
 
 
 
 690 
 
 408 
 
 941 
 
 5, 584 
 
 1 , 320 
 
 308 
 
 123 
 85 
 100 
 
 11,215 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 55 
 
 2, 460 
 
 1 , 0.50 
 
 ■ 643 
 
 8 
 24 
 36 
 
 100 
 
 
 33 1 1,745 
 
 35 1 8,985 
 
 2 3, .560 
 
 41 1,533 
 
 30 .531 
 10 .562 
 4 440 
 
 2.5 ! 1,428 
 20 1 5,780 
 2 7, 600 
 
 15 7S2 
 
 1,367 
 
 lOU to 999 acres 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 7 870 
 
 
 4 1 h 4M 
 
 
 
 
 Land leased— 
 
 15 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 76 
 
 SSI 
 
 199 
 
 5S 
 
 17, ISO 
 
 220 
 1,398 
 10,2152 
 ,5, 300 
 
 1,080 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 120 
 120 
 
 4 
 
 160 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 8 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 108 
 414 
 260 
 
 804 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 40 
 
 21 to 99 ac res 
 
 
 
 
 
 120 
 
 100 til 999 acres 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 643 
 1,106 
 
 
 Placer- 
 Land owned— 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 ""' 
 
 12,868 
 60 
 
 
 
 164 
 
 27, .532 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 26 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 
 3 
 
 60 
 
 1.55 
 
 320 
 
 10,6.S0 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 40 
 
 1,0.53 
 
 27 
 
 68 
 
 65 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 5''6 
 
 21 to 99 acres 
 
 
 
 5 1 34') 
 
 
 
 1 , 26 
 
 4 1 778 
 
 3 631 
 
 100 to 999 acres . 
 
 11 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 4,. 866 
 7, 600 
 
 679 
 
 
 
 17, 035 
 
 1,000 acres and over 
 
 Land leased— 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6, 340 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 3, 231 
 
 1 
 
 1.50 
 
 1,7.53 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 20 
 211 
 
 
 
 3 
 5 
 
 60 
 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 «0 
 1,020 
 
 1 ... 
 
 
 
 
 290 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 679 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1.50 
 
 1,403 
 
 1 000 acres and over 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 146 
 
 3,0110 
 .50,322 
 
 
 Derelopment work without production: 
 Ownt'd and leased— 
 
 Total 
 
 304 
 
 42 
 132 
 125 
 
 44,374 
 
 802 
 
 7, 898 
 
 26,094 
 
 9 nSO 
 
 1 
 
 6.5 
 
 124 
 
 38,384 
 
 73 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 38 
 3 
 
 18, 158 
 
 1 
 
 1,602 
 
 24 
 
 16, 692 
 
 181 
 
 2s, 691 
 
 
 
 20 acres or less 
 
 i' 
 
 la 
 
 33 
 
 577 
 
 249 
 1.213 
 11,2,H7 
 5, 409 
 
 
 
 12 
 58 
 7.5 
 
 1S9 
 
 3,1.58 
 
 14, 790 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 9 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 604 
 
 3.310 
 
 12, 770 
 
 12 
 71 
 96 
 
 211 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 to 999 acres 
 
 51 ! 9,0,S6 
 1 ', 1,660 
 1 25, 000 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1,602 
 
 3,100 
 
 10,000 to 99 999 acres 
 
 
 1 
 
 3'^ 1.S5 
 
 100,000 acres and over 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SDVTH CARO- 
 l.INA. 
 
 SOUT 
 KU 
 
 H DA- 
 TA. 
 
 TENNESSEE. 
 
 TE. 
 
 CA.S. 
 
 T"TAH. 
 
 VIP.rjINIA. 
 
 5VASHINIjT0N. 
 
 5VY<. 
 
 MING. 
 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 mines 
 rept.irt- 
 ing. 
 
 Acre- 
 age. 
 
 Xum- 
 Ijer of 
 mines 
 report- 
 ing. 
 
 Ai-re- 
 agf. 
 
 Xuni- 
 Ijer of 
 mines 
 report- 
 ing. 
 
 .Acre- 
 age. 
 
 Xum- 
 Ijer of 
 mines 
 report- 
 ing. 
 
 Acre- 
 age. 
 
 620 
 
 Xtmi- 
 
 ber of 
 mines 
 report- 
 ing. 
 
 62 
 
 Acre- 
 age. 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 mines 
 rc[Hirt- 
 ing. 
 
 Acre- 
 age. 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 mines 
 report- 
 ing. 
 
 Acre- 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 mines 
 report- 
 ing. 
 
 Acre- 
 age. 
 
 Producing mines: 
 Deep- 
 Land owned- 
 Total 
 
 2 
 
 3, l.W 
 
 32 
 
 12,2.57 
 
 69 
 
 .566 
 
 3. 646 
 
 7,976 
 
 192 
 
 10 
 .55 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 12,711 
 
 47 
 1.933 
 7.472 
 3,2.59 
 
 1, 158 
 
 1 
 
 275 
 
 20 
 5 
 I 
 
 2.2.56 
 
 4 
 
 448 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 25 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 77 
 
 411 
 
 1,768 
 
 
 21 to 99 acres 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 i' 
 
 275 
 
 2 
 
 100 
 318 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 620 
 
 1,000 acres and over 
 
 Land leased— 
 
 Total 
 
 2 3, l-')0 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 133 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 ! ■■ - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 acres or less 
 
 I 1 ' 
 
 4 
 12 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 53 
 661 
 444 
 
 160 
 
 2 
 
 ""i33' 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 ti t 999 acres 
 
 
 127 
 240 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Placer- 
 Land owned — 
 
 Total 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 1 107 
 
 7 
 
 412 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 120 
 240 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 to 999 acres 
 
 
 1 
 
 240 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 160 
 
 1 m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Land leased - 
 Total.. 
 
 20 acres or less 
 
 21 to 99 acres 
 
 100 to 999 acres 
 
 1.009 acres and over 
 
 Develofiment work without production; 
 Owned and leased — 
 
 Total 
 
 Ill I 41,116 
 
 20 acres or less 
 
 21 to 99 acres 
 
 100 to 999 acres 
 
 1,000 acres and over. . . 
 10, 000 to 99, 999 acres... 
 100,000 acres and over. 
 
 4 
 
 55 
 
 30 
 
 1,847 
 
 73 
 
 22, 194 
 
 3 
 
 5, 880 
 
 1 
 
 11,140 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 180 
 
 51 
 
 3, 104 
 
 75 
 
 16, 606 
 
 3 
 
 5, 400 
 
 16, 6U 
 
 1-50 
 2,009 
 8, 4.55 
 6. 000 
 
5 '2 6 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIKS. 
 
 The preceding table shows the concentration of the 
 OAvnership of mineral lands, both in deep and pl«.cer 
 mines. By far the greater part of all mineral lands is 
 held in plots of 1()0 acres or more, representing an 
 aggregation of five or more original locations. This 
 concentration is especially conspicuous in mining prop- 
 erties which are now being developed; four-ninths of 
 all such mineral lands are held by 5^ operators. One 
 mining property in California extends over an area of 
 100,000 acres. 
 
 The correlation between the area of mineral lands 
 and value of production is shown in the following- 
 table : 
 
 Table 32. — Classification of deep and placer mines hy acreage and 
 raliie of j)roduci: 1902. 
 
 Deep and plac- 
 er mines .. . 
 
 20 acres or less 
 
 21 to 99 acres 
 
 100 to 999 acres 
 
 1,000 acres and over. 
 Acreage not reported 
 
 Deep mines .. 
 
 20 acres or less 
 
 21 to 99 acres 
 
 100 to 999 acres 
 
 1,000 acres and over. 
 Acreage not reported 
 
 Placer mines. 
 
 20 acres or less 
 
 21 to 99 acres 
 
 100 to 999 acres 
 
 1,000 acres and over. 
 Acreage not reported 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 mines.! 
 
 2,937 
 
 921 
 963 
 
 808 
 67 
 178 
 
 1,9.59 
 
 716 
 670 
 498 
 29 
 46 
 
 205 
 29.3 
 310 
 38 
 132 
 
 Total. 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 406, 009 
 
 100. 
 
 13, 641 
 49, 602 
 
 208, 772 
 133,991 
 
 3.4 
 12.2 
 .51,4 
 33.0 
 
 219,349 
 
 100.0 
 
 9,989 
 33, 939 
 119,842 
 55, .579 
 
 4.6 
 
 1,5.6 
 54.6 
 25. 3 
 
 186,660 
 
 100.0 
 
 3,655 
 15, 663 
 88, 930 
 78,412 
 
 2.0 
 8.4 
 47.6 
 42.0 
 
 V.4LUE OF PRODUCT AT M1.VI-: 
 
 Total. 
 
 "8,161,089 
 
 7, 476, 142 
 20, 144, 263 
 38, 258, 629 
 10, 335, 376 
 
 1,936,679 
 
 73, 961, .544 
 
 7, 265, 756 
 19,635,727 
 35, 902, 968 
 9,474,168 
 1,682,925 
 
 4,189,545 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 100. 
 
 9.6 
 
 26. 8 
 
 48.9 
 
 ■13.2 
 
 2.5 
 
 100.0 
 
 9.8 
 26.6 
 48.5 
 12.8 
 
 2.3 
 
 100.0 
 
 210, 386 
 .508, 536 
 2, 355, 661 
 861,208 
 253, 754 
 
 5.0 
 12.1 
 66.2 
 20.6 
 
 6.1 
 
 .\verage Avcr- 
 per age per 
 mine. [ acre. 
 
 S26,609 
 
 = S1KS 
 
 8, 117 
 
 20, 918 
 
 47, 3,50 
 
 1.54, 259 
 
 10, 880 
 
 37,7.55 
 
 10,148 
 29, 307 
 72, 094 
 326, 625 
 36, 585 
 
 4,284 
 
 1,026 
 1,736 
 7,599 
 22, 663 
 1 , 922 
 
 518 
 406 
 183 
 77 
 
 727 
 579 
 300 
 170 
 
 ! Exclusive of 55 custom mills. 
 
 ^The product on which this average is computed does not include that fi.tr 
 mines which do not report acreage. 
 
 It appears from the preceding table that the value of 
 the mining product bore no direct relation to the area 
 of mineral lands owned or leased. The average pro- 
 duction per acre decreased as the area increased; the 
 three owners of the largest acreage were among the 
 smallest producers. It is probable that while the 
 smaller properties were under active operation the 
 larger were awaiting development. Still the value of 
 the average pi-odnction per mine increased with the 
 increased ownership of mineral lands, though not in 
 the same ratio. 
 
 The following table shows in parallel columns the 
 royalties paid and the value of product of deep mines 
 operated on leased land cm\y. It covers 10,872 acres, 
 i. e., 78 per cent of all lands leased by deep mines. 
 Operators, 55 in munber, who owned mineral lands in 
 adflition to the lands leased are omitted. 
 
 T.vur.E 23. — Value of prailuct and royallies of deep mines operaling 
 an leased land ordy: 190il. 
 
 STATK OR TERKITORY. 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 mines. 
 
 United States - 
 
 < 'aliffjruia 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Montana 
 
 Nevada 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 South Dakota 
 
 Utah 
 
 AW other states and territories^. 
 
 30 
 193 
 
 5 
 14 
 40 
 
 5 
 11 
 
 3 
 16 
 10 
 
 Value of 
 
 product at 
 
 mine. 
 
 S3, 240, 986 
 
 188, .547 
 
 , 190, 840 
 
 6,099 
 
 43, 906 
 389,445 
 126, 205 
 106,173 
 
 .54,234 
 111,145 
 
 24, 332 
 
 RENT AND ROYAL- 
 TIES FOR MIN- 
 ERAL LANDS. 
 
 Per cent 
 Ttjtal. of prod- 
 I uct. 
 
 8510,818 
 
 18,195 
 
 9.7 
 
 379, .521 
 
 17.3 
 
 734 
 
 12.0 
 
 0, 057 
 
 13.8 
 
 72, 275 
 
 18.6 
 
 3, .591 
 
 2.8 
 
 11,233 
 
 10, 6 
 
 6,271 
 
 11.6 
 
 5, 460 
 
 4.9 
 
 7,481 
 
 .30.7 
 
 1 fncludes Arizona, 2; Maryland, 1; North Carolina, 1: Oregon, 3; Virginia, 2; 
 and Washington, 1. 
 
 The following is a summary of all the statistics for 
 deep mines operated on leased land only; 
 
 T.VBLE 2J:. — Siiinnniry for deep mines operated on leased land only: 
 
 19n.'. 
 
 Number of mines 330 
 
 Number ttf owners wi>rking 139 
 
 Salaries SI 95, 917 
 
 Wages - - SI , 504, 835 
 
 Contract work $70, 399 
 
 Work on share of product S28, .581 
 
 Rent and royalties of mines and mineral lands -SolO, 818 
 
 other miscellaneous expenses SllO, 132 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials S.590, 914 
 
 Ore sold and treated, short tons ... 267,555 
 
 Value of bullion contents; 
 
 Cold S2, 716, 755 
 
 Silver SI, 187, 171 
 
 (itlicr metals _ SfiOl, 386 
 
 Total gross VH I ue S4, 50.-i, 312 
 
 .\verage [icr ton S17 
 
 Value of product at mine S3, 2f0, 986 
 
 .\verage per mine Sy,821 
 
 .\creage leased 10, 872 
 
 Average per mine 33 
 
 ^rccheiiiicdJ ji'iii'i-r. — The total primarv power used in 
 gold and silver mines amounted to 195,805 horsepower, 
 of which 123,351 was .steam, 13,930 water, 1,060 gas or 
 gasoline, and 8,003 other power, mostl}^ compressed air. 
 Of this total the rented horsepower aggregated 17,452, 
 of which ll,l<i9 horsepower was electric. In addition 
 750 idectric motors, having a capacity of 32,003 horse- 
 power, were reported owned l.ty the operators. IMore 
 than one half of all rented electi'ic power was reported 
 from California, the rest was nearly all u.sed in Colorado. 
 
 The use of water as a moti\'e power was a marked 
 feature in California, which reported nearly one-half of 
 all waterpower used, viz, 21,517 horsepower. The 
 total horsepower of steam engines in that state was 
 It), 858, and the total electric power owned and rented 
 was 18,9(U. Thus water and electric power held a more 
 prominent place in California, than steampower, 
 
 Nearly all the power reported was used in deep mines; 
 comparati\-ely little was used in placers. The latter 
 utilized chiefly water and electric power. The follow- 
 ing tattle shows the quantity and kind of power used in 
 producing mines, deep and placm-: 
 
GOLD AND SILVER. 
 
 Table 25. — Power used in producing mines: I'JOS. 
 
 Total horsepower. 
 
 OwikmI: 
 
 Kngines— 
 Steam — 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsejuiwer 
 
 da.'^ or gasoline — 
 
 Xiimlier 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Water wheels — 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Other power - 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Rented: 
 
 Eleetrie, horsepow'er 
 
 Other power, horsepower . . 
 Eleetrie motory owned: 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepo^\'er 
 
 Siipplierl to other establishments. Ik 
 
 Total. 
 
 1, 
 
 122, 
 
 Deep. 
 
 )9S 
 , 060 
 
 1.56 
 i, 003 
 
 , 469 
 :, 9«3 
 
 750 
 
 :, 003 
 
 323 
 
 1 , 805 
 118,833 
 
 1S9 
 ;!, 940 
 
 150 
 7,.5SS 
 
 10, 9.K2 
 2, 963 
 
 607 
 , 758 
 223 
 
 Plaeer. 
 
 11,293 
 
 120 
 3, 521 
 
 1U2 
 3, 730 
 
 3,487 
 20 
 
 U:> 
 
 4,245 
 
 100 
 
 Over one-fourth of all deep niine.s iiiul the hulk of 
 the phieev mines had no other moti\e i)owcr except hantl 
 and animal power. Tlie aggregtite product of the deep 
 mines optn'ated in this primitive way was very .small, a.s 
 compared with the total product of deep mines, heing 
 valued at only li^l,73t»,■4<');», or 2 per cent. In placer 
 minino-, however, the reverse was the case, the major 
 parttif the placer product of the United Sttites being- 
 olitained without mechanical power. 
 
 The following tal)le isasummaiy of deep mines which 
 used no mechanical power. Regular producei's are seg- 
 regated from mines, the operations of which consisted 
 mainly of development work, to which production was 
 merelv incidental: 
 
 T.\BLE 20. — Deep mines iisimj liiuid nnil aninvd pi 
 
 'iidii: l'.i()2. 
 
 Number of mines 
 
 Number of owners working 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wages 
 
 (.'ontraet wrirk 
 
 Work (tn share of produet 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of su|>plies and materials 
 
 Ore .sold and treated, short ton.s 
 
 Gross value of product 
 
 Average per ton 
 
 Value of product at mine SI. 730, 469 
 
 Average per mine j 53. 074 
 
 Total. 
 
 663 
 319 
 
 S135, 991 
 
 Jl. 144. 414 
 
 J60. 041 
 
 J175. 988 
 
 9145.217 
 
 S;282. 432 
 
 116,435 
 
 S2, 485, 978 
 
 121 
 
 Developing 
 Producing, and 
 
 producing. 
 
 
 
 
 330 
 
 
 2.511 
 
 »62 
 
 247 
 
 S616, 835 
 
 J21 
 
 206 
 
 J172 
 
 901) 
 
 »113. 9.59 
 
 1149,858 
 
 101 
 
 .528 
 
 82. 221 
 
 421. 
 
 
 t22 
 
 Jl , 557 
 
 438 
 
 «,719 
 
 J73, 
 J.527, 
 S38, 
 J3, 
 *31, 
 $132, 
 14, 
 J264 
 
 S173, 
 
 233 
 69 
 744 
 .579 
 835 
 088 
 258 
 574 
 907 
 557 
 tlS 
 031 
 =742 
 
 The following tahle is a comparative summary of 
 placers according to the power used, whether mechan- 
 ical or other: 
 
 Table 27. — I'tacer mines usiiiy mechanical or other power : 1902. 
 
 Number of mines ^ 967 
 
 Salaries S31S, 31 3 
 
 Wages SI . 769. 612 
 
 ( 'ontraet work tl9, 816 
 
 Work on share of [iroduct S73, 517 
 
 M isci'llaucous expenses $271, 81 1 
 
 Cos( of supplies anil materials i7sl,236 
 
 N'alueof proclucl at mine _ S4,0.58,1.H9 
 
 Average i)er mine 94, 197 
 
 Method of treatment: 
 
 llredging - 45 
 
 llvdraulickiiig 471 
 
 other methods ; 451 
 
 Mines with 
 
 mechanical All other, 
 power. 
 
 1S5 
 
 812 
 
 $204, 191 
 
 $114,122 
 
 $826, 826 
 
 $942. 786 
 
 $14,318 
 
 .$5, 498 
 
 $33, 153 
 
 $40, 364 
 
 S179, «32 
 
 $92,012 
 
 $531,363 
 
 $249, 873 
 
 ,115,722 
 
 $1 , 942, 467 
 
 $13,6.50 
 
 $2, 392 
 
 45 
 
 
 119 
 :»3 
 
 1 lioes not include 8 mines with stamp niills. 
 - Inchidfs 1 jiiint' using electric elevator. 
 
 The ftjjlowing is a compai'ative ttdjle of steam engines 
 iind horsepower repoi'ted for 1902, ISyit, LSSfj, and 1870. 
 The 2)revious censuses did not distinguish producing 
 mines from those where the work was confined to 
 development; the results foi- lit()2, in Tahle 2S, tliere- 
 fore, com1)in(i both classes of mines, \\diile the total 
 horsepower used shows a remarkable increase, the 
 average power per engine h;is remained practically the 
 same. In 1S70 it was 44. horsepower; in ls8(), 4tj 
 horsepower; in ISSII, 40 horsepower; and in l',H)2. .5.5 
 horsepower. 
 
 T.VHI.E 2S. — Sleiiin eiiijinis and horsrpDierr, hij states and territories: 
 1S70 to 190S. 
 
 
 1902 
 
 ISSII 
 
 ISSO 
 
 18 
 
 70 
 
 STATE OR TER- 
 KITOKV, 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 
 en- 
 gines. 
 
 Horse- 
 pi iwer. 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 
 en- 
 gines. 
 
 Horse- 
 power. 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 
 en- 
 gines. 
 
 Horse- 
 power. 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 
 en- 
 gines. 
 
 Horse- 
 power. 
 
 United States. 
 
 2, 890 
 
 1,58,363 
 
 1.362 
 
 1 
 60 
 
 .54, 822 
 
 525 
 
 24, 206 
 
 107 
 
 4,743 
 
 
 11 
 
 212 
 1 
 482 
 951 
 62 
 189 
 
 8 
 
 313 
 
 9,300 
 
 65 
 
 19,933 
 
 60, 265 
 
 1, 651 
 
 11,027 
 
 """"i3.5' 
 
 1,030 
 
 
 
 
 17 , 369 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 California 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Maine 
 
 266 
 
 502 
 
 7 
 
 80 
 
 i 
 
 7 
 86 
 139 
 
 8.633 
 
 13,972 
 
 283 
 
 2,296 
 
 ■■■(,■)■■■ 
 
 529 
 
 4,239 
 
 11,048 
 
 80 , 2,333 
 135 1 3, 190 
 
 11 j 196 
 13 260 
 
 12 194 
 
 39 
 15 
 
 1,2.53 
 4,18 
 
 5 S2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Montana 
 
 Nevada 
 
 265 
 73 
 
 12,. 570 
 4,188 
 
 19 
 
 161 
 
 2 
 16 
 3 
 
 60S 
 14, 863 
 55 
 46 
 298 
 100 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 2, 780 
 
 15 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 North Carolina . . 
 
 135 
 
 56 
 
 89 
 
 9 
 
 114 
 
 1 
 
 137 
 
 9 
 
 50 
 
 36 
 
 6,156 
 1,782 
 2, 726 
 450 
 13,766 
 
 10, .S75 
 
 177 
 
 1,.593 
 
 1.360 
 
 62 
 47 
 16 
 4 
 41 
 
 24 
 12 
 
 1,912 
 2,415 
 1,796 
 
 210 
 
 2, 969 
 
 66 
 
 2, .S29 
 
 125 
 21 
 
 449 
 
 
 
 
 South Dakota 
 
 13 
 
 2.50 
 
 
 
 
 Utah 
 
 34 
 
 5 
 
 1,261 
 74 
 
 
 Virginia 
 
 2 
 
 115 
 
 Wvi)nnng 
 
 3 
 
 110 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Not rclHirtcd. 
 
528 
 
 MINES AND (^UAKKIES. 
 
 The followino- t:il)lo shows the uuichinci-y used ut pniducino- mines, deep and placer, as well as at those at 
 which development work only was done: 
 
 Table 29.— MACHINERY, BY KINDS AND BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1902. 
 
 
 
 
 HOISTS. 
 
 Wa- 
 ter. 
 
 l-:lr(- 
 
 trie. 
 
 Total. 
 1,332 
 
 
 PL. MPS. 
 
 
 
 
 p 
 
 )V,-j:p. I) 
 
 11..I.S. 
 
 
 
 
 Tntnl. 
 
 Steam. 
 
 Gas or 
 gaso- 
 line. 
 
 Com- 
 pressed 
 air. 
 
 Steam. 
 
 Gas or 
 gaso- 
 line. 
 
 (.Vim- 
 
 pressed 
 
 air. 
 
 Wa- 
 ter. 
 
 42 
 
 K lee- 
 trie. 
 
 49 
 
 42 
 
 32 
 10 
 
 Total, 
 
 Steam. 
 
 04as or 
 gaso- 
 line. 
 
 Com- 
 pressed 
 air. 
 
 Wa- 
 ter. 
 
 Elee- 
 trie. 
 
 United States 
 
 ■2,013 
 
 1,.5.51 
 
 210 
 
 108 
 
 OS 
 
 70 
 
 1,105 
 
 39 
 
 97 
 
 3, 341 
 
 262 
 
 167 
 
 107 
 
 6 
 
 2,970 
 
 10 
 
 93 
 
 PRODUCING MINES. 
 
 Total 
 
 1,249 
 1,^203 
 
 4i; 
 
 58 
 
 ■2 
 
 238 
 
 .541 
 
 27 
 
 t;9 , 
 
 '» 
 99 
 33 
 42 
 11 
 24 
 
 1') 
 
 988 
 
 84 
 
 91 
 
 50 
 
 33 
 
 17 
 
 50 
 
 ,52 
 4 
 
 ,840 
 
 709 
 71 
 
 ij 
 
 251 
 
 43 
 
 52 
 
 1 
 91 
 
 7 
 17 
 10 
 10 
 
 4 
 44 
 
 603 
 
 017 
 40 
 
 Ii7 
 
 3 
 78 
 234 
 40 
 43 
 
 1 
 83 
 
 3 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 
 4 
 18 
 
 21 
 
 IS 
 3 
 
 84 
 
 30 
 
 2,499 
 
 2,4.s7 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 95 
 
 4 
 
 518 
 
 9^25 
 
 35 
 
 204 
 
 
 2, 297 
 
 2,^2S8 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 85 
 
 4 
 
 .502 
 
 840 
 
 27 
 252 
 
 ■1 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 Deep 
 
 94.5 
 
 83 
 1 
 
 90 
 
 1 
 
 .82 
 2 
 
 20 
 10 
 
 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 31 
 
 Alabama 
 
 8 
 
 ........ 
 
 
 
 57 
 2 
 
 132 
 403 
 24 
 33 
 2 
 91 
 19 
 29 
 11 
 18 
 
 t; 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ,s 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Calilornia 
 
 20 
 ■28 
 
 4 
 
 ■28 
 
 1 
 31 
 
 42 
 
 " 1 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 29 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 30 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 "l 
 ...... 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 Oli 
 4 
 10 
 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 16 
 
 
 4 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Maryland 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 11 
 
 .5 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 ....... 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 ...... 
 
 7 
 3 
 
 .80 
 32 
 42 
 9 
 31 
 
 247 
 
 14 
 4 
 4 
 
 
 65 
 
 28 
 37 
 
 
 ■'1 
 
 233 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oregon .... 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 South Dakota 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 25 
 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 Tennessee . 
 
 
 
 
 Texas 
 
 1 
 5.S 
 
 1 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 764 
 
 1 
 141 
 98 
 215 
 
 31 
 3ti 
 10 
 48 
 
 11 
 
 29 
 
 15 
 
 19 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 41'. 
 
 1 
 
 >1 
 
 .583 
 
 1 
 73 
 00 
 187 
 
 35 
 
 47 
 10 
 
 211 
 31 
 4 
 1 1 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Utah 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 
 9 
 
 23 
 10 
 10 
 
 492 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 442 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 183 
 
 21 
 
 : 162 
 
 
 
 Virginia 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 .842 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 95 
 
 6 
 
 073 
 
 
 
 \^■voming 
 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 1 
 7 
 
 
 
 DEVELOPMENT WORK 
 WITHOLT FF-ODl-CTION. 
 
 Total 
 
 1-26 
 
 17 
 
 IS 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 62 
 
 Alabama 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Arizona 
 
 00 
 11 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 ur, 
 
 55 
 
 1 09 
 
 4 
 
 n 
 
 21 
 
 29 
 12 
 
 I'! 
 1 •\' 
 
 10 
 17 
 
 92 
 35 
 102 
 
 4 
 21 
 41 
 19 
 28 
 111 
 10 
 24 
 24 
 
 1 
 11 
 17 
 
 8 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 '"iiV 
 1 
 
 1 
 2 
 - 
 
 121 
 119 
 ■240 
 
 32 
 46 
 18 
 29 
 13 
 38 
 55 
 59 
 4 
 37 
 21 
 
 6 
 24 
 1 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 88 
 '.18 
 
 207 
 
 ■■■'3' 
 
 ■Tl 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 Colorado .. 
 
 1.^ 
 
 Ge< )rgia 
 
 
 Idah(, 
 
 lo" 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 "il 
 
 12 
 23 
 s 
 31 
 41 
 53 
 
 ...... 
 
 ., 
 
 Montana 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nevada 
 
 
 - 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Oregon 
 
 1 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 i" 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 .5 
 4 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 Utah 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Virginia 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 18 
 
 - 
 
 
 vVyoming 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
GOLD AND SILVER. 
 
 r)2'.' 
 
 Tho total iiunihcr of lioists in protliiciiiL;- niiiios re- 
 ported was 1.24'.>. of which luiiiilicr '.His weii' ()|)enite(l 
 )>y steaiui)o\vcr, tlie rest by other iiieehaiiical pnwcr. 
 A.side from the 503 deep mines whicli used only hand 
 and animal power, thei'e were a mimljer of mines w hieh 
 were reaehed i)y tunnels or adits at which lioisls cduld 
 be dispensed witli. The foUowini;- coniparati\'e tahle 
 shows the nund)er of steam hoists used at all deep mines. 
 producing as w(dl as thos(> reporting development work 
 without production, in I'.H)2 and 1880: 
 
 Tahle 30.— ,SV-k»/ Imi^lx ,il derp inhn:-:, hi/ ,■;/(((,'.■.■ ,iihI hrrilm-irs: /:iO.' 
 (Did ISSU. 
 
 STATK itB T|;HRIT0RY. 
 
 ISSO 
 
 11 
 11 
 
 Uniti-d Slatvs 1 , .ViS 
 
 Alaliainti 3 
 
 Arizona 130 
 
 Arkansas 2 
 
 California 191 
 
 <.'o]orado 64K 
 
 < ieoriiia 23 
 
 Iclalio 65 
 
 Maine 
 
 Jlaryland 2 
 
 Montana 122 
 
 Nevada 41 
 
 New Hanipsbirc 
 
 New Mexieo 76 
 
 Niirth (_'aroIina 20 
 
 Ctregt >n 42 
 
 Sonth t'arolina 6 
 
 S( aith Dak( ita 40 
 
 Texas ' 1 
 
 Utah 77 
 
 Virginia ' 6 
 
 Washington 23 
 
 Wyoming 21 
 
 The following tal)le shows the pumps used in all deep 
 mines, producing as well as those reporting develop- 
 ment work without production, in l'M)2 an<l iSSO: 
 
 niid 
 
 19 
 
 99 
 
 10 
 3 
 
 Table .'31. — I'liinji: 
 
 nt ih'i'ji mint's^ hi/ .s/o/cn ami Ifrrilorirs: !U< 
 ISSO. 
 
 
 KIND Ol'' POWKR. 
 
 STATE t)R TERRiTOHV, 
 
 To 
 IflO-.' 
 
 1 , 261 
 
 al. 
 18S0 
 159 
 
 Ste 
 
 im. 
 
 ISSO 
 
 All 
 li)02 
 
 202 
 
 her. 
 
 rsso 
 
 
 1,059 
 
 1.54 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 179 
 3 
 196 
 359 
 34 
 66 
 
 i 
 
 120 
 2« 
 4.1 
 26 
 23 
 4 
 69 
 47 
 10 
 2.5 
 19 
 
 4' 
 
 28 
 
 2.5 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 io" 
 
 32 
 1 
 
 10 
 2 
 
 3' 
 
 IS 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 156 
 
 3 
 106 
 336 
 33 
 
 1' 
 
 114 
 22 
 43 
 24 
 23 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 ! 1" 
 
 4' 
 
 23' 
 
 
 Arizona 
 
 ArkunsHw 
 
 
 24 
 25 
 .S 
 3 
 9 
 
 90 
 
 23 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 I 
 
 rolnrado 
 
 
 Idalio 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Moiitiiim 
 
 Xevsida 
 
 New Muxico 
 
 10 
 
 31 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S(Milh Lhikdtu 
 
 3 
 16 
 4 
 
 i" 
 
 27 
 10 
 
 i 
 
 
 A'irffiniii 
 
 Wrtshin,e;tnn 
 
 
 
 
 The ttjtal numher (d' j)uinps used in liHi'j was l.iitil, 
 of which number l.D.V.t were opei-aled by steam and I'oi' 
 bv other ])o\ver. Of this number, Tii'.» were iisefl in 
 pj-o(lucing deep mines, 71 in ])i-(iducti\e jilacers. uiid 
 li'i in mines luidei' ileveloi)ment. Some mines are 
 drained h\' tiinntds. The total number (d' jiroduciiig 
 deep ndnes being ^,017, it is appai'cnt that a great 
 miin\' mines were not ti-(Hd)led with water and could 
 therefore disijense with pumping madiinei-y. 
 
 A notewortlu' feature is the de\-elo))ment fd' tlic use 
 of ]io\\i'r other than steam for operating itumping 
 apparatus. In IS.SO there were in all 4 pumps oper- 
 ated by water and 1 by compressed air: in \W^-^ the 
 number of pumps operated by compressed air liad 
 inci'(\ised to '.17. the number operated by water to A:'!. 
 and in addition lH were run l»y electric power and 3y 
 by gas or gasoline. 
 
 The following ta})le shows the number of power 
 drills at all deep mines in IHO:;! and issi), by states and 
 territories: 
 
 Table W^.^Xiiniher af jiiiiirr drllln <il drrp mlnex, Inj slnl.v inid ter- 
 rilnrlex: J90..' niid JSS". 
 
 STATl.; OH TERRITORY. ' 190:i ISSO 
 
 .Alabama , 
 .Arizona . , 
 .Arkansas 
 Calitornia 
 Colorado. 
 
 Ileorgia 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Maine 
 
 Montana 
 
 Nevada 
 
 New Mexieo. . . 
 Nortli I 'arolina 
 Oregon . 
 
 10 
 
 216 
 
 4 
 
 631 
 
 1,168 
 
 33 
 
 296 
 
 South Carolinj 
 Sonth Dakota 
 
 Utah 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Washington . . 
 ^^'yonling 
 
 126 
 
 302 
 
 212 
 
 4 
 
 41 
 
 31 
 
 The total number oi power drills reported at pro- 
 ducing mines in 1'.MI2 was 2,1-!*'.), of whidi numlier L\2'.i7 
 were operated by compressed air, 107 by steam, 31 by 
 electricity, and 4 by water. Power drills were used in 
 3;"j3 mines. Among them were '< placer mines, Avitli :i 
 total of 12 drills, used in working ancient river beds by 
 drifting: of the mmiber reported, ~> were not in use dur- 
 ing the year VM)^2. Comparison -with the Tenth Census 
 shows a remarkable ]irogri'ss in the use of power drills. 
 In bsso there were in all 257 power drills in use: in ltMj2 
 the mimber was 3,329. 
 
 Th(> com[)ai'ative results of working with power 
 drills and by hand are shown in Ta])l(> 33. Only deep 
 mines are included; 2(i mines using power drills fur- 
 
 3022:-!— 04- 
 
530 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 ni.shed incomplete iiit'ormation on the .subject and are 
 therefore omitted. 
 
 Table 33. — ('(inipiirlxoii <if poircr ijrilh mid hand /lOn 
 minen: 1902. 
 
 'It ilirji 
 
 
 All mine.s. 
 
 Mines using 
 power drills. 
 
 Minrs 
 
 usiiit; liiiuil 
 
 jHiwcr. 
 
 
 
 322 
 
 2,358 
 
 7,, 340, .536 
 
 22, 797 
 
 814,991,376 
 
 $2. 04 
 
 1 , .587 
 
 Number of drills usfd 
 
 Tons of ore mined in 1902- 
 
 Total 
 
 Average pier mine 
 
 2, 3.58 
 
 ;l, 966, 406 
 
 5, 220 
 
 824,268,800 
 
 *2. 43 
 
 
 
 2, 626, 870 
 1 , 665 
 
 Wages below ground 
 
 Average wages per ton 
 
 S9, 277, 425 
 S3. 63 
 
 Table 34. — ]\'(Ui'i- jiliints — lenrjlli uf dilches, f/iiiiien, pipen, elc, hy 
 dates and territories: 1.90;i. 
 
 The lireceding tal)le .shows that tiiree-fourths of the 
 total quantity of ore came from mines using power 
 drills. The average product per mine with power drills 
 was 22,T9T tons, whereas the average per mine where 
 no power drills were used was only 1,65.5 tons. The 
 saving in labor below ground ett'ected by the use 
 of power drills, as compared with mining liy hand, 
 amounted to $1.J:9 per ton. 
 
 Of the machinery especially designed for placei's, 
 dredges were used in -i-t mines. There were also 32 
 steam shovels in use, of which 21 were used in produc- 
 ing placer mines, and 11 in mines at which development 
 work only was done. 
 
 The majority of deep mines have adopted mechanical 
 power for conveying their ores to the reduction works; 
 a very large number, however, still adhere to the old- 
 fashioned wa}' of carrying the ore in wagons. The 
 former numbered 1,1.82 and the latter 925. The length 
 of railroad tracks on the surface was 168 miles; under- 
 ground, 945 miles. The number of locomotives was 
 reported as 49. Of this mileage, 3 miles on the surface 
 and 25 underground were reported for jdacer mines 
 which were operated l)y drifting. 
 
 Water jilaiiU. — .-Vn abundant supply of water is one of 
 the prime conditions of successful mining, especially in 
 placers. The gold and silver mines were equipped with 
 extensive water plants, which included 3,927 miles of 
 ditches, flumes, etc. — 2,992 miles for placer mines, or an 
 average of over 3 miles per mine, and 1135 mih's for deep 
 mines, or less than one-half mile per mine. The fol- 
 lowing table shows the length of water ditclies, flumes, 
 and pipes, by states and territories, for placer and deep 
 mines: 
 
 
 .Ml 
 classes. 
 
 I'RODrcI.NG MINES. 
 
 iJevelop- 
 ment with- 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 Deep. 
 
 Plaeer, 
 
 out pro- 
 duction. 
 
 I'nited Slates. 
 
 1 
 .l//(r:s. Feii. Miles. Feel. 
 4,606 325 |3,926 4,771 
 
 mies. Feel. 
 935 289 
 
 Miles. Feet. 
 2, 991 4, 482 
 
 Miles. Feel. 
 679 834 
 
 .Vlaljama 
 
 3, 890 3, 640 
 
 113 4,2.64 .58 1,129 
 
 1,100 i 1.400 
 
 1,000 
 
 67 1, 129 
 1,400 
 
 335 3,332 
 76 4,732 
 33 325 
 
 110 1,653 
 64 4,8.50 
 36 3,180 
 24 4,822 
 1,300 
 41 6,ni 
 
 68 3,986 
 
 2,640 
 
 1 
 
 250 
 .55 3, 125 
 
 .Arkansas 
 
 
 California 
 
 Colorado 
 
 1,939 1,477 
 
 216 1,420 
 
 113 1,265 
 
 700 4, 946 
 
 230 960 
 
 62 4, 330 
 
 17 3,042 
 
 1 1,600 
 
 9.59 2,881 
 
 77 2,.5s5 
 
 2, .500 
 8.S 4 , 346 
 
 1 4.360 
 20 4,490 
 30 3. 380 
 
 1,706 3,119 
 
 166 8.52 
 
 77 4,445 
 
 .599 2, .386 
 
 198 2,730 
 
 36 1,600 
 
 43 4,862 
 
 1 1,300 
 
 867 2, .543 
 
 69 505 
 
 2, .500 
 
 80 1,110 
 
 4,640 
 
 7 1,470 
 
 12 l,.50O 
 
 1,370 5,067 
 
 90 1,400 
 
 44 4,120 
 
 4 89 733 
 
 143 3,160 
 
 3,700 
 19 40 
 
 1 
 826 2,712 
 
 1,800 
 2,. 500 
 900 
 2,640 
 3 4,7.50 
 
 232 3, 638 
 50 668 
 35 2 100 
 
 Idaho 
 
 101 2, 560 
 
 Montana 
 
 31 3, .510 
 26 2, 730 
 3 3,460 
 300 
 92 338 
 8 2, 080 
 
 New Mcxic. 
 
 North Carolina. . 
 
 < trej^ou 
 
 South liakola ... 
 
 Utah 
 
 Virginia 
 
 WashingtoTi 
 
 80 210 
 2, OOU 
 3 2,000 
 
 12 1,.500 
 
 8 3, 235 
 6,000 
 13 3, 020 
 18 l,Sh0 
 
 
 
 
 ProdiK-tkm. — The value of the total production of 
 gold and silver mines in continental United States 
 in i;»02 was SS2,4.s2,052, of which $77,154,326 was pro- 
 duced l)y deep_ mines and §15,327,726 by placer mines. 
 In determining the value of the product at mine, the 
 method of valuation adopted in the mining industry 
 was followed bv the census. The value of the ore and 
 bullion is determined in accordiuice with a well estali- 
 lished trade custom, in the following manner: The 
 ore is sampled and assayed, and the price pel' ton is 
 determined in accordance with the assay contents. 
 Gold, if exceeding in value Si per ton, is paid for at 
 the coining rate of $20.67 per ounce, or very often at 
 the commercial rate of $20 per ounce; sometimes a 
 further discount of 5 per cent is made, i.e., of $1 per 
 ounce to cover losses in reduction. Silver is paid for at 
 the New York market (|uotation, usually with a dis- 
 count of 5 per cent for losses in smelting. Lead is paid 
 for at the Now York quotation, usually with a discount 
 of lO per cent for losses in smelting, and with a further 
 reduction of 2 cents per pound of tine lead contents for 
 freight to New Yoi'k. C'opper is paid for at a stipu- 
 lated price, depending upon the New York quotation, 
 but usually from 4 to 6 c<'nts below the .same; an allow- 
 ance is made for iron and manganese, if present in suf- 
 ficient (juantities; no allowance is made for zinc, but 
 on the contrary a penalty is charged if the percentao-e 
 of zinc exceeds a tixed maxiniiun. After the gross 
 
GOLD ANT) SILVER. 
 
 581 
 
 price per ton has thus been determined a stipulated 
 eharyo per ton is deducted t't)r sampling, assay inj;-, and 
 treatment, and the hahxnce represents tlie \'ahii> of the 
 ore at wliich the total vahie ot the shipment is cdm- 
 patetL 
 
 The freiglit cliarges for carrying' the ore fi'oni the 
 mine to tlie worlds are home hy the mine operator. 
 Usually the freight is paid by the l)uyer and deducted 
 from the agreed value of the shipnuMit, and a check for 
 the balance is delivered to the mine operator. TJuis, as 
 a rule, the value of the ore at mine is not a .speculative 
 quantity, but an amount appearing on the books of the 
 mine operator. \\'liere the mine is situated at a dis- 
 tance from a railroad station, the o],)erator usually iiauls 
 the oi'e to th(> station l)y his own teams, and the cost of 
 haulage is included in tlie operating expenses. Where 
 a number of mines are centered in one camp, haulage is 
 more frequently done by teamsters who make a specialty 
 of hauling ore from the mines to the raih\)ad station 
 and bringing Ijack supplies to the mines. Under ordi- 
 nary circumstances the hire per ton will not vary during 
 the 3'ear and can be accurately stated. This is true even 
 if no separate account of it is kept by the operator, 
 in which case the cost of haulage is included in the 
 amount reported for freight. When the ore is of a 
 very low grade, or where the mine is located at a great 
 distance from the railroad station, and the cost of haul- 
 age is paid liy the mine operator, it sometimes happens 
 that the value realized does not repay the cost of ship- 
 ping. A few such cases were reported for liHji^. and 
 the value of the product was shown as a "net loss." 
 
 The value of bullion when sold to the Ignited States 
 mints or assay offices is determined by assay: gold con- 
 tents are paid for at the coining rate of $2(».t)7 per tine 
 ounce, and the silver contents at a price tixed from time 
 to time bj- the Director of the Mint; a small charge is 
 made for smelting and retining. When liullion is sold 
 to private parties, banks, bullion dealers, etc., it is 
 usually sold at a net price per crude ounce; the differ- 
 ence between the coining value of the tine gold contents 
 and that paid by^ the buver represents the expenses of 
 retining and marketing the bullion, commissions, inter- 
 est, etc. When the bullion is shipped l)V express the cost 
 of expressage is deducted by the Mint and the balance is 
 paid to the depositor of the bullion. Frequently bul- 
 lion is sent l>y registered mail or brought to the Mint 
 or bullion dealer personally ))y the owner. The cost of 
 transportation is insignificant as compared with the 
 value of the bullion, and may be treated as a negligible 
 quantity. Thus the value received by the operator for 
 his bullion always represents the value at his mine or 
 works. 
 
 The following table shows in detail the manner in 
 which the al)ove-stated total value of the mining product 
 was obtained: 
 
 T.MiLK .■{.5. — ]'(ijiir nf jii-diliirt lit mini': 1902. 
 
 Placer mines ^4, ] 8ft, 795 
 
 Deep mineH mid milLs ouunected with same; (In- and hiillioii si.ld. . 71,5H8,03(; 
 
 MIIIh fiperating on old dumps and tailiIJJ^'s ;^iU,015 
 
 Ciistnin mills: 'or(.' and hiiUitm sold ". s, JIO, y.''^ 
 
 Aniniint earned by all mills for custom ;\ork st7,.So4 
 
 F.sli united value o'f iiu-reaseuf stock of ore ], 8X8,408 
 
 f:s(i Mm ted [.rod net of sum 1 1 mines: 
 
 I'lacer 1 . ia8, 181 
 
 Keep 495, 654 
 
 Total S8N, 918, ;»7 
 
 LESS. 
 
 Net loss reported by mines f3,ylu 
 
 Decrease of sl.Kdc oil hand, estimat(;d \'aluc 26,215 
 
 Cost of puri'hascd ores 5,993,916 
 
 Freight paid on purchased ores '112,209 
 
 'I'l .tal Ji;, 4a6, 255 
 
 Net total fK2, 182, 1)52 
 
 The \;diies shown for placer bullion and for ore and 
 bullion pi-odueed by deej> mines and mills represent the 
 amounts reported by the operators. There is a sepa- 
 rate item showing the i)i'oiluct of the treatment of old 
 dumps and tailings. This i-epresents tlie output of 
 mills wliicli operated cx(dusively on old dumps and tail- 
 ings. The treatment of ore from dumps and tailings, 
 which was incidental to the operations of all mills, is 
 included in their total output. 
 
 The ore and liullion sold b}' custom mills represent 
 only the products of ores purchased by those mills. 
 When the ore was merely treated for a stipulated com- 
 pensation and the dressed ore (concentrate) or bullion 
 was returned to the owner, the amount earned for the 
 treatment of the ore only was considered as belonging 
 to the production of the mill. The value of the ore or 
 liullion itself was not included in the product of the 
 mill, inasmuch as it would have been a duplication of 
 the value received liy the mine owner for his product. 
 Moreover, it was only in exceptional cases that the mill 
 oiierator was able to report the value of such ores, inas- 
 much as his charges were not dependent upon the value 
 of the ore and he had no interest to keep an account of 
 the same. On the contrary, the product of the pur- 
 chased ores was always reported. In order to eliminate 
 duplications, the cost of purchased ores and freight 
 paid on the same are deducted in the preceding state- 
 ment from the total value reported. 
 
 The increase and decrease of the stock on hand rep- 
 resent the differences between the value of the stock 
 on hand at the beginning and at the close of the year. 
 In accounting for the mining production of a given 
 year these diti'erences must be taken into consideration, 
 inasmuch as the product at'tually sold or treated during 
 the year does not represent the returns for the mining- 
 expenses incurred during the same year. In individual 
 cases the diflerence may be considerable. Th(> value 
 of the increase oi' decrease of stock of ore is necessarilv 
 an estimate. The value was computed at this office, 
 taking as a basis in eat-h case the value reported bv the 
 operator for the marketed ore and assuming the aver- 
 age value per ton of the increase or decrease of stock 
 
532 
 
 ^riNES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 on huiul to luivo ))een the suiiie a.s tluit of tlir luiirkctrd 
 ore. The decrease of stock representcHi ore mined in 
 previous years and raarketed durino- the year I'.Mii!. 
 Thouyh the o-riule of that ore may ha\-e Ixmmi different 
 from that of the ore mined during this year, yet for 
 statistical purposes tlie assumption of one avemge 
 value for all ore treated •nas correct, ^^'here there 
 was an increase of the stock of ore, iiowe\'er, it woidd 
 be often unsafe to assume the average^ value of the ore 
 on the dumps to l)e the same as that of the ore actually 
 sold or treated. The ore may have been sorted and 
 the better grade sold, the ore left on the dumps being 
 of a low grade which it would not pay to ship, or a few 
 test shipments may have been made which did not rep- 
 resent the average grade of ore. In order to guard 
 against such errors no estimate Mas made of the \'alue 
 of the increase of stock whenever the same exceeded 
 the actual quantity sold, unless, upon a comparison of 
 the returns for ore actually sold with the outlay for 
 mining, it appeared probable that more paying ore had 
 been mined than sold and that the ore on hand was 
 merely awaiting treatment. In all doubtful cases 
 inquiries were addressed to the operators, and these, 
 as a rule, were answei'ed promptly and satisfactorily. 
 
 Nor were any estimates made of the increase of tlu> 
 stock of ore in cases where the mine was equipped with 
 a mill. When the expenses of the lattcu' were not 
 reported separately there was no basis for estimating 
 the cost of milling the ore, and none but the gross value 
 of the same could be estimated; moreover, the fact that 
 the ore was not milled raised the presumption, at least 
 in some cases, that it did not pay to treat it. Thus the 
 value of the increase of stock of ore is probably rather 
 underestimated than overestimated. 
 
 There were a numljer of small mines, deep and 
 placer, from which no report could be secured. Their 
 outjjut was ascertained from the best a\'ailal)le source's, 
 such as assay offices, local bvdlion dealei-s, and other 
 reliable pei'sons who, through business intercourse' with 
 the minei's, hafl acquired information which enalded 
 them to estimate the output of such mines with reason- 
 able accuracy. These estimates, however, as will be 
 shown later, seem to be ))cl()w the actual production of 
 this class of mines. 
 
 The value thus com]>uted represents the \'alue of the 
 product of gold and silver mines for IDo^. It must ))e 
 understood that many small operators keep no bof)ks oi- 
 records, and the amounts repoi'ted by them areap])roxi- 
 mations. 
 
 Bullion co/itrnfy. — As explained above, the bullion 
 contents of the ore were hgui'cd in detail in every set- 
 tlement Ijetween mine operators and ore buyers. The 
 statements I'endei'cd by the latter to the former are, in 
 all well managed mines, ke])t on tile and entered in detail 
 in the books of the company. 'I'he saiuo is done with 
 United States Mint bullion returns. Not in all cases, 
 however, are accounts kept with such accuracy, e\-en in 
 
 some of tlie largei- mines. In such cases the bullion 
 contents re'poi'ted were of necessity estimated. The 
 approximations, howe\'er, may be taken as reasonably 
 accurate, inasnmch as the ti'eatment charges did not 
 \arv -widely for the same mine, wddle the freight per 
 ton could l)e I'cgarded as a constant ipiantity. In some 
 cases the A'alue alone was ]-eported for each of the 
 metallic elements of the ore; the lunuber of ounces of 
 gold and silver, and the pounds of lead and copper were 
 then computed on the basis of the average value 
 reported in other cases. 
 
 The total (piantity of gold bullion produced by mills 
 connected with mines was l,(Ui(],.3l5 ounces with a gross 
 value of $34,(i(ii!,.53r), or an average value of '¥i!0.44 per 
 ounce. This was the rate realized by the operator, the 
 difference of iio cents representing the cost of refining 
 and marketing the l)ullion. The gross value of the 
 product of mines coimected with mills includes the sum 
 of §.520,727, which represents net value, the refining 
 charges on the bullion produced not having been 
 reported. At the above average rate the cost of refin- 
 ing the above quantity must have been about $5,2()7, 
 which, being added to the gross value, would increase 
 the production by 2.52 ounces. The quantity is too 
 small to be considered. 
 
 The munber of tine ounces of gold produced b}' arras- 
 tras was not reported. The gross A'alue, the treatment 
 charges, and the net value alone were repoi'ted. The 
 (juantitv was estimated upon the basis furnished l)y the 
 reports of mines connected with mills. 
 
 The total value of the ore at the mine includes §-±9.5,6.54 
 reported from small mines, whose owners could not l)e 
 located, and the product had to be ascertained fi-om 
 the best available sources. The amount so ascertained 
 may in souk^ cases have i'epres(>nted the net value real- 
 ized by the miner for his ore. In others the estimates 
 were apparently based upon the assumption that the 
 \'alues repres(>nted the metallic contents of the ore. 
 The number of tine ounces of gold reptirted apparently 
 represent an estimate at the coining rate of §20. (i7 per 
 ouiu'C of gold, or at the current commercial rate of §20 
 per ounce, and at the rate of 50 cents per ounce of 
 silver. 
 
 For all these mines the a\erage rate ]>ei' ounce of 
 gold was ijiirlo. 17, which left about ;5() cents for the cost 
 of refining and marketing. Wherever the estimated 
 value in reality rei)resented net proceeds, this compu- 
 tation resulted in an underestimate of the ([uantitv. 
 A\'here, however, it represented gross value of metallic 
 contents, it resulted in an overestimate of the net value 
 produced. 1 Iowe\'er. the amount is so small in pi'o- 
 portion to the i)roduction of the United States that the 
 ettect of it upon the total product may be regarded as a 
 negligible ([uantit\-. 
 
 IMost of the i)lacer mines failed to report the number 
 of tine ounces of gold. There were 1.50 mines, which 
 reported the gross v;due of the bullion, the cost of 
 
<U)L1) AND SILVER. 
 
 538 
 
 reliniivu- uiul ('xpvossa^(\ and the \alii(' at tlic mine. \iz, tine Duncrs where the \uhie mily \\a> re])i)i-tefl Wiis esti- 
 
 grtiss valw of the hulUon contents, §1,<')1.M .Ti':!; eost mated at the rate, of ¥::!ti.rj.") per oiinee. 
 of r(>tinino' and oxpressao-e, §!),5.'-i(»; \'ahie at mine, i Taljh's lUi and l-i7 present the bullion I'onteiits and the 
 
 f^liOl'i.lllH. The aV(M'iiti'e cost of I'efinine. etc. . amounted to(al ei-oss \aliie of the pi'oduet of the mines and mills 
 
 to si\-t(>nths of 1 per cent of the \-aliie, or I'J I'enls per for llHii'. The product of eiistoui mills is not included, 
 
 ounce, leavine- $20. r>5 as the value realized ])er (nuice of inasmuch as it repi'esents the contents of ore hotiuJit 
 
 placer e-old. All other placer mines fi-oin whicli rei)orts fi-om mine o[)ei'atoi's li\- \vliom it was presumaldy 
 
 reportccl. 
 
 It is ti-uc tlie i|iiantity treated diiriu";' the year by 
 
 were reccdved nundHM'cd S^."), with an ae'^'reeate product 
 
 \'alued at !?2,r)Sr),2Tli at the niin(\ The a\'ei'ae'e A-alue 
 
 per mine was ^3,131, whereas the output of mines rerluction works would not exactly c(jincide with the 
 
 reporting- charg-es averaged *Sl<>,74S per mine. Appar- ((uantity of ore sold by nunc operatoi's to the same 
 
 ently the records were more complete with th(^ larg(M' I class of works during tli<' same year. Still the error is 
 
 mines. Tdie average shown bv them was taken as I considered immaterial, and in no other way coulil dupli- 
 
 representing the general coivdition, an<l the nnmber of ' cations l)e avoided. 
 
 Tabi.k .-JO.— lU'LLKiX rdXTKMTS OF THE l'i;< )l)r( 'T ( )!<' (iOLI) IXt) SILVKR MINES CLASSIFIED BY CHARACTER 
 
 OF MINE: 1902. 
 
 Fi-ne 
 'Ounces. 
 
 V.ilu". 
 
 United States . 
 
 .-.599,093,070 II 3,149,128 SB, 774, 8X1 
 
 L 
 
 Placer mines, 
 
 Deep Tuines: 
 
 Total - 
 
 M ines wlt-hotit mill iGomneetion . 
 
 Mines nombined with mills... 
 
 Estimated prndtict of small 
 
 miii^s -- 
 
 .5,343,170 
 
 ■93, 749, 894 
 
 34,226,aiil 
 
 •W, 027, 379 || 1,, SIB, 482 
 
 49.'),f>.i4 : l.'i,.5:i9 
 
 2, SS9, 9S,T .")8, 434, 794 
 
 Fine 
 ounce-s. 
 
 J21, 4 18, S.il 
 
 4, 303 
 42,741,701 
 
 21,197,.=iTl 20, li;0,.820 
 ;W, 924, Old ! 22, 317, .52,5 
 
 213,410 
 
 Fine 
 jamiids 
 
 411,038,434 812,311,239 
 
 21, 140,016 
 
 10, 140, .531 
 11,17.5,262 
 
 87,026,0.83 
 322, 708, 4111 
 
 2, 149, 3.50 
 10,109,749 
 
 Fine 
 pounds 
 
 Value. 
 
 Zinc — 
 value. 
 
 14,028,863 j 51,016,204 
 
 Otiier 
 metals — 
 Vi lue. 1 
 
 KOI, 209 
 
 14,028,803 I 1,016,204 340,080 
 
 0,468,603 
 7, 659, 000 
 
 508,324 [ 166,767 
 .507,790 173,919 
 
 64, 312 
 136, 043 
 
 ^Inclndes allowance made for iron in ore. S73,9n; ([Uii-ksilvcr sa\-eil in reworkint? old tailings, ^8,906; realized for old tailings wtujse contents could not be 
 ascertttined, 1018,114; platinum, 8198; o.sniiridium, S.5II. 
 
 Table 37.— BULLION CONTENTS OF THE PRODUCT OF ( iOLD AND S1L\'ER MINES, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1902. 
 
 
 G 
 
 M.I). 
 
 SILVER. 
 
 I.EAI). 
 
 CflPPER. 
 
 Zinc- 
 value. 
 
 Other 
 
 STATE OK TEKRITOBT. 
 
 Fine 
 (ainces. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Fine 
 ounces. 
 
 Valui'. 
 
 Fine 
 [tounrls. 
 
 411,0:W,434 
 
 3, 022, 6.55 
 
 164, 1.53 
 
 81, 001, .564 
 
 4, 000 
 
 208,093,202 
 
 6, 040, .582 
 
 3, 721, 963 
 
 2,.SS1,:J66 
 
 Value. 
 
 Fine 
 pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 metal.s — 
 value. 
 
 United State*; 
 
 3,149,128 
 
 115, ,565 
 
 7.52, 993 
 
 ],;)21,215 
 
 7,214 
 
 72, 854 
 
 165. 3.s-i 
 
 87, 244 
 
 17,317 
 
 89^ Otil 
 
 6, 749 
 
 351, 357 
 
 146,698 
 
 11,004 
 
 229 
 
 1,077 
 
 863,774,, SSI 
 
 2,362,845 
 
 15,476,262 
 
 20, 400, 438 
 
 148,309 
 
 1,4,87,064 
 
 3, 346, 181 
 
 1,771,322 
 
 3.56,412 
 
 65, 722 
 
 1, 827, 935 
 
 139, 389 
 
 7,171,241 
 
 2,976,188 
 
 219,895 
 
 4, 737 
 
 21,941 
 
 42, 746, Oi;4 
 
 1,014,181 
 
 381,283 
 
 13, .531, 850 
 
 614 
 
 7, 093, 951 
 
 3,766,317 
 
 3, 781, 278 
 
 276,269 
 
 1,975 
 
 112,920 
 
 ,535, 041 
 
 11,406,273 
 
 381,440 
 
 821,448,851 
 
 812,311,239 
 
 87, 899 
 
 6, 766 
 
 1 , 827, 993 
 
 16] 
 
 7, 122, ,S35 
 
 189,179 
 
 ]ll,71.s 
 
 80, 955 
 
 14,028,863 
 
 81,016,204 
 
 8:540, 6.S6 
 
 8201,209 
 
 
 
 .524,, 894 
 
 191,898 
 
 6, 840, ;i86 
 
 312 
 
 3, 565, 921 
 
 1 , 898, ,893 
 
 1 , .S,S2, 832 
 
 142,823 
 
 1 , 029 
 
 58, 940 
 
 113 
 
 173,729 
 
 18, .8.59 
 
 ,5, 196, 124 
 
 9, 500 
 
 71,476 
 
 600, 296 
 
 11,651 
 
 720,619 
 
 45, 234 
 
 16, 298 
 
 2,091 
 
 386, 1.58 
 
 1 . 235 
 
 7,481 
 
 57, 869 
 1 , 038 
 
 61, 735 
 5. 961 
 
 '";)3.5,'4:i6' 
 
 7 
 
 1,649 
 
 131., 808 
 
 
 
 
 Idaho 
 
 
 
 
 4,, 53 4 
 4,205 
 3, 000 
 
 NVvada 
 
 Nt\\' Mexk'O 
 
 
 
 96 
 
 9auih Carolina - 
 
 South Dakota 
 
 Utah. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 27S, 726 
 
 5,660, lOO 
 
 181,848 
 
 50, 401 
 
 105,811,:J97 
 
 83, 185 
 
 4, 200 
 
 153, 10(; 
 
 1,769 
 
 2, S73. 740 
 
 2, 937 
 
 147 
 
 6, 140 
 
 7S7 
 
 7, 120,11s 
 
 540 
 
 07 
 
 477, ISI 
 
 90 
 
 """.5,'2,50' 
 
 45. 292 
 
 
 
 
 All other states ^ - - - . 
 
 4:B2,41U 
 
 208, 971 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Maryland, I'cunessee, 'J.'.xas, aTid X'irKiii 
 
 Oi)//7 luid tfiJci:!' <IK l)ij-j>rii<hirts (if otlnr a/vx. — 'Idle 
 product of gold and silver mines does not irududc^ the 
 preciou.s metal contents of copper and iron ores. The 
 refined product which is placed on the market incdudes, 
 on the other hand, the precious metal contents of all 
 ores, regardless of their source of production. h\ 
 order to make the mining product comparable with the 
 refined product the following tal)le is presented, in 
 which the gold and silver contents of all oi-es, as 5vidl 
 as of placer bullion, are shown: 
 
 T.VBI.E ■.iH. — i:,,l,l,ii„ixilr 
 
 iilnihuflln 
 
 .,hlrh,f,,II I 
 
 CKiiPrCTInX. 
 
 Total 
 
 'lold and silver ( 
 
 es and ]>lacer Imllion. 
 
 190?.'' 
 
 udin.t' Alaskii 
 
 3, 242, o:39 
 
 3. 149. 128 
 
 92,911 
 
 SILVER. 
 
 Fine ijunces. 
 
 55, 819, 946 
 
 42, 746, 064 
 
 11,4,52,280 
 1.621, i;i)2 
 
534 
 
 MINES ANIJ QUARRIES. 
 
 The gold and .sihcr (■tintciit.s nf foppor ore.s .shown in 
 the preceding- ta})lo are inehided in the vahie repoi'ted 
 elsewhere for the product of copper mines, and tiie 
 silver contents of iron ores are included in the \alue 
 reported for iron ores. 
 
 The argentifei'ous iron ores exenii)lify the difficulties 
 attending eveiy classification. Such of these as contain 
 high values in silver, which permit of their working for 
 that metal, were classed as silver ores. Witli most of 
 these ores, however, their chief value lies in the fluxing 
 qualities of their iron and manganese contents, yet the 
 value received for them by the mine opiM'ator represent.s 
 practicallj' nothing l)ut the value of their silver contents. 
 With the exception of a .small quantity, the disposition 
 of which was not reported, all this ore was sold to the 
 American Smelting and Refining Company, which set- 
 tles for it ill the following manner: 
 
 I The producer of the ore is paid in full for its silver 
 contents at the New York quotation: the percentages 
 of iron and manganese are added together and the \joy- 
 centage of silica is deducted from the sum. If the 
 ditierence is ecjual to -ii) per cent of the weight of the 
 ore no charge, as a rule, is made for smelting and freight. 
 A bonus is paid for every '"unit" — i. e., 2U pounds — 
 over the 4o per cent basis, usually at f5 cents per 
 "unit" — i. e., three-fourths cent per pound — or a deduc- 
 tion is made at the same rate for every unit short of the 
 40 per cent basis. The \-alue of the product classed 
 as iron ore is made up as follows: 
 
 Valilr. 
 
 Silver (l,621,fi02 ounces i Sks:!,9.h7 
 
 Allowance for other metals icopfHr, lead, iron. niaiiKanesei 66,716 
 
 Value at mine. 
 
 ritiijiiriinillfin 
 
 T.\BLE 40. — (iiilil mill xilri'r conterilK of nil nrfx -ir/fner!, hy xtatrx and 
 lerrltdriex: IHOJ. 
 
 Total gross value 9.50,703 
 
 Deductions 169,787 
 
 The average assay of silver was T oiuices per ton, and 
 the average gross value of the ore was §4.16 per ton; 
 thus at the present price the A'alue of the silver alone 
 would not pay for the smelting of the ore but for the 
 exceptionally low chtirge for smelting, viz, 74 cents per 
 ton. The richness of the ore in iron and manganese is 
 what makes such a low rate possible. 
 
 The following table is a summai-y of the mines pro- 
 ducing argentiferous iron ore, not included in the sta- 
 tistics for o'old and siher; 
 
 iron in-r: n/0.'. 
 
 Table 39. — ^iiiniinii-ij of minex j 
 
 Number of mines 17 
 
 Salaries S:ii;, .5.su 
 
 Wages — S265, lot) 
 
 Contract work .529, '.i.vs 
 
 Work on .share of product S84, ;)6,s 
 
 Rent and royalties S.s5, 17 1 
 
 other miscellaneous c-xpcnscs S27, 365 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials _ ^\ ].s,596 
 
 Ore sold, short tons 22s, 719 
 
 Gross value of Ijullinn lajutcnls t9.5ll,7(i3 
 
 Average ya^r ton - #1 
 
 Value of product at mine *f7.s(>, 9li; 
 
 In the f(.)ilo\ving table the gold and silver contents 
 of all ores mined in l'.»()-2, including those in which the 
 precious mettils wei'e merely b\'-prochicts, tire shown 
 by states and territories: 
 
 
 GOLD. 
 
 SII.VEK. 
 
 
 Fine ounces. 
 3, 645, 769 
 
 Value. 
 J73,974,706 
 
 Fine ounces. 
 
 Value. 
 
 United States 
 
 .55, 911, 946 
 
 t28, 214, 8.54 
 
 Alu.skai 
 
 Arizona 
 
 403, 730 
 
 131,091 
 
 770, 204 
 
 1,321,930 
 
 7,214 
 
 72, S6.S 
 
 197, .535 
 
 87, 248 
 
 17, 546 
 
 3, 338 
 
 89, 026 
 
 6,749 
 
 3.51,357 
 
 173, 691 
 
 11,028 
 
 229 
 
 1,085 
 
 8, 345, 800 
 
 2, 672, 916 
 15, .H28, 536 
 26, 414, MOO 
 
 14.s,309 
 1,4.87.362 
 
 3. 990. 3.59 
 1,771,402 
 
 360, 988 
 
 67, 962 
 
 1,828,176 
 
 139,389 
 
 7,171,241 
 
 3, .500, 413 
 
 220, 375 
 
 4,737 
 
 21,941 
 
 92, 000 
 
 1,6.56,925 
 
 1,096,068 
 
 15,173,061 
 
 614 
 
 7,094,5.58 
 
 13,441,9,50 
 
 3, 782, 754 
 
 282, 317 
 
 8, 557 
 
 112,920 
 
 226 
 
 .5.35,041 
 
 11,782,147 
 
 390,440 
 
 48, 760 
 836, 450 
 
 
 562, 635 
 
 Colorado , , , 
 
 7,740,227 
 
 
 312 
 
 Idaho 
 
 3, 566, 238 
 
 Montana 
 
 6,833,963 
 
 Nevada 
 
 New Mexico . , 
 
 1,883, .589 
 146, 844 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 4,. 529 
 
 OrcKOn 
 
 South Carolina. . . 
 
 58,046 
 113 
 
 S.iufh Dakota 
 
 Utah 
 
 278,725 
 5,847,997 
 
 Washington 
 
 186, 348 
 
 
 
 
 462, 368 
 
 221,078 
 
 
 
 1 Estimate f)f the Director of the Mint- 
 
 - Includes Alataima, Arkansas, Maryland, Michigan. Tennessee, Tc-xas, and 
 Virginia. 
 
 Coinpiirixmin irltli the rejx'i't <>f the Direcfor of f]i,> 
 Mint. — The Director of the Mint estimates annually, 
 from the records of the United States mints and a.ssay 
 offices and from statements furnished by private refin- 
 eries, the product of refined gold and silver from 
 domestic ores. The methods followed in making these 
 estimates ai'e stated as follows: 
 
 In estiiiiatintj the ijiild yield nf tlie United States in any given 
 year only that gold is looked njioii as really prodnced that has 
 been retined, maile ready for the market, and the ascertained 
 amount of ilomestic origin (which is c<iiiiparatively insignificant) 
 that has been exported to foreign countries for reduction. 
 
 It has been the custom of the Bureau of the Mint to make for 
 every calendar year two independent calcnlations of the gold prod- 
 uct of the country, and to take their nn-an as the closest approxi- 
 mation that can I ><■ hail to the actual uutput of the mines. The first 
 of these i.-J hasi-d on the amount of golil put upon the market liy 
 private relineries during the year plus the fine gold contained in 
 the unrefined bullion of domestic iiroduction deposited at the 
 mints and assay olhces of the Tnited States plus the pure metal of 
 dcjuiestie production contained in ores, eojiper matte, etc., ex- 
 IH>rted to (itlier countries fur reduction. The second calculation is 
 based on the kimuu disiiositi(.iu made (if the newly produced golil 
 in any calendar year. Snob gold is either dejiosited at the mints 
 anil assay olhces nf the ruited States, ur exported from the ruited 
 States iu fiiriu of bullion, ores, or coiij)!'!' matte, or used in the in- 
 dustrial arts. If foreign gold bullion enters into any of the above 
 items, its amount must, of course, be deducled. 
 
 The silver iimdiict of the I'liited States in any given calendar 
 year is estimated in jireeisely the same manner as the gold prod- 
 uct, namely, by making two independent calculations of the same 
 and taking their mean as the actual product.' 
 
 The \;iriance between these two estimates is confined 
 within narrow limits. The \'ariances for 1902 are as 
 follows: For gold, Cil.Oi'lt ounces, or ii))ouf !.."> per ctMit 
 of either calculation; for sih'cr, (iCi.'.iT^ ouncivs, i. e., 
 somewhtit i)\'er one-tenth of I per cent. 
 
 ' lleport of the Directoi- of the ^lint uu the Production of the 
 Precious .Metals, lilOL', pages l.'-l and 14. 
 
GOLD AND SILVER. 
 
 535 
 
 The precious metal contents of all ores mined in VM>2, 
 as ascertained 1iy the census of mines and quarries in 
 the continental United States, ar'e collated in the fol- 
 lowing- statement with the estimates of tlie Director of 
 the Mint for the United States, exclusive of Alaska: 
 
 Prci'ioux meUd cuiitcnta, Bureau of ilie Census, and Mint rcluiiis: JiiUJ. 
 
 Gold, fni*^ ounces . . . 
 Silver, fine ounces .. 
 
 Product of 
 mines re- 
 ported by 
 
 Cen.sus. 
 
 3, 2-12, 039 
 .M, 819, 9-16 
 
 Refined prod- 
 uct esti- 
 miited by 
 Director of 
 the Mint. 
 
 3,466,270 
 5.5, 408, 000 
 
 DIFFERENCE. 
 
 Excess of 
 mining prod- 
 uct over re- 
 fined prod- 
 uct. 
 
 E.xee.s.s of re- 
 fined product 
 over mining 
 product. 
 
 224,231 
 
 It appears from the preceding statement that the out- 
 put of silver reported to the Bureau of the Census 
 slightly exceeds the estimate of the Director of the 
 ^lint, whereas the product of gold reported to the 
 Bureau of the Census is 6 per cent Ijelow the estimate 
 of the Director of the Mint. At the Ele\'enth Census 
 the difference was as high as 13 per cent of the refined 
 product. The decline of placer mining and of mining 
 on a small scale generally, the settlement of the mining- 
 districts and the improvement of transportation facili- 
 ties, together witli the progress of statistical methods 
 have all contributed to making the returns of the present 
 census more complete than its predecessors. On the 
 other hand, there can be no coincidence between mine 
 returns and the refined product for the same year, inas- 
 much as a part of the mining product of one year is 
 refined during the following year. 
 
 The Mint agents in their reports show the distribu- 
 tion of gold between placer and deep mines l)y states 
 and territories. In the following table the reports of 
 Mint agents are compared with the results of the Census: 
 
 Table -41. — Comparalire statement of the gold contents of tJw jiroituct 
 miiird, us reported to the Bureau of the Census, and hii Mint offieers 
 and (ir/eiits, Inj states and territories: 1!;02. 
 
 STATE OR TERRITORY. 
 
 Census 
 
 (fine 
 
 ounces). 
 
 Mint 
 
 oflicers and 
 
 agents (fine 
 
 lunces). 
 
 United States 2, 98'2, 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Arizona 
 
 Arliansas 
 
 California 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Montana 
 
 Nevada 
 
 New Mexico — 
 North Carolina . 
 
 Oregon 
 
 South Carolina.. 
 South Dakota . . . 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Utah 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Washington 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 5S7, 
 
 , 318, 
 
 3, 
 
 55, 
 
 178, 
 
 85, 
 
 11, 
 
 3, 
 
 63, 
 
 173 
 10, 
 
 117 
 199, 140 
 
 612, 559 
 
 1,348,046 
 
 4,130 
 
 38, 500 
 
 94 
 
 191, 229 
 
 144,211 
 
 12, 297 
 
 3,727 
 
 77, 086 
 
 7, 2.57 
 
 345, 715 
 
 192, \m 
 
 181 
 
 15,115 
 
 Census 
 
 (fine 
 
 ounces). 
 
 Mint 
 
 otiicers and 
 
 agents (fine 
 
 ounces). 
 
 259, 143 
 
 613 
 
 182. 370 
 8,172 
 3, -280 
 17, 091 
 
 19,2.89 
 
 1,423 
 
 .5, 722 
 
 154 
 
 25, 394 
 
 49 
 
 275 
 
 11 
 
 33 
 
 364 
 
 25 
 2,100 
 
 205, 478 
 
 31,444 
 
 1,1135 
 
 34,547 
 
 37 
 
 21,6-26 
 
 757 
 
 6, 312 
 
 803 
 
 11,798 
 
 226 
 
 27 
 3, 000 
 2, 188 
 
 The sources of production as reported by Mint officers 
 audag<'ntsare arranged under two heads only, " quartz" 
 and placer. It is evident by comparison with the 
 Director's estimate of the rctiucd product that the des- 
 ignation "(juartz" includes all deep mines.' 
 
 The difference between the tw(j sources compared in 
 the preceding statement amounts to G2,iiH7 ounces for 
 placers and 2<)S,()('i,"> ounces for deep mines, in ail 
 270,932 ounces. It must be borne in mind, however, 
 that tlu^ quantities reported by Mint officers and agents 
 exceed tin; Dir-ector's estimate of the gold product in 
 the contin(>ntal United States by 40,691 oiuices. 
 
 The excess over the Census retui-ns for placer mines 
 is greatest in Colorado, where the Mint officers repoi-t 
 .31,4-i4 ounces, whereas the Census retui-ns show only 
 3,172 ounces. It seems probable that Colorado is erro- 
 neously credited by the officers of the Denver mint with 
 the placer bullion produced in adjoining states, but 
 shipped to Denver to be deposited at the United States 
 Mint. The placer product credited to Idaho by the 
 United States Assay Ofiice, at Boise, is 17,-±.5fi ounces 
 in excess of the Census returns; on the other hand, how- 
 ever, the Census returns show an excess of 13, .596 
 oiuices over the Mint report foi- Oregon; it is very 
 likel_y that the Oregon product found its way through 
 bullion dealers to the Boise assay office. 
 
 The gold product of placer mines, as reported to the 
 Bureau of the Census directlj^ by producers, was valued 
 at §4, 201:, 995, which corresponds to the value of 2()3,757 
 fine ounces, as estimated above. In addition to this 
 amount the unreported production of small mines was 
 estimated b}' local men at §1,138,181, which corresponds 
 to the value of 55,386 fine ounces. Most of the placer 
 bullion ultimately finds its way to the mints and assay 
 offices. The report of the Mint officers and agents 
 should therefore be given preference over the esti- 
 mates of other local men. The excess of the amount 
 reported by Mint officers and agents over the aggregate 
 output reported directly by producers to the Bureau of 
 the Census, viz, 123,903 ounces, with a coining value of 
 $2,561,075, represents the product of small mines. 
 
 The excess of the gold product of deep mines as 
 reported by Mint agents over the Census returns is 
 greatest in Arizona and Nevada, namely, in Arizona, 
 68,562 ounces, which is equal to 52.5 per cent of the 
 Census returns, and in Nevada 58,386 ounces — i. e., 68 
 per cent of the Census returns. 
 
 Th(^ following comparative table ,'«hows the distribu- 
 tion of the silver production by states, as ascei-tained 
 by the census of mines and rjuarries and as estimated by 
 the Director of the Mint. The (juantities reported liy 
 Mint agents are shown in a parallel column. 
 
 'Reiinrt nf the Director of the Mint on the Production of the 
 Precious Jlctals, 1901', page 16. 
 
536 
 
 MINES AND QUARKIES. 
 
 Table 4:2. — Oiinj>i(r<iih;- Matemetit nfllie xilirr raiiliiih of lln' iu-n,liirl 
 illllinl, (IS i-ijiin-trd In tin- Ihlrnin nj llw (', iisiis, ilinl lli. i,rn,liirl ,:f 
 
 silrn' rcjinci'ii's, an ixllnidti'd hij llir Dl 
 tcrriluricx : 190.'. 
 
 I" 
 
 rl,,f ,./■//«■ ,1//;//, Injalilh' 
 
 EstimaU' . Excess cit 
 
 of the Uei..irtof l 'I'lisiis ru- 
 
 j, ,, Director Mint turns 
 
 turn.'.. 1 „f tiie ,ii;enlK. over .Mint 
 
 Mint. I . estimates. 
 
 Census re- 
 
 United States . . . rn, 911, 946 
 
 Exeess of 
 Slint es- 
 tiniMtes 
 o\-er Cen- 
 sus re- 
 turns. 
 
 Alasica 
 
 Arizona 
 
 California 
 
 Colorado 
 
 (.leorgia 
 
 Idaho 
 
 ^lontana 
 
 Nevada 
 
 Ne^v Mexico .. 
 North Carolina 
 
 Oregon 
 
 South Carolina 
 South Dakota 
 
 Texas 
 
 T'tah 
 
 Wa-hingtt 
 \\"\-oming 
 All other states 2 
 
 228, bm 
 ,^00U 
 
 <j9,n7 
 
 1 Estimate of the Director of the Mint. 
 
 - Includes .Vlidjama, Maryland, Michigan, Tenne 
 
 ee. anil Virginia. 
 
 Table iS .show.s thut while the Census returns for tlie 
 United States, as a whole, suhstantially aj^ree with the 
 estimate of the Director of the ]\Iiiit, there is a wide 
 variance between the residts for some of tlie states. 
 The estimate of the Director of tlie Mint is 1.23lt,758 
 ounces, or 17 per cent short of tlie product ascei'tained 
 bv the Census for Idaho. ( )ii the other liand, the Census 
 returns for Arizona are 1,886,175 ounces, or 45.."i per 
 cent of the estimate of the Director of the Mini. Con- 
 sidering' that the Census returns for other states, as well 
 as the total for the United States, are in substantial 
 harmonj' with the Mint estimates, it is not ])rol)a))le 
 that the canvass of mines in Arizona by Census ai;'ents 
 should have failed to reach 15.5 per cent of the silver 
 product of that territory, ^^'ere it so, tlie diti'erence 
 for Arizona would have to be added to the Census total 
 for the United States, in whicli case the estimate of the 
 Director of the Mint would be 1,798,121 oimces below 
 the total production of the United States. The Mint 
 estimate of the total production for tlie Cnited Sttites, 
 however, is more likely to be a[)pro.\imately accui'ate 
 than its apportionment anKjni;- the se\-eral states and 
 territories, wherein the estimates of the r)U]e;ai of the 
 Mint often wirlely disagree with the re])oi'(s of its 
 agents. 
 
 With special reference to Aiizona, it is fui'thcr ]>os- 
 sible tliat tlie excess of the Mint estimates ovci' Census 
 returns, both for the gold and the sih'ci- pi'oduct, repre- 
 sents to some ext(>nt the product of .Mexican mines 
 brought o\erthe border and sold in the Cnitcd States.' 
 
 The (Jensiis returns for the sih'cr pi'oduct of Nc\'ada 
 slighth' exrced the estimate of the Dil'ectoi- of tiie M int. 
 Inasmuili as the silver jirtxhict of NcNuda, ii-siially occurs 
 
 ' t;c|.nrt <if III.- |lilo,-f 
 Prcciiiii- >rptals, IS!);i, p; 
 
 Id 111' 
 s.'i. 
 
 d II 
 
 in association with gold, it would seem that the canvass 
 of gold and siher mines must have been fairly complete. 
 It is therefore difficult to account for the wide diver- 
 gence between the (Census returns and the Mint esti- 
 mat(^ of the gold product of the state. The A'astness of 
 the area to be covei-ed and the sparseness of the popu- 
 lation muv to some (wtent have ati'ected the Census 
 returns; yet, considering that the variance l)etween the 
 Census returns and Mint estimates fcir other states is 
 confined within comparati\-ely iiai'row limits, it seems 
 probable that Nc\a<la has been credited by the P)Ureau 
 of the Mint and its agents with much of the gold bullion 
 brought from otln'r states to the (.'arson City assay 
 office. 
 
 Plac<'r bullion usually carries sih'cr; the (juantity of 
 silver, however, is in most cases too small to be figured 
 in the xalue of the product. Tliei'c were only lo placer 
 mines which reported separately the \aliie of silver, 
 aiiKuinting in all to J?-!,l';-55. The I'cports of Mintagents, 
 which are summarized in the statement below, place the 
 c<iining \alue of sih'er at !t^l:.',75:i, corresponding to a 
 commercial \'alue of §5,1-!1*, at 52 cents per tine ounce. 
 
 The amount reported by Mint agents does not include 
 the states of ( 'olorailo, Idaho, and Ne\ada. •\\'ith the 
 addition of th(> amount repoi'ted to the Bureau of tiie 
 Census from these 'A states —viz, !?1,1:41 —the total value 
 of the, siher i'eco\'ered as a by-product of placer mining 
 aiiKaints to ^ri,57o. The diti'erence between the Census 
 returns and the Mint agents' estinuites amounts to !?4,:-iMS, 
 which does not materially add to the siher jn-oduction 
 or reduce the gold production of the United States. 
 
 (lijlit iiiul silnj- i-ciiltiilx ijf jilnrir biilliuti, nx rejmiii/il In/ Mint mjiiih: 
 
 I'lnted states... 
 
 ( 'alilornia 
 
 Montana 
 
 Ori'gon 
 
 Washington 
 
 Snnth .\ppalaeldan Males: 
 
 .Ml olher sillies anil Irrn 
 
 toriesa 
 
 FINK OCNCKS. 
 
 IJold. 
 
 Silver. 
 9, 8C3 
 
 321,410 
 
 20.1, 478 
 
 21,i;2l'i 
 
 1 1 , Til.H 
 
 ;'., (Illll 
 
 2, Kin 
 
 77,;iis 
 
 fi, 4riO 
 
 2,417 
 
 1 , (132 
 
 7.iO 
 
 211 
 
 Silver. 
 
 cial. 
 
 JO, 043, US.'i S.i, 129 $12,7,i2 
 
 4,247,002 
 
 447, 040 
 
 243, 880 
 
 li2.010 
 
 lt,i:,i2 
 
 1, 
 
 7.S3 
 
 2,834 7,046 
 
 l,2.i7 3, 12.T 
 
 .i37 I 1,334 
 
 390 070 
 
 111 277 
 
 I'l (^l 
 
 I h'igiireH Iiikeli from tile Keliortof llic Inreiionif llie .Mini on llii- I'roducliiin 
 I if Ilie Precious Mclals for the Calendar Year 19112, jiagcs ,sii, 114, 1 l.^j, ISI, 187. and 
 212. Where only coining values were i-cportcd, line onnees lia\'e heen com- 
 l.iilcd fnim such iil a rate for gold of ii20.07-l- and for silver of SI. 20. Com. 
 increial Millies hine lieeii figured at ii ralenf Sll..'i2 pi'r line ounce. 
 
 -' liieliides .MaliHimi, (leorgiii, .Miir.\ hiiiil, Noilli inn. linn, South Ciirolimi, 
 'reniie^see. and \'irginia. 
 
 ■' Includes Arizona. .Vrkiinsas, Colorado. Ida I in, NrMidn. New Mcxiro, Sou 111 
 Dakota, Ctali, and W'voming. 
 
 ■I Nol reported: inidiided with gold 
 
 ( \iiii /xii'isdii ii'/l li Sim III r r< I iii'iis. A rgenti I'erous lead 
 anfl copper ores are I'educed by smelting. There were 
 only :-! letul smidters combined \\ith silver-lead mines 
 and ci.)iistriicted for the treatment of their own ores. 
 Theii- total product for 111112 wa.se(|iiiil to Um, 01)2 ounces 
 of silver ami 1,884,5!)| pounds of lead, which was but a 
 I'raclion ni 1 jxt cent of the total product of siher-leiul 
 
(lOTJ) AND SILVER. 
 
 5;^, 7 
 
 niines. Tho product of these smelters was shipped 
 to eiistern relineries. Tlie bulk of the siher and lead 
 produced rt^aehed the smelters and relineries either in 
 erude state or after only a preliiuinarv niilliiio- treat- 
 ment. As shown further in Table -i'S. the former con- 
 tained ^(;, '270, 57s ounces of silver and the latter 1(;,l'()7,- 
 7G7 ounces, exclusi\-e of -;()7,111) ounces \vhicli wfvr 
 produced l)y small mines and could not be classihed. 
 According to reports ret'eived l)y the I>urcau of the 
 Census from smelters and relineries, the pi-oduction of 
 refined sih'cr in the Tnitcd States in V,n)-J was niad(> up 
 as follows: 
 
 Proiliiceil by k-jiil suK'tturs aiid reMiiiTie^ . . . , 
 PrudiK'L'd by oojiper .smelters [Uid relineries. 
 
 Fine (innees. 
 . . . 7M, H'lt'j, 'J.S4 
 . - . V), 7S1 , 6:i2 
 
 Less euntenls of foreiL,'n ore 
 
 .ss,077,M(i 
 eiiorteii L>y, 92(j, '.^.'riri 
 
 Tolal etl, 7S1 , 5M 
 
 The silver contents of foreign lead ores smelted on 
 the Pacific coast were not reported, but the bullion 
 product of those smelters is included in the above total. 
 The ores imported through San Francisco, Cal., and 
 Puget Sound, Wash., were valued at ipii,519,2S'.». ' 
 P'igured at the rate of .52 cents per ounce of silver, tliey 
 contained 4,844,78(1 ounces, which leaves 54,!H)t;,7'.».5 
 ounces of domestic silver. The total reported by private 
 smelters and refineries to the Director of the ]\Iint was 
 5.">,US7,074 ounces.' Thus in all about 5.5,0n(i,()(.i() ounces 
 of silver were produced bj^ private smelters and refiner- 
 ies, of which over 44,000,000 ounces were produced from 
 domestic ores by lead smelters and refineries. The last 
 quantity covers the coatents of all sih^er bearing ores, 
 which shows the close interdependence Ijetween silver 
 mining and lead smelting. The total silver product of 
 11)02 was accordingly distributed liy charact(^r of ore, as 
 follows: 
 
 Total value. 
 
 From gold and silver ores and plaeer bullion . 
 
 From arKeutiterons lead ores 
 
 From ar^entiteron.s iron ores 
 
 From copper ores 
 
 ?2.s,4JS,004 
 
 16,062,979 
 
 1.5, 3,S.i, ,S72 
 
 SS3, 987 
 
 6, 1L5, 166 
 
 Percent. 
 100.0 
 
 21.3 
 fil.l 
 3.1 
 21.. 5 
 
 1 Includes product of old dumps and tailini^s. 
 
 The total lead contents of argentiferous ores mined 
 in 1902, including copper ores, amounted to 411,5yu,6<)4 
 
 poimds. 'I'Ik^ rcline(l lead produci rcpoi-ted to the 
 Bureau (jf the Census by lead smelter.^ and retintjries was 
 475,riS8,41'.) pounds, which inclutlcd the |jroduction of 
 foreign oi'es sniidtcd on the Piudlic coast anfl not segro 
 gatetl in the reports from smtdters. The imports of lead 
 in oi'e and base bid I ion at Puget Sound and San Francisco 
 were reported as 27.1h;h,'.):54 pounds,' w liich must he 
 deducted from the tottil reportc'd by the smidters; this 
 leaves 447,01 S.4sr) pounds of lead. 
 
 A ptH'tion of this (|uantity was produced from ikju- 
 argentifcrous lead: the I'nitixl States ( ieological Sur- 
 vey estimates the, (juantity of soft lead refined by (h'sil- 
 veiizers at ."),;:!l(o tons, which leaves 48(i,s2x,4s.j pounds 
 ' (jf argentiferous lead. The excess o\-er the contents of 
 ores mined equals 2.5,237,'.»81 poimds, or 12,(!19 short 
 tons. During I'.Hi^ the stock of domestic h'ad was 
 reduced by 42,iys tons;* it is probaljle that the excess 
 of th(> smelter returns represents the product of ores 
 mined during the prc\'ious yetir. The Fnited States 
 (Ieological Survey cstimtites the yield of lead from 
 ai'gentiferous ores for I'.Hii' at 19.5,571 tons.' This is 5 
 per cent short of the product I'cpoi'ted liv mine opera- 
 tors; the difference is easily accounted for bv losses in 
 smelting. 
 
 si[iPi'iN(; AND ."\nL[jN(; (irks. 
 
 The product after leaving the mine is treated either 
 at a mill connected with the mine or at ;l custom mill 
 in the xdcinity; or it is mendy concentrated tit the 
 mine and the dressed ore shipped to ii smelter; or it is 
 shipped in the crude state. Table 43 shows the tonnage, 
 Ijullion contents, and gross value, total and per ton, of 
 idl ore sold and tretited, (dassified according to the 
 method of handling the siun(\ No information of this 
 (diaracter being available for certain small opjerators, 
 from whom no individual reports were received, their 
 estimated pr(xluct is not included in Talile 43. 
 
 'Report (if the Director of the :Miiit on the Production (if the 
 PrecioiLs Metals, 1902, page ::114. 
 
 Mhid., jiage I'i. 
 
 'Commerce and Xavitratioii of tin- I'nited Stafei?, 1902, Voh I, 
 page :^86. 
 
 ^ United States Geological Survev, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1902, pages 211 and" 212. 
 
 Hbid., page 207. 
 
538 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 43.— T0XNA(4E TREATED AND BULLION CONTENTS OF ORES REDUCED AT MINE AND SHIPPED IN 
 
 CRUDE STATE: 1902. 
 
 
 Tons sold or 
 treated. 
 
 OOI.D. 
 
 SU.VEK. 
 
 
 (Quantity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 Fine onnces. 
 
 T,)tal. 
 
 Per fine 
 ounce. 
 
 Total, tine 
 ounces 
 
 Per ton, 
 fine ounces. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Per fine 
 ounce. 
 
 
 9, 788, 124 
 
 2,,H74,4J6 
 
 J.58, 122, 187 
 
 $20. 22 
 
 42, 478, 345 
 
 4 
 
 821,315,793 
 
 SO. .50 
 
 
 
 
 .s 232 753 
 
 1,815,4.82 36,924,616 
 
 20.34 
 
 22, 31 7, .525 
 
 3 
 
 11,17.5,262 1 0.50 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ore treated 7, 97S, 901) 
 
 Ore shipped 253, H47 
 
 Mines wittiuut mill connection j 1,555,371 
 
 1,666,515 
 148,967 
 
 1,0.58,964 
 
 34, 062, .535 
 2, 862, 081 
 
 21, 197, .571 
 
 20.44 
 19.21 
 
 20.02 
 
 16,207,767 
 6, 109, 7.58 
 
 20,160,820 
 
 2 
 32 
 
 13 
 
 8, 1.53, 607 
 3,021,6.55 
 
 10, 140, .531 
 
 0.50 
 0.49 
 
 0..50 
 
 Shipping ore 
 
 Milling ore 
 
 Concentrated ore 
 
 1,304, .503 
 
 212, 492 
 
 38, 376 
 
 881,018 
 1.56, 091 
 21, .855 
 
 17,613,417 
 
 3, 163, 112 
 
 421,042 
 
 19.99 
 20. 26 
 19.27 
 
 19, 100, 326 
 846,8.58 
 213,636 
 
 15 
 4 
 6 
 
 9, 614, 445 
 421,791 
 104,295 
 
 0.50 
 0..50 
 0.49 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 T. 
 
 tine I 
 
 Per ton, 
 
 Value 
 
 Aggregate 409, 734, 48 1 I 2. 09 
 
 Mines and mills 322, 7U.s, 401 1.96 
 
 Ore treated 259, 346, 816 
 
 Ore shipped 63, 361, 685 
 
 Klines without mill connection 
 
 Shipping ore 
 
 Milling ore 
 
 Concentrated ore. 
 
 87, 1126, 083 
 
 83, 923, 765 
 1,778,878 
 1,323,440 
 
 1.62 
 
 12.48 
 
 3.22 
 0.42 
 1.72 
 
 S12, 259, 105 
 10,109,749 
 
 8,384,860 
 1,724,889 
 
 ;, 087, 461 
 39, 066 
 22,830 
 
 Cents 
 perfine 
 pound. 
 
 3.0 
 3.1 
 3.2 
 
 2.6 
 2.2 
 1.7 
 
 Fine 
 pounds. 
 
 14, 028, 323 
 
 7, 559, 660 
 
 4,47.5,952 
 3, 083, 708 
 
 6, 468, 663 
 
 6, 2] 6, .589 
 
 .54,117 
 
 197, 9.57 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cents 
 perfine 
 pound. 
 
 $1,016,114 
 
 341,, 581 
 166,209 
 
 7.6 
 5.4 
 
 494,441 ,8.0 
 
 4,009 7.4 
 
 9, .874 i 6.0 
 
 Other 
 
 metaLs— 
 
 value. 
 
 $.341,041 
 
 Gross 
 
 value — 
 
 total. 
 
 $93,2,54,240 
 
 .59, 027, 379 
 
 198, ,8,81 
 28, 030 
 4, 168 
 
 61, 2.52, .545 
 7, 774, .8.34 
 
 30, 008, 646 
 
 3, 656, 007 
 
 .562,209 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 100.0 
 63.3 
 
 .65. 
 ,s.3 
 
 32. 2 
 3.9 
 0.6 
 
 Average 
 gross 
 value 
 
 per ton. 
 
 $10. 00 
 
 6.00 
 31.00 
 
 23. 00 
 17.00 
 15. 00 
 
 The preceding table lirinys out the (>c(iii()iiiic rea.soiis 
 governing- the method of liandling the ore. Where 
 there wa.s a niill at the nihie tlie ii\-erage value of the 
 ore was about ^7 per ton; where there was no mill at 
 the mine the average value \\-as $22. In the al.).seiice of 
 a mill at the mine only ore of a higher grarle was mined. 
 On the other hand, wliere the ore could be reduced at 
 the mine, low-grade ore wa.s ad\'antageously mined and 
 treated. E\en where tljere was a mill at the mine a 
 portion of the ore was shipped to suKdters. The A'tilue 
 of such ore in l'..)(.l2 averaged a) lOut $X>it per ton, whereas 
 the average grade of the ore treated at the mine w as SC, 
 per ton. AVhere there was no mill belonging to the 
 mine the liulk of the ore Wiis sliipijed, the \-ahie of the 
 average grade of shipping ore being si^2^; per ton. In 
 some districts the proximity of custom mills ])erniitte(l 
 the treatment of ores averaging iibout $17 per ton. 
 
 Another consideration whicli determines the method 
 of handling the ore was the natuic of its nietalli<- con- 
 tents. Ore shipped in crude state frcjiu mines witliout 
 mill connection contained considerable \'aliies in sih'cr. 
 viz, §9,614,-1:4.5, a\'ei';iging ITi ounces per ton. whiTcas 
 ores treated at neighboi'ing custom mills were \iiliied 
 chiefly foi' their gold contents, siKer a\ ei-aging only \> 
 ounces per ton. Lead was also an important eli^ment 
 in -shipping ores, averaging :;.22 per cent of the ore. 
 
 whereas in milling ores it w;is only a frtiction of 1 per 
 cent. 
 
 At mines with mill connection the value of the ores 
 tretited was nearly all in their gold contents, silver 
 iUfraging 2 ounces per ton aiul l(>ad only about l.fi2 
 per cent. The ores sliipped contained a gretiter value 
 in sih'cr than in gohl, the a\-erage tenf)r in silver being 
 'd-ji ounces per ton. The lead contents were also valua- 
 ble, averaging 12.48 per cent of the crude ore. In 
 such cases the ores were sorted before trciitment; ore 
 rich in silver and lead was shipped to smelters, the rest 
 being treated at the mine. 
 
 A poi'tion of the ore treated at the mills w;is merely 
 concentrated preparatory to shipping. This was nota- 
 bly the case with ores ricli in lead. The jiroductof the 
 mills contained 2.")'.t,;:!4ti,.sLti pounds of lead, which had 
 to be extracted ))y smelting. 
 
 The total (juantity of ore concentrated was, accord- 
 ing to i-eports. l.SiiO.fiSi) tons; but much more was 
 proba))ly concentrttted. as the reports on this subject 
 are incomplete. All this ore was concentrated at 
 ])lants btdonging to the mines. ()nl\' ;-5S,;-)7t) tons 
 wei'c concenti'tited for outsidei^, tlie\ being producers 
 whose mines were located in the neighborhood of con- 
 centrating ])lants. 
 
 C'<incentration of ores before sliipjiing is one of the 
 
GOLD AND SILVER. 
 
 539 
 
 iiiddcrn devices for the economical liandliiiu' of ores, 
 riie ([iiantitv "f concentrates produci'd was 2n(;,8::',() 
 tons; the quantity of crude ore treated to produce tiiese 
 concentrates was l,8-i(>,r)S!) tons, as stated; the aA'eray-e 
 dco-ree of concentration was accordingly 1 ton of eoTicen- 
 trates to tons of crude ore. This i-educes tlu' huil< of 
 the ore to l)c shipped to ont>-ninth of its original weight; 
 a largo saving is thus effected in freight and treatment 
 charges. 
 
 The prices which were j)aid for the metallit' I'ontents 
 of the mining product \-aried in accordance with the 
 condition in which it was marketed, (rold bullion, pro- 
 duced by amalgamating, cyaniding, and chlori nation 
 works connected with mines, sold at $:^0.-l:4 per hne 
 ounce; when the ore was I'educed at custom mills, gold 
 hrought on an average $^0.2ti per ounce. Gold in ore 
 brought from $l!t.^l to $19. it!) per ounce. Silver was 
 figured at 5(> cents per ounce; a portion brought only 
 4:'.> cents Y>ev ounce. Lead was disposed of at an aver- 
 age of 3 cents per tine poimd; when sold as concentrates 
 it averaged S."2 cents per pound, while in the crude state 
 it brought from five-tenths to 1 cent less. Copper 
 brought from 5 to 8 cents per pound. 
 
 ('hiir<je» fur treat imiit niid frriijht. — Charges for 
 treatment and freight are governing factors in the work- 
 ing of mines. They are materially reduced ^\•hen the 
 ore is treated at the mine or concentrated. The total 
 charges for treatment and freight reported from mines 
 without a mill connection amounted to $ll,0riO,7S9, of 
 which $5,020,283 was treatment charges, $2,021, S2S 
 freight, and $lr,0i)8,72S t'ould not be segregated, the 
 charges and freight not being entered separately on the 
 books of the operators. Tlie total amount of treatment 
 and freight charges reported from mines with mill con- 
 nection was $10,277,680, of which $3,(j',.t7,138 was treat- 
 ment charges, $2,311,765 freight, and $4,238,783 could 
 not be segregated. 
 
 The following table shows the treatment charges and 
 freight, classified according to the method of handling 
 the ore: 
 
 Tahi.k 4Jr. — Treiiliiieiil clinriji-x aiul freiijlit an tin- pruihii-t of niincn 
 ami iiiifh: 190..'. 
 
 Total 
 
 Mines and mills, ores 
 sold and treated .. 
 
 Mines without mill 
 cnnneetion 
 
 Shipping ore 
 
 Milling ore 
 
 Concentrated ore 
 
 9, 788, 124 
 
 X, 232, 753 
 
 1,555,371 
 
 ) , 304, 503 
 
 212, 492 
 
 38, 376 
 
 value. 
 
 893, 254 
 
 240 
 
 59, 027 
 34, 226 
 
 379 
 
 861 
 
 30, OOS, 645 
 
 3, 656, 007 
 
 562, 209 
 
 Treatment 
 eliarges, Avera^^e \"a]ue at 
 neludinj,^ per ton. mine, 
 freiglu. 
 
 S21,328,475 
 
 S2. 18 971,925,765 
 
 10,277,680 
 11,0.50,789 
 
 9, 865, 405 
 
 1,039,-533 
 
 145, 851 
 
 1.25 , 48,749,693 
 
 7.1U 1 23,176,072 
 
 7. .56 ! 20,143.240 
 
 4.8;i I 2,616,474 
 
 3.80 I 410,358 
 
 The greater part of the treatment and freight chttrges 
 on the product of mills consisted of deductions on con- 
 centrates and on 253,817 tons of oi'e shipped in crude 
 
 state (see Table 13). The I'efining charges on bullion 
 may be estimated at 1 ]>rv cent of the value of tlie gold 
 contents and at 1 cents per oiinci/ (jf siher, which is the 
 highest rate charged by the United States mints and 
 as.say offices. This rate makes a total of §36'.»,216 on 
 gold and $S',t2.751 on silver — in all, S1.2t;i,9'.»7, or, in 
 round ligiires, about $1,200, OHO. This leaves .some- 
 what over $',),(HH),(H)0 for treatment and for freight on 
 concentrates and crude ore. 
 
 The amount of freight varied for the .several states 
 and within the same state materially, according to the 
 location of the mine. The treatment and freight charges 
 set the limit to the woi'king of ci>rtain grades of ore. 
 Table 15 shows, by states and territories, the total ton- 
 nag(> of ores ti'eated at outside reduction works, the total 
 treatment charges, including freight, and the average 
 per ton, and the highest and lowest freight rate per 
 ton. The freight charges indicate the distances of the 
 mines from railroad connections. 
 
 Table 43. — Toiiiiiigc Innliil nl miUide inirLx, imatment churgei^, K'lir! 
 freight, by stales and territories: 1902. 
 
 STATP: ok TKRUl- 
 TORY. 
 
 United states. 
 
 Arizona 
 
 Calil'ornia 
 
 CoL.rad.. 
 
 Idalio 
 
 Mcaitana 
 
 Nevada ..__ 
 
 New Me.xico 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Soulli Dak. ta .... 
 
 Ulali 
 
 \Vasliiiigton 
 
 All other states' . 
 
 tkI':atment 
 
 I OHAROKS, I.N'CLl'O- 
 
 Total tons I NO freioht. 
 treated at 
 
 oirtside I 
 
 wi.trks. I 
 
 Total. 
 
 1, 782, 6.54 $13, 167, 148 
 
 9,120 
 
 22, 415 
 
 1 , 265, 262 
 
 11,S93 
 
 .56.H06 
 
 40,613 
 
 .s, 969 
 
 1,171 
 
 115,242 
 
 219,817 
 
 8,,S69 
 
 22,374 
 
 132, 
 
 91, 
 
 ., 098, 
 
 229, 
 
 628, 
 
 a71, 
 
 73, 
 
 Aver- 
 age per 
 ton. 
 
 87.39 
 
 14.48 
 4.09 
 6.40 
 19.31 
 11.06 
 14.07 
 8.22 
 4.44 
 ■ 2.69 
 12.84 
 9. 28 
 5. 42 
 
 FREIGHT 
 
 PER T0> 
 
 
 Shipping ores. 
 
 Milling ores. 
 
 High- Low- 
 
 High- Lo"w- 
 
 est, est. 
 
 e.st. est. 
 
 850. 00 
 .50. 00 
 
 *0. 05 
 1.00 
 
 $18. 00 
 
 80.15 
 
 1.2.5 
 
 0.75 
 
 36.00 
 
 0.20 
 
 1.5.00 
 
 0.30 
 
 21. 45 
 
 0.05 
 
 9.75 
 
 0.30 
 
 40.00 
 
 2.00 
 
 13.04 
 
 0..50 
 
 11.00 
 
 0-50 
 
 3.75 
 
 0.39 
 
 30.00 
 
 1.00 
 
 10.00 
 
 0.20 
 
 16.00 
 
 0.83 
 
 18.00 
 
 0..50 
 
 12.00 
 
 3.63 
 
 2.50 
 
 0.15 
 
 15. 00 
 
 0.30 
 
 2.25 
 
 0.75 
 
 23. 70 
 
 0.70 
 
 
 
 10.00 ' 1.00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' Itieliales miia-s located in Alal>ama, .\rkansas, Georgia, North t^'arolina, 
 Soullr Carolina, Te.xas, Virginia, aurl Wyoming. 
 
 The freight rates wer(> higher on shipping ores than 
 on milling ores; the highest freight from the mine to 
 the mill, $ls per ton, was paid in Xew ^Mexico; the 
 highest freight from the mine to the smelter, $50 per 
 ton, was paid in Arizona. 
 
 (rriidr (if iiri . — In Ttibh^ 16 the gold and silver con- 
 tents of till ores mined in 1002, wherein the precious 
 metals were the chit^f item of value, are classilied by 
 the grade of ore. There were a number of cases which 
 did not lend themseh'cs to such a tdassiticatioii. In 
 many mines the ore is sorted, hrst-class ore being 
 shipped and second-tlass ore Ijeing treated at the mine. 
 Census sdiediiles difl not call for a separate statement 
 for each chiss of ori\ tiiid tin a\'erage for all grades 
 would ftiil for the purpose of this classification. How- 
 e\er, as eight-ninths of tht" total gold product of deep 
 mines :tnd four-lifths of the total sil\-er product ha\e 
 been classiHi>d. the ttiltle answers the purpose. 
 
540 
 
 MIXKS AND QUARK I K8. 
 
 T.viiLE 40.— GOLD AND SILVKK VAU'KS COXTAIXEH IX THE I'UOJlCCT (IK I'KW 'lOlS MKTA L :\IIXES, (•LASSIFIEJ> 
 
 I!Y CKADE OF ORE, BY STATES AXD TERRITORIES: IflOl'. 
 
 HAL VALl'K. 
 
 VALl'E I'KK TON. 
 
 All fc'nirles 
 
 Less than SIO 
 
 SIO and ovur, but Ifss than S20. . 
 &2U and tiver, but less than SnO. . 
 8.50 and over, but less tlian SIOO. 
 SlOO and over 
 
 United 
 States. 
 
 $.51,260,409 
 
 21,199,278 
 9, 2.53, 391 
 
 17,004,1.50 
 2, 477. 129 
 1,321;, 4.58 
 
 32,130,99(1 
 
 1,U4,41,H 
 
 i;99, 220 
 
 252, OM I 
 
 31,103 
 
 3,275 
 
 (;, S7II,510 
 
 2, 197,(1.54 
 
 1 , 105, 75S 
 
 109, 9,S3 
 
 153,317 
 
 Nevada. 
 
 ji,(;3s,79(; 
 
 VALUE 1'i;r ton. 
 
 2,S.5(I. .590 
 4,279,39-S 
 13.711.112 
 2. 041. 770 
 308. Iil9 
 
 lAJ, \AL("K. 
 
 950,113 
 
 
 S17,14(l 
 
 
 707, H5I 
 
 
 149, 9S9 
 
 
 218, 189 
 
 
 los, 02; 
 
 2.S3, 9(;.s 
 314,.S7I 
 32, 039 
 .549, 892 
 
 Siailh 
 llakota. 
 
 , 3.S5, 1 98 
 
 141,306 
 
 10,626 
 
 1,300 
 
 Utah. 
 
 S2, 928, 816 
 
 2,. 367, 292 
 
 401,805 
 
 1.56,011 
 
 3, 648 
 
 All other 
 state.s and 
 territories.' 
 
 S2, 158, OOV 
 
 1,223,074 
 
 429, 837 
 
 3.84, 639 
 
 87, 291 
 
 33,166 
 
 All grades. 
 
 Less than SIO 
 
 SIO and over, but less than S20. . 
 S20 and over, but less than S50. . 
 S.50 and over, but le.ss than SIOO. 
 SlOO and over 
 
 United States. 
 
 (■(.lorndo. 
 
 $17,331,199 
 
 56, 337, 576 
 
 4,344,369 
 
 6,181,826 
 3, 51S, 381 
 1,821,009 
 1,462,614 
 
 1,886,767 
 
 1,781,700 
 
 2, 142, 693 
 
 411,867 
 
 114,519 
 
 Montana. 
 
 Nevada. 
 
 Jl, 817, 211 
 
 51,728,319 
 
 861,030 
 331,090 
 260,078 
 306,233 
 
 .58, 780 
 
 45, 838 
 291,164 
 132,306 
 
 35.21(1 
 1.223, .SOI 
 
 5-l,7fl3,2(;0 
 
 224. OS.^ 
 3,42y,'.!2n 
 
 All other 
 
 states uihI 
 tiTritorles,2 
 
 RECAPITULATKJN, UNITED 
 
 STATES. 
 
 f)ld, pe 
 cent. 
 
 J^jlvcr, fier 
 enit. 
 
 ¥2 
 
 684 
 
 833 
 
 1 
 
 326 
 
 649 
 
 
 347 
 
 9.52 
 
 
 490 
 
 761 1 
 
 
 453 
 
 987 1 
 
 160. 
 
 41.4 
 18.0 
 33. 2 
 4.8 
 2.6 
 
 26.1 
 3.5.7 
 20.3 
 10.5 
 
 8.4 
 
 1 Includes mines located in Alabama, .Arkansas, (Tcortria, Idaho, New- Mc-Nic( 
 
 2 Includes mines located in Alabama. Arizcjna, California, (!r corona. Idaho. Xi 
 and Washington. 
 
 It appears from the preceding- tublo that litth^ uold 
 was produced in l',H)2 from ores worth over $5(i per ton. 
 About two-tifth.s of all jj-old produced wiis won from 
 low-grade ores worth less than $lo per ton, and ahont 
 the .same share was obtained from ores worth $^1 » or over. 
 
 Considering- the three principal gold producing states, 
 Colorado, California, and ."-^outli Dakota, and taking p2() 
 per ton as the dividing line between high-grade oi'es 
 and average or low-grade ores, it appears that in Colo- 
 I'ldo high-grade ores predominate, whereas in California 
 and South Dakota the product was chiefly won from 
 low-grade ores. In South Dakota practically all gold 
 was derived from ores worth less than -SIO per ton. Of 
 the smaller gold producers, Utah also treated mostly 
 low-grade ores. 
 
 Silver was likewise won mostiv from ores avei'aging 
 less than §i!i) per ton, but the lowest grade of ore, aver- 
 aging less than ^li( per ton, was not as conspicuous as 
 in gold mining. A comparati\'e ■study of Ttibles 45 
 and 4ri will show the extent to which the distance 
 of the mine from reduction works aticcts the grade of 
 ore treated. In Arizona tlie highest cost of freight for 
 shipping ore was $.50 per ton. Very little gold, lio\ve\'er, 
 was produced fi'om ores which could bear such a fi'eight 
 rate. In California the highest fi-eight rate on shipjjing 
 ores was >^36 jier ton, wliile two-tliirds of all gold was 
 
 ', North Carolina, ()regon, Scnith Carolina, \'irginia, Washington, and W\T)tning. 
 \v Mexico. North ( 'a colina. ( ) recoil, Sr,nth ( 'arolina. Soutli I(akiaa. Texas, Virudni.a. 
 
 deri\'ed from ores worth less tlitui Slo per ton. and less 
 than one-sixth w;is prcxbiced from ores wortli from ^20 
 to S5fi and over. In South Dakota the highest freight 
 rate on shipping nrv was S15 pfi- ton, but tlie bulk of 
 the ore was worth less than $ln per ton. and the i|uantitv 
 of high-grade ore, which could bear the liighest freight 
 rate, was insignilicant. 
 
 An examination of the average treatment charges, 
 inclusi\-e of freight, will show w hat portion of the gold 
 and siher ores produced in each state must be treated 
 at or near the mine and \\hat poi'tion can t)e shipped 
 to distant wdrks. Taking the Tnited States as a wdiole, 
 it appears that two-Hfths of all gold and one-fourth of 
 all siher arc rec(i\cri'il from ores woi-tli li>ss than !?!(> 
 per Ion, \\ liicli could hardly betir the a\-ei'age transpor- 
 tation charges of S7.:!!i per ton and can tlierefore be 
 economically treated oidy at or neiir the mine. On the 
 othi'i- hand, iibout two-rtfths of all gokl and silver are 
 won fr(jm ores worth o\ei' $:iUperton, which could be 
 profitably shipped to distant works for treatment. 
 
 4"he following comparativ'e table shows the axcrage 
 grades of gold and siJvei' (U-e minerl in issiiand l\H)i>. 
 The Tenth Census took no cognizance of the base metal- 
 lic contents of g-oUl and silver ores. To make the data 
 of both censuses com})arable the gold and siher contents 
 only are considered in the table which fcdlows: 
 
GOLD AND SILVP^R. 
 
 54] 
 
 Table 47.— TONS OF ORE TKKATKH, (i()l>I> AM) SIIA'KK (CONTENTS, TOTAL AND AVKKAOK PKI 
 
 AM) TKRUrroRlES: 1902 AND IHHO. 
 
 TON, BY STATES 
 
 STATE OR TEHHIT()P.Y. 
 
 United Status 
 
 Arizona 
 
 (California 
 
 Colorario 
 
 Idatio 
 
 Montana 
 
 Nevada 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Soutli Dakota 
 
 DIaii 
 
 All other states' 
 
 Gold. 
 
 'I'lins of ore 
 irealed. 
 
 Fine oniiees. 
 
 115,032 
 S7I), 623 
 , SIR, 043 
 
 1 Hi! mi 
 X.5, ,S21 
 ll,.i9.i 
 63, 610 
 3.il,30s 
 lJ(i,6,S7 
 2,=., 390 
 
 2, 378, 336 
 
 11, 79.5, 824 
 
 27,246,366 
 
 1, 132, 724 
 
 3,020,010 
 
 1,774,077 
 
 239, 690 
 
 1,3)4,935 
 
 7,262,181 
 
 3, 032, 2X9 
 
 624, 8.n8 
 
 
 
 
 I'Mnu 
 
 lun 
 
 es. 
 
 42 
 
 741 
 
 761 
 
 1 
 
 044 
 
 181 
 
 
 3811 
 
 189 
 
 13 
 
 531 
 
 843 
 
 7 
 
 091 
 
 436 
 
 :' 
 
 766 
 
 220 
 
 
 7X1 
 
 031) 
 
 
 276 
 
 269 
 
 
 112 
 
 6,54 
 
 
 535 
 
 1141 
 
 11 
 
 4116 
 
 273 
 
 
 X16 
 
 625 
 
 Value. 
 
 <"')inint^. (;onimercial. 
 
 1,3.50,013 
 
 191,. 5,54 
 
 17, 195, ,591 
 
 9,168,6,59 
 
 4,869,421 
 
 4, 888, .569 
 
 357, 194 
 
 145, 6.53 
 
 691, 765 
 
 14,747,399 
 
 1,0.55,830 
 
 ColllllM.reial. 
 
 f21,446,616 
 
 ,524,894 
 
 191,329 
 6, 816, 379 
 3, .564, 613 
 1,898,828 1 
 ],.882,703 
 
 1 12, 823 
 57,910 
 
 278, 725 
 5,666,160 
 
 392, 2.52 
 
 8115,002,968 
 
 $81,1.87,906 
 
 3, 728, 379 
 
 12,287,378 
 
 44,741,9.57 
 
 10,321,383 
 
 7, 889, 431 
 
 6, 662, 646 
 
 596, .XXI 
 
 1,460, .5XX 
 
 7,9.53,946 i 
 
 17,779,688 
 
 1, .580, 688 
 
 2,903,230 
 11, 987, 1,53 
 34, 092, 745 
 4, 717, 337 
 4, 918, 838 
 3, 656, 780 
 382,. 513 
 1,372,845 
 7, .540, 906 
 8, 698, 449 
 917,110 
 
 STATE OR TERRITORY. 
 
 United States . 
 
 Arizona 
 
 ■<lalifornia 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Montana 
 
 Nevada 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 Oregon 
 
 South Dakota.'... 
 
 Utah 
 
 All other states ' . 
 
 Gold. 
 
 Silver." 
 
 Tons of I 
 
 ore 
 treated. 
 
 25, 
 435, 
 330, 
 
 28, 
 
 13, 
 
 4<)6, 
 
 93, 
 
 21, 
 
 728 
 300 
 581 
 030 
 
 ,.577 
 1,331 
 , 4,52 
 
 130 
 117 
 408 
 
 Fine 
 
 "S'aluc. 
 
 Fine 
 
 
 
 
 972,. 583 
 
 t2O,105,073 
 
 30, .577, 025 
 
 8, 725 
 
 l.S0,3i;6 
 
 1,716,176 
 
 402, 470 
 
 8,319,786 
 
 828, .536 
 
 110,181 
 
 2,277,649 
 
 12, 579, .551 
 
 28, 690 
 
 593, 073 
 
 341,969 
 
 30, 570 
 
 631. 946, 
 
 2,177,760 
 
 206, 907 
 
 4,277,156 
 
 8, 961,. 562 
 
 2, 388 
 
 49, 35 1 
 
 303, 455 
 
 8, 286 
 
 171,276 
 
 13.880 
 
 151,837 
 
 3,138.7.51 
 
 51,577 
 
 13, 063 
 
 270, 045 
 
 3, 555, 538 
 
 9, 466 
 
 195,671 
 
 38, 021 
 
 Value. 
 
 Coini 
 
 ig. 
 
 39, 533 
 
 037 
 
 2,218,844 
 
 1,071 
 
 215 
 
 16,264 
 
 101 
 
 446 
 
 010 
 
 2, 815 
 
 627 
 
 11,. 590 
 
 2X2 
 
 392 
 
 337 
 
 17 
 
 946 
 
 70 
 
 56,3 
 
 4,696 
 
 954 
 
 49 
 
 1.58 
 
 Commer- 
 cial. 
 
 S34,674,346 
 
 1,946,144 
 
 939, .560 
 
 14,265,211 
 
 391, 195 
 
 2,469, .580 
 10,165,813 
 341,118 
 15,740 
 01,890 
 4,031,9.80 
 43,115 
 
 Total value. 
 
 Cc'iiiing. 
 
 Average value 
 per ton. 
 
 2,, 399, 210 
 
 9,391,001 
 
 18, ,541, 750 
 
 1,039,083 
 
 3,447,573 
 
 15,867,438 
 
 141,6i91 
 
 189,222 
 
 3,209,314 
 
 4,866,999 
 
 244,829 
 
 r)4 
 
 779 
 
 419 
 
 9 
 
 126 
 
 510 
 
 9 
 
 2.59,346 
 
 16 
 
 .542 
 
 860 
 
 
 984 
 
 268 
 
 3 
 
 101 
 
 526 
 
 14 
 
 442 
 
 969 
 
 
 393 
 
 472 
 
 
 187,016 
 
 3 
 
 200 
 
 641 
 
 4 
 
 302 
 
 025 
 
 
 238 
 
 786 
 
 I'oiniiig. 
 
 811.75 
 
 10. 93 
 5. 28 
 
 20. 06 
 8. 04 
 
 14. ,56 
 27. 92 
 
 15. 20 
 24. 33 
 
 19.8(1 
 11.05 
 
 Com- 
 mer- 
 cial. 
 
 8. ,51 
 5.16 
 
 15. 28 
 3.67 
 9.07 
 
 16. 33 
 9.74 
 
 22. 87 
 1. 17 
 9.69 
 6i.4] 
 
 Averag-t' value 
 
 per ton. 
 
 
 Com- 
 
 Coining. 
 
 mer- 
 cial. 
 
 831. 65 
 
 829. 07 
 
 93. 25 
 
 82. i>5 
 
 21. .57 
 
 21, 27 
 
 .56.09 
 
 .50. 01 
 
 37. 07 
 
 35.11 
 
 39. 82 
 
 a5. 82 
 
 46. 82 
 
 41. 70 
 
 .59. 27 
 
 52. 80 
 
 13.74 
 
 13. .5X 
 
 6.47 
 
 6. 45 
 
 52. 27 
 
 46. 20 
 
 11.44 
 
 11.15 
 
 'Includes Alabama, Arkansas, tJcoi'gia, Maryland, North Carolina, Sonth C 
 shire, and Michigan. 
 
 -The commercial value of an nnncc n( sil\cr for the census year Ix.Si) was ol:.ta 
 y]n IX.xo formed part of tlic territory iif Cakotii. 
 
 As appears from Tahle 47, in all states and terri- 
 tories, except Oregon, the grade of ore lias consid- 
 eralily decreased, while at the same time the quantity 
 of ore mined and the total gold and silver values show 
 everywhere a remarkable increase. This fact famishes 
 unmistakable evidence of the progress of gold and silver 
 mining since the Tenth Census. The development of 
 transportation facilities and improvement of mining 
 methods and reduction proce.sses have enabled the mine 
 operators to handle large masses of low-grado ore which 
 could not have been profitably mined two decades ago. 
 
 (Jlayxificatijiii of iiihirx hi/ iiietdls ^iriidiirrd. — In Table 
 48 all deep mines are classified into two groups— (1) gold 
 and silver mines and (2) argentiferous lead mines. The 
 ore mined from the former is valued chietly for its gold 
 contents, though it carries consideraiile values in silver 
 and .small quantities of other metals. The mines of the 
 latter clas.s yield lead ores rich in silver and associated 
 with gold and other metals. 
 
 The total gold contents of the ores of both classes were 
 valued at $.57,829,. 542. of which $5,734,t;77. or about 
 one-tenth, was carried by argentiferous lead ores and 
 
 arolina, '^ennesscc, Texas, \'irginia, Washington, Wyoming, Maine, New Hamp- 
 ined by taking the a\erage between the prices fnr 1X79 and IXXO, which is 81.134. 
 
 $52.01)4,S(;5 by gold and silver ores. The latter can 
 again be di\'ided into two poi'tions; aliout one-half, 
 valued at S2(i,si(,s,,sf(), carried considerable values in 
 silver, the rest, valued at §25,13*).1(»0, was produced 
 from mines which reported no \ alue for silver. It is 
 probable that in many casi's this gold was likewise 
 associated with si her. liut the percentage of silver 
 saved was too small to lie of commercial value. 
 
 The silverdead mines include also those which reported 
 no values other than thos(> for silver. The total prod- 
 uct of such mines was \'aliied at $430,281. It is prolia- 
 ble, however, that some of this silver was associated 
 with lead, but the percentage of the hitter was below 
 the 5 per cent limit paid for liy the smelters. 
 
 The -N'alue of the product shown in Ta))le 48 is onlv 
 that of the ore actually sold or treated. Ore mined 
 but not sold or treated is not taken into consideration 
 for the following reason: (iold and silver ores are 
 mostly reduced at mills connected with the mines. It 
 will lie rememliered that in such cases the value of the 
 increase or decrease of the stock of ore was not esti- 
 mated. Argentiferous lead ores, on the conti'arv, are 
 
542 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 all shipped to omclters, so that the value of the increase 
 or decrease of the stock was oftener estimated for this 
 class of ore than for gold and silver ores. In order to 
 avoid artificial disproportion in the results obtained, 
 the total value of the product at the mine includes only 
 the value of the ore sold or treated and the amount 
 received from custom work, less the cost of purchased 
 materials. 
 
 Table 4S. — Suniinary of deeji iiiniff:, chis.fifu'il In/ nutdU jim- 
 (Itired: lUO-2. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Number of mines i 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wages 
 
 Ci.intract work 
 
 Work on share of product 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 Cost of purchased ores, including freight 
 
 Ore sold and treated, short tons 
 
 Ore purchased, short tons 
 
 Value of bullion contents: 
 Gold . 
 
 1,935 
 
 ?4, .S69, 31)2 
 
 S33, 382, 274 
 
 J606, 137 
 
 81,37.5,813 
 
 S4, 779, 249 
 
 S15. 09.1, .534 
 
 $13, 789 
 
 9,662.0.')0 
 
 967 
 
 Silren. 
 
 Lead 
 
 other metals 
 
 Total gross value 
 
 Average per ton 
 
 Treatment charges and freight 
 
 Value of product at mine 
 
 Amount received for custom work . 
 Total value at mine 
 
 Average per mine 
 
 1 
 
 857, 829, ,512 
 
 S21, 215, 701 
 
 812, 2.5.H, ,530 
 
 51,5.52,0.58 
 
 S92,S55, ,831 
 
 810 
 
 821,271,711 
 
 S71.6.S4,120 
 
 8.529, 020 
 
 $72, 099, 3fil 
 
 $37,260 
 
 Gold anil 
 silver. 
 
 1,488 
 
 S3, 270, 427 
 
 $21,6,53,242 
 
 8440, 993 
 
 81,348,0.59 
 
 83, 693, 066 
 
 $11,796,089 
 
 813, 789 
 
 7, 0,52, 236 
 
 967 
 
 8.52,094,865 
 $5, 829, 829 
 
 Argentifer- 
 ous lead. 
 
 $448, 272 
 
 $58,372,966 
 
 $8 
 
 810, 027, 089 
 
 848, 345, 877 
 
 8487, 937 
 
 848, 820, 025 
 
 $32,809 
 
 447 
 81,298,935 
 8.S, 929, 032 
 $165, 144 
 827, 784 
 81,086,183 
 $3,299,44.5 
 
 2, 609, 8i4 
 
 85, 734, 677 
 
 $15, 3«5, 872 
 
 812, 258, 530 
 
 $1,103,786 
 
 $34,482,866 
 
 $13 
 
 811,244,622 
 
 $23, 238, 243 
 
 $41,083 
 
 $23,279,326 
 
 $.52,079 
 
 1 Does not include 55 custom mills and 27 mills run tm old dumps and 
 tailings. 
 
 The following table presents a classification of all 
 dividend paying productive deep mines by metals pro- 
 duced : 
 
 Table 49. — Diridend paying jirodiirlire ileep tiiiiiex^cliixxitied hi/ met- 
 als produced: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines i 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Work on share of jiroduct 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of sufiplies and materials 
 
 Ore sold and trcjited, short tons 
 
 Value of tiulliou cfiutents: 
 
 Gold 
 
 Silver 
 
 Lead 
 
 other metals 
 
 Total gross value 
 
 Average fier ton 
 
 Treatment charges and freight 
 
 Value at mine 
 
 Amount received for custom wrirk , 
 Total value of Jiroduct at mine 
 
 Average per mine 
 
 81,368 
 
 810, 096 
 
 8165, 
 
 $202, 
 
 $1,747 
 
 84, 730, 
 
 3,163, 
 
 824, 382, 
 
 811,066, 
 
 86,849, 
 
 8561, 
 
 842, 859, 
 
 $i: 
 
 $9,514 
 
 833, 345 
 
 8.58 
 
 $33, 403 
 $334 
 
 3. 55 
 , .541 
 ,117 
 . 638 
 , 785 
 . 038 
 
 Gold and Argentifer- 
 silver. oils lead. 
 
 71 
 
 88.57,821 
 
 ■{6,707,061 
 
 $105, 793 
 
 $194.7.54 
 
 81,010,099 
 
 $3, .572, 962 
 
 2,039,925 
 
 $22, .560, 0,52 
 $2,469,000 
 
 $89, 907 
 
 $25,119,0-19 
 
 812.31 
 
 $3,840,162 
 
 821,278,8,87 
 
 $5,S, 638 
 
 $21,337,525 
 
 8300,, 529 
 
 29 
 
 8500, 962 
 
 83, 389,, 8,56 
 
 859, 342 
 
 88, 000 
 
 $707, 045 
 
 81,157,674 
 
 1,123,-573 
 
 $1 . 822. 702 
 
 88, 597. 762 
 
 $6,819,001 
 
 8171.171 
 
 817,740,639 
 
 815.79 
 
 85,671,379 
 
 812, 066, 260 
 
 "$12,"066,'260 
 $416,078 
 
 1 Does not include 2 mills run on old dumps and tailings, 
 DEEP :\riNES. 
 JifiriifS 'initli and in/t limit rnl iirf ion ii'iirl:s. — The llia- 
 
 jority of deep mines had no reduction works to treat 
 their ores; about one-third of the total numlier were 
 e(|uipped with reduction works. The latter, however, 
 contributed about two-thirds of the product of gold ;ind 
 silver iniries. The tiverage jii-oductioii of a mine which 
 had no mill was SfJS.lTs, whereas (he iiverage for (he 
 58.5 mines e(|nippe(| wilh reduction works wiis if!S(;.;',,S| . 
 
 The average grade of ore treated by the former was 
 worth $22, whereas the latter treated low-grade ore 
 worth less than $10 per ton, viz, Slti mills treated ore 
 averaging $8.()5 per ton and 2r,!» treated ore averaging 
 ^i)A?j per ton. About one-half (jf the mines connected 
 with mills furnished separate reports for the mine and 
 the mill. A num))er of operators, however, kept only 
 one account for both mine tuid mill, and so reported 
 them. 
 
 The following table is a comparative suminai-y of 
 mines with and without reduction works; mines and 
 mills for which distinct reports were furnished are 
 presented under a separate head: 
 
 Table 50. — Dn-p iniurx irith iiiiil irillioiil iinll n/iiiiectioii: 1U02. 
 
 I MINES AND MILLS RE- 
 
 Deep mines Minesand ported separately. 
 
 without 
 mill con- 
 nection. 
 
 Number of mines ^ 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc. 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 \\'age-carncrs: 
 
 Average number ,' 10,485 
 
 Total wages $10, 779, 143 
 
 Contract work 8387, 117 
 
 Work on share of product ' $1,239,379 
 
 Miscellaneous e.xpeuses $1, 922, 388 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 Crude ore shipped, short tons. 
 
 Ore treated, total, short tons . . .1 
 
 Mined and treated ! 
 
 Purchased ores 
 
 Custom ores 
 
 Value of bullion contents: 
 Crude ore shipjied — 
 
 Gold $21, 197, .571 
 
 Silver $10, 140, .531 
 
 Lead 
 
 Other metals I $2, .888, 759 
 
 Total gross value '$34, 226, 861 
 
 $22 
 
 1,275 
 
 1,198 
 81,5,57,458 
 
 84, 475, 604 
 -'1,5,55,371 
 
 mills 
 reported 
 
 ■!"'"">■■ Mine 
 
 8S7 
 81,441,ooi; 81, 
 
 793 
 !62, 685 
 
 9,969 
 
 $10,1.55,216 
 
 $98,518 
 
 $80, 504 
 
 $l,(i44,418 
 
 $4,074,787 
 
 253, 847 
 
 2, ,544, 142 
 
 2, 500, 282 
 
 43,, 860 
 
 10,648 
 
 810, 672, 005 
 
 8120, 502 
 
 853, 790 
 
 81,028,476 
 
 84,486,299 
 
 .Average per ton... 
 Treiitnient chargesand 
 
 freight ' 
 
 Value at mine 
 
 Ore treated — 
 
 Gold 
 
 Silver 
 
 Lead 
 
 C»ther metals 
 
 Total gross \alue 
 
 A\er)igc per ton . . . 
 Trrntmeut chargesand 
 
 freight 
 
 A'aliie at mine 
 
 Amount reci.'i\-cd for custom 
 
 work 
 
 (Vist of fiurchased ores, in- 
 
 clurling freight 
 
 Total valiir of prorlnci at mine. 
 .A\cragi- piT mine 
 
 811,0.50,7.89 
 823,176,072 
 
 82, 862, 081 
 $3,021,6,55 
 81,724,889 
 8166, 209 
 87,774.,S34 
 $31 
 
 $2,918,660 
 $4,8.56,174 
 
 $14,168,166 
 $3.6.86,212 
 83. .519,700 
 $270,624 
 821,634,702 
 89 
 
 8306, 971 
 
 1 . 897 
 $1,951,1,55 
 
 8181,283 
 82, 050, 09' 
 
 5, 368, 143 
 
 5, 348, 806 
 
 967 
 
 18,370 
 
 83, 387, 791 
 818,246,911 
 
 ■I 8402, 206 
 
 818, 178 
 
 823, .505, 291 I. 
 874,387 I . 
 
 819, 4a5, 002 
 
 84, 366, 205 
 
 84, 864, .585 
 
 8375, 822 
 
 $29,091,614 
 
 S3. 820, 678 
 825, 270, 936 
 
 $13, 789 
 
 $25, 299, 887 
 
 $94, 052; 
 
 ' Does not iiiclu Ic 18 iirnistnis, nor 27 mines whose product was reduced in 
 hand mortars. 
 
 - Includes ure treated at custom mills. 
 
 ■■' Includes 8254,797 charged bv reduction works against tlu'ir own minesand 
 credited by the latter to their reduidion works. 
 
 An-iiKlnix. — The primitive Mexican tirrastrti, in its 
 ol(l-fashion(>d foi'iii or somewdiat modernized, has siir- 
 vi\'ed in a few small mines. The total number of mines 
 reporting tirrastrtis was 47, aIz, 'M\ in California, (> in 
 Oregon, S in Idaho, 1 in Arizona, and 1 in New Mexico. 
 At 23 no hired labor was employed. 
 
 The total value of the product of all such mines was 
 $77, MS, the average per mine being )f>l,(i5;"). The 
 a\-crage tonnage treated was 75 tons per miiu>. A sum- 
 mary of mines with arrastras is presented in the foUow- 
 iiiii- table: 
 
GOLD AND SILVER. 
 
 543 
 
 Table 5T. — Sniiiiiiarii for <irrat:tra!<: 190-.'. 
 
 Number of minesi ^7 
 
 Number of owners working' .u 
 
 Salaries $'jri() 
 
 WiigeM $l(i, :WH 
 
 Work (in sliiire of produet $'i, 170 
 
 Mist'L-UiuK'ons expenses ^\\H\ 
 
 Ci'st of supplies and materials S'>, li'JS 
 
 tire trealeil. sliort tims :',,fill.i 
 
 Valne of bullion eontents: 
 
 Gold J78, JUS 
 
 Silver Sfl.lisil 
 
 Total gross valne - ST'.I, ;isl 
 
 Average per ton S'JJ 
 
 Treatment charges and freiL,'-lit %\. fiiii; 
 
 Value at mine J77,sis 
 
 Average per mine SI, (i.^io 
 
 ( h'l' fi'cdfcd hi/ Jiiiiid. — Even the crudest form of treat- 
 ment of ore in a hand mortar was found in a few etises. 
 As a sur\'ival of archaic methods of production these 
 mines well deserve notice. The 28 mines at which the 
 ore was treated in such manner were distributed among 
 the following states: California, 19; Oregon, 8; and 
 ^Maryland, 1. The total output of these mines aggre- 
 gated $-1:8,280, averaging $^1,724 per mine. There were 
 36 owners working in the mines, onl_y H of which were 
 operated with hired labor. The average quantity thus 
 treated was less than 9 tons per mine, but the average 
 value per ton was i>2U0. There was evidently no regu- 
 lar produt'tion, but in every ctise a rich strike had been 
 found by men oj small means, who had no other facili- 
 ties for treating their ore. A summary of these mines 
 is presented in the following table: 
 
 Table 52. — Suiinnunj for iiiliu'x vlierf the ore mts tri'dleit in lunul 
 
 rnortarx: 190'!. 
 
 Number of mines -jh 
 
 Number of owners working y(i 
 
 Salaries J',is5 
 
 Wages Ss, 3i;T 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses $1 , 7'2S 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials ?3,r)ly 
 
 Ore treated, short tons 24'J 
 
 Bullion contents — 
 Quantity — 
 
 Gold, fine ounces j,;>y'.i 
 
 Silver, fine ounces - - 'j:^ 
 
 Value — 
 
 Gold - SJs, ^■2^ 
 
 Silver JIL' 
 
 Total gross value - - S4s,^36 
 
 Average per ton SiiOO 
 
 Value of product at mine IJ4.S, liHO 
 
 Average per mine irl . 7J4 
 
 Custom iiiiUs. — The following is a sununary for mills 
 which were operated independently of mines on pur- 
 chased or custom materials. It coniprise.s 24 mills in 
 Colorado, 10 in California, 9 in Nevada, 4 in Idaho, 3 
 in New Mexico, and 1 each in Arizona, Montana, Ore- 
 gon, South Dakotii, and Utah. 
 
 Table 53. — Siimiiiarij for eiottom yiilh: 191).!. 
 
 Number of mills n5 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number B5 
 
 Salaries SHI, 126 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number Os4 
 
 Wages 9^"«. 101 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses *2S"1, 9S0 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials S72S, M07 
 
 < 'ost of iiurchased ore S5, a'll , nj.s 
 
 Freight on purchased ore SHI, 'iU4 
 
 ore treated, short tons: 
 
 Total '■'"'■'<. ":ki 
 
 Purchased ore :',.>i.:\\r> 
 
 Custom ore 1 HI, 414 
 
 Value of bullion contents of purchased ore: 
 
 Gold JS, 332,350 
 
 Silver f 102, 029 
 
 Total gross val ue JH, 434, 379 
 
 Average per ton ^ S24 
 
 Treatment charges and freight - - - 523, .V2.'> 
 
 Value of product at mill $S, 41(1, ,s;i4 
 
 Amount received for custom work S2S',), JO.^i 
 
 Total value at mill ««,^ 70(1, (i.W 
 
 Average per mill Sl-iS. I.s3 
 
 iVmong tiic HT) mills coniprised in the preceding sum- 
 mary tlnu-e were 7 which were operated without hired 
 labor; th(^ number of owners persontdh' working in 
 their mills Wiis ITi. The time iiMjperiition was re[)orted 
 by 45 custom mills; the diita furnished by them are in- 
 cluded in 4'ablcs 17, is, and 2(1. Of this number, 12 ran 
 more than three hundred days during the year itiid 7 
 from two hundred tind se\'cnty-onc to three hundred 
 days; these 19 mills may be taken as representing all 
 thiit \vere ill continuous operation throughout the year, 
 except on holidays and when sttjppages were n(>cessary 
 for repairs, etc. Of the other 2(i mills, operated only 
 part of the year, 11 ran from ninety-one to two hundred 
 and seventy days and 15, ninety da3's or less; that is, 
 only during th(> busiest season. 
 
 The majority, when working, ran more than one shift, 
 viz: 25 i-an two shifts and 7 three shifts, while 13 ran 
 only one shift. When two or three shifts were run the 
 mill was openited uninterruptedly during tw^enty-four 
 hours, making either twelve or eight hours per shift, 
 except in 2 mills, where two shifts of eight hours each 
 were run. Of the 13 mills running only one shift 7 
 were working twehe hours per day, 5 ten hours, and 1 
 eight hours. On the whole, tweh'e hours per siiift was 
 the working time in 3U mills, ten hours in 5 mills, and 
 eight hours in 1(» mills. 
 
 The total capticity of all custom mills per twenty-four 
 hours w;is 2,.sit2 tons. Two mills wdiich treated during 
 the year 350 tons failed to report their dailj' capacity. 
 The total tonnage treated by all mills reporting their 
 capacity was 533,380 tons. It retfuired accordingly 
 1S4 days of twentT-four hours to handle that quiuititv 
 of ore. This tact shows that the mines provided a suf- 
 Hcient supply of ore to keep the custom mills in con- 
 tinuous operation every day in the year with one 
 working shift of tweh-e hours per day. includini;- Sun- 
 days and holidays. 
 
 The total value at mill in Tal.ile 53 is S^S, 700.05'.). In 
 computing the total value of the product shown in Table 
 35 for all mines and njills in the United States, the value 
 of purchiised materials was deducted in order to prevent 
 duplications. The mills handled practically only gold 
 ore of a high grade, a\'eraging !?24 per ton. About two- 
 thirds of the ore treated at custom mills was purchased 
 by them, and only about one-third was treated for cus- 
 tomers at a stipulated rate per ton, the product l)eing 
 retiu-ned to the customers. Some custom work was 
 occasionally done at mills coimected with mines; it 
 was only as an exception, however, that ore was pur- 
 chased at such mills. In the statement which follows, 
 the ciuantities tif ore purchased and treated for a stipu- 
 lated eompenstition per ton ;ir(> summariztMl for all mills, 
 those connected with mines as well as custom mills: 
 
 Totiti of ore hi)iiiihl 1(11(1 lre((te(l for (( xi(jn(l((le(l compei(sation : 190i. 
 
 CHAKACTKR OF KEIU'CTION W(U1KS. 
 
 Purchased Custom 
 ore. work. 
 
 3,53, 283 
 
 ( !ustom mill 
 
 ( 'onui.'ctt.Mi with milH 
 
 352, 316 
 967 
 
 243, 644 
 
 181,414 
 62, 230 
 
544 
 
 MINKS AXJ) gUAURIKS. 
 
 Tho reports from mines whoso ore «as treated at 
 custom mills sliow ■J.l-2,V.^--i tons ri'ducod to hiillioii and 
 38,37<> tons eoneeiitrated and ship[)ed to smelters for 
 reduction; in all. -i^o.Si'tS t<}ns. The mine operators 
 reported T,i!'i4 tons, or 2. 'J per eetd more than was traced 
 to mills. 
 
 There arc many reasons why the retu iis from estah- 
 lishments rcpreseidino- successive stau'es of production 
 can not exactly coincide. Amony other things, the 
 census was taken in the sprint;- and sunmier of VMVr, for 
 the calendar 3'ear I'.MI-J. Some of the mills ^vhich had 
 been in operation a few months in the early part of 
 the year 1!>(I2 wei-c idle or dismantled at the time the 
 census was taken and their owners could not he located. 
 Still, the precediny- conqiarison shows that the onussion 
 was not material. 
 
 J////.< //; J.90.^ in, J /S',SY>.— Ihe followino- statement 
 presents the comparati\-e data relating- to mills for 19Ui! 
 and 1880. Making- allowance for the incompleteness 
 of the Tentli Census, the statement shows a remarkal)le 
 increase both in the nunil)erof reduction works and the 
 total quantity of ore treated hy them. The averag-e 
 turnover per mill has also increased. 
 
 I'riiihirll,,,, nf mills; lUO.'iunl IS.^O. 
 
 tion works were also e(juipped with stamp mills and 
 concentrutini;- j)laiits where a portion of the ore was 
 treated. 
 
 MetliDil i)f tieidiiiij ore, hi/ flux.iis of mills: I'jii.;} 
 
 (11 AKA" Ti:i: OF l'KnCl.;sS. 
 
 T.itiil. 
 
 Mills c'on- 
 
 Tiectedwith 
 
 mines. 
 
 Custom 
 mills. 
 
 S58, 070, 917 , S49, HSU, S38- J«, 4a4, 379 
 
 .Viiuilwimiition 3,260,246 
 
 Cducrntrutinli 14,248,871 
 
 ,\iii;il(.^!]niiitinn and concentration ' 14,103,276 
 
 ('\)iiii'liiif;, alone or in combination with 
 
 ■(.tluT lirni'csses I 16, nSS, 6r,7 
 
 Chlnrinatinii, alone or in combination with I 
 
 other )>roeesses except cyanidinfit 9, .S69. 8.'>7 
 
 3, -260, -246 
 
 14.-24.S,8>1 ' 
 
 14,102.176 1,100 
 
 l.i,674,6K7 913,9.s0 
 
 2,3.'iO,.Vi8 7,.S19,299 
 
 Number 
 
 of mills. 
 
 TO.NS TREATKO. 
 
 Total. Average 
 T'ermine. 
 
 1902. 
 1880. 
 
 640 8,444,967 , 13, r.l.'i 
 169 1,467,479 | .s, 6.S3 
 
 METHODS (IF TItK.\TINO ■I'llI-: <)I{K. 
 
 Of the 585 reduction woi-ks comiected with deep 
 mines. 45(1 were stamp iiiills. in which tin' ()rc was 
 reduced by amaljj;-iim;ition: s:-! were ei|uipped with 
 cyaniding plants. IG with chhirination plants, and l!n| 
 witli concentrators. (_)f the ~>'i custom mills, 4(1 w-i-rc 
 .stamp and timalg-amation mills. 1(» were ei|iiipped with 
 cyaniding-, 5 with chloi'ination, and -Jl with concentrat- 
 ing plants. There were. inoreo\-ei-, l:!7 mills which wen- 
 run mainly on old mine dumps and mill tailings, I hough 
 occasionally doing custom work. Of these. IC. \ww 
 cyaniding- w'<irks, 4 wk^vi^ sttimji mills, and 7 were con- 
 centrating ])lants, 
 
 A fliffereuce in methods of t |-ansacting liusiness anionL; 
 the \-iirioiis classes of custom mills desc|-\-cs to III- noti'd. 
 ^\'hen' the ore is treated by auiiilgamation, \\ ith or 
 withoiil concentration of the tailings, the mill operator, 
 as a rule, does the w<ii-k- for the cu-tomi-r's account Fo|- 
 a staled compensation and retui-jis the ]ii-<idiict |o the 
 mine owner. \\ chlorination and c\aniding works, <in 
 the colli i-ary. the ore is lioiight out right, 
 
 The relali\e place hejil hy each class of mills in the 
 gold and sil\-ei- mining indiisti-\- is .shown li\ a com- 
 parison of I hi- gross \-allii-sof I he oies l|-eateil li\- I hem. 
 Jt should he noteil that some (-vaiiiil ine- and chlo|-ina- 
 
 I E.\elusi\'e of mills operating only on olrl dumps and tailings. 
 
 Aiii<ili/(i iiiiitidii mill i-iiiiri'iitriitnni. — Table 54 is a sum- 
 mitry for amtilgaination mills and concentrttting- pliuits. 
 Where the oi-e was treated only by amalgiimation its 
 chief value consisted in its gold contents, though t-on- 
 siderable values in .silver were tilso saved. The values 
 sIkiwii for "other metals" \->ei-e realized from the 
 sale of the tailings. The tiverage grade of ore treated 
 W!is worth only S^ti per ton. A small (|uantity of high- 
 grade ore averaging- §<i8 per ton was shipped in crude 
 state. 
 
 "Where the ore was merely concentrated its main 
 value was in its base metal (-ontents (practically all 
 letid). 4die ore tiveragetl in crude state for one group) 
 of mills $11 per ton, and for another §7, and had to be 
 concentrated before it could be shipped. High-grade 
 ore was sortefl out before concentrtiting and shipped in 
 crude stttte: such ore shipped from the same class of 
 mills avei-iiged $28 and %\'.\ per ton, respectively. 
 
 Where amtilgamation was supplemented hy conceii- 
 ti-ation the child' \a\w was in gold. These mills from 
 which complete re]ioi-ts wei-e recei\ed showed some 
 \-aliies for sihei- and liase metiils; where the accounts 
 were iKit kept sep;ii-ately for thi> mine and mill the 
 tottil \alue was re]ioi-ted as g-<ild, though in till prolia- 
 liility it included some siU'er and liase metals. 
 
 There was tilso ;i marked diH'erent-e in the volume of 
 )iro(liietion accoi-iling to the (-hara(-ter of the process ap- 
 ]ilied: The \alue of the a\-erage pi-oduct jier mim* with 
 slanip mill (amalgamation) was a little o\-er ^15,(M)(l; 
 till- average per mine with stam]i mill ttnd concentra- 
 tion plant was(i\ei- S."i(),iMin, while mines in whii-h the 
 liase metals predominated reported a much liighei- a\'er- 
 age jiroduction, \alueil ;it oNcr ^lnu.doo. 
 
 The a\erage production per custom mill i-eju-escnted 
 its earnings for custom work, 'idle operations of ordi- 
 nary stamp mills were (|iiite small. a\-eraging $1,;')85 
 lier mill. \\d]i're stamp mills were ei|uipped with con- 
 centrating plants the operations \\ere conducted on ;t 
 s<imew hat larger s(-ale, a\-ei-agiug $S,4,ss per mill. It 
 must lie li<irne in mil d thai these axerages are not com- 
 parahle with those for stamp mills connected with 
 mines, since the \-alue cd' the ore is not included in the 
 fornier, as the custom mills lioiight no oi-e. 
 
GOLD AND SILVER. 
 
 Table 54.— MINES AND MILLS, WITH AMALGAMATION AND CONCENTRATION PLANTS: 1902. 
 
 545 
 
 
 AMALGAMATION ONLY. 
 
 CONCENTRATION ONLY, 
 
 AMALGAMATION AND CONCENTBATION. 
 
 
 Mines and 
 mills re- 
 ported 
 jointly. 
 
 Mines and 
 mills re- 
 ported sepa- 
 rately. 
 
 Custom 
 mills. 
 
 Mines and 
 mills re- 
 ported 
 
 jointly. 
 
 Mines and 
 mills re- 
 ported sepa- 
 rately. 
 
 Mines and 
 mills re- 
 ported 
 jointly. 
 
 Mines and 
 mills re- 
 ported sepa- 
 rately. 
 
 Custom 
 mills. 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 125 
 
 8228, 587 
 
 82 
 
 8153, 626 
 8126, 417 
 827, 109 
 
 8678, 208 
 $516, 796 
 8131,412 
 
 824,509 
 824,. 509 
 
 19 
 
 83,277 
 
 32 
 
 $227,6.54 
 
 36 
 
 8495,908 
 $395, ,571 
 $100, 337 
 
 $3, 210, 360 
 
 82, 822, 901 
 
 $417,449 
 
 $39, 221 
 839, 221 
 
 837, 390 
 $37, 390 
 
 $316,320 
 $294, 878 
 821,442 
 
 81,331,443 
 
 $1,090,460 
 
 $240, 983 
 
 .52,677 
 
 82, 245, 967 
 
 81,385,376 
 
 $43 
 
 1, 250, 186 
 
 1,244,717 
 
 5,469 
 
 $1,642,979 
 
 $2, .540, 560 
 
 85,040,216 
 
 $9,223,7.55 
 
 $7 
 
 $3, 170, 546 
 
 86,047,209 
 
 811,360 
 
 86,0.58,569 
 
 $168, 294 
 
 104 
 
 $440,159 
 
 106 
 
 $4.50, 301 
 $327,908 
 $122, 393 
 
 82, 460, 680 
 
 $1,896,357 
 
 $564, 323 
 
 878,167 
 878, 167 
 
 22 
 
 Salaries: 
 
 840, 764 
 
 
 
 filill 
 
 
 83, 277 
 85, 774 
 
 
 
 $40,764 
 
 Wages: 
 
 Total 
 
 $1,378,133 
 
 81,905,020 
 
 82,958,200 
 
 $69,805 
 
 
 
 Mill 
 
 
 85, 774 
 
 
 
 $69,805 
 
 Contract work: 
 Total 
 
 821,151 
 821,151 
 
 830, 036 
 830, 036 
 
 3170,823 
 
 83, 039 
 $3,039 
 
 $.52, 933 
 852, 933 
 
 $16,400 
 816,400 
 
 8342,894 
 
 
 
 
 
 Work on share of product: 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses: 
 
 852, 301 
 $48, 468 
 $3, 833 
 
 $464,054 
 8272, 122 
 8191,932 
 
 82, 478 
 
 8501,698 
 
 8391,963 
 $307,604 
 $84,3.59 
 
 $1, 093, 392 
 $769, 748 
 8323,044 
 
 $39, .505 
 
 Mine 
 
 
 Mill 
 
 
 $2, 478 
 86,225 
 
 
 
 839, 505 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials: 
 
 Total 
 
 S585, 546 
 
 $791, 661 
 
 $1, 149, 123 
 
 8238, 835 
 
 
 
 Mill 
 
 
 86, 225 
 
 
 
 $238,835 
 
 Crude ore shipped: 
 
 467 
 $31,845 
 826, 688 
 
 868 
 
 322, 989 
 
 315, 317 
 
 7,672 
 
 81,836,470 
 
 816,977 
 
 $6, 108 
 
 81,859,555 
 
 86 
 
 812, 856 
 81,846,699 
 
 830, 673 
 81,877,272 
 
 815,018 
 
 82, 774 
 
 82,326,899 
 
 81,711,683 
 
 $28 
 
 441,374 
 441, 374 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 248, 396 
 
 246, 327 
 
 2,069 
 
 89.58, 599 
 
 8408, 041 
 
 834, 051 
 
 81, 400, 691 
 
 86 
 
 $31,685 
 
 81,369,006 
 
 86, 750 
 
 81,375,756 
 
 816, 777 
 
 10,933 
 
 768, 351 
 
 760,679 
 
 7, 672 
 
 $6,116,625 
 
 1,269,243 
 
 1,269,412 
 
 9,831 
 
 86,310,596 
 
 $985, 8.56 
 
 $689, 199 
 
 87,985,651 
 
 86 
 
 $750,034 
 
 87,235,617 
 
 819,738 
 
 87, 255, .355 
 
 $68,438 
 
 179,618 
 
 
 
 
 10, 933 
 
 179,618 
 
 Gold 
 
 $266, 713 
 $1,634,307 
 83,134,096 
 85,025,116 
 811 
 81,. 538, 870 
 $3, 486, 246 
 
 =$1,100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $6, 116, .525 
 
 88 
 
 $865, 142 
 
 85,261,383 
 
 830, .573 
 
 8-5,291,9.56 
 
 $60, 884 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $126 
 
 
 
 8974 
 
 
 826, 314 
 
 826, 314 
 
 81, 385 
 
 8186, 742 
 
 
 $3,486,246 
 $108, 945 
 
 8187, 716 
 
 
 $8,633 
 
 
 
 1 Exclusive of custom ores. 
 
 2 Ore from abandoned mine. 
 
 Chlorination lyf^o-nts. — There were in all 22 chlorina- 
 tion plants, of which 4 were combined with cyaniding 
 plants and are included with the latter in a ,sub.sequent 
 table. Of the remaining 18 only 7 treated their ores 
 exclusively by chlorination; in all others the ore was 
 
 first treated b}^ amalgamation and the tailings were 
 then treated bj' chlorination. In 10 mills the chlorina- 
 tion process was preceded by concentration. 
 
 The following table is a summary of all mines and 
 mills with chlorination plants: 
 
 Table 55.— MINES AND MILLS, WITH CHLORINATION PLANTS: 1902. 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaries: 
 
 Total 
 
 Mine 
 
 Mill 
 
 Wages: 
 
 Total 
 
 Mine 
 
 Mill 
 
 Contract work: 
 
 Total 
 
 Mine 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses: 
 
 Total 
 
 Mine 
 
 Mill 
 
 Supplies and materials: 
 
 Total 
 
 Mine 
 
 Mill 
 
 Cost of purchased ores 
 
 Crude ore shipped: 
 
 Tons 
 
 Value of bullion contents, total, gross.. 
 
 Average per ton 
 
 Value at mine 
 
 Mine and ' Mine and 
 mill re- i mill re- 
 ported ported 
 jointly, separately. 
 
 $107,743 
 
 .,391 
 
 $1,456 
 $1,455 
 
 8116,154 
 8116, 1.54 
 
 8446, 135 
 
 100,3.56 
 82, 616,. 532 
 
 81,599,614 
 
 $185, 920 
 $153, 903 
 832, 017 
 
 81,726,411 
 
 81,509,213 
 
 $216,198 
 
 8268, 642 
 
 $227,211 
 
 $31,431 
 
 8841,216 
 
 $527, 178 
 
 8314,038 
 
 86,934 
 
 Custom 
 mills. 
 
 4 
 
 $88, 605 
 
 $8.8, 605 
 8344, 760 
 '$344,'760 
 
 8204,298 
 
 8204, 298 
 $431, 784 
 
 $431,784 
 S, 660, 288 
 
 Quantity of materials treated: 
 
 Total, tons 
 
 Ore from mine 
 
 Purchased ores 
 
 Custom ores 
 
 Bullion contents of ores mined and treated : 
 Gold- 
 Ounces 
 
 Value 
 
 Silver- 
 Ounces 
 
 Value 
 
 Total value ' 
 
 Average per ton 
 
 Purchased ores: 
 
 Value of bullion contents 
 
 Average per ton 
 
 Total gross value of product 
 
 Charges for treatment and freight 
 
 Value at works 
 
 Amount received from custom work 
 
 Total value at works 
 
 Average per mine or mill 
 
 Mine and 
 mill re- 
 ported 
 jointly. 
 
 98, 691 
 98, 691 
 
 14, 228 
 8293, 743 
 
 95,0.56 
 
 347,538 
 
 8341,281 
 
 83 
 
 8341,281 
 $1,984 
 $339, 297 
 1 8264, 797 
 $594, 094 
 $313, 387 
 
 Mine and 
 mill re- 
 ported 
 separately. 
 
 1,847 
 
 1,376 
 
 147 
 
 324 
 
 .57, 766 
 $1,182,639 
 
 1,616,498 
 
 8817, .507 
 
 $2, 000. 146 
 
 35 
 
 $9,131 
 
 862 
 
 82,009,277 
 
 866, 760 
 
 $1, 942, 627 
 
 $3, 482 
 
 81,946,009 
 
 8278, 001 
 
 Custom 
 mills. 
 
 308,027 
 "368,'027 
 
 363, 778 
 87,519,299 
 
 87,619,299 
 $20 
 
 $7, 519, 299 
 
 818,290 
 
 $7,501,009 
 
 $7,501,009 
 81,875,252 
 
 1 Includes 8254,747, amount earned for treating ( 
 30223—04 35 
 
 !,000 tons of ore which are included in ore sold, as treatment charges could not be segregated. 
 
546 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Gyanidlny jilanU. — An exhaustive treatment of the 
 cyaniding process will be found in a special chapter 
 following this report. Table 56 is a summary for cy^a- 
 niding mills of all descriptions, including those running 
 on old dumps and tailings. The first five columns of 
 the table relate to cyaniding plants connected with 
 mines and the last column to custom mills. The former 
 are classified according to methods of treatment, under 
 the following heads: (1) cj'anide only, (2) C5^anide with 
 crushing, (3) cyanide with amalgamation, (1) cyanide 
 with chlorination, and (.5) miscellaneous. The last col- 
 umn includes all mills wliose expenses were not sepa- 
 ratel}' reported, as well as those comlnned with smelt- 
 ers, for which separate reports were furnished. The 
 number of custom mills was too small to permit of the 
 
 same classification without disclosing the identity of 
 some individual plants. 
 
 Table 56 contains an item of i>908,156, representing 
 the value of ore shipped to other works; one portion of 
 this amount, viz, 1495,403, represents the value of ore 
 treated at other works owned by the same operators; 
 the quantity of this ore was not separately reported, 
 and is therefore included in the total quantity. In 
 computing the average value per ton it was therefore 
 necessary to add this value in the total value of bullion 
 contents mined and treated; the amount thus added 
 being about 3 per cent of the true value, the error in 
 the average can not exceed 15 cents per ton, which is 
 immaterial, cents being disregarded in the averages. 
 
 Table 56.— MINES AND MILLS, WITH CYANIDIN(i PLANTS: IHOl'. 
 
 Number of riperator^ 
 
 Salaries: 
 
 Total 
 
 Mine 
 
 Mill 
 
 Wages: 
 
 Total 
 
 Mine _ 
 
 Mill 
 
 Contract work: 
 
 Total 
 
 Mine 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses: 
 
 Total 
 
 Mine 
 
 Mill 
 
 Supplies and materials: 
 
 Total 
 
 Mine 
 
 Mill 
 
 Cost of purchased ores 
 
 Crude ore shipped to other works, value at mine. 
 Ore treated, short tons: 
 
 Total 
 
 Ore from mine 
 
 Purchased ores 
 
 Custom ores 
 
 Old tailings 
 
 Bullion contents of ores mined and treated: 
 Gold- 
 Ounces 
 
 Value 
 
 Silver- 
 Ounces 
 
 Value 
 
 Other metals — 
 
 Value 
 
 Total gros.s value 
 
 Average per ton 
 
 Charges for treatment and freight 
 
 Value at works 
 
 Amount received for custom work 
 
 Total value at works 
 
 Average per mine or mill 
 
 Cvanide 
 onlv. 
 
 Sol, 
 
 JC84, 
 St.i:!, 
 8231, 
 
 S:!0, 
 
 SI, 
 
 SS60, 
 8302, 
 
 »2.i8. 
 
 $76, 4X7 
 
 392, 
 371, 
 
 73, 
 SI, 510, 
 
 514 
 
 Jl,524, 
 
 51,514, 
 $216, 
 
 Cyanide with 
 crushing. 
 
 S69, 708 
 
 J62, 403 
 
 S7, 30.5 
 
 S505, 397 
 S396, ,544 
 J108, 853 
 
 S40, 947 
 834, 215 
 86, 732 
 
 8283, 758 
 
 81-50, 860 
 
 8132, 898 
 
 S900 
 
 1,53, 977 
 
 1,52,684 
 
 300 
 
 993 
 
 tion 'chlorination. 
 
 44,448 
 $918, 825 
 
 70, 832 
 
 81,670 
 
 8956, 763 
 
 $6 
 
 S12,0,H4 
 
 $944, 679 
 
 8817 
 
 8945, 496 
 
 894,. 550 
 
 $95, 074 
 
 374,2.55 
 820, 819 
 
 82, 340, 201 
 
 $2,057,3.56 
 
 8282, 905 
 
 $4,2,50 
 84,250 
 
 8115,119 
 878, 972 
 8:!6,147 
 
 $1,. 583, 271 
 8964, 109 
 8619, 162 
 
 1.296,345 
 1,296,245 
 
 221,700 
 84, .576, 8.54 
 
 65, 301 
 831,424 
 
 84, 607, 278 
 
 84 
 
 820, 612 
 
 $4,686,766 
 
 8500 
 
 84, 587, 266 
 
 8509, 696 
 
 8-29,910 
 
 826,310 
 
 83,600 
 
 8,521,412 
 8438, 185 
 $83, 227 
 
 $.58, 101 
 845, 692 
 $12, 409 
 
 8200, 168 
 
 8146,921 
 
 8,53, 247 
 
 303, 357 
 303, 367 
 
 41,043 
 8860, 748 
 
 3, 249 
 81,690 
 
 $862, 438 
 
 83 
 
 86,942 
 
 8866, 496 
 
 8856,496 
 $2,85,499 
 
 Miscella- 
 neous. 
 
 $443, 236 
 
 Custom mills. 
 
 821,395 
 $21,395 
 
 $405, 027 
 $405, 027 
 
 $1,343,997 
 81,343,997 
 
 $2,003 
 $817, 783 
 
 997,744 
 901,. 529 j 
 275 i 
 26 I 
 95,914 
 
 345,076 
 $7,086,087 
 
 1,270,021 
 8624, 759 
 
 $13,017 
 
 87,723,863 
 
 88 
 
 &102, 748 
 
 $7,321,116 
 
 $52 
 
 $7,321,167 
 
 8135, 677 
 
 $13, 377 
 
 843, 377 
 8216,694 
 $2i,5,'694 
 
 $23, 066 
 ' '82:3,' 066 
 $121,121 
 
 $121,121 
 $702, 274 
 
 40,469 
 21,886 
 ,S3, 375 
 
 49,977 
 $1,020,728 
 
 304, 364 
 
 8163,418 
 
 $5,097 
 
 $1,189,243 
 
 $8 
 
 $11,239 
 
 $1,178,004 
 
 ■ $79, 355 
 
 $1,257,3,59 
 
 848, 360 
 
 Cyaniding plants were mostly connected with mines; 
 very little cyaniding work was done by custom plants. 
 The total quantity treated at the latter was onl\' 145,730 
 tons, most of which was old iiiiiie and mill dumps, 
 whereas the total (luantity cya-nided at plants (■(innected 
 with mines was 546,286 tons, not inchiding oi-c treated 
 at mines where cyaniding was combined with other 
 processes. 
 
 The a\-erage grade of ore treated by cyaniding at the 
 mine was worth $5 per ton; the average grade; of ore 
 treated at custom mills was higher, somewhat over |.y. 
 
 which i,s quite natural, as the ore had to bear the addi- 
 tional expen,se of tran.sportation. The value of the ore 
 treated at the mine wdiere cyaniding was the only proc- 
 ess, or combined with amalgamation, averaged $4 per 
 ton; where it was combined with chlorination it was 
 found possible to treat ore worth on the a\ (.'rage about 
 $3 per ton. In some cases the ore was sorted, ores of 
 a liigher grade or rich in silver being sliipped, while 
 low-grade ores were treated at the cyaniding plants. 
 The following statement shows the bullion contents of 
 ore sold in crude state: 
 
GOLD AND SILVER. 
 
 547 
 
 Bullion contents of ore sold crude: 1902. 
 
 Tons sold liO, 273 
 
 Bullion contents: 
 Gold— 
 
 Otnioes 29.767 
 
 Villue S56U, 316 
 
 Silver — 
 
 Unnees 1 77, 707 
 
 Viilne f87, 787 
 
 Copper — 
 
 I^oimds 10, 000 
 
 Value SI, 000 
 
 Total gross value S«62, 103 
 
 Averay:e jier ton $11 
 
 "N'alne at mine S412, 763 
 
 Ri irorJiiiKi <>/<7 (hi)/ips and ta/h'ix/s. — The develop- 
 ineiit of tninsportation facilities and the introduction 
 of improved processes of treatment have made it profit- 
 able to rework low-grade ores which in former j^ears 
 were left on the dump. The ciuantity of such ore treated 
 is seldom figured as a separate item in mine accounts, 
 and was reported to the Bureau of the Census in only 
 a- few cases. Still there were 27 custom mills operating 
 principally on old dumps and tailings. A summarj" of 
 the same is presented in the table below. Of these, 1(1 
 were cyaniding, 4 amalgamating, and 7 concentrating 
 plants. At the last named the ore was merely concen- 
 trated and then shipped to other works for treatment. 
 The plants were not large, employing on an average 
 about one person on a salary and about four wage- 
 earners. The ore and tailings treated by C3'aniding 
 averaged a little over 13 per ton. 
 
 Table .57. — Siiminary of mills operating principally on old dumjys 
 and titilings: 1902. 
 
 Number of mills 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies aud materials 
 
 Cost of purchased ore and freight 
 
 Ore treated, short tons: 
 
 Total 
 
 Ore from the dumps 
 
 Purchased ores 
 
 Custom ores 
 
 Gross value of bullion contents of 
 treated: i 
 
 Gold 
 
 Silver 
 
 other metals 
 
 Total 
 
 Average per ton 
 
 Treatment charges and freight 
 
 Value of product at mill 
 
 Amount received for custom work 
 
 Total value at mill 
 
 Average per mill 
 
 33 
 J41,867 
 
 105 
 894,139 
 S20, 783 
 889, 061 
 829, 783 
 
 137,158 
 
 121,8.54 
 
 4, 220 
 
 11,084 
 
 8304,176 
 
 8107, 961 
 
 t.5,672 
 
 $417,809 
 
 ft;3 
 
 1.56, 764 
 8361,045 
 
 $28, 369 
 $389, 404 
 
 814,422 
 
 Cyaniding 
 mills. 
 
 21 
 
 $33,897 
 
 65 
 857, 932 
 $14, 367 
 $74,058 
 
 80, .678 
 
 79, 475 
 
 80 
 
 1,023 
 
 $218, 421 
 
 851,745 
 
 $6, 097 
 
 $275, 263 
 
 $3 
 
 .$6, 130 
 
 $269, 133 
 
 $3, 206 
 
 $272, 339 
 
 $17,021 
 
 All others. 
 
 12 
 $7,970 
 
 40 
 $36,207 
 $6,416 
 $15, 003 
 829. 783 
 
 56. 5.80 
 
 42, 379 
 
 4,140 
 
 10, 061 
 
 $85, 755 
 
 $56, 216 
 
 $676 
 
 $142, .546 
 
 83 
 
 850. 634 
 
 891,912 
 
 $25, 153 
 
 $117, 065 
 $10,642 
 
 1 Does not include custom ores. 
 
 TLACER MINES. 
 
 The following talilc presents comparative statistics of 
 the production of placer mines in 19i)2 and 1880: 
 
 TArsi.E .58. — (lohl product of placer mines, hi/ .flutes and. territories.- 
 1902 and 1880. 
 
 
 1902 
 
 1880 
 
 STATE OR TERRITORY. ^ 
 
 Fine 
 ounces. 
 
 Fine 
 ounces. 
 
 
 535, 697 
 
 580, 766 
 
 
 
 Alaska. 
 
 1 276, 664 
 
 182, 370 
 
 3,172 
 
 3,280 
 
 17,091 
 
 19, 289 
 
 1,42:3 
 
 6, 722 
 
 1.54 
 
 26, :394 
 
 364 
 
 884 
 
 288 
 
 
 416, 105 
 
 Colorado 
 
 4,922 
 
 
 3, 234 
 
 Idaho . ... .... 
 
 42, 5.53 
 
 Montana 
 
 56, 266 
 
 
 2,419 
 
 
 
 
 227 
 
 
 44,811 
 
 Washington . 
 
 5, 7.57 
 
 
 6 194 
 
 
 
 1 Estimates of Mint officers and agents. 
 
 ^Includes Alabama, Arizona, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Vir- 
 ginia, Utah, aud Washington. 
 
 The decline of placer mining in continental United 
 States is apparent from the preceding table. While 
 making an allowance for the incompleteness of the 
 present Census returns for placer mines, it must be 
 remembered that those of the Tenth Census were much 
 more defective. About one-half of the total placer 
 product came from Alaska. Of all other states and 
 territories. New Mexico alone has developed .some 
 placer mining since the Tenth Census. 
 
 Metlwch of loorhing . — The methods of working in use 
 in placer mines were reported as follows: Hj'draulick- 
 ing, 469 mines; sluicing, 349; drifting, 112; dredging, 
 44; electric elevator, 1. The shares contributed bj- 
 the.se methods to the production of placer mines are 
 shown in the following statement: 
 
 Proeluct of placers, classified by method nsed: 1903. 
 
 METHOD OF AVORKING. 
 
 Total . 
 
 Hydraulicking . 
 
 Dredging 
 
 C_)ther methods . 
 Not stated 
 
 Value of 
 product at Percent, 
 mine. 
 
 $5,327,720 
 
 1,618,109 
 1,329,039 
 1,212,3:37 
 1,138,181 
 
 30.4 
 24.9 
 23.3 
 21.4 
 
548 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 The following table is a summary for placer mines, 
 classided by method of working: 
 
 Table 59. — Summary for placer mines, hy method of workinij: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines 
 
 Without liired labor 
 
 With hired labor 
 
 Number of owners working . . . 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Work on share of product 
 
 Royalties 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses, exclu- 
 sive of royalties 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials. 
 V alue of product at mine 
 
 Average per mine 
 
 Mineral lands: 
 
 Total acreage held 
 
 Owned, acres 
 
 Leased, acres 
 
 975 
 
 396 
 
 579 
 
 950 
 
 $324,418 
 
 $1,818,7.58 
 
 J19, 953 
 
 $76, 749 
 
 $146, 727 
 
 $133, 758 
 
 $790, 986 
 
 1 $4,189, .545 
 
 $4, 295 
 
 186,660 
 
 167,366 
 
 19,34 
 
 Hydraulic. 
 
 469 
 
 141 
 
 328 
 
 3S5 
 
 $142, 732 
 
 $886, 101 
 
 $10, 907 
 
 333, 562 
 
 $45, 840 
 
 $59, 749 
 
 $274, 745 
 
 ;i, 618, 169 
 
 $3, 450 
 
 108,889 
 99,196 
 9, 6S3 
 
 Dredging. 
 
 $1U6, 747 
 
 $321,272 
 
 $2, 998 
 
 $3, 600 
 
 $69, 3.58 
 
 $57, 333 
 
 $345, 329 
 
 $1,329,039 
 
 $30, 205 
 
 18, .507 
 14, 8.57 
 3,660 
 
 All others. 
 
 462 
 
 255 
 
 207 
 
 505 
 
 $74, 939 
 
 $612, 385 
 
 $6,048 
 
 $39, .587 
 
 $30, .529 
 
 $16,676 
 
 $170, 912 
 
 l$l,242, 337 
 
 $2, 689 
 
 59,264 
 53, 313 
 5, 951 
 
 1 Does not include an estimated product of $1,138,181 for a number of small 
 mines for which no reports "were received directly from operators. 
 
 Hychxiulichlng. — The 469 mines worked by the hj-- 
 draulic method were located mainlj- in California, 
 where there were 221 mines. Oregon had 137 mines, 
 Idaho 72, Colorado and Montana K.) each, and Georgia 9. 
 All other states combined reported onlj- 10 mines. A 
 summarjr for hj'draulic mines is presented in the fol- 
 lowing table: 
 
 Table 60. — Summary for hydraulic mines: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Without hired labor 
 
 With hired labor 
 
 Number of ow^ners working 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Work on share of product 
 
 Rent and royalties: 
 
 Water rents 
 
 Land, plants, and tunnels 
 
 other rents and royalties 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses, excliLsive of rents 
 
 and royalties 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 Value of product at mine 
 
 Average per mine 
 
 Mineral lands: 
 
 Total acreage held 
 
 Average acreage per mine 
 
 Owned, acres 
 
 Leased, acres 
 
 
 
 Develop- 
 
 Total. 
 
 Productive 
 
 ing and 
 produc- 
 ing. 
 
 469 
 
 1397 
 
 72 
 
 469 
 
 397 
 
 72 
 
 141 
 
 135 
 
 6 
 
 328 
 
 262 
 
 66 
 
 385 
 
 364 
 
 21 
 
 $142, 732 
 
 $90, 5.55 
 
 $52,177 
 
 $885, 101 
 
 $647,866 
 
 $237,235 
 
 $10, 907 
 
 $2, 770 
 
 $8, 137 
 
 $33, 562 
 
 $33, 502 
 
 
 $27,013 
 
 822, 794 
 
 $4,219 
 
 $17,617 
 
 $17,467 
 
 $150 
 
 $1,210 
 
 $1,210 
 $43, 144 
 
 
 $.59, 749 
 
 $16, 605 
 
 $274, 745 
 
 $178, 293 
 
 $96,452 
 
 $1,618,169 
 
 $1,. 521, 562 
 
 $96,607 
 
 $3,4.50 
 
 $3,833 
 
 $1,342 
 
 108,889 
 
 80, 776 
 
 28, 113 
 
 232 
 
 203 
 
 39U 
 
 99, 190 
 
 72,348 
 
 26, 848 
 
 9,693 
 
 8,428 
 
 1,265 
 
 1 Includes 1 mine for Virginia; no item shown. 
 
 About two-thirds of all mines worked l»y hydraulick- 
 ing — viz, 307 out of 469 — reported their average yield 
 per cubic yard of gravel treated. The arithmetical 
 mean of 260 answers for active producers was 34 cents 
 per cubic yard, and the mean for 47 mines under 
 development was 33 cents. The average returns are 
 much higher than those reported at the Tenth Census, 
 when in many mines the product was not above 10 cents 
 per yard, and in some favorably situated workings a 
 considerably lower rate of production was found prolit- 
 able.' Apparently the debris legislation regulating the 
 
 ' Tenth Census, Vol. XIII, KeiKjrt on I'rccicjus Metals, jjage 200. 
 
 erection of dams for the protection of navigable waters 
 and farming lands has added to the expense of hydraulic 
 mining, and so permits of the working of a higher class 
 of gravel only. This accounts for the decline of 
 hydraulic mining, which is evidenced by the following 
 comparative statement: 
 
 Summary for hydraulic mines: 1902 and 1870. 
 
 Number of mines 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wages 
 
 Value of product at mine . 
 Average per mine 
 
 1902 
 
 469 
 
 362 
 
 $142, 732 
 
 (') 
 
 $.885, 101 
 
 $906, .559 
 
 $1,618,169 
 
 $2, 608, 531 
 
 $3, 450 
 
 $6, 930 
 
 iNot reported. 
 
 Placer wines comhined unth titamp 'mills. — Placer 
 deposits are sometimes found in ancient river beds 
 covered with a lava cap, in which case the cemented 
 gravel is treated b}' crushing and amalgamation in 
 stamp mills. Eight mines of this character were 
 reported by the present census — 7 in California and 1 
 in Georgia. A summary for the same follows next 
 below: 
 
 Table 61. — Summary for placer miiies equipjped with stamp mills: 
 
 1902. 
 
 Number of operators 8 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 8 
 
 Salaries $6, 105 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 67 
 
 Wages $.53, 336 
 
 Contract work S137 
 
 Work on share of product $3, 232 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses $7, 641 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials $10, 130 
 
 Value of gold at mine $130,606 
 
 Amount received /or custom work $7,50 
 
 Total value of product $131, 356 
 
 Dredging. — This new method, which marks the latest 
 technical progress in alluvial mining, deserves especial 
 attention. The total product of gold dredged for the 
 year 1902 was valued at $1,329,039, of which $846,421 
 was produced in California, $278,617 in jMontana, 
 $81,823 in Idaho, and $122,178 in Georgia and New 
 Mexico. In 1901 the product of dredging in California 
 was estimated at $471,762 and in 1900 at $200,000.° 
 
 Of the 44 mines operated hy dredging, 8 were engaged 
 mainly in developing, comjiaratively little gold being- 
 produced by them. These 8 mines comprised 4 in 
 Idaho, 3 in California, and 1 in Georgia. The 36 pro- 
 ductive mines were distributed as follows: Seventeen in 
 California, 9 in Idaho, .5 in Montana, 3 in Georgia, and 
 2 in Now Mexico. 
 
 There were 34 incorporated and 10 unincorporated 
 companies. The incorpoi'ated companies were dis- 
 tributed bJ^states as follows: Eighteen in California, 8 in 
 Idaho, 5 in Montana, 2 in New Mexico, and 1 in Georgia. 
 Of the 34 incorporated companies, 7 were reported in the 
 development stage, and of the remaining 27 only .5 paid 
 
 '' Report of the Director of the Mint on the Production of the 
 Precious Metals, 1901, page 91. 
 
GOLD AND SILVER. 
 
 549 
 
 dividends in 1902, namely, 4 in California and 1 in New 
 Mexico. The total dividends paid by these 5 companies 
 amounted to $246,810, of which |4,760 was paid on 
 $68,000 of preferred stock, averaging 7 per cent, and 
 1242,050 on $1,104,000 of common stock issued, averag- 
 ing 21.9 per cent. In addition to that, 1 company paid 
 the sum of 17,680 as interest at the rate of 6 per cent 
 on its outstanding bonds amounting to $128,000. 
 
 There was no gold dredging mine with a product of 
 $250,000 or more. Classified by value of production 
 reported, the 44 mines reported ranked as follows: 
 Four with a product exceeding $100,000, antl with a total 
 
 of $582,598; 8 ranging between $50,000 and $100,000, 
 with a total of $483,215; 10 ranging between $10,000 
 and $50,000, with a total of $199,754; 15 ranging be- 
 tween $1,000 and $10,000, with a total product of 
 $59,275; 5 ranging between $600 and $1,000, and 2 pro- 
 ducing less than $500, with a total product of $4,197. 
 It appears from the preceding figures that four-fifths 
 of the entire output was contributed by 12 companies, 
 producing each between $50,000 and $250,000. 
 
 A summary for gold mines operated by dredges and 
 the capitalization of all incori^orated gold dredging 
 companies are presented in the two tables following: 
 
 Table 63.— SUMMARY FOR GOLD MINES OPERATED BY DREDGES: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wages: 
 
 Total 
 
 Engineers, firemen, etc 
 
 Miners 
 
 Boys under 16 
 
 All other wage-earners 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Work on share of product 
 
 Rent and royalties: 
 
 Electric "power 
 
 Land, water, and other 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses, exclusive of royalties 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 ^'nlne of product at mine 
 
 Average per mine 
 
 Total. * 
 
 44 
 
 $106,747 
 
 S321, 172 
 
 J138, 356 
 
 S26, 101 
 
 S271 
 
 S15G, 444 
 
 «2, 998 
 
 S3, bOO 
 
 S49, 510 
 
 S19, 848 
 
 $57, 333 
 
 S345, 329 
 
 S1,329,0:M 
 
 S30,20S 
 
 Developing 
 Productive, and pro- 
 ducitig. 
 
 36 
 
 S90, 574 
 
 $287, 909 
 
 J125, 651 
 
 815, 831 
 
 S187 
 
 8146, 240 
 
 S3, 600 
 
 S47, 913 
 S19, 848 
 S49, 930 
 $314, 410 
 SI, 306, 202 
 S36, 266 
 
 8 
 S16,173 
 
 S33, 263 
 S12, 705 
 SIO, 270 
 S84 
 $10, 204 
 82, 998 
 
 $1, .597 
 
 $7, 403 
 S30, 919 
 $23, 837 
 
 $2,980 
 
 Unincorpo- 
 rated. 
 
 10 
 
 $7,512 
 
 $21,8.53 
 $8, 495 
 S6, 994 
 8187 
 $6, 177 
 $2, 998 
 $3, 600 
 
 $1,209 
 
 $699 
 
 $4,537 
 
 $25, 432 
 
 82,643 
 
 INCORPORATED. 
 
 34 
 $99, 235 
 
 8299, 319 
 $129,861 
 819,107 
 $«4 
 $150, 267 
 
 849, 510 
 818, 639 
 856, 634 
 $340, 792 
 81, 303, 607 
 838, 841 
 
 Dividend 
 paying. 
 
 $20, 607 
 
 $82, 055 
 
 $39, 393 
 
 $9,034 
 
 $33,1 
 
 819, 077 
 
 $600 
 
 $9, 617 
 
 $104, 585 
 
 $495, 718 
 
 $99, 184 
 
 Nondividend paying. 
 
 P-d- ^and^J^^ 
 ducing. 
 
 22 
 $62, 455 
 
 8186, 551 
 
 $78, 813 
 
 $1, 303 
 
 $106, 435 
 
 7 
 S16,173 
 
 $30,713 
 $11, 655 
 $8,770 
 $84 
 SIO, 204 
 
 $28, 836 
 $18,039 
 
 81,. 597 
 
 $39, 614 
 $206, 288 
 $784, 1.52 
 
 $35, 643 
 
 $7,403 
 $29, 919 
 $23, 737 
 
 S3, 391 
 
 Table 63.— CAPITALIZATION OF INCORPORATED GOLD DREDGING COMPANIES, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1902. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CAPITALIZATION. 
 
 * 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 mines. 
 
 I'otal par 
 
 value of 
 
 stocks and 
 
 bonds issued. 
 
 Common stock. 
 
 STATE OR TERRITORY. 
 
 Authorized. 
 
 Issued. 
 
 
 nds 
 1. 
 
 
 Number of 
 shares. 
 
 Par value. 
 
 Number of 
 shares. 
 
 Par value. 
 
 paic 
 
 TTnited States 
 
 34 
 
 $11,505,845 
 
 6,473,786 
 
 $11,9.52,800 
 
 5,405,062 
 
 $10,710,545 $242,050 
 
 
 
 6 
 29 
 
 1,172,000 
 10,333,845 
 
 211, 740 
 6,262,046 
 
 1, 104, 000 
 10,.S48,,S00 
 
 211, 740 
 6, 193. 322 
 
 1,104,00 
 9, 606, .54 
 
 242 050 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 California 
 
 18 
 1 
 8 
 5 
 
 6,275,831 
 
 500, 000 
 
 2,2,57,800 
 
 2,252,214 
 
 220, 000 
 
 3, 886, 998 
 
 5, 000 
 
 1,. 5.53, 390 
 
 1,026,200 
 
 2,200 
 
 6, 704, 800 
 
 .500,000 
 
 2, 708, 000 
 
 1,820,000 
 
 220, 000 
 
 3, .542, 849 
 
 5, 000 
 
 983, 299 
 
 871,714 
 
 2,200 
 
 6, 207, 83 
 
 500,00 
 
 2,209,90 
 
 1,572,81 
 
 1 197, 250 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 44, 800 
 
 
 , 1 
 
 
 CAPITALIZATION. 
 
 
 Preferred stock. 
 
 Bonds. 
 
 STATE OE lEEEITOEY. 
 
 Authorized. 
 
 Issued. 
 
 Divi- 
 <lends 
 paid. 
 
 Authorized. 
 
 Issued. 
 
 Interest paid. 
 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 shares. 
 
 Par value. 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 shares. 
 
 Par 
 value. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Par 
 
 value. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Par 
 value. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Rate 
 per 
 cent. 
 
 United States 
 
 208, 150 
 
 $1,160,000 
 
 19,582 
 
 $633,400 
 
 $4, 760 
 
 244 
 
 8184,200 
 
 219 
 
 $161,900 
 
 $7,680 
 
 6.0 
 
 
 
 1.50 
 20.S, 000 
 
 1.50,000 
 1, 000, 000 
 
 68 
 19, 514 
 
 68,000 
 565, 400 
 
 4,760 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nondividend paying 
 
 244 
 
 184, 200 
 
 219 
 
 161, 900 
 
 7,680 
 
 6.0 
 
 California 
 
 1.50 1 160,000 
 
 68 68,000 
 
 4,700 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Georgia 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Idaho 
 
 200,000 1 200,000 
 8,000 800,000 
 
 i4,666 i i4,666 
 
 5,514 551,400 
 
 
 94 
 1.50 
 
 34,200 
 1.50,000 
 
 91 
 128 
 
 33, 900 
 128, 000 
 
 
 
 Montana 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 7,680 
 
 6.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
550 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 The following power was used to operate the dredges: 
 One hundred and nineteen electric motors with 4,^95 
 horsepower owned, in addition to which 3,762 horse- 
 power was rented from other electrical plants, making 
 in all y,057 horsepower; 68 steam engines with 2,385 
 horsepower, and 7 water wheels with 1,740 horsepower. 
 Most of the electric power, viz, 99 motors with 3,375 
 horsepower, and 3,412 horsepower rented, was used in 
 California. The power used to run dredges constituted 
 three-fourths of the total power used in the placer 
 mines. 
 
 The following statement shows the area of land owned 
 and leased hy gold dredging concerns; acreage was not 
 reported for 11 mines: 
 
 Gold dredging mineral lands oimed and leased, b>i states and terri- 
 tories: 190S. 
 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 mines. 
 
 ACKEAGE, SlINERAL LANDS. 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 Owned. 
 
 Held on 
 lease. 
 
 Average 
 per mine. 
 
 United States 
 
 33 
 
 18,507 
 
 14,857 
 
 3,650 
 
 661 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 9 
 4 
 2 
 
 6,596 
 4,603 
 4,050 
 3, 268 
 
 6,396 
 
 4,603 
 
 3,600 
 
 258 
 
 200 
 
 366 
 
 
 511 
 
 
 4.50 
 3,000 
 
 1,012 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 1,629 
 
 The following statement shows the distribution of 
 mineral lands among the 33 companies reporting on the 
 subject of land tenure: 
 
 Mineral lands, classified by area held: 1903. 
 
 Total . . . 
 
 20 acres or less 
 
 21 to 99 
 
 100 to 999 
 
 1,000 and over 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 mines. 
 
 ACREAGE. 
 
 20 
 
 246 
 
 8,591 
 
 9,6.50 
 
 Per cent 
 of total. 
 
 0.1 
 
 1.3 
 46.4 
 52. 2 
 
 It must be understood that the land ownership shown 
 in the preceding statements represents as }'et only the 
 possibilities of gold dredging. The area actually treated 
 during the year 1902, in so far as reported, aggregated 
 only 214 acres, from which gold to the amount of 
 11,243,364 was produced. Fifteen companies, with a 
 total product of $185,675, failed to report the total 
 acreage treated. The average yield per acre, for mines 
 reporting, was $5,870. Twenty-six mines, with an ag- 
 gregate output of $978,508, reported their average yield 
 per cubic yard of gravel treated. The arithmetical 
 mean of their average returns was $0.26 per cubic yard. 
 In computing the mean yield the cubic volume of ground 
 treated was not considered, as it could seldom be accu- 
 rately ascertained; yet the average yield reported, being 
 the result of numerous tests made, is thought to deserve 
 attention. 
 
 TENDENCY TOWARD CONCENTKATIOX. 
 
 Gold and silver mining is no exception to the general 
 trend of modern industry toward production on a large 
 scale. This is illustrated by the following live tables, 
 which present a classitication of all mines and mills 
 by value of production. Table 64 comprises all mines 
 and all mills combined with mines, showing separately 
 placers, deep mines without mills, and deep mines with 
 mills. Table 65 deals with custom mills only. Table 66 
 presents a similar classification of all mines and mills by 
 states and territories. Table 67 presents the same classi- 
 fication for gold and silver and for argentiferous lead 
 mines, and Table 68 presents the same classification for 
 incorporated mines, dividend paying and nondividend 
 paying mines Vjcing shown separately. Onl^- productive 
 mines are dealt with in the last table; mines designated 
 as ''developing and producing"' — that is, those at which 
 expenditures were in excess of receipts — are eliminated 
 from the comparison. In order to avoid disclosing the 
 idcntitj' of individual concerns it has been necessary- in 
 Tables 65, 66, and 6S to combine certain groups shown 
 separateh' in Tables 64 and 67. 
 
 Table 64.— CLASSIFICATION OF MINES BY VALUE OF PRODUCT: 1902. 
 
 
 TOTAL.! 
 
 PLACERS. 
 
 DEEP MI.N'ES WITHOUT MILLS. 
 
 DEEP MINES WITH MILLS. 
 
 
 Number 
 of op- 
 erators. 
 
 Value of 
 product. 
 
 Percent. 
 
 Number 
 of op- 
 erators. 
 
 Value of 
 product. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Number 
 of op- 
 erators. 
 
 1,275 
 
 Value of 
 product. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Number 
 of op- 
 erators. 
 
 Value of 
 product. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 United States 
 
 2,937 
 
 $80, 144, .545 
 
 100.0 
 
 975 
 
 $5,327,726 
 
 100.0 
 
 $26,537,401 
 
 100.0 
 
 0.2 
 - 0.6 
 
 7.2 
 16.5 
 
 9.1 
 17.1 
 22.4 
 10.6 
 14.5 
 
 1.9 
 
 687 
 
 $49, 279, 418 
 
 100.0 
 
 Less than J500 
 
 S.500toS999 
 
 SI 000 to ^9 999 
 
 765 
 
 415 
 
 1 134 
 
 161,531 
 295,816 
 3,970,980 
 8,697,817 
 7,163,460 
 10, 682, 727 
 15, .517, 681 
 13,749,1.51 
 18, 265, ,547 
 1,633,835 
 
 0.2 
 0.4 
 6.0 
 10.8 
 8.9 
 13. 3 
 19,4 
 17.2 
 22.8 
 2.0 
 
 353 
 181 
 359 
 66 
 10 
 6 
 
 77, 974 
 
 126,636 
 
 l,ll.s,607 
 
 1.324,001 
 
 613, 695 
 
 898, ,572 
 
 1.6 
 2.4 
 21.0 
 24.8 
 12.1 
 16.9 
 
 332 
 
 171 
 
 .506 
 
 181 
 
 33 
 
 30 
 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 64,690 
 123,104 
 1,827,904 
 4, 202, 063 
 2, 325, 969 
 4,363,214 
 5,717,847 
 2,701,476 
 3,715,480 
 496, 654 
 
 80 
 63 
 
 iS 
 
 69 
 
 1 37 
 
 ' 29 
 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 18,867 
 46,076 
 1,030,409 
 3,171,7.53 
 4, 193, 796 
 6, 420, 941 
 9, 799, 834 
 11,147,676 
 14, .550, 067 
 
 0.1 
 0.1 
 2.1 
 
 $10,000 to S49,999 
 
 $50,000 to S99, 999 
 
 tl00,000to J249,999 
 
 372 
 102 
 73 
 46 
 ■ 20 
 11 
 
 6.4 
 8.5 
 11.0 
 19.9 
 
 SoOO.OOOto $999,999 
 
 
 
 
 22.4 
 
 $1,000,000 and over 
 
 
 '""i,'i38,'i8i' 
 
 21.3' 
 
 29.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Exclusive of cu8t(jin mills. 
 
GOLD AND SILVER. 
 
 Table 65.— CUSTOM MILLS, CLASSIFIED BY VALUE OF PRODUCT: 1902. 
 
 551 
 
 
 Number 
 of mills. 
 
 Vttlue of 
 product. 
 
 Per cent 
 of total. 
 
 Total 
 
 66 
 
 88, 700, 059 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 6 
 
 24 
 7 
 4 
 4 
 
 2, 659 
 
 3,260 
 
 87,113 
 
 187, 982 
 
 433,771 
 
 7, 985, 274 
 
 (') 
 
 $600 to $999 
 
 '') ' 
 
 81,000 to S9,999 
 
 1.0 
 
 810,000 to 849 999 
 
 2.2 
 
 8.50,000 to 8249,999 . . . 
 
 6.0 
 
 8250,000 and over- . 
 
 91.8 
 
 
 
 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 
 
 ^Includes 3 cstablinhments each with product over §1,000,000. 
 
 Table 66.— CLASSIFICATION OF MINES AND MILLS ACCORDING TO VALUE OF PRODUCT, AND THE PERCENTAGE 
 THAT EACH GROUP IS OF THE TOTAL, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1902. 
 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 LESS THAN 81,000. 
 
 81,000 
 
 TO 89,999. 
 
 810,000 
 
 TO $49,999. 
 
 
 Number. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 2,992 
 
 $82,482,052 
 
 1,196 
 
 8463, 266 
 
 1,158 
 
 84, 062, 016 
 
 382 
 
 88, 929, 366 
 
 
 
 Arizona 
 
 California 
 
 Colorado 
 
 74 
 
 1,020 
 
 772 
 
 268 
 
 176 
 
 104 
 
 40 
 
 83 
 
 466 
 
 2,764,677 
 15, 469, 609 
 29,669,456 
 8, 177, 267 
 4,688,536 
 3,409,348 
 6, 464, 258 
 8,500,904 
 3,347,997 
 
 23 
 439 
 279 
 122 
 
 46 
 
 29 
 8 
 
 23 
 227 
 
 9,233 
 164, 266 
 102,869 
 64,673 
 16, 688 
 13,809 
 3,383 
 10,817 
 87, .528 
 
 29 
 400 
 286 
 97 
 70 
 40 
 15 
 27 
 194 
 
 132, 994 
 
 1,296,270 
 
 1, 0.50, 944 
 
 310, 526 
 
 288, 988 
 
 163, 104 
 
 63, 606 
 
 129, 763 
 
 635,822 
 
 13 
 119 
 116 
 20 
 39 
 24 
 4 
 14 
 33 
 
 296, 347 
 2,631,888 
 2, 676, 979 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Montana 
 
 453, 294 
 965, 926 
 580, .528 
 
 
 145, 451 
 
 Utah 
 
 All other states and territories i 
 
 379, 648 
 799, 306 
 
 
 
 
 850,000 TO S99,999. 
 
 8100,000 AND OVER. 
 
 NOT CLAS- 
 SIFIED. 
 
 PER CENT OF TOTAL. 
 
 STATE OR TERRITORY. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Less 
 than 
 $1,000. 
 
 81,000 
 
 to 
 $9,999. 
 
 810,000 
 
 to 
 849,999. 
 
 $50,000 
 
 to 
 $99,999. 
 
 $100,000 
 and 
 over. 
 
 Not 
 classi- 
 fied. 
 
 
 103 
 
 $7,221,740 
 
 153 
 
 $60,171,829 
 
 $1, 633, 836 
 
 0.6 
 
 4.9 
 
 10.8 
 
 8.8 
 
 72.9 
 
 2.0 
 
 
 
 Arizona 
 
 California 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Idaho . 
 
 3 
 
 30 
 27 
 
 7 
 12 
 
 G 
 
 193,625 
 2, 087, .562 
 1,994,643 
 .531, .531 
 744, 668 
 449, 903 
 365, 135 
 404, .591 
 450, 082 
 
 6 
 32 
 64 
 12 
 9 
 5 
 8 
 13 
 4 
 
 2,121,201 
 8, 1.59, 465 
 23,824,768 
 
 6, 772, 023 
 2, 672, 267 
 2, 066, 664 
 6,886,683 
 
 7, .576, 086 
 1,092,773 
 
 11,277 
 1,130,168 
 
 9,263 
 65, 221 
 
 ""'i45,'446' 
 
 0.4 
 1.1 
 0.4 
 0.7 
 0.8 
 0.4 
 0.1 
 0.1 
 2.6 
 
 4.8 
 8.4 
 3.6 
 3.8 
 6.2 
 4.6 
 1.0 
 1.5 
 19.0 
 
 10.7 
 17.0 
 9.0 
 5.5 
 20.6 
 17.0 
 
 O 
 
 l'.5 
 23.9 
 
 7.0 
 13.6 
 6.7 
 6.5 
 15.9 
 13.2 
 5.6 
 4.8 
 13.6 
 
 76.7 
 62.7 
 80.3 
 82.8 
 .57.0 
 60.6 
 91.1 
 
 0.4 
 7.3 
 
 0.7 
 
 Montana 
 
 4.3 
 
 South Dakota . 
 
 
 Utah 
 
 6 
 7 
 
 
 89. 1 
 
 282, 486 
 
 32. 6 8. 4 
 
 
 
 
 I Includes Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Maryland, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oregon, .South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Washington, and Wyoming. 
 -Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 
 
 Table 67.— CLASSIFICATION OF DEEP MIXES BY METALS MINED AND BY VALUE OF PRODUCT: 1902. 
 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 GOLD AND SILVER. 
 
 ARGENTIFEROUS LEAD. 
 
 
 Number 
 of com- 
 panies. 
 
 Value of 
 product. 
 
 Per 
 
 cent. 
 
 Number 
 of com- 1 
 panics. 
 
 Value Of 
 product. 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 Number 
 of com- 
 panies. 
 
 Value of 
 product. 
 
 Per 
 
 cent. 
 
 Total 1 
 
 1,935 
 
 873, 961, 644 
 
 100.0 
 
 1,488 
 
 1 
 
 8-50, .587, 106 
 
 100.0 
 
 447 
 
 $23,374,438 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 
 Less than S500 .... . 
 
 409 
 233 
 759 
 301 
 90 
 67 
 46 
 20 
 ■ 11 
 
 82,687 
 168, 468 
 2,773,347 
 7, 265, 461 
 6, 355, 067 
 9, 784, 165 
 16, 517, 681 
 13, 749, 1.51 
 18, 266, 547 
 
 0.1 
 0.2 
 3.8 
 9.8 
 8.6 
 13.2 
 21.0 
 18.6 
 24.7 
 
 322 
 
 178 
 
 602 
 
 220 
 
 66 
 
 60 
 
 29 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 63, 746 
 130, 202 
 2, 181,, 509 
 6,277,243 
 4, 583, 228 
 7,296,492 
 9,878,109 
 9, 961, 218 
 11, 225, 359 
 
 0.1 
 0.3 
 4.3 
 
 10.4 
 9.1 
 14.4 
 19.5 
 19.7 
 22.2 
 
 87 
 
 55 
 
 1.57 
 
 81 
 
 24 
 
 17 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 18, 941 
 38,266 
 591,838 
 1,988,208 
 1,771,.S29 
 2,487,663 
 6, 639, .572 
 3, 797, 933 
 7,040,188 
 
 1 
 
 
 0.2 
 
 
 2 5 
 
 SIO, 000 to $49 999 
 
 
 $60 000 to fi;99 999 
 
 7.6 
 
 SlOO 000 to 3249 999 
 
 10 6 
 
 
 24.1 
 
 ■8600 000 to $999 999 
 
 16 3 
 
 81 000 000 and over 
 
 30 1 
 
 
 
 1 Exclusive of custom, mills and mills operated upon old dumps and tailings. 
 
DIAGRAM I.— PRODUCTION OF GOLD FROM 1889 
 TO 1902 IN THE STATES AND TERRITORIES 
 REPORTING MORE THAN 50,000 OUNCES IN 
 1 902. 
 
 OOJNGES 
 
 1,400,000 
 
 » CO OD CO 
 
 30 
 
 D CO 
 
 » OD CO CO C 
 
 n a 
 
 T O) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 1,300,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 1,200,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,100,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1/ 
 
 
 
 
 
 900,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 800,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 / 
 
 
 700,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 ,.-^ 
 
 y 
 
 
 / 
 / 
 
 ■\^ 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,§ 
 
 ff 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 600,000 
 
 "x. 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "\ 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 600,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 400,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 CO/ 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 onn nnn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,o^^ 
 
 
 \ 
 
 ly 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 -?1 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 200,000 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 A* 
 
 / 
 
 
 / 
 
 V10N" 
 
 'ANA 
 
 **♦<» 
 
 / 
 
 ^•^■^ 
 
 ,^ 
 
 \ 
 
 ■y 
 
 •y 
 
 
 
 
 k 
 
 1 
 
 ^^-^^ 
 
 
 
 100,000 
 
 ■^^•.. 
 
 % 
 
 ,,-• 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 i^y 
 
 // 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 rs 
 
 
 ^. IDAHO 
 
 c'. / 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ^ - 
 
 N 
 
 ^--' 
 
 > 
 
 iS=- = 
 
 °X^ 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 — " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
GOLD AND SILVER. 
 
 55H 
 
 Table 68.— Dividend paying and nondividend paying productive 
 mines, deep and placer, classified by value of product: 190S. 
 
 
 DIVIDEND PAYING. 
 
 NONDIVIDEND PAYING. 
 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 com- 
 panies. 
 
 Product. 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 100.0 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 com- 
 panies. 
 
 Prodiict. 
 
 Per 
 
 cent. 
 
 All mines 
 
 121 $34,248,316 
 
 614 
 
 $31,343,626 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 
 
 103 
 
 230 
 
 152 
 
 68 
 
 49 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 .535 
 
 45, 233 
 965,644 
 4,019,706 
 4,007,870 
 7,497,403 
 4, 84S, 736 
 9,899,134 
 
 29,985,701 
 
 0.1 
 
 SI, 000 to $9,999 
 
 tlCOOO to «49,999 
 
 JftO.OOO to $99,999 
 
 »100,000 to 5249,999 .... 
 82.50,000 to $499,999 .... 
 $500,000 and over 
 
 Deep mines and 
 
 13 
 26 
 21 
 16 
 26 
 21 
 
 102 
 
 73,071 
 
 686, 332 
 
 1,452,786 
 
 2,718,437 
 
 8, 839, 714 
 
 20,477,976 
 
 33,251,898 
 
 0.2 
 2.0 
 4,3 
 7.9 
 26.8 
 69.8 
 
 100.0 
 
 3.1 
 
 12.8 
 13.0 
 23.9 
 15.5 
 31.6 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 86 
 198 
 130 
 
 .52 
 
 47 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 79 
 
 36, 370 
 818,893 
 3,482,389 
 3, 664, 685 
 7, 236, 494 
 4,848,736 
 9, 899, 134 
 
 1,3.57,925 
 
 0.1 
 
 $1,000 to $9,999 
 
 810,000 to $49,999 
 
 $60,000 to $99,999 
 
 $100,000 to $249,999 .... 
 $250,000 to $499,999 .... 
 $600,000 and over.: 
 
 Placer mines 
 
 6 
 21 
 17 
 12 
 25 
 21 
 
 19 
 
 31,087 
 
 610, 072 
 
 1,212,275 
 
 2,080,774 
 
 8, 839, 714 
 
 20,477,976 
 
 996,417 
 
 0.1 
 1.8 
 3.6 
 6.3 
 26.6 
 61.6 
 
 100.0 
 
 2.7 
 11.6 
 12.2 
 24.2 
 16.2 
 33.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 Less than $1,000. 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 32 
 
 22 
 8 
 
 9,863 
 146,6.51 
 .537,317 
 664,094 
 
 0.7 
 
 $1,000 to $9,999 
 
 $10,000 to $19,999 
 
 $50,000 to $-249,999 
 
 7 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 41,984 
 
 76, 260 
 
 878,173 
 
 4.2 
 
 7.7 
 88.1 
 
 10.8 
 39.6 
 48.9 
 
 PRODUCTION OF GOLD AND SILVER IN THE UNITED 
 STATES FROM 1889 TO 1902. 
 
 The statistics of the production of the mines are col- 
 lected annuall}^ by Mint officers and agents from mine 
 operators. The statistics of the production of refineries 
 are collected by the Bureau of the Mint. The former, 
 
 as a rule, show an excess over the latter, varying from 
 1 per cent to 11.4 per cent for gold and from one-tenth 
 of 1 per cent to 11.3 per cent for silver. In 1890, how- 
 ever, the estimate of the Director of the Mint exceeded 
 the total gold product reported by Mint agents by 2.9 
 pel- cent. The estimated production of silver refineries 
 exceeded the product of the mines in 1891 by five-tenths 
 of 1 per cent, in ]S93 by 13.2 per cent, and in 1896 by 
 8.. 5 per cent. The estimated production of refined silver 
 is equal to the total silver production of domestic refin- 
 eries less the silver contents of foreign ores reduced in 
 the United States. The fluctuations in imports of silver 
 must inevitably affect the estimate of the refined prod- 
 uct, thus creating a disproportion between the latter 
 and the production of the mines in the United States 
 for the same 3'ear. 
 
 The excess appearing from year to j'ear in the pro- 
 duction reported by mine operators, as compared with 
 the product of refineries, is easily accounted for by the 
 fact that the former is largely an estimate of the assay 
 contents of all ore mined, regardless of the quantity of 
 ore which will eventually be left on the dump after 
 sorting, as being of too low a grade to pa}' for freight 
 and reduction; nor are the losses in smelting always 
 considered by the mine operator in estimating the assay 
 contents of his ore. 
 
 The following table shows the gold and silver product 
 of mines and refineries from 1889 to 1902, compiled from 
 the annual reports of the Director of the Mint on the 
 production of the precious metals: 
 
 Table 69.— PRODUCT OF MINES AND REFINERIES; 1889 TO 1902. 
 
 1902 
 1901 
 1900 
 1899 
 1898 
 1897 
 1896 
 1895 
 1894 
 1893 
 1892 
 1891 
 1890 
 1889 
 
 Product of 
 mines. 
 
 Fine ounces. 
 
 3,913,681 
 3,8.53,222 
 3,867,644 
 3,613,244 
 3,184,734 
 2,916,245 
 2,776,141 
 2,544,362 
 2, 110, 699 
 1,788,482 
 1,665,626 
 1, 661, 325 
 = 1,644,033 
 1, 689, 166 
 
 Product of 
 refineries. ■ 
 
 Fine ounces. 
 
 870, 000 
 805, 600 
 829, 897 
 437, 210 
 118, 398 
 774,935 
 668, 132 
 254, 760 
 910, 813 
 739, 323 
 597, 098 
 604,840 
 688, 877 
 594, 775 
 
 Excess of mined prod- 
 uct over refined prod- 
 uct. 
 
 Per cent 
 Fine ounces, of mined 
 product. 
 
 43, 681 
 
 47, 722 
 
 37, 747 
 
 76, 034 
 
 66, 336 
 
 141, 310 
 
 207, 009 
 
 289, 592 
 
 199, 7S6 
 
 49,159 
 
 68, ,628 
 
 56, 485 
 
 1 44, 844 
 
 94, 391 
 
 1.1 
 
 1.2 
 1.0 
 2.2 
 2.1 
 4.8 
 7.5 
 
 11.4 
 9.5 
 2.7 
 4.1 
 3.4 
 
 12.9 
 5.6 
 
 Product of 
 mines. 
 
 Fine ounces. 
 
 57, 836, .568 
 67, 873, 486 
 60,211,386 
 66,721,173 
 ■66, JS6, 833 
 66, 115, 165 
 .54,219,669 
 57, 238, 932 
 .51,023,617 
 53, 017, 449 
 58, 0.50, 975 
 58,067,932 
 3 66, 320, 640 
 56,4.52,026 
 
 Product of 
 refineries. 
 
 Excess of mined prod- 
 uct over refined prod- 
 uct. 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Fine ounces. Fine ounces. 1 of mined 
 
 product. 
 
 600, 
 214, 
 647, 
 764, 
 438, 
 860, 
 834, 
 727, 
 500, 
 000, 
 004, 
 330: 
 516: 
 094 
 
 2, 336, 5.58 
 2, 659, 486 
 2,. 564, 386 
 1,9.56,673 
 1,04S,.<33 
 2,2.55,165 
 
 '4,615,131 
 1, 511, 932 
 1,. 523, 617 
 
 1 6, 982, 551 
 
 46, 686 
 
 1 262, 068 
 
 1,. 104, 340 
 
 6,3.57,454 
 
 4.0 
 4.6 
 4.3 
 3.4 
 1.9 
 4.0 
 
 1 8. 5 
 
 2.6 
 
 3.0 
 
 1 13. 2 
 
 0.1 
 
 10.5 
 3.2 
 
 11.3 
 
 1 Excess of refined over mined product. 
 
 2 Exclusive of 1,936 ounces reported lor " other states " in the Report of the Director of the Mint, which was evidently a duplication 
 'Exclusive of 2,000 ounces reported for "other states" in the Report of the Director of the Mint, which was evidently a duplication. 
 
 REVIEW OF THE INDUSTRY BY STATES. 
 
 The development of the production of gold and silver 
 in the several states and territories from 1889 to 1902 
 is illustrated by Diagrams I, II, III, and IV. Diagram 
 I, based upon the estimates of the Director of the Mint, 
 shows the growth of the gold production in the princi- 
 pal states and territories and the rank of each as a gold 
 
 producer; the wide variance between the Mint estimates 
 of the gold output by states and territories and the 
 corresponding Census returns precludes the use of the 
 latter for comparative purposes. The fluctuations of 
 the silver production in the principal states during the 
 same period are represented by Diagram II, prepared 
 from the same source, except for the year 1902, for 
 which Table -10 of the present report was used. Dia- 
 
DIAGRAM II.— PRODUCTION OF SILVER FROM 1889 TO 1902 IN THE STATES REPORTING 
 MORE THAN 2,500,000 OUNCES IN 1902. 
 
 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 OUNCES 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24,000,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ Crs 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^■<^Ol , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 f^^o 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 20,000,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 -,.^.__ 
 
 
 
 ■•-., 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 16,000,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ! 
 
 
 -^^^ 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 .^.-"^ 
 
 "' 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 / 
 
 
 
 <A 
 
 y 
 
 ,/ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 \__ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "-v,^ 
 
 
 12,000,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 8,000,000 
 
 
 *-' ' 
 
 ^^^^ 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 A y 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 .--^ 
 
 
 
 
 V, 
 
 ^i 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 7^ 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "x 
 
 y 
 / 
 
 
 \ 
 
 . ■ 
 
 "-''' 
 
 , 
 
 ■v.^ 
 
 y^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 ^^-- 
 
 ^ 
 
 4,000,000 
 
 "~"^~-^ — o^ 
 
 ■'-.,^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^-s. 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 — -"" 
 
 "- 
 
 ■"%^^^~v^ 
 
 ,-''' 
 
 ~~~->^ 
 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 >.^ 
 
 
 
 ^/ 
 
 
 
 
 °x^^ 
 
 ,,^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "^■i 
 
 ^^ — ^^,^ 
 
 
 
 _,_,-.- 
 
 
 
 ^"^t 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -; .- 
 
 
 
 
GOLD AND SILVER. 
 
 555 
 
 graois III and IV, prepared from the same source as 
 Diagram II, show the share contributed by each state 
 and territory to the total production of gokl and silver 
 from year to year. 
 
 Colorado held in 1902 the first rank among- the states 
 and territories as a producer of both gold and silver. 
 The Colorado ores contributed more than one-third of 
 the gold and more than one-fourth of the silver con- 
 tents of all ores mined in the United States. The 
 second place among the gold producing states was held 
 b}^ California, which contributed over one-fifth of the 
 gold product of the United States. Next after Califor- 
 nia came Alaska, with one-ninth of the total gold prod- 
 uct and with more than one-half of the placer gold 
 produced in the United States. South Dakota, Mon- 
 tana, Utah, Arizona, Oregon, Nevada, and Idaho fol- 
 lowed in successive order.. All other states and terri- 
 tories each produced less than $1,000,000 in gold. 
 
 The second rank as a silver producing state was held 
 by Montana, Avhich furnished nearlj" one-fourth of the 
 silver contents of all ores. Nearly three-fourths of 
 the silver was derived as a bj'-product of the smelting 
 of copper ores, viz, 9,675,613 fine ounces out of a total 
 of 13, -141, 950 ounces. Utah followed closely, with over 
 one-fifth of the total output of silver. Idaho and 
 Nevada came next. All other states and territories 
 each produced less than $1,000,000 in silver. 
 
 Silver, as previously stated, was mostly recovered 
 from argentiferous lead ores, Avhere lead formed a val- 
 uable portion of the product. The first rank as a pro- 
 ducer of argentiferous lead ores was held b}^ Idaho. The 
 combined silver and lead contents of all ores mined in 
 that state were valued at $10,291,491:. Utah followed 
 next, with a total value of $8,261,095, and Colorado 
 held the third rank, with $7,296,925. The production 
 of argentiferous lead ores in other states was insignifi- 
 cant. The Colorado ores were the richest in silver, 
 only one-fourth of the value of their bullion contents 
 representing lead. The value of the bullion contents 
 of Utah argentiferous lead ores was nearljr two-thirds 
 in silver and a little over one-third in lead. In Idaho, 
 on the contrary, the ores were poor in silver, more 
 than two-thirds of the value of their metallic contents 
 being lead and less than one-third silver. 
 
 Taking the lead values alone, Idaho contributed 
 $7,122,838; Utah, $2,873,740; Colorado, $1,827,993; 
 and all other states $486,671. These values do not 
 correspond to the quantities of lead, inasmuch as the 
 price realized in Idaho averaged 3.4 cents per pound 
 of fine lead contents, whereas in Utah it averaged 2.7 
 cents and in Colorado 2.25 cents per pound. The lead 
 contents of Idaho ores were more than one-half of the 
 total for all argentiferous lead ores mined in the United 
 States. Utah contributed a little over one-fourth and 
 Colorado about one-fifth. 
 
 A shifting of the relative positions held by the sev- 
 eral states and territories as gold producers has taken 
 place since the Eleventh Census. In 1889 California 
 
 held the first rank; its product, as estimated by the 
 Director of the Mint, was nearly four times as large as 
 that of Colorado. While its production shows a small 
 increase from 3'car to year, yet it did not keep pace 
 with the rapidly increasing production of Coloi'ado, 
 which in 1897 took the first rank and has retained it 
 since. Alaska, which in 1889 was among the minor 
 producers, in 1902 reached the third place, next to 
 California. 
 
 No change has taken place in the relative positions 
 of the three principal silver producing states, viz, Col- 
 orado, Montana, and Utah. But while the silver pro- 
 duction of Colorado and Montana, after a period of 
 increase up to 1895, shows a considerable decline, the 
 silver production of Utah has substantiallj^ increased 
 since 1889. Nevada and Idaho, which in 1889 occupied 
 respectively the fourth and the fifth rank, have changed 
 places, Idaho having kept up a steadj' increase. From 
 1889 to 1899 the silver production of Nevada sank into 
 insignificance. Since 1900, however, there has been 
 an increase, and in 1902 the silver production of Ne- 
 vada was almost as great as in 1889. The variance 
 previous!}' referred to between the Census returns and 
 Mint estimates for Arizona, Nevada, and Idaho accounts 
 for the apparent decrease in 1902 of the gold produc- 
 tion of Arizona and Nevada and for the increase of the 
 silver production of Idaho. 
 
 It is interesting to note the relative places of the two 
 precious metals in the principal gold and silver produc- 
 ing states in 1902. In Colorado a verj' notable change 
 has taken place since the Eleventh Census. In 1889 the 
 value of gold amounted to $3,883,859, and the coining 
 value of silver to $23,757,751, which was equivalent — 
 at the commercial rate of 93.5 cents per fine ounce' — to 
 $17,5(M»,000 in round numbers. In 1902 the value of 
 the gold contents of Colorado ores was $26,414,800, 
 while the commercial A^alue of their silver contents was 
 $7,740,227, which corresponded to a coining value of 
 $19,617,392. Thus while the decrease of the commer- 
 cial value of the silver product was nearlj' $10,000,000, 
 the loss was made up by the increase in the value of 
 the gold product, and there was a surplus of about 
 $13,000,000 in the aggregate commercial value of both 
 metals. The increase in the value of the gold and sil- 
 ver contents of the Colorado oi'es since 1889 amounted 
 to 60 per cent. 
 
 In California and South Dakota the production of sil- 
 ver was insignificant, while in Montana and Utah the 
 silver contents of the ores largely exceeded in value 
 their gold contents. 
 
 Almlrt. — The census of mines and quarries in 1902 
 did not extend to Alaska. Still, correspondence with 
 the mining companies operating in the territorj' has 
 brought replies covering all essential inquiries relating 
 to deep mining for precious metals in the territory. 
 There were in operation during the year 1902, 7 deep 
 
 'Report of the Director of the Mint on the Production of the 
 Precious Metalg, 1902, page 312. 
 
556 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 gold and silver mines, all equipped with mills for the 
 treatment of ores. A summary of these mines is pre- 
 sented in the following table: 
 
 Table 70. — Summary of deep mines in Alaska: 190^. 
 
 Number of mines and mills 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Number of incorporated companies 
 
 Capital stock; 
 
 Authorized, common — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued, common — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid 
 
 Salaries 
 
 General officers 
 
 Superintendents, etc 
 
 Clerks 
 
 Foremen 
 
 Wages 
 
 Engineers 
 
 Miners 
 
 All other wage-earners 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 Construction account 
 
 Total value of product at mine 
 
 Tons mined 
 
 Tons milled 
 
 Tons of concentrates shipped 
 
 Aggregate gross value 
 
 Average per ton of ore treated 
 
 Gross value of ore milled 
 
 Refining charges 
 
 Freight and insurance 
 
 Value at mine 
 
 Gro-ss value of concentrates shipped 
 
 Charges for treatment 
 
 Freight 
 
 Total. 
 
 Value at mine 
 
 Income from other sources 
 
 Total contents of ore treated: 
 
 Gold- 
 Ounces 
 
 Value 
 
 Silver — 
 
 Ounces 
 
 Value 
 
 Lead — 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Value 
 
 Bullion produced; 
 
 Gold- 
 Ounces 
 
 Value 
 
 Silver- 
 Ounces 
 
 Value 
 
 Concentrates, bullion contents; 
 
 Gold- 
 Ounces 
 
 Value 
 
 Silver- 
 Ounces 
 
 Value 
 
 Lead — 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Value 
 
 1,000,000 
 S27, 200, 000 
 
 .SVS, 710 
 
 S26, 919, 510 
 
 S375, 000 
 
 ?80, 4.59 
 
 SIO, 687 
 
 S58, 016 
 
 $10, 130 
 
 81,626 
 
 S821,.541 
 
 8113, 746 
 
 8336,034 
 
 8371,761 
 
 848, 169 
 
 85, 656 
 
 S700, 669 
 
 8105, 699 
 
 1 82,486,183 
 
 1,333,288 
 
 1,329,988 
 
 25, 856 
 
 $2, 615, 783 
 
 81.97 
 
 81,366,734 
 
 88, 272 
 
 89, 5.55 
 
 $1,353,907 
 
 $1,249,049 
 
 8126, 525 
 
 844, 427 
 
 812, .560 
 
 81,065, .537 
 
 - 866, 739 
 
 126, 327 
 82, 609, 143 
 
 7,828 
 S3, 638 
 
 1,000,000 
 827,200,000 
 
 878, 710 
 
 826, 919, 610 
 
 $375, 000 
 
 873, 321 
 
 810, 687 
 
 860, 878 
 
 $10, 130 
 
 81,626 
 
 $718, 736 
 
 899, 709 
 
 $336,034 
 
 $282, 993 
 
 843, M8 
 
 85, 656 
 
 $643, 220 
 
 $105, 599 
 
 Mills. 
 
 1,333,288 
 
 $7, 138 
 '$7,'i38 
 
 $102, 805 
 $14,037 
 
 $88, 768 
 $4,621 
 
 8157,449 
 
 82, 419, 444 
 
 1,329,988 
 
 25, 856 
 
 82, 616, 783 
 
 $1.97 
 
 $1,1366,734 
 
 83,272 
 
 89,. 565 
 
 $1,353,907 
 
 $1,249,049 
 
 $126, 525 
 
 844, 427 
 
 $12, 560 
 
 $1, 065, .537 
 
 96, 580 
 83,002 
 
 66, 1,54 
 81,366,306 
 
 926 
 
 8428 
 
 60, 173 
 $1,242,837 
 
 6,902 
 $3, 210 
 
 96,. 580 
 83,002 
 
 126,327 
 82, 609, 143 
 
 7,828 
 $3, 638 
 
 
 96,580 
 83,002 
 
 66, 1.54 
 81, 366, 306 
 
 
 926 
 8428 
 
 $1 
 
 60,173 
 242, 837 
 
 
 6,902 
 83,210 
 
 
 96,. 580 
 83,002 
 
 1 Includes 866,739 income from other .sources. 
 
 2 Income that can not be credited to mines or mills. 
 
 The bullion contents of gold and silver ore produced 
 in 1902, as shown in the preceding table, were as fol- 
 lows: Gold, 126, 327 fine ounces, valued at $2,609,14.3; 
 silver, 7,828 ounces, valued at $.3,638. 
 
 In addition to these quantities three copper mining 
 companies reported to the Bureau of the Census the 
 assay contents of their copper ore as follows: Gold, 
 370 fine ounces, worth $7,016; .silver. 3,110 fine ounces, 
 worth $1,.567. 
 
 This makes in all 126,697 fine ounces of gold, valued 
 at $2,616,1.59, and 10,968 ounces of silver, valued at 
 $5,205. The Mint agents estimated the product of 
 
 Alaska deep mines as follows: Gold, 124,156 fine 
 ounces; silver, 89,388 fine ounces. 
 
 The Census returns from producers exceed the Mint 
 agents' estimate of the gold product by 2,511 ounces. 
 The Mint agents' estimate of the silver product of deep 
 mines is many times in excess of the Census returns 
 from producers. Inasmuch as no allowance is made 
 in the silver estimate for the silver contents of placer 
 bullion, which on a gold product of about $2,500,000 
 must be considerable, it is apparent that the estimate is 
 meant to comprise the silver contents both of ore and 
 of placer bullion. The product of placer mines is esti- 
 mated b\' the Mint agents at 276,551 fine ounces. 
 
 The total product of Alaska in 1902, as estimated by 
 the Director of the Mint, is somewhat above that of 
 the Mint agents, viz: Gold, 103,7.30 fine ounces, worth 
 $8,345,800; silver, 92,000 fine ounces, worth $118,950. 
 This estimate is accepted bj^ the Bureau of the Census. 
 
 The growth of the gold production of Alaska since 
 1890 is shown in the following table, compiled from the 
 annual reports of the Director of the Mint on the pro- 
 duction of the precious metals. The statistics for some 
 years include silver; the percentage of silver in Alaska 
 ores is, however, .so insignificant that the error may be 
 disregarded. 
 
 Table 71. — Production of gold in Alaska: 1S90 to 190,1. 
 [Compiled from Report of Director of the Mint.] 
 
 Year. 
 
 Total 
 
 1890 
 
 1891 
 
 1,892 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 1S95 
 
 1.S96 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 1,899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 Total 
 value. 
 
 Quartz. 
 
 844,610,473 ,818,747,306 
 
 762, 429 
 1,020,045 
 1,080,446 
 1,038,824 
 1,282,623 
 2, 328, 419 
 2,861,307 
 2, 439, 582 
 2,617,121 
 6,831,365 
 8, 166, 187 
 6, 998, 726 
 8, 283, 409 
 
 687, 429 
 045 
 046 
 
 782 
 350 
 
 845, 
 779, 
 759, 
 1,311, 
 1,370, 
 1,760, 
 1,010, 
 2, 704, 
 2,089, 
 1,981, 
 2,666, 
 
 Placer. 
 
 •1,863,167 
 
 75,000 
 140,000 
 235, 400 
 259, 042 
 623, 273 
 017, 082 
 490, 445 
 678, 789 
 .506,765 
 127, 179 
 076, 369 
 016, 951 
 716,872 
 
 The preceding table shows that the growth of Alaska 
 as a gold mining district is chiefly due to tlae develop- 
 ment of phicer mining, which has, since 1898, outrun 
 the production of deep mines, whereas previous to 1898 
 the placer production amounted to 34.5 per cent of the 
 total output. The share of placer mines in the total 
 production for 1898 to 1902 amounted to 67.4 per cent. 
 
 The history of deep mining in Alaska is practically 
 a record of the work of three companies, the Alaska 
 Treadwell, the Alaska-Mexican, and the Alaska United 
 gold mining companies, which are controlled liv the 
 same interests and operated under a joint management. 
 The annual statements of these companies to their stock- 
 holders set forth in minutest detail the accounts of their 
 operations and furnish an instructive example of the 
 successful mining of low-grade ores. By courtesy of 
 
DIAGRAM Ul- PRODUCTION OF G O L D : I 8 8 9 TO 1 9 02. 
 
 HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF FINE OUNCES. 
 
 1902 
 
 1901 
 
 1900 
 
 1899 
 
 1898 
 
 1897 
 
 1896 
 
 1895 
 
 1894 
 
 1893 
 
 1892 
 
 1891 
 
 1890 
 
 1889 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 € 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 IE 
 
 
 
 
 (8 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 
 
 39 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <\\ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .1 
 
 1 
 
 
 ;<- 
 
 
 
 I I COLORADO 
 
 CALI FORN lA 
 ALASKA 
 SOUTH DAKOTA 
 
 UTAH 
 
 IT I M N TA N A 
 
 I I ARIZONA 
 
 I I OREGON 
 
 I I NEVADA 
 
 I I IDAHO 
 
 ALLOTHER STATES 
 
GOLD AND SILVER. 
 
 557 
 
 President William Alvord, the Bureau of the Census 
 has been given the privilege of using these statements 
 in the present report. 
 
 The Alaska Treadwell Gold Mining Company is the 
 oldest of the three companies. It is incorporated with 
 a capital stock of 15,000,000, divided into 200,000 shares 
 of $25 each, all issued. The mine has been in active 
 operation since August, 1885, and 3nelded during that 
 time 113,484,311 in gold, at an average of |2.57 per 
 ton; the operating costs for the same period averaged 
 $1.29 per ton. The operating protits aggregated 
 $6,74:2,11:9.58, and have thus more than repaid the en- 
 tire capital stock at its par value. The yield per ton 
 
 has been declining, but the operating costs have also 
 been materially I'educed, while the tonnage crushed has 
 more than trebled since 1890. As a result, the com- 
 pany's operating profits for the year 1902 were con- 
 siderably larger than in years past when the yield per 
 ton was higher. The progress in the methods of treat- 
 ing the ore is evidenced b}^ the fact that while the 
 yield in free gold has been steadily decreasing, the 
 value saved by reworking the ore after the free gold is 
 extracted shows a marked increase both in amount and 
 in proportion to the total recovery. The results accom- 
 plished by the company are shown in the following 
 statement: 
 
 Bullion shipments from Paris or Tread/well mine: 1890 to 1902. 
 
 [From beginning of work to May, 1903.] 
 
 Total 
 
 1890-91, Juno to Mar. . 
 1891-92, June to May.. 
 1892-93, June to May.. 
 1893-94, June to May.. 
 1894-96, June to May. . 
 1896-96, June to May.. 
 1896-97, June to May.. 
 1897-98, June to May.. 
 1898-99, June to :Mav. . 
 1899-1900, June to May 
 1900-1901, June to Jlay 
 19DI-2, June to ^Mav... 
 1902-3, June to May... 
 
 Tons 
 crushed. 
 
 220, 686 
 239, 633 
 237, 235 
 220, 043 
 241,278 
 263,670 
 242, 027 
 254, 329 
 250, 408 
 667, 960 
 457, 802 
 682, 893 
 756, 325 
 
 Jll, 144, 912. 24 
 
 m, 069, 917. 85 
 
 769, 765. 
 
 707,017. 
 
 694,6.58. 
 
 705, 948. 
 
 626, 327. 
 
 782, 829. 
 
 676, 064. 
 
 586, 857. 
 
 677,665. 
 1, 153, 367. 
 
 860, 736. 
 1,304,720. 
 1, 698, 963. 
 
 Free gold. 
 
 $4,074,994.; 
 
 .531, 
 508, 
 604, 
 518, 
 411, 
 528, 
 452, 
 389, 
 441, 
 773, 
 559, 
 666, 
 785, 
 
 185. 77 
 894. 81 
 785. 46 
 194. 34 
 070. 66 
 958. 80 
 407. 30 
 740. 00 
 282. 25 
 165.69 
 126. 37 
 591. 27 
 .51.5. 13 
 
 Concentrates 
 isulphurets) 
 
 Operating 
 profits. 
 
 238, 
 198, 
 189, 
 187, 
 216, 
 2,53, 
 223, 
 197, 
 236, 
 380, 
 301, 
 639, 
 813, 
 
 680. 03 
 122. 66 
 873. 28 
 753. 69 
 2.56.40 
 
 870. 87 
 657. 58 
 117. 42 
 
 372. 88 
 201. 91 
 610. 21 
 129. 27 
 448.29 
 
 $6, 667, 149. 58 
 
 418,209.90 
 361,980.16 
 386, 613. 79 
 429, 948. 86 
 309, 534. 66 
 497, 342. 22 
 376, 4.50. 90 
 313,075.60 
 386, 792. 34 
 669,301.20 
 377,417.34 
 481, 633. 94 
 669, 849. 77 
 
 Yield 
 per ton. 
 
 3.49 
 2.96 
 2.94 
 3.20 
 2.60 
 2.97 
 2.79 
 2.31 
 2.71 
 2.07 
 1.88 
 1.91 
 2.11 
 
 Operat- 
 ing costs 
 per ton. 
 
 1..59 
 1.44 
 1.30 
 1.25 
 1.31 
 1.08 
 1.24 
 1.20 
 1.28 
 0.86 
 1.05 
 1.20 
 1.24 
 
 The total assay value of the ore treated at the com- 
 pany's two mills during the fiscal year ending on May 
 15, 1903, was $1,697,507, and the total net value recov- 
 ered in the mills was $1,613,991 — i. e., about 95 per 
 cent of the assay contents. The total yield per ton for 
 the same year was $2.11, of which $1.04 was free gold 
 and $1.07 was saved in sulphurets. The average value 
 of sulphurets per ton after concentration was $52.58. 
 The net profit for the year was $692,208.94, out of 
 which $375,000 were paid in dividends during the year. 
 The amount written ofl:' for depreciation was $448,493. 
 During the 3'ear there was an average of 33 machine 
 drills at work in the mine. The average number of 
 drills used in mining the ore (stoping) was 14.5. The 
 others were used in development and other kinds of 
 
 work. The average work of one machine per shift of 
 ten hours was 38 tons. 
 
 The Alaska-Mexican Gold Mining Company is incor- 
 porated with a capital stock of $1,000,000, divided into 
 200,000 shares of $5 each, of which $900,000 are outstand- 
 ing. The mine has been in active operation since 1894, 
 and has yielded during that time $2,816,279 in gold, at an 
 average of $2.18 per ton. The operating cost averaged 
 for the same period $1.73 per ton. The operating 
 profits aggregated $587,912, out of which $465,381 were 
 paid in dividends. What has been said above of the 
 Alaska Treadwell Mining Company in regard to the 
 grade of ore and the values recovered in sulphurets is 
 likewise true of the Alaska-Mexican mine, as shown bj' 
 the following^ statement; 
 
 Bullion shipments from Alaska- Ifexican mine: 189.!^ to 1902. 
 
 [From beginning of operations to December 15, 1902.] 
 
 Total . 
 
 1894. 
 1895. 
 1896. 
 1897. 
 1898. 
 1899- 
 1900. 
 1901. 
 1902.. 
 
 Tons 
 crustied. 
 
 1, 293, 662 
 
 73,141 
 79, 439 
 101,702 
 158, 005 
 162, 457 
 166, 0.54 
 166, 449 
 178, 960 
 207,455 
 
 Total. 
 
 $2, 816, 278. 83 
 
 204, 
 226, 
 245, 
 335, 
 376, 
 347, 
 316, 
 339, 
 420, 
 
 042. 
 258. 
 861. 
 628. 
 882. 
 414. 
 006. 
 452. 
 732. 
 
 Free gold (in- 
 cluding base 
 bars). 
 
 $1,8.59,261.20 
 
 154, 643. 33 
 
 155, 637. 64 
 169, 532. 32 
 226,321.71 
 257, 484. 67 
 231,841.23 
 233, 105. 08 
 213, 923. 07 
 216, 772. 25 
 
 Concentrates 
 (sulphurets) . 
 
 $967,017.63 
 
 49, 
 70, 
 76, 
 109, 
 118, 
 116, 
 81, 
 126, 
 209, 
 
 399.13 
 620. 53 
 329. 66 
 306. 96 
 397. 69 
 673. 74 
 900. 37 
 .529. 24 
 960. 31 
 
 Operating 
 profits. 1 
 
 Total ■ Operat- 
 yield per , ing costs 
 * ■" ' per ton. 
 
 $587, 911. 92 
 
 60, 
 71, 
 61, 
 87, 
 100, 
 62, 
 33, 
 24, 
 86, 
 
 216. 60 
 391. 78 
 660. 43 
 101. 46 
 663. 07 
 333. 42 
 821. 02 
 709. 63 
 026. 51 
 
 ton. 
 
 $1.73 
 
 
 
 79 
 
 2.85 1 
 
 2 
 
 42 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 '2 
 
 31 
 
 2 
 
 09 
 
 1 
 
 89 
 
 1.90 
 
 2 
 
 06 
 
 1.97 
 1.95 
 1.81 
 1.67 
 1.69 
 1.73 
 1.69 
 1.76 
 1.64 
 
 Operat- 
 ing 
 profits 
 per ton. 
 
 0..«2 
 0.90 
 0.61 
 0.55 
 0.62 
 0.38 
 0.20 
 0.14 
 0.41 
 
 1 Included in the operating profits is a total of $3,573.79, distributed as folloAvs 
 4694.46; interest received in 1899, $1,682.76; interest receiyed in 1900, .$62062. 
 
 Profit on sale of 31,000 shares of stock in 1893, $676.95; interest receiyed in 1898, 
 
558 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 The grade of ore mined in 19U2 was the same as that 
 of the Alaska Tread well Gold Mining Company. The 
 average value per ton was $2.06, of which |1.04 was re- 
 covered in free gold and |1.02 was saved in sulphurets. 
 The average value of sulphurets per ton, after concen- 
 tration, in 1902 was $59. .51. The net profit for the j^ear 
 was $86,025. 
 
 The following summary is compiled from the profit 
 and loss accounts of the Alaska Treadwell Gold Mining 
 Company for the year ending ]\Iay .31, 1908, and the 
 Alaska-Mexican and the Alaska United gold mining 
 companies for the calendar year 1902: 
 
 Profit and loss account of the Alaska Treadwell, Alaska-Mexican, and 
 Alaska- United gold mining companies. 
 
 Alaska 
 Treadwell 
 (year end- 
 ing Mav 31, 
 
 1903). 
 
 Ore mined, tons 
 
 Ore milled, tons 
 
 Sulphuret saved, tons. 
 
 EXPENSES PER TON. 
 
 Mining 
 
 Milling 
 
 Sulphuret 
 
 General expense at Drtuglas 
 
 Island 
 
 San Francisco office 
 
 London office 
 
 Paris office 
 
 Consulting engineers 
 
 Bullion charges 
 
 Litigation 
 
 7.56, 325 
 
 7.56, 32.5 
 
 15, 470. 79 
 
 JO. 9022 
 0.1614 
 0. 1487 
 
 0. 0068 
 0. 0095 
 0. 0017 
 0. 0003 
 0. 0015 
 0. 0096 
 
 Alaska- 
 Mexican 
 (calendar 
 year 1902). 
 
 207,4.55 
 207.455 
 3,528.28 
 
 ■91.0.590 
 -0.2322 
 0. 1248 
 
 0. 0193 
 0.0112 
 0.0030 
 0. 0005 
 0. 0049 
 0. 0100 
 
 Total operating expense. 
 Construction cost 
 
 1.2417 
 0. 04.54 
 
 Total operating and con- 
 struction cost 
 
 1.4649 
 '0.1774 
 
 EECEIPTS PEP. TOX. 
 
 Free gold . . 
 Base bars . . 
 Sulphurets. 
 
 1.0362 
 0.0024 
 1. 0755 
 
 1.0199 
 0.0250 
 1.0121 
 
 Total 
 
 Interest 
 
 Profits from other .sources . 
 
 2.1141 
 0.0019 
 0. 0863 
 
 Grand total . . 
 Net profit for year . 
 Deficit for year 
 
 2.2023 
 0.91.52 
 
 2.0570 ' 
 0.4147 ! 
 
 ALASKA UNITED. 
 
 Ready Seven Hun- 
 
 Bullion 
 Mine (cal- 
 endar year 
 1902). 
 
 226, .522 
 4"i58. 80 
 
 1 SO. 9954 
 3 0.3176 
 0. 1323 
 
 0.018S 
 0. 0060 
 0.0012 
 
 0. 0024 
 0. 0081 
 
 1.4768 
 0. 0220 
 
 0. .8.589 
 0.0113 
 0. 6049 
 
 1.47.51 
 "Cl.'6237 
 
 dred Foot 
 Mine (cal- 
 endar year 
 1902'). 
 
 118,541 
 
 118,641 
 
 1,271.39 
 
 JO. 7608 
 
 ■10.1912 
 
 0. 0804 
 
 0. 0219 
 0. 0096 
 0.0019 
 
 0. 0039 
 0. 0075 
 0. 0840 
 
 1.1612 
 0. 0065 
 
 0.8113 
 6. 5i97 
 
 1.3310 
 0. 1633 
 
 1 Includes cost of development work. 
 
 ! Includes cost of concentrating 3,792.27 tons sulphurets. 
 
 2 Includes cost of concentrating 4,640 tons sulphurets. 
 1 Includes cost of concentrating 2.18S tons sulphurets. 
 ^ SO. 1150 per ton of reconstruction work. 
 
 The Ala.ska United Gold Mining Company is tlie 
 youngest of the three companies. It began operations 
 on the Ready Bullion claim in Novemher, 1.S9S, and on 
 the Seven Hundred Foot claim in April of the follow- 
 ing year. The total yield of the former from begin- 
 ning of operations to December 15, 1902, aggregated 
 $1,5.39,480, averaging $2.03 per ton. Tlie operating 
 cost averaged 11.72 per ton and the operating profits 
 31 cents per ton. 
 
 The Seven Hundred Foot claim produced from the 
 beginning of operations to December 15, 1902, $665 ,376 
 in gold and ba.se ores, averaging $1,59 per ton; the op- 
 erating cost averaged $1.56 per ton, lea\'iiig a profit 
 
 of 3 cents per ton. The company was capitalized at 
 $1,000,000, divided into 200,000 shares of $5 each, of 
 which $901,000 are outstanding. The total operating 
 profits since organization amounted to $250,191. There 
 was a deficit for the year on the Ready Bullion claim 
 amounting to 2 cents per ton, but the construction ac- 
 count on the same mine, charged to current expenses, 
 likewise averaged 2 cents per ton. 
 
 Californid. — California had more operators than any 
 other state, viz, more than one-third of the total num- 
 lier reported for the United States. Eliminating from 
 the latter total the l:-47 argentiferous lead mines and 
 considering onh" gold and silver mines, California had 
 about two-fifths of the total number of operators re- 
 ported for the United States. This does not include 
 .small operators from whom no individual reports were 
 received; the latter were also located chiefly in Califor- 
 nia. Of the total estimated value of the product of 
 small mines, 7t» per cent, viz, $1,130,158, was reported 
 from California. It is therefore a fair estimate that 
 there were in 1902 more operators of gold mines in 
 California than in all other states and territories, Alaska 
 not being included in the comparison. 
 
 The majority of mine operators in California were 
 interested in placer mines; measured l:)y their output, 
 however, the placer mines of California were of minor 
 importance in comparison with the deep mines of the 
 state. Small operators employing no hired latjor were 
 still very numerous in 1902 among the owners of placer 
 mines. Reports were received from 316 mines oper- 
 ated without hired labor; each mine was worked on the 
 average by two owners; the average value of product 
 per mine was $921. Two-thirds of the product of this 
 class of operators was obtained from placer mines. 
 Where deep mines were worked without hired labor, 
 only high-grade ore, averaging $25 per ton, was treated. 
 
 Most of the deep mines were equipped with mills for 
 the treatment of their ores. Those which had no facil- 
 ities for the treatment of theii- ores were \ery small, 
 employing an average of about two men throughout 
 the year; their annual production averaged only about 
 $3,000 per mine. They treated only high-grade ore, 
 averaging $21 per ton. Those mines which were pro- 
 vided with milling facilities were able to treat ores aver- 
 aging $5 per ton; their annual production averaged 
 $13,720 Y>&v mine. 
 
 There were among the operators 31 incorporated 
 companies by which dividends were declared in 1902, 
 aggregating $1,099,399, and averaging 4 per cent on the 
 total outstanding capital stock. The ore treated bv 
 these companies was of a low grade, averaging onlv a 
 little over $7 per ton. Their total production for 1902 
 was valued at $4,866,812. or an av(>rage of $156,994 per 
 mine. 
 
 The tendenc}' toward concentration of production was 
 pronounced. Thirty-two of the operators, each with an 
 output of $100,000 or over, produced more than one- 
 
DIAGRAM I\r-PRODUCTION OF SILVER: 1889 TO I902. 
 
 MILLIONS OF FINE OUNCES. 
 
 1902 
 
 1901 
 
 1900 
 
 1899 
 
 1898 
 
 1897 
 
 1896 
 
 1895 
 
 18 94 
 
 1893 
 
 1892 
 
 1891 
 
 1890 
 
 1889 
 
 3 5 1 
 
 IS 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 50 
 
 55 
 
 6C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 J COLORADO 
 
 1 MONTANA 
 J UTAH 
 
 2 IDAHO 
 
 NEVADA 
 
 \tf,: I ARIZONA 
 I 1 CALIFORNIA 
 
 J NEW MEXICO 
 
 I I ALL OTHER STATES 
 
GOLD AND SILVER. 
 
 559 
 
 half (52.. S per cent) of the total product, whereas all 
 sniiiil producer.s (those whose output was less than 
 ijl^OUU, as well as those of a shifting character who 
 made do individual reports) contributed in all s.3 per 
 cent of the total output of the state. 
 
 The tai)les which follow present the principal statis- 
 tical facts for California. Table 72 is a coniparati\-e 
 summary for deep mines with and without mill connec- 
 tion; arrastras, custom mills, and mines run exclusiv(dv 
 on old tailings are not included in the comparison. 
 Table 73 is a summary for placer mines, exclusive of 7 
 mines connected with stamp mills. Table 7-i is a sum- 
 mary for 316 mines operated by the owners without 
 hired labor, and Table 75 is a sunmmry for dividend 
 paying mines. i 
 
 Tahle 72. — T)ei;]> Diines, iijith and without mill coiinectiinis i)i Cnli- 
 fornia: 1902. 
 
 Deep 
 mines 
 j without 
 mill con- 
 nection. 
 
 Number of operators 1 51 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 39 
 
 Salaries ! S-ll , 207 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 339 
 
 Wages I $311, 318 
 
 Contract work ' $4, 926 
 
 Work on share of product ! S25, 869 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses j 822, 478 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials SflOl, 411 
 
 Crude ore shipped, short tons ! 22, •11.5 
 
 (ire treated, total, short tons , 
 
 Mined and treated j 
 
 Purchased ores 
 
 Custom ores ! 
 
 Value of bullion contents: 
 
 Crude ore shipped — 1 
 
 Gold $467, 671 
 
 Silver 464,376 
 
 other metals j 86,187 
 
 Total 
 
 Average per ton 
 
 Treatment charges and 
 
 freight 
 
 Value at mine 
 
 Ore treated — 
 
 Gold 
 
 Silver 
 
 other metals 
 
 Total 
 
 Average per ton 
 
 Treatment charges and 
 
 freight 
 
 Value at mill 
 
 Amount received for custom 
 
 work 
 
 Cost of purchased ore, including 
 
 freight 
 
 Total value of product at mill. . . 
 Average per mine or mill . .. 
 
 J538, 234 
 J24 
 
 891, 6,o6 
 8446, 678 
 
 »2, 9.57 
 
 Mines and 
 mills re- 
 ported 
 jointly. 
 
 212 
 S;S04, 349 
 
 2,311 
 2, 0.59, 728 
 816, 958 
 $42, 575 
 8243, 235 
 $746, 818 
 
 645,913 
 636,394 
 
 9,519 
 
 MINES ANI> MILLS RE- 
 PORTED SEPAR.\TKLV. 
 
 266 
 S420, 984 
 
 3,388 
 
 83,12.3,477 
 
 817,6.52 
 
 8B1, 790 
 
 $425, 225 
 
 81,263,9.55 
 
 63 
 $73, 403 
 
 446 
 $440, 081 
 
 $70, 304 
 $351, 712 
 
 1,640,247 
 
 1,637,978 
 
 147 
 
 2, 122 
 
 $3,487,910 . 
 
 $42,152 . 
 
 $1,000 I . 
 
 $3,531,062 ' . 
 
 $111,207 ' 
 $3,419,855 
 
 $34, 642 
 
 83,454,497 \ 
 $26,780 
 
 $7,449,885 
 
 $70, 162 
 
 81,670 
 
 $7,521,707 
 
 85 
 
 $214,937 
 87, 306, 770 
 
 813, 897 
 
 $6, 934 
 
 87,313,733 
 
 $65, 301 
 
 Table 13. — Summory for placer mines in Valifonvn: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines 
 
 Without hired labor 
 
 With hired labor 
 
 Number of owners w^orking. . . 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 ,\vera,ge number 
 
 $199, 
 
 547 
 243 
 304 
 053 
 
 170 
 
 473 
 
 ], 
 
 Wage 
 
 Contract work 9J 
 
 Work on share of product *;^o. 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses ^200 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 8^68 
 
 Value of product at mine $2, 826, 
 
 445 
 81,114,513 
 630 
 834 
 51S 
 4.S3 
 679 
 
 Table 74:. — Minis ojierated ipilliout }dred labor in Calif on da: 1903. 
 
 Numlicr of mhies •^y* 
 
 Number of owners working 074 
 
 Contract work 9610 
 
 Total niiscellaneotis expenses $20, 716 
 
 Kent and royallics — 
 
 Mine and mineral lauds 811,208 
 
 Water $1,728 
 
 other 84,505 
 
 Other miscellaneous exficnses 8:^,273 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 824,641 
 
 Product: 
 Placer— 
 
 Value at mi nr J207, 584 
 
 IJccp— 
 
 Tons sold or treated 3, .861 
 
 (jToss value of Ijuilioii con tents 895,259 
 
 Average per t.ni 825 
 
 Charges for treatment and freight 811,003 
 
 Value at mine 884,2.56 
 
 Total value of i)roduct $291, 840 
 
 Average per mine 8924 
 
 Tahle 7.5. — Siiiiiiiiiirii fur iliriileml piujiiig prodactire mines in Cali- 
 fornia: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines 31 
 
 Pur \allie of stock issued $26,538,210 
 
 Dividends $1, 099, 399 
 
 Salaries .5216, 0:!8 
 
 Wages SI, 63«, 891 
 
 Contract work $7, 218 
 
 Miscellaneous exf.enses _ $232, 284 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials $693, 2.52 
 
 Ore treated, shr.rt tons — 
 
 Ore from mine 560, 003 
 
 Purchased ores ] 47 
 
 Custom ores 7, 722 
 
 Value of btillion contents: 
 Ore from mine — 
 Placer — 
 
 Gold 8s09, 118 
 
 Silver 8395 
 
 Total grc .ss value $809, 613 
 
 Treatment charges, including freight - $3,167 
 
 Value at mine $.306,3.56 
 
 Deep — 
 
 Gold 84, 071, 974 
 
 Silver 838,545 
 
 Lead 82, 467 
 
 Total gross value 84, 112, 986 
 
 Average per ton $7 
 
 Treatment charges, including freight 8.86,616 
 
 Value at mine 84, 036, 602 
 
 Purchased ore, gold value 89, 131 
 
 Cost of purchased materials, including freight $6, 934 
 
 Amount received for custom work 830, 788 
 
 Total value of product 84, 866, 812 
 
 Average per mine 8166, 994 
 
 Colorado. — In 1902 Colorado was the principal gold 
 and silver producing state. Only the largest mines had 
 their own reduction works; their number was less than 
 one-tenth of the total number of mines in the state, while 
 their product amounted to over two-fifths of the total for 
 the state. The average grade of ore treated at mills 
 connected with mines was A^alued at $9 per ton, whereas 
 the ore shipped from mines without mills of their own 
 was worth $20 per ton. 
 
 About one-half of the mines without mill connections 
 expended more during 1902 than the value of their 
 product. The average value of their ore was the same 
 as in other mines of the same class, viz, |120 per ton; 
 the treatment charges and freight averaged with them 
 $7.16 per ton, and with others $6.42 per ton. Apparently 
 there was no difference, either in the grade of their ore 
 or in their location, which would place them at a dis- 
 advantage as comi^ared with other mines. It is there- 
 fore fair to assume that the surplus expenditure was 
 invested in development work. 
 
560 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 The leasing S3'stem is a prominent feature in Colorado. 
 The total amount of royalties for mine and mineral 
 lands reported by operators whose mines were located 
 exclusively on leased land was $379,521, and the aggre- 
 gate value of their product at the mines was $2,190,840. 
 Thus the average rate of royalties was 17. .3 per cent. 
 The average production per mine in 1902 was valued at 
 111.3.52. 
 
 This numljer of lessees does not comprise the class of 
 small operators locally known as "leasers," ''block 
 lessees," etc., and designated in this report as "share 
 workers." Two-thirds of the total number of such 
 operators in the United States, viz, Sll out of 1,230, were 
 reported from Colorado. The total amount realized by 
 them, after deducting royalties, was $1,106,602, making 
 an average of ^1,3.59 per "lease." A concise descrip- 
 tion of the system of mining on shares was furnished 
 by Mr. Kenneth McKenzie, vice-president and general 
 manager of the Acacia Gold Mining Company, Cripple 
 Creek, Teller county, Colo., in a communication dated 
 Majr 19, 1903, in reply to an inquiry from the Bureau 
 of the Census. "There are generally from 2 to 6 men 
 interested in a lease; some of them work out for wages 
 and divide up their wages with their partners working 
 on the leased ground until the^^ find ore enough to pay 
 expenses, which verj- often they never do. Man}^ of 
 the men would be working for half wages and an inter- 
 est in the lease. All properties that are operated by 
 lessees in the Cripple Creek district are worked much 
 the same as ours." 
 
 There were 17 incorporated companies which declared 
 dividends in 1902. The total amount of dividends paid 
 by them was ^3,689,411:, averaging .5.2 per cent on the 
 par value of an outstanding capital stock of f70, 7.53, 173. 
 The total value of their product was 1^13, 801, -±13 — i. e., 
 nearly one-half of the total product of the gold and 
 silver mines of the state; the average per mine was 
 |i293,647. The ore mined by them was of a high grade, 
 averaging $20 per ton. 
 
 The tendency toward concentration was quite pro- 
 nounced in Colorado. Sixty-four mines each produc- 
 ing -¥100,000 or more contributed over four-fifths (80.1 
 per cent) of the output of the state; 279 operators each 
 producing less than §1,000 contributed only three-tenths 
 of 1 per cent; and 429 with a product ranging from 
 $1,000 to $100,000 produced less than one-fiftli. ' 
 
 The principal statistical data for Colorado arc pre- 
 sented in Tables 76, 77, 78, and 79. Table 76 is a 
 comparative summary of deep mines with and without 
 mills; productive mines, and mines where the work was 
 chiefly development, are shown in separate columns. 
 
 Table 77 is a summary of deep mines operated on 
 leased land only. Table 78 is a comparative summary 
 of mines worked on shares with and without hired 
 labor. Table 79 is a summary for dividend paying 
 companies. 
 
 Table !(>.— Summary for deep mines vydh and vnthout milk in Colo- 
 rado: 1902. 
 
 
 DEEP MINES WITHOUT 
 MILL CONNECTION. 
 
 Mines and 
 mills re- 
 ported 
 jointly. 
 
 MINES AND MILLS RE- 
 PORTED SEPARATELY. 
 
 
 Productive. 
 
 Develop- 
 ing and 
 produc- 
 ing. 
 
 Mines. 
 
 Mills. 
 
 Number of operators... 
 Salariedofflcials.clerks, 
 etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 351 
 
 441 
 
 $541,705 
 
 4,454 
 
 U, 732, 276 
 
 8171,062 
 
 S876, 379 
 Jl, 077, 709 
 
 S2, 133, 8C3 
 1,0.58,441 
 
 312 
 
 283 
 8332, 966 
 
 2,178 
 
 82,218,205 
 
 8115, 926 
 
 8194,244 
 8276, 908 
 
 81,111,352 
 146,310 
 
 30 
 
 192 
 8336, 736 
 
 2,420 
 
 82,020,938 
 
 $39, 003 
 
 836,979 
 $400, 095 
 
 81,118,352 
 87, 176 
 596, 068 
 562, 320 
 33,748 
 
 81,859,641 
 
 $302, 132 
 
 $211,805 
 
 8202 
 
 34 
 
 117 
 8158, .594 
 
 1,216 
 
 81,295,135 
 
 834,694 
 
 
 50 
 
 $72, 095 
 
 261 
 8292, 620 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wage.^ 
 
 
 Work on share of prod- 
 uct 
 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 Cost of supplies and 
 
 materials 
 
 Crude ore shipped, tons. 
 
 8131, 3.56 
 8441,870 
 
 813,881 
 $131, 486 
 
 Ore treated, total tons. . 
 
 
 490 190 
 
 
 
 
 
 476, 3.53 
 
 
 
 
 
 Value of bullion con- 
 tents: 
 Crude ore shipped— 
 
 m5, 450, 566 
 
 84,390,867 
 
 8967,489 
 
 8436,048 
 
 821, 245, .570 
 
 820 
 
 86,793,420 
 814,452.150 
 
 82, 353, 347 
 
 8473, 9.59 
 
 8100, 051 
 
 823, 657 
 
 $2, 951, 014 
 
 820 
 
 81,048,202 
 81, 902, 7,52 
 
 
 
 silver 
 
 
 
 
 Lead 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 82, 373, 780 
 
 
 Average jier ton.. 
 
 827 
 
 81,059,016 
 81,314,764 
 
 81,195,086 
 
 81,016,078 
 
 8363, .570 
 
 8226, 137 
 
 $5, 800, 871 
 
 810 
 
 $661,888 
 85, 138, 983 
 
 1$366 651 
 
 
 Treatment cluirges 
 and freight 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ore treated — 
 Gold 
 
 
 82,470 258 
 
 Silver ' ' 
 
 
 
 8661,593 
 
 8184,328 
 
 8166, 715 
 
 83,482,894 
 
 $7 
 
 Lead 1 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 
 Treatment charges 
 
 
 8402,800 
 S3, 080, 094 
 
 823 314 
 
 Value at mill 
 
 
 
 Amount received for 
 custom work 
 
 
 
 Total value of product. 
 
 
 86,820,398 
 $227, 347 
 
 
 83, 103, 408 
 891 277 
 
 Average per mine or 
 mill 
 
 841,174 1 8.^ 099 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' Includes S^25'4.797 charged by reduction work.s against their own mines and 
 credited by the latter to their reduction works, 
 
 Tablk 11 .^Stiiiiiiuini for deep mines operated on leased land only in 
 Colorado: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines 193 
 
 Number of owners working 93 
 
 Salaries 8119, 603 
 
 U'ages 8909, 788 
 
 Con tract work §33, 709 
 
 Work on share f if prod net S9,(334 
 
 Rents and royalties of mines and mineral lands S379, 521 
 
 Other miscellaneous expenses 866, 572 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials §380,694 
 
 Value of product at mine 82, 190, 840 
 
 Average per mine 811,352 
 
 Ore sold and treated, short tons 170,057 
 
 Value of bullion contents: 
 
 Gold 81, 895, 758 
 
 Silver S792, 143 
 
 Other metals S430. 666 
 
 Total gross value 83, 118, 667 
 
 Average per ton ffl8 
 
 Acreage leased 4, 39^ 
 
 Average acreage per mine '-3 
 
GOLD AND SILVER. 
 
 561 
 
 Table 78. 
 
 -Summary for mines vwrlrd on shares in Coloraijo: 190 i. 
 
 Number of mines 
 
 Number c tf owners working 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Share ^\'orkers: 
 
 Ntimber 
 
 Amount paid 
 
 MiscellaneouH expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials. . . 
 Ore sold and treated, short tons - 
 Value of bullion contents: 
 
 Gold 
 
 Silver 
 
 Other metals 
 
 Total gross value 
 
 Average per ton 
 
 Value of product at mine 
 
 Average per mine 
 
 «177, 
 »41, 
 
 *1, 106, 
 
 S212, 
 
 WIS,, 
 
 204, 
 
 S2,751, 
 Jl,Oli«, 
 
 Sao'j, 
 
 $4,020, 
 
 $2, 767, 
 S17, 
 
 Without 
 
 wage la- 
 
 l)or. 
 
 127 
 
 4 
 
 ,824 
 
 )t.S, 620 
 
 321 
 
 *476, 065 
 
 S36, 324 
 
 ?13, 430 
 
 49,468 
 
 8:609,284 
 $251,271 
 $56, 052 
 $915, 607 
 819 
 $616,041 
 $4,851 
 
 Willi wage 
 hibor. 
 
 $159,4111 
 
 $841,282 
 
 {21,34(1 
 
 493 
 
 $631, 547 
 
 $176,016 
 
 $410, 396 
 
 156,470 
 
 $2,142,432 
 $815, 409 
 $147, 444 
 
 $3, 105, 285 
 $20 
 
 $2,151,838 
 $107, 592 
 
 Table 79. — Summary for dividend paying prodtictire mines 
 rado: 1903. 
 
 Colo- 
 
 Number of mines. 
 
 Par value of stock issued $70, 753, 
 
 Dividends $3, 689, ^ 
 
 Salaries 
 
 47 
 ,173 
 , 444 
 1, 379 
 
 Wages $4, 523, 646 
 
 ~ ■ ■ " ■^"1,835 
 
 ,697 
 1,718 
 ',080 
 1,782 
 
 $576,: 
 
 $133, 1 
 
 $272, i 
 
 $726, ' 
 
 a, 287, 1 
 
 930,' 
 
 Contract work. 
 
 Work on share of product 
 
 Jliscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials. 
 
 Ore treated, short tons 
 
 Value of bullion contents: 
 
 Gold $14, 144, 404 
 
 Silver $3, 063, 608 
 
 Copj.er $141, '201 
 
 Lead $901 , 379 
 
 Other metals $343, 270 
 
 Total gross value S18, 593, 862 
 
 Average per ton $20 
 
 Treatment charges and freight , $5, 047, 246 
 
 Value at mine $13, 546, 616 
 
 Amount received for custom work $254, 797 
 
 Total value at mine $13, 801, 413 
 
 Average per mine $293, 647 
 
 Idaho. — About one-half of the mines of Idaho were 
 placers, viz, 127, of which number 53 were operated 
 without hired labor. The number of owners working 
 was 92, and the average number of wage-earners em- 
 ployed was 199. The total value of the product was 
 $302,175, an average of $2,379 per mine. 
 
 One-half of the deep mines were equipped with mills. 
 These were the larger mines, the production of which 
 averaged over $100,000 per mine. The ore treated was 
 of a low grade, averaging about $9 per ton. The mines 
 without mills were of the small tj'pe, with an annual 
 product averaging less than $10,000 per mine. The ore 
 treated by them was of a very high grade, averaging 
 $60 per ton. 
 
 There were 10 incorporated companies which paid 
 dividends in 1902. The total amount of dividends paid 
 was $880,271, which was equal to 7.9 per cent on an out- 
 standing capital stock of $11,130,420. The ore treated 
 hy these companies was of an average value of $11 per 
 ton. The average production per mine was $358,175. 
 
 (/oncentration of ownership has made greater prog- 
 ress in Idaho than in other states. Five-eighths, 
 $5,123,859, of the total output was contributed by 6 
 operators, each having an output valued at more than 
 
 30223—04 36 
 
 $500,000; one-fifth, $1,648,164, was contriFiuted l)y 6 
 operators, each with an output valued at from $100,000 
 to $500,0()(). Very small operators, producing less than 
 $1,000, including those from whom no individual re- 
 ports wore received, contributed only 1.4 percent. 
 
 The principal .statistical data for Idaho are given in 
 the tables which follow. Table 80 is a comparative 
 summary for deep mines operated with and without 
 mills; Table 81 is a summary for argentiferous lead 
 mines; Table 82 is a summary for dividend paying 
 productive mines. 
 
 Tahle 80. — Siiiiiiiiiini for deep 'mines villi and vilhoat mills in. Idaho: 
 
 190^. 
 
 
 Deep 
 mines 
 witlnait 
 mill con- 
 nection. 
 
 Mines and 
 
 mills 
 reported 
 jointly. 
 
 MINES AND MILLS RE- 
 PORTED SEPARATELY. 
 
 
 Mines. 
 
 Mills. 
 
 
 
 20- 
 
 96 
 $169, 205 
 
 1,148 
 
 $1, 339, 538 
 
 $3,739 
 
 42 
 
 157 
 
 $279, 182 
 
 1,633 
 
 $1,754,279 
 
 $17, 156 
 
 
 Salaried otilcials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 15 
 
 $18,190 
 
 183 
 $194 701 
 
 35 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 .Average number 
 
 $4,5, 894 
 
 202 
 $232, 812 
 
 
 $15, 171 
 
 $2, 455 
 
 $20,622 
 
 $58, 874 
 
 ii,;WO 
 
 
 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplii's anil materials 
 
 Crude ore sliii'ped, short tons 
 
 Ore treated total short tons 
 
 $373,918 
 
 $669,113 
 
 503 
 
 340, 705 
 
 $191, .544 
 $651,367 
 
 $1, 408 
 $1'23,161 
 
 
 940, 254 
 
 
 
 340,705 
 
 
 939, 979 
 
 
 
 
 275 
 
 Value of bullion contents: 
 Crude ore shipped — 
 Gold 
 
 $45, 330 
 $365, 353 
 
 $13 
 $27,319 
 123, 113 
 
 
 
 Silver 
 
 
 
 Lead 
 
 
 
 
 $286, 671 
 
 $687,:354 
 
 $60 
 
 $214,787 
 $472, 667 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 $50, 445 
 $100 
 
 $14, 876 
 $35, 569 
 
 $337,867 
 
 $1,207,250 
 
 $2, 500, 464 
 
 $631 
 
 $4, 046, 212 
 
 $12 
 
 $1,211,537 
 $2,834,675 
 
 
 
 Average per ton 
 
 Treatment charges and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ore treated — 
 Gold 
 
 
 $645 779 
 
 
 
 
 $1, 962, 745 
 
 
 
 
 $4, 320, 068 
 
 $7, 086 
 
 $6, 935, 678 
 
 $7 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Treatment charges and 
 freight 
 
 
 
 $2, 592, 641 
 
 Value at mill . 
 
 
 
 $4, 343, 037 
 $2,003 
 
 Cost of purchased ores, including 
 
 
 
 Total value of product 
 
 $7, 747 
 
 $2, 870, 244 
 $143,612 
 
 
 $4,341,034 
 
 Average per mill or mine 
 
 
 $103, 357 
 
 
 Table 81. — Sirmmanj for argentiferous lead mines in IdaJio: 1903, 
 
 Number of mines. 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage.'^ . 
 
 41 
 
 S393, 293 
 
 S2, 788, 970 
 
 Contract work S21, 929 
 
 Miseellaneou.s expenses $-'117, 371 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials Si, 146, 189 
 
 Ore treated, short tons: 
 
 Total 1, 185, 710 
 
 Ore from mine i, 179, 378 
 
 Custom ores 6, 332 
 
 Bullion contents of product mined: 
 
 Gold, ounces 4,634 
 
 Silver, ounces 6, 2.87, 965 
 
 Lead, pounds 208, 591, 226 
 
 Gold, value S95, 753 
 
 Silver, value S3, 164, 384 
 
 Lead, value 87,122,835 
 
 Other metals, value S9,397 
 
 Total gross value SIO, 392, 369 
 
 Average per ton S8. 81 
 
 Value at mine S6, 414, 052 
 
 Amount received for custom work §12,946 
 
 Total value of product $6, 426, 998 
 
 Average per mine Ji56, 756 
 
562 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 82. — Summary for <:Umdend jMying jjroduclice mines in Idaho: 
 
 Number of mines 10 
 
 Par value o£ stock issued SU, 130, 420 
 
 Dividends J880, 271 
 
 Salaries S231,678 
 
 Wages SI, 388, 638 
 
 Contract work J21, 929 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses S3'71, 320 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials ' J606, 064 
 
 Product: 
 Placer — 
 
 Value at mine S7, 000 
 
 Deep — 
 
 Ore mined and treated, short tons ,S00, G70 
 
 Value of bullion contends — 
 
 Gold 9336, 360 
 
 Silver SI, 518, 217 
 
 Lead 83, 707, 701 
 
 Copper Jl, 000 
 
 Total gross value 85, 563, 268 
 
 Average per ton 811 
 
 Treatment charges and freight '. . , . SI, 988, 622 
 
 Value at mine ' 33, 674, 746 
 
 Total value of product $3, 581, 746 
 
 Average per mine - S358, 175 
 
 Nevada. — Nevada was at one time the principal ,silver 
 mining state. The famous Comstock lode in the early 
 daj'S of it.s history furnished more than one-half of the 
 total silver production of the United States. The flood- 
 ing of the lower levels of the Comstock lode in 1886 
 reduced silver mining in Nevada to insignificant propor- 
 tions at a time when the price of silver was nearly twice 
 as high as in 1902. The technical progress of recent 
 years, however, has made it possible to resume mining 
 on the submerged levels even with the present low price 
 of silver. 
 
 The bulk of the product mined in Nevada in 1902 
 was high-grade ore carrying gold and silver, and averag- 
 ing $62 per ton; this ore was shipped in crude state. 
 There were 16 mines provided with reduction plants 
 where low-grade ore was treated. 
 
 There were 6 incorporated companies which declared 
 dividends in 1902. The total dividends paid by them 
 amounted to $77,602, which was equal to an average of 
 2.8 per cent on an outstanding capital stock with a par 
 value of $2,748,000. The average production per mine 
 for these companies was a little over $250,000; the ore 
 treated by them was of a very high grade, averaging 
 $73 per ton. 
 
 The working of the deeper mines in Nevada required 
 a large investment of capital; hence the necessity of 
 producing on a large scale. Three-fifths of the total 
 yield for 1902 was produced by .5 operators, each with 
 an output valued at $100,000 or over; the production of 
 1 of these 5 mines was worth over $1,000,000. 
 
 The principal statistical data for Nevada are pre- 
 sented in the following tables. Table 83 is a compara- 
 tive summary for deep mines with and without mills, 
 and Table 84 is a summary for dividend paying mines. 
 
 Table 83. — Summary for deep mines with and without mills in 
 Nevada: 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 .Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Work on share of product 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials. ...... 
 
 Crude ore shipped, short tons 
 
 Ore treated, snort tons 
 
 Value of bullion contents: 
 Crude ore shipped — 
 
 Gold 
 
 Silver 
 
 other metals 
 
 Total 
 
 Average per ton 
 
 Treatment charges and 
 
 freight 
 
 Value at mine 
 
 Ore treated — 
 
 Gold 
 
 Silver 
 
 other metals 
 
 Total 
 
 Average jjer ton 
 
 Treatment charges and 
 
 freight 
 
 Value at mill 
 
 Total value of product 
 
 Average per mine or mill 
 
 Deep mines 
 without 
 mill con- 
 nection. 
 
 69 
 
 898,886 
 
 471 
 8588, 494 
 84,650 
 843, 602 
 8121,654 
 8216, 298 
 40, 584 
 
 81,02.8,884 
 
 SI. 4^5,090 
 
 861,618 
 
 S2, 525, 592 
 
 862 
 
 $570, 712 
 81, 954, 880 
 
 81,9.54,880 
 832,047 
 
 Mines ' 
 and mills 
 re])orted 
 
 jointly. 
 
 MINES AND MILLS 
 EEPOETED SEPA- 
 RATELY. 
 
 Mills. 
 
 24 
 $.53,282 
 
 270 
 
 8228, 7.65 
 
 $3, 294 
 
 $15, 505 
 
 $143, 943 
 
 29 
 
 36, 9.58 
 
 8102 
 ;l,344 
 
 19 
 
 827,675 
 
 8199,766 
 
 82,000 
 $21,381 
 $116, 246 
 
 $11,095 
 
 66 
 $61,861 
 
 81,519 
 $63, 140 
 
 SI, 446 , . 
 
 $.50 I . 
 
 $816 1 
 
 $630 L 
 
 8168,315 li. 
 
 $220,:)91 J. 
 
 $2,117 ■!. 
 
 $390,823 !. 
 
 811 ! 
 
 $21,824 . 
 
 8368,999 ;. 
 
 $369,629 , . 
 
 862,804 . 
 
 $443,087 
 
 $79,966 
 
 860 
 
 8623,113 
 
 811,413 
 8511,700 
 8611, 700 
 
 $.56,866 
 
 Table 84. — Summary for dividend paying productl re mines in 
 Nevada: 190S. 
 
 Number of mines 6 
 
 Par value of stock issued 82, 748, 000 
 
 Dividends $77, 602 
 
 Salaries $35, 226 
 
 Wages $233, 126 
 
 $8,294 
 
 847,183 
 
 816, 704 
 
 84, .510 
 
 26,495 
 10,061 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials — 
 Product: 
 Placer — 
 
 Value at mine 
 
 Deep — 
 
 Ore treated, short tons- 
 Ore from mine 
 
 Custom ores 
 
 Value of bullion contents- 
 Gold 8672, 030 
 
 Silver 81, 219, 649 
 
 Lead $39, 872 
 
 other metals $203 
 
 Total gross value 81, 931, 754 
 
 Average per ton $72. 91 
 
 Treatment charges, including freight $442, 733 
 
 Value at mine 81, 489, 021 
 
 Amount received for custom work $25, 1.53 
 
 Total value of product $1, 618, 684 
 
 Average per mine $262, 362 
 
 The following is a tabular statement showing the 
 production f)f the Comstock lode for 42 years, from its 
 discovery in 1859 to the close of 1900.' The statistics 
 for the earlier years are estimates based upon reports 
 hy locators and producers as substantiated l)y data 
 given by millmon, and Wells, Fargo & Co.. and by the 
 county assessors' records. The' results are thought to 
 be substantiall}^ correct. 
 
 ' Prepared by Alfred W. Doten; Report of Director of the Mint 
 on the Production of the Precious Metals, 1900, pages 162 and 163. 
 
GOLD AND SILVER. 
 
 563 
 
 Comstock total gold and silver production, from discoeery and com- 
 mencement: 1859 to 1900. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Aver- 
 
 yi;ar. 
 
 Ore (tons). 
 
 Gold, value. 
 
 Silver, vuluf. 
 
 Tntiil value. 
 
 &liv per 
 ton. 
 
 1869 
 
 
 $30, 000. 00 
 660, 000, 00 
 
 
 830,000,00 
 
 
 186U 
 
 10, 000 
 
 »200, 000. 00 
 
 750, 000. 00 
 
 1t76 
 
 186! 
 
 140,000 
 
 2, .500, 000. 00 
 
 1,000,000.00 
 
 3,, 500, 000, 00 
 
 25 
 
 1862 
 
 250, 000 
 
 4,660,000.00 
 
 2, 360, 000. 00 
 
 7, 000, 000. 00 
 
 28 
 
 1863 
 
 450, 000 
 
 4,940,000.00 
 
 7, 460, 000. 00 
 
 12, 400, 000. 00 
 
 28 
 
 186 1 
 
 680, 4.50 
 
 6, 400, 000. 00 
 
 9, 600, 000. 00 
 
 16,000,000.(10 
 
 21 
 
 186.1 
 
 430, 745 
 
 6, 133, 488, 00 
 
 9,700,232.00 
 
 16,833,720,00 
 
 37 
 
 1866 
 
 640, 282 
 
 5,963,1.58.00 
 
 8,944,737.00 
 
 14,907,896,00 
 
 23 
 
 1867 
 
 462, 176 
 
 5,495,443.20 
 
 8,243,164.80 
 
 13,738,608,00 
 
 30 
 
 1868 
 
 300, 560 
 
 3,391,907.60 
 
 5,087,861.40 
 
 8, 479, 769. 00 
 
 28 
 
 1869 
 
 279, 584 
 
 2,962,231.20 
 
 4, -143, 346. 80 
 
 7, 406, .578. 00 
 
 26 
 
 1870 
 
 238, 967 
 
 3,481,730.16 
 
 5, 222,. 59.5. 24 
 
 8,704,325,40 
 
 36 
 
 1871 
 
 409, 718 
 
 4,099,811.46 
 
 6,149,717.19 
 
 10,249, .528,66 
 
 25 
 
 1872 
 
 3,84, 668 
 
 4, 894, ,5,59. 86 
 
 7,341,839.79 
 
 12, 236, 399. 65 
 
 32 
 
 1873 
 
 448,301 
 
 8, 668, 793. 40 
 
 13,003,187.13 
 
 21, 671, 980. .53 
 
 ■18 
 
 1874 
 
 526, 743 
 
 8,990,711,06 
 
 13,486,071.09 
 
 22,476,785.15 
 
 13 
 
 1875 
 
 546, 425 
 
 10, 330, 208, Ii2 
 
 15,496,312.92 
 
 26, 825, 521.. 54 
 
 47 
 
 1876 
 
 598, 818 
 
 12,647,464,08 
 
 18,971,190.12 
 
 31,618,060.20 
 
 63 
 
 18,7 
 
 562, 519 
 
 14,620,614,68 
 
 21, 780, 922. 02 
 
 36, 301,. 536. 70 
 
 65 
 
 1^78 
 
 272, 909 
 
 7, 864, 657. 64 
 
 11,796,836.47 
 
 19, 661, 394. 11 
 
 72 
 
 1879 
 
 178, 276 
 
 2, 801, 394, 33 
 
 4,202,091.49 
 
 7, 003, 486. 82 
 
 39 
 
 1880 
 
 172,399 
 
 2,051,606,00 
 
 3,077,409.08 
 
 5, 129, 01 5. 00 
 
 30 
 
 1881 
 
 76,049 
 
 430, 24S. 00 
 
 646,372.00 
 
 1,075,620.00 
 
 1 I 
 
 1882 
 
 90, 18] 
 
 697,3,8.1.60 
 
 1,046,078.40 
 
 1,743,464.00 
 
 19 
 
 1883 
 
 125, 914 
 
 802, 639. 54 
 
 1,203,809.29 
 
 2, 006, 348. 83 
 
 16 
 
 1884 
 
 188, 369 
 
 1,261,313.60 
 
 1, .577, 438. 40 
 
 2, 838, 7.52. 00 
 
 15 
 
 1885 
 
 226, 147 
 
 1,729, .531. 25 
 
 1,415,071.04 
 
 3, 144, 602. 29 
 
 14 
 
 l.'iSfi 
 
 239, 780 
 
 2, 064, 920, 15 
 
 1,681,298.31 
 
 3,736,218.46 
 
 16 
 
 1887 
 
 223, 682 
 
 2,481,176.85 
 
 2, 030, 053. 78 
 
 4, .511, 230. 63 
 
 20 
 
 1888 
 
 271,152 
 
 3,169,209.07 
 
 4,4.58,0.58.66 
 
 7,027,267.73 
 
 28 
 
 1889 
 
 286, 144 
 
 2, 590, 973. 32 
 
 3, 358, 949. 95 
 
 5, 949, 923. 27 
 
 21 
 
 1890 
 
 286, 075 
 
 1,992,349.03 
 
 2,988,523.60 
 
 4, 980, 872. .59 
 
 17 
 
 1891 
 
 1,88,647 
 
 1,380,857.02 
 
 2, 071, 28,5. .53 
 
 3, 462, 142. 55 
 
 IS 
 
 1892 
 
 133, 678 
 
 1,043,158.86 
 
 1,130,088.77 
 
 2,173,247.63 
 
 16 
 
 1893 
 
 109,780 
 
 1,123,262.54 
 
 748,841.70 
 
 1,872,104.24 
 
 17 
 
 1894 
 
 97,049 
 
 768, 880. 63 
 
 512, .587. 09 
 
 1,281,467.72 
 
 13 
 
 1895 
 
 63, 5.58 
 
 548, 873. 68 
 
 366, 915. 79 
 
 914,789.47 
 
 14 
 
 1896 
 
 39, 240 
 
 340,2.53.36 
 
 226,83,5.67 
 
 .567,088.93 
 
 14 
 
 1897 
 
 17, 860 
 
 223,808.63 
 
 149, 205. 76 
 
 373,014.39 
 
 21 
 
 1898 
 
 10, 766 
 
 123, 023. 89 
 
 82, 015. 92 
 
 205, 039. 81 
 
 19 
 
 1899 
 
 6, 7.80 
 
 103,006.74 
 
 68, 671. 16 
 
 171, 677. 90 
 
 25 
 
 1900 
 
 35,. 300 
 
 381, 423. .56 
 
 319,441.70 
 
 700, 865. 26 
 
 20 
 
 Total . . 
 
 10, 698, 6,S1 
 
 146, 613, ,877, 01 
 
 203, 636, 062. 84 
 
 350, 249, 940. 45 
 
 
 Total mill 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tailings 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17,763,863.16 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oranrl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 368, 013, 803. 61 
 
 
 
 
 
 A.s the above statement show,s, the higher grade ore.s 
 became exhausted by 1881, when the average value per 
 ton fell by nearly one-half. There was a temporary 
 increase in 1888 due to finds of rich ore. In 1900 the 
 production seemed to be on the increase. The total 
 production has been valued by some as high as 
 1500,000,000. This lode has produced nearly as much 
 gold as silver. 
 
 The statement below, drawn from the same source as 
 the one preceding, shows the financial results of forty 
 years' mining operations in the Comstock lode.' All 
 the mines are arranged in three groups: (1) Those 
 whose investments as represented b}^ assessments were 
 repaid by dividends. (2) Those whose dividends failed to 
 repay assessments. (3) Those which paid no dividends. 
 
 1 Report of Director of the Mint on the Production of the Precious 
 Metals, 1900, page 159. 
 
 Forty years' assessments and dividends of Comstock mines. 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OP MINES WITH liEGAKIJ 
 TO ASSESSMENTS AND DIVIDENDS. 
 
 Total 
 
 Dividends in excess of assessments 
 
 Dividends short of assessments 
 
 No dividends paid 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 mines. 
 
 Total 
 asses.sments. 
 
 879, 046, 097 
 
 10,63.5,0.50 
 40, 238, 684 
 28, 170, 763 
 
 Total 
 dividends. 
 
 $133,101,590 
 
 117,620,200 
 16,4sl,390 
 
 The preceding statement brings out the fact that only 
 5 companies returned their investment with profit; 9 
 companies have paid dividends, not sufficient, however, 
 to repay for the capital invested, while one-half of the 
 Comstock companies never recovered the capital in- 
 vested. That so much capital was found for investment 
 in obviously unprofitable ventures is thus explained by 
 Mr. Doten: "The regular a.ssessments levied upon the 
 nonpaying mines were paid with the utmost facility by 
 the market itself, delinquent assessments being imme- 
 diatelj^ added to the price of the .stock, fortune-blinded 
 dealers hardly knowing or caring how it was done or 
 who paid it, and it is to this recklessness of stock 
 speculations that manj' of their mines owe their very 
 existence to-day." 
 
 avorld's productiox of gold and silver in 1902. 
 
 Table 85 represents the world's production of refined 
 gold and silver in 1902, as estimated by the Director of 
 the Mint. 
 
 It shows that as a producer of gold the United States 
 held the second rank, being preceded by Australasia; 
 South Africa followed next, the fourth rank was held 
 by Russia, and the fifth ])y Canada. Great Britain 
 with her colonial empire produced, in round numbers, 
 $151,000,000, or more than one-half of the total output 
 of the world, and the United States followed next with 
 $80,000,000, or more than one-fourth; both nations 
 together contributed four-fifths of the product of the 
 gold mines of the world. 
 
 Mexico was the leading silver producing country, the 
 output of her mines exceeding one-third of the world's 
 production; the United States followed close behind, 
 with one-third of the world's output. North America 
 contributed 71.9 per cent of the world's production, 
 and Central and South Amei-ica 14.1 per cent, making 
 for the entire American continent six-sevenths of the 
 .silver product of the world. 
 
564 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 85.— WORLD'S PRODUCTION OF GOLD AND SILVER FOR THE CALENDAR YEAR 1902. 
 [Report of the Director of the Mint, "Production of Precious Jletals," 1902.] 
 
 Total. 
 
 North America: 
 
 United States 
 
 Mexico 
 
 Canada 
 
 South America: 
 
 Argentina 
 
 Boliyia 
 
 Brazil 
 
 Chile 
 
 Colombia 
 
 Ecuador 
 
 Guiana f British ) 
 
 Guiana (Dutch) 
 
 Guiana (French) 
 
 Peru 
 
 Uruguay 
 
 Venezuela 
 
 Central America 
 
 Europe: 
 
 Austria-Hungary 
 
 Finland ". 
 
 France 
 
 Germany 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 Greece 
 
 Italy 
 
 Norway 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Russia 
 
 Spain 
 
 Sweden 
 
 Turkey 
 
 Australasia 
 
 Africa 
 
 Asia: 
 
 British India 
 
 China 
 
 East Indies (British), 
 
 East Indies (Dutch) . 
 
 Japan 
 
 Korea 
 
 Kilograms 
 (fine). 
 
 Ounces 
 
 (fine). 
 
 44.'j, 21.5 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 ;, 90.5 
 
 15 
 
 94 
 
 46 
 
 ,749 
 
 ,716 
 
 428 
 138 
 .546 
 8.50 
 9:36 
 266 
 
 3,870,000 
 
 491, 1.56 
 
 1,003,365 
 
 1,4.51 
 
 228 
 
 96, 488 
 
 27, .825 
 
 122, 031 
 
 9, 676 
 
 87, 491 
 
 15, .577 
 
 117,077 
 
 112,625 
 
 2,796 
 
 20, 986 
 
 96,842 
 
 105, 037 
 63 
 
 $295,889,600 
 
 3,023 
 5,626 
 
 2.57 
 
 97 
 
 63 
 
 1,090,063 
 
 494 
 
 3,023 
 
 1,480 
 
 3, 946, 374 
 
 1,887,773 
 
 463,824 
 
 422, 401 
 
 49, 686 
 
 27, 312 
 
 62,259 
 
 169, 313 
 
 80,000,000 
 10, 153, 100 
 20,741,200 
 
 30,000 
 
 4,700 
 
 1,994,600 
 
 675, 200 
 
 2, .522, 600 
 
 200, 000 
 
 1,808,600 
 
 322, 000 
 
 2, 420, 200 
 
 2, 326, 100 
 
 67, 800 
 
 433, 800 
 
 2,001,900 
 
 2,171,300 
 1,300 
 
 62, 600 
 116, 300 
 
 5,300 
 
 2,000 
 
 1,300 
 
 22,633,400 
 
 10, 200 
 
 62, 500 
 
 30, 600 
 
 81,578,800 
 
 39, 023, 700 
 
 9, ,588, 100 
 8, 731, 800 
 1,027,100 
 564, 600 
 1,287,000 
 3, 500, 000 
 
 Kilograms 
 (fine). 
 
 Ounces 
 
 (fine). 
 
 1,726,603 
 
 1,872,091 I 
 
 133,891 
 
 1,174 [ 
 404,201 
 
 55, .500, 000 
 60, 176, 604 
 4,303,774 
 
 37, 720 
 12,992,641 
 
 110,962 
 
 56, 269 
 
 240 
 
 132, 668 
 
 24 
 
 68 
 
 30,217 
 
 58, .523 
 
 269 
 
 11,9.56 
 
 178, 032 
 
 5, 387 
 
 33, 916 
 
 30, 000 
 
 6,422 
 
 118 
 
 4,937 
 
 11.5, 113 
 
 1,439 
 
 14,949 
 
 249, 690 
 
 3,679 
 12, 161 
 
 3,. 566, 792 
 
 1,776,604 
 
 7, 736 
 
 Coining 
 value. 
 
 »15,861,800 
 
 71,7.57,600 
 77,804,100 
 5, 564, 600 
 
 48, 800 
 16, 798, 600 
 
 4,611,600 
 
 2, 297, 000 
 
 10, 000 
 
 Commer- 
 cial value. 
 
 »88,486,.500 
 
 29,415,000 
 31,. 893, 600 
 2,281,000 
 
 20, 000 
 6,886,100 
 
 1,890,400 
 
 941,600 
 
 4,100 
 
 4, 264,. 528 
 
 755 
 
 1,.887 
 
 971,320 
 
 1, .881, 132 
 
 8,679 
 
 384, 339 
 
 5, 722, 641 
 
 173,208 
 
 1,090,188 
 
 964, 339 
 
 206, 413 
 
 3,773 
 
 1.68,679 
 
 3, 700, 189 
 
 46, 226 
 
 480, 566 
 
 8, 026, 037 
 
 118, :M2 
 390, 567 
 
 6, 513, 700 
 1,000 
 2,400 
 
 1,2.56,800 
 
 2,132,200 I 
 
 11,200 
 
 496, 900 
 
 7,399,000 
 
 223,900 
 
 1,409,600 
 
 1, 246, 800 
 
 266, 900 
 
 4,900 
 
 206, 200 
 
 4,784,100 
 
 59, 800 
 
 621,800 
 
 10,377,100 
 
 2, 260, 200 
 
 400 
 
 1,000 
 
 514, 800 
 
 997, 000 
 
 4,600 
 
 , 203, 700 
 
 3, 033, 000 
 
 91,800 
 
 577, 800 
 
 511,100 
 
 109, 40C 
 
 2,000 
 
 84,100 
 
 1,961,100 
 
 24, .500 
 
 2.54, 700 
 
 4, 253, 800 
 
 152, 900 
 606,000 I 
 
 62, 700 
 207, 000 
 
 The following- table shows the silver production of 
 the mine.s and smelters of the world from LS89 to 1901. 
 The mines of the United States and Mexico produce 
 about two-thirds of the world's supply of silver. The 
 United States smelts and refines all silver exported 
 from Mexico and Canada and a portion of the produc- 
 
 tion of Central and South America. Great Britain, 
 Germany, and Belg-ium tog-ether import about one- 
 half as much silver ore as the United States. The 
 countries from which they draw their supply of ore are 
 chiefly Australia and South America. 
 
GOLD AND SILVER. 
 
 565 
 
 Table 8G.— WORLD'S PRODUCTION OF HILVER FROM MINES AND SMELTERS: IKK9 To 1901. 
 
 [Figures for 1893 to 1901 from "Lead, Copper, Spelter Tin, Silver, Nieliel, Aluminum, and Quick.silver," compiled by Metallgeaellschaft luid Metallurgisclie 
 Gesellschaft, A.-G., Frank£ort-on-the-Main, October, 1903; those for 1889 to 1892 from "Summary of the Statistical Report of the Metallgesellsohaft."] 
 
 '* [Metric tons.] 
 
 
 
 1901 
 
 
 1000 
 
 1899 
 
 COUNTKY. 
 
 Product 
 of smelt- 
 ers. 
 
 Product 
 of mines. 
 
 Excess of 
 product 
 of smelt- 
 ers over 
 mines. 
 
 Excess of 
 product 
 of mines 
 
 over 
 smelters. 
 
 Product 
 
 of smelt- 
 ers. 
 
 Product 
 of mines. 
 
 Excess of 
 product 
 
 of smelt- 
 ers over 
 mines. 
 
 Excess of 
 
 product 
 
 of mines 
 
 over 
 
 smelters. 
 
 Product 
 of smelt- 
 ers. 
 
 Product 
 of mines. 
 
 Excess of 
 product 
 ofsmelt- 
 ers over 
 mines. 
 
 Excess of 
 
 product 
 
 of mines 
 
 over 
 
 smelters. 
 
 
 5,511.6 
 
 5, 444. 1 
 
 2,124.7 
 
 2,0.57.2 
 
 5,613.0 
 
 6,400.3 
 
 2,251.2 
 
 2,038.5 
 
 5, 277. 
 
 5,237.1 
 
 1,967.5 
 
 1 , 927. 6 
 
 
 
 Kurope 
 
 1,131.0 
 
 438.6 
 
 749. 2 
 
 53.2 
 
 1,114.0 
 
 421.6 
 
 729.4 
 
 37.0 
 
 1,140.8 
 
 428.1 
 
 7.52. 9 
 
 40.2 
 
 
 
 
 403. 8 
 283,9 
 167.0 
 95.0 
 77.5 
 62.8 
 32.5 
 
 171,8 
 6.9 
 
 232.0 
 277.0 
 167.0 
 
 
 415. 7 
 266. 
 143. 
 99.9 
 ,85. 6 
 ,59.8 
 31.2 
 
 i.'s' 
 
 6.0 
 4.4 
 1.9 
 
 168. 4 
 6.9 
 
 247. 3 
 
 269. 1 
 
 143.0 
 
 0.7 
 
 71.5 
 
 7.'8' 
 
 
 467.6 
 275.0 
 120.9 
 .88.4 
 X2.1 
 60.6 
 33.6 
 
 194.2 
 6.8 
 
 273.4 
 269. 2 
 120.9 
 12.0 
 67.6 
 1.6 
 «. 1 
 
 
 Great Britain . .. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 99.2 
 
 14.1 
 
 62. 1 
 
 23.4 
 
 35. 9 
 
 13.4 
 
 5.2 
 
 4,9 
 
 1.7 
 
 4.2 
 
 99. 2- 
 
 14.1 
 
 61.9 
 
 23.4 
 
 31.6 
 
 4.4 
 
 5,4 
 
 4.5 
 
 1.9 
 
 
 76.4 
 14.6 
 .59.0 
 2,5.6 
 36.7 
 4.4 
 4.6 
 4.2 
 2.3 
 
 
 
 63.4 
 0.7 
 9.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.1 
 
 
 Italy . 
 
 
 
 
 35. 9 
 11,9 
 1.2 
 
 31. .6 
 2.9 
 0.4 
 0.1 
 
 36.7 
 
 
 1,5 
 4.0 
 4.9 
 1.7 
 
 
 1.5 
 
 4.6 
 4.2 
 2.3 
 
 
 2.9 
 
 
 
 0.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O.fi 
 4,369.8 
 
 
 0,6 
 
 
 4,138.0 
 
 4,543.2 
 
 1,370.3 
 
 1,775,5 
 
 4,260.0 
 
 4, ,507. 4 
 
 1,616.0 
 
 1,764.0 
 
 3,915.0 
 
 1,211.3 
 
 1,6,56.1 
 
 
 
 
 3,088.0 
 760.0 
 300. 
 
 1,717.7 
 1,793.7 
 
 nm. 7 
 
 163. 1 
 
 406.0 
 .53.8 
 2.5 
 
 1,370.3 
 
 "i'.m'.i' 
 
 568. 7 
 163. 1 
 
 226. 
 
 3,310.0 
 660. 
 300.0 
 
 1,793.4 
 
 1,786.9 
 
 788.7 
 
 138. 4 
 
 416. 
 .53. 8 
 2.5 
 
 1,616.6 
 
 
 2,915.0 
 700.0 
 300.0 
 
 1, 703. 7 
 
 1,730.1 
 
 819.9 
 
 106.1 
 
 396. 3 
 
 1,211.3 
 
 
 
 1,136.9 
 488.7 
 138.4 
 
 235.0 
 
 2.' .5' 
 
 1,030.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 .519.9 
 
 
 106. 1 
 
 
 180.0 
 ,59.0 
 
 
 180.0 
 .59.0 
 
 5.2 
 
 " ■ ' ■ 
 
 165. 
 66.2 
 
 
 231.3 
 
 
 .5.2 
 
 ,52. 9 
 
 3.3 
 
 
 
 2.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 "" 
 
 
 
 18H8 
 
 
 1897 
 
 
 JS!»i 
 
 COUNTRY. 
 
 Product 
 of smelt- 
 ers. 
 
 Product 
 of mines. 
 
 Excess of 
 product 
 of smelt- 
 ers over 
 mines. 
 
 Excess of 
 product 
 of mines 
 
 over 
 smelters. 
 
 Product 
 of smelt- 
 ers. 
 
 Product 
 of mines. 
 
 Excess of 
 product 
 of smelt- 
 ers over 
 mines. 
 
 Excess of 
 product 
 of mines 
 
 over 
 smelters. 
 
 Product 
 of smelt- 
 ers. 
 
 Product 
 of mines. 
 
 Excess of 
 product 
 of smelt- 
 ers over 
 mines. 
 
 Excess of 
 product 
 of mines 
 
 over 
 smelters. 
 
 Total production 
 
 6, 324. 1 
 
 5, 2,59. 3 
 
 1,978.0 
 
 1,913.2 
 
 5, 360. 6 
 
 4, 990. 6 
 
 2, 049. 
 
 1,679.0 
 
 5, 258. 3 
 
 4, ,986. 2 i 1,658.4 
 
 1 286 3 
 
 
 
 
 1,215.6 
 
 416.1 
 
 846.6 
 
 46.1 
 
 1,240.2 
 
 408.9 
 
 873.3 
 
 42.0 
 
 1,076.8 
 
 528.6 
 
 674.5 
 
 126.3 
 
 
 
 Germany 
 
 480.6 
 310. 
 100.6 
 114.0 
 90.9 
 59.1 
 43.4 
 
 173.3 
 6.6 
 
 307.3 
 
 303.4 
 
 100.6 
 
 37.6 
 
 76.6 
 
 2.7 
 
 IS. 4 
 
 
 448.0 
 375.0 
 76.7 
 131.0 
 80.4 
 66.8 
 45.3 
 
 171.0 
 
 7.2 
 
 277. 
 367.8 
 76.7 
 59.8 
 63.5 
 6.6 
 22.4 
 
 
 428.4 
 310.0 
 69.4 
 92.0 
 70.5 
 69.7 
 38.1 
 
 183. 3 245. 1 
 8. 2 301 . R 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 69.4 
 
 
 
 78.4 
 14.3 
 ,56.4 
 25. 
 42.0 
 4.4 
 5.4 
 8,7 
 2.0 
 0.6 
 
 4,457.2 
 
 
 71.2 
 16.9 
 61.3 
 22.9 
 37.4 
 4.4 
 6.5 
 8.9 
 0.6 
 0.6 
 
 4,167.8 
 
 
 179 8 
 
 87 8 
 
 
 
 
 16.4 1 54.1 
 58.0 1 1.7 
 27.2 10.9 
 32.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 37.4' 
 
 2.9 
 1.1 
 
 
 
 42.0 
 2.9 
 0.6 
 
 32.0 
 
 
 1.5 
 4.8 
 8.7 
 2.0 
 
 
 1.6 
 5.4 
 8.9 
 2.2 
 
 
 1.5 
 4.7 
 10.4 
 2.1 
 
 7.0 
 
 
 5 5 
 
 
 
 
 5.0 
 
 10.5 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.6 
 
 3,912.6 
 
 i.'s' 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 0.1 
 
 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 0,6 
 1,713.6 
 
 0.6 
 1, 482. 2 
 
 6 
 
 
 S, 875. 
 
 1,131.4 
 
 3, 850. 
 
 1,174.4 
 
 3,864.0 
 
 983 7 
 
 1 032 3 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2, 825. 
 750. 
 300.0 
 
 1, 693. 6 
 
 1,765.1 
 
 860, 
 
 138.5 
 
 326. 4 
 60.6 
 
 1,131.4 
 
 
 2,850.0 
 700.0 
 300.0 
 
 1,675.6 
 
 1,677.0 
 
 632. 3 
 
 172. 9 
 
 369. 5 
 .54.4 
 
 1,174.4 
 
 
 2, 814. 
 7.50. 
 300. 
 
 1,830.3 
 
 1,422.3 
 
 .560.3 
 
 99.7 
 
 3.SO. 7 
 64.3 
 
 983.7 
 
 
 
 1.015.1 
 560. 
 138. 5 
 
 1.53. 4 
 0.1 
 
 977.0 
 332. 3 
 172.9 
 
 164. S 
 
 672 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 260 3 
 
 
 
 
 99 7 
 
 
 173.0 
 60. 5 
 
 
 214.7 
 55. 7 
 
 i.'s' 
 
 253.0 
 64. 5 
 
 
 127. 7 
 
 
 
 0.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
566 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 86.— WORLD'S PRODUCTION OF SILVER FROM MINES AND SMELTERS: 1889 TO 1901— Continued. 
 
 • 
 
 1895 
 
 1894 
 
 1898 
 
 COUNTRY. 
 
 Product 
 o£ smelt- 
 ers. 
 
 Product 
 of mines. 
 
 Excess of 
 product 
 
 of smelt- 
 ers over 
 mines. 
 
 Excess of 
 product 
 of mines 
 
 over 
 smelters. 
 
 Product 
 of smelt- 
 ers. 
 
 Product 
 of mines. 
 
 Excess of 
 product 
 of smelt- 
 ers over 
 mines. 
 
 Excess of 
 product 
 of mines 
 
 over 
 smelters. 
 
 Product 
 of smelt- 
 ers. 
 
 Product 
 of mines. 
 
 Excess of .Excess of 
 product 1 product 
 
 of smelt- of mines 
 ers over ; over 
 mines, smelters. 
 
 
 5, 233. 2 
 
 5, 210. 9 
 
 1,519.6 
 
 1,497.3 
 
 5,409.5 
 
 5,121.0 
 
 1,641.5 
 
 1,3.53.0 
 
 5,434.5 
 
 5,147.8 
 
 1, 475. 6 
 
 1,188.9 
 
 
 
 Enrope 
 
 1,1.50.2 
 
 454.0 
 
 781.2 
 
 79.0 
 
 1,429.2 
 
 456.1 
 
 1, 033. 7 
 
 60.6 
 
 1,397.1 
 
 494.0 
 
 939.0 
 
 35.9 
 
 
 392.0 
 420. 
 66.9 
 S3. 
 71.1 
 60.5 
 44.2 
 
 181.0 
 8.7 
 
 211.0 
 411.3 
 
 06.9 
 
 
 444.2 
 600.0 
 67.0 
 85.0 
 97.0 
 88.3 
 58.6 
 
 193.0 
 7.9 
 
 251.2 
 
 592. 1 
 
 67.0 
 
 21.4 
 
 70.9 
 
 29.'7" 
 
 
 449.3 
 600. 
 62.7 
 62.6 
 98.1 
 61.2 
 40.1 
 
 179.0 
 7.9 
 
 270.3 
 
 592. 1 
 
 62.7 
 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Spain and Portugal 
 
 109.8 
 17.6 
 67.9 
 
 5.7 
 35.4 
 
 8.1 
 
 6.1 
 12. 5 
 
 1.2 
 
 26.8 
 
 7.4 
 
 36.'4' 
 
 6.6 
 1.1 
 1.7 
 
 63.6 
 26.1 
 83.5 
 28.9 
 35.4 
 
 
 62.6 
 98.1 
 90.1 
 28.9 
 2.0 
 6.3 
 4.5 
 10.1 
 4.5 
 
 
 63.5 
 38. 5 
 
 25. 2 
 
 
 
 
 28.9 
 
 Italy 
 
 Greece 
 
 11.2 
 
 
 3.5.4 
 
 2.0 
 
 
 1.5 
 
 5.0 
 
 10.8 
 
 1.2 
 
 
 i.5 
 
 4.8 
 9.9 
 2.9 
 
 
 1.3 
 4.8 
 12.5 
 4.5 
 
 6."3" 
 
 2.4 
 
 5.0 
 
 Norway 
 
 4.7 
 8.6 
 2.9 
 
 0. 1 
 1.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3,767.0 
 
 4,300 4 
 
 733.3 
 
 1,266.7 
 
 3,698.1 
 
 4,041.7 
 
 .596. 5 
 
 940.1 
 
 3,781.0 
 
 3, 958. 
 
 525. 2 
 
 702.2 
 
 
 
 
 2,467.0 
 800.0 
 600.0 
 
 1,733.7 
 
 1,461.0 
 
 1,050.5 
 
 65.2 
 
 389.1 
 67.4 
 
 733.3 
 
 ""ehi'.o 
 
 5.50. 5 
 55.2 
 
 151.6 
 
 2.136.4 
 
 1,061.7 
 500. 
 
 1,539.9 
 1 463 4 
 
 ,596. 5 
 
 "■'ioi.'i' 
 
 612.0 
 26.4 
 
 3.52. 3 
 
 2,391.8 
 889. 2 
 600.0 
 
 1,866.6 
 
 1,3.80.1 
 
 703. 6 
 
 637. 8 
 68.0 
 
 525. 2 
 
 
 Me.xico 
 
 490 9 
 
 Central and South America 
 
 
 1.012.0 
 26.4 
 
 562.3 
 60 9 
 
 
 ■*03 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 237.5 
 
 72. 5 
 
 
 210.0 
 72.2 
 
 
 1S7.0 
 69.4 
 
 ii.'i' 
 
 4,50. 8 
 
 Japan 
 
 5.'i" 
 
 11 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 1891 
 
 1890 
 
 1889 
 
 1 COLINTKY. 
 
 Prod- 
 uct of 
 smelt- 
 ers. 
 
 Prod- 
 uct of 
 mines. 
 
 Excess 
 of prod- 
 uct of 
 smelt- 
 ers over 
 mines. 
 
 Excess 
 of prod- 
 uct of 
 mines 
 over 
 smelt- 
 ers. 
 
 Pr.jd- 
 uct of 
 smelt- 
 ers. 
 
 Prod- 
 uct of 
 mines. 
 
 Excess 
 of prod- 
 uct of 
 smelt- 
 ers over 
 mines. 
 
 Excess 
 of prod- 
 uct of 
 mines 
 over 
 smelt- 
 ers. 
 
 Prod- 
 uct of 
 smelt- 
 ers. 
 
 Prod- 
 uct of 
 mines. 
 
 Excess 
 of prod- 
 uct of 
 smelt- 
 ers over 
 mines. 
 
 Excess 
 of prod- 
 uct of 
 mines 
 over 
 smelt- 
 ers. 
 
 Prod- 
 uct of 
 smelt- 
 ers. 
 
 Prod- 
 uct of 
 mines. 
 
 era over) J"^,^ 
 mines. • '^^/J'" 
 
 Total production 
 
 5,158.0 
 
 1,7.57.7 
 
 1,264.8 
 
 864.5 
 
 4, 805. 
 
 4,267.8 
 
 1,207.8 
 
 670.6 
 
 4,386.7 
 
 4,144.1 
 
 918.0 
 
 675.4 
 
 4,176.5 
 
 3,900.9 
 
 903.5 ! 628.9 
 
 Europe 
 
 1,362.5 
 
 487. 8 
 540.0 
 .57.0 
 .55.7 
 103.2 
 55. 
 43.0 
 
 478.6 
 
 896.0 
 
 12.1 
 
 1,340.5 
 
 424.4 
 
 924.1 
 
 8.0 
 
 1,086.7 
 
 400.5 
 
 692. 7 
 
 6.5 
 
 1,082.2 
 
 409.2 
 
 673.0 ] 
 
 Germany 
 
 212.1 
 5.3 
 
 "kh'.s 
 
 92.7 
 ,55. 1 
 39. 8 
 2.0 
 6. 3 
 4.5 
 14. 5 
 
 275. 7 
 534.7 
 
 57.0 
 9.4 
 
 10.5 
 
 """'3.'2' 
 
 '"'o'.i' 
 
 
 
 o.i 
 
 "".5.'6' 
 
 
 
 444.9 
 600.0 
 .56. 
 51. 5 
 71.3 
 53.0 
 37.6 
 
 """"i.'s' 
 
 4.7 
 14.5 
 
 186. e 
 6.1 
 
 '"iti.'s" 
 
 64.2 
 
 52.0 
 
 37.6 
 
 2.0 
 
 6.3 
 
 5.7 
 
 13.9 
 
 3.7 
 
 258.3 
 
 .593. 9 
 
 .56. 
 
 5.2 
 
 7.1 
 
 1.0 
 
 
 402.9 
 400.0 
 64.0 
 46.0 
 71.1 
 53.0 
 34.4 
 
 182.1 
 9.1 
 
 "'hi'.h' 
 
 71.1 
 50.6 
 10.1 
 
 220.8 
 390.9 
 54.0 
 
 5. 5 
 
 403.0 
 380.0 
 42.6 
 65.0 
 80.9 
 .52.6 
 33. 6 
 
 192.8 
 9.5 
 
 61 5 
 
 210.2 
 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Spain and Portugal . 
 
 42'6 I.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 
 
 
 
 
 2.4 
 
 21.3 
 
 
 62.6 
 
 
 Italy 
 
 
 
 ""o.'e' 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.0 
 5.0 
 1.0 
 
 
 Turkey 
 
 1.3 
 4.8 
 9.5 
 5.2 
 
 1.3 
 5.0 
 14.5 
 4.5 
 
 1.3 
 
 5. 5 
 15. 
 4.2 
 
 
 
 1.3 
 5.3 
 13.8 
 4.2 
 
 ■■■'i's'i j 
 
 
 ■■■'ci.'s' 
 
 0.5 
 0-6 
 
 5.1 6.2 
 
 3.2 10.6 
 
 4.2 ' 
 
 Russia 
 
 Sweden 
 
 .America 
 
 3, 684. 8 
 
 3, .806. 368. 8 
 
 490.0 
 
 :3, 376.0 
 
 3,489.0 
 
 283. 7 
 
 396.7 
 
 "aoo.'i' 
 
 80.5 
 9.8 
 
 205. 1'l 
 0.3 
 
 3, 192. 6 
 
 3, 142. 9 
 
 214.9 
 
 465. 2 
 
 3, 050. 3 
 
 3,244.2 230.5 
 
 424. 4 
 
 United States 
 
 Mexico 
 
 Central and .South America 
 
 2,344.3 
 840. 5 
 600.0 
 
 1,975.5 368.8 
 
 1,228.9 
 
 .590.9 
 
 10.7 j 
 
 418.1 j 
 
 55.0 ! 
 
 "sss.'i' 
 
 90.9 
 10.7 
 
 343. 1 
 19.3 
 
 2,098.3 
 777. 7 
 600. 
 
 45. 5 
 43.0 
 
 1,814.6 
 
 1,084.1 
 
 580. 5 
 
 9.8 
 
 311.1 
 43.3 
 
 283. 7 
 
 
 1,910.4 
 832. 2 
 4.50.0 
 
 .54.5 
 .52. 9 
 
 1,69.5.5 
 
 1,211.6 
 
 523. 3 
 
 12. 5 
 
 2.58.2 
 42.5 
 
 214.9 
 
 "'io.'i' 
 
 "sig.'i' 
 
 73.3 
 12.5 
 
 203.7 
 
 1,785.9 
 814.4 
 450. 
 
 '"43!o' 
 
 1,.555.4 230.5 
 
 1.143.9 
 
 533.0 1 
 
 "'329.' 5 
 83.0 
 
 
 7.5.0 
 35. 7 
 
 204.5 1 204.5 
 
 13.0 
 
 .Tapan 
 
 East Indies 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 PRODUCTION OF LKAl). 
 
 Lead contents of ores smelted in the United States, 
 189Jf. to 1902. — A considerable part of the value of the 
 total output of silver mines is the value of the lead con- 
 tents of their ores. \\\ many cases the value of the lead 
 contained deterniine.s whether or not an ore can be 
 mined with profit; and, therefore, statistics of lead are 
 of direct interest in connection with silver. 
 
 About three-fourths of the entire output of refined 
 lead in the United States is obtained from silver bearing 
 ores, as appears from the following table. The ores of 
 Missouri, Kansas, Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa, Virginia, 
 and Kentucky are nonargentiferous; all others are 
 argentiferous. 
 
 { 
 
GOLD AND SILVER. 
 
 567 
 
 Table 87.— LEAD CONTENTS OF ORES SMELTED BY THE WORKS IN THE UNITED STATES, BY STATES AND 
 
 TERRITORIES: 1894 TO ],902. 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the Uniterl States, " 1902.] 
 
 [Short tons.] 
 
 STATE OR TERRTTOEY. 
 
 1902 
 
 inoi 
 
 lOOO 
 
 1899 
 
 1898 
 
 1897 
 
 1890 
 
 1895 
 
 1894 
 
 Total lead contents American ores smelted 
 
 280,797 
 
 51,833 
 
 84,742 
 
 63,914 
 
 4,438 
 
 741 
 
 1,269 
 
 599 
 
 175 
 
 1,457 
 
 2,184 
 
 79,445 
 
 284,204 
 
 73, 205 
 
 79, 654 
 
 49, 870 
 
 6,791 
 
 1, 124 
 
 1,873 
 
 4, 045 
 
 381 
 
 !■ 1,029 
 67, 172 
 
 
 230, 090 
 
 235, .573 
 
 222, 499 
 
 197,496 
 
 182, 331 
 
 170, 383 
 
 Colorado 
 
 82, 137 
 85,444 
 48,014 
 
 70, 308 
 
 52,164 
 
 29,987 
 
 10,227 
 
 4,856 
 
 3,388 
 
 3,377 
 
 487 
 
 8C2 
 64,444 
 
 57, .3.52 
 
 59,142 
 
 39,299 
 
 10, 745 
 
 5,797 
 
 4,714 
 
 2,224 
 
 482 
 
 1,349 
 54,409 
 
 40, 676 
 68, 627 
 40, .537 
 12,930 
 9, 123 
 9.59 
 2,184 
 383 
 
 C38 
 56, 642 
 
 44,803 
 
 46,662 
 
 35, 578 
 
 11,070 
 
 3, 461 
 
 1,173 
 
 1,166 
 
 691 
 
 1 , 006 
 61,887 
 
 46,984 
 31, 638 
 31,305 
 9,802 
 3,040 
 2, 683 
 2,053 
 949 
 
 381 
 .53,. 596 
 
 50, 613 
 
 
 33,308 
 
 Utah .. 
 
 23, 190 
 
 
 9,637 
 
 
 2,973 
 
 
 
 2,254 
 
 
 .526' 
 
 1,480 
 
 
 478 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mis.souri, Kansas, Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa, Virginia, 
 
 46,300 
 
 
 
 '' in«7(7'.s' production and consmnption of lead, 1889 to 1902. — The following table shows the world's production 
 and consumption of lead, by countries, from 1889 to 1902: 
 
 Table 88.— WORLD'S PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF LEAD; 1889 TO 1902. 
 
 [Production figures from "Lead, Copper, Spelter, Tin, Silver, Nickel, Aluminum, and Quicksilver," compiled by Metallgesellschaft and Metallurgiscbe Gesell- 
 sehaft A.-G., Frankfort-on-the-Mnin, October, 1903. Consumption figures from 1889 and 1892 from "Summary of the Statistical Report of the Metallgesellschaft;" 
 those for 1893 to 1902 from "Metallgesellschaft and Metallurgiscbe Gesellsehatt," October, 1903.] 
 
 
 
 
 
 [Metric 
 
 tons.] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 1901 
 
 1900 
 
 COUNTRY. 
 
 Produc- 
 tion. 
 
 Con- 
 sump- 
 tion. 
 
 E.^ccessof 
 consump- 
 tion over 
 produc- 
 tion. 
 
 Excessof 
 produc- 
 tion over 
 consump- 
 tion. 
 
 Produc- 
 tion. 
 
 Con- 
 sump- 
 tion. 
 
 Excessof 
 consump- 
 tion over 
 produc- 
 tion. 
 
 Excessof 
 produc- 
 tion over 
 consump- 
 tion. 
 
 Produc- 
 tion. 
 
 Con- 
 sump- 
 tion. 
 
 Excessof 
 consump- 
 tion over 
 produc- 
 tion. 
 
 Excessof 
 produc- 
 tion over 
 consump- 
 tion. 
 
 
 863, 300 
 
 8.59,026 1 369,226 
 
 373, 600 
 
 839, 000 
 
 832, 721 
 
 350,000 
 
 356, 279 
 
 833,400 
 
 834, 593 
 
 363, 428 
 
 352, 150 
 
 
 North America: 
 
 United States 
 
 242,700 
 
 102, 000 
 
 8,900 
 
 172, 200 
 140, 300 
 27, 100 
 26, 400 
 19, 500 
 18,500 
 15, 900 
 12, 500 
 
 267, 675 
 
 24, 975 
 
 
 245,600 
 89, 300 
 23, 700 
 
 149,. 500 
 123, 100 
 35, 600 
 26,200 
 19, 600 
 20,000 
 17,700 
 12,200 
 
 257, 351 
 
 11,751 
 
 '89," 36b' 
 23, 700 
 
 149, 500 
 
 251,000 
 90, 500 
 19, 200 
 
 154,500 
 121,600 
 36, 500 
 23, 800 
 16,400 
 17, 000 
 16,800 
 12, 700 
 
 264, 223 
 
 13, 223 
 
 
 
 102, 000 
 8,900 
 
 172,200 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19, 200 
 154, 500 
 
 Europe: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Germanv 
 
 166, 237 
 238, 214 
 28, 273 
 22,500 
 84,386 
 
 16,937 
 
 211,114 
 
 1,873 
 
 3,000 
 
 66, 886 
 
 166, 164 
 225, 602 
 24, 621 
 20, 900 
 86,636 
 
 32,064 
 190, 002 
 
 172,865 
 202,855 
 22, 150 
 23,000 
 94,254 
 
 51,440 
 167, 355 
 
 (Treat Britain 
 
 
 
 
 Italy 
 
 1,579 
 
 1,650 
 
 Belgium 
 
 
 1,400 
 65, 636 
 
 6,600 
 77, 2.54 
 
 
 
 
 15,900 
 
 17, 700 
 
 16,800 
 
 
 21,163 
 
 23, 300 
 
 5,000 
 
 3, 288 
 
 2,700 
 
 8, 663 
 23, 300 
 6,000 
 3,288 
 
 22, 877 
 
 23,000 
 
 5, 000 
 
 3,470 
 
 1,800 
 
 10,677 
 
 23,000 
 
 5,000 
 
 3,470 
 
 20, 286 
 
 20, 300 
 
 5, 000 
 
 3,170 
 
 2,000 
 
 7, 586 
 20, 300 
 6,000 
 3, 170 
 
 
 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ;:::::■■ 
 
 
 
 other Ettroftean countries ^ 
 
 4, 900 
 
 2,200 
 72, 300 
 
 4,300 
 
 72,000 
 
 300 
 
 2,500 1 
 72,000.1 
 
 4,600 
 67, 000 
 3,000 
 
 2,500 
 67,000 
 
 Australia * 
 
 72, 300 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 All other countries^ 
 
 6,300 
 
 6. 200 
 
 7, .300 
 
 7,000 
 
 4,500 
 
 1,500 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 1898 
 
 1897 
 
 COUNTRY. 
 
 Produc- 
 tion. 
 
 Con- 
 sump- 
 tion. 
 
 Excessof 
 consump- 
 tion over 
 produc- 
 tion. 
 
 Excess of 
 produc- 
 tion over 
 consump- 
 tion. 
 
 Produc- 
 tion. 
 
 Con- 
 sump- 
 tion. 
 
 Excessof 
 consump- 
 tion over 
 produc- 
 tion. 
 
 Excessof 
 produc- 1 
 tionover 
 consump- 
 tion. 
 
 Produc- 
 tion. 
 
 Con- 
 
 .sump- 
 tion. 
 
 Excessof 
 consump- 
 tion over 
 produc- 
 tion. 
 
 Excessof 
 produc- 
 tion over 
 consump- 
 tion. 
 
 Total 
 
 783, 600 
 
 778, 446 
 
 340. 946 
 
 346, 100 
 
 797, 700 
 
 783, 719 
 
 325, 816 
 
 339, 796 
 
 702, 000 
 
 709, 912 
 
 307,416 
 
 299,. 504 
 
 North America: 
 
 United States 
 
 197,000 
 86, .500 
 8,100 
 
 162, 900 
 129, 200 
 
 216, 406 
 
 19,406 
 
 '".%,' 560" 
 8,100 
 
 162, 900 
 
 207, 300 
 70, 600 
 15,000 
 
 180, 500 
 132, 700 
 50, 000 
 24, 500 
 19, 300 
 10, 900 
 19, 200 
 12, 600 
 
 218, 628 
 
 11,328 
 
 
 179,400 
 69, 900 
 17, 000 
 
 171,700 
 118, 900 
 40, 000 
 22, 400 
 17,000 
 9,900 
 16,000 
 12,200 
 
 207,617 
 
 28,217 
 
 
 
 70,600 
 15, 000 
 
 180, 500 
 
 69, 900 
 17, 000 
 
 171,700 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Europe: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Germanv 
 
 160, 369 
 206, 444 
 22, 036 
 20, 700 
 93,286 
 
 31,169 
 
 163, 444 
 
 1,536 
 
 6,000 
 
 76,386 
 
 1.55, 372 
 212, 163 
 20,104 
 20, 700 
 91,423 
 
 22, 072 
 162, 103 
 
 129, 898 
 182, 334 
 20, 796 
 20, 400 
 80,739 
 
 10,998 
 142, 334 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 Italv 
 
 42, 000 
 20, 600 
 15, 700 
 
 
 
 
 
 4,396 
 
 1,604 
 
 Belgium 
 
 
 1,400 
 80, .523 
 
 3,400 
 
 76,839 
 
 France ' 16. 900 
 
 
 
 
 Greece 18, 400 
 
 18,400 
 
 19, 200 
 
 16,000 
 
 Austria-Hungary ' 11,900 
 
 20,605 
 23, 300 
 6, 000 
 2, 700 
 2,100 
 
 8,705 
 
 23,300 
 
 6,000 
 
 2,700 
 
 22, 038 
 22, 660 
 6,000 
 3,441 
 3,700 
 
 9,438 
 22, 650 
 6,000 
 3,441 
 
 18,038 
 
 24, 760 
 
 5,000 
 
 2,640 
 
 2,300 
 
 6,838 
 
 24, 750 
 
 5,000 
 
 2,640 
 
 
 
 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Other European countries ' 4, 300 
 
 2, 200 
 68, 000 
 
 3,800 
 50, 000 
 1,300 
 
 100 
 60,000 
 
 3,000 
 
 22,000 
 
 2,000 
 
 i,'366 
 
 22,000 
 
 Australia* 68,000 
 
 
 
 Al 1 other countries' 2, 200 
 
 6,500 
 
 4,300 
 
 8, .500 
 
 7,200 
 
 9,400 
 
 7,400 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 For production, includes lead contents of the ores exported. 
 
 ■ For production, the figures comprise the lead obtained from Canada ores in the United States, as well as the Canadian exports of argentiferous lead which 
 were not imported till 1900, in which year, however, the amount rose to 10,000 tons; tor 1901 and 1902 no figures were obtainable. 
 
 ''For production, Russia. Scandinavia, and Turkey. 
 
 ^ For production, such as was not exported to Europe and America has not been taken into account here. The total production of Australln nmonntori it, lono 
 to 90,000; 1901. to 90,000; 1900, to 87,100; 1899, to 87,600; and in 1898, to about 67,000 metric tons. The exports of lead froin Australia to eastern AsiT,»mm„Tterit„ 
 about 11,700 in 1902, 9,100 in 1901, and 12,500 metric tons in 1900. eaoieiu asja amounted to 
 
 * For production, imports from Chile, Peru, East India, and Africa to Europe, according to European Trade Statistics. 
 
568 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 88.— WORLD'S PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF LEAD; 1889 TO 1902— Continued. 
 
 
 1800 
 
 1895 
 
 
 1894 
 
 
 CODNTRY, 
 
 Produc- 
 tion. 
 
 Con- 
 sump- 
 tion. 
 
 Excess of Excess of 
 consump- produc- 
 tion over tionover 
 produc- 'consump- 
 tion, tion. 
 
 Produc- 
 tion. 
 
 Con- 
 sump- 
 tion. 
 
 Excess of 
 consump- 
 tion over 
 produc- 
 tion. 
 
 Excess of 
 produc- 
 tion over 
 consump- 
 tion. 
 
 Produc- 
 tion. 
 
 Con- 
 sump- 
 tion. 
 
 Excess of 
 consump- 
 tion over 
 produc- 
 tion. 
 
 Excessof 
 produc- 
 tion over 
 consump- 
 tion. 
 
 Total 
 
 677,100 
 
 675, 889 
 
 286,056 
 
 287,267 
 
 638,000 
 
 656,851 
 
 303,705 
 
 284,854 
 
 621,800 
 
 629,877 
 
 289, 399 
 
 281,322 
 
 North America: 
 
 158, SCO 
 63,300 
 9,000 
 
 168,600 
 113,800 
 57, 200 
 20, 800 
 17,200 
 8, 200 
 14,700 
 11,700 
 
 179, 801 
 
 21,301 
 
 "■ti3,'366' 
 9,000 
 
 168,600 
 
 142,300 
 68,000 
 4,300 
 
 1.54,. 500 
 111,000 
 45, .500 
 20,400 
 15, 600 
 7,600 
 10,800 
 10, 400 
 
 214, 459 
 
 72,159 
 
 
 140,400 
 57,000 
 
 173,413 
 
 27,013 
 
 
 
 68,000 
 4,300 
 
 1.54, ,500 
 
 •57, 666 
 
 Canada - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Europe: 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.59, 300 
 101, 000 
 39, 700 
 19,000 
 14,100 
 8,800 
 12,700 
 9,700 
 
 
 
 159,300 
 322 
 
 Germany 
 
 121, 980 
 196, 200 
 20, 533 
 
 18,800 
 77,776 
 
 8,180 
 139,000 
 
 111,6.52 
 
 170,130 
 
 19,146 
 
 17,094 
 
 04,6.57 
 
 6.52 
 124,630 
 
 100, 678 
 161,847 
 19,947 
 22,478 
 86, 160 
 
 
 
 
 122, 147 
 
 347 
 
 8,378 
 
 77,360 
 
 
 Italy 
 
 267 
 
 1,254 
 
 
 
 1,600 
 09,576 
 
 1,494 
 57, 0.57 
 
 
 
 
 
 Greece 
 
 14,700 
 
 ie, 800 
 
 12,700 
 
 
 18,814 
 20,300 
 5, 000 
 2, 485 
 2,100 
 
 "'ii'ioo' 
 
 7,114 
 20, 300 
 5,000 
 2,485 
 
 19,270 
 21,400 
 5, 000 
 1,837 
 1,600 
 
 8,876 
 
 21,400 
 
 5,000 
 
 i,.s;i7 
 
 18,442 
 
 26, 700 
 
 .5,000 
 
 1,412 
 
 1, 500 
 
 8,742 
 
 26, 700 
 
 5,000 
 
 1,412 
 
 
 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3,500 
 
 30, 000 
 
 600 
 
 1,400 
 30, 000 
 
 3,600 
 38,000 
 
 2,000 
 38, 000 
 
 3, 600 
 50,000 
 
 2,000 
 50,000 
 
 Australia * 
 
 "'ii,".566' 
 
 
 
 All other countries^ 
 
 10,600 
 
 10, 600 
 
 ]2,:i00 
 
 12, 300 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 1.S92 
 
 1891 
 
 CODNTEY. 
 
 Produc- 
 tion. 
 
 Con- 
 sump- 
 tion. 
 
 E.^cessof 
 consump- 
 tion over 
 produc- 
 tion. 
 
 Excessof 
 produc- 
 tion over 
 consump- 
 tion. 
 
 Produc- 
 tion. 
 
 Con- 
 sump- 
 tion. 
 
 Excessof 
 consump- 
 tion over 
 produc- 
 tion. 
 
 Excessof 
 produc- 
 tion over 
 con.sump- 
 tion. 
 
 Produc- 
 tion. 
 
 COTI- 
 
 8umj:>- 
 tion. 
 
 Excessof 
 consump- 
 tion over 
 produc- 
 tion. 
 
 Exce.ssof 
 produc- 
 tion over 
 consump- 
 tion. 
 
 Total 
 
 627,000 
 
 635,732 
 
 301,761 
 
 293, 629 
 
 629, 200 
 
 634, 630 
 
 282, 935 
 
 277,005 
 
 698,800 
 
 619,760 
 
 272, 892 
 
 251,932 
 
 
 North America: 
 
 United States 
 
 151, 700 
 64, 000 
 
 179,163 
 
 27,463 
 
 
 166, 200 
 47, .500 
 
 191,728 
 
 26, 528 
 
 
 160,800 
 30,200 
 
 181,842 
 
 21,042 
 
 
 
 64,000 
 
 47, 600 
 
 
 Canada ~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Europe: 
 
 157,100 
 
 
 
 1.57,100 
 429 
 
 163, 300 
 98,000 
 42, 800 
 22,000 
 10,100 
 
 8,800 
 14,400 
 
 9,600 
 
 
 
 163, 300 
 
 8,405 
 
 145,700 
 95, 000 
 48, 200 
 18, 500 
 12, 700 
 
 6,700 
 13,300 
 
 9,700 
 
 
 
 
 Germany 
 
 95,000 
 36,300 
 19,900 
 12, 000 
 
 8,100 
 12,800 
 
 9,700 
 
 94,571 
 178,415 
 19, 985 
 23, 088 
 77,065 
 
 "'i42,"ii6' 
 
 86 
 11,088 
 68,965 
 
 89, 696 
 174,974 
 22, 787 
 13,779 
 73,646 
 
 
 88,268 
 176,8,51 
 22, 552 
 19,834 
 70, 664 
 
 
 6,732 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 132,174 
 
 787 
 
 3,679 
 
 64,745 
 
 127, 651 
 
 4,0.52 
 
 7,134 
 
 63, 964 
 
 Italy 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12, 800 
 
 14, 400 
 
 13,:J00 
 
 Austria-Hungary 
 
 16, 604 
 24,600 
 6,000 
 1,941 
 1,700 
 
 5, 904 
 
 24,, 500 
 
 5,000 
 
 1,941 
 
 16,600 
 
 22,100 
 
 6, 000 
 
 1,922 
 
 2,700 
 
 7,o6o 
 
 22, 100 
 
 6,000 
 
 1,922 
 
 200 
 
 14,011 
 17,400 
 6,000 
 1,738 
 2,300 
 
 4,311 
 
 17,400 
 
 5,000 
 
 1,738 
 
 300 
 
 Russia 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Other European countries ■* 
 
 3,000 
 68, 000 
 
 1,300 
 58, 000 
 
 2, .500 
 54,000 
 
 
 2,000 
 56, 000 
 
 
 Australia ^ 
 
 
 64,000 
 
 56,000 
 
 All other countries ^ 
 
 14,700 
 
 14,700 
 
 19, 800 
 
 19, 800 
 
 20, 300 
 
 20,300 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 1889 
 
 COUNTRY. 
 
 Produc- 
 tion. 
 
 Consump- 
 tion. 
 
 Excess of 
 consump- 
 tion over 
 produc- 
 tion. 
 
 Excess of 
 production 
 over con- 
 sumption. 
 
 Produc- 
 tion. 
 
 Consump- 
 tion. 
 
 Excess of 
 consump- 
 tion over 
 produc- 
 tion. 
 
 Excess of 
 production 
 over con- 
 sumption. 
 
 Total 
 
 539,600 
 
 569,048 
 
 26,5,416 
 
 235,808 
 
 519,200 
 
 .570, 199 
 
 256, 679 
 
 235,680 
 
 
 North America: 
 
 United States 
 
 129,800 
 22,300 
 
 154,823 
 
 26, 623 
 
 
 143,200 
 27,600 
 
 167,758 
 
 24,6.58 
 
 
 Mexico 1 
 
 22, 300 
 
 27," 566 
 
 Canada 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 Europe: 
 
 .Spain 
 
 140, 300 
 
 101,000 
 
 48,600 
 
 17,700 
 
 9,600 
 
 4,000 
 
 14,200 
 
 9, 500 
 
 
 
 140,300 
 
 18,568 
 
 1,30,900 
 100,000 
 47, 600 
 18,200 
 9, 400 
 5,400 
 13,500 
 10, .500 
 
 
 
 136,900 
 22,680 
 
 Germany 
 
 82,432 
 1.59, 832 
 19, 733 
 19,738 
 62, 3.52 
 
 
 77, 320 
 153, 0.S7 
 23,837 
 19,712 
 57,510 
 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 111,332 
 2,033 
 10,138 
 57, 752 
 
 "' "16.5,' -is?' 
 
 5,637 
 10,312 
 62,110 
 
 Italy 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 France 
 
 
 
 Greece 
 
 14, 200 
 
 i3,'666 
 
 
 12,786 
 18, KOO 
 5.000 
 2, 753 
 2,200 
 
 3,285 
 18,800 
 5,000 
 2, 753 
 200 
 
 13,276 
 16, 000 
 6, 000 
 2, 400 
 3, .500 
 
 '';,■:' 
 
 
 
 16,000 
 5, 000 
 2, 400 
 1,.500 
 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2,000 
 40, 500 
 
 
 2,000 
 35, 000 
 
 
 Australia^ 
 
 40, 600 
 
 ;i6,'oi)6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 36, s66 
 
 ,30, KOO 
 
 1 For production, includes lead contents of the ores exported. 
 
 2 For production, the figures comprise the lead obtained from Canada ores in the United States, as well as the Canadian exports of areentiferous h^nd which 
 were not imported till 1900, in which year, however, the amount rose to 10,000 tons; for 1901 and 1902 no figures were obtainable a • 
 
 ;! For production, Russia, Scandinavia, and Turlfcy. 
 
 ' For production, such as was not exported to Europe and America has not been taken into account here. The total production of Australia amounted in 1Q02 
 to 90,000; 1901, to 90,000; 1900, to 87,100; 1899, to 87,600; and in 1898, to about 67,000 metric tons. The exports of lead lr„m Austra la to cSer As^i anS^ 
 about 11,700 in 1902, 9,100 in 1901, and 12,600 metric tons in 1900. ' eaan m jiusiraiia lo eastern Asia amounted to 
 
 6For production, imports from Chile, Peru, East India, and Africa to Eurofie, acf:ordint,^ to European Trade Statistics. 
 
DIAGRAM VI.— PRICES OF SILVER AND LEAD IN THE LONDON MARKET: 
 
 1843 TO 1872. 
 
 CO ■<*■ in fo 
 
 CO CO CO CO 
 
 CO 01 o •- CM ro 
 ■"t ^ lO lO 10 in 
 
 CD CO CO CO CO CO 
 
 intDr-cooio-- MfO'j-inLDh-coooi- 
 inininioin;o <x> iDiDiD^DiDiDiDcf^r^ 
 
 COCDCOCOCOCO COCOCDCOCOCDCOCDCDCDCO 
 
 .AVERAGE PRICES OF SILVER. CENTS PER OUNCE. 
 
 AVERAGE PRICES OF LEAD, CENTS PER UNIT OF 20 POUNDS, IN LONDON MARKET, 
 
 DIAGRAM VII.— PRICES OF SILVER AND LEAD IN THE LONDON MARKET, 
 AND LEAD IN THE NEW YORK MARKET: 1873 TO ,902. 
 
 o-tin'Dr-coaiO'-CNfO'+iOio^-oDoio^ojfOTtiniDt^coaint-ry 
 
 OCOCD COcDCDCD COCO COCO CDCOcDOJCOCDCOcOtDCO tDCDCOcOCOa>a^mo^ 
 
 _ AVERAGE PRICES QF SILVER, CENTS PER OUNCE. 
 
 . AVERAGE PRICES QF LEAD, CENTS PER UNIT OF 20 POUNDS, IN NEW YORK MARKET. 
 
 .AVERAGE PRICES OF LEAD. CENTS PER UNIT OF 20 POUNDS, IN LONDON MARKET. 
 
GOLD AND SILVER. 
 
 571 
 
 The foregoing table shows that the United States i.s 
 both the largest producer and the largest consumer of 
 lead. Spain, German}', Mexico, and Australia, respec- 
 tively, rank next as producers, while Great llritain, 
 Germany, and France follow in this order as con- 
 sumers. More than one-half of the world's lead output 
 is consumed in the lead producing countries, less than 
 one-half being an article of international commerce. 
 The largest producer for the world's market is Spain, 
 which furnished in 1902 about one-half of the supplj'; 
 next after Spain follows Mexico, and the third place is 
 occupied bj' Australia. These three countries together 
 furnish the supplj' for about nine-tenths of the inter- 
 national demand for lead. The largest consumer of 
 imported lead is Great Britain, which in 1902 consumed 
 more than one-half of the international supply. The 
 second place is held by France. The two countries 
 together have imported within late years from two- 
 thirds to three-fourths of the entire quantity sold in the 
 world's market. The United States produces lead for 
 home consumption only, and imports a comparatively 
 small proportion for the same purpose; but a consider- 
 able quantity of lead ores and base bullion is imported 
 from Mexico and British America, refined in bond, and 
 reexported. 
 
 The following table shows, bj' j'ears, the share of the 
 United States in the lead exports of Mexico and British 
 America. The first column represents the excess of 
 the product of Mexico and British America over their 
 consumption, as shown in the preceding table, the quan- 
 tities being reduced from metric to short tons. The 
 second column represents the production of refined lead 
 in the United States from foreign ores and base bullion, 
 less the imports of ore and base bullion from other 
 countries than the two above named; both quantities 
 are taken from the estimates of the United States 
 Geological Survey. 
 
 Table 89. — Total exports of lead ore and base bullion from Mexico 
 and British America, and exports from those countries to the United 
 States: 1889 to 1903. 
 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United States," 
 
 1902.1 
 
 
 TOTAL 
 EXPORTS. 
 
 E.XPORTS TO THE 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 Per cent 
 of total 
 e.xports. 
 
 1902 
 
 122, 212 
 124, 526 
 120, 889 
 104,249 
 94, 331 
 95, 764 
 79,675 
 79, 675 
 62,814 
 70, 828 
 52.345 
 33,280 
 24, 575 
 30, 305 
 
 98, 008 
 108, 281 
 103, 281 
 95,355 
 99, 705 
 82, 891 
 76, 910 
 75, 707 
 59, 739 
 66,361 
 39, 957 
 23,862 
 18,124 
 26,670 
 
 80.2 
 
 1901 
 
 87.0 
 
 1900 
 
 85.4 
 
 
 91.8 
 
 1898 
 
 105. 7 
 
 1897 
 
 86.6 
 
 1S96 ... 
 
 96.6 
 
 1895 
 
 95.0 
 
 1894 .... 
 
 95.1 
 
 1893 
 
 92.7 
 
 1892 
 
 76.3 
 
 1891 
 
 71.7 
 
 1890. , 
 
 73.7 
 
 1889 . . 
 
 87.7 
 
 
 
 The preceding table shows that the United States 
 received about nine-tenths of the exports from Mexico 
 and British America. In 1898 the lead product smelted 
 in the United States from Mexican and Canadian ores 
 exceeded the total exports from those countries; this 
 is explained by the fact that a portion of the ore smelted 
 during that j^ear had been exported during the year 
 previous. 
 
 Prices of sil'uer and lead. — Diagram V shows the 
 annual fluctuations of the commercial ratio of gold to 
 silver since the beginning of the eighteenth centurj-. 
 The fluctuations in the price of an ounce of standard 
 silver, 0.925 fine, in the London market in 1901 and 
 1902 are shown in the following statement:' 
 
 Prices of silver in London, by months: 1903 and 1901. 
 
 .lanuary . . , 
 February . . 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 •July 
 
 August 
 
 September. 
 October ... 
 November. 
 Decenabcr . 
 
 <t 
 
 
 25 
 
 69 
 
 25 
 
 42 
 
 25.01 
 
 24.32 
 
 23 
 
 70 
 
 24 
 
 17 
 
 24 
 
 38 
 
 24 
 
 23 
 
 23.88 
 
 23. 40 
 
 22 
 
 69 
 
 22 
 
 21 
 
 d. 
 
 28.98 
 
 28.14 
 
 27.94 
 
 27. 30 
 
 27. 45 
 
 27.42 
 
 26.96 
 
 26.94 
 
 26. 96 
 
 26.61 
 
 26.09 
 
 25.44 
 
 Diagrams VI and VII show the fluctuations of the 
 prices of silver and lead for two periods of equal length 
 divided by the year 1873, when silver began to decline 
 in value. Diagram VI shows the prices in the London 
 market of an ounce of fine silver and of a unit of 20 
 pounds of lead. Diagram VII shows the London prices 
 of silver and lead and the New York price of lead since 
 1873. 
 
 An examination of the diagrams shows that the prices 
 of lead and silver move in diti'erent directions: though 
 the bulk of silver as well as of lead in the United States 
 is smelted from ores where both metals occur together, 
 j'et their price movements in the L^nited States show no 
 similaritjr; on the other hand, the movements of the 
 Loudon and the New York price of lead are approxi- 
 mately parallel. 
 
 Tables 90 and 91 are detailed summaries of the sta- 
 tistics for gold and silver mines for 1902, the former 
 for producing mines, the latter for mines at whicli the 
 work was onlj' development. 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE. 
 
 The production of gold and silver antedates the dawn 
 of written history. The search for the precious metals 
 prompted the discovery of new continents and stimu- 
 lated the efl'orts of the alchemists, thus indirectly lead- 
 
 *" Comparative Statistics of Lead, Copper, Spelter, Tin, Silver, 
 Nickel, Aluminum, and Quicksilver," compiled by Metallgesell- 
 schaft and Metalhirgische Giesellsehaft, A.-G., Frankfort-on-the- 
 Main, October, 1903. 
 
572 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 ing to the development of scientific chemistry. Yet it 
 is only since the beginning of gold mining in English- 
 speaking countries, at about the middle of the nine- 
 teenth century, that an}' progress in mining methods 
 can be recorded. And even to-day, notwithstanding 
 the technical advance of the last half century, mining 
 methods of primitive man can be observed in actual 
 operation in some parts of the United States. 
 
 Placer mine^. — The earliest form of gold mining is 
 the working of alluvial mines or "placers," where the 
 gold has been reduced b_v the operation of the forces of 
 nature to fine dust mixed with gravel. The work left 
 for the miner is to separate b_v washing the particles of 
 gold from the surrounding mass of sand and gravel. 
 The final product of the mine is gold. 
 
 The pioneers of gold mining in the United States had 
 no experience to guide them but that of the Latin - 
 American countries. The results accomplished by the 
 Spaniards were extremely meager. Mr. T. Wain- 
 Morgan Draper, writing in the Engineering and Min- 
 ing Journal concerning the gold deposits in Ecuador 
 and Colombia, cites the example of one property which 
 was worked extensively with numerous slaves for over 
 one hundred vears. A careful examination and meas- 
 urement of the work accomplished shows that half a 
 dozen 4-inch "giants" would do as much in one year's 
 time. No such results could be accomplished by the 
 Spaniards with their tiny reservoirs, which, when filled 
 with rain water, were turned loose to wash the gravel 
 down a rock sluice.^ During the canvass of 1903 there 
 was found in Arizona a placer field of 7,000 acres, 
 divided into numerous claims, worked by Mexicans, 
 where not only was all work done by hand, but even the 
 water was packed or hauled from a distance of 6 or 8 
 miles. 
 
 The beginning of gold mining in the United States 
 dates back to the first quarter of the nineteenth century, 
 when some placer mining was done in North Carolina 
 and Georgia. The settlers worked at odd moments 
 singly or in small gangs, giving to mining such time as 
 they could spare from other occupations. The work- 
 ings were largely executed by slave labor and were con- 
 fined chieflj' to surface mining. 
 
 The gold pan, the long tom, the rocker, and the pick 
 and shovel constituted the miner's outfit. These sim- 
 ple methods still survive wherever placers are worked 
 bj' miners with pi-acticallj^ no capital and without hired 
 labor. It may be fairly estimated that most of the 
 placer gold mined in the Western states and Alaska is 
 produced in this time honored fashion. The following 
 extract, descriptive of placer mining as it was con- 
 ducted in Alaska as late as 1900, is quoted from an 
 official report:'' 
 
 'Report of the Director of the Mint on the Production of the 
 Precious Metals, 1 894, pages 226 to 229. 
 ^Ibid., 1900, page 62. 
 
 The mining on the beach is the simplest operation possible, a 
 rocker being all that is required in addition to a shovel and a pick 
 and a good, strong back. The dirt is shoveled up and thrown 
 onto a coarse screen, which removes the larger stones and trash, 
 the latter derived from the driftwood, etc., from the sea. The 
 fine dirt passes over a series of riffles, which are small obstructions, 
 and is finally washed off, leaving the heavy gold. In some cases 
 the tailings pass over a small piece of carpet or burlap, in other 
 cases an amalgamated silver plate is used; but in each case the 
 object is the same, viz, to catch the fine gold. The heavy particles 
 of gold are caught in the rifiles, while the fine either amalgamates 
 or is retained by the carpet, while the lighter material or tailings 
 is washed away. 
 
 Soon after the discovery of gold in California, how- 
 ever, the inventive genius of the American miner de- 
 vised a simple but efl'ective way of working placer 
 mines. The first hydraulic apparatus for working 
 placer mines was introduced in the spring of 1852 by a 
 miner, whose name is not remembered, at his claim at 
 Yankee Jim, Placer county, California. 
 
 This machine was very simple. From a small ditch on the hill- 
 side a flume was built toward the ravine, where the mine was 
 o]iened. The flume gained height above the ground as the ravine 
 was approached, until finally a "head," or vertical height, of 40 
 feet was reached. At this point the water was discharged into a 
 barrel, from the bottom of which depended a hose, about 6 inches 
 in diameter, made of common cowhide, and ending in a tin tube 
 about 4 feet long, the latter tapering down to a final opening or 
 nozzle of 1 inch. This was the first hydraulic apparatus in Cali- 
 fornia, simple in design, dwarfish in size, yet destined to grow out 
 of its insignificance into a giant powerful enough to move moun- 
 tains from their foundations. The news spread among the miners, 
 the wonderful practicability of the new invention was at once ac- 
 knowledged, and, wherever circumstances permitted, a "hydrau- 
 lic," the name adopted for the novel apparatus, was rigged. ' 
 
 The original idea was much improved upon iu the 
 course of time, and the hydraulic method proved a 
 great labor saver, as compared with the primitive pan, 
 rocker, and sluice. The decline of hj'draulic mining 
 within the last twenty j'ears is the outcome of a long 
 conflict between the farming and mining interests in 
 California, which has resulted in the debris legislation 
 for the protection of navigable rivers and farming 
 lands. Hydraulic mining requires great space for 
 dumping the masses of earth which are removed from 
 their original position. Formerly, after a bank had 
 been broken up and the gold washed out, the easiest 
 way to get rid of the " tailings" was to discharge them 
 into the nearest stream. With the extension of hydrau- 
 lic mining the rivers were soon overfilled with debris, 
 which settled in their beds and was deposited all along 
 their course, causing considerable damage to abutting 
 farm lands. An act of Congress was passed in 1893 
 which requires debris or tailings of all mines operating 
 in the drainage basins of the Sacramento and San Joa- 
 quin rivers to be impounded behind dams or other re- 
 straining works. This restricts the output, as not 
 nearly as much gravel can be washed in a given time 
 with a given quantity of water as when the deljris 
 
 'Tenth Census, Vol. XIII, Report on Precious Metals, page 187. 
 
GOLD AND SILVER. 
 
 passed awaj^ and took care of itself without having' to 
 be impounded. 
 
 When the first surface diggings were exhausted, 
 attention was turned to deep l3'ing auriferous gravels 
 which are overlaid by a capping of volcanic rock or by 
 a deep stratum of barren gravel. These mines arc 
 worked by drifting. 
 
 The "drifting" process consists in running long tunnels viniler 
 the lava-capped divides and tapping the ancient river channels, 
 receiving only the lower and richer stratum of gravel and then 
 "washing it, or, if cemented, crushing it under light stamps. In 
 some places shafts 70 or 80 feet deep are sunk, and the lower 
 gravel near bed rock is breasted out, hoisted, and washed. The 
 larger drift mines are usually opened by tunnels.' 
 
 A cjuarter of a century ago the gravel was shoveled 
 into hand cars and wheeled out to the mouth of the 
 tunnel." Since that time the larger drift mines in fol- 
 lowing the gravel channel haA^e continued to extend 
 their tunnels until they are miles in length. 
 
 To-day the gravel is removed by trains of cars operated by com- 
 pressed air or electricity, the power being generated by the water 
 flowing from the tunnels. The tunnels and drifts are lighted by 
 electricity. A material saving in cost is made by the use of these 
 compressed air or electric power plants. The loaded cars run out 
 on the grade, and the power is used for hauling them back to the 
 breasts at or near the foot of the tunnel. The natural drainage 
 of the mines furnishes the power for haulage, lighting, and 
 ventilating.' 
 
 The latest invention, one which promises to revolu- 
 tionize the conditions of placer mining, is the dredge. It 
 originated in New Zealand toward the end of the eighties, 
 and after a few years' successful operation in that coun- 
 try was introduced in the United States and is fast 
 gaining ground here. The great advantage of the 
 dredge is that it is not dependent upon a large supply 
 of water, but may be operated miles away from any 
 stream, in the midst of orchard lands. No ditches or 
 reservoirs are necessary, nor need there be a gi-ade or 
 fall for duDip. Ground which has lacked suitable fall 
 or water supply may now be mined b}' means of dredges. 
 The working of these machines is thus described b}' 
 Mr. Charles G. Yale in a report to the Director of the 
 Mint on gold mining in California: 
 
 A pit or hole is dug at any likely point, in which is built or 
 launched a hull or scow, on which the dredging machinery is 
 placed. The ordinary surface water soon floats the dredge, which 
 then commences operations. The great endless-chain buckets 
 elevate the gravel and earth, which pass through "grizzlies" to 
 separate the rocks and stones and earth. The rocks are carried by 
 elevating apparatus far to the rear of the dredge, while the aurif- 
 erous material passes through the gold-saving appliances, and the 
 tailings or refuse pass out over the stream. The dredge keeps cut- 
 ting a new basin for itself to float in as it digs away the bank ahead 
 of it. Of course, the orchard soon disappears under this system, 
 but the underlying gold in the gravel is worth far more than the 
 trees and their product.* 
 
 ' Report of the Director of the Mint on the Production of the 
 Precious Metals, 1901, pages 90, 91. 
 
 '' Tenth Census, Vol. XIII, Report on Precious Metals, page 203. 
 
 ' Report of the Director of the Mint on the Production of the 
 Precious Metals, 1901, page 91. 
 
 *Ibid., 1899, page 87. 
 
 The drawing on Plate I shows a California gold dredge 
 which is driven by electric power and raises 150 cubic 
 }'ards per hour from a deptli of 30 feet below water 
 level. The cost of such a machine is from 150,000 to 
 175,000, which places it beyond the reach of the small 
 placer miner. Large tracts of auriferous ground here- 
 tofore lying idle have been bought up to be operated 
 by dredging.'' 
 
 Beep mines (See Plates II and III).— Quartz or deep 
 mining developed naturally from alluvial or placer min- 
 ing. When the deposits in the beds of the streams or 
 higher up the flanks of the hill were exhausted , the miners 
 followed the lines of the mineral yielding gold and tinallj' 
 came to the mother veins. The beginning of quartz min- 
 ing also belongs to the Spanish and Portuguese period in 
 the history of this continent. At first the method was 
 merely an adaptation of the processes of alluvial mining. 
 The gold deposit Avas laid bare bj- an open cut and 
 worked as nearlj^ as possible like a placer mine. The 
 following description of one of these open mines is 
 quoted from an account of a visit made hy Mr. Daw- 
 son, secretarj' of the United States legation at Brazil, 
 to the gold mining region of the state of Minas Geraes: 
 
 In Brazil these (the veins) are often of friable material, which can 
 easily be pulverized with the aid of running water, and the 
 country rock on either side of the vein is also frequently of the 
 same character. Where such veins were found, we encountered 
 the ancient open mines that are so characteristic of Brazilian gold 
 mining. It is evident that the old miners knew nothing of the 
 underground mining, and, except in rare instances, their excava- 
 tions are open to the top. These great gullies were made with the 
 assistance of running water brought from considerable distances 
 in canals carried along a high level of the mountain flank. The 
 water was conducted to the point where the lower outcrop of the 
 vein began, and as it flowed, with the aid of a pick and shovel, 
 the ore and surrounding material were cut away. This process was 
 continued backward up the hill until the gully became so deep 
 that the debris was unmanageable. The extent of some of these 
 excavations is enormous. One at Sao Joao da Chapada, a few 
 miles south of Diamautina, is 150 feet deep, 1,000 feet wide, and 
 2,000 feet long. 
 
 The mass of material washed down was concentrated in the 
 rudest conceivable manner. Even the use of the sluice was not 
 understood, and in its jjlace the gravel was given its first wash in 
 a "canoa." This is merely a level section of the canal in which 
 the gravel and dt'bris is carried down. The water is allowed to 
 fall into this level space over a lip a few inches high, and a work- 
 man stirs with a sort of rake the gravel at that point. Below the 
 "canoa" there is an inclined plane covered with hides laid with 
 the hair up in order to catch the gold that does not sink to the bot- 
 tom. In addition to the loss of gold inevitable with such a system 
 of washing, the miners labored under the disadvantage of being 
 liable to lose their vein by the falling in of the side rock. And 
 not only did they lose the clue, but it is lost forever. Many of 
 these old mines are undoubtedly still rich, but the veins are so 
 covered up by the d(5bris that their outcrops can not be found and 
 traced. An interesting feature of the larger hillside mines are the 
 ' ' mondeas, ' ' rectangular masonry reservoirs, 50 to 80 feet square and 
 10 to 20 feet deep, made to catch and hold material washed down 
 by the canal until it could be conveniently worked. They were 
 necessary where the amount of water was large. In the few- 
 instances where the old miners exploited veins for which no 
 
 ^ Report of the Director of the Mint on the Production of the 
 Precious Metals, 1901, pages 91 and 92. 
 
574 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 water was available, they simply dug a hole, open to the sky, 
 carrying out the mineral and earth upon the heads of slaves.' 
 
 Another writer says of their methods of quartz 
 mining- 
 Quartz mines were only touched where they were found 
 extremely rich, or in a state of decomposition that rendered them 
 easily worked. Explosives were too expensive and difficult to 
 iibtain. The mode of working hard quartz was to heat it with 
 fires and then pour cold water upon it, crack it, pry out the pieces, 
 powder it up by hand, and then wash it.^ 
 
 Gold mining in tliis primitive fashion was possible 
 onl}' with cheap slave labor. "Not the slightest im- 
 provement or advance was made as the years went by," 
 says another observer. "The ruins of an abandoned 
 working in Minas Geraes resemble exactly those of 
 the Old World — in Spain, for example, which was to 
 Rome and Carthage what California is to us to-day."' 
 The same is true of the silver mines of Peru and 
 Bolivia. " Until a short time ago all ores and all the 
 water had to be carried from the mines on the backs of 
 the workmen in leather bags."* 
 
 It goes without saj-ing that the absence of mechan- 
 ical apparatus for hoisting and pumping did not permit 
 of vein mining except at ver}' shallow depths. 
 
 In the United States the pioneer state in vein mining 
 was Georgia, where a few deep mines were operated in 
 the first half of the nineteenth century. The first min- 
 ers naturally followed the methods which were in vogue 
 in the Latin- American countries, whose experience ex- 
 tended over nearlj' three centuries. It is learned from 
 a recent description that as late as the close of the 
 nineteenth century a specimen of an open mine not 
 very different from its Brazilian prototype was in 
 actual operation in Georgia. 
 
 Where saprolite deposits are beina worked by open out, pipe 
 lines are run from the water supply to the reservoirs or to hy- 
 draulic giants in the cuts. While the reservoir is being filled from 
 the puniphou.se, men are set to work in the open cut, with picks, 
 to dig out the soft auriferous saprolite, and to Vireak up any large 
 masses of quartz that may be encountered, leaving the material 
 where the waters will have free access to it. One of their number 
 then goes up to the reservoir and opens the gate, when the water 
 pours out in torrents down over the loosened saprolite, mixing 
 with it till it forms a thick, slimy mud of the consistency of fresh 
 mortar. This is gradually thinned down by the rushing waters, 
 and is carried, with the angular blocks of quartz and harder sap- 
 rolite, through the flume to the mill. The water, heavily charged 
 with solid matter, rushes down the flume, through the sluices, ami 
 into the ore bin in the mill, where it deposits the coarser material, 
 such as sand and blocks of saprolite and quartz, while the muddy 
 water, containing a large part of the gold, passes through the racks, 
 out of the mill, and into the nearest stream. The material which 
 has Ijeen left in the ore bin is fed, by hand, into the stamp mill, 
 and the gold is caught on the amalgamated copper plates, which 
 vary in length from 4 to 12 feet. Short riffle boxes, containing 
 mercury, are placed in connection with these plates, at their lower 
 
 ' Report of the Director of the Mint on the Production of the 
 Precious Metals, 1898, page 180. 
 ^Ibid., 1894, page 211. 
 'Ibid., 1901, pages 2.5.3, 2.54. 
 'Ibid., 1894, page .52. 
 
 end, to catch such of the gold as may pass, with the tailings, over 
 the plates; though it is known to be true that gold coated by lumo- 
 nite ("rusty gold") will not amalgamate, and such of it as is not 
 caught by the riffles must be lost. 
 
 One can not repress astonishment that so wasteful a system could 
 have been in use for so long a time, especially as the ores are, for 
 the most part, of low grade, though it is argued in its favor that 
 this method of mining the saprolites carries with it the minimum 
 of expense. While some of the gold, liberated by the disintegra- 
 tion of the auriferous saprolite by the waters, is caught upi by the 
 riffles in the sluices, and some finds lodgment in the ore pile in 
 the mill house, still it is said, and is currently believed, that from 
 2.5 to 50 per cent of it is lost, being held by the solid matter in the 
 swiftly running waters, eventually passing through the racks of the 
 ore bin and out of the mill house before it is deposited. I am 
 reliably informed that gold passing through the Preacher mill in 
 this way is found all along the bed of the Tanyard branch, from the 
 mill to the creek, a distance of 1 mile.' 
 
 In the early days of quartz mining in the United 
 States the veins were worked to shallow depths only. 
 In New Mexico about fort}^' years ago powder was 
 practically unknown in mining, and the veins could not 
 be worked for more than 50 feet in depth." Water was 
 another source of trouble. Mines were operated b_v men 
 of small means, capital was scarce, hand pumps only 
 could be afforded, and when the column of water in the 
 pump became too heavy to be lifted by hand, shafts 
 with a good average grade of ore had to be abandoned. 
 A recent example of this character is cited in the Report 
 of the Geological Survey of Georgia, where but a few 
 years ago a mine was abandoned upon reaching the 
 depth of 300 feet, 30 feet below water level, because 
 the operators had to lift with a hand pump an 80-foot 
 column of water in order to keep the shaft free. 
 At the time work ceased the ore was yielding $'2.5 per 
 ton.' The progress in the course of the last half cen- 
 tur}^ consisted in the introduction of more powerful 
 hoisting and pumping machinery, in the invention of 
 power drills and moi-e effective explosives, in the con- 
 struction of extensive tunnels for draining the mines, 
 and lately in the application of electric power. 
 
 The evolution of mining methods and machinery is 
 best exemplitied 1:>y the history of tlie famous Comstock 
 lode in Nevada. The greatest deptli reached after 
 more than twenty years of operation was 3,300 feet. 
 In 1886 work in the lower levels had to be abandoned 
 because of the overpowering flow of water. An in- 
 structive description of the powerful pumping plants 
 which were in use at that time is given by Mr. R. K. 
 Colcord, assayer of the United States Mint at Carson 
 City, Nevada: * 
 
 The pump of the Union shaft works at the north end of the lode. 
 Still there was what is generally known as a direct-acting double 
 line of Cornish pumps with 10-foot stroke, driven by a compound 
 
 ^^A Preliminary Report on a Part of the Gold Deposits in Georgia, 
 by W. 8. Yeates, state geologist, pages .315 to 317. 
 
 "Report of the Director of the Mint on the Production of the 
 Precious Metals, 1885, page 168. 
 
 ' Geological Survey of Georgia, page 353. 
 
 "Report of the Director ofthe Mint on the Production of the 
 Precious Metals, 1901, pages 162 to 166. 
 
PLATE II.— VEIN IN 1,200-FOOT LEVEL, DALY-JUDGE MINE, PARK CITY, UTAH. 
 
 PLATE III.— STOPE, WEST DRIFT, 2,000 FEET FROM LINE, ANCHOR MINE, NEAR PARK CITY, UTAH. 
 
GOLD AND SILVER 
 
 575 
 
 entwine within inclined cylinders and inverted walking beam. 
 The initial cylinder is 64 inches in diameter, with 6 foot 9 inch 
 stroke, and the low-pressure cylinder is 100 inches in diameter, 
 with 8 foot 6 inch stroke. The flywheel is 36. feet in diameter 
 and weighs 208,700 pounds. The wrought-iron walking beam is 
 22 feet long and weighs 238,610 pounds. 
 
 The pump rod is 18 by 18 inch Oregon pine, 2,618 feet in length, 
 and its total weight in motion was 1,620,500 pounds; capacity about 
 750 gallons per minute to a height of 1,180 feet. This pump was 
 started in 1880 and did good work, but was very expensive in its 
 operation. The wdiole plant complete cost over $1,000,000. 
 
 The Yellow Jacket mine, Gold Hill, had a double line of 14-inch 
 pumps with 10-foot stroke, driven by a horizontal compound 
 engine with double box castings, 64 feet long for the bedplate. 
 The initial cylinder was 31 inches in diameter, with 12-foot stroke, 
 and the low pressure 62 inches in diameter, with 12-foot stroke. The 
 pump rod was 3,055 feet long and weighs, when in motion, 1,510,400 
 pounds. Its greatest capacity was raising 750 gallons of water 
 1, 516 feet per minute. 
 
 The pumps of the combination shaft of the Choliar-Noroross- 
 Savage mining companies, 3,200 feet deep, consisted of a 14-inch 
 Cornish pump and a hydraulic pumping plant, the first on the 
 Comstock. This was operated by waterpower furnished by the 
 Virginia and Gold Hill Water Company and discharged into the 
 Sutro Tunnel. About the time deepest mining was discontinued 
 and the mines allowed to fill and become permanently submerged, 
 which was in October, 1886, this hydraulic system was lifting 
 2,138 gallons per minute a distance of 1,620 feet to the tunnel level. 
 The total cost of this pumping arrangement was over $1,000,000. 
 
 At the date mentioned that hydraulic pump had all the water it 
 could possibly handle. The Hale and Norcross 3,200-foot level 
 had come to a connection with the combination shaft, also the 
 Savage and the Chollar, was drifting south from the shaft on the 
 same level. But the Chollar, drifting toward the already sul> 
 merged mines of Gold Hill, encountered a constant increase of 
 water — more than the hydraulic pump could manage. The water 
 gained upon the shaftmen, and the result was that as no increase 
 of pump power was feasible all had to submit to the inevitable and 
 allow the hot water to have full submerging sway henceforth. 
 
 Recent improvements in electrical engineering and 
 reduction processes have led to the resumption of min- 
 ing on the levels which had been submerged for many 
 years. Saj's Mr. Colcord: 
 
 The ponderous and powerful hoisting and pumping steam 
 machinery plants of the chief mining companies, originally costing 
 5)500,000, $750,000, or more apiece, have become dismantled, and 
 electric, up-to-date machinery of greater power and efficiency is 
 being substituted and installed in their place at comparatively a 
 mere trifle of their original cost. For instance, the electric-hoist plant 
 of the Union Consolidated mine cost only about $10,000; Yellow 
 Jacket and Belcher, $12,000 each; and that at the C and C shaft of 
 the Consolidated California and Virginia, the most productive 
 mine of the lode, $16,000. The cost of power furnished, as per con- 
 tract with the Truckee Kiver General Electric Company, is $7 per 
 horsepower, based upon a continuous service and a two-minute 
 peak load. In cases of such continuous service this shows an actual 
 saving of 66 per cent. That is, the former rate for steam power 
 was never less than $21 per horsepower. 
 
 Technical progress has been facilitated by modern 
 methods of business organization. The pumping asso- 
 ciation formed for the purpose of pumping the water 
 from the mines of the Leadville basin may be cited by 
 way of illustration. 
 
 This association includes nearly all the leasing companies, as well 
 as the owners of territory embraced in the Leadville basin. All 
 
 mines operating within the association territory bear the cost of 
 pumping in proportion to their output, based on net smelter re- 
 turns less cost of hauling. By means of counters on these piurnjjs 
 the amount pumped is computed in gallons and cliarged to the as.so- 
 ciation at the rate of 10 cents per 1,000 gallons. Those mines which 
 pump are credited with the amount of water they have raised. 
 Taking the entire district, investigation shows that the flow of 
 water which must be handled is not less than 15,000,000 gallons a 
 day. Comparing this amount of water with the average daily ton- 
 nage of the district for the past year, we find that 28.6 tons of water 
 are raised for every ton of ore raised. Careful estimates of the cost 
 of pumping have been compiled and show that it costs 4 cents to 
 pump each ton of water to the surface. Hence, the cost of pump- 
 ing referred to the ore makes a charge of $1.14 per ton extracted.' 
 
 Reduction of ores. — The extraction of the metals 
 from the ore was in the early period not differentiated 
 from mining. The most natural method which sug- 
 gested itself to the human mind for dealing with the 
 gold bearing rock was to reduce it to the same state in 
 which the alluvial gold deposits were found and to sepa- 
 rate the disseminated particles of gold from the pulver- 
 ized mass bj^ the familiar method of washing. These 
 primitive methods are still practiced in the uplands of 
 Mexico. Mr. Robert Hill, an American engineer, who 
 examined some of the auriferous deposits in the state of 
 Sonora, thus relates his observations in a village some 
 60 miles distant from a railroad station: 
 
 From the adjacent hills the quartz ore was brought in sacks on 
 burros. This was placed upon a flat stone and pulverized with 
 large round bowlders by small boys, this being apparently the first 
 progenitor of the modern stamp mill. The pulverized material 
 was then placed in a primitive arrastra, ground for thirty days by 
 a perambulating burro, and amalgamated. This industry, so the 
 urbane proprietor informed me, had been carried on by himself 
 and ancestors for many generations, and from the ruins of the 
 arrastras in the neighborhood and local tradition there is little 
 doubt that gold has been mined here in a primitive fashion since 
 the first invasion of Sonora by the Spaniards, in 1530, and probably 
 prior to that time by the people who previously inhabited it. From 
 this place onward we found the country inhabitetl entirely by the 
 peasant class, whose only means of livelihood was to proceed to 
 the hills when in need and procure a little gold with which to 
 purchase the commodities of life.^ 
 
 -Amalgamation was the most imiwrtant discovery 
 inherited by the American miner from his predecessors. 
 Survivals of the most primitive methods of reduction 
 were recorded by the jDresent census of mines and 
 quarries. In a few cases the ore was crushed in ordi- 
 nary mortars. At one mine in Mar3dand the ore, after 
 being crushed in a mortar, was smelted in the neighbor- 
 ing blacksmith shop. 
 
 A type of mill generally used in the West in the 
 early days of cjuartz mining was the Mexican arrastra. 
 As late as 1880 arrastras .still outnumbered the stamp 
 mills. ^ 
 
 The arrastra in its simplest form consists of a circular bed of rock 
 from 6 to 10 feet in diameter, with walls of vertical planks, having 
 
 ' Report of the Director of the Mint on the Production of the 
 Precious Metals, 1900, page 118. 
 
 * The Engineering and Mining Journal, June 25, 1902. 
 
 'Tenth Census, Vol. XIII, Report on Precious Metals pages 
 282, 283. 
 
576 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 an upright pivoted post in tiie center, from which extend 2 or 4 
 horizontal arms. Stone drags, weighing usually from 200 to 1,000 
 pounds each, are attached by ropes or chains to the extremities of 
 the arms, and are slowly drawn around by the rotation of the latter. 
 The depth is usually between 18 and 30 inches. The pavement 
 and drags are of the hardest rock conveniently obtainable. * * * 
 One man per shift can take care of two arrastras. Some waterpower 
 arrastras working on tailings are so arranged that the only attend- 
 ance needed is in feeding and discharging them, so that practically 
 the labor required is less than the constant work of one man. Con- 
 tinuous arrastras receive no attention other than that demanded 
 tor repairs. The smaller arrastras are worked by a single mule or 
 horse. When waterpower is obtainable, a small overshot hurdy- 
 gurdy, or turbine wheel, is employed.' 
 
 The capacitj' of an arrastra does not exceed 4 tons 
 per day of twenty-four hours, and usualh^ varies from 
 1 to 2 tons. A crude arrastra operated by mule power 
 can l)e built for $150, which places it within the means 
 of miners with but small capital. The owner often does 
 all the work. 
 
 Wooden stamp mills of a very crude type were also 
 known to the Spanish-American miners. A quaint 
 specimen of a homemade stamp mill, fairly represent- 
 ative of its Spanish prototype, was seen at work a few 
 years ago in Georgia. The mine and the mill were 
 worked a few months in the year b_v the owner, with 
 the aid of his aged mother. 
 
 The son packed selected ore in a bag on his bark to a rude 
 mill a quarter of a mile from the shafts and emptied it into a nail 
 keg. The mother fed the mill with a shingle. Working thus 
 from sunrise to sunset they eked out a living, never making less 
 than $1 a day apiece. The stamp mill has been accepted by all who 
 have seen it as the lirst of its kind. A lO-fout overshot water 
 wheel, with axis elongated at one side, set in propped posts, con- 
 stitutes the motor. Three spindles, roughly hewn, are shod with 
 radially arranged and overlapping liands of iron ( pieces of a wheel 
 tire) bound by a ring. These are the stamps. The mortar con- 
 sists of the remnant of the shoe material. Flat iron plugs, bent at 
 the end, are so arranged in the axia that when it revolves these 
 plugs catch, lift, and drop each notched spindle at different inter- 
 vals. The screen of the mortar chamber is a piece of iron stove- 
 pipe rolled out and punctured with nail holes. A comljination 
 sluice box does the rest. - 
 
 This mill was imitated b}' other miners in the same 
 and neighboring counties. The cost of construction of 
 a iirst-class mill of this type did not exceed $1(>(). 
 From the wooden mill, by gradual improxement, the 
 present iron stamp mill, with steel shoes and mortars, 
 was developed. The modern stamp milling process is 
 described as follows: 
 
 Gold stamp milling is that [larticular jirocess in which a heavy 
 cylindrical body is made to fall upon the ore in such a manner as 
 to crush it, and therehiy facilitate a separation between the gold 
 and the valueless minerals by winch the gold is incased. The 
 latter weigh less than the former, and are removed Ijy the aid of 
 water. The gold is then collected through the agency of mercurj-, 
 with which it readily forms an alloy or amalgam. From this 
 combination it is finally extracted by the distillation or retorting 
 of the mercury. The mechanism of the stamp acts on principles 
 similar to tho.se underlying the crudest devices used by njan. It 
 may be likened to a hammer, of which the shoe is the liamnjer 
 
 'Tenth Census, Vol. XTIJ, Kcport on Precious Metals, pages 
 282, 283. 
 
 'A Prcliiiiinary Report. Ml a Part of I lie (If, Id I)(. posits of (icort;ia, 
 pages fjs, til). 
 
 head, the stamp stem is the handle, and the die is the anvil. Thi 
 ore itself has been compared to a nut struck by a hammer, \vhos( 
 blow has separated the valueless shell (the quartz) from the val 
 uable kernel (the gold'). Water covers the die and the ore lyinj 
 upon it. The blow of the falling stamp not only crushes the ore 
 but also causes a violent pulsation of the w^ater. That pulsatioi 
 becomes converted into an irregular splash against the sides of th. 
 mortar. The latter has an opening in front, through which th( 
 water is discharged, carrying with it the crushed ore. This 
 called the "pulp," spreads itself over tables placed on an incline 
 which are lined with a metal, usually copper, having an amalga 
 mated surface, such as will arrest the particles of gold and at th( 
 same time permit the grains of quartz and other valueless materia 
 to pass over it and out of the mill.' 
 
 With the further progress of gold mining a point wa.' 
 reached where the stamp mill was found inadequate. 
 After the gold bearing veins had been worked to a cer 
 tain depth, usually a few hundred feet below the sur 
 face, the gold would cease to be "free milling" and, 
 because of the lack of those changes which are due tc 
 the penetration of water from the surface, would be 
 come ''refractory," that is, locked up in union witt 
 iron pyrite and other materials, so that it would nol 
 amalgamate with quicksilver.* Man}' mines wen 
 abandoned when the free milling ores gave out. Ir 
 Gilpin county, Colo., this condition was met with ver} 
 early in its mining history, at levels varying from 10( 
 to 200 feet. 
 
 The mills which had previously been extracting from 60 pei 
 cent to 70 per cent of the gold contents gradually commenced ti: 
 return only 50 per cent, 40 per cent, and then 30 jier cent. Nont 
 but the richest ore would now pay; the mills swallowed up two- 
 thirds of the yield which should have rewarded the miner's toil 
 some of the mines were forced to shut down, while others had t( 
 confine their development to the narrower, richer portions of tht 
 lodes. * * * ^\t this juncture a .small smelting establishment 
 was erected in the district, and the metallurgist came to the rescue 
 of the baflieil niillman.'' 
 
 The problem was not fully solved, however, until the 
 eighties, when the process of concentration was intro- 
 duced. Only rich ores could bear the expense oi 
 siiipment to distant smelters. As a result, low-grade 
 refractory ores which could not be treated by amalga- 
 mation were thrown away. The new process of concen- 
 tration, which reduced the voliune of ore to be shipped 
 and treated, was tantamount to a discovery of new gold 
 mines. 
 
 An illustration of a modern stamp mill, equipped 
 witli a concentrator, is shown on Plate I\'. 
 
 The following description of this process is condensed 
 from the report of the Colorado bureau of mines: 
 
 The system of ore dressing known as concentrutiou is one of the 
 most important of all processes applied to tlie treatment of ores 
 carrying low values in gold, silver, lead, and coppt.)-. There ii- 
 probably no other line of ore dressing so uiii\|.,. sally used. Not- 
 with.standing the new devices introducc.l, all aix- in li„e with tlu 
 early and original designs, differmg only 
 tion.if principles involved. The theory 
 
 II t lie manner of applica- 
 
 'f ''"iiciMitratinn is based 
 
 » .Stamp Milling of Gold Ores, by T. A l;i. kai-,\, pages 1 o 
 ^Report of the Director of the Mint, llioi: "Tlu. Fntrnv";',- , 
 
 (iolil Siipplv," by N. S. Shaler <if Harvard University, iro„, 
 
 International Monthly, Njivember, 190 
 ■iStamp Milling of (iold Ores, pages 12 and 14. 
 
 he 
 he 
 
GOLD AND SU.VEli. 
 
 ijV / 
 
 "'"'" till' v;iri;il:iU. Hpecific gravity i>f the differfiit minerals, lis 
 'M'l'li''ali,,ii is t,, separate tlie various metals, eolleet those haxini.' 
 ^''''"''' '""1 ivj,.et the remaiml.'r. A hir-e |,ni|.ortinn nf llic r,,ii- 
 ''''_"' '■■•t>'-^ iiKirketed are (leru'ed from the slamp-mill l;iiliii-s. 
 "■" file xaliie in tailings is in form of |i\ rilo, i-lialr(i|.yrile, 
 ',""' !^-ili'na, Nvith gold ami silver associated, tlii' ore passes dirrcl 
 '''"'" *lie |, laics to different jiatterns of oseillating, or liumpinj:, 
 oioles, and III,, separation made. "W'lu're the base minerals ocrnr 
 m eoniparalividy large crystals the stamp l.altci^y is often i>receded 
 hy crnslicr, rolls, sizing screens, and liartz jigs, the jigs yielding a 
 coarse concentrate, and the tailings from jigs l)eing recrushed in 
 battery ,,\vr the i.lates and tahles. ' 
 
 Die ]M-c>hloiii of an ocoiioiiiical process for the trcat- 
 inent of h)\v-o'raile ores for iiiaii}' years tempted the 
 inveuti\<^ spirit of ininiiig- men. Many i)rocesses were 
 deviled only to lie fcjeeted by experience. The "proc 
 ess man" hecanu^ the o))ject of cheap ridicule even in 
 otiicial publications. It was, liov\-ever, owing to th(> 
 efl'orts of one of the multitude of these "process men" 
 that the cyaniding- process was invented, which gave to 
 the world the wealth of South African gold. At first 
 the new process was met with distrust 1.)y practical 
 mining men, but it.s demon.strated success overcame the 
 doubts of the skeptics. Immense dumps of low-grade 
 ore and tailings which had been accumulating since the 
 beginning of mining oi)erations were taken up and 
 reduced liy the new 2:)rocess. 
 
 It is estimated by Professor Munroe that in 11M»2 gold 
 to the value of S^,s.()()(l,()()0 was produced liy the I'yanid- 
 ing process in the United States. This represents an 
 addition of 13 per cent to the productivity of deep 
 gold mines. 
 
 Improvement in the processes of extracting the 
 metals from the ore is a potent factor in the develop- 
 ment of mining. By th(> old amalgamation process not 
 more than 7t> per cent, and usually not more than tin 
 per cent, of the gold contents of the ore was saved. 
 With the aid of modern processes more than HO per 
 cent of the assay contents can be recovered. 
 
 General {vditsfrioJ condlt'ionn. — The develojjment of 
 the railway system with consetpient reduction in freight 
 rates has greatly stimtdated the growth of gold and sil- 
 ver mining. When mining operations hrst commenced 
 in Arizona, some mines were 3t)(i miles away from the 
 nearest railroad, and machinery and supplies were 
 brought in Ity nuile team.s." Twenty years ago no 
 mine could be worked there which produced ore worth 
 less than itflSD per ton.' In .some mining districts of 
 Colorado, as late as fifteen years ago, before they were 
 reached by railways, all ores were .subject to freight 
 charges, varying from $.50 to $100 per ton. These con- 
 ditions are now largely a thing of the past. To-day, 
 all inip<ii'tant mining camps are crossed by spurs and 
 switelios connecting the principal mines with th(> main 
 railway line. This means a .saving of many dollars per 
 ton on iill ores .shipped, besides a saving on coal and 
 other mice supplies. The decrease of the average value 
 
 1 Report of the State Bureau of Mines of Colorado, 1,S97, paees 
 1-4 and Ic'"!- 
 ': Report of the Director of the Mint on the Production of the 
 
 p, ions Jfetals, 1901, page 72. 
 
 ■"^Vibid., 1884, page 56. 
 
 30223—04 37 
 
 "I 'I '■'' l"'r ton has been noted on a preceding page. 
 
 Ill the lighted' present statistics tlic following (piotation 
 Iroiii a repori piililished twenty years ago on silver 
 mining in ( 'alifoi-iiia is instructive: 
 
 <lnl\dri-s w.irlli finni ,s|oi) |,, sl'IIO arc sent to mills. Uiclier 
 cs ai'c sold in San brancisi'o or elsewhere, while the low-grade 
 I's ari' dnnijH'd. J lumps are covered wit li a large (]uaiitity of ore, 
 l>nrlion of which is low grade, a\eraging from S40 to 
 
 the grcati 
 ijilill to Ihe ton 
 
 Sih'ei- oi'es averaging from S4n to iStid to the ton are 
 to-day consiilered exceptionally rich. 
 
 The (lecliiie in the average grade of ore mined and 
 treated must injf be mistaken for an indication of what 
 the economist.s call " diminishing returns." The dmnp- 
 ing of a portion of the ore after it has been raised f ron] 
 the mine increases the average cost of mining j^er ton 
 of ore treated. Since it has become possible to treat 
 low-grade ores wdiich formerly had to be thrown a'way, 
 the returns have increased in proportion to the expense 
 per ton of ore actually raised, there being no additional 
 cost of mining. Thus production has been cheapened. 
 
 The combined effect of all these advances in the jjroc- 
 esses of mining and reduction and in transportation has 
 been the reopening of ntany mines which were aban- 
 doned years ago when the supply of the very rich clioice 
 ores had been exhausted. Stiys Mr. Yale, who has for 
 many years been a close student of mining conditions in 
 California: 
 
 Along the motlier lode the best i^aying mines of to-day, and the 
 deepest, are those which had lain idle for many years, but were 
 intelligently reopened and propjerly ecjuipped with modern macliin- 
 ery. t'ajntalists seem to prefer to reopen a mine which had made 
 a record for bullion output in it.s early history rather than to take 
 the chances on opening and developing an entirely new prospect. 
 8e\eral of the most productive mine.s at the present day are tlrose 
 wliicli were aljandoned twenty or thirty years ago, at a depth of 400 
 or .^0^ feet, \\ hen it was thought there was nothing worth seelcing 
 for further ilown. On the reopening of these mines, however, 
 systematic deej) siniiing was carried on, since whicli time they 
 have been much more profitable than during their early career.'^ 
 
 The introduction of improved mtichinery and reduc- 
 tion methods calls for a large inA'cstment of capital. 
 The etfect of the technical progress has therefore been 
 the gradual displacement of the small operator work- 
 ing his mine without hired labor on the "■gridt-stake" 
 plan, and the concentration of gold and silver mining 
 under the management of large companies. The gen- 
 eral trend toward production on a large scale has already 
 been noted. The movement toward combination, how- 
 ever, has as yet not )-eached the gold and silver mines. 
 Sniall properties ha\'e here and there been combined 
 into hirger ones: still these small aggregations in no 
 wiiy diti'er from ordinary incorporated companies and 
 lack the magnitude which is characteristic of a modern 
 industriid condjination. In the reduction of ores, on 
 tlie other hand, combination has made considerable 
 progress. 
 
 ' Eejiort of the Director of the Mint on the Prochictioii of tfie 
 Precious Metals, 1884, page 542. 
 •''Ibid., IWIO, pages 82 and 83. 
 
578 
 
 MINES AND QUARIUES. 
 
 Tai!M.; OO.— detailed SUMMARY, 
 
 United StiUes. 
 
 Alabama. 
 
 )rL'm(.'li, 
 
 id i:itlKT mechaliirs- 
 
 Xumber ol mints 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Character of ownevsliip; 
 
 Individual 
 
 Firm 
 
 Incorporated company 
 
 Other fi;)rms 
 
 Salaried otiicials, clerks, etc: 
 
 Total number 
 
 Total salaries 
 
 General ofiicers — 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Superintendents, managers, 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Foremen below groum:l— 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Clerks- 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 "Wage-earners: 
 
 Aggregate average numher 
 
 Aggregate wages 
 
 Above ground- 
 Total average uundoer. . . . 
 
 Total wa,£,^es 
 
 Engineers, lircmen, at 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miners — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Boys under Ui >'car — 
 
 ' Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 All other wage-earners— 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Below ground — 
 
 Total average number 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Miners- 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miners' helpers- 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Boys under 16 years — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Average number of ^VMge-e!lrners at sjiecitied daily ra 
 Engineers— 
 
 SO.7.5 to S0.99 
 
 Sl.OU to 8l.:;-l 
 
 S1.25 to 81..)9 
 
 SI .50 to $1.74 
 
 81.75 to 81.99 
 
 82.00 to 82.24 
 
 S2..50 to 82.74 
 
 82.75 to 82.99 
 
 83.00 to 83.24 
 
 83.25 to 83.49 
 
 83.50 to 83.74 
 
 83.75 to 83.99 
 
 84.00 to 84.24 
 
 84.25 and over 
 
 Firemen — 
 
 80.76 to 80.99 
 
 81.00 to 81.21 
 
 81.50 to 81.74 
 
 81.75 to 81.99 
 
 82.00 to 82.24 
 
 $2.25 to 82.49 
 
 $2.50 to 82.74 
 
 82.75 to 82.99 
 
 $3.00 to $3.24 
 
 $3.25 to $3.49 
 
 $3.50 to 83.74 
 
 83.75 to $3.99 
 
 84.00 to $4.24 
 
 $4.25 and over 
 
 Machinists, blacksmiths, carpenters, ami other lU' 
 
 80.75 to $0.79 
 
 SI .00 to $1.24 
 
 $1.25 to 51.49 
 
 $1..50 to 81.74 
 
 $1.75 to $1.99 
 
 $2.00 to $2.24 
 
 $2.25 to $2,49 . 
 S2.,50 to $2.74. 
 $2.75 to $2.99 . 
 $3 00 to $3.24 . 
 $3.25 to $3.49. 
 $3..50 to $3.74 . 
 83,75 to $3,99. 
 $4.00 to 84.; 
 $4.25 and over . 
 
 2,992 
 2,992 
 
 ] , 079 
 32 
 
 :',. 4,S0 
 85, 0711, 773 
 
 8.SUI,.5.i5 
 
 24! 092 
 
 .S.'.U 
 $1,090,903 
 
 ICS 
 
 $4rii,ii;3 
 
 3i;,M2 
 S:-;i-.. 077, 492 
 
 11,204 
 8il,2;«, Cius 
 
 4,. 51 5 
 85,212,222 
 
 5, :M4 
 $5,002,040 
 
 21,93s 
 
 S2J,.s43,,s,s4 
 
 is,4i:i 
 81.S, 7:17,9.54 
 
 3,293 
 $3, 004,:-;:!4 
 
 3,220 
 $3, 099, 079 
 
 31 
 19 
 
 :»4 
 
 74 
 337 
 
 37 
 51.1 
 
 79 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 5 
 4 
 15 
 
 144 
 12.S 
 34 
 
 12 
 14 
 
 11 
 
 OK 
 
 20 
 135 
 
 74 
 471 
 109 
 661 
 
 00 
 737 
 22» 
 
 $0,710 
 
 81,000 
 
 4 
 
 85,150 
 
 California. 
 
 34 
 
 812, 1«2 
 
 12 j 
 84,S91) I 
 
 s 
 $3,990 
 
 109 
 8283, 033 
 
 $50, 075 
 
 «H 
 81.57,399 
 
 .3.5 
 849, 502 
 
 24 
 825, 397 
 
 1,442 
 81, 49s, 2,51 
 
 4.59 
 8.513,070 
 
 210 
 $2S5, 940 1 
 
 1 , 324 23 
 
 Si,oi3.:-;:;7 822,910 
 
 21 I I 
 
 $0,009 
 
 8900 
 
 $7,292 
 
 s 
 
 83, .540 
 81, .512 
 
 220 
 8204, 226 
 
 983 
 8985,175 
 
 630 
 $685,314 
 
 107 
 8111,906 
 
 .1. 
 
 $2,240 
 
 240 
 $187,925 
 
 1 , 020 
 1 , 020 
 
 401 
 
 24? 
 10 
 
 74S 
 $1 , 049, 840 
 
 80 
 $125, .568 
 
 418 
 86,59,123 
 
 1.59 
 8180,3.83 
 
 884,77; 
 
 7.989 
 ,101,003 
 
 2, 675 
 :, 410,549 
 
 980 
 81,018,277 
 
 .521 
 $395,939 
 
 4 
 $1,074 
 
 MM 
 95, 2.59 
 
 6,314 
 84,090,4.54 
 
 3, 796 
 83,495,2.59 
 
 1,013 
 $799,116 
 
 81,000 
 
 502 
 $395, 01 9 
 
 772 
 772 
 
 166 
 
 211 
 
 389 
 
 
 
 1,148 
 $1,687,518 
 
 148 
 82S0,002 
 
 .551 
 8891,2.57 
 
 275 
 
 $345, 608 
 
 174 
 
 $170,051 
 
 11,200 
 $11,726,123 
 
 3, 285 
 $3,. 5.56, 482 
 
 1,.565 
 $1,884,112 
 
 100 
 892,081 
 
 1 
 8580 
 
 1,019 
 
 81,579,709 
 
 7,915 
 88, 169, 641 
 
 0, 175 
 $6,340,911 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 1,013 
 $1,0.54,:W9 
 
 3 
 21 
 11 
 
 165 
 
 67 
 2 
 16 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 28 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 62 
 
 
 16 
 
 13 
 17 
 91 
 34 
 
 191 
 42 
 
 141 
 10 
 .58 
 IS 
 
 22 
 66 
 14 
 226 
 36 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 193 
 
 40 
 164 
 
 12 
 347 
 
 64 
 
 .59 
 $29, 508 
 
 1 
 
 $905 
 
 32 
 
 819, 122 
 
 19 
 
 $6, 708 
 
 334 
 
 $107,718 
 
 187 
 $56, 894 
 
 107 
 $30, 580 
 
 3 
 $390 
 
 30 
 
 $8, .522 
 
 147 
 8.50, 824 
 
 88 
 836, 4.54 
 
 42 
 811,2:i6 
 
 17 
 $4,1:34 
 
GOLD AND 81LVKR. 
 
 ■)7\) 
 
 PRODUCING MINES: 1902. 
 
 Wah(. 
 
 MoiUiina. 
 
 2ris 
 
 olU 
 S650, Tvls ! 
 
 H9 
 S9S,47a 
 
 ir>4 
 
 S251/J(;5 
 
 107 
 $160,l:Vi 
 
 40 
 S44,649 
 
 3. 3S'> 
 S3, t;98, 345 
 
 868 
 S930,418 
 
 365 
 $437, 270 
 
 128 
 $108,814 
 
 176 
 
 176 
 
 61 
 63 
 
 IS.T 
 
 S3I8,020 
 
 24 
 S.i9,131 
 
 94 
 S166, l.=>8 
 
 S22, 983 
 278 
 
 Nevada. 
 
 104 
 
 104 
 
 3.T 
 24 
 44 
 
 1 
 
 136 
 J21 0.838 
 
 32 
 
 S.'i8, 224 
 
 S101,911 
 
 20 
 S31,993 
 
 1,07,«> 
 
 New Mex- North Cur- 
 ico , olina. 
 
 52,688,0.52 SI, 162, 337 
 
 837 j 37: 
 
 S976,005 $408,57: 
 
 283 
 $374,931 
 
 117 
 $122, 867 
 
 129 
 $169,899 
 
 3 
 
 S2, 340 
 
 $3.50 
 
 
 
 $540 
 
 373 
 $383,984 
 
 
 437 
 
 $478,217 
 
 238 
 $235, 794 
 
 2,514 
 $2, 767, 927 
 
 $1 
 
 1,441 
 ,712,047 
 
 703 
 
 $753, 764 
 
 1,974 
 $2,181,799 
 
 $1 
 
 1,187 
 , 425, 801 
 
 634 
 $696,071 
 
 334 
 
 $3.52, 441 
 
 
 S2 
 $87, 757 
 
 18 
 $16.7.56 
 
 
 
 
 
 C34> 
 
 
 
 205 
 $233,345 
 
 
 172 
 $198, 4.S9 
 
 $40, 9;!7 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 110 
 
 13 
 
 91 
 91 
 
 33 
 15 
 
 ■'i 
 $80,390 
 
 $6,800 
 
 43 
 $.52,368 
 
 19 ' 
 $15,7.50 
 
 11 
 $5, J 72 
 
 ,519 
 $409, 779 
 
 141 
 
 $131,252 
 
 69 
 $75, 385 
 
 31 
 
 $22,944 
 
 39 
 $32, 1.58 
 
 378 
 $278, .527 
 
 295 
 $228, 693 
 
 1 
 $385 
 
 $17,9:12 
 
 $18,26; 
 
 Otvk'iii, 
 
 $ui,:isu 
 1 
 
 $1,302 
 2U3 
 
 -SI 
 $28,514 
 
 $13,662 
 
 31 
 $8, 462 
 
 20 
 $6, 080 
 
 122 
 $:18, 3U8 
 
 58 
 $20, 653 
 
 $12,466 
 
 17 
 $5, 18:i 
 
 110 
 $146,173 
 
 10 
 
 $12, .892 
 
 19 
 $26.9.55 
 
 14 
 513.820 
 
 $816,711 
 436 
 
 108 
 $1:M,602 
 
 218 
 $161,1:J4 
 
 108 
 $91,621 
 
 119 
 $428, 934 
 
 336 
 $347, 345 
 
 64 
 $60, 989 
 
 12 
 $16,7.50 
 
 S:l. 000 
 
 $12,300 
 
 $960 
 
 131 
 $15, .500 
 
 50 
 $17,400 
 
 23 
 S8, 4.50 
 
 $16. S2.' 
 
 $103. .S52 
 
 55 
 $86,683 
 
 15 
 $15,2:J0 
 
 40 
 
 S3 
 
 40 
 
 S3 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 2;i 
 
 67 
 
 18 
 
 261 
 
 90 
 
 $391,317 
 
 H 
 
 59 
 
 25 
 
 $S6, 234 
 
 Vir^'inia. ' \Viisiiint,'t(iri. Wyoming. 
 
 $167,051 
 
 69 
 $96, 428 
 
 10 
 
 SI 1,604 
 
 2,914 ! 3,:349 
 
 $3,217,4,56 I $3,176,599 
 
 $911,724 I $821,. 569 
 
 319 
 $403. 219 
 
 $8, 950 
 
 $10,900 
 
 20 
 SG. 000 
 
 312 
 $310, 735 
 
 1 
 
 $1,080 
 
 3 
 
 $1..5.S0 
 
 532 
 $478,174 
 
 $2,305,732 I $2.3.55,0:M 
 
 442 
 $462, 58S 
 
 19 33 i;27 
 
 =20.600 $11,200 $069,297 
 
 294 
 $2.53, 796 
 
 1 
 $730 
 
 2S7 
 $2.52,673 
 
 
 
 
 3' 
 
 
 
 
 .56 
 
 
 
 
 47 
 
 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 
 $1,125 
 
 1 
 $390 
 
 31 
 31 
 
 11 
 15 
 
 31 
 $36, 065 
 
 84,:)20 
 
 10 
 
 $11,. 580 
 
 $.i, 24,= 
 
 4 
 
 $3,245 
 
 19 
 
 $18,065 , 
 
 43 
 
 $11,, 584 
 
 17 
 $5, 1,S6 ! 
 
 14 
 84,378 
 
 1 
 
 $188 
 
 $1,.500 ■ 
 
 229 
 $232,0.58 
 
 51 
 $.53,484 
 
 28 1 
 $29, 389 
 
 2 
 $1,645 
 
 $24,570 
 
 6 
 $5, 221 
 
 All other 
 
 26 ' 
 $6,398 
 
 21 
 
 $22,4.50 
 
 178 
 178. .574 
 
 $2,446 
 
 $11;, 903 
 15 
 
 $171,666 i $15,393 
 
 9 
 $6,908 
 
 $1,.510 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 4 1. 
 1 i- 
 
 
 3 
 44 
 
 i ... 
 
 
 ...-■■■-■ 
 
 
 i' 
 
 :;:; 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 39 
 
 '3 
 60 
 '^2 
 
 17 
 
 9.5 
 15 
 
 18 
 25 
 
 1i::::: 
 
 '^ 
 
 53 
 
 19 .... 
 
 41 1.... 
 
 16 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 $23, 840 
 
 $5, 900 
 
 4 
 $4,440 { 
 
 $1,800 
 
 110 
 
 $82, 402 
 
 21 
 
 $12,148 
 
 10 
 
 $s, 360 
 
 9 
 $2,808 
 
 "^ 119 
 
 $70, 254 
 
 .S9 
 $.52. 824 
 
 24 
 $13,200 
 
 6 
 
 $1, 230 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 9 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 35 
 36 
 
 39 
 40 
 11 
 42 
 43 
 41 
 45 
 46 
 17 
 48 
 49 
 50 
 51 
 52 
 
 53 
 54 
 ,55 
 56 
 
 .( .58 
 
 -I .59 
 
 . 60 
 
 ■ I 61 
 
 . 62 
 
 .1 63 
 
 .1 64 
 
 .' 65 
 
 .' 06 
 
 . 67 
 
 1 Includes operators distributed as follows: Arkansas, 1; Maryland, 1; Tenne.s.sec, 2; Texas, 1. 
 
580 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 90.— DETAILED SUMMARY, 
 
 90 
 
 , 91 
 92 
 93 
 94 
 95 
 96 
 97 
 
 98 
 99 
 100 
 101 
 102 
 103 
 104 
 105 
 106 
 107 
 108 
 109 
 110 
 111 
 112 
 
 113 
 114 
 115 
 116 
 117 
 118 
 119 
 120 
 121 
 
 122 
 123 
 124 
 125 
 126 
 127 
 128 
 
 129 
 130 
 131 
 132 
 133 
 134 
 135 
 136 
 137 
 138 
 139 
 140 
 141 
 142 
 143 
 144 
 
 145 
 146 
 147 
 148 
 149 
 150 
 151 
 152 
 153 
 154 
 155 
 156 
 
 157 
 1.58 
 159 
 160 
 161 
 162 
 163 
 164 
 165 
 166 
 167 
 168 
 
 169 
 170 
 
 Average number of \vage-earnL'rs at siteciriuil daily ratesdf ]iay — Cinifd 
 Miners — 
 
 S0.50tuJ0.74 
 
 80.75 to S0.99 - 
 
 Sl.OO to S1.24 
 
 $1.25 to SI. 49 
 
 SI .50 to SI, 74 
 
 81.75 to SI. 99 
 
 S2.00 to S2.24 - - 
 
 S2.25 to 82.49 
 
 S2,.50 to S2.74 
 
 S2.75 to S2.99 ■- 
 
 S3.00 to S3.24 
 
 S3.25 to S3.49 
 
 $3..50 to .$3.74 
 
 S3.75 to $3.99 
 
 S4.00 to S) ,24 
 
 S4,25 and o\'er 
 
 Miners' helpers — 
 
 S0.50 to S0.74 
 
 50. 75 to $0.99 
 
 Sl.OO to SI .24 
 
 SI. 25 to SI. 49 
 
 SI. 50 to Sl-74 
 
 SI , 75 to SI .99 
 
 S2.00 to S2.24 
 
 S2.25 to S2.49 
 
 S2.50 to S2.74 
 
 $2. 75 to S2. 99 
 
 S3.00 to S3.24 
 
 53 25 to S3. 19 
 
 S3..50 to S3.74 
 
 53.76 to S3.99 
 
 54 00 to S4.24 
 
 Timberraen and traek layers— 
 
 S2.00 to $2,24 
 
 $2.50 to $2.74 
 
 S2.75 to $2.99 
 
 S3.00 to S3.24 
 
 S3.25 to $3.49 
 
 S3..50 to $3.74 
 
 S3.75 to J3.99 
 
 84.00 to S4.24 
 
 S4.25 and over 
 
 Boys under 16 vears— 
 
 Less than S0'..50 
 
 S0.50 to S0.74 
 
 80.75 to 80.99 
 
 Sl.OO to S1.24 
 
 S1.25 to SI . 19 
 
 81.50 to $1 ,74 
 
 S2. 00 to $2.24 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 80.50 to SO, 74 
 
 80.75 to 30.99 
 
 $1.00 to SI ,24 
 
 $1 .25 to $1 .49 - 
 
 81.50 to SI, 74 
 
 51 . 75 to $1 .99 
 
 $2.00 to $2.24 
 
 82.25 to $2,49 
 
 82.60 to $2.74 
 
 82.76 to $2.99 
 
 $3.00 to $3.24 
 
 83.25 to $3.49 
 
 83..50 to $3.74 
 
 83.75 to .83.99 
 
 $4.00 to $1.24 
 
 84.25 and over 
 
 Average number of wage-earners employed during each month: 
 Men 16 years and over— 
 
 .January 
 
 Febrnary 
 
 March .'. 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 .September 
 
 October 
 
 Novem her 
 
 December 
 
 Boys under 16 years- 
 January 
 
 Februa ry 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July - 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 (.Contract work; 
 
 Amount paid - 
 
 Number of employees 
 
 United States. 
 
 10 
 
 113 
 
 156 
 
 119 
 
 117 
 
 176 
 
 257 
 
 278 
 
 2,869 
 
 2, 238 
 
 7,200 
 
 745 
 
 4, 310 
 
 199 
 
 910 
 
 40 
 
 16 
 
 49 
 
 60 
 
 23 
 
 39 
 
 99 
 
 136 
 
 184 
 
 810 
 
 102 
 
 1,016 
 
 248 
 
 502 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 57 
 23 
 177 
 28 
 207 
 9 
 31 
 3 
 
 4 
 1 
 ,5 
 2 
 5 
 
 22 
 
 48 
 104 
 
 51 
 107 
 288 
 693 
 292 
 1,.5.53 
 401 
 2,804 
 405 
 825 
 
 32 
 290 
 119 
 
 34, 678 
 31,925 
 31,810 
 
 35, 955 
 37, 164 
 37, 309 
 37, 104 
 37,140 
 36, 733 
 
 36, 7.56 
 36, 126 
 3I,6.S0 
 
 27 
 27 
 27 
 31 
 
 Arizona. 
 
 $620, 090 
 980 
 
 California. 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 34 
 
 271 
 
 76 
 
 242 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 119 
 
 
 20 
 50 
 31 
 
 
 
 
 74 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 1 
 
 32 
 34 
 34 
 34 
 32 
 31 
 34 
 36 
 37 
 38 
 32 
 31 
 
 1,362 
 1 , 368 
 1,274 
 1,467 
 1,530 
 1,507 
 1,415 
 1,4.50 
 1,425 
 1,442 
 1,493 
 1,571 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $1,200 
 
 $37, 605 
 5S 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 31 
 
 102 
 
 76 
 
 67 
 
 1,330 
 
 823 
 
 1,647 
 
 59 
 
 87 
 
 2 
 
 84 
 
 2 
 
 95 
 49 
 1.55 
 644 
 
 24 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 26 
 
 58 
 20 
 194 
 177 
 611 
 
 7,. 589 
 
 7, 765 
 8,019 
 8,332 
 
 8, 387 
 8,176 
 7,918 
 7,993 
 7.797 
 8,009 
 8,002 
 7,797 
 
 9 
 9 
 
 7 
 7 
 7 
 7 
 7 
 5 
 5 
 
 $17,066 
 145 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 39 
 31 
 800 
 635 
 1,481 
 49 
 .547 
 171 
 498 
 
 35 
 15 
 
 389 
 223 
 
 .58 
 5 
 
 101 
 4 
 
 119 
 
 9 
 
 21 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 1.57 
 219 
 
 21 
 260 
 
 69 
 ,006 
 201 
 231 
 
 14 
 136 
 
 27 
 
 11,163 
 11,197 
 10, 844 
 10, 9.59 
 11,394 
 11,678 
 11, 573 
 11,423 
 11,312 
 11,370 
 11,086 
 10, 384 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 8360, 707 
 473 
 
 61 
 32 
 2 
 28 
 
 338 
 360 
 331 
 329 
 339 
 302 
 325 
 363 
 363 
 285 
 315 
 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 7 
 2 
 2 
 4 
 4 
 2 
 3 
 2 
 1 
 
 $1 030 
 4 
 
GOLD AND SILVER. 
 
 581 
 
 PRODUCING MINES: 1902-Continiied, 
 
 lilaho. 
 
 lldutiina. 
 
 Xrvada. 
 
 New Mcx- 
 icTt. 
 
 Ndl-lli fiir- 
 olinu. 
 
 Oregon. 
 
 Soulli Car- 
 olina, 
 
 South Da- 
 kota. 
 
 Utah. 
 
 Virf,;inia. 
 
 Washington. 
 
 Wyoming. 
 
 All other 
 .state.s. 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 87 
 
 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 K3 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 24 
 1 
 
 17 
 4 
 
 .53 
 
 17 ' 1 ,s 
 
 10 1- '"{l 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 56 
 1 
 
 84 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 85 
 
 i 
 
 8 
 
 C 
 
 5 
 
 14 
 
 20 
 
 439 
 
 490 
 
 1,0S3 
 
 3 
 
 17 
 
 4 
 
 
 43 
 
 11 
 
 (; 
 
 .s 
 
 10 
 70 
 11 
 
 108 
 47 
 
 207 
 21 
 6() 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H6 
 
 
 
 
 1' 
 
 
 87 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 147 
 
 485 
 .590 
 593 
 42 
 49 
 1 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 K8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 89 
 
 75' 
 
 1,172' 
 
 28 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 60 
 
 217 
 
 6 
 
 46 
 
 
 
 ;i9 
 
 
 '^ 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 90 
 
 23 
 120 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 91 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 20 
 
 9') 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 93 
 
 
 937 
 
 
 
 71 
 
 4 
 
 
 94 
 
 
 
 95 
 
 243 
 4 
 
 2 ' 
 
 6 
 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 1 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 96 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 97 
 
 
 10 
 
 18 
 19 
 
 
 
 5 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 ion 
 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 3 
 
 ini 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 71 
 
 103 
 
 4 
 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 
 id 
 3 
 13 
 SO 
 
 
 
 104 
 
 
 
 
 
 U 
 91 
 31 
 
 
 
 105 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 106 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 107 
 
 304 
 3 
 19 
 
 62 
 
 11 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 87 
 
 
 
 
 108 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 109 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 3.S9 
 
 
 
 
 
 iin 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 111 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 1 
 1 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 113 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 111 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 115 
 
 27 
 
 9 
 
 64 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 .5 
 
 116 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 117 
 
 12 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 118 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 119 
 
 S 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TO 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 191 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 V"? 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 193 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 194 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V'5 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 r'fi 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 l''7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 19R 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 11 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 199 
 
 2 
 9 
 
 10 
 2 
 2 
 6 
 3 
 
 18 
 
 24 
 126 
 
 93 
 132 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 33 
 
 
 
 
 
 .5 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 130 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 24 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 131 
 
 4 , 
 
 
 13'? 
 
 
 20 
 13 
 3 
 
 
 y 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 133 
 
 
 2 
 59 
 67 
 371 
 146 
 109 
 20 
 11 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 134 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 47 
 3 
 
 21 
 
 25 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 10 
 1 
 175 
 3 
 793 
 .5 
 
 80 
 1 
 3 
 
 31 
 
 2. 748 
 2, 7.57 
 2, 762 
 2, 808 
 2,908 
 2, 927 
 2,930 
 2, 965 
 
 2, 988 
 
 3, 057 
 3,0.38 
 3,030 
 
 
 r:;;;:::;:::: 
 
 135 
 
 
 136 
 
 18 
 
 2,59' 
 
 22 
 218 
 1 
 47 
 23 
 
 2,044 
 2, 023 
 2,0.57 
 2, 194 
 2,337 
 2,4.56 
 2, ,545 
 2,510 
 2,417 
 2, 3.54 
 2,2.52 
 2,147 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 179 
 
 6 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 1 3 
 
 1 
 
 137 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 
 138 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 139 
 
 
 
 110 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 13 2 
 
 
 141 
 
 
 
 
 
 14? 
 
 53 
 4 
 
 3, 072 
 3,113 
 3,259 
 3,424 
 3, 510 
 3,601 
 3, 581 
 3,543 
 3, 530 
 3,474 
 3,347 
 3,128 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 4 
 
 15 
 21 
 
 900 
 892 
 941 
 
 i,oi;i 
 
 1,160 
 1,183 
 1,180 
 1,160 
 1,138 
 1,113 
 1,104 
 1 , 038 
 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 ;:> 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 3 
 
 87, 944 
 13 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 4S0 
 .501 
 483 
 445 
 6i;7 
 512 
 .5J9 
 679 
 .544 
 572 
 4.S1 
 479 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 832,315 
 01 
 
 129 
 
 138 
 198 
 212 
 228 
 224 
 231 
 240 
 237 
 
 211 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 l.|3 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ml 
 
 742 
 751 
 819 
 894 
 918 
 903 
 955 
 915 
 8,S2 
 
 821 ; 
 
 .821 
 750 
 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 131 
 131 
 131 
 131 
 131 
 131 
 131 
 131 
 131 
 131 
 131 
 131 
 
 3, .547 
 3,474 
 3, 295 
 3,177 
 3, 255 
 3, 222 
 3,313 
 3,419 
 3,477 
 3, 398 
 3. 302 
 3, 201 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 24 
 33 
 40 
 42 
 56 
 49 
 47 
 53 
 44 
 38 
 43 
 47 
 
 1,S8 
 236 
 210, 
 234 
 242 
 207 
 229 
 219 
 23O1 
 247 
 264 
 230 
 
 1 
 19 
 19 
 
 '^ 
 34 
 33 
 33 
 33 
 36 
 
 162 
 155 
 148 
 147 
 1.55 
 148 
 131 
 136 
 139 
 132 
 120 
 107 
 
 145 
 146 
 147 
 148 
 149 
 1.50 
 1.51 
 152 
 1.53 
 1.54 
 1.55 
 1.56 
 
 1.57 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15« 
 
 
 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 160 
 
 
 
 
 
 161 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 163 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 165 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 $19,197 
 55 
 
 
 
 1 ' 
 
 166 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 167 
 
 4 
 841, 642 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 «19 161 
 
 
 
 828, 493 
 77 
 
 
 *29,400 ; 8300 
 27 1 1 
 
 
 
 38 1 26 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 170 
 
582 
 
 MINES AND QUAKKIES. 
 
 Table 00.— DETAILED SUMMAKY, 
 
 171 
 172 
 173 
 174 
 
 175 
 
 177 
 17y 
 
 179 
 180 
 
 ISl 
 IW 
 
 1S3 
 1S4 
 
 ISn 
 
 1S6 
 
 1S7 
 
 18-S 
 1S9 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses: 
 
 Total 
 
 R(.iyalties and rent of mine and minint,' plant 
 
 Rent of offices, taxes, insnrance, interest, and otlier sandrie 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 Value of product 
 
 Power: 
 
 Total horsepower 
 
 Owned— 
 
 Engines — 
 Steam- 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Gas or gasoline^ 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Water wheels — 
 
 Number _ _ 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Other po\ver — 
 
 Niunlx^r 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Rented- 
 
 Electric, horsepower 
 
 Other power, horseju^wer 
 
 Electric motors owned— 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Supplied to other establishment.-, horsepower 
 
 United States. 
 
 Alabama. 
 
 Arizona. 
 
 California. 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 r),3.'J7,.W9 
 SI , 423, 399 
 
 J824 
 
 S114,046 
 
 S2, 888 
 
 Sill, 1.58 
 
 S,S73,091 
 
 S2, 764, 677 
 
 t967,7.55 
 
 S403, 990 
 
 8563, 765 
 
 52,966,102 
 
 S15,473,091 
 
 S2, 166,217 
 
 J715, 309 
 
 81,440,908 
 
 »5, 603, 4,52 
 
 S29, 655, 974 
 
 $9, 684 
 S3, 486 
 S6,198 
 $33, 123 
 8149,1.50 
 
 »3, 934, 130 
 Slf),699,7fi8 
 «82,4,H2,0.S2 
 
 $824 
 8.5,21(i 
 SI, 0.57 
 
 195, .Hllfi 
 
 1(10 
 
 5,4)6 
 
 49, 582 
 
 67, 252 
 
 3, 162 
 
 l,;i'i) 
 122, 3.M 
 
 4 
 lliO 
 
 100 
 5, 086 
 
 368 
 16, .S58 
 
 678 
 48, 898 
 
 .53 
 1, 103 
 
 198 
 
 
 Ifi 
 166 
 
 I 
 9 
 
 62 
 
 ' 957 
 
 .518 
 21,517 
 
 46 
 629 
 
 76 
 7, 382 
 
 
 4 060 
 
 
 
 7S.S 
 
 
 14 
 2; 0.59 
 
 43, 93(i 
 
 
 l.Sfi 
 
 
 1.55 
 
 20 
 1,378 
 
 82 
 3, 447 
 
 
 8,003 
 
 
 
 14,469 
 
 
 
 6, 88U 
 1 , 992 
 
 265 
 
 12,081 
 
 100 
 
 6, 707 
 1.S9 
 
 285 
 
 10, 305 
 
 223 
 
 1 
 100 
 
 2 9.h:J 
 
 
 
 7."iO 
 
 32, 003 
 
 3'^3 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 107 
 
 
 
 
 
GOLD AND SILVER. 
 
 583 
 
 PRODUCING MINES: 1902— Continued. 
 
 Idalio. 
 
 8614,670 
 828,047 
 
 8586,623 
 $1 , 605, 696 
 $8,177,267 
 
 19,115 
 
 144 
 9, .533 
 
 23 
 1, 382 
 
 88 
 7,6,53 
 
 10 
 472 
 
 175 
 
 Montana. 
 
 Nevada. 
 
 New Me.K- 
 ioo. 
 
 Noi-th Car- 
 olina. 
 
 Orej^iin. 
 
 Si null Cjir- 
 iiliiiti. 
 
 .^lllltll llu- 
 
 kiitii. 
 
 Utah. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 Washington. 
 
 WjTjming. 
 
 All other 
 .state.'i. 
 
 
 $;ilO, 145 
 
 S102, 168 
 
 8207, 977 
 
 81 , 069, 300 
 
 84,688,636 
 
 12,306 
 
 183 
 9, 323 
 
 4 
 
 29 
 
 1,602 
 
 9 
 402 
 
 1.50 
 800 
 
 44 
 2, 1.52 
 
 8172,206 
 849,6.52 
 8122, .5.54 
 8.599, 928 
 83, 409, 348 
 
 1.429 
 
 48 
 
 2, 883 
 
 17 
 342 
 
 211 
 1,117 
 
 1 
 40 
 
 46 
 1 
 
 1,107 
 
 834,110 
 813, 127 
 82U, 983 
 82.56,816 
 8677, 168 
 
 4,0011 
 
 6i; 
 3, 161 
 
 17 
 
 27s 
 
 t\ 
 50U 
 
 61 
 
 810,238 
 8415 
 89, 823 
 .826,490 
 871,287 
 
 815 
 
 26 
 815 
 
 8114,402 
 858.292 
 856,110 
 
 8299, 705 
 81,. 851, 8,53 
 
 2, 949 
 
 54 
 1,713 
 
 11.5 
 
 30 
 1,091 
 
 1 
 30 
 
 84,410 
 
 870 
 
 84,370 
 
 820,860 
 
 813K,863 
 
 150 
 
 9 
 4.50 
 
 8210,112 
 86, 406 
 
 8233, 706. 
 81, 936, lU 7 
 86,464,2.58 
 
 13,329 
 
 76 
 11,896 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 8570, 250 
 823. 2 13 
 
 8547,007 
 81,312,176 
 88,5011,904 
 
 10,927 
 
 85 
 8,811 
 
 3 
 120 
 
 11 
 
 1 , 066 
 
 15 
 418 
 
 .511 
 1 
 
 47 
 
 2, 752 
 
 8444 
 
 8370 
 
 874 
 
 84,011 
 
 82, 723 
 
 92 
 
 4 
 
 92 
 
 823, 651 
 
 814, .876 
 
 88, 775 
 
 $55, 668 
 
 8338, 351 
 
 946 
 
 17 
 747 
 
 34 
 
 8160 
 
 
 $160 
 
 $11,139 
 
 81,923 
 
 360 
 360 
 
 $14,175 
 $1,060 
 813,115 
 820, 378 
 8112, 622 
 
 216 
 
 5 
 165 
 
 171 
 
 172 
 173 
 174 
 175 
 
 176 
 
 177 
 178 
 
 179 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 180 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 2 
 125 
 
 
 
 181 
 
 
 
 
 
 18'i 
 
 
 
 10 
 1 . 425 
 
 
 1 
 50 
 
 183 
 
 
 
 
 184 
 
 
 
 
 185 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 186 
 
 39 
 2,119 
 
 13 
 467 
 
 
 14 
 666 
 
 1 
 35 
 
 4 
 
 70 
 
 
 1 
 30 
 
 
 
 187 
 
 
 
 
 
 IKft 
 
 
 
 
 189 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
58-1 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table i)l.— DETAILED SUMMARY, MINES REPORTING 
 
 
 United States. 
 
 i 
 
 Alabama. 
 
 Arizona. 
 
 California. 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 1 
 
 
 3,2,52 
 3, 252 
 
 (1S3 
 
 ,S49 
 
 1,095 
 
 25 
 
 2, 2SI 
 82, 335, 470 
 
 302 
 8242, 9,s9 
 
 1,307 
 81,523,027 
 
 430 
 8410, 1,H5 
 
 245 
 8158,609 
 
 11,763 
 S11,.5,SO,OX4 
 
 2,-S45 
 82, 7.'^2, ,S70 
 
 1,.572 
 J1,766,7,H4 
 
 312 
 8235, 955 
 
 81,100 
 
 9.50 
 8779,037 
 
 S,91X 
 $s, 797, ,S0.S 
 
 .H,019 
 88,057,301 
 
 ,571 
 $456,292 
 
 1 
 84.50 
 
 327 
 $2.S3, 765 
 
 3 
 4 
 9 
 3 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 20 
 
 9 
 
 106 
 
 20 
 141 
 
 214 
 5,s 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 1 
 4 
 
 1 
 25 
 30 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 26 
 
 211 
 
 227 
 13 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 380 
 3,S0 
 
 74 
 
 95 
 
 207 
 
 4 
 
 3«5 
 84.5,H, 372 
 
 32 
 844, 396 
 
 -2.53 
 8333, 944 
 
 3H 
 813, 61 1 
 
 S36, 421 
 
 2,243 
 82, 326, 886 
 
 604 
 
 8637, 741 
 
 30S 
 8389, 446 
 
 53 
 S40, ,545 
 
 $480 
 
 241 
 
 8207, 270 
 
 1,639 
 81,689,144 
 
 1,.506 
 81,. 567, .5.80 
 
 67 
 863, 475 
 
 389 
 389 
 
 111 
 
 131 
 
 146 
 
 1 
 
 2.59 
 $264,. 575 
 
 22 
 $12, 995 
 
 167 
 81 W,. 5.52 
 
 41 
 836, 69.S 
 
 ..« 
 826,330 
 
 1,447 
 $1,311,1.52 
 
 405 
 $3.59, 71 H 
 
 189 
 8190,4,59 
 
 862, 34l' 
 
 955 
 955 
 
 237 
 
 282 
 
 433 
 
 3 
 
 449 
 
 $434,888 
 
 64 
 842,641 
 
 271 
 8299, 1.55 
 
 871.034 
 
 37 
 822, 0.58 
 
 ■>. 303 
 82,314,20K 
 
 4,SS 
 8.525, 2.54 
 
 350 
 $396,198 
 
 29 
 825,i:}a 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 Character of ownership: 
 
 4 
 
 Firm 
 
 
 
 Ineorpn rated com pan v 
 
 Other form 
 
 Sahiriud oitii-ials. clerks, utc: 
 
 1 
 
 
 4 
 
 S3, 100 
 
 6 
 
 $8,. 568 
 
 3 
 84, ,800 
 
 $3, 600 
 
 1 
 81 68 
 
 29 
 
 811, .5.52 
 
 9 
 S3, 563 
 
 3 
 81,200 
 
 9 
 
 Total salaries 
 
 General dtllcers— 
 
 Xnmher 
 
 HI 
 
 
 
 
 Superintendents, m;jnat,uTs. Piremeii, survoyurs, etr,— 
 
 3 
 S2, 200 
 
 
 
 1i 
 
 Foremen below ground- 
 Number 
 
 U 
 
 
 1 
 8900 
 
 82, 644 
 
 82, 332 
 
 $960 
 
 1 
 
 8463 
 
 15 
 
 Clerks— 
 XiunlKT 
 
 10 
 
 
 17 
 
 Wage-earn tTs: 
 
 Ag:^reff)ite average nunilier 
 
 
 
 l'^ 
 
 Above ground — 
 
 Total average number 
 
 20 
 21 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Engineers, tiremen, and otlier mechanics — 
 
 Average number 
 
 AVages 
 
 Miners — 
 
 Average number 
 
 2-1 
 
 Wages 
 
 Boys under 16 years — 
 
 ' Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 Average number 
 
 \A'ages 
 
 Below ground— 
 
 Total average number 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 ■i(-', 
 
 
 
 
 
 27 
 28 
 
 29 
 10 
 
 3 
 $909 
 
 1 
 8312 
 
 141 
 8106,918 
 
 1,042 
 $9.51,434 
 
 909 
 
 $.846,810 
 
 8.59, 700 
 
 109 
 8103.918 
 
 1 . 815 
 81,7.88. 9.54 
 
 1 , 662 
 81,634.1.54 
 
 61 
 S63, 256 
 
 6 
 82, 363 
 
 20 
 
 31 
 
 Miners — 
 
 Average number 
 
 OQ 
 
 ■^■> 
 
 Wages 
 
 ^Miners' helpers — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 87, 989 
 
 ■^■^ 
 
 
 ■^1 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 Boys under 10 years — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 
 
 ■^fi 
 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 1 
 8312 
 
 S.58,0.89 
 
 51 
 $44, 924 
 
 92 
 891,, 544 
 
 
 ■=;s 
 
 
 39 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at s].eeiticd daily raicsof i>:iy; 
 Engineers — 
 
 SO. 75 to S0.a9 
 
 
 40 
 
 Sl.Oli to SI. 24 
 
 SI. 25 to SI .49 
 
 SI. 50 to SI. 74 
 
 81.75 to SI. 99 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 r> 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 {■'. 
 
 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 82.00 to S2.24 
 
 S2.25 to S2.49 
 
 S2..50 to 82.74 
 
 82.75 to 82.99 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 4 
 6 
 39 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 4t-i 
 
 
 3 
 1 
 4 
 
 1.5 
 
 
 47 
 
 
 
 
 4S 
 
 S3.00 to 83.24 
 
 
 :'.3 
 11 
 
 2 
 73 
 
 s 
 
 
 49 
 
 83.25 to 83.49 
 
 S3.50 to S3.74 
 
 S3.75 to 83.99 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 51 
 
 
 
 5'> 
 
 84.00 to 84.24 
 
 84.25 and over 
 
 Firemen — 
 
 SI. 00 to 81.24 
 
 SI. 25 to SI. 49 
 
 
 7s 
 20 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 5*^ 
 
 
 
 5-1 
 
 
 
 
 
 5t"; 
 
 S1.75 to 81 .99 
 
 82.00 to $2.24 
 
 ' 
 
 57 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 S2..50 to .82.74 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 59 
 
 82.75 to $2. 99 - - 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^,0 
 
 $3.00 to 83.24 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 9 
 1 
 
 
 01 
 
 83..50 to 83.74 
 
 84.00 to S4.24 
 
 Machinists, hlaeksmiths. carj-tenters, and I'tbcr mecbanirs— 
 
 80.75 to 80.99 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 (12 
 
 
 
 F,?, 
 
 
 
 
 CA 
 
 81 .00 to 81 ."4 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 fi5 
 
 81.25 to 81.49 
 
 
 
 
 
 fif. 
 
 81. .50 to 81. 74 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 07 
 
 81.75 to SI. 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 08 
 
 82. Oil to ^ ' "1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 09 
 
 82.25 lo iJ, 19 
 
 
 
 
 7U 
 
 S2..50 toS2.74 
 
 
 15 
 
 5i! 
 
 6 
 26 
 
 4 
 IC 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 ,8|. 
 
 6 
 21 
 
 3 
 55 
 
 9 
 
 
 71 
 
 S2.75 to 82. '.19 
 
 
 
 
 
 83.00 toS:i."l 
 
 
 10 
 
 34 
 
 1 
 100 
 25 
 
 7'J 
 
 S3.25 to S:; 19 
 
 
 
 71 
 
 S3.,5ii 1.] ':; 71 
 
 
 
 75 
 
 83.75 lo-::,9'.i.. ., 
 
 
 
 70 
 
 84.11(1 to SI. 21 
 
 
 
 77 
 
 84.25 and over 
 
 
 
GOLD AND 8ILVEI;. 
 
 585 
 
 DEVELO P:\rKNT WORK WITHOUT PRODUCTKJN: 1!H)2. 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 10 
 1 
 
 311 
 
 IT ' 
 
 
 W ' 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 IS 
 
 ',1 
 
 n 
 
 1 
 
 
 11 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 14 
 2 
 
 S 
 
 73 
 74 
 
 7fi 
 77 
 
 1 Includes operators rlistributerl as follows: Arkansa.s, 1; ;Marylanil, 1; New Jersey, 1. 
 
58r. 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 1.— DETAILED SUMMARY, MINES REPORTING 
 
 81 
 82 
 83 
 84 
 85 
 86 
 87 
 88 
 89 
 90 
 91 
 92 
 93 
 
 94 
 
 95 
 
 96 
 
 97 
 
 98 
 
 99 
 
 100 
 
 101 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 
 104 
 
 105 
 
 106 
 
 107 
 
 108 
 109 
 110 
 111 
 112 
 113 
 114 
 115 
 116 
 
 117 
 118 
 119 
 120 
 121 
 
 122 
 123 
 124 
 125 
 126 
 127 
 128 
 129 
 130 
 131 
 132 
 133 
 1.34 
 135 
 136 
 1.37 
 138 
 
 139 
 140 
 141 
 142 
 143 
 144 
 145 
 146 
 147 
 148 
 149 
 150 
 
 1.51 
 1.52 
 1.53 
 1.54 
 1.55 
 156 
 1.57 
 1.58 
 1.59 
 160 
 161 
 162 
 
 163 
 164 
 
 
 United States. 
 
 Alabama. 
 
 Arizona. 
 
 California. 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 Average number of wage-earniTs at sprcilieil ilailv nilcsof i)av— Coiil'd. 
 lliner.s— 
 
 S0..50 loSO.74 _ 
 
 SO 75 to SO 99 
 
 1 
 59 
 NO 
 64 
 
 132 
 74 
 
 1,S2 
 59 
 
 764 
 
 .591 
 2, 901 
 
 236 
 2.611 
 
 lOU 
 
 4 IS 
 
 9 
 63 
 18 
 
 5 
 14 
 
 4 
 44 
 26 
 106 
 40 
 172 
 11 
 .52 
 
 4 
 1 
 2 
 9 
 
 l] 
 
 1 
 3 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 1 
 
 11 
 7 
 36 
 49 
 32 
 60 
 56 
 
 110 
 53 
 
 184 
 68 
 
 399 
 13 
 
 106 
 
 47 
 12 
 
 9,8.57 
 9,937 
 10, 165 
 10,394 
 10,9.57 
 11,690 . 
 12,335 
 12,636 
 13,231 
 13,384 
 13,482 
 13,016 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 ; 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 5 
 6 
 5 
 6 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 
 $1,542,771 
 5, 649 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 8 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 SI. 00 toSl,24 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 SI. 25 to SI 49 
 
 11 
 
 94 
 40 
 77 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 2(11 
 
 248 
 
 411 
 
 4 
 
 61 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 
 81. .50 to SI .74 
 
 SI. 75 to SI. 99 - 
 
 S2 00 to §■"■ 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 174 
 
 1.52 
 
 956 
 
 46 
 
 205 
 
 33 
 
 86 
 
 14 
 
 ......... 1 
 
 $2.25toS2.49 
 
 
 S2..50 to 82 74 
 
 
 69 
 
 290 
 40 
 
 814 
 13 
 
 103 
 
 1 
 
 82.75 to 82.99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 83.25 to 83 49 
 
 
 
 S3..50 to S3, 74 
 
 
 83.75 to S3. 99 
 
 
 
 S4.00 to 84.24 
 
 
 
 84.25 and over 
 
 Miner.s' ln'l].er — 
 
 S0.50 to SO. 71 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 80.75 to 80.99 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 SI. 00 to SI. "4 
 
 
 
 
 $1.25 l.i 81.49 - 
 
 
 
 
 81..50 to 81.74 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 81.75 to 81.99 
 
 
 2' 
 
 
 S2.00toS2.24 
 
 
 10 
 20 
 3'1 
 
 6 
 
 
 $2.25 to $2.49 
 
 
 9 
 6 
 23 
 
 
 82.60 to 82.74 
 
 $2.75 to 82.99 _ _ 
 
 S3.C0to$3.24 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 44 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 83.25 to 83.49 
 
 
 
 S3..50 to 83.74 
 
 84.00 to S4. 24 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 Timbermen and track layers— 
 
 S1..50 to 81.74 ; 
 
 $2.00 to S2. 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 6 
 
 
 82.25 to S2.49 - - - 
 
 82.50 to S2.74 
 
 $2.75 to 82.99 .. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 83.00 to S3 21 
 
 
 
 
 83.25 to $3.49 
 
 
 
 
 $3..50 to $3.74 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 $4.00 to 84.24 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 Boys under 16 years — 
 Less than &"0.50. .. 
 
 
 
 
 
 $0.50 toSO.74 __ .' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $0.75 to $0.99 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 81.00 to 81.24 . 
 
 
 
 
 S1..50 to 81 .74 
 
 
 
 All other wage-earners— 
 
 
 
 
 
 $0.50 to $0.74 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 3 
 1 
 3 
 2 
 
 40 
 24 
 
 6.S 
 211 
 
 18 
 
 I 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 $0.75 to $0.99 
 
 
 
 
 81.00 toSl.24 
 
 4 
 
 i; 
 
 15 
 30 
 
 5 
 34 
 
 5 
 34 
 21 
 111 
 
 2 
 2.5 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 4 
 
 81.25 to $1.49 
 
 $1..50 to $1.74 
 
 
 81.75 to $1.99 
 
 
 
 $2.00 to $2.2 1 
 
 
 9 
 
 lii 
 16 
 81 
 3 
 
 
 $2.25 to 82.49 - 
 
 
 
 $2..50 to $2 74 
 
 
 
 82.75 to 82.99 - 
 
 $3-00 to 8:3. 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 $3.25 to $3.49 
 
 83..50 to $3.74 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 1,986 
 2,023 
 2,010 
 1,977 
 2,073 
 2,276 
 2, 453 
 2, 569 
 2, i;,84 
 2, 623 
 2, ,593 
 2,369 
 
 
 . $3.75 to $3.99 
 
 
 
 $4.00 to $4.24 
 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 1,878 
 1,934 
 2, 0.52 
 2,092 
 2,176 
 2, 166 
 2,269 
 2,217 
 2.250 
 2,476 
 2,711 
 2,671 
 
 1 
 1 
 3 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 
 8197,324 
 317 
 
 
 $4.25 and oyer 
 
 
 
 Average number of wage-earners employed during earli montli. 
 Men 16 years and oyer- 
 
 January 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 , 069 
 1,103 
 1,209 
 1,273 
 1,343 
 1,420 
 1,480 
 1,504 
 1,600 
 1,696 
 1,828 
 1,839 
 
 25 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 33 
 33 
 33 
 33 
 27 
 31 
 28 
 28 
 
 
 
 ,s 
 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 
 May 
 
 
 ,7ulv 
 
 August 
 
 
 
 November . .. 
 
 
 Boys under 16 years — 
 
 February 
 
 March . ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 May 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 July . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r;oritract work; 
 
 
 874, .538 
 119 
 
 $580, 748 
 902 
 
 
 Number of employees 
 
 
 
GOLD AND SILVER. 
 
 587 
 
 DEVELOPMENT WORK WITHOUT PRODUCTION: U»(i2— tCnliniied. 
 
 Idaho. 
 
 Wnntaiirt. 
 
 Neva*la. 
 
 New JiL'xicu. 
 
 Ndrtli 
 Carolina. 
 
 ()n'K{ni. 
 
 Soiitli 
 Dakota. 
 
 Utali. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 \\ iishiiit^^tiin. 
 
 \\■yoIJlilt^^ 
 
 ,\|] oilier 
 states. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 78 
 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 70 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 22 
 
 
 
 79 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 18 
 23 
 36 
 
 8 
 53 
 
 6 
 90 
 
 ,s 
 
 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 
 
 SO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 8) 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 82 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 83 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 IS 
 19 
 96 
 22 
 2.50 
 
 114 
 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 94 
 
 126 
 
 362 
 
 83 
 
 88 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 3 
 32 
 
 
 ! 84 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S5 
 
 6 
 
 31 
 
 198 
 
 27 
 
 348 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 
 IS 
 
 i.5,s' 
 
 45 
 
 89 
 
 6 
 
 KB 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 70 
 
 1 
 270 
 
 1 
 IS 
 
 
 19 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 7 
 315 
 19 
 45 
 
 1 
 
 87 
 
 
 
 
 .51) 
 12 
 212 
 13 
 44 
 
 i 
 
 8 
 5 
 
 88 
 
 
 1 89 
 
 
 
 1 90 
 
 
 91 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 92 
 
 
 
 93 
 
 
 7 
 63 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 91 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 95 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 97 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 98 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 1 
 2 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 21' 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 1 01 
 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 ■T 
 
 IX 
 11 
 23 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 102 
 
 
 
 1 03 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 9 
 1 
 
 ID 
 
 104 
 
 
 
 
 1 05 
 
 l.s 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 1(16 
 
 
 107 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 108 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ln9 
 
 
 
 
 
 110 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 112 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ■■^ 
 
 
 
 
 113 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 114 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 115 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 116 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 ns 
 
 
 
 
 . 119 
 
 
 i' 
 
 
 
 1 T'n 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r"'l 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 6 
 34 
 9 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 122 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 123 
 
 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 40 
 7 
 9 
 11 
 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 T 
 1 
 1 
 
 14 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■"» l'>5 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 5 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 21 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 r^7 
 
 
 4 
 
 27 
 
 2 
 T 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 '"'.S 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 is 
 
 
 
 129 
 
 
 
 130 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 132 
 
 4 
 
 
 3(1 
 3 
 
 29 
 
 
 11 
 1 
 35 
 
 1.33 
 
 
 
 134 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 136 
 
 4 
 1 
 
 617 
 
 626 
 
 653 
 
 692 
 
 736 
 
 856 
 
 924 
 
 1,012 
 
 1,071 
 
 1,059 
 
 1,036 
 
 943 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 137 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 304 
 298 
 299 
 335 
 322 
 3.30 
 413 
 391 
 460 
 401 
 3.50 
 357 
 
 8.58, 128 
 1,918 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 347 
 350 
 316 
 303 
 428 
 504 
 506 
 .538 
 613 
 638 
 635 
 594 
 
 517 
 475 
 472 
 504 
 523 
 .542 
 565 
 641 
 672 
 672 
 6.58 
 635 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 827, 133 
 690 
 
 327 
 341 
 342 
 343 
 350 
 ,327 
 343 
 327 
 361 
 341 
 338 
 364 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 020 
 629 
 691 
 762 
 842 
 926 
 9.52 
 902 
 908 
 856 
 803 
 734 
 
 .551 
 543 
 .518 
 485 
 412 
 4.58 
 474 
 .525 
 .557 
 578 
 .548 
 615 
 
 833 
 
 837 
 
 850 
 
 797 
 
 883 
 
 927 
 
 918 
 
 967 
 
 963 
 
 1,031 
 
 1.118 
 
 1,108 
 
 34 
 37 
 35 
 38 
 49 
 54 
 54 
 64 
 57 
 55 
 61 
 62 
 
 460 
 466 
 449 
 484 
 491 
 518 
 547 
 .542 
 .528 
 495 
 .516 
 444 
 
 2,S2 
 243 
 237 
 249 
 262 
 320 
 370 
 367 
 443 
 394 
 244 
 237 
 
 6 139 
 6 140 
 6 141 
 26 . 142 
 26 143 
 26 , 144 
 
 26 1 145 
 
 27 146 
 
 27 1 147 
 
 28 1 148 
 6 149 
 6 1.50 
 
 151 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 153 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 155 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 156 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.58 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 159 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i(;t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 81.58,262 
 264 
 
 865, 797 
 810 
 
 S75, 594 
 137 
 
 
 SI .59, 9.59 
 291 
 
 875.684 
 198 
 
 869. 604 
 113 
 
 163 
 
 164 
 
588 
 
 MINES AND QUAliRIES. 
 
 Table 9 1.— DETAILED SUMMARY, MINES REPORTING 
 
 165 
 IC.Ii 
 II'.T 
 1C.« 
 
 170 
 171 
 
 172 
 173 
 
 174 
 175 
 
 ]7li 
 177 
 
 17S 
 179 
 
 ISO 
 181 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses: 
 
 Total 
 
 Koyalties and rent of mine and niinini,^ plant 
 
 Kent of otlices, taxes, insurance, interest, and otJicf siiiidri 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 I'ower: 
 
 Total horsepower 
 
 Owned — 
 
 Engines — 
 Steam- 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Gas or ^^isoline— 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Water wheels — 
 
 Number - - - 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Other power — 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepown-r 
 
 Rented— 
 
 Electric, horsepower - 
 
 (Jthcr power, horseyiower 
 
 Electric niot(.a-s i.o\ned — 
 
 Num! ler 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 United States. 
 
 Si,ui7,:W6 
 
 S71,131 
 
 &i6, 225 
 
 S5, 075, 077 
 
 50,005 
 
 9fi5 
 36, 009 
 
 219 
 
 3, 477 
 
 193 
 11, 524 
 
 111 
 3,970 
 
 795 
 230 
 
 Alabama. 
 
 1889 
 
 SX89 
 81.048 
 
 7 
 153 
 
 $123, 841 
 
 $1,400 
 
 $122,441 
 
 $920, 886 
 
 ('1,211 
 
 112 
 4, 220 
 
 9 
 239 
 
 16 
 
 177 
 
 California. 
 
 8125, 755 
 $35, 802 
 $.89, 963 
 
 S603, 492 
 
 6,799 
 
 114 
 ■■',, 075 
 
 20 
 260 
 
 10 
 202 
 
 597 
 1.56 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 $211,781 
 
 $19, 284 
 
 $192,497 
 
 $1,004,587 
 
 16, 8r32 
 
 273 
 11,367 
 
 61 
 ,143 
 
 188 L 
 40 |. 
 
 24 
 
 ,893 
 
 $485 
 
 $100 
 
 $385 
 
 $2,287 
 
 328 
 
 9 
 248 
 
GOLD AND SILVER. 
 
 ■>H\) 
 
 DEVELOPMENT WORK WITHOUT PRODUCTION; 1!)02— Continued. 
 
 Main,. 
 
 Monlana. * Ni'vadn. 
 
 N^M.xicJ ,^-,|;;„ 
 
 llrfKiMi. 
 
 Sniltll 
 
 liaUola. 
 
 Utah. 
 
 ^'i^yiuia. 
 $9, 702 
 
 WaKlun),jtoii. 
 
 W'ynniiiiK. 
 
 All other 
 staffs. 
 
 
 S98,217 
 
 J300 
 
 S97, 917 
 
 $405,0.58 
 
 4,493 
 
 45 
 1,494 
 
 6 
 
 45 
 
 24 
 2,779 
 
 1 
 175 
 
 1 
 
 $35,771 ' S70,435 
 91,751 ! $.5,638 
 ft34 O'^O 1 «i^.l VQ7 
 
 $33, 975 
 
 $33,'y7.V 
 
 $122,238 
 
 3,117 
 
 (>9 
 2,995 
 
 1 
 
 $9,017 
 
 $,HJ.S 
 
 $8, 799 
 
 $51,332 
 
 1,037 
 
 30 
 907 
 
 
 
 $133,396 
 
 $5,123 
 $128,273 
 $106, 175 
 
 2,111 
 
 52 
 2, 061 
 
 14 
 
 232 
 
 2 
 90 
 
 $36, 598 
 
 $34,803 
 
 
 105 
 
 $035 1 $250 
 $Hi 150 ftJJ tii'.ll 
 
 
 1 06 
 
 $9, 702 
 $20, 305 
 
 90 
 
 5 
 85 
 
 1 
 
 830, 598 
 $229, 835 
 
 3,141 
 
 33 
 81i; 
 
 $31,803 
 $110,2.54 
 
 1,073 
 
 31 
 1 , 000 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 15 
 
 
 107 
 
 $209, 902 
 3,700 
 
 82 
 3,247 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 200 
 
 10 
 250 
 
 $4.54,077 
 1,819 
 
 25 
 1,305 
 
 21 
 
 $233, 930 
 1,713 
 
 36 
 1,013 
 
 11 
 
 $1(;6,.5,H5 
 2,004 
 
 38 
 1,.S70 
 
 4 
 74 
 
 1 
 
 00 
 
 12 
 OliO 
 
 53, 780 
 60 
 
 5 
 60 
 
 168 
 16'J 
 
 170 
 171 
 
 1T> 
 
 429 ' 12 
 
 3 ' 
 
 
 97 
 15 
 
 5 59 
 
 173 
 
 1 
 
 
 12 
 2, 170 
 
 2 
 66 
 
 171 
 
 40 
 
 
 70 1 5.84 
 
 
 
 175 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 170 
 
 45 140 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 177 
 
 
 10 
 15 
 
 3 
 '.'5 
 
 
 
 178 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 2 
 33 
 
 
 
 
 17'i 
 
 2 
 00 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 137 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 18 
 
 
 1,80 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PRECIOUS METALS RECOVERED BY 
 CYANIDE PROCESSES 
 
 (591) 
 
PRECIOUS METALS RECOVERED BY CYANIDE 
 
 ■ PROCESSES. 
 
 By t^HAKLES E. MUXKOE, Ph. D. 
 
 The returns for 1902 show that during that year there 
 were 109 establishments, in 12 difierent states, using- a 
 cyanide process for the extraction of the precious metals 
 from tailings or ores. Of these establishments, 29 
 cyanided the ore or tailings without other treatment; 
 27 crushed the ore previous to cyaniding; 5 concentrated 
 the ore; 20 combined amalgamation for coarse gold 
 with cj^aniding for the finely divided gold; IS combined 
 concentration and amalgamation with cyaniding; (J com- 
 bined smelting, and in some instances amalgamation 
 with cj^aniding; and 4 combined chlorination, with and 
 without amalgamation, with cyaniding. During the 
 census year these establishments treated 3,089,673 tons 
 of ore and 199,689 tons of old tailings, or 3,289,362 
 tons in all, and produced 776,050 fine ounces of gold, 
 valued at $15,972,268, and l,7l:l,51r6 fine ounces of sil- 
 ver, valued at $871,878; the products included also 
 15,000 pounds of copper, valued at $1,670; 711,000 
 pounds of lead, valued at $12,194; and 8,726 pounds of 
 mercurv (recovered from tailings), valued at $5,620, so 
 that the total value of all the products was $16,863,930. 
 
 The returns showed directly that of the total oiitiiut 
 of precious metals 289,305 ounces of gold, valued at 
 $5,91:7,888, and 560,872 ounces of silver, valued at 
 $287,611, were extracted from 1,156,613 tons of ore 
 and tailings bj^ means of some cyanide process of re- 
 covery. It is estimated that in those operations in 
 which amalgamation, chlorination, smelting, or several 
 of these processes were combined with a cyanide proc- 
 ess, gold to the value of $2,000,000 and silver to the 
 value of more than $300,000 were recovered by cyanide 
 processes. Hence, by the use of such processes there 
 were produced in the United States, in 1902, gold with 
 an estimated value of about $8,(M.)0,O00, and silver with 
 an estimated value of about $60(),<i00. 
 
 A detailed summary for cyaniding mills is presented 
 in the report on gold and silver. 
 
 30223—04- 
 
 -38 
 
 oc;ruRRExr,K oj' oold. 
 
 Gold, when found in ,<//», is generally in quartz veins 
 intersecting metamorphic rocks, and to some extent in 
 the wall rock adjoining these veins. It may occur 
 either free or combined apparently' with tellurium and 
 perhaps selenium, and it is associated with pyrite (iron 
 disulphide), chalcopyrite (copper-iron sulphide), galena 
 (lead sulphide), sphalerite (zinc sulphide), mispickel 
 (iron sulph-arsenide), and many other minerals contain- 
 ing sulphur, antimony, Ijisnuith, cobalt, nickel, the 
 platinum group of metals, etc. On exposure to the 
 atmosphere these minerals may undergo chemical 
 changes, whereby many of their constituents are con- 
 verted into other compounds, while the metallic gold is 
 set free. Atmosi^heric action also breaks the veinstone 
 into fragments, which are ground to smaller particles 
 ))y attrition. When suspended in flowing water the 
 superior density of the gold causes the particles, 
 together with the heavier particles of the vein matter, 
 to settle out, through a natural concentrating action, in 
 an obstructed portion of the stream, forming alluvial 
 deposits or placers. Through geologic changes such 
 alluvial deposits ma}' again be formed into rock masses, 
 the gold being found in conglomerate rock cemented to- 
 gether by finely divided material, which may be barren 
 or ma}' itself contain gold. When the gold occurs free 
 in C[uartz or in a weathered vein, it is called a free- 
 milling ore; when it is intimately associated with 
 sulphurets and similar substances, it is called a refrac- 
 tory ore. 
 
 Free gold, as found in nature, is never pure, being 
 alloyed to a greater or less degree with silver, copper, 
 and other metals. It oci'urs in (juartz in the form of 
 strings, scales, or plates, and at times in considerable 
 masses of aggregated crystals; the scales are often so 
 small as to be invisible to the naked eye, so that cpiartz 
 
 (593) 
 
594 
 
 ]\riNES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 showing no " color" ami no evideiUH' of gold on pan- 
 ning may yet yield a considorahle |)erc('ntag(' on assay. 
 Tlie metal is very irregularly distributed through tlie 
 q\iartz, being disseminated throughout its mass, and 
 also occurring in ca\'ities; it is in these ea^dties that the 
 largest masses and most perfect crystals of gold are 
 found. Alluvial gold occurs usually in HatteiuMl scah's 
 of diiierent degrees of fineness, the size and shape 
 depending parth' on its origiinil conditicm in place, and 
 partly on the amount of attrition it has undergone in 
 transport. The average tineness of the guld in a plac(>r 
 is determined Ijy the assorting action of the runinng 
 water that transported the materials fi-om their point 
 of origin; the coarser i)articles, recjuiring rapid cur- 
 rents to transport them, are dropped first, while the 
 finer particles arc carried long distances, sometimes 
 scores of miles. Another agent which has ))orne no 
 inconsiderable ])art in this transportation, delivering 
 its burden to the streams at its l;)ase, is the glacier. 
 
 MINIX(; AND UEI'OVEKY OF OOLH. 
 
 Phicers.--\n the earlier operations in auriferous dis- 
 tricts, the gold is obtained from the phu'ers by tlie use 
 of the pan, rocker bumper, "long tom," and sluice, and 
 h\ hj^draulicking. The hydraulic process was emphiyed 
 h\ the Romans, but it has probably reached its greatest 
 development in this country, since its intrcxluction in 
 California in ls.33. In this process, as in the workings 
 of nature, the enerjjv of a head of water dislodo-es th(> 
 gold bearing detritus, and the buoying power of water 
 at different rates of flow separates the heavier from the 
 lighter particles. E\'en in ancient times, these methods 
 were often supplemented by the use of mi>rcurv, eitiier 
 in the liquid state or exposed on plates, to I'atcli and 
 retain, by amalgamating with them, the lightei- parti- 
 cles of gold, which «(.)uld otherwise flow awav «ith the 
 dirt. More recently, di'edging has been )-esoi-ted tcj in 
 order to recover the gold beai'ing alluviiiin fi'om ri\er 
 beds, and even from deposits in former ri\er beds, ()\-ei' 
 which ha\-e since formed deposits of silt so deep that 
 the water has been turned from its course. 
 
 Five iiiiUiiKj Dfrx. — When the placers lia\'e been ex- 
 hausted, attention is given to the riM-(i\'er\- of the gold 
 111 Ki.tu by \ein or (|uai'tz mining. As long as the ore 
 is free milling, the process consists in detarliing it from 
 the vein by dialling and blasting. It is then <-i-ushi'd 
 by stamps, crushers, or rock breakers, and treated, like 
 placer deposits, by sedimentation and amalyaniation. 
 The machinery and de\ices used fiu' coneenlration, 
 separation, and aujalgamation have been \er\- liiolilv 
 developed, especially during the past centurN . Dui'ing 
 the last half ciMitury treatment In cliloi'ine has been 
 resortefl to f(]r the reco\-er\' of the line gold. 
 
 Ri'j-nichii'ij (iri'K — (ilil iiiitliniU. - \\'lien ref ractor\- ores 
 are reaehed. Ilie methods of mining are ehanged. lie- 
 fore the intl'oduction ol' Ihe cyanidi' |)idce,ss, the i^dld 
 in these (jres was extracted l)\- smelt int;', ehlorinalion. 
 
 or (jther elaborate chemical process, the degree of suc- 
 cess depending on tlie richness of the ore in precious 
 metals or in other materials that would yield a profit on 
 the operations. Thus the precious metals associated 
 with galena were alloyed with the lead reduced from it 
 by smidting, and subsequently reco\ered by processes 
 such as that of Parkes cjr ]''attison; iron pyrites carry- 
 ing the [irecions metals were roasted to convert their 
 sulphur content into sulpliuric acid, and the precious 
 metals were then recovered from the pyrite cinder, and 
 these methods are still employed. Copper pyrites, 
 which usually carries gold and silver, and has long been 
 a source from which these metals were obtained, has 
 become a notable source of supply, since the develop- 
 ment of ]\Ianke's method of bessemerizing copper mattes 
 and the successful relining of this impure copper by 
 (dectricity. These are a few among numerous methods 
 proposetl or usihI for the treatment of refractory ores. 
 Ill the de\idopment of the milling processi^s it has 
 I become possilile to assort the ore into different concen- 
 1 trates, each of whiili is treated Ijy tliat process which 
 will most ertectively and economically extract the gold 
 and other valuable substances present. 
 
 On account of th(> cost of transportation or treat- 
 ment. liowe\-er. at many mines <inly the most valuable 
 of the ores ccuild be worked profitably; moreover, 
 after the greatest possible value had been extracted by 
 I'oneenti-ation or by some other coinparati\"elv crude 
 form of treatment, the tailings — carrying with them, 
 in the aggregate, much gold and silv(>r — were disposed 
 of as iiiexpensividy as possible. Thus, in the early 
 days of tlieComstock lode m Nevada, which has yielded 
 gold and sihci- valueil at more than Ss-fO. (too. nun.' the 
 treatment of the ores was limited to mill batti'ries, 
 amalgamating pans, and settlers, the tailings — still con- 
 taining notable (|uantities of the jirecious metals — lieing 
 deposited in the canyons leading to the Carson river. 
 Later, blanket sluices, ritfh's. and othiM' devices were 
 enqiloyed to catch the rieli snlphurc'ts that had escaped 
 prex'ioiis treatment, as w(dl as (|uicksil\-er and amalgam 
 from the plates; in addition, restraining dams and 
 reser\i)irs were constructed at fa\'orable points in the 
 two i-anyoiis. and along the edges of the ri\"er. to catch 
 the lailine-s and the rich chloride slums or st'ttlino-s, 
 but both the dams and their accumulations were some- 
 times swept aw ay by winter floods. Since the ert'ction, 
 in recent years, of several cyanide plants at Sih-er City 
 and Six Mile Canyon to work these tiiilings, it has lieen 
 estimated, on the basis of the values n'co\-ered from the 
 tonnage work, that the value of the precious metals 
 swept into the river and spread o\er its erratic bed and 
 
 sandy Hats aggregated !?(;(>,()(»0, 'j'his estimate is 
 
 sup]iorted by the results obtained in att(>mpting to 
 reco\ei' some of these values from the river bed by 
 <lr(Mleiiie' and other means. 
 
 ' K,.|,ni1 ..I Ihe Diivcterof (lie iNIiiit nj.,,ii ll,,. rro.liictien ,,f the 
 I'le.inns :\lelal.-' during lilUL', page 1.5S. 
 
CYANIDE PRUCE.SSES. 
 
 59r) 
 
 All of tlio loiiy-usecl methods hii\'o liecn o[)('n to 
 fritifism with i-ogartl to elticiencv or ecoiioniy. Thus, 
 in the workinj^- of phiccrs or fnH> niillino- oi'cs, soiiii'- 
 tiiiies the finest particles of j;-old were not preei])itiited 
 l)y the ritHe hars or eauo-ht on the ))lankets, hut floated 
 away with the slimes; ayain, the <;'rains of yold were 
 often "rusty," or so coated as to refus(> to amalnaniatc^ 
 ■when hrou^-ht in t'ontact with the mercury, and hence, 
 in spite of the use of metaliie sodium, or of potassium 
 cyanide and other chemicals, much j^old eseapiKl; or the 
 presence of lead, copper, ar^enic, antimony, or otlier 
 substances in the ore I'aused the mercury to become 
 "foul," and therc^fore luiable to take up gold. These, 
 ct>ml)ined with other causes of loss, have led to the esti- 
 mate that althouuh gold to a value of over-?l,( »()(). (>00,(I(.HJ 
 has been produced in California since iN-iS, "yet more 
 has been wasted in milling and hydraulic mining by 
 being washed down the rivers and even to the ocean." 
 
 Such were the conditions that existed in 1888, when, 
 liy tests made on a large scale, it was demonstrated that 
 the cyanide process for the recovery of gold and silver 
 from low-grade ores was of practical value and low 
 cost, uiaking it possible to work profitably the large 
 bodies of low-grade ore scattered over tlie earth, and 
 the enormous piles of tailings accumulated around both 
 abandoned arid active mines and mills and being con- 
 tinualh' added to as mining and milling proceeded. 
 
 THE CYAXIDK PKOCESS. 
 
 Hlstonj. — According to Hoefer,' )3i-ussic acid appears 
 to have been known to the P^gvptian priests, who used 
 it for poisoning initiates guilty of divulging the sacred 
 mysteries. According to Prissier,'' the fact that gold 
 when in a line state of division was soluble in cyanide of 
 potassium was already known in the Middle Ages, when 
 the gilding of metals was carried out by jewelers and 
 alchemists by the use of gold in cyanide solutions. Un- 
 less potassium cyaiude was at that time made from 
 prussic acid obtained from vegetable sources, it is diffi- 
 cult to reconcile this with the statements made by Watts, 
 by Roscoe and Schorlemmer, and other authorities, that 
 potassium ferrocyanide was discovered by Macquer in 
 17.52 and hydrogen cyanide by Scheele in 1782; foi- these, 
 particularly the former, are the present sources of potas- 
 sium cyanide. It has long been known, however, that 
 in the kei'nels of the bitter almond, peach, apricot, 
 plum, cherry, and quince, in the blossoms of the 
 peach, sloe, and mountain ash, in the lea\es of the 
 peach, cherry laurel, and Portugal laurel, in the young 
 branches of the peach, in the stem bark of tlie Portugal 
 laurel and mountain ash, and in the roots of the moun- 
 tain ash, there occur certain glucosides which, through 
 the action of an enzj^me in the presence of water, be- 
 come hydrolyzed, yielding hydrogen cyanide, or prus- 
 sic acid, as one of the products. 
 
 ' Histoire de Cheinie, Vol. I, page 226. 
 -The Metallurgy of Uold, 1H96, iiage .S78. 
 
 The s(duhility of gold and silvci- coiiipouiids in cya- 
 nide solutions was demonstrated hy Sche(de on jjages 
 •lor. and 4(Hl(jf hisehemical essays. Accorflingto(iore,'' 
 it was the reading of this passage- in Selie(d(.'\s work 
 wdiich in bS-fo suggested to .Jojjn Wright, of Hirmiiig- 
 ham, Kngland, the suitability of <'y<uiidcs of gold and 
 sih'ei'. dissol\(M[ in solutions of alkaline cyanides, for 
 use in eleetr(jplating. This plan was immediately tested 
 with solutions of silver, first in potassium feri-ocyanifle 
 and later in potassium cyanide, and the I'esults were so 
 successful that this method of elcM'ti'oplating was em- 
 bodied in a liritish patent issued to G. K. and H. Elk- 
 ington, Mareli 2:"!, 1810. This y)at('nt became the basis 
 of thearts of electn.-silvering and electro-gilding which 
 have been so extensivelj' practiced ever since. It was 
 in ISlO, also, that the soluljility of the metals them- 
 selves was taken advantage of, for in Mason's "sepa- 
 rate battery," devised in that year, the necessity of 
 supplying additional metallic salt to the l)ath as the 
 deposition went on was obviated l)y the use of an anode 
 composed of the metal to be deposited on the object 
 suspended at the cathode. 
 
 In "The Cyanide Process, its Practical Application 
 and Economical Kesults."* Scheidel says: 
 
 Tlie tir^t rc-conl, in scieiifitii- literature, of experiments in whicli 
 metallic golil was ilissolveil in a cyanide of potassium solution con- 
 sists in Prince Pierre Bagrat ion's jiajier in thi- Bulletin de I'Acad- 
 emie Imperiale iles Sciences de St. Petersbourg, 184:j, tome 11, 
 page V.Vi. Bagratii m, who alludes to Elkington's process, preserved 
 cyanide of [lotassium solution in a dish gilded on the inside. He 
 noticed that after eight days the whole gold surface had been 
 attacked. He e.xperimented then with finely divided gold under 
 the influence of the galvanic current. The latter he soon recog- 
 nized as not of any beuelit in th.e dissolving process. He precipi- 
 tated the gold out of the cyanide solution by means of the electric 
 current on a cathode of copjper. Continued experiments proved 
 the advantage of higher temjierature <luriiig the dissolving jirocess, 
 and taught the jirecipitation i;if gnlil from its still warm soluti(in 
 by means of .silver or copper plates, without the electric current. 
 The higher temperature had, however, the disadvantage of the 
 silver and copper being strongly attacked by the cyaniile solution 
 during the precipitation process. Bagration extended his expjeri- 
 ments to solutions of ferrocyanide, which he found to act like 
 cyanide, but in a much less degree. He further studied the solu- 
 bility fif gold in tlie form of plates in cyanide and f<iund it to be 
 dissolved in such form at a considerable rate at a temperature of 
 30° to 40° C. He noticed the influence of the air on the reaction. 
 Bagration Ijelieves that hydrocyanic acid in a state of generation 
 is a gold solvent, and he cnucludes his )ia[ier with the remark that 
 in the future cyanide of potassium must be emniierated among the 
 solvents of gold. L. Eisner pul)lished in .T. fr. t'liem., 1844, piage 
 441, his observations im the reactions of "reguline metals" in an 
 aijueous solution of cyanide. He found that golil and silver were 
 dissolved in potassium cyanide without decomposition of water. 
 "The dissolution of the metals is, however, the conseiiuence of the 
 action of oxygen which, absorbed from the air, ilecoiiiposes part 
 of the cyanide." His reaction has lieen exjiressed by others in 
 the following ei|uation: 
 
 L>Au ,- 4 KCy -i - H.,() = 2 AuKCy^ -,- 2 K(JH 
 
 (linld.) (Cyanide of (O.^cygen.) (Water.) (Auro-potassic (Potassic 
 
 potassium.) cyanide.) hydrate.) 
 
 ■'The .\rt of Electro-metallurgy, 1877, pages 19 and 20. 
 
 ' CaHfornia State ^lining ISureau, Bulletin No. .5, 1S94, page 9. 
 
596 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 It is generally called Eisner's equation. >Soijie years after, Fara- 
 day made use of the solubility of u;old in cyanide solution for re- 
 ducing the thickness of gold tihns. (Experiments on the relations 
 of gold and other metals to light, Transactions of the Philosoph- 
 ical Society, 1S57, page 147. ) The basis nt the most modern proc- 
 ess for the extraction of gold was tlius provided. 
 
 In fontinnatioii of Eisner's theoiy as to the action 
 of oxygen, which has been disputed, it may lie noted 
 that V. Lehner has recently shown ' that gold will dis- 
 solve in common acids, like sulphuric and phosphoric, if 
 oxygen be present in the sohition, and that the solu- 
 bility of gold in selenic and telluric acids is due to the 
 fact that at the temperature which obtains in the reac- 
 tion these acids are themselves broken up into dioxides 
 and oxygen. 
 
 The first instance of an attempt to a])ply thi.s solvent 
 action of the cyanides to the extraction of precious 
 metals from their ores or other bodies containing them 
 appears in United States Patents tilS6t> and (52776, 
 issued to Dr. Julio H. Rae, of Syrat'use, N. Y., on 
 February 5 and March V2. 1S67. Dr. Rae claimed the 
 use not only of potassium cyanide as a solvent for the 
 precious metals in the ore, but also of an electric cur- 
 rent in precipitating them from tlie sohition, and of 
 rotatory or movable electrodes. This was followed by 
 United States Patent 229586, of July <;, Is.so, to 
 Thomas C. Clark, of Oakland, Cal.. who roasted his ore 
 to a red heat, and placed it, in this coTidition, in a cold 
 bath containing salt, prussiate of potash, and caustic 
 soda; United States Patent 236424, of January 11, ISSl, 
 to H. W. Faucett, of St. Louis, Mo., who subjected 
 hot crushed ores, under pressure, to the action of 
 •sodium C3'anide in solution; and United States Patent 
 244080, of July 12, 1881, to John F. Sanders, of Ogden, 
 Utah, who treated his ore with potassium cyanide and 
 glacial phosphoric acid. But in each of these last three 
 patents the object was to cleanse the gold pi'e\-ious to 
 amalgamation, potassiiun cyanide having l)een used for 
 a considerable time, in California and Australia, for 
 removing the coatings from rusty gold in the pan 
 amalgamation process. 
 
 In 1884 Astley P. Price applied for British Patent 
 5125, for the use of zinc in a state of Hue division in 
 precipitating gold or sih-ei- from solutions containing 
 them. On July 28, 1885, United States Patent 323222 
 was issued to Jerome W. Simpson, of Newai'k, N. J., 
 covering the extraction of gold, silver, and copper from 
 their ores by means of solutions containing potassium 
 cyanide, ammoniuui carbonate, and sodium chloride, 
 and the sid)se(juent precipitation of the dissolved metals 
 by means of pieces or plat(^s of zinc suspended in the 
 solution. A caveat for tli(.' use of cyanide was hied in 
 the United States Pat<'nt Oflice by F. M. Endlich and 
 N. W. Mhhlenbcrger, rluring tiie sam(.' yeai', but was 
 subsei|ue,ntly abandonerl. At Park City, Utali, about 
 the same time, Louis Janin, jr., made expei'iments 
 
 ' .Journal of the 
 [lages •5.5(J to .5.5.5. 
 
 ■ricMii ( liei 
 
 ■;d Soi-iciv, r.KIt, \'ol. I'd, 
 
 with cyanide in extracting silver and gold from ores, 
 which led to his tiling a caveat on Ma}' 1, 1886. He 
 did not press this to an issue, but he published his 
 results in th(> Engineering and Mining Jotirnal, 1888.^ 
 W. A. Dixon also made experiments with C3'anide on 
 Australian ores, and recorded his results in a paper 
 read before the Roj'al Society of New South Wales. 
 
 The cyanide process acquired commercial ^-alue in 
 18H7, when John S. MacArthur and W. Forrest, of 
 Glasgow, Scotland, applied, on October 19, for their 
 English i^atent covering the use of dilute solutions of 
 cyanides in the extraction of the precious metals. Later 
 they ol)tained a patent for the use of zinc as a precipi- 
 tant in a particular state of subdivision. 
 
 The commercial value of the cyanide proce.ss was 
 demonstrated by tests made on a large scale, with ore 
 from the New Zealand Crown mine, in June and Jidy, 
 ISSS. Commercial success dates from the introduction 
 of the MacArthur-Forrest process, in 1890, in the Wit- 
 watersrand gold fields in South Africa, the first cyanide 
 plant in the world for treating tailings having been 
 erected at Johannesburg in April, 1890.^ In the Wit- 
 watersrand alone, at the end of Isyi, there were 6 com- 
 panies treating tailings by the cyanide proce.ss; at the 
 end of 1.S92 there were 22; and at the end of 1893 there 
 were 32, with a record of 143,500 tons per month 
 treated. By the use of this ])rocess there were re- 
 covered in the Rand 2S6 ounces of gold in 1890, 34,862 
 ounces in 1891, 178,688 ounces in 1892, 330,510 ounces 
 in 1893, 714,122 ounces in 1S94. 753,490 ounces in 1.^95, 
 and 7o3,7o4 ounces in 181*6; the output then increased 
 up to September, 1M98, when the commencement of 
 active hostilities in the Boer War interfered with the 
 active working of the mines. 
 
 2let]ni<lx. — The cyanide process consi.sts in lixiviat- 
 ing the finely powd(>red ore with a dilute solution of an 
 alkali cyanide, drawing ofi' this solution when charged 
 with the precious metals, and precipitating these metals 
 from the solution. In the patents of INIacArthur and 
 Forrest the claims «ere made for the use of dilute solti- 
 tions of cyanide (not more than S parts of cyanogen to 
 1,0(10 jiarts of watei'); the employment of caustic alka- 
 ' lies for neutralizing acid ores, pi'ior to their digestion 
 in the t'yanide solution; and the use of zinc, preferably 
 inafiliform condition, as a precipitant. The cyanide first 
 used was potassium cyanide, butcyan-salt, whichisamix- 
 ture of sodium and potassium cyanides, has come into 
 extended use. The tailings, or a charge of ore crushed 
 to the desired fineness, are placed in the leaching vats 
 or taid'is and, if acid, given a preliminar}- treatment 
 with lime or sodium hydroxide, which is generally 
 washed out before further treatment. The ore is then 
 subjected to the action of the cyanide solution, which 
 is usually admitted at the bottom of the leaching vat; 
 after digesting for a length of time, depending on the 
 
 ■' Page .54S. 
 
 ■'Alfred .lames, tlyanide I'racticc, fioiitispiece, V.Wl. 
 
CYANIDP] PR(JCES8K>S. 
 
 597 
 
 character of the charge, its linenesw, its freedom frcim 
 slimes, and the strength of the c^yanide sohxtion, the 
 solution containing the precious metals is drawn off 
 and the operation repeated. According to Eisner's 
 equation and the elaltorate investigations of MacLauriii 
 and Christy, the presence of oxygen in the solution is 
 essential, hence many operators use sodium peroxide 
 or other oxidizing agents with their C3^anide solutions. 
 
 The leaching or percolation vats varj^ nuich in form, 
 dimensions, and construction. Thus they may lie of 
 wood, barrel-shaped, 22.5 feet in diametei- and 4 feet 
 deep, and holding a charge of 30 tons; or of concrete, 
 rectangular, 50 by -10 feet in area and 4- feet deep, and 
 holding 150 tons. 
 
 The following facts from Packard's paper on "'J'he 
 CVanide Process in the United States"' indicates the 
 wide ranges of variation in methods: 
 
 In the Mercur district the ore is covered with solu- 
 tion, which is allowed to stand from thirty mimites to 
 six hours and tlien drawn oil'. This operation is repeated 
 from eight to thirty-five times. Here the material 
 leached is so coarse that there is no danger of " paclving." 
 Each operation of covering takes f I'om two to six hours. 
 A few mills cover the pul]) with solution, allow it to 
 stand forty-eight to ninety-six hours, draw it off, and 
 wasli. Many of the mills follow the strong solution 
 with a wasli of weak solution (one-tenth per centor less). 
 This is in turn followed bj' a water wash, which fiows 
 through the zinc boxes into the weak solution tank and 
 becomes the first wash for the next charge. 
 
 lu the extraction processes referred to above the 
 treatment with cyanide solutions is accomplished by 
 percolation. This method is widely and successfully 
 used, but it has its disadvantages. If the material 
 treated is a clean sand, the solution penetrates througli- 
 out the mass, exerting its full solvent effect, aiul the 
 subsequent draining and washing are easilv accom- 
 plished. But if the ore contains some kind of rock 
 which is converted by the crushing into a powder that 
 when moistened produces slimes — a formation which is 
 most marked when the rock is of a clayey nature — the 
 presence of these ore slimes in the leaching vats may 
 retard or even prevent percolation, according to their 
 amount and character. In working ores of this kind, 
 the difficulty has been obviated by coarse crushing, but 
 in that case gold is lost, because the sol\'ent can not 
 penetrate through the coarser granules of ore to the 
 inclosed grains of metal. To overcome these defects in 
 the process, resort is had — as in the Pelatan-Clerici 
 process, or in the use of the Aurex sluice — to agitation 
 during exposure to the cyanide solution. Eurthermore, 
 since in these processes amalgamation and precipitation 
 are carried on nearly simultaneousl}- with solution, not 
 only is the coarse gold quickly removed, but the rustj' 
 
 ' Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, 
 Vol. XXVI, pages 709 to 721. 
 
 gold is made capalde of amalgamation through being 
 cleanseil by the action of the cyanide and the electric 
 current, which are emplo\'ed simultaneously, while tlie 
 float gold is either' amalgamated directly or dissolved 
 and then precipitated. In these processes the pi'ecious 
 metals are recovered as amalgams, which need only 
 retorting and uudting to lie rendy for the mint. 
 
 A novel method of o\'ercoming th(; impernuiability 
 of slimes is found in the sugg(;stion of Count von 
 Schwerin, '' who proposes to remo\e water from wet cla}' 
 and similar amorphous fine slinies b}' passing tlirough 
 the mass an electric current, wliereby the water is driven 
 to the cathode and the solid particles to the anode by 
 "electric endosmosis." The apparatus eonsists of a 
 wooden vat having for a bottom a bi'ass netting, which 
 forms the cathode; the water being drawn to the net- 
 ting cpiickly runs off'. 
 
 In the MacAi'thur-Forrest process, the cyanide solu- 
 tion containing the gold and silver is next run into zinc 
 boxes for the precipitation of the precious metals. 
 The zinc Ixjxes, like the leaching vats, vary in character 
 at the different works. A form in conunon use in the 
 United States is made of 2-inch dressed plank, bolted 
 together and painted with parafiin paint; it is divided 
 into six compartments, I'i ])y 2<( inches in cross section 
 and 20 inches deep, and is provided with a screen about 
 i inches above the bottom, on which to place the zinc 
 shavings. About sixty pounds of shavings are required 
 to till the box. It is provided with an inlet and an out- 
 let pipe, and in the bottom of each compartment is 
 placed a 1-inch pipe closed with a stopcock, through 
 which the slimes are drawn oft' in cleaning up. The 
 circulation in the zinc box is secured by having the first 
 partition of a compartment extend from the top of the 
 box to within 3 inches of the bottom, while the second 
 partition extends from the bottom of the l>ox to within 
 2 inches of the top. The screen for the zinc shavings 
 is stretched Ijetween. The solution from the entrance 
 pipe falls to the bottom of the box, passes under the 
 first partition, rises up through the zine shavings, flows 
 over the second partition, and thus proceeds up and 
 down from compartment to compartment until it 
 reaches the exit pipe of the box. The ^Mercur mill is 
 equipped with long sheet-iron boxes having wooden 
 partitions wedged into place; these can easily be reujoved 
 for cleaning up, the slinies being all lu-ushed together. 
 At the Cripple Creek mill, the slime discharge pipes of 
 the zinc boxes lead from the side of each compartment 
 and discharge the slime into a trough leading to a. tank. 
 
 When the potassium cyanide s(.)lution comes into con- 
 tact with the gold in the leaching vat, the gold is dis- 
 solved, forming potassium aurocyanide, according to 
 the following ec^uation: 
 
 4 KCy + 2 Au -f + H.,0 = 2 KAuCy^ + 2 KHO. 
 
 '' Tieitschrift der Elektrochemie, 190:3, page 739. 
 
598 
 
 MIXES AND (^'AKRIES. 
 
 Accordiiig to Christy,' wIkml th(" solution of potiissiiuii 
 aurocvunidc, (xiiitainiuo-. us it usually docs, an excess 
 of potassium cyanide, ii lirouyht into eimtact with the 
 zitie, tlie reaction may he represented liy 
 
 L' KAuCy, ^ :; Zn 4 KCy 1' 1I,,( » = 1' i ZiiCy,, . 1' KCy) -i 
 K„()„Zii L' IL, , L' An; 
 
 but in the af>sence of free potassium <'yanide the suc- 
 cessive reactions taking place may In' summed up in tlie 
 followino' ('([nation: 
 
 4 KAuCy, 4 Zii l' H,,(l = 2 ZnC'y,, ZiiCy, . 2 KCy K„< ),,Zn 
 2 11, 4 Au. 
 
 Christy also says: 
 
 Acccirdiiig to tlie sulintitntimi rc-actinii, diu- atiiiii of zinc rejilaceH 
 two atoms of g-oM, nv 1 dunrc nf zinc slmnlU iirecijiitat(e <i.2 (innccs 
 of .u'lild; whereas, as everyone knn\vs. in jiractice 1 onnce of zinc 
 will precipitate only one-lifth to one-fifteenth ef an unncc nf ^.Mild, 
 or thirty to ninety times less than the anionnt called fi.rhythc 
 reaction by substitution. Ai-i'ording to the reactions 1 ha\"e sug- 
 gested, in the alisence of free cyaidde of potassiinn an<l caustic jmt- 
 ash 1 ounce of zinc should preciiiitate 'i.l ounces of gold; in the 
 presence of a niodei'ate excess of cyanide of potassium it should prc- 
 cijjitate 2.Cl(-j ounces. The apparent iliscrepancy that seems siill to 
 renjain between theorj' and practice is in reality due to the facts, 
 first, that the free alkali (potasli in iiarticularl foi-mcil in the solu- 
 tion of the golil, or aihied to neutralize the free acid in the ore, 
 also dissolves the zinc as jjotassium zincate; sei-ond, that an excess 
 of iiotassium cyanide dissolves the zinc on its own account, both 
 as the double cyanide and as the zincate c>f potassium; third, it 
 should also be remembered that water containing dissolved oxy- 
 gen attacks metallic zinc (piite vigorously, forming hydrate of zinc. 
 
 According' to Packard, the (lo pounds of zinc sha\ing-s 
 retjiiired to till the zinc lioxes descrilied abo\-e will pre- 
 cipitate the gold from about l.oOU pounds of 0.2 per 
 cent solution per hour, the solution cai'rying from o. 1 
 to (i.s ounce of g<dd per ton on entei'ing the zinc box, 
 and from n.ol to 'hHo ounce on l('a\ing it. Tlie gold in 
 wash watc's and \\'eaker sobitioris is less easily pre- 
 cipitatcd, a nuudi longer contact with the zinc being 
 required. 
 
 On cleaning ujj, the zinc shavings are washed anrl the 
 finely powdei'ed portions, called zinc-gold slimes, are 
 screened through sieves \-arying in mesh, at the differ- 
 ent mills, from one-foui'th-inch m(^sh to I'lO-niesh, the 
 coarse stutl" being returned to the zinc box. In this 
 country, where tlie zinc-gold slimes are treated at the 
 mills, they are subjected to the action of an acid, such as 
 sulphuric, which removes much of the zinc and other 
 soluble bodies, and the residues are then washed, dried, 
 fluxed, and melted. A few mills ship these slimes to 
 smelters and refiners, liut the difficulty of obtaining a 
 satisfactory sample, and the almost constant wide disa- 
 
 greement iH'tw'ocn buyer and sellei' ha\-e led many 
 snadters to refuse t(j handle them. 
 
 In discussing Professor Christy's pai)er Mv. Francis 
 L. P>os(|ui stated" that at Bodie. Cab, after many dis- 
 couraging failures, the f<.)llowing method of operating 
 in treating the zinc-gold slimes was adcjpted, and has 
 been followed with entii'(> success: 
 
 Till/ slimes and line zinc arc discharged directly from the Xinc 
 boxes iido a redwood vat li feet in diameter and 2 feet deep. Thi.s 
 vat is protected on the inside by several coats of paraffin paint, has 
 a slight hottouL incline for drainage, and i.s provided with a 2-inch 
 disi-hargc vahc. Here the slinies are treated with sulphuric acid. 
 .U'tcr the destruction of the zinc, the zinc sulphate and the slight 
 I'Xccss of acid present are diluted by filling the vat with warm 
 water. Within an hour the \m\k of the precijiitate will liave settled 
 to the bottom. The supernatant liquor, to the amount of about 
 4(1(1 gallons, which still contains a small amount of gold slimes in 
 sus])cnsion, is then sijihoned off into a 10-ton .settling vat. 
 
 The gold slimes are treated with a succession of these washes, 
 Ihe supernatant liiiuor being each time drawn off into the settling 
 \'at, until the amount of zinc snl]iliate remaining in the slimes is 
 insignificant. The lii|Uor siphoned off into the settling vat, whicli 
 I'ontains only a very small i|nantity of shines in proportion to the 
 total i|naiitity obtained, is left to settle between clean-ui>s. The 
 clear li(|iior is drawn off just bcfo)'e a succeeding clean-up, and at 
 long intervals the precipitate is gathered from the bottom and 
 meltc(l. 
 
 The bulk of the slimes is finally discharged from the acid vat 
 into a liltcr box. This box is provided, about a foot from the top, 
 with a perforate(i partition which is closely covered with two thick- 
 nesses of ordinary mill blanketing. I'^rom the compartment Ije- 
 neatli this filter the air is witliib'awn by nutans of a steam ejectrjr, 
 and the water is thus I'eiiioved from the slimes by suction. At the 
 bottiMii of the l)ox is a 1-inch ilischarge \alve for dra\\ing off the 
 accumulated I'lear liquiil. I'.y occasionally scraping the filter 
 blankets the passage of water through them is greatly facilitated. 
 Tlicse blankets are removed and washeil after each clean-up, anil 
 clean ones are substituted. The ]iartially dried slimes from the 
 blankets are then conipletely dried over a furnace and melted in 
 crncililcs. The zinc residues being thus pretty thoroughly removed 
 from the slimes, the ditticnities in melting are redui-ed to a min- 
 iniimi. "■■" ^' "■" 
 
 For some time a considerable value went into the slag, which 
 had to be shi|i|icil to the smelting works. I'.ut after a good deal of 
 cx|iei iinentation a very suitable Hux has been fouml, which re- 
 duces tlie slag value to almost nothing. .\ dust chamber has been 
 constructed in com lection «itli I he melting furnace, and an effective 
 duinper iiitroilnc"d in the course of the Hue. The latter is closed 
 al each charging of the crucible, and "dusting" is thus almost 
 etltir'el \ a\ oided. 
 
 Our I 
 
 able, 
 
 'Transactions of the Ameiicaii Institute of Mining Engineers, 
 Vol. XXN'J, pages 7:io to 772. 
 
 OSS in melting has never been more than barely appreci- 
 nd now, >ince the introduction of a dust chanilier and 
 damper, is wholly insignilicant. The wonderhilly close corre- 
 s|ionde]ice lictweeii our actual bullion yield and the extraction 
 indicated by caii'fiil assays of I'harged and discharged tailings 
 Honid ill itself weaken the supposition of any considerable loss in 
 iiielting- To be sure, our bullion is low grade, but we suffer no 
 incoincnience from this except the small increase in cost of trans- 
 portation and rehning in proportion to the value of the bars. 
 
 ■•^ Transactions of the .imerican institute of Mining P^ngineers, 
 Vol. XXVII, pages S:l7 to K46. 
 
CYANIDE PUUCESSES. 
 
 5',tU 
 
 Precipitants other than filiform zinc are sonictinn's 
 employed to throw down the gold. Thus, at the Delamar 
 mine, Nevada, the precipitation is by zinc dust,' with 
 aofitation: MoUoy preci|)itates with sodium or potassium 
 amalu'ain, Moldenhauer with aluminum, .lohnston with 
 pulverized carbon, Christy with taiprous chloride, iind 
 De Wilde withcupric sulphate. Precipitation is etfected 
 also by electricity, amalgamated copper plates beinjj;- 
 used in the Pelatan-Clerici process, and thin lead plates 
 as cathodes, with iron anodes, in the Siemens-llalske 
 process. 
 
 Electro-depo.sition processes seem to possess an ad- 
 vantage over ziiK; precipitation processes in that the 
 presence of caustic soda makes no ditt'crence in the re- 
 sult, and that th(\v are as i'ti'ecti\e with a weak as with 
 a strong' solution. Very weak cyanide solutions may 
 thei'efore be used in the leaching vats. Charles Butters, 
 who has been closely identihed with the de\-elopment of 
 the cyanide process from its introduction into this 
 country in practical form, and has had extensive pro- 
 's. F. Emmons, Transactions <if the American Iiif^titnteot .Miiiinji 
 Engineers, Vol. XXXI, pages (i.58 to (is:-!. 
 
 fessional experience in South Africa, sj'ys' tliat in our 
 more modern ]ilants the (electrolytic and zinc ]U'ocesses 
 are iinw used in comhiiiatiori foi' the recover\' of the 
 metal from c\'ani(ie solutions. The solution is lirst 
 cleaned bv the electrolytic ])ro<-ess. It extracts from 
 '.HI to It-t per cent of all tiie [)roducls. imluding j)rac- 
 tically all of the copper. Ahout S to '.I i)ei- cent of the 
 electric box Capacity is tlien tilled with zinc, which, 
 aidcfl liv the electric current, rcmoxcs the small (|ua]j- 
 titiesof gold ;uid silver remaining. P>y this coniliination 
 the zinc is constantly at its best, as c\-erytliing that 
 would injure the surface of tiie zinc as ii precipitating 
 surface has been eliminated by the prc\'iou.s electrolytic 
 treatment. At Butters' mines, in Salvador, an extrac- 
 tion of about ".lit ])er cent of the values in solution is 
 made on regidar monthly runs. This process is used 
 alsoat^'ilg■ini;lCit\•, Xe\-.. and at Minas Prietas. ^lexico. 
 The following tables from Packard's paper clearly set 
 forth somi> of the variations which obtain in tlie use of 
 the cyanide j)rocess with Y"'et'ipitati(ui by zinc in prac- 
 tice, with the results: 
 
 M<'Jeetro-cliiMiiical Industry, \'ol. II, page 207. 
 I^ivcv'ijitiim iif (irrH iiKed m ctjioudniij^ irith jn'ccipitdlinn hi/ inn/. 
 
 
 CHARACTEK. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ro3n^(»siTn 
 
 )N. 
 
 
 
 
 SiO,. 
 
 Fe. 
 
 ALO3. 
 
 CaC(.)3. 
 
 Prr mil. 
 
 12 lo 1:. 
 Liltlc. 
 
 8. 
 
 other c 
 
 clnents. 
 
 
 
 P,r rr 
 
 70 t< 
 70 t. 
 
 a. 
 
 MO 
 .^0 
 
 Pi'v crni. 
 
 Prr mil. 
 5 to 10 
 r, to 10 
 
 J'rr mil. 
 Liiile. 
 
 As, Hff. 
 As, SI., Tr. 
 A^, (I.- \'rr (■ 
 free iieid. 
 
 Traces ui ( 'n, 
 Te. 
 
 
 
 Ut'compose*! iinrphyry and <siiart/. 
 
 SalHly <iuai-tz, with iron oxidized troiii sul- 
 [iliides and bum'he.s of lead carVioiuite. 
 
 
 
 Bin;<ham, Cttih 
 
 Gilt Edge.Munt 
 
 Cooki.', Mont -. 
 
 Black Hills, s. Dak 
 
 Cripfile C'Tffk, Colo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r)t'comjtos(_Ml porphyry 
 
 Silica, with iron in varyinj,^ conditions 
 
 l'( trphyry 
 
 NO ti 
 
 XI 
 
 as 
 
 '.i. 
 \'arics. 
 
 ?. 
 
 1 0. 
 
 """'"^Y'to's" 
 
 0. Ij 
 \'arics. 
 Small. 
 
 .Mn, As, Sb. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 < 'iilciiim, - Cjilcinin oxirti-. 
 
 3Iet/lffd.s of treathie)it and Ve^^llt!^ hi ri/dn /ill m/^ irtfli jnu-c/ ji/fiifmn hi/ 2nic. 
 
 Mercur, Utah 
 
 Sunshine, Utah 
 
 Biiig'Iiiim, Utah 
 
 Gilt lul^e. Mont... 
 
 (Vu.kf, Mont 
 
 Black Hills, S. Dak 
 Cripple Creek, Colo 
 
 
 
 Capacity, 
 
 Sizeofore' 
 
 tons per 
 
 Icadied 
 
 day. 
 
 inesh. 
 
 
 1 
 Ilirhcs. 
 
 200 
 
 i 
 
 110 
 
 
 40 
 
 J 
 
 aO 
 
 20 
 
 2:1 
 
 10-20 
 
 4U 
 
 30 
 
 7.'i 
 
 40 
 
 Preliininarv treat- 
 ment". 
 
 None 
 
 Lime 
 
 Sodi\nn dioxide 
 
 None 
 
 Lime 
 
 Lime 
 
 Various, lime. . 
 
 strength of cy- 
 anidcsolutions. 
 
 Nnmber 
 of hours 
 
 leached. 
 
 Prr cent 
 
 
 0. 20 to 0. 25 
 
 l.x 
 
 0.0(1 to 0.20 
 
 4S 
 
 0. 02.5 to 0. 125 
 
 120 
 
 0.15 
 
 72 
 
 0.25 
 
 4S 
 
 0.50 too. 75 
 
 90 
 
 0. 05 to 0. 76 
 
 100 
 
 Cyanide 
 eonsumed 
 per ton of 
 )re treated. 
 
 Zinc ciiTisumedl 
 
 per ton of ore ! 
 
 treated. 
 
 
 
 
 l.^. 
 
 Po>n 
 
 ds. 
 
 
 
 
 .n 
 
 
 II. yj) 
 
 , 11 
 
 
 II. 'J.i 
 II. ■J.i 
 
 , '-?-"' 
 
 
 
 ASSAY OF 
 
 ORE. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — - 
 
 E.xtraction 
 
 of gol.l. 
 
 C 
 
 ist per 
 Ion. 
 
 (iold. 
 
 SilYcr. 
 
 
 
 
 Oiiiirii' prr 
 
 toil. 
 5 to Ci 
 
 Ollliris 
 
 ji< r tun. 
 
 J'<r rn,i- 
 SD t(i S7 
 
 
 ■?0 S5 
 
 
 
 
 "5 
 
 2. 1) 
 
 Ml 
 
 
 1.S5 
 
 0, 45 
 
 
 7'-. 
 
 
 1 , 25 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S.i 
 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 0.2 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 Mr. W. PI. Davis has discovered that by subjecting 
 foul cyanide solutions to the action of alternating elec- 
 tric currents the .solutions are not only regenerated, 
 owing to the precipitation of the foul matter present, 
 but the resultant solution is more active and has a 
 higher solvent power than a normal cyanide solution. 
 He attributes this increased efficiency to cyanogen 
 
 which has been set free in the electrolysis, being held 
 dissolved in the solution. This process of treatment 
 was introduced on a working scale at the Smuggler- 
 Utiion mines, Coloi-ado, in iltiy, little!, and it is chtimed 
 that by its use tailings carrying as low a value as SSI.SU 
 per ton have Ik^cii treatt^d at a profit, the average cost 
 of treatment being 50 cents per ton. The pul>lished 
 
600 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 statement S:)f the nianaj^'or of those luiiics, coiiiparing ] of potassium cyanide consumed and an increase of 17.09 
 
 the results of the operations for the four months pre- ' per cent in the ({uantity of ^'old and of 4.81 per cent in 
 
 ceding with those for the four months succeeding the the quantity of silver extracted. 
 
 introduction of this process for regen(M-ating the foul : The results of simultaneous cyaniding, agitation, 
 
 solutions, states that the application of the process ^ amalgamation, and electro-deposition are set forth in 
 
 resulted in a reduction of 2*.). 78 per cent in the quantity i the following table, given by T. M. Chatard and Cabell 
 
 — --— I Whitehead:' 
 
 ^Report of the Director of the Mint upon the Production of the j _- ^ ^„ _- _ _ 
 
 Precious Metals during 1902, pages 99 to U)l: 1903. | 
 
 ^ Engineering and Mining Jimrna!, Val. LXIX, page 139. 
 
 ORE USED. 
 
 Heavy (00 per cent) sulphurel ore, North Caro- 
 lina 
 
 Tellnride orf. oxidized, very slimv, Cripple 
 Creek, Colo 
 
 Telluride, like No. 2, Cripple Creek, Colo 
 
 Telluride oxidized, dark red, very slimy, Cripple 
 
 Creek, Colo 
 
 Heavy sulphuret, Boulder county. Coin 
 
 Heavy sulphuret, South America i 
 
 Republic Mine, Washington 
 
 Republic M ine, finer ground 
 
 Republic Mine, still finer 
 
 Rich ore, Virginia, contiiins galena, cti- 
 
 Republic Mine, Wa'-liint,'lnn. mill pulp 
 
 Republic Mine, Wa^hint^tn]|. mill pnlji 
 
 Republic Mine, WasliingtnTi, mill pulp 
 
 Republic Mine, Washington, mill pnlp 
 
 Republic Mine, Washington, coarse ore 
 
 Republic Mine, W'ashington, coarse tailings 
 
 Republic Mine, Washington, coarse tailings 
 
 Rough mill concentrates, Georgia 
 
 Sulphuret ore, Georgia 
 
 Silver ore, Honduras- 
 
 Free quartz, California 
 
 mesh. 
 
 Length 
 of run. 
 
 l-.O 
 
 75 
 
 (Ml 
 
 i;u 
 
 (il) 
 
 J,i 
 
 liO 
 
 no 
 
 (il) 
 
 i;o 
 
 (ill 
 
 fiO 
 
 I'iO 
 
 75 
 
 I'.d 
 
 00 
 
 CO 
 
 (10 
 
 fil) 
 
 (iO 
 
 S(l 
 
 75 
 
 101) 
 
 75 
 
 ini) 
 
 90 
 
 1(10 
 
 90 
 
 1110 
 
 dO 
 
 100 
 
 CO 
 
 100 
 
 CO 
 
 00 
 
 CO 
 
 100 
 
 i;o 
 
 100 
 
 90 
 
 ^0 
 
 90 
 
 40 
 
 90 
 
 10(1 
 
 90 
 
 1 00 
 
 90 
 
 ORE ASSAY. 
 
 Oitncrs. 
 1,075 
 0. 90 
 
 90 
 0.95 
 0.95 
 4. .55 
 4.. 55 
 0.40 
 
 1 05 
 (i 30 
 C 30 
 e.30 
 
 33,98 
 2.50 
 2.50 
 2, .50 
 ■2.50 
 2. 30 
 0,45 
 45 
 0.80 
 
 2 C8 
 0,71 
 0, 175 
 
 Silver, 
 
 Ouncrs. 
 1.23 
 0. CO 
 0.60 
 0.65 
 0.05 
 1.45 
 1.45 
 1.30 
 4,35 
 C. 15 
 6, 15 
 6.15 
 
 ""3."75" 
 3.75 
 3. 75 
 3.75 
 2. ,50 
 1.30 
 1 30 
 0..50 
 1.00 
 72 80 
 0.92 
 
 TAILINGS 
 ASSAY. 
 
 Gold. I Silver. 
 
 EXTRACTION. 
 
 Ouiires. 
 0.20 
 0.10 
 0.10 
 0,12 
 0.07 
 0,12 
 0.10 
 0.12 
 0,60 
 2.10 
 1.45 
 0.48 
 1 66 
 0.40 
 0.25 
 0.20 
 0. 135 
 0, 375 
 
 Ouncfs. 
 
 0. CO 
 
 0. 35 
 
 1 0.45 
 
 0.38 
 
 0.28 
 
 0.38 
 
 0.25 
 
 1 0. 00 
 
 1 2. 55 
 
 2.80 
 1.90 
 1.02 
 
 1..55 
 0.75 
 2. 25 
 1.311 
 1. 025 
 
 0. 25 
 
 1.125 
 
 0.25 
 
 1.10 
 
 0. 125 
 
 0.37 
 
 0.27 
 
 0. .50 
 
 0.10 
 
 6.00 
 
 0,05 
 
 0. 525 
 
 Prr cl. 
 81.41 
 
 88. 90 
 88.90 
 87.47 
 92. 63 
 97.38 
 97.81 
 70.00 
 42. 85 
 66. C6 
 77.00 
 92. 38 
 95. 05 
 84.60 
 90.00 
 92. 00 
 94.00 
 83.70 
 44.44 
 44. 44 
 84.37 
 
 89. 92 
 85. 91 
 89.49 
 
 STRENGTH OF CYANIDE 
 SOLUTION. 
 
 Silver. Sttirt. 
 
 Pn 
 
 i-l. 
 
 51 
 
 00 
 
 42 
 
 00 
 
 33 
 
 00 
 
 41 
 
 51 
 
 .56.92 
 
 73. 80 
 
 82 
 
 70 
 
 54 
 
 60 
 
 41 
 
 38 
 
 .54. 49 
 60.13 
 83.41 
 
 'm.w 
 
 79.20 
 40. 00 
 63. 60 
 .58. SO 
 13. 46 
 15. 37 
 26. 00 
 .50.00 
 91.76 
 41.02 
 
 Per el. 
 0.131 
 0.190 
 0.184 
 0. 185 
 0. 2.50 
 0. 163 
 0. 1C4 
 0.1.50 
 0,180 
 0.287 
 0.289 
 0.231 
 0. 292 
 0.170 
 0. 245 
 0. 320 
 0. 277 
 0.198 
 0.117 
 0.1.55 
 0.149 
 0. 270 
 0. 203 
 
 I'l r rl. 
 0. 064 
 0.1.55 
 0.152 
 0,134 
 
 0. lei 
 
 0.081 
 0.129 
 0. 059 
 0.078 
 0. 201 
 0.209 
 0.164 
 0. 185 
 0.105 
 0.190 
 0. 225 
 0. 202 
 0. 099 
 0. 080 
 0. 095 
 0.093 
 0.214 
 0,175 
 0,1411 
 
 /'. ;• rl. 
 0. 007 
 0. 035 
 0. 032 
 0. 051 
 0.086 
 0. 082 
 0. 035 
 0.091 
 0. 102 
 0,080 
 0.080 
 0.067 
 0.107 
 0. 065 
 0. 055 
 0. 095 
 0. 075 
 0, 099 
 0.037 
 0. 0.50 
 0. 056 
 0. 062 
 0. 08.S 
 0, 095 
 
 ELECTRIC CURRENT. 
 
 Amperes 
 Vijlts. P'^'' 
 
 scjuare 
 foot. 
 
 1 . 85 
 2.10 
 2.01 
 2.20 
 2.30 
 1.01 
 1.80 
 2.02 
 
 2. 02 
 2.10 
 2.30 
 2.153 
 2.78 
 3 27 
 3.03 
 3.10 
 3.00 
 
 No meter. 
 3.00 
 
 No meter. 
 
 No meter. 
 2.8 
 4.0 
 
 0.20 
 0.17 
 0.23 
 0.26 
 0.23 
 0.18 
 0.19 
 0.22 
 0.23 
 0.26 
 0.21 
 0.14 
 0.73 
 0.67 
 0.67 
 0.60 
 0..50 
 0.46 
 0.33 
 0.48 
 0.48 
 0.57 
 0.-S3 
 0.94 
 
 ^ Containe'l arsenic and jiTitiino 
 
 2 Contained silver cldoride. 
 
 In this connection it may lie noted that in Wag'ner's 
 Chemical Technolog}'^ there is described a method of 
 treating- refractory ores, invented hy W. Crookes, which 
 consi.sts in suijiecting the powdered ore to the action of 
 an alternating' current in the presence of a solution 
 of mercuric cyanide or of some other soluble salt (jf 
 mercur}-. 
 
 The methods used in the Witwatersi-aTid have been 
 described recently by John Hays Hammond,' as 
 follows; 
 
 The following description applie.s to the treatment id' ures in the 
 pyritic zones. Ores from the upper (exiilizeil) lidiizniis (d' the 
 reefs, which constitute but a small percentafje nf tlie ures treated, 
 require a slight inoditication of the process. 
 
 The ground near the mines is level, and dees net |ierinit trans- 
 portation by gravity; consequently the ore niust he llrst elevated 
 into the ore bins at the mill, and the tailings leaving the mill must 
 be elevated for treatment hy the cyanide process. This is done 
 either by tailing pumps or, preferably, hy tailing wheels. These are 
 from 40 to 50 feet in diameter, and discharge the tailings into a 
 launder, which, witli a grade of about :15 per cent, carries them to 
 the cyanide works. The auriferous pyrites are, to a large extent, 
 taken out as concentrates by means of fSpitzlutten (hydraulii' 
 
 ■'Manual of Chemical Technology, K. von Wai'ner, translated bv 
 W. Crookes, 1892, page 191. 
 
 'Transactions of the American Institute ,,S Mijiini' EiiLdneerM 
 Voh XXXI, pages 817 to «o4: 1902. 
 
 classifier). .Vbout 10 per cent of the mill jmlp recovered in this 
 way consists of pyrites with coai^se .'^and, a concentration of 10 to 
 1 being obtained. These com^entrates are taken to tanks for sep- 
 arate treatment. From two to three weeks of treatment is required 
 in order to obtain from this material a recoverv of ii-i,m 90 to 9.5 
 per cent of thegol.l it c(ditains. A solution of about 0.25 to 0.3 
 per cent of cyanide cd' i.otassium is used. After passing over (he 
 Spitzlutten the tailings are run to Spitzkasten (pointed boxes), 
 where the heavier sands are allowed to settle, while the lighter 
 material (slimes) overflows, and is carried to the slinje works for 
 special treatment. The sands which settle in the Spitzkasten, 
 representing about 79 ).er cent of the battery pulii, are continu- 
 ously discharged by pipes leading from the b(dton( of the box, 
 and are ileli\ creil by a |]..seorbyaii auton(atic ic\ oh lug distrilni- 
 tor to settling tanks, into which they are so fed as to be as thor- 
 oughly mixed as possible. This separation id' the sands from the 
 slinu'S has to be rarefull)- niade, so as to remove all clayey sub- 
 stances, the ))resence of w hich would otherwise prevent ra])id pier- 
 colation of the solution and tlie free access of atmiispheric ox'ygen, 
 which is essential to the solution of gold by cyanide, 
 
 -Most of the modern plants luu'e a system of doidile treatment, 
 the tailings being settled in the .settling tanks, when they are 
 treated, after being allowed to drain, with a weak solution of 
 cyanide of potassium. This addition of the cyanide of pota.ssiuiu 
 is made rather for the jiurpi^se of .saturating the sands with the 
 solution than for thorough leaching, which wmild be difficult on 
 account of the jiacking of the sands as they are settled, rendering 
 liercolation ditlieult. After the solution has been drained off, the 
 .sands from the settling tanks are discharged into the leaching 
 
CYANIDE PUOCESSES. 
 
 601 
 
 tanks, placed immediately Ijelow tlie settling tanks, I'roni wliicli 
 they are tilled from diseharKe doors on the hottom id the latter. 
 For a 200-stamp plant 16 steel settlinfj; and 16 steel leaehini,' tanks 
 are nsnally employed. From 3 to 4 settlin^and leaching tanks are 
 used for the treatment of the Spitzlutten concentrates above ile- 
 scrilied. Tlie settling tanks are usually 40 feet in diameter and S) 
 feet high. The leaching tanks have the same diameter, hut usu- 
 ally a foot less height. The capacity of these tanks is about 4(1(1 
 tons of ])ulp each. 
 
 In the leaching tanks the pulp is subjected to three treatments 
 with cyanide of potassium. Where the Mac Arthur-Forrest process 
 is used, the strong solution contains 0.25 per cent, the medi(nn 
 solution 0.2 per cent, and the weak solution 0.10 per cent of KCy. 
 In the Siemens-Halske process the solutions are weaker, namely, 
 the strong solution, 0.10; medium, 0.02; and weak, 0.01 per cent 
 of KCy. 
 
 The treatment requires from four to seven days. From Kioto 
 150 tons of solution are usually employed for 100 tons of saml. 
 After being allowed to drain, the sands are discharged tlirongli 
 liottoni discharge doors into trucks, in which they are removed to 
 residues or tailings heaps. Here, again, elevation is necessary, on 
 account of the flatness of the country, and is usually effected by 
 the endless rope system. These tailings heaps are conspicuous 
 throughout the mining district. By reason of the heavy winds 
 prevailing at certain seasons of the year, they are becoming a great 
 nuisance, and the question of their future disposition is one of the 
 problems for the mining engineer. 
 
 The cyanide solution, after being drawn off from the leaching 
 tanks, is taken to the precipitation boxes. The gold from the 
 strong solution is precipitated in one set and that from the weak 
 solution in another set of boxes. Precipitation is effected 1)y either 
 the MacArthur-Forrest or the Siemens-Halske process. 
 
 The MacArthur-Forrest process. — In this process the gold is pre- 
 cipitated by zinc, the solution passing upward through a succession 
 of compartments, in which are placed zinc shavings or filings, rest- 
 ing on a movable tray of c<jarse screening. About twenty precipi- 
 tation boxes, 20 feet by 3 feet by 3 feet 9 inches in size, are used. 
 The gold bearing solution is brought into close contact with the 
 zinc, causing the deposition of the gold, partly as a metallic coating 
 on the zinc and partly as gold slimes, which sink to the bottom 
 of the box. As the zinc is gradually dissolved by cyanide more 
 is added. 
 
 Once or twice a month the lioxes are emptied, and the gold 
 slimes are treated with dilute sulphuric acid, then dried and melted 
 in crucibles. The dried slimes contain about 15 to 20 per cent of 
 gold, and after fluxing with borax and soda an ingot of 0.750 to 
 0.800 fineness in gold and 0. 100 in silver is obtained. The slag, car- 
 rving from 5 to 50 ounces of gold per ton, is usually sold to smelters. 
 
 This precipitation process yields satisfactory results only with 
 solutions containing more than 0. 1 per cent of cyanide, the weaker 
 solutions not being acted upon by zinc. An improvement of the 
 method is the addition of lead to the zinc, whereby the combina- 
 tion of the two metals forms a galvanic couple, whii'li also reacts 
 with weaker solutions, such as are employed, fur example, in the 
 treatment of slimes. 
 
 The iSiemens-Hulske process. — In this process the solution flow-s 
 through compartments very similar to the zinc boxes above de- 
 scribed, but the zinc shavings are here replaced with lead strips 
 (0.1 pound per S(iuare foot) or shavings hung between iron plates 
 placed vertically and longitudinally in the box, about 4 inches 
 apart. The lead strips are connected with the negative, and the 
 iron plates with the positive, pole of a dynamo, and the solution is 
 thus electrolytically decomposed, the gold being plated on the lead 
 cathode. The iron plates are wrapped in canvas to prevent short 
 circuiting. The current employed is from 2 to 3 volts, giving a cur- 
 rent density of about 0.06 amperes per square foot of cathode. 
 Once a month the lead sheets are removed and replaced, and the 
 gold coated lead is melted and cupelled, yielding a bullion of 0.880 
 
 line in gold and 0.100 in silver. The litharge is sold to smelters. 
 The solutions passing thnjugh the treatment boxes are collected in 
 tanks, and are made up tfj a jjroper strength by adding the neces- 
 sary KCy. 
 
 The cost of the Siemens-Halske process is slightly greater than 
 that of zinc precipitation, and the percentage of extraction is 
 about the same. But the Siemens-Halske [jrocess may be ajjplied 
 to any solution, weak or strong. 
 
 A dig-(?st covc^ring' nio.st of the pateiitw issued by the 
 United States Patent OtHce in certain of the subclasses 
 of metallurg-y, and subclass 15 of electrolysis, tip to 
 lyo-l, is givi-.n in the Appendix. 
 
 Scope. — From the description of its mode of opera- 
 tion it is evident that the "straight cyanide process"' is 
 readily applicable to free milling ores which are free 
 from mineral substances that would foul the solution or 
 consume the cyanogen salt, and the g-old in which is 
 finely divided and so exposed that the cyanide solution 
 may come in intimate contact with it. In old tailings 
 which have been exposed for years to the action of the 
 weather, whereby the sulphurets have been oxidized 
 and the acids and salts formed, dissolved and washed 
 away, there has been found much material ready at 
 hand for immediate treatment in the simijlest manner. 
 The problem is comparativeh^ simple, also, in the case of 
 siliceous gold bearing deposits free from sulphurets, 
 but the ore nmst be crushed, and in manj- instances it 
 is more economical to concentrate it than to expose the 
 entire mass to the action of the cyanide solution. 
 Moreover, even in the case of neutral and otherwise 
 suitable ores, the fine particles of metallic gold may be 
 so enveloped in an impermeable covering — such as iron 
 or aluminum hj'droxide — as to necessitate a preliminar}' 
 treatment, such as roasting, to rupture the envelope. 
 An example of this kind is found in the ores of the 
 Republic gold mine, Wa.shington, described by T. M. 
 Chatard and Caliell Whitehead.' When coarse gold 
 is mingled with the fine, it is usualh' more economical 
 to separate the coarse gold by amalgamation than to 
 await the slow-acting process of solution. With tail- 
 ings in which the sulphurets are t)ut partly decomposed 
 and which still contain ferrous and ferric salts and sul- 
 phuric acid, cyaniding may be preceded by washing and 
 neutralization. 
 
 The treatment of refractory ores is determined, in 
 each case, by the chemical and physical characteristics 
 of the ore under consideration. Hence, we find that 
 cyaniding may be combined not onlv with crushing, 
 roasting, concentration, and amalgamation, but also 
 with smelting and chlorination. In some instances it 
 is most advantageous to separate the ore into fractions, 
 each of which is subjected to a different treatment. In 
 fact, it is essential to success that the ore should be 
 thoroughly examined b}- a competent metallurgical 
 chemist before anj^ investment in a plant for treatment 
 
 'Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers 
 Vol. XXX, pages 419 to 423. 
 
f)02 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 by chemical processes is made, and also that the cyanid- 
 ing process should he under chemical supervision, in 
 order that, by assays of the ore and tailings and liy 
 analyses of the ore and the cyanide solutions as they 
 enter and issue from the zinc boxes, and of the solvent 
 during preparation and regeneration, a complete check 
 may be made upon the operation in each of its stages. 
 
 W(i/'ly'ii(/ coat-^. — It is obvious that the cost of the 
 cyanide process will vary at the ditierent plants, accord- 
 ing to the variations in the chemical composition and 
 physical structure of the ore treated, in the condition 
 of the ore at the time of treatment — that is. whether it 
 he in the form of sand or slimes — in th(> character of 
 the process and the apparatus used: in the location of the 
 mill with regard to the supply of ore or tailings used; 
 and the source of powei'. water, materials, and labor. 
 According to H. M. Chance,' in the Black Hills, 8. Dak., 
 the cost of smelting silii/eous ores was between $4.75 
 and $.5.7^ per ton: the cost of chlorinatiDU. from $3.5it 
 to |4..")(» per ton; and the cost of the cyanide treatment, 
 possibly from fc3 to $3.75 per ton. From the Report 
 of the Director of the Mint, for the calendar year 1901, ■•* 
 it appears that in that year there were 11 cyanide plants 
 in active opei'ation in South Dakota, having a united 
 capacity of over l,5nii tons daily, and that some of 
 these mills claim to be able to treat ore at a cost not 
 exceeding SO cents per ton. though the average cost is 
 probably nearer $1.5<( per ton. Julian and Smart" give 
 21 difi'erent detailed accounts of costs at mines in Aus- 
 tralia, Africa, and the United States, the results rang- 
 ing from ;^s. 1.23d. per ton l)y the Siemens process, in 
 South Africa, to 17s. 1.02d. per ton l)y the Diehl proc- 
 ess, in ^\'estern Australia. 
 
 A^ff'erf Oil the iri/rhr.s Kiqijili/ lit fill:' ]?ri'cioiiH iiieiaLs. — 
 The data collected at this ctMisus deal only with the 
 output of the United States for l'.)()2. There are no 
 collected data to afford a comparison of the condition 
 of this industry in that year with the condition during 
 any previous period since its introduction into this coun- 
 try, in 1891. But the consensus of e\-idence, as pre- 
 sented in current literature, indicates that tlie industry 
 has been constantly growing, that new plants are 
 going up each year, and that established ones ar(> 
 increasing tlu'ir capacity. This is true not only of 
 the United States, but also of Africa, Australia, New 
 Zealand, Mexico, and the other gold protlucing coun- 
 tries; from each are coming increased suppHes of tlie 
 ])recious metals extracted from low-grade oi-es and 
 tailings. 
 
 'TransactionH of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, 
 \'ol. XXX, pages 278 to 2K2. 
 'Prodni'tion of the Precious ^Metals ilnring IHOl, page 201 : 10(12. 
 ■'Cyanidirig (iolil and Silver Ores, 1904, pages 372 to 381. 
 
 CALENDAK C)F EVENTS AND DISCOVERIES RELATI\ E TO 
 THE PRECIOUS METALS. 
 
 1530-1540. Pillage of Peru. 
 
 1547-15-18. Discovery of Guanajuato silver mines in 
 Mexico. 
 
 1577. Discovery of gold in Brazil. 
 
 107<t. Discoverv of placers of Garazua. 
 
 IfisO. Discovery of placers of Minas-Geraes. 
 17nl:-l72S. Silver mines opened in Russia. 
 
 1743. Discoveiy of gold in the Ural. 
 
 1848. Discovery of placers in California. 
 
 1848. Introduction <jf Plattner's chlorination proc- 
 ess at Reichenstein in Silesia. 
 
 1851. Discovery of placers in Australia. 
 
 1853. Introduction of hydraulic mining in Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 1853. Maxinumi annual production of gold in 
 California, amounting to Sfi5,on(),0n() for 
 the year. 
 
 185S. Intr(jihiction of chlorination processat Grass 
 Valley. California. 
 
 I8*jti. Ln'ention of dynamite. 
 
 18S(). Opening of the "• lianket " reef of the Rand, 
 South Africa. 
 
 1889. Development of Manke's method of liesse- 
 
 merizing copper mattes, and the success- 
 ful I'etining of this impure (.'opper bv elec- 
 tricity. 
 
 1890. Intro(Uiction of the cyanide process in the 
 
 Rand. South Africa. 
 1897. Discoverv of placers in the Yukon. 
 Apart from the phenomenal annual increase in the 
 production of gokl during the period from 1841 to 1855, 
 which includes the discoveries of the rich placers of 
 California and Australia, the increase in the world's 
 production during the last decade of the nineteenth 
 century was mipi-ecedented. It was most marked dur- 
 ing the period from 1891 to 1895, following the opening of 
 the 'M)aid-;eU reef of the Rand and the introdncti(_)n of 
 the cyanide processes, Imt it was continuous through- 
 out the decade, except during the period of the Boer 
 AVar, and the output of gold in 19ol' exceeded that of 
 any otiiei' year of oui' recoixl except 1899. It is true 
 tiiat the use of the cyanide process is only one of sev- 
 eral causes contributing to this result, liut that it is an 
 important one is intiicated by the fact that the returns 
 for this census show that the amount of gold recovered 
 by the use of the cyanide proc(^ss in the I'nited States 
 in 1902 exceeded that won throughout the whole world 
 In' all existing nu'ans duiing any year of our record up 
 to 1601, and probabh' up to 1701. 
 
CYANIDE P1{()(:K,SSP:>S. '■'•»;:^ 
 
 LITEKATFRE. I Chkisty: Traiisai'l ioiis of the Aini-rican Institute nf ;\Iiiiiiii.' I'-u- 
 
 I jriiiccrf<, Vol. X.WI, i.afies 71^5 to 77l': IS!)7. 
 
 Tlif Arl of ElfCtro-:iiii,illiirii!i, ]>)■ r,. (;,,ke: D. Aiipleton i^i Co., ' Tin' Mrtalliir,/!/ of 'iohl, \>y T. K ihkk IJosk: Cliarloy < irilliii * Co. , 
 
 New York: 1.H77. ' Lon.lon: 1H9,S. 
 
 Tlic 3[<tcArlJtiir-Fon;'d l'ror,:i« nf (I, ,1,1 h:.,! r,i,ri,ni, hy .1. S. M,\c- | Tlir J'lrripilalini, of Cihl hi! Y.nn- Tlirnnl from Dilnlc oml FohI 
 
 Arthur: Journal of tlieSodety of Cheiuieal Indu.stry, Vol. <), pa^a.^; ( ■iiauiile Snhilioux, by Alfkiod .Ia.mk.s; Transact ioii^i of tin- ,\iiici'ii'aii 
 
 267 to 271: 1890. I Inntitnti- of i\IininK Enfrinecrs, Vol. XX VII, iiafri-s 27.S to 2k;-!: IHiW. 
 
 Tlie Ci/onide I'ronvs for llir E.rlnti'lion of <;,,l,l fnnn L,,ir-( :riiilr .| Iloiollmnh ,if l'rio-ln;il ( ■jiaiihlr ( liirmlinns, Iiy W. II. C.v/a:: li. 
 
 CVo/J C/Y'.v, by T. Gr.vii.\>i Yoi'X(i and W.vtson Smitu: .lom-nal of IJolHTtson & Co., London: IX'.IS. 
 
 the Society of Chemical Industry, Vol. 10, pages !):; to ilS: ISili. Thr djoiiolr /';■,»•,.« f,r Ihr h:,lro,rn,i, nf i;,,hl, by M. Kissi.ei;: 
 
 The Mineral Itiilnslrii, Vol. 1-Vol. 12: 1S02-100:!. Cn..sby, Lockwood & S..n. L.,ndon: IS!).s. 
 
 The Disnolulloii. of Hold in <i Soliilion of Poloxxhnn I'lioiiiile, by The (fioiijile Procrxx — n ili>\riixxiiiii: Transacticjris of the Aiiierican 
 
 R. C. M.vcL.mtrin: Journal of the Cheniii'al Society. \'ol. li:;, iiages Instituteof Jliuing Eiifrinccrs, \"ol. XX\'n, jjafrcs S2] to .S46: IStts. 
 
 724 to 7:-lS: 1893. ( 'iiniii'liiii/ in AV//' Zi-olninl, by Ja.mks I'\kk: Tran.saetions of the 
 
 Annnol lieporlx of Ihe Oirrelor of Ihe Mini nn J'rmlorlion nf the .\nicrican Institute of ?ilining I'Jigincers, \'ol. XXIX, pages titiO to 
 
 I'reeinii.i Melol.-!, 1S94 to IHO-I : tTOVcrnnient Printing Otlice, Wash- (LSI; 1911(1. 
 
 ington. I Xolex on the Aiirr.e Stnire, liy T. M. Ciht.m:ii and Csbeli. AVllITE- 
 
 The Ci/oniile Troei'f:x^ ilx I'rm-tieol Ajiplieotioii oinl hlemnnnieol He- iiE,\n: laiginccring and Mining Journal, Vol. LXIX, ])ages l.'jS to 
 
 mltx, by A. Sciieioei.: Bulletin No. 5 of the California State .Min- 140: 19(10. 
 
 ing Bureau: 18!I4. An Kjo,„iinition nf the (ins of the lUimhlir Cjhl Mine, Wonhnnjlon. 
 
 Cijanide I'rocessea, l)y E. B. Wilscjx: .1. Wiley A Sons, Xew by T. 31. CnATAUo and Cabell Wiiiteiie.mi: Tran.sactions of tlic 
 
 York: 189(i ' American Institute of Mining Engineers, Vol. XXX, pages 419 to 
 
 The Metallnrrjij of Gold, l>y JI. Eisslek: Crosby, Lockwood c>c Son, 423: 1901. 
 
 Loudon, 678 pages: 189(). Ci/onide I'rortiee, by Alkkeh .I.\mes; Paiginecring and 3Iining 
 
 The I 'fioni'te Procexs of (iold Krtrnetiini, by Ja.mes P.\kk: E. & F. X. Journal, Xew York: 1902. 
 
 Spon, London: 1897. Hold Minnnj in the Transrool. Sunlh Afrim, by Jo]i.\ Hays IIa.m- 
 
 The Ci/onide J'roei'xx in the Jhiiteil Stotex, by (Jeokoe A. Packaho; .mono: Transactirms of the Aujerican Instituteof Mining Engineers, 
 
 Transactions of tile American Institute of Mining Engineers, A'ol. Vol. XXXI, ]iages si 7 to ,s.5.5: 1902. 
 
 XXVI, pages 709 to 721: 1897. The Delomor mnl the Jtorn Sileer Miin.-<: Tn;, Tii/ie« nf Oee DrpoHta 
 
 Luhorotonj Text!< in. Conneelion n-ith the E.rtroetinn nf (inhl from Oeex in thr Il.sertx nf ymnhi ami Vloh, by S. E. E.mmons: Transactions ot 
 
 t)ij the I'ljoniile yVycc.w, Viy H. Van E. Eckman: Transai'tions of the ' the .Vmerii-m Instituteof Mining Engineers. \o\. XXXI, ]iages 
 
 American Institute of Mining Engineers, Vol. XXVI, |iages 721 to i OnS to 0S3: !'.HI2. 
 
 734: 1897. fnnnntimj I inhl nnd Sderr Orrs, ],v 11. E. JuLi.vx and E. S.makt: 
 
 The isolation ami rreeij/itntiini of the t'ljnniile of (iohl, by S. P>. ' (_'harles (.iritliu &Co., London: 19(14. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 DIGEST OF UNITED STATES PATENTS RELATING TO CYANIDE l^ROC^ESSES FOR 
 
 RECOVERY OF PRECIOUS METALS. 
 
 THE 
 
 This digest covera most of the patents inehided in the following 
 classes and subclasses of the United States Patent Otlice classilica- 
 tion : 
 
 Class 75. — Metallurgy. 
 
 Subclass 18. — Solutions and Precipitation. 
 
 Subclass 86. — Solutions and Precipitation — Apparatus. 
 
 Subclass 185. — Cyanides. 
 Class 204. — Electrolysis. 
 
 Suljclass 15. — Aqueous Bath, Ores. 
 
 Some of the patents in these categories are quite foreign to the 
 subject under consideration, and many Ijut indirectly related to it. 
 It has been thought, however, from the form which discussions 
 of patent issues often take, to include the latter. The aim in mak- 
 ing the digest has been to give such a sketch as will indicate the 
 nature of the invention and what is claimed by the inventor, this 
 generally lieing done by an actual abstract from or paraphrase of 
 the words of the letters patent, but no responsibility is assumed 
 for the opinions, theories, or claims thus set forth. Other related 
 patents may have been granted which do not appear in this digest, 
 because they are not embraced in the subclasses enumerated. 
 Thus, the patents number 229586, to Thomas C. Clark; 236424, to 
 H. W. Faucett; and 244080, to John F. Sanders, do not appear in 
 this digest, because the first two are classified under subclass "Re- 
 ducing and Separating — Disintegrating Ores," and the third under 
 subclass " Reducing and Separating — Gold and Silver," and neither 
 of these suliclasses is included in this digest. 
 
 CLASS 
 
 -METALLURGY. 
 
 Snhiiiifts IS. — Sohilions mid Freripitotirm. 
 
 16542 — August 12, 1866. W. ZiERVociEL. Improrement in proce.t.':e.f 
 
 of separating silver from the ore. 
 
 The application of water (jr a solution of suljihate of copper 
 slightly impregnated with sulphuric acid instead of lead, quick- 
 silver, or salt, hitherto used for this purpose, to the process of sep- 
 arating silver from copper and other ores, rendering thereby this 
 separation easier, shorter, less expensive, and not noxious to the 
 health of the operator. 
 
 19fi91 — Ajiril 20, 1858. I. Gatt.m.^n. Iinprorement in tlie lre<itii)e)d 
 
 of sulphureted ores. 
 
 The use of sulphuric acid in connection with the hydrate, carbon- 
 ate, or suljihate of potash or soda, or with any conqiound thereof, 
 in the mode of working the native metallic sulphurets. 
 
 35842 — Julys, 1862. J. Shaw. Improred upjMtratii:^ for sariiig silver 
 
 from waste, solutions. 
 
 Attaching to the waste pipe of the sink or basin into which per- 
 sons using silver in solutions suffer them to be wasted, a vessel so 
 arranged and constructed that the liquids passing from the sink 
 shall run into, through, and out of said vessel, and between the 
 
 time of entering said vessel and escaping therefrom shall be brought 
 into contact with such chemicals or nietalsaswill cause thewhole or 
 any part of the silver contained in solution to be precipitated and 
 retained in said vessel, while the worthless material is allowed to 
 escape. (This patent was reissued as follows: Reissue 1651, April 
 5, 1864; reissue 3506, June 15, 1869; reissue 4030, June 14, 1870; 
 reissue 4969, Division A, July 9, 1872; and reissue 4970, Division 
 B, July 9, 1872. ) 
 
 46875 — March- 21, 1866. ^^'. PjRuckneu. IiriprovejJ pyrocess for 
 
 refining amalgam. 
 
 The application and use of bichloride of copper, or its equiva- 
 lent, together with iron pyrites and salt, without reference to the 
 exact proportions of each ingredient. 
 
 46983 — Mareli 28, 1866. G. W. PjAKER. hiipriu'ement in treating 
 ores. 
 
 In order to produce a valuable metal or metals now almost 
 wholly cast away in the treatment of auriferous and argentiferous 
 pyrites, the inventor proposes to take the calcined ores as they 
 come from the furnaces, and, having them w"ell pulverized, subject 
 them to the action of sulphurous acid in tanks located over the 
 main discharge flues of his furnaces, whereby a sufficient heat may 
 he obtained to assist in the reaction of the acid before mentioned. 
 The sulphurous acid thus used is to be formed and collected by 
 compelling the sulpliurous vapors discharged from the roasting 
 furnace to pass over, through, and in contact with water, so that sul- 
 phurous acid will be formed and collected in a properly arranged 
 tank or tanks, from whence it may be eon\eyed to the ore tanks, 
 and there mixed with the ore thoroughly by agitation in any man- 
 ner most convenient. After the ore has been sul;)jected to the 
 action of the acid for a couple oi hours the oxide of cipjier will be 
 replaced by a sulphate soluble in water, and the oxide of iron 
 will be partially brought into the same condition. Should there 
 ))e any gold or silver held in solution these metals will be reduced 
 to the metallic state. The solution is then drawn off by siphon or 
 otherwise and con\'eyed to another tank or \at for subsequent 
 treatment, either by cementation or precipitation for the copper 
 and evaporation for the sulphate of iron. The ore thus treated 
 may then be lixiviated by water to wash out all the acid, and this 
 water, which will still hold some dilute solution of the Vjaser met- 
 als, may be conveyed to the acid tank and used for the further 
 formation of sulphurous acid. By this means the most concen- 
 trated solution is alone permitteil to pass to the tank or vat for 
 further treatment. It may lie considered a well-settled fact that 
 in all jirocesscs of calcination some portion of the precious metals, 
 if such ores are under treatment, escape mechanicallj' or in a 
 \'aporized form. This loss, great or small, as the case may be, has 
 heretofore been to a great <legree irreclaimaljle. It is claimed as a 
 part 01 this improvement that such loss, whether mechanical or in 
 the form of vapor, is wholly prevented by arresting their escape 
 and returning them, either in solution or in the sediment of the 
 liquid acid, to the ore when treated in the ore tanks. 
 
 I 605) 
 
<)()6' 
 
 MINES AND QUAKRIES. 
 
 472SG — Ain-il JS, lSr,r,. W. L. Faukk. Liiiirnriil jim 
 
 nilrer ores. 
 
 The invi'iitidu cmi^istH in a iirorcss wliicli is ilividrii in I'iglit ilit'- 
 ferent manipulutions, viz, i^iiu'ltini; tlic nre, jiul^'riziTii;, roasting at 
 low heat, extractinj: sul|il]ates witli \vati_-r, masting; rcsiihie with 
 salt, meltin)^' witli sn<la, pivciiiitatint; silver, preeiiiitatiiiir I'niiper. 
 
 ^9657 — Aiif/uxl ..':i. ISi;:,. S. F. Mackik. hujininil jir'xmx Dir Imil- 
 
 ing ores. 
 
 The mode of obtainin.tr a rich fiold resiiliie fnuii ures uf i;(ilil )iy 
 treating tlie ores liy niastiiiyaml tnsiii^'. and sul).jrctinir flic mast to 
 the action of acids. 
 
 ■'/?S.l! — FfhriKirij J7, ISi'.c. ,1. H. Elward ami .1. L. IIayks. Iin- 
 jiroi-iil jinx-nnf: fur KijiKruliiiij ijntij mid xili'ir Ji'uiii urcs. 
 The priicess uf oxidizinj; snliihurcts ciintaininj; the ]irecii)us met- 
 als and converting tliem into snlphates hy the nse of sohitions of 
 nitrates. 
 
 5H765 — Jiili/.il. isiji:. E. Lamm. Itnijmnil iin'lhml of iirr/iiirhii/ ijn/il 
 
 for ih:)tfi!<f.'<. 
 
 The nse of saccharine snhstances tn ]>recipitate gold from its so- 
 lutions, thereby forming a mass of crystal slireds extremely useful 
 and convenient for dental and other purposes. 
 
 l-iSo'ji; — iliirch 10, 1.^74- .1. lliirciL.vs, .fr. Iinjirorfiiunl in I'jlrarl- 
 
 liiij slln'r from its ore^. 
 
 The ]ir(jcess of utilizing the waste liijuors f)f the ordinary urc- 
 chloridizing jirocess, by allowing the in.solulile matters cnntained 
 in saiil liquors to precipitate, and then evaporating the clear su|ier- 
 natant liquid to obtain the soluble chlnrides, which are reapplieil 
 in treating fresh ore. 
 
 ■.'i076'J'j — Sepiniihir ..', 1S7S. .1. TrNBKiiioE. Tinpnimnnit In sr/xi- 
 
 ratiiig m rials from irctfir stJnliom'. 
 
 The process of separating' jirecious metals from watery snlulions, 
 in which said metals are susiiended by passing the watery s(]lntinns 
 or suds through a bath ni oil nr hydrocarbon li(|uid. 
 
 :?19.96I — Srj)femlirr ..'■!, lS7f). V. 'SI. Lyte. Iiiiprorrmiiil in r.rlnii-l- 
 inij nn'tiils from orr.-<. 
 In the treatment of oi'cs ciutaining leail, zinc, silver, and i-np- 
 per, the methnd of securing the nentralizatidn uf the s<ilutions uf i 
 soluble bases, ecnnomizing acid, and carrying o\'i r the least ims-i- 
 ble quantity of silver and lead, which consists in ti'eating the raw 
 ores with an acid solution partially saturateil by pre\ inns attack on 
 the ores, and treating the partially exhausted oic by raw acid 
 before the latter is aihnitted to the raw ore, the said steps being 
 cr)ndueted in a continuous, alternate, and methodical manner. 
 
 i:.'79H.3—Moij 2.',, ISW. W. M. llAVis. l>r/iosilini/ ijold from ih 
 
 mlutiorix. 
 
 The process of obtaining g(jld from its solution b}- bringing said 
 solution in ciuitact with carl ion, and thereby depnsiling the gold 
 upon it, and of subsequently oVitaining the gold fmm the carlmn 
 by calcination or other equivalent means. 
 
 2S7737 — Ortolirr .Uf 1\S.>. (_'. A. StkteI'KI.O'I'. I'roriss of Irralimj 
 
 xidjMdf'K. 
 
 The prficess oi treating sulphides, such as those ul ilained fidni 
 the lixiviation process of siUcr ores, said jirocess consisting in liist 
 exposing said snlphiiles to the action of dilute sniphnrii- acid in 
 the presence of nitrate ol' soda, then converting the nitric oxide 
 which escapes into niti'ous aciil and nitric acid, and linally carr\- 
 i]ig on the- process by means of a mixture of nitrons acid and nitric 
 acid with dilute sidpburic aciil. 
 
 ;:-'.V,S',V,j',v — Xiwrndxr .'(I, ISS.:. .] . M ii.iaoi;. I'rorms ,,f rrrorrriui) I 
 
 nnlidlir ixirln-lrr fro,n niilrr. 
 
 The method of reco\r'iin;.'- metals in snsjiension in liipiiil, con- 
 sisting, essi-ntiall\-, ill I'onlng such li(|iiid llirongli a lilteringme- | 
 dium having a capai-ity of i^xpai sion, and resisli'd by a rigid 
 
 iiiclosing vessel or meilium, and then burning the illling material 
 or otherwise separating the metal tlierefrom. 
 
 .-':)(I2.JS — Drcrmhrr 7.V, I.W.J. .1. Mji.leh. A/ijtariiluK for collrchnij 
 
 and i^firinij no'loUir jxirhr/rs. 
 
 An apparatus for recovering metals or metallic conqioimds in 
 liquids, consisting of a rigid tank, perforated on one sidi', in ( o;;.- 
 hination with an entrance pipe, provided with a trap ami a jircs- 
 sure device. 
 >9(l4-'tS — Drrrndi.r /.•>', /SS-!. J. M]i,LEH. Mellniil of rerin-rri nij nn'hih. 
 
 The improveil metliod for recovering metallic partic-les. slimes, 
 and similar material containing metal from liipiids, consisting, 
 essentially, in conducting the liquid and metal bearing material to 
 a settling tank, allowing thegangne to tall to the bottom, drawing 
 off the liquid, and forcing it under hydrostatic jiressure through a 
 filter press, and removing and drying the filtrate. 
 
 y:i..'i;0.'i — .hmnarii .i:i, 1SS4. C. p. WiELiAMs. .Irl of r.rlriirling i/old 
 
 III/ nn-onx of (dl.-idilir xiilpliides. 
 
 In the artof extracting gold from ores and artilicial gold bearing 
 products by means of alkidine snlphiiles, the process, which con- 
 sists in mixing the gold bearing material with carbon and an alka- 
 line sulphate lor the equivalents of such carbon and alkaline 
 sulphate), calcining said mixture in a nonoxidizing atmosphere at a 
 temperature below the point of fusion of the cliarge, cooling tlie 
 mass out of contact with the air, and leaching the cooled ma.ss 
 witli water to dissolve out the soluble suljihides, and reinvering 
 the gold therefrom liy precipitation 
 
 S77SOi> — Frhrnuni 14, JS'S.^'. T. KniiiiE. Prorexs- of srjuindint/ jirr- 
 rioii.-; inrtid.tonil imjni rilirx from solnliimx of rojijirr, soll.^, oi-rx, innlirs, 
 ru-., in oi'id.'<. 
 
 The jirocess of removing precious metals and impurities from 
 co[iper mattes, ores, liullion, etc., consisting in dissolving the same 
 afterdesniphurizationand calcination in sulphuric acid, in quantities 
 sufficient to form a neutral solution, and inadding iron hydrates to 
 the neutral solution, whereby the iuiimrities are ]irecipitated and 
 settle with the )irecious metals not dissoUed by the sulphnilc acid, 
 leaving a comparatively pure solution of iron and cop]>er salts, 
 
 .!.HISO!i—.\in-d .'.;, i.v.V.v, K. (l\i.,\Nii and (', Oxlanii, Trridment 
 ,f on-.-i ihid nndrriid.-: rontoininr/ snijilinr fir Ihi' rrlrortiinl of nnlilh 
 and olhrr r,or-<lilnrnl.-<. 
 
 The method of treating raw or uiiburned sulphuret ores of cop- 
 per and iron to render the cojiper soluble in water, while leaving 
 the iron foi the most part insoluble and rendering the sulphur in 
 the ore available for the manufacture of sulphuric acid, consisting 
 in mixing the Ihudy piiUcrized ore to a semitluid consistency with 
 sulphurii' acid and solution of iiersulphatc of iron, heating the 
 mixture to a tem|ieratnri' such as to evolve snl]ihnrous-acid vapor, 
 and collecting and condensing such acid \a|ior, 
 
 ,;,s7';.V,S' — .hnjii.tl /.',, /.S'S'.V, \. II, how, !■'.., I ro, -lion of zinrfnnn orrx. 
 The process of extracting zinc froiii ores conlaiuing [irecious 
 metals, consisting in leaching the ore with an aqueous solution of 
 sulphurous-acid gas to dissoKe out the zinc, and then boiling the 
 leached li(|nor to expel the sniphni-ous-acid gas and I'aiise a |irecip- 
 itation ol the zinc, 
 
 4o.:r,l.-,—Moii ;l, is.-^:i. V.. il, lirssicri,, I'ron.tx of Irorliitoj lo'rs 
 
 irilli hi//inxnlphllr xolntionx. 
 
 The process of cxtraiting metal from ores and metallurgical 
 products, which consists in iiitrodiicing into tin' ore or ]iroiluct 
 I'arbonate of soda, then treating the mass « it h a soint ion of sul- 
 phate of co|iper, and then treating it with a h>posnl|ihite solution. 
 
 41.:,\(M^'>rlohf'r ■!•■>, ISS'.K .1. S. MacVhtimh. I'rorr.i.i of Irorliliiij 
 
 The process of treating ores containing oxides or carbonates of 
 eaith metals, consisting in lirst subjecting such ores to the act ion 
 of a proportionate (|uantity of a solution of a lerrons salt or a bisul- 
 
CYANIDK PW(X'ES8KS. 
 
 phato of an alkali to i-oiiiliinf with the <ixiil<'s or carlioiuitcH of 
 earth metals, and then treatinj,' the uren with an acid or salt to 
 olitain the contained metals. 
 
 431031 — Fdtruanj //, ISUO. K. Peahce. I'mrexs nf r.iti-iiclini/ xilnr 
 from copiier oi-cs, niutlis, uml iithir enjyper jinxJwix. 
 The process ot separating silver from ores or mattes containiii;; 
 hase metals, which evmsists in mixing; with the finely ]iul\'erized 
 ore or mattes a quantity of sulphate of sodium or ]iiitassiuni ci|nal 
 to 2 per cent, then roasting the mixture, ami iinally leachini; out 
 by hot water to obtain the sulphate of sihcr. 
 
 44014s — Xiiremhi-r 11, ISUO. K. Dook. Pnurss of scpiintliiuj (jalil 
 
 (did pla'iinuin fi'njH ollnr iiniitls in snlnlimi. 
 
 The process of separatini; from an add solutiim of .n'old, plati- 
 num, copper, and tin the metallic constituents of saiil solution, 
 which process consists in lirst subje<'tini; the entire solution in the 
 presence of ether to ai;itation until the ether becomes yellow, in 
 then decanting the remaining solution from the yellow ether, in 
 tlien subjecting said remaining solutii m to agitation in the presence 
 of essence of lavender until the essential oil becomes brown, and 
 in then decanting from the Ijrown essential oil the remaining solu- 
 tion and adding thereto anuuonia. 
 
 44J016 — Dcirmher .', lS:iO. V. h. (.'okfix. Pnjf-exn of Irmiiiu/ ore 
 '•ontoiiiinfj h'O'J, silrt'r, 0111} linr. 
 
 The process of treating ore containing lead, silver, and zinc to 
 remove the zinc preparatory to smelting, consisting in first roasting 
 the ore, then leaching the ore, filtering the leach fluid through 
 carbon, then subjecting the leach fluid successively to the action of 
 metallic lead and of metallic zinc, and flnally precipitating the 
 zinc held in solution in the leaching fluid. 
 
 444:1:17 — Jonnari/M, 1S9I. W. West. Pi-nn'n.K nf Irriiliiiii :inr iinx. 
 The process of eliminating zinc from complex ores, which con- 
 sists in roasting the ore to form sulphurou.s-acid gas and oxidize 
 the zinc, then cooling this gas to a temperature of 180° F. (jr below, 
 and passing the same in gaseous form in conjunction with steam 
 and without oxidation into sulphuric acid through a i)reviously 
 roasted charge to form soluble sulphite of zinc, and then imme- 
 diately leaching out and separating the zinc sulphite with water at 
 a temperature below l.S()° F. 
 
 449S14—Aiiril 7. 1S91. S. W. C'r.vi.o. Lfiiriatimi proci'sx of and 
 
 ojipuratns for llir e.iirniiUni af ijold lo- xdrcr. 
 
 The process of restoring the oxygen in a hyposulphite solution 
 in the lixiviation process, which consists in passing a current of 
 air through the ore pulp while the said solution is in contact there- 
 with, and a leaching vat, a grating at the top thereof through 
 which ore pulp and water are introduced to the interior of the vat, 
 and a system of crossed separated bars within the vat through 
 which the ore pulp and water pass, combined witii an endless- 
 apron filter on w hich the ore pulp and water fall from the said 
 crossed bars, a trough beneath the filter to receive the water, and 
 a lixiviation vat into which the apron filter discharges the ore pulp. 
 
 471i:i6 — Mari/h :i9, 189.':!. J. Leede. Frori'xx of treating refractorij 
 
 ore:^. 
 
 The continui.ius process of treating refractory auriferous and 
 argentiferous ores, which consists in subjecting the ore tc> the con- 
 tinuous action of an oxidizing t)lowpJpe flame in direct contact 
 with the ore at a moderate heat, intermittently subjectting the 
 heated ore to the action of water, agitating the ore, and then re- 
 peating the operation at a higher heat, and finally subjecting it to 
 an oxidizing roa.st without cliills, whereby the volatile elements 
 are driven off, the oxidizable elements or compounds are oxidized, 
 and the precious metals are left free and in suitable condition for 
 amalgamation or chlorination. 
 
 -i7:!l.Si: — Ajiril i:i, is:i.'. ]\ ( '. Cuo.xi-e. Mitlmd nf jirodorimj nwtal- 
 
 lir zinr. 
 
 The |iroccss of jiroduciug metallic zinc fronj its ores, which c(jn- 
 sists in separating the zinc and tlie ci|uall>' volatile and more 
 volatile constituents from the less \'olalile constituents of the ore 
 liy the use of heat and a i-educiug agent, then \'olatilizing and oxi- 
 <liziug the reduced metal, thereby obtaining a condensed oxidized 
 fume, subjecting this finue to a ujoderate heat in ord(,'r to exjiel its 
 soluble constituents more volatile tbau zinc, treating the remaining 
 ]iroduct with dilute snljihnric ai'id as a solvent, and finally subject- 
 ing the resulting solution to the action of an electric current to 
 jirecipitate the zinc. 
 
 ■ ',S1499— All II nxt ..'.;, hs:i.'. (i. T. Lewis and 0. \'. Petraeus. Froi- 
 
 t'Ks aj trratinij n/dpliide orni of zinr inid trad. 
 
 The jircjcess of rei-overing lead and zinc from sulphureted lead 
 and zijic-lead ore, which consists in roasting th(iore, then smelting 
 the roasted mass and exposing the fumes or volatile matter pro- 
 iluced by said smelting to the ai-tion of the gases which are vola- 
 tilized in the roasting of saiil ore, together with water, and then 
 separating the zinc solution froni the iusolulile lead compound and 
 recovering the ziui' and lead. 
 
 .lK19.'4—<>rfol,rr 4, l-'<9.>. T. S. Ilr.N'T and .T. D(.rciL.vs. J'rarefis af 
 xepariiling m/ijirr fram fiijiriferoiix iiirLil (//■»«. 
 
 The method of scjiarating the I'opper from a solution containing 
 copper oxide ami oxides of iron and nickel to produce uickeliferous 
 iron, which consists in first adding coimuon salt to the said solu- 
 tion, then passing a stream of sulphurous acid gas through the said 
 solution, then precipitating the last traces of the copper in the form 
 of metallic cop]ier, and sub.sequently crystallizing out the nickel 
 and iron and calcining and smelting the ])rodnct to obtain uickel- 
 iferous iron. 
 
 ■iS.S97 .'—< M,,t,rr 4, 1S9J. (_'. AVnrrEHEAii. Pran-.i.f of treatinr/ nii.r- 
 liirrx rontoininij md/iliidrs of prrriinix nirlalu and nijijirr. 
 The [iroi'ess of treating a mixture containiug sulphides of the 
 precious metals and of copper, which I'onsists in niixing the sul- 
 jihides with solution of a salt of siher, whereby a soluble salt of 
 copper is formed and sulphide of silver is precipitated, separating 
 the solution containing the copper from the re.sidue containing the 
 precious metals, roasting this residue to reduce the precious metals 
 to the metallic state, treating the reduced metals with hot sulphuric 
 acid to dissolve the silver, separating the silver solution fi-om the 
 residue, and melting the final residue. 
 
 49006S—Jannari/ 17, 1S93. F. 1'. Dewey. ProrexK uf treatiiaj niij-- 
 
 ture.s containinij xidphidix. 
 
 The process of ti-eating mixtures containing sulphides of silver 
 and copper, which consists in heating the sulphiiles with strong 
 sulphuric acid to convert the suljilniles into sulphates and dissolve 
 the sulphate of silver, adding wafer, to briny; the sulphate of copper 
 also into solution, di-awing off the resultant solution, ]ireeiiiitatii:g 
 thesihertlierefroni by nieliillic eopjjer, ami recovering the sulphate 
 of copper fi'om the remaining solution. 
 
 4'i01:i.: — .laiinari/ 17, lS:i.;. .\. Fkkncii. I'rnnxx ,if <il,tainitii/ i/old, 
 nilrir, and rnjijifr frani iirr.i. 
 
 In processes for obtaining gold, silver, and i-opper from ores, the 
 treatiiient of the oies by jiulvei-iziug, niixing therewith small 
 percentages of niter cake or bisulphate of soda and coniniou salt, 
 hirnaciug at a red heat, and then leaching. 
 
 4:1747. :^Maii ir,, is:i.i. \\ . I-;. Ixo.u.i.s and l'\ \Vv.\-n-. I'mnxa i,f 
 
 treatinij rainjilr.r in- mdjiliidr en.s'. 
 
 The jirocess of treating comiili.x sulphide ores, which consists, 
 first, iu subjecting the ore to a suliihatizing roasting; second, 
 lixiviating the roasted ore with water and sulphuric aiiil and re- 
 
608 
 
 MINP]S AND QUARRIES. 
 
 moving the iron tlierefrom if necesyary; tliird, precipitating tlie 
 zinc from said solution in tlie form of carVionate or carbonate and 
 hydroxide by the'use of sodium carbonate and sulwequently con- 
 verting the same into zinc oxide; fourth, evaporating the sodium 
 sulphate obtained from the zinc sulphate solution and heating the 
 same with sodium chloride and coal to convert it into sodium 
 sulphide; fifth, converting the sodium sulphide inti> Iricarbonate of 
 soda by dissolving the same in u'ater and treating the solution 
 with carbonic acid gas; and lastly, converting the T.)icarl>onate of 
 soda into sodium carbonate by heating the same to drive off the 
 hydrogen and carl)onic acid gas. 
 50905S— November SI, ISii.l. E. Waller and C. A. Kmfflv. 3f,'lln,il 
 
 of concentrating oren. 
 
 The method of concentrating argentiferous lead carljonate ores, 
 which consists in dissolving out lead from the ore with the aid of 
 acetic acid, real or combined, and water, out of contact with tlie 
 air whereby the lead and carbonic acid eliminated from the ore 
 are rendered capable of utilization in the arts, and the undissolved 
 silver is concentrated in the residue. 
 
 509633 — Xorember 28, 1893. D. Iv. Tcttle and ('. Wuiteheaji. 
 
 Procesi^ of tre'ifiiuj precious metal i>eoriit'j siiniei^. 
 
 The process of treating precious metal bearing slimes, wliicli 
 consists in subjecting the slimes to tlie action of dilute acids tfi 
 dissolve the metals and oxides soluble therein and to the action of 
 a solution of a salt of silver to remove metals more electi'o-pi;siti\-'' 
 than silver that are present in the metallic state. 
 
 509034 — Xoreinher :>S, 1893. I). K. Tlttle and (\ WniTEHE.'.n. 
 
 Process ofrefiiiiiiij ulime-'i from the eleclrntiitic refiiiiiuj if coiqier. 
 
 The process of treating slimes from the electrolytic process of 
 refining copper, which consists in removing arsenic, antimony, 
 tellurium, bismuth, and other impurities piresent as oxides by 
 treating the slimes with dilute acid and heating the purified slimes 
 with strong hydric sulphate. 
 
 513490 — Janiuiry 30, 1894. ^. H. K.m.mens. Proci'xa if tredtinej zinc- 
 
 Jerjd-.mlphtde ores. 
 
 The pjrocess of treating zinc-lead-sulphide ores carrying gold or 
 silver or gold and silver, which said process consists in, first, finely 
 comminuting the ore; secondly, roasting the same in an oxidizing 
 atmosphere; thirdly, leaching such roa,ste<l ore with water cdutain- 
 ing ferrous sulphate; fourthly, leaching such once leached ore 
 with an aqueous solution of ferrous and ferric sulphates; fiftl]l\-, 
 leaching such twice leached r)re with water containing ferrous 
 sulphate; and sixthly, removing iron from tbi- zinc sulpliatc solu- 
 tion obtained by the first and second of tin- said li-arbiiigs b\' mix- 
 ing such solutions together and heating tbcm. 
 
 5JG010~Morch 0, 1894- \\'. R. Ixo.m.l.s and l'\ A\'v vtt, rmil meiil 
 (jf ores if zinc. 
 
 The ])rocess of treating ores of zinc, which con.-^ists, lirst, in sub- 
 jecting the ore to an oxidizing roasting; second, lixi\iating the 
 roasted ore wjth water and sulphuric acid; third, .-separating one- 
 fourth of the zinc-sulphate solution thereby formed from the rest 
 and precipitating the zinc from said separated pori ion by means 
 of a sulphide of an alkaline liase; fourth, i-\-a|iorating the remainder 
 of the zinc-sulphate solution to dryni.'ss and mixing the precipi- 
 tated sulphide tlierewith; and lastly, heating the mixture in a 
 suitable furnace whereby sulphurous anhydride gas is evol\iMl. 
 
 518890— April :;4, 1894. h. K'Liiz. Process of 
 
 ores. 
 
 TIk- process 
 jireparation of 
 in leaching the 
 a concentrated 
 third, scatter 
 
 irtoiiiii/ -iiic I'r 
 Ji)-st, in t 
 
 ig this soh 
 acid and precipitate tlie z 
 
 f treating zinc ores, \vhich consist 
 conciMitraterl soliuion of snlj.hurons acid ; seeoi 
 ■ res or fnniaee prodncts with tliis s.ihition to fo 
 zinc sul)iliite sohition frei' from ,sul]ihales; a 
 
 steairi to disjiel the sulphurs 
 
 lite. 
 
 627473— Oclolier 10, 1894. P. Arg,\ll. Ci/iiniilc ond cJilorination 
 
 process for li-cotiiii/ ejohl or silrer heoriiii/ ores. 
 
 In the process of preparing gold and silver bearing ores for the 
 extraction of the ])recious metals, the impro\-ement consisting in 
 separating the slime from the granulated ore, preventing the form- 
 ing of acid in the slime by mixing lime therewith, and then form- 
 ing the mixture into lumps for burning. 
 
 541374 — .fune 18, 1895. E. P>. ^Iiekisi.'ii. Process (jf c.rtractinij gold 
 
 and silrer from their ores. 
 
 Tlie process of extracting gold and silver from oxidated or roasted 
 ores, wdiich consists in mixing the ground ores with sodium hy- 
 drate, mixed with a corresponding quantity of calcium hydrate, 
 then subjecting the mixture to the action of chlorine, whereby the 
 ores are acted upon by chlorates, and hydrochJorites formed "in 
 statu nascendi," and then leaching the lye with a concentrated 
 sodium-chloride solution, the deterioration of which is prevented 
 by the addition of the calcium hydrate to the sodium hydrate. 
 
 541447 — .Taiie 18, 1895. H. F. '\\'.\tts and A. C'o.vx. Process of re- 
 
 docini/ zinc sliioes. 
 
 The process of treating zim- slimes containing the precious metals, 
 which consists in first treating the same with dilute sulpihuric acid 
 for the purjMise of removing metallic zinc, washing the residue to 
 remo\-c the soluble salts and the remaining acid, ami boiling the 
 resiilue thus formed with concentrated sulphuric acid to dissolve 
 the cyanide of zinc and the other salts thereof which are insoluble 
 in the dilute acid. 
 
 IKE. 
 
 Process cjf and ajiparrdus 
 
 541059— .lone ..'5, 1895. .J. .1. ('H( 
 
 /));■ e.rlrartinij silrer fnnn its oris. 
 
 Tlie jirocess of extracting silver from its ores, which consists in 
 roasting the ores with chloride of sr.ilium, treating the roasted 
 mass with a hot aqueous Folution containing chloride of sodium, 
 nitrate of copper, and sulphuric acid, and recovering the silver from 
 the Solution. 
 
 544499 — Anijnsl 13, 1895. II. Buewek. Prfjcess ejf utilizing vaste lye. 
 The pirocess <-if treating zinciferous or cupriferous lyes resulting 
 from the lixiviation of chlorinated roasteil ores, which consists in 
 chemically extracting the metals in the lye, except the zinc, re- 
 mri\ing the sodium chloride by concentration ijf tlie lye, extract- 
 ing the zinc and chlorine from the remaining lye electrolytically, 
 and effecting the chemical extraction in such manner that the final 
 lye will consist essentially of a sohition of calcium chleiride. 
 
 Ai 
 
 oust /.;, /.s'.'/.i 
 
 .\. Cn, 
 
 /'/ 
 
 of hioni factoring 
 
 Ion 
 
 The process for the niannfactnre of zincoxide, \\hich consists in 
 adding Milplinrie ai-id to the metallic ores or compounds, heating 
 the mixture and converting tile lead prefe:it to an insolulile .salt, 
 and depositing any sihcr or gold present, then dilating with water 
 and converting the other metals ]iresent to sohibli- ,-jalt-!, filtering 
 off the clear liquor, then treating the clear acid I iqiK.r tillered off 
 \\'itli an alkaline sulphide, precipitating the copjier as cop]ier sul- 
 phide, then filtering the !i(|nor from the precipitate, treating with 
 an alkali until neutral, ))assing chlorine into it until all inanganese 
 anil iron invseiit form manganic and ferric oxides, which are thrown 
 down by a slight I'xcess of alkali, adding an excess of alkali to bring 
 the zinc oxiile into solution, and then jireciiiitating the zinc oxide, 
 and filtering off the liquor therefrom. 
 5.17587— (h'toher 8, 1895. C V. Fetk.\ei:s. Method oj' ciractini/ zinc 
 
 from comple.r ores. 
 
 The method of separating zinc from complex ores wliere it is 
 found as a sul]iliate or sulphite, which consists in crushing the ore, 
 roasting it, dissolving out the solulile zinc salts in water, adding a 
 solution of sulphuric acid to dissolve out any zinc oxide, introduc- 
 ing live steam to the mixture of ore and solvents to thoroughly mix 
 and heat tliein, separating the solution of suljihate of zinc from the 
 
CYANIDE PROCESSES. 
 
 609 
 
 insoluble parts of the ore, adding chloride of calcium to the solu- 
 tion to convert the 7,iuc into a chloride, seiiarating the solution (if 
 zinc chloride from the precipitated calcium sul])hate ami linally 
 adding quicklime to the solution of zinc chloride to precipitate the 
 zinc as zinc oxide. 
 
 556690 — March, 17, 1S96. G. O. Pearce. Proeexx ,if exIriirHii;/ (jahl 
 
 from solutionis. 
 
 The process of recovering gold and platinum metals from a(|ueoua 
 solutions of these metals, which consists in passing said solutions 
 through a mass of vegetable carbon having associated with it sul- 
 phate of iron, oxalic acid, and tartaric acid. 
 
 559614 — Ma;i 5, 1S9/-;. (t. A. Schroter. Eslrnclinii nf prerioux 
 
 metah. 
 
 The process of extracting precious metals, particularly silver, 
 from ores and metallurgical products, which consists in leaching 
 the crushed and chloridized ore with a concentrated solution of 
 brine to which has been added a suiall per cent (one-half to 4 per 
 cent approximately") of a soluble salt cf copper. 
 
 561544 — June J, 1S96. F. P. Dewey. Process of Ireatiiig .itiljiJiidea. 
 The process of treating mixtures containing sulphides of silver 
 and copper, which consists in heating the mixture with strong sul- 
 phuric acid, adding water, adding more mixed sulphides, separat- 
 ing the solution of sulphate of cojiper from the residue containing 
 the sul]ihide of silver, and heating the sulphide of silver with strong 
 sulphuric acid to convert it into sulphate. 
 
 561571 — Juni' .9, 1S96. F. P. Deavey. Proress of Imil'mg iiiijiiirn! 
 
 containing siilptiides. 
 
 The process of treating mixtures containing sulphides of silver 
 and copper, which consists in heating them to a temperature at 
 which the sulphur is oxidized, in an excess of sulphuric acid suffi- 
 cient to convert the sulphides of silver and copper into sulphates, 
 and bring the sulphate of silver into solution outside of the mass 
 of material treated, thereby oxidizing the sulphur, converting the 
 sulphides into sulphates, and bringing the sulphate of silver into 
 solution in the acid outside of the mass of material acted upon. 
 
 571369 — Xovemher 17, 1S96. B. Hunt. Proccsaof refining gold ami 
 
 silver bullion. 
 
 The process of refining bullion slimes by first roasting the slimes 
 to decompose all cyanogen compounds and carbonaceous matters 
 and then treating the roasted slimes with nitric acid. 
 
 5S6159 — .Tuhj 13, 1S97 . H. Brewer. Process of treating zinc sul- 
 phide ores. 
 
 In a process of treating zinciferous sulphate lyes resulting from 
 the lixiviation of chlorinated roasted zinc sulphide ores, adding 
 sodium chloride to such lye to saturation or in excess, and crys- 
 tallizing out the resulting sodium sulphate ((rlauber salt) by refrig- 
 eration as a by-product. 
 
 ■587128 — .July 27, 1897. E. F. Turner. Process of treating argentif- 
 
 erons sulphide ejres. 
 
 In a process for the extraction of the metal of compound sulphide 
 ores, disintegrating and decomposing the latter by the combined 
 action of aqueous and gaseous hydrochloric acid, neutralizing the 
 acid gases evolved whereby suli>hureted hydrogen is obtaineil, 
 heating the disintegrated ore by means of such sulphureted hydro- 
 gen, collecting the sulphur dioxide resulting from the combustion, 
 bringing this gas into contact with sodium chloride in presence of 
 heat, whereby hydrochloric acid gas and sodium suljiliate are 
 obtained, and utilizing the former in the process of disintegration. 
 
 688476 — August 17, 1897. H. A. Rhodes. Process of separating 
 gold and silver or other precious metals from their en'es. 
 In chemical processes for the separation of gold or other i)recious 
 metals from their ores, slimes, or compounds, the method of pre- 
 paring the ores by adding thereto a self hardening, binding niate- 
 
 .30223—04 39 
 
 rial and forming a pjorons and rigid ma,ss of the compound whereby 
 the precious njetals <'ontained tlierein are freely acted upon by the 
 
 solvent. 
 
 589959 — Septeintier 14, 1897. .T. .1. CarioKE. J'roress af treiUing 
 
 coppier snlpliiiles. 
 
 The. ])rocess of recovering silver or gold and extracting copjper in 
 a metallic condition from copper sulphides associated witli iron 
 sulphides, which consists iu roasting the ]iulverized sulphides with 
 sodium chloride at a low heat, leaching the roasted mass with a 
 solution whereby the iron sulphides are largely converted into 
 oxides and the silver and gold are dissolved by and removed with 
 the solution, recovering the silver and gold from the solution, 
 roasting the residuum or tailings, fluxing the roasted tailings with 
 silica and pulverized carbon, gradually melting the roasted and 
 fluxed charge to convert the oxide of iron into metallic iron and 
 desulphurize the copper sulphides to liberate metallic copper and 
 form an iron silicate slag, removing the slag from the njelted 
 copper, adding a small per centum of silica to convert any remain- 
 ing iron o.xide or metallic iron into an iron silicate slag, and remov- 
 ing this slag from the copper. 
 
 60'2.!'.>5 — .\pril l;'i, 1898. E. A. Ashcuoft. Treating solutions ar ores 
 
 cnntalniug zine fur recoeering zinc as o.rides. 
 
 The pr(jcess (if treating neutral zinc solutions for the production 
 of zinc oxide, which consists in first converting the neutral zinc 
 salt into basic zinc salt 1 ly the addition of zinc oxide and then inti- 
 mately mixing with said liasic zinc salt, carbon in approximately 
 the jiroportion of one-twentieth of the weight of the zinc to be 
 recovered, and heating the mixture to a temperature approximat- 
 ing the melting poi]it of aluminum. 
 
 623154 — April 18, 1S99. H. How.iRr). E:rtr(alion of zinc anil cop- 
 
 jier from ores. 
 
 The process of extracting zinc and copper from ore or residue, 
 which consists in treating the same with aqua ammonia and am- 
 monium sulphate; separating the copper from the resulting solu- 
 tion; adding sufficient soda t(j combine with all of the suljjhuric 
 oxide present and form .sulphate of soda, and evaporating the solu- 
 tion to drive off ammonia, the latter being collected in water; and 
 treating the re-sidue with water to dissolve out the sulphate of soda, 
 the zinc oxi(3e remaining. 
 
 624000— Mag -2, 1899. .1. Dujue. Method of reducing metallir sul- 
 phides. 
 
 In the process of causing the solution of metallic sulphides con- 
 taining lead, subjecting the .sulphide ore to a solution of sulphui-ic 
 acid and a nitrate of an alkali metal at a temperature of about 212° 
 Fahrenheit, washing and filtering the lead sulptiate obtained 
 therefrom, dissolving the said sulphate, precipitating by carbon 
 dioxide, washing and drying the precipitated hydrated carbonate 
 of lead, and recovering the sulphur. 
 
 625433— May 23, 1899. M. Body. Process of treating sulpjhureted 
 ores. 
 
 In the process of treating sulphureted ores of a (.'(jniplex nature, 
 conuninuting and melting the ore in presence of an alkaline salt 
 and carl)on, whereby alkaline polysulphides soluble in water are 
 formed, _plunging the melted mass into water, whereby a magnetic 
 precipitate is formed and the polysulphides dissolved in the water, 
 separating the solution from the precipitate, subjecting the same to 
 the action of air and sulphurous-acid gas forced thereinto, whereby 
 monosulpliides of iron, together with the precious metals, are pre- 
 cipitated, maintaining the alkalinity of the solution during the 
 operation of precipitation by addition of an alkaline substance, as 
 lime, sejiarating the solution from the monosulphide-of-iron pre- 
 cipitate, extracting from the latter the copper and then the precious 
 metal, and separating the arsenic and antimony from the solution 
 by precipitation. 
 
610 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIP]S. 
 
 6-27024— June 13, 1S99. R. Threlfall. Mrllioil <,J Ireatini/Jliie (Inl- 
 and fume obtained from xulphide on's. 
 
 In the treatment of flue dust and fume from snlpliide ores, the 
 separation of the zinc from the lead constituents l)y leaching out 
 the former hy means of a solution of alkali metal hydrogen sulphate. 
 
 630951 — August 15, 1S99. L. Yanino. Wet proccKx of e.iinirlhwi sil- 
 ver from its hidoid salts. 
 
 The wet process of extracting silver from its insninble liali lid salts, 
 which consists in mixing said haloid salts with a watering sokition 
 of alkaline agents, and adding formic aldehyde in the cold. 
 
 635056 — October 17, IS'99. D. O'Keefe. I'racess oflreatiia/ ore. 
 
 The process of treating ore, consisting of roasting the same while 
 being agitated, for the purpose of mechanii'al disintegration, su)i- 
 jecting the ore to hydrogen gas imder pressure, afterwards tu 
 chlorine gas, and then leaching the same with hot salt water. 
 
 635695 — Oetolier 24, 1S99. V. Mabtin. Process rf c]ii'iidc<dlii peejiar- 
 
 ing and treating reheUious ores. 
 
 The process of effecting the separation of gohl, silver, tin, lead, 
 and platinum, in pulverize<l rebellions ore containing arsenic and 
 antimony, which consists in effecting sulpihurization and disintegra- 
 tion of the said ore, producing a sulphide solution of the metals in 
 said ore, and thereupon precipitating the dissolved metallic com- 
 pounds other than arsenic and antimony by mingling the same 
 with an oxide of an alkali earth metal. 
 
 635793 — Octoljer 31, 1S99. F. AV. :\Lvrtin(i ami F. Stubbs. I'rucess 
 
 ejf treating ores containing jirccions metals. 
 
 The treatment of ores or tailings containing the preciims metals 
 by finely dividing the ore, mi.xing it with calcium carliide, ami 
 moistening the mixture with water. 
 
 644770 — March 6, 1900. K. W. Kex.xedy. Solvent foehacliing ores. 
 A solvent for leaching ores, comprising sodium thinsulphate, 
 ammonium carbonate, copjier sulphate, and potassium cyanide in 
 water. 
 
 647989— April 24, 1900. T. Ryan, .Jr., and N. Huohes. Process if 
 extracting zinc from substances conlainieig saiar. 
 
 The process of extracting zinc from substances containing the 
 same, consisting in subjecting the raw material to the action of a 
 solution of a caustic alkali, precipitating any lead pire.sent by galvanic 
 action, securing the removal of organic matters and iron, man- 
 ganese, and silicon by the addition of c.-ustic lime and bleaching 
 powder, and finally precipitating the dissolved zinc in the form of 
 zinc oxide or zinc hydroxide by decaustifying the solution by the 
 addition of an acid. 
 
 64S354 — Ajjril 24, 1900. C. < 1. CcjLi.rxs. Process of extruding metals 
 
 front their eyres. 
 
 The process of extracting metals from their ores, consisting in 
 dissolving out or extracting the metal from the powdered ore by 
 means of a solution of ammonium salt in the ]ire.sence of an alkali 
 b)ase capable of decomposing the ammonium salt, and then precipi- 
 tating the metal by the addition nf a solution of an alkali metal. 
 
 652072 — June 19, 1900. G. ])E Becui. Treatment (f ore. 
 
 The method of treating coujplex ores, consisting in subjecting 
 the ore to a chloridizing roa.sting, condensing the vapors and gases 
 evolved, treating the roasted ore and the acidulated water contain- 
 ing the condensed vapors and gases with calcium chloride to pre- 
 cipitate soluble sulphates and sulphuric a(/id as ins(jluble calcium 
 sulfihate, then lixiviating the ore with the aciilulated water to 
 obtain a solution of zinc ami copper salts and fractionally jirecipi- 
 tating zinc and copjxT froni the said solution as hydrated oxides 
 by successive additions of linje. 
 
 652349— .In I g 3, V.iOO. S. 11. .ToH.xso.v and JI. T.. Sii.m.v.n. I'eoccss 
 
 of e.rteacting metals from (n-cs nr slimes. 
 
 The method of treating j>ress('d slinir cjiki's containing ri'siduiii 
 water, whicli consists in displacing tin- ri'sidiial «;ilcr with ;in 
 
 ecjual volume of a solvent solution, mixing the cakes with a fur- 
 ther quantity of solvent solution, removing the metal bearing sol- 
 vent solution by pressure, displacing the remaining portion of such 
 metal liearing solution with water and extracting the metal from 
 said metal bearing solution, whereby all the operations may be 
 performed with an approximately constant volume of the solvent 
 solution. 
 653414 — July 10, 1900. E. Fink. Process of extracting copper or 
 
 other metaU from tailings or ores (f such metals. 
 
 The process of extracting coiip)er and other metals from tailings 
 or ores of such metals, which con.sists in subjecting the tailings or 
 ore to the ucti(]n of a solution containing sulphuric acid and to the 
 action of an oxide or oxides of nitrogen in the presence of air or 
 oxygen under pressure, wherel>y the njetal is oxidized and dis- 
 solved and the oxide or oxides of nitrogen are converted alternately 
 into a lower and a higher oxide or oxides, and finally separating 
 the solution from the earthy njatter of the tailings or ore and sep- 
 arating the metal from the solution. 
 
 r,54S04 — J>dy 31, 1900. G. Rhm. Proce.'iS if obtaining oxide and 
 
 carlionede of zinc from inuterials containing zinc. 
 
 The process of producing oxide of zinc and carlionate of zinc 
 from zinciferous material, which consists in leaching the zincifer- 
 ous material with a solution of ammonia and carbon dioxide 
 wherein the carbon dioxide is in such proportion to the ammonia 
 as to impart to the latter an apj)roximately maximum zinc dissolving 
 capacity. 
 656497 — August 21, 1900. G. he Bechi. Process fjf treating zinc 
 
 bearing complex ores for rece/rerg of zinc or other metals therefrom. 
 
 The method of treating complex zinc ores for the recovery there- 
 from of cojiper, zinc, and lead, consisting in separately roasting 
 the ore anil an alkali cliloridi' in the piresence of air and steam, 
 conveying the sulphurous and sulphuric vapors thus derived from 
 the ore over and in contact with the said chloride during the 
 roasting to obtain hydrochloric acid fumes, condensing the acid 
 fumes, lixiviating the roasted ore with the acid liquor thus olitained 
 to produce a solution of metallic chlorides, and successively 
 precipitating the ujetals of the metallic chlorides as hj'drates by 
 successive additions of alkali. 
 
 19/11). H. HiRSCHixii. Process of treatimg gold 
 
 656544 — August 21, 
 
 and silver ores. 
 
 The process of treating coppier ores, which consists in adding the 
 connninuted ore gradually under agitation to an ammoniated solu- 
 tion, and then adding a diluting liquid to the mixture to obtain a 
 highly coni'entrated copper solution. 
 
 6.'7955 — Septendier IS, 1900. 11. Petersen. Process of enriching 
 inrlidlic snlpliides. 
 
 The iJroce,ss of enriching metallic suljihides, wliich are mixed 
 with carbonates of the alkali-earth metals, consisting in dissolving 
 out the carbonates with an aqueous solution of sulphurous aciil. 
 
 i:,'>933S — October 9, 1900. C. G. Collins. Process of e.ctracting zinc 
 ami cojrper from tlieir ores. 
 
 Tlie pri.icess of treating ores of copper and zinc, wdiich consists in 
 inmiersing the comminuted ore in a solution containing sodium 
 sulphate and bisulphate (niter cake), removing the depleted ore 
 and extracting tlie metal therefrom by electrolytic action, adding 
 more comininuteil ore to the remaining solution, and repeating the 
 operation. 
 659339 — October 9, 1900. C. O. Collins. Process of e.etracling coji- 
 
 ■jicr and zinc from their (ires. 
 
 The jirocess of treating ores of copper and zinc containing otlier 
 metals soluble in any excess of solution which may be emjiloyed 
 al>o\'e that required to dissolve the copper and zinc contained 
 therein, w liii'h consists in introducing the comminuted ore into a 
 solution of sodium sulphate containing hydrochloric and sulpluiric 
 a. id (salt-cake solution) not exceeding 5° Baunn', and suVjsequently 
 icicixcring these metals from the solution. 
 
CYANIDE PROCESSES. 
 
 on 
 
 6S9670~October 16, 1900. C. J. Head and K. C;. Wiiji. McIIkhI 
 
 of treating ieUuride ores. 
 
 A process for the extraction »{ tellurium from telluriile aurifer- 
 ous ores and the preparation theretjy of said ores for (he better 
 extraction of the precious metal therefrom, consisting of a lixi\ia- 
 tion and digestion of tire said ores in a solution containing abmit 5 
 per cent of caustic potash or soda for a lengthened period cf two to 
 six hours, the withdrawal of the solution after such digestion from 
 the said ores, and the recovery of the tellurium from the solutinn. 
 
 660013— October 16, 1900. C. J. Head and K. 0. Wild. Milhiid 
 of treuting tellurite ores. 
 
 A process for the extraction of tellurium from telluride aurifer- 
 ous ores and the preparation thereby of said ores for the better 
 extraction of the precious metal therefrom, consisting of a lixivia- 
 tion and digestion of the said ores in a solution containing about 5 
 per cent of carbonate of sodium or potassium for a lengthened 
 period of two to six hours, the withdrawal of the filtrate, and the 
 recovery of the tellurium from the solution. 
 
 66S769 — December 11, 1900. C. Hoepfner. J'rocess of producing 
 sohitions of zinc chloride. 
 
 The process, which consists in reacting upon an oxide or insol- 
 uble salt of zinc in presence of water with sulplmrous acid to 
 form soluble zinc bisulphite, converting the bisulphite into a 
 monosulphite by suitable reagents, mixing therewith its equiva- 
 lent of sodium or potassium chloride and exposing the mixture to 
 heat and air in the presence of a contact substance, such as oxide 
 of iron, in order to convert the monosulphite into a sulphate, sep- 
 arating the zinc chloride from the solution and mixing therewith 
 a sufficient quantity of an aqueous solution of sodium chloride to 
 dissolve the zinc chloride and leave the alkali-metal sulphate 
 practically undissolved. 
 
 67S-210—Juhj 9, 1901. J. W. WoESEY. Process of Ireatliig cotnples 
 ores. 
 
 Process for the treatment of complex sulphide ores, comprising, 
 first, the reduction of the combined sulphur below 15 per cent by 
 calcination; secondly, finely powdering the calcined ore; thirdly, 
 adding sodium nitrate; fourthly, boiling the mixed ore and nitrate 
 in dilute sulphuric acid; fifthly, roasting the semisolid mass in a 
 closed furnace; sixthly, dissolving out zinc copper and other sol- 
 uble salts from the saiil mass by weak sodium-sulphate solution; 
 seventhly, removing any copper from the solution; eighthly, pre- 
 cipitating the zinc and other metals fnjm the solution; and, ninthly, 
 separating the zinc. 
 
 679Z1.5 — .Jidij 23, 1901. H. C. Bull. Method of e.ilriicling gold from 
 sea water. 
 
 The method of extracting gold from sea water, which consists in 
 mixing with a quantity of sea water a proportion of milk of lime 
 to react upon the iodide of gold contained in the sea water to form 
 iodide of calcium and to liberate the gold, then allowing the sludge 
 formed by the reaction to settle, then drawing off the water and 
 then collecting the sludge and treating it to extract the metallic 
 gold therefrom. 
 
 6S332,5— September 24, 1001. IT. .T. Phillips. E.iiractimi of iirecions 
 metals from their ores. 
 
 The method of extracting precious metals from refractory sul- 
 Ijhide or telluride ores without roasting, which consists in subject- 
 ing the ore without roasting and in the form of a powder, under 
 heat and pressure, to the action of alkaline polysulphides in solu- 
 tion of such weakne8S that same will have a selective action, 
 namely, will dissolve the elements which are combined with the 
 gold, and for which the polysulphides have a greater affinity than 
 for gold, without dissolving the gold itself, which latter is thus dis- 
 sociated and can then be recovered by any known suitable process 
 for recovering free gold. 
 
 6S4.57S— October 15, 1901. 0. W. Mehrill. Precipitant for recouering 
 
 nietiils from solutions. 
 
 The (■(jndiiiiation with a metal capal)le of [irecipitating other 
 metals from cyanide solutions, if a gritty, inert, nonmetallic niate- 
 i-ial, to increase the surface exposed jjer tiriit of weight of the 
 precijiitating metals. 
 
 6S9S3.'> — Deceinlier 2//, 1901. (i. H. Watehdlhy. Procem of e.rlracl- 
 
 ing I'opiier frotn ores. 
 
 The i)r(.icess of precipitating copper in solution, consisting in 
 l)lacing the solution in a tank or receptacle containing pieces of 
 iron small enough to allow the solution to pass readily there- 
 through, and introducing hot air under jiressure into the S(jlution. 
 
 r,!i2008 — .Tanuarg 28, 1902. O. Fkolich, M. PIctii, and A. Edel- 
 
 MANX. Sepinrating jn'ocess for ores. 
 
 In the art of separating metals from ores containing iron among 
 a ijlurality of metals existing therein in a combined form, the 
 process, which consists in heating the ore to a temperature below 
 the decomposition temperature of the sulphate of the metal to be 
 snlphated, but above the decomposing temperature of the sulphate 
 of any (jther metal existing in the ore, and then passing o\"er it a 
 gas mixture containing sulphur dioxide and oxygen. 
 
 6931.iS — Fein-nary 11. 1902. E. B. Parnell. Process ejf treating ores. 
 
 In the treatment of refractory ores, the process, which ronsists 
 in subjecting them to the action of chromic acid and then roasting 
 them. 
 09.5306— Marcli 11, 1902. M. M. Haff. Sepirrntion of the rnnstitn- 
 
 ents of cornp)lex stdphide ores. 
 
 The process, which consists in heating mixed sulphides of zinc 
 and lead with sulphate of an alkali metal, treating the resultant 
 mass with a dissolving agent to dissolve the zinc sulphate and 
 alkali-metal .sulphate, while leaving the lead sulphate undissolved, 
 and a<liling liarium hydrate to the mixed solution of zinc sulphate 
 and alkali-metal sulphate to precipitate zinc hydrate and barium 
 sLlphate. 
 699326 — Mag 6, 1903. T. \. Ikvi.\e. Ertraction of copjier bi/ the iret 
 
 meihoil. 
 
 A prijcess for the extraction of ropper, consisting in the treatment 
 of the f)re within a. mixed solution of chloride of sodium and sul- 
 phurii' acid, in wliii-h solution there is an excess by weight i:if the 
 chloride of sodium in respect to the sulphuric acid. 
 
 700311 — Mag 20, 1902. F. fjLLERHACSEX. Treatment (f coinjjle.r and 
 
 refractory ores. 
 
 The process of treating complex and refractory ores cijntaining 
 lead, silver, and zinc, which consists in smelting the raw ores, 
 churning the fumes and gases with water to condense and mix 
 them with water, settling out the lead, silver, and part of the zinc 
 compounds from the resulting li(|uor, as a sludge, separating and 
 drying the sludge and fusing the sludge with caustic alkali, thereby 
 precipitating the lead in metallic form. 
 
 7020.i7—.Tuin- 10, 1902. (:. (1. Collins. Process (f rendering inetaUic 
 
 snlpiliides snlid.le. 
 
 The process of rendering metallic sulphides soluble, consisting 
 in drenching the crushed sulphide ore with aqueous ammonia, 
 draining off the excess of aqueous ammonia, treating the ore thus 
 moistened to an excess of oxygen, leaching the ore, and repeating 
 the operation until the metal is all extracted from the pulp. 
 
 70215.3— .Tune 10, 1902. .T. P. vax deh Ploeu. Treiament of nres 
 
 and inrderials contniniing antiinoiu/. 
 
 The method of pxtracting antimony from ores, materials, en- resi- 
 dues containing it, consisting in finely pulverizing the material, 
 mixing it with a suitalile quantity of powdered i|uicklime, and 
 then mixing with it an adequate quantity of sulphide of an alkali- 
 eartli metal and water, so as to form a solution of the lower and 
 most soluble double sulphides as being the best electrolytes, with- 
 out the use of artificial heat or application of pressure. 
 
6L2 
 
 MINES AKl) QUARRIES. 
 
 102-244 — June 10, 190:.'. A. J. I'ih.methhr. I'nriplhdil for li-niliiunl 
 
 of copper miter. 
 
 The precipitant for c-oppei- wutcr, cnntaiiiiiig in snlutiim <i sul- 
 pliide and an excess nf alkali. 
 
 102582 — June 17, 190.'. J. 'W. Xeii.i. ami ,1. 1 1, P.nui.'KiNii. Pmeexx 
 
 of recovering metnh fnnii ores. 
 
 The improvement in treating copjier or other ores, consisting in 
 agitating a charge of pulp containing 1lie ore liy gas from roasting 
 furnaces charged with material suitable for jiroducing sulphurons- 
 acid gas, separating the resultant solution, precijiitating the metal 
 from the solution, thereby releasing gas ami cmiiloying the 
 sulphurous-acid gas relea.sed by the precipitating process to enrich 
 the gas derived from the furnace and used in leaching a charge 
 of ore. 
 
 7O4134O — July 1.1, 1902. C. HoEi'KXEii. I'riici-xx nj i.rlrdclhui rnjijier 
 
 mu] nickel from nuljiliiih ciniijiouiuh. 
 
 The process, which consists in oxidizing roasting copper and 
 nickel sulphide ores or mattes, leaching the sulphate of copper 
 formed, converting this into cniiric chloride and then into cuprous 
 chloride, dissolving the nickel salts in the residue by said cuprous 
 chloride, precipitating cuprous chloride from the soKitions formed 
 and returning the resulting .solution containing some cuprous 
 chloride into the cycle of operations. 
 
 704041— Jul;/ 1.',, 190 J. C. lIoEI'FXEU. Prr^ress ij r.rlrorlini/ :lur nr 
 
 other metals friuu their ores. 
 
 The process, whicii consists in reacting on a material containing 
 an oxygen compound of metals insoluble in water and whose 
 chlorides are soluble in a solution of alkali metal i-bloriile, with 
 sulphurous acid and an aqueous solution of alkali metal chloride, 
 whereby a solution is formed containing a chloride of a metal. 
 
 for ej-trorliug ju 
 
 706302— Avijust .5, 19(12. L. B. Ii.Mnjxu. Mr, 
 
 eious u'letuh froui lu-rs. 
 
 In a goW extrai'ting plant proNided with a s\distantially Hat 
 treating tioor of nonabsorbent material, a serii's of loTigitudinally 
 extending channels formed therein, a trajisxcrse groove or end 
 launder in direct comnumication willi said channels, tixeil 
 screens or strainers covering the toji of .^aid channels and launder, 
 side launders or ducts, and valveil ennneelions interposed between 
 and uniting the said end ami side launders. 
 
 707107- Auijust 19, 1902. .J. Her.m..\.s. I'roress of tr, otunj ores. 
 The process, which consists in roasting snljihide of copper ore at 
 
 a low heat to form sulphates of the cfjpper and s e of the iron 
 
 present, and ]irodnce a large percentage of ferrons sulphate, leach- 
 ing the roasted ore, precijiitating the metallie coj.per, and aildijig 
 salt to the leaching solution before or aftiT the ]irei-ipitatioM of 
 the metallic copjper, whereby the fernais sails in the soliiti(.n are 
 converted to the chloride, and a solution having an excels of salt is 
 produced, and the said sohdion is adajited to dissohe copper and 
 ?ilver out of carbfjnate ami rixide ores. 
 
 707o06 — Auffust 19, 1902. K. Kehuaiiis. Mrlhn,! ,,f Ireutiuij lui.rnl 
 
 sulpliide ores. 
 
 The process of decfmiposing mixi'd sulphide ores li\' means of 
 concentrated snl]ihuric acid witlKjut the aid of extraneous lii'at. 
 
 709037 — Seplemlier 10, 19ii.'. W. Pethmuiiim;!.;. Trriilmrtil of Irllii. 
 ride rjejld ores. 
 
 In the decomposition of ores containing tell u ride of gold, t hi' ]iroc- 
 ess of reducing the ore to a lincl\- di\'ided stah' and llieii expo-ing 
 the ore to the action of a solnlion of ferric chloride alone lo attack 
 the telliiri\nn. 
 
 71oii23—l>errml«r 2, 1992. .1. ( '. Ci.ascv and I,. W. MMisi.AMi. 
 Process of treiiliui/ :iur suljihiilr ores. 
 
 In extracting metals from zinciferons sulphide .,ics, roastinu 
 pulverized ores with the additi ,r a.lnnxlnrc of lead sulphate 
 
 obtained from a source external to the ore being treated in (juan- 
 tity iiroportional to the (|uantity of zinc the ore contains. 
 
 71o771 — Deeemliir 10, 190i. Y. Ei.i.ERHAUSEN and K. W. \\'e.stekx. 
 
 Treotuieut of zinc ores. 
 
 The process tor the treatment of zinc ores and other zinciferous 
 matter, consisting in calcining where necessary, wetting with a 
 <lilute solution of ammonium sulphate, adding suljihuric acid, wash- 
 ing with annnrminm snljihate, and jjrecipitating with aqueous ani- 
 Uionia and heating the iirecijiitate. 
 
 7ir,.S04—]>eceuil>er 10, 190 i . II. V.. IIow.Min and ( ;. II.UiLEV. Treiit- 
 
 )neul of sjieni ocifl front '/'ilea uizin;/ uorfs. 
 
 The treatment of sjient acid from galvanizing works by adding 
 zinc thereto, sejiarating the solution fronj the precipitate, treating 
 witli bleaching ]"iwdcr to transform the ferrous salts into ferric 
 salts, then adding alkali to ]irccipitate the iron present as ferric 
 hydrate, and subsequently more alkali for the precipitation of the 
 zinc salts. 
 
 71034: — Jlrcruilier 23. 1902. K. W. >[.\KTIXo. Trriltment of fjres 
 
 containing precitnis nnlals. 
 
 The jirocess of sejiarating gold from ores containing tellurium, 
 selenium, sulphur, arsenic, antimony, tin, ]iliosphorus, or the like, 
 consisting in grinding the mixture, lieatingit with powdered barium 
 snipho carbide in a reducing (mnfUe) furnace, dissolving out the 
 solulile suljihides thu,s formed, treating the solid re.iidue with a 
 gold solvent, ami precijiitating the golil therefrom by the employ- 
 ment of liariuni ^ulplio carbide. 
 
 717 .21:1— Jlecrmlur 211, 191);. ( ;. ("'. Stoxe. Extraction of ziue and 
 
 lead from snl/.hide or.s. 
 
 The method of separating zinc and leail from suljihide ores, 
 which consists in smelting the suljihides, oxidizing tile volatile 
 
 constituents iit their exit from the smelting furnace, <_ ling the 
 
 resulting fumes and jiroilni'ts of I'nmlmstion to a tenqierature not 
 i-xceeding 1SI)° F., and jiassing tbeiii into contact with a solvent 
 which will dissohi- ont 01 f the metals and n(.it the other. 
 
 7l7oO.: — Jauuarii 0. pio:. .\.\,,s (.KHNET. J'rocess of e.rtrnrting 
 rol.prrffon, its ores. 
 
 Thi- Jirocess of extractiuL' copper froni its ore, which consists in 
 
 sliiwly Jiassing tl re in the for f jiulji through a current of 
 
 snlplinniiis arid, passed in a direction ojijiosite to that of the travel 
 of the jinlji, 
 
 7 i:so4—.lauuar:i 0, Iti/i.:. .1. T. .loNKs. Mrlluut if t rrating ores. 
 
 The Jirocess of niixiiiL' with ore, to be treated, a leaching fluid, 
 which con-ists in conlining the mass of ore in a vessel with a body 
 of leaching lluid of lesser siiecilic gravity sujieriniposed upon it, 
 carrying jmrtions of the ore upward in said vessel and releasing it 
 alio\e the body of leach inu' (In id, to jiri'i-ijiifate it through said body 
 
 and siinultai iisly eiuncy portions of the leaching fluid below the 
 
 snrlace of the mass of ore and releasing it, and jiermitting it to rise 
 through the sa 
 
 7 ISti:i9—.lanuarn 13. 1911.:. S. (.'. C. C'ciiUiK. Mrlhoil of reducing 
 ores. 
 
 The steji in the art of treating pulverized ores containing j.rc- 
 cions nielals, \\ bicli consists in subjecting the ore, in a closed ves- 
 sel, lo the action of hot air at a 1em|perature which I'cdnces some 
 of the salts in the ore Iroin an insolnble to a solnble condition in 
 watei', then washing away the sohdile salts with -water and then 
 i-eiteating (he sleji « itii air at a highei' temperature. 
 
 71913.'—.lannar!i..'7, 1903. W. 1'avxe, .1. 1 1 . ( 1 1 1,1,1 j.;s, and ,\.(oix- 
 
 1101, 1-. Process ,f treating cop/jrr orrs. 
 
 The Jirocess of treating cojijier ores, consisting in lirst roasting 
 to an oxide, m'xf saturating the .same with a solution of fei-rons 
 sniphat sulphate and chloride, next masting again and mean- 
 while adding a small jiercentage of iron snljihide or snljihur, 
 
CYANIDE P1I()CKSSES. 
 
 <n8 
 
 according to the percentage of copper present, ami liiially leaching 
 the hot ore. 
 
 719757 — Fchraitrij 3, 1903. H. V. 0. CnimiE. Frncrxs nf Iri'iilimj iiir« 
 
 containing precious meialt. 
 
 The method of treating ore, which consistti in heating tlie raw- 
 pulverized ore in contact with steam, and plunging tlic heated ore 
 into an aqueous alkaline solution. 
 
 7:.'37S7 — ihirrh :.'-}, VJOS. S, Tkivick. Prurcxx nf I'.ilrnrtiiii/ iiiiinlx 
 Jfoin ori'fi. 
 
 A process tor evolving nascent chlorine ami effecting the clilnri- 
 nation of metallic substant'es in order that tliey may lie extracted 
 from a metalliferous mass Ijy rendering them solvent, consisting in 
 adding to the mass a mixture in definite proportions of two sul)- 
 stances, one being dry chloride of lime and the other ferric sul- 
 phate, the proportions being sucli as to result in the formation of 
 ferric hypochlorite and ferric chloride which will evolve nascent 
 clilorine. 
 
 7S3949— March 31, 1903. (t. D. V.w Arsd.m.e. J'ronvx uf xcjicinil- 
 
 ing copper from ores. 
 
 The process of extracting copper from ores, or products contain- 
 ing copper, which consists in separating copper f r(.)m cupric-sulphate 
 solutions, with or without ferrous or other suitable sulphate, and rif 
 sinuiltaneously producing free sulphuric acid, by adiling to such 
 solutions sulphur dioxide and heating with or without pres.?ure, 
 whereljy copper or copper compounds are thrown down in the 
 solid form to be subsequently treated, and free sulphuric acid is 
 formed, and of adding the acid liquors tluis obtained, after separa- 
 tion from the copper precipitate, to copper ores, whereby the 
 copper conta,ined in them is dissolved and the original solution 
 regenerated and the process repeated and thus made continuous. 
 
 7S4414 — March 31, 1903. G. H. W.-vteubi-ry. Co/iper lenchiiii/ 
 
 process. 
 
 The copper leaching process, consisting in placing the suitably 
 pulverized ore in a leaching tank, adding water, acid, common 
 salt, and oxide of manganese in suitable quantities, heating tlie 
 mass by the introduction of steam to a suitalde tenqierature, and 
 finally subjecting the pulp to agitation during a suitatile period. 
 
 7S5257 — April 14, 1903. T. B. Joseph. Gold e.itraction process. 
 
 The process of extracting precious metals from ore containing 
 the same, when in a suitaljle condition, which consists in sui)ject- 
 ing the said ore to a leaching action of a soluti(jn of water, cyanide 
 of pijtassium, hydrate of calcium, carbon dioxide, and bromine, and 
 subsequently precipitating the precious metals from the solution. 
 
 725548 — April 14, 1903. H. K. Kllis. J'rncess af extroctiug copper 
 
 from carbonate and oxide ores. 
 
 Tlie process of extracting and recovering copper from its carbon- 
 ate or oxide ores or from material carrying carbonates or oxides 
 of copper, which consists in subjecting the ore or other material 
 in a crushed or powdered state to the action of a carbonate of soda 
 or its described equivalents until the copper is ilissolved and sub- 
 sequently subjecting the charged solution to electrolytic action. 
 
 7fC50? — AprU as, 1903. B. T. Nichols. Ore treating process. 
 
 The process for treating ore preparatory to leaching, consisting 
 first in mixing the suitably pulverized ore with lime; second, apply- 
 ing water to the mixture and introducing steam whereby the pulp 
 is agitated and kept at a suitable temperature until certain impuri- 
 ties which retard leaching are freed; third, washing the pulp l>y 
 the introduction of water and continued agitation; fourth, draining 
 off the water as far as practicable; and, finally, drying the ore. 
 
 7119760 — June 2, 1903. G. V. GusM.ix. Process of reducing and sep((- 
 
 rating silver. 
 
 The process of extracting and separating silver from its ores, 
 which consists in subjecting roasted ores to the action of a prepro- 
 vided aqueous solution of cupric chloride and cuprous chloride. 
 
 pas.sing the resulting .solution through granulated metal, and re- 
 moving anil collecting the metallict silver from said metal. 
 
 7,.'9S19 — .June ,>, 1903. .7. F. Webh. Apparalns for iise in extracting 
 
 metals f ram ores. 
 
 A taidi for use in extracting metals by cliemical process from 
 their ores, having a filter Ixittom and means for di.scharging air 
 within the tank a]id ilownwanlly upon the said bottom, whereVjy 
 the said iHittuni is kept fri'c from clogging and air is supplied to 
 agitate the mass within the tank and sui)ply oxygen thereto. 
 
 734683 — July .'IS, 1903. .1. F. DuKE. Process of ohtaining gold from 
 
 sea irnter. 
 
 The process of obtaining gold from sea water containing the same, 
 which consists in precipitating the gold by carbonate of calciuin. 
 
 735098 — Aiajasl 4, 1903. C. Hoepener. I'rocess of olitaining leail. (xr 
 
 other rnetals from ores or mattes. 
 
 The process, which consi.sts in leaching compounds containing 
 lead and iron with a solution of cupric chloride containing a sol- 
 vent of the chlorides of said metals, supplying oxygen to produce 
 <jxychloride of copper whereby the iron is precipitated, and pre- 
 cipitating the lead as a sulphite by means of a sulphite of zinc. 
 
 73551? — August 4, 1903. H. HinsrHiso. Treatment of ores crjntain- 
 
 ing gold, silrer, copper, nickel, and zinc. 
 
 The jjrocess for extracting gold, silver, copper, nickel, and zinc 
 from substances containing the same, which consists in subjecting 
 said substances to the action of an acid, washing with water the 
 substance thus treated, thereby forming solutions containing com- 
 pounds of gold and base metals, and then subjecting said solutions 
 to the action of ammonia for the piurpose of precipitating the gold 
 and recovering the base metals from the solution separately, and 
 also the ammonia. 
 
 739011 — Septemher 15, 1903. F. L.viST. I-'rocess rjf treating ores. 
 
 The method of generating hydrogen sulphide and precipitating 
 copper, which consists in subjecting an alkaline-earth sulphide in 
 presence of water to the action of carVjon dioxiile, thereby gen- 
 erating hyilrogen sulphide and pirecipitating the carbonate of 
 the alkaline-earth metal, conducting said hydrogen sulphide into 
 the presence of copper in .solution, tliereVjy precipitating copper 
 sulphide and forming a solvent liijuid, treatijig copper ores with 
 said solvent liquid, and collecting said alkaline-earth carbonate 
 and reconverting it into sulphide. 
 
 740014 — Sepitemher 29, 1903. .7. Herman. Process of treating ores. 
 
 A process of extracting copper from ores, which consists in treat- 
 ing ore containing iron to produce ferrous chloride, utilizing the 
 chloride and free acid to dissolve carbonates and oxides of copper, 
 the free acid being adapted to neutralize interfering substances and 
 to attack the surface of the particles of copper oxide or carbonate, 
 and regenerating the free aidd by the electrolytic precipitation of 
 copper. 
 
 740372 — September 29, 1903. C. Rooers. Process of e.rtracting zinc 
 
 from- salplude ores, etc. 
 
 The process for the extraction and recovery of zinc from zinc 
 containing sulphide ores or tailings, whicli consists in suVjjecting 
 the same to a partial sulphatizing roast, discharging tlie same while 
 hot into watei', leaching the same with said water and with dilute 
 sulpihuric acid, subjecting the leached ores or tailings to a second 
 sulphatizing roast, releachiug the same with the lixivium from tlie 
 former leaching, and repeating said operations until sutticicnt zinc 
 and sulphur are removed. 
 
 740701 — (iitober a, 1903. A. >I. (t. Sebii.lot. Treatment of std- 
 J)lride oi-es. 
 
 A process for treating ores containing sulphur consisting of sul- 
 phating the ore in a closed vessel by the action of sulphuric acid 
 upon the metallic sulphides at a temperature above its boiling 
 jioint and simultaneously recovering the sulphuric acid used, cal- 
 
614 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 ciiiing the sulpliated cire at a temperature nf 700° Centigrade U> dis- 
 sociate the sulphate ot iron to prevent dissolving of a too great 
 quantity of sulphate of iron in the lixiviating liquors, and then 
 lixiviating the calcined ore. 
 
 74866S — Jamiarii .5, 1904. A. M. (i. Sebiiaot. Processt of tiralinr/ 
 
 copper oreis. 
 
 The process for extracting pure metals from mineral ores, con- 
 sisting in treating the ores with suljihurie aciil at the evaporating 
 point of the latter, without roasting, to form suliihates, condensing 
 the surplus acids fumes, and lixiviating the sulphates in succes- 
 sively deeper baths under constant agitation, in a current flowing 
 in direction opposite to the progress of the ores. 
 
 749700 — Junuarij 1:>, 1904. P. Xaei?. I'rocex.^ <if li.rirluliii;/ orex. 
 
 Tlie method of lixiviating ores fir other pulverulent materials, 
 which consists in passing the ore downward in thinly cliviileil lay- 
 ers through an ascending stream of leaching solutifin and at the 
 same time passing a current of air or gas repeatedly through the 
 ore layers in numerously divided jets, whereliy the ore particles 
 are agitated in the solution, and the same volume of gas acts suc- 
 cessively as an agitating medium. 
 
 7SS.SJ0 — FehriKiry 16, 1904. 'T. B. de Alzucvkav. E.rtnirtion of 
 metals from comple.r ores. 
 
 In the treatment o complex ores, such, for in.stance, as contain 
 copper, lead, silver, and zinc in comparatively large quantities, the 
 process of extracting the said metals selectively, which consists in 
 leaching the ore with a solution compjosed of a mixture of a I'hlo- 
 ride of an alkali or earth-alkali metal with a cliloride of a jiietal 
 other than those of the alkali or earth-alkali series and an acid 
 before calcination or roasting whereby the copper is obtained in 
 solution, then washing and drying the ore, roasting the partiallv 
 disintegrated ore at a low temperature, extracting the metals fronj 
 the roasted ore in form of salts by means of a secoml and weaker 
 leaching solution having a character consonant with the nature fif 
 the salt it is desired to obtain, and recovering the metals in the 
 usual way. 
 
 754643 — March l.',, 1904. K. D.vszuier. Process of .vepnrofinr/ iron 
 piiriU's frrjrii :iiic-hlnide. 
 
 A process for separating iron pyrite from zinc-blende, \vhicli 
 consists in expijsing the zinc-blende to the action of air moisture 
 and lieat, and extracting the ferrous salt which has Iwi'n formed 
 by the oxidizing action Ijy ^vater. 
 
 75.5871 — March ..'9, 1904. T. A. IIel.m. App>o,iiiiis fur Ircolimi ore. 
 An apparatus f(jr treating jjulverized auriferous ores, conqirising 
 a rotatable cylindrical tank, radially depending blades in tlie tank 
 extending the length thereof, a circular brace-frame disposed lie- 
 tween the inner ends of the radial blades, an air pipe leading into 
 the tank, faucets to draw off a liquid from the tank, and njeansto 
 rotate the tank. 
 
 CLAS8 7.=..— lIKTAiJ.i;R(TY. 
 
 Subclass SO. — Sohilion oiid jirrripitoljon — .{pjioinlns. 
 
 "PI" 
 
 108 1.5S— October 11, 1870. W. 8. Laighton. /»,/,/■«</ 
 roliis for precijiitafivij rjolrl and silrer froiii soliitimis. 
 The invention con.sists in combining t\v(j vessels — one to receive 
 the solution to lie precipitated and the other tlie ]irecipitant— and 
 connecting them by an automatic apparatus that shall deliver a 
 certain quantity of the precijiitant into the other vessel every time 
 it is lillcil and provide for the discharging of tlie .same, the quan- 
 titN-of the solution that receives tlic precipitant, measui'cd out, 
 b iiig governed liy a hydrometer or hydrometric float, wliicli is 
 used to operate the apj)aratns. 
 
 .V/..V-V.'— .l/.ovA /-v, /.S7.0. ('.('. HiTVKi;, Tuiprorcmn,! 
 
 for ohhi'niiiiij iiielallir m/r/irr frioii lis sol iiliini . 
 
 The iiivcntioii rclati'S to a novo! a|.|Mratus for obluiiiiug 
 COJ.pt-r from its ,-olutioii; Miid it consisls in lb.- miplovii 
 
 "I'l" 
 
 ■tallir 
 
 I of ;l 
 
 tank or vat having a horizontal perforated diapihragm, upjon which 
 is placed a quantity of iron. This tank is filled with a solution of 
 copper, previously prepared from the roasted ore in the usual man- 
 ner. Through the top of this tank a steam pi[)e passes and extends 
 below the diaphragm, so that the solution is heated by this injected 
 steam, and, by the motion which its action gives, the deposition 
 of the copper is hastened. By means of pieculiarly arranged slides 
 the .steam is admitted above the diaphragm through holes in the 
 steam pipe to assist the process, if desired. 
 
 2.i4073 — Noreiiiher li', 1880. E. ScnuLiiER and K. H. Rcssell. (Ire- 
 
 leacher. 
 
 The invention consists of a circular frame supjpjorting the filter 
 and moving on a circular track above an inclined circular table; 
 and it consists, further, of three stationary rollers, designed to ele- 
 vate and depress the filter at certain pjoints as it revolves, of a 
 device for feeiling the substance to be leached upon the filter, of a 
 device for ajiplying the leaching solvent, and of a precipitating 
 tank to contain the solution passing through the filter. 
 
 ?.}8768— October 25, 1881. J. F. N. Macay. Filter. 
 
 The invention relates to improved apparatus for use in effecting 
 the operations of dissolving solids in liquids and pjroducing chem- 
 ical reactions, and of filtering or separating li(juid8 from solids in 
 chemical and metallurgical processes, in which a soluble substance 
 or substances, mixed or combined with an insoluljle substance or 
 substances, is or are to be dissolved separately or together, wholly 
 or partiall)-, in a given .solvent or solvents, and the solution separated 
 liy filtration from the undissolved residue. 
 
 In effecting the sejiaration of liquid from solid matters by filtra- 
 tion it is of inrportance to keep the filtering surface from l.ieing 
 cli.igged by the particles of solid matter, and to present a clear and 
 unobstructed filtering surface for effecting the rapid separation of 
 the liquiil from the solid matters. In the aii]iaratus fif the inven- 
 tion this important condition is realized in a very effective manner, 
 the construction and operation of the apparatus being as follows: 
 
 AVithin a cylinder of wood or other material not chemically acted 
 on by the materials treated or tlie reagents employed is inclosed 
 an inner cylinder of hard wood, or of hard earthenware or stone- 
 ware or other material not chemically acted on by the materials 
 treated or I lie reagents enqiloyed, this inner cylinder being per- 
 foiated with boles and lined internally or externally, but preferably 
 internally, « ith a.sbe.stos cloth or other suitalile filtering material. 
 
 Between the inner and outer cylinder there is an annular space, 
 ami the inner cylinder is kepit in jilace by longitudinal and circum- 
 ferential jiartitions, the former of which divide the annular space 
 into a numlier o'f distinct compartments, each provided with a draw- 
 off cock for running off the liijuid when separated by filtration. 
 Tliis cylinder is capable of being rotated, and is providid with 
 doors or manholes in one of the heads by which the matters to be 
 treated may be introduced and the undissolved residue removed; 
 and the cylinder is also provided with a tubular journal or journals 
 for the introduction of steam, water, air, or other li(juids or gases, 
 underpressure orotherwi.se, w hich may lie blown, forced, or drawn 
 into the annular space for the purjiose of keejiing the filtering sur- 
 face clear and <if acting chemically or mechanicalh' upon the con- 
 tents of the cylinder. I place within the inner cylinder the ore or 
 other matter to be treated ( previously ground or otherwise reduced 
 to a jiulveriilent state), together with the reagents or solvents by 
 which it is to be treated. By imparting rotary motion to the 
 I'ylinder (the draw-off cocks and manholes being closed) the solid 
 matters are brought into intimate contact with the solvents or re- 
 agents, and by forcing steam, water, air, or i^tlier liijuids or gases 
 into the space between the inner and outer cylinders, and thence 
 tliiiiugh the filtering medium into the inner cylinder, any solid 
 matters that may adhere to the filtering surface are disengaged 
 Iherefrom, \\lierel)y the said surface is kept clear, the solid mat- 
 ters are kept in susjicnsion in the liquid, and chemical action, 
 wliich the liquid or gaseous reagents may be capable of exerting on 
 I he s.'iid matters, takes iilacc umlcr the most fa\orable circuni- 
 
CYANIDE PROCESSES. 
 
 615 
 
 stances as regards the intimate mixture of the reii^'ents \\ itli tlie 
 matters and the large surfaces exposed to their action. The annu- 
 lar space between the inner and outer cylinders being divided into 
 compartments by longitudinal divisions, the liquid which pas.'*es 
 through into it is carried round liy the rotation of the cylinder and 
 flows back into the inner cylinder, thus helping to keep the filter- 
 ing surface clear and unobstructed. When the soluble siil)stances 
 are dissolved or chemically acted upon, and it is desired tn sepa- 
 rate the liquid from the solid matters, the draw-off cocks are 
 opened, and then, by giving a .slow rotary moti(jn to the apparatus, 
 the liquid may be decanted off from the bulk of the sulid matter 
 and at the same time filtered from any such matters wdiich it may 
 hold in suspension by passing through the filtering medium. By 
 this rotary decanting action a practicallj' clear filtering surface, un- 
 obstructed by solid matter, is constantly presented fur the liquid 
 to pass through. 
 
 S51718 — January 3, 1882. A. E. Jones. Appiirntiiti fur sejinrating 
 
 gold from quartz and rocl: tailmr/s. 
 
 The invention consists in the arrangement and application of a 
 suitable fibrous material in comljination with machinery, so that 
 the fibrous material will unite or collect to itself the gold and carry 
 and deposit the same to a place designated, where it may be col- 
 lected and treated as desired in separating the precious metal from 
 its sand and ore. Any fibrous matter that will form a pulp when 
 mixed with water is used to coat a wire-cloth screen as in pajier 
 making, and then entangle the fine gold in suspension in the water. 
 
 301460— .Tidy 1, 1SS4. J.L.Russell. Slime filter. 
 
 The invention consists of a trough ci:intaining at intervals within 
 it a series of double filtering boxes covered with wire gauze and 
 filled with charcoal, sponge, or any known filtering substance, and 
 the claims cover the trough poised ovei- filter sectiijns provided 
 with adjustable partitions, as well as the combination of a sand 
 box, a sluice provided with adjustable partitions, filters composed 
 of frames and wire gauzes, and gutters. 
 
 -Septemher 8, 1SS.5. H. C'. and J. A. Henderson. Appara- 
 tus for concentrating ores. 
 
 The apparatus for concentrating ores, consisting of an oater tank, 
 an inner filtering tank, provided with fabric ends, and a perforated 
 feed box having its lower end below the top edge of the tank, a 
 space being left between the sides, ends, and bottom of the tanks 
 whereby, when the water is received by the perforated feed box, 
 it will pass into the inner tank and slowly filter through the fabric 
 ends thereof and flow over the top edge of the outer tank, the 
 fabric ends preventing the formation of a current and causing the 
 particles of ore to be precipitated. 
 
 366103 — July 5, 1SS7. O. Hofm.^nn. Process of e.iiracting silver 
 
 from its ores by lixiviation. 
 
 The invention relates to a certain improvement in the lixivia- 
 tion process by which the ore, after having been suljjected to a 
 chloridizing roasting, is introduced in a series of troughs, first, to- 
 gether with water to dissolve the base-metal chlorides, and, 
 second, together with the solution used in the ordinary lixiviation 
 process to dissolve the silver. The ore and water are introduced 
 either by means of a mixing box or an agitator, and are allowed 
 to flow in these troughs for some distance, and finally conveyed 
 by them into settling tanks. The water while running in the 
 troughs dissolves the base-metal chlorides. In the settling tanks 
 the ore separates quickly from the liquid. The latter is drawn off 
 and conveyed to other tanks for the usual treatment. The ore 
 sediment containing the silver is now sluiced or charged again in 
 a, similar series of troughs with a solution which has the property 
 of dissolving chloride of silver, like hyposulphite of lime or soda, 
 concentrated salt solution, Russel's "extra solution" (a com- 
 pound of hyposulphite of lime or soda and bluestone), etc. By 
 passing through this second series of troughs the silver chloride 
 dissolves. Ore and solution run into tanks which are provided 
 
 with filter bottoms and allowed to separate. The tailings settle to 
 the bottom, while the clear solution, now containing the .silver, is 
 drawn off and conveyed into the jirecipitation tanks for the usual 
 treatment. 
 
 .370871 — Oclolier .j, 1887. V. F. Hu.nt. .'\jijtaratusf(ir agitating solu- 
 tions ill III!' Iriicliiiig (f metals from their ores. 
 
 The invention relates to an improvement in apparatus for agita- 
 ting the acid solutions formed in the leaching of copper and other 
 ores; and tlie oljject of the same is to provide a form of rotary agi- 
 tator in which the heavier portions of the charge can not accumu- 
 late at the center of the apparatus and escape the action of the 
 agitating arms, which will also ppjduce a more perfect agitation of 
 the solutions than has heretofore been possible, and which will be 
 more durable and economical to construct than the forms in pres- 
 ent use. 
 
 Heretofore the agitators used in leaching works have usually 
 been made with flat bottoms and have been provided with stirring 
 or agitating arms of conical shape at the base, arranged to rotate a 
 slight distance above the bottom. In the invention this arrange- 
 ment is reversed, and the agitating tank is constructed with a cone 
 of small altitu<le placed apex upward in the center of the bottom 
 and covering a considerable portion thereof, and is provided 'lyith 
 agitators, the arms of which are jirovided with concave shoes and 
 are arranged to rotate in close proximity to the cone in the bottom 
 of the tank. 
 
 412610 — October 8, 1889. .T. B. Hannay. Apjpnratvs for applying 
 
 chlorine to the e.rtraction of gold from ores. 
 
 This invention relates to means of extracting from ores precious 
 metals, especially gold, in the form of chloride solution. For this 
 purpose an apparatus is employed which consists of a chlorinating 
 vessel, a set of circulating pumps, a filter press, and a chlorine 
 pump, or sets of these, with suitable communicating pipes, cocks, 
 and valves for operating in the following manner: Having reduced 
 the ore to a fine ]>owder, it is mixed witli water or with chlorinated 
 water to a condition of thin sludge, which can be pumped. Then 
 charge the chlorinating vessel with this sludge and apply the 
 pumps to cause its circulation therein, drawing from the upper 
 part and discharging into the lower part, while chlorine gas is 
 pumped into the vessel, preferably to a pressure considerably 
 above that nf the atmosphere. After circulation has gone on for 
 some time, uutil the metal in the ore is mostly dissolved by the 
 chlorine, the sludge is pumped by the circulating pumps into the 
 filter press, additional pressure being given, if required, by using 
 the chlorine pump to force air into the upper part of the chlorin- 
 ating vessel. The liquid issuing from the filter press containing 
 in solution the metallic chloride is treated in any of the known 
 ways for separating the metal and reco\'ering the chlorine. In 
 some cases the solution discharged from the filter press may be 
 used in a subseciuent operation to form the sludge by its admixture 
 with a fresh quantity of pulverized ore, and this may be done 
 repeatedly, so as to obtain finally a filtered liquor rich in chloride. 
 
 As it is advantageous to charge the chlorinating vessel with an 
 excess of chlorine above that which enters into combination with 
 the metals, the inventor prefers to collect such excess before dis- 
 charging the sludge by blowing in a little steam to warm the sludge 
 and allowing the free chlorine thus liberated to pass either into a 
 gasometer t>v into another chlorinating vessel; or an exhaust pump 
 may ije employed to draw off the free i-hlorine. 
 
 When metals such as silver are present, having insoluble chlo- 
 rides, the Ijlocks which are taken from the filter press, and which 
 contain these chlorides, may be reduced to sludge, as before men- 
 tioned, and may lie subjected to the same treatment with a suitable 
 solvent instead of the chlorine. 
 
 418138— Ikcernber S4, 188H. J. S. jMAcAETnuH. Melalbirgical filter. 
 
 A metallurgical filtering apparatus for separating a precious 
 
 metal from a solution containing said metal, consisting of a series 
 
 of vessels, each of which has an inlet tube near its bottom, an out- 
 
616 
 
 MINKS AND QUARRIES. 
 
 let tube near its top, and a perforated false bottom above the inlet 
 tube, zinc sponges disposed in the several vessels, pipes t:onnecting 
 the inlet and outlet tubes of the several vessels, and a reservoir for 
 supplying tlie solution to the first vessel of the series. 
 
 425025 — April S,1S90. D. Denneh and T. K. Rosr. Apparatiix for 
 leaching ores. 
 
 In a leaching apparatus, a movable table, having a flange or 
 wall projecting from its upper surface to form a receptacle for fil- 
 tering material, the said receptacle being of less diameter than the 
 upper surface of the tal)le, whereliy a packing receiving ledge pro- 
 jects beyond the base of the said wall or flange, combined w ith 
 the leaching cylinder, the lower end of which is constructed to 
 receive said wall or flange, while the ledge abuts against said 
 lower end of the cylinder. 
 
 442262 — December 9, 1890. 8. Teivick. Ajiinirnlnx for (reiitimj ore.i 
 
 to obtain preciou.i metals therrfroui. 
 
 This invention relates to improvements in apparatus forming a 
 plant for treating roasted ground ores to olitain precious metals 
 therefrom, adapted for use in treating roasted ground ores of pre- 
 cious metals that have been roasted by any known or suitable 
 method. 
 
 The apparatus consists, essentially, of a vessel (preferably em- 
 ploying a pair at least of such vessels, so as to change frcjm one to 
 the other of the pair in working) having a porous bottom on whicli 
 the ground roasted ores rest; means of supply of leaching li(iuid 
 controlled by valve; means of drawing oft leached liquid, convey- 
 ance thereof to, and means of stirring said liquid in a mixing 
 chamber — a filter vessel having a porous floor — and means of inmi])- 
 ing the filtered liquid to a reservoir; means of evaporating the 
 leaching liquor to recover the contained salts; also recovering tlie 
 copper salts for reuse, and means of heating the leaching liquid, 
 and also means of desiccating the product. 
 
 The invention also consists in a furnace for roasting ores of pre- 
 cious metals, comprising, among other features, a chamber, coils of 
 piping, a tank, reservoir, a force pump, a system of heating pipes, 
 leaching reservoir, tanks with porous floors, ami a mixing \cssel 
 with rotating stirrers therein. 
 
 449813— April 7, 1S91. .1. Ckagg. 
 
 silver from ores. 
 
 In an apparatus for extracting gold or other metals fiom their 
 ores in solution, a tower and a mixer, whii-h consists of a tmugh 
 having pipes to conduct the reagents in li(iuid solution, wldch 
 enter the same from different sides and terminate out of uhgnment 
 about centrally of the trough, combined with a hojijier ]jlaced over 
 the ends of the said pipes and an overflow plate leading to the 
 said tower. 
 
 45632.3— .My 21, ISUl. V. L. (iiBBs. Ore leachimj iiiiicliiiie. 
 
 This invention has reference to ore leaching machines in which 
 a rotating annular series of ore reeejitacles pass successi\'ely under 
 an ore vat containing the crushed ore in a solution to receive their 
 respective contents or to be otherwise filled, and to discharge the 
 filtrate during their transit into a suitably jilaced discharging con- 
 duit or launder and at a predetermined point in their orbital njove- 
 nient and automatically discharge the residuum. 
 
 The objects of this improvement are, first, to provide a suitaljlv 
 suspjended vat to receive the ore in a solution, or dry or roasted 
 ore, and adapted by suitable openings in the bottom thereof to 
 optionally discharge said contents; second, to provide a series of 
 leaching vats to pass successively under said primary vat and 
 respectively receive from the latter a proper (juantity of its con 
 tents; third, to provide suitable mechanism for supporting and 
 jirogressing said secondary vats; fourth, to provide a conduit or 
 launder to receive and carry off the filtrate from saiil leaching or 
 secondary vats; and, fifth, to afford facilities to autonjatically dis- 
 charge the residuum from said leaching vats preparatory to tli<'ir 
 refilling. 
 
 Apparatus for e.rlractiiaj (/old oi 
 
 .UJ3120 — Norernber 10, 1891. I). Dennes. Leachirwj vat for separat- 
 ing precio'm metals from their ores. 
 
 yVn ore leaching apparatus consisting of a closed vat or separat- 
 ing vessel having a removable bottom carrying a filter bed in its 
 ujiper portion and an auxiliary chamber beneath, jjrovided with a 
 removable bottom and a filter bed, and a suitable pipe connection 
 between the separating vessel and said auxiliary chamber in its 
 bottom . 
 
 464672 — December 8, 1891. W. D. Bohm. Apparattis for separalimj 
 
 gold and silver from ore. 
 
 The inventor places the powdered or divided ore, or material to 
 be treated for the obtainment of the gold or silver, or both, in a 
 vessel (jr vat, or vessels or vats, and through it passes the leaching 
 solution, preferably previously heated. By means of a force pump, 
 the leaching solution is forced up through the ore and through a 
 filter at the top. The solution and the precicjus metal which it 
 now contains pass into a vessel in which it is agitated with a pre- 
 cipitating agent. From this last-named vessel the solution is forced 
 up liy a force pump through a \'essel having a filtering arrange- 
 ment, such as a porous diaphragm, at the top, so that the solid 
 matter is retained thereby, the liquid passing off to be heated again 
 and to be restrengthened Ijy the addition of the necessary further 
 quantity of leaching chemicals and passed back to the leaching vat 
 or vats for reuse. The pressure under which the liquids are forced 
 up through the leaching vat and precipitant vessel should be at 
 least eighteen pounds per square inch. At intervals the solid 
 matter retained by the last-named filtering vessel is passed into a 
 filter pjress or equivalent apparatus, whereby it is deprived of the 
 greater part of its moisture. The ore which has been leached is 
 then drained of all solution and washed free from the last traces 
 thereof with water, preferably hot, and then can be washed out 
 of the \at or vats with acidulated water, and passed over zinc or 
 alloy of zinc with other suitable metal, so that hydrogen is evolved, 
 which reduces any precious metal still remaining in the ore to 
 the metallic state, or such state that it is taken up when the ore 
 is afterwards passed over mercury — for instance, over amalgamated 
 copper. 
 
 49.'>38.'j— April 11, 1893. V. Webb. Method of a)id apparatus fu- 
 
 extract i ng jtrerious metals front flwir ores. 
 
 The inventor claims, in means for extracting precious metals 
 from their ores, the comliination of an outer vessel renting in suit- 
 able trunnions for containing the reagent or chemical solution, and 
 having inlet and outlet pipes communicating, respectively, with the 
 top and bottom therec.if tlirough said trunnions, a perfiirated vessel 
 in said outer chamber, and adapted to receive the crushed ore, and 
 provided with a manhole opening extending to the outside of the 
 latter, and means for reciprocating the inner vessel and for rotating 
 the outer vessel on its trunnions, whereby the contents of the inner 
 \'essel may be discharged. Also, the method of separating precious 
 metals from their ore, consisting in jdacing the disintegrated or 
 crushed ore in a closed perforated vessel and causing the latter to 
 reciiirocate in the reagent or chendcal solution, whereby the latter 
 is enabled to more effectually act ujion the ore. 
 
 497851; — May 23, 1893. Q. G. Brow.n. Ore tank. 
 
 In a tank for leaching or saturating ore, the c(jmbination with a 
 false bottom and a piece of textile material laid ujion the U[iper side 
 of said false bottom; of a series of vertically dispose<l perforated 
 tubes designed and adapted to hold the pieces of ore apart and pro- 
 mote the circulation of the leaching or saturating solution. 
 
 525970 — Septeinliir II, 1894. .T. Stoker and B. T. L.vcv. Method 
 of and apip/triilusfor ilissolring, leaching, and filtering. 
 The inventor clainjs the improved method of dissolving, leaching, 
 and filtering, consisting, essentially, in connecting a plurality of 
 closeil tanks in series, then introducing an expansil)le medium 
 upon a Ixidy of noncompressible fluid contained in a terminal 
 tank to f(.rce the said fluid under pressure into the successive tanks 
 
CYANIDE PROCESSES. 
 
 617 
 
 and through the material under treatment until it reaches the linal 
 tank, then connecting this last-named tank with the initial tank, 
 and linally introducing pressure in the said final tank tci force the 
 fluid therefrom so that it may be returned to said initial tank. 
 And in an apparatus for dissolving, leaching, and filtering, the 
 combination of the tank adapted to contain the material to be 
 treated, a tank adapted to contain a noncompressible fluid and con- 
 nected with a source of steam, gas, or vapor supply, a valve-c(jn- 
 trolled pipe from said fluid tank to said material-containing tank, 
 a linal tank beyond the material-containing tank, a valve-ccintnilled 
 pipe connecting said material-containing tank with said final tank, 
 whereliy the fluid is forced into said linal tank, a valve-controlled 
 pipe connecting said final tank with the initial fluid tank, and 
 means for admitting an expansive medium into said final tank to 
 force the fluid therefrom t)ack into the initial tank. 
 
 530S97—Decanber 4, lS.->4- N. H. tbNE. Filter hairel. 
 
 In an apparatus of the class describeil, the (.•(jmljinatiou with a 
 revoluble cylinder having a hollow trunnion, and a head pro- 
 vii-led with radiating channels having independent valves of a 
 filter arranged in said cylinder and valves for 0]:iening or closing 
 said channels independently "f each other. 
 
 SSHnsi—Apr'd 3, 1S95. T. L. Wiswali. and J. B. Frank. Recep- 
 tacle fur recorering precious metals from solnllons. 
 This invention relates to apparatus wherein the recovery of the 
 precious metals from cyanide and other solutions is effecteil by 
 passing the solutions through a filtering material, Ijy which the 
 precious metals are precipitated. And the inventor claims, in ap- 
 paratus for the extraction of precious metals from solutions, the 
 precipitating box, having an undulating, sinuous passage from end 
 to end, comprising a series (if alternate angular depressions and 
 elevations, provided with a series of retaining pins, attached to 
 the interior of said precipitating box, and extending into the pre- 
 cipitating, filtering material within said passage. 
 
 649177 — November 5, lS:i;'). T. L. Wiswall and .T. B. Frank. 
 
 Apparatus for recovery of precious metals from their solutions. 
 
 The inventors claim, in apparatus for the recovery of precinus 
 metals from their solutions a precipitating Vjox adapted to contain 
 a finely subdivided, metallic, precipitating reagent, divided into a 
 series of compartments by removable perforated partitions, said 
 partitions being provided with adjustable gates, controlling the 
 flow of said solution through the perforations in said partitions for 
 the purposes indicated. 
 
 5496SS — Xovember J J, lS9.i. V. Akgall. Apjpjoratas for e.vtraction 
 
 of precion.^ metals. 
 
 The specifications set forth that in the treatment of ores by the 
 cyanide process to e.Ntract their gold and silver contents, it is the 
 usual practice to pjlace the ores in open leaching tanks and allow 
 the cyanide solution to percolate through the mass and so dissolve 
 and remove the precious metals in solution. This method is on 
 the whole fairly efficient, but it occupies considerable time (forty 
 to eighty hours) and causes a large consumption of cyanide through 
 decomposition, owing to its long contact with the ore and atmos- 
 phere. With many classes of ore, however, it is found that agita- 
 tion of the ore and solution is necessary in order to obtain the best 
 results or largest extraction of precious metals. Particularly is this 
 the case with silver-bearing ores or ores carrying considerable value 
 in silver. 
 
 The agitators heretofore in use shorten the time necessary to 
 dissolve the precious metals; but they invariably cause a large 
 consumption of cyanide, due chiefly to the continuous agitation of 
 the solution in open tanks or in partly filled barrels in the presence 
 of an excess of air, while the ore when discharged from the agita- 
 tors is in such a condition that very often it can not be leached, or 
 at best but part of the cyanide solution containing the dissolved 
 gold can be separated from the ores. Then again, the agitators 
 
 now in use are of such small capacity as to add largely to the cost 
 of treating the ores. 
 
 Tliis invention relates to a new machine for treating ores by con- 
 tinuous agitation and continuous percolation un<ler pressure or by 
 means of vacuum and either with or without external or additional 
 heat. And the inventor claims a percolator for treating ores by 
 the cyanide process comprising an outer shell capalile of being 
 closed, air-tight, hollow trunnions upon which said vessel rotates, 
 concentric tubes extending axially through the vessel, the outer 
 tube being covered by a filtering medium, a passage connecting the 
 ann\ilar space between the tubes with one of the hollow trunnions, 
 and a ijipe communicating with the chamber surrounding the outer 
 tube. The invention includes other features of a minor or subsid- 
 iary character. 
 
 55^307— January 7, 1896. H. G. Williams. Method of and appja- 
 
 ratus for crtracting metals frejm their ores. 
 
 In an apparatus for the extraction of precious metals from their 
 ores by the wet process, the combination of one or more castings, 
 with screw conveyers and mixers, means for feeding the solid and 
 liquid matters thereto, and a dam placed at the discharge end of 
 the casing for each conveyer, having its surface inclined upon the 
 side next to the conveyer flights or blades, for the purpose of 
 maintaining the admixture of the liquids and solids liy preventine 
 the liquid from traveling faster than the solid and still giving pas- 
 sage Vjy reason of its incline to the travel of the solids over the 
 same; and, in the extraction of precious metals from their ores 
 by the wet process, the method of continuously and uninterrupt- 
 edly precipitating and separating the metals, which consists in 
 simultaneously introducing the precipitating agent and an inde- 
 pendent agitating blast of steam into the solution of metal in direc- 
 tion as described to secure admixture and agitation by a whirling 
 motion and the agglomeraticjn of the precipitated particles of 
 metal, and continuously separating the precipitate \>x settlement 
 and idtration. 
 
 '>::7 144 — SepAembrr S, lS9i:. S. B. Ladd. Apjparatus for leaching 
 
 ores. 
 
 The object of the present invention is to provide an economical 
 and practical apparatus for the lixiviation of ores, and particularly 
 applicable to cases where a large mass of material has to undergo 
 treatment — as, for exampile, in the lixiviation of low-grade gold 
 ores by the cyanide process — and where the expense of han(.lling 
 material becomes an important factor with respect to the commer- 
 cial working of the process. The invention applies, generically, 
 to the lixiviation of comminuted or pulverized material of any 
 character, but it is espjecially designed for the lixiviation of ores 
 by the cyanide process, fi ir in the treatment of ore pulp or slimes 
 by the cyanide and other like processes a large amount of material, 
 often of a low grade, has to be subjected to the action of an aque- 
 ous solution of a cyanide or other solvent, or to the successive 
 action of a series of solutions. The common course of procedure 
 in working the cyanide pjrocess on a large scale is to run the ore 
 pulp intci large vats and then to cause the proper solutions for 
 leaching out the precious metals to percolate therethrough, for 
 example, first an alkaline solution, when the ore is acid, then a 
 strong solution, then a weaker solution, and finalh' water to \\ ash 
 the pulp. The vat is then emptied and refilled with fresh ore 
 pulp; also, the solvent process is sometimes worked by agitating 
 the pulp and leaching solution in pans or vessels. Both svstems 
 require considerable labor and are intermittent. 
 
 Another ol)ject of the present invention is tij provide means to 
 make the extraction process continuous, so that the ore pulp shall 
 progressivel)- and continuously be associated with the solutions or 
 the washings which may be necessary for thoroughly exhausting 
 the values from the ore. This is acccjmplished by constructing a 
 leaching tank, in the form of a long tmugh, which may be divided 
 by one or more fixed or removable bridges into so many trough 
 sections as are required for the several solutions or washings when 
 
618 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 one leaching is not sufficient; or by providing a series of tanks or 
 troughs operatively arranged with respect to each other, employ^ 
 ing in connection therewith a conveyer for the ore pulp adapted 
 to continuously feed the |iulp with a steady movement through 
 the several solutions in an uninterrupted flow through the appa- 
 ratus to the point of discharge without any intermediate stoppage 
 or handling of the same whereby the lixiviation of the ore is 
 effected. 
 
 For the purpose of rendering the operation continuous, provision 
 is made for a constant drawing off of the charged solution or solu- 
 tions from the leaching troughs and an inflow of fresh solution 
 thereto. In the case of the first cyanide solution the inflow is 
 preferably at the ore-entrance end of the trough or trough section 
 and the current is with the ore, thus catching the fine float golil 
 carried by the fresh pulp; but in the subsequent troughs or trough 
 sections, and also in the first, if preferred, the inflow of the solu- 
 tion (or washing water) is preferably made at the ore-exit end and 
 the outflow of the solution is at the opposite end where fresh ore 
 ■or pulp is entering the trough or trough section. Thus, in this 
 latter case, the flow of the solution is opposite to that of the ore. 
 The fresh cyanide solution first acts upon pulp which is largely 
 leached out, and as the solution becomes more and more charged 
 with the gold or precious metals it meets pulp that is progressively 
 richer in the metals, and the conditions are therefore favorable 
 for effecting a complete extraction of the precious metals by the 
 solvent. As a preferred form of conveyer, slowly-moving blades 
 transverse to the trough or tank are used. These blades extend 
 across the tank with just enough room at the sides for clearance, 
 and they reach from above the surface of the solution down to and 
 into the ore pulp on the bottom of the tank with openings or 
 notches in or along the lower part of the blades for tlie underfli:)W 
 of the solution. These blades divide the trough or tank into a 
 number of communicating divisions and form what may be called 
 "traveling partitions," moving slowly through the trough from 
 end to end thereof. The lower edges of these blades are prefer- 
 ably fashioned with rake teeth, and they open up and rake along 
 the layer of ore pulp on the Vjottom of the tank and effect a slow 
 and progressive movement of the mass with a constant plowing 
 therethrough and exposure of fresh portions thereof to the action 
 of the solution, while the solution in the tank as the series of 
 blades move forward has to flow back through the notches or 
 openings in the bottom of the traveling blades from each of these 
 divisions formed by the blades, respectively, into the adjacent rear 
 division, and thus there is secured a constant and steady under- 
 flow of the solution in close proximity to the agitated pulfi. This 
 flow of the solution is in addition to and distinct from the flow due 
 to the constant addition of fresh solvent at one end of the trough 
 and the drawing off of the charged solution at the other end 
 thereof; but it will be seen that the underflow thus effected pre- 
 vents a mere surface flow of the solution from one end of the 
 trough to the other. On the contrary, as the flow from the 
 respective divisions of the trough is from the bottom and under 
 each traveling partition or blade, the overflow or discharge from 
 the trough at the end is necessarily of the charged portion of the 
 solution. It will be seen that this method of leaching ores places 
 the ore and the solvent under perfect control, which is a very 
 great advantage with respect to the economical leaching of ores. 
 There is an agitation and constant shifting of the pulp in the solu- 
 tion, which very ninch accelerates the action of the solvent and 
 shortens the time required therefor, and the speed of the conveyer 
 can be regulated sothat the pulp will not reujain in the tank or 
 tanks any longer than is necessary, and yet long enough for the 
 extraction of all value therefrom. On the other hand, the flow 
 of the solvent through a tank can be gauged so that it will i.^sue 
 from the taJik fully chargcil or charged to the degree most profit- 
 able under all the cnndilions (if the case. 
 
 576118 — February ,?, 1897. W. F. Heatuman. Means for extract- 
 ing gold and silver from sea water. 
 
 In order to extract said metals, the sea water or salt lake water 
 is |iasseil tlirough a filter made of carbon, and the gold and silver 
 held in solution in the sea water or salt lake water are freed from 
 the chemical combinations in which they occur in the water. The 
 chlorides and bromides of gold and silver in solution when passing 
 through the carbon filter are decomposed by the reducing power 
 of the carbon, the liberation of chlorine, and the destruction of the 
 bromine combination, with the result that metallic gold and silver 
 are precipitated in the carbon filter and deposited in the pores and 
 ui)on the surface of the carbon. And the inventor claims a tank 
 mounted on suitable supports and provided in its side with an 
 inwardly opening valve or gate, said tank having a perforated bot- 
 tom, and a filtering medium arranged on the bottom and compris- 
 ing alternating layers of coarse and fine carbon, a layer of wire 
 cloth, and a perforated top covering. 
 
 .584627 — .Time 1.5, 1897. .1. .1. Deeble. Apparatus for extracting 
 
 gold from auriferous material. 
 
 This invention has been devised in order to proviile a machine 
 for use in the extraction of gold from auriferous material by the 
 aid of chemical solvents, in order to insure the particles of auriferous 
 material being brought into intimate contact with the cyanide or 
 other solvent soluticju. It includes a vat or pan to receive the aurif- 
 erous material to be treated, having at or about its center a vertical 
 shaft or spindle with one or more agitators orstirrers attached to its 
 lower end. Motion is imparted to this shaft or spindle Vjy bevel 
 gearing or other convenient mechanical contriv ances, and means are 
 provided for reversing the rotation and controlling the speed of the 
 agitators, as well as for raising or lowering the agitator shaft or 
 spindle. These means may consist of a screw-threaded lifting rod 
 with corresp iudingly threaded bevel wheel in gear with a bevel 
 pinion fitted wdth a crank handle, whereby it may be rotated in 
 the required direction; or, if jireferred, a rack and pinion may be 
 useil for the purpose. The inner side of the wall of this vat or pan 
 is provided with a series of projections which produce eddies or 
 swirls in the material umler treatment as it is carried round the vat 
 or jian. In order to drain or draw off the gold-bearing solvent 
 from said vat, it is provided with a vertically sliding valve. A 
 waste discharge valve may also be provided in the lower part of 
 the vat orpian for the purpose of enabling the waste material to be 
 sluiced therefrom after the gold has been dissolved and the gold- 
 bearing solution has lieen drawn off through the valve above 
 referred to. 
 
 .587/i08^Aiigiist .',, 1S97. II. L. Si'i-MAX. Method ,f recoferiiig 
 
 jim-iiytis nietals frinn their .■<olatiotis. 
 
 This invention has for its oliject the recovery of precious metals 
 from solutions of the same by means of a new and improved appa- 
 ratus, the apparatus being constructed to effect the deposition or 
 " precipitation " of the precious metal or metals in solution upon a 
 "precipitating" substance or "precipitant" which is in a solid but 
 more or less finely divided state. 
 
 The apparatus is designed tij recover these metals from solutions 
 of their haloids by means of the employment therein of dense but 
 more or less finely divided carbon, subsulphide of copper, or other 
 suitable precipitant; again, also, for the recovery of the same 
 metals from their cyanide solutions by means of tlie finely divided 
 zinc product coujmercially known as "zinc fume," and generally 
 for analogous requirements. 
 
 It is necessary that whatever the nature of the preciiiitant useil 
 and the degree of fineness to which it is found desirable to reduce 
 it primarily, it shall be of greater specific gravity than the liijuiil 
 or sfilution desired to be precipitated by it, so that the ijrecipitant 
 shall tend to settle from the liquor l)y gravitation. Further, it is 
 necessary to this invention that the solution or liquor to be precipi 
 
CYANIDE PROCESSES. 
 
 619 
 
 taled shall percolate upward through the mass nl' solid linelj' 
 divided precipitant. 
 
 In an apparatus with parallel vertical siiles the ujjward How of 
 liquor would tend to carry off finely divided particles of precipitant 
 unless special means wei'e taken to prevent this. Filters teni.l to 
 become clogged and are generally useless for this purpuse, so that 
 the inventor retains the particles of the solid precipitant, upon 
 whose surfaces the precious metals are in course of deposition, 
 within the apparatus by inducing subsidence of them. This is 
 effected by continually reducing the upwaid rate of liquor tlow, 
 which is secured by constantly increasing the area of the liquor 
 column as it rises higher in the apparatus. 
 
 The apparatus takes the form of a funnel. The liquor enters 
 (under a sufhcient pressure or "head") through tlic Tiottom 
 orifice. It then meets with and thoroughly mixes with the mass 
 of finely divided precipitant in a condition of suspension in the 
 liquor. The solid, finely divided particles do not sink against the 
 comparatively rapid inflow, or are prevented from doing so tcj 
 any extent, by means of an automatic valve of ordinary type. 
 By this intimate admixture of li(|uor with precijiitant the deposi- 
 tion of the precious metals in solution in the former is effected upon 
 the minute surfaces of the latter. It now only remains to remove 
 the depleted liquor from the particles of the solid precipitant con- 
 taining the gold, silver, etc. As the liquor continues its ujjward 
 flow by virtue of the continually diverging sides of the apparatus 
 the area of the liquor column becomes greater and greater. The 
 rate of the vertical upflo\v is thereby correspondingly reduced. 
 This continues until a point is reached at Avhich the upflow is 
 vertically so slow that the finest particles are able to settle or sub- 
 side against it. At any point, therefore, above this limit or ' ' zone ' ' 
 the absolutely clear liquid may be drawn off from the apparatus 
 free from suspended particles and depleted of its precious-metal 
 contents. 
 
 If the precipitation of the precious metals be deemed to lie in- 
 complete in one apparatus, owing to the richness of the original 
 liquor or to other cau.ses, the outflow may lie caused to pass into a 
 second similarly arranged apparatus or through two or more such 
 apparatus placed in series; but in general one apparatus can be 
 made to secure practically perfect removal of the precious metals 
 dissolved in a given liquor liy the use of a suitable precipitant. If 
 a series of two or more of such apparatus be employed, the first of 
 the series may be used to enrich quantities of precipitant which 
 have only been partially used up to their fullest capacity of pre- 
 cipitating the precious metals, while the succeeding members of 
 the series are supplied with the necessary amounts of less rich or 
 quite fresh precipitant in order to remove any remaining traces 
 of gold, silver, etc., which may escape unprecipitated in the out- 
 flow from the first apparatus. The poorer precipitates in these 
 last apparatus are in course of time removed through the bottom 
 of the apparatus and transferred to the first one of the series, there 
 to be enriched to their full capacity, while their place is taken by 
 fresh quantities of poorer or quite unused precipitating agent, and 
 so on. 
 
 When the precipitate is deemed to be sufliciently rich, it is re- 
 moved from the apparatus by a "three-way cock" at the bottom 
 thereof, or by other suitable arrangement, and the precious metal 
 it contains finally recovered by any suitable method, such as in 
 the case of the employment of a carbon precipitant by burning, or 
 in the case of the use of a zinc precipitant by smelting. 
 
 The apparatus is also suppUed with a small central funnel fur 
 the introduction of fresh quantities of precipitant from time to time 
 to the point of maxiumm precipitating action in the apparatus, 
 i. e. , near the inflow. By providing this funnel with a bell-shaped 
 or in\-erted-funnel termination a sort of "chamber" is produced 
 in the lower part of the apparatus having an annular space for the 
 passage of liquors between the rim of the smaller funnel and the 
 sides of the large one. This chamljer is of considerable aid in 
 
 promoting the action of the precipitant by keeping the l)ulk of it 
 constantly near the liquor inflow and .securing perfect adndxture 
 l)y means of the vortex currents, etc., it induces. It is further 
 desirable to break up the rajiiil rush of inflowing liquors at their 
 point of entry into the apparatus, and to secure their subdivision 
 and intimate admixture with the precipitant as earl}' as possible. 
 This is effected by capping the end of the inlet pipe with a small 
 perforated cone or "distributer." The perforations may be from 
 one-fourth to one-tenth the diameter of the inlet pipe, but their 
 total area must be larger than that of the sectional area of the pipe. 
 The holes may be bored in a direction perpendicular to the cap 
 cone or they may be made "tangential," i. e., bored at a tangent 
 to tlie internal circumference of the cone, thus securing, a rotarj' 
 initial flow of the inflowing liquors instead of a .series of straight 
 streams. In the majority of cases, however, perpendicular bore 
 holes answer equally well. 
 
 The clear precipitated liquor may be drawn off at any point above 
 the limit of subsidence either by a pipe, or, preferably, by allow- 
 ing it to flow e(iually over the rim circumference of the apparatus. 
 The latter method secures the quieter and more uniform outflow 
 and does not disturt) the top layers of liquor undergoing- final sub- 
 sidence by establishing a quick current in one particular direction. 
 
 If desired, the rim may be encircled with a filter screen of lawn, 
 calico, or other filtering or straining medium, so as to retain within 
 the ajiparatus any particles of precipitant which may be floated or 
 "buoyed up" by bubbles of air or other gas. 
 
 The clear liquors passing over the rim and through the precau- 
 tionary filter or strainer fall into and are collected by a circular 
 trough or "launder," attached to the apiparatus Ijelow the rim, 
 \\hence they are conveyed away by a pipe. As before stated, this 
 may lead into a storage vat or into another similar apparatus, or, 
 if deposition of the floating particles is not absolutelj' complete, 
 into any suitable type of apparatus — such, for exanrple, as the 
 slat-partitioned tank used for freeing softened water from traces of 
 deposit — where subsidence is finally rendered absolute. In most 
 cases where the traces of precipitant have escaped, I have secured 
 perfect final subsidence by allowing the liquors to flow through a 
 shallow pilain tank of from four to six times the area of the top of 
 the jirecipitating apparatus before passing them direct to the stor- 
 age liquor vats. 
 
 Such an apparatus as is described is termed a "precipitating 
 cone." It may be constructed of any suitable material, such as 
 wood, stoneware, galvanized iron, etc., according to the nature of 
 the liquor or precipitant it is designed to treat. Its action, until 
 the charge of precipitant it contains is exhausted and requires 
 renewal, is perfectly automatic and continuous. Its capacity, its 
 height, the angle of its sides, the ratio diameter of inflow jaipe to 
 tojo area of cone wUl naturally vary with the volume of liquor to 
 be dealt with, the rate and head of liquor inflow, the relation of 
 the specific gravity of the liquor to that of the finely divided pre- 
 cipitant, the actual coarseness or fineness of the particles of the 
 latter, and so on. These data may be calculated or decided by 
 preliminary experiment in any particular case. As an example, 
 however, of the application of this invention to the recovery of 
 gold bullion from cyanide solutions, the following dimensions of 
 the apparatus are cited: For a flow of from 600 to 800 gallons per 
 hour a depth of 5 feet, with a top diameter of 5 feet, is amply suffi- 
 cient. The diameter of the inlet pipe is from l} to 1| inches, 
 according to the head of the inlet liquor, while the perforations of 
 the cap cone or distributer are three-sixteenths of 1 inch in. diam- 
 eter. The charge of zinc fume in such an apparatus varies from .5 
 to 30 pounds, according to requirements. 
 
 5S7S74'—Aiigu!<l 10, 1897. E. D. Sloan. Barrel filter. 
 
 The otiject of this improvement is to provide a suitable filter 
 barrel, with a durable and highly effective filter, at comparativelv 
 low cost. With a view to securing the desired ends the usual 
 
620 
 
 MINES AND QUAREIES. 
 
 truunioneil iron barrel is lined with lead. The framing of the 
 filter bed is composed wholly of suitable w-ood capable of fairly 
 resisting the action of chlorine and acids, and which may be filled 
 with suitable matter to enable it to better resist the destructive 
 action of the corrosive solutions. The filtering medium is composed 
 of material which resists the solutions, is well protet'ted against 
 undue abrasion due to the action of the solid matter during the rota- 
 tion of the barrel, and it has its filtering area supported to enable it 
 to safely bear the overlying contents of the barrel by an underlying 
 floor of such metal as will practically resist the action of chlorine 
 and sulphuric acid — as, for instance, a lead floor — and the latter is 
 freely perforated to admit of the prompt discharge of the filtered 
 liquid. The filtering surfaces are flat, and hence the body of any 
 woven filtering medium is maintained in a condition more favor- 
 able to the passage of the liquid than would be the case if it occu- 
 pied a curved line and said surfaces were concave in conformity 
 with the interior contour of the barrel. The framing nl the filter 
 bed involves inexpensive straight work as distinguished from the 
 curved or segmental work in framing, wdiich is made to conform 
 to the interior of the Imrrel as heretofore, and the filter framing is 
 constructed in parts which are so interlocked as to secure rigidity, 
 but which may Vje readily applied to or removed from the barrel 
 by way of the usual manhole and without deranging the lead 
 lining or the means by which the lining is clamped to the barrel. 
 
 5 97 37 S— January 11, 1S9S. P. J. Donohue and J. F. Corker. 
 
 Preclpitaling safe. 
 
 The combination with a closed vessel or standpipe (iroxided 
 with a normally closed outlet at its bottom for the precipitate and 
 having a body or column of zinc filings or like material in its 
 upper part, adapted as corroded to fall into the lower part, of 
 means for supplying, under pressure, the solution containing the 
 precious metal to the lower end of the said bo<ly or column of 
 filings or like material, to cause the corrosion or fixidation thereof, 
 whereby such corroded or oxidized portions will gradually precipi- 
 tate to the bottom of the vessel or standpipe and the fresher por- 
 tions of the filings or like material l)e exposed to the ascending 
 solution. 
 
 606810 — July 5, 1898. J. \V. P.\ck:. Recorery of gold from va.-<li' 
 
 solutions of chlorination icorka. 
 
 A means for recovering gold from waste solutions of chlorination 
 works, consisting of a tank having an inlet passage at the lower 
 portion and an outlet passage at the upper portion and having 
 metallic alunjinum contained therein, and intermediate between 
 the inlet and outlet passages of the tank, and a filter fixed within 
 the tank V)etween the metal and the outlet passage and having 
 its lower side coated with a substance which will arrest the fine 
 pjrecipitated gold and jirevent it from passing off with the lii,uid. 
 
 608.5.54 — August ,i, 18H8. R. iloouiE. Waxhlug or Irachiug iij,j:ii- 
 
 ratus. 
 
 In an apparatus for washing or leaching, a series of cells, one of 
 which is a dry cell and the others of which contain washing or 
 leaching liquid, means for introducing the material to he washed 
 into the dry cell, an oscillating shaft extending longitudinally of the 
 series of cells, means operated by said shaft to transfer the material 
 from the dry cell to the washing cell next in series, arms attached 
 to the oscillating shaft and extending one into each washing cell, 
 and scoops on said arms. 
 
 60894-'j — August 9, 1898. H. B. Williams. Li.riv'uition (ipjiaratus. 
 In a lixiviation apparatus, the combination of a vertical scries 
 of annular tanks arranged one atiove another and each provided 
 with an exit through which ore or other substances may be dis- 
 charged into the tank beneath, each tank bottom Vjeing provided 
 with an ascending incline leading to fjue side of the tank exit and 
 having a descending incline on the olher siile, ijic'uns for feeding 
 ore intn the topmost tank, pipes [or I'onveying leaching solution 
 into the several tanks scparafch', the feed of the ore to lie coiilinu- 
 
 ous and the feed of the solution to be continuous or intermittent, 
 filters located in the several annular tanks, and automatic scraping 
 and stirring mechanism to cause the ore and solution to be moved 
 around each annular tank and over the filter therein. 
 
 610596— September 13, 1898. R. Aymei: and D. J. Nevii.l. Filter 
 
 frame. 
 
 In a filter barrel, the combination of a rubber grating having a 
 corrugated surface in contact with the curveil inner lining and 
 periphery of said filter barrel adapted to allow the filtering solu- 
 tions to run along and down tlie lining of said barrel, a perforated 
 bedplate of glass or porcelain curved concentric with the inner 
 periphery of said barrel and resting on said rubber grating, a fil- 
 tering medium on said glass bedplate, a curved glass grating rest- 
 ing on said filtering medium, two oppositely di.sposed cleats secured 
 lengthwi.se of said barrel to its inner periphery adjacent to the 
 ends of said curved glass bedplate and grating, and wedge keys 
 between said ends and said cleats adapted to key said memliers 
 against the barrel. 
 
 61151,5 — Septerriljcr S7, 1898. J. P. ScnicH, Jr. Means for extrarling 
 
 prerious metals. 
 
 In a metallurgical apparatus for treating ore by a cyanide solu- 
 tion, a tillable tank comprising a suitable support, a tank body 
 having a discharge gate at its rear end and pivoted to the support 
 at a point between its center and the front end, a drain device in 
 the bottom of the tank for drawing off the cyanide solution, hold- 
 ing springs mounted on the support and engaging with the tank 
 body at points between its discharge end and the pivotal connection 
 thereof with the support, and means for retracting the holding 
 springs from engagement with the tank body. 
 
 611935 — Octolier 4, 1898. J. Poole. Process if ami uppurutua firr 
 
 treating ore tailings. 
 
 For the continuous treatment of pulps, slimes, tailings, and the 
 like with cyanide and similar solvent solutions and in combina- 
 tion, a series of shallow tray-like baths, a rake in each bath of the 
 series, means for reciprocating the rakes, an overflow chute at the 
 end of the .series, settling tanks to receive the overflow from the 
 chutes, means for separately discharging the solid and liquid con- 
 tents of the tanks, conveyers adajited to raise the solid contents 
 from one tank after discharge, a launder in wdiich such contents 
 are received and in which they may )je further treated with a sol- 
 vent solution or wash, and a further settling tank for receiving the 
 discharge from the launder. 
 
 615968 — Dereinlier 13, 1898. T. Craney. Apparatus for treating 
 ores, ete. 
 
 In an apparatus for treating ore, the combination of a tank 
 adapted t(j contain a body of the ore to hie treated, devices for 
 feeding ore into the to)) of said tank and discharging it from 
 the Ijottom thereof at a point above the tank in a continuous 
 manner, a solvent supply reservoir, a receiver connections be- 
 tween the tank and said supply reservoir, and receiver for produc- 
 ing a continuous flow of the solvent through the tank in a direction 
 opposite to that of the movement of the ore, an endless-chain 
 carrier in proxinnty to the tank aii<l having draining buckets 
 adapted to receive the ore discharged from the tank, means for 
 discharging a liquid upon the drainage liuckets, and means for 
 cijllecting the drainage from the buckets and returning it to the 
 aforesaid supply reservoir. 
 
 6170:i9—.Tai}iairy 3, 1899. W. A. Koneman and W. II. II ariluv. 
 
 Apparatus for separating la/uiilsfroni ■'iolids. 
 
 The method of aUstracting li(iuid from finely pulverized ore, ore 
 slimes, or other solids impervious to percolation with wdiich the 
 liquid is niixeil, which consists in subjecting the mixture to gaseous 
 pressureapplieil ali'ive the same, ami simultaneously to the action of 
 a partial \ acuum ajiplied below the same, removing a portion of the 
 li(juid liy nitration below the Ijody liuring cuiiqiaction of the solids, 
 
CYANIDE PROCESSES. 
 
 G21 
 
 and pollecting ami abstracting by pressure the reinaiiiin},' liiniiil 
 above the eunipacted solids. 
 
 6174!)7 — .hmiiarij 10, 1S99. P. Akciall. Ci/dnidc Jilli'i- litiik. 
 
 In a cyanide lilter tank, a vertical metallic side or wall, a hori- 
 zontal bottom secured thereto, having a central opening, a packing 
 ring secured to the inside of said wall, near tlie bottom, with a 
 spacing, a system of level joists converging from the perimeter 
 toward the center, upon said horizontal bottom, a plastic filling 
 between said joists sloping downward from the packing ring regu- 
 larly toward the central opening, a level floor with interstices 
 laid upon said joists, permeable filtering material ujion said floor, 
 anil a covering of textile fabric, the outer margin of which is packed 
 into the crevice between the packing ring and the vertical wall. 
 
 618G2'2 — .JcDiuni-ij SI, IS9U. P. S<imekville. Appanitas fur eslvarl- 
 
 iiig iDiiah. 
 
 An ai)paratus for extracting metals, consisting of parallel barrels 
 having annular disks closing one end with central inlet openings , 
 for the material, a framework and roller support for said barrels, 
 means whereby the barrels are rotated in opposite directions, 
 spiral flanges fixed to the interior of the barrels for advancing the 
 material therethrough, devices for feeding material and fluid matter 
 to the uppermost barrel, means for separating the coarse fmm the 
 fine material and delivering them separately, and means for trans- 
 ferring material from the discharge end of one barrel into the inlet 
 end of the barrel below. 
 
 619S11 — Fehruarij 7, 1S99. A. 51. Xichol.vs. Fillirhvj apiifiratns 
 
 for separating gold and xilrer hearing xolulioim. 
 
 This invention has been devised for the purpose of providing 
 means whereby solids or insoluble material may be separated from 
 liquids carrying same in suspension, but more particularly for the 
 purpose of providing means whereby the separation of gold and 
 silver bearing solutions from tailings, slimes, pug, or pulverized ore 
 may be carried on continuously and in such a way that a clean or 
 partially clean filter cloth will be continuously brought into opera- 
 tion without necessitating stoppages for recharging, as required with 
 the appliances at present in use. 
 
 The essential feature of the invention consists in the use of a 
 rotating wheel, disk, or table formed with a series of air-tight com- 
 partments covered with cloth or other filtering material supported 
 up<in a metal screen or perforated jilate and adapted to be automatic- 
 ally placed in communication with a vacuum pump in turn for a 
 sufficient time to enaljle the li(juid to be drawn through the filtering 
 material, leaving the solid constituents upon the filtering surface, 
 whence they can subsequently be removed by brushes, jets of 
 water, scrapers, or similar contrivances, provision being made for 
 automatically allowing air to enter into the various compartments 
 at the desired period of the operation to facilitate the removal of 
 the solids from the outer surface fif the filtering material. 
 
 6S0660 — March 7, 1,S99. J. Luce. Ajiparatus for treating ores by 
 
 li.ririation. 
 
 In a tank for the treatment of ores, a lining composed of asbestos 
 applied to the inner side (jf the tank, the notched or reces.sed boards 
 applied inside of the asbestos, and the steam pipes placed in the 
 notches in the boards, combined with two thicknesses of grooved 
 perforated boards, and the layers of cloth between the boards. 
 
 633466~Aprd 18, 1899. G. S. DuNCAX. Apparatus for separating 
 gold and silver hearing solutions from ores or slimes. 
 Hitherto upward percolation has lieen used f(jr the displacement 
 of the various gold and silver bearing solutions in the treatment 
 under the cyanide or other similar processes of tailings or free 
 leaching ores which are not in the form of slimes. With this 
 ujiward percolation false bottoms for the vats with webbing upon 
 them have been used and the solutions have been introduced 
 underneath these false bottoms, which have acted as ilistributers 
 
 therefor and allowed them to pass evenly upi through the free 
 leaching ore, displacing the gold and silver bearing solution con- 
 taineil therein. This false bottom and webbing are adapted for 
 u.se with free leaching ores only and can not lie employed for dis- 
 placing solutions used in treating very finely crushed ores or slimes 
 which do not leach freely. 
 
 The present invention has been devised in order that the various 
 solutions may be displaced, as above described, from finely crushed 
 ore oi' slimes, without the aid of any false iMjttoin and filtering- 
 webbing. And the inventor claims, in an apparatus for separating 
 solutions of the jirecions metals from residual ores and slimes, the 
 combination witli a leaching and displacement tank or \'at and 
 with a vat to hold .said solutions, the latter being jjlaced at a higlier 
 level than the former, of a series of pipes to convey said solutions 
 from the higher vat, the discharge ends of said pipes entering the 
 leaching vat, a series of hoods having slightly arched portions 
 which overlie the said discharge ends, and stirring arms radiating 
 from a central shaft in said vat, the arched portions of the hoods 
 being arranged in radial lines, or at right angles to the movement 
 of currents set up l)y the stirring arms. 
 
 6)13773 — April 2'), 1899. A. F. Duev. Ajyparaius for leacliing ores. 
 A device for treating jjulverized ores, comprising a leaching 
 tank, an air compressor, a tank for storing the leaching liquid, a 
 perforated pipe in the bottom of the leaching tank, connections 
 from the air compressor and liquid .storing tank to the perforated 
 pipe, a perforated drainage pipe in the bottom of the tank, and a 
 layer of filtering material about said pipe. 
 
 ii24.5.1.i — Mag 9, 18.99. C. H. Pead. Sli}ne Alter. 
 
 The ajiparatus consists of a tank fitted with a hood of conical or 
 any other convenient form. The sides of the tank project above 
 the point of attachment of the hooil, so as to form an annular space 
 to act as a receptacle forming a launder for discharge of the clear 
 liquid. In the center of the hood is an opening, around which is 
 I'iveted or bolted a frame or seating arranged to carry a filter com- 
 posed of one or more layers of filter cloth or any other well-known 
 filtering medium. The filter is kept inplaceby means of a protective 
 gird or clamp of suitable form and strength to resist the effective 
 l)ressure from the interior of the tank. A number of small dis- 
 tribution pipes set at such an angle as to cause the slimes to impinge 
 on the under surface of the filter are connected to the seating of 
 the latter, through which they pass. They are connected to a 
 main distributer, which in tui'nis connected with the delivery pipe 
 or ccjlunm of the slime pump. One or more taper shaped plugs or 
 cores constructed of light steel tubes, their number varying accord- 
 ing to the size of the tank, pass through the hood and extend to 
 the Ijottom of the tank. They taper from about 18 inches at the 
 top to 15 inches at the bottom. They are fitted at their ujiper ends 
 with a flange, to which is attached a shackle. Their lower ends 
 are closed by means of a dished bottom riveted in place and having 
 a strong bolt or stud fitted to its center. Each plug or core rests 
 on a seating fitted to the outside of the hood and through which 
 the plug or core passes. The seating is attached thereto by means 
 of its flange. 
 
 In the bottom of the tank and directly under the aperture in the 
 hood through which the plug or core passes is a discharge door of 
 the ordinary manhole or other convenient type. The end of each 
 plug or core passes easily into the discharge opening, and the dis- 
 charge door is drawn up onto its seating or joint l)y means of the bolt 
 or stud on bottom of the jilugor core and by its nut. The plugs or 
 cores when in place and liolding up the manhole doors afford an 
 effectual means of resistance against internal pressure. 
 
 A special pipe is arranged and fitted to the upper jiortion of the 
 tank to drain the space forming a launder between the top of the 
 tank and the upper surface of the hood and to conduct the liquid 
 portion which has passed through the filter to the precipitation 
 boxes or to waste. 
 
622 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 624633 — May 9, 1899. F. A. Edwaedes. Apparatu.i fur use In treat- 
 ing metallic ores. 
 
 In apparatus for use iu the treatment of nietallic ores, the com- 
 bination with an annular vat having a stirrer moving therein and 
 skimmers attached to and moving with the saiil stirrer, of means 
 for tipping the said vat for (iiscliarging the contents. 
 
 6..'4957 — May 16, 1S99. L. H. iMitcuell. Tan]: tiottnin ilixrhar(je 
 
 door. 
 
 A discharge apparatus for tanks provided with a hoUow upper 
 portion, a base having integral hearing zones connected thereto at 
 one end thereof, a casting having an upper annular supporting rim 
 and adapted to receive said bearing zones, a ring surrounding said 
 casting, devices connecting said rim and ring to secure the casting 
 in position, and means supported l)y said casting to unseat said 
 base. 
 
 6249-5S — May 16, 1S99. L. H. Mitchell. Tank bultom discharge 
 
 door. 
 
 A discharge apparatus for tanks consisting of a casting secured in 
 the bottom of the tank, a ring lielow the tank around the casting, 
 and means for securing the rim and ring in position, a funnel above 
 the casting, a base connected with the lower end of tlie funnel and 
 provided with an annular offset or shoulder, a packing ring within 
 the offset, and adapted to rest upon the rim of the casting, a plate 
 or bar bearing against the rim of the casting, a nut carrying screw 
 in the plate or bar adapted to engage the i^ase and draw the same 
 within the casting, a Vjrace or i-lamp connected to the plate or l)ar 
 aliove the nut on the screw", and means for rotating the screw. 
 
 639540 — Decendier 19, 1S99. W. Duncan. Means for vii.riiig and 
 aerating sands or ladings whUe under treatment by solrents. 
 Numerous attempts have from time to time been made to secure 
 the thorough mixing of sands and tailings, including slimes, with 
 the solvent while under treatment and also to i)n'vent tliat close 
 packing which prevents the percolation of the solvent ami wash 
 •liquors. For this purpose vertical vessels with vertical agitators, 
 revolving barrels, and air, steam, and water jets have Ijeen used, 
 but these means have not been as efficient as they might be. 
 
 This invention relates to improved mechanical means for mixing 
 and aerating "sands" or "tailings," \>y which terms are included 
 slimes, sludges, and concentrates, while under the action of sol-- 
 vents, whereby time is saved and a better extraction is obtained; 
 and it con.sists of a semicircular vat provided with a revoluble agi- 
 tator composed of arms arranged helically on a sliaft running the 
 length of the vat. At (.me end of the vat is jilai-ed the fast and 
 loose pulleys and gear for slowing and rotating theagitator, whileat 
 the opposite end a series of taps are provided connected to the vat 
 at various heights and tri pipes, so that the liquor can be drawn off 
 at any desired point and either run direct to the sump or through 
 a filter to the sump. 
 
 64141.9— ■JiDinary 16, 1900. H. C. WlIEELEK. Agitator. 
 
 In an agitator, the comljination of the vat, the track provided 
 with the cog rack, the carrier provided with the. pinion meshing 
 with the cog rack, the tirst driving shaft provided with the driving 
 pinion, the driven cogwheel meshing with the driving jjinion, the 
 gear wheels connecting the driven cogwheel with the pinion mesh- 
 ing with the cog rack, the agitator frame journaled or pivoted to 
 thecarrier frame, the second driving shaft journaled in the agitator 
 frame, the agitators journaled in the agitator frame and adapted 
 to be operated by the second driving shaft, intermediate gearing 
 connecting the second driving shaft with the driven cogwheel, one 
 of such gears being journaled with its axis in line with the axis of 
 the pivotal support of the agitator frame, and means for rotating 
 the first driving shaft. 
 
 647S58— April, 10, 1900. D. W. Balcit. Lracliing tanl: 
 
 A tank having a liottofii, a leaching falsi' bottonj above the same, 
 and vertical filtering partitions arranged in pains within the tank, 
 whereby spaces are left between pairs of piartitions, and other spaces 
 
 are left between members of such pairs, said spaces last named all 
 communicating with the chamber between the bottom and false 
 bottom. 
 
 647678— April 17, 1900. C. W. Merkill. Means for cJiarging leach- 
 ing rats. 
 
 This invention relates to a method of charging ore or tailings to 
 a leaching vat, which process is a step in the treatment of said ore 
 or tailings preliminary to the application fif the solvent solution in 
 cyanide, hyposulphite, or other hydronietallurgical proces.ses. 
 
 It consists, essentially, in conveying the tailings or ore by any 
 well-known adaptable mechanical means to a point above the cen- 
 ter of the vat to be charged and delivering the material there to a 
 hopper, wiiich feeds a revolving chute inclined at an angle greater 
 than the natural .slope of the material to be handled, and with 
 openings adjustable both as to size and position, through which 
 the material to be treated falls gently into the vat and distributes 
 evenly, thus giving a charge of minimum density and maximum 
 homogeneity, the conditions most favorable to successful leaching 
 and dissolution of the precious metals. 
 
 The ordinary method of charging leaching vats is from cars run- 
 ning on a superimposed track. By this means the momentum of 
 the carload of tailings or ore dropping through five or more feet to 
 the bottom of the vat is such as to i)roduce consideraV)le packing, 
 and, moreover, an uneven packing or density. For instance, in 
 dumping from an end discharge car the resultant mass of ore or 
 tailings will take the form of a cone in the vat and the maximum 
 density will be in the center of the approximate circle forming the 
 V.)ase of the cone ami will decrease along the radii toward the cir- 
 cumference of this circle. Furthermore, the variation in fineness 
 of the different i-arloads is not eipialized, and a vat charge of ore 
 or tailings results, which is heterogeneous, both as regards density 
 and as reganls fine and coarse material. Now, first, the charge of 
 ore or tailings in a vat should be of the least density possilile to 
 obtain, because experience has demonstrated that the greater the 
 permeability, and consequently the greater the amount of lixiviant 
 possible to jiercolate through the charge, the greater the extraction 
 of the precious metals in a given time, or, from another standjioint, 
 the greater the permealiility the less the economic period for 
 leaching, and liciice the less the cost for plant and subsequent 
 operaticm; second, the charge should be as nearl> homogeneous as 
 possible as regards both density and size of material, because in 
 leaching ores it is necessary to follow solution with wash water to 
 replace and prevent the loss of tlie former or to follow one lixi- 
 viant with another of different strength or containing a different 
 solvent, and in doing this to maintain the surface of demarcation 
 between the one and the other as nearly a horizontal plane as pos- 
 sible in order to minimize the mixing of efiBuent solutions. The 
 aliove conditions of minimum density and maximum homogeneity 
 are produced by means of a revolving inclined wide chute with 
 small openings in the bottom, adjustable as to size and position 
 transverse to the direction of the .stream of ore or tailings. By 
 means of this method a number of very small .streams of ore or 
 tailings fall gently into the \at as the chute revolves, and by in- 
 creasing the speed of revolution a carload of fine or coarse material 
 can be spread over the whole area of the vat, thus giving the small- 
 est possible dimension parallel with the course of the lixiviant. 
 
 6.53631— .Inly 10. 1900. .1. C. Wallace. Filler harrcl or tank. 
 
 In a filter Itarrel or taid<, a filtering device consisting of a series 
 of curved metal plates, perforated, fastencil to the inside wall fir 
 walls fif saiil barrel or tank; a filter cloth upon the upper surface 
 of said iilates, secured thereon by a series of imposed metal bars 
 and filling strips secured in position liy bolts or other fastening 
 devices to the wall or walls of said barrel oi-tank. 
 
 6.53684— Jidy 17, 1900. F. H. LoNo. Mclallnrgical filter. 
 
 The combination with a closed vessel having a filter septum and 
 a regulated outlet port for the filtrate beyoml such septum, of the 
 wash water pipe connected in hydrostatic colunm with .said vessel 
 
CYANIDE PROCESSES. 
 
 623 
 
 and the external centrifugal pump joined at its separate sides in 
 closed union with the opposite ends of the vessel, the journal box 
 for said pump axle being furnished with a water column ]>ipe to 
 counterbalance the hydrostatic pressure at the vessel. 
 
 T. E. Leece. AppardtiiH fur nvvking ores 
 
 654S15—Juhj :i4, 1900. 
 
 of valuable, metals. 
 
 This invention relates to an apparatus which is designed for 
 working the ores of valuable metals, and is especially useful fur 
 separating slimes from solutions in which they may occur, and also 
 for separating heavier and lighter parts under any condition in 
 wduch they may be found associated. 
 
 It consists, essentially, of a tank and an endless tra\'eling belt 
 with directing rollers, by which one portion of the belt is cau.sed 
 to travel through the tank in close proximity with the bottom, and 
 the other part is guided back exterior to the tank b}' similar roll- 
 ers. It also comprises a means for straining or separating the liquid 
 from the heavier portions. 
 
 66049S — October 23, 1900. J. A. Fleming. Apparatus for leaching 
 
 ores. 
 
 In an ore leaching apparatus the combination with the leaching 
 tank having a pulp discharge, of the conical perforated filtering 
 hopper therein having the discharge for the pulp, means by which 
 to maintain air pressure below the diaphragm, whereby to control 
 the flow of solution through it, means for the introduction and 
 withdrawal of chemicals to and from the body of the tank above 
 the filtering diaphragm, and devices for controlling the discharge 
 of the pulp from the tank. 
 
 660499 — October S3, 1900. J. A. Fleming. Apparatus for leaching 
 
 ores. 
 
 An ore leaching apparatus, consisting of the leaching tank, hav- 
 ing a filtering hopper, a solution discharge below said hopper, and 
 a pulp discharge also below said hopper and independent of the 
 solution discharge, a washing tank below the leaching tank and in 
 position to receive the pulp from the discharge thereof, and means 
 for controlling the passage of the pulp from the leaching to the 
 washing tank. 
 
 6640.59 — December IS, 1900. J. P. Pchuch, Jr. Ore mi.riiig machine. 
 
 Heretofore, in treating gold bearing ores by the common cyanide 
 process, the ore is first crushed, dried, and rolled to a proper de- 
 gree of fineness, and that which requires roasting is then conveyed 
 to the roasters, while the oxiilized ore wdiich does not require 
 roasting is conveyed to the bin or receptacle therefor. After the 
 portions of the ore to be roasted have passed through this step of 
 the process the same is conveyed to the cooling room before 
 being deposited in the bin or receptacle referred to which contains 
 the ore requiring no roasting. All of the ore is then removed by 
 manual labor into the ordinary stationary cyaniding tanks, ami 
 after these tanks are filled with the ore the cyanide solution is 
 introduced therein. In this process the filled cyanide tanks, with 
 the solution and ore therein, are permitted to remain filled and 
 unmolested for a sufficient length of time for the solution to act on 
 the ore, after which the gold bearing solution is drawn off and 
 allowed to flow to the precipitation room, while the tailings in the 
 tank are then washed with water and shoveled out or sluiced out 
 when this is possible. In this process, which is the one usually 
 followed out in extracting gold and silver from their ores by the 
 use of cyanogen containing solvents, the percentage extracted 
 rarely exceeds 80 per cent of the ore value, and it is the purpose of 
 the present invention to provide means whereby a larger per cent 
 of the value of the ores ma}' be saved. 
 
 To this end the invention contemplates an improved mixing 
 machine which provides for a thorough aeration of the ore and 
 .solution, while at the same time providing for a mixing of various 
 grades of ore with the cyanide solution, so as to make one even 
 grade out of ores of various values. And the inventor claims, in 
 an ore mixing machine, an open tank provided at the bottom with 
 
 a -solution drain, a perforated false bottom arranged within the 
 tank above the main bottom and supporting filtering material, an 
 ore discharge jiipe communicating with tiie interior of the tank 
 immediately above the plane of the false bottom, a revoluble agi- 
 tator depending within the tank into close proximity with refer- 
 ence to the false bottom, and a plurality of air jets arranged to 
 communicate with the tank in a plane intermediate the said false 
 bottom and the lower end of the agitator thereabove. 
 
 064196— December IS, 1900. 3. C. W.\llace. Filter bed. 
 
 In a filter barrel, a filter bed consisting of a series of metal plates 
 having drain slots or perforations therethrough, a series of perfo- 
 rated tiles arranged as a filtering medium upon and supported by 
 said metal plates, a series of metal binding strips imposed upon or 
 against said tiles; together with suitable means for fastening or 
 confining the same together and to the inner wall of a filter barrel 
 or tank. 
 
 67 loss—April S, 1901. J. R. Phillips. I'ldp agitator. 
 
 This invention consists of an inclined or funnel shaped tank or 
 containing vessel into wliich the pulp is placed -ivith water, cyanide 
 solution, or other equivalent liquid, a circulating or suction and 
 force pump by which the surface li(iuid may be drawn from the 
 tank, and a pipe extending centrally down to near the bottom of 
 the cone, with a discharge nozzle through which the liquid is de- 
 livered with force, so as to flow upward along the side.s of the fun- 
 nel and through the material, whereby the latter is loosened, agi- 
 tated, and prevented from packing. In conjunction with this may 
 be used a canvas or equivalent filter lining for the funnel, with 
 means for providing a space intermediate between it and the sides 
 of the funnel for the filtering through of water, and a means for 
 conducting such filtered water away from the apparatus. 
 
 i:S01S4 — August 6, 1901. A. D. .L-insen. Discharge door for cyanide 
 
 tanks. 
 
 In cyanide treatment the sands are subjected to the action of cy- 
 anide solution, which solution after the proper length of time has 
 elapsed is drawn off through a filter composed of matting or some 
 similar material situated at the bottom of the tank. This matting 
 or filtering material does not rest directly on the bottom of the tank, 
 but is supported by a grating or perforated false bottom in order to 
 allow a free passage for the solution which has filtered through. 
 That portion of the tank, therefore, which is situated o\-er the rlis- 
 charge door has no grating or filtering material, and consequently 
 a more or less vertical column of sand is left in the tank, which still 
 contains cyanide solution with gold in .solution, the result being 
 that this portion is imperfectly treated. 
 
 The object of this invention is to pro-\-ide a door so constructed 
 that a piece of matting or filtering material may be placed upon it 
 in order that the filtration of the solution shall be just as complete 
 over the discharge door as in the rest of the tank. 
 
 This invention furthermore relates to an improved construction 
 whereby the door is rendered much more easily closed and also to 
 a system of packing the same by which the joint between the door 
 and the bottom of the tank is rendered tight. 
 
 683413 — iSeptemher 24, 1901. A. .1. Perey. Ore separator. 
 
 The object of this invention is to introduce a mixture of steam 
 and air in the pulp, wherel^y the precious metal receives a quick 
 chemical action, with the result that considerable time is gained 
 over the method heretofore employed. And the inventor claims, 
 in a leaching apparatus, the combination of a receptacle for hold- 
 ing pulverized ore, an agitator mounted in said receptacle and hav- 
 ing a series of radial horizontal pipes each provided witli a series 
 of perforations at one side thereof, a series of scrapers or blades 
 mounted on said agitator, a pipe adapted to supply to said agitator a 
 mixture of steam and air from a proper source, and means adapted 
 to rotate said agitator whereby the discharge of steam and air 
 through the perforations of said pipes is directed toward the rear 
 wdiile the said scrapers or blades are moving in the opposite 
 direction. 
 
624 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 6S4654~Ocioher 15, 1901. C. Yoelkek. Orfjillrr. 
 
 The extraction of valuable metals from ores through the lixivia- 
 tion processes, such as the cyanide and others, althoufrh albjwing 
 the advantageous working of low-grade ores, still has one fault, 
 that more or less metal remains in the tailings, and thus losses 
 occur caused by the slimy particles contained in the pulverized 
 ores generated from clay, talc, and other minerals which clog up 
 the meshes of the filtering cloth, and thus prevent the solution 
 from going through freely. In such apparatus the ore is intro<luced 
 and the solution added, and where it happens that the ore lies in 
 different grades of value inside the tank, the solution can not dis- 
 solve the metalliferous particles in an even manner, and at the 
 same time where it enters first it will affect the pulp njore thor- 
 oughly, and as it goes down to the bottom will take the slimes 
 forming with it, depositing them around the ajierture through 
 which the solution is drawn off, and even several after leachings 
 will not remove them. To overcome these drawViacks it is neces- 
 sary to construct a mechanical apparatus whicli shall possess the 
 condition of letting the sohiljle liquiils needed to dissolve the 
 metals go through the pulp in a space of time to be governed l)y 
 the operator. Some ores are liable to contain chemical substances 
 retarding the effectiveness of the soluble agent used, and where it 
 is of great import to remove them as r^uickly as possible to keej' 
 them from going into chemical action with the solution used. 
 
 The object of this invention, therefore, is to combine the above- 
 mentioned conditions, and the apparatus can be used, in addition 
 to other milling plants, to receive the tailings direct from the mill. 
 The filtrate can be examined in regard to tlie valuable mineral 
 matter which may exist, giving the metallurgist the means of sav- 
 ing the valuable salts of mercury, copper, silver, gold, and the like 
 which may form through the chemical or electrical action in the 
 amalgamators where such are used and wherethe extravagant use of 
 copper sulphate, mercury, and salt is in most cases the cause fjf 
 the soluhality of gold. 
 
 The inventor claims: An ore filter, comprising a funnel shaped 
 tank, a basket or filter holder removably arranged in said tank and 
 fitting closely against its inner wall, a filtering textile .stretched 
 over the inner surface of said basket, a top or hood for the tank, a 
 shaft extended downward in the tank, and a screw luounted on 
 said shaft and spaced at its inner edge therefrom, the said screw 
 having the end of its upper turn turned downward. 
 
 GS79-20 — Decembers, 1901. A. D. .J.vnsex. Aji)iiinilii.'< for rJiurr/iiiy 
 
 or rjischarginc/ cyanide rati, etc. 
 
 In comVjination, the pair of tanks situated one above the other, 
 stirring mechanism for said upper tank, having a hollow support- 
 ing or operating mechanism, ami stirring mechanisui in said lower 
 tank, having its operating mechanism in line with the hollow 
 mechanism of the upper tank, and means for raising said ojjerating 
 mechanism of the lower tank into said hollow mechanism of the 
 upper tank. 
 
 688085 — December 3, 1901. A. (}. Gold.sobel, \V. Mittkjimii.iii, 
 and C. .I-VBLCZYNSKi. Ajij/rrratun for ilie recorenj of prei-ionx uulolx 
 from photoffraphic resirjiinm. 
 
 The combination with a vessel having a loose lid, a sjiout or out- 
 let for the outflow of licjuiil and a conical Ixittom and with a j)re- 
 cipjitating material contained in said vessel, of a tube having a 
 funnel shaped end reaching within said vessel, and of a second 
 tube provided with a cock connecting the aforesaid jireciijitating 
 vessel and funnel shapeil tube with a second vessel or receiver. 
 
 6S97 99— D(cemh('r ..'.'/, 1901. R. L. (Iraves. Ore Inirhlui/ opimroliix. 
 The apparatus for use in extracting ores, consisting of a plurality 
 of tanks, a punjp, a discharge pipe leading from said i>uu]ii and hav- 
 ing a plurality of liranches leading to the .several tanks and ])ro- 
 vided each with a discharge pipe which may l)e turned axially or 
 swung vertically, valves controlling the scvrral iitiinchcs, aud a 
 flexible suj)i)ly or suction pipe leading to the jiump and arranged 
 
 to l)e shifted from tank to tank, levers connected with the several 
 discharge pipes whereby they may t>e turned axially, and means 
 connected with the lower ends of the discharge pipes whereby 
 they may be swung vertically. 
 
 690.376 — December SI, 1901. <r. Rubsch, Jr. AgiUiliruj machine for 
 
 cyaniclivg. 
 
 An agitating machine for the treatment of gold and silver ore by 
 the cyanide process, comprising an agitating tank, having a conical 
 bottom; a heating chamber surrounding the conical bottom of the 
 agitating tank; means to heat said chamber; a rotary p>ump, cen- 
 trally disposed in the agitating tank, adapted to take the solution 
 from the bottom of the tank and discharge it above the top 
 thereof; a rotary deflector, adapted to distribute the solution over 
 a stationary deflector; and a stationary deflector affixerl to the 
 casing of the pump, adapted to deflect the solution to near the 
 edge of the agitating tank. 
 
 691706 — .Tariuani .U, 1902. F. H. Loxo. Metallurgical filler. 
 
 The combination of a vessel having a conical filter-septum and 
 an outlet-pfirt for the filtrate beyond such septum, of means fo'' 
 establishing an eml-to-end circulation (yi the vessel contents above 
 said septum, a conical spreader and an oppositely facing conical 
 baffle plate having a projecting spiral flange successively interposed 
 between the ends of the \'essel and arranged adjacent to said coni- 
 cal filter-septum to intimately direct such circulation over the .sur- 
 face thereof. 
 
 697178 — Aprils. 190.2. E. L. Sh.\rpxeck. Ajiparatns for tlie treat- 
 ment of ore>^. 
 
 As a means for facilitating the dissolving of the values in ores, 
 the combination of a leaching tank, a conduit leading from and 
 discharging directly into the tank, and means in the conduit con- 
 nected with a heating medium supply for agitating, circulating, 
 and heating the li(|uid contents of the tank. 
 
 69S016'— April .'.', 190,.'. .7. .7. Hervev. Ci/anide tank. 
 
 Cyanide tank having a tapering bottom and a central cone ar- 
 range<l in connection with the bottom, an annular lining arranged 
 in the tank and open at its lower end, a filtering screen connecting 
 the lower end of the lining and the central cone, the air and water 
 piipes, the charging and discharging pipes, and the forcing means 
 connected with said piiies. 
 
 699.211— Mag 6, 1902. Pe W. C. JMosHER. Barrel Jitter. 
 
 The combination with the lead lining of a filter barrel, of filter 
 sections or plates having projections on their outer sides and per- 
 forations through the plates between the projections, and having 
 lient ends, whereby the plates may be united to the lining by 
 burning. 
 
 6.09.212— Mag G, 1902. De W. C. MosnER, Barrel filer. 
 
 The combination with the lining of a filter Ijarrel, of perforated 
 filter sections, and means for supporting said sections and securing 
 them to the lining, said sections having their adjacent ends so 
 constructed and arranged to form a longitudinal channel. 
 
 701239 — May 27, 1902. F. D. A\'ood. Me(t)ix fir irorkiiig ore.': by 
 
 the cyanide jirocents. 
 
 An ai)iiaratus for treating ores consisting in combination of a 
 plurality of aligned containing tanks, a transversely concaved end- 
 less belt passing through and returning beneath each of said tanks, 
 and upon which the ore is carried, each of said belts discharging 
 its load upon the belt of the next succeeding tank, means for driv- 
 ing said belts in uni.son, means by which said belts are kept trans- 
 versely distended and rollers disposed at intervals in said troughs 
 and over which the belts pass, whereby the latter are given an 
 \mdulatory movement. 
 70206.',— .Jaiw 10, 1902. F. IT. boNii. Metallurgical fllrr. 
 
 In metallurgic filters, the condiination with the closed perfo- 
 rated tank haviug an internal fa))ric septum with stretcher frame 
 
CYAN 1 1 )K PROCESSES. 
 
 G25 
 
 therefor to rest against the tank walls of the feed pipe leailint; into 
 the tank bottom and the separate wash water pressure tul)e united 
 to said feed pipe between the inlet and outlet valves thereof. 
 
 7024i>0 — Jane 77, 1902. R. Seem an. Aj>jxir<iUix for tiratiii;/ rojiper 
 ores. 
 
 A plant for the treatment of ores, comprising a safety vessel, a 
 mixer revolubly mounted, a settler revolubly mounted at a lower 
 level than the mixer, and a still revolubly mounted at a lower 
 level than the settler, and pipes conneeting the several vessels to- 
 gether, the iiortions of the several vessels and pipes with which 
 the ammoniacal solution of copper comes in contact being of mate- 
 rial indestructible by snt'h solution. 
 
 7055S9 — July 39, 1903. A. James. Apparatus for ]>rerijtiliiliiiij i/olil 
 
 and sUrer from their solutions. 
 
 In the precipitation of gold and silver from cyanide and other 
 solutions zinc is usually employed as a precipitant, and the use of 
 iron vessels containing the solutions has l)een found oVjjectional)le, 
 because the iron being electro-negative to zinc a galvanic action is 
 set up between the •s'essel and the zinc, which causes the precious 
 metal to be deposited upon the vessel instead of upon the precipi- 
 tant. Owing to this difficulty the general practice has been to use 
 vessels constructed of wood or earthenware, which are inconven- 
 ient and do not facilitate the cleaning-up operation. 
 
 The object of this invention is to avoid these objections. 
 
 To this end the invention consists in a metallurgical filter for 
 separating precious metal from a solution containing it, consisting 
 of a metallic vessel and a zinc sponge disposed therein, said vessel 
 having an inner coating of enamel, whereby galvanic action be- 
 tween the metallic vessel and the zinc is prevented and deposit of 
 precious metal on the vessel avoided. 
 
 70.5736— July 39, 1903. ,T. C. Wallace. Fitter lied. 
 
 In a filter bed, the combination of a corrugated filter slieet or 
 blanket having numerous perforations through the lower arcs of 
 said corrugations; a series of transverse supporting bars formed to 
 fit under and receive tlie corrugated contour of said filter slieet; a 
 series <;if superimposed binding strips or bars with transverse cor- 
 rugations and slotted ends; two longitudinal side binding strips or 
 bars, and bolts adapted to holding the several members together 
 and in place within a filter barrel or tank. 
 
 70633.} — Aufiust.5, 1903. G. MooRE. Apparatu.^: for leaching ores, etr. 
 
 In dissohing the soluljle portions of ores, furnace products, and 
 other like materials it has always been difficult in one operation to 
 dissolve the final traces of the soluble portions and at the same 
 time completely utilize the dissolving power of the acid alkali. 
 The weakening of the acid or alkali by its dissolving action makes 
 its action less energetic toward the finish of the operation at the 
 very time when the more difficult soluljle particles needing the 
 most energetic dissolving action are acted upon. This not only 
 causes loss of reagent, but also further loss on account of the poor 
 extraction of the soluble elements desired. Also, in the case of 
 ores of a talcose or slimy nature the talcose portions in the form 
 of slimes prevent percolation of the solutions in tanks by clog- 
 ging. These slimes should be separated and filtered separately by 
 known methods. Then the remaining portion will easily allow 
 percolation. 
 
 The object of this invention is to provide an improved apparatus 
 for the purpose of overcoming these difficulties; and with this 
 object in view the invention consists, primarily, in a hollow trun- 
 cated cone njounted to rotate about a central horizontal axial line, 
 provided with an opening at one end to receive the material to be 
 acted upon, an opening at the opposite end t<j receive the fluid 
 solvent, means for actuating the material through the cone in one 
 direction and means for actuating the fluid solvent through the 
 cone in the opposite direction simultaneously with the passage of 
 said material. 
 
 706473 — Aiiijust .'i, 1903. A. E. Johnson. Filter led for chtorhiatio'u, 
 
 tia;rri'ts. 
 
 The combination with a chlorination barrel or tank of a filter 
 bed placed therein and composed of a .series of liars placed side by 
 side and having grooves in their sides forming spaces for filtering 
 material, tlie corners of the bars Ijeing cut away to permit inser- 
 ti(.]n of the filtering material after the bars are placed side by side, 
 and l)inding strips located at the ends of the bars and covering the 
 filling openings, the said strips being secured to the barrel to hold 
 the filter in place, an outlet being formed in the barrel Vjelow the 
 filter. 
 
 70849.) — /September ..^, 190;. J. Rand.u.l. Apparatus for eJiraetirig 
 
 metals from ores. 
 
 In an apparatus for treating ores, the combination of a series of 
 tanks with a series of agitators above said tanks and discharging 
 into the same, so arranged that the overflow of the solvent fluid 
 from each tank discharges into the agitator over the next adjacent 
 tank and from thence into the latter, and means for conveying the 
 ore from the bottom of each of said tanks into the agitator directly 
 above the adjacent tank for discharge into the latter. 
 
 709135 — September 16, 1902. .1. Browx. Ore leaching appiaratus. 
 
 An apparatus for leaching ores, comprising a tank adapted to 
 contain water or other lirjuid, a conduit connected to and extend- 
 ing upwardly from the tank and ha^•ing the plurality of chambers, 
 a hopper disposed above the upper chamber, ball valves for con- 
 trolling the discharges of the chambers and hoppers, electro- 
 magnets disposed above the valves and adapted when energized to 
 raise the same, the hoods and deflectors arranged in the chambers 
 and hopper above the electro-magnets, an electro-generator, a 
 movable commutator and circuit wires connecting the magnets 
 generator and commutator, the said commutator being adapted to 
 change the circuits and the condition of the magnets. 
 
 709,593 — September 33, 1903. D. G. Boley. Appjaratus for treating 
 
 pulrrrized ores of gold or silrer. 
 
 The difficulty which has been experienced in treating finely 
 divided ores by filtration with a cyanide solution is well known. 
 In the case of battery slimes, which are produced by crushing the 
 ore in the battery in the presence of either water or a cyanide so- 
 lution, and equally in the case of the fine dust which is produced 
 by dry crushing and which becomes a slime by the addition of 
 moisture, the difficulty in all these arises when attempt is made to 
 filter the material, so as to draw off the moisture, because the 
 slimes collect upon the surface of the filter, and when this collec- 
 tion reaches a certain thickness the fluid will no longer pass 
 through and the flltering surface must then be cleaned, and this 
 difficulty begins very soon and constantly increases as the filtering 
 proceeds. Attempt has been made to overcome this to some ex- 
 tent by producing a vacuum at the delivery side of the filter, and 
 also an attempt to facilitate the filtration by creating an air pressure 
 on the other side of the filter; and it has been attempted to pre- 
 vent the collection of this impervious coating of filtrates by stir- 
 ring and agitating the contents of the filter. So far there has been 
 no organized apparatus capable of carrying on this work of filter- 
 ing slimes successfully and economically, and such an organized 
 apparatus is the object of the present invention, which consists in 
 a revolving filter cylinder having vacuum chambers and means for 
 supplying air pressure, the filtering surface being arranged in cylin- 
 drical form inside of the vacuum chambers, and the mode of oper- 
 ation being to agitate the pulverized ore by revolving the cylinder 
 and by the pressure of compressed air and dissolving the gold and 
 the silver in the presence of a solution of potassium cyanide and 
 of the oxygen derived from the compressed air and the removal 
 of the solution containing the gold and silver by filtration, assisted 
 by the vacuum, and the continuous removal of the filtrates from 
 the surface of the filter by their own gravity in the turning of the 
 cylinder and the further cleaning of the filter surface by a back- 
 
 30223—04- 
 
 -40 
 
626 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 ward blast of compressed air applied after the filtering there- 
 through ceases. 
 
 7 10462— October 7 , 1903. E. D. .Iacksox. Siillini/ taiil: 
 
 In a settling tank, t» distriljuter having (lo\vn\\'ardly extending 
 discharge outlets for pulp and li(iuid, means for supplying material 
 to said distributer, means for rotating said distributer, and means 
 for raising said distributer while rotating, whereby the distributer 
 rises steadily above the accumulating deposit. 
 
 710495 — October 7, 1902. S. T. Muffly. Apparatus for treating ores. 
 An apparatus for treating ores, comprising a rotary cylinder, air 
 inletand outlet pipes connected therewith at opposite ends thereof, 
 automatic valves oppositely directed and controlling the inlet and 
 outlet pipes, means for forcing air through the said inlet pipe, 
 means for heating the said air, a solvent container connected with 
 the air inlet pipe whereby the solvent is forced by ami with the 
 air into the rotary cylinder in the form of a spray, means for 
 governing the amount and pressure of air and of the solvent, 
 devices within the cylinder for scattering and agitating the ores as 
 the said cylinder is revolved. 
 
 7112.36~October 14, 1902. H. Smith and P. C. Brown. Apparatn.s 
 for use in extracting pjrecious metals from their ores. 
 In a lixiviation apparatus, a revoluble tank, pipes conducting a 
 
 solvent, air, and steam to the tank, means for rotating the tank, 
 
 and a pipe in the end of the tank opposite the end containing the 
 
 supply pip)e. 
 
 712963 — November 4, 1902. J. J. Prindle. Barrel filter. 
 
 In a chlorination barrel fiUer, a platform comprising a series of 
 perforated members or sections having the eml portions thereof 
 thickened or enlarged, said enlarged portions provided on their 
 lower sides with prolonged curved faces forming suiijiorting heels 
 which conform to the curvature of the barrel in wliich the filter 
 platform is adapted to ])e used, and bults passing through said 
 curved heels and cooperating tlierewith in holding the platform in 
 place. 
 
 713694 — Xovemher 18, 1902. J. P. Schuch, Jr. Ore mixing machine. 
 An ore mixing machine, comprising the following elements: An 
 ore mixing tank, a false bottom including a strainer, means for 
 discharging air beneath the strainer to keep the meshes thereof 
 free from any accumulation of slime or tlie like, air supply piipes 
 disposed above the strainer to effect aeration of the contents of the 
 tank, a track carried by the upper <juter portion oi the tank, an 
 agitator shaft having its upper porti(jn polygonal in cross section, 
 a spider having a hub engaging the said polygonal jiortion and 
 carrying traveler wheels at its extremities to engage the track, 
 agitator bars suspended from the spider, and beaters or stirrers 
 carried by the bars, each set of beaters being disposed in t)reak- 
 joint order with relation to the adjacent set of tieaters. 
 
 714822 — December 2, 1902. .1. R.-\nd.\i,l. Settling tanl or ilecanting 
 
 vessel. 
 
 A settling tank, consisting of a Ijody liaving a vertical side and a 
 bottom formed of slopes of different iiiclinntioiis and pnjvi<lcd with 
 a central outlet, the said side having a cutaway portimi forming 
 an overflow lip, a launder encircling said lip arid providcil \\\t\\ a 
 discharge spout, a Ijaffle plate of cylindrical form connected by 
 strips to the upper portion of said side and extending into the 
 tank below the top and nearly to the lower edge of saiil side, and 
 a pipe leading from said central outlet. 
 
 7 18GS0—.fannani .;ii, ]90:'l. P.. TriJ.v. Harnl filter. 
 
 A filter, comprising a rotatablc liarrcl, provided with a lead 
 lining, the body of flu- barrel being provided with apertures and 
 the lining being jierforated opposite said a)>ertiu'es, a lead launder 
 arranged on the exterior of the barrel ami |iriivided with a plurality 
 of lead braiii'h pipes, said branch pi|ies at ( heir inner ends being 
 fitted in .'Jaid afiertnri'S and rnniieeteil to the leail lining about said 
 perforations. 
 
 719273— January 27, 1903. Z. B. Stuart. Appareitus ferr treating 
 
 ores. 
 
 A tank having an open top and a concave bottom formed of 
 perforated removable plates, a removable, conical plate upwardly 
 projecting from the center of the bottom, a perforated box under 
 said conical plate, a layer of coarse fabric surrounding said perfo- 
 rated box, a filtering material under said perforated plates, a pump, 
 a suction pipe extending from said pump to and through the mix- 
 ture in said tank to a point adjacent to the upper surface of the 
 mixture, and a discharge pipe extending from said pump to a point 
 adjacent to the conical part in said tank, a vacuum tank, a pipe con- 
 necting said vacuum tank to said perforated box, and a suction 
 pump connected to said vacuum tank. 
 
 719664 — February 3, 1903. .1. B. Heffernan. Chlorinatiejn barrel. 
 In a chlorination barrel, a parallel series of pipes ha\-ing numer- 
 ous small orifices through their longitudinal walls, one or more 
 headers adapted to receiving the ends of said pipes, a valve or 
 valves connecting said header or headers with an outside source of 
 fluid pressure. 
 
 719756 — February 3, 1903. S. C. C. Currie. Mechanism frjr miring 
 
 and storing liquids and gases for ore treatment. 
 
 In comliination, an alkali mixing tank, an alkali stock tank at a 
 lower level and connected by a pipe thereto, a mixing chamber at 
 a level below the alkaline storage tank, said mixing chamber hav- 
 ing inclines leading from opposite sides, a chlorin gas supply pipe 
 leading from above the top of the mixing chandjer into the bottom 
 thereof, a storage tank for chlorinated liquid below the level of 
 the mixing tank, and a gas supply pipe leading from the top of 
 the mixing chamber nearlv to the bottom of the storage tank. 
 
 L. H. Mitchell. Discharge means for 
 
 722314— March 10, 1903. 
 
 tanks. 
 
 A discharge apparatus for tanks, provided with a casting having 
 an upwardly pjrojecting rim provided with shoulders having longi- 
 tudinally inclined underfaces, a funnel having a base provided 
 with a depending offset portion, a gasket mounted in the recess 
 formed by said offset portion and adapted to seat upjon the top of 
 the rim, lugs formed on the depending portion and provided with 
 longitudinally curved upper faces to engage the inclined faces of 
 the shoulders, and operating handles at the top of the funnel. 
 
 722399— Marcli 10, 1903. II. K. Cvssel. Barrel filter. 
 
 X barrel filter composed of a barrel having a lead lining, and of 
 a filter having rigid cores and surrounding lead casings made inte- 
 gral with the lining. 
 
 725549 — April 14. 1903. II. E. Ellis. Centrifugal lixiriating ma- 
 
 chine. 
 
 In a centrifugal filtering machine, the combination of a rotary 
 shaft, a drum mounted thereon, a perforated partition within the 
 drum, arranged concentrically with the periphery of the ilrum at 
 such distance therefrom as to form an annular chamber about the 
 perforated i)artition, means for supplying liquid to the annular 
 chamber, a discharge opening in the bottom of the drum, a cover 
 therefor adapted to lie held open by centrifugal force when the 
 drum is rapidly rotate<l to permit discharge of the charged liquid, 
 and to be held in closed position when the drum is rotated slowly, 
 and a discharge gate in the bottom of the drum at a point nearer 
 the center than the discharge opening. 
 
 777230 — Mitij 5, 1903. F. G. UxDERWooii. Leaching taitk filter. 
 
 The apparatus consists of a tank having a central discharge apier- 
 ture provided with a movable closure, an interior filter diaphi-agm 
 spaced from the bottom of the tank and having a central discharge 
 aperture registering witli the tank discharge aperture and pirovided 
 with a movable closure, in couLbination with vertical filter mem- 
 bers railially disposal ami sjiaced ajiart between said discharge 
 apertures and the walls of the tank and conmuinicating with the 
 s|iai-e beneath the diapliragm. 
 
CYANIDE PHOCESSP]S. 
 
 627 
 
 7J7S62 — ^[(tl| 5, IfiOS. H. HiUkSCHING. Ajipni-iilnxfoi- hiyiliiiy occs. 
 
 An ore treating apparatus inclnding a leacliing vessel, a settler, 
 a tilter, a still, a condenser containing a coil, a stock solution tanli, 
 and an absorption tank, said absorption tank consisting of an outer 
 casing communicating with a cooling water tank, an inner casing 
 spaced from the outer casing and couinumicating with the slock- 
 solution tank, and an innermost casing spaced from the iimer cas- 
 ing and communicating with tlie coil of the condenser, whereby 
 the vapors and fluid emerging from the coil are caused to How 
 through the innermost casing and through the absor])tion Mater, 
 and the absorption w ater is caused to flow through the inner casing 
 to the stock solution tank, said parts being connected together by 
 means of pipes. 
 72S126—May l;i, VMS. P. W. HcC'affkey. I'lri-ijiltnliiiij (tpparaluf!. 
 
 In precipitating apparatus, the combination (jf a tank having 
 curved walls, said tank being adapted to hold the solution to be 
 treated and being provided with a central partition around the 
 extremities of wdiich the liquid is free to circulate, lilocks or 
 pieces made fast to the opposite sides of the tank, their inner 
 surfaces being parallel with tlie surfaces of the partition, and 
 cylinders momited to rotate on opposite sides of the partition and 
 partially immersed in the solution, said cylinders being perforated 
 and containing scrap iron, the ends of the cylinders being located 
 as close to the partition and the said blocks as is piacticable in 
 order to allow perfect freedom of movement, and means for rota- 
 ting the cylinders in reverse directions whereby the liquid is set 
 in motion in a circular current. 
 
 728746— May 19, 1903. P. W. McCaffrey. 3Ieiiiisfnr jjrecijjitating 
 dlssolrf<l melah. 
 
 In precipitating means, the combination of a tank adapted to 
 hold the liquor from which the precipitation is to be made, a 
 number of perforated cylinders containing scrap metal, said cylin- 
 ders being mounted to r(.>tate in said tank which is constructeil to 
 receive solution at one end and discharge it at the opposite end 
 above the lowest part of the cylinders, the latter Ijeing arranged 
 in successive order from the feed to the discharge e.xtreniity of the 
 tank and partially immersed in the solution, and suitable means 
 for producing a current of liquid through the tank from end to 
 end, whereby the contact of the liquid with the scraji metal in the 
 tanks is facilitated. 
 
 7-29S05 — June 2, 1903. J. Stoveken and L. Ptoveken. Apparatus 
 
 for I'.rtracting melah from ores. 
 
 Ill an ajipiaratus for extracting precious metals from their ores, 
 the combination of a tank for containing a cyanide or other suit- 
 able solution, means for reducing ore to a finely divided or com- 
 minuted state, one or more conduits connected with the solution 
 tank and arranged to supply the ore with solution incident to 
 the reduction thereof, means for agitating and mixing the ore and 
 solution, arranged to receive the same from the reduction means, 
 a filter arranged to receive the ore and solution from the agitating 
 and mixing means, and adapted to sei^arate the si;>lutii;in from the 
 ore, one or more decanting tanks arranged to receive the scilution 
 or solutions from the filter, a precipitating tank which receives the 
 clear solution from the ilecanting tank or tanks, ami means for 
 transferring the solution from the precii>itating tank back to the 
 solution tank. 
 7,.'9S06 — -hme S, 1903. .7. Stoveken and L. Stovekex. Aij'itatio)i 
 
 lank. 
 
 The combination of a tank, a central, vertical cylinder arranged 
 therein, a piston movaljle in the cylinder and having a rod extend- 
 ing through the upper head thereof, a gear disposed above the 
 tank and adapted to be connec^ted by a driving connection with a 
 motor, a shaft stepped on the piston rod and keyed to and adai)ted 
 to move vertically through the gear, wings connected to and extend- 
 ing inwardly from the vertical wall of the tank, agitating means 
 carried by the said shaft and surrounding the upper end ijf the <'yl- 
 inder, and comprising a head fixed on the shaft, blades dis|io-ed 
 
 l)elow the wi]igs and connei'tcil together, said blailes being curved 
 in the direction of their length and inclined in the direction of 
 their width, connections between the outer portions of the blades 
 anil the head on the shaft, connections between the inner portions 
 (if the lilades and said shaft, and a pipe communicating with the 
 rylindrr lielnw the piston and adapted to be connected with a 
 source of fluid ]iressure supply. 
 
 7->019.'j—,liiiH- 2, 1903. J. SroVEKEXand L. iStoveke.x. Metallnrijical 
 
 JiUer. 
 
 In an a|iparatus for extracting ]irecious metals from their ores, 
 the combination of a iilter comprising a frame, an endless filter 
 cloth, means fur driving same, means for jiressing pulp against 
 the upper stretch of the cloth at different points and .separate 
 receptacles arranged below the cloth at such points, and a decant- 
 ing vat having separate tanks connected with the said separate 
 receptacles of the filter; the said sepiarate tanks comnjunicating 
 ndth the vat at their upper ends, and having valved discharges at 
 their lower ends. 
 
 7303S4 — .Tune 9, 1903. W. H. Hotter. Agitating apparatus. 
 
 The combination of a rocking platform, means for ofierating the 
 same, a frame mounted to recijirocate adjacent to the platform, cylin- 
 drical tanks or vats trunnioned on the frame and engaging the plat- 
 form, flexible devices connected with the opposite extremities of the 
 frame, guides therefor, a liquid containing tank, a piiston therein, 
 stems protruding from the opposite extremities of the tank, and a 
 valve controlled conduit connecting the opposite extremities of the 
 tank, the flexible devices of the frame being connected x^ ith tlie 
 piston stems. 
 
 73038-5 — June 9, 1903. P. W. McCaffrey. ApjMiratus for the pre- 
 cipitation of metals from solntions. 
 
 In apparatus for the precipitation of dissolved metallic values, 
 the coiiibinatiiin of a tank adapted to hold the solution to be 
 treated, and a perforated receptacle containing scrap metal, the 
 perforated walls of the said receptacle being composed entirely of 
 the same material, said receptacle being partially iimnersed in said 
 solution and mounted to rotate therein, whereby the solution is 
 made to circulate through the scrap metal for the purpose set forth. 
 
 7SS7S0—Juhi 7, 1903. H. Dunc^ax and R. R. Sherriff. Apparatus 
 
 for sppareitiinj liquids from ■•<olids. 
 
 A machine for separating liquids from solids, comprising in com- 
 bination a framing and gear, carrying and traversing an endless 
 Iiand of filter cloth, automatic slip devices for securing the band, a 
 vacuum box or suction chandier located upon the under surface of 
 said band, and an interposed endless band of wire cloth or gauze 
 arranged to support and travel with the filter band. 
 
 73.3739— Jul 1/ 14, 1903. F. H. Officer, R, H. Officer, .1. H. Bcr- 
 FEixn, and .J, W. Neil. Apparatus for use in metidlurgiral 
 procisses. 
 
 In an apparatus for treating ores or other materials containing 
 gold or silver or other metals by the cyanide process, the combina- 
 tion of a treating tank, an absorption tank containing a caustic 
 solution, a compressor and connections as described between the 
 compressor, treating tank and absorption tank wdiereby air or gas 
 under pressure may be forced from the compressor through the 
 material in the treating tank and the gases released or freed from 
 said material may be passed through the absorbing solution in the 
 regenerator tank and tlience to the compressor, so as to ]iennit the 
 air to be used over and over and the valuable products released in 
 the treating tank to be recovered, as and for the purpose described. 
 
 73.5-200— August 4, 1903. L. P. Burrows. Mi., 
 apparatus. 
 
 A mixing and disscih-ing apparatus, comprising a containing ves- 
 sel, a shaft in and movable relatively to said vessel, an inner and 
 an outer set of stirring plates carried by and arranged around and 
 substantially parallel to said shaft, the adjacent plates of the inner 
 and outer sets converging toward each other from their front to 
 
 eiug and dissolring 
 
628 
 
 MINES AND (,)UARRIES. 
 
 their rear edges, and stirring blades secured to tlie rear eilges of said 
 plates and arranged in a spiral line around the shaft, the corre- 
 sponding blades of the outer and inner sets being twisteil in oppo- 
 site directions. 
 
 7S58S4~August 11, 1903. L. B. Skinner. Filler. 
 
 A filter bar, consisting of a body portion and separated t(jngues 
 projecting laterally therefrom and recessed for the passage of iilter- 
 ing fluid, each tongue with a beveled end, and beveled faces on the 
 body between the tongues. 
 
 73.5S3S—Augnsl 11, 1903. L. B. Skinner. FilUr. 
 
 The combination in a filter bed, of bars having each a Ijody por- 
 tion and a perforated side flange with a beveled edge, and a beveled 
 face constituting the bearing of the flange C)f the adjacent bar. 
 735960 — August 11, 1903. G. S. Foster and S. S. D. Stringer. 
 
 Metal-extracting and ore-lixiviating apparalns. 
 
 The combination of a solution-supply tank, a series of inter- 
 communicating leaching tanks adapted to receive solution from said 
 supply tank, drainpipes leading from said leaching tanks, a laun- 
 der into which said drainpipes are arranged to discharge, and a 
 charcoal bos connected to said launder. 
 
 736036 — Augtuit 11, 1903. H. L. Sdlman and H. F. Kirkp.'iTrick- 
 PiC-iRD. Apparatus f(jr the recovery of precious tnelals. 
 In an apparatus for recovering precious metals, the combination 
 of a conical vessel having an inner amalgamated copper surface, a 
 conical body having an outer amalgamated copper surface disposed 
 concentrically within the vessel and forming therewith a narrow 
 interspace, a body of mercury charged with an electropositive metal 
 in the interspace, an electrolytic vessel for charging the mercury, a 
 mercury pump, an inlet conduit to the top of the interspace from 
 the electrolytic vessel, an outlet conduit for mercury from the bot- 
 tom of the interspace to the pump, a conduit from tlie ]>ump tn the 
 electrolj'tic ve.ssel, an inlet conduit at the bottom of the vessel for 
 the solution carrying the values, a nonreturn valve in said conduit, 
 means for forcing the solution up through the interspace, and a 
 launder at the top of the vessel to receive the discharged solution. 
 
 736078— August 11, 1903. H. T. Dur.^nt. Appdralux fnr the treat- 
 ment of ores with sfAvents. 
 
 A device for the treatment of ore, tailings, or other material liy 
 solvents, consisting of a tank having a conical bottom, a plug in 
 said bottom and made conical to correspond to the angular walls 
 thereof, a pump or forcing device discharging into the apex of the 
 cone, and a return connection between the upper part of the tank 
 and the sviction of the pipe. 
 
 736597— August 18, 1903. C. D. Grove. Barrel filter. 
 
 In a barrel strainer, the combination with the shell thereof of a 
 strainerthe exterior surface of which is in contact with the barrel, 
 its inner surface being provided with suitable straining perforations 
 in the form of slits combined with transverse grooves beneath the 
 interior surface and establishing communication between said slits 
 and the discharge opening. 
 
 7370.',6— August 25, 1903. J. B. Triitt, W. L. Tkiitt, and W. O. 
 
 Temple. Precipitating zinc box. 
 
 In a precipitating zinc Ijox, the combination of an i niter imper- 
 forate box having a \'alved outlet in its bottom and a \-ah-ed outlet 
 above its bottom, a launder at each outlet, ami an inner removable 
 zinc holding Vjox having a perforated bottom, ami sujijiorted in the 
 outer box above the bottom of the latter. 
 
 731533 — Augud 25, 1903. K. L. V. X.villen. Ajijiaratus fnr e.r- 
 
 Irartiiig giild and otiier metals f rout ores. 
 
 In an apparatus for extracting inetals from ores, the combination 
 of a coiicentrating tank coii.'^i.wting of two cone shaped sections 
 secuied together at their hirgest diameter Ijy means of suitable flanges 
 and j>rovided witban intermediate strip sei'urcd hot ween said flanges 
 and projecting outwardly, a settling tank disposed arouml tliecon- 
 
 centrating tank, a jierforated diaphragm placed between the con- 
 centrating and settling tanks and .supported upon said intermediate 
 strip, and a suitable bracket bolteil to the settling tank and adapted 
 to form two horizontal sections within the settling tank. 
 
 73S14S—Sepleudier S, 1903. J. B. de Alzugaray and W. A. 
 
 Mercer. Ajipnrat us for e.etraction of precirms ■iiietfxls from their ores. 
 
 Apparatus for treating ores, consisting of a closed containing 
 vessel or vat provided with fixed internal blades or wings, a rotat- 
 ing hollow .spindle provided with ball bearings and having hollow 
 blades or beaters set at an angle, means for raising and lowering 
 the spindle in the vat, gearing for rotating the spindle, and means 
 connected with the vat for supporting the gearing and steadying 
 the spindle, all combined, arranged, and operating as shown and 
 described and for the purpose set forth. 
 
 738329 — Septembers, 1903. W. E. Holder.m.\n. Device for treating 
 
 sliiues. 
 
 In a device for treating slimes having a liquid-tight case, a dis- 
 charge pipe provided with a valve in its bottom, an inclined floor 
 in said case, spaced bars on said floor and the sides of the case, a 
 filtering fabric covering said bars and overlapping the upper edge 
 of the tank, a molding to hold the fabric in operative position, and 
 pipes provided with stoppers leading from the filter out through 
 said case. 
 
 740193 — '^epteudier 29, 1903. E. D. Sloan. Barrel filler. 
 
 In a barrel filter, the comliination with the barrel of a ]iartial 
 lining of porous filter blocks fitting closely together and having 
 grooves formed on their undersides which interconnect from block 
 to block and form drain channels; means for .sealing said draining 
 channels from the inner space of tlie barrel, and a discharge port 
 leading from the drains out of the barrel. 
 
 741189 — Ckioher 13, 1903. H. H. Thompson. Apjpuratvs for extract- 
 ing precious metals. 
 
 An apparatus for extracting precious metals, comprising a recep- 
 tacle provided with an outlet, a series of bodily movable and loosely 
 mounted agitating arms gradually decreasing in length and adapted 
 to be retained in their operative position when rotated in one direc- 
 tion and to assume an inoperative position when moved in an oppo- 
 site direction, a rotatable means for suspending said arms within 
 said receptacle, said rotatable means and arms bodily movable, a 
 series of screened nozzles communicating with said receptacle, 
 means for supplying a cyanide solution, compressed air and water 
 to each of said nuzzles either separately or in any ])referred com- 
 bination, operating means for said rotatable means, and means 
 communicating with said supply means and the said outlet for 
 exhausting the .-solution from saiil receptacle. 
 
 741402— October 13, 1903. W. E. Holdeem.\x. Leaching tank. 
 
 In a filtering tank having vertical slats covered with a filtering 
 fabric, a filtering partition extended across said tank, a trough in 
 its bottom for the filtrate, and an orifice through the filtering 
 fabric of said tank into which the filtrate from said trough is 
 discharged. 
 
 741499— Ortober 13, 1903. A. E. Johnson. Barrel filter. 
 
 In a Ijarrel filter, the combination with a suitable barrel or cyl- 
 inder, of a filter having a perforated bottom, side walls extending 
 below the bottom and engaging the barrel on the inside, filtering 
 material resting on the bottom and confined by the side walls, a 
 top perforated jjlate, and suitable means for securing the filter in 
 place, a channel })eing formed underneath the bottom of the filter 
 to receive the filtered liquid, the barrel l.)eing provided with a 
 valved outlet in communication with the said channel. 
 
 743550 — Xovember 10, 1903. J. A. (Jgden. J'rocrss ef extracting 
 
 metals from cyanide solutions. 
 
 Tlie process of treating gold, silver, or other metals from a cya- 
 nide nr |.rimar\- solution, consisting in mixing in a receptacle a 
 
CYANIDE PROCESSES. 
 
 629 
 
 given quantity of said primary solution with a given quantity of a 
 secondary solution having a metal base and capable of liberating 
 the metala in said primary S(jlution; leaving said mixture in said 
 vessel until said liberation is partially effected, then passing said 
 mixture into a second receptacle and agitated therein so as tn pro- 
 dui'e a complete commingling of said solutions, from thence run- 
 ning the mixed solution into a settling tank and allowing it to settle, 
 drawing off the clear solution, and then drying the precipitation 
 and pressing ami melting it into bullion. 
 
 743561 — November 10, 1903. J. A. f)ODEN. Appdniiua for extracting 
 
 jjrecious metals from ci/anide golulionn. 
 
 An apparatus for the purpose set forth, consisting of primary and 
 secondary solution tanks, each provided with discharge pipes with 
 controlling cocks, and measuring glasses; a mixing vessel adapted 
 to receive the flow from said measuring glasses; a barrel, with ro- 
 tatable blades therein, and having a glass gauge on the outer face 
 thereof, and a settling tank adapted to receive tlie discharge from 
 said barrel. 
 
 74547S — December 1, 1903. W. H. Adams, .Jr. Appunitiis for treat- 
 ing ores. 
 
 The combination of a tank, a Ijox, a pipe at the top of the tank 
 connecting the same with the box, a pump connected with the box, 
 and nozzles connected with the pump and arranged to discharge 
 liquid into the tank at intervals tangentially in an apjjroximately 
 horizontal plane. 
 
 746S67 — December 15, 1903. De W.O. Mosher. Vhlorinati/m barrel. 
 A chlorinating barrel provided with a resistant lining and with 
 an arched channeled rib extending longitudinally, secured to said 
 lining and having perforations between the interior of the rib and 
 barrel, and a discharge opening communicating with the interior of 
 the rib. 
 
 74S08S — December 29, 1903. G. ilooRE. Filtering .vjstem. 
 
 In a filtering system, the combination with a tank ftjr containing 
 the material to be filtered and a cleansing fluiil tank, of a filter, 
 means for introducing and removing the same into and from each 
 of said tanks alternately, means for drawing the contents of said 
 tanks through the filter, and means for cleansing the filter. 
 
 748317 — December 29, 1903. G. H. Rider. Apparatus fir di.t.^olving 
 
 organic or inorganic substances. 
 
 A device consisting of an acid tank, a water tank, an upper series 
 of tanks connected with the acid tank and the water lank and to 
 each other, a lower series of tanks adapted to receive the substance 
 to be treated, connected to the upper series of tanks and to the 
 water tank and to each other; a retort, means for heating the 
 retort, a pipe passing from the retort through the lower series of 
 tanks, and a condenser into which the last-named pipe extends, 
 substantially as and for the purposes specified. 
 
 74S463 — December 29, 1903. W. .T. Armbruster. Chloriuation 
 
 barrel. 
 
 A chlorination barrel having a pulp chamljer and a chlorine 
 generating compartment rotatable therewith, a wall separating the 
 pulp chamber from the compartment, said wall having an unob- 
 structed opening disposefl about the axis of rotation of the barrel 
 for freely permitting the discharge of the chlorine above the surface 
 of the pulp in the pulp chamber. 
 
 CLASS 7.5— METALLURGY. 
 
 Suhclas.^ 185 — <_'yanides. 
 
 S23222~.Tidy 28, 1885. J. W. Si.MPSOX. Process of extracting gold, 
 
 silver, and copper from their ores. 
 
 The ore is crushed to a powder, treated Avith a solution produced 
 by dissolving 1 pound of cyanide of potassium, 1 ounce of car- 
 bonate of ammonia, and one-half ounce of chloride of sodium in 
 16 quarts of water when the ore contains golil and copper only; 
 
 Ijut when it is rich in silver the quantity of chloride of sodium em- 
 ployed is increased. After thorough agitation of the ore in the 
 solution the mixture is allowed to stand until the solution has 
 become clear, wlien the dissolved metals are precipitated out by 
 means of a j>late of zinc suspended in the liquid. The metal is 
 precipitateil \ipoii the zinc and can be removed by .scraping or by 
 dissolving the zinc in sulphuric or hydrochloric acid. 
 
 403202~Mag 14, 1889. J. S. MacArthuh, R. W. and Wm. F<jrrest. 
 
 Process of obtaining gold and silver from ores. 
 
 The invention consists in subjecting finely-powdered argentif- 
 erous ores to the action of a solution containing a small quantity 
 of a cyanide, the cyanide contents of the latter Vjeing proportioned 
 to the quantity of gold or silver, or both, found, by assaying or 
 otherwise, t(j be in the ore. Any cyanide soluble in water may be 
 used, but in all cases the solution must be extremely dilute, since 
 such a solution has a selective action in dissolving gold or silver in 
 preference to the baser metals. The claim covers the use "of a 
 cyanide solution containing cyanogen in the proportion not exceed- 
 ing S parts of cyanogen to 1,000 parts of water." 
 
 418137— Decendjer 24, 1889. J. S. MacArthue, E. W. and Vi'yi. For- 
 rest. Process of .leparating gold and silver from ore. 
 This invention has for its object the preventing of loss of cyanide 
 in the case of weathered ores by first neutralizing the ore with an 
 alkali or alkaline earth and then leaching such prepared charge 
 with a cyanide solution. Further, the precious metal thus dissolved 
 in the cyanide snlution is precipitated out by passage tlirough a 
 sponge of zinc composed of fine threads or filaments of zinc formed 
 by cutting shavings witii a turning tool from a series of zinc disks 
 held in a lathe, or by passing molten zinc at a temperature just 
 above the melting point through a fine sieve and allowing it to fall 
 into water. 
 
 482577 — September 13 , 1892 . E. D.Kendall. Compjfjs-ition if matter 
 
 for the extraction of gold and silver from ores. 
 
 Consists in extracting gold and silver from minerals, " tailings," 
 and other matters containing one or both of these metals by an 
 aqueous solution of one or more soluble ferricyanides and one or 
 more soluble cyanides prepared by dissolving a ferrocyanide in one 
 portion of water and a cyanide in another portion and mixing the 
 two solutions, or l)y adding either .salt in solid form to the solution 
 of the other. 
 
 492221— February 21, 1893. C. JIoluenhauer. Extracting gold 
 
 from its ores. 
 
 Consists in subjecting gold ores to the solvent action of cyanide 
 of potassium in the presence of ferricyanide of potassium. 
 
 494054— March 21, 1893. W. A. G. Birkin. Process of and solvent 
 
 for separating precious metals from their ores. 
 
 Covers the art of separating metals from their ores by subjecting 
 the suitable comminuted ore to the action of a menstruum com- 
 posed of potassium cyanide, potassium ferricyanide, and peroxide 
 of hydrogen in water, and separating the values from this solution 
 by precipitation, deposition, or electrolysis. 
 
 .'t96950—Muy 9, 1893. H. PARKEsand .T, C. Moxtcomerie. Process 
 
 of extracting gold or silver. 
 
 Claims a i)rocess for extracting gold and silver from ores or com- 
 pounds \>\ an interrupted operation, consisting of treating the ore 
 with cyanide of potassium in the presence of oxygen under pres- 
 sure with agitation, the ore being subsequently filtered and washed 
 and the precious metals recovered from the liquor l)y precipitation 
 or otlier known means. 
 
 514157 — Febrnani <!, 18:14. W . P. Miller. Process of recovering 
 
 precirjns nietids. 
 
 Has for its object the preservation of the cyanide solution, and 
 consists in the treatment of the ore with the cyanide solution in 
 air-tight ves.sels not only during the process of solution, but during 
 
630 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 the filtration and up to tlie time of the precipitation of tlie prei-ious 
 metals from the filtered solution. 
 
 623739— .hdij 10, 1S94. ('. j\h)LDENii.\UER. Prociv!< «/ jnrrij,il,iliu,/ 
 
 gold or other jirerionn niflalx fi-inn tlwii- xnliilionx. 
 
 Dissolves gold and other precious metals from their ores lij' 
 means of acid cyanide solutions, which consist in treating the solu- 
 tion with aluminum, so as to precipitate the gold fr(jm the solu- 
 tion, and then add a free alkali or alkaline earth for a regenerating 
 solution. 
 
 B'24601 — Aiir/iist 14, 1S94. .T. C JMoN'TooMEniE. /'roccw of p.iirari- 
 
 liiij g"hj or silrry from orrs. 
 
 Sodium oxide (caustic soda) or other .suitable oxide of the alka- 
 lies is added to the cyanide solution before mixing the same with 
 the ore. After the precious metals have been dissolved in the 
 solution and the liquid filtered off and the precious nietals precipi- 
 tated out, the remaining solution is tested to determine tVie quan- 
 tities of potassium and sodium oxide still remaining in it, and any 
 deficiency is supplied or the solution fortified by the addition of 
 the necessary quantity of these agents, so as to restore the solvent 
 solution to its original character and strength. 
 
 624<S90—Augnrt. 14, 1S94- 
 
 Of silver ores. 
 
 Covers the treating of gold or silver ores with a ci imposition of 
 matter consisting of sodium dioxide nud a suitable cyanide in 
 solution. 
 
 E. D. Kexd.vli.. M'ellioi! iiJ Ireothig iiuld 
 
 -■January S, 1895. ('. Moi.dexhai-kk. Mellmd nf pfn-ijiilnl- 
 
 ing precious metals from soliiliori.i. 
 
 Consists in subjecting the ores to the action of an acid cyanide 
 solution so as to dissolve the gnld or other precious metal cim- 
 tained in them, then adiling aluminum so as to precipitate the 
 gold or other metal from the solution, and then regenerating the 
 cyanide solution by means of a free alkali nr alkaline earth. 
 
 5S3S9.5 — .Tariuarij 22, 189.5. .1. C. MnxTi;ii.\iKitiE. I'runss <,f extract- 
 ing gold or silver from ores. 
 
 'Consists in adding an oxide or one i>f the alkaline Iwses tn a 
 cyanide solution, then mixing with the ore or compound the solu- 
 tion thus rendered alkaline, then conducting the ]>rocess umler 
 pressure of oxygen, and afterwards separating from the me the 
 liquid containing the gold and silver in solution, then treating that 
 liquid in any apjproved way for the recovery of the precious metal. 
 
 638951— Mai/ 7, 1895. 8. C. Clark. Process if trealin,/ nfrarlnrii 
 
 ores. 
 
 Claims the process of treating a refractory ore, consisting essen- 
 tially in Ijoiling the ore in water containing from !0 tn l.i pounds 
 of cyanide of jjotassiuin to each ton of ore for about nne liour or 
 for a sufficient length of time to enal)le the cyanide of potassium 
 to dissolve the chloride, sulphide, or bromide in the ore, then 
 allowing the solution to settle ami finally eva}Miiating the clear 
 liquid so as to obtain a resiilne containing metal. 
 
 540359— .Tune 4, 1805. (4. Kenn.yn. J'ruress of ami a/i/mralnx fa- 
 treating ores. 
 
 Claims the process of treating the ores nf gold ajid silver, con- 
 sisting in subjecting the same to the action of cyanide of potas- 
 sium, agitating the sanje for a short period of tinii', <liscontiiming 
 the agitation, and bringing air in contact therewith, the oxygen 
 thereof increasing the action of the cyanide, continuing the agita- 
 tion for a few minutes, until every particle of ore has been brouglit 
 in contact with the cyanid(.^ solution in the presence of atnjospheric 
 air, and withdrawing the solution frouj the remaining ]iulp or ore. 
 
 641333 — .III lie 18, 1895. V. Rivoeh. I'roress of separaliiii/ i/oIiI ami 
 
 sileer. 
 
 Consists in the treafnjcnl of cyanide solutions containing gold 
 and silver with sulphide of iron lo pii-cipilale the siUi'i-and then 
 with chloride of zinc to |irccipitate the gold. 
 
 54,3543 — ./»/// 30, 1895. M. E. W.u.DSTEix. Process of extracting 
 geild or silrer from ores. 
 
 Consists in subjecting tlie ores to the action of cyanide of potas- 
 sium, adding to the material during this action a salt or salts (such as 
 binoxideof barium) decomposable by an acid and yielding oxygen, 
 and sufficient acid to decompose this salt or salts, and subsequently 
 adding an excessive acid to decompose (he .soluble cyanide and 
 finally separating the precious metals as sulphides Vjy precipitation 
 with sulphureted hydrogen or by a soluble sulphide. 
 
 643072 — .Tiilij 30, 1896. !\I. Crawford. Prrjcess of extracting jrrecioas 
 
 metals from Iheir rjres. 
 
 Consists first in lixiviating the ores of the pre( ious metals with a 
 cyanide solution to which has been added a sub.stantially neutral 
 substance which contains a permanent excess of oxygen; second, 
 in subjecting the gangue and accompanying cyanide solution to an 
 amalgamating process; and, thirdly, in withdrawing the solution 
 from the tailings, and extracting the precious metals therefrom. 
 The neutral substance containing a permanent excess of oxygen may 
 be prepared by mixing peroxide of sodium with dilute sulphuric 
 acid and neutralizing with silicate of soda. 
 
 54^1676 — Julg 30, 1895. M. Crawford. Prejcess of extracting precious 
 
 metals from tlieir ores. 
 
 Consists in, first, lixiviating the ore with a cyanide solution to 
 which has been added a small quantity of a substance prepared by 
 agitating ether with binoxide of barinni and adding thereto small 
 (luantities of very dilute hydrochloric acid, and neutralizing by 
 silicate of soda, and, second, separating the precious metal from 
 this solution in which the ore has been lixiviateil. 
 
 5.15852 — Sejilemlier 3, 1895. V. ]iE "W'ii.de. Methrjd nf extracting 
 
 gold. 
 
 The preciiiitation of gold in the form of a mixture of aurous 
 cyanide and cuprous cyanide }>\ acidulating a cyanide solution con- 
 taining the gold with an acid sulphurous compound and afterwards 
 adding a solution of copper salt. .\lso, specifications provide for 
 the dissolving of gold by the use of a weak solution of potassium or 
 sodium cyanide which has been in contact with the minimum or 
 protoxide of leail, ami for the recovery and utilization of the sj)ent 
 cyanide by its conversion to Prussian blue. 
 
 5477911— I Irtuhrr 15, 1895. J. ,1. IIooi). Exlriirting metiils. 
 
 Tfie nx-thod for the extraction of jirecious nietals from their 
 ores, w hii'li consists in treating the ore with a solution containing 
 botiL a cyanide of potassium or sodium and a salt or compound of 
 a baser metal in the jiroportion of one part at least of the former 
 to two iiarts of the latter; the metallic base of the solution being 
 disjilaceil by the precious metal, the former being precijiitated. 
 The gold is then precipitated out by a copper-zinc couple. By 
 "baser metal" is meant mercury, lead, and such other metals as 
 are ilis]ilaced liy metallic gold frouL their solutions in alkaline cya- 
 nides. .\ nnxture that answers well i-onsists of two parts, bv 
 weight, of cyanide of potassium (or its equivalent of cyanide 
 of sodium I, one part of mercuric chloride or its equivalent of sul- 
 [ihate or other mercury salt, and from one-half to two parts of 
 caustic soda. 
 
 5497.:o — Xuremher 1.', 1895. .1. C. Montcuimerie. Plrtraction if 
 
 guilt anil silrer from ares. 
 
 The improved process of extracting gold and silver from ores or 
 compounds containing the .same, consisting in treating the ore in 
 a vessel containing water witli a i-yanide, an alkaline oxide, a ni- 
 trate, and an oxidizing agent. Sodium dioxide may be taken as a 
 representative of the alkaline oxide and aid under pressure as an 
 oxidizing agent, as set forth in this claim. 
 
 55540.J — f'riiriiirrg :5, 1896. J. S. JMacArthiir and C. .T. Ki.lis. 
 
 I'raresx nf ei trading gold and silrer from ores. 
 
 Consists in subjecting the ore to the action of a cyanide solution 
 and iirecijiitating, liy means of a metallic compound caj>alile of com- 
 
CYANIDE PROCESSP^S. 
 
 631 
 
 billing with sulphur, any aulphur which may become sohiljle in 
 the siihition and thereby rendering it inert. Salts or compounds 
 of leail, manganese, zinc, mercury, and iron are types of the metal- 
 lic compound emploj'ed. By means of a salt of lead any copper 
 present in the cyanide solution may be precipitated out. 
 
 65d4S3 — February 25, ISitii. T. L. Wiswali. ami ,T. B. Frank. 
 
 -Process of recoperlng precious nuiah from xoliiliorisi. 
 
 The process of extracting precious metals in im solutions 1 ly caus- 
 ing said solutions to flow through a precii)itating allr)y, subdi\'ided 
 into a mass of hardened lllaments, and composed of zinc, lead, and 
 one or more other metals which impart to said lilaments a tensile 
 strength sufficient to withstand the compression of the flowing 
 solution, such as arsenic, antimony, cadmium, or Ijismuth, and in 
 which alloy there is present not more than 97 per cent of zinc. 
 
 576173 — February 2, 1897. H. L. Sulmax. Process of precipitntirig 
 
 ■)>recious metals from their solutions. 
 
 Consists in purifying zinc fumes or dust of oxides by intimately 
 mixing with the same an ammoniacal substance, and then mixing 
 a quantity of said fumes or dust so purified with the solution. The 
 apparatus by which to perform the process and for the treatment 
 of the ores is also claimed. 
 
 57S0S9— March 2, 1S97. J. F, Webb. Process of extracting gold and 
 
 silver from ores. 
 
 The process or method for the extraction of gold and silver from 
 their crushed ores, consisting in saturating the ores in a solvent 
 solution of potassium cyanide, then applying a current of compressed 
 air from beneath and maintaining the same throughout the leach- 
 ing process, then shutting off the current, then applying a current 
 of compressed air on top of the solution after the ore containing vat 
 has been closed at top and a drain at the bottom has been opened, 
 and maintaining the same until the solution has been driven out of 
 the ore, then shutting off the current of air, then admitting water 
 to the vat, then introducing a compressed air current at the bottom 
 of the vat, and finally introducing a current of compressed air on 
 top after the vat has been again closed at top and a drain opened at 
 bottom. 
 
 578178— March 2, 1897. D. White and T. M. Simpson. Process of 
 and apparatus for extracting precious metals from slimes, etc. 
 In the extracting of precious metals from slimes and other aurif- 
 erous and argentiferous materials, the process which consists in 
 mixing the said material with a cyanide solution in a closed vessel, 
 then agitating the mixture by passing a gas under pressure through 
 the same, then passing gas under pressure, together with the gases 
 arising from the action of the cyanide solution in the said material, 
 through another quantity of said material and c}'anide solution in a 
 closed vessel, then conveying the gases back to the source of com- 
 pression and drawing off the solution containing the precious metal 
 and extracting said metal. The apparatus for accomplishing this 
 purpose is also claimed. 
 
 578340 — March 9, 1897. W. A. Koneman. Process of extracting 
 precious metals from their ores. 
 
 The process of extracting precious metal from the ore containing 
 it, which consists in wetting the ore, in a pulverized condition, with 
 just suflicient cyanogen-containing solution to moisten the ore and 
 reduce the mass to the condition of mud, maintaining the saturated 
 ore in a quiescent state for a prolonged period of time, then dilut- 
 ing the mass and subjecting it to agitation for a suitable period of 
 time, separating the resultant solution from the ore l;)y filtration, 
 and finally precipitating the precious metal from said solution. 
 
 578341— March 9, 1897. W. A. Koneman. Process <f recorering pre- 
 cious metals from cyanide solutirjns containing them. 
 
 The process of recovering, by precipitation, the precious metal 
 or metals contained in a cyanogen-containing solution, which con- 
 sists in subjecting said solution to contact with an alloy c( imposed 
 
 of lead and zinc, and in which lead is tlie preponderating metal in 
 weight, or with an alloy coiujiosed uf lead, zinc, and alinninum. 
 
 5S0683—AprU 13, 1897. C. W. II. (topnek aii<] II. h, Dieiil. AV- 
 
 covery of gold and silver front their xoluliuns. 
 
 The process for the precipitation of gold and silver from their 
 cyanide solutions, which coiisists in adding to said solutions a con- 
 siderable quantity of cuprous cyanide, then adding an acid to effect 
 precipitation, dissolving the latter by a f resli quantity of tlie cyanic le 
 solution obtained by leaching, and then adding acid to effect suc- 
 cessive precipitations from said solution. 
 
 580.948 — April 30, 1897. .7. C. Montcuimehie. Process of treating 
 
 cyanide solutions. 
 
 The process for the extraction of the precious metals from cyanide 
 solutions, which consists in filtering the solution through a char- 
 coal filter, heating the filtering material on the same becoming 
 surcharged with cyanogen or its compounds, condensing the result- 
 ant gases and obtaining ammonium cyanide and other ammonium 
 salts in solution, applying the regenerated charcoal (still contain- 
 ing the precious metals) in the filtration of a further charge or 
 charges of the solution, and ultimately recovering from the char- 
 coal the precious metals accumulated therein. 
 
 587179 — .duty 27, 1897. .1. H. BuRFEiND. Treatmerd of gold, and 
 
 silrer ores. 
 
 Aa an imprcjvement in the extrac-ting of precious metals from 
 their ores, the treatment of the cyanide product or precipitate 
 containing said metals, jjreparatory to melting the said product 
 with sulphurous acid. 
 
 591753 — October 12, 1897. E. .1. Fkaser. Process uf obtaining prre- 
 
 cious metals by solution. 
 
 The i>rocess of treating gold and silver ores by solution, which 
 consists in converting the metal bases of dioxides of the alkaline 
 metals into sulphates, by the addition of sulphuric acid, so as to 
 produce hydrogen dioxide, preventing the decomposition of the 
 hydrogen ilioxide by an excess of acid, sei^arating the solution from 
 the metallic sulphate, mixing the solution with a solution of C3'a- 
 nide of potassium and lime in the presence of a precious metal, and 
 leaching the liquid holding the precious metal. 
 
 .592153 — October 19, 1897. .1. S. ^IacArthur. Precipitating pre- 
 cious metals from solutions. 
 
 The process of precipitating a precious metal from a cyanide 
 solution, which consists in subjecting said solution containing a 
 base metal to the action of a precipitant protected liy a metal inert 
 in said solution. Such a precipitant is found in zinc, mercury, or 
 copper protected by lead. When copper is present in the cyanide 
 solution, this copper is removed by the precipitant prior to the 
 removal of the precious metal. 
 
 (;01201— March 22, 1898. S. Xewhocse, A. J. Bettles, andT. Weir. 
 
 Method or process of e.vtracting precious metals from their ores. 
 
 A method or process for the extraction of the precious metals 
 from their ores, said method or process consisting, first, in neutral- 
 izing the acidity of the ore where this condition exists; second, in 
 placing the ore in a suitable solution of cyanide of potassium and 
 subjecting the mass to agitation; third, in adding a quantity of zinc 
 to the mixture of ore and cyanide and subjecting the mass to fur- 
 ther agitati(3n ; and fourth, in adding quicksilver or mercury charged 
 with S(idium amalgam, and finally agitating the entire mass for 
 purposes of amalgamation. 
 
 607719 — ./»/// 19, 189S. M. E. Wai.dstein. Process of recovering 
 
 ■precvms mcUds from their .solutions. 
 
 The process for extracting au<I reco\ering precious metals from 
 their ores, which consists essentially of the following steps: First, 
 subjecting the ore in a powdered state to the action of an aque- 
 ous solution of a cyanide; second, supplying to the solution 
 charged with the precious metals that ijuantity of zinc dust deter- 
 
632 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 mined to be exactly sufficient to precipitate said metal><; third, 
 agitating said solution and said zinc dust nntil said metals are pre- 
 cipitated and said zinc dust is absorlied; fourth, recovering tlie 
 precious metals from the valuable precipitate of the preceding step 
 by filtration, or other process. 
 
 610616— September 13, 1S9S. II. L. Sulman and F. L. Teed. Ex- 
 
 tractioH of precious metals from their ores. 
 
 The essence of this invention consists in the employment of 
 haloid compounds of cyanogen- in combination with free cyanide 
 of potassium or other suitable cyanide of the alkalies or alkaline 
 earths as a solvent for precious metals in their ores, examples of 
 such haloid compounds of cyanogen being found in cyanogen 
 chloride, or bromide or iodide. 
 
 620100— February 38, 1899. W. A. Caldecott. Method of extrad- 
 
 ing gold from cyanide. 
 
 An improved method for the precipitation of gold from gold 
 bearing cyanide solutions by passing such solutions over zinc shav- 
 ings previously treated with a soluble salt of mercury, such as 
 perchloride of mercury (HgClj). 
 
 624040 — May 2, 1899. C. B. Jacobs. Process of reducing metals from 
 their solutions. 
 
 The process of reducing metals from their solutions, consisting in 
 subjecting them to the action of gaseous phosphide of hydrogen in 
 the presence of an alkaline material, thereby precijiitating the 
 noble metals in a metallic state and the base metals as phosphides, 
 and then separating the latter from the noble metals. 
 
 625564 — Hay 23, 1899. E. D. Kendall. Process of treating gold or 
 silrer ores and composition of matter for same pnrpose. 
 A composition of matter to be used for extracting precious 
 metals from ores, tailings, or other bodies, consisting of a suitable 
 thioeyanate and a suitable ferrocyanide in watery solution. 
 
 625565 — May 23, 1S99. E. I). Kendall. Process of treating gold or 
 silrer ores and composition of matter for same purpose. 
 A composition of matter to be used for the extraction of precious 
 metals from ores, tailings, or other bodies, consisting of a suitable 
 thioeyanate and hydrogen dioxide in watery solution. 
 
 629905 — August 1, 1899. J. J. Hood. I'rocess (f extracting gold or 
 
 silver. 
 
 The process of extracting gold, silver, and mercury from solutions 
 by bringing the solutions into contact with an alloy of zinc, anti- 
 mony, and mercury, from time to time distilling off mercury from 
 the alloy, and finally recovering the gold and silver from it. The 
 precipitant used consists of an alloy of about one hundred parts of 
 zinc, five parts of antimony, and twenty parts of mercury. 
 
 639983 — Augiist IS, 1899. W. Kemmis-Betty and B. Searle. Pro- 
 cess of recovering gold from puljj, slimes, or similar substances. 
 The process of extracting gold from ores, which consists of the 
 following steps: First, dissolving the gold in the pulp in a weak 
 solution of cyanide of potassium; second, adding a stronger soUi- 
 tion of cyanide of potassium to the gold-bearing solution in the pro- 
 piortiong specified; third, immediately after so strengthening the 
 solution, passing the .same through a body of zinc shavings coated 
 with lead. 
 
 635199 — October 17, 1899. .1. Smitit. Process of treating gold or sil- 
 ver ores. 
 
 The process for treating gold and silver ores, tailings, slinies, and 
 like materials containing precious metals, which consists in mix- 
 ing the material to be treated with caustic lime, saturating or 
 covering the mixture entirely with water and keeping it thus until 
 all the acid present has combined witli the lime, drying the mate- 
 rial, exposing it to the action of atmospheric air, and treating it 
 with a cyanide. 
 
 636114— October 31, 1899. J. S. Cain, A. Soderling, and S. M. 
 
 MacKnight. Preliminary treatment of ores or tailings before cyn- 
 
 niding. 
 
 The method or process of treating ores containing the precious 
 metals, which consists in first leaching said ores or tailings in a 
 weak solution of nitric acid, or of nitric and sulphuric acide, sub- 
 sequently leaching the same in an alkaline solution, and finally 
 leaching the same in a cyanide solution. 
 6.36288— November 7, 1899. H. de Raasloff. Prrjcess of extracting 
 
 precious meteds from ores. 
 
 The improvement in the process of separating precious metals 
 from their ores, consisting in mixing with the ore a solution con- 
 sisting of a base and a solvent for precious metals, which solvent 
 is capable of being separated from the said base by oxygen, and 
 adding liquid air to the ore and solution, or by evaporating the 
 nitrogen from liquid air, ami adding the oxygen which remains to 
 the mixed ore and solution. 
 
 GS8372 — December 5, 1899. M. B. Zerener. I'recipjitation of pre- 
 cious nietids from their cyanide solutions. 
 
 The process of precipitating golil and silver from cyanide solu- 
 tions by causing the solution to move in one direction, and during 
 such movement passing through it, in the opposite direction and 
 in the form of a spray, or a number of tine streams or tilms, mer- 
 cury charged with alkali metal. 
 
 64 18 18— January 23, 1900. C. Whitehead. Process of extracting 
 
 gold from ores. 
 
 The process of extracting gold from ores in which the particles 
 of free gold are enveloped in a compound of a base metal having 
 the following characteristics, to wit; nonsiliceous, oxidized, practi- 
 cally imper\ious to a solvent solution, such as one of cyanide, not 
 readily removable by washing with water, and insoluble in water, 
 but soluble in dilute acids, consisting in first .subjecting the crushed 
 ore to the action of heat sufficient to convert the coating into a 
 porous con<lition and afterwards treating the ore with a cyanide 
 solution. 
 
 642767 — Feljruary 6, 1900. G. Tiiurnauer. Process of separating 
 pjrecious metals from their nii.rtnres n-itli zinc. 
 
 The process of treating the mixture of zinc ami precious metals 
 resulting from tlie treatment of cyanide solutions of the precious 
 metals by zinc, which consists in subjecting said mixture to the 
 action of a solution containing lead and then to the action of acid, 
 • whereby the zinc is dissolved and the precious metals remain in 
 admixture, with metallic lead. 
 
 646006 — March 27, 1900. .1. 0. MoNTGOMERiE and H. Parkes. 
 
 Treatnn'nt of gold ami silrer ores, etc. 
 
 In the extraction of goLl ami silver from ores or compounds 
 contaiinug the same, the process consisting in treating the ore or 
 (■omjiound with a cyanide of an alkali metal, caustic alkali, and 
 barium dioxide, in conjunction with ammonium sulphate. 
 
 646808 — Aptril 3, 1900. T. Cruse. }feth(iil of e.dracting gold and 
 
 sih'er from their ores. 
 
 The process of recovering precious metals from their ores, which 
 consists in first heating the ore pulp to the boiling point, adding 
 cyanide of potassium to the hot mass, permitting the mass to grad- 
 ually cool, and while it is cooling adding to the mass the following: 
 Blue.stone, iron sulphate, sulpliuric acid, and quicksilver. 
 
 649628 — May 15, I9()0. W. A. C.\Li)ECoTT. Extraction of gold or 
 
 other preeions metals from slimes. 
 
 The method of extracting precious metals from finely divided 
 j materials, such as slimes, containing reducing sul)stances, such as 
 I ferrous sulphide or hydrate, which consists in rendering the mate- 
 I rial alkaline, then forcing air into tlie i>ulp until the ferrous com- 
 
CYANIDE PR0CP:SSES. 
 
 633 
 
 ponnils are converted into ferric hydrate, then ad<Hng cyaniile and 
 continning aeration and agitation vmtil the precious mefalK are 
 dissolved. 
 
 651509 — Jmie 12, 1900. F. W. Maktino and F. Stubbs. Pm'qii- 
 
 IdtioH of precious metals from cyanide solutions. 
 
 A process for the precipitation of the precious metals from their 
 aqueous cyanide solutions, consisting in passing acetylene and 
 atmospheric air through such solutions, or by adding t'alcium car- 
 bide to them, and precipitating the metals in a metallic state. 
 
 651510 — June IS, 1900. F. W. Maetino and F. Stubbs. Treattnent 
 of ores and precipitation of precious metals from their cyanide solutions. 
 A process for the precipitation of precious metals from their 
 aqueous cyanide solutions, consisting in treating such solutions 
 with a hydrocarbon gas, produced when a metallic carbide is de- 
 composed by water, and capable of precipitating the metals in a 
 metallic state. Aluminum carbide is given as an example of such 
 a metallic carbide. The use of methane as a precipitant is also 
 claimed. 
 
 657 ISl — September 4, 1900. H. de Raasloff. Process of sepanding 
 
 precious metals from their ores. 
 
 The continuous process of treating ores of precious metals, con- 
 sisting in mixing. the finely divided ore with'a suitable solvent for 
 the precious metals, inducing the mixture to flow continuously 
 from and back to the point of admixture, while so flowing intro- 
 ducing liquid oxygen or liquefied air into the mixture, then caus- 
 ing the mixture to flow with sudden variations of velocity to 
 agitate it, then separating,the solution from the base earthy mineral 
 matter, and sending it continuously through an electro-depositing 
 bath, where the precious metal is deposited, and thus in continuous 
 ordered succession. 
 
 656395 — August SI, 1900. E. H. Dickie. Process of teaching ores 
 
 or tailings. 
 
 The improvement in the process of leaching ores or tailings with 
 a solution which dissolves the precious metals, which consists in 
 adding to the solution an agent compo.sed of an acetate of an alkali 
 metal or of alkali earth metals which is capable of readily uniting 
 with and forming acetates of the base metals, and which has little 
 or no affinity for the precious metals, thereby enabling the solvent 
 to act directly upon the latter, and then leaching the ores. Cal- 
 cium acetate is cited as an example of an acetate of an alkali-earth 
 metal. 
 
 664060 — December IS, 1900. J. P. Schuch, .Jr. Process of extracting 
 
 precious metals from their ores. 
 
 A method of extracting precious metals from their ores, which 
 consists in combining the crushed ore with a cyanide solution 
 wdiile both are in a warm condition, mechanically mixing the ore 
 and solution by agitation simultaneously with the commingling 
 thereof, charging the mixture during the agitation with hot air, 
 and finally separating the ore and slush or pulp from the metal in 
 solution. 
 
 665105 — .January 1, 1901. .J. C. Kessler. IMjce.^s of e.rtracting gold 
 
 and silver from ores. 
 
 The process of separating precious metals from auriferous and 
 argentiferous ores, consisting, first, in subjecting the ores to the 
 action of an aqueous solution, consisting of cyanide of alkali metal, 
 yellow prussiate of potassium and permanganate of an alkali metal 
 in substantially the proportions of water, one thousand (1,000) 
 parts; yellow' prussiate of potassium, two and one-half (2.5) parts; 
 cyanide of alkali, two and one-half (2.5) parts; permanganate of 
 potassium, one-tenth (0.1) part, until the gold and silver con- 
 tained in such ores are dissolved; second, separating the metals 
 from their solution by the application of a soluble lead salt, by 
 which the cyanide solution is decomposed and a nonsoluble cyan- 
 ide of lead is formed, at the same time a nonsoluble cyanide of gold 
 or silver is precipitated; third, by the application, to the sediment 
 
 thus pri'cipitatcd, c.f s(j<liuni amalgam, whereliy a gold, silver, and 
 lead amalgam is produced and at the same time a concentrated 
 solution of cyanide and ferrocyanideof sodium is regenerated; and 
 fourth, diluting the concentrated cyanide solution with a (|uantity 
 of water and regenerating and reenergizing the aqueous solution for 
 reuse by the addition nf permanganate of alkali. 
 
 671704— April 9, 1901. E. I). Kendall. Process of Irenllng ores 
 
 cejulaining silrer or silrer and gold. 
 
 The prcicess of treating ores or other bodies fur the extraction of 
 precious metals, whicli consists in treating them with a suitable 
 chemical solution containing a thiocyanate and a cyanide, capable 
 of dissolving silver or ."ilver and gold, and in then treating the so- 
 dissolved silver by a suitable sulphide, such as potassium sulphide, 
 and in so regulating the amount of the sulphide to the silver as 
 that they shall substantially equalize each other in separating the 
 sulphur sulphide and in returning the thiocyanate and cyanide 
 into suVjsequent operations for further treatment of the ore. 
 
 6734;i5~Mag 7, 1901. G. A. Duncan and F. H. Beach. Method <f 
 
 treating precioiis meted bearing ores. 
 
 The method of treatment of precious metal bearing ores to cause 
 the precious metal to be dissolved from the ore, and the resulting 
 metal bearing liquor and impoverished ore to be separated from 
 each other, which consists in the following steps: First, maintaining 
 a substantially continuous supply stream of mingled comminuted 
 ore and solvent liquor; second, mechanically dispersing such min- 
 gled ore and liquor into the air, in a direction transverse to the 
 onward movement of the stream, without separating the ore from 
 the liquor; third, delivering the resultant .stream of mingled metal 
 bearing liquor and impoverished ore and receiving the same in 
 mingled condition and carrying it onward; fourth, sucking the 
 liquor from the tailings; fifth, delivering water to the impover- 
 ished tailings remaining, and subsequently sucking such wash 
 water therefrom;- sixth, delivering such impoverished ore or tail- 
 ings after the applicatinn of such suction. 
 
 6SS613 — Septendier 17, 1901. E. L. Godbe. Method of leaching ores. 
 The method of leaching ores, which consists in disposing mois- 
 tened ore in superimposed .strata within a containing receptacle by 
 a continuous mechanical agitation in the loner portion of the latter 
 to form a hiwer thoroughly agitated stratum of heavier portions of 
 the ore, a stratum of lighter portions or particles next above which 
 are agitated to a less degree, a stratum of slimes and other lighter 
 particles next above which remain sulistantially immobile, ami a 
 top covering of a clear supernatant solution, introducing the ore 
 below the upper surface of said latter solution, overflowing and 
 carrying off the clear solution, replacing water in the charge by a 
 cyanide of potassium solution introduced at the l)ottom of the 
 receptacle below the lower heavier stratum and causing it to per- 
 colate upwardly through the strata above, increasing the agitation 
 during the introduction of said cyanide solution, carrying off the 
 metal bearing cyanide solution which overflows from the top of . 
 the charge and precipitating the said overflow mettil bearing solu- 
 tion after it leaves the receptacle. 
 
 6S9190 — December 17, 1901. B. Hunt. Process of precipitating and 
 
 recouering precious metals from their solutions. 
 
 The process of precipitating precious metals, consisting of adding 
 to the pulp a cyanide solution and agitating the same until the 
 metal is extracted; then adding to the pulp, M'hile continuing the 
 agitation thereof, powdered metallic aluminum whereby the pre- 
 cious metal is precipitated, but in suspension in the pulp; then 
 adding mercury and continuing the agitation until the metal is in 
 the form of an amalgam, and finally recovering the precious metal 
 by treating the amalgam. 
 
 69S634 — February 4, 1902. H. Davis. Process ejf e.rlracting precious 
 metals from their ores. 
 
 A process for the extraction of the precious and other metals 
 from ore, ore pulp, sands, slimes, tailings, mineral bearing earths 
 
634 
 
 MINES AND (,)UARRIES. 
 
 or other substances containing tliese metals, whicli consists in intro- 
 ducing clilorin gas into tlie ore and afterwards wliolly or partially 
 removing the excess of chlorin liy forcing air into the material 
 and afterwards treating with a cyanide solution to dissolve the 
 chlorides. 
 
 S94o.'l—3[incli 4, 190.'. P.. \V. Begeek. Ciiimiih' pnxrss of rjlrarl- 
 
 iih/ jireciniis iiiiUih friiin nrex. 
 
 The process of treating material containing the precious metals, 
 consisting in setting in motion in an endless path a solution of 
 cyanide of potassium, introducing oxygen to the moving liquid, and 
 finally subjecting the metal bearing material to the action of said 
 solution. 
 
 696:374 — Marches, 190:1. K. Sciiilz. ('yiniidi: prorexs of r.rtnwtii,!/ 
 precious metals from their ores. 
 
 An improved process in the art of extracting precious metals 
 from their ores, said process consisting in thoroughly and inti- 
 mately mixing peroxide of barium (BaO, ) with precious metal 
 bearing material, and then subjecting the same tn treatment with 
 an alkaline cyanide solution. 
 
 701003— May 37, 190J. .1. B. de Alzug.\r.\y. Metliod of e.rlrdcliiii/ 
 
 prerious metals from their ores. 
 
 The process for treating ores containing preciovrs metals and con- 
 sisting in adding the crushed ore to a soluti(.in of sodium chloride, 
 sodium carbonate, and potassium c^-anide, then forcing through the 
 mass a gaseous mixture of bromine and air and recovering the pre- 
 cious metals from the solution Ijy any known means, such as 
 electrolysis. 
 70iS0-5 — June 10, 190-'. V.. D. Kexdam.. I'rore.i.i (f I'.rtriiftiin/ pre- 
 
 f'ioiis metals from tlieir ores. 
 
 The process of treating ores carrying precious metals, which con- 
 sists in treating such ore with a lixiviating solution, consisting of a 
 cyanide, potassium percarbonate, and water, and finally extracting 
 the precious metal from such lixivium. 
 
 70.;ti9S—Jiihi 29, 1901. R. H. (>i--Fi( EK, .1. \V. Neii,, ,1. II. Bur- 
 FEIXD, and F. H. C>ff[cek. ('ijnniih' in-rn-ess of irorl:iii// i/olil, .•sil- 
 ver, or oilier ores. 
 
 The improvement in treating cires by the i-yanide process, con- 
 sisting in agitating the pulj) containing the cyanide solution by a 
 suitable gas under pressure, passing the gas and the hydrocyanic- 
 acid gas liberated from the solution through a regenerating solution, 
 and using the gas after passing through said regenerating solution 
 to agitate a fresh quantity of puli>. 
 
 70630.i — Aurjust 5, 190..'. L. B. Parllvo. Froress of c.rlrarlinij 
 
 precious ittetals from ores. 
 
 The process of extracting precious metals from finely divided 
 materials or ores, which consists in spreading a <-onjparatively thin 
 laj-er of the material over a substantially flat and large working 
 surface provided with drainage ducts or channels; then covering 
 said material with suitable metal dissolving or cyanide solution; 
 then passing a heavy roll Ijack ami forth over the charge of material, 
 etc., thereby at the same tirjie thoroughly agitating or stirring the 
 charge and forcing some of the solution into tlie drainage ducts; 
 then discharging said solution into the suiiqi, and finally precipi- 
 tating the precious metal from thi' solutinn. 
 
 7079.16 — Aiir/ust :16, 190.1. W . llii.T and 0. K. Lane. I'rm-esx of 
 
 e.rh-m-liiuj jrrecioHs nieiols. 
 
 Tlie process of extriictiiig precious metals from snlutioiis thereof, 
 wdnch consists in producing cyanide solutions of said metals, vapor- 
 izing metallic zinc by means of heat, and conducting the vapor 
 thus formed to a point iieneatli tlie surfaces of said solutions, thus 
 producing finely divided zinc, whirh replaces the precious njetals 
 and thereby causes their precipitatioJi. 
 
 70S.504^Se/>lriiiher 2, 199.1. H. L. Sueman and H. F. Kirkpatrick- 
 
 PlCAHii. Tri'oliiieiil of I err slimes. 
 
 The process of treating ore slimes, which consists in separating, 
 by means of a centrifugal machine, the ore slimes from the residual 
 water with whicli they are mixed by adding a little lime to the 
 charge, remijving the bulk of the water, thereafter introducing into 
 the machine an amount nf leaching solution of a volume equal to 
 that of the remaining (piantity of adhering moisture and introduced 
 into the slimes by centrifugal action, and replacing the moisture 
 by tlic added leaching solution. 
 
 ■jl0496—<klol)er 7, 190.1. S. T. Mceflv. Process of treatinrj ores. 
 
 The [irocess of treating ores, which consists in injecting into said 
 ores, as they are agitated and elevated and allowed to fall by grav- 
 ity in a cl(.ised chamber, a chemical solution in the form of a spray, 
 together with hot air under pressure, and allowing the elements 
 and fumes freed by tliis operation to escape from said chamber. 
 
 71S6:l> — Janiionj 111, 190:1. T. E. Joseph. C'olil e.rlrorliui/ jirocess. 
 The process of extractijig gold or silver from ore containing the 
 .same, when in a suitable condition, which consists in subjecting 
 the said ure to the leaching action of a solution of water, cyanide 
 of potassium, hydrate of calcium, and carbonic-acid gas, and 
 introilucing an oxidizing agent into the solution, and subsequently 
 precipitating the gold from this solution. 
 
 719,17.'/ — .Tannary :17, 190.1. 'A. B. Stc.vrt. I'rocess of extracting 
 
 iiii'lols frrnn ores. 
 
 The process of extracting precious metals from ore, consisting in 
 agitating the pulp together with cyanide, water, and air by ebulli- 
 tion in line vessel, causing the mixture to assume an even consist- 
 ency throughout, and passing the mixture through a mechanical 
 agitator and combining therein a relatively smaller quantity of 
 mixture with a relatively larger quantity of air and there forcing 
 the pnlji, cyanide, water, and air intii intimate contact, and <-ircu- 
 lating the mixture through the two vessels. 
 
 7.1140:'' — Morch HI, 190.1. Ariii'ST Pui.ster. Process of prccijiitot- 
 iliy yoll from cyoniilr soliiliinis. 
 
 The process for titie jirecipitation of gold or other precious metals 
 from cyanide solutions, such as potassium cyanide, sodium cyanide, 
 and liromine cyanide, which consists in acidifying the solution, 
 adding a solution containing salts of mercury and cupper, and then 
 adding a solution contuiinng zinc salts and a small percentage of a 
 potassium fermcyainde, or a small quantity of the cyanide solution 
 discharged from the ordinary zinc-preciiiitatiou boxes. 
 
 7"2276.1^Morch 17, 190.!. .7. I'. Srurcu, .Ir. Proce.is ,f scjiarolinr/ 
 
 precions tnetals from solreiil solutions. 
 
 The process of separating jirecious metals from their solvent 
 solutions, which consists, first, in pas.sing the solution through 
 crushed limestone or phonolite to neutralize any free acid, then 
 through zinc, wood ashes, asbestos wool or its equivalent, and char- 
 coal or coke, to neutralize any free soda or carbonates, then through 
 zinc shavings to ]irecipitate the precious metals, then through 
 chan-oal to filter the solution and effect retention of a percentage of 
 the precious metals, then through limestone or crushed phonolite 
 to effect precipitation of zinc contained in the solution, and then 
 alternately through zinc, charcoal, or coke and zinc to effect com- 
 plete separation of the precious metals and thornugh filtration of 
 the solution. 
 
 7115895— April .11, 190.1. M. V. I'sl.ui and ( ,. Kriavein. Process 
 (f e.rfractiiig r/olil. 
 
 The process for extracting guld from aurifemus ores, which con- 
 sists in lixiviating the ores with a solution of potassium cyanide, 
 rhodanides, hyposulphites, and sodium chloride. 
 
CYANIDE PKOCESSP]S. 
 
 635 
 
 7SGS94— April .'IS, 1.903. F. J. IIoyt. Method of e.rtritctinii r/olil from 
 firex. 
 
 The method of milling gold ore, consisting of the following steps; 
 First, pulverizing the ore; second, distributing the ore thinly over 
 a wide, long, and open sluiceway; third, flowing the ore and jiro- 
 pelling it forward over its bed by the action of a stream of chemical 
 solution adapted to dissolve the ore; fourth, automatically screen- 
 ing and separating the solution from the tailings l)y the same force; 
 and fifth, subjecting the solution to a reagent to precipitate the 
 gold therein. 
 
 737659 — Maij 13, I'dOS. F. W. Martino. Method of e.flracthKj iiolile 
 
 meteds. 
 
 The process of recovering gold from its cyanide solution, consist- 
 ing in acidifying the solution and treating it at a raised tempera- 
 ture with barium-sulpho-carbiile. The latter is manufactured by 
 fusing two parts, tiy weight, of barium sulphate (l)aryta or heavy 
 spar) BaSO.1 in an electric furnace with one jjart of carbon. 
 
 72S397 — May 19, 1903. T. B. Joseph. Gold extracting process. 
 
 The process of extracting gold ami silver from ore containing the 
 same when in a sviitable eomlition, which consists in subjecting 
 the said ore to the leaching action of a solution of water, cyanide 
 of potassium, hydrate of calcium, peroxide of barium and carbonic 
 acid gas, the ore being agitated by compressed air. 
 
 73083.5 — .June 9, 1903. D. Mosher. Ainmoida cijanide process of 
 treating copper, nickel, or zinc ores containing precious metals. 
 The process of treating refractory sulphur, tellurium, ami arsen- 
 ical ores containing copper, zinc, nickel, gold, and silver, consisting 
 in tirst roasting such ores at a low red heat to transform the metals 
 so transformable into sulphates, arsenates, or tellurates; then 
 oxidizing reducing compounds by very dilute ammonia; and subse- 
 quently extracting the metals with an ammoniacal cyanide solution 
 containing an excess of cuj^iric oxide or hydroxide over and above 
 that necessary to form metallic cyanide double salts. 
 
 731169 — ,Tune 16, 1903. 0. A. Ellis. Apparatus far e.rtractiiig 
 
 metals from ores. 
 
 An apparatus for extracting metala from ores, having in com- 
 bination a receiving hopper having an inclined bottom, a discharge 
 opening in said hopper, and inclined chute leading from said hop- 
 per and provided with a screen, a precipitating box connected with 
 said inclined chute, means for causing a flow of chemical sijlution 
 through said hopper, chute, and iirecipitating box and means ffir 
 passing a current of electricity thnjugh said precipitating box. 
 
 731631 — .Tune 33, 1903. J. T. Tekrv, Jr. E.dracting gold or silrer 
 
 from slimes. 
 
 An improvement in separating precious metals from slimes with 
 which they are mixed, consisting in forming a solution with water, 
 spraying said solution into tanks containing a cyanide solutic.m 
 made dense by the addition of salt, allowing the slime to settle 
 through and into the solution, then drawing the clear liquor from 
 the top through vertically disposed filters and discharging the 
 sludge from the bottom into succeeding tanks containing a similar 
 cyanide solution, allowing it to settle and again drawing off the 
 clear liquor. 
 
 731839 — .Jane 33, 1903. G. A. B.iflx. Sidp/hurir acid pirocess of 
 
 e.rtracting precious metals from solutions. 
 
 The process of precipitating precious metals from solutions 
 thereof, which consists in producing cyanide solutions of said pre- 
 cious metals, then acidulating with sulphuric acid said cyanide solu- 
 tions, then immersing zinc in sheet, plate, or other form in the acidu- 
 lated cyanide solution containing the precious metals; the chemical 
 action thereupon taking place in the solution, dissolving zinc and 
 precipitating the precious metals; then recovering from the pre- 
 
 cipitate of the preceding operation the precious metals by filtering 
 and melting, or other process. 
 
 73260.5 — .fune 30, 1903. ti. K. TlIEOE. Pmress of teaching ores. 
 
 The pr(j('ess (if lea<^hing ores which consi.sta in mixing with the 
 oie to be treated a cyanide .solution, pieroxide of hydrogen, and an 
 oxide which is reducible by saiil peroxide of hydrogen. 
 
 733639 — ./»//(■ 3(1, 1903. T. !:!. JosEJ'if. dold e.elracting ]rrocess. 
 
 The ])rocess of extracting guld and silver from ore containing the 
 same, when in a suitable condition, which consists in subjecting 
 .siiil oi'e til the leaching action of a. solution containing water, cyanide 
 of potassium, bromine, hydrate of calcium, pero.xide of barium, and 
 carbon dioxide, .said carbon dioxide being forced into the leaching 
 siilution simultaneously with compres.sed air. 
 
 7.j.V/''.;,V — Seiilrjnher 1.'>, 1903. J. B. OE ALZr(;.iR.\-i-. E.ctraction of 
 
 pi'ccinu.s uH'tals from their (/res. 
 
 The process for extracting precious metals from their ores, con- 
 sisting in first moi.stening the crushed ore with an alkaline solution 
 and afterwards agitating it m a solvent solution and blowing through 
 it an oxidizing agent composed of gaseous bromine and its acid and 
 oxyacid compounds dissolved in air and finally recovering the 
 metals from the solvent in any well-known manner. 
 
 T.i.'i.'fOO — December 1, 19ii3. T. J. Gkiek. Process of extracting pjre- 
 cious metals. 
 
 The process of extracting precious metals from slimes, consisting 
 in directing the slimes into a settling tank, drawing off the thicker 
 portions of the slimes and depositing the same into a leaching vat, 
 of introducing a I'yanide solution under pressure through perfora- 
 tions in the false bottom of the vat, causing the watery portions of 
 the slimes to be displaced by said cyanide solution, then treating 
 the charge with an air under pressure, and afterwards introducing 
 through the false bottom of the vat a salt solution of greater density 
 than the cyanide solutii m to displace the latter. 
 
 745S3S — Decendjer 1, 1903. E. B. H.\ck. Process tf e.rtracting metals 
 from ores. 
 
 A cyanide process, consisting of the following steps in the order 
 nameil: caking the pulp by pressure under conditions allowing the 
 miiisture to escape; introducing a weak solution of the sijlvent 
 sinmltaneously with the introduction of air under pressure; drj-- 
 ing the pulp by passing air under pressure therethrough; intro- 
 ducing a stronger solution of the solvent simultanei:iusly with the 
 introduction of air under pressure; and finally drying the cake by 
 air pressure. 
 
 75.'i9.5l — March 39, 1904. J. S.mith. Process <jf treating ores. 
 
 In the cyanide treatment of ores, tlie method of remlering insol- 
 uble in the cj'anide solution ferrous oxide containect in a mass of 
 moist crushed ore, which method consists in applying heat to said 
 mass in the presence of air, previous to its treatment bv the 
 cyanide solution. 
 
 CLAiSS L'04— ELECTROLYSIS. 
 
 Sutichiss l-i—Aijueous Bath, Ores. 
 
 61S66 — February .5, 1S67. J. H. R,\e. Improred mode of treatinq 
 anriferoiis and argentifemus ores. 
 
 This invention consists in treating auriferous and argentiferous 
 ores with a current of electricity or galvanism for the purpose of 
 separating the precious metals from the gangue. In connection 
 with the electric cm-rent suitable liquids or chemical preparations, 
 su(.^h, for instance, as cyanide of potassium, are used, in such a 
 manner that by the combined action of the electricity and of the 
 i-hemicals, the metal contained in the ore is first reduced to a state 
 of solution and afterwards collected and deposited in a pure state. 
 
636 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Among the claims is one for the use of the platinuui agitator as an 
 electrode. 
 
 63776— March IJ, 1S67. 3. H. Rae. Iiiiproreil iimih' nf coltertin;/ 
 
 gold and silrer from sivcephigs, ivashings, elf. 
 
 This invention consists in treating sweepings, filings, and wash- 
 ings containing gold or silver with a current of electricity or galvan- 
 ism for the purpose of separating the precious metals from the 
 impurities of foreign matter mixed with them. In connection 
 with the electric current suitable liquids or chemical preparations, 
 such, for instance, as cyanide of potassium, are used in such a man- 
 ner that by the combined action of the electricity and chemicals 
 the precious metals contained in the sweepings, filings, and wash- 
 ings are first reduced to a state of solution, and afterwards ci illected 
 and deposited either as oxides or in a metallic state, and the opera- 
 tion of extracting or separating said precious metals from the sweep- 
 ings, filings, or washings is attended with very little trouble and 
 expense. During this operation the bath which contains the wash- 
 ings, filings, or sweepings acts as an electrode, and also as an 
 agitator; and the third claim of the patent covers the use of this 
 carbon electrode as an agitator. 
 
 90565 — May 25, 1869. W.J. Lyxd. Improred procens of separating 
 
 iron and other metals fritm j)oUers' clay. 
 
 The process of removing iron, copper, and other discoloring mat- 
 ters from potters' clay and other argillaceous substances by sub- 
 jecting the clay, when in solution, to the action of one or more 
 magnets, or by passing through the bath containing such solution 
 a current of electricity. 
 
 -March 22, 1881. A. Ryder. Apjparatus for treating ores. 
 
 The invention has reference to apparatus for reducing ores in 
 which the ore, while in a heated state, is dumped suddenly into 
 a liquid or chemical solution for the purpose of disintegrating the 
 ore and separating the particles preparatory to amalgamation. 
 And the inventor claims, in an apparatus for disintegrating ores 
 preparatory to amalgamation, the insulated vessel or nonconductor 
 of electricity, provided with a metallic or plated hopper, in com- 
 bination with an electrical generator or l_)attery and conducting 
 wire or wires. 
 
 -August 2-3, 1881. E. Eeynier. Electro-cheinic(d treatment 
 
 of ore.?. 
 
 The method of treating ores of zinc and lead for the production 
 of electricity and recovery of the metals liy acting upon said ores 
 in a voltaic couple with an electrolytic liquid having caustic alkali 
 as the base, and precipitating the metallic oxides from said liquid. 
 
 S72.S91 — February IS, 1883. A. Tiiiollier. I'rocessofaud apjiaratiis 
 for extracting metals from their ores. 
 
 In combination with an electro-generator, a receptacle for con- 
 ductively jjrepared ore or other material containing metal to be 
 recovered, having attachments for tlie negative and positive polar 
 conductors of the electro-generator, arranged, as described, in elec- 
 trical communication with the mass of conductive ore by means 
 of the electrolytic solution, whereby reduction is effected when 
 the current is passed. 
 
 286208— October 9, 188.3. L. Lethan-(_;e. Process of and <ipparaltis 
 
 for reducing zinc ores. 
 
 The process of reducing zinc (jres ami j)roducing pure metallic 
 zinc and sulphuric acid simultaneously therefrom, which (-(insists 
 in simultaneously roasting sulphuret ores and carbonate ores in the 
 same or communicating chamljers, and thereliy converting b(jth 
 ores into soluble sulphates, then leaching these masted ores, and 
 then depositing the metallic zinc from a solution of the sulphates 
 by electric currents on metallic plat(^s, and drawing sulphuric acid 
 at the same time from the. solution as fast asset free by the said 
 electric currents; and the iipiiaratiis lor use in the jinjcess (jf reduc- 
 ing zinc ores, which c(jnsists, essentially, in a reservoir f(ir the sid- 
 
 phate solution; a precipitating vessel provided with suitable anodes 
 and cathodes; a pipe provided with a regulating cock, leading 
 from the reservoir to near the bottom of the precipitating vessel, 
 and an outlet pijje for the freed acid, arranged in the said vessel at 
 the desired level of the liquid therein, whereby the strength and 
 quantity of the sulphate solution in the precipitating vessel are 
 maintained constant. 
 
 291670 — January S, 188.}. M. Body. Process of and apjparatus for 
 obtaining gold and silver froni their ores by combined electrrjlytic and 
 amalgamating processes. 
 
 The method of first subjecting gold and silver ores to the action 
 of ferric salts, in combination with the electrolytic process, and the 
 subsequent amalgamation of the metals with mercury under the 
 continued action of the electric current; and the apparatus for 
 effecting this process. 
 
 S00950 — June 24, 1884- H. R. Cassel. Process of and appjaratus for 
 
 the separation of metals from ores and alloys. 
 
 The yjrocess of separating metals from ores or alloys, especially 
 those of an auriferous character, which consists in charging the ore 
 or alloy in a powdered condition into an anode compartment, 
 which is separated from the cathode compartment by porous mate- 
 rial, said anode compartment containing a .solution yielding nascent 
 chlorine under the action of an electric current, and agitating said 
 ])0wdered material within said solution during the passage of the 
 electric current; and the combination in an apparatus for treating 
 ores and metals by electrolysis, of a cathode compartment, a nega- 
 tive pole therein, a rotary drum constituting the anode compart- 
 ment, provided with porous material separating it from the cathode 
 compartment, and with a series of carbon rods or plates arranged 
 within the same, and suitable electric connections. 
 
 300951— June 34, 1884. H. R. Cassel. Process <f chloridizing ores 
 by electrolysis. 
 
 In the process of extracting gold from reljellious or refractory 
 gold ores, the steps which consist in subjecting the ore to the action 
 (jf a solution yielding nascent chlorine under electrolytic decompo- 
 sition, and adding lime or its equivalent, whereljy acids formed by 
 secondary acti(m during said decouiposition are neutralized. 
 
 ■>172-i,-j — May 5, 1885. E. P. Thompso.n. Apparatus for the separa- 
 tion of gold from its ores by electro-chlorination and deposition. 
 The c(imbinati(pn, with an electrolytic cell for separating chlorine 
 from its compounds and its anode, of a battery, a cathode consist- 
 ing of a pipe through which steam is admitted to the cell for the 
 purpose of increasing the rapidity of the separating, and conductors 
 respectively connecting the same anode and cathode with the poles 
 of said Ijattery. 
 
 317346 — May .7, 1885. E. P. TnoMi'siix. Apparatus for the electro- 
 deposition of gold fr<un its cldorides. 
 
 The combination, in an electrolytic cell, of an anode formed of a 
 series of carbon rods set in a metal ring, and a cathode formed by 
 two thin corrugated copper plates connected electrically, which are 
 set, resjiectively, within and without the circle of carbons. 
 
 332705 — December 33, 1885. H. H. Eames. Apparatus for chlorid- 
 iziug gold, silrer, (nnl other ores. 
 
 This invention consists of an iron vessel cylindrical in shape, 
 lined with wood, having a cast iron cover, adjusted so as to lie 
 steam and \apor tight. It is also arranged with a set of stirrers, to 
 which motion is communicated by crown and pinion wheels. It 
 is also fitted with pipes, by means of which steam can be forced 
 through the contents and held there under pressure. It is also 
 furnished with two ele(_'trodeS| by which electricity can be passed 
 through the ore and chemicals operated upon, while the pressure 
 is apjilied. The electric current is best obtained from a dynamo 
 machine of ordinary construction used in the deposition of metals. 
 
(lYANIDE PROCESSES. 
 
 637 
 
 3SSS16 — January 5, 1S86. M. Body. Pmresx of (ihldiiniiij tjohl, sil- 
 ver, copper, nickel, and colmUfroiii their ori-s bij electroltilic action. 
 The process of separating gold, sil\-er, copper, and other metals 
 from chlorinated or chlorine containing ores by electrolytic action, 
 consisting in first roasting the ores or subjecting them to an equiv- 
 alent oxidizing treatment, as specified, and then subjecting the ore 
 to the action of ferric-salt solutions, and at the same time passing 
 an electric current through said solution, whereby the metal be- 
 comes dissolved and precipitated, and chlorine gas is generated at 
 the positive pole, which reconverts the resulting ferrous salts intu 
 ferric salts. 
 
 351076 — October ^6, 1S86. H. B.. Oassel. Process of ertroetiiui ijold, 
 etc., from ores. 
 
 The process of sej)arating metals from ores or alloys, especially 
 those of an auriferous character, which consists in charging the ore 
 or alloy in a powdered condition into an anode compartment, 
 which is separated from the cathode compartment by a porous 
 i:)artition composed of asbestos, which permits the passage of the 
 current with the metals in solution, and retains the ores within 
 the anode compartment, said anode compartment containing a 
 cliloride solution, agitating and subjecting the charge to nascent 
 chlorine produced from said solution during the passage of the 
 electric current, passing the solution of metals through the asljes- 
 tos partition, and depositing the metals in solution at the cathode. 
 
 S.576o9 — Fehriiari/ 1.5, 1S87 . I). G. Fitzgerald. Ohluminij chlorine 
 
 hi/ electrolysis. 
 
 The electro-chemical generation of chlorine In- means of an 
 anode of peroxide of lead in the form of dense, highly conductive 
 layers, jjlates, or masses of any required form preferably obtained 
 by the means hereinbefore described, the said anode being em- 
 ployeil in conjunction with any suitable cathode and with an 
 electrolyte capable of evolving chlorine. 
 
 3608.52— April 13, 1887. H. R. Cassel. Apparatus for separating 
 metals from ores or alloijs. 
 
 In an apparatus for separating metals from ores or alloys by 
 electrolysis the combination of a journaled drum provided with 
 carbon anodes, a hollow metallic shaft insulated on its exterior and 
 extending through said drum, said shaft being perforated within 
 the drum and separated from the intericjr thereof by a filter, and a 
 screw conveyor within said hollow shaft. 
 
 S60S53— April 13, 1887. H. E. Cassel. Apparatus fir scparatinr/ 
 
 metals from ores or alloys. 
 
 In an apparatus for separating metals from ores or alloys by 
 electrolysis the combination of a rotary drum constituting the 
 anode compartment and liaving a suitable electric connection, a 
 rotary cathode compartment having a suitable electric connection 
 and provided with an automatic valve, a porous diaphragm sepa- 
 rating said anode and cathode compartments, a fixed bracket, and 
 an arch shaped arm attached to said bracket in the path of said 
 valve for opening of the latter. 
 
 S63023 — Ajiril S6, 1887. H. Liepmann. Apparatus for separating 
 
 metals from ores or alloys by electrolysis. 
 
 In an apparatus for separating metals from ores or alloys by 
 electrolysis the combination of an anode compartment, a cathode 
 compartment, a filtering diaphragm separating said compartments, 
 a dense porous diaphragm for separating said compartments dur- 
 ing one step of the operation, and mechanism whereby the dense 
 porous diaphragm may be placed in apposition with or removed 
 from the opening betfl'een the anode and cathode compartments. 
 
 S79764'-Mardi 20, 1888. C. F. Croselmire. Wet process of 
 
 extracting pure zinc from its ores. 
 
 The process which consists in immersing roasted zinc ore in 
 dilute acid, passing an air blast through the solution until the 
 iujpurities are oxidized, and finally drawing off the zinc solution 
 and depositing or precipitating the zinc. 
 
 ,1870,116— July 31, ],S8S, Q,. V. Bellows. Process of cleansing gold 
 and silrcr where 'iiiec}uinic(dly coated in ores ivitli refractory substances. 
 The process of cleansing refractory fjres jiridr to the recovery of 
 the precious metals therefrom, which consists in immersing said 
 ores in a solution of a sodium chloride and caustic soda, heating 
 said solution, and at the same time subjecting the ores to the action 
 of the electric current, whereliy the ore is rendered free milling. 
 
 391360 — October 16, 1888. H. H. Eahes. ApjKcratusfor chloridiz- 
 
 iug ores. 
 
 In a device for chloridizing metallii' ores, the combination of a 
 heruietically sealed tank, metallic plates placeil inside the said tank 
 and mounted upon insulated supports, wherelj)' they will be insu- 
 lated from each other and from the tank, the said plates forming the 
 two elements of a galvanic battery, a stirrer jjlaced in the said tank 
 and between the said plates a solution containing the ore to be 
 treated, by which a galvanic current will be excited between the 
 said charging steam in the said tank, whereby the said solution 
 will be heated and a pressure maintained in said tank. 
 
 S99209— March 5, 1889, J. H. Eae. Electric amalgamator. 
 
 In an apparatus for working ores, a pan or tub with an internal 
 copper ring and rotating arms or stirrers, in combination with a 
 horizontal wooden ring suspended above the tub, a copper plate 
 forming the upper surface of said ring and perforated to admit car- 
 bons which ]iass loosely through the plates, said carbons having 
 heads or transverse pins at the upper ends, and the movable elastic 
 plates or springs pressing upon the heads of the carbons to hold 
 them in contact with the copper plate. 
 
 407386 — ,Tidy S3, 1889. J. C. AViswELL. Batii or solution fur sepa- 
 rating metals from tlieir ores. 
 
 The process of producing a Ijath or solution for the sepiaration of 
 metals from their ores, consisting in subjecting a solution of .salt 
 water, muriate of ammonia, and muriatic acid to a current of elec- 
 tricity, then placing this solution in a tank containing liquid mer- 
 cury, and subjecting the wh<:)le to a current of electricity, said 
 mercury serving as the anoile. 
 
 410228 — September 3, 1889. J. C. Wiswell. Solution, for use in sepa- 
 rating metals from tlieir ores. 
 
 A solution or liath for use in separating metals from their ores, 
 consisting of chlorine in solution, sodium chloride, ammonium 
 chloride, hydrochloric acid, and l)ichlijride of mercury. 
 
 413,576 — Norember 19, 1889, W. vox Sie.aiexs. Process of electro- 
 depjosition of metals. 
 
 The process which consists in lixiviating ore in separate vessels 
 with a solution containing ferric sulphate, passing the resulting 
 ferrous sulphate successively through a series of compartments 
 containing cathode plates, and in which cells the solution is sub- 
 jected to the action of an electrical current by which the metal in 
 solution is deposited, then passing the remaining liquid succes- 
 sively through a second series of compartments containing anode 
 plates of insoluble material and separated from the first-mentioned 
 compartments by nonmetallic diaphragms, whereby the ferrous 
 sulphate is oxidized and reconverted into ferric sulphate, which 
 solution is again used to lixi\-iate (ires, 
 
 418134— December 34, 1889. H. F. .Tclux. Process of e.riracting 
 
 gold and silver from their ores. 
 
 The improvement in the i)rocess of extracting gold and silver 
 from ores, which consists in agitating the pulverized ore in closed 
 vats with chlorine, bromine, or iodine and water under pressure of 
 a fluid forced into the vat, and after the gold and silver have com- 
 bined with the halogen, adding mercury and again agitating under 
 pressure of a fluid forced into the vat, next passing the ore, mer- 
 cury, and solution over amalgamated copper surfaces forming the 
 cathode of an electric circuit, and subsequently submitting the 
 mixture to electrolytic action between cathodes of mercury below 
 and suitable anoiles aViove. 
 
638 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 45^125 — Mdij 13, 1S91. \V. V(iN Siemens. A/ijHimhis for exIrdcUn;/ 
 
 metals from their orex. 
 
 The combination of a trough for tiie flow uf hqiiid, composeil of 
 numerous sections connected at alternate ends, with an inlet at one 
 end and an outlet at the other, with two longitudinal shafts in each 
 section of the said trough, said sliaft carrying beaters and being 
 entirely immersed in the liquid contained in the trough, and a 
 heating pipe located l)elow and lietween the said shafts. 
 
 459033 — Se^ytemher 8,1891. 0. Schreibek and H. Ksutsen. I'roceKK 
 
 of extracting antimony from. ores. 
 
 In the extraction of antimony from ore, tlie jimcess which con- 
 sists in subjecting the crushed ore to the action of a solution of 
 sulphide of sodium and then precipitating the antimony in metallic 
 form by electrolysis, adding hydroxide of soilium to tlie solution. 
 
 460354 — September S9, 1891. W. von Siemens. Ajipanitus for eler- 
 
 trolyticaUy separating metals from (n-rs. 
 
 In an electrolytical cell, the combination (jf a revolving cathode, 
 a trough shaped anode situateil below the said cathode, in the 
 trough of which the cathode revolves, a screen permitting the pas- 
 sage of the electrolyte and of electricity and capable of preventing 
 the passage of vibrations of the electrolyte situated Ijetween the 
 said cathode and anode, and means for supplying the electrolyte 
 above the screen and for withdrawing the oxidized liquid from the 
 bottom of the trough of the anode. 
 
 473105 — April 19, 1892. G. J, Atkixs. Elrctroli/tir apparatus for 
 
 separatimj gold and other metals from their ores. 
 
 Electrolytic apparatus for separating grild and other metals from 
 their ores, which consists of an upright anode compartment through 
 which the ore is passed continuously, having within it an anode 
 constructed to receive and retard the descent of the ore, wliile the 
 ore itself fi:)rms a more or less soluble portion of such anode jiole, 
 and an upright cathode compartment and pole, the said anode and 
 cathode compartments communicating through an opening closed 
 by a porous diaphragm and having outlets at their lower ends for 
 the removal of the ore which has been acted upon in the anode 
 compartment and of the metals and other substances that have 
 been deposited or precipitated in the cathode compartment. 
 
 484869 — Oetoher'25, 1892. G. J. Atkixs. Proeess of .-iejiaraliiii/ gold 
 
 and rjther metals from tltei'- ores. 
 
 The continuous process of separating gijlil ami nther metals from 
 their ores, wliich consists in passing such ore through the amide 
 compartment of an elei'trolytic apparatus in contact with the anode 
 and retarding the descent of the fire in the said anode compart- 
 ment while such ore is kept in contact with the anode pole of such 
 compartment, so as to form a more or less soluble portion of such 
 anode pole, and then .subjecting the ore to the process of amalga- 
 mation. 
 
 495212— April 11, 1893. .7. F. Wiswei.i,. Prorr.ix rf, and oj,jiiiratii.-< 
 
 for, treating ores. 
 
 An improved process of treating ores which consists in sulmicrg- 
 ing mercury in a solution of common salt ('onnecting tlie mercury 
 with the positive pole of a generator and the salt solnticui with tlic 
 other i>ole, so that the current will decompose the salt solution 
 and cause the chlorine to be attracted to the nieri'iirv forming 
 calomel; treating the calomel with aqua regia forming a soluble 
 mercuric chloride, diluting tlie latter with water, treating unde- 
 composed salt solution with an electric current to produce sodium 
 hypochlorite and introducing the soluble mercuric chloride and 
 sodium hypochlorite sinuiltancously upon tlie crushed nre. 
 
 49,5637— April 18, 1893. .T. Pflec;kh, J'roress .;/' e.rlrartiiig zliie hij 
 
 eleetrolysis. 
 
 The process of oVjtaining zinc by electrolysis out of a zinc con- 
 taining anode, which consists in adding to the bath a basic zinc- 
 salt solution adajited to act as electrolyte, to which hasic zinc-salt 
 solution a conducting neutral salt has been added. 
 
 4:K-j71.-,—Aj>ril 18, 1893. 8. R. WniT.\LL. Proeess of lixiviating in-es. 
 
 The iirocess of seiiarating gold and silver from their ores, which 
 consists, first, in roasting tlie ore to oxidize the base metals; and, 
 secondly, in subjecting the roasteil ore to the action of a solution 
 of potassium cyaniile and sodium hyposulphite, anil subsequently 
 precipitating the dissolved metals; and the process of separating 
 gold and silver from siliceous ores, which consi.sts in subjecting the 
 ore admixed with caustic soda and potash to the action of a solution 
 of jKitassium cyanide and sodium hyposulphite. 
 .f97014 — .Vay 9, 1893. F. W. C^LEcmoRX. Proeess of sepeiraling 
 
 jireeioi'S metals from ores. 
 
 The jirocess of separating gold and silver from ores, consisting 
 in filtering through the ores a solution of sulphuric acid and .salt, 
 and precipitating the gold and silver in the filtrate solution by 
 placing metallic iron in the filtrate and passing an electric current 
 through the filtrate. 
 
 .501997 — .hdy 25, 1893. S. H. Emmexs. Appartdns fe/r the eleelrej- 
 
 lytic extraction, of meteds. 
 
 In apparatus for the electrolytic extraction of metals, a vat hav- 
 ing an anode lining on its floor and sides, in comliination with a 
 suitable cathode or cathodes suspended within tlie vat and a non- 
 porous and nonconducting inner wall or curb located between the 
 siile linings and the cathode or c-athodes ami extending from the 
 upper surface of the floor lining to above the .surface of the electro- 
 lyte, and serving to support a lining of the substance to be acted 
 upon in contact with the anode side linings and to prevent short- 
 circuiting between said anode side linings and the cathodes. 
 
 5071.i0—0etotier 24, 1893. C. Hoeffxek. Electrolytie production of 
 
 meteds. 
 
 The pnx'ess of cihtaining copper and silver free from other metals, 
 which consists in forming a cupmusehloriile solution of these metals 
 by leaching a cupriferous and argentiferous material with a cupric 
 chloride solution cimtaining a solvent for cuprous chloride, sejia- 
 rating from tlie cuprous chloride solution so obtained-such metals 
 as arsenic, antimony, colialt. and the like, extracting the silver by 
 precipitation, electmlyzing the cuprnus chloride solution, prevent- 
 ing the solution at the amide from commingling with the solution 
 at the cathode, mixing together the two solutions after having been 
 acted upon by the electric current and preventing an accumulation 
 (if iron therein liy oxidizing and removing the latter. 
 
 512361 — .lanaary 9, 1894. P. C. Ciio.vtk. Art if producing metidlic 
 xinr. 
 
 The method of |iriiducing fnim an impure solution of zinc salts 
 a zinc electrolyte free from ilepo.sitable impurities, wdiich consists 
 in subjecting the sulution to tlie action of an electric current to jire- 
 ci]iitate and deposit the depositalile impurities, and at the same 
 tiiiii- jireventing the re-solutiun of such impurities in the solution 
 liy neutralizing the acid set free in the liath with a neutralizing 
 agent « Inch is free from any depositable impurities soluble in the 
 solvent element of the bath. 
 
 ''IJ.IO 
 liim 
 
 P. (". Ciio.\te. Process of preparing sohi 
 
 —.lauuarg 9, 1894. 
 rorrijiug sidlx nf -Joe. 
 Tlie Jirocess of forming a solution carrying salts of zinc, which 
 consists in forming a suljiliate suliitinn nf the solulile elements of 
 the ore and recovering the same therefrom by evaporation and 
 crystallization, heating tlie crystallized product to drive off the 
 salts of metals more volatile than zinc and convert those less vola- 
 tile than zinc into compounds insoluble in water and finally treat- 
 ing the mass with water tu dissolve the zinc element. 
 
 51.S73.'—A/u-il .'4, 1894. P.O. Gno.vrE. Art nf i„;,dnciug uotallic 
 line. 
 
 The process of continuously producing metallic zinc liy electrol- 
 ysis, which consists in depositing the zinc from an acidulated solu- 
 tion nf a zinc salt, drawing off from the batli the free acid liljerated 
 Iherciii, dissohiiig in such acid oxidizeil zinc, in the state of fume 
 
CYANIDE PROCESSES. 
 
 639 
 
 treed from its more volatile soluble impurities, and returniiii; the 
 Holutiou thus formed to the bath from time to time, as required, to 
 maintain the electrolyte. 
 
 526099— September IS, 1S94. P. Danckwardt. AjijiiiniliiH fur mid 
 
 prorexg of extracting gold or silver from on'x. 
 
 The process of extracting giild and silver from ores, wliich con- 
 sists in subjecting the same simultaneously to the action of cyanide 
 of potassium, an alkali sulphide, and to electrolysis; and the com- 
 bination of a main apjiaratus consisting of a revolving outer drum 
 having blades, an insulated inner drum and electric connections, 
 with an auxiliary apparatus consisting of a sei'ies of connnunicating 
 tanks, rotating insulated drums and electric connections. 
 SJSOJ-S — (Mother 2S, 1S94. L. Pelatan and F. Clerici. Extroeting 
 
 gold from its ore. 
 
 The combination with a crushing mechanism and an auialgamator, 
 of a series of vessels containing a solution of cyanide of potassium 
 and a salt of sodium, each vessel having an amalgamated copper bot- 
 tom connected to one pole of a generator of electricity and a central 
 shaft havingazinc pipeand agitator connected to the other pole, a fil- 
 ter, a series of communicating closed vessels of lead, each containing 
 a body of aluminum chips resting on a perforated diaphragm above 
 the inlet and rising nearly to the outlet, and means for creating a 
 vacuum beneath the filter to dri\e the fluid through and into the 
 series of lead vessels under pressure. 
 
 531169 — Decemtjer IS, 1S94- V. K.n'gelhahdt. Process of extracting 
 
 metals from sulphide ores, etc. 
 
 The process of treating the sulphur compounds of metals, which 
 compounds have combined therewith other ore compounds not sol- 
 ulile in a solution of an alkaline sulph-hydrate, which consists in 
 extracting the sulphur compounds by treatment with an alkaline 
 sulph-hydrate, thereljy also generating sulphureted hydrogen, sub- 
 jecting the solution thus formed to the action of an electric current 
 in the cathode compartment of an electrolytic cell, in the anode 
 compartment of which is an alkaline chloride, thereliy obtaining 
 the metals, reforming the sulph-hydrate, and liberating free chlo- 
 rine, treating the ore residues, resulting from the sulpli-hydrate 
 bath with such chlorine, and sulijecting the solution tlius olitained ' 
 to the action of the sulphureted hydrogen first generated in the 
 sulph-hydrate bath. 
 
 537433^Apra 9, 1S95. F. H. Long and I>. C. Skaden. ApiHirntus 
 
 for recorerimj precious metcds from their ores. 
 
 An apparatus for recovering precious metals comprising a revol- 
 uble drum, a perforated metal tube opening from said drum and 
 prcjvided with a fabric jacket, a series of plates secured to the inner 
 surface rif the drum and having inwardly extending blades or 
 flanges electric connections to the plates and tube for rendering 
 the same of opposite polarity, a rotatable conveyor located and 
 working in said tube and a fixed vent pipe passing axially through 
 the drum head and opening into the interior of the drum near the 
 fop tliereof. 
 
 53S5gS — April SO, 1S95. E. D. Kendall. Fmcetis ,f <ri>d reagent 
 
 for recovering silrer and gold from solutions. 
 
 The process of the recovery of goLl and silver from solutions, 
 which con,sists of the following steps: (first) the subjecting of the 
 ore containing the precious metals to the action of a solvent, thus 
 o1)taining an aqueous solution of the solvent and the minerals Con- 
 tained in the ore; (second) subjecting the said solution to the 
 electro-chemical action of a mercurial amalgam; (third) subjecting 
 the valuable precipitate secured by the preceding process to the 
 action of dilute acid in the presence of carbon ; ( fourth ) the recovery 
 of the valuable metal from the result of the i)receding process. 
 
 643646 — July 30, 1S95. E. J. Eraser. Process if and apjiaratiixfor 
 
 trecdment of precious metals. 
 
 The process of separating gold or otlier precious metal held in 
 an electrolytic solution, which consists in passing the si>lution 
 
 through a vessel containing alternating purous layers of zinc and 
 carbon, to set up a local voltaic action wliich tends to decompose 
 the .solution, precipitating the gold in the carbon Ijy filtration. 
 
 543673 — July 30, 1395. .M. Crawkoro. Pi-onvn of extracting jireriirus 
 
 metfds from their ores. 
 
 The improved process of removing precious metals from their 
 ores which consists, first, in lixiviating the ore with a cyanide 
 solution which has been subjected to the action of an anode separated 
 from its corresponding cathoile by a porous partition which sub- 
 stantially prevents the circulation of the electrolyte; second, in 
 withdrawing said solution and removing the pirecious metals there- 
 from; third, in again subjecting the solution to the action of an 
 anode separated from its corresponding cathode as before and using 
 it over again in continuous rotation. 
 
 643674 — July 30, 1895. M. Crawford. Process of e.riraclvng prei-iona 
 
 metals from their ores. 
 
 The improved process of extracting precious metals from their 
 ores, which consists in forming a solution of a cyanide and a cya- 
 nate of the corresponding base, the total amount of cyanate being 
 not less than 2.5 per cent of the total amount of cyanide present; 
 lixiviating the ore therewith and extracting the dissolved precious 
 metals from said solution. 
 
 543675 — .July 30, 1895. M. Or-\wford. Appxirnlus firr extrading 
 precie/us metiils from Iheir ores. 
 
 An apparatus for extracting precious metals from their ores, 
 which consists in the combination of a tank wherein the solvent 
 liquid is stored; a revoluble lixiviating receptacle; a pipe running 
 from said storage tank to the lixiviating receptacle; an amalgamat- 
 ing table; means for causing the lixiviating receptacle to discharge 
 its contents continuously upon the amalgamating table; a separat- 
 ing tank; means for conducting ore which has passed over the 
 amalgamating table into the separating tank; means for separating 
 the solid contents of this separating tank from its liquid contents; 
 a third tank; connectionswherebythe solvent liquidthus separated 
 is passed to said third tank; means for reclaiming the precious 
 metals from the solution in said third tank; and connections where- 
 by the solvent liquid is run from the third tank to the storage tank; 
 and a separator for removing the tailings of the ores of precious 
 metals from their accompanying solvent solution, which consists 
 in the comlnnation of a tank into which the ores and solution are 
 discharged; a conveyer running from the bottom of said tank to a 
 point exterior thereto by which the solids are separated from the 
 liquids; a car filter with a permeable bottom situated below the 
 discharge end of the conveyor; and a second tank below said car 
 filter. 
 
 544610~August 13, 1.S95. E. W. CU.ark. Process of and apparatus 
 for extracting ores by electroly.iis. 
 
 In an electric chlorinator for gold ores, the (/ombination of the 
 hollcjw cylinder constructed in longitudinal sections united by 
 tiands, and having the series of separate boxes or chambers com- 
 municating with its interior; the electrical connections consisting 
 of the anode in the cylinder chamber, and the cathodes in the 
 boxes or amalgamating chambers, the agitat(5r shaft provided with 
 the spirally arranged series of stirrer arms and adapted to revolve 
 in the cylinder chamber, and the stufling boxes at the ends of the 
 cylinder. 
 
 546873 — September -24, 1895. E. A. Ashcroft. I-'rocess of treating 
 zinc-bearing ores. 
 
 In the treatment (if zinc bearing ores and zinc bearing products, 
 the method of simultaneously depositing zinc from a eatholyte free 
 from iron, and raising a ferrous salt solution to the ferric state 
 which consists in passing the zinc bearing solution free from iron, 
 around the metallic cathodes of an electrolytic apparatus, and 
 simultaneously passing the ferrous .salt solution around the insolu- 
 ble ;iuoilesof the said electrolytic apparatus. 
 
640 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 549907 — Xoi-emher 111, lS9o. A. L. Eltonhead. Apparatus for ex- 
 traclliH/ ijohl. 
 
 In an apparatus for extracting gold and other metals, the com- 
 bination of a mercury receiving box, a horizontally movable vessel 
 therein, having its lower end open and unobstructed whereljy 
 mercury placed v\'ithin the box may, in seeking its level, enter 
 said vessel, a horizontally placed anode striji suspended within 
 the latter, means for adjusting the strip vertically, a cathode con- 
 nection and conductor wires adapted to connect the anode and 
 cathode with a suitable dynamo or battery. 
 
 65164S — December 17, 1S95. L. Pelatan and F. Clerici. Electro- 
 
 li/tic jirocess of ohtaining preciovs metals. 
 
 In an apparatus for the extraction of precious metals by direct 
 electrolytic action, the combination with an electrolytic vat having 
 cathodes arranged at its bottom, of anode cylinders arranged above 
 the said cathodes, anode plates alternating with said cylinders, a 
 generator of electricity having its poles connected t(3 said anode 
 cylinders and plates and to the cathodes, means for rotating the 
 anode cylinders which are provided with agitators, a force pump 
 having injection pipes to discharge beneath the anode plates and 
 cylinders, said pipes being provided at or near tlieir mouths with 
 interior, concentric rods having spiral ril)S, or feathers, and suction 
 pipes having their open ends arranged above the anode plates. 
 
 55-2960 — January 14, 1S96. C. Hoepfner, Proi-esn of producing 
 
 cuprous oxides. 
 
 The process which consists in leaching cupriferous materials 
 with a cupric chloride solution containing calcium chloride, 
 whereby a solution containing cuprous chloride is obtained, con- 
 verting the cuprous -chloride in a portion of the solution into 
 cupric chloride by means of a suitable acid as sulphurous acid in 
 the presence of oxygen, freeing the other portion of the solution 
 from metals other than copper, and ccmverting the cuprous 
 chloride therein into cuprous oxide by means of a suitable reagent, 
 as caustic lime. 
 
 65SS16 — January .iS, 1896. L. Pelatan and Y. (Ilerici. I'rorens 
 
 of and appiarcdus for e.rtracting goldfrcjm its ores. 
 
 A single continuous process for the extraction of precious metals 
 from their ores, and the amalgamation of the same, which consists 
 in treating said ores with a comparatively weak solution of a solu- 
 ble cyanide, such as cyanide of potassium, adding thereto a perox- 
 ide such as hydrogen binoxide, increasing the electric conductivity 
 of said solution by adding chloride of sodium, increasing the 
 solvent power of said solution by passing a relatively weak current 
 of electricity through the same, retaining the sodium chloride in 
 the solution practically without decomposition and continuously 
 revolving the anode in the solution over a fixed cathode of mercury. 
 
 6.56092 — March 10, 1896. 0. Frolicii. I\ocess of edracting nolile 
 
 metcds from ores. 
 
 The process of extracting precious metals from a lye containing 
 also inferior metals, said lye containing substantially Jive grains of 
 each of the said metals to the pint, which consists in subjecting 
 the said lye to the action of an electric current of suljstantially 
 twelve amperes for each two square yards of cathode surface, 
 whereby the gold is separated by electrolysis. 
 
 SOSl-i.J — .June 30, 1896. J. Doi;gl.\s. I^roress of e.rtracting cop/per 
 
 from ores. 
 
 The method of extracting copper from solid cuprous chloride, 
 which consists in moistening said solid cuprous chloride with water, 
 inserting both electrodes of an electric circuit in the; said solid 
 cuprous chloride, and then passing an electric current there- 
 through. 
 
 56.'ll.i4 — June .10, 1896. .1. DoroLAS. I'roci'ss of e.rtria-ting rop])cr 
 
 from orc^. 
 
 TVie process of extracting copper from thesolid cu])rouschloriil(', 
 which consists in HUS|>eiMling the sii.id solid cuprous chloride in uii 
 
 acidulated electrolyte, inserting the cathode of an electric circuit 
 into the solid cuprous chloride, and the anode into the electrolyte, 
 and passing an electric current therethrough. 
 
 .566894— September I, 1896. P. Da.nxkwardt. Apparatus for ex- 
 tracting gold aud sdrer from ore. 
 
 The i-ombination of a revolving barrel having an amalgamated 
 copper lining with nonconducting bottoms, a series of inclined per- 
 forated metal strii)s secured to such bottoms, insulating rings that 
 sustain the bodies of such strips, and with electric connections that 
 conununicate with the liarrel and the strips. 
 
 566986— September 1, 1896. R. Keck. Cyanide pn-ocess of extracting 
 
 precious metals frout tjwir ores. 
 
 The process of extracting precious metals from their ores, which 
 consists in dissolving said metals in a cyanide solution and extract- 
 ing them therefrom by electrolytic jjrecipitation effected by alter- 
 nating plates of lead and aluminum, the former being anodes and 
 the latter cathodes. 
 
 567503— September 8, 1896. L. Pelatan and F. Clerici. IMjccss 
 of extracting gold and silver from their ores. 
 
 The process, which consists in submitting the ores of gold and 
 silver to the action of a comparatively weak cyanide solution con- 
 taining chloride of sodium, intensifying the solvent power of the 
 solution by the passage of a continuous electric current having an 
 electro-motive force below that required for the decomposition of 
 .sodium chloride, and continuously revolving the anode from which 
 the current is supplied to the solution over a mercury cathode. 
 
 568090 — September >i2, 1896. L. Pelatan and F. C'lerici. Electro- 
 lytic apparatus for e.rtracting gold and sdrer from their ores. 
 The combination with a vat having a flat bottom, of a cathode 
 of uicrcury spread thereon, an anode having the form of an endless 
 belt, rolls arranged near the ends of the vat to support and give 
 continuous movement to said anode in parallelism with the surface 
 of the cathode, and means for imparting continuous movement to 
 said anode, in one direction, it lieing provided with stirring devices 
 moving with it. 
 
 568724 — Octolier 6, 1896. E. Andreoli. Apparatus for electro-depo- 
 sition of gold or silrer. 
 
 In an apparatus for the electro-deposition of gold and silver from 
 a solution, a tank provided with one or more anodes and a series 
 of amalgamated cathodes, each cathode consisting of perforated, 
 skeleton, or network plates and a layer of mercury in the bottom 
 of the tank into which each of the cathodes dips, said layer of mer- 
 cury being connected with the negative pole of electricity, thereby 
 constituting a common vehicle for the current from all the cathodes 
 while at the same time maintaining the said cathodes constantly 
 amalgamated. 
 
 .568741 — October 6, 1896. H. R. Oassel. Process of e.rtracting gold 
 
 from, substances containing it. 
 
 The process of extracting gold from < ires, which consists in decom- 
 posing a bromide of an alkaline base Ijy electrolysis, dissolving the 
 gold by the anode solution, adding the cathode solution, running 
 the product through a mixture of iron and carlxm to precipitate 
 the gold, and redecomposing the liberated bromine solution by 
 electrolysis. 
 
 568843 — Octolier 6, 1806. V. ExoELHARDT and A. Nettel. I'rocess 
 
 of treating nn'tallic sulphides. 
 
 The process of treating a metallic sulphur compound, which 
 consists in lirst convertingthe said compiiund into a solulile douljle 
 sulphide by treating it with any suitable reagent, sucli as the 
 sulph-hydrate of calcium in aciueou.s solution; then decomposing 
 the resulting solution by electrolysis to produce the melal and 
 Hulphureted-hydnigcn gas, then treating the s])cut solution with 
 carbouii' acid gas to ]>rcci]iitatc a carlxiuate of the base and liber- 
 ate sid|il]uretcd-h\ilidneu gas, flicn recovering the oxide of the 
 
CYANIDE PROCESSES. 
 
 041 
 
 reagent and the oarbonic-acid gas from the precipitate b}' calcina- 
 tion, tlien combining the siilplmreted-liydrogen gas given oft dur- 
 ing tile process with tlie said oxide to form more reagent, and using 
 the recovered carljonic-acid gas tii treat more spent solution. 
 
 5714<>i'> — Xoi'i'iiiJier 17, IfiUiL T. P. Barbour. Frorrxx of Iredlirif/ iiri'n. 
 The process of treating ores, which consists in lirst treating tlie 
 raw material with copper oxide and sulphuric acid, then cidorinat- 
 ing the pulp thus treated, introducing the chlorinated mass into a 
 suitable agitator having zinc therein, and establishing an electric 
 current through the mass in the presence of zinc; and a clilorinat- 
 ing tank for treating ores consisting of a revoluble (ask having a 
 single manhole and a circular series of bungholes, copi)er jiole 
 disks secured within the cask at opposite ends thereof and arranged 
 in an electric circuit, insulator Ijracing j)osts arranged between said 
 disks and the outer heads of the tank, Hanged guide rings encircling 
 said cask at an intermediate point, spurrings encircling the cask 
 near its opposite ends, and a horizontal dri^•e shaft carrj'ing guide 
 rolls engaging said flanged guide rings and drive pinions engaging 
 said spur rings. 
 
 573~'oS — December 16, lS9ti. i\I. Xetto. Procesf: of prerip'daliiig 
 
 precious metah from Dieir alkali ri/uiriile soIuHovk. 
 
 The process of precipitating silver and gold from their alkali 
 cyanide solutions, which consists in acidulating the alkali cyanide 
 solution containing said metals with hydrochloric acid so as to i:ire- 
 cipitate silver chloride, separating said silver chloride by filtration, 
 subjecting the acid filtrate to the action of the electric current so 
 as to deposit the gold on the cathode, and regenerating the cyanide 
 solution by the addition of caustic alkali. 
 
 078171— March .i, 1897. 0. P. Tcrnek. Elecirohjticul (ipjuiralvx. 
 
 An electrolytic apparatus, provided with an anode consisting of 
 a nonconducting receptacle coated with an anticorrosive suljstanoe 
 and provided with an outer coating of a conducting material and 
 means for connecting said outer coating with the positive pole of a 
 source of electrical supply. 
 
 579S73 — March SO, 1S97. J. H. Hayceaft. Process of treating am-if- 
 
 eroiis and argentiferons ores. 
 
 The process of treating ores consisting in introducing the ore into 
 a pan, adding thereto mercury and soluble salts capable of yielding 
 chlorine by electrolysis, raising the ore ccmtents of the pan to 
 about the boiling point of water and passing a current of electricity 
 through the heated mass while stirring the same to secure a simul- 
 taneous electrolytic chlorination and electro-amalgamation, and 
 maintaining the anode out of vertical alignment with the mercury 
 cathode. 
 
 5S1160 — April 20, 1897 . H. Hibschiso. Process of treating ores con- 
 taining silver and gold. 
 The process of treating ores, which consists in subjecting them 
 
 in the presence ijf moisture to the action of ammonia and a nitrate, 
 
 and then precipitating the metal or metals from the resulting 
 
 solution. 
 
 583077 — May 4, 1897. E. Motz. Appa/ratns for e.rtracting pirecioiis 
 
 metals. 
 
 In an apparatus for extracting precious metals, the coml^ination 
 of a rotative drum provided with a manhole and having a valved 
 C(.>nnection for the admission of compressed air, a core of insulating 
 material mounted to turn in the said drum, metal plates forming 
 the positive and negative electrodes of an electric circuit and ar- 
 ranged respectively on the drum and core, and an electrical connec- 
 tion for said plates on the core, the said connection being arranged 
 to lock the drum and core together. 
 
 584242 — Junes, 1897. P. G. Salom. Process of \nahng commercial 
 
 lead from, lead ore. 
 
 The process of converting lead ore into I'ommercial lead, without 
 the application of heat, by subjecting tlie ore to the action of 
 nascent hydrogen, electrolytically developed, producing there! )y a 
 
 30223—04 41 
 
 spongy mass, and afterward, while the mass is in a nonoxidized 
 condition, ajiplyirig a consolidating pressure. 
 
 585355 — June 39, 1897. C. A. BuRonAiuiT ami li. Piioc. J'rejcess 
 
 (f obtaining metallic zinc and cop^icr from ores. 
 
 Tlie improved [jrocess (jf recovering metalhc zinc ami metallic 
 cojiper from cuprous zinc ore, which consists in treating the 
 roasted and ground ores with an ammoniacal solution, tlien in free- 
 ing tlie resultant liquid from iron dissolved by said solution, then in 
 depositing the metallic copper on suitable metallic plates acting as 
 a couple, and in finally effecting the electrolytic deposition of the 
 metallic zinc. 
 
 ■585493 — Jiuie 39, 1897. J. F. Webr. Method of an ajr/jaratns for 
 se/>ar(ding precious metals from their solrent solnti(rns. 
 Tlie improved method of separating precious metals from a sol- 
 ventsolution containing the same, consisting in passing the solution 
 alternately through a body of carbon and zinc, and .subjecting the 
 same in its passage to an air current; and a metallurgical filter for 
 this purpose containing the same, consisting of a series of alternate 
 compartments, or receptacles, containing, respectively, carbon and 
 7AB.C, through which the solvent solution is passed with an upward 
 and downward flow, and electric circuit completing connection 
 between the zinc and carbon. 
 
 588076 — August 10, 1897. B. ]\Iohr. Processof treating sulphide ore. 
 The process for treating sulphide ore by acting on the pulverized 
 ore with acid sodium nv potas.sium sulphate, so as to obtain a 
 solution of sulj.ihate of zinc, depositing the zinc by electrolysis and 
 thus recovering the acid alkali sulphate, and treating the insoluble 
 residue obtained by the lixiviation for recovery of the other metals. 
 
 ■588740— August 34, 1897. B. Becker. Apjparatns for treating gold 
 and silrer ores. 
 
 In apjiaratusfor the treatment of gold and silver ores thecomljina- 
 tion of a vat provided with amalgamating plates and adajited to 
 contain cyanide of potassium, in solution, and the ore to be treated, 
 a vat containing the electrodes of an electrolytic apparatus and 
 means for causing the circulation of the cyanide of potassium solu- 
 tion through the amalgamating vat, and for distributing it in the 
 electrolytic \'at. 
 
 590801— September 28, 1897. AV. L. Brown. Process (jf treating 
 
 rebellious ores. 
 
 The process of treating ores finely divided and mixed with water, 
 which consists in adding a suitable compound to said ores aud water, 
 which compound contains an element which has a chemical affin- 
 ity for the base constituents of the ore, then passing an electric 
 current through said material to unite the said element chemically 
 with the base constituents and to liberate the precious metals, then 
 circulating the material over an amalgamated surface which is not 
 in the electrical circuit, and finally returning the material again 
 through the field of electrolytic action. 
 
 593055 — October 19, 18.97. E. C. Ketchum. Process of treating ores. 
 The process of treating mixed sulphide ores containing lead and 
 zinc, which consists in first roasting the ores, then subjecting the 
 roasted ores to the action of a solution of caustic alkali in the pres- 
 ence of heat to remove from the ores the lead and the zinc, then 
 subjecting the caustic solution containing the lead and zinc tn elec- 
 trolytic action in one or more cells to remove the lead, the anodes 
 of which cells are immersed in a volume of pure caustic solution, 
 which is separated by a porous medium from the electrolyte con- 
 taining the lead and zinc, and then subjecting the caustic solution 
 or electrolyte containing the zinc only to electrolytic action in one 
 or more cells to remove the zinc. 
 
 593973— Norendier 3, 1897. E. Motz. Electrolytic (tpparcdns. 
 
 In an electrolytic apparatus the combination with a frame or 
 sluice of a series of convex cathode plates located in the bottom of 
 saiil frame or sluice, a series of anode plates having curved under 
 faces and disposed above said cathode plates, blocks secured to the 
 
642 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 anode plates and supported in the frame or sluii'e, eaeli l)lock 
 having a recess in its npper edge, a series of condnetors connected 
 with said anode plates and terminating in said recesses in the 
 blocks, a conducting rod disposed in said recesses on the tirst- 
 laentioned conductors and having a notch therein, a crossbar pass- 
 ing through said notch, a conductor with w hich said crossbar is 
 electrically connected, locking devices (or securing the crossbar to 
 the frame or sluice, and a conductor connected with the cathode 
 plates. 
 
 5941JII — Norember 30, 1S97. S. H. Emmens. Procexn of and nppa- 
 
 ml IIS for removing zinc from zinciferous ores. 
 
 The process of treating zinciferous ores, which consists in pulver- 
 izing and roasting the ore, leaching it in a series of vessels through 
 which the solution flows continuousl}', and subjecting the contents 
 of each vessel intermittently to electrolytic action, whereby the 
 solution is rendered alternately acid and neutral or more acid and 
 less acid in contact with each body of ore; and an apparatus for 
 treating zinciferous ores, comprising a series of leaching vats, each 
 provided with an inlet pipe extending to the bottom and with an 
 e.xit pipe or trough leading from the top of the vat, and each pro- 
 vided at bottom with an insoluble anode, a series of movable 
 cathodes suspended above said vats, means for raising and lower- 
 ing the cathodes of adjoining vats alternately, and an electric cir- 
 cuit to the respective poles with which said anodes and cathodes are 
 connected. 
 
 odlSSO — Jdniiary 25, 1S9S. N. S. Keith. Art of ohiuiniiig ijold and 
 
 silver from auriferous and argentiferous materials. 
 
 The process of obtaining a precious metal from its ores, which 
 consists first in dissolving the gold or silver in a cyanide solution 
 containing cyanide of mercury and free cyanide of an alkaline 
 metal, such as cyanide of potassium, and then passing a current of 
 electricity through said solution to a metallic cathode, whereby an 
 easily removable laj'er of the precious metal and mercury is simul- 
 taneously deposited upon said cathode. 
 
 ,59S19.3 — February 1, 189S. E. Andreoli. Apparatus fur electro- 
 deposition of gold and silrer. 
 
 In apparatus for the electro-deposition of gold, silver, or other 
 metals, an(.ides of peroxidized lead acting in the presence (if and 
 in combination with a cyanide or cyanide-compound solution. 
 
 6003.51 — March 8, 1898. E. .\. Ashcroft. Treatment of metallifer- 
 ous ores and products. 
 
 The improved process of preparing a solution suitable for leaching 
 zinc bearing ores of zinc bearing products, consisting in electro- 
 lyzing a zinc bearing solution successively in contact with a suit- 
 able cathode and an anode resulting from the preliminary furnace 
 treatment of products or ores containing copper and iron, anci then 
 depositing the copper from the resulting ferrous solution, and simul- 
 taneously raising the iron content of such solution to the ferric 
 state by electrolyzing the said resulting ferrous solution successively 
 in contact with suitable cathodes and insoluble anodes. 
 
 601068 — yiarch 22, 1898. E. W. Whitridcje. Method of and appara- 
 
 tnsfor extracting gold from Us ores. 
 
 The method of extracting gold from a weak cyanide solution, 
 which consists in circulating the solution over anodes of iron and 
 cathodes of lead, said cathodes being formed of thin plates arranged 
 at short distances apart and having from 9 to 10 square meters 
 of surface for each ion of solution in contact with them; and suVj- 
 jecting the said solution while in motion to an electric current of 
 from .3. .5 to 4 volts, and of from 0.5 to 1.5 amperes per sijuare meter of 
 cathode surface; and in apparatus for obtaining gold from a weak 
 cyanide solution by electrolysis, the combination with a cell pro- 
 vided with anodes of iron and cathodes of lead fonned of thin 
 plates, said cathode plates liaving from 9 to 10 square meters 
 of surface to each ton of .sfihition in the cell; of means for circulat- 
 ing the solution in the cell, and meiujs for eubjectjrjg the eojutjon 
 to a weak current of electricity. 
 
 603904— Mag 10, 1898. .T. R. Hebaus. Apparatus for ertracting 
 
 precious metals. 
 
 An apparatus for extracting precious metals from their ores, com- 
 prising a tank having an amalgamated copper lining forming a 
 cathode and a multiplicity of agitators, each rotating on its own 
 axis and at the same time traveling around the tank, the said agi- 
 tators forming an anode and an electric circuit. 
 
 60.5835— .Tune 21, 1898. E. and G. Andreoli. Electrolgtic produc- 
 
 tion of amalgams, etc. 
 
 An apparatus for the production of amalgam, consisting of a cell 
 provided with positive and negative compartments separated by 
 porous diaphragms, the negative compartments having a raised 
 middle portion in the form of a table or block between the sides of 
 which and the said partitions are narrow vertical spaces, the top of 
 the block or table and the vertical spaces being covered and filled 
 with a continuous body of mercury forming a cathode. 
 
 6I4.572— November 22, 1898. .J. C. McNulty. Method of and appa- 
 ratus for treating ores. 
 
 The art of extracting precious metals from their ores, consisting 
 in mixing pulverized ore with an electrolytic fluid, causing the 
 mixture to flow from one level to another between adjacent elec- 
 trode plates of opposite polarity, passing an electric current be- 
 tween said plates and \ibrating the electrodes in a direction substan- 
 tially at right angles to the plane of said electrodes for the purpose 
 of preventing the polarization thereof; and in apparatus for the 
 electrolytic treatment of ores the combination of a plurality of vats 
 arranged in pairs comnmnicating at the top, adjacent electrode 
 plates of opposite polarity suspended within said vats and connected 
 with a source of electricity, vibratory supports for said electrodes, 
 means for vibrating the same at substantially right angles to their 
 planes, a pres.sure conduit for pulji leading to the bottom of the first 
 vat to provide an upward current therethrough, and an exit at the 
 bottom of the succeeding vat providing a discharge for the down- 
 ward current of pulp overflowing from the top of the vat preceding. 
 
 616891 — .Januarys, 1899. G. D. Buhtox. Electrolytic a pj hi ratus for 
 
 treating metals and ores. 
 
 In an electrolytic ore treating apparatus, the combination of a 
 tank for containing an electrolyte, an anode disposed in said tank, 
 a cathode disposed in said tank, a screen or deflector also disposed 
 in said tank between the anode and cathode and adapted to dis- 
 tribute the ore or material being treated, said screen having a con- 
 ductive surface connected to the negati\'e ]iole of an electric source 
 whereby it is adapted to collect a portion of the product reduced 
 from the ore by the action of the current and the electrolyte. 
 
 617911— .fa nuary 17, 1899. E. A. Smith and il. H. Lyng. Method 
 of ertracting metallic ores. 
 
 The wet process of extracting copper from its ores having pre- 
 cious metal therein, which consists in digesting tlie pulverized ore 
 under action of heat and an oxidizing agent, in presence of sul- 
 phuric acid, exposing the dissolved sulphates to metallic copper 
 for precipitation of the silver, treating the filtrate electrolytically 
 to deposit the copper, evaporating the lean electrolyte to concen- 
 trate the free acid, and crystallize the metallic sulphates, and finally 
 calcining such crystallized sulphates to properly regenerate them 
 as oxidizing agents for reuse. 
 
 623822 — April 25, 1899. L. Pei.atan. .l/rparatiis for treating ores 
 
 or the like. 
 
 In apparatus, the combination with a circular vat, of a revolving 
 anode, situated above and parallel to a mercury cathode, with an 
 unoltstructed space above the surface of the cathode, the said anode 
 having arms which extend close to the peripheral wall of the vat 
 and are susj)ended from a shaft, and are provided with pins or 
 stirrers projecting upward and downward to within a short dis- 
 tance of the underlying cathode, and )irojections or baffles extend- 
 ing inwardly from the inner surface of the pei'ipheral wall of the 
 vat. 
 
CYANIDE PROCESSES. 
 
 f;43 
 
 '6S697e—June IS, 1899. T. Cranby. Ekcln'olytic nppimitiis for itepo- 
 
 sitidii of metals from noliition. 
 
 In an electrolytic apparatus, the combination of an outer tank 
 provided with suitable feed and discharge connections for the liii\nd 
 into the bottom and top, respectively, and an electrol.\-tiit conijle, 
 composed of sheet or analogous electrodes eacli folded in a fal)ric, 
 with oppositely projecting marginal portions and rolled together 
 into a tight bundle and sealed in the tank, whereby the faljric in- 
 closing the electrode forms a porous medium througli which the 
 electrode is compelled to flow. 
 
 6S7442 — June 20, 1S99. L. Pelatan. Proce.is of eleciroli/ticall;/ treat- 
 ing ores. 
 
 The improvement in processes of treating ores electrolytically, 
 consisting in adding to a sludge, consisting of ore and water, a sol- 
 vent and picric acid as an oxidizing agent and then passing an 
 electric current therethrough. 
 
 €31040 — August 15, 1899. J. E. Greenawalt. Process of extracting 
 
 precious metals frovi their ores. 
 
 A process for the treatment of gold and silver ores which con- 
 sists, first, in properly roasting the pulverized ore; second, placing 
 the ore in a filtering vat; third, washing the ore to remove s<jluble 
 salts; fourth, in passing through the ore an electrolyzed solution 
 consisting of a solution of chlorides — chiefly sodium and ferric 
 chlorides — with a small percentage of bromides and small quanti- 
 ties of chlorine, bromine, and hypochlorous acid, with such other 
 compounds as result from the electrolysis of a chloride and bromide 
 solution; fifth, passing the solution after it leaves the ore through 
 a precipitating tank; sixth, passing the solution after it leaves the 
 precipitating tank through the positive or anode compartment of 
 an electrolytic cell, keeping the solution separate and distinct from 
 the solution in the negative or cathode compartment of the cell; 
 and, seventh, returning the solution from the regenerating cell to 
 the ore in the vat and passing it thence to the precipitating tank, 
 again to the regenerating cell, and again to the ore as often as ma\' 
 be required to effect the necessarj' saving of the values. 
 
 633644 — September 19, 1899. H. S. Badger. Electroli/lic apj>anitii.-< 
 
 for p>recix)itrUing metals. 
 
 A precipitating tank comprising the tank body, having a mer- 
 cury coated surface in its bottom, a revoluble shaft suspended in 
 the tank and provided with hollow arms having perforations on 
 their lower sides to deliver air or vapor in proximity to the said 
 surface, means for rotating the revoluble devices, means for intro- 
 ducing air or vapor to the hollow arms, and an electric circuit in 
 which the shaft, agitating arms, and mercury coated surface are 
 located. 
 
 639766 — December "26, 1899. L. E. Porter. Apparatus for e.rtract- 
 
 ing precious metals from ores. 
 
 The combination of a rotatable barrel adapted to form the ca- 
 thode; a porous lining of nonconducting material arranged inside 
 the barrel; a lining of filtering material arranged inside the non- 
 conducting lining; anode plates arranged inside the fllter lining; a 
 source of electrical energy, having one pole connected with the 
 barrel and the other pole connected with tlie anode plates. 
 
 640718— January 3, 1900. C. P. Tatko and (t. Delkis. Process of 
 
 extracting precious metals. 
 
 In the process of separating precious metals from ores, the steps 
 comprising electrolytically depositing a portion of the precious 
 metals in the bath upon a drum cathode revolving partially 
 immersed in the bath, at the same time scraping the said deposit 
 from the drum, also simultaneously depositing other portions of 
 similar precious metals in the same ))ath upon a cathode of sodium 
 amalgam. 
 
 641371 — January 16, 1900. W. Witter. Proce-n of producing snlii- 
 
 tion of cyanogen halide. 
 
 The process for producing a solution of cyanogen halide by elec- 
 trolyzing in a bath without a diaphragm and with inert electrodes 
 
 a solution containing an alkali i-yaiiiilr, an alkali halide, and the 
 
 salt of a metal which foniin an iii-^nhilile hydro.xide. 
 
 (i.'f'.nSl — MaijS, 1900. \V. Wiiiiiiir. .ipjioi-alnx for erlractinij metals 
 
 from refractor]! ores. 
 
 An apparatus for extracting metals frouj refractory i ires, com- 
 prising a tank for receiving a sludge of such ores; a stationary, 
 horizontal, perforated partition in said tank, forming beneath it a , 
 chamber; a cathode on the bottom of the tank within said cham- 
 ber; a filtering medium carried on the partition; a number of pins 
 arranged in a series oi concentric circles projecting upward from 
 said partition; a main driving shaft; a series of radial arms sup- 
 ported by said shaft, and a plurality of anodes carried by said 
 arms and working between the series of ccjncentric pins. 
 
 650646— May "29, 1900. F. H. F^oxg. Apparatns for electrolytic 
 
 reduction of ores. 
 
 An electrolytic apparatus, the ccjmbination with a reducer ves- 
 sel; its bottom cathode and a diaphragm above said cathode, of a 
 set of dependent anodes, each consisting of a carb(jn head; a cop- 
 per stem extended therefrom through the vessel; an incasing iron 
 tube carried b\' the vessel head to sustain the anode pole; a vul- 
 canite sheath for said tube, and suitable elastic gaskets to expan- 
 sively close the joints. 
 
 653538— Jab; 10, 1900. N. L. Tcrxer. Klectrohitic apiparatus. 
 
 An electrolytical apparatus, comprising a tank, rotary agitators 
 located therein eccentrically, a series of electrodes whose main 
 portion is concentric with the tank, while the portions adjacent to 
 the agitators are curved concentrically witli the axes of said agi- 
 tators, and electrodes of opposite polarity to those first named. 
 
 654437 — .July 24, 1900. AV. A. Caldecott. Metlujtl of extracting gold 
 
 from cyanide solutions containing thex>reci(nix melah. 
 
 Means for extracting gold from cyanide solutions in depositing 
 cells, consisting in a mechanical mixture of zinc shavings and lead 
 shavings. 
 656305 — August 21, 1900. W. Stkzoda. Process of electrolytically 
 
 e.rtracting zinc from ores. 
 
 The process of electrolytically extracting zinc from its ores, whicli 
 consists in placing the disintegrated or pulverized ore in its natural 
 state in an electr(jlytic vat containing an atjueous alkali-metal solu- 
 tion capalile of dissolving the ore, with production of a zincate and 
 in direct contact with the cathode, and closing the circuit through 
 the vat, thereby precijjitating zinc and the alkali metal at the 
 cathode, the alkali metal reacting with the water to regenerate the 
 solvent solution. 
 657032 — August 28, 1900. A. M. Rouse. Apparatns for electrolyz- 
 
 ing ores. 
 
 In an apparatns of the class described liaving an anode and a 
 cathode suitalily arranged therein, the combination of a tank hav- 
 ing an outer compartment, a tube located therein having an open 
 upper end and provided at its lower end with openings forming 
 communication from said compartment, a driving shaft projecting 
 within said tube, an inner cup carried liy said shaft, wings carried 
 by said cup, an outer cup carried by said wings, a discharge duct, 
 and a valve arranged to close said duct. 
 
 662286— November 20, 1900. Iv Motz. Electrolytic apparatus. 
 
 In an electrolytic cell having open ends, the combination with a 
 removable crossbar and means for supporting it in position, of a 
 metallic plate covering the liottom and two sides of the bar, and 
 forming the anode plate of the cell, of a metallic plate arranged 
 horiz(5ntally below and parallel w'ith tlu' Ijottom of the crossbar, 
 so as t(i form a passage between savh plate and the bottom of the 
 crossliar, such plate forming a cathode plate of the cell, and an 
 auxiliary metallic cathode plate arranged vertically and parallel 
 with the sides of the crossbar and in circuit Avith the horizontal 
 cathode plate, such vertically arranged plate extending below the 
 plane of the bottom of the crossbar, so as to more or less obstruct 
 the said ]>assage. 
 
644 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 6S4537— December 25, UIOO. J. DoiKiLAS. Process; (if e.iiniclliii/ 
 copper. 
 
 ■ The process of reducing copper ore and matte, wliicli i-..nsi,Mts in 
 electrolyzing solid cuprous chloridt', employing the gases evolved 
 in the treatment of copper ore and matte, employing the electro- 
 lyte resulting from the eleotrolyzing of the solid cujirous chloride 
 as a solvent for the cuprous chloride so prixluced, and recovering 
 the copper from the solution by electrolysis. 
 
 668842— February 26, 1901. A, M. Rouse. Apparatus for eleclro- 
 
 ■ lytkally extracting and depositing gold and silrcr from their orex. 
 
 In an apparatus, the combination of a series of pulp recei^'ing 
 tubs, anodes and cathodes arranged in said tubs, an agitation tube 
 having communication with said tulis at their upper and lower 
 ends, an agitat<jr arranged in said tulie, perforated conduits located 
 in the upper ends of said tubs, chutes located beneath said conduits 
 onto which the ore pulp is discharged, and deflectors located be- 
 side said conduits adapted to direct the flow of pulp onto said 
 chutes as it passes through said conduits. 
 
 669752— March 12, 1901. P. W. Kn.utf. Electrolytic apparatus. 
 
 An element for an electrolytic series, consisting of a metallic 
 receptacle having its lower portion of less diameter than the upper 
 portion and having a bottom surface which is inclined upward 
 radially from the center to the outer ]ieriphery, in conil)ination 
 with an exterior peripheral seat arranged ))elow the ujiper edge, 
 and an orifice adjacent to said seat. 
 
 669926— March 12, 1901. C. Hoei'FNER. Proems of electrolytical 
 extraction of metals. 
 
 A pjrocess whicli consists in placing a soluble metallic anode in 
 a solution capable of dissolving the same, placing a suital ile cathode 
 in a second similar solution containing a metal more electro-po.sitive 
 than that of the anode, interp(ising a third similar solution of less 
 solution pressure l:)etween the two first mentioned, placing an 
 auxiliary cathode therein, separating the solntions by suital)le 
 diaphragms, maintaining the solutions in motion and at a temper- 
 ature above normal, passing a lurrent, tlierel)y ilissolving the 
 anode and precipitating the cathode metal at the cathode, and 
 part of the diffused anode metal at tlie auxiliary cathode, precip- 
 itating the anode metal from the anode and intermediate solutions 
 and returning the resulting solution when enriched in cathode 
 metal to the catho<le cell. 
 
 678526 — Julji 16, 1901. f'. P. Ste\v.\rt. Ajiparatxis for the recovery 
 
 of gold from cganide solutions. 
 
 An apparatus for recovering precious metals from flowing cya- 
 nide solutions, comprising in combination a relatively long sub- 
 stantially horizontal trough, means forsuiiplying the solution at (jiie 
 end thereof, a partition near the receiving end of the trough for 
 distributing the solution, a retaining partitiim at the discharge end 
 of the trough adapted to retain the solution in the trough to the 
 desired height, a body of ijuicksilver in the bottom of the trough 
 between said partitions, a series of transverse anode supports 
 extending substantially from partition to jiartition, a series of 
 anodes adjustaV)ly mounted in said sujijiorts and extending down 
 into the path of the flowing solution, and suitable electric con- 
 nections. 
 
 6821-55 — September :i, 1901. C. P. Tatro and G. Dei.its. Electro- 
 ■ li/lic up/iaraliis for e.rtracliiig jrreeioiis mi'l(d.s. 
 
 In apparatus for extracting precious metals, a tul:>; a mercurial 
 cathode in the bottom thereof, a primipal anode, means for lower- 
 ing it into and raising it out of the tub, and a minor anoile perma- 
 nently in the tub. 
 GS90l8^1)icemlii'f 17, I9II1. \V. Ol'Ji. Method of reroirrlmj rgoindes. 
 
 The method of regenerating (\vanide solutions which liave 
 become fouled by the presence of zinc and copper containccl in the 
 .solutions, as doiililc cyanide fif zinc and cojiper with the alkaline 
 metals which consist.-^, lirst, in jKissing through the solution from a 
 
 series of zinc anodes to a corre.spojidiic.' scries of metallic cathodes 
 a current of electricity; next, in introdu(ing inti> such solution 
 alkaline hydrate, being hydrate of the nionovalent alkali metals 
 and hydrate of the divalent alkali metals in the proportion of 
 about two to one; next introducing into the .solution a soluble 
 alkali-metal sulphide, and finally removing the resulting zinc- 
 aulphide precipitate. 
 689674— Decemlxr -^4, 1901. A. I. Irwik. Mrufiine for e.rtracting 
 
 metal from ore. 
 
 In a machine for the automatic and continuous extraction and 
 deposition of metal from ores at one and the same time, a treat- 
 ment tank, an endless anode traveling in said tank, the upper and 
 lower stretches of the anode being in position to be immersed in 
 the solution in the tank, diagonally disposed I)locks of insulating 
 material attached to .said anode, cathodes in the tank, one under 
 each stretch of the anode, and connections with a source of 
 electricity. 
 
 689959 — Decemlier SI, 1901. E. L. <;raiia-m. Process of disintegrat- 
 ing and comrnimding rninerrds or ores. 
 
 The process of treating ores, consisting of the following steps: 
 First, immersing the ores in a solution of sulphuric and hydrofluoric 
 acids incapable of dissolving the ore; second, pjassing an electric 
 current of suflicient strength to disintegrate the ore through the 
 solution; and third, extracting the metal from the ore. 
 
 699964 — Mag l.J, 1902. F. H. LoNO. Electrolgtic conrerter. 
 
 In electrolytic converters, the combination with the closed 
 reducer vessel having the anode and cathode terminals and the 
 interposed diaphragm dividing the vessel into upper anode and 
 lower cathode chambers, of a coud lined separator and vent pipe 
 connected to the cathode chamber beneath the diaphragm extend- 
 ing upwardly above the level of said dia])hragm and having a free 
 outlet for the gases. 
 
 700941 — Mug .'7, 1902. N. S. Keith. I'mress of treating ropper or 
 
 other ores for obtaining their contents of nmtals. 
 
 The process of electrolyzing a solution of a metal; to deposit the 
 metal therefrom, which consists in passing it as an electrolyte 
 through a succession of two or more electrolytic cells, arrangeil so 
 that the cells are connecte<l in electrical series with a source of 
 electricity; the anodes insoluble, the electrodes of each cell in 
 electrical mnlti|ile, and having gi'adually increasing .surfaces, 
 whereby there is a gradual reduction of the current density as the 
 metal of the electrolyte is dejiositeil. 
 
 704639— Jidg 15, 1902. C. IIoei>kn-ek. Leaching and e.iiniclion of 
 metals from their ores. 
 
 The process of extracting metals, which consists in leaching a 
 suitable mateiial containing copper, lead, and silver, with a warm 
 cupric-chloride solution containing a solvent of cuprous chloride, in 
 quantity less than is required for saturation, thereby dissolving 
 lead and .«ilver chlorides, precipitating them, reconverting the solu- 
 tion into cupric chloride, using the same for leaching fresh quanti- 
 ties of ore, leaching the residues with a similar hot solution more 
 concentrated in cupric chloride, thereby dissolving copper and re- 
 covering those metals therefrom, rei'oiivertingthe resulting solution 
 into cuprii' chloride, and n^turning the latter into the cytie of oper- 
 ations. 
 
 706436— A ng list 5, 1902. F. T. M^T^rFoRl). Apparatus fir the elec- 
 trrjlgtieid treatment of ores or slimes. 
 
 An aiiparatns for the extraction of metals from their ores and 
 slimes, conqirising a rotatablr cylindrical metallic drum, a copper 
 lining therein, a body of mercury in the drum to maintain the lin- 
 ing amalgamated, a valve-controlled inlet and outlet, and a relief 
 valve at o}U' en<l, a phuulity of conductive rods insulated from and 
 passing longitudinally through the drum, a metallic ring connect- 
 ing the bars, trailing electrical contact f<n- the drum au<l one for 
 said ring. 
 
CYANIDE J^KOCE.SSES. 
 
 645 
 
 709817— hti'pinnher 2S, 190S. 0. E. Polbear. FJeHrohiticdhj Irni.l- 
 
 inij ores. 
 
 The method of reducing metals from their ores, wliieli consists 
 in dissolving the crushed ore in a compound cimtainiiij; ii nitric 
 acid radical, adding to the mixture snlphuric acid, and sn))jcctiiig 
 the resultant compound to the action of an electric current. 
 
 7iSSS64— April ei, 190S. W. B. McPhebson. Aiijiiinilnx for the 
 
 iri'almi'iit < if gold or othrr ores. 
 
 A precipitating apparatus for depositing gold and silver from a 
 cyanide of potassium solution and from otlier chemii'al solutions, 
 comprising a precipitating box having downward, inclined bottom 
 witti openings therein, valves located in said ojieijings, said box 
 provided with a series of electric conducting plates vertically 
 arranged therein and connected -with a source of electric supply, 
 a gauge receptacle, a pipe communicating with said receptacle and 
 with the precipitating box through which the said solution passes 
 back and forth, a float within said receptacle and adapted to recip- 
 rocate therein, a yoke secured to said float, a horizontally recipro- 
 cating valve rod, devices for connecting said yoke with said valve 
 rod, means for operating said valves in connection with valve rod, 
 and means for conveying said solution from said precipitating box 
 and returning the same thereto. 
 
 737564 — August 25, 190S. L. P. Burrows. Eleetridylir. appariUus. 
 
 An electrolytic apparatus, comprising a dissolving vessel having 
 a revoluble anode, a depositing vessel having a cathode, means 
 for conveying an unbroken stream of liquid from the dissolving 
 vessal, and an electric circuit including said anode and cathode, 
 whereby the electric current is caused to traverse the stream of 
 liquid flowing from the dissolving vessel into the depositing vessel. 
 
 741.-'S1 — Octiiher 13, 1903. W. Ii. Davis. Process offrecdiiig ci/Kitide 
 
 .solutions. 
 
 The process for treating cyanide solutions during or subsequently 
 to their contact with the ore, consisting in introducing into the 
 solution an alkaline hydrate and then subjecting the mixture to 
 the action of an alternating electric current, thereby raising the 
 osmotic pressure to dissociate the double salts in the solution, caus- 
 ing precipitation of the hydrates of the base metals and to combine 
 the freed cyanogen with the alkaline liydrates to cause simulta- 
 neous regeneration of tlie cyanide in the solution and clarifying of 
 the latter. 
 
 741439 — October 13, 1903. t: K. Baker and A. "W . BrRWi;i,i,. I'rri- 
 
 ce.is of treating ores. 
 
 The process of reco\ering cii])pcr and nickel from a solution of 
 svdphates of copper, nickel, and iron, which consists of electro- 
 depositing the cojijicr, neutralizing the solution, and electro-deposit- 
 ing the nickel with a current density insuflicientto de)iosit the iron. 
 
 743f;i'i,S — Xoreiidier 10, 1903. \l. Hnc ii-i'and H. Speoketer. Kxtracl- 
 ing ehroniiintr from rhroiiie-iroit ore. 
 
 Tlie process of making soluble chrome-iron ore and oVjtaining 
 chromium coiniiounds, which consists in heating the ore together 
 with sulphuric acid in excess and an oxidizing agent and separat-. 
 iug by flltration the precipitated insolulde ferrisvdphate from the 
 chromosulpho acid. 
 
 749S43—Januc(r!i 19, 1904. H- P- Cassel. Process (jf e.rtroeting 
 
 preeiotis riiettds try electrrjli/six. 
 
 The process of extracting precious metals by electrolysis, which 
 consists in circulating the pulp between vertical electrodes, amalga- 
 mating a vertical cathode, successively deflecting the rebounding 
 mercury back upon said cathode, removing the amalgam, neutral- 
 izing the alkali in the mercury, and returning the mercury to the 
 cathode. 
 
 749S44 — January 19, 1904. H. R. Cassel. Apparatus for e.rtroeting 
 precious metcds by electrolysis. 
 
 An apparatus for extracting ]ireci(jus metals by electrolysis, com- 
 prising a tank, inclosed vertical electrodes, mercury deflectors, and 
 pulp guards at the sides of the cathode, an elevated pulp box, com- 
 municating perforated launders, means for lifting the pulp into 
 said box, an elevated mercury pot, communicating sliilable per- 
 forated troughs, and means for lifting the mercury into said pot. 
 
 755302 — Man-It .1':, 1904. E- A. Le Suei-r. K.rtrartioo rjf copper 
 from comniiiiiitcd iiiinered mi.rttires. 
 
 The method of obtaining metallic copper from mixtures contain- 
 ing it, wdiich consists, first in treating said ndxturea with an am- 
 moniacal solution containing a cupric compound or compounds, so 
 as to dissolve the desired copper, then in removing a portion of 
 the total copper contents of the solution, and lastly in using the 
 partially exhausted solution over again to dissolve fresh coppjer as 
 before. 
 
QUICKSILVER 
 
 (6-17 
 
QUICKSILVER. 
 
 B}- JosErn Stkutheks, Ph. D. 
 
 The production of quicksilver in the United States 
 during- 1902 was contined to the states of California and 
 Texas. In 1SS9 production was reported only from 
 California and Oregon. Table 1 shows the comparable 
 items for the census years of lltu2 and 1X89. 
 
 Table 1. — i'lmipurdiiri' .fniinnnnj: 190..' mid ISSfJ. 
 
 , (.■tc: 
 
 Number of mines . . . 
 Number of operators 
 Salaried officials, clerks, 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners; 
 
 Average numljer 
 
 Wat^a-'s 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies an<1 materials . . 
 Product:'-^ 
 
 Total value 
 
 Quicksilver — 
 
 Quantity, flasks 
 
 Value 
 
 Cinnabar — 
 
 Quantity, short tons. 
 Value 
 
 1, 
 
 JS.si 
 
 41 
 37 
 
 117 
 ,1S4 
 
 329 
 340 
 164 
 
 f 322, : 
 
 J34 
 
 J591 
 
 (') 
 
 $3.5, 
 $219, 
 
 20 
 9613 
 
 961 
 323 
 
 81,190,500 
 
 34, 
 1,407, 
 
 291 
 848 
 
 26, 
 "31,190 
 
 464 
 
 •SOO 
 
 11,' 
 
 §82. : 
 
 ^ Not reported. 
 
 2 The Ignited States Geological Survey reports 31,467,848, which does not in- 
 clude 11,727 short tons of cinnabar, valued at $82,242, mined but not reduced. 
 
 3 Exclusive of 20 flasks, valued at less than 31,000, produced in Oregon. 
 
 The quantity of quicksilver produced in 1902 showed 
 an increase of 29.0 per cent over that reported at the 
 Eleventh Census. There were 11,727 tons of cinnabar 
 reported, valued at $82,242, which was not reduced. 
 The amount of mechanical power decreased 17 per cent. 
 The growth in the number of wage-earners and in the 
 wages paid them appears to have been normal. The 
 increase in the amounts expended for" supplies and 
 materials, and for miscellaneous expenses also, is a 
 normal growth. 
 
 Idle mines reported for 19(t2 niimbered 56 — 50 in 
 California, 3 in Oregon, and 3 in Texas. There were 
 10 operative mines for which no production was re- 
 ported, the eniploj^ees being engaged in development 
 work. (Seven of these mines were located in Califor- 
 nia and 3 in Oregon. The statistics for these nonpro- 
 ductive mines are summarized in the following state- 
 ment. Among the owners of the idle mines and those 
 for which development work was reported, were 7 in- 
 corporated companies, with a total par value of stock 
 issued amounting to $10,683,000. 
 
 Ih'vdojimeiil mn-k: 1903. 
 
 Number I )f mines 10 
 
 Number of operators 9 
 
 Salaried ottieials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 8 
 
 Salaries - 39, 62S 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 35 
 
 Wages 327, 498 
 
 Contract work SLJO 
 
 Mis(.el]ancous expenses _ 39.55 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 37,169 
 
 C(xi>ifaJ starl: of /iifurpurnttd (yjiiipanies. — Table 2, 
 which fellows, shows that 21 operators, or 56.8 per 
 cent of the total nunibei-, were incorporated companies, 
 and gives their capitalization. 
 
 T.vliLE 13. — i 'ajiitilliz'lliun "f 'inrorjinrnliil ninijiioiie-^: 1903. 
 
 Nnml)er of incorporaled cnmpauies i 21 
 
 Caiiital stuck and Ijouds issued .3:59, 017, 700 
 
 Capital stock: 
 
 Total authorized — 
 
 Ntnnber of shares 2, 222, 620 
 
 Par value 344, 100, 000 
 
 Total issued — 
 
 Number of shares 2, 136, 143 
 
 Par value 338, 872, 700 
 
 Dividends jwid 3171 , 994 
 
 Common — 
 
 Atlthorized — 
 
 Number of shares 2, 179, 020 
 
 Par value 339, 800, 000 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of shares 2, 093, 143 
 
 Par value S34, 872, 700 
 
 Dividends paid 3150, -194 
 
 Preferred — 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number of sliares 43, 000 
 
 Far value 34, 300, 000 
 
 Is.sued — 
 
 Number of shares 43, 000 
 
 Par value 34, 300, 000 
 
 Dividends paid 321, 500 
 
 Bonds: 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number 1, 4.50 
 
 Par value 3145, 000 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number 1 , 4.50 
 
 Par value 3145, 000 
 
 Interest ]«i)d 36,000 
 
 A.ssessments levied 3173, 500 
 
 includes IS in California and 3 in Texas. 
 
 The par value of capital stock, common and pre- 
 ferred, and of bonds issued, amounted to $39,017,700. 
 This seems excessive for an industry producing a 
 product valued at onl3r $1,550,090. The dividends paid 
 on the stock were small, amounting to $150. 191: on the 
 common and $21,500 on the preferred. The interest 
 paid on bonds was $6,000. The dividends paid on the 
 common stock amounted to four-tenths of 1 per cent of 
 the par value of all common stock issued. The divi- 
 dend on the preferretl stock was live-tenths of 1 per 
 cent on the total amount issued. 
 
 (649) 
 
650 
 
 MINES AND QUAIIHIKS. 
 
 Kiiiphiyeiix mul iiyKjen. — The :ivi'nij;e luimhcr of wage- 
 earners employed each month, as g'neii in Table S, was 
 remarkably uniform, ^-arying- only from l..'!0li in July 
 and August to l,3r)S in Noveinlier, a ditl'erenee of w. 
 In this respect the industry presents a uniform oi)era- 
 tion, due to the fact that the demand for cinnabar and 
 mercury i.s steady, and that the mines reported were 
 located in California and Tt'xas, where the climate per- 
 mits of uninterrupted working. Child labor is relati\'ely 
 unimportant, amounting to about one-hiilf of 1 per cent 
 of the whole number of wage-earners. 
 
 The daily rates of pay at which the worlvuien engaged 
 in the various occupations w<'re employed are also 
 given in Table S. Miners constituted 4(3.2 per cent of 
 the total number of wage-earners, and of all miiuM's 7.5.4 
 per cent were employed at rates not less than $l.To per 
 diem. Of the 38 engineers reported, all received f'J 
 or more per diem, and the same is true of 35 out of the 
 total of 4i! firemen. Miners' helpers formed an impor- 
 tant class, constituting 17 per cent of the total number 
 of wage-earners. These workmen had various duties 
 and their rates of paj' ranged f ri>m 75 cents to i?:^.99 per 
 diem. The timbermen and track layers recei\'ed good 
 wages, 11 receiving from $i to $2.24, and 7 from $:> to 
 i?3.24 per dav. The class "all other wage-earners"' 
 is chiefly composed of ordinary laborers. Of these 
 workmen 43.7 per cent received less than $2 per diem, 
 while 50.3 per cent received $2 or more. 
 
 Mechari icnJ jxnrer. — Primary power aggregating 1 ,SOS 
 horsepower was reported. This was applied chiefly 
 through steam engines, of which there were 56 reported, 
 or an average horsepower of 2M. 0\-ei' 8 per cent of the 
 total power was furnished liy 17 gas or gasoline engines. 
 Three water wheels were reported, representing 22 
 horsepower. Sixty horsepower was supplied by 5 air 
 compressors. There were also 3 electric motors with 
 15 horsepower. 
 
 Production ill till' Uiriti-d Stuten. — The quicksilver 
 produced in the United States during 1902 amounted to 
 34,291 flasks of 7ij.5 pounds each, aggregating 1,189.9 
 meti'ic tons, and valued at $1,407,848, as compared with 
 20,404 flasks, 918.3 metric tons, valued at |1,190,5(M1 
 in 1S89. This shows an increase in (juantity of 7,827 
 fla.sks, and in \'alue of $277, 34s. ovei' the statistics at 
 the Eleventh Ceirsus. 
 
 ^Mercury is transported in cylindi'ical wrought iron 
 flasks, each 5 inches in diameter and about 14 inches 
 long, closed with a screw plug, and having a capacity 
 in the United States of 70.5 pounds. At Aliuaden, 
 Spain, and Idi'ia. Austria, the capacitj' is slightly less, 
 being 70 pounds. 
 
 Of the 34,291 flasks produced in the United States 
 during 1902, California contributed 28.972 flasks, or 
 84.5 per cent, and Texas 5,319 flasks, or 15.5 per cent. 
 Except as noted below, the entii'e output of quicksilver 
 in the United States has been derived from California, 
 
 and statistics of i)roduction and the average value per 
 flask for that state during the period from 1889 to 1902, 
 inclusive, are given in Taljle 3, as reported by the 
 United States Geological Survey. In addition to the 
 output of California, the following quantities have been 
 ))rodiiced in Texas and Oregon: Texas, in 1899, 261 
 flasks; in 1900, 750 flasks; in 1901, 2,932 flasks; and in 
 1902, 5,311» flasks; Oregon, in 1900, 233 flasks and in 
 1901. 75 flasks. 
 
 Table 3. — I'miliKiiaii of rjiiicksilrer in California and the average 
 
 price per flask til San Francisi-o: 1889 to IUO'2. 
 [United State.sGeologieal Survey, "MirjeralRe.source.sof the United States," 1902.] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Quantity 
 
 (flasks 
 each con- 
 taining 76..5 
 pounds). 
 
 Average 
 
 price per 
 
 flask. 
 
 
 
 26, 464 
 22, 926 
 22, 904 
 27,993 
 30, 164 
 30,416 
 36, 067 
 30, 765 
 20, 691 
 31,092 
 29, 4.54 
 26, 317 
 26, 720 
 28, 972 
 
 f45. 00 
 
 1S90 
 
 .52. .50 
 
 
 4.5. 25 
 
 IS')'* 
 
 40.71 
 
 
 36. 75 
 
 1S9 1 
 
 30.70 
 
 l.K9,5 
 
 37.04 
 
 l.S'K'j 
 
 34.96 
 
 1S97 
 
 37.28 
 
 
 38.23 
 47 70 
 
 1,H99 
 
 19(10 .... 
 
 44.94 
 
 1901 
 
 48.46 
 
 
 43.20 
 
 
 
 
 1 Beginning witli 1.S93, figures tal^en from .Annual Statistical Bulletin of the 
 California State Mining Bnrea([. 
 
 I'riri'K. — The price of (juicksiher in the United States 
 is att'ected by several conditions, chiefly the quantity 
 avaihible and the mode of disposition of the product, 
 whether for home consumption or for export. In the 
 latter case a relativelj- low price is obtained for the 
 metal, as it has to compete in foreign markets with the 
 European product. In some cases the prices vary 
 accoi'ding to the rates of transportation from the vari- 
 ous entry ports to the points of consumption, in order 
 to compete with the f^uropean product which may enter 
 at other ports; thus, comparatively higher export prices 
 are obtained at westei-n coast ports of Mexico than at 
 interior points of consumption adjacent to railroads 
 l(>ading to eastern ports. 
 
 The average monthly price of quicksilver, per flask, 
 during 1'.I02, as reported by the United States Geolog- 
 ical Survey, is given in Table 4. The lower averages 
 during IiH)2 indicate the periods of largest sales for 
 export, iuid the higher averages indicate periods of 
 sales for domestic consumption. 
 
 T.\HLE 4. — Areriige nioiillih; jirice of rjiiirf silver per flash at Sail 
 Fraiicisro ihieiiiij 190.^. 
 
 [United State-sGeological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United stales," 1902.1 
 
 MONTH. 
 
 Price. 
 
 MONTH. 
 
 I'rice. 
 
 
 ?45. 30 
 44.29 
 45. 56 
 45, 00 
 
 44. H3 
 
 45. 77 
 43. 39 
 
 August 
 
 
 Febrnarv 
 
 
 SI2. i\ 
 42. 35 
 
 
 
 Octolier 
 
 April 
 
 
 Mav 
 
 
 Decemher. . . . 
 
 
 .)(ll(r 
 
 Average 
 
 
 .IdIV 
 
 44.10 
 
 
QUICKSILVER. 
 
 651 
 
 The average monthl}' price of quicksilver, per Ha.sli, 
 at Now York during- 1902 was $-tS.37 for ,lamiar_y, 
 and $-1:8 for the other months of tlie year. 
 
 Imports and e.vptnis. — The quantity of ((uicksilyer 
 imported during- the past decade lias heen inc<jnsider- 
 able, owing to the fact that in this period approxi- 
 mately one-half of the domestic product has been 
 exported. For the past tive year.s the quantities im- 
 ported have been merely nominal. 
 
 Tabk^ 5, published by the United States Geological 
 Survey from statistics of the United States Treasury 
 Department, shows the quantity and value of the annual 
 imports of quicksilver from 18811 to l'.)U2, inclusive, 
 and Table 6, from the same source, shows the (juantity 
 and value of the exports of (Quicksilver during the 
 period 1889 to 190:3, inclusive. Prior to 19ol very 
 nearly the entire quantity of (juiclvsilver exported was 
 shipited from Sun Francisco, but in that year only 5,1-79 
 flasks of the total of 11,219 flasks exported were shipped 
 from that port, practicallj' the entire exportation being 
 consigned to Mexico and Central America. 
 
 Table .5, — (^aifki^Ufi'i- iiitported and entered fin' i-innniinpii'in in tlie 
 I'liiled Slalex: i&s'.'y to inO;.'. 
 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of theUnited States." iyu2.] 
 
 YE.4B ENDINC. DECEMBI-:]'. 31— UiounclM "^'a'"":'- 
 
 1889 341 , 51 1 SUi2, 064 
 
 1890 .802, S71 I -145, 807 
 
 1891 123,966 61,3.55 
 
 1892 96, 318 | 40, 133 
 
 1893 41 , 772 17, 400 
 
 1894 ! 1 6 
 
 1895 ' 15, 001 7, 008 
 
 1896 305 lis 
 
 1897 : 45, ,539 : 211,147 
 
 1898 81 51 
 
 1899 131 83 
 
 1900 2, 616 1 , 051 
 
 1901 1, 441 789 
 
 1902 ( ' ) 2, 166 
 
 \ 
 
 'Not StHtCcl. 
 
 T.\BLE 6.— Exports (jfrjiiicksllverfrinii tlie United SlaieK: 1SS9 to 190S. 
 [United states Geological Survey, "Mineral ResourcesoftheUnitert States, "1902.] 
 
 1892. 
 
 1894. 
 1895. 
 
 Quanlitv 
 (flasksi. 
 
 Value. 
 
 .,111 
 
 ',01,9 
 ,711 
 ., 51 ,s 
 .,031 
 ,4(f 
 
 1897. 
 189^. 
 
 1900. 
 1901. 
 1902. 
 
 173 
 s;;ii 
 517 
 172 
 219 
 247 
 
 3213, 717 
 93, 192 
 145, 502 
 133,626 
 .542,410 
 397, 528 
 182, 085 
 618, 437 
 394,549 
 140, .5X7 
 609, .586 
 425, 812 
 475, 609 
 675, 099 
 
 Production in the principal prudiicintj countries of 
 theicorld. — The following table gives the production, in 
 metric tons, and the value of quicksilver in various 
 countries in the years 1899, 1900, and 1901, as reported 
 by the United States Geological Survey: 
 
 T.ADI.E 7. — Winid'if jirodncfinn and value of <piiel;silrer in IS'.iti, ItiOO, 
 and 1901} 
 
 [Unitecl Slates (ieolcjglcalsiirvi'y,". Mineral Kesonrci-sol the United States," 1902.] 
 [Metric tons.] 
 
 
 Quan- 
 tity. 
 
 1 , 0.57 
 536 
 205 
 362 
 
 1,361 
 
 3, .521 
 
 1 H!)» 
 
 Value. 
 
 1000 
 
 Quan- 
 tity. 
 
 1,031 
 
 525 
 
 278 
 
 ! (-') 
 
 754 
 
 1901 
 
 roUN'TRV. 
 
 Quan- 
 tity. 
 
 983 
 510 
 260 
 304 
 1,095 
 
 Value. 
 
 81, 302, 586 
 
 499, 052 
 
 312, 000 
 
 270, 256 
 
 1,193,5.50 
 
 \^alue. 
 
 United Slates 
 
 81,4.52,745 
 
 492, 021 
 
 246, 000 
 
 321, 814 
 
 1,481,229 
 
 3,993,809 
 
 81,382,305 
 .547, .513 
 
 Italy . 
 
 361,400 
 
 Russia 
 
 Spain 
 
 1,105,890 
 
 Total 
 
 3, 1.52 
 
 3, .577, 444 
 
 ' 2, .588 
 
 3,397,108 
 
 I Mexico exported 324 tons of quicksilver in 1899, 335 ton.s in 1900, and 335 
 tons in 1901. 
 
 - Statistics not yet available, 
 
 A detailed summary showing the stati.stics for quick- 
 silver during 1902 is given in Table 8. 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE.' 
 
 Historical. — Mercurj' or quicksih^er has been known 
 to mankind from very early times. No mention of it 
 appeal's, however, in the books of Mo.ses or in the works 
 of the early Greek writers. The earliest known refer- 
 ence is in the writings of Theophrastus (300 B. C), who 
 speaks of liquid silver or quicksilver. Dioscorides refers 
 to artificial mercury as vdpdpyvpo?. water silver; Plin}- 
 gave it the name of Jujdrureji/rnin in contradistinction 
 to native mercury, which he called ar</entuni riram. 
 The name quicksilver was undoubtedly suggested by 
 the li<juid form and silver color of the metal, while that 
 of mercury was derived from the name of the Greek 
 god Mercury, probably in allusion to the quickness and 
 ease with which it flows in any direction. The salts of 
 mei'cury also were known at a very remote period. The 
 early Arabians wei'e familiar with mercurous chloride 
 (HgjCl.,), or calomel, and mercuric oxide (HgO), the red 
 oxide, and the alchemists possessed a knowledge of mer- 
 curic chloride (HgCl.j), corrosive .sublimate. The min- 
 eral cinnabar, mercuric sulphide, has been used as a 
 pigment from the most ancient times on account of its 
 enduilng vivid red. color. By reason of its peculiar 
 physical properties in being liquid, very heavy, and not 
 acted on by air, sulphuric acid, or hydrochloric acid, 
 mercury perhaps more than any other metal has excited 
 the attention and curiosity of experimenters. 
 
 PJnjsicctl and ciicinical clutracteristicsr — The symljol 
 of mercury (Hg) is derived from the old Latin name 
 Iiijdrarcjyruiii. Its atomic weight is 199.8. Aside 
 from bromine, mercury is the only elementary metal 
 which exists in a liquid fonii at ordinary tempera- 
 
 ' In this paper the ohler term "quicksilver" has been retained 
 for use in c(.innection with thedescrijjtion of the mining and nietal- 
 lurtry (if the metal, as it is the name generally accepted by the 
 ])ul.>iie. The modern name " mercury " has been reserved for the 
 descri]ition of the physical and chemical properties of the metal. 
 
 ^ Inorganic Chemistry, jSewth, page 554 ff. 
 
(^52 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 tures. It is a brig-ht tin-white liquid, and, wiien free 
 from impuritie.s, the o-lobules retain a perfectly spher- 
 ical shape. The luster is mirror like, and like that of 
 silver it is preserved in air free of sulphui'ous o-ases. 
 Mercurj', when cooled to a temperature of — 38. S" C., 
 is transformed into a tin-whitt', ductil(\ malleable mass, 
 softer than lead and cr3'stalliziny in octahedrons. Dur- 
 ing the cooling it contracts uniformly until the tempera- 
 ture of solidiKcation is reached, at which point a con- 
 siderable contraction takes place, and, as a consequence, 
 the solidified mercury will sink below the surface of 
 liquid mercury. At 0- C the specific gravity of mer- 
 cury is 13.596 and at — 38. S- C. the specific gravity of 
 solidified mercury is l-i.193. In ver}' thin films the 
 liquid metal is transparent and of a violet-blue color 
 when viewed by transmitted light. 
 
 The specific heat of solidified mercury (between — 78'^ 
 C. and — 40- C.) is 0.0247; that of liciuid mercury (be- 
 tween 0"^ G. and 100- C.) is 0.0333. Its thermal con- 
 ductivity is 667, compared with that of silver taken at 
 1,000, and its electrical conductivity at 22.8'^ C. is 1.63, 
 silver at 0- C. being taken at 100. 
 
 The boiling point of mercury at the standard pressure 
 of 760 mm. is 357.25' C. Al)0ve this temperature it 
 becomes a transparent, colorless vapor, having a density 
 of between 6. 7 and 7.(i3, referred to air as a unit. The 
 densit}^ of gaseous mercury comparctl with hydrogen is 
 100.92, and as its atomic weight is 19H.8, this element 
 in a gaseous form consists of monatomic molecules. 
 Mercury gives ofi' vapors at all temperatures; This 
 may be illustrated by suspending a piece of gold leaf 
 above the surface of mercury in a stoppered bottle; 
 the gold leaf will slowly assume a white color from the 
 formation of gold amalgam on the surface. 
 
 In its licjuid and gaseous forms mercury is poison- 
 ous, producing salivation when taken either internallv 
 through the lungs or stomach or by absorption through 
 the pores of the skin. ^Mercury is not tarnished by 
 exposure to the air, nor is it acted on by many gases; 
 hence it is an invaluable aid to the chemist in the col- 
 lection and measui'ementof gases which are sokiltle in or 
 absorb water. "When subjected to prolonged heating in 
 the air, mercury is slowly transformed into red mercuric 
 oxide (HgOj, which at a higher temperature is again 
 decomposed into its elements — mercury and oxygen. 
 
 Liquid mercury is con\'erted by agitation with oil or 
 by trituration with sugar, chalk, or lard into a (kdl- 
 gra}' powder. This process is called "deadening," and 
 is used to prepare mercurial ointment, the gra}' powder 
 consisting simply of very finely divided mercurv in the 
 form of minute globules. 
 
 Mercury is not attacked b}' hydrochloric acid. Con- 
 centrated sulphuric acid has n<j action on it in the cold, 
 but rapid!}' dissohes it when heated, yielding sulphur 
 dioxide gas. Diluted nitric acid dissolves it slowly 
 when cold, forming mercurous nitrate, iuid concentrated 
 niti'ic acid attacks it rapidly, foi-ming mercuric uiti'ate 
 and fimies of oxides of niti'oocn. 
 
 In commerce mercury is usually contaminated with 
 a small proportion of dissolved metals, which cause a 
 globule to lose its spherical shape and drag a tail behind 
 it while flowing over an inclined sui-face. If the mer- 
 cury is shaken in the air, these metallic impurities be- 
 come oxidized and form a black powder or scum, which 
 incloses small drops of the metal, thus preventing them 
 from coalescing. Mercury in this condition is said to 
 be "floured." Commercial raercur}- is best purified by 
 distillation, but for ordinary purposes the impurities 
 may be removed almost entirely by repeated agitation 
 with dilute nitric acid or perchloi'ate of iron, either of 
 which attacks the impurities and forms with them 
 soluble nitrates and chlorides, respectively, which are 
 removable by washing with watei-. 
 
 Occiinviici^. — Mercury is fomid in nature chieflj' as 
 the ore cinnabar, mercuric sulphide (IlgS or HgoS.,). 
 It occurs also, though less t'ommonh', as native mer- 
 cury, which is disseminated in many cinnabar deposits 
 in the form of fine globules, sometimes in large quan- 
 tities. From a commercial standpoint, cinnabar and 
 metallic mercury are the only ores of importance. 
 
 The following is a list of all the known ores of mer- 
 cury, classified according to composition: 
 
 Xis/ uf till' nil IC-UI-I/ nri'S. 
 
 CLASS. 
 
 Mineral name. 
 
 Composition. 
 
 Native mercury 
 
 .Vnialgams (silver) 
 
 Native merenry 
 
 Amalgam 
 
 Arqilerite 
 
 Hg. 
 
 AgHg or Ag:,Hg:,. 
 
 Ag,...Hg. 
 
 Ag,,oHg. 
 
 (AuAg)..,Hg,-,. 
 
 HgS or Hg.,S.>. 
 
 HgSorHg:,s'. 
 
 HgS or Hg.jS^, with carbon 
 
 and elav. 
 HgS,Sb,S,. 
 HgSlj CiiS and Fe. 
 IlgSb S and Fe. 
 HgiS.Sel. 
 IlglS.Sei. 
 HglS.Sel with Fe. 
 llgSe. 
 (HgPb) Sc. 
 HgTe. 
 Hg.,TeO<. 
 Hg.,('l.,. 
 Hg.,cln. 
 Hgil'laO.i. 
 
 Amalgams (gold i 
 
 Kiingsbergitc 
 
 Gnld auialgani 
 
 Ciniialtar 
 
 Mctaciiinaliarite 
 
 Hepatic cinnabar or 
 "liver ore." 
 
 Liviiigstonite 
 
 Amiiiiiilite 
 
 Barecnitc 
 
 Oimrrile 
 
 (iiladah'azarite 
 
 Le\-iglianite 
 
 'i'icliialiliile 
 
 Sulpho-si.'lcnides 
 
 
 Triluridcs 
 
 C'lliiradoite 
 
 Magiiolite 
 
 Calniiiel 
 
 Tcrlinguaite 
 
 Chloride 
 
 (lx>-ehlorides 
 
 Iodides 
 
 C inite 
 
 Tiironialite 
 
 Hgl. 
 
 iHgAgi I. 
 Hgo. 
 
 1 Ixide 
 
 Jloiilroydite 
 
 
 Important riiiiijxunidKof mtiruri/. — ^Vith most metals 
 mercury forms a series of alloy's called amalgams; in 
 some cases, as with tlie alkali metals, the formation of 
 the alloy is attended with a rise of temperature, while 
 in other cases, as with tin, an absorption of heat results. 
 Sodium and potassiimi amalgams are decomposed l)v 
 contact witli water, yielding hj'drogen gas and an alka- 
 line hytlroxide; for this reason sodiuin amalgam is used 
 in the laboratory as a reducing agent. Zinc amalgam 
 is acU'd upon Aery slowly by dilute sulphuric acid, and 
 on this iiccount the sui'face of zinc plates in galvanic 
 batteries is usually amalgamated. Tin amalgam is used 
 to produce the reflecting surface of ordinary mirrors, 
 and amalgams of gold, copper, and zinc are used in 
 dentisti-y as fillings for teeth. 
 
 Ill aildition to the amalgams, mercurv forms the fol- 
 
QUICKSILVER. 
 
 653 
 
 lowing- commercially important compounds: Witli chlo- 
 rine, uiercurous chloride (HgCl), or calomel, largely 
 vised in medicine, and mercuric chloride (HgCl^), or cor- 
 rosive sublimate, used in medicine, and in surger}- as 
 an antiseptic, and also in the preparation of anatoniical 
 specimens, and in the dressing of furs and skins; with 
 oxygen, mercurous oxide (Hg._,0), the suboxide or gray 
 oxide of mercury which is of little importance commer- 
 cially, and mercuric oxide (HgO), the red oxide of 
 mercury or red precipitate, used in medicine and for 
 various purposes in chemical analyses; witii sulphur, 
 cinnabar, mercuric sulphide (HgS), or vermilion, the 
 same as cinnabar, the chief ore of mercury. Vermilion 
 is invaluable as a pigment, because of the permanence 
 of its vivid cochineal-red color. It is made artificiality 
 in two ways — one, termed the dry method, in wliich an 
 intimate mixture of metallic mercury and sulphur in 
 proper proportions is heated in a retort and the suli- 
 limod product condensed and ground very fine, the 
 beauty of the tint depending largely upon the fineness , 
 of the material; and the other, called the wet method, 
 by which various (.'ompounds of mercury are trans- I 
 foi'med into the sulphide l>y the use of chemical reagents. 
 Vermilion prepared by the wet method is of l.ietter 
 qiuility than that made ))v the dry process. The manu- 
 facture of vermilion has declined in recent years on 
 acc'ount of the competition of cheaper pigments which 
 have supplanted its use. The most important of these 
 is ""orange mineral" (red lead), which is toned up to 
 the proper color by the use of eosin, one of the aniline ] 
 dyes. These imitation vermilions are now employed 
 for almost all of the more common uses, such as wagon 
 painting, and while they are inferior to the true mer- 
 cury vermilion, from the fact that they fade on expo- 
 sure, yet they are a fairly satisfactory substitute as long 
 as they are protected by an exterior coating of varnish. 
 Mercury vermilion is now used chiefly for red colors 
 in oil paintings, lithography, etc. 
 
 The extravt'iov of mercury fro m its (/res. — Mercury is 1 
 extracted by heating the ore in a retort or a furnace; 
 the metal is expelled as a vapor, which is subsequently i 
 condensed in cooling chambers and collected. 
 
 Up to the present time mercury has been extracted 
 from its ores solely by the dry process. Various 
 chemical and electrolytic methods have been proposed 
 repeatedly and numerous experiments made, but with- 
 out commercial success. 
 
 Perhaps the development of electric current gener- 
 ated by waterpower in localities where the use of fuel 
 is nearl}' or quite prohibitive will render profitable the 
 extraction of the metal by some electrolytic process. 
 
 The principal ore of mercury, as already stated, is 
 cinnabar, mercuric sulphide, accompanied at times with 
 minute globules of native mercury. The metal may be 
 extracted from the ore by a simple distillation, either 
 in a retort or in a shaft furnace, and though n.iercury 
 may be separated from cinnabar in numerous ways. 
 
 only two methods are now used on a large scale. One 
 is based on the decomposition of the ore at a high 
 temperaturt^ b\' air, forming metallic mercury and 
 sulphur dioxide gas in accordance with the reaction: 
 IlgS-fO,, = Hg+,SO, {'.'m" C). The other accomplishes 
 the decomposition bv the use of lime- or iron which 
 combines with the sulphur and sets free the mercurj- in 
 accordance with the reactions: J:}IgS+-tCaO = -tHg+ 
 3CaS+C'aS0„ and IIgS+Fe = FeS+Hg, i-espectively. 
 These chemical decompositions take place at tempera- 
 tures al)ove the boiling point of mercury so that the 
 latter is expelled in gaseous form and subsequently con- 
 densed imd collected in cooling chambei's. 
 
 In present furnace practice tlie heat necessary for the 
 decomposition of the ore, either with or without the 
 admixture of lime or iron, is applied in two ways — first, 
 by heating thi' oxo charge in a tightly sealed ii-on retort, 
 which produces the mercurial \'apor undiluted witli 
 furnace gases; and second, by treatment in a large fur- 
 nace, where the products of combustion come in direct 
 contact with the ore and pass (uit of the furnace in the 
 form of sulphur dioxide gas, nitrogen, and unused air, 
 mixed with th(> expelled mercurial gases, from which 
 the metal is obtained liy condeasation in the cooling 
 chandlers. Thus the essential difference ))etween the 
 two methods is that the vapors given ofi' in the retort 
 furnaces are entirely separate from the furnace gases 
 of combustion. The retort method possesses the advan- 
 tage of yielding the mercurial vapor in a concentrated 
 and easily condensible form, which is more than offset, 
 however, by the high cost of fuel and labor involved 
 and the small hize of a single charge. At jjresent the 
 use of iron retorts is restricted to exceptionally rich 
 ores and mercurial soot and concentrates. 
 
 The furnaces now generally used in California are of 
 the shaft type, into which the ore is fed continuously. 
 There are two kinds of these furnaces — one called the 
 "'coarse-ore'" furnace, used for treating lump ore, and 
 the other the ""tile" furnace for medium-sized and fine 
 ores. There are many differences in the details of the 
 couhtruction of c(jarse-ore shaft furnaces, but in gen- 
 eral they consist of a cylindrical brick shaft, into which 
 the ore is charged at the top, while the cinders are 
 removed at the liottom. The heat necessary for the 
 reaction is supplied at or near the bottom of the shaft, 
 the gases of coml.)ustion passing through the oi'e col- 
 unui, and, togeth(>r with the liberated mercurial vapors, 
 pass out from the furnace through a pipe at the top 
 and are led to the condensing plant. The general tvpe 
 of tile furnac(> consists of a number (if narrow rectan- 
 gular shafts, each having a series of tiles inclined 
 inward and downward and so placed alternatel}^ on the 
 longer sides that the tine to medium sized ore (up to 3.5 
 inches in diameter) will follow a zigzag path in its 
 descent, until it is finally discharged at the bottom 
 through the drawing pit. The ore is gradually heated 
 in its descent liy the products of combustion from the 
 
(i54 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 fuel burned in the tirepliices at or near the bottom of 
 the furnaee. 
 
 The condensing plant generally consists of a cooling 
 device and a condensing chamber in which the liquetied 
 mercury is deposited. The gases passing out from the 
 furnace must necessarily be of a temperatui-e higher 
 than the boiling point of mercur_y (3.57.25'-' C), and the 
 mercury content of these gases b}' volume is often less 
 than 1 per cent. In addition to the products of combus- 
 tion of the fuel and the mercurial vapors, these furnace 
 gases contain sulphur dioxide, which is derived from 
 the decomposition of the ore, which when cooled yields 
 acid liquors that attack ordinary materials of construc- 
 tion. In the construction of the condensing apparatus 
 for the proper cooling and condensation of the mercur}' 
 three factors must be taken into consideration: The dis- 
 tance the gas has to travel, the interior capacity of the 
 chamber, and the area of the cooling surface. The 
 details of adjusting the construction of the condenser 
 to give the best results vary at each plant. The mate- 
 rials used in building the condensers should be nonab- 
 sorbent of mercurial vapor, good conductors of lieat, 
 not affected by acid vapors or liquors, and capable of 
 being molded into the required form. No one sub- 
 stance answers all requirements. Iron is a good con- 
 ductor of heat and may be easih' shaped, but it does 
 not resist the corrosive action of the acid vapoi's, and 
 to overcome this disadvantage the iron pipes are often 
 protected from corrosion by a coating of cement. Brick 
 absorbs mercurial vapors, is attacked b\' acids, and is a 
 bad conductor of heat. Wood will resist acid, but is 
 a bad conductor of heat, and can not be i:)laced near the 
 furnace where the temperature of the gases is high. 
 Glazed stoneware resists the action of acid and mercurj', 
 and may be made thin in order to offset its poor heat- 
 conducting qualities. As with the variations in the 
 selection of the materials of construction used, so is it 
 with the general arrangement of the condensing plant. 
 
 Uses. — The most important commercial use of mercury 
 is in the extraction of gold and silver from certain ores 
 by the amalgamation process; the precious metals becom- 
 ing alloj-ed with the mercury, form a heavy amalgam, 
 which is separated by gravity from the tine sands and 
 the "tailings" of the ore suspended in water. Owing 
 to the avidit\' with which mercury combines with iiupu- 
 rities, thereby becoming subdivided into innumerable 
 minute globules which will not coalesce, consideral)le 
 quantities of the metal are lost during the amalgamation 
 process, by Iteing held in suspension in the water, and 
 washed away with the sands and the tailings. 
 
 In the chemical industries large quantities of mercury 
 are used as electrodes in several electrolytic processes, 
 notably in the electrolysis of Ijrine to form sodium salts. 
 The solution of salt having })cen decomposed by the 
 electric current, the metallic sodium thereby set free at 
 the cathode immediately combines with the mercury, 
 from which the sodium is subsequently extracted by a 
 
 treatment with water, forming sodium hj^lroxide 
 (caustic soda). On account of its high specific gravity, 
 and its freedom from attack by many gases, mercury is 
 an invaluable material for the construction of liquid seals 
 in gas collecting apparatus, for making thermometers 
 and barometers, and for making electrical contacts in 
 certain apparatus used in physical laboratories and 
 industrial processes. 
 
 REVIEW OF THE QUICKSILVER INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED 
 STATES DURING 1902. 
 
 The cjuicksilver deposits of commercial importance in 
 California are situated in the Coast Range and are lim- 
 ited to an area bounded b}- Trinity county on the north 
 and San Luis Obispo county on the south, both counties 
 being included. During 1902 San Benito county con- 
 tributed 7,289 flasks, valued at |i30t>,096, the product 
 being derived largely from the New Idria mine. De- 
 velopment work was carried on during the year at the 
 Cerro Benito and the Pichaco mines. In Napa county 
 the chief producer was the Napa Consolidated mine at 
 Oat Hill. In the Knoxville district the Boston mine, 
 formerly the Readington mine, under the control of the 
 Boston Quicksilver Mining Company, and the Manhat- 
 tan mine contributed to the output. The total produc- 
 tion for Napa county during the year amounted to 7.300 
 flasks. Santa Clara county was next in the order of 
 quantity produced, contributing 5,779 flasks. The chief 
 producer in this county was the New Almaden mine, fol- 
 lowed by the Guadalupe mine. The New Almaden mine 
 is the oldest quicksilver mine in the United States. It 
 was discovered and worked in 1824. when California 
 was under Mexican rule, and was then known as the 
 Chaboya mine. Later it was abandoned until 184-5. and 
 since 1850 it has l)een worked continuously. Furnaces 
 were erected at the Santa Tere.sa and the Summit mines. 
 San Luis Obispo county supplied 2,546 flasks, the chief 
 producer being the Karl Quicksilver Mining Company. 
 A new Scott furnace was installed and put in operation 
 at the Oceanic mine, and development work was actively 
 carried on at a number of smaller properties, notably 
 the Alice, Modoc, Libertad, Madrone, Pine Mountain, 
 and Stayton mines. Lake county furnished 3,797 flasks, 
 olitained chiefly from the Great Western mine. The 
 Sulphur Bank and Abbott mines, controlled by the 
 Empire Consolidated Quicksilver Mining Company, 
 were in litigation during the year. The Helen mine 
 fuinished a small quota, and promising development 
 work was done at the Bullion mine, operated bv the 
 Standard Company-. From Colusa county a consider- 
 able product was obtained from the Manzanite mine. 
 Sulphur creek, where a successful process of ore con- 
 centration was operated. In Sonoma county the chief 
 producer was the Great Eastern Quicksiher ]\Iinino- 
 Company. The total output of the ct>unty during the 
 year was 1,519 flasks. A number of old mines were 
 reopened in the Pine Flat district. Other producino- 
 
QUICKSILVER. 
 
 655 
 
 mines were the Cloverdale, the Great Western, and the 
 Socrates. Development work of the Pacific Companj^ 
 on property adjoining that of the Crystal Company was 
 so satisfactor}' as to warrant the erection of a furnace 
 to treat the ore. A new modified Livermore furnace 
 was completed at the Culver Bear property. In Trinity 
 county, which contributed a small amount to the total 
 output during the year, the Altoona Company treated 
 ore from the surface workings and the dumps. Con- 
 siderable development work was accomplished b}' the 
 Boston, Integral, and several minor concerns. The 
 balance of the total output of California was obtained 
 in Solano county. Several new mines were added to 
 the list of producers during 1902; those contributing 
 an output of 100 flasks or more being the Helen mine 
 in Lake county, and the Silver Creek mine in Santa 
 Clara county. Other quicksilver companies reported 
 to have started operations in 1902 were the Monterey 
 Quicksilver Mining Compan}^ near Idria, San Benito 
 county; the Modoc Chief mine, near Redding, Shasta 
 county; the Mariposa and Elizabeth mines, and the 
 LTncle Sam and Eureka mines, near Cambria, San Luis 
 Obispo county; and the Summit, Adobe Valley, and 
 Orestimba properties, in Stanislaus county. A deposit 
 of quicksilver ore of good qualitj' was reported in Modoc 
 county, 25 miles east of Cedarville, in the extreme north- 
 western part of the state — an entirely new section for 
 the occurrence of cinnabar. 
 
 As to the future of the quicksilver mining industry 
 of California the larger and better known mines have 
 in a measure been worked out, and it is hardly within 
 the range of probability that other mines' equal in 
 extent to the New Almaden or the New Idria will be 
 discovered. Yet, on the other hand, there are manj' 
 smaller mines which, by contributing from 20 to .300 
 flasks each per month, supply a considerable quantity 
 of metal in the aggregate. Furthermore, the improve- 
 ment in metallurgical and mining practices during 
 recent j^ears, which permits the profitable treatment of 
 very lean ores, will probably maintain the quicksilver 
 industry in an important economic position for manA^ 
 years to come. It is stated in general that quicksilver 
 can be produced in California at a mining and smelting 
 cost of $.3 per ton of ore, which renders it possible to 
 treat with profit ores containing from 0.3 to 0.6 per 
 cent of quicksilver; in a few cases it is possible to treat 
 even lower grade ores and yet make a profit. The gen- 
 eral statement is made that a modern furnace, operat- 
 ing on average ores, pi'oduces quicksilver at a cost of 
 $35 per flask not including interest on capital invested 
 in the plant and property, or the cost of development 
 work at the mine. 
 
 In Oregon the sole producer of quicksilver in recent 
 years has been the Black Butte Quicksilver Mining 
 Company, which opened a quicksilver mine in 1898 on 
 a spur of the Cascade mountains at Black Butte, Lane 
 county. A modern iO-ton shaft furnace of the 
 
 inclined shelf type was installed, but after a few 
 months it was closed foi' altei'ations, the condensation 
 of the ([uicksilver Jx'ing too imperfect to render the 
 smelting profitable. Operations were resumed in 1900. 
 In that year the above-named company acquired the 
 Elkhead mine, in Douglas county, 5 miles from Black 
 Butte; this mine was equipped with a l((-ton Scott fur- 
 nace. Considerable development work has been 
 reported by this concern, but the operations have not 
 been entirely successful, as onlj^ 75 flasks of quicksil- 
 ver were produced in 1901 and none in 1902. The ore 
 of the Black Butte mine is of low grade, the average 
 rarely exceeding one-half of 1 per cent of quicksilver. 
 
 The principal operating companies in Texas in 1902 
 were the Marfa and Mariposa Mining Company, with 
 three 10-ton Scott furnaces; the Terlingua Mining Com- 
 pany, with one 40-ton Scott furnace; and the Colquit- 
 Tigner Mining Company, with one 10-ton Scott furnace. 
 
 The cinnabar deposits of California Hill, Brewster 
 county, near Terlingua post-office, 90 miles southeast 
 of Marfa, were known to the Comanche Indians, who 
 used them as a vermilion pigment. The knowledge of 
 these deposits, however, was not recorded until 1891, 
 when several Mexicans found a few pieces of cinnabar 
 float and took them to San Carlos, on the Mexican side 
 of the Rio Grande, whence they were sent to Chihua- 
 hua, and their mineralogical character determined. 
 Mr. George W. Wanless, of the Rio Grande Smelting 
 Works, and Mr. Charles Allen, of Socorro, N. Mex., 
 under the direction of the Mexicans, found the veins 
 and located the first mineral claims. Shorth' after this 
 Prof. William P. Blake described these deposits under 
 the title "Cinnabar in Texas,"' the first important arti- 
 cle concerning this subject on record. Considerable 
 prospecting work was carried on in the district, but it 
 was not until 1898 that the metal was produced in com- 
 mercial quantities. In that year Lindheim & Co. made 
 a few flasks of quicksilver in a crude furnace at Terlin- 
 gua. Other concerns became interested in the develop- 
 ment of the quicksilver deposits, and the output of the 
 region was 270 flasks in 1899, 750 flasks in 1900, 2,932 
 flasks in 1901, and 5,319 flasks in 1902, thus making a 
 total output of 9,271 flasks. 
 
 The deposits of cinnabar at Terlingua are of two 
 classes; one occurs in hard and durable limestone ai)d 
 the other in soft and friable argillaceous beds. The 
 ores are cinnabar, mercury, yellow sulphide, and ter- 
 linguaite, and contain in addition several other mercury 
 minerals, such as calomel, eglestonite, and montroy- 
 dite, which, on account of their rarit}', are of scientific 
 interest only. Cinnabar is the principal mineral and is 
 usually mixed with clay or iron oxide. Native mer- 
 cury is present in several localities in the district, oc- 
 curring in the interstices of crystalline calcite, and a 
 single cavity in the calcite veins has yielded as much as 
 
 ' Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers 
 Vol. XXV (1895) , pages 68 to 76. 
 
656 
 
 MINKS AND QUARRIES. 
 
 ::iO pounds of the native metal. The associated gano-ue 
 is composed of calcite, anigonite, gvpsuin, and occa- 
 sionally a little barite; iron oxidi\ pyi'ite, and occasion- 
 ally arsenic and manganese minerals. 
 
 The methods of mining in the Terlingua district up to 
 the present time have been extremely crude. The work- 
 ings h^-ve been confined mainlj' to the open cuts on the 
 surface, but a few shafts have l)een sunk to a depth of 
 from eighty to ninety feet and the ore obtained by drift- 
 ing along the vein. The material mined is carried to 
 the surface in rawhide buckets on the backs of Mexican 
 miners, who climb notched-pole ladders with great 
 agility. The veins are generally quite narrow, often 
 less than one foot in width. The mined ore is sorted 
 by hand, arranged into piles according to richness, and 
 transported to the furnace plant, where it is first crushed 
 in a Blake crusher, operated ))y gas engines, which ai'e 
 more convenient than steam engines on account of the 
 lack of watei" and fuel. The crushed ore is then con- 
 vej'ed to the ore bins, which are situated abo\'e the le\Hd 
 of the furnace, and from there, as rei{uircd, it is dumped 
 into cars and charged into the furnace thrimgh Imppers. 
 
 Formerly the very rich ore was treati'd in a I'ctort, a 
 method so wasteful and entailing such costly repairs 
 that it has been supplanted almost entirely hy shaft 
 furnaces of the continuous type similar to the Scott- 
 Hiittner furnace used in California. The greater part 
 of the ore is treated in a shaft furnace b\- air oxidation, 
 in some cases lime being added to aid in the decompo- 
 sition of the sulphide. A very small proportion, con- 
 sisting of extremelj' rich pieces, is treated in a furnace 
 of the retort type. 
 
 The development of the ([uicksilver mines in this 
 region has been seriously hampered by the scarcity of 
 water and the lack of fuel, mesquite wood ))eing al:)out 
 the sole supplj- of the latter. However, coal and asphal- 
 tum have been found within a few miles of Terlingua. 
 and there is a possibility that oil may be discovered, as 
 the formation closely resembles that of the Corsicana 
 oil fields. 
 
 THE QUICKSILVER INDUSTRY IN FOREKiN COUNTRIES. 
 
 In Spain, 9(t per cent of the total production of quick- 
 silver is obtained from the Almaden mines, in the prov- 
 ince of Ciudad Real, which have been worked intermit- 
 tently during the past two thousand years. The mines 
 are owned b\- the Government, and the output is con- 
 trolled liy the Rothschilds, who lia\'e been operating the 
 mines under a ten-year concession, which was c(nitinued 
 in 1900. The ores ai-e veiy rich, averaging about IS per 
 cent of metal. Tli<' furnaces are not operated during 
 the hot season, fi'om May to Septembei-. Mining is 
 conducted with a view to permanency, and masonry is 
 fi-eely used in the \ai-ious galleries and chambers of tile 
 mines. It was not until IS'.tC, (hat machine di'ills were 
 installed. 
 
 In Austria, the cinjialiiir (li'))osits of Idrja, in Krain, 
 
 were first mined in 14H0, and shortly afterwards were 
 placed under Government ownership and supervision. 
 Those mines furnish by far the greater part of the total 
 output of quicksilver in Austria, only a small quantity 
 being supplied by the mines in Hungary. The ore of 
 the Idria mines is separated by hand into three clas.ses, 
 namely, (1) a small proportion of high grade ore, con- 
 taining al)out.S.5 per cent of mei'cury; (2) coarse ore, 
 containing about thirty-five hundredths of 1 per cent of 
 mercury; and {?>} fine ore, containing sixty-five hun- 
 dredths of 1 per cent of mercuiy. In recent years the 
 annual average content of the concentrated ore treated 
 in the furnaces has varied from seventy-five hundredths 
 of 1 per cent to 1 per cent of mercury. 
 
 In Russia, the entire output of quicksih'cr is oVjtained 
 from the mines of A. Auerbach & Co., situated near 
 Nikitovka, on the Kursk-Kharko\' Railroad, government 
 of Ekaterinoslav, in the southern part of European Rus- 
 sia. Ill ancient times these deposits were exploited lij' 
 the GriH'ks, but the present industry was not inaugu- 
 rated until 1883. The average content of mercury in 
 the ores extracted approximates four-tenths of 1 per 
 cent. 
 
 In Italy, the important ([uicksilver jjroducers are 
 the Castelazara and Ripa mines in the Monte Amiata dis- 
 trict, and the Vallalta mine in the province of Venice. 
 The mines at ]\Ionte Amiata were originally worked 
 by the Etruscans, and active operations are on record 
 for the period from lOOO to li'uo A. D. The present 
 industry l>egan at Side in 1.S4<! and at Carnucchi in 
 IsTO. The oresa\erage from three-tenths to six-tenths 
 of 1 per cent of mercury and are treatt'd in furnaces 
 of modern construction. A detailed description of the 
 furnace practice at Monti' Amiata is published in The 
 iNIineral Industry, ^'ol. Yl. pages .57(3 to 582. 
 
 In Mexico, the principal quicksilver producers are the 
 Huitzuco mines, 50 miles north of Tixtla, in the state of 
 Guerrero, and the mines at Guadalcazar. The Huitzuco 
 deposits were first exploited in ls74 and since 1SS.5 they 
 have contributed annually an output of from 2,(i()0 to 
 3,000 fiasks of quicksilver. The ores average from six- 
 tenths of 1 per cent to 1 per cent of mercury, and the 
 cost of labor and fuel is so small that ores averaging 
 as low as three-teiitlis of 1 per cent of the metal can be 
 treated profitably. The methods of mining and smelt- 
 ing are very primiti\e, and the amount of metal 
 extracted by the furnace treatment rarely exceeds one- 
 half of the ([uantity present in the ore. The mines at 
 (ruadalcazar. To miles northeast of San Luis Potosi, 
 have })(>en worked by two concerns, the C\)m])anui de 
 Minas de Azogue de Guadalcazar and the Compania de 
 Nueva Potosi. The ores in this district, which contain 
 an average of from 2 to 3.5 per cent of mercury, are 
 smelted in a retort furnace provided with dust boxes, 
 condensers, and a. numlier of brick settling chambers 
 e(|ui|ii>ed with bafile plates. Tlie snu^lting process is 
 l)rimiti\'c and wasteful, yet labor and fuel are so cheap 
 
QUICKSILVER. 
 
 657 
 
 that the operations are carried on with financial profit. 
 The old mines, worked by the Nueva Potosi Company, 
 are reported to contain immense bodies of easily acces- 
 sible cinnabar ore", carr^'ing an average of 1 per cent of 
 meiTury. The plant of this compan}- is equipped with 
 two 6-ton furnaces. 
 
 In China, Australia (New South Wales), Algeria 
 (Taghit), Brazil, Peru, and Colombia deposits of cin- 
 nabar have been reported from time to time, but in 
 general, because of the inaccessibility of the vai'ious 
 districts in which the deposits are located, they still 
 await development. A small output of cjuiclisilver was 
 obtained early in 1902 by an English company operating 
 the cinnabar deposits in the province of Kweichau in 
 southwestern China. 
 
 Table 8 shows in detail the statistics of the quick- 
 silver industry for 1902. 
 
 Table 8. — Detailed siimmary: 190S. 
 
 Number of mines 41 
 
 Number of operators i 37 
 
 character of ownership: 
 
 Individual 9 
 
 Firm 7 
 
 Incorporated company 21 
 
 Salaried ofiicials, clerks, etc. : 
 
 Total number 117 
 
 Total salaries }154, 164 
 
 General officers — 
 
 Number 16 
 
 Salaries '_.'_ j29, 650 
 
 Superintendents, managers, foremen, surveyors, etc.— 
 
 Number ,54 
 
 Salaries ." .' .' |8.5, 634 
 
 Foremen below ground — 
 
 Number 20 
 
 Salaries 820 220 
 
 Clerks- 
 Number 27 
 
 Salaries $18, 650 
 
 Wage-earners; 
 
 Aggregate average number 1 329 
 
 Aggregate wages jsgl' 340 
 
 Above ground — 
 
 Total average number 472 
 
 Total wages $329, 980 
 
 Engineers, firemen, and other mechanics- 
 Average number I39 
 
 Wages J113, 4.58 
 
 Miners — 
 
 Average number 81 
 
 Wages $46, 217 
 
 Boys under 16 years — 
 
 Average number 4 
 
 Wages Jl, 145 
 
 All other wage-earners— 
 
 Average number 248 
 
 Wages S169, 160 
 
 Below ground — 
 
 Total average number 857 
 
 Total wages 3,s.5i, ago 
 
 Miners — 
 
 Average number ,=i33 
 
 Wages J382, ,526 
 
 Miners' helpers — 
 
 Average number 226 
 
 Wages S124, 464 
 
 Boys under 16 years — 
 
 Average number 4 
 
 Wages 5620 
 
 All other wage-earners 2 — 
 
 Average number 94 
 
 Wages $43, 760 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at specified daily rates <A pay: 
 Engineers — 
 
 $2.00 to $2.24 o 
 
 $2.25 to $2.49 7 
 
 $2.60 to 82.74 18 
 
 $2.75 to $2.99 5 
 
 $3.00 to $3.24 6 
 
 Firemen — 
 
 $l.,50to$1.74 3 
 
 $1.75to$1.99 4 
 
 $2.00 to $2.24 9 
 
 «2.25to$2,49 1,5 
 
 $2..50 to .$2.74 11 
 
 Machinists, blacksmiths, carpenters, and other mechanics — 
 
 $1.25to$I.49 1 
 
 $1.. 50 to $1.74 5 
 
 $1.75 to $1.99 1 
 
 I Includes operators distributed as follows: California, 34 (36 mines); Texas, 3 
 (5 mines). 
 
 -Includes timbermen and track layers. 
 
 30223—04- 
 
 -42 
 
 Table 8. — Detailed sumwarij: 1903 — Continued. 
 
 Average nuni))i'r of wage-earners at specified daily-rates of pay — Con. 
 Macliiiii^ts, l»l;icksmiths, carpenters, and other mechanics— Con. 
 
 $2,110 to $2.24 8 
 
 $2.25 to $2, 19 11 
 
 $2.50 to $2.7 1 12 
 
 $2.75 to $2.99 3 
 
 $3.00 to $3.21 ^.. 15 
 
 $3,25 to $3.49 2 
 
 $3.50 to $3.74 1 
 
 Miners- 
 
 SI. 00 to $1.2 1 32 
 
 $1.25 to $1,49..... 105 
 
 *1..50 to $1.71 14 
 
 $1.76 to $1.99 94 
 
 $2.00 to $2.24 20 
 
 $2,25 to $2.49 77 
 
 $2.50 to $2.74 219 
 
 $2.75 to $2.99 3 
 
 $3,00 to $3.24 48 
 
 $3.25 to $3.49 2 
 
 Miners' helpers — 
 
 $0.75 to $0.99 1 
 
 81.00 to 81. 24 .50 
 
 31.25 to$l. 49 02 
 
 $1.50 I0SI.74 1 
 
 $1.75to$1.99 .52 
 
 $2.00 to $2.24 24 
 
 $2.25 to $2.49 22 
 
 $2.50to$2.74 11 
 
 $2.75 to $2.99 3 
 
 Timbermen and track layers- 
 
 $1.50to$1.74 6 
 
 $2.00 to 82. 24 11 
 
 $3.00 to $3.'24 7 
 
 Bnvs under 16 years — 
 
 Less than 80,50 2 
 
 80..50 to $0.74 6 
 
 $1 .00 to $1 .24 1 
 
 All other wage-earners- 
 
 $0.50 to $0.74 17 
 
 $0.75 to $0.99 9 
 
 $1.00 to $1 .'24 30 
 
 $1.25 to $1.19 43 
 
 $1..50to$1.74 27 
 
 $1.75 to $1.99 13 
 
 $2.00 to $2.24 121 
 
 $2.'25 to $2.49 28 
 
 $2..50 to $2.74 . ag 
 
 $3.00 to$3.'24 2 
 
 Average number of wage-earners employed during each month; 
 
 Men 16 years and over — 
 
 January 1 33.5 
 
 February i_ 326 
 
 March 1' 324 
 
 April '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 1] 335 
 
 May 1^322 
 
 June 1, 300 
 
 July 1,289 
 
 August 1 291 
 
 September l'319 
 
 October ' 1' 325 
 
 November ...\...\.\'.. 1351 
 
 December \ 1' 335 
 
 Boys under 16 year.s — .... , 
 
 January 7 
 
 February 7 
 
 March . .' ......v.. v.... 7 
 
 April 7 
 
 May .\. . .\ .V 7 
 
 June 7 
 
 July .'.'.'.... \'''...'..V' 14 
 
 August 12 
 
 September 7 
 
 October 7 
 
 November ........WWW 7 
 
 December !!!,!!!! 7 
 
 Contract work; 
 
 Amount paid 4-13 154 
 
 Number of employees .!."."!]!!.'!."!!.! " ' so 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses; 
 
 Total g59 7gy 
 
 Royalties and rent of mine and mining plant .'.'.".'.'.'!" $7' 078 
 
 Rent of offices, taxes, insurance, interest, and other sundries $.52' 689 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials q;>.i2' 267 
 
 Product: ^' " ' 
 
 Total value 81,. 5,50, 090 
 
 Quicksilver — 
 
 Quantity, flasks 04 ,^91 
 
 „. Value..: :..;;::::::;:;::::::: $i,467;848 
 
 Cinnabar — ' ' 
 
 Quantity, short tons n '^o^ 
 
 Value «.8->'242 
 
 Power owned; ' ""' 
 
 Total horsepower , one 
 
 Engiims- l'-^*^^ 
 
 Steam— 
 
 Nvnnber j^g 
 
 Ht.)rsepow'er !!!!"!! 1 574 
 
 Gas or gasoline — 
 
 Number -^■• 
 
 Horsepower ,;:,-, 
 
 Water wheels— ^^~ 
 
 Number o 
 
 Horsepower " " ^ 90 
 
 other power — 
 
 Number r 
 
 Horsepower „;. 
 
 Electric motors— " 
 
 Number ^ 
 
 Horsepower !!!'"!!!!!! 15 
 
PLATINUM 
 
 (659) 
 
PLATINUM, 
 
 By David T. Day, Ph. D. 
 
 Occurrence. — At the time of the Eleventh Census 
 platinum was known to occur in the United States in 
 the following' localities: California — Butte, Del Norte, 
 Humboldt, Mendocino, Plumas, Sierra, and Trinity 
 counties; Idaho — Wood river country. New York — near 
 Plattsbnrg; North Carolina — Burke and Rutherford 
 counties; and Oregon — Coos, Curr}', Josephine, and 
 Lane counties. In addition to these localities in the 
 United States, there was a platinum product greater 
 than that from the United States which helped to sup- 
 ply the American market from the region of Granite 
 creek, British Columbia, and the copper ores from the 
 Sudbury district of Canada also brought in some plati- 
 num and palladium in the nickel-copper matte imported 
 into the United States. 
 
 Associated with these platinum ores were occasion- 
 ally found the allied metals — osmium, iridium, and pal- 
 ladium. 
 
 About 1898 the demand for platinum became more 
 considerable and the search for it, and especiall}' for 
 the allied metal osmium, became vigorous. It re- 
 sulted in much prospecting in the Eastern states, as 
 well as in the West, and many assays of supposed 
 platinum ores, made bj^ Mr. A. W. Johnston,' showed 
 that certain rocks in eastern Pennsylvania, eastern New 
 York, and in many other localities contained traces of 
 platinum. 
 
 The one event of importance in the development of 
 the platinum industry' in the United States was the dis- 
 covery bj' Dr. L. D. Godshall, manager of the Boston 
 and Wyoming Smelter, at Encampment," that the cop- 
 per ores and matte of the Kambler mine. Grand En- 
 campment district of Wj'oming, contained platinum 
 and palladium. These ol)servations were confirmed \>^ 
 Professors Wells and Penfield, of Yale University, •'' 
 who separated sperrjiite (platinum diarsenide) from 
 this Rambler ore. Further investigations by Mr. 
 Johnston and Pi'ofessor Kemp showed that the ore of 
 
 'James F. Kemp, United States Geological Survey, Bulletin 193, 
 pages 31 and 33. 
 
 '•'Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. LXII, page 843. 
 
 ^ American Journal of Science, fourth series, Vol. 13, 1902, page 95. 
 
 the Rambler mine contains platinum intimately mixed 
 with all the copper ores and even the chalcopyrite, 
 which apparently was the original copper ore in this 
 mine, also contains platinum. This confirms an obser- 
 vation of the writer in 1899 to the effect that platinum 
 occurs in the pyrite grains found in certain hydraulic 
 mines on the Trinity river in California, notably in the 
 mine of Mr. F. Huertevant. These observations have 
 led the searchers for platinum to examine a great many 
 deposits of pyrite in the United States with the hope 
 of finding them commerciall}' rich in platinum, how- 
 ever, without commercial result, so far as the writer is 
 informed. This work is referred to, however, as indi- 
 cating a direction of search for platinum which may yet 
 prove profitable. 
 
 At the time of the Twelfth Census, therefore, the 
 supply of platinum to the United States market, in 
 addition to the importations from Russia and small 
 importations from South America, consisted in the 
 supply of platinum obtained from the localities in Cali- 
 fornia and Oregon mentioned above, a small product 
 from the Granite creek district, British Columbia, and 
 a more considerable product obtained in refining the 
 nickel-copper matte from the Sudbury district of Can- 
 ada. The platinum deposits of Russia, which afford the 
 principal supply of the world, have lately been described 
 by Mr. Chester V. Purington in the Engineering and 
 Mining Journal, Vol. LXXVII, page 720. A complete 
 description of the occui'rence of platinum in all parts of 
 the world is given by Prof. J. F. Kemp, of Columbia 
 College, New York, in Bulletin 193, United States 
 Geological Survey. 
 
 The writer made an investigation in 1899 as to the 
 proportions of platinum, osmium, and iridosmium pres- 
 ent with gold in various parts of the West, and, supple- 
 mentary to this. Dr. Waldron Shapleigh determined the 
 proportion of osmium to platinum in many of the same 
 samples, the results of which are given in the followino- 
 statement: * 
 
 'Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, 
 Vol. XXX, page 708. ' 
 
 (661) 
 
662 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Boegum district, Shasta 
 
 county, Cal. 
 Hayfork district. Trinity 
 
 county. Cal. 
 Trinity river district. Trinity 
 
 county, Cal. 
 Crescent City, Del Norte 
 
 county, Cal. 
 Port Or'ford, Curry county, 
 Oreg. 
 
 JPlatinum 
 
 jotlier platinum metals^ 
 
 I Platinum 
 
 iCtlier platinum metals - 
 
 ) Platinum 
 
 lOther platinum metals. 
 
 [Platinum 
 
 lOther platinum metals. 
 
 (Platinum 
 
 \Ottier platinum metals;. 
 
 Higlicst 
 per cent. 
 
 20. 
 84.0 
 73.0 
 ,58.0 
 27.0 
 80.0 
 11.0 
 83.0 
 47.0 
 83.0 
 
 Lowest 
 percent. 
 
 13.5 
 79.0 
 30.0 
 18.0 
 15.0 
 72.0 
 8.0 
 46.0 
 15. 
 23.0 
 
 'The "other platinum metals" include iridium, osmium, ruthenium, rho- 
 dium, and palladium. 
 
 Production. — From the domestic ores in the United 
 States the product during- 1901! was 94 ounces, valued 
 at $1,814. This was obtained as a side product in 
 placer gold mining, and as the production is en- 
 tirely dependent upon the more important produc- 
 tion of gold this great .decrease in the quantity of 
 the platinum produced, as compared with 1,108 ounces 
 in 1901, is easily understood. In fact, the product 
 during the last few years has varied most widely both 
 in quantity and in the value of the product. The 
 variation in value has been due not only to the real 
 fluctuation and gradual increase in the price of refined 
 platinum, but particularly to the fact that the value 
 given has been that of the crude grains as collected 
 and which vary widely in their contents of pure 
 platinum. In addition to the platinum product of 
 1902, 20 fine ounces of iridium were obtained. In 
 1901 the corresponding product was 253 ounces of 
 iridium. 
 
 The production of platinum in previous years, as 
 collected by the United States Geological Survey, is 
 quoted in the following table: 
 
 Table 1. — Production of ciiide platinum in the United Stateif, ISSO to 
 1900, and of refined metal from domestic ores in 1901 and 1902.^ 
 
 Table 3. — Production of platinum in Russia: lS34to 1901. 
 
 YEAE. 
 
 Quantity 
 (ounces). 
 
 Value. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Quantity 
 (ounces). 
 
 Value. 
 
 1880 
 
 100 
 100 
 
 200 
 200 
 1,50 
 2.50 
 60 
 448 
 500 
 .500 
 600 
 100 
 
 $400 
 
 400 
 
 600 
 
 600 
 
 4,50 
 
 I.'i? 
 
 100 
 
 1,838 
 
 2,000 
 
 2,(XI0 
 
 2, .500 
 
 600 
 
 1892 
 
 80 
 75 
 100 
 1,50 
 163 
 150 
 225 
 300 
 400 
 1,408 
 94 
 
 8560 
 
 
 1,893 
 
 617 
 
 188^ 
 
 1894 
 
 600 
 
 1883 
 
 1895. 
 
 900 
 
 
 1896 
 
 944 
 
 1885 
 
 1897 
 
 900 
 
 
 1898 
 
 3,375 
 
 
 1899 
 
 1,800 
 
 1888 
 
 1900 
 
 2, 500 
 
 1889 
 
 1901 
 
 27,,52fi 
 
 
 1902 
 
 1,871 
 
 1891 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 The chief variations in price have been due to the quality of the crude 
 grains. In 1901 and 1902, however, the average price for the refined metal has 
 been given. 
 
 Of the total production of platinum in the world, 
 about 90 per cent comes from Russia, with the re- 
 mainder divided among Colombia, South America; 
 New South Wales, yVustralia; the United States; and 
 Canada. The average annual product in Russia, as is 
 shown in the following table, was 104,023.(1 ounces 
 for the ten years 1881 to 1890, inclusive, and 
 183,37<) ounces for the eleven years 1891 to 1901, 
 inclusive. 
 
 PRODUCTION. 
 
 Ounces. {Russian equivalent. 
 
 1824 
 
 1826 - - - - - 
 
 1826 to 1830 1 ^ 168 
 
 1831 
 1836 
 
 1841 
 184f 
 1851 
 18,50 
 1861 
 1861 
 1871 
 1871. 
 18.81 
 1886 
 1891 
 1892 
 1.893 
 1894 
 1895 
 1896 
 1897 
 1898 
 1899 
 1900 
 1901 
 
 i to 1836. 
 ) to 1,840. 
 
 1.1 1845. 
 > to 1.8.50. 
 I to 1S55. 
 ; to 1800. 
 . to 1866. 
 1 to 1870. 
 I to 1875. 
 ; to 1880. 
 
 t.) 1.S85. 
 . 1.890. 
 
 2 290, 
 2 238, 
 2 311, 
 2 12, 
 2 48, 
 2 72, 
 2 232, 
 2 315, 
 2 279, 
 2 340, 
 2 496, 
 2.544, 
 
 2 135, 
 3147, 
 
 3 169, 
 3 163, 
 3141, 
 
 3 150, 
 
 ■n* 
 
 192 
 
 •' 191, 
 3 163, 
 3 203, 
 
 
 Pooda.^ 
 
 060 
 
 2 
 
 116 
 
 11 
 
 345 
 
 319 
 
 103 
 
 5.50 
 
 142 
 
 4.52 
 
 079 
 
 690 
 
 347 
 
 23 
 
 083 
 
 91 
 
 (1.58 
 
 136 
 
 487 
 
 441 
 
 908 
 
 599 
 
 955 
 
 .531 
 
 265 
 
 646 
 
 182 
 
 942 
 
 0.54 
 
 1,033 
 
 873 
 
 258 
 
 4,59 
 
 280 
 
 099 
 
 304 
 
 268 
 
 310 
 
 140 
 
 268 
 
 412 
 
 297 
 
 .531 
 
 339 
 
 750 
 
 366 
 
 697 
 
 364 
 
 2.58 
 
 310 
 
 283 
 
 380 
 
 Fuitts. 
 1 
 24.6 
 
 26. 25 
 34 
 
 7.6 
 
 27. 26 
 17. 76 
 12 
 
 33 
 18 
 
 31.25 
 23. 25 
 
 4 
 
 6.25 
 
 ' The poo.l is estimated at .526.61 ounces. 
 
 2Taken from the Russian Journal of Financial Statistics, 1901. 
 
 'Taken from the Viestnik Finansov (Messenger of Finance), No. 50, 1903. 
 
 Prices. — Since the close of 1899 the price of platinum 
 has steadily increased, reaching its maximum value in 
 January, 1902, when the price in New York was ^20 to 
 $21 per ounce for ingot platinum. The price fell to 
 $19. .50 in February, andin June to $19, which price pre- 
 vailed to the close of the year. Best hammered plati- 
 num was quoted as follows: January, 1902, .s2 cents per 
 gram; June, 76 cents; July, 74cents; August, 73.5 cents; 
 and December, 72.5 cents. Osmiridium is quoted at from 
 S6 to $10 per ounce. This gradual increase in the price 
 of platinum during the past ten years is due to the fact 
 that there has been found no metal or alloy which will 
 take the place of platinum, and also to the fact that there 
 is such a limited supply and increased demand. 
 
 The price of platinum is practically determined b}' 
 Johnson, Matthey & Co., of London, who are refiners 
 of a large portion of the Russian output. 
 
 hoparts. — The following table gives the ini])orts 
 of platinum into the United States from 1880 to 1902, 
 as reported by the Bureau of Statistics: 
 
 Table 3. — Platinum imported and entered for consumption in the 
 United States: ISSO to 1903. 
 
 calendar years, since 1886; pre- 
 vious YEARS END JUNE 30. 
 
 Manufac- 
 tured 
 (value). 
 
 UNMANUFACTURED. 
 
 Vases or 
 retorts, 
 
 etc. 
 (value). 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1880 
 
 S964 
 
 290 
 
 1,731 
 
 4 
 
 Poinuls. 
 
 $217,144 
 
 273, 343 
 
 285, 731 
 
 298, 799 
 
 289, 898 
 
 28,5, 239 
 
 373,941 
 
 .509, 414 
 
 658, 920 
 
 555, 742 
 
 996, 886 
 
 621,776 
 
 565, 476 
 
 .534, 236 
 
 485, 272 
 
 690, .584 
 
 906, 671 
 
 9.58, 368 
 
 1,179,242 
 
 1,. 1.82, 1.57 
 
 1 , 726, 206 
 
 1,071,413 
 
 1,9.50,362 
 
 $41,, 827 
 
 
 
 21, 292 
 
 1882 
 
 3, 126 
 3, 104 
 2,846 
 2, 612 
 3,422 
 4, 732 
 6, 226 
 6,394 
 6, 763 
 3,416 
 6,419 
 
 4, 276 
 4,0<19 
 5,117 
 
 5, 558 
 
 6, 698 
 6, 703 
 0, 071 
 
 7, 372 
 0, 220 
 7,346 
 
 48, 4.52 
 
 1,883 
 
 92, 907 
 
 1884 
 
 83 112 
 
 
 3 
 
 17, 473 
 
 1886 .... 
 
 71 864 
 
 
 
 68, 061 
 
 18.88 . - - - 
 
 
 58, 365 
 110, 7,57 
 
 
 338 
 
 
 77, 9.57 
 
 ]g.^] . . .1 
 
 46 814 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,50 ,59'' 
 
 
 
 .88 195 
 
 
 171 
 
 27, 3.54 
 
 
 
 
 121 
 271 
 876 
 827 
 2,513 
 2,706 
 
 47,897 
 
 
 62 012 
 
 
 54,877 
 
 
 36, ,887 
 
 
 21 , 969 
 
 
 34 913 
 
 
 
COAL 
 
 (663) 
 
COAL. 
 
 By Edward W. Parker. 
 
 The census of mines and quarries talien under tlie act 
 providing for tlie Twelfth Census — the first of the 
 twentieth centur}- — found tlie United States lirmlj^ es- 
 tablished as the principal coal producer of the world. 
 At the taking- of the Tenth and Eleventh censuses the 
 United States was second in coal producing impor- 
 tance, with Great Britain first. At the Kinth Census 
 it was exceeded in production l)y both Great Britain 
 and Germanj'. 
 
 During the calendar year 1902, which is the period 
 covered bj' the Twelfth Census of the mining industry, 
 there were 27 states and 3 territories which contributed 
 to the coal production of the United States. Of this 
 number there were 5 in each of which the production 
 amounted to less than 100,000 tons; there were 4 others 
 in which the production was less than 1,000,000 tons; 5 
 states produced more than 10,000,000 tons each, and 1, 
 Pennsjdvania, produced more than 100,000,000 tons. 
 
 According to the character of the output, the coal 
 fields of the United States conveniently fell under two 
 great divisions, the anthracite and the bituminous. The 
 
 areas from which the bulk of the anthracite is obtained 
 are located in the eastern part of Pennsylvania, and or- 
 dinarily when reference is made to the anthracite fields 
 of the United States those of eastern Pennsylvania are 
 meant. There are, however, two small areas in the 
 Rocky mountain region where true anthracite is pro- 
 duced in small quantities. One of these areas is in 
 Gunnison county, Colo. , the other in Santa Fe county, 
 N. Mex. But, although the product of these two lo- 
 calities is true anthracite, the quantitj' obtained is so 
 small that it is customary to include it with the bitumi- 
 nous production, and it is so included in this report. 
 
 The bituminous coal production shown here includes, 
 in addition to the true bituminous coals, coking or non- 
 coking, such varieties as semianthracite, semibitumi- 
 nous, cannel, splint, and block coals, and lignite or 
 brown coal. 
 
 The following table is a comparative summary of the 
 statistics of coal production as reported for the several 
 census j'ears from 1S.50 to 1902, inclusive: 
 
 Table 1.— COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1850 TO 1902. 
 
 Number of mines 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials . 
 Product: 
 
 Quantity, short tons 
 
 Value 
 
 5,986 
 4,628 
 
 17,427 
 J17,419,217 
 
 360, 329 
 
 «220, 198, 401 
 
 SI, 6.50, 635 
 
 $26,081,698 
 
 837,539,702 
 
 301,590,439 
 *367,032,069 
 
 * 2, 936 
 S2, 193, 870 
 
 •1296,623 
 
 *106,937,058 
 
 Si, 155, 171 
 
 S15,421,591 
 
 818, 828, 590 
 
 141,229,513 
 $160,226,323 
 
 (■') 
 
 (') 
 
 169, 444 
 »S55,276,055 
 ('■') 
 (■■') 
 811,589,091 
 
 71,481,570 
 895,740,396 
 
 1870 
 
 =1,566 
 
 
 ( = ) 
 
 $44 
 
 94,754 
 316, 491 
 
 ( = ) 
 85,668,955 
 
 36, 
 
 873, 
 
 807,333 
 524, 972 
 
 1860 
 
 (.') 
 
 36, 486 
 89, 660, 261 
 
 $2,762,972 
 
 11,333,922 
 $20, 243, 637 
 
 1860 
 
 (') 
 
 C) 
 
 15,118 
 84,069,188 
 (=) 
 (') 
 8246, 414 
 
 6, 445, 681 
 87,173,750 
 
 1 Includes 9,969 "local" mines (9,920 bituminous and 49 anthracite) for which there are no statistics fur labor and expenditures; production of same, 2,889,286 
 short tons. 
 
 2 Establishments. 
 
 3 Not reported. 
 
 * Foremen included as wage-earners. 
 ^ Not reported separately. 
 6 Salaries included in wages. 
 
 (665) 
 
666 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 The following table shows the comparative statistics for the anthracite and bituminous coal industries, 
 separately and combined, for 1SS',> and 1902: 
 
 Table 2.— COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1902 AND 1889. 
 
 Number of mines 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 Product: 
 
 Quantity, short tons 
 
 Value 
 
 817 
 
 $220, 
 
 81, 
 
 826, 
 
 837, 
 
 ;301, 
 S3C7, 
 
 h, 986 
 4,528 
 
 17, -127 
 41»,217 
 
 350, 329 
 198,401 
 650, 535 
 081,698 
 539, 702 
 
 .590,4;',9 
 032, 069 
 
 82, 
 
 8106, 
 
 83, 
 
 815, 
 
 §18, 
 
 141, 
 8160, 
 
 1 12, 552 
 
 (-) 
 
 3 2,936 
 193,870 
 
 296, 023 
 937, 0.58 
 1.55,171 
 421,591 
 828, 590 
 
 229, 513 
 226, 323 
 
 BITUMINOUS. 
 
 I'joa 
 
 5, 652 
 4,409 
 
 14,413 
 814,511,924 
 
 280, 638 
 
 $1,81,482,288 
 
 81,244,114 
 
 $16,774,4.59 
 
 $21,798,922 
 
 260,216,844 
 8290, 8.58, 483 
 
 1S89 
 
 2, 408 
 81,781,826 
 
 172, 841 
 
 $07, 983, 885 
 
 8822,051 
 
 $6,742,221 
 
 $7,994,210 
 
 95, 629, 026 
 $94,346,809 
 
 ANTHRACITE. 
 
 1002 
 
 3, 
 82, 907, 
 
 69, 
 
 838, 716, 
 
 $406, 
 
 89, 307, 
 
 812, 740, 
 
 41,373, 
 876, 173, 
 
 334 
 119 
 
 014 
 293 
 
 691 
 113 
 
 421 
 239 
 780 
 
 .595 
 586 
 
 .528 
 $412, 044 
 
 123, 782 
 
 838, 9.53, 173 
 
 $2,333,120 
 
 $8, 679, :j70 
 
 $10,834,380 
 
 45, 600, 487 
 $65, 879, 514 
 
 1 Includes 9,969 "local " mines i9,920 bituminous and 49 anthracite) for which there are no statistics for labor and expenditures; production of same, 2,889,286 
 short tons. 
 
 • Not reported. 
 
 3 Foremen included as wage-earners. 
 
 Two pronounced discrepancies appear in the forego- 
 ing tables. The first of these is the marked decrease in 
 the number of mines reported for 1902, as compared 
 with 1S89. This decrease is due to the elimination, at 
 the Twelfth Census, of a large number of small banks 
 producing an insignificant amount of coal for purely 
 local consumption, which were included in the previous 
 census. .It the taking of the Kleventh Censns it was 
 possible to make use of the enumerators to secure 
 reports from these unimportant producers, but as the 
 mining investigation ;it the Twelfth Census was not 
 taken for the same year as that of populati;)n and man- 
 ufactures, it was not possible to secure the services of 
 enumerators to get the returns from these widely 
 distributed and unimportant sources. Neither was it 
 possible to obtain anything like complete reports by 
 correspondence, and to have employed special agents 
 for a complete canvass would have entailed an expense 
 entireh' out of proportion to the value of the results to 
 be accomplished. The output from these small banks 
 amounts to less than 1 per cent of the total, and to have 
 made a complete canvass would have increased the cost 
 of the investigation by probably 100 per cent. It 
 would also have required a much longer time tlian could 
 be allowed in order to complete the report within the 
 time prescribed by law. 
 
 The second discrepancy requiring explanation is that 
 existing between the number of wage-earners reported 
 for 1902 and 1889. The difl'erence is particularly 
 noticeable in the statistics of anthracite production, 
 where the number of wage-earners in 1902 appears to 
 have been only 56.3 per cent of the number employed 
 in 1889. In the bituminous mines, which increased 
 172.1 per cent in production, the number of wage- 
 earners app(^ars to have increased only fj2.4 per cent. 
 
 This makes it appear that in 19()2 there were 861 tons 
 of coal produced for each wage- earner employed, as 
 compared with 4:76 tons in 1889. The reason for this is 
 in part that, following the custom employed in the other 
 reports for the Twelfth Census, the working time was 
 assumed to have been three hundred days in the year, 
 and the mimher of wage-earners 'had been equated in 
 accordance with this assumption. In 1889 the average 
 number was calculat(Hl for the actual time the mines 
 were in operation and not for the whole year. The 
 report of the United States Geological Survey, which 
 has not been e(iuat(Hl after the manner of the Twelfth 
 Census, shows the average number of emploj'ees tohave 
 been 14.S,141 in the anthracite mines and 370,056 in the 
 bituminous mines. The average time worked was one 
 hundred and sixteen days in the anthracite mines and 
 two hund.-ed and thirty days in the bituminous mines. 
 The total number of men employed, according to the 
 report of the Survey, was 518,197, and tlie general 
 average time worked was one hundred and ninety-seven 
 days. 
 
 It is to be notetl that the statistics for 1902 show a 
 markefl increase over 1889, Itotli in the number of sala- 
 ried ofhcials and in the amount paid in salaries. This is 
 explained by the fact that in 1889 only the salaried 
 force employed at or in the immediate vicinity of the 
 mines was included. On the other hand, officials and 
 salai'ied employees in central offices or at a distance 
 from the mines were included at the Twelfth Census. 
 In 1889 the office forces at the mines numbered 2,936 
 persons, who were paid $2,193,870 in salaries. The 
 salaried list at the census of 1902 included 17,427 per- 
 sons who received $17,419,217. Comparable statistics 
 for the two censuses include those for wages, for con- 
 tract work, for miscellaneous expenses, and for sup- 
 
COAL. 
 
 667 
 
 plies and materials. In 1889 these items aggregated 
 1144,34:3,4:10, and in 1902, 128.5,470,336, making an in- 
 crease for the period included between those dates of 
 1141,127,926, or 97. 8 per cent. During the sameperiod, 
 however, there was an increase of 129.1 per cent in the 
 value of the product and of 113.5 per cent in the ton- 
 nage, due to the unusual conditions of the market in 
 1902. The foregoing statistics of expense do not in- 
 clude expenditures connected with the marketing of 
 the product. 
 
 The following table shows the details of the capitali- 
 zation of the incorporated companies operating coal 
 mines, anthracite and bituminous: 
 
 Table 3. — Capitalization of incorporated companies. 
 
 1903. 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 Anthracite. 
 
 Bituminous. 
 
 Number of incorporated companies. . 
 
 Number reporting capitalization 
 
 Capital stock and bonds issued 
 
 Capital stock: 
 Total authorized- 
 
 1,593 
 
 1,519 
 
 $797, 750, 237 
 
 30,883,929 
 8653, 855, 920 
 
 20,290,475 
 
 ?568,906,676 
 
 $19,296,300 
 
 29,480,9U 
 $577, 345, 713 
 
 19,011,108 
 
 8498,441,649 
 
 $16,230,787 
 
 1,403,015 
 $76, 610, 207 
 
 1,279,367 
 $70,465,027 
 84,065,513 
 
 276,036 
 $241,418,778 
 
 2.59, 484 
 
 8228, 843, 561 
 
 $9,904,973 
 
 84,100,380 
 
 76 
 
 69 
 
 $142,032,212 
 
 1,076,946 
 $59, 749, 350 
 
 981,461 
 
 $55,482,490 
 
 $1,936,459 
 
 1,065,346 
 868,589,350 
 
 973, 560 
 854,692,390 
 $1,933,251 
 
 11,600 
 81,160,000 
 
 7,901 
 
 $790,100 
 
 83, 208 
 
 71,879 
 887, 925, 222 
 
 70, 4,54 
 
 $86, 549, 722 
 
 83,789,145 
 
 81,797,319 
 
 1,517 
 
 1,4.50 
 
 $65.5,718,026 
 
 29, 806, 983 
 
 Par value 
 
 $694, 106, .570 
 
 Total issued— 
 
 19, 309, 014 
 
 
 8513, 424, 186 
 
 Dividends paid 
 
 $17, 359, ,841 
 
 Common- 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 28,415,568 
 $518,756,363 
 
 Issued— 
 Number of shares 
 
 18,037,548 
 $443, 749, 2,69 
 
 
 $13,297,536 
 
 Preferred- 
 Authorized— 
 Number of shares 
 
 1,391,415 
 $75, 350, 20" 
 
 Issued— 
 Number of shares 
 
 1,271,466 
 $69,674,927 
 
 
 $4,062,305 
 
 Bonds: 
 Authorized- 
 
 204, 1,57 
 
 
 $153, 493,. 656 
 
 Issued- 
 Number 
 
 189, 030 
 
 
 $142,293,839 
 
 
 86,115,828 
 
 
 82, 303, 061 
 
 
 
 Table 4. — Average number of loage-earners employed during each 
 month: 190S. 
 
 The total number of shares of common and preferred 
 stock issued by all coal mining companies was 20,290,475, 
 having a par value of $568,906,676, on which dividends 
 were paid to the amount of $19,296,300, or 3.39 per 
 cent. Deducting assessments levied the net dividends 
 paid amounted to $15,195,920, or 2.67 per cent on the 
 capital stock issued. The total par value of the stock 
 of the anthracite companies was $55,482,490, on which 
 dividends amounting to $1,936,459, or 3.49 per cent, 
 were paid. The par value of the total .stock issue of 
 the bituminous coal companies was $513,424,186, on 
 which dividends were paid to the amount of $17,359,841, 
 or 3.38 per cent. 
 
 Employees and wages. — The average number of wage- 
 earners employed during each month is shown in 
 Table 4, for the coal industry as a whole as well as for 
 the anthracite and bituminous mines separate!}'. 
 
 Total average number 
 
 Men 16 years and over: 
 
 .lauLiary 
 
 February 
 
 Warcli 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 .Tune 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 Novemljer 
 
 Decern ijer 
 
 Boys under 16 years; 
 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 Marcli 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 Total. 
 
 350, 329 
 
 394, 
 392, 
 386, 
 376, 
 315, 
 274, 
 261, 
 271, 
 281, 
 321, 
 398, 
 407, 
 
 14, 
 
 14, 
 14, 
 14, 
 8, 
 5, 
 5, 
 5, 
 5, 
 7, 
 13, 
 14, 
 
 Anthra- 
 cite. 
 
 09, 691 
 
 110,018 
 
 110,760 
 
 109,165 
 
 109,190 
 
 .53,169 
 
 16, 301 
 
 6,493 
 
 7,610 
 
 S, 136 
 
 34,773 
 
 10.5,516 
 
 110,393 
 
 8, 362 
 
 8,468 
 
 8,419 
 
 8,517 
 
 2,986 
 
 52 
 
 59 
 
 96 
 
 100 
 
 1,696 
 
 7,804 
 
 8,209 
 
 Bitumi- 
 nous. 
 
 280,638 
 
 284, 823 
 281,380 
 277,6.66 
 267, 309 
 262, 358 
 2.57,803 
 255, 481 
 263, 693 
 273,131 
 286, 311 
 292, 891 
 297, 284 
 
 5,714 
 5,627 
 
 5, 671 
 5,618 
 6,648 
 6,4.50 
 6, 336 
 6,480 
 
 6, .566 
 6, 743 
 6,827 
 5, 856 
 
 The eii'ect of the anthracite coal strike on the employ- 
 ment of labor in that industrv is clearly shown in the 
 above table. 
 
 For more than five months, or from May 12 to October 
 25, mining operations were almost entirely su.spended in 
 the anthracite region, the idleness being due to a strike 
 among the mine workers. On account of the practi- 
 cally complete cutting off of the supply of anthracite, 
 there existed, during the latter half of the 5'ear, a 
 scarcity of fuel which amounted in manj' parts of the 
 Eastern states to an actual famine. The strike was 
 finally settled by the friendly and personal intervention 
 of the President of the United States, who with the 
 consent of the operators and the leaders of the striking 
 miners appointed a commission "to inquire into, con- 
 sider, and pass upon the questions in connection with 
 the strike in the anthracite region, and the causes from 
 which the controversy arose." Operations were re- 
 sumed immediately upon the appointment of the com- 
 mission, but owing to the necessity for repairs and for 
 pumping water from many of the mines, occasioned by 
 the long period of idleness, it was several weeks before 
 normal conditions were restored.^ 
 
 The average number of all wage-earners emploj-ed 
 during July, 6,493 — which was the minimum — closely 
 
 ^Thia matter is thus briefly referred to here, partly because of 
 its historic interest, but chiefly because the conditions are re- 
 flected in the statistics presented in this report and require some 
 explanation. The report of the commission has been published 
 and can be had upon application to the United States Commissioner 
 of Labor. It contains some interesting statistical tables on the 
 subject of wages paid to the different classes of labor, on the cost 
 of living in the anthracite region, and other details which will be 
 found useful to anyone interested in the study of the anthracite 
 industry. 
 
668 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 approximates the average number of engineers, tiremen, 
 and otl^er mechanics for the year, which was (i,513. 
 The bituminous industiy also shows that the minimum 
 number was employed in July; the range, however, 
 was not great, the minimum being less than 9 per cent 
 below the average for the year. 
 
 Of all employees engaged in the coal industry, 19.9 
 per cent were employed in anthracite mines, and 80.1 
 per cent in bituminous mines, while employees in the 
 anthracite industry received onlj' 17.5 per cent of the 
 total amount paid in salaries and wages, leaving 8;^.. 5 
 per cent for those engaged in the bituminous industry. 
 
 The percentages of wage-earners employed above and 
 below ground and the percentages for the several classes 
 of wage-earners in the two branches of the coal industiy 
 are shown in the following statement: 
 
 Percentages o/ imge-earners above and heloir ground and by occupations: 
 
 1903. 
 
 Anthracite. Bituminous. 
 
 Wage-earners 
 
 Above ground 
 
 Below ground 
 
 Above ground 
 
 Engineers, firemen, and other mechanic; 
 
 Boys under 16 years 
 
 AU other wage-earners 
 
 Below ground 
 
 Miners 
 
 Miners Irelpers 
 
 Boys under 16 years 
 
 All other wage-earners 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 10.1 
 
 12. 9 
 
 59.9 
 
 87.1 
 
 100. 
 
 100.0 
 
 ■23. a 
 
 37.5 
 
 13.7 
 
 2.3 
 
 63.0 
 
 CO. 2 
 
 100.0 
 
 100. (1 
 
 12. i; 
 
 77. 5 
 
 16.6 
 
 1..T 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.9 
 
 39.0 
 
 19.1 
 
 Production. — During the calendar year 1902 the coal 
 production of the United States amounted to 301,590,439 
 short tons, valued at the mines at $367,032,069. Of this 
 total, 41,373,595 tons, valued at §76,173,586, wej-e 
 Pennsylvania anthracite, and 260,216,844 tons, valued at 
 $290,858,483, were bituminous and lignite coal. Com- 
 pared with the output reported at the Eleventh Census, 
 the total production of coal in the United Statej in 1902 
 showed an increa.se of 160,360,926 short tons, or 113.5 
 
 per cent. This increase was all in the production of 
 bituminous coal and lignite, for, on account of labor 
 troubles in the anthracite fields of Pennsylvania, the 
 output of anthracite in 1902 was restricted to about 
 two-tliirds of the normal production, and was less than 
 that of 1889 by 4,226,892 short tons, or 9.3 per cent. 
 
 The production of bituminous coal in 1902 was abnor- 
 mally stimulated by the scarcity of anthracite. Owing 
 to the continuous activity and expansion in nearly all 
 lines of manufactures, an increased production of bitu- 
 minous coal would naturally have resulted, but would 
 probably not have reached the amount it did had it not 
 been for the fuel famine, especially in the Eastern 
 states. On the other hand, conditions would have been 
 greatly improved and the production and supply of bitu- 
 minous coal would have been considerably increased had 
 the transportation companies been able to meet the 
 demands put upon them. The productive capacity of 
 the bituminous mines could easily have supplied all the 
 fuel needed had it been possible to get the product 
 promptly to the consumer. 
 
 The production of bituminous coal in 1902 amounted 
 to 260,216,844 short tons, valued at the mines at $290,- 
 858,483. As compared with 1889, when the production 
 was 95,629,026 short tons, valued at $94,346,809, these 
 figures show an increase of 164,587,818 short tons, or 
 172.1 per cent in amount, and of $196,511,674, or 208.3 
 per cent in value. The relatively higher value of the 
 product in 1902 was due partly to the improved indus- 
 trial conditions in that year, and partly to the increase 
 in prices naturally resulting from the curtailment in 
 anthracite production. The average price per short 
 ton for bituminous coal in 1902 was $1.12, as compared 
 with 99 cents in 1889. 
 
 The following table is a summary of production of 
 anthracite and bituminous coal as reported at the last 
 six censuses: 
 
 Table .5.— PRODUCTION OF ANTHRACITE AND BITrillNOUS COAL: 1850 TO 1902. 
 
 [Short tons.] 
 
 
 1902 
 
 1880 
 
 1880 
 
 1870 
 
 1800 
 
 1850 
 
 Total 
 
 301,590,439 
 
 111,229,513 
 
 71,481,670 
 
 36,807,333 
 
 14, 333, 9^22 
 
 6, 445, 681 
 
 
 
 
 Ml, 467, .532 
 13.7 
 
 260,122,907 
 86.3 
 
 2-15,600,487 
 
 32. 3 
 
 95, 629, 026 
 
 67.7 
 
 28,649,812 
 40.1 
 
 42, 831, 758 
 .59.9 
 
 17,513,988 
 47,7 
 
 19,263,345 
 62.3 
 
 8,116,842 
 56.6 
 
 6,218,080 
 43.4 
 
 4,138,164 
 
 
 64.2 
 
 
 2,307,517 
 
 
 36.8 
 
 
 
 ' Includes 93,937 tons of anthracite produced in Colorado and New 
 ■■^Includes 53.517 tons of anthracite prodiiced in Colora<lo anri New 
 
 It will be observed in the foregoing table that in 1850 
 the anthracite product of Penn.sylvania was nearl}' two- i 
 thirds of the coal production of the country, and that 
 in 1870 the production of coal in the United States was 
 nearly equally divided between the anthracite product 
 of Pennsylvania and the output of bituminous mines; 
 whereas in 1902 the production of bituminous coal was 
 6i times that of anthracite. Had it not been tV)r the 
 strike, however, the production of the anthracite fields 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 Mexico, and 2,000 tons of graphitic coal ptroduced in Rhode Island. 
 
 ill 1902 would probably have reached a total of about 
 65,<»0(),o00 tons, indicating that under normal conditions 
 the output of Itituminous coal in 1902 would have been 
 about four times that of anthracite. 
 
 One of the interesting features connected with the 
 coal mining industry during the last quarter of a cen- 
 tury has been the gradual elimination of anthracite as a 
 factor in manufacturing. Bituminous coal has largely 
 supplanted anthracite for manufacturing purposes, even 
 
COAL. 
 
 C,i\9 
 
 in the Eastern states, while the hitter has become more 
 and more restricted to household consumption. For 
 this reason the normal increase in the production of 
 anthracite coal has been about in proportion to the 
 increase in population, whereas tlic increase in bitumi- 
 nous production has rapidity outstripped the increase in 
 popuhition, as it has the increase in production of 
 anthracite coal. 
 
 The development of the coal resources of the United 
 States has been coincident with the rapid ad\'anc('mcnt 
 of this coiuitry in the last few years to the front raidi 
 among the industrial nations of the world. Indeed, the 
 country's progress has been due largely to the alnui- 
 dance and cheapness of its mineral fuels, chief among 
 which is coal. Most of this development has taken 
 place during the last two decades and has far exceeded 
 the growth in population, indicating a rapid change 
 from an agricultural to a manufacturing nation. A 
 comparison of the growth in population with tlie in- 
 crease in production presents some interesting facts in 
 support of this statement. The Ninth Census was the 
 first which took separate cognizance of the mining in- 
 dustry, but the United States Geological Survey has 
 compiled from such records as are availal)le an approxi- 
 mate statement of the annual coal production of the 
 United States from the j'ear when the first anthracite coal 
 was mined in Pennsylvania (1814) to the close of 19(»2. 
 
 Diagram 1 illustrates the growth of the coal produc- 
 tion of the country from 1830 to 11)02, both in pro- 
 duction per capita and in comparison with the increase 
 in population. 
 
 The following table gives the population and coal 
 production, respectivel}', from 1830 to 1902, with the per 
 cent of increase during each intervening period and the 
 average amount of coal product per unit of population. 
 The statistics, except those for 1890 and 19()2, are taken 
 from the reports of the United States Geological 
 Survey. 
 
 Table 6. — Population and coal production: ISSO to 1902. 
 
 CENSUS OF- 
 
 1830. 
 1840. 
 18.50 . 
 1860. 
 1870. 
 1880. 
 1890. 
 1900. 
 1902. 
 
 Population. 
 
 12, 866, 020 
 17,069,453 
 23,191,876 
 31, 443, 321 
 38, 568, 371 
 50, 189, 209 
 63, 069, 766 
 76, 303, 387 
 = 78,576,436 
 
 32,7 
 35.9 
 35.6 
 22. 6 
 30.1 
 24.9 
 21.8 
 3.0 
 
 Tons of 
 Per cent , coal per 
 tion (short I of in- unit of 
 tons). ' crease. I popula- 
 ; I tion. 
 
 Per cent I Coal produc 
 of in 
 
 318, 072 
 
 
 1,785,574 
 
 461.4 
 
 6, 446, 681 
 
 261.0 
 
 16, 169, 736 
 
 1.50. 9 
 
 36, 806, 660 
 
 127.6 
 
 76,1.57,944 
 
 106.9 
 
 141,220,613 
 
 85.4 
 
 269,684,027 
 
 91.0 
 
 301,690,439 
 
 U.8 
 
 0. 025 
 0.105 
 0. 278 
 0. 614 
 0. 9.56 
 1.518 
 2. 255 
 3.534 
 3.838 
 
 1 For calendar year 1.S89. 
 
 = Estimates cf population, Tnited States Census. 
 
 Julletin No 
 
 At the taking of the census of 1820 the production 
 of coal in this country was less than 500 tons, all of 
 which was Pennsjdvania anthracite. The population 
 of the United States in that year was 9,638,453. In 
 1830, when the population had grown to 12,866,020, 
 the production of coal amounted to 318,072 short tons. 
 
 At the end of the next decade the population of the 
 United States was 17,069,453, and the coal output was 
 1,785,574 siiort tons. Tiie production per capita in 
 tiiat year (1840) was 0.105 ton. This was the first cen- 
 sus year in wiiich the coal production amounted to as 
 much as 0.1 ton for each person. In 1850, when tlie 
 inhaOitaiits luimliered 23,191,s76, the output of ctial 
 mines amounted to only 6,445,681 short tons, or 0.28 
 ton for each person. The census of 1S60 gave a 
 population of 31,443,321, and the coal production was 
 16,169,736 short tons, or 0.51 ton per capita. Wlien 
 the Ninth Census was taken the coal production was 
 still less than 1 ton for each inhabitant, the population 
 being 38,558,371, and the coal production amounting 
 to 36,806,560, or 0.96 ton per capita. 
 
 Ill 1880, when the population had increased to 
 50,189,209, the production of coal had grown to 
 76,157,944 short tons, or 1.52 tons per cax>ita. The 
 mining census for the calendar year 1889 showed a coal 
 production of 141,229,613 short tons and the population 
 census for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1890, showed 
 a total of 63,069,756 persons, the per capita produc- 
 tion of coal being 2.26 tons. The Twelfth Census 
 reported a population of 76,303,387, the United States 
 Geological Survey reporting for that j'ear a coal pro- 
 duction of 269,684,027 short tons, or 3.53 tons for each 
 inhabitant. If the population for 1902 be estimated at 
 78,576,436, the per capita coal production is shown to 
 have been 3.84 tons for that year. 
 
 It must be remembered that within the last thirty 
 years, during which the coal production has so markedly 
 outstripped the growth in population, petroleum and 
 natural gas have been produced in enormous Cjuantities 
 and to the value of many millions of dollars annually. 
 The increased output of these fuels, however, has been 
 partly offset hy a decrease in the amount of wood used 
 for fuel, but while it is known that such a decrease has 
 taken place, there are no statistics by which compar- 
 isons can be made. 
 
 The following comparative statement shows the aver- 
 age production per mine and per employee from the 
 statistics given in Table 1: 
 
 Average production per mine and per emploijee for each censns year: 
 1S50 to 1903. 
 
 Average product: 
 
 Per mine, tons 
 
 Per employee, tons. 
 
 1889 
 
 50,383 ,l.53,.578 
 5l6 I 476 
 
 18S0 
 
 21,701 
 422 
 
 20,986 I 23,046 
 347 393 
 
 18.50 
 
 ;, 639 
 426 
 
 1 E.xclusi%'e of local mines. 
 
 In all the later decades there was a steady increase in 
 the output per employee. 
 
 Annual statistics compiled t)y the United States Geo- 
 logical Survey show that the United States has exceeded 
 Germany's production in every year since and includ- 
 ing 1871, with the exception of the two years 1875 
 and 1876, and since and including 1899 has outranked 
 
DIAGRAM I.— (a) PRODUCTION OF COAL PER CAPITA; (I) COMPARISON 
 OF POPULATION WITH PRODUCTION: 1830 TO 1902. 
 
 (a) Production of coal per capita: 1830101902. 
 
 (6) Comparison of population with production of coal: 1830 to 1902. 
 
 MILLIONS 
 
 1860 p 
 
 1840 I 
 
 m 
 
 I i I 
 
 Production of coal in tons j | Population 
 
COAL. 
 
 671 
 
 Great Britain. In 1901 and 1902 the United States ex- 
 ceeded in coal production tiie combined output of Great 
 Britain and all its colonies and dependencies. 
 
 The following' table shows the production of coal in 
 the United States, Great Britain, Germany, and the 
 
 other countries of the world in each census year from 
 1870 to 1902, and the same is shown g-raphically by 
 Diagram II. The imports and. exports of coal for the 
 United States and the domestic production and con- 
 sumption are also indicated bj^ Diagram II. 
 
 Table 7.— WORLD'S PRODUCTION OF COAL, BY COUNTRIES, WITH PER CENT EACH IS OF TOTAL, AND PER CENT 
 
 OF INCREASE: 1870 TO 1902. 
 
 [United States Geological Survey, " Mineral Resources of the United States," ]902.] 
 
 [Short tons.] 
 
 All countries . 
 
 United States 
 
 Per cent of total 
 Great Britain 
 
 I^er cent of total 
 Germany 
 
 Per cent of total 
 All other countries ^ 
 
 Per cent of total 
 
 1902 
 
 301,. 590, 439 
 
 34.1 
 •2.54, 346, 447 
 
 28. ,S 
 165,826,496 
 
 18.7 
 163,040,052 
 
 18.4 
 
 1881t 
 
 531,797,039 
 
 141,229,613 
 
 26.6 
 
 198,146,731 
 
 37 2 
 
 93, 640, 500 
 
 17.6 
 
 98, 780, 195 
 
 18.6 
 
 1880 
 
 369, 413, 780 
 
 76, 157, 944 
 
 20.6 
 164,605,738 
 
 44.6 
 65, 177, 634 
 
 17. 6 
 63, 472, 464 
 
 17.2 
 
 238, 621, 068 
 
 36, 806, 560 
 
 15.4 
 123, 682, 935 
 
 61.8 
 37,488,312 
 
 15.7 
 40,643,261 
 
 17.1 
 
 INCKEA8E, 1870 TO 1902 
 
 Quantity. Per cent. 
 
 646, 182, 366 
 
 2G4, 783, 879 
 
 41.0 
 130, 663, .512 
 
 20.2 
 128,338,184 
 
 19. 9 
 122,396,791 
 
 18.9 
 
 719.4 
 
 10.5.6 
 'S42."3 
 
 loi.'i 
 
 1 Includes Austria-Hungary (1901), 45,417,9.59; France, 33,286,146; Belgium (1901), 24,485,842; Russia (1901), 17,934,201; India, 8,326,049; Japan (1900), 8,187,262; 
 Canada. 7,639,225; New South Wales, 6,6.55,052; Spain ('1901), 3,027,992; New Zealand (1901), 1,374,955; Mexico, 782,251; South African Republic (1901), 752,116; Natal, 
 663,960; Queensland (1901), 604,209; Italy (1901), 469,l.o4; Holland (1900), 362,888; Sweden, 335,90?; Victoria (1901), 234,448; Cape Colony (1900), 222,265; Tasmania 
 (1900), 48,171; China, Turljey, Servia, Portugal, United States of Colombia, Chile, Borneo and Labuan, Peru, Greece, etc., 2,240,000. 
 
 This table shows that while in a period of approxi- 
 matelj' thirtj^ years the coal production of Great Britain 
 had onljr a little more than doubled, that of the United 
 States in 1902 was more than eight times what it was 
 in 1870. It also shows that Germany and all other 
 countries combined have only approximately quadrupled 
 their production of coal in the same period. 
 
 ANTHRACITE. 
 
 The anthracite coal pi'oduct herein reported is con- 
 fined to the state of Pennsylvania, the small outjDut of 
 Colorado and New Mexico being included in the statis- 
 tics for bituminous coal. The following table is a 
 summary of the statistics for anthracite production in 
 Penns3'lvania, bj' counties, during 1902: 
 
 Table 8.— SUMMARY, PENNSYLVANIA ANTHRACITE, BY COUNTIES: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines 334 
 
 Number of operators 119 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 3, 014 
 
 Salaries ... J2, 907, 293 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 69, 691 
 
 Wages $38,716,113 
 
 Contract work $406, 421 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses S9, 307, 239 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials $12, 740, 780 
 
 Product: 
 
 Quantity, long tons 36, 940, 710 
 
 Value $76,173,586 
 
 11 
 6 
 
 87 
 $82, 814 
 
 2,114 
 
 $1,111,578 
 
 $.50, 697 
 
 $193, .513 
 
 $370, 268 
 
 986,201 
 $1,942,361 
 
 67 
 $63,618 
 
 1, 275 
 $711, 272 
 $17, 408 
 $247, 126 
 $343, 018 
 
 670, 115 
 $1,376,099 
 
 Lacka- 
 wanna. 
 
 91 
 23 
 
 483 
 $461, 964 
 
 16,175 
 
 $9, .536, 166 
 
 $.58, 614 
 
 $1,9.55,982 
 
 $2,441,760 
 
 10, 779, 268 
 $22, 634, 716 
 
 Luzerne. 
 
 113 
 
 36 
 
 26, 
 
 $13, 939, 
 
 $1.51. 
 
 $3,776, 
 
 $4,801, 
 
 12. 8.52, 
 $27, 622, 
 
 Northum- 
 berland. 
 
 $294, 
 
 6, 
 
 $3, 5.51, 
 
 $16, 
 
 $690, 
 
 $1,172, 
 
 2, 878, 
 $6, 602, 
 
 Schuylkill. 
 
 85 
 35 
 
 1,098 
 $1,108,728 
 
 16,385 
 
 $8, 609, 384 
 
 $111, 249 
 
 $2,301,154 
 
 83,375,690 
 
 7,704,202 
 $15,051,292 
 
 Other 
 counties.^ 
 
 86 
 $56,670 
 
 2,050 
 $1,257,596 
 
 $143,119 
 $236, 154 
 
 1, 069, 483 
 $2,044,634 
 
 1 Includes operators distributed as follows: Dauphin county, 2; Sullivan county, 2; Susquehanna county, 1 ^2 mines). 
 
 There were 2 anthracite coal mines in Pennsylvania 
 in the development stage for which no production was 
 reported. One was in Luzerne county and the other 
 in Schuylkill. These were operated by 2 of the active 
 companies and the statistics therefor are included in 
 the statistics for the developing bituminous coal mines 
 
 of the state. There were 17 idle mines proper, dis- 
 tributed, by counties, as follows: Lackawanna, 1; 
 Luzerne, 4; Northumberland, 4; and Schuylkill, 8. 
 
 Employees and wages. — In Table 9 the distribution 
 of wage-earners according to daily rates is shown by 
 occupations. 
 
DIAGRAM II.— (</) DOMESTIC PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF COAL, 1902; (6) COAL PRODUCTION OF THE 
 
 WORLD: 1902, 1890, 1880, AND 1870. 
 
 (a) Domestic production and consunnption of coal: 1902. 
 
 {h) Coal production of the world: 1902, 1890, 1880, and 1870. 
 
 1902 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 GREAT BRITAir^ 
 GERMANY 
 OTHER COUNTRIES 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 GREAT BRITAIN 
 GERMANY 
 OTHER COUNTRIES 
 
 1890 
 
 1880 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 GREAT BRITAIN 
 GERMANY 
 
 OTHER COUNTRIES 
 
 1870 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 GREAT BRITAIN 
 GERMANY 
 OTHER COUNTRIES 
 
COAL. 
 
 (37; 
 
 Table 9.— COAL, AXTHRACITK— WAGE-EARNERS AT SPKCIFIED DAILY KATES OE PAY, LY OCCEPATIONS: 1902. 
 
 [Each einnulative percentii^e .shows the pruportion of total number id' persons in the given class rccci\-int< a uagc as ^^rcat as, or Kicalcr tliuo, the lowest wage ol 
 
 the given wage group.] 
 
 KATE PER n.\Y (ItoLLARS). 
 
 Total . . . 
 
 Less than 0.."iO 
 0..50 to 0.74 . . . . 
 0.75 to 0.99.... 
 1.00 to 1.24.... 
 
 1.25 to 1.49 
 
 1., 50 to 1.74.... 
 1.75 to 1.99.... 
 2.00 to 2.24.-.. 
 2.25 to 2.49-... 
 2.50 to 2.74.... 
 
 2.75 to 2.99 
 
 3.00toS.24.... 
 3.25 to 3. 49--.. 
 3..50to3.74.... 
 3.75 to 3.99.... 
 4.00 to 4.24---. 
 4.25 and over . 
 
 ALL OCCUPATIONS. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Per cent 
 ol total. 
 
 Cumula- 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 .T 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 •> 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 0.7 
 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 100.0 
 99.9 
 96.4 
 90.9 
 
 81.5 
 
 69.3 
 
 ,53. 9 
 
 37. 3 
 
 25. li 
 
 15.2 
 
 10.7 
 
 8.1 
 
 5. 5 
 
 3. 5 
 
 1.6 
 
 (1.! 
 
 ENGINEERS. 
 
 I'er cent 
 ot totat. 
 
 3 
 
 49 
 
 68 
 
 273 
 
 455 
 
 509 
 
 247 
 
 369 
 
 75 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 0,1 
 2.4 
 3.3 
 13.2 
 22.1 
 24.7 
 12.0 
 17.9 
 3.6 
 0.6 
 0.1 
 
 0.7 L 
 
 C'nmula- 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 100.0 
 99.9 
 97.5 
 94.2 
 81.0 
 58.9 
 34.2 
 22.2 
 4.3 
 0.7 
 0,1 
 
 KIREME.V. 
 
 123 
 621 
 815 
 219 
 21 
 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 0.5 
 
 6.7 
 
 33.8 
 
 44.4 
 
 11.9 
 
 1.1 
 
 1.5 
 
 0.1 
 
 100.0 
 99.5 
 92.8 
 59.0 
 14.6 
 2.7 
 1.6 
 0.1 
 
 MACHINISTS, BLACKSMITHS, 
 AND OTHER MECHANICS. 
 
 Per cent 
 oi totjil. 
 
 Cumula- 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 2,613 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 67 
 371 
 428 
 823 
 673 
 150- 
 47 
 20 
 
 0.8 
 2. 6 
 14.2 
 16.4 
 .31.5 
 25. 7 
 6.0 
 1.8 
 0.8 
 0.1 
 0.1 
 
 100.0 
 99. 9 
 99.2 
 96.6 
 82.4 
 66.0 
 34.5 
 8.8 
 2.8 
 1.0 
 0.2 
 0.1 
 (') 
 
 
 MINERS. MINERS' HELPERS. 
 
 TIMBERMEN AND TRACK 
 LAYERS. 
 
 BOVSt:NI,ERlOVEAKS.' ^"^ ;?™„r'" 
 
 KATK TKH JiAV ( In I LI.ARS |, 
 
 Nniu- 
 ber. 
 
 17, 767 
 
 I'rr 
 cent 
 
 of 
 tntal. 
 
 Cumn- 
 hitive 
 
 f.pr- 
 cent- 
 
 iige. 
 
 dum- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 cent 
 
 of 
 total. 
 
 C Vim Il- 
 lative , 
 per- ' 
 
 cent- 
 age. ' 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 cent 
 
 of 
 total. 
 
 ('umu- 
 latiVB 
 per- 
 cent- 
 age. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 
 cent 
 
 of 
 total. 
 
 Cumu- 
 age. 
 
 T-, C'nmn- 
 
 Total 
 
 100.0 
 
 1 
 
 6,921 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 
 1,977 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 4,. 504 
 
 100.0 
 
 i| 31,949 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 
 
 L'^ss than oO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 69 
 
 2,006 
 
 1,881 
 
 580 
 
 26 
 
 2 
 
 1.5 
 44.0 
 41.2 
 12.7 
 
 0.6 
 
 100.0 
 98.5 
 ,54. 5 
 13.3 
 0.6 
 (1) 
 
 1 
 
 453 
 
 1,919 
 
 5, 397 
 
 7,177 
 
 7,949 
 
 6,038 
 
 1,793 
 
 746 
 
 245 
 
 149 
 
 79 
 
 3 
 
 (') 
 
 1.4 
 
 6.0 
 
 17.0 
 
 22. 5 
 
 24.8 
 18.9 
 5.6 
 2.3 
 0.8 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 
 
 ................. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 99.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 441 
 
 947 
 
 921 
 
 2,086 
 
 1,190 
 
 1,211 
 
 117 
 
 (1) 
 
 6.4 
 13.7 
 13.3 
 30.1 
 17.3 
 17.5 
 
 1.7 
 
 100. 
 99.9 
 93.6 
 79.9 
 66.6 
 36.5 
 19.2 
 1.7 
 
 50 
 61 
 304 
 624 
 326 
 579 
 23 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 0.1 
 
 2.5 
 
 3.1 
 
 15.4 
 
 31.6 
 
 16.5 
 
 29.3 
 
 1.2 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.1 
 
 (11 
 
 100.0 
 
 99.9 
 
 97.4 
 
 94.3 
 
 78.9 
 
 47.3 
 
 30.8 
 
 1.5 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.1 
 
 (') 
 
 98.6 
 
 1 00 to 1 24 
 
 
 
 
 92.6 
 
 1 ''5 to 1 49 
 
 26 
 
 271 
 
 1,101 
 
 3, 293 
 
 3,776 
 
 2, 195 
 
 1,.542 
 
 1,692 
 
 1,373 
 
 1, 313 
 
 517 
 
 166 
 
 ,502 
 
 0.2 
 
 1.5 
 
 6.2 
 
 18.5 
 
 21.3 
 
 12.4 
 
 8.7 
 
 9.5 
 
 7. 7 
 
 7.4 
 
 2.9 
 
 0.9 
 
 " 8 
 
 100.0 
 99.8 
 98.3 
 92.1 
 73.6 
 .52. 3 
 39.9 
 31.2 
 21.7 
 
 75.6 
 
 1 50 to 1.74 
 
 53.1 
 
 1 75 to 1 99 
 
 28.3 
 
 2 00 to 2 24 
 
 
 
 
 9.4 
 
 2.25 to 2.49 
 
 
 
 
 3.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.5 0.7 
 
 3 00 to 3 *^4 
 
 
 
 2 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ("1 (M 
 
 
 14.0 
 6.6 
 3.7 
 2.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 75 to 3 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 00 to 4 '^4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 Less tlian one-tenth of 1 per cent. 
 
 Afs .shown b}- the above table, the great iiiajoritA' of 
 the wage-earners received from $0.50 to $2.74 per day, 
 (12,111, or 89.1 per cent of all wage-earner.s having 
 been reported at rates between those limits. But two 
 factors somewhat peculiar to the coal industry make 
 such generalization misleading: (1) The large number 
 of boys employed lessens the average wage as a whole; 
 (2) the bulk of the mining is done on a tonnage or 
 3'ardage basis, the equivalent daily rate of pay for the 
 periods reported being calculated from the amount paid 
 and the number of miners so employed. 
 
 There were 17,767 miners reported, 2.5. .5 per cent of 
 all wage-earners in the industry, and there Avere 6,921 
 miners' helpers. Of the miners 15,285, or 86 per 
 cent, were paid from |1.75 to $3.71 per day, the largest 
 number embraced within a single rate group 3,776, or 
 21.3 per cent of all miners, receiving from $2.25 to 
 $2.19 per day. There were 1,185, or 6.7 per cent, who 
 received paj' at the rate of $3.75 or more per day. A 
 
 3022.3—04 43 
 
 larger number of miners' helpers were included in the 
 rate group of $1.75 to $1.99 per day than in any other 
 group, and 91.9 per cent of the miners' helpers, or 
 6,361 men, were paid from $1.25 to $2.49 per day. The 
 range of wages for 1,853 engineers, 89.8 per cent of all 
 reported, was from $1.50 to $2.71, and of the 1,836 
 firemen, 1,778, or 96.8 percent, received between $1.25 
 and $2.24. Of 2,613 machini.sts, blacksmiths, and other 
 mechanics, 2.451, or 93.8 per cent, were paid between 
 $1.50 and $2.74. The largest number of timbermen 
 and track layers in one rate group, 624, or 31.6 per cent 
 of all in this class, was paid from $1.75 to $1.99 per 
 day, and 1,833, or 92.7 per cent, were reported at rates 
 lietween $1.50 and $2.49 per day. The 4.564 boys 
 under 16 years of age, comprised 6.5 per cent of all 
 wage-earners. Of this number 2,006, or 44 per cent, 
 received from $0.50 to $0.74 per day, and 4,467, or 
 97.9 per cent of the total number, were reported at 
 rates between $0.50 and $1.24 per day. The group of 
 
(i74 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 "all other Avage-earners" comprised 45. s per ('(Mit of 
 tlie total imiuher of wage-earners reported. Their 
 wages rano-ed froni less than $0.50 per day to $3.49 per 
 day, but S3.1 per cent received from $1 to $4.99, while 
 
 only 9.5 per cent received $2 per day or over and rjut 
 7.4 per cent less than $1 per day. 
 
 The following table shows the distribution of wage- 
 earners according to daily rates of pay, by counties: 
 
 Table 10.— ('(;)AL, AXTHRA(."ITE— WA( ;K-EAKXERS AT SPECIFIED DAILY RATES OF PAY, BY COUNTIES; 1902. 
 
 [Each cumulative percentage shows the proportion of total nnnihcr of fiersons receiving a wage as great as, or greater than, the lowest wage of the given wage 
 
 grr.!!]..] 
 
 
 ALL 
 
 COUNT 
 
 rE.s. 
 
 f^urau- 
 lative 
 per- 
 cent- 
 age. 
 
 CARBON. 
 
 LA 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 16,175 
 
 ^KAWANNA. 
 
 LUZERN 
 
 E. 
 
 Cnmu- 
 
 lative 
 
 per- 
 
 ectit- 
 
 age. 
 
 NORTHUMBERLAND. 
 
 SCHUYLKILL. 
 
 1 
 
 ALL OTHER 
 COUNTIES.! 
 
 RATE PER DAY 
 (DOLLAKS). 
 
 Ntim- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 cent 
 
 of 
 total. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 
 cent 
 
 of 
 
 total. 
 
 Cumu- 
 lative 
 per- 
 cent- 
 age. 
 
 Per 
 
 cent 
 
 of 
 total. 
 
 Cuiim- 
 
 lative 
 
 Iier- 
 
 cetit- 
 
 uge. 
 
 
 
 Nnm- 
 hrr. 
 
 Per 
 
 cent 
 
 of 
 total. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Per 
 
 cent 
 
 of 
 
 total. 
 
 Cumu- 
 lative 
 per- 
 cent- 
 age. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 16, 385 
 
 Per 
 cent 
 
 of 
 total. 
 
 Cumu- 
 lative 
 per- 
 cent- 
 age. 
 
 Per 
 Num- cent 
 ber. of 
 ; total. 
 
 Cumu. 
 
 lative 
 per- 
 cent- 
 age. 
 
 Total 
 
 fi9, 691 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 
 2,114 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 100.0 
 
 25,001 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 6,691 
 
 1 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 3,325 100.0 
 
 
 Less than 0.50 . 
 
 70 
 
 0.1 
 
 100.0 
 
 5 
 
 0.2 
 
 100.0 
 
 1 
 
 (-) 
 
 100.0 
 
 36 
 
 0.1 
 
 100.0 
 
 n 
 
 100.0 
 
 10 
 
 0.1 
 
 17 
 
 0.5 
 
 100.0 
 
 0.50 too. 7-1 
 
 2, 459 
 
 3.5 
 
 99.9 
 
 111 
 
 5.3 
 
 99.8 
 
 421 
 
 2.6 
 
 99.9 
 
 1,0.54 
 
 4.2 
 
 99.9 
 
 230 
 
 3.4 
 
 99.9 
 
 550 
 
 3.4 
 
 99.9 
 
 93 
 
 2.8 
 
 99.5 
 
 0. 75 to 0. 99 
 
 3, SOS 
 
 6.6 
 
 96.4 
 
 148 
 
 7.0 
 
 94.5 
 
 698 
 
 3.7 
 
 97.4 
 
 1,.550 
 
 fi.2 
 
 96.7 
 
 3.54 
 
 5.3 
 
 96.6 
 
 1,049 
 
 6.4 
 
 96. 6 
 
 109 
 
 3.3 
 
 96.7 
 
 1.00 to 1.24.... 
 
 6, 546 
 
 9.4 
 
 90.9 
 
 174 
 
 8.2 
 
 87.5 
 
 2, .542 
 
 16.7 
 
 93.7 
 
 1,946 
 
 7.8 
 
 89.6 
 
 428 
 
 6.4 
 
 91.3 
 
 1,228 
 
 7.5 
 
 90.1 
 
 228 
 
 6.9 
 
 93.4 
 
 1.25 to 1.49 .... 
 
 8, 495 
 
 12.2 
 
 81.8 
 
 308 
 
 14.6 
 
 79.3 
 
 2, 307 
 
 14.3 
 
 7.S.0 
 
 3,382 
 
 13.6 
 
 81.7 
 
 809 
 
 12.1 
 
 84.9 
 
 1,475 
 
 9.0 
 
 82.6 
 
 214 
 
 6.4 
 
 86.6 
 
 1.50 to 1.74 
 
 10, 712 
 
 15.4 
 
 69.3 
 
 3.58 
 
 16.9 
 
 64.7 
 
 2, 833 
 
 17.5 
 
 63.7 
 
 3,219 
 
 12.9 
 
 68.2 
 
 1,393 
 
 20.8 
 
 72.8 
 
 2,331 
 
 14.2 
 
 73.6 
 
 678 
 
 17.4 
 
 80.1 
 
 1. 75 to 1. 99 ... . 
 
 11,. 547 
 
 16.6 
 
 .53.9 
 
 344 
 
 16.3 
 
 47.8 
 
 1,646 
 
 9.6 
 
 46.2 
 
 3,864 
 
 15.4 
 
 55.3 
 
 1,203 
 
 18.0 
 
 62.0 
 
 4,081 
 
 24.9 
 
 59.4 
 
 509 
 
 15. 3 
 
 62.7 
 
 2. 00 to 2. 24 ... . 
 
 S, 1.59 
 
 11.7 
 
 37.3 
 
 155 
 
 7.3 
 
 31.5 
 
 1,028 
 
 6.4 
 
 36.6 
 
 2,674 
 
 10.7 
 
 39.9 
 
 1,147 
 
 17.2 
 
 34.0 
 
 2,2.58 
 
 13.8 
 
 34. 5 1 
 
 897 
 
 27 
 
 47.4 
 
 2. 25 to 2. 49 ... . 
 
 7, 2.53 
 
 10.4 
 
 25. 6 
 
 145 
 
 6.9 
 
 21.2 
 
 969 
 
 6.0 
 
 30.2 
 
 2, 972 
 
 11.9 
 
 29.2 
 
 610 
 
 9.1 
 
 16. 8 
 
 2,334 
 
 14.2 
 
 20.7 
 
 223 
 
 6.7 
 
 20.4 
 
 2. 50 to 2. 74 ... . 
 
 3,132 
 
 4.5 
 
 1.5.2 
 
 130 
 
 6.1 
 
 17.3 
 
 636 
 
 3.9 
 
 24.2 
 
 1,628 
 
 6.6 
 
 17.3 
 
 117 
 
 1.8 
 
 7.7 
 
 603 
 
 3.1 
 
 6.5 
 
 118 
 
 3.5 
 
 13.7 
 
 2. 75 to 2. 99 ... . 
 
 1,S19 
 
 2.6 
 
 10.7 
 
 179 
 
 8.5 
 
 11.2 
 
 472 
 
 2.9 
 
 20.3 
 
 641 
 
 2 2 
 
 10.8 
 
 370 
 
 6.5 
 
 5.9 
 
 253 
 
 1.5 
 
 3.4 
 
 4 
 
 0.1 
 
 10.2 
 
 3. 00 to 3. 24 ... . 
 
 ],,S06 
 
 2.6 
 
 S.l 
 
 42 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.7 
 
 .■^07 
 
 3.1 
 
 17.4 
 
 867 
 
 3.5 
 
 8.6 
 
 29 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.4 
 
 232 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.9 
 
 129 
 
 3.9 
 
 10.1 
 
 3. 25 to 3. 49 ... . 
 
 1,382 
 
 2.0 
 
 ;■). .'J 
 
 
 
 0.7 
 
 1,007 
 
 6.2 
 
 14.3 , 
 
 365 
 
 1 5 
 
 5.1 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 0.1 
 
 0.6 
 
 1 
 
 i-) 
 
 6.2 
 
 3 50 to 3 74 
 
 1 317 
 
 1 9 
 
 3 5 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 8'>9 
 
 5 1 
 
 8 1 
 
 360 
 
 I 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 71 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 1.7 
 (-) 
 0.2 
 4.3 
 
 6.2 
 
 4 5 
 
 3. 75 to 3. 99 .... 
 
 .517 
 167 
 .502 
 
 0.7 
 0.2 
 0.7 
 
 1.6 
 0.9 
 0.7 
 
 16 
 
 0.7 
 
 0.7 
 
 109 
 160 
 210 
 
 0.7 
 1.0 
 1.3 
 
 3.0 
 2.3 
 1.3 
 
 392 
 
 1 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.6 
 (=) 
 0.6 
 
 o'l; 
 
 0,6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (-') 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 142 
 
 4.00 to 4.24 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 (-) 
 
 4 6 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Includes Columbia, I)aufthin, Siiliiviiii, and Susijuelianna. 
 
 - Less tlian one-tenth of 1 ]ii 
 
 In the above table the stat istics are separately reported and the average nuni)(er of employees doing such work, 
 for the counties of C;irl)()n, Lackawanna, Luzerne, j who arc included in wage-earner,s, are shown in the 
 Northuml)erland, and Schuylkill. The amount paid : following statement: 
 for contract mining, which is included in wages paid, 
 
 Co/'I, aidltraciti: — imii fdct luiniiig, hy rinDitiea: 1902. 
 
 
 Ti 
 
 till. 
 
 
 Sll'i, 
 
 .572, ,i82 
 22,629 
 
 Avertge nuiub.-i- . 
 
 f enipl 
 
 
 
 
 
 33.58,013 
 .547 
 
 34,7.56.929 
 6, .576 
 
 ,171,0.54 
 8, 306 
 
 Northuinber- 
 lanil. 
 
 S1..526, S06 
 2, 372 
 
 All other 
 lounties. 
 
 83,113,770 5646,011 
 
 4,,S79 ■ 949 
 
 Of the totiil amount ptiid a.s wages t" miners and 
 miners' helpers, 92 per cent was on account of contract 
 mining, hence the difficulty as before noted of deducing 
 daily rates for tlie miners. Li Carbon county the 
 amount paid for contract mining constituted 99 per 
 cent of wage payments to miners and miners' heli^ers; 
 in Lackawamiii county it constituted 9ti.l percent; in 
 Luzerne county, 93.2 ])er cent; in Nortluimberland 
 county, 91.6 per cent; iind in Schuylkill count}-, .S9.3 
 per cent. 
 
 (_'(,iitrarf irorh. — Contract work does not include con- 
 tract mining by the ton or otherwise, but only work 
 done by contract in the way of tunneling, shaft sinking, 
 etc. Fo)- this kind of work the sum of $4t»t>,421 was 
 expended and 1,731 men were employed. 
 
 SiippI it'K^ iii,<ifi'i'i(ilK^ (1 11(1 iii'iKccfhnicdiiH I .i-pennes. — The 
 cost of supplies and materials reported as $12,740,78<», 
 is the largest item of e.xp(.'nse other than wages and .sal- 
 aries. Of the $9,307,239 ex[)ended for miscellaneous 
 expenses, if4, 359,051 wtis puid for i'oy;ilties tind rent of 
 
 mines ;in<l mining pltuit, iind 114,948,18^ mus for rent of 
 offices, ttixes, and other sundries. 
 
 ^[ifhiniiiui] j^Hiirrr. — A total of 434,220 horsepower 
 was reported as owned l)y the anthracite coal operators, 
 of which 415,Si!7 horsepower, or 95.8 per cent, was fur- 
 nished by 4,629 steam engines, 185 horsepower bj- 6 gas 
 or gasoline engines, and 18,208 horsepower by 234 pri- 
 mary uiotors of other kinds. In addition electric mo- 
 tors to the number of 78, aggregating 5.755 horsepower, 
 were reported as owned by the operators. 
 
 Produdiini. — The production of anthracite in Penn- 
 sylvania during 1902 amounted to 36,940,710 long tons, 
 which was less than that of 1889 by 3,724,442 long 
 tons. This decrease was due solely to the strike in the 
 anthi'acite region. The normal production of the re- 
 gion, according to the statistics compiled by the United 
 States Geologicid Survey, is between 50,000,000 and 
 55,000,000 long tt)ns per year. The suspension of work 
 for more than five months cut down tlie production to 
 altout 60 pel- cent of the normal out[)ut. It must not 
 
COAL. 
 
 675 
 
 be considered, therefore, that the statistics of anthnicitc 
 production presented here represent the normal condi- 
 tion of the industry. 
 
 The total production from the time coal was first 
 mined in Pe'nnsjdvania in ISl-i to the close of 1!M)^ is 
 estimated at a little over 1,500,000,000 short tons, or 
 an average of nearlv IJ^, 000, 000 tons a year. During 
 the ten years from 1893 to 1002, inclusive, the average 
 annual production has amounted to a litth^ over 
 55.000,000 short tons.' 
 
 The anthracite areas of Pennsylvania are includ(>d in 
 the 9 counties of Susquehanna, Lackawaiuia, Luzerne, 
 Carbon, Schuylkill, Columbia, Northumberland, Dau- 
 phin, and Sullivan. The total area of the anthracite 
 fields of Pennsjdvania is about -181: square miles. 
 
 The following statement shows the percentage of 
 production for each countv: 
 
 Percentage of anthracite production. 
 
 Total 
 
 Luzerne 
 
 Lackawanna 
 
 SehuylkUl 
 
 Northumberlanri 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Columbia 
 
 Susquehanna 
 
 Dauphin 
 
 Sullivan 
 
 34. S 
 29.2 
 20.8 
 7.8 
 2. 7 
 
 lis 
 
 ].l 
 1.0 
 0.8 
 
 The distribution of the product for consuni])tion. for 
 each county, dui'ing 1902, is shown in the following 
 table: 
 
 T.iBLE 11. — .Inthracite production and dixtriljiitioiifor coto^innptiini, 
 by counties: 1902. 
 [Long tons.] 
 
 COUXTY. 
 
 Total quan- 
 tity. 
 
 Shipments. Lo-' 
 
 Used at 
 mines. 
 
 Total 
 
 36,940,710 
 
 31,486,120 
 
 993, 655 
 
 4,4.58,935 
 
 
 
 
 12,832,826 
 
 10,779,268 
 
 7,704,202 
 
 2,878,615 
 
 986, 201 
 
 670, 11.5 
 
 404, 248 
 
 369,236 
 
 296, 000 
 
 11,040,374 
 
 9, 659, 014 
 
 6,240,2.58 
 
 2, 308, 253 
 
 796, 791 
 
 688,068 
 
 373, 451 
 
 194,691 
 
 285, 230 
 
 377,379 
 269, 678 
 193,278 
 92, 719 
 24, 621 
 11,323 
 9, 792 
 13, 883 
 2,982 
 
 1,435,073 
 
 
 850, 576 
 
 Schuvlkill 
 
 1 , 270, 666 
 
 Northumberland 
 
 477,i;43 
 164, 789 
 
 
 70, 734 
 
 
 21,005 
 
 
 160, 661 
 
 
 7,788 
 
 
 
 
 
 The .shipments constitute 85.2 per cent of the total 
 production, 2.7 per cent being sold in local trade, and 
 13.1 per cent consumed at the mines. 
 
 The classification of the Sullivan county product as 
 anthracite has given rise to some contention. This 
 coal lies in an isolated district known as the Bernice 
 basin, in the northeastern part of Sullivan county and 
 extending into the southeastern part of AVyoming 
 
 ' In previous years some coal which was classed as anthracite 
 was mined in the eastern part of Rhode Island, and in Bristijl and 
 Plymouth counties in Massachusetts. This product is, however, 
 in reality of a graphitic quality and not anthracite. It is not now 
 mined for fuel purposes, and the production is included with that 
 of graphite. 
 
 county. Its pliysical characteristics are more like semi- 
 anthi'acite than true anthracite, but on account oi its- 
 high percentage of fixed carbon and low percentage of 
 moisture it is classed as an anthracite liy the Second 
 Penn.sylvaniatreological Survev, and it is so considered 
 in this report. 
 
 In a general wa^^ the anthra(^ite coal field ma}' be said 
 to be bounded on the north by the north branch of the 
 Susquehanna river, on the east by the Delaware and 
 Lehigh rivers, and on the west by the Susquehanna 
 river. These rivers, together with the Schuylkill, form 
 the di'ainage outlets for the region. The entire anthra- 
 cite I'egion embraces a territorj' of about 3,300 square 
 miles, but less than one-sixth of this total area, or about 
 484 square miles, is underlaid by workable deposits of 
 coal. The productive portion is not in a continuous 
 area, but consists of a number of detached valleys or 
 basins, the general trend of which is about 60'^ N. to 
 70-" E. They are arranged en echelon, from NE. to SW., 
 for a distance of 120 miles. The greatest width is 30 
 miles, from ^Nlauch Chunk to Shickshinny. or 50 miles 
 if the Bernice basin in Sullivan county be considered as 
 a portion of the anthracite field proper. 
 
 The anthracite coal fields, exclusive of the Bernice 
 basin, are divided into 3 general trade regions, known 
 as the Wyoming, Lehigh, and Schuylkill. Ceographi- 
 cally these regions are subdivided into 4 well-defined 
 fields or basins, known as the Northern, Eastern Middle, 
 S<nitliern, and Western Middle. These fields or basins 
 are again subdivided, foi' convenience of identification, 
 into districts as follows; 
 
 Autliracitc cixd fields, Inj field, Incal district, and trade region. 
 
 COM. FIELU OR E.\SIX. 
 
 Northern . 
 
 Local district. 
 
 Eastern Middle 
 
 Western Middle . 
 
 Carbondale 
 
 Scranton 
 
 Pittston 
 
 Wilkesbarre . . . . 
 
 Plymouth 
 
 Kin;^stou 
 
 Green Mountain 
 Black Creek.... 
 
 Hazelton 
 
 Beaver RleadoAv 
 Panther Creek . 
 East Schuvlkill. 
 WcstSchliylkill 
 
 Lorberry 
 
 Lykens Valley . 
 East INIahanoy. . 
 \A'est JIahano\' . 
 Shamokm 
 
 Trade region. 
 
 \\'yoming. 
 
 Lehigh. 
 
 ■Schuylkill. 
 
 Of the 4 geographic divisi()ns named above, the 
 Southern is the largest, containing 181 square miles. 
 The Northern is the next in size, containing 170 square 
 miles. The Western ^Middle, the third in size, contains 
 94 square miles, and the Eastern Middle, the smallest 
 of the divisions, contains 33 square miles. 
 
 T/ie Niirtlicrti liafiin. — The Northern basin extends 
 from Forest City, on the northeast, to Shickshinny, on 
 the southwest, a distance of 55 miles, and is drained bv the 
 valleys of the Lackawanna and the Susquehanna rivers. 
 Its maxinuim width is about miles. This basin, which 
 is also known as the "Wyoming Trade region, was the 
 
676 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 last of the uiithracito l)asins to )ic developed. Mining- 
 was first ))egiin hero in ISyit, the shipments in that year 
 amounting to T,0()(.» long tons, or (3.25 per cent of the 
 totiil anthvaeite shipments from the region. This region 
 gradually developed in importance until it is now the 
 most productive portion of the anthracite coal fields. 
 Since 1883 more than 50 per cent of the shipments have 
 been from the Northern basin, or W^-oming region, as 
 it is differently called. In 19()ii this region contributed 
 61.7;-) per cent of the entire shipments of anthracite. 
 From is^y to the close of 1002 this l)asin or region 
 shipped 62(),798,25»; long tons of 2,240 pounds, or 49.87 
 per cent of the entire shipments from the anthracite 
 coal fields of Pennsylvania. 
 
 T]ie Enxtcrn Middle jiehl. — This is the smallest of the 
 4 main geographical divisions and lies about 15 miJe.s 
 south of the western end of the Northern basin, from 
 which it is separated l)y a mountain i-ange and a valley. 
 Its greatest length is about twenty-six miles and its 
 greatest width al)out ten miles, the total coal area 
 containing al)out thirty-thre(i miles. 
 
 The Eastern Middle basin forms what is known as the 
 Lehigh Trade region, and enjoys the distinction of hav- 
 ing the earliest recorded anthracite sldpments. In 1820, 
 3<)5 long tons of coal were shipped from the Lehigh 
 region, and in the eighty-three years from 1S2() to 1902, 
 inclusive, it has shijiped a total of 212,089,554 long tons, 
 or 16.87 per cent of the total anthracite shipments. 
 
 The Sovthern haH/ii. — This is the largest of the anthra- 
 cite coal fields, and contains about one hundred and 
 eightj'-one square miles. It extends from ^Nlauch Chunk, 
 on the Lehigh river, on the northeast, to Dauphin on 
 the Susquehanna river, on the southwest. Its greatest 
 width, at Pottsville, is eight miles, from which it gradu- 
 ally tapers toward the northeast and the southwest, 
 and in the latter direction divides into 2 long narrow 
 basins. 
 
 The We.^tern Middle /«7.s7'/-.~The Western Middle 
 liasin lies southwest of and adjoins the Eastern Middle. 
 It is north of and approximately parallel with the South- 
 ern basin, to which it is contiguous for a shoi't distance. 
 This basin is 36 miles long, from 4 to 5 miles wide, and 
 contains 94 square miles underlain by coal. In this 
 basin there are 2 distinct sub-basins or div'isions, known 
 as the Mahanoy and the Shamokiri, which are about 
 cfjual in size, depth, and impoi'tance. 
 
 The Southern and the Western Middle basins together 
 form what is known as the Schuylkill Trade region. 
 The first shipments from this i-egion, as far as known, 
 were made in 18i!i!, two years after the iirst coal was 
 shipped from the Lehigh region. At the close of 1902 
 there had been shi])[)C(l from the Schuylkill region 
 417,944,349 long tons, or 33.20 per cent of the entire 
 anthracite shipmoTits. 
 
 The following table shows the shipments of anthi'a- 
 ci.te from tlio 3 trade regions for each year from the 
 beginning of the industi-y, in |S-2(), to the close of 1902. 
 These statistics are from the iccorfls maintained li\' the 
 
 Bureau of Anthracite Coal Statistics. The figures do 
 not include shipments from the Beruice basin, in Sulli- 
 van county, nor any coal sold to local trade or consumed 
 at the collieries. 
 
 Tabuc 12, — Amiiuil xliiprnenta from the Schuylkill, Lfhii/h, and 
 Wi/oming reijioiu: 1820 lo 1902. 
 
 [Uniteil States Guological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United States," 
 
 1902.] 
 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 .SCHL'YLKll.I. 
 K KG ION, 
 
 LEHII^n KEGIO-N. 
 
 WYOMI.N'G RKGION. 
 
 YKAR. 
 
 Quaiitity 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Per 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Per 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Per 
 
 
 (longtons). 
 
 (long tons). 
 
 cent. 
 33.26 
 
 (longtons). 
 
 cent. 
 
 (long tons). 
 
 cent. 
 
 Total. 
 
 1,256,782,1.59 
 
 417,944,349 
 
 212, 039, 554 
 
 16,87 
 
 626,798,266 
 
 49.87 
 
 1820 
 
 365 
 
 
 
 365 L . 
 
 
 
 lg21 
 
 1 073 
 
 
 
 
 1,073 '-- 
 
 
 
 1822"!' 
 
 3! 720 
 
 i.'iso' 
 
 '39! 79' 
 
 2, 240 
 
 60. 21 
 
 
 
 1823 
 
 6,951 
 
 1,128 
 
 16. 23 
 
 5, 823 
 
 83.77 
 
 
 
 1824 
 
 11, 108 
 
 1,567 
 
 14. 10 
 
 9, .541 
 
 85. 90 
 
 
 
 182n"!! 
 
 34! 893 
 48 047 
 
 6! .500 
 
 18.60 
 
 28, 393 
 31,280 
 
 81.40 
 
 
 
 1826 " '. ' 
 
 16 767 
 
 34. 90 
 
 66. 10 
 
 
 
 1827'.;!! 
 
 63! 434 
 
 31,360 
 
 49.44 
 
 32, 074 
 
 60. 56 
 
 
 
 1828 
 
 77, .516 
 
 47, 284 
 
 61.00 
 
 30, 232 
 
 39.00 
 
 
 
 1829.-.. 
 
 112, 083 
 
 79, 973 
 
 71.35 
 
 ■2.5, 110 
 
 22. 40 
 
 i'iitio' 
 
 "('l!2,5 
 
 1830.... 
 
 174,734 
 
 89, 984 
 
 51.. 50 
 
 41,7.50 
 
 23. 90 
 
 43,000 
 
 24.60 
 
 1831 . . . . 
 
 176, 820 
 
 81,8.54 
 
 46.29 
 
 40, 966 
 
 23. 17 
 
 54,000 
 
 30. ,54 
 
 1832.... 
 
 363, 271 
 
 209, 271 
 
 57. 61 
 
 70,000 
 
 19.27 
 
 84,000 
 
 23. 12 
 
 1833.... 
 
 487, 749 
 
 252, 971 
 
 51. 87 
 
 123, 001 
 
 25. 22 
 
 111,777 
 
 22. 91 
 
 1834.... 
 
 376, 636 
 
 226, 692 
 
 60.19 
 
 106,244 
 
 28.21 
 
 43,700 
 
 11.60 
 
 183.5.... 
 
 560, 7.58 
 
 339, .508 
 
 60. .54 
 
 131, 2.50 
 
 23.41 
 
 90, 000 
 
 16.05 
 
 1836.... 
 
 684,117 
 
 432, 045 
 
 63. 16 
 
 148,211 
 
 21. 66 
 
 103, 861 
 
 15.18 
 
 1837.... 
 
 869, 441 
 
 .530, 152 
 
 60. 98 
 
 223, 902 
 
 25. 75 
 
 115,387 
 
 13.27 
 
 1838... 
 
 738, 697 
 
 446, 875 
 
 60. 49 
 
 213, 615 
 
 28. 92 
 
 78,207 
 
 10.69 
 
 1839.... 
 
 818, 402 
 
 475, 077 
 
 68, 05 
 
 221,025 
 
 27.01 
 
 122,300 
 
 14.94 
 
 1810.... 
 
 864, 379 
 
 490, 596 
 
 56.75 
 
 225,313 
 
 26.07 
 
 148,470 
 
 17.18 
 
 1841.... 
 
 959, 773 
 
 624,466 
 
 6.5.07 
 
 143,037 
 
 14.90 
 
 192,270 
 
 20.03 
 
 1842... . 
 
 1,108,412 
 
 .583, 273 
 
 .52. 62 
 
 272, .540 
 
 24.59 
 
 252, .599 
 
 22. 79 
 
 1843.... 
 
 1,263, .598 
 
 710, 200 
 
 .56. 21 
 
 267, 793 
 
 21.19 
 
 286,605 
 
 22.60 
 
 1844.... 
 
 1,630,8.50 
 
 887,937 
 
 64.45 
 
 377,002 
 
 23. 12 
 
 365,911 
 
 22. 43 
 
 1846... . 
 
 2,013,013 
 
 1,131,724 
 
 .56. 22 
 
 429, 453 
 
 21. 33 
 
 451,836 
 
 22. 45 
 
 1846.... 
 
 2, 344, 005 
 
 1,308,500 
 
 55. 82 
 
 517,116 
 
 22.07 
 
 518, 389 
 
 22. 11 
 
 1847.... 
 
 2,882,309 
 
 1,665,735 
 
 67.79 
 
 633,. 507 
 
 21.98 
 
 583, 067 
 
 20.23 
 
 1848-... 
 
 3, 089, 238 
 
 1,733,721 
 
 .56. 12 
 
 670, 321 
 
 21.70 
 
 686, 196 
 
 22. 18 
 
 1849.... 
 
 3, 242, 966 
 
 1,728,500 
 
 53. 30' 
 
 781,6.56 
 
 24.10 
 
 732, 910 
 
 22. 60 
 
 I8.0O.... 
 
 3,368,899 
 
 1,840,620 
 
 .51.80 
 
 690, 4,56 
 
 20.56 
 
 827, 823 
 
 24.64 
 
 18.51.... 
 
 4, 448, 916 
 
 2, 328, .525 
 
 52. 34 
 
 964,224 
 
 21.68 
 
 1,1.56,167 
 
 25. 98 
 
 18.52.... 
 
 4,993,471 
 
 2, 636, 835 
 
 62. 81 
 
 1,072,136 
 
 21,47 
 
 1,284,. 500 
 
 25. 72 
 
 18.53.... 
 
 5, 195, 151 
 
 2, 665, 110 
 
 51.30 
 
 1,0.54,309 
 
 20. 29 i 
 
 1,475,732 
 
 28-41 
 
 18.54.... 
 
 6,002,334 
 
 3, 191, 670 
 
 .53. 14 
 
 1,207,186 
 
 20.13 
 
 1,603,478 
 
 26. 73 
 
 1855.... 
 
 6, 608, .567 
 
 3, 652, 943 
 
 53. 77 
 
 1,284,113 
 
 19. 43 
 
 1,771,. 511 
 
 26.80 
 
 18.56.... 
 
 6, 927,. 580 
 
 3, 603, 029 
 
 52.01 
 
 1,351,970 
 
 19. .51 1 
 
 1,972, .581 
 
 28.48 
 
 1857.... 
 
 6,644,941 
 
 3,373,797 
 
 .50. 77 
 
 1.318, .541 
 
 19.84 
 
 1,952,603 
 
 29.39 
 
 18,58..-- 
 
 6,839,369 
 
 3,273,245 
 
 47.86 
 
 1,380,030 
 
 20. 18 
 
 2, 186, 094 
 
 31.96 
 
 18.59.... 
 
 7, 808, 255 
 
 3,448,708 
 
 44. 16 
 
 1,628,311 20.86 
 
 2,731,236 
 
 34.98 
 
 I860.... 
 
 8,513,123 
 
 3,749,632 
 
 44.04 
 
 1,821,674 ! 21.40 
 
 2,941,817 
 
 34.. 56 
 
 1861.... 
 
 7,9,51,264 
 
 3,160,747 
 
 39.74 
 
 1,738,377 21.86 
 
 3,0.55.140 
 
 38. 41 
 
 1862.... 
 
 7,869,407 
 
 3, 372, .583 
 
 42. 86 
 
 1,351,054 1 17.17 
 
 3, 145, 770 
 
 39.97 
 
 1863.... 
 
 9, 566, 006 
 
 3,911,683 
 
 40.90 
 
 1,894,713 ' 19.80 
 
 3,759,610 
 
 39.30 
 
 1864---- 
 
 10,177,475 
 
 4,161,970 
 
 40.89 
 
 2,054,669 
 
 20.19 
 
 3,960,836 
 
 3.H.92 
 
 1SC5 
 
 9,6.52,391 
 
 4,3.56,9.59 
 
 45. 14 
 
 2,040,913 
 
 21.14 
 
 3, 254, .519 
 
 33. 72 
 
 1866.--. 
 
 12,703,882 
 
 5,787,902 
 
 45. .56 
 
 2, 179, 364 
 
 17. 15 
 
 4,736,616 
 
 37.29 
 
 1867-... 
 
 12,9S,S, 725 
 
 5,161,671 
 
 39. 74 
 
 2, ,502, 0.54 
 
 19. 27 
 
 5,325,000 
 
 40.99 
 
 1868.... 
 
 13,81)1,463 
 
 5, 330, 737 
 
 38.63 
 
 2, ,502, 582 
 
 18.13 
 
 5,968,146 
 
 43.24 
 
 1869 .. 
 
 13, 866, 180 
 
 5, 775, 138 
 
 41.66 
 
 1,949,673 
 
 14.06 
 
 6.141,369 
 
 44.28 
 
 1870.... 
 
 16, 182, 191 
 
 4,968,167 
 
 30.70 
 
 3,239.374 
 
 20. 02 
 
 7,974,660 
 
 49.28 
 
 1871---- 
 
 15, 699, 721 
 
 6, .552, 772 
 
 41.74 
 
 2,235,707 
 
 14.24 
 
 6,911,242 
 
 44. 02 
 
 1872---- 
 
 19,669,778 
 
 6,694,890 
 
 34. 03 
 
 3,873,339 
 
 19.70 
 
 9, 101,. 549 
 
 46.27 
 
 1873.-.- 
 
 21,227,9.52 
 
 7,212,601 
 
 33. 97 
 
 3,706,696 
 
 17.46 
 
 10,309,7.55 
 
 48.57 
 
 1874.... 
 
 20, 145, 121 
 
 6,866,877 
 
 34.09 
 
 3,773,836 
 
 18.73 
 
 9, ,504, 408 
 
 47.18 
 
 1875 
 
 19,712,472 
 
 6,281,712 
 
 31.87 
 
 2.834,605 
 
 14.38 
 
 10,596,1.55 
 8,#4, 158 
 
 63.75 
 
 1876. . . . 
 
 18, .501, Oil 
 
 6,221,934 
 
 33.63 
 
 3,8.54,919 
 
 20. 84 
 
 45.63 
 
 1S77.... 
 
 20, .828, 179 
 
 8,195,042 
 
 39. 35 
 
 4, 332, 760 
 
 20.80 
 
 8, 300, 377 
 
 39.85 
 
 1S78.... 
 
 17,(')05, 262 
 
 (i, 282, 226 
 
 35. 68 
 
 3, 237, 449 
 
 18.40 
 
 8,086,687 
 
 45. 92 
 
 1879 
 
 26, 142, 689 
 
 8, 960, 829 
 
 34. 28 
 
 4, 595, ,567 
 
 17. ,58 
 
 12, ,586, 293 
 
 48.14 
 
 1880 
 
 23, 437, 242 
 
 7, 5.54, 742 
 
 32. 23 
 
 4,463,221 
 
 19. 05 
 
 11,419,279 
 
 48.72 
 
 1881 - - - - 
 
 28, ,500, 017 
 
 9,2,53,9.58 
 
 32. 46 
 
 6,294,676 
 
 18. .58 
 
 13,951,aS3 
 
 48.96 
 
 1882.... 
 
 29,120,096 
 
 9,459,288 
 
 32. 48 
 
 5, 689, 437 
 
 19. .54 
 
 13,971,371 
 
 47.98 
 
 1883.... 
 
 31,793,027 
 
 10,074,726 
 
 31.69 
 
 6,113,809 
 
 19. 23 
 
 15,604.492 
 
 49.08 
 
 1884.... 
 
 30,718,293 
 
 9,478,314 
 
 30. 85 
 
 5, 662, 226 
 
 18.11 
 
 '1.5,677,753 
 
 61,04 
 
 1885.... 
 
 31, 623, .530 
 
 9, 488, 426 
 
 30.01 
 
 5, 898, 634 
 
 18. 65 
 
 '16,236,470 
 
 61,34 
 
 1886.... 
 
 32, 136, 362 
 
 9,381,407 
 
 29. 19 
 
 5,723,129 
 
 17.81 
 
 '17,031,826 
 
 ,53, 00 
 
 1887.... 
 
 34,641,018 
 
 10, 609, 028 
 
 30.63 
 
 4, 3.47, 061 
 
 12. ,55 
 
 '19,684.929 
 
 56, 82 
 
 1888.... 
 
 38,145,718 
 
 10,654,116 
 
 27. 93 
 
 5, 639, 236 
 
 14.78 
 
 ' 21 , 852. 366 
 
 57, 29 
 
 1889. . . . 
 
 35,817,093 
 
 10,486,185 
 
 29.28 
 
 6,294,073 
 
 17. .57 
 
 '19,036,835 
 
 .53.15 
 
 1890.... 
 
 36,615,4,59 
 
 10,867,822 
 
 29. 68 
 
 6,329,6.58 
 
 17.28 
 
 '19,417,979 
 
 53. 04 
 
 1891.... 
 
 40, 448, 336 
 
 12,741,2.58 
 
 31,50 
 
 6,381,838 
 
 15.78 
 
 21,325,240 
 
 62. 72 
 
 1892.... 
 
 41,893,340 
 
 12,626,784 
 
 30. 14 
 
 6,461,076 
 
 15.40 
 
 22,815,480 
 
 54,46 
 
 1893.... 
 
 43, 089, .537 
 
 12,3.57,414 
 
 28, 68 
 
 6, 892, 352 
 
 15.99 
 
 23, ,839, 741 
 
 55, 33 
 
 1894---- 
 
 41,391,200 
 
 12,035,005 
 
 29. 08 
 
 6,705, 131 
 
 16. 20 
 
 22, 6.50, 761 
 
 .54. 72 
 
 1895.--- 
 
 46,511,477 
 
 14,269,932 
 
 30. 68 
 
 7,298,121 
 
 15. (W 
 
 24,943,421 
 
 ,56. 63 
 
 1896..-- 
 
 43, 177, 4,S5 
 
 13, 097, ,571 
 
 30. 34 
 
 6,490, 111 
 
 15.03 
 
 23, .589, 473 
 
 54.63 
 
 1 897 . - . 
 
 11,637,861 
 
 12,181,001 
 
 29. 26 
 
 6,219,510 
 
 15. 00 
 
 23,207,263 
 
 55. 74 
 
 1898..- 
 
 41,899,751 
 
 12,078,875 
 
 28. 83 
 
 6,253, ]()',) 
 
 14.92 
 
 23,. 567. 767 
 
 56. 25 
 
 1899- - . 
 
 17, 665, 204 
 
 14,199,009 
 
 29. 79 
 
 (',887,909 
 
 14. 15 
 
 26, 578, 286 
 
 55. 76 
 
 19(1(1... 
 
 45, 107, 4,H4 
 
 13,502,732 
 
 29. 94 
 
 6,918,627 
 
 15, 33 
 
 24,(W6,125 
 
 64. 73 
 
 19(11... 
 
 53,568,601 
 
 16,019,.591 
 
 2;). 92 
 
 7,211,971 
 
 13. 15 
 
 30,:i37,036 
 
 .56 63 
 
 1902---- 
 
 31,200,890 
 
 8, -171, 391 
 
 27.15 
 
 3, 170, 736 
 
 11,12 
 
 19, 258, 763 
 
 6L73 
 
 1 Inolinlcs I/iyji 
 
COAL. 
 
 077 
 
 MMO BITUMINOUS. 
 
 In 1902 the total output of the varieties of bituminous 
 coal included in this report amounted to yBtX^KKK-f-l 
 short tons, -valued at $290,858,483, as com])ared with 
 95,629,026 short tons, valued at $94,346,809, in 188'.», 
 and 42,840,751 short tons, valued at |53,46f;,95s, in 
 1880. 
 
 Though the small mines numbered 826, they fur- 
 nished but 196,488 tons of coal, or 0.075 per cent of 
 the total bituminous output. They averaged 238 tons 
 per mine, as compared with 53,879 tons, the average 
 production of commercial mines. 
 
 A summary of the bituminous coal statistics for botli 
 commercial and small mines is presented in Ta])le 13. 
 
 Table l.'J. — Snriiiiiari/, roul, liiltiminonn: /.''to 
 
 Total. 
 
 Numbur of mines f>J'>')'2 
 
 Number of operators i 1,10'^ 
 
 Salaried otricials, clerks, ete.; 
 
 Number ' 11,413 
 
 Salaries , if 14,. "ill ,924 
 
 WaKe-earners: 
 
 A veraffe ii umber 280, 638 
 
 Wages I *]81, 482, 288 
 
 I :ou trac't work | *tl , 244, 114 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses I SI 6, 774,4.59 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials ' 824, 798, 922 
 
 Product: 
 
 Quantity, short tons ! 260,210,844 
 
 Value . ; I J290, 8.'i8, 483 
 
 riommercial 
 
 Smal 1 
 
 mines. 
 
 mines. 
 
 4,820 
 1 3, .584 
 
 826 
 825 
 
 14,413 
 $14,511,924 
 
 
 
 280,205 
 
 *181,347,20S 
 
 $1,242,239 
 
 910,770,185 
 
 824, 780, 695 
 
 433 
 8135,080 
 
 81 , 875 
 84,274 
 $18,227 
 
 260, 020, 366 
 8290, .584, 483 
 
 196, 488 
 $274,000 
 
 Capital stock of Incorporated compan/eH. — ^Phe fol- 
 lowing table shows the details of capitalization of the 
 incorporated companies operating bituminous coal 
 mines for tlie United States, by states and territories: 
 
 Table 14.— COAL, BITUMINOUW— CAPITALIZATION OF INCORPORATED COMPANIES: 1902. 
 
 Number of incorporated companies 
 
 Number reporting capitalization 
 
 Capital stock and bonds issued 
 
 Capital stock; 
 
 Total authorized — 
 
 Number ot shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Total issued — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid 
 
 Common — 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number of shares - 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of shares . 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividenrls paid . . . 
 Preferred — 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number of shares . 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of shares. 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid . . . 
 Bonds: 
 
 .Authiirizcd — 
 
 Numl)er 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number 
 
 Par value 
 
 Interest p)aid 
 
 Assessments levied 
 
 United States, 
 
 1,.517 
 
 1,4.50 
 
 ', 718, 026 
 
 29, 
 S.594, 
 
 19, 
 $513, 
 $17, 
 
 28, 
 $.518, 
 
 18, 
 
 $14.3, 
 
 $13, 
 
 $1.53 
 
 8142, 
 86, 
 
 806, 983 
 106, 670 
 
 309, 014 
 424, 186 
 369, 841 
 
 415, 508 
 7.56, 363 
 
 037, 648 
 749, 259 
 297, 536 
 
 391,416 
 a50, 207 
 
 271,466 
 674, 927 
 062. 306 
 
 204,1.57 
 493, .556 
 
 189.030 
 293, 839 
 115, 828 
 303, 061 
 
 Alabama. 
 
 63 
 60 
 $61,572,770 
 
 1,303,337 
 $44, 920, 700 
 
 835, 061 
 837,312,770 
 $529, .5,82 
 
 1,153,687 
 $36,021,700 
 
 7,57,784 
 $:il,091,400 
 
 $112,292 
 
 149, 660 
 $8, 899, 000 
 
 77,277 
 
 $6.221,:570 
 
 $417,290 
 
 16,111 
 $16,111,000 
 
 14,260 ' 
 $14,260,000 
 $803,049 
 
 Arkansas. California. Colorado. Oeorgia. 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 $8,323,325 
 
 73, 828 
 i6, 492, 800 
 
 7 35 
 
 7 32 
 
 88, :K0, 000 $.57,423,211 
 
 1,853,600 0,256,330 
 $8,9.50,000 $.50,488,000 
 
 Indian 
 
 Territory. 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 201 
 2 194 
 
 $600, 000 1830, 509, 000 
 
 71,119 1,533, .500 
 
 $6,424,325 , $7,820,000 
 
 $325,609 1 $6,000 
 
 68, 909 
 $5, 000, 900 
 
 66, 200 
 
 $1, 932, 426 
 
 $2.51,014 
 
 14.919 
 81,491,900 
 
 14,919 
 $1,491,900 
 
 $74, 695 
 
 1,990 
 81,990,000 
 
 1,899 
 $1,899,000 
 
 1,8.53, .500 
 Sa, 950, 000 
 
 1,. 533, 600 
 $7, .820, 000 
 
 $6, 000 
 
 .500 
 8.500, 000 
 
 .500 
 
 $500, 000 
 
 830, 000 
 
 $325, 000 
 
 6, 008, .521 
 $34,464,461 
 $1,083, .506 
 
 6,233,;330 
 848, 18.H, 000 
 
 4,986,371 
 
 $32,249,461 
 
 S923, .506 
 
 23,000 
 $2,300,000 
 
 .500 
 $320, 000 
 
 500 
 $320, 000 
 $143, 6,80 
 
 .500 
 $320, 000 
 
 500 
 $320, 000 
 $143, 680 
 
 22,1.50 
 
 $2,215,000 
 
 $160,000 
 
 23, 686 
 823, 012, .500 
 
 23, 502 
 
 $22, 958, 760 
 
 $1,069,469 
 
 $12,000 
 
 300 
 $300, 000 
 
 280 
 $280, 000 
 $12, 570 
 
 317, 995 
 $28, 037, 400 
 
 300, 316 
 
 $26,006,100 
 
 $680, 488 
 
 309,416 
 $27,179,400 
 
 291,806 
 $25,7.56,100 
 
 $077,828 
 
 8,680 
 $8.58,000 
 
 8, .510 
 
 $.851,000 
 
 $2,660 
 
 4,872 
 $4,135,000 
 
 4, 6:W 
 
 $3, 903, .500 
 
 8210, 566 
 
 $365, 660 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 $4, 931,. 500 
 
 81,220 
 $4, 964, 000 
 
 67, .545 
 
 $4, 349, .500 
 
 81,6.50 
 
 81 , 220 
 $4,964,000 
 
 67, .545 
 
 $4, 349, 500 
 
 $1,6.50 
 
 2,000 
 $800, 000 
 
 2,382 
 $582, 000 
 
 $.56,372 
 
 91 
 .$6,902,275 
 
 95, 360 
 .$6,1.51,600 
 
 81 , .575 
 
 $5,:J10,276 
 
 $161,336 
 
 9.), 276 
 $6,142,000 
 
 81,195 
 
 $5. :W2.275 
 
 $161,096 
 
 90 
 $9, 000 
 
 80 
 
 $8. Oao 
 
 $240 
 
 2,110 
 $686, 000 
 
 1,902 
 $592, 009 
 $16, 720 
 $83, 700 
 
 Number of incorporated companies 
 
 Number reporting capitalization 
 
 Capital stock and bonds i-ssued 
 
 Capital stock: 
 
 Total authorized — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Total issued — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid 
 
 Common — 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number of shares . 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of shares . 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid . . . 
 Preferred — 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number of shares. 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of shares. 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid . . . 
 Bonds: 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number 
 
 Par value 
 
 Interest paid 
 
 Assessments levied 
 
 Kansas, i Kentucky. Maryland. Michigan. 
 
 89 
 
 88 
 1,410 
 
 791, 
 $7, 097, 
 
 620, 
 
 $6, 630, 
 
 $163, 
 
 $5, 517, 
 
 404, 
 
 $4,451, 
 
 $162, 
 
 907 
 500 
 
 417 
 410 
 987 
 
 4,84 
 520 
 
 0.85 
 :340 
 937 
 
 30 
 
 27 
 
 $4, 642, .500 
 
 43, 062 
 84, 258, 700 
 
 38, 243 
 
 $3, 776, 800 
 
 $174, 010 
 
 93 I 23 
 
 88 23 
 
 •9,893.300 '821,4.56,100 
 
 191,520 
 $12, 908, 000 
 
 137, .594 
 
 $8, 968, 400 
 
 8327, 092 
 
 42,062 1.S9, :j20 
 
 $4, 158, 700 |$12, 868, 000 
 
 37, 243 135, 394 
 
 $3, 676, 800 $8, 928, 400 
 
 $174,010 $325,892 
 
 216, 
 $2,179, 
 
 216, 
 
 $2, 179, 
 
 $1, 
 
 423 
 
 980 
 
 332 I 
 070 I 
 050 
 
 1,000 
 .$100,000 
 
 1,000 
 $100,000 
 
 2, 200 
 $40, 000 
 
 2, 200 
 
 840, 000 
 
 81,200 
 
 1,628,400 
 20, 690, 000 
 
 614, 415 
 817,606,100 
 $562, 760 
 
 1,428,1,50 
 818,665,000 
 
 42,5,670 
 $1.5,696,600 
 8430,800 
 
 200,250 
 $2,026,000 
 
 188,745 
 
 $1,909, .500 
 
 $131,950 
 
 21 
 
 19 
 
 $971,625 
 
 45,680 
 $1, 002, 000 
 
 44, 465 
 
 8971, 625 
 
 $7, 200 
 
 45, 280 
 8992, 000 
 
 Missouri. 
 
 46 
 
 46 
 , 3,S4, 400 
 
 35, 284 
 $2, 240, 400 
 
 33, 750 
 1,221,400 
 
 New 
 Mexico. 
 
 North 
 Dakota. 
 
 8 12 
 
 8 11 
 
 $4,447,140 87,143,800 
 
 35, 084 
 $2, 220, 400 
 
 44,065 ! 33,550 
 
 $961,625 I $2,201,400 
 
 $6, 000 
 
 400 
 $10,000 
 
 400 
 810,000 
 $1,200 
 
 200 
 $20, 000 
 
 200 
 $20, 000 
 
 780, 500 
 $8, 690, 000 
 
 688,450 
 
 $4,447,140 
 
 $.300,000 
 
 780, .500 
 $8,690,000 
 
 588, 450 
 
 84,447,140 
 
 $300,000 
 
 $888, 
 
 $643, 
 $17, 
 
 756 
 000 
 
 1,644 2,166 i :J3, 2.50 
 $865,700 $1,071,200 $4,000,000 ' 
 
 1,981 I :33,100 
 
 $924,900 $3,850,000 
 
 823,001 I $222,000 
 
 8193, 504 I 
 
 617 
 
 1,644 
 
 000 
 
 ,$865, 700 
 
 vm 
 
 $4,620 
 
 m\ 
 
 
 1,613 
 $163,000 
 
 1,613 
 
 8163,000 
 
 $10,180 
 
 840,000 
 
 .58,700 
 86,870,000 
 
 56, 438 
 
 $5, 643, 800 
 
 844,760 
 
 53, 700 
 $5, 370, 000 
 
 51, 438 
 
 $5,143,800 
 
 84,760 
 
 5, 000 
 $.500,000 
 
 6,000 
 $.500.00(1 
 $40, 000 
 
 1 , 500 
 $1,. 500, 000 
 
 1,500 
 
 $1,. 500, 000 
 
 $75,000 
 
 $2,010,000 
 
 32,000 
 82, 300, 000 
 
 29,000 
 82,010,000 
 
 32, 000 
 $2, 300, 000 
 
 29,000 
 82, 010, 000 
 
 179 
 
 166 
 
 $41, .598, 170 
 
 .508, 519 
 834, 854, 900' 
 
 474, 894 
 
 $32,494,170 
 
 $780, 697 
 
 486,889 
 $33, 761, 900 
 
 457,072 
 
 $31,, 884, 670 
 $778, 827 
 
 22, 6:50 
 $1,093,000 
 
 17,82-2 
 
 $609. 500 
 
 $1,870 
 
 12,866 
 $11,445,000 
 
 9,981 
 
 $9, 104, 000 
 
 $341,789 
 
 $263, 000 
 
678 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 14.— COAL, BITUMINOUS— CAPITALIZATION OF INOORPOEATED COMPANIES: 1902— Continued 
 
 Oreson Pennsyl- 
 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 Washing- 
 ton. 
 
 West 
 Virginia. 
 
 Wyoming. 
 
 All other 
 states and 
 terri- 
 tories. 1 
 
 Number of Incorporated companies 
 
 Number reporting capitalization 
 
 Capital stock and bonds issued 
 
 Capital stock: 
 ' Total authorized — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Total issued — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 '■ Par value 
 
 Dividends paid 
 
 Common — 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number of shares.. 
 
 • ■ Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of shares . . 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid 
 
 Preferred — 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number of shares. . 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of shares -- 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 , .512, .500 
 
 1.5, .500 
 81,. 550, 000 
 
 16, 125 
 81,812,500 
 
 236 
 225 
 8226,919,0:53 
 
 2,813,003 
 8194, 338, 4.50 
 
 2, 585, 468 
 8180,338,033 
 88,978,084 
 
 16. .500 
 81,5.50,000 
 
 16,125 
 81, 512, .500 
 
 ' Bonds: 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number 
 
 Par value ... 
 -■ ■ ' Issued — 
 
 Number 
 
 Par value . . . 
 
 Interest paid 
 Assessments levied 
 
 Par value . 
 Dividends paid . 
 
 2, 276, 6.50 
 8146, 806, 783 
 
 2, 064, 563 
 8134, 837, .560 
 "6,023,337 
 
 .537, 353 
 847,. 532, 667 
 
 .520,905 
 845,500,483 
 82,964,747 
 
 50 
 48 
 812, 365, 549 
 
 438, 777 
 810, 273, 820 
 
 379, 878 
 
 ■'9, 883, 889 
 
 8208,643 
 
 350, 191 
 89, 599, 160 
 
 303, 906 
 
 89, 363, 785 
 
 8199, 390 
 
 ,18, .586 
 8674, 660 
 
 76,972 
 
 J.520,104 
 
 89, 263 
 
 42, .588 
 83, 943, 000 
 
 40,911 
 
 83, 775, 300 
 
 8145, 000 
 
 42, .588 
 S3, 943, 000 
 
 40, 911 
 
 83, 775, 300 
 
 8145, 000 
 
 5 
 6 
 814, .529,000 
 
 126, 700 
 12, 570, 000 
 
 126, 700 
 812, 670, 000 
 8172, 800 
 
 125,700 
 812, 670, 000 
 
 126, 700 
 812, 670, 000 
 8172, 800 
 
 11 
 11 
 
 $2,505,000 
 
 26, 210 
 $2,616,000 
 
 22,060 
 
 82, 206, 000 
 
 8120, 000 
 
 25,710 
 $2, .566, 000 
 
 21, 560 
 
 82, 1.55, 000 
 
 $120, 000 
 
 .500 
 860, 000 
 
 600 
 $.50, 000 
 
 17 
 
 16 
 
 , 082, .503 
 
 10, 976, 242 
 $43, 729, 200 
 
 4,479,9.57 
 833, 075, 674 
 8628,812 
 
 10, 868, 812 
 837, 686, 200 
 
 4,374,707 
 $27, 0.50, 674 
 $372, 562 
 
 106,4:30 
 86,143,000 
 
 106, 2.50 
 
 $6, 025, 000 
 
 $2.56, 2.50 
 
 49. 643 
 ■, 847, 667 
 
 12, 0.52 
 $3, 016, 660 
 
 $10,000 
 
 46, 142 
 
 11,518 
 
 4,666 
 
 $45, .581, 000 
 
 $2,481,660 
 
 8477, 000 
 
 $1,803,3.81 
 
 8137, 297 
 
 $16, 884 
 
 827, 600 
 
 8129, .500 
 
 $78,995 
 
 4,670 
 8479, 000 
 
 2, 0.50 
 $2,0.50,000 
 
 1,9.59 
 $1,959,000 
 
 $77, 727 
 83, 160 
 
 780 7,216 
 8330,000 816,156,829 
 
 480 ' 6,066 
 
 8300,000 815,006,829 
 
 818,000 85.51, ;i50 
 
 $411,780 
 
 216 
 
 206 
 
 $69, 931, 014 
 
 971, 691 
 867, 724, 100 
 
 823, 418 
 8.56, 163, 514 
 ' ,666,155 
 
 9.58, 391 
 6,404,100 
 
 810,218 
 854, 843, 514 
 $1,6.56,1.65 
 
 13,200 
 $1,320,000 
 
 13,200 
 
 $1,320,000 
 
 810,000 
 
 20, 194 
 $15, 238, 000 
 
 16,915 
 $13, 767, .500 
 8656,005 
 $304,800 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 $4, 819, 000 
 
 282, 720 
 84, 722, 000 
 
 282, 690 
 
 $4, 719, 000 
 
 $149, 000 
 
 282, 720 
 U, 722, 000 
 
 282, 690 
 
 $4,719,000 
 
 $149,000 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2, 399, 000 
 
 18, 004 
 81, 804, 000 
 
 18, 004 
 $1,804,000 
 
 17,000 
 1,700,000 
 
 17,000 
 , 700, 000 
 
 1,004 
 $104,000 
 
 1,004 
 $104, 000 
 
 640 
 $100,000 i 
 
 640 
 $100, 000 
 
 85, 400 
 
 1,060 
 $810, 000 
 
 845 
 
 $.595,000 
 
 $14, 260 
 
 1 Includes incorporated companies distributed as follows: .Alaska, 1; North Carolina, 1. 
 
 According to this table the total number of shares, 
 common and preferred, issued and outstanding-, by incor- 
 porated bituminous coal mining companies operating in 
 1902, and reporting capitalization, was 19,309,014, hav- 
 ing a par value of $513,424,186, on which dividends 
 were paid to the amount of $17,359,841, or 3.38 per cent 
 on the par value of the stock is.sued. Deducting assess- 
 ments levied, $2, 303, 061, the net dividends paid amounted 
 to $15,056,780, or 2.93 per cent on the capital stock. 
 
 There were 1,517 incorporated companies engaged 
 in this branch of the coal industry, and of these 67 did 
 not report capitalization. These nonreporting incor- 
 porated companies were distributed among 16 of the 
 bituminous coal states, as follows: Ohio, 13; Pcnnsyl- 
 Table 1.5.- COAL. BITUMIXOl'S- 
 
 vania, 11; West Virginia, 10; Illinois, 7; Kentucky, 5; 
 Alabama, Colorado, and Kansas, each 3; Indiana, Mich- 
 igan, Texas, and Wyoming, each 2; and Iowa, New 
 Mexico, North Dakota, and Washington, 1 each. No 
 dividends were reported as paid by the companies 
 operating in Alaska, Missouri, North Carolina, North 
 Dakota, and Oregon. The interest paid on bonds was 
 $6,115,828, and the sum of $2,303,061 was paid in as 
 assessments on capital stock. 
 
 Eini>l(iyi'e>< and ivagei<. — The expenditures reported for 
 salaries were $14,511,924, and for wages, $181,482,288. 
 
 In the following table is shown the distribution of 
 the wage-earners according to their occupation and 
 daily rates of paj-: 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF WA(iF-EARNERS ACCOKDIN(_; TO DAILY RATES OF PAY, BY 
 OCCUPATIONS: 1902. 
 
 ^[Each cumulative percentage shows the proportion of total number of persons in the given class receiving a ^vagc as great as, 
 
 the given wage group.] 
 
 'r greater than, the lowest wage of 
 
 RATE PER DAY (DOLLARS). 
 
 ' Total - . 
 
 :,Less thanu..50 
 (0.50 to 0.74... 
 
 0.75 to 0.99 . . . 
 .1.00 to 1.24... 
 
 1.26 to 1.49... 
 ■1.50 to 1.74... 
 
 1.75 to 1.99 . . . 
 2.00 to 2.24 . - . 
 2.26 to 2.49 . . . 
 2.50 to 2.74 - . . 
 
 2.76 to 2.99 . . . 
 "100 to 3.24 . . . 
 
 - 3.26 to 3.49 ... 
 
 '3.60 to 3.74..-. 
 
 ■3. 75 to 3. 99... 
 4. 00 to 4.24..., 
 4.25 and over 
 
 ALL OCCUPATIONS. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per cent 
 of total. 
 
 0.4 
 
 1.0 
 
 2.9 
 
 4.2 
 
 11,4 
 
 13.1 
 
 26,3 
 
 16,5 
 
 11.6 
 
 5.6 
 
 4.3 
 
 2.3 
 
 1,6 
 
 0.6 
 
 0,2 
 
 0.1 
 
 Cumula- 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 100.0 
 99. 9 
 99,6 
 98.6 
 96.7 
 91.6 
 80,1 
 07,0 
 41,7 
 26, 2 
 14,6 
 9,0 
 4,7 
 2.4 
 0.8 
 0.3 
 0.1 
 
 ENGINEERS. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 46 
 165 
 248 
 977 
 754 
 930 
 241 
 303 
 
 .50 
 
 ;« 
 
 6 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 Percent 
 of total. 
 
 0.1 
 0.2 
 1.2 
 4.4 
 0.6 
 25, 8 
 19.9 
 21,6 
 (i. 4 
 8,0 
 1,3 
 0,9 
 0,2 
 0.3 
 0.1 
 
 Cumula- 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 100. 
 
 99.9 
 
 99,7 
 
 98.6 
 
 94.1 
 
 .87, 6 
 
 61,7 
 
 41.8 
 
 17.2 
 
 10.8 
 
 2.8 
 
 1.6 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.1 
 
 FIREMEN. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 32 
 
 144 
 
 459 
 
 721 
 
 ,108 
 
 283 
 
 265 
 
 54 
 
 38 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 Per cent 
 of total. 
 
 0.3 
 
 1.0 
 
 4.6 
 
 14.8 
 
 23.2 
 
 35, 6 
 
 9.1 
 
 8,2 
 
 1,7 
 
 1.2 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.1 
 
 Cumula- 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 100.0 
 
 99.9 
 
 99.7 
 
 98.7 
 
 94.1 
 
 79.3 
 
 .56.1 
 
 20.6 
 
 11.4 
 
 3.2 
 
 1.6 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.1 
 
 MACHINISTS, BLACKSMITHS, 
 CARPENTERS, AND tITHER 
 MECHANICS. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 42 
 
 176 
 
 393 
 
 001 
 
 1,400 
 
 1,876 
 
 1,128 
 
 419 
 
 479 
 
 66 
 
 76 
 
 8 
 
 62 
 
 6 
 
 Percent 
 of total. 
 
 0.1 
 0.1 
 0.6 
 2.6 
 5.8 
 8.9 
 20.8 
 27.8 
 16, 8 
 6,2 
 7,1 
 1.0 
 1,1 
 0,1 
 0.9 
 0.1 
 
 Cumula- 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 100, 
 
 99, 9 
 
 99, 8 
 
 99. 2 
 
 96. 6 
 
 90. 8 
 
 81.9 
 
 61.1 
 
 33. 3 
 
 16. 5 
 
 10.3 
 
 3.2 
 
 2.2 
 
 1.1 
 
 1.0 
 
 0.1 
 
COAL. 
 
 67y 
 
 Table 15.— COAL, BITUMINOUS- 
 
 ■DISTRIBUTION OF WAGE-EARNERS ACCORDIN(i TO DAILY RATES C)F PAY, 
 OCCUPATIONS: 1902— Continued. 
 
 LY 
 
 RATK PER DAY (DOLLARS). 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 Tottll 
 
 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 86 
 
 342 
 
 2,513 
 
 6,016 
 
 19,0.SS 
 
 24, 892 
 
 46, 532 
 
 2,8, 304 
 
 2.i, 9U8 
 
 CW to 0.74 
 
 0.75 to 0.99. 
 
 1.00 to 1.24 
 
 1.25 to 1.49 
 
 1..W to 1.74 
 
 1.75 to 1.99 
 
 2.00 to 2.24 
 
 2.25 to 2.49 
 
 2.50 to 2.74 
 
 2.75 to 2.99 : 
 
 13,0.53 
 10, 240 
 6,000 
 4,210 
 1,304 
 39R 
 363 
 
 3.00 to 8.24 
 
 3.25 to 3.49 
 
 3..50to3.74 
 
 3.75 to 3.99 
 
 4.00 to 4 24 
 
 4.25 and over 
 
 Per 
 cent of 
 total. 
 
 0.2 
 1.3 
 
 3.2 
 10.1 
 13.1 
 24.6 
 15.0 
 13.7 
 6.9 
 5.4 
 3.2 
 2. 2 
 0^7 
 0.2 
 0.2 
 
 Cnmn- 
 lative 
 
 per- 
 (^ent- 
 
 age. 
 
 100.0 
 
 99.9 
 
 99.9 
 
 99.8 
 
 98. 5 
 
 95.3 
 
 85. 2 
 
 72.1 
 
 47.5 
 
 32.5 
 
 18.8 
 
 11.9 
 
 6.5 
 
 3.3 
 
 1.1 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.2 
 
 MINERS' HELPERS. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 3,637 
 
 7 
 184 
 337 
 347 
 608 
 293 
 5.51 
 311 
 361 
 363 
 130 
 144 
 
 1 
 
 eentof 
 total. 
 
 0.2 
 5.1 
 9.3 
 9.5 
 
 16.7 
 8.1 
 
 15.1 
 8.5 
 9.9 
 
 10.0 
 3.6 
 4.0 
 
 (') 
 
 Ounin- 
 lative 
 per- 
 eerit- 
 age. 
 
 100.0 
 99. 8 
 94.7 
 ,85. 4 
 7.5.9 
 .59. 2 
 .51. 1 
 36.0 
 27.5 
 17.6 
 7.6 
 4.0 
 (') 
 
 TIMBERMEN AND TRACK 
 LAYERS. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 7,843 
 
 1 
 
 27 
 
 24 
 
 209 
 
 6.50 
 
 691 
 
 2,460 
 
 2,760 
 
 .525 
 
 277 
 
 1.82 
 
 7 
 
 28 
 
 Cumu- 
 I'er I lative 
 eentof I per- 
 total. cent- 
 age. 
 
 (') 
 0.3 
 0.3 
 2,7 
 8.3 
 8.8 
 31.4 
 35.2 
 6.7 
 3.5 
 2.3 
 0.1 
 0.4 
 
 (') 
 
 100.0 
 
 99.9 
 
 99.7 
 
 99.4 
 
 96.7 
 
 88.4 
 
 79.6 
 
 48.2 
 
 13.0 
 
 6.3 
 
 2.8 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.4 
 
 (■) 
 
 (M 
 
 (') 
 
 BOYS UNDER 16 YEARS. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 5,628 
 
 86 
 
 828 
 
 1, 7,54 
 
 2,407 
 
 . 332 
 
 110 
 
 60 
 
 39 
 
 12 
 
 Per 
 cent of 
 total. 
 
 100.0 
 
 1.5 
 14.7 
 31.2 
 42.8 
 5.9 
 1.9 
 1.1 
 0.7 
 0.2 
 
 Cumu- 
 lative 
 per- 
 cent- 
 age. 
 
 ALL OTirER WAGE- 
 EARNERS. 
 
 Ciimu- 
 lative 
 
 100.0 
 
 98.5 
 83.8 
 62.6 
 9.8 
 3.9 
 2.0 
 0.9 
 0.2 
 
 Aver- 
 
 Per 
 
 age 
 
 cent 
 
 num- 
 
 of 
 
 ber. 
 
 total. 
 
 60, 625 
 
 100,0 
 
 2 
 
 (') 
 
 212 
 
 0.4 
 
 395 
 
 0.7 
 
 2,721 
 
 4.6 
 
 4, 659 
 
 7.7 
 
 10, 566 
 
 17.4 
 
 9,291 
 
 1.5.3 
 
 17,842 
 
 29.4 
 
 9,309 
 
 15.4 
 
 3,847 
 
 5.5 
 
 1,407 
 
 2.3 
 
 666 
 
 1.1 
 
 99 
 
 0.2 
 
 61 
 
 0.1 
 
 6 
 
 '') 
 
 24 
 
 (') 
 
 28 
 
 0) 
 
 per- 
 cent- 
 
 100.0 
 
 99.9 
 
 99.6 
 
 98. 9 
 
 94.4 
 
 86.7 
 
 69. 3 
 
 .54.0 
 
 24,6 
 
 9.2 
 
 3.7 
 
 1.4 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.1 
 
 (>) 
 
 (M 
 
 (') 
 
 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 
 
 This table .show.s that the majority of adult wage- 
 earners received wages between 11.75 and $2.74. In- 
 cluding all occupations, the largest number em- 
 braced in a single rate group was reported as receiv- 
 ing from $2 to $2.24 per da}-, 2.5.:^ per cent falling in 
 that group. From this rate the numbers decreased 
 regularly as the rates of pay decreased below $2 or 
 increased above $2.2-4. In the class of engineers TU.4 
 per cent were employed at daily rates ranging from $2 
 to $2.74, and in the class of firemen 73.5 per cent at 
 rates ranging from $1.50 to $2.24 per day. Of the 
 6,739 machinists, blacksmiths, carpenters, and other 
 mechanics emploj'ed, 4,404, or G5.4 per cent, were paid 
 from $2 to $2.74 per day. The miners constituted 67.4 
 per cent of all employees; the largest number in any 
 rate group apjDear to have received from $2 to $2.24. 
 But on account of the mining being done on a tonnage 
 basis the daily rates of pay are largely estimates and 
 averages. There was paid as wages for the mining 
 of bituminous coal on a tonnage basis the sum of 
 $128,055,854. The daily rates of pa}- to miners' helpers 
 show a distribution over a much wider range than is the 
 case with other occupations. Of the timbermen and 
 track layers 5,220, or 66.6 per cent, were paid at rates 
 ranging from $2 to $2.49, and 90.3 per cent received 
 from $1.50 to $2.74 per day. The 5,62S boys under 16 
 years of age con.stituted 2 per cent of all employees; 74 
 per cent received from $0.75 to $1.24 per day. The 
 remaining wage-earneis, classitied as "all others," com- 
 
 prised 60,625, and constituted 21.6 per cent of all 
 wage-earners, and 77.5 per cent of the number were 
 paid at dailj^ rates ranging from §1.50 to $2.4'.t. 
 
 As shown in Table 60 the largest number of men. for 
 the industry as a whole, was employed in December and 
 the smallest inimljer in July, the maximum and minimum 
 numl:)ers lieing only about 7 per cent above and l)elow 
 the average number. Michigan showed a heavy falling 
 off from April to August, but as a rule the states do 
 not show any wide fluctuations. 
 
 Coidract vHirlx. — The expenditure for contract work 
 amounted to $1,244,114, and 5,040 men were employed 
 thereon. This was for tunneling, shaft sinking, and 
 like work done under contract. 
 
 Hiq)2)l.lt'H^ 'inaferiiils, and inisreJluneovH expenses. — The 
 cost of supplies and inaterials rej^orted amounted to 
 $24,798,922, or 10.4 per cent of all expenses, and was 
 the large.st item next to the amount paid for salaries 
 and wages. The amount expended for miscellaneous 
 expenses, $16,774,459, comprised $7,442,089 for royal- 
 ties and rent of mine and mining plant, and $9,332,370 
 paid for rent of ofBces, taxes, and other sundries. Mis- 
 cellaneous expenses foi'med 7 per cent of all expenses. 
 
 Production lii/ states. — In the following table is .shown 
 the total production of bituminous coal by states dur- 
 ing 1902, the distribution of the product for consump- 
 tion, and the value and average price per ton at the 
 mines. 
 
680 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 16.— COAL, BITUMINOUS— PRDDUCTIUN, BY ST/VTES AND TERRITr)RIES: 1902. 
 
 ."STATE OK TERKITORY. 
 
 Total . 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 California and Alaska 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Georgia and North Carolina . 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Indian Territory. 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Montana 
 
 New Mexico. . . 
 North Dakota 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Texas 
 
 T'tah. 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Washington . . 
 West Virginia . 
 Wyoming 
 
 Loaded at 
 
 mines for 
 
 shipment 
 
 (short tims). 
 
 2]2,378,39H 
 
 Sold to local 
 
 trade and used 
 
 by employees 
 
 (short tons). 
 
 The followino- i,s a review of the production of bitu- 
 minous coiil in the .several state.s and territories: 
 
 Aldhama. — The coal fields of Alabama belong to the 
 great Appalachian system, which extends from the 
 northern part of Pennsylvania to the central part of 
 Alabama. The coal bearing formations which become 
 quite narrow in passing through Tennessee widen out 
 suddenly in the northern part of Alabama and cover 
 about 50 per cent of the northern half of the state. 
 
 The total coal area of Alabama is estimated at 6,500 
 square miles. There are 19 counties, all north of a line 
 drawn midway across the state from east to west, which 
 are underlaid h\ coal. In only 11 of these, however, 
 is coal produced at present on a commercial scale. 
 These 11 counties are Bibb, Blount, Cullman, Etowah, 
 Jefferson, Marion, St. Clair, Shelby, Tuscaloosa, Wal- 
 ker, and Winston. The coal producing region is divided 
 into 3 distinct basinsor districts, which are known l)y the 
 names of the rivers which drain them, the Black War- 
 rior, the Coosa, and the Cahaba. The Wariior district is 
 the largest, but the Cahaba is the principal producer, 
 the county of Jefferson, which includes the city of Bir- 
 mingham, in the Cahaba district, contributing more 
 than 50 per cent of the state's total output. 
 
 All of the coals of the .state are classed among the 
 bituminous varieties. Some are coking coals of good 
 quality, and to these is due the rapid growth of the 
 iron and steel industries of the state. The development 
 of these industries and of coal mining in Alabama 
 during the last quarter of a century has been one of 
 unusual rapidity. 
 
 The cen.sus of 1.S40 reported a production of coal in 
 Alabama for that year, of 94fi tons, and at the cen.sus 
 of 1(S60, 10,200 tons were reported. 
 
 Used at mines l_ , 
 
 for steam and ' Madeintocoke ■ Total quantity 
 heat (.short , (short tons). (.short ton.s). 
 tons). 
 
 Total value. 
 
 1 Average 
 price per 
 
 The distribution f>f the coal production, by counties, 
 in 1902, is shown in the following table: 
 
 Table Xl.—i'ita 
 
 ' prodnclio'ti of 
 
 Alnhiniui, 1)11 coini 
 
 lii-x: 1902 
 
 
 COUNTY. 
 
 Loaded 
 at mines 
 
 for ship- 
 ment 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Sold to 
 local 
 trade 
 and 
 u.sed 
 by em- 
 ployees 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Used at 
 mines 
 
 for 
 steam 
 and 
 heat 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Made 
 
 into coke 
 
 (short 
 
 tons). 
 
 Total 
 
 quantity 
 
 ; short 
 
 tons). 
 
 Total 
 value. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 )irice 
 per 
 ton. 
 
 Tntal.... 
 
 7,271,146 
 
 78, 903 
 
 244,223 
 
 2,760,298 
 
 10, 354, 570 
 
 812,419,666 
 
 SI. 20 
 
 Bibb 
 
 1,372,74.') 
 100, 290 
 
 3, 410, B9S 
 119,(118 
 131,241 
 108,017 
 
 1,748,073 
 20, (180 
 
 ■>.-.3 17K 
 
 1,922 
 
 1,280 
 
 .5(5, 0.50 
 
 5.50 
 
 130 
 
 924 
 
 16, 047 
 
 2,000 
 
 38,174 
 
 220 
 
 KiO, 873 
 
 7, .500 
 
 4, 672 
 
 1,848 
 
 30, 936 
 
 74, .566 
 
 ■2,'227,'9i.5' 
 28, .575 
 
 1,487,407 
 101,790 
 
 5, 855, 536 
 1.56,243 
 136, 043 
 431,711 
 
 1,903,976 
 2S, 686 
 
 2.53, 178 
 
 1,842,163 
 125, 190 
 
 6, 975, 9-29 
 208, 162 
 218,971 
 .527, 504 
 
 2, 147, .S94 
 41,260 
 
 332, 603 
 
 1.24 
 
 Elouah 
 
 .IcfTersoii 
 
 St. Clair 
 
 1.2:3 
 1.19 
 1.33 
 1.61 
 
 Tu.scaloosa 
 
 Walker 
 
 320, 322 
 108, 920 
 
 1.22 
 1.13 
 1.44 
 
 Blount, Cull- 
 man, and 
 
 
 
 1.31 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 According to the Census report of l.SlO, the produc- 
 tion for that year was 13,200 short tons. The output 
 did not reach 100,000 tons until 1876, Init in ISSO, 
 according to the Tenth Censu.s, it had increased to 
 323,972 tons. From 1.SS2 to 1885 there was a rapid 
 increase in production, until at the height of the Birm- 
 ingham boom, in Ls,S5, it reached a total of 2,192.000 
 short tons.' With the bursting of the bubble and 
 the temporary collapse of the boom, production fell off" 
 to less than 2,000,000 tons in 18S<> and 1887, Init as trade 
 conditions l)ecame settled the coal mining industry 
 improved and since 18.S8 has shown an almost continual 
 gi'owth in production. At the Eleventh Census, in 
 1889, the production amounted to 3,572,983 tons, about 
 
 'United States (ieolofjical Survey, " Jliuerul Kesourres of the 
 United States," 1902, page 3.W. 
 
COAL. 
 
 681 
 
 eleven times what it was in 1880. In 1902 it readied 
 the maximum, the output being 10,354,570 short tons. 
 The selling value of this product at the mines was 
 fl2,41!>,6(;6. 
 
 The amount paid in wages in 1902 was $7, Mil, 457, 
 salaries amounted to $709,449, contract work cost 
 
 $265,579, miscellaneous expenses amounted to $734,972, 
 and $1,219,310 was expended in the purchase of sup- 
 plies and materials. 
 
 A sumnuuy of the statistics, by counties, is given in 
 the following table, onh' those counties being reported 
 separately which produce a total of 200,000 tons: 
 
 Table 18.— SUMMARY BY COUNTIES HAVING A PKODUCTI(.)N OF 200,0UU TONS OR (JVER: 1902. 
 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 mines. 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 opera- 
 tors. 
 
 SALARIED OPFI- 
 
 CIALS, CLERKS, 
 
 ETC. 
 
 WAGE-EAK.N'ERS. 
 
 CONTRACT WORK. 
 
 Miseel- 
 ianeouH 
 
 ex- 
 penses. 
 
 Cost of 
 supplies 
 and ma- 
 terials. 
 
 PRODUCT. 
 
 COUNTY. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Salaries. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Amount 
 paid. 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 em- 
 ploy- 
 ees. 
 
 Quantity 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Value. 
 
 Total 
 
 145 
 
 8 
 48 
 11 
 43 
 35 
 
 91 
 
 623 
 
 S709, 449 
 
 12, 930 
 
 $7, 841, 457 
 
 $266, 579 
 
 1,411 
 
 - 
 
 8734,972 
 
 81,219,310 
 
 10, 3.54, 570 
 
 S12, 419, 666 
 
 
 
 Bibb 
 
 8 
 23 
 
 7 
 29 
 24 
 
 75 
 279 
 
 44 
 1.52 
 
 73 
 
 88,541 
 368,465 
 
 36, 406 
 149, 179 
 
 lie, 858 
 
 1,712 
 6, 9.54 
 722 
 2,313 
 1, 229 
 
 1,207,118 
 4, 259, 712 
 
 360, 660 
 1,410,386 
 
 603, .581 
 
 
 - 
 
 1.52, 446 
 
 343, 209 
 
 7,493 
 
 173, .512 
 
 ,58,312 
 
 201,134 '' 1.4X7.407 
 
 1,842,163 
 
 
 261,174 
 250 
 
 1,393 
 
 4 
 
 784,005 
 21 , 699 
 
 148, 886 
 63,. 586 
 
 5, 8.55, 536 
 431,711 
 
 1, 903, 976 
 675, 940 
 
 6, 975, 929 
 
 TuscaI(H)sa 
 
 Walker 
 
 .527, 504 
 2,147,894 
 
 other counties 1 
 
 4,1.55 
 
 14 
 
 926, 176 
 
 ^ Include.s Blount, Cullman, I'^towah, Marion, St. Clair, .sfhelby, and Winston. 
 
 Ala-'<lri^ — There are a number of localities in the ter- 
 ritory of Alaska where coal seams of workable thickness 
 and quality have been located, but it has been impossi- 
 ble to secure exact statistics in I'egard to the production. 
 Mr. Alfred H. Brook.'^, of the United States (ieological 
 Survey, in his report entitled "The Coal Resources of 
 Alaska," ° states that the coal mines of Alaska which have 
 produced some coal in the past may be divided naturally 
 into three separate provinces or districts — the Pacitic 
 coast district, the Yukon district, and the Arctic coast 
 district. The Pacific t'oast district includes all the 
 mines located on Pacific coast waters and one deposit at 
 Kootznahoo bay, one at C'ontroller bay, one at Homer 
 (on Cook inlet), and three on the Alaskan peninsula — 
 at Chignik river, Herendeen liav, and Unga Island. 
 The Yukon district includes all the mines on or near 
 the Yukon river. Of these there are six, three of 
 which — known, respectively, as No. 1, Williams, and 
 Blatchford — are on the Yukon river, between Anvik 
 and Nulato; the Pickart mine is located a short dis- 
 tance northeast of Nulato, on the Y'ukon river; the Drew 
 mine near Rampart; and Nation River mine, between 
 Fort Yukon and Fortymile. The Arctic coast dis- 
 trict includes two mines, the Corwin and the Thetis, 
 located on the Arctic ocean near the seventieth degree 
 of north latitude. Mr. Brooks states that at the time 
 of his visit to the region, in 19<»2, the mine on Kootz- 
 nahoo bay, the only one in southeastern Alaska, had 
 been shut down. He also reports that at Controller 
 bay, 30 miles east of the mouth of the Copper river, an 
 excellent coal has l;)een discovered, and extensive prepa- 
 rations are under wa^^ for developing the field. It is 
 
 1 United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources ot the 
 United States," 1902. 
 
 ^ Twenty-second Annual Report of the United States Geological 
 Survey, Part III. 
 
 probable that this mine will become a producer within 
 a short time. 
 
 The only mines in American territory from which 
 any production was reported for 1902 were the Wil- 
 liams mine, on the Yukon river below Kaltag. and the 
 Homer property, on Cook inlet. The first mentioned 
 property i:)roduccd, in 1902, 1,700 tons of coal, which 
 was used principally on the .steamers pl^'ing on the 
 Y'ukon river. The Pickart mine, also on the Yukon 
 river, was operated for a short time during 1902, but 
 was closed down in duly. No exact information as 
 to the amount of coal obtained during this time has 
 been secured. The Homer mine, on Cook inlet, pro- 
 duced 612 tons, most of which was obtained in the 
 course of the development of the propertj'. At this 
 point a railway about 7 miles in length connects the 
 mine with the navigable waters of Cook inlet, where 
 docks and coal bunkers have been established. The 
 three mines on the Alaskan peninsula have been opera- 
 ted at different times during the last two decades, 
 but no production was reported from them in 1902, 
 although the one on Chignik river is known to have 
 produced some coal to supply the local steamers, and 
 the same is true of the one on Unga Island. A com- 
 pany was organized during 1902 to extend the devel- 
 opments of the mines on Herendeen bay, but no 
 production was reported from it during the j-ear. The 
 two mines in the Arctic coast district have been worked 
 from time to time during the last twenty years to sup- 
 ply whalers and re\'enue cutters, but the operations 
 have never reached the dignity of an industry, and no 
 record of their actual production has been secured. 
 Some attempt, however, at .systematic development 
 has been recently made, and a small amount of coal 
 was shipped to Nome, Avhere it was .said to have 
 brought a good price. 
 
682 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Mr. Arthur J. Collier, assistant geologist, United 
 States Geological Survey, who made a special investi- 
 gation of the coal resources of the Yukon, has published 
 his results in Bulletin No. ^is. 
 
 During the field season of I'.tOi} Mr. Collier was able 
 to secure more definite data in regard to the production 
 of the different mines along the Yukon river than have 
 heretofore been ol:)tained. He states that the Williams 
 mine, on the Y'ukon river, .50 miles below Kaltag, which 
 was first known as the Thein mine, was the only mine 
 in American territorjr on the Y'ukon which was worked 
 continuously during the season of l'J02. This mine 
 was opened in 1900 and produced some coal in that year. 
 
 ThePickart mine, 10 miles above Nulato, was opened 
 in 1898, and produced some coal each year from that 
 time until 1902, when it was abandoned. No definite 
 statement as to the amount of coal produced during 
 this time has been obtained, but the output was proba- 
 bly between 'i.OiJO and 3,()(»0 tons. The first mine to be 
 opened on the Y'ukon ri\er was what is known as the 
 Nation Kiver mine, 52 miles below the international 
 boundary. About 2,()00 tons of coal are said to have 
 been produced from this mine in 189T; the mine has 
 since been shut down and is not now operated. The 
 next mine to be opened was what is known as the Drew 
 mine, about 25 miles above Rampart. This mine was 
 worked from 1897 to 1900, during which time the entire 
 production is estimated to have amounted to about 
 1,200 tons. The Blatchford mine, 9 miles below 
 Nulato, was opened in IS'.IS and produced some coal in 
 1899. 1900, and 1901. It is estimated that about 300 
 tons were produced at this mine during these years. 
 What is known as Mine Xo. 1, about 25 miles below the 
 Williams mine, was worked during the winter of 1898, 
 and produced about 90(» tons. Since that time it has 
 been shut down. Mr. Collier estimates that the total 
 amount of coal produced in American teri'itorv on the 
 Yukon from 1897 to 19U2, inclusive, is about 9,(IOO 
 tons — this total being distributed annually approxi- 
 mately as follows: 
 
 Production of riiul oil till' Yiikiiii riirr: 1,S97 to 190J. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Namu of mine. 
 
 Quantity 
 
 (short tons). 
 
 Value. 
 
 Ifi97 
 
 
 2, 000 
 1 , fiOO 
 1,'200 
 1,200 
 1,300 
 1,700 
 
 S2.S, 000 
 
 1898 
 
 
 L'2,4(IIJ 
 
 189y 
 
 190U 
 
 1901 
 
 Drew. Pickart, and Blntchford 
 
 Ki.HOO 
 
 Pii''knrt Blatchford and Thein 
 
 15, 600 
 
 
 17,000 
 
 
 
 
 All of these mines are located inmicdiately on the 
 Yukon river. The coal from them has been usedprin- 
 cipallj^ on the river steamers, though a smaller amount 
 has been used for domestic purposes at Dawson and 
 other points along the river. At Dawson the coal sells 
 at from $15 to $20 per ton. Coal delivered at the river 
 banks from the Yukon mines sells for from flO to $12 
 per ton at present, thougli in years past prices ha\e 
 
 been higher, and in 1900 coal was selling for $15 per ton 
 at the Drew mine. Adding the production of the Cook 
 inlet mine to that of the Williams mine in 1902, the 
 total production reported for the territory is found to 
 be 2,212 tons, valued at $19,0'i.s. It is known, however, 
 that some coal was also produced at the Corwin mine, 
 at Chignik, and at Herendeen bay, but since no definite 
 reports have been obtained from these localities they 
 are not included in the above statement. The actual 
 production in the territory for 1902 was, therefore, 
 proba))]y somewhat lai-ger than that reported. 
 
 Arlit/isa-'^. — According to Mr. Joseph A. Tafl", of the 
 United States Geological Survey, the Arkansas coal 
 field is a direct continuation of the Indian Territory 
 coal field, and extends from the western line of the 
 state in an easterly direction about 75 miles. It fol- 
 lows the valley of the Arkansas river, which passes 
 from west to east about the middle of the main basin. 
 
 The north edge of the field lies upon the southern 
 foothills of the Boston mountains, which form the 
 southern limitof the Ozark uplift. The southern border 
 of the field is near the Ouachita mountain ridges, which 
 extend from the vicinity of Little Rock westwaixl into 
 Indian Territory. 
 
 The coals vary from l)ituniinous to semianthracite, 
 the latter having a high reputation as a smokeless do- 
 mestic fuel, its smokeless qualities causing it to be re- 
 ceived with great favor in the cities of the Mississippi 
 valley. It burns with a short, hot fiame and leaves a 
 comparatively small amount of ash. 
 
 The census of IStio reported the production of 200 
 tons of coal for Arkansas, but the rci^orts of the Ninth 
 Census contained no account of production for this state. 
 The production for 1880 was small, 14,778 short tons. 
 
 having a value of $33, 5i 
 
 -io. 
 
 Th 
 
 e •Nvajj'es 
 
 paid amounted to 
 
 $20,850. In 1889, at the taking of the Eleventh Cen- 
 sus, the production amounted to 279,584 short tons, 
 valued at$395.s3t;. In 1!»02 the production had grown 
 to 1,94:3,'.).32 short tons, valued at $2,539,214. 
 
 The statistics of production in 1902, l)v counties, are 
 given in the folhiwing table: 
 
 Table 19. — t'ool jimilinilon of ArkansaK, Inj counties: 1902. 
 
 Total 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Johnson 
 
 Logan 
 
 Pope 
 
 Sebastian 
 
 Ouachita and Scott.. 
 
 Loaded at 
 
 mines for 
 
 shipment 
 
 (short 
 
 tons). 
 
 Sold to 
 local 
 trade 
 and 
 tised 
 by em- 
 ployees 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 327, 418 
 lSfi,812 
 19, 2SI; 
 
 •ja,;»9 
 
 , 27,5, 324 
 26,683 
 
 1,199 
 1,072 
 1,21.') 
 500 
 6, 053 
 3, 60U 
 
 [Ised at 
 mines 
 
 for 
 steam 
 and 
 heat 
 ( short 
 tons). 
 
 Total quan- 
 tity (short 
 tons). 
 
 9,396 
 .5, 374 
 1 , 250 
 5, 077 
 13, .S04 
 480 
 
 1,943,932 
 
 338,013 
 
 193,258 
 
 21,7,51 
 
 34,966 
 
 ',326,181 
 
 30, 763 
 
 Total 
 yalue. 
 
 377, 794 
 404, 822 
 
 36, 000 
 
 101,474 
 
 1,, '5.83, 209 
 
 3.5, 916 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 price 
 per 
 ton. 
 
 »1.31 
 
 1.12 
 2.09 
 1.66 
 2. 9(> 
 1.19 
 1.1" 
 
 In the following table is presented a summary of the 
 statistics in connection with the coal production of 
 Arkansas: 
 
COAL. 
 
 Table 20.— SUMMARY BY COUNTIES HAVING A PRODUCTION OF 200,000 TONS OR OVER: 1902. 
 
 6H3 
 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 mines. 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 opera- 
 tors. 
 
 3S 
 
 SALARIED OFFI- 
 CIALS, CLERKS, 
 ETC. 
 
 WAGE-KARNERS. 
 « 
 
 CONTRACT WORK. 
 
 Mi.scella- 
 
 neoua 
 expenses. 
 
 Cost of 
 supplies 
 and mate- 
 rials. 
 
 PRODUCT. 
 
 COUNTY. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Salaries. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Amount 
 paid. 
 
 Num- 
 ber 
 of em- 
 I'loy- 
 
 ees. 
 
 Quantity 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Value. 
 
 Total 
 
 63 
 
 1-10 
 
 J148,]13 
 
 1, 650 
 924 
 
 Jl, 780, 061 
 
 $48.') 
 
 .5 
 f, 
 
 $82,949 
 
 $177,716 
 
 1,943,932 
 
 82, .539,214 
 
 
 
 Sebastian 
 
 27 
 26 
 
 14 
 19 
 
 84 
 62 
 
 98, 371 
 49, 742 
 
 1,180,617 
 .W9,444 
 
 ■18.') 
 
 64, 342 
 
 18, 6U7 
 
 128,486 
 49,230 
 
 liSM, 181 
 618, 751 
 
 1,. 583, 209 
 
 
 956, 005 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Includes Franklin, Johnson, LogaQ, Ouachita, Pope, and Scott. (Franklin 
 order to avoid disclosing tlie operations of individual operators.) 
 
 California. — All of the coal mined in both California 
 and Oregon is of the lignite variety. In California 
 there are a number of rather widel}- separated tields, 
 the chief of which arc the Mt. Diablo tind Corral Hol- 
 low. The principal production in 1902 was from Ala- 
 meda and Contra Costa counties, the foi-iner jiroducing 
 about SO per cent of the state's total output. Smaller 
 amounts were mined in Kern, Monterey, Riverside, 
 and Siskiyou counties. In a num})er of other counties 
 coal veins have been prospected, and the counties of 
 Amador, Butte, Del Norte, Fre.sno, Orange, and San 
 Diego have produced some lignite coal in the past. 
 Tliese mines, however, have been abandoned from one 
 cause or another, principally the quality of the coal, 
 although there was also difhculty in the mining. The 
 Corral Hollow held, \yhich Is the one in Alameda 
 county, has a considerable advantage, on account of its 
 proximity to San Francisco, where the product hiids 
 its principal market. The total production of lignite 
 in California during 1902 was only S1,9S1: short tons, 
 as compared with 119,820 short tons in 1SS9. 
 
 The comparatively small coal mining industry of 
 California is subjected to influence.s which cki not atl'ect 
 other .states. One of these is the exportation of wheat 
 from the Pacific seaports. Vessels carrying wheat as 
 an outgoing cargo are apt to bring back, at a low rate 
 of freight, coals from Australia or Japan. When 
 such is the ca.se the demand for California coal falls 
 off. In the years 1S99, 1900, and 1901, according to 
 the reports of the United States Geological Survey, 
 occurred the largest outputs of coal in the state of 
 California since 1880. The production in 1902 was 
 reduced much below that of these years on account of 
 the large production of crude petroleum, the use of 
 which for fuel purposes in the manufacturing industries 
 of the state developed very rapidly in 19(12. 
 
 Colorado. — The coal fields of Colorado have ))een 
 fully de.scribed bj- Mr. K. C Hills, in Mineral Resources 
 of the United States, 1892. They have also been de- 
 scribed in considerable detail by Mr. L. S. Storrs in 
 the Twenty-second Annual Report of the United States 
 Creological Survey, Part HI. Geologically, the coal 
 bearing rocks of Colorado are confined to the Upper 
 Cretaceous coal mea.sures and, with only few excep- 
 
 ■ouuly had a production exceeding 200.000 tons, but is not shown separately in 
 
 tions, to the Laramie formation in these measures. The 
 coal bearing territory is found along )>oth the eastern 
 and western iianks of the Rocky mountains. 
 
 The coal producing areas are divided into 3 groups, 
 the Eastern, Park, and Western, the tields of each 
 group being separated by areas of gi'eat elevation and 
 erosion. The groups are again subdivided into distinct 
 fields, as follows: The Eastern group into the Raton, 
 Canyon City, and South Platte; the Park group into 
 tlio Middle Park and Como; and the Western group 
 into th(^ Yampa. Grand rivt'r, and La Plata. 
 
 The coal tields of Colorado contain every variety of 
 coal, from the typical lignite to the true anthracite. 
 Th(> arcii of the latter, however, is very small, Mr. 
 Storrs stating that it probably does not exceed 80 
 square miles. 
 
 Owing to the aggressive ])olicy of the Colorado Fuel 
 and Iron Company, the coal tields of Colorado have 
 been more thoroughly explored than those of any other 
 state in i\w Rocky mountain region. Mr. Hills, in 
 his rejiort on Mineral Resources of the United States, 
 18'.I2. estimates the available gross tonnage of the 
 Colorado tields at -15,197,100,000 short tons, and esti- 
 mating 75 per cent of this as recoverable, the net 
 availalde supply is placed at 33,897,800.(100 tons. 
 
 The production of the state in 1902, ])y counties, with 
 the distribution of the product for consumption, was as 
 follows: 
 
 Table 21. — Coal production nf Colorado, hij countlef:: 190i. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Boulder 
 
 Delta 
 
 El I'aso 
 
 Fremont 
 
 Garlield 
 
 i^iuiinisou 
 
 Huerfano 
 
 La Plata 
 
 Las .Vninias 
 
 Koutt 
 
 Weld 
 
 Other counties i 
 
 Loaded 
 at mines 
 for ship- 
 ment 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Sold to 
 
 local 
 
 trade 
 
 and 
 
 used by 
 
 em- 
 ployees 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 ,375,215 282,027 
 
 719, .564 
 
 410 
 
 74.135 
 
 (;i;i,,so-i 
 
 200, ,821 
 
 252, 861 
 
 1, 156, 555 
 
 143, 412 
 
 1,929,116 
 
 600 
 
 38, 652 
 
 197, 295 
 
 Used at 
 mines 
 
 for 
 steam 
 and 
 heat 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 181,646 
 
 38, 363 
 
 1,50 
 
 3, 700 
 
 31,636 
 
 4,090 
 
 8,614 
 
 27, Sl',7 
 
 607 
 
 55, 435 
 
 45 
 
 4,627 
 
 6,412 
 
 Made 
 into 
 coke 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Total 
 quantity 
 
 (sh.irt" 
 tons). 
 
 , 401, 343 
 
 $8,397,812 
 
 806, 
 
 9, 
 
 218, 
 
 695, 
 
 I 207, 
 
 101,8,SU ; 364, 
 
 1.1.S9, 
 
 832 I 155, 
 1.234,470 3,245, 
 
 3, 
 
 I 73, 
 
 225,373 i 432, 
 
 Total 
 value. 
 
 , 019, 072 
 
 12, 450 
 
 286, 273 
 
 ,146,416 
 228, 935 
 663, 593 
 
 ,446,866 
 230, 901 
 
 , 919, 146 
 
 4,698 
 
 106, 574 
 
 432,891 
 
 .Aver- 
 age 
 
 price 
 per 
 ton. 
 
 $1.13 
 
 1.26 
 1.33 
 1.31 
 1.65 
 1.10 
 1..54 
 1.22 
 1.49 
 0.90 
 1.48 
 1.45 
 1.00 
 
 nncludes jVrapahoe, Larimer, Mesa, Montezuina, Otirav, Pitkin and Rio 
 Blanco. 
 
684 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Coal mining operations, us far as known, Ix'gan in 
 Colorado in IStU, the production in that year amount- 
 ing- to 500 tons. In 1870 the amount produced -was 
 5,040 short tons, and at the taking of the Tenth Census 
 the production amounted to 462,747 tons. In 1S<SH it 
 had increased to 3,544,144 tons, and in 1903 it amounted 
 to 7,401,343 tons. The United States Geological Survey 
 estimates that the total amount oi coal produced in 
 Colorado from 1804 to the close of 19(13 was 68,843,054 
 
 tons, or about one- fifth of 1 per cent of the net available 
 supply estimated by Mr. Hills. 
 
 During 1903 coal was produced in Colorado in 18 
 counties, but in 7 of these there were not more than 2 
 establishments, so that the statistics of these 7 have 
 been combined. 
 
 The following table is a summary of the statistics by 
 counties where the production was 300,000 short tons: 
 
 Table 22.— SUMMAl-iY BY COUNTIES HAVING A PRODUCTION OF 200,000 TONS OK OVKR: 1902. 
 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 mines. 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 opera- 
 tors. 
 
 i! 
 
 SALARIED OFFI- ',' ,,..„„„, „„c.„„ 
 CIALS, CLERKS, ETC. | " AGE-EARNERS. 
 
 CflNTRACT WORK. 
 
 Miscella- 
 
 neou.s 
 expenses. 
 
 Cost of sup- 
 plies and 
 materials. 
 
 j J'RODUCT. 
 
 COUNTY. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Salaries. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 ) 
 
 1 Num- 
 An^ountjb-of 
 
 P^-l- 1 ifloy- 
 ees. 
 
 Quantity 
 (short ' Value, 
 tons). 
 
 Total 
 
 126 
 
 80 
 
 611 
 
 8818, 44,5 
 
 7 9.55 
 
 86,006,183 
 
 814,413 1 98 
 
 8681,494 
 
 81,039,831 
 
 7,401,343 ! 88,397,812 
 
 
 .S3" 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 ^ 10 
 
 
 617,864 
 168, 885 
 705, 643 
 144, 601 
 326, ,566 
 998, 242 
 2, 502, 328 
 .542, 054 
 
 2,394 
 425 
 
 9 
 5 
 
 76, 229 
 
 27, 540 
 
 .S5,769 
 
 6, 769 
 
 40, 867 
 
 108, ,501 
 
 288, 7,59 
 
 47,060 
 
 89,188 
 
 20, 454 
 109,173 
 137, 951 
 
 45, 796 
 217, 506 
 311,616 
 
 78, 148 
 
 806,371 1,019,072 
 
 El Paso 
 
 9 7 
 
 i; 3 
 
 7 
 
 11 ' 3.1,296 i 27S 
 33 : TiS ■>34 9fi.T 
 
 218, .549 286, 270 
 
 Fremont . 
 
 69.5,999 1 1,146,416 
 207,262 , 228,935 
 364,874 , 563, ,593 
 
 Garfield _ 
 
 21 i 22,0.i0 
 LS , S^.^.W 
 97 123,1)41 ' 
 2.36 36.5., S09 
 
 175 
 
 386 
 
 1,266 
 
 3, 409 
 
 644 
 
 4,300 
 
 6 
 
 Huerfano . ifs t; 
 
 
 1,189,313 i 1,446,866 
 
 3,245,271 2,919,146 
 
 673,704 7S7,,514 
 
 Las Animas 
 
 
 6,104 j 17 
 1, 190 61 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Includes Arapahoe, Delta, La Plata, Larimer,/Mesa, Montezuma, Ouray, Pitkin, Rio Blanco. Routt, ami Weld. 
 200,000 tons, but is not shown separately in order to avoid disclosing the operations of individual operators. , 
 
 inty liad a proijuctiou cxcuoding 
 
 lUliiois. — The coal fields (if Illinois form by far the 
 greater portion of the great Central coal held wliicli un- 
 derlies the larger part of Illinois, the southwestern part 
 of Indiana, and several counties of western Kentucky. 
 
 Nearly three-fourths of the state of Illinois is un- 
 derlaid by productive coal measures, the entire area b(dng 
 estimated at 43,900 square miles. This is the largest 
 coal bearing area recorded for any state of the Union. 
 There are more counties in this state in which coal is 
 produced than in any other of the United States, the 
 production in 1903 being reported from 54 ditferent 
 counties. In 9 of these the production exceeded 
 1,00<»,000 tons, and in 9 more the production was be- 
 tween 500, OOU and 1,000.000 tons. The ctwil is princi- 
 pall\' bituminous, of the dry, noncoking \aiiety. 
 
 In 1903 the state was the second in importance among 
 the coal producing states, being outranked only V)y 
 Pennsylvania. Its production was 10.9 per cent of the 
 total production of the United States; the \'alue was 
 9.3 per cent of the total value. The output in VMVl 
 amounted to 33,939, 373 short tons, valued at $33, 945, 910. 
 At the taking of the Eleventh Census the production 
 of coal in Illinois was 13,104,373 shoil tons, worth at 
 the mines $11,755,303. The total production of the 
 state during the census year 1S80 was 6,115,377 short 
 tons, valued at |8,779,833. 
 
 The expenditures reported were: For salaries, 
 11,564,833; for wages, $34,s76,3(H; for contract work, 
 $34,699; for miscellaneous expenses, $l,35.S,68<i; and 
 for supplies and materials, $3,834,444. The incorpo- 
 rated companies paid |i6S((,-ts,s in dividends on capital 
 stock, and $310,556 in interest on bonds. 
 
 The production by counties and the disjxisition (jf 
 the product are shown in Table 3:'i. 
 
 T.VBLE •2\\. — Cniil pritiliirruili iif J/liiioix, 1,11 ntillilir 
 
 l:i02 
 
 Blown 
 
 Bureau 
 
 (Christian 
 
 Clinton 
 
 Fulton 
 
 (jallatin 
 
 Oreone 
 
 (jrlindy 
 
 Hancock 
 
 Henry 
 
 .lacksou 
 
 .lersey 
 
 .lohnson 
 
 Knox 
 
 La.sallc 
 
 Livingston 
 
 Logan 
 
 .McDonough ... 
 
 McLean 
 
 Macoupin 
 
 Madisr>n 
 
 Marion 
 
 Marshall 
 
 Menard 
 
 Mercer 
 
 Montgomery... 
 
 Morgan 
 
 Peoria _.. 
 
 [-*erry 
 
 Randolph 
 
 Rock Island 
 
 St. Clair 
 
 Saline 
 
 Sangamon 
 
 Srhnyler 
 
 Scott' 
 
 Shelby 
 
 Stark 
 
 Tazewell 
 
 Vermilion 
 
 Warren 
 
 Washington 
 
 Will 
 
 Williamson 
 
 Other counties t 
 
 Sold to 
 Loaded local 
 at mines Itrade and 
 
 hip- 
 ment 
 (short 
 tons ) . 
 
 , 6.53, 131 
 815, COl 
 795, 793 
 871,108 
 18, 325 
 
 ,32.s,815 
 
 1 , 570 
 
 44, ,S88 
 
 8.57, 193 
 
 200 ' 
 
 36, ,510 
 ,487,507 
 299, 012 
 218, 500 
 20, 353 
 77, 000 
 ,033,1,59 
 , 232, 236 
 .SI 1,127 
 421,457 
 419,067 
 ,577,148 
 558,. 590 
 
 723, 411 
 
 931, 10(1 
 
 431,131 
 
 50, 2,53 
 
 ,.537,147 
 
 278, 662 
 
 ,669,213 
 
 2,. 520 
 
 15,990 
 
 58, 866 
 
 6, 640 
 
 97, 089 
 
 , 330, 705 
 
 2, 200 
 
 38, 7.54 
 
 2.5, 125 
 
 , 229, 073 
 
 262, 632 
 
 used by 
 
 em- 
 ployees 
 I short 
 tons). 
 
 llsed at 
 mines for 
 
 steam 
 
 and heat 
 
 (short 
 
 tons). 
 
 , .591, 770 
 
 1,230 
 ,55, 132 
 77, 1,57 
 13,092 
 .58, 374 
 11,971 
 
 6,000 
 47, 962 
 11,800 
 89, .S59 
 27, 700 
 
 3, .520 
 
 3, 6.50 
 48,481 
 304,862 
 85,618 
 36,132 
 14,133 
 90, 200 
 66,419 
 .W, 119 
 
 37, 553 
 19,313 
 29, ,516 
 
 38, 837 
 46,113 
 
 4,775 
 
 11 3, ,551 
 34,078 
 18,663 
 31 , 490 
 
 l.S8,4.51 
 13,279 
 
 379,192 
 15, 877 
 10,945 
 19,310 
 21,833 
 72, 174 
 
 210,043 
 
 13, ,577 
 
 14, 951 
 14, 3.57 
 31,682 
 
 101,796 
 
 Made 
 into 
 coke 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 61,379 
 43,278 
 25,433 
 24, 125 
 615 
 
 37,702 
 
 30 
 
 3, ,565 
 
 45, .594 
 
 830 
 53, 867 
 10, 4.53 
 15, 075 
 1,50 
 7,800 
 So, 747 
 84, 329 
 43,976 
 17,416 
 23, 375 
 24, 1,56 
 14,745 
 
 15,325 
 25, ,S60 
 
 7, 190 
 1,675 
 
 96, 660 
 
 5, 630 
 
 121,317 
 
 60 
 
 500 
 
 8, 936 
 57(1 
 
 3, 7.56 
 
 44,, 543 
 
 300 
 
 3,130 
 
 1,310 
 
 65,187 
 
 19,798 
 
 Total 
 (iuantit\" ; 
 
 (short i 
 tons). 
 
 Total 
 value. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 price 
 per 
 ton. 
 
 32,939,373 $33,945,910 81. OS 
 
 1,230 
 
 , 769, 642 
 
 936,036 
 
 834,318 
 
 953, 607 
 
 30,911 
 
 6,000 
 
 ,414,479 
 
 13, 400 
 
 Vis, 312 
 
 930, 487 
 
 3, .520 
 
 3,850 
 
 85, 8,51 
 
 , 846, 236 
 
 395, 083 
 
 268, 707 
 
 31,636 
 
 175,000 
 
 ,1.S5.325 
 
 , 374, 084 
 
 922, 6.56 
 
 t.5S, 1,S6 
 
 471,9,58 
 
 610,141 
 
 .119, 41,s 
 
 1,7.S0 
 
 .S.52, 375 
 
 991 , 34 I 
 
 I5i;, 9,S4 
 
 .83,118 
 
 :, ,S22,2I8 
 
 297, ,571 
 
 , 172,722 
 
 18,457 
 
 27, 135 
 
 .S7, 112 
 
 2.1,013 
 
 173,01s 
 
 :, .586, 291 
 
 16,077 
 
 56, S35 
 
 10, 792 
 
 !, 325, 942 
 
 384,226 
 
 1,705 
 
 2,401,436 
 
 890, ,512 
 
 771,246 
 
 1,104,963 
 
 35, 080 
 
 9, 265 
 
 1,8.80,281 
 
 22. 800 
 
 229, .509 
 
 1,023,, 8.53 
 
 6, 4.S0 
 
 4, 195 
 
 128,067 
 
 2, 309, 359 
 
 .544, .581 
 
 302, 894 
 
 .57, 997 
 
 2.54,775 
 
 1,911,377 
 
 1,941,699 
 
 787,737 
 
 611,491 
 
 473, 369 
 
 766, 725 
 
 641,042 
 
 7,170 
 
 963, 519 
 
 926, 131 
 
 377,318 
 
 120, ,589 
 
 2, 425, 816 
 
 277, 308 
 
 3, ,S65, 712 
 
 23, 661 
 
 42, 168 
 
 178,039 
 
 IS, 162 
 
 198, ,891 
 
 2,516,608 
 
 27, 935 
 
 55, 105 
 
 73,012 
 
 2, 1 16, 280 
 
 ,501,, 839 
 
 1.39 
 1.36 
 0.95 
 0.92 
 1.16 
 1.13 
 1..64 
 1.33 
 1.70 
 1.66 
 1.10 
 1.66 
 1.09 
 1.49 
 1.28 
 1.38 
 1.13 
 1.67 
 1.46 
 0.87 
 0.,S2 
 0.85 
 1.33 
 1.00 
 1.20 
 1.03 
 1..50 
 1.13 
 0.93 
 0.83 
 1.46 
 0.86 
 0.93 
 0.92 
 1.28 
 1..54 
 2. 04 
 1.68 
 1.15 
 0. 99 
 1.74 
 0. 97 
 1.79 
 0.91 
 1.31 
 
 1 Includes Bond, Calhoun, Cass, Edward: 
 Macon, Wabash, and Woodford. 
 
 s, Hamilton, .IctlVrson, Kankakee, 
 
COAL. 
 
 ("185 
 
 A. summary of the statistics by countio^s having a [jroduction of 200,000 tons or ovi'r is <rivoii in the following 
 table: 
 
 Table 24.— SUMMARY BY COUNTIES HAVING A PRODlC^fK )X OF 200,000 TONS OK (JVEK: 1902. 
 
 Totnl . . . 
 
 Bureau 
 
 Christian 
 
 Clintou 
 
 Fulton 
 
 Gruntly 
 
 Jackson 
 
 Lasalle 
 
 Livingston , . . 
 
 Logan 
 
 Macoupin 
 
 Madi.st.>n 
 
 Mari*>u 
 
 Marstuill 
 
 Menard 
 
 Mereer 
 
 Montgomery . 
 
 Peoria 
 
 Perry 
 
 Randolpli — 
 
 St. Clair 
 
 Saline 
 
 Sangamon 
 
 Vermilion . . . 
 "Williamson. . 
 Other countie 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 mines. 
 
 875 
 
 20 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 48 
 24 
 18 
 35 
 14 
 
 5 
 16 
 30 
 
 7 
 10 
 13 
 16 
 
 5 
 (55 
 19 
 15 
 69 
 17 
 30 
 63 
 38 
 285 
 
 Num. 
 ber oi 
 opera- 
 tors. 
 
 .S.VI.AIUEII ol'l'l- 
 CIAl.S, CLERKS, I':T('. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 1, 510 
 
 45 
 39 
 23 
 06 
 52 
 61 
 93 
 17 
 19 
 83 
 125 
 33 
 
 $1,564,832 
 
 s 
 
 24 
 
 13 
 
 32 
 
 15 
 
 21 
 
 r, 
 
 21 
 
 63 
 
 38 
 
 15 
 
 66 
 
 Ih 
 
 20 
 
 53 
 
 167 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 00 
 
 177 
 
 57 
 
 69 
 
 35 
 
 98 
 
 282 
 
 114 
 
 64, 230 
 
 41,754 
 
 25, 032 
 
 ,50, 221 
 
 65, 230 
 
 53, 009 
 
 96, 069 
 
 16, 2.59 
 
 19, 195 
 
 104,587 
 
 119,690 
 
 44, 135 
 
 26, 935 
 
 27.122 
 
 20, 609 
 
 18,, 500 
 
 40,417 
 
 68,612 
 
 17,]3M 
 
 157,691 
 
 16, 465 
 
 175,031 
 
 71,242 
 
 ll.s,.530 
 
 101,126 
 
 W,\OK-F,.\RNKHS. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 nnm- 
 ber. 
 
 6,617 
 
 3,068 
 919 
 789 
 
 1,1.55 
 
 2,8.50 
 885 
 
 3,010 
 484 
 304 
 
 1,874 
 
 2,280 
 840 
 786 
 616 
 766 
 487 
 872 
 
 1,111 
 357 
 
 2, 235 
 211 
 
 3, 739 
 2,678 
 1,874 
 2, ,521 
 
 Wages 
 
 t24, 876, 201 
 
 1,831,803 
 659, 493 
 .562, 444 
 7.56, 81K 
 
 1, .56i;, 311 
 655, 555 
 
 1,773,672 
 350, 457 
 240, 243 
 
 1,402,687 
 
 1,569,367 
 598, .540 
 467, 596 
 375, 091 
 598, 456 
 383, 036 
 639, 769 
 721,933 
 298, 324 
 
 1,709,616 
 162, 523 
 
 2, 866, 988 
 1, 832, 935 
 1,372,3.51 
 1,480,293 
 
 OONTRAIT WORK. 
 
 Amount 
 paid. 
 
 824, ( 
 
 1,008 
 1,328 
 2, 325 
 
 Nimi- 
 
 berof 
 
 em- 
 
 jijoy- 
 
 485 
 
 2,214 
 
 4,500 
 200 
 
 4, 142 
 710 
 100 
 
 3,211 
 
 Miscel- 
 laneous 
 expenses. 
 
 81, 258, 686 
 
 85, 362 
 
 20, 464 
 
 9, 395 
 
 48, 971 
 
 .32,807 
 
 101,626 
 
 40,133 
 
 16, 101 
 
 x,404 
 
 41,6N0 
 
 69, 537 
 
 s, 26H 
 
 32, 466 
 
 20,817 
 
 4,730 
 
 11,330 
 
 53, 787 
 
 40, 833 
 
 14,464 
 
 97, 165 
 
 12, 398 
 
 1.56,400 
 
 64,600 
 
 127, 378 
 
 139, 774 
 
 Cost of 
 supplies 
 ana mate- 
 rials. 
 
 $2, 834, 444 
 
 221,6.57 
 
 86, 887 
 
 58, .507 
 
 113,120 
 
 144, 843 
 
 88, 469 
 
 225, 402 
 
 36, 147 
 
 31,313 
 
 177,847 
 
 148, 689 
 
 102,631 
 
 34,037 
 
 64, 295 
 
 49,160 
 
 38, 379 
 
 97, 883 
 
 68, 696 
 
 33, 814 
 
 1.53, 898 
 
 28, 603 
 
 281,947 
 
 248, 223 
 
 166,117 
 
 143, 980 
 
 Quantity 
 (short 
 ton.s). 
 
 Value. 
 
 32, 939, 373 $33, 945, 910 
 
 1,769,642 
 
 936,036 
 
 834,318 
 
 953, 607 
 
 1,414,479 
 
 930, 487 
 
 1,846,2.36 
 
 395, 083 
 
 268, 707 
 
 2, 185, 325 
 
 2,374,684 
 
 922. 6.56 
 
 4.58, 180 
 
 471,9.58 
 
 640, 141 
 
 619,448 
 
 8.52, 375 
 
 991,. 344 
 
 456, 984 
 
 2,822,248 
 
 297, .571 
 
 4, 172, 722 
 
 2, 585, 291 
 
 2, 325, 942 
 
 1,413,903 
 
 2,401,435 
 
 890, 512 
 
 771,246 
 
 1,104,963 
 
 1,880,231 
 
 l,023,s.53 
 
 2, 369, 359 
 
 544, ,581 
 
 302,894 
 
 1,911,377 
 
 1,941,. 599 
 
 787, 737 
 
 611,491 
 
 473, 369 
 
 766, 726 
 
 641,042 
 
 963, 519 
 
 925,131 
 
 377, 318 
 
 2, 426, 846 
 277, 308 
 
 3, 866, 742 
 2,. 546, 608 
 2,110,280 
 2,025,744 
 
 ' Includes Bond, Brown, Calhoun, Cas-, Edwards, Gallatin, Greene, Hamilton, Hancock, Henry, .Teffcrson, .Terse\', .lohn.son, Kankakee, Knox, McDitnough, 
 McLean, Macon, Morgan, Rock Island, Schuyler, Scott, Shelby, Stork, Tazc\vell, Wabash, \\'arren, Washington, V>'i\\, and Woodford. 
 
 Indiuii Territory. — The coal areas of Indian Terri- 
 toiT form a portion of the Western coal field, and are 
 directly connected with the coal fields of Kan.sas on the 
 north and those of Arkansas on the east. 
 
 The greater portion of the development has lieen in 
 the Choctaw nation, in the territory tributary to the 
 Missouri, Kan.sas and Texas Railway and the St. Louis 
 and San Francisco Railroad, which cross the territory 
 from north to south, and to the Choctaw, Oklahoma 
 and Gulf Railroad, crossing it from east to west. 
 Workable areas also underlie about half of the Chero- 
 kee nation, all of the Creek nation, and the northeast 
 corner of the Chickasaw nation. The area underlaid 
 by workable seams is estimated to contain about 14,8dlr8 
 square miles. 
 
 The entire production in the territory was from the 
 Cherokee and Choctaw nations, the latter contributing 
 by far the larger portion. The first recorded produc- 
 tion was in 1880, when the amount was reported as 
 120,947 short tons. By the time the Eleventh Census 
 was taken this production had increased to 752,832 tons, 
 or 50 percent; in 1902 it had grown to 2,820,666 tons. 
 Of the amount of coal produced during 1902, 2,587,100 
 tons were loaded at mines for shipment; 25,998 tons 
 were sold to the local trade and used by employees; 
 96,017 tons were used at the mines for steam and heat, 
 and 111,551 tons were made into coke. The average 
 
 price per ton received for coal was $1.51, as compared 
 with *1.76 in ls,s9. 
 
 Tiidiitna. — The coal fields of Indiana underlie the 
 counties in the southwestern portion of the state and 
 form a portion of the large Central coal field. Thei'e are 
 said to be at least 8 workable coal beds, although as a 
 usual thing not more than 3 of these are found in worka- 
 ble thickness at any one locality, and generally there 
 is only one bed that can lie worked from one shaft. 
 
 The eastern part of the coal fields of Indiana is noted 
 for its production of what is known as Indiana, or 
 "Brazil" block coal, which is in favor as a domestic 
 and steam fuel. This coal receives its name from the 
 almost perfect rectangular likn'ks into which the coal 
 naturally breaks because of the pronounced cleavage 
 planes intersecting each other at right angles. Some 
 cannel and some semiblock coal are also produced in 
 this state. 
 
 The production in 1902 amounted to 9,116,124 short 
 tons, valued at $10.399, 660. In 1889 the production 
 was reported by the Eleventh Census at 2,845,057 short 
 tons, valued at |2,8M7,852, and the Tenth Census in 
 1880 reported the production of that year at 1,454,327 
 short tons, valued at !p2, 150,258. 
 
 Tal.ile 25 shows by counties the total production of 
 Indiana in 1902, the disposition of the same, and the 
 total amount received for the coal sold, too-ether with 
 the average price per ton at the mines. 
 
686 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 25. — ConI /n-oductton of TikUhiki, hij cniiiiliiK: lyiij. 
 
 
 
 Sold to 
 
 U.sed at 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Loarlefl 
 at mines 
 
 local 
 trade 
 
 mines 
 for 
 
 Made 
 into 
 coke 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Tc.lnl 
 
 
 .A. V er- 
 ase 
 
 price 
 per 
 
 tnu 
 
 COUNTY. 
 
 for ship- 
 ment 
 
 and used 
 by em- 
 
 steam 
 and 
 
 quantity 
 (sh..rt' 
 
 Ti.tal 
 value. 
 
 
 (sliort 
 
 ployees 
 
 heat 
 
 tons). 
 
 
 
 tons). 
 
 (short 
 
 (short 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tons). 
 
 tons). 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 8, tW9, 14t 
 
 .536,899 
 
 259, 681 
 44,246 
 
 700 
 
 9,4-16,421 
 
 1110,399,060 
 
 SI. 10 
 
 Clav 
 
 1,241,950 
 
 28, 850 
 
 
 1,315,046 
 
 1,799,839 
 
 1.37 
 
 Daviess 
 
 I?,*:, 368 
 
 33, 193 
 
 5, 765 
 
 
 217,326 
 
 272, 995 
 
 1.26 
 
 Dubois 
 
 
 9,991 
 
 103 
 
 
 10,094 
 
 14,951 
 
 1.48 
 
 Fountain 
 
 13,781 
 
 2, 820 
 
 498 
 
 
 17,099 
 
 19, 894 
 
 1.10 
 
 Gibson 
 
 87, 761 
 
 13,307 
 
 4,400 
 
 
 105,468 
 
 105, 059 
 
 1.00 
 
 Greene 
 
 1,. 596, .594 
 
 34,, 568 
 
 32, 623 
 
 
 1,663,7,85 
 
 1,745,601 
 
 1.05 
 
 
 79, 635 
 
 33, 873 
 
 5,717 
 
 
 119,225 
 
 134,970 
 
 1.13 
 
 Martin 
 
 14,370 
 
 3,107 
 
 ISO 
 
 
 17,6,57 
 
 29, 987 
 
 1.70 
 
 Parke 
 
 1,090,162 
 
 21,693 
 
 43,602 ' 
 
 1,1.55,4.57 
 
 1,481,315 
 
 1.28 
 
 Perrv 
 
 10, 425 
 
 10, 792 
 
 360 
 
 21,. 577 
 
 27,914 
 
 1.29 
 
 Pike 
 
 466, 130 
 
 34, 741 
 
 9,146 
 
 
 510,017 
 
 532, .551 
 
 1.04 
 
 Spencer 
 
 1,340 
 
 14,884 
 
 50 
 
 
 16, 274 
 
 19, 886 
 
 1.24 
 
 
 1,177,1,58 
 97, 763 
 
 50, 579 
 112,889 
 
 41,208 
 7,460 
 
 
 1,268,945 
 218,112 
 
 1,298,903 
 250, 395 
 
 1.02 
 
 Vanderburff 
 
 1.15 
 
 ^'ermilion 
 
 698, 719 
 
 3, 343 
 
 16, 040 
 
 
 718,102 
 
 6.52, 597 
 
 0.91 
 
 Vigo 
 
 1,. 5.51, 849 
 
 .59. 808 
 
 40,441 
 
 700 
 
 1 , 6.52, 798 
 
 1,570,796 
 
 0. 95 
 
 Warren 
 
 
 3, 280 
 65,181 
 
 100 
 
 
 3, 380 
 416,062 
 
 7,460 
 434,517 
 
 2. 21 
 
 \A'arrick 
 
 343.139 
 
 7, 712 
 
 
 1.01 
 
 The production of Indiana in IIK)^ included IJOl^M-i 
 short tons of bh)cl<; and .seiiiihiock t'oal, 1,000 tons 
 of splint coal, and ;-'.0,00(.» tons of cannel coal. The 
 remainder of the product was noncokino- Itituiniu- 
 ous coal. The reported mining expenses incurred in 
 the production of Indiana coal in 1902 were as 
 follows: For salaries, *.530,492; for wages, 17,396,125; 
 for contract work, |26,B03; miscellaneous expenses, 
 $419,051:; and for supplies and materials, $729,104. 
 The dividends paid by inctn'porated companies 
 tmiounted during the year to $161,3.36, the interest 
 imid on bonds to $16,72(J, and assessments were 
 levied to the lunoiint of $S3,700. The statistics 
 of mining operations during 1902, in counties 
 having a production of 200, OOO tons and over, are as 
 follows: 
 
 T.\ELE 26.— SUMMARY BY COUNTIES HAVING A PIKJUUCTIUN OF 200,U0U TONS OK OVER; 1902. 
 
 Total . 
 
 Num- 
 Vter of 
 mines. 
 
 Clay 
 
 Daviess 
 
 Greene 
 
 Parke 
 
 Pike 
 
 Sullivan 
 
 Vanderburg 
 
 ^'erInilion 
 
 Vigo 
 
 Warrick 
 
 other counties^ - 
 
 ' SALARIED OFFI- 
 (CIALS, CLERKS, ETC. 
 
 WAGE-EARNERS, 
 
 ber of 
 I tpera- 
 tors. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Salaries, 
 
 637 
 
 S530, 492 
 
 108 
 
 90, 046 
 
 22 
 
 13,365 
 
 1 00 
 
 ,87,412 
 
 67 
 
 68, 847 
 
 40 
 
 30, 328 
 
 86 
 
 67, .51 6 
 
 28 
 
 21 , 575 
 
 25 
 
 22, 132 
 
 98 
 
 85, 965 
 
 24 
 
 17,600 
 
 39 
 
 26,406 
 
 Aver- 
 
 
 age 
 
 Wages. 
 
 
 ber. 
 
 
 10, .593 
 
 87, 396, 425 
 
 1 , 900 
 
 1,306,807 
 
 308 
 
 190,313 
 
 1 , 559 
 
 1,235,254 
 
 1,473 
 
 972, 682 
 
 638 
 
 394,705 
 
 1,101 
 
 906, 129 
 
 294 
 
 178, 842 
 
 763 
 
 540, 325 
 
 1,781 
 
 1,1 83, .537 
 
 .367 
 
 210,130 
 
 409 
 
 217,701 
 
 CONTRAfT WORK. 
 
 I An]ount 
 ; paifl. 
 
 
 Num- 
 
 Ikt of 
 em- 
 ployees. 
 
 Miscutlu- 
 llfOlls rx- 
 
 J>f IISUS. 
 
 $449,054 
 
 
 
 7, 601 
 
 24 
 
 1,365 
 12,340 
 
 10 
 
 91 , 9S2 
 1 1 , 335 
 .59, 677 
 57,107 
 li;,lll2 
 65,432 
 11,606 
 22, 798 
 81 , 998 
 17,051 
 11,026 
 
 Cost of 
 sufiyjlies 
 and ma- 
 teria N. 
 
 8729, 104 
 
 1.5,s, ! 
 109, i 
 
 lOli 
 12, 
 48, 
 
 103, 
 24, 
 31 
 
 3,50 
 704 
 4.58 
 507 
 476 
 1.57 
 
 Quantity 
 (short I Value 
 tons). 
 
 9, 446, 424 $10, 399, 660 
 
 1,315,046 
 217,326 
 
 1 , 6'l:i, 7,s5 
 
 1, 155, 157 
 5111,017 
 
 1,26S,',1I5 
 21.S, 112 
 718,102 
 
 1,6,52,798 
 416,062 
 310, 774 
 
 799, 839 
 272, 995 
 745, 6,01 
 LSI, 315 
 532, 551 
 29S, (103 
 2.50. 395 
 652. 597 
 570, 796 
 434,647 
 360, 121 
 
 ' Includes Dub( 
 
 Friuutain, Cibson, Km 
 
 lo't'X'. — The northern part of the AA'estern cotil field is 
 in the southwestern portion of Iowa, about two-tifths 
 of the state being underlaid hy c<)al, which is mined in 
 24 counties: 4 of these, namely, Ajjpanoose, Mahaska, 
 Monroe, and Polk, produced about two-thirds of the 
 total. The total coal pro(hicing area is estiinaled at 
 20,000 square miles. The product is of the dry non- 
 coking varietv of V)itumin(.)us (.-oal, with snuill amounts of 
 block and cannel. A^'ith the exception of the block and 
 cannel coals, the product is generally better adapted 
 for steam raising than for' any other industriiil purpose. 
 Some attempts have been nnide to coke the Iowa coals 
 on a commercial basis, but owing to the competition of 
 the higher grade product fi'oni other sources the at- 
 tempts were not profitable and lia\'e been abandoned, 
 and no coke has been made in Iowa since ls;»l, in which 
 year 157 tons were prothiced. Tiie coals are usually 
 high in both sulphur antl ash. 
 
 Coal mining in Iowa began at quite an early date, an 
 output of 360 tons having })een ycpovU-d as etirly as 1S40. 
 The P^ighth Census showed that the jiroduction for 
 1860 was 41,920 short tons. l',y ls7o it had grown to 
 263.487 tons, and in ISSO to 1,461,116 tons. The cen- 
 sus of 1889 showcfl a production of 4,095,);5.S tons. By 
 1902 it amounted to 5,904,76(; tons. In amount of iiro- 
 
 ,.x. Martin, Perry, Syienecr, and Warren. 
 
 duction IoA\a ranked nintli among the coal producing 
 states; in the states west of the ^Mississippi river it 
 stood stx'ond, Colorado being first. 
 
 The following table shows the production, distribu- 
 tion, and price of coal in Iowa li\' counties during 19o2: 
 
 T.VBi.E 27. — Ciiiil piniliirtiiiii 1)/ Jiiira^ hij rouiilies: I'.iijJ. 
 
 Loaded at 
 
 mines for 
 
 shipment 
 
 (short 
 
 biiisi. 
 
 Tola 
 
 Adams 
 
 Appanoose . . 
 
 Boone 
 
 Dallas 
 
 Davis 
 
 Greene 
 
 .Jasper 
 
 .lelfersoii . . . . 
 
 Keokuk 
 
 Mahaska . . . . 
 
 Marion 
 
 Monroe 
 
 Page 
 
 Polk 
 
 Scott 
 
 Taylor 
 
 \'au Burcu . . 
 
 Wariell.i 
 
 Warren 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Webster 
 
 Guthrie, Pi 
 and Story.. 
 
 8 18, 5.53 
 
 229,062 
 
 7,. 83 1 
 
 181,630 
 
 6, 000 
 
 91 , 976 
 
 649,032 
 
 275, 287 
 
 1 , 355, 464 
 
 763, 345 
 
 8, 357 
 10,836 
 
 2.57,937 
 10,227 
 .56, 782 
 
 109,735 
 
 Sold to 
 local 
 trade and 
 used 
 by em- 
 ployees 
 (sliort 
 tons), 
 
 678, 740 
 
 19,707 
 
 35,187 
 
 20, 790 
 
 8,609 
 
 3, 953 
 
 11,501 
 
 45,,S05 
 
 4,410 
 
 10,779 
 
 59, 470 
 
 31 , 753 
 
 23, i;37 
 
 10,022 
 
 231 , 975 
 
 10,176 
 
 5, 785 
 
 3,967 
 
 77, 409 
 
 9,900 
 
 7, 794 
 
 3(i, 030 
 
 10,081 
 
 Used at 
 mines for 
 
 steam 
 
 and heat 
 
 (sliort 
 
 tons). 
 
 1 
 
 Total 
 
 quantity 
 
 (short" 
 
 tons). 
 
 1.36,488 6,904,766 
 
 44 
 
 16, ,597 
 4,472 
 2, 105 
 
 6,005 
 
 200 
 
 3, 348 
 
 15,065 
 
 8, 385 
 
 27,. SOI 
 
 48 
 
 2S, 540 
 
 1.82 
 
 65 
 
 13 
 ,416 
 
 798 
 , .850 
 
 19, 761 
 900, 337 
 254,324 
 
 18,845 
 3, 953 
 
 11,. 573 
 233, 1 10 
 
 10,610 
 
 106, 103 
 
 723, 567 
 
 315,425 
 
 1 , 406, 905 
 
 10,070 
 1,023, .86(1 
 
 10,3,5s 
 
 I 1,207 
 
 I I, HI 6 
 310, 762 
 
 20,127 
 
 6i5, 374 
 119,616 
 
 2,50, 744 
 
 Total 
 value. 
 
 .\ver- 
 age 
 
 price 
 per 
 ton. 
 
 8,660,287 81.47 
 
 46, 693 
 
 1,530,002 
 
 486, i;24 
 
 37, ,557 
 6, 573 
 
 24, 104 
 
 331 , 283 
 
 19,651 
 
 143,169 
 
 1,031,, 5,54 
 
 317, 207 
 
 1,. 806, 365 
 
 25,277 
 
 1,5.11,406 
 
 1 9, 8,58 
 
 32,1.86 
 
 24,499 
 
 4(iO, 331 
 
 38, 888 
 128,135 
 265, 308 
 
 2.36 
 1.70 
 1.91 
 1.99 
 1.66 
 2.11 
 1.42 
 1 . 85 
 1 . 35 
 1.43 
 1.10 
 1 . 28 
 •1. 51 
 1..51 
 1 . 92 
 2. 27 
 1 . 65 
 1 . 35 
 1.93 
 1.96 
 1.77 
 
 313,317 1.25 
 
COAL. 
 
 (;87 
 
 The detailed statistics for the mining' of coal in Iowa diiriny 11)02, in counties iiavinj,'- a production of ^no.ooo 
 tons or over, are shown in the following tabic: 
 
 Table US.— SUMMARY BY COUNTIES HAVINCi A rilUUrUTlON OF iiUO.UOO T(J.\S OK 0\'EU; 1902. 
 
 Appanoose 
 
 Boone 
 
 Jasper 
 
 Mahaska 
 
 Marion 
 
 Monroe 
 
 Polk 
 
 Wapello 
 
 Other counties i . 
 
 Nnin- 
 ber of 
 mines. 
 
 76 
 10 
 IB 
 42 
 24 
 13 
 21 
 17 
 1U7 
 
 Num- 
 l)er ol" 
 opera- 
 tors. 
 
 .59 
 9 
 
 15 
 12 
 24 
 9 
 21 
 14 
 106 
 
 SAI.AIUED OFFI- 
 'IAI.S, CLERKS, ETC 
 
 Ximi- 
 
 lier. 
 
 117 
 
 22 
 11 
 59 
 23 
 70 
 99 
 34 
 
 $436, 828 
 
 • 95, 930 
 22, 775 
 9, 950 
 49, 350 
 15,630 
 (12, .542 
 90, 841 
 31,285 
 .58, 519 
 
 \\'A';e.ear,nrrs. 
 
 Aver- 
 affe 
 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 1,795 
 496 
 
 286 
 1,048 
 
 404 
 2,186 
 1,382 
 
 .548 
 1,294 
 
 1, 1.53, 0.56 
 307, 2.50 
 210, 790 
 719,324 
 241,0.57 
 
 1.515, 9si; 
 986,130 
 307,600 
 810, .533 
 
 CONTKAi: 
 
 ■ \V(JKK. 
 
 
 Num. 
 
 Amount 
 
 ber of 
 
 paid. 
 
 plov- 
 
 
 ees. 
 
 S48, 046 
 
 240 
 
 
 
 8,002 
 
 18 
 
 820 
 
 4 
 
 13,690 
 
 31 
 
 10,128 
 
 62 
 
 1 , .SOO 
 
 21 
 
 7, 329 
 
 49 
 
 5, 097 
 
 37 
 
 1,180 
 
 18 
 
 Miscella- 
 neous ex- 
 pen HCs. 
 
 Cost, of 
 supplieM 
 and ma- 
 terials. 
 
 Quantity 
 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 1341, 191 
 
 
 
 S841,.506 
 
 69, 280 
 20, 238 
 13, 209 
 
 85, 198 
 21,176 
 42, 407 
 
 34, 214 
 
 143, 146 
 
 9, 042 
 42, 700 
 99, 054 
 10, 605 
 
 42,267 
 159, 609 
 160, 356 
 
 ■iS. 837 
 
 42, 789 
 
 148,510 
 
 5,904 
 
 766 
 337 
 
 900 
 
 2.54 
 
 324 
 
 233 
 
 440 
 
 723 
 
 .567 
 
 31.5 
 
 425 
 
 1,406,905 
 
 1,023,860 
 
 340 
 
 762 
 
 706 
 
 146 
 
 1 
 
 $S, 660, 287 
 
 1,530,002 
 486, 624 
 331,283 
 
 1,031,554 
 347,207 
 
 1,806,365 
 
 1,541,406 
 460, 331 
 
 1,125,515 
 
 ilneludes .\dams. Dallas, Davis, Greene, Guthrie, .Jefferson, Keokuk, Lucas, Page, Scott. Story, Taylor, Van Buren, Warren, Wayne, and Webster. I Lucas 
 county had a yiroduction exceeding 200,000 tons, but is not shown separately in order to avoid disclosing the operations of individual operat.ors.) 
 
 lunisii^:. — The Kan.sas coal areas lie entirely in the 
 eastern portion of the state, the western ])ouiidaiT of 
 the Western coal field traver.siiig' Kansas in an almost 
 due north and soutli line from Marshall county, adjoin- 
 ino- the state line of Nebraska on the north, to Chau- 
 tauqua county, adjoining Indian Territory on the 
 south. There are some isolated deposits in the central 
 portion of the state, but the beds are thin and the coal 
 is of inferior quality and not at present mined on a 
 commercial scale. The laro-er portion of the pi'oduc- 
 tion is obtained from the counties of Cherokee and 
 Crawford, in the southeastern corner of the state, these 
 2 counties contributing about '.H) 23er cent of the entire 
 output. These 2 counties are underlaid by the Lower 
 Coal Measure's, which form the eastern portion of the 
 Western tield, and which contain the most important 
 and productive beds. 
 
 The production of the state is used principally for 
 domestic and railroad consumption. A small quantity 
 of coke is made at irregular intervals in Cherokee 
 county, the coke being utilized liy the zinc smelters in 
 the immediate vicinity. The larger portion of the 
 product is, like that of Iowa, of tlie dry, noncoking 
 varietj' of bituminous coal. 
 
 Coal mining as an industry in Kansas, so far as rec- 
 ords are concerned, began in 1869, when, according to 
 the report of the United States Geological Survey, 
 36,891 tons were produced. In 1880, at the taking of 
 the Tenth Census, the production of coal in Kansas 
 amounted to 771,442 short tons. In 188'.» it had in- 
 creased to 2,221,043 tons. In 1902 it amounted to 
 5,266,065 tons. The development of the coal mining 
 
 industry in Kansas, as in the adjoining .states, Iowa and 
 Missouri, has kept pace with the increase of popula- 
 tion and the establishment of manufacturing industries. 
 The markets are restricted to a comparatively limited 
 area, and the coal is not shipped to points far distant 
 from the mines. Any increase in production from this 
 part of the Western coal tield ma}' be accepted as in- 
 dicati\e in large part of the development and growth of 
 population and manufactures within the 3 states. The 
 statistics of production for 1902 are as follows: 
 
 T.AJSLE 29. — Void priiiliirlion nf Kmisas, by ciMnlies: 190S. 
 
 Loaded 
 
 at mines 
 
 for shiji- 
 
 ment 
 
 (short 
 
 tons). 
 
 Sold to 
 
 local 
 
 trade 
 
 and 
 
 used by 
 
 em- 
 ployees 
 Isliort 
 tons). 
 
 . 4,941,236 '227,826 
 
 Cherokee 11,792,092 26,094 
 
 Cloud ' 7, 524 
 
 Craivfor. 1 2, 765, 898 , 67, 895 
 
 Franklin 1,795 3,204 
 
 Leaveni\ (.rth .... 195, 023 80, 372 
 
 Linn 24,000 i 5,480 
 
 Osage 161, 982 ; 30, 573 
 
 Other eountiesi.. 446 6,684 
 
 Used at 
 mines 
 
 for 
 steam 
 
 and 
 heat 
 f short 
 tonsj. 
 
 29, 944 
 '47,'4si' 
 
 16,286 
 
 300 
 
 220 
 
 1,000 
 
 Made 
 into 
 coke 
 ( short 
 tons). 
 
 1,766 
 
 Total 
 
 quantity 
 
 (short 
 
 tons). 
 
 ,266,065 
 
 Total 
 value. 
 
 J6, 862, 787 $1.30 
 
 1,766 ;i, 849, 896 
 
 1 7,.524 
 
 12,881,274 
 
 4,999 
 
 291, 681 
 
 29, 780 
 
 192, 781 
 
 8.130 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 price 
 per 
 ton. 
 
 2 
 
 305 
 
 112 
 
 
 19 
 
 909 
 
 3 
 
 489 
 
 .528 
 
 
 12 
 
 117 
 
 
 5.55 
 
 969 
 
 
 41 
 
 770 
 
 
 416 
 
 746 
 
 
 21 
 
 636 
 
 1.25 
 2. 65 
 1.21 
 2. 42 
 1.91 
 1.40 
 2.16 
 2.66 
 
 ^Includes Atchison, Bourbon, Coffey, .Jewell, Labette, and Republic. 
 
 There are only 3 counties in the state the production 
 of which in 1902 exceeded 200,000 tons. These coun- 
 ties were Cherokee, Crawford, and Leavenwortli. The 
 statistics of .salaries, wages, and other expenses in these 
 counties, as compared with the production and value, 
 are shown in Table 30. 
 
088 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 30.— SUMIMARY I'.Y COHXTIES HAVING A PEODUCTION OF 200,000 TONS OR OVER: 1902. 
 
 Total . 
 
 Cherokee 
 
 Crawford 
 
 Leavenworth 
 
 Other counties ' . 
 
 Ntim- 
 ber of 
 miney. 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 opern- 
 tors. 
 
 SALARIED OFFI- 
 riAl..S, CLERKS, ETC. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 108 
 
 180 
 
 42 
 
 3" 
 
 Salaries 
 
 $345,162 
 
 97, 4.51 
 187, .503 
 39, 2.50 
 20, 988 
 
 WAGE- EARNERS. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 2,290 
 
 3, 004 
 
 449 
 
 (;74 
 
 Wages. 
 
 J4, 719, .595 
 
 1,591,719 
 
 2,434,36.5 
 
 309, 330 
 
 384, 181 
 
 CONTRACT WORK. 
 
 Amount 
 paid. 
 
 $3, 644 
 
 1,.599 
 382 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 em- 
 ploy- 
 ees. 
 
 Miscella- 
 neous e.\- 
 pensea. 
 
 8418,921 
 
 122, 020 
 
 244, 748 
 
 28, 867 
 
 23,286 
 
 8596, .501 
 
 206, 930 
 
 320, 805 
 
 44,090 
 
 24,676 
 
 1 Includes .\tchisnn, B<turtjon, Cloud, ColTey, Franklin, Jewell, Labette, Linn, Osage, and Kepublie. 
 
 Iie/iti/cly. — Kentucky is the only one of the United 
 States whose coal product is drawn from more than one 
 of the great coal fields. The coal producing counties of 
 the eastern portion of the .state are included in the coal 
 measures of the Appalachian system, while the southern 
 extremity of the Western coal field is found in the west- 
 ern counties. More than half of the entire production 
 is obtained from the counties in the western part of the 
 state. The Appalachian system t'overs the entii'c east- 
 ern portion of the state to an extent of 10,300 .square 
 miles, and the portion of the western part of the state 
 underlaid by coal is estimated to contain .5,800 square 
 miles, making a total area of l<),10o square miles. 
 
 The principal producing counties in the eastern por- 
 tion of the state are: Boll, Hoyd, Breathitt, Carter, 
 Greenup, Johnson, Knox, Laurel, Lawrence, Lee, Pu- 
 laski, Rockcastle, and Whitley. 
 
 Those in the western portion are: Butler, Christian, 
 Daviess, Hancock, Henderson, Hopkins, McLean, 
 Muhlenberg, Ohio, Union, and Webster. 
 
 The coal found in the eastern portion of the state is 
 usually the semibituminous variety, free burning and 
 noncoking, but the diti'erent seams comprise all vari- 
 eties of bituminous coal, from bituminous shale to 
 cannel coal. Some of the coals in the eastern portion 
 of the state have a high reputation as steam producers, 
 particularl}' that kind known as the Jellico coal, which 
 is mined in Whitley count}', Kentucky, and in Camp- 
 bell county, Tennessee. A considerable quantity of 
 
 coke is made from coal mined in Hopkins county in the 
 Western coal held, and in Bell county in the southern 
 portion of the Eastern district. The state possessessome 
 of the finest beds of cannel coal kiK)wn to exist in the 
 United States. It is mined both in the eastern and 
 western districts, and is distributed widely throughout 
 the eastern cities as a domestic grate coal. This can- 
 nel coal commands a much higher price at the mine 
 than the ordinary bituminous and semibituminous coal 
 mined in the state. 
 
 The pi'oduction of cannel coal in Kentucky in 1902 
 amounted to 6.5,317 short tons, the largest output of 
 this variety of coal obtained in any of the producing 
 states. The census of l.S-tO credits Kentuckj' Avith a 
 production of ^3,527 short tons, and at the census of 
 1860, 28.5,700 tons were reported. The census of 1870 
 shows that Kentucky produced in that year 168,651 
 shoi't tons, and at the census of 1880 the production was 
 946,288 short tons; in 1880 the P^leventh Census reported 
 a production of 2,390,755 tons. In 1902 the output 
 amounted to 6,766,984: tons. The production has in- 
 creased steadily since 1893, the output in 1902 being 
 more than double that in the former year. 
 
 Kentuck}^ ranked eighth in importance among the 
 coal producing states in 1902, and third among those 
 south of the Ohio and Potomac rivers. 
 
 The production by counties, with the distribution of 
 the product for consumption, is shown for Kentucky in 
 Table 31. 
 
COAL. 
 
 Table 31.— COAL PRODUCTION (.)F KENTUCKY, BY COUNTIE.S; 1902. 
 
 689 
 
 Total . 
 
 Bell 
 
 Boyd . . . . 
 
 Breathitt 
 Butler ... 
 Carter . .. 
 Clay 
 
 Lniirte.i at 
 
 mines ior 
 
 .^liipnient 
 
 (short tons) 
 
 SdIiI to local 
 
 trade and 
 used by em- 
 ployees 
 (short tons). 
 
 ;,.584 
 
 3.52,942 
 241,127 
 
 22,919 
 
 9, 600 
 
 268, 0.56 
 
 Dayiess 
 
 1 4 973 
 
 Flovd . 
 
 Hancoek 
 
 10, 297 
 
 Harlan 
 
 
 
 1 113,689 
 
 
 1,499,872 
 
 
 ____ ' 67.000 
 
 Knott 1 
 
 Knox 
 
 Laurel 
 
 Lawrence . 
 Lee 
 
 Leslie. 
 
 Letcher 
 
 McLean 
 
 Magoffin 
 
 Morgan 
 
 Muhlenberg 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Owslev 
 
 Pike.'. 
 
 Pulaski 
 
 Union 
 
 Webster 
 
 Whitley 
 
 Other counties! 
 
 466, 357 
 
 363, 433 
 
 37, .527 
 
 36,275 
 
 .[ 
 
 49,410 
 080, 730 
 513,. 583 
 
 152, 307 
 279,241 
 257,835 
 668,096 
 3, 829 
 
 844 
 954 
 1, 268 
 1,3.50 
 ', 093 
 1,195 
 ;, 72H 
 640 
 628 
 459 
 249 
 537 
 790 
 1.50 
 478 
 539 
 376 
 699 
 941 
 620 
 663 
 926 
 637 
 943 
 494 
 092 
 370 
 909 
 137 
 325 
 ISl 
 
 Used at mines 
 for steam 
 and heat 
 
 (short tons) 
 
 Made into 
 
 coke (short 
 
 tons). 
 
 132,812 
 
 158, 702 
 
 ,210 
 50 
 
 96, 247 
 
 3,50 
 900 
 
 3,323 I 
 44, .539 
 600 
 
 11,312 I 
 6,086 
 7,321 
 
 1,000 
 10, 333 
 9,700 
 
 3,820 
 9,9.58 
 7,070 ! 
 4.410 
 
 'I'otul qu:in- 
 
 tity (short 
 
 tons). 
 
 0, 766, 984 
 
 461,768 
 
 242, 021 
 
 23, 873 
 
 ]2,8li« 
 
 2K1,401 
 
 7, 093 
 
 20, .518 
 
 2, 728 
 
 17,837 
 
 1, 628 
 
 1.58, 471 
 1,642,437 
 
 72, 137 
 
 2,790 
 
 481,. 81 9 
 
 402. 997 
 
 57, 387 
 
 36, 6.51 
 
 4,699 
 
 1,941 
 
 54,568 
 
 6,663 
 
 .54,336 
 
 700, 700 
 
 541,220 
 
 13, 494 
 
 5, 092 
 
 1.59, 497 
 315, 786 
 278, 042 
 687, 831 
 
 16, 685 
 
 Average 
 
 price per 
 
 ton. 
 
 SO, 660, 967 
 
 JO. 99 
 
 478.801 
 
 1.04 
 
 193,494 
 
 0.80 
 
 31, 487 
 
 1.32 
 
 15,915 
 
 1.24 
 
 285, 271 
 
 1.01 
 
 0, 007 
 
 0.85 
 
 19, 5.58 
 
 0.95 
 
 2,872 
 
 1.05 
 
 17, 252 
 
 0.97 
 
 1,701 
 
 1.04 
 
 149, 895 
 
 0.95 
 
 340, 020 
 
 0.82 
 
 85, 296 
 
 1.19 
 
 2, 706 
 
 0. 97 
 
 471,7.54 
 
 0.98 
 
 394. 883 
 
 0.9-1 
 
 55, 069 
 
 0. 96 
 
 41,0.52 
 
 1.12 
 
 6,617 
 
 1.41 
 
 2, 3.M5 
 
 1.23 
 
 .50, 108 
 
 0.91 
 
 8, 021 
 
 1.20 
 
 113, 746 
 
 2.09 
 
 621, .841 
 
 0. .89 
 
 489, 518 
 
 0.90 
 
 18, 035 
 
 1.34 
 
 6,219 
 
 1.02 
 
 204, .537 
 
 1.2K 
 
 338, 794 
 
 1,07 
 
 238, 786 
 
 0. 86 
 
 952,608 
 
 1.3« 
 
 23, 719 
 
 1.44 
 
 1 Includes Crittenden, Edmonson, Elliott, Grayson, Greenup, Jackson, Madison, Martin, Menifee, Perry, Rockcastle, Trigg, \Varren, Wayne, and Wolfe. 
 
 Hopkins county i.s the mo.st important prodacer, 
 having an output in 1902 of 1,55.5,084: .short tons. The 
 largest mines in the state are located in this county. 
 
 Table 32 shows the statistics relating to coal mining 
 in Kentucky for such counties as produced 200,0()() tons 
 or over during 1902. It should he stated here that the 
 statistics do not include a large number (from l,OnO 
 
 to 1,200) of small country banks producing anywhere 
 from 5 to 50 tons of coal a j'ear, reports from which 
 could not 1)6 obtained b}' correspondence. The quantity 
 and value of the product were, not sufficient to warrant 
 the expense necessary to secure the reports by personal 
 visits of special agents. 
 
 Table 32.— SUMMARY BY COUNTIES HAVINC; A PRODUCTION OF 20(1,000 TONS OR O^'ER: 1902. 
 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 mines. 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 opera- 
 tors. 
 
 SALARIED OFFI- 
 CIALS, CLERKS, ETC. 
 
 WAGE- 
 
 EARNERS. 
 
 CONTRACT WORK. 
 
 MLscella- 
 
 neouse-x- 
 
 penses. 
 
 Cost of 
 supplies 
 and ma- 
 terials. 
 
 PRODrCT. 
 
 COONTY. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Salaries. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Amr)unt 
 paid. 
 
 Number 
 nf em- 
 ployees. 
 
 Quantity 
 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Value. 
 
 Total 
 
 623 
 
 503 
 
 593 
 
 $476, .508 
 
 9,077 
 
 84,522,207 
 
 SIO, 668 
 
 73 
 
 S2S5, 792 
 
 8743, 313 
 
 6,766,984 
 
 J6, 666, 967 
 
 Bell 
 
 Boyd 
 
 11 
 6 
 
 25 
 17 
 12 
 13 
 16 
 24 
 11 
 12 
 28 
 348 
 
 11 
 4 
 24 
 11 
 11 
 13 
 15 
 21 
 11 
 11 
 26 
 315 
 
 45 
 13 
 22 
 53 
 54 
 35 
 .50 
 74 
 23 
 23 
 84 
 117 
 
 41,500 
 9,998 
 14,960 
 65, 490 
 44, 966 
 27, 340 
 44,984 
 49, 084 
 16, 962 
 14,480 
 74,2.51 
 72, 493 
 
 644 
 
 294 
 
 488 
 
 1, 599 
 
 630 
 
 637 
 
 863 
 
 677 
 
 352 
 
 322 
 
 1,106 
 
 1,465 
 
 342, 547 
 167, 418 
 210, 720 
 769, 041 
 325,492 
 286,667 
 418,581 
 3.50,216 
 202, 409 
 150, 083 
 591,591 
 677, 444 
 
 
 
 35, 542 
 
 9, 218 
 14,341 
 47, 8,50 
 17, 739 
 11,784 
 25,146 
 27,418 
 
 5,114 
 12, 693 
 51,930 
 27, 018 
 
 29, 432 
 8, 850 
 19, 365 
 334, 569 
 37,946 
 15, 825 
 41, 036 
 70, 180 
 17, 646 
 25, 834 
 54, .522 
 83,129 
 
 461,768' 
 242, 021 
 281,401 
 1,555,084 
 481,819 
 402, 997 
 700, 700 
 541,226 
 315, 786 
 278,042 
 687, 831 
 818,309 
 
 478, 801 
 193 494 
 
 
 
 Carter 
 
 
 
 2.86,271 
 1,252,492 
 
 2, 300 
 
 12 
 
 Knox 
 
 Laurel 
 
 Muhlenberg 
 
 Ohio 
 
 471,754 
 394, 883 
 621, 841 
 489, 518 
 
 
 
 .500 
 150 
 
 560' 
 
 5, 106 
 2, 112 
 
 8 
 
 2.5 
 23 
 
 
 338, 794 
 
 
 238, 786 
 
 Whitley 
 
 9.52, 608 
 948, 725 
 
 
 
 'Includes Breathitt, Butler, Christian, Clay, Crittenden, Daviess, Edmonson, Elliott, Floyd, Grayson, Greenup, Hancock, Harlan, Henderson, Jackson, 
 Johnson, Knott, Lawrence, Lee, Leslie, Letcher, McLean, Madison, Magoffin, Martin, Menifee, Morgan, Owsley, Perry, Pike, Pulaski, Rockcastle, Trigg, Warren, 
 Wayne, and Wolfe. 
 
 30223—04- 
 
 -44 
 
690 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Maryland. — The coal fields of ]\Iarvl:iiKl are a part 
 of an extensive hasin extending from Somerset county, 
 in Pennsylvania, through Allegany and (Barrett coun- 
 ties, in the western part of Maryland, to Tucker county, 
 in AVest Virginia. Thej^ are separated from the main 
 field of the Appalachian system by the Great Savage 
 mountains, and are nearei' to tidewater than any of the 
 important coal producing fields of the United States. 
 
 In this region there occurs what is known as the Big 
 Vein of Marj'land and West Virginia, the production 
 from which has a high and thoroughly estal)lished rep- 
 utation for quality. As a blacksmithing coal it stands 
 without a competitor in the United States, to almost all 
 portions of which it is shipped for this jiurpose. Some 
 ^Maryland coal is also sent abroad for blacksmithing and 
 forge purposes. This t'oal is also said to make good I 
 coke, but on account of the high price obtained for the 
 raw coal it is found more profitable to sell it in that con- 
 dition than to make it into coke. Practically the entire 
 product is sold as run-of-mine, and little screening is 
 done in preparing the coal for market. 
 
 The first discovery of coal in Maryland was made in 
 the vicinity of Frostburg in 1804, and coal has been 
 extracted from this section almost continuous] v since 
 that date. The exploitation on a commercial basis may 
 be said to have begun with the construction of the Bal- 
 timore and Ohio Railroad, which reached the coal fields 
 in 1«42. According to the reports of the "Cunil)er- 
 land Coal Trade," which have been kept continuously 
 since that date, shipments in 1842 amounted to l,i»i;-i 
 short tons, and adding an <'stimate of 1(» per cent for 
 local consumption, the production in that year would 
 have been -!.104 tons. In 1850 the Chesapeake and Ohio 
 Canal was completed to Cumberland, and from that date 
 the i^roduction of the region continued to grow rapidly, 
 although on account of the comparatively small pro- 
 ductive area the increase in production has not kept 
 pace with that of some of the other states having larg<'i- 
 coal areas. It is thought that the maxinunn veai'h- 
 I)roduction for Maryland has been nearly reached. The 
 output in 19n2amounted to 5,271, G09 short tons, vahied 
 at $5,579,869, as compared with 2,939,715 short tons, 
 valued at $2,517,474. in 1889, and 2,22K,!)17 short tons, 
 valued at $2,585,537, in 1880. The product of i;»(»2 
 was distributed as follows: 
 
 Tuns. 
 
 Loaded at mines for shipment f, isy it,") 
 
 Sold to local trade and used by employees .WWW ' Is' (;:;'i 
 
 Used at mines for steam and lieat ." :',f>', ,so:i 
 
 Tlie coal mining industi-y of Maryland in 19(11! was 
 considerably benefited through the sti-ike in the anthi-a- 
 cite coal fields in Pennsyhania. The average pi'ic(^ per 
 short ton was Sl.Ot; in 190^!, as compared with fO.D'.l in 
 1901. In 1889 the average price per short ton was 
 |0.8(3. Tlie bulk of tiie production was from Allegany 
 county, only 2.7 pei- cent of the output in 1902 being 
 from (jarrett count}'. 
 
 Michigan. — All of what is known as the Northern 
 coal field lies within the lower peninsula of the state of 
 Michigan, between Lake Michigan and Lake Huron. 
 It is estimated to contain an area of appioximately 
 11,300 square miles. It is the onl}- coal field known in 
 the drainage basin of the Great Lakes and the St. 
 Lawrence river. The coal is of an inferior quality, 
 when compared with that of the Appalachian region, 
 having a high percentage of both ash and sulphur. It 
 is probably for this reason that the development of the 
 region has been somewhat slow in comparison with that 
 of other regions. 
 
 It is reported that the portion of the field near Jack- 
 son was producing coal as early as 1835, but it was not 
 until 1808 that any estimate of the production was 
 obtained. In that year the output amounted, it is 
 stated, to 28,000 tons. The Census report of 1870 gave 
 the jiroduction at 31,52S short tons. In 1880, accord- 
 ing to the Tenth Census, the production was 1(.)0,800 
 short tons. In 1881 and 1882 there was a little increase, 
 but for the next thirteen vears, according to the reports 
 of the United States Geological Survey, the production 
 not only did not increase, but showed a declining ten- 
 dency, which was due undoubtedly to the excessive 
 production and conse()uent low prices of coal from the 
 fields having a better ([uality or lower cost of produc- 
 tion. At the Eleventh Census, for the year 18X9, the 
 output was only 07,431 tons. Since 1897, however, 
 because of the higher prices of coal from other regions, 
 and also because of the rajfid industrial growth of the 
 cities on Lake P^rie and Lake Huron, the demand for. 
 and the production of, ^Michigan coal have increased 
 with notable rapidity. According to the report of the 
 I'nited States (ieological Survey the production of 
 coal in ^Michigan in 1901 was 1,241,241 short tons. A 
 strike of the mine workers in 19o2 reduced the produc- 
 tion of the state to 904.718 short tons. 
 
 The distrilnition of this production, l)y counties, is 
 shown in the following table: 
 
 Table 33. — (.'oal production of Michigan, by counties: 1903. 
 
 COUNTY. 
 
 Loaded 
 at mines 
 for shi])- 
 ment 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 818, (187 
 
 Sold to 
 loeal 
 trade 
 and used 
 by em- 
 ployees 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Used at 
 
 the 
 
 mines for 
 
 steam 
 
 and heat 
 
 (short 
 
 tons). 
 
 Total 
 
 quantity 
 
 (short' 
 
 tons). 
 
 Total 
 yalue. 
 
 Ayer- 
 age 
 price 
 per 
 ton. 
 
 Total 
 
 117, 978 
 
 28,053 
 
 96-1,718 
 
 Jl, 653, 192 
 
 $1.71 
 
 
 Bav 
 
 209, 133 
 
 29, 596 9, 916 
 7 981 99 
 
 248, 645 
 
 8,080 
 
 670, 304 
 
 37, 089 
 
 410, 616 
 
 18, 890 
 
 1,141,409 
 
 82, 278 
 
 1.65 
 2.34 
 1.70 
 
 2.18 
 
 Kaloii 
 
 Saf,^ina\v 
 
 Huron, .lackson, and 
 Shiawassee 
 
 ()W,U04 
 'l.B.'JO 
 
 ,^11 1,100 
 
 30, :;oi 
 
 15,300 
 2, 738 
 
 There were only two counties the production of which 
 exceeded L'Od.OOO tons during the year. The following 
 table shows tlie statistics of coal mining for these coun- 
 ties for 1902 : 
 
COAL. 
 
 Table 34.— SUMMARY BY COUNTIES HAVING A PRODUCTION OF 200,000 TONS OR OVER; 1902. 
 
 691 
 
 Number 
 of mines. 
 
 Total . . . . 
 
 Bay 
 
 Saginiiw 
 
 Other eounties 
 
 Number 
 of opera- 
 tors. 
 
 30 
 
 11 
 11 
 
 SALAniED OFFICIALS, 
 CLERK.S, ETC. 
 
 Number. 
 
 87, 780 
 
 23,968 
 
 56, 742 
 
 7,070 
 
 \\'a(;e-eahnkrs. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 338 
 962 
 146 
 
 Wages. 
 
 $1,075,805 
 
 CO.NTRACT A\'(JKK. 
 
 Amount 
 r-airl. 
 
 Number 
 of em- 
 ployees. 
 
 )t7,.500 
 
 13 
 
 2,600 
 5, 000 
 
 7 
 6 
 
 Miscel- 
 laneous 
 expenses. 
 
 8100,414 
 
 30, 660 
 71,323 
 4,431 
 
 Costof sup- 
 plies and 
 materials. 
 
 PIiriDTICT. 
 
 Quantity 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Value. 
 
 882, 448 
 
 964,718 
 
 81,6.53,192 
 
 31,300 
 
 48, 488 
 
 2,660 
 
 248, 645 
 670, 304 
 45, 769 
 
 410,615 
 
 1,141,409 
 
 101,168 
 
 1 Includes Eaton, Ilnrnn, .Tacksou, and Sliijiw asst.-e. 
 
 21lK!<ouri. — The foal areas of Mi.^souri belong' to the 
 Western coal field and underlie alioiit one-half of the 
 state, the dividing line being one roughly drawn from 
 the northeastern to the southwestern corners of the 
 state. As they belong to the same field as those of 
 Iowa and Kansas, what has been said in regard to the 
 nature of the coals of those states applies also to the 
 coals of Missouri. 
 
 Practically all of the coal produced in the state is 
 consumed within its borders, and, other things being- 
 equal, anj^ increased production may be considered as 
 probaldy indicating a growth in local population or 
 industry. The state is almost entirely surrounded by 
 other coal producing states, and the large cities of the 
 eastern portion obtain their principal supply of fuel 
 from Illinois rather than from the mines of Missouri. 
 
 As far as any historical records go, the development 
 of the coal mines of Missouri began in the same year 
 as coal mining in Iowa. This was in 1840, when an 
 output of 9,971 tons was o!)tained. At the census of 
 1870 the product was reported as 621,930 tons and at 
 the census of 1S80, as 844.301: tons. The Eleventh 
 Census shows the production in 1889 to have been 
 2,557,823 tons, while in 1902 it amounted to 3,890,154 
 tons. Owing to the natural restrictions upon the mar- 
 keting of Missouri coal, its increase in production has 
 not kept pace with that of the neighboring states. 
 
 In Table 35 is shown the production of coal in 1902, 
 hj counties, with the distribution of the product for 
 consumption. 
 
 Table .'35. — ('ikiI jiroductivii of Mi.wuari, hi/ roii idles: 1003. 
 
 Total . 
 
 Adair 
 
 Audrain 
 
 Barton 
 
 Bates 
 
 Boone 
 
 Callaway 
 
 Carroll 
 
 Chariton 
 
 Henry 
 
 Howard 
 
 .Tohnson 
 
 Lafayette 
 
 Linn 
 
 Maeon 
 
 Monroe 
 
 Montgomery . 
 
 Putnam 
 
 Ralls 
 
 iiandolph 
 
 Ray 
 
 St. Clair 
 
 Schuyler 
 
 Vernon 
 
 Othercounties 
 
 Loaded at 
 
 mines for 
 
 shipment 
 
 (short 
 
 tons). 
 
 3, 603, 993 
 
 312, 171 
 
 14,211 
 
 1X6,215 
 
 319,361 
 
 11,190 
 
 900 
 
 I'll , S53 
 
 488, 392 
 
 63, 794 
 
 1, 039, 687 
 
 1 , 226 
 
 121,424 
 
 18, 2.52 
 
 399,680 
 
 204,859 
 
 670 
 
 1,428 
 
 204, 412 
 
 .51,268 
 
 Sold to 
 
 
 local 
 
 Used at 
 
 ;rade and 
 
 the mines 
 
 used by 
 
 for steam 
 
 em- 
 
 and heat 
 
 ployees 
 
 (short 
 
 (.short 
 
 tonsj. 
 
 tons). 
 
 
 318,992 
 
 67,169 
 
 11,896 
 
 4,092 
 
 11,068 
 
 929 
 
 10,638 
 
 3,493 
 
 28, 376 
 
 6,970 
 
 15, 636 
 
 180 
 
 25, 406 
 
 116 
 
 2, 376 
 2.116 
 
 
 
 32, 79S 
 2' 683 
 
 1,180 
 
 Total 
 
 quantity 
 
 (short 
 
 tons). 
 
 5, 530 
 
 44,444 
 
 16, 6.53 
 
 9,212 
 
 2,101 
 
 2,. 5,53 
 
 3,648 
 
 1,100 
 
 19,008 
 
 26, 164 
 
 3,160 
 
 2,772 
 
 8, 433 
 
 28,216 
 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 i>66 
 
 
 661 
 
 15 
 
 827 
 
 
 317 
 
 9 
 
 911 
 
 
 20 
 
 .1 
 
 479 
 
 4 
 
 043 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 4(1 
 
 :) 
 
 494 
 
 4 
 
 412 
 
 331,159 
 
 26, 208 
 
 200, 346 
 
 354, 707 
 
 27, 006 
 
 26,422 
 
 2, 376 
 
 2,116 
 
 98. XM 
 
 2, 6S3 
 
 5, MO 
 
 543, 801 
 
 81,108 
 
 1,064,726 
 
 2.101 
 
 4,101 
 
 127,983 
 
 19,372 
 
 424, 167 
 
 235, 066 
 
 3. 860 
 
 4,240 
 
 218, 339 
 
 83, 896 
 
 Total 
 value. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 prii-e 
 per 
 ton . 
 
 $5,374,642 SI. 38 
 
 437, 631 
 
 43, 253 
 
 240, 374 
 
 397, 928 
 
 37, 169 
 
 45, 466 
 
 5, 065 
 
 4,204 
 
 161,493 
 
 5, 195 
 
 10, 465 
 
 929, 862 
 
 130, 966 
 
 1,328,796 
 
 3, 839 
 
 9, 0.52 
 
 197,869 
 
 27, 088 
 
 .524, 636 
 
 383,492 
 
 6,390 
 
 ' 6,435 
 
 266, 369 
 
 171,605 
 
 1..32 
 1. 65 
 
 1 . 20 
 1.12 
 1.38 
 1.72 
 2.13 
 1.99 
 1.63 
 1.94 
 1.89 
 1.71 
 1.61 
 1.25 
 1.83 
 2.21 
 1.55 
 1.40 
 1.24 
 1.63 
 1.66 
 1..52 
 1.22 
 
 2. 05 
 
 'Includes Caldwell, Cedar. CcjCiyier, Itade. '.Trundy, .laekson, Livingslo:i, 
 Morgan, Pettis, and Saline. 
 
 There were 33 counties in the state from which cottl 
 production was reported in 1902, although coal is found 
 in as manj- as 39 counties. Of the 33 counties produc- 
 ing in 1902, there were 8 in which the output exceeded 
 200,000 tons. 
 
 The statistics for the industry are shown in the fol- 
 lowing taljle, the counties producing o\er 2o(i,00o tons 
 being given separateh': 
 
 T.\BLE 36.— SUMMARY BY COUNTIES HAVING A PRODUCTION OF liOO.OOO TONS (IR OVER: 1902. 
 
 
 Number 
 of mines. 
 
 Number 
 of oper- 
 ators. 
 
 SALARIED 
 CLEE 
 
 Number. 
 
 OFFICIALS, 
 .LS, ETC. 
 
 Salaries. 
 
 WAGE-EARNERS. 
 
 Co.XTRACT WORK. 
 
 Miscella- 
 neous ex- 
 penses. 
 
 C<")st of sup- 
 l)lics and 
 materials. 
 
 PRODUCT. 
 
 COUNTY. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 6, 501 
 
 .513 
 
 261 
 
 490 
 
 1,127 
 
 1 , 469 
 
 697 
 
 486 
 
 242 
 
 1,217 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Amount 
 paid. 
 
 Number 
 of em- 
 ployees. 
 
 Quantity 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Value. 
 
 Total 
 
 384 
 
 345 
 
 420 
 
 8325, 117 
 
 83,927,158 
 
 842,031 
 
 110 
 
 82.50,078 
 
 if304,821 
 
 3, 890, 164 
 
 85,374,642 
 
 
 17 
 22 
 32 
 .54 
 19 
 21 
 33 
 16 
 170 
 
 12 
 18 
 32 
 52 
 9 
 
 19 
 
 27 
 
 13 
 
 163 
 
 69 
 41 
 21 
 67 
 69 
 29 
 30 
 16 
 78 
 
 40. 110 
 37, .546 
 16,811 
 45, 400 
 89, 002 
 25, 606 
 17,705 
 7,8.38 
 45. 229 
 
 345,000 
 168,6.59 
 340.695 
 6.57, 471 
 .899, 903 
 107, 874 
 287, 862 
 177,408 
 li42, 286 
 
 22, 744 
 
 I') 
 
 18, .892 
 .51,, 518 
 21,800 
 18,050 
 60,201 
 14,328 
 20,772 
 15,367 
 29,1.50 
 
 23, 789 
 31,689 
 20,699 
 34,111 
 93,003 
 31,. 594 
 13,407 
 12,742 
 43,887 ; 
 
 331, 159 
 200, 346 
 354, 707 
 .543, 801 
 1,064,726 
 424, 167 
 235, 066 
 218, 339 
 517, 843 
 
 
 
 240, 374 
 
 
 9,702 
 2,601 
 
 40 
 16 
 
 
 929, 862 
 1, 328, 796 
 524.636 
 383, 492 
 266,369 
 865, 554 
 
 
 
 2,141 
 
 1,137 
 
 40 
 
 3,666 
 
 12 
 11 
 2 
 29 
 
 
 
 other counties- 
 
 1 Not reported. 
 
 '.! Includes Audrain, Boone, Caldwell, Callaway, Carroll, Cedar, Chariton, Cooper. Dade. (Trundy, Henry, Howard, .laekson, .Johnson. Linn. Livingston Monroe 
 Montgomery, Morgan, Pettis, Putnam, Ralls, St. Clair, Saline, and Schuyler. 
 
692 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Montana. — The coal areas of Montana are included 
 in the Rock.v Mountain fields. Most of the deposits 
 are of the Cretaceous age and vary from lignite to 
 bituminous, the lignites usually- lieing in the plains 
 region and the bituminous coals in the mountain ranges. 
 The coal fields form a nearl}' continuous belt, and cross 
 the state in a northwest-southeast direction. Little 
 detailed investigation has been made and only a general 
 idea can be formed as to the extent and value of these 
 fields. The coal bearing areas are estimated to contain 
 32,000 square miles. Some of the coals possess excel- 
 lent coking qualities, the coke being used in the smelters 
 and refineries as far east as Omaha. 
 
 The first statement regarding the production of coal 
 in Montana is that made bj^ the Tenth Census, which 
 shows that in 1880, 224 tons were produced. The active 
 development of Montana's coal mines began in the latter 
 part of the decade 1880 to 1890, and in 1889, accord- 
 ing to the Eleventh Census, the production was 363,301 
 short tons, valued at $880,773, or an average of 12.12 
 per ton. In 1902 the production was 1,560,823 short 
 tons, worth 12,443,447, or an average of $1.57 per ton. 
 According to the reports of the United States Geological 
 Survey the coal production of Montana reached the 
 market limits in 1895, when it amounted to 1,504,193 
 short tons. Since that time the production has re- 
 mained almost stationary, the maximum being attained 
 in 1900, with a total of 1,661,775 short tons, and the 
 
 minimum in 1901, when a total of 1,396.081 tons was 
 produced. 
 
 The statistics of production in 1902, by counties, with 
 the distribution of the product for consumption, are 
 shown in the following table: 
 
 Table 37. 
 
 — Coal p 
 
 roduction of Montana, 
 
 hij counties: 190S 
 
 
 COUNTY. 
 
 Loaded 
 at mines 
 for ship- 
 ment 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Sold to 
 local 
 trade 
 and 
 used by 
 em- " 
 plovees 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Used at 
 
 the 
 mines 
 
 for 
 steam 
 and 
 heat 
 (short 
 tons) . 
 
 Made 
 into 
 coke 
 (short 
 tons) . 
 
 Total 
 
 quantity 
 
 (short 
 
 tons). 
 
 Total 
 value. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 price 
 per 
 
 ton. 
 
 Total 
 
 1,3X5,100 
 
 40,719 
 
 39, 023 
 
 95,981 ,1,560,823 
 
 82,443,447 SI.. 57 
 
 Carbon 
 
 576, 472 
 097, 883 
 260 
 600 
 23, 660 
 ■86,225 
 
 9,270 
 
 14, 050 
 
 10,512 
 
 4,600 
 
 1,470 
 
 817 
 
 19,212 
 14, 398 
 
 1 604,954 
 
 35, 241 761 . S72 
 
 791,222 
 1,274.169 
 27, 064 
 16, 900 
 189, 080 
 145, 012 
 
 1..31 
 1.67 
 
 Choteau. . . .. 
 
 
 10, 772 
 
 5,200 
 
 89,640 
 
 88, 685 
 
 2 51 
 
 
 
 
 3.25 
 
 Park 
 
 3,770 
 1,643 
 
 60, 740 
 
 2.11 
 
 Other counties' ... 
 
 1,64 
 
 1 Includes Deerlodge, Gallatin, Granite, and Meagher. 
 
 As shown in the above table there were only two 
 counties. Carbon and Cascade, in which the production 
 exceeded 200,000 short tons annually-. These two 
 counties together in 1902 produced 1,366.526 short tons 
 out of a total of 1,560,823 short tons. 
 
 The statistics of the industry are given in the follow- 
 ing table, the counties of Carbon and Cascade having a 
 production of over 200,000 tons each, being shown 
 sei^arateh': , 
 
 Table 38.— SUMMARY BY COUNTIES HAVING A PRODUCTION OF 200,000 TONS OR OVER: 1902. 
 
 
 Number 
 of mines. 
 
 Number 
 of oper- 
 ators. 
 
 SALARIED OFFICIALS, 
 CLERKS, ETC. 
 
 WAGE-EARNERS. 
 
 CONTRACT WORK. 
 
 Miscella- 
 neous 
 expenses. 
 
 Cost of 
 .supplies 
 
 and 
 materials. 
 
 PRODUCT. 
 
 COUNTY. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Salaries. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Amount 
 paid. 
 
 Number 
 of em- 
 ployees. 
 
 Quantity 
 
 (short* 
 tons). 
 
 Value. 
 
 Total 
 
 37 
 
 34 
 
 61 
 
 880,674 
 
 1 , 587 
 
 $1,. 516, 043 
 
 $1,000 
 1,000 
 
 13 
 
 S118, 693 
 
 8238, 930 
 
 1, .560, 823 
 
 82, 443, 447 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Cascade 
 
 Other counties ' 
 
 3 
 9 
 
 25 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 24 
 
 10 
 36 
 15 
 
 15, 470 
 47, 339 
 17,865 
 
 552 
 766 
 269 
 
 634, 761 
 725, 078 
 256, 204 
 
 13 
 
 16, 420 
 88, 863 
 13,410 
 
 79, 235 
 111,425 
 43,270 
 
 604, 951 
 761,672 
 194,297 
 
 791,222 
 
 1,274,169 
 
 378,056 
 
 1 Includes Choteau, Deerlodge, Fergus, Galhilin, (iranite, Menglier, and Park. 
 
 New Me.rieo. — The coal producing areas of Isew 
 Mexico are f^und in somewhat widely distributed fields 
 or basins having seemingh' little connection with each 
 other. The three most important areas are those in 
 Colfax, Kio Arriba, and McKinley counties. The first- 
 mentioned area is an extension southward of the Las 
 Animas, or Trinidad, area in Colorado, and occupies the 
 northwestern poi'tion of Colfax county. The La Plata 
 field of Colorado, which is found in tlie southwestern 
 portion of that state, suddenly turns at its eastern 
 extremity and extends in a narrow strip almost due 
 south, through Kio Arriba county and into McKinley 
 county. Owing t(j its distance from railroad communi- 
 cation, this area has not been extensively develo))ed. 
 
 The Callup field, which occupies a long, narrow strip 
 extending north and south in the western part of 
 McKiidey county and into San Juan county on the 
 north and Valencia county on the south, is one of the 
 most extensively' developed areas in the territory. In 
 addition to these there are the Los Cerrillos area, in 
 Santa Fe county, and the Carthage area, in Socorro 
 county, in both of which mining operations are carried 
 on. These are the only fields which have been exten- 
 sively developed, although there are some isolated fields 
 of economic importance in the territory, where small 
 amounts are mined for local consumption. 
 
 The coals of New Mexico, like those of Colorado, 
 range from lignite to anthracite. Tlie anthracite occurs 
 
COAL. 
 
 693 
 
 in the Los Cerrillo.s field, which ha.s been penetrated by 
 volcanic intrusion in close proximitj' to the coal beds, 
 with the result of altering the liituniinous coal to an an- 
 thracite of good grade. This anthracite is sold as far 
 north as Denver and as far west as San Francisco. In 
 1902 the production was 41,326 short tons. All of this 
 anthracite occurs in the northern part of the Held. 
 Toward the south the coal passes into coking and semi- 
 coking varieties of Ijituminous coal, the transition being 
 Yevj gradual and almost imperceptible. Good coking- 
 coal was also produced in Colfax count}', the principal 
 operations being near Raton. There were )S coun- 
 ties in the territory which produced coal in lit(i2. In 
 only 2, Colfax and McKinley, did the product amount 
 to as much as 200,000 short tons during the year. No 
 report of coal production in New Mexico was made at 
 the Tenth Census, the first record of operations being 
 that for the United States Geological Survej^ in 1882, 
 in which year an output of 1.57,092 short tons was ob- 
 tained. The production reported at the Eleventh Cen- 
 sus, for 1889, was •±86,463 tons. In 1902 it was 41,326 
 short tons of anthracite and 1,007,437 short tons of 
 bituminous, a total production of 1,048,763 short tons. 
 
 In the following table is shown the production in 
 1902, ])y counties, with the distribution of the product 
 for consumption: 
 
 Table 39. — Coal jirodudion of New Mexim, by eouiilies: IfJOS:. 
 
 CODNTY. 
 
 Loaded 
 
 ut mines 
 for ship- 
 ment 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Sold to 
 local 
 
 trade 
 and 
 nsed 
 
 bv em- 
 ploy- 
 ees 
 
 (slicirt 
 
 tons). 
 
 Used at 
 
 the 
 mines 
 
 for 
 steam 
 and 
 heat 
 (short 
 tiais). 
 
 33, 180 
 
 8,731 
 
 9, 612 
 
 600 
 
 Made 
 into 
 coke 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Total 
 
 quantity 
 
 (short 
 
 tons). 
 
 Total 
 value. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 price 
 per 
 ton. 
 
 Total 
 
 973,500 
 
 19, 514 
 
 22, .569 
 
 1,048,763 
 
 91,600,230 
 
 91.43 
 
 Colfax 
 
 McKinley 
 
 Kio Arriba 
 
 •llS,il,sl 
 
 47,000 
 
 lUO 
 
 81,036 
 
 121,662 
 
 10,902 
 3,515 
 
 "\,m 
 
 422 
 3, 075 
 
 22, ,51 9 
 
 346, 373 
 432, 108 
 
 47,600 
 1,700 
 
 90,895 
 130, 087 
 
 392, 244 
 593, 361 
 69, 000 
 2,175 
 179,944 
 263, .506 
 
 1.13 
 1.37 
 1.45 
 1.28 
 
 Santa Fe 
 
 Other counties 1. 
 
 .s,837 
 6,400 
 
 .56' 
 
 1.98 
 2.03 
 
 1 Includes Lincoln, San Miguel, and Socorro. 
 
 The statistics for the industry are as follows, coun- 
 ties producing 200,000 tons or more being shown sepa- 
 rately: 
 
 Table 40.— SUMMARY BY COUNTIES HAVING A PRODUfTION OF 200,000 TONS OR OVER: 1902. 
 
 Total 
 
 Colfax 
 
 McKinley 
 
 other counties! 
 
 Number 
 of mines. 
 
 Number 
 of oper- 
 ators. 
 
 SALARIED OFFICIALS, 
 CLERKS, ETC. 
 
 WAGE-EARNERS. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 S85, 599 
 
 33, 619 
 24,614 
 27,366 
 
 598 
 476 
 365 
 
 Wages. 
 
 91,027,460 
 
 297, 309 
 408, 064 
 322, 087 
 
 CONTRACT WORK. 
 
 Amount 
 paid. 
 
 Number 
 of em- 
 ployees. 
 
 $5, 770 
 
 81 
 
 1,770 
 4,000 
 
 4 
 
 77 
 
 
 
 Miscellane- 
 
 ous ex- 
 penses. 
 
 963, 990 
 
 9,083 
 25,615 
 29, 292 
 
 Cost of .sup- 
 plies and 
 materials. 
 
 9156,513 
 
 33,194 
 69, 649 
 53, 670 
 
 Quantity 
 (short 
 tons) . 
 
 1 , 048, 763 
 
 346, 373 
 432, 108 
 270, 282 
 
 91,. 500, 230 
 
 392,244 
 593, 361 
 614,625 
 
 1 Includes Lincoln, Rio Arriba, San .Tuan, Saute Fe, San Miguel, and Socorro. 
 
 Worth Ctirolina. — The only productive coal field in 
 North Carolina is a small area lying in the valley of the 
 Deep river, just west of the point where it joins the 
 Cape Fear river. The area from which coal may he 
 produced is a narrow strip 30 miles in length. Another 
 small area lying along the Dan river, near where it 
 crosses the Virginia line, is known to contain some coal, 
 but it has not been developed and is regarded as of lit- 
 tle promise for the future. The only mine operated in 
 the Deep river basin is the Cumnock, formerh^ known 
 as the Egypt mine. It was opened in 1889, with a pro- 
 duction during that year of 192 tons. Detailed statis- 
 tics are not published separately, in order that the 
 confidential nature of the reports to the Bureau of the 
 Census may be maintained. 
 
 Not'tli Dahita. — Although the coal producing areas 
 of North Dakota are included in the Rocky Mountain 
 fields they are not within the mountainous areas. They 
 lie in about the middle of the state, in the great plains 
 region. 
 
 All of the coal produced in the state is lignite and 
 disintegrates rapidly upon exposure. Under present 
 conditions it can not be used .satisfactorilj' in locomo- 
 tives, l)ut answers the need of the community for 
 domestic fuel and for use under stationary- lioilers. 
 Comparatively little labor is necessary to procure the 
 coal, strip or surface mining being frequently prac- 
 ticed. The coal mine operators have endeavored to 
 improve the quality of their product by briquetting, 
 but so far these attempts have been unsuccessful, fail- 
 ure being due principally to the high cost of binding 
 materials. 
 
 No production of coal was reported from North 
 Dakota at the Tenth Census. In 1889 the output was 
 28,907 short tons. This was almost entirely mined and 
 used by the ranchmen in the immediate vicinity of the 
 openings. In 1902 the production amounted to 226,511 
 short tons. The state of North Dakota has endeavored 
 to foster its lignite mining industry by compelling its 
 use in all state offices and institutions. 
 
694 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 The stati.stics of production and distribution, b}- coun- 
 ties, in 1903, are as follows: 
 
 Table 41. — Cool jiroduction of Xortli Dokota, hi; roiiidiea: 1902. 
 
 
 
 Sold to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Loaded 
 
 loeal 
 
 Used at 
 
 
 
 Ayer- 
 
 
 atmines 
 
 tradeand 
 
 minesfor 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 for ship- 
 
 used 
 
 steam 
 
 quantity 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 ment 
 
 l">v em- 
 
 and heat 
 
 (short 
 
 yalue. 
 
 
 
 (short 
 
 ployees 
 
 (short 
 
 tons). 
 
 
 ton. 
 
 
 tons). 
 
 (short 
 
 tons). 
 
 
 
 
 
 tons). 
 
 
 226,511 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 182,002 
 
 35, 639 
 
 8,R70 
 
 S325, 967 
 
 SI. 44 
 
 
 
 
 13, .542 
 29, 700 
 68,417 
 70, 343 
 
 4, .575 
 5,300 
 22, 519 
 3, 245 
 
 200 
 
 ""' 2,"s,50" 
 5, 820 
 
 18, 317 
 35,000 
 93, 786 
 79,408 
 
 23,078 
 38, 025 
 171, 122 
 93, 742 
 
 1.26 
 
 Stark 
 
 1.09 
 
 Ward 
 
 1,82 
 
 Other counties! 
 
 1.18 
 
 includes Burleigh. Emmons, and McLean. 
 
 Ohio. — Ohio is one of the 9 states whose coal fields 
 are included in the great Appalachian system. Ever_y 
 county in the eastern half of the state, with the ex- 
 ception of a comparatively narrow belt of \ counties 
 bordering on Lake Erie, is, or has been, wholly or in 
 part, underlaid by coal. The entire area underlaid by 
 coal in this state has been estimated at 12,000 stjuare 
 miles, distributed over 30 counties in the eastern and 
 southeastern portions. There are no less than 1(3 work- 
 able beds contained in the coal measures of the state, 
 but only 6 of the 16 are of importance. The other 10 
 are worked by siriall operators, producing coal for 
 purelj^ local trade. The important beds are known as 
 No. 1, the Block or Sharon coal seam; No. 2, the Wells- 
 ton; No. .5, the Lower Kittanning; No. 6, the Middle 
 Kittanning; No. 7, the UpjDer Freeport; and No. 8, the 
 Pittsburg. The coals in these different lieds emljrace 
 all the varieties of bituminous — steam, gas, coking, and 
 cannel. 
 
 The most important producing bed is the Middl(> 
 Kittanning, or No. C. In Athens, Hocking, and Perry 
 counties this bed is known as the Hocking Valley seam, 
 which in the 3 counties mentioned produces from 35 
 to 40 per cent of the total output of the state. It is an 
 excellent steam coal, is popular for domestic use, and 
 also stands high as a furnace fuel, for which purpose it 
 is used in its raw state. The thickness of this seam 
 varies from 12 inches, in Columbiana county, to 13 feet 
 in the Hocking vallcv. 
 
 No. 7, or the Upper Fi'eeport, is second in importance. 
 It is considered as one of the Iiest steam coals in the 
 state, and is consumed chielly T)y the rtiilrotids. The 
 principal development of this bed is in (iut>rnsey ct.mnty, 
 which, in 1902, was third in importance as a coal 
 producer. 
 
 The Wellston, or No. 2, is also an important pi'oducer, 
 the chief operations being in tlie \'icinity of Jackson 
 and Wellston, in -lackson county. It is a free, open 
 burning, noiicoking coal, used to a consideral)le extent 
 in its raw state among the local blast fui'iiaces. It also 
 stands high in popularity as a domestic fuel. 
 
 The No. 1, or Block coal seam, produces a good 
 steam and domestic coal, but its chief use is as a blast 
 furnace fuel, for which purpo,se it is u.sed raw. The 
 furnaces which first substituted coal for charcoal used 
 this coal. What is familiarly known as "Mas.sillon" 
 coal, in the northern part of the state, is mined from 
 this bed. 
 
 No. .5, or the Lower Kittanning bed, is best known 
 for its coking qualities, it being the only coal in the 
 state from which a fair grade of coke can be made. 
 Little coke is made from it, however, owing to the 
 proximity and cheapness of higher grade coking coals 
 in Pennsylvania and West Virginia. The coal from this 
 bed finds its principal use as a steam fuel. 
 
 No. 8, or the Pittsburg seam, underlies the whole or 
 parts of the counties of Jefferson, Harrison, Belmont, 
 Guernsey, Athens, and Meigs, in the southeastern por- 
 tion of the state. While not the most important coal 
 bed in the state, it is looked upon as one of the chief 
 future sources of supph', owing to the approaching 
 depletion of some of the other beds. 
 
 In the following table is shown the production in 1902, 
 by counties, with the distribution of the product for con- 
 sumption: 
 
 Table 42. — Coul ]/roi1tictioii of Ohio, hy counlies: 1902. 
 
 COt^XTY. 
 
 Loaded 
 
 at 
 mines 
 for 
 ship- 
 ment 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Sold to 
 local 
 trade 
 and 
 used 
 by em- 
 ployees 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Used 
 
 at 
 mines 
 
 for 
 steam 
 and 
 heat 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Made 
 into 
 coke 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Total 
 
 quantity 
 
 (short 
 
 tons). 
 
 Total 
 yalue. 
 
 Ayer- 
 age 
 
 price 
 per 
 ton. 
 
 Total 
 
 22,232,404 
 
 1,041.112 
 
 242,. 594 
 
 3, 784 
 
 23, 519, 894 
 
 S26,9.53,7S9 
 
 SI. 15 
 
 
 3,281,410 
 
 1,763,6.58 
 
 190,969 
 
 724, 765 
 
 388, 289 
 
 16,962 
 
 2,615,805 
 
 3.55, 192 
 
 2,. 584, 424 
 
 600 
 
 2, 344, 492 
 
 1,694, .538 
 
 165, 060 
 
 72, 415 
 
 76, 399 
 
 263, 402 
 
 .-56, ,S21 
 
 190,542 
 
 2,664,968 
 
 998, 599 
 
 51 , 400 
 
 6,100 
 
 1 , 421 , 827 
 
 90 751 
 
 13,146 
 219,302 
 30, 996 
 48, 102 
 48, 995 
 4, ,508 
 9, 802 
 4, ,500 
 19, 312 
 14, 185 
 37, 237 
 101, 553 
 18, 309 
 52, 234 
 9, 333 
 63, .506 
 
 22,241 
 
 14, 996 
 
 3,414 
 
 20, 991 
 
 500 
 
 2,800 
 
 3, 319, .597 
 
 1,997,956 
 
 226, 379 
 
 793,858 
 
 437, 784 
 
 21,470 
 
 2, 655, 610 
 
 361, 492 
 
 2,641,141 
 
 14, 785 
 
 2, 412, 509 
 
 1,812,801 
 
 183, 869 
 
 127, 747 
 
 90, 718 
 
 339, 639 
 
 86, 821 
 
 225, 413 
 
 2,743,997 
 
 1,080,429 
 
 67, 442 
 
 12, 030 
 
 1,578,610 
 
 92, 441 
 
 3,635,762 
 
 2, 069, 488 
 
 288,956 
 
 885, 656 
 
 536,196 
 
 24, 650 
 
 2, 440, 906 
 
 315. 7.56 
 
 2, 893, 974 
 
 21,482 
 
 3,432,741 
 
 1,905,820 
 
 240, 857 
 
 178, 517 
 
 161, 729 
 
 390,713 
 
 127, 135 
 
 252, 621 
 
 2, 913, 599 
 
 l,946,6ti7 
 
 107,417 
 
 27, 336 
 
 1, 6.54, 120 
 
 116, 614 
 
 140, 153 
 
 244, 925 
 
 
 Belmont 
 
 Carroll 
 
 Cnliiinhiana ... 
 
 Coshocton 
 
 Callia 
 
 1.04 
 1.28 
 1.12 
 1.22 
 1 16 
 
 (iucriiscy 
 
 Harrison 
 
 H,,ckin,i; 
 
 llolhli-s 
 
 .lacksnn 
 
 .IcITcrsiiTi 
 
 Lawrence 
 
 30, 003 
 
 1,800 
 
 37,405 
 
 'so,' 780' 
 15, 776 
 
 "'934' 
 
 0.92 
 0.87 
 1.10 
 1.45 
 1.42 
 1: 05 
 1 31 
 
 JlahonijiK 
 
 Medina 
 
 MciKs 
 
 ^Mortran 
 
 3,098 i 
 
 4,986 j 
 
 12,731 
 
 1.40 
 1.78 
 1.15 
 1 46 
 
 
 34, 871 
 
 68, 470 
 
 68, 620 
 
 12,332 
 
 5, 490 
 
 144, 660 
 
 1,124 
 
 2, 056 
 
 8, 469 
 
 
 1.12 
 
 I'crrv 
 
 Stark 
 
 i(),559 ! 
 
 13,210 1 
 
 3,710 ' 
 
 440 i 
 
 12,073 .50 
 
 .5(i6 
 
 1.06 
 1.80 
 1.59 
 2.27 
 1.05 
 1 '^6 
 
 Siiimnit 
 
 Triunl.ull 
 
 Tuscarawas . .. . 
 ^■intoI) 
 
 Wavne ... 
 
 71 . SL' 1 
 1 OS. 192 
 
 
 Cttlicr rouiiticsi 
 
 1,.S05 
 
 
 
 118,466 
 
 2.07 
 
 I Includes Noble, Portage, Scioto, and \A'ashington. 
 
 Coal mining in Ohio began du-ing the first quarter 
 of the nineteenth century, but the exact date of the 
 first operations is not known. The fii'st shipment of 
 whicli there is a record was made from Summit county 
 in 1828, but it is not known how much coal was in this 
 shipment. In 1838 the entire coal production was 
 I'eported as 119,952 short tons. In 1840 the production 
 was 140,535 short tons; in 18ti() it amounted to 1,133,596 
 
COAL. 
 
 695 
 
 tons, and in 1870 it was 2,830,559 tons. Tiic^ Tontli 
 Census reported an output of G,008,5!»5 short tons for 
 the tiscal 3'ear ending June 30, 1880. The Eleventh 
 Census, for the calendar year 1889, showed a produc- 
 tion of 9,976,787 short tons, and in 1902 it reached the 
 maximum record of 23.519,894 short tons. The value 
 of the product in 1889 was $9,355,400, an average of 
 $0.94 per short ton. In 1902 the product was \-al- 
 ued at 126,953, 781^, or $1.15 per ton. It is not believed 
 that the record made in 1902 will l)e greatly exceeded 
 in the future, as much of the best coal land has been, 
 or is rapidly becoming, exhausted. 
 
 As will be seen from the foregoing taljle, there were 
 29 counties producing coal in Ohio during 1902. 
 Fifteen of these ])roduced more than 200,000 tons each, 
 thus contril)uting 22,626,215 tons of the total, or an 
 avei'age of over 1,500,000 tons each. The 14 other 
 counties produced 893,079 short tons, or an average of 
 about 63,800 tons each. 
 
 The total amount jmid in wages at the Ohio coal 
 mines in 1902 was 116,693,464; other expenses reported 
 amounted to $4,972,023, making a total of $21,665,487. 
 The statistics of the industr_y are shown in the following 
 table: 
 
 Table 43.— SUMMARY BY COrXTIES nAVIN(; A PRODUCTION OF 200,000 T0X8 OR r)VER: 1902. 
 
 Athens 
 
 Belmont 
 
 Carroll 
 
 Columbiana 
 
 Coshocton 
 
 Guernsey 
 
 Harrison 
 
 Hocking 
 
 Jackson 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 Meigs 
 
 Muskingum 
 
 Perrv 
 
 Stark 
 
 Tuscarawas 
 
 other counties^. 
 
 
 \ 
 
 umber 
 
 
 Number 
 
 ot 
 
 opera- 
 
 
 of mines. 
 
 
 tors. 
 
 
 648 
 
 613 
 
 
 34 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 52 
 
 
 45 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 28 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 39 
 
 
 39 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 74 
 
 
 58 
 
 
 41 
 
 
 29 
 
 
 1.5 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 '"•7 
 
 
 27 
 
 
 59 
 
 
 41 
 
 
 46 
 
 
 28 
 
 
 70 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 106 
 
 
 92 
 
 
 SALARIED OFFICIALS, 
 CLERKS, ETC. 
 
 XumlKT. Salaries. 
 
 1,314 
 
 169 
 
 108 
 21 
 44 
 24 
 87 
 13 
 59 
 
 189 
 61 
 31 
 25 
 
 144 
 86 
 92 
 
 161 
 
 , 222, 966 
 
 170,124 
 
 126, 762 
 12, 770 
 42, 287 
 22. 749 
 87, 002 
 19, 915 
 62, 442 
 
 187, 229 
 57, 310 
 20, 642 
 15, 126 
 
 132, 965 
 89, 257 
 79, 044 
 97, 342 
 
 WAGE-EARNEES. 
 
 .Average 
 number. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 25,963 816,693,404 
 
 3, 240 
 
 2,060 
 
 2,80 
 
 916 
 
 689 
 
 2, 198 
 
 279 
 
 2, 366 
 
 3,514 
 
 2, 184 
 
 436 
 
 259 
 
 2, ,811 
 
 1,806 
 
 1,016 
 
 1,409 
 
 2, 168, 7.59 
 
 1,403,291 
 
 181,227 
 
 601,3-58 
 
 392, 322 
 
 1,490,246 
 
 186,419 
 
 1,649,428 
 
 2,021,308 
 
 1,284,417 
 
 261, 097 
 
 177,977 
 
 1,844,. 527 
 
 1,078,764 
 
 1,098,707 
 
 863, 617 
 
 CONTRACT WORK. 1 
 
 Amount 
 paid. 
 
 Number 
 of em- 
 ployees. 
 
 846,818 
 
 1,479 
 195 
 
 1,085 
 
 6,906 
 
 6,000 
 
 971 
 
 3,. 528 
 
 75 
 
 1,895 
 2, .544 
 
 10, .576 
 908 
 
 11,657 
 
 10 i 
 3 I 
 
 Miseella- Costofsup- 
 
 neous plies and 
 expenses, materials. 
 
 ,619,451 ' S2, 082, 788 
 
 312,487 
 
 63,173 
 
 10, 488 
 
 45, 453 
 
 23, 088 
 
 144, 561 
 
 5, 695 
 
 175,561 
 
 130, 192 
 
 96, 302 
 
 20, 948 
 
 7,821 
 
 2.55, 274 
 
 140, 743 
 
 72,420 
 
 116, 2.55 
 
 272, 342 
 146, 812 
 20, 967 
 51,433 
 36,019 
 218, 037 
 23, 397 
 191, 1.59 
 259, 667 
 267, 035 
 23, 456 
 15, 808 
 219,230 
 143,137 
 117, 200 
 77, 189 
 
 Quantity 
 (short 
 
 tons). 
 
 Value. 
 
 23, 519, 894 826, 953, 789 
 
 3, 319, .597 
 
 1, 997, 966 
 
 225, 379 
 
 793, 8.58 
 
 437, 784 
 
 2, 6-55, 610 
 
 361,492 
 
 2,641,141 
 
 2, 412, 509 
 
 1, 812, 801 
 
 339, 639 
 
 225, 413 
 
 2, 743, 997 
 
 1,080,429 
 
 1. 578, 610 
 
 893, 679 
 
 3, 635, 762 
 
 2,069,488 
 
 288, 9.56 
 
 885,6.56 
 
 536, 196 
 
 2, 440, 906 
 315, 756 
 
 2, 893, 974 
 
 3, 432, 741 
 
 1, 905, 820 
 390, 713 
 2.52,621 
 
 2, 913, 699 
 1, 946, 667 
 1, 6.54, 120 
 1,390,814 
 
 1 Includes Gallia, Holmes, Lawrence, Mahoning, Medina, Morgan, Noble, l-'ortnge, Scioto, Summit, Trumbull, Vinton, Washington, and Wayne. 
 
 Oregon. — Oregon has only one productive coal field. 
 This is known as the Coos Bay lield, in Coos county. 
 It is directly on the coast, giving water transportation 
 for the production, most of which is sent to San Fran- 
 cisco, Cal. According to Prof. J. S. Newberry, coal 
 was mined on Coos bay in 1855, but records of these 
 earlier years are entireh' wanting. In 1889 the pro- 
 duction amounted to 64,359 tons; in l'.H.»2 it was 65,648 
 tons, showing that the industrj- has not developed much 
 during the last thirteen years. 
 
 Penn.sylranid.. — The bituminous coal areas of Penn- 
 syh'ania, which embrace nearly the entire western half 
 of the state, form the northern extremity of the great 
 Appalachian held. Every county in the state west of 
 the Allegheny mountains contains coal beds of economic 
 value, while several outlying basins east of the moun- 
 tains ai-e also extensively mined. The eiitirt" bitumi- 
 nous coal producing area of Pennsylvania is estimated 
 to contain about 15,800 stjuare miles. 
 
 In the northern portion of the state the deposits are 
 found principally in detached basins scattered through 
 the counties of Bradford. Cameron, Clinton, Crawford, 
 Elk, Forest, Lycoming, Potter, Tioga, Venango, and 
 Warren. To the south and southwest of these the coal 
 bearing rocks cover all, or nearlv all, of the counties of 
 Allegheny, Armstrong, Beaver, Butler. Caml)ria, Clar- , 
 
 ion, Clearfield, Fayette, Greene, Indiana, Jefferson, 
 Mercer, Somerset, Washington, and Westmoreland, and 
 portions of Blair and Center counties. The Hunting- 
 don, or Broad Top, basin lies east of the main coal 
 fields, in Bedford and Huntingdon counties. 
 
 The counties of Allegheny. Fayette, Greene, Wash- 
 ington, and Westmoreland, in the southwestern corner 
 of the state, contain the upper productive measures, in 
 which is found the famous Pittsburg bed, probably tlie 
 largest and most productive single coal seam in the 
 world. It is from this bed that the cele))rated Youghio- 
 gheny gas coal of the Pittsburg district, in AUegheiw 
 and Washington counties, is obtained. Farther to the 
 east it produces the famous Connellsville coking coal of 
 Fayette and ^Vestmoreland counties. In INIaryland it 
 yields the well known Cumberland coal, while some of 
 the l)est coals of Ohio and West Virginia are also mined 
 from it. In fact, it may l)e said that in quality, as in 
 (]uantity, the coal contained in the Pittsburg bed is 
 etpud. it not superior, to ;iny l)ituiiiinous coal in the 
 world. 
 
 Among the other beds in the state are the Upper 
 Freeport. Lower Freeport, Lpper Kittanning, Lower 
 Kittanniug, Blossburg, Brookville, Sharon, ]\Iercer, 
 Sewickley, and a number of other less important ones, 
 all of which are described in detail in the Twenty-Second 
 
696 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, 
 Part in. 
 
 In the production of coal Peiuisylvania far exceeds 
 any other state. The con)l>inccl output of anthracite 
 and bituminous coal in Peniisj'h'ania, from the begin- 
 ning of the industry until ISH)^, has each year exceeded 
 50 per cent of the total production of the United States, 
 the single exception in 1902 having ))een due to the 
 decrease in anthracite production caused bj^ the long- 
 strike. The bituminous product of the state alone has 
 for many years been from 3.5 to 40 per cent of the total 
 bituminous coal output of the country. In 1902 Penn- 
 sylvania produced 9S,574:,3H7 short tons of bituminous 
 coal out of a total of 260,216,844 short tons, the per- 
 centage for the state being 37.9. In 1889 Pennsylvania 
 produced 36,174,089 tons, or 37.8 per cent of a total of 
 95,629,026 tons. At the census of 1880 the total bitu- 
 minous output was 42,831,758 short tons, of which 
 Pennsj'lvania produced 18,425,163 short tons, or 43 per 
 cent. 
 
 The output of bituminous coal in the state of Penn- 
 sylvania during the fiscal year ending June 3(), 1.^80, 
 was, as stated above, 18,425,163 short tons and the value 
 of this product was $18,567,129, or an average of §1.01 
 per ton. The total amount of wages paid during this 
 year was $10,863,583. During the calendar year 1889, 
 Pennsylvania produced a total of 36,174,089 short tons, 
 or nearl}' double the output of the census year 1880. 
 The value of this product at the mines was $27,953,315, 
 or an average of $0.77 per short ton. The total amount 
 paid in wages in 1889 was $20,738,647. In 1902 the 
 total bituminous production of Pennsylvania was 
 98,574,367 short tons, or 2^^ times that of 1S.S9, and 5^ 
 times that of 1880. The total value of the product in 
 1902 was $106,032,460, an average of $1.08 per ton, the 
 higher value in 1902, as compared with that of th(_> pre- 
 ceding censuses, being due priiicipall}' to the demand 
 created for bituminous coal ))V the shortage in the sup- 
 ply of anthracite. The total amount paifl in \vages in 
 the bituminous coal mines of Pennsylvania in 19u2 was 
 $59,848,902. In 1880 the average wage cost per ton of 
 coal produced was 59 cents; in 18s9 it was 57 cents; and 
 in 1902 it was 61 cents. In 18S(» the wage cost was 
 equal to 58.4 pei' cent of the axerage selling price per 
 ton; in 1889 the wage cost was 74 i)er cent of the selling- 
 price; while in 1902, owing to the high values caused by 
 the sti'ike in the anthracite region, the wage cost was 
 only 66.5 per cent of the selling value. 
 
 Of the 24 counties in Pennsylvania from which a pro- 
 duction was reported in 1902, there were 2 counties, 
 Fayette and Westmoreland, the output of which ex- 
 
 ceeded 18,000,000 short tons each. Two other counties, 
 Allegheny and Cambria, each exceeded 10,000,000 tons; 4 
 others, Washington, Clearfield, Jetlerson, and Somerset, 
 each exceeded 5,000,o00 tons; and 4 more, Arm- 
 strong, Center, Indiana, and Tioga, produced between 
 1,000,000 and 2,00O,00(.» tons each. The 2 counties 
 of Faj-ette and Westmoreland, together, produced nearly 
 5,000,000 tons more than the entire state of Illinois, 
 which was, in 1902, the second state in the production 
 of coal, and 50 per cent more than West Virginia, which 
 ranked third among the coal producing states. 
 
 The statistics of production in Pennsylvania, V)y 
 counties, in 1902, with the distribution of the product 
 for consumption, are shown in the following table: 
 
 Table 4:4. — i^o<tl, lHluiniiioii!<, uf J^nnyt/lraniit — pro'liK'tion by 
 ctmnlii-a: l!iO,?. 
 
 Loaded 
 
 at mines 
 
 for shif)- 
 
 ment 
 
 (short 
 
 tons). 
 
 Sold to 
 local 
 trade 
 and 
 used 
 by em- 
 ployees 
 (short 
 tons) , 
 
 Total . . 72, 93X, 2041, 429, 568 
 
 Allegheny .. 
 
 Armstrong .. 
 
 Beaver 
 
 Bedford 
 
 Blair 
 
 Butler 
 
 Cambria 
 
 Center 
 
 clarion 
 
 Clearfield... 
 
 SIk 
 
 Fayette 
 
 Huntingdon 
 
 Indiana 
 
 .Tefferson 
 
 Lawrence . . . 
 
 Mercer 
 
 Somerset. . . . 
 
 Tioga •. 
 
 Washingtrai. 
 
 (Westmore- 
 land 
 
 < tther coun- 
 ties! 
 
 11,140 
 
 343 
 
 1,727 
 
 49K 
 
 205 
 
 .549 
 
 63S, 92» 
 
 192, 828 
 
 427 
 
 592 
 
 9,420,308 
 
 997 
 
 (KI6 
 
 448 
 
 23K 
 
 fi, 873 
 
 639 
 
 716 
 
 i;24 
 
 6, .568 
 
 460 
 
 387 
 
 751 
 
 1,447 
 
 320 
 
 4,82,i,820 
 
 190 
 
 190 
 
 .597 
 
 447 
 
 .5,723 
 
 387 
 
 1,126,097 
 
 8,34S 
 
 994 
 
 10, 420 
 
 1.S3 
 
 ,502 
 
 002 
 
 447,835 
 37, 833 
 17,2.55 
 
 5, S2; 
 
 1,125 
 21, W 
 165, 942 
 
 2, 1.59 
 
 4,87: 
 
 81,423 
 
 19,442 
 
 2.51 , 521 
 
 8,4H5 
 
 3,813 
 17,737 
 17,706 
 
 8,1.52 
 32, 430 
 16,299 
 44,7.53 
 
 221.817 
 
 1,.500 
 
 Used at 
 
 the 
 mines 
 
 for 
 steam 
 
 and 
 
 heat 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Made 
 into 
 coke 
 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Total 
 quantity 
 
 (short" 
 tons). 
 
 1, .541, 4.54 22, 665, 141 98, .574, 367 
 
 8106,032,460 SL08 
 
 27, 
 
 2, 
 
 s, 
 
 3, 
 
 4, 
 
 186, 
 
 1, 
 
 5, 
 
 S3, 
 
 12, 
 
 336, 
 
 8, 
 
 17, 
 
 60, 
 
 4, 
 
 23, 
 
 105, 
 
 7, 
 
 130, 
 
 163,231 11 
 1 
 
 789, 536 
 
 1601 
 
 848' 
 
 3.58' 
 
 692, 143,800 
 
 440 140,811 
 
 927' 
 
 M9 
 
 433 
 
 111 
 
 .560 
 
 632 
 
 K55 
 
 326 
 
 449 
 
 .593 
 
 649 
 
 114 
 
 231 
 
 4.53 
 
 290, 163 
 
 7,484 
 
 ll,f<32,222 
 
 .55, 923 
 
 1 .SB, 699! 
 
 1,179,344 
 
 919, .569 
 793, 179 
 22,5,162 
 797,248 
 338, 204 
 4.54,166 
 561,835 
 000, .598 
 4.58, 221 
 334,785 
 756, 182 
 9.S.S, 0.58 
 460,485 
 6.55,281 
 083, 494 
 ■212, 445 
 62.H,713 
 911,326 
 149, 849 
 .529, 954 
 
 7,S]9,644 l.s,.sll,.511 
 
 Total 
 value. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 price 
 per 
 ton. 
 
 12, 339, 715 
 1,799,815 
 
 305, 438 
 1,051,677 
 
 373,437 
 
 551,069 
 12, 895, .501 
 1,002,407 
 
 677, 638 
 8,414,670 
 
 736, 622 
 18, 930, 437 
 
 685, 680 
 1,848,822 
 5, 168, 321 
 
 264, .546 
 
 673, 4.55 
 7,593,413 
 1,761,098 
 8, 805, 995 
 
 19,626,499 
 
 627, 205 
 
 1.04 
 1.00 
 1.36 
 1.32 
 1.10 
 1.21 
 1.22 
 1.00 
 1.26 
 1.16 
 0.97 
 1.00 
 1.49 
 1.12 
 0.85 
 1.25 
 1.07 
 1.28 
 1.53 
 1.03 
 
 1.04 
 
 1.24 
 
 1 Includes Clinton, (Ireene, and Lycoming. 
 
 The census returns for 1902 show that 236 corpora- 
 tions were engaged in bituminous coal mining operations 
 in Pennsylvania. Of these, 225 reported their capitali- 
 zation, showing a total capital stock i.ssue of 2,585,468 
 shares, the par value aggregating $1.80,338,033. The 
 dividends paid during the year amounted to $8,978,084, 
 while assessments were levied to the amount of $27,600. 
 
 The expenses reported for the mining tif bitumi- 
 nous coal in Pennsylvania, exclusive of interest on 
 bonds and the costs of the sales departments, were 
 $78,869,52<S. The statistics for the industi'y, hj coun- 
 ties, the production of which amounted to 200,000 
 tons or more, are shown in the following table: 
 
COAL. 697 
 
 Table -15.— SUMMARY BY COUNTIES HAVING A PKODFCTION OF 200,000 TONS OR OVER: 1902. 
 
 Total . 
 
 Allegheny 
 
 Armstrongr 
 
 Beaver 
 
 Bfdford 
 
 Blair 
 
 Butler 
 
 Cambria 
 
 Center 
 
 Clarion 
 
 Clearfield 
 
 Fayette 
 
 Huntingdon 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 Lawrence 
 
 Mercer 
 
 Somerset 
 
 Tioga 
 
 Washington 
 
 Westmoreland .. 
 Other counties 1 . 
 
 oTSl^S. ^"."P-- 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 li) 
 
 14 
 
 m; 
 
 76 
 
 21, 
 
 16 
 
 2X 
 
 26 
 
 la 
 
 79 
 
 2V 
 
 55 
 
 It; 
 
 11 
 
 25 
 
 17 
 
 SI 
 
 10 
 
 s 
 
 7 
 
 i) 
 
 9 
 
 «ft 
 
 32 
 
 24 
 
 17 
 
 h^^ 
 
 18 
 
 nu 
 
 55 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 SALARIED OFFICIALS, 
 . t-LERKS, ETt\ 
 
 Salaries. 
 
 315 
 
 72 
 
 18 
 
 99 
 
 22 
 
 36 
 
 139 
 
 39 
 
 35 
 
 333 
 
 506 
 
 22 
 
 76 
 
 ys 
 
 28 
 
 36 
 216 
 
 57 
 673 
 670 
 
 39 
 
 W, 142,497 
 
 330, 705 
 90, 055 
 19, .542 
 
 109,814 
 27, 392 
 37, 057 
 
 54S, 505 
 33, 133 
 23, .5.54 
 
 326, 842 
 
 521,671 
 27,826 
 90, 003 
 90, 363 
 22,212 
 30, 9.59 
 
 212, 560 
 49, 636 
 
 841, 779 
 
 673, 996 
 34, 893 
 
 WAGE- EARNERS. 
 
 Average 
 iiuiubur. 
 
 J-59,848, 902 
 
 10,618 
 
 2, 239 
 
 264 
 
 1 , 059 
 
 386 
 
 674 
 
 10, 902 
 
 995 
 
 492 
 
 7,148 
 
 14,071 
 
 .598 
 
 1,.595 
 
 6,314 
 
 368 
 
 766 
 
 6,103 
 
 1,668 
 
 6,978 
 
 17,210 
 
 1,647 
 
 7, 956, 809 
 
 1 , 278, 002 
 
 174,385 
 
 732,635 
 
 240, 409 
 
 392, 2.58 
 
 6, 893, 398 
 
 .5.54, 419 
 
 312, 411 
 
 ■ 4,735,232 
 
 9,468,800 
 
 395, 537 
 
 1, 069, 067 
 
 3,751,144 
 
 195, 474 
 
 427, 909 
 
 3, 169, 264 
 
 1,212,915 
 
 5, 028, .521 
 
 10,618,061 
 
 942,252 
 
 CONTRACT WORK. 
 
 Amount 
 paid. 
 
 J474, 679 
 
 5,024 
 1,000 
 
 6,716 
 
 1,622 
 
 351,635 
 
 351 
 
 4, 942 
 10, 024 
 11,000 
 100 
 24,174 
 
 Number 
 of em- 
 ployees. 
 
 985 
 
 22 
 
 5 
 
 634 
 
 2 
 
 
 439 
 
 2 
 
 
 .519 
 
 3 
 
 
 63 
 
 4 
 
 57 
 
 , 010 
 
 177 
 
 Miscella- iCost of sup- 1_ 
 neous \ yjlies and ,j 
 materials. 
 
 86,178,97: 
 
 564,040 
 80, 900 
 19,446 
 65, 334 
 24, 641 
 28, .573 
 
 961,433 
 50, 062 
 25, 077 
 
 707, 579 
 
 650, 486 
 19, 744 
 75, 635 
 
 5.54, 254 
 15, 7.55 
 27,887 
 
 744, 728 
 »7, 120 
 
 565, 590 
 
 843, 729 
 66, 962 
 
 JS, 224, 475 
 
 957, 896 
 
 204,6.51 
 19,406 
 79, 163 
 41,019 
 27, 887 
 1,015,180 
 33, 934 
 38, 390 
 
 480, 433 
 
 1,392,315 
 
 45, 503 
 
 154,133 
 
 .515, 103 
 15,713 
 60, 337 
 
 .543,477 
 80, 329 
 
 833, 942 
 
 1,. 591,, 862 
 
 93, 802 
 
 Quantity 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 11,919,669 
 
 1,793,179 
 
 225. 162 
 
 797, 248 
 
 338, 204 
 
 4.54,166 
 
 10, .561, 8.35 
 
 1,000,. 598 
 
 4.58, 221 
 
 7, 334, 785 
 
 18, 988, 068 
 
 460,486 
 
 1,6.55,281 
 
 6,083,494 
 
 212,445 
 
 628, 713 
 
 .5,911,326 
 
 1,149,849 
 
 8, 529, 954 
 
 18, 811,. 511 
 
 1,260,284 
 
 Value. 
 
 $106, 032, 460 
 
 12,339,715 
 1,799,815 
 
 305, 438 
 1,051,677 
 
 373, 437 
 
 .5.51,069 
 12, 896, .501 
 1,002,407 
 
 577, 638 
 8, 414, 670 
 18, 930, 437 
 
 688, 680 
 1,848,822 
 5, 168, 321 
 
 264,546 
 
 673, 4.56 
 7, .593, 413 
 1,761,098 
 8, 805, 995 
 19,626,499 
 1, 362, 827 
 
 1 Includes Clinton, Elk, Greene, and Lycoming. (Clinton and Elk counties each had a production exceeding 200,000 tons, but are not shown separately in order 
 to avoid disclosing the operations of individual operators. ) 
 
 Tennessee. — The great Appalachian coal tields cross 
 the eastern central portion of Tennessee from north- 
 east to southwest, the northern limit extending from 
 Cmiiberland Gap, in Claiborne county, on the east, to 
 Isham, in Scott county, on the west, a distance of about 
 45 miles. The coal bearing area narrows considerabi}- 
 toward the south, until near the center of the state, 
 where it again widens out and is divided into two sepa- 
 rate parallel basins. Farther south, in Alabama, it 
 broadens still more, and covers nearly 50 per cent of 
 the northern half of that state. 
 
 The coal fields of Tennessee are divided into two 
 principal districts, the Jellico, in the northern half, and 
 the Chattanooga, in the southern portion, the geo- 
 graphic division being made by the Emer}' river, a 
 branch of the Tennessee river, which crosses the field 
 from west to east through the southern portion of Mor- 
 gan county. The Jellico district is subdivided into 
 three distinct basins, the Jellico and the Middlesboro 
 basins on the north, both of which extend into Ken- 
 tucky, and the Wartburg basin, in the southern portion 
 of the district. The Chattanooga district is divided 
 into two long parallel basins referred to above, the 
 one to the east being known as the Walden, and the one 
 to the west as the Sewanee. 
 
 The Middlesboro basin, the northeastern extremity 
 of the field in Tennessee, embraces portions of Camp- 
 bell and Claiborne counties in Tennessee, and Bell 
 county in Kentucky. It is a long, narrow syncline, 
 extending in a northeast-southwest direction, and 
 separated fi'oui the Jellico basin on the northwest by 
 an unproductive area known as the Pineville anticline. 
 The basin contains several coal beds of workable thick- 
 
 ness, but only one, known localh- as the Bryson bed, is 
 mined at the present time. 
 
 The Jellico basin forms the western part of the coal 
 field in northern Tennessee, and embraces portions of 
 Scott and Campbell counties, in that state, and por- 
 tions of Whitley and Knox counties, in Kentucky. The 
 coal bearing formations in this basin are thinner than 
 those in the Middlesboro basin, thinning out rapidlj" 
 toward the northwest. The number and thickness of 
 the coal beds also decrease in this portion. The prin- 
 cipal development has been in the eastern part of the 
 basin, along the line of the Southern Railwaj-, where 
 what is known as the Jellico bed is extensivelj' worked. 
 The coal from this Vied is well known as a high-grade 
 steam coal. 
 
 The Wartburg basin, in the southern portion of the 
 Jellico district, underlies portions of Morgan, Anderson, 
 and Scott counties. The principal developments have 
 been along the eastern border, Oliver Springs, Brice- 
 ville, and Coal Creek being the chief mining centers. 
 
 In the Chattanooga district the Walden basin, on the 
 east, extends through portions of Roane, Rhea, Hamil- 
 ton, and Marion counties, in a long, narrow belt run- 
 ning from northeast to southwest. The developments 
 have been principally on the eastern liordcr, along the 
 line of the Cincinnati Southern Railway. 
 
 The Sewanee basin lies west of the Sequatchie valle}^, 
 which separates it from the Walden basin. A large 
 portion of the workable coal in this basin is found in 
 what is known as the Sewanee lied, which, next to the 
 Pittsburg bed of Pennsylvania, is probabh' the most 
 regular and persistent in the United States. The Sewa- 
 nee bed extends to the northern part of the state and 
 
698 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 into Kentucky, where, however, it is at greater depth 
 and is not worlved at present. 
 
 As in the ease of the neighboring states of Kentu(_'lty 
 and Alabama, tiie earliest official record of coal produc- 
 tion in Tennessee was that for the census year 1860, 
 when 165,300 tons were reported, although it is known 
 that some coal was mined in all of these states prior to 
 and during the Civil War. The census of 1870 reported 
 the coal production of Tennessee as 119,428 short tons. 
 The Tenth Census, covering the fiscal year ending ,)une 
 30, 1880, reported the production of the state at 195,131 
 short tons, valued at $629,721, an average of $1.27 per 
 ton. The Eleventh Census showed the total produc- 
 tion of the state to be 1,925,689 short tons, valued at 
 $2,338,309, an average of $1.21 per ton. The increase 
 in production from the Tenth to the Eleventh Census 
 was 289 per cent, and the value of the product increased 
 271 per cent during the same period. In 1902 the pro- 
 duction of Tennessee amounted to 1:, 382, 968 short tons, 
 valued at $5,399,721, an average of $1.23 per ton. 
 
 The statistics of production during 1902, by counties, 
 with the distribution of the product for consumption, 
 are shown in Table 16. 
 
 Table 40. — Coal production of Temiessee, hy counties: 1903. 
 
 
 
 Sold to 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 local 
 
 Usedat 
 
 
 
 
 
 Loaded 
 
 trade 
 
 ™'"'^'* Made 
 
 
 
 Aver- 
 
 COUNTY. 
 
 at mines 
 for ship- 
 ment 
 (short 
 tons}. 
 
 and 
 used by 
 em- 
 ploy- 
 ees 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 t,^ into 
 steam p^vp 
 
 r\ (Sort 
 
 (^^t '°-)- 
 
 tons). 
 
 quantity 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Total 
 value. 
 
 age 
 price 
 per 
 ton. 
 
 Total 
 
 3,417,409 
 
 88,369 
 
 63,283 813,907 
 
 4,382,968 
 
 $5,399,721 
 
 31.23 
 
 
 751, 687 
 488, 429 
 
 3,201 
 27,913 
 
 4,388 
 
 17,823 120,000 
 
 769, 276 
 6.54, 165 
 
 892,437 
 978, 575 
 
 1.18 
 
 
 1.50 
 
 Claiborne 
 
 694,987 
 
 15, 710 
 
 4,900 . 33,168 
 
 748, 765 
 
 815, 285 
 
 1.09 
 
 
 107, 450 
 
 6.50 
 
 1,482 1 
 
 109, 582 
 
 105, 271 
 
 0.96 
 
 
 264,093 
 221,116 
 
 622 
 13.8.58 
 
 2,6.58 1 65,177 
 714 ' 76,7.58 
 
 332, ,550 
 312,446 
 
 404, 855 
 456,436 
 
 1.22 
 
 Marion 
 
 1.46 
 
 Morgan 
 
 357,940 
 
 1,408 
 
 6,696 103, .598 
 
 469, 642 
 
 518, 374 
 
 1.10 
 
 Rhea 
 
 .56, 744 
 
 7,461 
 
 3,389 172,103 
 
 239, 697 
 
 282,838 
 
 1.18 
 
 Scott 
 
 74, 480 
 
 6,496 
 
 5,640 11,913 
 
 98, 529 
 
 143, .538 
 
 1.46 
 
 other counties 1... 
 
 400, 483 
 
 11,0,50 
 
 15, .593 231,190 
 
 658, 316 
 
 802, 112 
 
 1.22 
 
 1 Includes Bledsoe, Franklin, Hamilton, Overton, Roane, Sequatchie, and 
 White. 
 
 Of the 16 coal producing counties in the state of Ten- 
 nessee, there were 7 the output of which in 1902 ex- 
 ceeded 200,000 tons each. The statistics of the industry 
 during 1902 are shown in the following table, the 7 
 counties being given separately: 
 
 Table 47.— SUM5IARY BY COUNTIES HAVING A PRODUCTION OF 200,000 TONS OR OVER; 1902. 
 
 
 Number 
 of mines. 
 
 Number 
 
 of <ipcra- 
 
 tors. 
 
 SALARIED OFFICIALS, 
 CLERKS. ETC. 
 
 WAGE-EARNERS. 
 
 CONTRACT WORK. 
 
 Miscella- 
 neous 
 expenses. 
 
 Cost of sup- 
 plies and 
 materials. 
 
 8390, 561 
 
 PRODUCT. 
 
 COUNTY. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Salaries. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 6,220 
 
 Wages. 
 
 S3, 213, ,532 
 
 Amount 
 paid. 
 
 Number 
 of em- 
 ployees. 
 
 Quantity 
 (Short 
 tons). 
 
 ^'alue. 
 
 Total 
 
 84 
 
 73 
 
 418 
 
 S381, 939 
 
 814,094 
 
 71 
 
 8432,029 
 
 4,382,968 
 
 ri, 399, 721 
 
 
 13 
 15 
 
 8 
 4 
 6 
 
 12 
 6 
 
 20 
 
 8 
 13 
 8 
 3 
 5 
 12 
 4 
 20 
 
 .58 
 77 
 54 
 21 
 42 
 43 
 21 
 102 
 
 55, 600 
 78, 482 
 .52,920 
 17, 129 
 34, 745 
 31,090 
 14,317 
 97, (156 
 
 1,091 
 943 
 736 
 495 
 653 
 365 
 416 
 
 1,.521 
 
 536, 796 
 677, 738 
 424,8.52 
 264,828 
 303, 544 
 173, 167 
 190, (>25 
 742, 983 
 
 9, 247 
 4, 460 
 
 37 
 31 
 
 109,119 
 49, 310 
 93, 2.59 
 30,871 
 45, 611 
 21,548 
 25, 623 
 53, 688 
 
 74, 238 
 68, 766 
 55,090 
 28,346 
 44,989 
 26, 667 
 24, 476 
 78, 009 
 
 7.59,276 
 6.54. 165 
 748. 765 
 332, 550 
 312, 446 
 469, 642 
 239, 697 
 866, 427 
 
 892, 437 
 
 Campbell 
 
 Claiborne 
 
 978, 575 
 815 285 
 
 
 
 404,855 
 
 4.56,436 
 
 518, 374 
 
 ■ 282,838 
 
 1,050,921 
 
 
 
 Morgan 
 
 
 
 
 397 3 
 
 
 
 
 ' Includes Bledsoe, Cumberland, Franklin, Hamilton, Overton, Roane, Scott, Sei[uatchie, and White. 
 
 TiMHtx. — The coal areas of Texas arc included in the 
 Western coal field, which finds its true southern limit in 
 the central part of the state. The Texas areas, however, 
 are separated from the main body of the Western field 
 b\' the Arbuckle mountains, in the Chickasaw and Choc- 
 taw nations of Indian Territory. 
 
 Extensive beds of ligiiite are found underlying the 
 greater part of the prairie region from the northeastern 
 corner of the state to the Rio (irandc, and an iso- 
 lated basin of bituminous coal occurs in the southwest- 
 ern portion of the state, at Eagle Pass. The jirincipal 
 i)ituminous mines are located along the line of the Texas 
 and Pacific Railway at Weatlierford, in Parker county; 
 atThurber, in Erath count}-; and at Bridgeport, in ^\'is(» 
 county. Ijignitc coal is produced in consideral)le cjuan- 
 tities at Rockdale, in Milam county, and at Calvert, in 
 Robertson county. A considerable amount of bitumi- 
 nous coal is alscj produced at Eagle Pass, in Maverick 
 
 county, and at Santo Tomas, near Laredo, in Webb 
 county. 
 
 No report of coal mining in Texas was made at the 
 Tenth Census. The Eleventh Census reported a total 
 production for 1889 of 128,216 short tons, having a total 
 value of $310,620, or an average of $2.66 per ton. The 
 total amount paid in wages during that year was 
 $256,s;-]l. In 1902 the production amounted to 901,912 
 short tons, valued at $1,177,215, or an average of $1.61 
 per ton. The wages paid in 19o2 amounted to $991,391. 
 Of the total product in 1902, 696,005 short tons, worth 
 $1,326,155. were Ijituminous coal, and 205,907 short 
 tons, worth $151,090, were of the lignite variety. There 
 were 7 counties in which bituminous coal was produced 
 in 1902 and 9 which produced lignite. The production 
 of lignite in the state during the census year was con- 
 siderably reduced by reason of the large production 
 and use of crude petroleum for fuel. 
 
COAL. 
 
 699 
 
 The following- table show?, the prodiietioti of eoul in 
 Texas in IWO'i, b}' groups of counties, ami the distrilm- 
 tioii of the product for coiisuniption: 
 
 Table 48. — I'oul prnihictioti of IVxax. hi/ coiditles: I'.liKi, 
 
 COUNTY. 
 
 Loaded 
 at mines 
 lor ship- 
 ment 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Sold to 
 local 
 trade 
 and used 
 by em- 
 ployees 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Used at 
 mines for 
 
 steam 
 
 and heat 
 
 (short 
 
 tons) . 
 
 Total 
 
 quantity 
 
 (short 
 
 tonsl. 
 
 Total 
 \'alue. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 price 
 per 
 Ion. 
 
 TotiU 
 
 887, 167 
 
 5, .591 
 
 9,154 
 
 901, 912 
 
 $1,477,245 
 
 $1.64 
 
 Bituminous: 
 
 Eastland 
 
 Erath 
 
 Mavericli 
 
 Ptirlcer 
 
 Webb 
 
 ■ t;x3, 315 
 
 ■ '203,822 
 
 4,881 
 710 
 
 7,779 
 1 :A75 
 
 696, 005 
 205, 907 
 
 1,326,1.55 
 1.51,090 
 
 1.91 
 
 Wise 
 
 
 Lignite: 
 
 .\nderson 
 
 Bastr(.)p 
 
 Houstiin 
 
 Medina 
 
 Milam 
 
 73 
 
 
 
 
 Robertson 
 
 Shelby 
 
 Wood' 
 
 
 Western Railway, along the line of which the produc- 
 ing mines are located. There is also a somewhat exten- 
 sive area in the southwestern portion of the state, and 
 one in the southern central portion, neithei' of which 
 has l)een developed to any extent on account of its dis- 
 tance from raili'oad transportation. 
 
 The quality of tlie Utah coal varies from lignite to 
 semibituniinous, Ijufc none of the lignite beds are oper- 
 iited at the present time. The principal production is of 
 bituminous coal, some of which makes a fairly good 
 coke. Of the total production in iyo2, i!30,215 short 
 tons were made into coke in Carbon count}', which is 
 the principal coal producing county in the state, '.:>5.8 
 per cent of the total output in 19(t2 being mined there. 
 The Tenth Census, co\'ering the ti.scal year ending 
 June 30, 1880, reported the coal production of Utah at 
 14,748 short tons, valued at $3.3,645. During the cal- 
 endar \'ear 1889 the output, as reported at the Eleventh 
 Census, was 236,651 short tons, valued at $377,456, or 
 an average of $1.59 per ton. In 1902 the production 
 was 1,574,521 short tons, valued at 11,797,454, or an 
 average of $1.14 per ton. 
 
 Utah.— The coal fields of Utah belong to the areas i The statistics of production and distribution, by coun- 
 included in the Rocky mountain region. Comparati\-ely ties, in 1902 are shown in the following talde: 
 little is known in regard to the total areas underlain bv ^ ,,. ,. , , ,■ ^ ,-, , , ,■ v. , 
 
 , , , ' Table 4:9. — ( Dili jiriidiirliuii uf ( t((li, hi/ coiirilu's: 190S. 
 
 coal in this state, as thev have received less attention 
 than those in most of the other states of the Rockj' 
 mountain system. The principal exploration tmd de- 
 velopments have been along the lines of transportation, 
 and even here only in somewhat scattered localities. 
 It is therefore impossible to estimtite with any degree 
 of accuracy the entire productive tirea. The known 
 coal fields are estimated to contain about 2,0iKi squtire 
 miles. The principal field is located in Carbon, Emery, 
 and Uinta counties, and is an extension westward of 
 the Grand River field of Colorado. So far as known, it 
 exists in a comparatively narrow strip running first 
 southwest and then northwest from the Colorado state 
 
 line, between the 39th and 40th degrees of latitude. It The statistics of the industry. Carbon county being 
 
 is traversed near its western limit by the Rio Grande given separately, are shown in the following tal)le: 
 
 Table 50.— SUMMARY BY COUNTIES HAVINU A PRODUCTIOX OU 200,000 TONS OR OVER: 1902. 
 
 Used at 
 
 mines 
 
 for 
 
 Loaded at trade 
 
 mines for and . 
 
 shipment' used ^*™?^ 
 
 (.short Ibyem- ''"" 
 
 I ployees 
 (.short 
 tons) . 
 
 1,277,343 I '21,. 531 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Emery 
 
 Summit 
 
 Uinta 
 
 Iron 
 
 Sanpete 
 
 1, '226, .542 
 
 8, 501 
 4,718 
 4,062 
 2,340 
 
 ■,141 i 1,910 
 
 42, 460 
 1,'200 
 
 heat 
 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Made 
 into 
 coke 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Total 
 
 
 quantity 
 
 Total 
 
 (short 
 
 value. 
 
 tons). 
 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 price 
 per 
 ton. 
 
 46,432 230,215 , 1,574,.521 $1,797,4.54 Sl.U 
 
 42, 431 
 "'3,'66i' 
 
 230,215 1,. 507, 689 
 
 4,718 
 
 49, 523 
 
 3, 540 
 
 9, 051 
 
 1, 697, 986 
 
 5, 2.50 
 70,136 
 
 6. 250 
 
 17,8:M 
 
 1.13 
 1.11 
 1.42 
 
 1.77 
 
 1. 97 
 
 
 
 Number 
 
 SAL.1EIED OFFICHLS, 
 CLERKS, ETC. 
 
 AVAGE-E.\RNEKS. 
 
 CO.VTR-\CT WORK. 
 
 Miscella- 
 neous 
 expenses. 
 
 Cost of sup- 
 plies anrt 
 materials. 
 
 PRODUCT. 
 
 COUNTY. 
 
 Number „{ ope^a- 
 of mmes.^ jpi;,^ 
 
 Number. 
 
 Salaries. 
 
 j Average 
 number. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 P'"'^- ployees. 
 
 Quantity 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Value. 
 
 Total 
 
 Carbi )n 
 
 other counties 1 
 
 39 
 
 36 
 
 07 
 
 $80,065 , 1,.576 
 
 $1,254,090 
 
 $349 2 
 
 $94, 123 
 
 $196,114 
 
 1.574,. 521 
 
 $1, 797, 454 
 
 10 i 8 " 59 
 29 9>^ \ J^ 
 
 73, '2.55 1,194 
 6,810 1 82 
 
 1,191,873 
 62, '217 
 
 310 , 2 
 
 S7,057 1S5, l.ss 
 7 066 10 i:i'>t; 
 
 1,507,689 
 66, 832 
 
 1 . 697. 9S6 
 99. 16S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Includes Emery, Iron, Sanpete, Summit, and Uinta. 
 
 Vlrf/iitia. — There are three distinct coal producing 
 areas in Virginia. The first of these is the Richmond 
 basin, embracing Henrico, Chesterfield, and Goochland 
 counties, and parts of Powhatan and Amelia, in the 
 eastern portion of the state. This- area is placed first. 
 
 not because of its importance in production at present, 
 but because of the fact that the earliest production of 
 bituminous coal in the United States, as far as known, 
 was obtained from it. The second is an isolated area 
 found in Montgomery and Pulaski counties, in the 
 
700 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 southwestern portion of the state, where some semi- 
 anthracite is produced, principally for local consump- 
 tion. The third, and by far the most important in 
 point of production and area, is the portion of the great 
 Appalachian region which crosses the southwestern 
 coiner of the state. A portion of this area, in Taze- 
 well count}', contains the famous Pocahontas bed, one 
 of the highest grades of coking and steam coal to be 
 found in the United States. The coal beds in Wise 
 county appear to be a continuation of the ]\Iiddles- 
 boro coal series of Kentucky. There are found within 
 this coal bearing series in Wise county six different 
 coal seams, all of which are of workable thickness. 
 Developments in Wise county began with the construc- 
 tion of the Clinch valley branch of the Norfolk and 
 Western Railway. It is now by far the most impor- 
 tant coal producing county in the state. 76.1 percent of 
 the entire output lieing mined in this district. 
 
 Although now of little commercial importance, the 
 Richmond basin of Virginia was the first bituminous 
 coal area in the United States to Ite de^'eloped, it having 
 been reported that about fifty-four tbou.sand tons were 
 produced here in 1822. Ten years later, in 1832, the 
 production is reported to have amounted to 132,()(»(J 
 short tons. With the development of other areas more 
 favorably endowed in quality of coal and in ease of 
 mining it, the importance of the Richmond liasin as a 
 source of supply rapidly waned, and by the middle of 
 the last century production had almost entirely ceased. 
 Attempts to reestablish the industiy in this district in 
 recent j'ears have proved expensive and unsuccessful, 
 and although a small amount continues to he mined for 
 restricted local consumption tlie field is practicallv 
 abandoned. 
 
 ^A'ith the dev(dopnient of the Pocahontas region which 
 followed the construction of the Norfolk and Western 
 Raiiwa\' in 1883, Virginia resumed some importance as 
 a coal producing state. In the census year ending 
 
 June 30, 18S(>, the production of the state was reported 
 as 43,079 short tons, valued at $y9,802. The first coal 
 shipped from the Pocahontas or Flat Top region (whicli 
 includes McDowell and Mei-ccr counties in West Vir- 
 ginia as well as Tazewell county in Virginia) was from 
 the Virginia side of the line. This shipment was made 
 by the Southwest Virginia Improvement Company from 
 Pocahontas, and amounted to 68,127 short tons. In the 
 calendar year 1889, according to the Eleventh Census, 
 the production of the state was 865,786 short tons, 
 valued at $801,175, all but about 200,000 tons of this 
 product being from the Pocahontas mines in Tazewell 
 county. The development worlv in Wise county began 
 in 1891 with the building of the Clinch valley extension 
 of the Norfolk and Western Railway. Shipments began, 
 from this new field in 1893. In 1902 the production 
 was 3,182,993 short tons, valued at $2,513,595. The 
 average price per ton in 1889 was 93 cents. In 1902 it 
 was 80 cents. 
 
 The statistics of production, by counties, and the dis- 
 tribution of the product for consumption are shown in 
 the following ta))le: 
 
 Table 51. — (^jnl production of ]'irg'mia, by coimtiea: ItiOJ. 
 
 4 
 
 COUNTY. 
 
 Loaded at 
 
 minesfor 
 
 shipment 
 
 (short 
 
 tons). 
 
 Sold to 
 
 local 
 
 trade 
 
 and 
 
 u.sed by 
 
 em- 
 ployees 
 (.short 
 tons). 
 
 Used at 
 
 the 
 mines 
 
 for 
 steam 
 and 
 heat 
 (short 
 tons) . 
 
 Made into Total 
 coke , quantity 
 {.short 1 (short 
 tons). ' tons). 
 
 Total 
 value. 
 
 .\ver- 
 age 
 
 price 
 per 
 ton. 
 
 Total... 
 
 1,444, .559 
 
 20,916 ; 32,447 1,6S5, 071 3,182,993 
 
 S2, ,543, 595 
 
 30, 716 
 
 684, 663 
 
 1,782, ,583 
 
 45,633 
 
 SO. 80 
 
 Montsomerv. 
 Tazewell...'.. 
 
 Wise 
 
 Clicaterfleld.. 
 Pulaski 
 
 7,911 
 538, 854 
 876,257 
 
 } 22, ,537 
 
 4, ,175 
 9, 232 
 6,809 
 
 > 12,786 
 
 13,216 1 162,451 723,7.53 
 17,731 j 1,. 522, 620 2,422,417 
 
 1,500 1 24,037 
 
 2.40 
 0.95 
 0.74 
 
 1.90 
 
 The statistics for the mining of coal in Virginia, in 
 1902, liv counties, are as follows: 
 
 Table 52.— SUMMARY BY COUXTIES HAVING A PRODUCTION OF 200,000 TONS OR OVER: 1902. 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 mines. 
 
 Tazewell 
 
 Wise 
 
 Other counties'. 
 
 Number 
 of opera- 
 tors. 
 
 .SALARIED OFFICIALS, 
 CLERKS, ETC. 
 
 Number. ' Salaries. 
 
 179 I S155,930 
 
 39 
 1:53 
 
 37, 050 
 
 114, ,1,55 
 
 4, 025 
 
 \\'A(:E-EARNERS. 
 
 .Vverase 
 number. 
 
 3, 004 
 
 477 
 ,119 
 lUK 
 
 Wages, 
 
 91,407,867 I 
 
 268,715 
 
 1,101,863 
 
 37, 289 
 
 CONTRACT WORK. 
 
 Amount 
 paid. 
 
 Number 
 of em- 
 ployees. 
 
 827, 600 
 
 52 
 
 
 
 27, 600 
 
 52 
 
 Miseella- 
 
 neous 
 expenses. 
 
 S315, 384 
 
 '122,075 
 
 190, 104 
 
 3, 205 
 
 Cost of 
 su|iplies 
 
 aixt 
 materials. 
 
 S215, 458 
 
 57, .515 
 
 156, 682 
 
 2, 361 
 
 Quantity 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 3, 182, 993 
 
 723, 753 
 
 2, 422, 417 
 
 36, 823 
 
 Value 
 
 ?2, 543, .595 
 
 684, 663 
 
 1,782,583 
 
 76, 349 
 
 1 Includes clicstiTlielil, Montgomery, and I'ulnski 
 
 Washuii/f(iii.-'Vh.c coal fiidds of Washington are 
 found in the western and central [lortions of the state. 
 There arc four principal basins or areas, three <;f them 
 in the western jiart of the statt.', lying in an almost di- 
 rectly north and south line, and oni.' in Kittitas county, 
 near the center. The three former are known as the 
 Northern and Southern Puget Sound coal fields and the 
 
 Southwestern coal field. The field in Kittitas county, 
 in the central portion of the state, has been designated 
 as the Rosiyn Iwisin, fi-oui the location of some of its 
 principal operations. The Northern Puget Sound field 
 includes the coal mines located in Skagit and Whatcom 
 counties, in the northwestern corner of the state. The 
 Southern Puget Sound coal field includes the coal areas 
 
COAL. 
 
 701 
 
 in King-, Pierce, and Thurston counties, east of tiie 
 cities of Seattle and Taconia. The Southwestern field 
 is a siuall one, lying directly south of Puoet sound. 
 The Roslyu tield, in Kittitas county, is the most im- 
 portant one in point of production, nearly one-half of 
 the entire output of the state being mined in this 
 count}'. 
 
 Washington is the only one of the Pacific coast 
 states producing true coal, all of the product of Cali- 
 fornia and Oregon being lignite. Some of the Wash- 
 ington coals approach anthracite in character, and some 
 natural coke has been found. A small amount of 
 lignite is also produced in the state. Some of the 
 bituminous coals make a fair grade of coke, and some 
 coke is manufactured in the state each year. 
 
 Coal mining began in the middle of the last century, 
 in the vicinity of Bellingham bay, in the northwestern 
 part of the then territory of Washington. Operations 
 in this locality were discontinued in 1879 and have not 
 been resumed. Active development of the other coal 
 fields of the state began about 1882, since which time 
 there has been an almost steady grow,th in output. At 
 the Tenth Census the coal production from Washington 
 was 145,015 short tons, valued at $389,046. In 1889, 
 according to the Eleventh Census, the output was 
 
 1,030,578 short tons, valued at 12,393,2.38, or an aver- 
 age of $2.32 per ton. Washington's coal production in 
 1902 was 2,681,214 short tons, valued at $4,.572,295, 
 or an average of $1.71 per ton. 
 
 The amount paid in wages in 1889 was $1,747,080. 
 The wages paid in 1902 amounted to $3,220,263. 
 
 In the following table are shown the details of pro- 
 duction, by counties, during 1902, with the distribution 
 of the product for consumption: 
 
 Table .5.3. — Coal production of Washington, by counties: 1902. 
 
 COUNTY. 
 
 Loaded 
 
 at mines 
 
 for sliip- 
 
 ment 
 
 (sliort 
 tons). 
 
 Sold to 
 local 
 trade 
 and 
 u.5ed 
 by em- 
 ployees 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Used at 
 mines 
 
 for 
 steam 
 and 
 heat 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 ¥^'1'^ Total 
 
 1 
 
 Total 
 value. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 price 
 per 
 
 ton. 
 
 Total 
 
 2,498,177 
 
 29, 287 
 
 97,003 
 
 .%,747 ■ 2,681,214 $4,. 572, 295 
 
 a. 71 
 
 
 
 King 
 
 Kittitas 
 
 Pierce 
 
 940,140 * 18,017 
 
 1,224,371 7,805 
 
 311 630 2 .'SSq 
 
 59,731 
 18,744 
 
 13,288 
 5,240 
 
 '• 1,017,888 1,988,326 
 
 1,250,920 1,712,780 
 
 56 146 383, 603 799. 774 
 
 1.95 
 1.37 
 2.08 
 
 Other counties' 
 
 22,0E6 
 
 926 
 
 601 28,803 
 
 71,416 
 
 2.48 
 
 'Includes Lewis, Skagit, and Whatcom. 
 
 The statistics for the industrv are shown in the fol- 
 lowing table, counties having an output of 200,000 tons 
 or more being given separately: 
 
 T.A.BLE 54.— SUMMARY BY COUNTIES HAVING A PRODUCTION OF 200,000 TONS OR OVER: 1902. 
 
 
 K umber 
 
 of 
 mines. 
 
 Number ' 
 of opera- 
 tors. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 SALARIED OFFICIALS. 
 CLERKS, ETC. 
 
 AVAGE-EARNERS. 
 
 CONTRACT WORK. 
 
 Miscella- 
 neous 
 expenses. 
 
 Cost of 
 
 supplies 
 
 and 
 
 materials. 
 
 PRODUCT. 
 
 COUNTY. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Salaries. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Amount 
 paid. 
 
 Number 
 of em- 
 ployees. 
 
 Quantity 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Value. 
 
 Total 
 
 27 
 
 22 
 
 160 
 
 8221,915 
 
 3, 931 
 
 $3, 220, 263 
 
 «200 
 
 3 
 
 $180,213 
 
 $473,254 
 
 2,681,214 $4,-572,295 
 
 
 
 13 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 V 
 
 1 
 
 61 
 28 
 61 
 10 
 
 77, 938 
 59, 010 
 75,375 
 9, 592 
 
 1,.522 
 1,525 
 
 775 
 109 
 
 1,216,4.51 
 
 1, 332, 133 
 
 689,611 
 
 82,0(;8 
 
 
 
 93,008 190,352 
 29 09'> : 165 Ifin 
 
 1,017,888 1,988,325 
 1 2,50 920 1 712 780 
 
 Kittitas . . 
 
 
 Pierce 
 
 
 63,807 
 4,306 
 
 106,1.54 
 11,. 598 
 
 383 603 799 774 
 
 Other counties ^ 
 
 
 28 803 ' 71 416 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' Includes Lewis. Skagit, and Whatcom. 
 
 West Virginia. — In the amount of area underlaid by 
 coal West Virginia ranks first among the Elastern 
 states, the coal fields of which belong to the Appalachian 
 s_vstem. Nearly the entire state (17,280 square miles 
 in all) is included in the coal bearing regions. Within 
 the boundaries of this great coal field in AA'est Virginia 
 there are no less than 21 workable coal seams, chief 
 among which is the Pittsljurg bed, which underlies a 
 large portion of southeastern Ohio, southwestern 
 Pennsylvania, and furnishes the famous Big Vein of 
 Maryland's coal areas. This great bed in West Vir- 
 ginia extends from the northern boundaries of the 
 state, where it occurs at the bottom of the upper pro- 
 ductive measures, to the Flat Top or Pocahontas dis- 
 tricts, in the southern portion, where it is found among 
 the lower coal measures. In the northern part of the 
 state the Pittsburg bed attains a thickness of from 
 14 to 16 feet, and is exceptionally free from impurities 
 in the form of slate partings or sulphur bands. 
 
 No state in the Union is more favored by nature in 
 the number and extent of its bituminous coal seams 
 and in the variety of high-grade qualities of coal than 
 is West Virginia. The best grades of coking, gas, 
 steam, and domestic coals are produced within its 
 borders. 
 
 The principal developments in coal production have 
 been along the lines of the three railroad systems cross- 
 ing the state from east to west. These are the Balti- 
 more and Ohio, which cro.sses the northern part of the 
 state from Piedmont to Parkersburg, and the Chesa- 
 peake and Ohio, and the Norfolk and Western, which 
 traverse the southern coal fields, the former from Hinton 
 and the latter from Pocahontas, on the east, to the Ohio 
 river, on the west. The Coal and Coke Railroad, now 
 building from Elkins to Charleston, and the extensions 
 by the Wabash interests, which have secured control 
 of the West Virginia Central and Pittsburg Railway, 
 are expected to develop some of the rich coal lands in 
 
702 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 the interior of the stnte in the near future. The Deep- 
 water Railroad. ])uildino- from the station of Deepwater, 
 on the Chesapeake and Ohio, to the Norfollv and Western 
 Railway, will reat'h hitherto untouched areas lying' 
 between those railroads. 
 
 West Virginia ranked third in 19o2 among the eoal 
 producing states, with Pennsylvania first and Illinois 
 second; but with the completion of the railroad exten- 
 sions now in progress and the additional tonnage which 
 will result therefrom, the chances are that it will in a 
 few 3'ears, at most, rank next to Pennsylvania. 
 
 Coal production in West Virginia began about 186n 
 and was entirely from the Piedmont region, to whicli 
 the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad gave access. Until 
 the completion of the Chesapeake and Ohio and the 
 iSorfolk and ^^'estern railways all of the output was 
 from the northern part of the state. The Tenth Census, 
 covering the hscal year ending June 3t(, 1880, reported 
 the production of coal in West ^'irginia at 1.8i'y.S4:4: 
 short tons, valued at %i2,ttl3,671, or an a\'erage of !?1.10 
 per ton. In the calendar year 18S'.t, according to the 
 Eleventh Census, the production was (i,:231,S80 short 
 tons, valued at $5,()86.5S4:, or an average of 82 cents 
 per ton. In 1902 the production amounted to 24.570,826 
 short tons, valued at S24, 7-18. 658. or an average of %>1.()1 
 per ton. 
 
 A relatively small amount of coal is consumed at iron 
 works in the vicinitj' of Wheeling, at salt works along 
 the Ohio river, and in some unimportant manufacturing 
 establishments throughout the state. But with these 
 exceptions all of the product, save that foi- household 
 consumption, is shi]5ped out of the state or is used by 
 the railroads engaged in its transportation. Large 
 quantities are shipped from the (Cistern paits of the 
 
 state to the seaports of Baltimore, Norfolk, and New- 
 port News, and from these ports to coastwise and 
 foreign markets, and from the western fields by rail 
 and river to interior and gulf points. 
 
 The production by counties in 1902, with the distri- 
 bution of the product for consumption, is shown in the 
 following table: 
 Table 55. — Coal production of West Virginia, by counties: 190S. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Rjirbfiur 
 
 Braxton 
 
 Bnioke 
 
 Fayette 
 
 Gilmer 
 
 Grant 
 
 Klancock 
 
 Harrison 
 
 Kanawha 
 
 Lewis 
 
 McDowell 
 
 Marion 
 
 Marshall 
 
 Mason 
 
 Mercer 
 
 ^Hne^al 
 
 Mingo 
 
 M»jnongalia 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Preston 
 
 Putnam 
 
 Raleigh 
 
 Randolph 
 
 Taylor 
 
 Tn'cker 
 
 Other counties! 
 
 Loaded 
 at mines 
 for ship- 
 ment 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 19,847,321 
 
 465, 611 
 
 31 ;, 3.W 
 3,979,127 
 
 2.'^, 623 
 1,936,727 
 1,765,272 
 
 3,761,702 
 
 2,817,880 
 
 169,484' 
 
 73, 105' 
 993,838: 
 509, 796 
 794, 368 
 
 96, 774 
 137, 981 
 512, 641 
 182, 087 
 273, 548 
 310, 929 
 353,014 
 634, 094 
 
 39, 4.52 
 
 Sold to 
 
 local 
 
 trade 
 
 and 
 
 used by 
 
 em- 
 ployees 
 (sliort 
 tons). 
 
 Used at 
 mines 
 
 for 
 steam 
 and 
 heat 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Made 
 into 
 coke 
 (short 
 tons ) . 
 
 623,903 267,8851 3,831,717 
 
 21,835: 
 
 4,910 
 
 3, 847 
 
 48, .570 
 
 3,440 
 
 2,748 
 
 .53, 721 
 
 22, 920! 
 
 31,4231 
 
 540' 
 
 67,210! 
 
 24,841^ 
 
 79,090 
 
 68, 587' 
 
 9,166 
 
 5, 096 
 
 7,844 
 
 1,943 
 
 90, 762 
 
 23, 146 
 
 1,146 
 
 3, 327 
 
 4,965: 
 
 13,474, 
 
 23, 792 i 
 
 5, .570! 
 
 9,801 
 
 25, 578 
 
 •:;;;;;;;;;;; 
 
 .54, 731 
 
 692,684 
 
 "'i'.mi'. 
 
 26, 166 
 
 13,341 
 
 1. 
 
 '"'si,' 784 
 38, .581 
 
 Total 
 
 qnantity 
 
 (short 
 
 tons). 
 
 46, .514! 
 .54,6761 
 6, 2171 
 3, 035' 
 6,291 
 101 
 3. 972 
 437 
 1..508 
 
 14, .5.53 
 1,026 
 4,942i 
 
 625' 
 2, ](i2 
 
 15, 1.5(1 
 400 
 
 1, .585, 229 
 499, 797 
 
 238, 984 
 
 
 .55, 320 
 
 40,096 
 
 83,626 
 '496,'638 
 
 512,725 
 
 4,910 
 
 40, 372 
 
 4, 775, 112 
 
 3,440 
 
 2, 776 
 
 80, 400 
 
 2, 066, 597 
 
 1,848,617 
 
 540 
 
 5, 459, 666 
 
 3, 397, 194 
 
 243, 791 
 
 144, 727 
 
 1,248,279 
 
 .514, 993 
 
 806, 174 
 
 1.53,474 
 
 230, 241 
 
 .590, 436 
 
 184,259 
 
 2.81,817 
 
 400, 145 
 
 368, 6.50 
 
 1,166,080 
 
 45,422 
 
 Total 
 value. 
 
 $24, 748, 6.58 
 
 Ayer- 
 age 
 
 price 
 per 
 to]]. 
 
 SI. 01 
 
 560, 068 
 
 5, 665 
 
 53, 868 
 
 5, 832, 098 
 
 3,480 
 
 3,226 
 
 108, 9,53 
 
 1,985,078 
 
 2, 226, 383 
 
 405 
 
 4, 768, 4.56 
 
 3,090,184 
 
 245, 360 
 
 148, 2.54 
 
 1,100,423 
 
 450, 168 
 
 786, 165' 
 
 124.',I6S 
 
 243, 7.58 
 
 698, 447 
 
 274, 992 
 
 359, 261 
 
 410, 945 
 
 339, 459 
 
 858, 245 
 
 70, 370 
 
 1.09 
 1.15 
 1.33 
 1.22 
 1.01 
 ].I6 
 1.36 
 0.96 
 1.20 
 0.75 
 0.87 
 0.91 
 1.01 
 1.02 
 0.88 
 0.87 
 0.98 
 0.81 
 1.06 
 1.18 
 1.49 
 1.27 
 1.03 
 0.92 
 0.74 
 1. .55 
 
 1 Includes Clay. Nicholas Ritchie, and T'jjshur. 
 
 The statistics of the industry in the counties, the pro- 
 duction of which was 20tX<Mi<' short tons or more, are 
 shown in the followinc;' table: 
 
 Table 50.— SUMMAKY BY COUNTIES HAVINti A PRODUCTION OF 200,000 TONS nil (IVKR: 1902 
 
 Total . 
 
 Barbour . . 
 Fayette... 
 Harrison . 
 Kanawha 
 M. Dowel I 
 .Marion . . . 
 Marshall . 
 Mercer . . . 
 Mineral .. 
 Mingo.-.. 
 Ohio 
 
 Preston 
 
 Raleigh 
 
 Randolph 
 
 Taylor 
 
 Tucker 
 
 Otlier counties 
 
 =11-^^ 
 
 SALAHIED OFFICIAL.'!, 
 CLERKS, ETC. 
 
 44 
 
 427 
 243 
 
 $1, 761), 448 
 
 220 
 159 
 264 
 216, 
 15, 
 76, 
 14, 
 63, 
 15, 
 39, 
 28, 
 42, 
 29, 
 81, 
 .59, 
 
 560 
 912 
 325 
 379 
 890 
 382 
 051 
 102 
 897 
 960 
 .S41 
 78'> 
 960 
 240 
 050 
 286 
 810 
 
 WAGE-EARXERS. 
 
 .'Average 
 number. 
 
 23,914 
 
 621 
 .5, 227 
 
 1,898 
 
 2, 306 
 
 4,648 
 
 2, 4,57 
 
 215 
 
 990 
 
 469 
 
 1,006 
 
 287 
 
 611 
 
 307 
 
 291 
 
 335 
 
 1 , 270 
 
 Wages. 
 
 J13,524,429 
 
 336, 446 
 
 3,131,-112 
 
 l,0.SO,431 
 
 1,291, .561 
 
 2,. 509, 446 
 
 1,407,444 
 
 1.52, 135 
 
 ,545,140 
 
 297, 4.S6 
 
 4,so, ISO 
 
 172,321 
 
 370, 285 
 
 204,570 
 
 1.86,369 
 
 192,381 
 
 675, 394 
 
 491 , 428 
 
 CONTRACT \VORK. 
 
 Amount 
 paid. 
 
 Number 
 of em- 
 ployees. 
 
 S23,0 
 
 13,.5.S0 
 1,.500 
 
 ,0.50 
 300 
 
 1,000 
 '2^239' 
 
 Miseella- Costofsun 
 
 neous {.lies and 
 
 expenses, materials 
 
 $2, 087, ,528 $2,327,377 
 
 12,865 
 
 533,673 
 
 266,012 
 
 170.101 
 
 ,501,367 
 
 196, 974 
 
 9, 236i 
 
 131,240 
 
 11,023 
 
 89, .527 
 
 11,411 
 
 12,813 
 
 40, 885 
 
 8,040 
 
 28,215 
 
 20, 4.50 
 
 43,. 576 
 
 86, 560 
 476. 728 
 2.S0, 506 
 1S1,,S4U 
 360, 261 
 242,814 
 
 17,377 
 1.59,983 
 
 40, 840 
 
 49, 907 
 
 89, 835 
 15, ,K94 
 33, ,si;3 
 34,.5,S0 
 143,251 
 98, 421 
 
 Quantity 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Value. 
 
 24, .570, 826 
 ,512, 726 
 
 $24,748,6.58 
 
 .560, 068 
 
 4,775.112 
 
 5,832,098 
 
 2, 066, .597 
 
 1,985,078 
 
 1,848,617 
 
 2, 226, 3.83 
 
 6,459,6.55 
 
 4,768,455 
 
 3,397,194 
 
 3,090,1,M 
 
 243, 791 
 
 2t;i, 350 
 
 1,248,279 
 
 1,100,423 
 
 514,993 
 
 4.50,16s 
 
 806, 174 
 
 786, 165 
 
 230, 241 
 
 213, 758 
 
 590, 436 
 
 698,447 
 
 281,817 
 
 359, 251 
 
 40(^,145 
 
 410, 945 
 
 368, 660 
 
 339, 459 
 
 1,166,0.H0 
 
 .S;)8,245 
 
 66tl, 320 
 
 794,181 
 
 1 Includes Braxton, Brooke, Clay, Gilmer, Grant, Uaneoek, Lewis, Ma.son, Monongalia, Nicholas, Putnam, Ritchie, anil Ipshur. 
 
COAL. 
 
 703 
 
 Wijoming. — The coal fields of Wyoming are included 
 among- those of the Rocky mountain area, althoiigli 
 most of the productive areas are in the plains region, 
 east of the mountain ranges. There are no less than 
 fourteen different and rather widely separated fields 
 distributed throughout the state. These different areas 
 are known as (1) the Black Hills held, located in Con- 
 verse and Weston counties, in the northeastern part of 
 the state; (2) the Casper ffeld, a small bituminous area 
 in the eastern part of Natrona county; (3) the Carbon 
 field, and {A) the lianna field, both in Carbon county; 
 (5) the Rawlins field, in the western part of Carbon and 
 eastern part of Sweetwater county; ((!) the Rock 
 Springs field, and (7) the Plenrys Fork field, both in 
 Sweetwater count}-; (8) the Hams Fork, (9) the Almy, 
 and (10) the Sublette fields in Fremont county; (i:-!) the 
 Bighorn, and (14) the Powder river fields in Bighorn 
 county, in the north-central part of the state. 
 
 The printdpal developments have been in the several 
 fields of Carbon, Sweetwater, and Uinta counties, 
 which are traversed b_v the Union Pacific Railroad, and. 
 to a less extent, in Converse, Natrona, Sheridan, and 
 Weston counties, reached by a branch of the Burling- 
 ton system. Sweetwater and Uinta counties together 
 produced 72 per cent of the state's total output in 
 1902. 
 
 Coal mining in what is now the state of Wyoming 
 began in 1865 with a product of 80') tons, so far as re- 
 corded. In 1868 the production of the then territory 
 amounted to 6,92.5 short tons, and in lS7(t the output was 
 
 Table 58.— SUMMARY BY COUNTIES HAVIX(i 
 
 105,295 short tons. The Tenth Census reported a pro- 
 duction of 5H9,595 shoit tons, valued at|l, 080,451, or an 
 average of fl.s8 per ton. According to the Eleventh 
 Census, the production in the calendar year 1889 was 
 1,388,947 short tons, valued at $1,74S,617, or $1.26 per 
 ton. In 1902 the output was 4,429,491 short tons, worth 
 $5,236,33^), an average of $1.18 per ton. At the Tenth 
 Census the total wages paid were $579,566; at the Elev- 
 enth Census the wages paid amounted to $1,553,947, 
 and in 1902 they were $3,207,545. 
 
 The statistics of pi'oduction, by counties, in 1902, 
 with the distribution of the product foi- consumption, 
 are shown in the following table: 
 
 Table 57. — Coal prodaclion of ]\'i/oining, hij counlies: 190i. 
 
 COUNT Y. 
 
 Loadeil 
 at minus 
 for shi[i- 
 ment 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 4,144,4nO 
 
 Sold to 
 local 
 trade 
 and 
 used 
 by em- 
 ploy- 
 ees 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Used 
 
 at the 
 mines 
 
 for 
 steam 
 and 
 heat 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 
 Total 
 value. 
 
 .\vor- 
 
 a^e 
 
 price 
 
 per 
 
 ton. 
 
 Totul 
 
 37,101 209,455 
 
 3S, 485 
 
 4,429,491 185,236,339 
 
 SI. 18 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Converse 
 
 Sweetwater 
 
 Uinta 
 
 C)thL-rcountiesi 
 
 352, (iti7 
 
 65,184 
 
 1,517,583 
 
 1,520,636 
 
 688, 380 
 
 3,374 . 26,166 
 
 945 6, 200 
 
 8,886 68,871 
 
 14,945 59,527 
 
 8,951 48,691 
 
 382, 207 
 
 72, 329 
 
 1,595,340 
 
 225 1 , 595, 333 
 38,260 784,282 
 
 461,338 
 
 95, 690 
 
 1,821,545 
 
 1,756,365 
 
 1,101,401 
 
 1.21 
 1.32 
 1.14 
 1.10 
 1.10 
 
 ^ Includes Bi^lnTn, Cronlc, Fremont. Johnson, Xatrona, Sheridan, and Weston. 
 
 The statistics for the industry during 1902 are shown, 
 by counties producing 20(1,000 tons or more, in the 
 following table: 
 
 A PI-tODUCTION OF 200,000 TONS OK OVER: 1902. 
 
 
 Number 
 of mines. 
 
 Number 
 
 of oper- 
 ators. 
 
 SALARIED OFFICIALS, 
 CLERKS. ETC. 
 
 WAGE-EARNERS. 
 
 CONTRACT WORK. 
 
 Miscella- 
 neous 
 expenses. 
 
 8224, 947 
 
 Cost of sup- 
 plies and 
 materials. 
 
 PROPUCT. 
 
 COUNTY. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Salaries. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Amount ' ^;'™ber 
 ,^ ,- T 01 em- 
 f«"'- ployees. 
 
 Quantitv 
 (short 
 tonsi. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Total 
 
 36 
 
 22 
 
 125 
 
 J159,1.53 ; 
 
 4,197 
 
 83,207,545 
 
 ! 
 812,747 17 
 
 8669,328 
 
 4, 429, 491 
 
 85 236 339 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 9 
 22 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 19 
 42 
 64 
 
 23,347 
 61,921 
 
 83,885 
 
 486 
 1,289 
 2,422 
 
 362,299 
 1,085,018 
 1,760,228 
 
 
 6 
 148,428 
 70, ,513 
 
 59,144 
 311,072 
 299, 112 
 
 382, 207 
 1. .595, 333 
 2,451,951 
 
 461 -3.38 
 
 
 
 
 Other counties i 
 
 12,747 1 17 
 
 3, 018, 636 
 
 includes Bighorn, Converse, Crooli, Fremont, .Johnson, Natrona. Sheridan, Sweetwater, and Weston. (Sweetwater and Weston counties each had a produc- 
 tion exceeding 200,000 tons, but are not shown separatcl.v in order to avoid disclosing the operations of individual operators. ) 
 
 Occurrence. — The bituminous coal fields are scattered 
 widely over the United States and include altogether 
 
 an area of something over three hundred and thirty -rive 
 thousand scjuare miles. It has been customary to con- 
 sider as bituminous coal all varieties from lignite to ,semi- 
 anthracite. The different varieties merge into each 
 other by such indistinguishable gradations that no al)- 
 solute line of demarcation is possible. The general 
 term of "bituminous" coal as used in this report in- 
 cludes, therefore, lignite or brown coal, cannel, block, 
 splint, semibituminous, semianthracite, and, as stated. 
 
 the small anthracite product of Colorado and New 
 Mexico. 
 
 The bituminous areas have been divided by the 
 United States Geological Survej' into the following sub- 
 divisions: (1) Triassic, (2) Appalachian, (3) Northern, 
 (4) Central, (5) Western, (6) Rocky Mountain, and (7) 
 Pacific Coast. They are described briefly, as follows: 
 
 1. The Triassic field embraces the coal beds of the 
 Triassic or New Red Sand.stone formation, and is 
 worked in the counties of Chesterfield and Henrico in 
 Virginia (generally known as the Richmond basin), and 
 
704 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 the coal along the Deep aud Dau river.s in Chatham 
 count}', N. C. The earliest production of hituniiuous 
 coal in the United States was made in the Richmond 
 basin of Virginia. The tirst production from the small 
 area in North Carolina was reported in the census j'ear 
 1889. Only one commercial mine has been opened in 
 the region and the production has not reached any large 
 proportions during the fourteen years that the mine 
 has been operated. 
 
 2. The Appalachian tield, which extends from the 
 northern part of Pennsylvania on the north to the cen- 
 tral part of Alaliama on the south, follows in a south- 
 west direction the Appalachian mountain system. Its 
 entire length is a little over 900 miles and ranges in 
 width from 30 to 180 miles. The area of the coal fields 
 of the Appalachian region is estimated at 70,807 miles, 
 the productive area covering nearly all of western 
 Pennsylvania, the eastern part of Ohio, the western 
 part of Maryland, the southwestern corner of Virginia, 
 nearly all of West Virginia, the eastern part of Ken- 
 tucky, the east-central part of Tennessee, the north- 
 western corner of Georgia, and nearly all of northern 
 Alabama. 
 
 All of the coals produced in this region are of a bitu- 
 minous or semi bituminous variety, except for a small 
 amount of semianthracite mined in Montgomeiy county, 
 in the southwestern partof Virginia. Within this region 
 is found bituminous coal of nearly every variety of 
 chemical composition and physical structure. Within 
 its boundaries are found the famous Connel]s\-ille coking 
 coal, in Fa3'ette and Westmoreland counties. Pa. : the 
 Clearfield and Pittsburg steam coals; the Youghiogheny 
 river gas coals; the famous smithing coals of Blossburg, 
 Pa., and Cumberland, Md.; the gas and coke producing 
 coals of the upper Potomac and upper IMonongahela 
 rivers; the Massillon and Hocking coals of Ohio, noted 
 for their domestic qualities and for their \-alue in the 
 iron reducing furnaces; the coking coals of the Poca- 
 hontas Flat Top region; the steaui, gas, coking, and 
 domestic coal of the New and Kanawha river series; 
 the Jellico coals of southeastern Kentucky and north- 
 eastern Tennessee; and the excellent coking and steam 
 coals of southeastern Tennessee, Alabama, and nortli- 
 western Georgia. 
 
 The production of bituminous coal in the Appalachian 
 region during 1902 was 173,274,801 short tons. In 
 1889, at the taking of the Eleventh Census, this region 
 produced 62,972,222 short tons, and in 1880, at the tak- 
 ing of the Tenth Census, it produced 29,834,022 short 
 tons, showing an inci-ease in 1902 of 110,302,639 tons 
 over 1889 and of 143,440,239 tons over 1880. 
 
 3. The Northern coal field lies altogether in the lowei' 
 peninsula of Michigan, between Lake Michigan and 
 Lake Huron, extending from Jackson county on the 
 south to Roscommon covuitv on the north, and frouj 
 
 Tuscola county on the east to Kent county on the west. 
 It embraces an area of approximately 7,.500 square 
 miles. It is the only known coal field lying in the drain- 
 age basin of the St. Lawrence river within the limits 
 of the United States. The northeastern edge of the 
 field is penetrated by Saginaw bay, through which, with 
 the Saginaw river, it is given easy access to Lake Huron 
 and thence to the ports of the Great Lakes. 
 
 Although coal was produced in this region as early 
 as 183.5, it is only within the last few years that the 
 production has amounted to any great importance. In 
 1880 the Northern coal field produced 100,800 short 
 tons; in 1889 the output had fallen to 67,431 tons. The 
 active development of the region really began in 1897 
 and by 1901 the production had amounted to 1,241,241 
 short tons. Labor troubles in the census year of 1902 
 reduced the output to 964,718 short tons. 
 
 4. The Central coal field includes all the coal produc- 
 ing areas of Indiana, Illinois, and western Kentucky. 
 It extends from the northern part of Illinois (most of 
 the central and southern parts of the state being under- 
 lain by workable coal seams) to the central part of 
 western Kentucky. The field is estimated to contain 
 an area of 42,90() square miles in Illinois. 9,300 square 
 miles in Indiana, and 5,8(i0 square miles in Kentucky, 
 making a total for the entire field of 58,000 square 
 miles. The coal field underlies SO counties in Illinois, 
 26 in Indiana, and 20 in Kentucky, although coal is not 
 at present mined in all of the counties in any of the 
 three states. 
 
 It is from the Indiana portion of this field that most 
 of the well-known " block" domestic ccwil is produced. 
 In the Kentucky portion of the field the coal grades 
 into a quality suitable for coking purposes, and consid- 
 erable (juantities of coke are produced in this portion 
 of the field, although practically no coke is made in 
 either Illinois or Indiana. 
 
 The Central coal field, while fourth in size among 
 the coal fields of the United States, is second in pro- 
 ducing importanc(\ Illinois, which contains nearly 
 three-fourths of the entire area, was second in 1902 
 among the coal producing states. The production from 
 this entire field in 1902 was 46,133,024 short tons, an 
 increase of a litth^ over 180 per cent as compared with 
 1889, when the production was Ki, 240. 314 tons, and of 
 466 per cent as compared with 1880, when the produc- 
 tion Avas 8.150,195 tons. 
 
 5. The Western coal field forms a practically I'ontin- 
 uous belt of coal measure rocks from northern Iowa in 
 a southwesterly direction through central Texas to the 
 Rio Grande, a distance of 880 miles, and underlving a 
 total of 94,076 square miles. It includes the coal 
 l)earing areas of Iowa, Missouri, Nel)raska. Kansas, 
 Indian Territory. Arkansas, and Texas. 
 
 Within its boundaries are found all the Aarieties in- 
 
COAL. 
 
 70 
 
 JD 
 
 eluded under the general head of bituminous coal, from 
 lignite to somianthracite, imnion.se areas in Texas being 
 underlain b_v lignite, while semianthracite is found in 
 Indian Territory and Arkansas. Coking coals are prf)- 
 dueed in Indian Territory, cannel coal is produced in 
 Missouri, and l)lock coal is mined in Iowa. Most of 
 the coal produced is of the Av}% noncoking variety of 
 bituminous coal. 
 
 The production in the census j^ear of 19()-J amounted 
 to 20,T^7,4:!t5 short tons, as compared with l(),(»36,;-5.56 
 short tons in ISyf* and 8,212.787 short tons in ISSO. 
 The development in this region during the last twenty 
 j'ears has been of extraordinary rapidity. 
 
 t). The Rocky Mountain coal field includes the pro- 
 ductive areas in the states lying along the Rocky moun- 
 tain range and also those of North Dakota, although 
 the coal tields of the latter state do not lie within the 
 Rocky mountain s\'stem. The states from which coal has 
 been produced in this held are Colorado, Idaho, Mon- 
 tana, Nevada, North Dakota, Utah, and Wvoming, and 
 the territory of New Mexico. Idaho and Nevada 
 have produced insignificant amounts for purely local 
 consumption. South Dakota has produced an insignifi- 
 cant amount of lignite, but none in the last few j'ears. 
 The known areas cover a little over one hundred 
 thousand square miles of territory. 
 
 The production from the entire region in 1902 was 
 lb,14:9,54:5 short tons, as compared with 5,U4S,-J:13short 
 tons in 1889 and 1,067,314 short tons in 1880. 
 
 7. The Pacitic Coast field embraces the coal produc- 
 
 30223—04 45 
 
 ing areas in the 3 states borrlering on the Pacific ocean — 
 California, Oregon, and Washington, 'i'lie coals are all 
 of the Tertiary age and are hirgely lignitic in character. 
 The only t)ituminous coal produced in the Pacihc coast 
 region is mined in "Washington, all of the product from 
 California and Oregon being lignite. Some of the 
 bituminous coals in Washington possess good coking 
 (juaiities, and some coke is made in the state each j-ear. 
 
 The hrst production in this region was, so far as 
 kiKMvn, in California in 18()1. The Hrst coal mined in 
 Washington was, so far as known, produced in l88n, 
 and it was not until 188.5 that any coal was reported to 
 have been produced in Oregon. All of the growth in 
 the last two decades has Ijeen in the Washington coal 
 fields. The production in California has decreased 
 since 18S0. The production of Oregon in 1902 was 
 about the same as in 1889, and 30 per cent more than 
 in 1885. The production of ^A'ashington, however, has 
 increased from 115,015 short tons in 18S<t to 1,030,578 
 tons in 1889 and 2.6x1,214 tons in 1902. The produc- 
 tion from the entire field has increased from 425,170 
 short tons in 1880 to 1,214,757 tons in 1889 and to 
 2,834,058 tons in 1902. A small production from 
 Alaska. 2,212 tons, is included in this production for 
 1902. 
 
 Table 69 is a detailed summary of the anthracite coal 
 industry by counties, and Table 60 is a detailed sum- 
 mary of the bituminous coal industry by states and 
 territories. 
 
706 
 
 j\lINES AND QUARRIP:S. 
 
 Table oO.^COAL, PENNSYLVANIA ANTHRACITE— DETAILED 8UMMARY, BY COUNTIES: 1902. 
 
 80.75 to 80.99 
 $1.00 to 81.24 
 81.26 to»1.49 
 81.50 to 81.74 
 $1.75 to 81. 99 
 $2.00 to 82.24 
 82.25 to $2.49 
 $2.50 to 82.74 
 $2.75 to 82.99 
 $.3.00 to 83.24 
 $5.25 toW.49 
 Firemen — 
 
 $1.00 to $1.24 
 $1.25to81.4'J 
 81.50 to 81. 7 I 
 gl.V.TtoSl.'.p; 
 $2.00 to 82.2) 
 $2.25 to 82.4:1 
 $2..50toS2,74 
 $2.75 to 82.99 
 
 Number of mines . . . 
 Number of operators 
 Character of ownership: 
 
 Individual 
 
 Firm 
 
 Incorporated company 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Total number 
 
 Total salaries 
 
 General officers- 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Superintendents, etc.— 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Foremen (below grouml )- 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Clerks- 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners; 
 
 Aggregate average number . . . 
 
 Aggregate wages 
 
 Above ground- 
 Total average number 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Engineers, firemen, t 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Boys under 16 years- 
 Ave];age number 
 
 Wages 
 
 All other wage-earners- 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Below ground- 
 Total average number . . 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Miners — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miners' helpers- 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Boys under Iti years- 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 All other wage-earners- 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Average number of wage-earners employed each month 
 Men 16 years and over- 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 Jurje 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 Boys under 16 years- 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 March - . . 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 Average numberof wage-earners at Hpeeitied daily rates 
 Engineers- 
 
 Northum- 
 berland. 
 
 1 Includes ojMTators dislributerl as follow 
 
 Schuylkill. 
 
 24 
 12 
 
 1 
 2 
 9 
 
 350 
 8294,. 519 
 
 6 
 8:-:4,423 
 
 92 
 
 $X9, 142 
 
 129 
 894,. 54 3 
 
 123 
 87i;,411 
 
 t;,l'i91 I 
 $;5,.»l,3fi6 
 
 2, .579 i 
 81,093,726 
 
 (;51 
 83.59, 674 
 
 546 
 8124,436 
 
 1,382 
 $609,616 
 
 4,112 
 $2, 4.57, two 
 
 85 
 35 
 
 3 
 13 
 
 19 
 
 1.09.H 
 S1,10.H, 72S 
 
 49 
 
 8168, 7.S4 
 
 234 
 
 83.51, S.57 
 
 406 
 
 8291,614 
 
 409 
 $296, 473 
 
 16,3X6 
 $8, 609, 3X4 
 
 7, ,594 
 $3. 329, 705 
 
 1,949 
 81,146,:374 
 
 1,487 
 8315, 882 
 
 4,158 
 81,867,449 
 
 8, 791 
 $5, 279, 679 
 
 Other 
 counties. 1 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 8120, 1.X8 
 
 85, 7.50 
 
 ,53 
 844,168 
 
 45 
 
 $38, 189 
 
 51 
 $32, OSI 
 
 3, 325 
 $1, 968, 867 
 
 1,261 
 $564, 983 
 
 334 
 8197, 371 
 
 145 
 
 $27,058 
 
 782 
 $340,564 
 
 2,064 
 $1,403,884 
 
 2,026 
 
 3,730 
 
 1,008 
 
 81,389,177 
 
 $2, .551, 587 
 
 8806, 327 
 
 546 
 
 1,709 
 
 226 
 
 8278, U52 
 
 8936,227 
 
 8116,716 
 
 49 
 
 191 
 
 30 
 
 $12, 264 
 
 846, 162 
 
 $8, 3.56 
 
 1,491 
 
 3,161 
 
 800 
 
 877X,147 
 
 81,746,703 
 
 $472, 4X6 
 
 11,273 
 
 25,616 
 
 4,808 
 
 11,193 
 
 26, 190 
 
 4,906 
 
 11,140 
 
 26, 486 
 
 4,878 
 
 11,126 
 
 25, 981 
 
 4,973 
 
 3. 448 
 
 11,, 571 
 
 2,816 
 
 .526 
 
 2,394 
 
 1,337 
 
 74 
 
 702 
 
 642 
 
 79 
 
 775 
 
 634 
 
 .S4 
 
 840 
 
 661 
 
 2, 227 
 
 6, 916 
 
 2,574 
 
 10, 794 
 
 23,865 
 
 4,682 
 
 n,18s 
 
 25, 2.58 
 
 4,890 
 
 1,142 
 
 3,043 
 
 291 
 
 1,1.53 
 
 3,196 
 
 295 
 
 1,141 
 
 3,290 
 
 286 
 
 1,149 
 
 3, 160 
 
 292 
 
 211 
 
 1,032 
 
 200 
 37 
 
 
 10 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 
 27 
 
 37 
 
 80 
 
 612 
 
 55 
 
 1,121 
 
 2, 791 
 
 260 
 
 1,113 
 
 2 948 
 
 275 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 10 
 
 26 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 17 
 96 
 
 
 46 
 
 5 
 
 54 
 
 198 
 
 27 
 
 51 
 
 194 
 
 44 
 
 10 
 
 70 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 19 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 (1 mines) ; Dauphin, ■. 
 
COAL. 707 
 
 Table 59.— COAL, PENNSYLVANIA ANTHRACITE— I)I':T.\ILK1) SUMMARY, BY COUNTIES: 1! 102— Continued. 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 Clurboii. 
 
 Lacka- 
 wanna, 
 
 Luzi^rne. 
 
 Northum- 
 bCTland. 
 
 Schuylkill. 
 
 fitlicr 
 (^ouiJtics. 
 
 AvL^ruffe number of wa^'^e-earners at .speciriod daily rates of 
 pay— Ottntiiiuod. 
 Maehinisls, Ijlaeksmiths, carpenters, and other mechanics— 
 
 :J;(J 7,^ (() i^{} qq 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 67 . 
 
 371 
 
 42S 
 
 823 
 
 0,73 
 
 l,-iO 
 
 17 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 271 
 
 1,101 
 
 3, 293 
 
 3, 770 
 
 2,195 
 
 1,542 
 
 1,692 
 
 1,373 
 
 1,313 
 
 517 
 
 166 
 
 502 
 
 141 
 
 947 
 
 921 
 
 2, 086 
 
 1,196 
 
 1,211 
 
 117 
 
 2 
 .50 
 61 
 304 
 624 
 326 
 579 
 23 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 69 
 
 2,006 
 
 1,881 
 
 580 
 
 26 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 4.53 
 
 1,919 
 
 5, 397 
 
 7.177 
 
 7,949 
 
 6, 038 
 
 1.793 
 
 746 
 
 245 
 
 149 
 
 79 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 22 
 
 100 
 
 178 
 
 414 
 
 205 
 
 41 
 
 21 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 31 00 tdSl 'M 
 
 
 
 17 
 43 
 60 
 69 
 61 
 11 
 4 
 
 i-i 
 
 173 
 82 
 138 
 273 
 42 
 8 
 
 
 SI .25 t(i SI .49 
 
 Sl.nO to ^1.74 
 
 3' 
 
 6 
 18 
 
 18 
 7 
 4 
 
 28 
 19 
 147 
 9-1 
 35 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 41 
 
 ^•2X){.) to ^2.24 
 
 37 
 33 
 
 ^2.50 to if2.74 
 
 S2.7fS toS2.y9 
 
 23 
 2 
 
 S3.00 t(i Sa 24 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 S3 nO tdSiJ 74 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 448 
 
 1,272 
 
 1,173 
 
 376 
 
 228 
 
 1.50 
 
 7 
 
 71 
 
 
 Miners- 
 Si. 2.1 to SI. 49 
 
 
 3 
 
 148 
 
 271 
 
 ,501 
 
 ] , 435 
 
 1,098 
 
 489 
 
 842 
 
 362 
 
 3.59 
 
 392 
 
 1 
 
 1.50 
 
 22 
 
 13?. 
 914 
 463 
 
 99 
 359 
 
 26 
 
 
 S1.5(f to SI. 74 
 
 ... 
 
 50, 
 
 56 
 246 
 143 
 572 
 417 
 397 
 500 
 1.004 
 820 
 109 
 160 
 210 
 
 
 Sl.7.^ toSl.y9 
 
 
 §2.00 t< t S2. 24 
 
 2 
 2 
 122 
 67 
 42 
 
 461 
 
 
 131 
 
 S2.50 to S2.74 
 
 83 
 
 S2.75 toS2.99 
 
 2 
 
 S3.00tnS3.24 
 
 126 
 
 
 
 S3.50 to S3.74 
 
 S3.75 toS3.99 
 
 
 57 
 
 i.5 
 
 1 
 
 S4 00 to S4 24 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 S4 25 and over 
 
 
 
 
 142 
 
 Miners' helpers— 
 
 
 2 
 29 
 ■52 
 160 
 240 
 .53 
 
 ]<]^ 
 
 
 
 SI 00 to SI .24 
 
 8 
 40 
 16 
 100 
 64 
 20 
 
 146 
 298 
 145 
 89 
 352 
 
 242 
 .528 
 447 
 
 60i; 
 
 392 
 714 
 96 
 
 1 
 33 
 21 
 43 
 186 
 176 
 179 
 11 
 1 
 
 3 
 21 
 89 
 998 
 249 
 340 
 9 
 
 1 
 9 
 8 
 89 
 212 
 .50 
 248 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 SI .25 to SI. 49 
 
 8 
 
 SI. 50 to SI. 74 
 
 64 
 
 S1.75 toSl.99 
 
 .53 
 
 S2 00toS2 24 .... 
 
 86 
 
 S2 25 toS2 49 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Timberraen and track layers— 
 SO 75 to^O 99 
 
 
 
 SI 00 to SI 24 
 
 6 
 7 
 4 
 
 84 
 1 
 
 63 
 
 
 1 
 18 
 82 
 92 
 14 
 38 
 
 1 
 
 Sl.25toSl.49 
 
 3 
 15 
 23 
 53 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 SI. 50 to SI .74 
 
 S1.75 to SI. 99 
 
 71 
 27 
 
 S2.00 toS2.24 
 
 32 
 
 S2.25 toS2.49 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 S2 75 to S'' 99 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 S3 00 to S3 24 
 
 
 
 S3 25 to S3 49 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Boys under 16 years- 
 
 84 
 70 
 
 1 
 397 
 
 172 
 71 
 
 36 
 696 
 509 
 
 58 
 10 
 
 1 
 220 
 2.58 
 114 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 .543 
 
 827 
 
 290 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 SO. 50 to SO. 74 
 
 66 
 
 SO 75 to SO 99 
 
 45 
 
 Si 00 to SI 'M 
 
 47 
 
 SI. 25 to SI. 49 
 
 
 1 
 
 SI. 50 to SI. 74 
 
 All other wage-earners- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 S0.50 to S0.74 
 
 27 
 
 78 
 
 160 
 
 244 
 
 214 
 
 96 
 
 35 
 
 49 
 
 4 
 
 111 
 
 24 
 
 426 
 
 2, 323 
 
 1, 959 
 
 2, 4.52 
 1,015 
 
 180 
 78 
 31 
 
 1 
 
 3.58 
 
 1,038 
 
 1, .593 
 
 2,739 
 
 2,216 
 
 2,246 
 
 984 
 
 324 
 
 167 
 
 19 
 
 10 
 93 
 269 
 662 
 973 
 537 
 43 
 28 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 220 
 
 886 
 
 1,373 
 
 1,739 
 
 1,801 
 
 324 
 
 223 
 
 30 
 
 6 
 
 78 
 
 1 
 
 8111,249 
 511 
 
 $2,301,1.54 
 $785, 784 
 
 $1, 515, 370 
 $3, 375, 690 
 
 7, 704, 202 
 $15, 051, 292 
 
 136, 002 
 
 1,003 
 129, 795 
 
 27 
 
 SO. 75 to SO. 99 
 
 SI 00 to Si 24 
 
 64 
 166 
 
 SI 25 to $1.49 
 
 200 
 
 SI. 50 to SI. 74 
 
 SI. 75 to SI. 99 
 
 S2.00 to S2.24 
 
 8.55 
 343 
 
 227 
 
 S2.25 to S2.49 - 
 
 S2 50 to S2 74 ... 
 
 44 
 8 
 
 $2 75 to S2 99 
 
 
 S3 00 to fi3 24 
 
 
 
 
 $151,970 
 .583 
 
 83, 776, 263 
 $2. 065, 199 
 
 81,711,064 
 $4,801,407 
 
 12,8.52,826 
 827, 622, 900 
 
 161, 460 
 
 1,887 
 1.56, 774 
 
 
 
 Contract work: 
 
 S406, 421 
 1,731 
 
 89.307,239 
 84,3.59,051 
 
 $4,948,188 
 812, 740, 780 
 
 36,940,710 
 $76,173,686 
 
 434, 220 
 
 , 4,629 
 415, 827 
 
 r> 
 
 185 
 
 234 
 18,208 
 
 78 
 
 5, 755 
 
 350 
 
 850, 697 
 130 
 
 $193,513 
 $92, 450 
 
 8101, 063 
 $370, 268 
 
 986, 201 
 81,942,361 
 
 8,603 
 
 153 
 
 5, 781 
 
 $.58, 614 
 387 
 
 $1,9.55,982 
 8877, 8,84 
 
 81,078,098 
 82,441,760 
 
 10, 779, 20S 
 $22,534,716 
 
 65, 925 
 
 991 
 64,279 
 
 4 
 121 
 
 21 
 
 1,,525 
 
 40 
 2, 591 
 
 816,483 
 68 
 
 8690, 083 
 8332, 997 
 
 8357, 086 
 81,172,483 
 
 2, ,878, 615 
 $5, 602, 584 
 
 39, 774 
 
 373 
 37, 624 
 
 $17, 408 
 
 
 .52 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses: 
 
 $:«0, 244 
 
 Royalties and rent of mine and mining plant 
 
 Reiit of offices, taxes, insurance, interest, and other 
 
 $204, 737 
 8185, ,507 
 
 
 $579, 172 
 
 Product; 
 
 1,739, .598 
 
 
 $3,419,733 
 
 Power owned: 
 
 22, 456 
 
 Engines- 
 Steam- 
 
 222 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 21 , 574 
 
 Gas or gasoline- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Other power- 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Electric motors owned— 
 
 30 
 
 2,822 
 
 60 
 4,6,86 
 
 29 
 
 2, 364 
 
 350 
 
 ,54 
 2, 1.50 
 
 3 
 150 
 
 CO 
 
 6, 207 
 
 3 
 .520 
 
 9 
 
 818 
 
 3 
 
 130 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "■ 
 
COAL. 709 
 
 Table GO.— COAL, BITUMINOUS— DETAILED SUMJIARY, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES; 1902. 
 
 Number of mines 
 
 Number of operatory 
 
 Character of owiiershii): 
 
 Individual 
 
 Firm 
 
 Incorporated company 
 
 Other form 
 
 Salaried ollicials, clerics, etc.: 
 
 Total number 
 
 Total salaries 
 
 General otlicers — 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Superintendents, managers, fore- 
 men, surveyors, etc. — 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Foremen, bclo\\' ground— 
 
 Numl)er 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Clerks- 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Aggregate average numlier 
 
 Aggregate wages 
 
 Above ground- 
 Total average number 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Kngincers, tircmcib anil 
 other mechanics- 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Boys under 16 years — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Below ground — 
 
 Total average number -. 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Miners- 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miners' helpers — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Boys under Ui years- 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Average number of \vage-earners at speci- 
 fied daily rates of pay; 
 Engineers— 
 
 SO. To to S0.99 
 
 Sl.UO to S1.24 
 
 SI. 25 to 81.49 
 
 81.50 to 81.74 
 
 81.75 to SI. 99 
 
 82.00 to 82.24 
 
 82.25 to 82.49 
 
 82..50to 82.74 
 
 82.75 to 82 99 
 
 83.00 to 83.24 - 
 
 S3. 25 to 33.49 
 
 S3. .50 to 83.74 
 
 83.75 to 83.99 
 
 84.00 to 84.24 
 
 84.25 and over 
 
 Firemen — 
 
 80..50 to 80.74 
 
 80.75 to 80.99 
 
 81.00 to 81.24 
 
 81.25 to 81.49 
 
 81.50 to 81.74 
 
 81.75 to 81.99 
 
 82.00 to S2.24 
 
 S2.25to 82.49 
 
 82..50tO 82.74 
 
 $2.75 to 82.99 
 
 83.00 to 83.24 
 
 83.25 to 83.49 
 
 83..50to 83.74 
 
 Machinists, blacksmiths, carpenters, 
 and other mechanics — 
 
 S0..50to80.74 
 
 80.75 to 80.99 
 
 81.00 to 81.24 
 
 81.25 to S1.49 
 
 81..T0to81.74 
 
 . Sl.75to81.99 
 
 82.00 to 82.24 
 
 ' 82.25 to .82.49 
 
 S2..50 to S2.74 
 
 82.75 to 82.99 
 
 83.00 to 83.24 
 
 83.25 to $3.49 
 
 $3..50 to 83.74 
 
 83.75 to 83.99 
 
 84.00 to 84. 24 
 
 $4.25 and over 
 
 United 
 States. 
 
 4,409 
 
 2, 044 
 
 K27 
 
 1,517 
 
 21 
 
 14,4l;5 
 S14,, 511, 92-1 
 
 1,741 
 83, 220, 054 
 
 4,213 
 8-l,790,0;» 
 
 3, 404 
 82, 920, 723 
 
 5, 0.55 
 83,581,109 
 
 2S0, 638 
 ll81,4,S2,2.ss 
 
 36, 3:56 
 821,701,012 
 
 13,6;?2 
 89, 617, 316 
 
 836 
 8233, 608 
 
 21,868 
 811, 9.50, 0.ss 
 
 244, ;»2 
 81.59,781,276 
 
 189,273 
 8128,211,609 
 
 3, 637 
 82,163,481 
 
 4,71-12 
 81,335,765 
 
 46,000 
 32.S, 080, 521 
 
 46 
 165 
 24» 
 977 
 754 
 930 
 241 
 303 
 
 .50 
 
 34 
 6 
 
 11 
 6 
 
 1 
 10 
 
 ;« 
 
 144 
 
 4.59 
 
 721 
 
 1,108 
 
 283 
 
 255 
 
 54 
 
 38 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 42 
 
 175 
 
 ;«3 
 
 601 
 
 1,400 
 
 1,876 
 
 1,128 
 
 419 
 
 479 
 
 65 
 
 76 
 
 8 
 
 62 
 
 6 
 
 623 
 ;709,449 
 
 81.52, 776 
 
 li;s 
 8244, 3.S5 
 
 133 
 8117, 849 
 
 2.50 
 8194, 439 
 
 12, 930 
 87,, 841, 4,57 
 
 1,.567 
 $.804,110 
 
 643 
 83.83, 897 
 
 116 
 833, 015 
 
 SOS 
 ■8387, la.s 
 
 11,363 
 S7,037,;j47 
 
 8,733 
 85, 809, 433 
 
 173 
 873, 073 
 
 352 
 8114,. 524 
 
 2,105 
 81,010,317 
 
 146 
 S14X, 113 
 
 40 
 843, 2,5i; 
 
 33 
 
 829, 502 
 
 01 
 846, 002 
 
 2, .574 
 7.80, IIOI 
 
 4.54 
 8253, 503 
 
 183 
 8129, 437 
 
 15 
 $3, 020 
 
 256 
 8121,046 
 
 2, 120 
 81,. 526, 5.58 
 
 1,517 
 81,153,972 
 
 7 
 $4,050 
 
 32 
 87, 644 
 
 564 
 8360, 892 
 
 California. Cfihtrado 
 
 24 
 830, 3.55 
 
 120 
 80 
 
 Gil 
 8818, 445 
 
 86,600 81.55, Ol.s 
 
 12 
 815, 6;)5 
 
 5 
 $6,260 
 
 3 
 
 $1,860 
 
 174 
 8120,961 
 
 6,0 
 84l,6;i3 
 
 820, 435 
 
 2 
 8480 
 
 36 
 
 820, 718 
 
 114 
 
 119 
 8239, 339 
 
 $84,4.52 
 
 336, 
 8339, 636 
 
 7, 9.55 
 f6, 006, 183 
 
 1,.588 
 $1,207,900 
 
 812,9:53 
 
 1,043 
 $740,429 
 
 6, 367 
 
 879,328 I 84,798,283 
 
 66 4,819 
 8.57,613 83,662,292 
 
 6,000 
 
 26 1,400 
 
 815,715 $1,096,4,57 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 10 
 
 9 
 32 
 19 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 3 
 29 
 17 
 139 
 19 
 10 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 24 
 820, 326 
 
 84,000 
 
 fi 
 
 85,180 
 
 11 
 87, 6661 
 
 83, 480 
 
 168 
 874,649 
 
 76 
 8:56,262 
 
 823, 252 
 
 31 
 813,010 
 
 59 
 827, 090 
 
 33 
 811,297 
 
 875 
 789 
 
 421 
 163 
 201 
 
 1,510 
 $l,.564,.s;j2 
 
 191 
 $383,676 
 
 3-56 
 $399, 169 
 
 406 
 S;).S7,046 
 
 $;»4,941 
 
 ;i6,617 
 824,876,201 
 
 3,713 
 82,449,5.8:-; 
 
 l,6al 
 81,240,251 
 
 820,. 5S9 
 
 1,960 
 81,188,743 
 
 32,904 
 822,426,618 
 
 25, 108 
 317,722,115 
 
 641 
 
 8.520, 528 
 
 8.50 
 8255, 619 
 
 6, 305 
 83,92.s,3,56 
 
 Indian 
 Territory. 
 
 248 
 8240, .581 
 
 30 
 843,438 
 
 82 
 896, 121 
 
 49 
 844,849 
 
 8.56,17 
 
 4, 763 
 83,1.54,267 
 
 738 
 8430, 089 
 
 328 
 8216,3.39 
 
 26 
 
 $7,880 
 
 384 
 8206, 870 
 
 4, 025 
 
 339 
 
 283 
 
 163 
 
 26 
 
 93 
 
 1 
 
 637 
 8530,492 
 
 94 
 8126, 802 
 
 220 
 8179,437 
 
 143 
 81 15, .507 
 
 ISO 
 $108,746 
 
 10, .593 
 
 326 
 299 
 
 120 
 84 
 89 
 6 
 
 .512 
 8436,828 
 
 78 
 8103,030 
 
 121 
 $115, 137 
 
 169 
 8125, .562 
 
 144 
 893, 099 
 
 9,439 
 87,396,425 '86,251,732 
 
 1,064 I 1,095 
 
 8669,680 I 8651,915 
 
 5.58 
 $392, 1.53 
 
 S 
 82, .510 
 
 498 
 8275,017 
 
 9, .529 
 
 8282 
 
 82 
 
 8367 
 
 417 
 509 
 
 6 
 
 081 
 
 672 
 325 
 
 S2,724!l78 , 86,726,745 85,.: 
 
 1.344 
 1,817 
 
 2, 782 
 81,945,903 
 
 32 
 S20, 568 
 
 100 
 828,. 588 
 
 1,111 
 $729,119 
 
 7, 273 6, 
 
 85,264,317 $4,448, 
 
 4.55 
 386 
 
 63 
 832, 724 
 
 117 
 835, 465 
 
 810.= 
 
 165 
 ,4.54 
 
 2,076 
 Sl,;394,239 
 
 848. 
 
 1, 
 8997, 
 
 159 
 725 
 
 565 
 253 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 122 
 
 142 
 
 249 
 
 60 
 
 .56 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 113 
 278 
 
 1.53 
 239 
 107 
 39 
 
 2S 
 
 15 
 73 
 27 
 28 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 22 
 
 16 
 
 40 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 59 
 
 51 
 
 36 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
710 MIXES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table (iO.—COAL, BITUMINOUS -DKTAILKI) SU.Mi\IARY, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1902— Continued. 
 
 
 United 
 States. 
 
 Average number of wage-earner-s at speci- 
 fied daily rates of pay — Continued. 
 Miners- 
 Less ttian SO. 50 
 
 
 29 
 
 $0.50 to J0.74 
 
 
 $0.75 to $0.99 
 
 342 
 
 $1.00 to S1.24 
 
 2,513 
 
 $1.25 toSl.49 
 
 
 81.50 to SI. 74 
 
 S1.75to$1.99 
 
 19, 083 
 
 82.00 to $2.24 
 
 $2.26 to S2.49 
 
 46,, 532 
 
 $2.50 to $2.74 
 
 $2.75 to 82.99 
 
 $3.00 to $3.24 
 
 26,908 
 13,0,53 
 10 210 
 
 83.25 to 83. 49 
 
 
 83.80 to 83.74 
 
 83.75 to $3.99 
 
 4,21(1 
 1,304 
 
 84.00 to $4.24 
 
 $4.25 and over 
 
 Miners' helpers — 
 
 $0.50 to $0.74 
 
 80.75 to SO. 99 
 
 81.00 to $1.24 
 
 $1.2.ftto$1.19 
 
 81.50 to $1.74 
 
 $1.75 to $1.99 
 
 $2.00 to $2.24 
 
 $2.25 to $2.49 
 
 82.50 toS2.74 
 
 82.75 to 82.99 
 
 83.00 to 83.24 
 
 $3.25 to $3.49 
 
 $3.50 to $3.74 
 
 Timbermen and track lavers— 
 
 $0..50 to S0.74 ". 
 
 $0.75 to $0.99 
 
 $1.00 to $1.24 
 
 $1.25 to $1.49 
 
 81.,50 to$1.74 
 
 $1.75 to $1.99 
 
 82.00 to $2. 24 
 
 82.25 to $2.49 
 
 82..50 to $2. 74 
 
 $2.75 to $2.99 
 
 $3,00 to 83.24 
 
 83.25 to$3.49 
 
 S3..50 to $3.74 
 
 $4.25 and over 
 
 Bovs under 16 years- 
 Less than $0. 50 
 
 $0. 50 to $0. 74 
 
 80. 75 to $0. 99 
 
 $1.00 to $1.24 
 
 $1.25 to $1.49 
 
 $1. .50 to 81. 74 
 
 81.75 to $1.99 
 
 $2. 00 to $2. 24 
 
 $2. 26 to S2. 49 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 Less than $0. .50 
 
 80. .50 to SO. 74 
 
 $0. 75 to $0. 99 
 
 $1.00 to $1.24 
 
 81.25 toSl.49 
 
 $1..50toS1.74 
 
 81. 75 to SI. 99 
 
 82. 00 to $2. 24 
 
 $2. 25 to $2. 49 
 
 $2. .60 to $2. 74 
 
 $2. 7ft to $2. 99 
 
 $3. OO to S3. 24 
 
 $3.25 to S3. 49 
 
 S3. .50 to S3. 74 
 
 S3. 75 to S3. 99 
 
 84.00 to $4. 24 
 
 $4. 25 and over 
 
 Average number of wage-earners employed 
 during each month; 
 Men 16 years and over — 
 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 Augu.st 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 Boys under 16 years — 
 
 * January 
 
 February 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 Angu'^t 
 
 September 
 
 (Ictober 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 184 
 
 337 
 
 347 
 
 008 
 
 293 
 
 551 
 
 311 
 
 361 
 
 363 
 
 130 
 
 144 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 27 
 
 24 
 
 209 
 
 650 
 
 691 
 
 2, 460 
 
 2,760 
 
 .52ft 
 
 182 
 
 7 
 
 28 
 2 
 
 86 
 
 828 
 
 1,7.54 
 
 2,407 
 
 332 
 
 110 
 
 60 
 
 39 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 212 
 
 39ft 
 
 2, 721 
 
 4, 6.59 
 
 10, .566 
 
 9, 291 
 
 17.842 
 
 9,309 
 
 3,347 
 
 1,407 
 
 666 
 
 99 
 
 51 
 
 284, 823 
 281,380 
 277, 656 
 267, 309 
 
 262, 368 
 267, 803 
 265, 481 
 
 263, 693 
 273,131 
 286, 31 1 
 292, 891 
 297,281 
 
 5,714 
 5, 627 
 5, 671 
 5,618 
 6, 648 
 ft, 460 
 ft, 336 
 ft, 480 
 5, ,566 
 5, 743 
 ft, 827 
 ft, 866 
 
 Alabama. 
 
 Arkansas. 
 
 California. 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 Georgia, 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 Indian 
 Territory, 
 
 Indiana, 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 23 
 31 
 61 
 .596 
 1,651 
 
 2, 516 
 7,064 
 
 3, 016 
 3, 869 
 1,.S66 
 2, 261 
 
 722 
 .551 
 147 
 54 
 81 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 31 
 
 111 
 
 274 
 
 614 
 
 1 , .526 
 
 1,9.50 
 
 1,065 
 
 656 
 
 369 
 
 244 
 
 345 
 
 
 ] 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 246 
 G7o 
 600 
 987 
 
 1,872 
 714 
 
 2,749 
 
 5n 
 
 10 
 
 
 160 
 62 
 391 
 708 
 846 
 960 
 1,141 
 202 
 1.50 
 
 10 
 15 
 19 
 5 
 6 
 4 
 
 ioi 
 
 1J 
 305 
 579 
 311 
 315 
 120 
 656 
 15 
 31 
 
 18 
 
 
 67 
 
 85 
 186 
 
 88 
 292 
 256 
 366 
 
 
 418 
 
 
 680 
 
 
 2, 280 
 
 
 1, 206 
 
 47 
 
 io' 
 
 1,066 
 265 
 
 
 329 
 
 78 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 
 
 175 
 
 
 46 
 
 
 12ft 
 46 
 26 
 
 
 20 '■ 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 1 '> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 lo 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 21 
 
 ,H 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 94 
 
 68 
 
 71 
 
 118 
 
 100 
 
 144 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 9 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ,5 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 25 
 
 
 4 
 15 
 
 
 22 
 
 14 
 
 y 
 
 5 
 
 
 43 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 4 
 1 
 
 
 
 io 
 
 61 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 43 
 12 
 9 
 
 12 
 .M 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ft? 
 
 139 
 
 105 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 ,543 
 
 » 
 
 3 
 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 26 
 
 298 
 
 "ij 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 130 
 
 26 
 
 5 
 
 132 
 
 
 
 32 
 10 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 13 
 47 
 776 
 64 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 33 
 244 
 105 
 
 1 
 4 
 
 36 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 .68 
 41 
 
 9 
 
 I 
 
 118 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 67 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 
 128 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■> 
 
 22 
 36 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 34 
 395 
 647 
 692 
 584 
 141 
 1,67 
 36 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 33 
 
 54 
 
 1.53 
 
 
 ■) 
 
 9 
 
 76 
 
 51 
 
 175 
 
 1.3.52 
 
 3,973 
 
 1,110 
 
 168 
 
 17 
 
 26 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 3 
 
 44 
 
 70 
 
 106 
 
 241 
 
 255 
 
 1,314 
 
 93 
 
 63 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 18 
 20 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 .88 
 258 
 100 
 378 
 267 
 
 92 
 110 
 
 17 
 
 16 
 
 2 
 
 
 51 
 21 
 29 
 
 18 
 68 
 360 
 
 60 
 
 41 
 
 416 
 
 
 
 192 ' 3 294 
 
 207 17 123 
 
 61 1 339 
 
 4' 
 
 922 
 128 
 
 35 10 
 
 
 612 
 241 
 
 
 
 7 1 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 10,640 
 10, 774 
 10,449 
 9, 939 
 9,408 
 9,618 
 9, 800 
 10,111 
 10,606 
 11,172 
 11,485 
 11,614 
 
 122 
 124 
 126 
 120 
 123 
 122 
 12ft 
 12ft 
 126 
 129 
 131 
 128 
 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 8, 015 
 8,010 
 7, 407 
 7, 275 
 7, 183 
 7,439 
 7,295- 
 
 7, 839 
 8,1.56 
 
 8, .567 
 8, 703 
 8,3.84 
 
 96 
 96 
 88 
 85 
 92 
 95 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 12,518 
 12,359 
 12,453 
 12,688 
 12,603 
 12,661 
 10, .596 
 12,160 
 12, ,566 
 12,893 
 13,091 
 13,0,56 
 
 493 
 480 
 468 
 457 
 476 
 484 
 430 
 4.85 
 486 
 476 
 467 
 430 
 
 2, 826 
 2, 793 
 2, ,51 5 
 2, 367 
 2,304 
 2, 309 
 2, 324 
 2, 405 
 2, ,528 
 2,576 
 2,603 
 2, 784 
 
 60 
 61 
 46 
 37 
 43 
 40 
 47 
 52 
 .61 
 44 
 .62 
 48 
 
 134 
 137 
 133 
 
 184 
 180 
 181 
 
 184 
 187 
 187 
 188 
 180 
 1.83 
 
 179 
 177 
 162 
 164 
 1,53 
 1.64 
 161 
 164 
 162 
 li;9 
 183 
 188 
 
 36, 730 
 36, 690 
 .■S5,,H31 
 33, 524 
 32, 826 
 32, 809 
 33, 424 
 33,811 
 36, 074 
 38, 381 
 
 38, 773 
 
 39, ,567 
 
 909 
 889 
 907 
 892 
 872 
 870 
 862 
 896 
 931 
 959 
 980 
 974 
 
 5, 006 
 4,918 
 4, ,540 
 4,112 
 4,0.54 
 4, 442 
 4,, 547 
 4,614 
 4,(iOO 
 4,729 
 4,974 
 5,109 
 
 1 26 
 124 
 124 
 120 
 119 
 119 
 128 
 130 
 127 
 129 
 136 
 131 
 
 10,719 
 10,462 
 9, 587 
 8,068 
 7,905 
 7,749 
 8,182 
 8, 520 
 9,348 
 9,873 
 10,309 
 10, .566 
 
 166 
 
 
 165 
 163 
 158 
 157 
 165 
 162 
 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 92 
 2 86 
 2 93 
 2 , 101 
 2 1 105 
 
 
 169 
 172 
 170 
 169 
 
 
 
 174 
 
COAL. 
 
 711 
 
 Table GO.— C'oAL, BITUMINOUS— DETAILED SUMMARY, BY STATES AND TEftRITDRIES: 1902— Continued. 
 
 CoiUract work: 
 
 Amount paid 
 
 N limber <jf employees 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses; 
 
 Total 
 
 Royalties and rent vi mine and 
 
 mining plant 
 
 Rent ot ottiees, taxes, insurance, 
 
 interest, and other sundries 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 Product: 
 
 Quantity, short tons 
 
 Value 
 
 Power: 
 
 Total horsepower 
 
 Owned — 
 
 Engines — 
 Steam- 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Gas or gasoline — 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Water wheels — 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Other power- 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Rented— 
 
 Electric, horsepower 
 
 Other power, horsepower 
 
 Electric motors owned — 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Supplied to other establishments, 
 horsepower 
 
 United 
 States. 
 
 SI, 21.1, 114 
 .s, 040 
 
 Jbi, 774,469 
 J7, 4-12, 089 
 
 $9, 332, 370 
 $24, 798, 922 
 
 260,216,844 
 J290, S,i8, 483 
 
 489, 
 
 1.52 
 ,119 
 
 11 
 
 ,384 
 
 285 
 •,67b 
 
 :,167 
 192 
 
 ,32,5 
 I, 972 
 
 Alabama. 
 
 Sf2li,5, .579 
 1,411 
 
 S734,972 
 8149,013 
 
 S.585, 959 
 SI, 219, 310 
 
 10, 354,. 570 
 812,419,666 
 
 279 
 18,264 
 
 15 
 629 
 
 8485 
 6 
 
 882, 949 
 839, .533 
 
 ' 843,416 
 8177,716 
 
 1,943,932 
 82, ,539, 21 1 
 
 1.53 
 6, 432 
 
 82, 900 
 19 
 
 88, 327 
 $3, 000 
 
 85, 327 
 814,930 
 
 .84,984 
 82.54, 3.50 
 
 1, 192 
 
 1,191) 
 1 
 
 814,413 
 98 
 
 .9681,494 
 8228,376 
 
 8-153,118 
 8l,0;»,831 
 
 7,401,343 
 88,397,812 
 
 18,663 
 
 258 
 16,192 
 
 15 
 940 
 
 15 
 240 
 
 25 
 2,214 
 
 S3 
 3, 276 
 
 (leorgia. 
 
 $121,464 
 5(',;j 
 
 818,319 
 8107, 994 
 
 414, 083 
 8.5.89,018 
 
 t2'l,699 
 
 ]:w 
 
 81,2.58,686 
 
 8426, 705 
 
 88.32, 981 
 $2,834,444 
 
 32,939,373 
 (33,9.45,910 
 
 1,212 
 78, 493 
 
 Indian 
 Territory. 
 
 11 
 594 
 
 102 
 4, 322 
 
 856,610 
 620 
 
 83.58,960 
 $244, 439 
 
 $114, .521 
 $320, 664 
 
 $26,603 
 101 
 
 8449, 064 
 $215, 4.58 
 
 8233, .596 
 8729, 101 
 
 2, 820, 666 9, 446, 424 
 84,266,106 $10,399,660 
 
 13,094 
 
 169 
 12, 709 
 
 23,310 
 
 393 
 22, 026 
 
 848, 046 
 240 
 
 8341,191 
 8211,275 
 
 $129,916 
 $841,. 506 
 
 5,904,766 
 $8, 660, 287 
 
 298 
 11,673 
 
 31 
 142 
 
 5 
 385 
 
 13 
 1,115 
 
 .247 
 100 
 
 S 
 438 
 
 14 
 296 
 
712 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIP]S. 
 
 Table (iO.— COAL, BITUMINOUS— DETAILED SUMMARY, 
 
 Number ol" mines 
 Number of operators. 
 Character of ownership 
 Individual 
 Firm 
 
 5 Incorporated eompany 
 
 U Other form 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 7 Total number 
 
 8 Total salaries 
 
 General officers — 
 
 9 Number 
 
 10 Salaries 
 
 Superintendents, tnanagers, foremen, 
 
 surveyors, etc. — 
 
 11 Number 
 
 J2 Salaries 
 
 Foremen, below ground — 
 
 13 Number 
 
 14 Salaries 
 
 Clerks— 
 
 15 Number 
 
 16 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 17 Aggregate average nnmfier 
 
 IS Aggregate wages 
 
 Above ground — 
 
 19 Total average number 
 
 ' 20 Total wages 
 
 Engineers, firemen, and other 
 mechanics — 
 
 21 Average number 
 
 22 Wages 
 
 Boys under 10 years — 
 
 23 Average number 
 
 24 Wages 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 25 Average number 
 
 26 Wages 
 
 Below ground— 
 
 27 Total average number 
 
 28 Total wages 
 
 Miners — 
 
 29 Average number 
 
 30 Wages 
 
 Miners' helpers — 
 
 31 Average number 
 
 32 ■ Wages. 
 
 Boys under 16 years — 
 
 33 " Average number 
 
 34 Wages 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 35 Average number 
 
 36 ■ Wages 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at specified 
 
 daily rates of pay: 
 Kngineers — 
 
 37 S0.75 to S0.99 
 
 38 31.00 to SI. 24 
 
 39 SI. 25 to SI. 49 
 
 40 81.59 lo SI. 74 
 
 41 11.75 to 81.99 
 
 42 S2.00 to 82.24 
 
 43 82.25 to 82.49 
 
 44 32..50 to 82.74 
 
 45 82.75 to 52.9.1 
 
 46 83.00 to S:j.J I 
 
 47 83.25 to S:i.49 
 
 48 S3..00 toS:-;,74 
 
 49 83.75 to «:-;.99 
 
 50 84.00 to SI. Li4 
 
 51 84.25 and o\er 
 
 Firemen— 
 
 52 S0..5() to 80.74 
 
 63 80.75 to 80.99 
 
 54 81.00 to 81.24 
 
 65 81.25 to 81.49 
 
 56 $1.50 to 81.74 
 
 57 $1.75 to 81.99 
 
 58 82.00 to 82.24 
 
 69 $2.25 to 82.49 
 
 60 $2.50 to 82.74 
 
 61 $2.75 to 82.99 
 
 62 $3.00 to 8:124 
 
 63 83.25 to S:i.49 
 
 64 83..50 to S:j.74 
 
 Machinists, blacksmiths, carpenters, and 
 
 other niecjiiiiiics — 
 
 65 -SO-.-iO (0 SO 74 
 
 66 80.7.'. to SO. 9:1 
 
 .67 81.00 to SI. 2 I 
 
 68 SI. 2:'. to SI. 49 
 
 69 81.50t(]S1.7l 
 
 70 81.7.'. toi]...!..) 
 
 71 82.1)0 loS'J,21 
 
 72 82.2.^. I..S2.49 
 
 73 82. .■.II hiS2,71 
 
 74 ■ S2 7.'i I..S2.99 
 
 76 83.00 toS::1.2l 
 
 76 S3.2.T to S:'..49 
 
 77 $3..W to 83.74 
 
 78 83.75 to $:H.99 
 
 79 $4.00to84.24 
 
 80 84.25 and over 
 
 475 
 132 
 
 73 
 26 
 30 
 3 
 
 IM5, 162 
 
 ■>,n 
 871, :M3 
 
 70 
 S.ss, 140 
 
 114 
 887,. 5S8 
 
 142 
 
 898, 131 
 
 7,017 
 S4,719,.W5 
 
 780 
 8441,841 
 
 27S 
 8184, 4.54 
 
 4 
 
 81,324 
 
 498 
 82.5i;, 063 
 
 i;,2:!7 
 84,277,7.54 
 
 5, 023 
 S3, .52.5, 812 
 
 .523 
 503 
 
 378 
 32 
 93 
 
 593 
 8476,. 508 
 
 144 
 
 81.54,108 
 
 1.50 
 8133,077 
 
 138 
 897,6.50 
 
 101 
 .891,073 
 
 9 
 
 S4,522 
 
 077 
 207 
 
 1 
 8614 
 
 299 
 447 
 
 8255 
 
 446 
 747 
 
 83 
 
 19 
 304 
 
 812,492 
 
 89, 043 
 
 1,1.59 
 87:30,407 
 
 S34 
 8355, 390 
 
 7, 778 
 S3, 907, 700 
 
 83,025,485 
 
 151 
 864,768 
 
 199 
 841, ;mi 
 
 1 , 066 
 8776, 120 
 
 210 
 8316,791 
 
 8199, 400 
 
 50 
 846,788 
 
 47 
 835, 676 
 
 834,02' 
 
 4,9:30 
 83,468,117 
 
 508 
 8308, 142 
 
 171 
 8110,895 
 
 22 
 S5,845 
 
 375 
 81'.il,402 
 
 4,308 
 83,159,975 
 
 3,. 500 
 82, 738, 576 
 
 107 
 }:i5, 935 
 
 701 
 8385, 404 
 
 Michigan. 
 
 99 
 
 887, 780 
 
 10 
 819, 0,50 
 
 $26, 905 
 
 27 
 $•20, 2.53 
 
 35 
 
 821,. 572 
 
 1,445 
 S1,075,.S05 
 
 1,50 
 8-87, 401 
 
 849,, 887 
 
 72 
 8:37,514 
 
 1,'295 
 $988, 404 
 
 1 , 060 
 $844,, 577 
 
 10 
 
 89,519 
 
 211 
 8133, 731 
 
 Missouri. 
 
 384 
 345 
 
 224 
 73 
 40 
 
 420 
 
 S3'25, 147 
 
 871,606 
 
 110 
 890, 859 
 
 121 
 873, 721 
 
 130 
 888, 901 
 
 6,. 501 
 83,927,1.58 
 
 064 
 8302, 857 
 
 231 
 8143, 000 
 
 01 
 
 8.80, 074 
 
 3 
 81, '200 
 
 839, 728 
 
 13 
 815.073 
 
 1 , .587 
 81,510,043 
 
 2.57 
 82:30, SOil 
 
 5 
 81,701 
 
 4'28 
 8218,090 
 
 5, ,837 
 83, .564, 301 
 
 4,727 
 82, 927, 938 
 
 844, 166 
 
 00 
 815,740 
 
 979 
 70, 457 
 
 135 
 5111,973 
 
 1,930 
 81, '285, 679 
 
 ,803 
 8876,, 572 
 
 205 
 $230,024 
 
 9 
 
 $3, 088 
 
 193 
 
 8175,995 
 
 New Me.xict, 
 
 08 
 $85, 599 
 
 4 
 
 812, 700 
 
 27 
 839, 697 
 
 17 
 817, '2.58 
 
 20 
 810,044 
 
 1 , 4:39 
 
 81,0'27,4OO 
 
 8198,173 
 
 133 
 898, 229 
 
 4 
 
 81,2:34 
 
 148 
 898, 710 
 
 1,1.54 
 8829, 2,H7 
 
 944 
 
 $681,905 
 
 6 
 83, 240 
 
 16 
 
 86, 198 
 
 1,S9 
 8138, 944 
 
 North Da- 
 kota. 
 
 5 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 47 
 47 
 
 29 
 9 
 8 
 1 
 
 48 
 840, 050 
 
 7 
 85, 900 
 
 16 
 817,120 
 
 19 
 $12, .590 
 
 
 84, 440 
 
 37 
 $24, 745 
 
 $15, 940 
 
 17 
 88,805 
 
 2.50 
 
 8100,219 
 
 187 
 $125, 398 
 
 1 
 
 8203 
 
 62 
 840,618 
 
COAL. 
 
 718 
 
 BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1902— Cuntir 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 S48 
 613 
 
 Oregon. 
 
 1,314 
 SI, 222, 966 
 
 1S,5 
 J305, 226 
 
 ■111 
 
 W3-4, 689 
 
 1(226, 233 
 
 Jll 
 S256,alS 
 
 26, 963 
 $16,693,464 
 
 81,044,456 
 
 1,105 
 J731,417 
 
 IS 
 S5, .581 
 
 1,669 
 5907,468 
 
 23, 171 
 S15,049,008 
 
 17,9.64 
 J12,04S,761 
 
 61 
 t34, 621 
 
 318 
 J91, 17S 
 
 4,838 
 82,874,448 
 
 11 
 46 
 1.59 
 lio 
 74 
 13 
 4 
 
 S27| 660 
 
 16 
 SS,000 
 
 11 
 
 SIS, 900 
 
 3 
 J3, 460 
 
 3 
 S2, 300 
 
 211 
 S144..801 
 
 42 
 528.103 
 
 16 
 SIO, 548 
 
 169 
 S116.698 
 
 116 
 
 881,601 
 
 Ponnsvlvaiiia. 
 
 1,023 
 .514 
 
 131 
 147 
 
 236 
 
 1 
 8340 
 
 834, 757 
 
 3, 830 
 84, 142, 497 
 
 310 
 8801,611 
 
 1,239 
 
 81,486, .5,89 
 
 935 
 
 8872, 193 
 
 1,346 
 8982, 104 
 
 92,095 
 859, .848, 902 
 
 11.660 
 56,996,388 
 
 3,663 
 82, ,842. 790 
 
 196 
 555, 614 
 
 7, 602 
 54,097,984 
 
 80, 435 
 552,. ^.62, 514 
 
 66, 019 
 
 844,249,784 
 
 673 
 8373,321 
 
 1,417 
 8393,329 
 
 12,420 
 57,836,080 
 
 Tennessee. 
 
 84 
 73 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 50 
 
 1 
 
 418 
 8381 , 939 
 
 79 
 8108, 935 
 
 129 
 8133, 793 
 
 82 
 560, 5.53 
 
 128 
 578, 658 
 
 6, 220 
 $3,213,532 
 
 834 
 S400, 088 
 
 254 
 5146,428 
 
 32 
 
 17, 122 
 
 548 
 5246, .538 
 
 6,380 
 82,813,444 
 
 3, ,816 
 $2,161,9,55 
 
 445 
 
 5169, 445 
 
 142 
 
 824, 720 
 
 983 
 8407, 324 
 
 200 
 
 277 
 
 188 
 
 80 
 
 Utah. 
 
 91 
 
 890, 0.S6 
 
 10 
 ,246 
 
 25 
 820, 441 
 
 $13,388 
 
 $18,012 
 
 1,979 
 $991,391 
 
 237 
 $87,307 
 
 90 
 850, .537 
 
 $1,564 
 
 133 
 
 536, 206 
 
 1,742 
 8904, 084 
 
 1,402 
 87.59,736 
 
 97 
 529, 628 
 
 18 
 $4,262 
 
 8110. .5.58 
 
 6; 
 880, 005 
 
 6 
 811,. 580 
 
 16 
 820, 768 
 
 58, ,869 
 
 39 
 
 53«, 858 
 
 1..576 
 $1,261,090 
 
 201 
 $180, 228 
 
 $06,. 563 
 
 179 
 5112,333 
 
 1,315 
 $1,073,802 
 
 1,038 
 Ss.52, 005 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 10 
 3, 662 
 
 $218. 195 
 
 179 
 
 $1.56, 930 
 
 17 
 531,189 
 
 $30, 160 
 
 92 
 $.53,712 
 
 3,004 
 $1,407,807 
 
 369 
 8179,444 
 
 209 
 $114, 6.50 
 
 36 
 56,292 
 
 124 
 8.58,602 
 
 2, 035 
 51,228,423 
 
 1.877 
 5888,734 
 
 29 
 
 $7, 702 
 
 84 
 $15, 627 
 
 045 
 $310, 300 
 
 Washington. 
 
 160 
 5221, 915 
 
 19 
 
 $27, 300 
 
 61 
 
 $111,2.55 
 
 $.57,404 
 
 825,896 
 
 3, 931 
 53,220,203 
 
 773 
 8632, 485 
 
 2.55 
 $211,. 519 
 
 30 
 810, 566 
 
 488 
 5310, 400 
 
 3,1.58 
 $2,087,778 
 
 2,336 
 2,095,9.80 
 
 64 
 537,892 
 
 $2,492 
 
 760 
 $.5.51,414 
 
 West Virginia. ' Wyoming. 
 
 .522 
 406 
 
 1.67 
 
 33 
 
 216 
 
 1,987 
 $1,706,448 
 
 231 
 $322,036 
 
 618 
 $647, 362 
 
 403 
 
 $.331,867 
 
 736 
 $165, 193 
 
 23, 914 
 $13, .524, 429 
 
 4,077 
 $2,1.53,890 
 
 1,413 
 $906,413 
 
 169 
 543,304 
 
 2, 495 
 51,204,173 
 
 19,837 
 $11, 370, .539 
 
 13,468 
 1,361,137 
 
 628 
 5314,000 
 
 6.80 
 $168, 508 
 
 5, 061 
 $2,. 526, 894 
 
 9 
 17 
 4 
 2 
 
 46 
 38 
 113 
 .55 
 33 
 10 
 14 
 
 125 
 81.59, 153 
 
 17 
 528, 722 
 
 39 
 
 $.57,876 
 
 27 
 830, 734 
 
 42 
 541,821 
 
 4,197 
 S3, 207, .545 
 
 883 
 5680, 663 
 
 3.58 
 8309, 523 
 
 11 
 84,413 
 
 .514 
 $366,727 
 
 3, 314 
 82, .526, .882 
 
 2,281 
 $1,861,362 
 
 75 
 $46,6.55 
 
 24 
 
 $9, 937 
 
 934 
 
 $608,938 
 
 All other 
 8tale,s and 
 territories. 1 
 
 1 
 3 
 4 
 
 24 
 4 
 
 20 
 
 $7,133 
 
 3 
 $3,130 
 
 52, 133 
 
 2 
 $1,470 
 
 1 
 8400 
 
 46 
 526,719 
 
 13 
 55, 316 
 
 $3, .506 
 
 5 
 
 ,810 
 
 33 
 $21,404 
 
 22 
 $13,081 
 
 $4,097 
 
 4 
 
 54, 226 
 
 15 
 10 
 
 19 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 24 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 34 
 
 37 
 38 
 39 
 40 
 41 
 42 
 43 
 44 
 45 
 40 
 47 
 48 
 49 
 ,50 
 51 
 
 62 
 53 
 
 64 
 55 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 115 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 
 83 
 
 136 
 
 153 
 
 3 
 
 21 
 
 83 
 
 169 
 
 417 
 
 117 
 
 1 
 17 
 
 20 
 
 61 
 
 115 
 
 318 
 
 924 
 
 495 
 
 149 
 
 87 
 
 ■1 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 3 
 6 
 4 
 
 -l 
 6 
 11 
 
 38 
 
 10 
 
 19 
 
 70 
 
 134 
 
 305 
 
 160 
 
 77 
 
 32 
 
 30 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 58 
 59 
 60 
 61 
 62 
 63 
 64 
 
 66 
 67 
 68 
 69 
 70 
 71 
 
 73 
 74 
 
 79 
 80 
 
 ^ Includes operators distributed as follows; Alaslia, 2; Idaho. 5; North Carolina, 1. 
 
7U 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 60.— COAL, BITUMINOUS— DETAILED SUMMARY, 
 
 81 
 82 
 83 
 84 
 85 
 8B 
 87 
 8S 
 89 
 90 
 91 
 92 
 93 
 94 
 95 
 96 
 97 
 
 98 
 99 
 100 
 101 
 102 
 103 
 104 
 105 
 106 
 107 
 108 
 109 
 110 
 
 111 
 112 
 113 
 114 
 115 
 116 
 117 
 118 
 119 
 120 
 121 
 122 
 128 
 124 
 
 125 
 126 
 127 
 128 
 129 
 130 
 131 
 132 
 133 
 
 134 
 135 
 136 
 137 
 138 
 139 
 140 
 141 
 142 
 143 
 144 
 145 
 146 
 147 
 148 
 149 
 150 
 
 151 
 152 
 163 
 154 
 155 
 166 
 157 
 158 
 159 
 160 
 161 
 162 
 
 163 
 164 
 165 
 166 
 167 
 168 
 169 
 170 
 171 
 172 
 
 173 , 
 
 174 I 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at specified 
 dally rates of pay — Continued. 
 Miners — 
 
 Less tlian ,if0..50 
 
 S0..50 to S0.74 
 
 S0.75 to$0.99 
 
 J1.00to$1.24 
 
 J1.25 to S1.49 
 
 $1.50 to Jl. 74 
 
 31.75 to S1.99 
 
 $2.00 to $2. 24 
 
 $2.25 to $2.49 
 
 $2..50to82.74 
 
 $2.75 to $2.99 
 
 $3.00to$3.24 
 
 $3.25 to 83.49 
 
 $3,611 to $3.74 
 
 $3.75 to $3.99 
 
 $4.00 to $4. 24 
 
 $4.25 and over 
 
 Miners' lielpers — 
 
 $0.60 to $0.74 
 
 $0.75 to $0.99 - 
 
 $1.00 to $1.24 
 
 $1.26 to $1.49 
 
 $1..50 to $1.74 
 
 $1.76 to $1.99 
 
 $2.00 to $2.24 
 
 $2.25 to $2.49 L 
 
 S2.,50to$2.74 
 
 $2.75 to $2.99 
 
 $3.00 to S3.24 
 
 $3.25 to $;i49 
 
 $3..50 to 83.74 
 
 Timbermen and tracli layers — 
 
 $0..5O to $0.74 .' 
 
 $0.75 to $0.99 
 
 $1.00 to $1.24 
 
 $1.25to$1.49 
 
 $1.. 60 to $1.74 
 
 $1.75 to $1.99 
 
 $2.00 to S2.24 
 
 $2.25 to $2.49 
 
 S2..5U to $2.74 
 
 $2.75 to $2.99 
 
 $3.00 to $3.24 
 
 $3.25 to $3.49 
 
 $3..60to$3.74 
 
 84.25 and over 
 
 Boys under 16 years — 
 
 Less tliun $0.50 
 
 $0..60 to 80.74 
 
 $0.75 to $0.99 
 
 $1.00 to SI. 24 
 
 $1.25to$1.49 
 
 $1.60 to $1.74 
 
 81.75 lo $1.99 
 
 82.00 to $2.24 
 
 $2.25 to $2.49 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 Less tlian 80..60 
 
 $0.50 to $0.74 
 
 $0.75 to $0.99 
 
 $1.00 to $1.24 
 
 $1.25 to $1.49 
 
 81.50 to $1.74 
 
 $1.75toSL99 
 
 $2.00 to $2.24 
 
 $2.25 to $2.19 
 
 $2..60 to $2.74 
 
 82.75 to $2.99 
 
 $3.00 to $3.24 
 
 $3.25 to 83.49 
 
 $3.60 to $3.74 
 
 83.75 to $3.99 
 
 $4.00 to 84.24 
 
 $4.26 and over 
 
 Average number of wage-earners employed 
 during each month: 
 Men 16 years and river — 
 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 Decern Ijer 
 
 Boys under 16 years — 
 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 Marc h 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 .July 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 29 
 
 143 
 
 329 
 
 616 
 
 693 
 
 1,007 
 
 836 
 
 1,011 
 
 120 
 
 163 
 
 49 
 
 IS 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Kentu<'ky. Maryland. Michigan 
 
 1 
 
 JO 
 241 
 
 1,122 
 
 S.H6 
 
 1,464 
 
 602 
 
 251 
 
 61 
 
 23 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 3? 
 
 14 
 83 
 323 
 280 
 1,016 
 417 
 855 
 250 
 36 
 6 
 269 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 .52 
 69 
 23 
 18 
 211 
 105 
 133 
 331 
 
 Missouri. 1 Montami. 
 
 19 
 
 16 
 
 34 
 
 87 
 
 173 
 
 402 
 
 1,109 
 
 1,393 
 
 562 
 
 421 
 
 322 
 
 129 
 
 36 
 
 24 
 
 40 
 '26' 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 10 
 20 
 
 10 
 134 
 40 
 20 
 
 2 
 35 
 31 
 11 
 
 17 
 9 
 24 
 
 1 
 43 
 
 79 
 
 11 
 
 2K 
 336 
 
 97 
 622 
 229 
 109 
 9 
 
 24 
 
 543 
 
 659 
 
 KM 
 
 36 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 19 
 
 17 
 
 37.S 
 
 322 
 
 129 
 
 26 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 14 i 
 73 1 
 
 115 I 
 
 236 1 
 
 174 
 
 474 
 
 120 
 20 
 
 13 
 
 8,120 
 7,806 
 7,294 
 6, 496 
 0,199 
 6,179 
 6,408 
 6, 612 
 6, 793 
 7,284 
 7,173 
 7,533 
 
 35 
 35 
 36 
 31 
 32 
 31 
 32 
 32 
 34 
 
 9, 612 
 9, 265 
 
 8, 828 
 8, 360 
 8,107 
 7, 743 
 7, 942 
 8, 129 
 8, 624 
 9, 461 
 9, 938 
 10, 296 
 
 219 
 221 
 223 
 219 
 211 
 207 
 234 
 216 
 217 
 21. s 
 216 
 216 
 
 4. 830 
 4;«47 
 4, 706 
 4, 734 
 4, 773 
 4, 766 
 4, 793 
 4, 843 
 4,808 
 4,8.54 
 4,881 
 4,849 
 
 131 
 
 128 
 
 129 
 
 128 
 
 124 
 
 131 
 
 131 
 
 131 
 
 129 1 
 
 128 
 
 127 
 
 131 
 
 !,197 
 
 1,196 
 
 ;, 19,S 
 
 166 
 
 138 
 
 131 
 
 136 
 
 976 
 
 I, 209 
 
 ;, 263 
 
 :,288 
 
 :, 430 
 
 7, .692 
 7, 323 
 6,499 
 5,976 
 6,834 
 5,804 
 5,798 
 6,678 
 5,906 
 
 6, .539 
 6,962 
 
 7, 322 
 
 69 
 69 
 
 New Mexico. 
 
 117 
 636 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 85 
 38 
 102 
 
 1,579 
 ],.590 
 1,572 
 1,490 
 1,481 
 1,480 
 1,496 
 1,4,82 
 1,694 
 1,6.87 
 1,727 
 1,75,H 
 
 20 
 18 
 10 
 9 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 7 
 5 
 ,5 
 5 
 4 
 
 102 
 2.62 
 33 
 
 119 
 36 
 
 307 
 30 
 14 
 47 
 
 1,627 
 1,463 
 1,432 
 1,403 
 1,271 
 1,421 
 1,461 
 1,463 
 1,377 
 1,410 
 1, 3r,6 
 1,344 
 
 North Da- 
 liota. 
 
 396 
 340 
 263 
 163 
 139 
 1.59 
 1.6.1 
 178 
 242 
 381 
 491 
 
COAL. 
 
 715 
 
 BY STATES AND TKRRITORIES: 190L>— Contir 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 245 
 
 2,288 
 
 1,873 
 
 6,553 
 
 2,882 
 
 3, 240 
 
 981 
 
 300 
 
 102 
 
 293 
 
 Oregon. 
 
 Pennsylvaniii. | Tennessee. 
 
 I ' 
 183 
 1.269 
 7.764 
 10,, 877 
 17, 129 
 9,913 
 7, 574 
 3, 307 
 2,034 
 
 X3 
 368 
 1,013 
 944 
 667 
 332 
 118 
 
 71 
 219 
 
 1, S64 
 
 268 
 
 95 
 
 4 
 
 24 
 23 
 
 81 
 46 
 
 121 
 9S 
 
 132 
 16 
 29 
 
 Utah. 
 
 71 
 44.S 
 91 
 S4 
 708 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 28 
 189 
 
 343 
 1 
 
 110 
 147 
 
 VirKiiiia. \\'ushin/<ton. 
 
 .S24 
 116 
 199 
 118 
 419 
 193 
 
 179 
 381 
 , .51:6 
 124 
 3 
 
 21 
 
 8 
 
 All other 
 
 West ^'irginia. ' Wyoming. ' states and 
 
 territories. 
 
 8 
 
 238 
 
 670 
 
 2,208 
 
 2,395 
 
 3, 448 
 
 1 , 738 
 
 1,481 
 
 478 
 
 459 
 
 268 
 
 30 
 
 4 
 
 26 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 .58 
 72 
 233 
 132 
 M 
 42 
 4 
 
 4K4 
 339 
 775 
 128 
 161 
 61 
 29 
 21.H 
 
 84 
 85 
 
 90 
 
 91 
 92 
 93 
 94 
 95 
 96 
 97 
 
 98 
 99 
 100 
 101 
 102 
 103 
 I104 
 105 
 106 
 107 
 108 
 109 
 110 
 
 112 
 113 
 
 114 
 115 
 116 
 117 
 118 
 119 
 120 
 121 
 122 
 123 
 124 
 
 125 
 126 
 127 
 128 
 129 
 130 
 131 
 132 
 133 
 
 134 
 
 135 
 136 
 137 
 138 
 139 
 140 
 141 
 142 
 113 
 144 
 145 
 146 
 147 
 148 
 149 
 150 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 51 
 
 264 
 
 245 
 
 11; 
 
 9 
 82 
 235 
 697 
 831 
 91 
 
 110 
 42 
 1 
 
 228 
 353 
 98 
 37 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 96 
 
 207 
 
 135 
 757 
 .582 
 96 
 31 
 4 
 
 113 
 
 37 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 250 
 339 
 202 
 
 40 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 70 
 
 185 
 
 151 
 
 1,299 
 
 597 
 
 3,163 
 
 212 
 
 1.56 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 14 
 
 19 
 
 1 
 
 IS 
 
 99 
 
 381 
 
 1,009 
 
 3,314 
 
 2, 062 
 
 5,688 
 
 4,162 
 
 893 
 
 2.50 
 
 70 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 53 
 
 17 
 
 288 
 
 236 
 
 439 
 
 188 
 
 89 
 
 33 
 
 82 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 4 
 18 
 5 
 102 
 
 182 
 43 
 
 145 
 175 
 31 
 
 69 
 172 
 396 
 133 
 102 
 
 74 
 1 
 
 30 
 
 24 
 
 667 
 
 1,437 
 
 1,.898 
 
 1, .541 
 
 649 
 
 185 
 
 84 
 
 22 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 42 
 
 218 
 
 247 
 
 405 ' 
 
 415 
 
 28 
 
 12 
 
 25,117 
 26, 401 
 25, 430 
 24, 963 
 24, 241 
 24,418 
 24, 824 
 25, 470 
 25, 7.52 
 26, 712 
 27, 426 
 27,770 
 
 311 
 310 
 322 
 320 
 324 
 332 
 343 
 347 
 339 
 364 
 362 
 358 
 
 213 
 213 
 203 
 199 
 192 
 193 
 188 
 198 
 203 
 211 
 216 
 219 
 
 89, 130 
 87, 355 
 88, 987 
 88, 503 
 88,188 
 89, 625 
 89, 9.50 
 91,367 
 92, 217 
 93, 620 
 93, 311 
 93, 543 
 
 1,.577 
 1,.528 
 1,.677 
 1,584 
 1,.596 
 1,617 
 1,632 
 1,647 
 1,644 
 1,641 
 1,641 
 1,660 
 
 6,297 
 6,207 
 6, 138 
 6,311 
 6,300 
 6,087 
 5, 442 
 5, 455 
 5,458 
 5,649 
 6,490 
 6,718 
 
 170 
 169 
 170 
 170 
 172 
 172 
 174 
 179 
 179 
 178 
 174 
 181 
 
 2,029 
 2, 035 
 1, 9.54 
 1,9,56 
 1 , 9K,S 
 1,984 
 1,978 
 1 , 950 
 1,913 
 1,887 
 1,8,81 
 1,881 
 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 
 1,.501 
 1,528 
 1,652 
 1,483 
 1,456 
 ] , 429 
 1,473 
 1,478 
 1 , .591 
 1,617 
 1,7.54 
 1,7.83 
 
 14 
 16 
 13 
 15 
 13 
 16 
 15 
 13 
 14 
 11 
 13 
 15 
 
 2, 876 
 2,872 
 2, 752 
 2,823 
 2,748 
 2,709 
 2, 8-8 
 2,983 
 2, 8.57 
 2,934 
 3,0-9 
 3,097 
 
 121 
 118 
 1U> 
 118 
 117 
 110 
 121 
 118 
 133 
 115 
 124 
 130 
 
 4,232 
 4,196 
 4,183 
 4,055 
 3,610 
 3,617 
 3,759 
 3,683 
 3,719 
 3, 885 
 3, 867 
 3,920 
 
 38 
 39 
 40 
 39 
 36 
 36 
 33 
 35 
 36 
 42 
 42 
 41 
 
 2.5, 744 
 25, 732 
 26, 081 
 26, 031 
 25, 655 
 19,112 
 16, .664 
 18,148 
 19,419 
 22,886 
 25,212 
 26, 197 
 
 955 
 969 
 965 
 961 
 974 
 758 
 607 
 
 845 
 900 
 922 
 
 4,920 
 4,646 
 4, 302 
 3,846 
 3,481 
 3,544 
 3,694 
 3,820 
 4,177 
 4,436 
 4,477 
 4,601 
 
 34 
 
 34 
 34 
 32 
 
 4{i 
 46 
 45 
 41 
 42 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 47 
 55 
 55 
 55 
 
 1.51 
 1.52 
 163 
 154 
 185 
 156 
 157 
 158 
 159 
 160 
 161 
 162 
 
 163 
 164 
 165 
 166 
 167 
 168 
 169 
 170 
 171 
 172 
 173 
 1 174 
 
716 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 00.— COAL, BITUMINOUS— DETAILED SUMMARY, 
 
 
 
 ■ Kansas. 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 Michigan. 
 
 Missouri. 
 
 Montana. 
 
 New Mexico. 
 
 North Da- 
 kota. 
 
 175 
 
 Contract work: 
 
 Amount paid 
 
 83, 644 
 106 
 
 S4is,9:;i 
 
 S173, 770 
 
 S24o, 151 
 
 S596, 501 
 
 .5,266,005 
 Jfi, ,862, 787 
 
 12, 629 
 
 12. .54,5 
 17 
 
 310, 668 
 73 
 
 8285, 792 
 SF79, 189 
 
 S206, 603 
 
 S743,313 
 
 6, 766, 984 
 S6, 666, 967 
 
 13,0.53 
 191 
 
 11,. 881 
 
 3 
 40 
 
 SK,499 
 40 
 
 t312, 198 
 S106,607 
 
 ?206, .591 
 
 S510, 092 
 
 5,271,609 
 J5, 579, 869 
 
 9,034 
 
 .54 
 
 7,612 
 
 1 
 12 
 
 J7,.500 
 13 
 
 8106, 414 
 J48, 127 
 
 J.58,2«7 
 
 S82, 448 
 
 964, 718 
 81, 6.53, 192 
 
 4, 4C6 
 
 46 
 3, 699 
 
 1 
 
 842,031 
 110 
 
 8250,078 
 8118, 1.35 
 
 8131,943 
 
 8304,. 821 
 
 3,890,154 
 85, 374, 642 
 
 8,220 
 
 190 
 8,184 
 
 1 
 
 36, 
 
 81,000 
 13 
 
 S!!8,693 
 841,1.53 
 
 877,540 
 
 8233, 930 
 
 1,560,823 
 82,443,447 
 
 5,448 
 
 47 
 5, 273 
 
 85, 770 
 81 
 
 863, 990 
 826, 668 
 
 837,322 
 
 8156, 513 
 
 1,048,763 
 81, 500, 230 
 
 3,879' 
 
 82, 795 
 9 
 
 822, 262 
 11,407 
 
 820,8.55 
 
 886,467 
 
 226,511 
 8325, 967 
 
 839 
 
 17li 
 
 
 177 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses: 
 Total 
 
 17S 
 179 
 18(1 
 
 Royalties and rent of mine and min- 
 ing plant. 
 Rent of offices, taxes, insurance, inter- 
 est, and otlier sundries. 
 Cost of supplies and materials . 
 
 ISI 
 
 Product: 
 
 Quantity, short tons 
 
 IK? 
 
 
 1S3 
 184 
 
 Power: 
 
 Total horsepower 
 
 Owned— 
 
 Engines- 
 Steam— 
 
 185 
 
 
 
 186 
 
 Gas or gasnline— 
 
 Numoer 
 
 
 
 ISV 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Water wheels- 
 Number 
 
 
 25 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 40 
 
 
 188 
 
 
 
 isy 
 
 Horsep()wer 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 190 
 
 Other power — 
 
 Number 
 
 9 
 67 
 
 10 
 982 
 
 1.50 
 
 1,410 
 
 5 
 765 
 
 
 20 
 175 
 
 
 191 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 
 192 
 
 Rented— 
 
 Electric, horsepower 
 
 
 
 193 
 
 Other power, horsepower 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 194 
 
 Electric motors owned— 
 
 Number 
 
 9 
 270 
 
 40 
 
 1,8:;4 
 
 1.50 
 
 
 12 
 376 
 
 300 
 
 26 
 714 
 
 
 
 195 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 
 
 196 
 
 Supplied to other establishments, horse- 
 power. 
 
 
 
 ou 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
COAL. 
 
 717 
 
 BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1902— Continued. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 All other 
 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Oregon. 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Tennes.see. 
 
 Texa.s. 
 
 Utiih. 
 
 Virpiniii. 
 
 Washini^^tnn. 
 
 We.st Virginia. 
 
 Wyoming. 
 
 states and 
 territories. 
 
 
 $4fi,H18 
 290 
 
 $l,619,4.il 
 $S.=.4, t;o4 
 
 
 8^174,679 
 985 
 
 $6,178,975 
 $2,714,816 
 
 $14,094 
 71 
 
 $432,029 
 $245, 001 
 
 $38 
 2 
 
 $102,237 
 $17, 499 
 
 $340 
 2 
 
 $94,123 
 $043 
 
 $27, 600 
 52 
 
 $315, .381 
 $177,199 
 
 $200 
 3 
 
 $1K0,213 
 $40,780 
 
 $23, 092 
 79 
 
 $2, 087, .528 
 $1,215,940 
 
 $12,747 
 17 
 
 $224,947 
 $63. 095 
 
 $1 , 800 
 5 
 
 $1,.535 
 $.50 
 
 176 
 
 
 176 
 
 S25,737 
 »1,607 
 
 177 
 178 
 
 $764, 847 
 
 124, 130 
 
 $3,464,169 
 
 $187, 028 
 
 $84, 738 
 
 $93. ISO 
 
 $138. 1,S5 
 
 $139,433 
 
 $871,. 5,88 
 
 $161,8.52 
 
 $1,4.86 
 
 179 
 
 $2, 082, 788 
 
 J80, 355 
 
 $8,224,475 
 
 $390, 561 
 
 $99, 127 
 
 $196,114 
 
 $215, 45S 
 
 $473, 254 
 
 $2. 327, 377 
 
 $669,328 
 
 $4,501 
 
 180 
 
 23, 519, 894 
 S26, 953, 789 
 
 65,648 
 J160, 075 
 
 98, 574, 367 
 $106, 032, 460 
 
 4,382,968 
 $5,399,721 
 
 901,912 
 
 $1,477,245 
 
 1, .574. .521 
 $1.797.4.54 
 
 3, 182, 993 
 $2,. 543, 595 
 
 2,681,214 
 $4,. 572, 295 
 
 24, .570, 826 
 $24,748,658 
 
 4,429,491 
 r>, 236, 339 
 
 27,242 
 
 $.58,728 
 
 181 
 182 
 
 46, 635 
 
 527 
 
 146,921 
 
 6,042 
 
 1,X99 
 
 3,197 
 
 6, 221 
 
 10, 1.56 
 
 48, 674 
 
 19,883 
 
 155 
 
 183 
 
 597 
 45,517 
 
 11 
 527 
 
 1,440 
 134, 932 
 
 66 
 5, 67,s 
 
 53 
 
 1,,895 
 
 37 
 3,197 
 
 .52 
 5, .846 
 
 85 
 9,116 
 
 433 
 * 44,495 
 
 132 
 17,283 
 
 4 
 
 1.55 
 
 184 
 185 
 
 28 
 188 
 
 
 292 
 
 13 
 94 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 47 
 
 
 
 1S6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.S7 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 375 
 
 7 
 1,005 
 
 
 138 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 LS 
 3,917 
 
 215 
 
 13 
 2,600 
 
 
 181) 
 
 10 
 
 815 
 
 85 
 30 
 
 131 
 
 5, 527 
 
 
 .SI, 
 10. 2,55 
 
 1,442 
 
 5 
 270 
 
 1 
 4 
 
 
 190 
 
 
 
 111 
 
 
 26 
 10 
 
 77 
 
 2, 133 
 
 125 
 
 
 19? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 193 
 
 
 432 
 
 20. 508 
 
 225 
 
 15 
 805 
 
 1 
 40 
 6 
 
 15 
 1,325 
 
 28 
 
 1,2.S0 
 
 315 
 
 217 
 
 16,894 
 
 70 
 
 24 
 * 1 , 079 
 
 
 191 
 
 195 
 
 
 
 196 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PETROLEUM 
 
 (719) 
 
PETROLEUM. 
 
 By K. H. OijpiiANT. 
 
 The only I'ensus statistics for tlio production of crude 
 petroleum comparable with those of 19(.)'i ai'c the sta- 
 tistics for ISTO and 1889. No census of the industry 
 was taken in 1860, the year following- the drilling- of 
 Drake's well, and the census of 1880 was chieHy for re- 
 Hned petroleum, although some data were given for the 
 crude. In Table 1, which is a comparative summary 
 from 1860 to 190^, the production shown for 186<» is 
 the estimate published l)y the United States Geological 
 Survey, and the hgures for 188n are selections from 
 tabulations in the census report. However defective 
 the basis of comparison, the table is sufficient to indi- 
 cate the progress made from one period to another in 
 the rise of this important industry. 
 
 Table 1. — Conqiftrdtire mimriKirii: ISflO to 1U03. 
 
 1902 
 
 Number of wells 
 
 Number of operators. 
 Salaried officials, 
 clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number. 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous ex- 
 penses 
 
 Cost of supplies and 
 
 materials 
 
 Product: 
 
 Quantity, barrels 
 
 of 42 gallons .-- 
 
 Value 
 
 118,671 
 29, 522 
 
 3,033 
 f2, 986, 768 
 
 5 17, 5.52 
 S13,242,361 
 S12, 956, 631 
 
 *15, 811, 7-26 
 
 $17,781,512 
 
 689,275,302 
 ».J71, 397,739 
 
 :15, 163 1,5,009 
 
 (=) i (-) 
 
 $163,1.56 I (1) 
 
 3 22,366 ! 11,477 
 
 $8,383,744 | $7,179,000 
 
 (=) $3,730,000 
 
 (!) (=1 
 
 $9,505,935 I $3,174,160 
 
 (•) 
 
 (<) 
 (') 
 
 4, 
 $3, 995, 
 
 ( = ) 
 
 (=1 
 $1,401,< 
 
 488 
 030 
 
 35, 163, .513 ' 26,286,123 
 $26, 963,:W0 *24,600, 6;3S 
 
 4,315, 
 |$19, 304, 
 
 798 
 
 224 |$4, 
 
 i"-) 
 
 (-) 
 
 (-1 
 
 .500, 000 
 800, 000 
 
 1 Establishment.s. 
 - Not reported. 
 
 3 Foremen included in wage-earners. 
 
 4 Not reported separately. 
 
 5 The apparent decrease in the \vage-earners for 1902, as compared with 1889. 
 is caused almost entirely by the ditference in the methods of computing the 
 average number at the two censuses. 
 
 ^The T'nited States Geological Survey reports 88,766,916 barrels, valued at 
 $71,178,910, which represents the product marketed. The Census figures repre- 
 sent the petroleum produced. 
 
 The statistics showing the production of petroleum 
 in the United States during the decade between the 
 census years 1889 and 1902 indicate a very remarkable 
 increase in the quantity and value of this important 
 natural product. The number of barrels produced in 
 1889 was 35,163,513, valued at *:^6,963,310. The num- 
 ber of barrels produced in I'.tOii was 89,275,302, valued 
 
 30-223— 04 4B 
 
 at $71,397,739, which shows an increase of 153.9 Y>er 
 cent in quantity and 164.8 per cent in value. Tlie 
 average increase in (juantity for eachof the twelve veai's 
 between the dates named was 12.8 per cent andinvidue 
 13.7 per cent. The conditions that brought aljout this 
 increase were varied and extensive, the most conspicu- 
 ous of which was the opening up of several large pools 
 in noi'thwestern Pennsylvania during 1890 and 1891, 
 followed liy the development of the McDonald pool near 
 Pittsburg, which reached its zenith in 1891, giving to 
 Pennsylvania in that year the greatest production in 
 its record. 
 
 In Ohio, from its two fields, there has been a gradual 
 increase, the production reaching its height in 1896, 
 with a slight decline to the close of 1902. In AVest 
 Virginia, from 1890 to 19()0, there was a remarkable 
 increase in the production, the greatest output being 
 in the latter j-ear; this has since been followed by a 
 gradual decline. 
 
 In Indiana there have been almost continual gains 
 since the lieginning of 1890 to the close of 1902. In 
 California, during the period beginning with 1894 and 
 ending with 1902, there has been a remarkable increase 
 in production, this being most marked from the begin- 
 ning of 1900 up to the close of 1902. Since the year 
 1898 the production in Texas has been increasing at a 
 wonderful rate; the gain in 1902 compared with 1901 
 was the greatest on record. A decided increase was 
 also shown in Kansas. 
 
 While the combined output of the older fields in the 
 northeastern ]5ortion of the United States showed onlv 
 a very slight decline, the fields of the Southwest and 
 West developed an extraordinar}' increase in new pro- 
 duction, although this production was of a quality 
 inferior to that of the older fields and was marketed at 
 a less value. 
 
 The total number of all wells at the t-lose of 1902, 
 which includes the dry holes and those abandoned, was 
 118.671; of this number 108,601 were productive -\vells. 
 llW/.v mid ttnih/f/r. — The total number of wells drilled 
 in 19(12, both dry holes and productive, the number 
 of flowing and pumping wells, the number of wells 
 
 (721) 
 
722 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 operated, the number of wells that produced petro- I tanks at the wells and their capacity for receiving 
 leuni and the number abandoned, and the number of ! the output are shown in the following table: 
 Table 2.— RECORD OF AVELL8 AND TANKAGE, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1902. 
 
 WELLS AND TANKAGE. 
 
 Wells: 
 
 Tt)tal numher 
 
 Total number producing: 
 
 Number flowing 
 
 Number pumping 
 
 Total number drilled during 1902 
 
 Number producing 
 
 Number of dry holes 
 
 Number abandoned during 1902 
 
 Tankage: 
 
 Number of tanks at wells 
 
 Total capacity In barrels of 42 gallons. 
 
 United 
 States. 
 
 lis, 671 
 
 108, 644 
 
 694 
 
 107, 950 
 
 15,606 
 
 12, 3JS 
 
 ■i. 15S 
 
 0, .S69 
 
 51,774 
 14, 415, 147 
 
 Calitor- 
 
 2,757 
 
 2,574 
 
 35 
 
 2,6:W 
 
 425 
 
 ■in 
 
 102 
 SI 
 
 1,439 
 , 366, 153 
 
 Indiana, 
 
 IM 
 20 
 2S 
 
 9,439 
 
 8, 224 
 
 1 
 
 S,223 
 
 2,932 
 
 2,489 
 
 443 
 
 772 
 
 60 2, 56S 
 41, .579 .592,172 
 
 tueky. 
 
 New' 
 York. 
 
 470 
 
 419 
 
 .52 
 
 367 
 
 282 
 
 245 
 
 37 
 
 14 
 
 304 
 43, 238 
 
 392 
 
 8, 443 
 
 263 
 
 8, 178 
 
 14 
 
 
 249 
 
 8,178 
 
 3,58 
 
 626 
 
 249 
 
 531 
 
 1(19 
 
 95 
 
 20 
 
 170 
 
 206 
 
 2, 937 
 
 989 
 
 308, 029 
 
 42, 483 
 39,0,56 
 3 
 39, 053 
 5, 313 
 4,419 
 894 
 2, ,5.S3 
 
 11,823 
 1, 891, 300 
 
 Penn.syl- 
 vania. 
 
 40,444 
 
 37, 806 
 
 1 
 
 37,805 
 
 3,034 
 
 2, 275 
 
 769 
 
 1,879 
 
 20, 323 
 , 864, 755 
 
 965 
 852 
 
 70 
 782 
 252 
 216 
 
 36 
 
 1,010 
 4, 917, 923 
 
 West 
 Virginia. 
 
 13, 109 
 11, 1.38 
 500 
 10, 6:38 
 2,193 
 1, ,544 
 649 
 1.322 
 
 11,067 
 263,209 
 
 .ill otber 
 
 states 
 and ter- 
 ritories. 
 
 68 
 1.57 
 18 
 39 
 43 
 37 
 
 16, 800 
 
 1 Includes wells distributed as follows: Illinois, 2; Indian Territory, 13: Louisiana, 7: Michigan, 12; Jlissouri, 5: rikiahoma, 3: Tennessee, 4: Wyoming, 11. 
 
 In the entire United States there were 15,506 wells 
 drilled in 190:^; of this number 3,158 were dry hole.s — 
 that is. wells W'hich did not produce petroleum in suffi- 
 cient cjuantity to justif}' pumping them or were totally 
 destitute of petroleum. The number of producing 
 wells drilled in 1902 was, therefore, 12,348. There 
 were 69-1 flowing wells producing petroleum and 107,950 
 wells that were pumped, making a total of 10,S,64:-± pro- 
 ducing wells in the United States in'l9(>2. The great- 
 est number of flowing wells was in West Virginia, where 
 they numbered 500. 
 
 Flowing wells do not usually continue to flow for 
 long periods, and are found only in comparatively new 
 territory, where the pressure of natural gas still remains 
 in the rock. Wells that are pumped are usually oper- 
 ated by sucker rods — wooden rods with iron sockets 
 reaching down inside a 2-inch pipe or tubing to a work- 
 ing barrel at the bottom containing ^-alves, the packing- 
 being made by leather cups. The motion is from lo 
 to 18 inches, 20 to 60 strokes per minute. The depth 
 of wells which jiroduce petraleum varies from 250 to 
 3,300 feet; the latter depth is attained only in West 
 Virginia. Of the total producing wells 7n.S poj- cent 
 are located in the states of Ohio and Pennsvlvania, the 
 
 former state leading the ktter bj^ 1,250 wells. The 
 number of producing wells in New York w'as 8,178 and 
 in Indiana 8,224. California conies next with 2.57-1 pro- 
 ducing wells, 35 of which are flowing. The number of 
 wells in the United States abandoned during the vear 
 was 6,869, wdiich is more than half of the productive 
 wells drilled in 1902. The greatest number of aban- 
 doned wells in 1902 was in Ohio, where the number 
 reached 2,533. The number of abandoned wells in 
 Pennsylvania was 1,879; in West Virginia, 1,322; and 
 in Indiana, 772. 
 
 The tanks \-ary in capacity from 5 to 1,200 l)arrels, 
 and are connected with the pipe line system by pipes. 
 Each tank is usually measured and numbered by the 
 pipe line company and the number of barrels to the 
 inch noted. A \-alve that is attached to the bottom of 
 the tank and the lead line is locked by the pipe line 
 company and is only opened when the numlierof inches 
 of petroleum in the tank is measured by the ganger, 
 and it is closed liy him at the end of the run. 
 
 < 'iijHftil Kti)ch iif niciirjxiniti il r<iiiij)(iii irs. — The capital 
 stock and bonded indebtedness of incorporated com- 
 panies are reported by states and territories in the 
 folloAving table: 
 
 T.^BLE 3.— CAPITALIZATION OF INCORPORATED (Y)MPANIES: 1902. 
 
 Capital .stock and bonrl.s issnc-d 
 
 Capital stock: 
 
 Total authorized — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Total issued — 
 
 Number of shares __. 
 
 Par value _ 
 
 Dividends paid 
 
 Com mon — 
 
 Authorized^ 
 
 Number oL^^hiirc 
 
 Par Viiliic 
 
 Issued— 
 
 Xurnbcr ol simrc 
 
 Prtr \')ilii(' 
 
 Dividends pjiid. 
 Preferred — 
 
 Autbf.rized — 
 
 Nund.K-Tor.sbHrc 
 I'ijr \'filuf. . . 
 Issued— 
 
 Nuiiili.T (.r^liiii-,. 
 
 I'lir \■.^\\u■ 
 
 Jiividi-nds i.iiid. 
 Bonds; 
 
 -Authorized — 
 
 Number 
 
 J'iir v;i.bic 
 
 Issu<.'d — 
 
 NiirnbeT 
 
 Piir Vii-liH'.... 
 
 Int(.'re,^l \n\ Id 
 
 AfisessrneMi Is Icvicil 
 
 rniled States. 
 
 ;!;;ii.4r>i;, 514 
 
 :^-I'i,s,yU4,-18y I 
 
 ;i-'s,(.i:;:i, :;o-l , 
 $101, Kin, si;vi 
 
 :?3'Ji.(i:-!r,,9iL: ■ 
 
 2, 117 
 J4,743 
 
 120 
 620 
 
 2, 130, 951 
 
 », 149, 661 
 
 ¥27,373 
 
 162 
 11,775 
 
 UDII 
 
 9l,!i9;; 
 
 ■6, 7 1 ;i, 256 
 
 S297.:l:::: 
 
 California. 
 Slog, 679, l:!2 
 
 110,040,309 
 Sl,55, 147, 9,S9 
 
 73, 218, 626 
 
 $108, W3, 132 
 
 Jl, 190, 012 
 
 107,646,6,S9 
 $1,52,7,51,369 
 
 71,097,964 
 
 5105,922.471 
 
 M, ],si;, ,8:il 
 
 2, 393, 620 
 S2, 393, 620 
 
 2, 120, 661 
 
 92,120,661 
 
 Sf3, 178 
 
 5,400 
 *5, 300, 000 
 
 I,7:i6 
 *1, 6:16,000 
 
 ^80, s,s:? 
 
 .SS76, 198 
 
 Colorado. 
 S4,, 840, 0,54 
 
 9, 1.80, 000 
 S7, 215,11(16 
 
 7,116,741 
 
 {4.428,0.54 
 
 8120,042 
 
 9,180,000 
 S7, 215, 000 
 
 7,116,741 
 
 S4, 428, 0,54 
 
 SI 20, 042 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 SI 3, ,577, too 
 
 1,129,814 
 $13,981,400 
 
 770,364 i 
 S13,577,J00 I 
 91,921,191 I 
 
 1, 129,814 
 S13, 981,4110 
 
 770,364 
 S13,.577,400 
 H, 921, 191 i 
 
 Kansas. 
 ■^6, tl,5, 000 
 
 Kentucky. 
 S15, 218, ,516 
 
 650 
 S6,r'0, Olio 
 
 412 
 
 SM12, 000 
 
 S7, ,810 
 
 9,603,000 ; 
 
 $7,650,000 ' 
 
 i 
 
 8,368,000 \ 
 
 $6,415,000 
 
 S73,.500 
 
 9,603,000 
 $7,6.50,000 j 
 
 8, 368, 000 
 
 $6,415,000 I 
 
 $73, ,500 
 
 9, 900, 100 
 $19, 720, 000 
 
 7, 071, 811 
 
 $16,211,984 
 
 $34, 420 
 
 9,900, 100 
 $19,720,000 
 
 7,071,811 
 
 $15,211,984 
 
 $34, 420 
 
 100, 000 
 $100, 000 
 
 36, 662 
 
 $36, 662 
 
 $2, 060 
 
 $900, OOG 
 
pp:troleum. 
 
 Table 3.— CAPITALIZATION (.)F INC(JRI'0 RATED COMPANIES: 1902— Cujitimied. 
 
 723 
 
 Capilnl stock and bonds issiu 
 Capital stock: 
 
 Total authorized — 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Total issued— 
 
 Number of stiarcs 
 
 Far value 
 
 Dividends paid . . 
 Common- 
 
 Bonds: 
 
 Authorized— 
 
 XuiuIht of shares. 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 NuniluT of shares . 
 
 Par value 
 
 Di\'ideudsyiaid 
 
 Preferred — 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number i:if shares . 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of shares. 
 
 Par Value 
 
 Dividends iiaid 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number 
 
 Par valuo 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Nnuaber 
 
 Par value 
 
 Interest paid . 
 Assessmt-nts levied. 
 
 Sl,fis4.7()() 
 
 l(i,,s47 
 Sl,flH'l,70i) 
 
 li;.M-)7 
 Sl,ilM-J,7iiO 
 
 Si;.i(i.(n.^ 
 
 Hl.S-17 
 
 j],r,s4,7(i(i 
 
 H1,S17 
 
 :51,(1M-1,7U0 
 
 Sl:-tti.01.') 
 
 S;i7,3oK, 1110 
 
 ;!73, r-iHi 
 
 ^37,358,100 
 
 373, fiH] 
 
 S37, Sn», 100 
 
 §4,715,322 
 
 373, 581 
 ',358,100 
 
 PcHUsvl va- 
 
 327,07. 
 
 27(1, 751 
 S27,075, 100 
 
 270, 751 
 
 327,075,100 
 
 S945,372 
 
 152,0H5,235 , 
 399, '124, 500 ■ 
 
 108,422,232 
 S75,36JS,71-1 
 
 $(i55,21fi 
 
 373, 581 
 
 270, 7S1 
 
 S37, 3.SH, 101) 
 
 Sl;7,07.=i,100 
 
 J-I,71n,:-;'J1^ 
 
 a-;u:i,372 
 
 $27,07.'^, lOO J'J7,a7.|,:iOO 
 
 10H,41I,»42 
 
 J7-i,33y, 714 
 
 Si;31,021 
 
 23,.)00 
 !,3.=iO,00U * 
 
 } 1,029,1100 
 S21,19.'i 
 
 ,W, 97.5 
 ,.575,000 
 
 .53,133 
 
 8-1,5.59,094 
 
 S202, 050 
 
 S17S,440 
 
 We.Kt Vir- 
 giiiiii. 
 
 415, «(i2 
 ,J29, 706, 200 
 
 41.5,862 
 
 S29, 706, 200 
 
 $980, H46 
 
 415, ,%2 
 $29, 706, 200 
 
 415,, S62 
 
 $29, 706, 200 
 
 $980, 846 
 
 All OthCT 
 sliitcs and 
 lerritfirk'S.i 
 
 $5,393,219 
 
 37,441,016 
 $9,911,500 
 
 7, 071, 815 
 $5,318,219 
 
 37,441,015 
 $9, 911,. 500 
 
 7,071,815 
 $5,318,219 
 
 300 
 $150,000 
 
 1.50 
 $75,000 
 $4, 500 
 
 niifliidcs Illinois, Indian Territory, Lnnisiann, Mirhignn, Mi.ssntiri, oklalimna, Tunnesscc, and \yy(iniinf;. 
 
 The total amount of capital wtock is.sued and funded 
 debt outstanding- was §330,905,8511. The nunil)er of 
 share.s of common and pref(M'i'ed .stock autliorized 
 amounted to 330,4:5P),51J:. Of this amount 213,1 IH, ♦129 
 shares were issued, the par value, being- $324:,186,t:i(»3, 
 upon which $10,771,936, or 3.3 per cent, was paid as 
 dividends. The par value of the common stock issued 
 was $321,036,942 and the di\'idonds paid upon it 
 amounted to $10,744,563; on the issue of preferred 
 stock, the par value of which was $3,149,661, the divi- 
 dends paid amounted to $27,373. The par value of the 
 
 \ania the par value of .stocks was $27,075,1(.H). on ^Yhich 
 di\-idends amounting- to S',t45,372 were paid. In A\'est 
 Virginia the par value of the stock issued amounted 
 to S2!>.706,20O and the dividends to $9.80,846. 
 
 Speculative companies, numbering 1,200 or more, 
 have Iteen organized since 1H0(.), representing a capitali- 
 zation estimated to be at least $6O(),00n.«Mi(). A large 
 amount of stock has been issued l)v such companies 
 operating in Texas, California, Colorado, Louisiana, 
 and Kentucky. 
 
 Kiiiphiyei:^! iiikI ii'ik/ik. — The totul numlier of persons 
 
 bonds issued amounted to $6,719,256 and the interest regularly employed in the production of crude petro- 
 
 paid was $297,333, or 4.4 per cent. 
 
 The greatest aiiionnt of stock was issued in the state 
 of California, the par value being $108,043,132, upon 
 which $1,190,012 in dividends was paid. Texas was 
 next, with a par value of $75,368,714, upon which 
 $655,216 was paid in dividends. Ohio was third; the 
 par value of stock issued amounted to $37.35,s,loo. 
 and the dividends paid, to $4,715,322. In Pennsyl- 
 
 leuiii in 1902 was 20.585, who received Sl(>.22!»,129 in 
 salaries and wages. Of this nunil)er 3.033 persons were 
 employed as salaried officials, clerks, etc., and received 
 $2,9.S(;,768. The total a\erage numlier of wage-earners 
 was 17,552, who received $13,242,361. The average 
 niimbei- of wage-earners employed each month during 
 1902 is shown l)y states and tei'ritories in the follow- 
 ing table: 
 
 Table 4.— AVEKA(,E Nr:\n;EK OF W.V(;E-EARNEKS E.MI'LOYEI) Dt'RING E,\CII ;\10XTH: 1902. 
 
 Men 16 years and oyer: 
 
 .lannary 
 
 February 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 Ma 
 
 .Time 
 
 .Inly 
 
 AoKiist ..,. 
 Sf|iteniber. 
 Ortobor.... 
 November - 
 Decetnber . 
 
 United 
 States. 
 
 , 316 
 , 435 
 ,4.82 
 , 364 
 , 4.84 
 ,517 
 , .566 
 
 , 93 I 
 , 1101 
 
 Colorado. Indiana. Kansa 
 
 1,094 
 
 1,060 
 
 1,117 
 
 1,105 
 
 1,093 
 
 1,073 
 
 1,098 
 
 1,0.S5 
 
 1, 0S6 
 
 1,138 
 
 1 , 183 
 
 1,212 
 
 163 
 170 
 151 
 1.55 
 140 
 1.57 
 146 
 142 
 146 
 139 
 118 
 137 
 
 1,3.81 
 ],3i;4 
 1, 388 
 1 , 423 
 1,431 
 1,443 
 1,464 
 1 , 493 
 1,.5]7 
 1,5J1 
 1,512 
 1,569 
 
 135 
 138 
 136 
 137 
 140 
 143 
 119 
 1.50 
 U9 
 150 
 161 
 161 
 
 Ken- 
 
 New 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 tueky. 
 
 York. 
 
 49 
 
 410 
 
 4,007 
 
 49 
 
 408 
 
 3, 973 
 
 54 
 
 408 
 
 3, 976 
 
 74 
 
 409 
 
 4.003 
 
 71 
 
 410 
 
 1.009 
 
 74 
 
 408 
 
 4,018 
 
 82 
 
 407 
 
 4,020 
 
 87 
 
 407 
 
 4,0,59 
 
 96 
 
 406 
 
 4, 035 
 
 112 
 
 407 
 
 4,046 
 
 105 
 
 408 
 
 4,046 
 
 92 
 
 408 
 
 4,012 
 
 Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 5, 6E 
 5, 6- 
 5, 6'. 
 
 5, 585 
 5,583 
 5, 5.80 
 5, 566 
 5,614 
 
 5 J 143 
 
 
 
 All other 
 
 Te.xas. 
 
 West 
 ■\'ir^inia. 
 
 states 
 and terri- 
 tories.! 
 
 605 
 
 3, 851 
 
 36 
 
 606 
 
 3,814 
 
 36 
 
 651 
 
 3, ,809 
 
 36 
 
 661 
 
 3,811 
 
 36 
 
 698 
 
 3,826 
 
 39 
 
 615 
 
 3. 799 
 
 49 
 
 700 
 
 3,769 
 
 66 
 
 735 
 
 3, 7.53 
 
 56 
 
 78'"' 
 
 3, 729 
 
 .54 
 
 863 
 
 3, 799 
 
 .54 
 
 875 
 
 3,811 
 
 52 
 
 885 
 
 3, 829 
 
 50 
 
 1 Includes IlliiKiis, Indian 'I'err'tory. I.iaiisiaiia, JIiehit:^:iii. Missouri, (Oklahoma, Tennessee, and \\'yoniinK. 
 
724 
 
 MINKS AND QUAIJRIES. 
 
 The greatest muiil)er of employees is found in Penn- 
 sylvania. Althouu'h Ohio, A\'e,st Virginia, Texas, and 
 California produced more petroleum, they employed 
 fewer wage-earners, because more of their wells were 
 large producers. Pennsylvania employed 32 per cent 
 of the wage-earners and producetl only 13.5 per cent 
 of the entire product, the wells with one exception 
 being pumping wells. On the otlier hand, Texas em- 
 ployed only 4.1 per cent of tiie wage-earners, although 
 producing 2i).l per cent of the petroleum; and Cali- 
 fornia with ().3 per cent of the wage-earners yielded 
 15.7 per cent of the petr(_)leum. There was very little 
 fluctuation in the number employed, taken as a whole. 
 
 The a\erage number of wage earners by occupations 
 at specified daily rates of pay is shown in the following- 
 table: 
 
 Table 5. — Average number of wage-earners at sjiecified daibj rates of 
 jiaij, 1)1/ occupations: 1902. 
 
 RATE PER DAY 
 (DOLLARS). 
 
 All occu- 
 pations. 
 
 Engi- 
 neers. 
 
 Fire- 
 men. 
 
 Machinists, 
 smX* r- AU, other 
 r>entei-s ""«>-'- 
 and otlu.r ' ^■">'"''- 
 mechanics. 
 
 Total 
 
 17, 552 
 
 12, 951 
 
 65 
 
 3,7^7 779 
 
 
 
 
 Less than 0.. 50. 
 
 O.BOtoO.74 
 
 0.75 to 0.99.... 
 1.00 to 1.24.... 
 1.25tol.-49.... 
 1.50 to 1.74.... 
 1.75 to 1. 99-... 
 2.00 to 2.24.... 
 
 2.25 to 2.49 
 
 2.50 to 2.74 
 
 2.75 to 2.99 
 
 3.00 to 3.24 
 
 3.26 to 3.49 
 
 3.50 to 3.74 
 
 3.75 to 3.99 
 
 4.00 to 4. 24 
 
 4.25 and oyer . , 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 74 
 
 57 
 
 61 
 
 51 
 
 699 
 
 63 
 
 1,078 
 
 404 
 
 1,403 
 
 601 
 
 10,046 
 
 9, 872 
 
 2,366 
 
 1,.->.H0 
 
 242 
 
 72 
 
 8.59 
 
 182 
 
 277 
 
 16 
 
 ,S9 
 
 25 
 
 38 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 
 289 
 
 16 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 4 
 
 i 
 
 .549 
 
 
 633 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 138 
 
 20 
 
 502 
 
 8 
 
 147 
 
 24 
 
 570 
 
 3 
 
 258 
 
 
 57 
 
 1 
 
 34 
 
 
 16 
 
 3 
 
 265 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 86 
 
 41 
 
 ^36 
 
 264 
 
 15 
 
 83 
 
 Nearly 57.2 per cent of the wage-earners connected 
 with the production of petroleum in 1902 received l)e- 
 tween 12.25 and $2.49 per day. Only a))out eight- 
 tenths of 1 per cent received less than $].5(tperdav. 
 Of the 12,951 engineers, 76.2 per cent received between 
 $2.25 and $2.49 per day, and only 1.4 per cent received 
 less than i?1.75 per day. Of those rated as mechanics, 
 including blacksmiths, carpenters, and others of like 
 occupation, 63.7 per cent received from $1.5() to $2.74 
 per day and 19.1 per cent from $2.75 to $3.24. Abcjut 
 four-tenths of 1 per cent of this class of wage-earners 
 received less than $1.5(.» per day. Nearly 84 per cent 
 of "all other wage-earners" received from |1.50 to 
 $2.74 per day. 
 
 Contract 'inoji'. — TIk^ amount paid for contract work 
 was $12,956,631, or 44.4 per cent of the total amount 
 paid for salaries, wages, and contract work. Nearly all 
 the building of rigs, drilling of n(>w wells, torpedoing 
 and cleaning out was done by contract work, tlie cost of 
 w^hicb also includes the value oi material furnished and 
 
 a profit to the contractor. Thei-e are numerous instances 
 where the owners of wells contracted with individuals 
 for the work necessary to pump and care for a cluster 
 of wells, dividing thepipe line runs -pro rata. The entire 
 number thtis employed is estimated to be 12,S0(>. 
 
 A concise statement covering the entire petroleum 
 producing fields is difficult to secure. The drilling of 
 a well requires from ten days to seven weeks, and. 
 when the work is completed, the crew is removed by 
 the contractor usually to some distant location. A 
 crew is temporarily employed to clean out a well after 
 it has been torpedoed. In torpedoing wells, building 
 tanks, connecting pipe lines, and in other matters of 
 labor and materials furnished which ;ire paid foi' in the 
 lump, a similar condition of aflairs existed, the work- 
 men going from well to well or from disti'ict to district. 
 Thus it is that no detailed account can be secured show- 
 ing what part of the disbursements for this kind of 
 work went to laljor under the head of "cost of contract 
 work"" and what to "cost of supplies and materials." 
 
 SiiJ'/ihc'S. iiiKti'milx^ and iiiJui'ellrnirOus i/.rjiciixes. — 
 Under supplies and materials are included casing, tubing, 
 pipe, engines, l)oilers, tanks, etc., and renewals. Under 
 miscellaneous expenses are included rent of offices, 
 taxes, insurance, etc., and royalties and rent of wells 
 and plants. The entire expense reported under the 
 above headings for the year 19(.)2 was $33,593,238. 
 
 Mechaiiiral piiirer. — For the producing wells a 
 total of 91(»,(i77 horsepower was reported, of which 
 !»07,854 horsepower was owned by the operators and 
 2,223 horsepower was rented. Of the power owned 
 666,177 hor.sepower was furnished by 41,797 steam en- 
 gines, 240,5(.)5 by 12,6tt6 gas or gasoline engines, and 
 1,172 horsepower by 37 other prime motors. In addi- 
 tion, 2 electric motors with a capacity of 25 horsepower 
 were rept)rted. The steam engines averaged approxi- 
 mately 16 horsepower, and the gas or ga.soline engines 
 19 horsepowei-. The rented power consisted of 125 
 electric and 2,098 horsepower of other kinds. The 
 electric pow(>r, both owned and rented, was reported 
 from California. Over 54 per cent of the horsepower 
 was employed in Pennsylvania. 
 
 Proihwfidii. — The produt^tion of crude petroleum in 
 the United States in 1902 was 89,275,302 barrels—' 
 gi-eater than ever before and nearly equal to that of 
 Russia and all the other petroleum producing countries 
 of the world combined. This was the product of 
 108,644 wells, an average of 822 barrels per well, or 2.14 
 bairels ])er well per day. The quantity and value of 
 the crude petroleum produced in the United States in 
 1902 are given bv slates and territories, arrano-ed in the 
 order of their production, with percentages of the 
 whole, in the following table 
 
PETROLEUM. 
 
 Table 0. — (^luantity mid value, tritlt pereciUuyes, hij MnU: 
 lories: 190:i. 
 
 ■<l l.r, 
 
 1 Lfss than cine-tenth of 1 per cent. 
 
 Of the total production from 1859 to 1902, Pennsyl- 
 vania and New York produced 53.9 per cent, Pennsyl- 
 vania probably producing nearly 50 per cent, and New 
 York about 1 per cent. Ohio produced 24.4 per cent; 
 Wes^t Virginia, 11.3 per cent; Indiana, 3.9 per cent; 
 Texas, 2.1 per cent; California, 3.6 per cent; leaving 
 eight-tenths of 1 per cent for the remaining states and 
 territories, which include Colorado, Illinois, Indian Ter- 
 ritory, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Mis- 
 souri, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Wyoming. It is esti- 
 mated that from the crude petroleum produced in the 
 United States in 19o2, there were obtained l,93s,(it;9,44:o 
 gallons of refined petroleum products, which represents 
 about 72 per cent of the total i-efined products for the 
 world. 
 
 In the year 19o2 the United States for the first time 
 in five j^ears surpassed the jjetroleum production of 
 Russia. In that year these two countries together ])ro- 
 cluced 91.4 per cent of the total output, as compared 
 with 93.2 per cent in 1901 and 94.1 per cent in 1900. 
 Indications seem to point to the fact that th'e wide dis- 
 tribution of petroleum in nearly all countries of the 
 globe, and the more successful niethods of securing its 
 profitable production and transportation, will cause an 
 increase in the yearly output of the entire world for a 
 number of years. 
 
 The very high grade of a large part of the crude 
 petroleum produced in the United States gives this 
 countr}^ a very large percentage of the production of 
 the higher grades of refined petroleum. A careful esti- 
 mate places the refined product secured from the crude 
 in tlie United States at 52 per cent of its entire produc- 
 tion, compared with 21 per cent of the entire output of 
 Russia and 28 per cent for the average refined products 
 secured from the crude produced in all other countries. 
 It is estimated that the proportion of refined products — 
 the illuminating, naphtha, and lubricating petroleums — 
 produced in the United States in 1902 amounted to 72.1 
 per cent of the entire production of the world for that 
 year; while Russia produced 25.2 per cent and all the 
 other countries 2.7 per cent. The United States, tliere- 
 
 f ore, produced nearly 2. (i barrels of refined production 
 for everv barrel produced hy the rest of the woild. 
 
 The most \-uluable grades of crude petroleum, fi'om 
 which the very best grades of refined products are 
 secured, continue to be produced in the United States, 
 principally in the northeastern portion, from the 
 Appalachian and Lima-Indiana fields. The lubricating 
 products made from the crude petroleum produced in 
 this section are also superior to any others produced in 
 the entire world. It supplies almost th(; entire demand 
 for lubricants in the United States, and large quantities 
 oi it are marketed abroad. About 45 per cent of the 
 entire ijuantity of retincd petroleum products manu- 
 factured in tlie United States is marketed abroad. 
 
 In the following table is given a statement of the 
 total quantity and value of all crude petroleum pro- 
 duced and mai'keted in the United Stated in 1902 and 
 1901, by states and territories and important districts, 
 and average price per bari'el: 
 
 Table 7. — I'rodniihjn, nilai\ ami arfrai/f lira:, per barrel, hij ulates 
 aial terriUrriex, and Ijij dhtr'a'U: 1902 and 1901. 
 
 [Cnited States (^eolngicul Survey. "Mhieral Resources uf the United States," 
 
 1902.1 
 
 STATE , TERRITORY. 
 OK DISTRICT. 
 
 firand total . 
 
 Calilornia 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Indian Territory. . . 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Kentucky and Ten- 
 nessee 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Micl:iigan 
 
 Missouri 
 
 olilahoma 
 
 New York 
 
 Quantity 
 (barrels). 
 
 188, 766, 916 $71,178, 910 
 13 
 
 SO. 8019 
 
 , 9S4,26S 
 :)9i;, 901 
 2U0' 
 37, 000 
 ,1X0,896' 
 331,7-19. 
 
 4, 873, 617 
 
 4.84, 683 
 
 1,000 
 
 32, 190 
 
 6,. 526, 622 
 
 292. 464 
 
 185,331 141,044 
 648, 617 188, 985 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Eastern and south- 
 ern 
 
 Lima 
 
 Mecea-Belden 
 
 1 - 
 
 1,119.730 
 
 1,816 
 
 2.12 
 
 1,. 530, 8.52 
 
 1.367 
 
 21,014,231 
 
 20, 767, 359 
 
 0.988 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 price 
 
 per 
 
 barrel. 
 
 0.348 
 
 1.22 
 
 5.00 
 
 0.87 
 
 0.872 
 
 0.88 
 
 0.76 
 0.344 
 
 1901 
 
 Quantity 
 (barrels). 
 
 69, 389, 194 
 
 J66, 417, 335 
 
 8, 786, 
 460, 
 
 10, 
 
 5, 7.57, 
 
 179, 
 
 137,2.59 
 
 2,336 
 1.206,618 
 21,648,0,93 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Pennsylvania . 
 Smiths Ferry. - 
 
 Texas 
 
 West \Mrginia 
 
 West Virginia 
 
 Petroleum 
 
 Volcano 
 
 5, 136, 366 
 
 15,877,730 
 
 135 
 
 6,471,821 
 
 14, 284, 072 
 
 1,466 
 
 1.26 
 0.899 
 10.86 
 
 12,063,880 
 
 15,266,093 
 
 1.265 ' 
 
 50, 655 
 
 12,012,125 
 
 1,200 
 
 199, 432 
 
 15,064,861 
 
 1,800 
 
 3.945 
 1.2.54 
 1. .50 
 
 18,083,6.58 
 
 3,998,097 
 
 0.2211 
 
 13, .61 3, 346 
 
 17,040,317 
 
 1.261 
 
 5,470,8.50 
 
 16,176,293 
 
 940 
 
 06,162 
 
 12, .668, 806 
 
 1,410 
 
 4,393,658 
 
 14, 177. 126 
 
 SO. 957+ 
 
 4, 974, .540 
 
 461, 031 
 
 1,250 
 
 7, 126 
 
 4, 822, .826 
 
 1.54, 373 
 
 111,527 
 
 2, 600 
 
 1,460,008 
 
 20, .533, .571 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 price 
 per 
 barrel. 
 
 0. .566 
 1.00 
 6.00 
 0. 7125 
 0. 8377 
 0. 862 
 
 0. S13 
 
 1.11.35 
 1.21 
 
 0. 948 
 
 6,619,342' 
 
 13,911,612 
 
 2, 617 
 
 1.21 
 0.86 
 2.78 
 
 220, 648 
 
 15, 208, 2.55 
 
 1,706 
 
 4.00 
 1.21 
 1.21 
 
 0. 284 
 
 1.211 
 
 \\"yoming . 
 
 13,498,6,85' 17 
 '• n4,660, 
 
 6,263: 
 
 4691 1.26- 
 848' 2.309 
 
 14,164,662 
 =12.464 
 
 43,771 
 
 17,139,241 
 33,4,831 
 
 1.21 
 2.687 
 
 37,800, 7.00 
 
 tin addition to this quantity, 76,638 barrels were produced in Kentucky, 
 valued at S41.363; 4^9 liarrels in Missouri, valued at S842; and 431,3.59 barrels i'n 
 Texas, valued at $176,634, nhieh ivere tanked and unsold by the producing 
 companies. These appear in the totals shown in the census tables, making the 
 aggregate .s9,276,302 barrels, valued at $71,397,739. 
 
 * Production of light oil in Petroleum and Volcano included vith \Vest 
 Virginia's jiroduction. 
 
 I\troleuiii iiniJ jiiitiiral gat<. — Petroleum and natural 
 gas are intin'iately connected in composition and occur- 
 rence, one lieing a gaseous and the other a liquid 
 hydrocarbon, and with but few exceptions they are 
 associated in all of the fields, the gas occupying the 
 
726 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 upper portion of the same strata which contains the 
 petroleum. In many localities, during- cold weather, 
 a small portion of the more volatile naphthas are often 
 condensed from the natural g-as and deposited in the pipe 
 line.s. Of the combined value of the two, petroleum 
 amounted to a little less than 70 per cent, and natural 
 gas to a little more than 30 per cent. 
 
 In combined value thej' rank next to pig iron and 
 coal in the list of the crude minerals produced in the 
 United States in 1902. The following table presents 
 the combined value of petroleum and natural gas by 
 states and territories in order of values: 
 
 Table 8. — ]'alue of petroleinn and natural yas: 190J. 
 
 STATE OR TERRITORY. 
 
 Total value. 
 
 Value of pe- 
 troleum. 
 
 Value of nat- 
 ural gas. 
 
 Total 
 
 S102,26.=.,60'J 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 ■.!9,(;W,276 
 
 23,n2,817 
 
 22,430,498 
 
 13,607,966 
 
 4,994,265 
 
 4, 1X9, 684 
 
 1,877,323 
 
 1, 116, 89.T 
 
 486, .583 
 
 ■ 63.8, 448 
 
 292,, H47 
 
 Ohio 
 
 West Virginia 
 
 Indiana 
 
 
 Texas 
 
 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 All other states and territories • 
 
 J71,397, 739 830,867,863 
 
 15,266,093 
 
 20,7.57,3.59 
 
 17,040,317 
 
 6, 526, 622 
 
 4,873,617 
 
 4, 174, 731 
 
 1,. 530, 8.52 
 
 292, 464 
 
 4,84, 683 
 
 172,837 
 
 278, 164 
 
 14, 3.52, 183 
 
 2, 355, 4.58 
 
 5,390,181 
 
 7,081.344 
 
 120,618 
 
 14,9.53 
 
 346,471 
 
 824,431 
 
 1,900 
 
 365,611 
 
 14,6.S3 
 
 1 Includes Illinois, Indian Territory, Louisiana, Michigan, Missouri, Okla- 
 homa, Tennessee, and Wyoming. 
 
 Exports. — Petroleum probably reaches a wider mar- 
 ket than any other article in the whole list of our ex- 
 ports. It has penetrated every ([uarter of the globe 
 and is without a rival in its illuminating and lubricating 
 qualities. 
 
 Formerly petroleum was exported in barrels or cans; 
 to-daj' it is largely transported in bulk, by tank steam- 
 ers, from which it is delivered to receiving tanks at the 
 various ports. Only from ten to twelve hours are re- 
 quired to receive or discharge a large cargo. From 
 these receiving points it is distributed to tank cars, which 
 reach the inland cities and towns, where it is again deliv- 
 
 ered to tanks, and finally reaches the consumer by tank 
 wagons. A portion of it for many of the seaport towns 
 in warm climates is still transported in cans. 
 
 The tank steamers engaged in the transportation of 
 petroleum are modern .ships throughout, and have a 
 number of square iron tanks arranged on each side of 
 the center line. There are a number of bulkheads made 
 double, with water spaces between them, which separate 
 the engine and the boilers and the quarters for the 
 crew from the oil tanks. Some of these tank ships 
 have a capacity of 60,000 barrels, or from 2,500.000 to 
 2,800,000 gallons. 
 
 In 1902 there were exported from the United States 
 1, 064,233, (iOl gallons of petroleum and its products; 
 this amount was onl}' exceeded in the year 1901, when 
 there were 1,079,074,519 gallons exported. 
 
 In 1902, of the total quantity exported fi-om the 
 United States, 50.2 per ceht was loaded at New York, 
 which is thus shown to be the leading export city, 32. -t 
 per cent at Philadelphia, 9.2 per cent at points on the 
 Delaware river, and 3.9 per cent at Baltimore. Lately 
 Port Arthur and Sabine City, Tex., have become ports 
 of export, and, together with Boston and Charlestown, 
 Mass., and other districts, whose exports make up the 
 remaining 4.3 per cent of the total. 
 
 The fir.st large shipment of petroleum was in l.s61, 
 when the brig EHzaheth Wiitti<^ 224 tons register, sailed 
 from Philadelphia with a full cargo of petroleum in 
 barrels. Doctor Crawford, consul at Antwerp, had re- 
 ceived barrels of refined petroleum previous to this 
 shipment. For the year ly()2 there were exported from 
 Philadelphia 2,664,280 gallons, followed by 4,680,174 
 gallons in 1863. 
 
 In the following table the production of petroleum 
 in barrels and their e(|uivalent in gallons are given, 
 together with the quantity and value of the total exports; 
 also the (]uantity in gallons of the crude and manufac- 
 
 tured products exported from 1864 to 1902, inclusive. 
 
 Table 9.— PRODUCTION AND EXPORT.S OF CRUDE AND MANUFACTUKED PRODUCTS: l.stu T(.) 1902. 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 1864. 
 
 1865. 
 1866. 
 1867. 
 1868. 
 
 1869. 
 1870. 
 1871. 
 1,872. 
 1873- 
 
 1874. 
 
 1875. 
 1.876. 
 1877- 
 1.878. 
 
 1879- 
 1880. 
 1881- 
 1882. 
 1883. 
 
 PRODUCTION. 
 
 Barrels 
 (42 gallons). 
 
 2,478,709 
 2,424,906 
 3, 165, 700 
 
 3, ,591, 900 
 3,613,709 
 
 4, U46, 558 
 4, 111,016 
 5,205,234 
 6,293,194 
 9,893,786 
 
 10,926,945 
 12,162,514 
 9, 1.32, i;6y 
 13,350,363 
 15,396,868 
 
 104,106,778 
 101,846,010 
 132,9.59,400 
 1.50,8.59,800 
 1.51,776,778 
 
 169,9.56,436 
 185, 262, 672 
 218, 619, 828 
 264,314,148 
 415, ,539, 012 
 
 4,58,931,690 
 610,826, ,588 
 383,. 672, 098 
 .560,716,246 
 646, 668, 4.56 
 
 11), 914,146 836,394,132 
 
 26, 2K6, 123 1 1,104,017,166 
 
 27,6(n,238 I 1,161,771,996 
 
 30,610,830 ' 1,2K1, l6t,,Si;o 
 
 23,449,633 i 9X4, 881,. 5,86 
 
 E-XPORT.S (OAl.LONSI 
 
 tiiiuntity. 
 
 23, 210, 369 
 26, 496, 849 
 60, 987, 341 
 70, 265, 481 
 79, 466, 888 
 
 100, 636, 684 
 113,735,294 
 1.52,196,617 
 144,318,707 
 240,369,908 
 
 23.6,108,108 
 237,626,312 
 263, 449, 466 
 361, 883, 226 
 349, 346, 253 
 
 421,719,7.82 
 346, 779, 443 
 614, ,561, 719 
 .503, 492, 462 
 .533,146,429 
 
 Value. 
 
 SIO, 782, 689 
 16, .563, 413 
 21,S30,SK7 
 21,407,612 
 21,X10, i;76 
 
 31,127,433 
 32,668,960 
 36, 663, .826 
 33,761,6.H6 
 45, 924,. 880 
 
 33,042,276 
 31, 734, ,861 
 49, .545, 21 9 
 
 57,63; 
 
 , 873 
 
 41,02_ 
 
 , 007 
 
 37, 235 
 
 ,467 i 
 
 31,. 505 
 
 ,645 
 
 4.S, 55( 
 
 103 
 
 41,623 
 
 , 074 
 
 47, 76:' 
 
 079 
 
 9, 980, 664 
 
 12, 293, 897 
 16, 0.57, 943 
 
 7,344,248 
 10, 029, 659 
 
 13, 426, ,566 
 10,403,314 
 11,278, ,589 
 16, 363, 975 
 19,643,740 
 
 14, 430, 861 
 16,.6:M,8U0 
 26, 343, 271 
 2S, 773, 2:33 
 24,049,601 
 
 28,601,6.50 
 36,748,116 
 40, 430, 108 
 46,011,1,54 
 .69, 018, 537 
 
 Naphtha, 
 
 4:58,197 
 480, 947 
 673, 477 
 224,676 
 1,617,268 
 
 2,673,094 
 .5,422,604 
 8, 396, 905 
 8, 688, 2.57 
 10, 2,50, 497 
 
 10,616,644 
 14,04H,726 
 13,262,761 
 19, 666, 909 
 13,431,7X2 
 
 19,524,682 
 15,115,131 
 20,6.55,116 
 16, 9i;9,,X39 
 17,:!65,314 
 
 Illuminat- 
 ing. 
 
 12,791,518 
 12,722,006 
 34,2.55,921 
 62, 6,xi;, 657 
 67, 909, 9i;i 
 
 84,403,492 
 97, 902, ,506 
 1;K,178, ,H43 
 118,2.59,832 
 207, .595, 988 
 
 206, 562, 977 
 203, 678, 748 
 220,831,60s 
 307,373,812 
 306, 212, .506 
 
 365, 597, 467 
 2,86,131,6.57 
 444,666,615 
 428, 42 1,. 5X1 
 440, 1.50, 660 
 
 Lutjricating 
 and paralhii.. 
 
 Ke.^iduum. 
 
 l:i4,.5:!2 
 6, X71 
 240, 22X 
 4:j8, 425 
 , 602, 503 
 
 993, 068 
 
 93.S, 062 
 
 1,167,929 
 
 1,911,129 
 
 2,.525, ;545 
 
 3, 168, .561 
 6, 607, 009 
 5,0.53,.X62 
 X, ,X21,,5:!6 
 10.108,394 
 
 101,0.52 
 
 .568,218 
 
 1,377,180 
 
 2, 504, 628 
 2, 323, 986 
 2, 863, 896 
 4,2.56, 112 
 3, 126. 816 
 
 4, 827,. 522 
 3,177,630 
 3,766,018 
 4,265, :j52 
 6, 502, 624 
 
PETROLEUM. 727 
 
 Table 9.— PRODUCTION AND EXPORTS OF CRUDE AND MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS: 1.S64 TO 19U2— Coiitinueil. 
 
 1884. 
 1885. 
 1886. 
 1887. 
 1888- 
 
 PKODl'CTION. 
 
 Barrels 
 [~\'l gaDons). 
 
 lii.Liis, i:w 
 
 ■21,8:i8,7S5 
 28, 01 ;4, 841 
 28. 28S, 483 
 
 27, dl 
 
 ,112: 
 
 1889... 
 1890.. 
 1891.. 
 1892.. 
 1893 1 . 
 
 18941 . 
 18951 , 
 18961 , 
 1897.., 
 1898.. 
 
 1899. 
 1900. 
 1901. 
 1902. 
 
 35,163,513 
 45,822,672 
 ,14,291,980 
 50, 509, 130 
 48, 412, 666 
 
 49, 344, 516 
 
 52, 892, 276 
 
 - 60, 960, 361 
 
 = 60,475,516 
 
 2 55,364,233 
 
 = 57,070,850 
 
 3 63, 620, .529 
 69, 389, 194 
 
 < 88, 766, 916 
 
 K.XI'oJ-iT : ( i..\l.i,(tNy). 
 
 Total. 
 
 1,017,174,396 
 918, 008, 970 
 1,178,723,322 
 1,187,906,286 
 1,159,705,0.50 
 
 1,476,867,546 
 1,924,5.52,224 
 2,280,263,160 
 2,121,383,712 
 2,033,331,972 
 
 2,072,469,672 
 2,221,475,592 
 2,660,335,162 
 2, .539, 971, 672 
 2, 325, 297, 786 
 
 2, 396, 975, 700 
 2,672,062,218 
 2,914,346,148 
 3,728,210,472 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 .5-11,495,608 
 .560, 784, 4.59 
 .591,884,302 
 601,846,317 
 .572,457,975 
 
 Valut'. 
 
 S49,457,110 
 49,671,743 
 48, 145, 204 
 4i'., 898, 842 
 48, 105, 703 
 
 680,705,4.56 I ,53,293,299 
 
 693,829,848 I ,52,270,9.53 
 
 673,905,577 , 46,174,835 
 
 744,638,463 I 42,729,1.57 
 
 804,221,230 42,142,058 
 
 Crude. 
 
 908,2.52,314 
 884,502,082 
 890,4.58,994 
 994,297,7.57 1 
 986,480,610 
 
 951,024,441 
 
 975, 123, 476 
 
 1,079,074,619 
 
 1,064,233,601 
 
 41,499,806 
 46, 660, 082 
 62, 383, 403 
 .59, 0.57,. 547 
 52,6.51,048 
 
 64, 982, 249 
 73,276,282 
 72,784,912 
 68, .597, 143 
 
 79, 679, 396 
 81,435,609 
 76, 346, 480 
 
 80, 660, 286 
 77,549,4.52 
 
 85, 189, 668 
 96, 672, 625 
 96, 722, 807 
 104,397,107 
 111, 703, ,508 
 
 121,926,349 
 111,2S5,26J 
 110,923,6211 
 121,4,S8,726 
 114,916,082 
 
 117,683,967 
 137,, 501, 160 
 127,008,002 
 145,233,723 
 
 .. ... Ilhiipiiniil- Lul»ricjilint< ., -, 
 
 -Nal.l.tha. j,,^, anrlparamu. l:'""'!""" 
 
 13,676,421 433,851,275 
 
 14,739,469 445,8X0,518 
 
 14,474,961 4.85,120,680 
 
 12,3.82,213 1.85,242,107 
 
 13,181,706 455,015,784 
 
 13,9,84,407 .561,769,666 
 12,462.636 ' ,5.50,873,438 
 
 11,424,993 ,531,445,099 
 
 16,393,281 .589,418,185 
 
 17,304,006 642,239,816 ' 
 
 15, .5,55, 761 
 14,801,224 
 12,349,319 
 13,430,320 
 17,026,626 
 
 11,985,219 
 12,978,9,55 
 13,948,367 
 20, ,582, 613 
 
 17,904,015 
 18,262,7)4 
 21,684,731 
 19, 682, 637 
 
 1 
 
 730 
 
 368 
 
 626 
 
 714 
 
 8.59 
 
 114 
 
 716 
 
 4.56 
 
 665 
 
 795 
 
 919 
 
 625 
 
 761 
 
 1,52 
 
 107 
 
 724 
 
 .562 
 
 993 
 
 730 
 
 686 
 
 487 
 
 8'',7 
 
 479 
 
 493 
 
 778 
 
 800 
 
 978 
 
 24 
 27 
 
 ,510 
 903 
 
 437 
 267 
 
 32 
 
 090 
 
 ,537 
 
 33 
 
 310,264 
 
 3«, 0-26, 8.55 
 
 32 
 
 432 
 
 8.1V 
 
 40 
 
 190 
 
 677 
 
 43 
 
 418 
 
 942 
 
 .50 
 
 525 
 
 630 
 
 61 
 
 22X 
 
 284 
 
 63 
 
 968 
 
 341 
 
 69,329 
 
 188 
 
 68 
 
 99V 
 
 VI.) 
 
 76 
 
 305 
 
 938 
 
 82 
 
 200 
 
 .603 
 
 5,303,298 
 5, 713, 908 
 1 , 993, 824 
 2,989.098 
 1,870, ,596 
 
 1,8.58,4.58 
 
 1,. 830, 612 
 
 1,002,411 
 
 403, 032 
 
 541,044 
 
 211,008 
 
 137, .508 
 
 201,960 
 
 12,230,902 
 
 29,418,454 
 
 21,. 544, 278 
 19, 776, 370 
 27, 596, 3.52 
 :», 31,5, 760 
 
 1 Exports are for liseal years from 1893 to 1896, incUisive. 
 
 2 In addition, 4,325 barrel&of crude oil were produced in Kentucky and Tennessee in 1896, 4,377 barrels in 1897, 19,125 barrels in 1,X98, and 13,578 barrels in 1.S99, 
 for which, as none was sold or used, no value could be given. 
 
 ^Includes 41,405 barrels of oil sold in Kentucky and Tenne.s.see in 1900, but produced in pre\ious \ears. 
 * In addition to this quantity, 508,386 barrels ^vere produced, but not marketed. 
 
 Of the total production of crude petroleum in the 
 United State.s over 38 per cent i.s exported a>< crude or 
 refined products, leaving- nearly 6^ per cent, which is 
 consumed at home. The home consumption has been 
 growing of late, as well as the production of crude 
 petroleum of second qualit}'. As before noted, the 
 total exports, for the first time, exceeded one billion 
 
 gallons ill IKol. There was a slight decline in 1902. 
 yet the amount for the year was still over one billion 
 gallon,s. The exports of lubricating and paraffin prod- 
 ucts have for a number of j^ears shown a steady increase. 
 Forchjn vtdvl'eU. — The. following table shows the for- 
 eign markets for American petroleum and petroleum 
 products for the nine fiscal years ending June .31), 19()2: 
 
 T.\BLE lO.— EXPORTS OF PETROLEUM IN ITS \'ARIOrS FORMS FROM THE UNITED STATES, BY COUNTRIES, FOR 
 
 TITE FLSCAE YEARS 1SV)4 TO 1902. 
 
 [United states 'ieological Survey, "Tbe I'rodueliou of I'etni 
 [Gallons.] 
 
 L-um," 1902.] 
 
 YE.\R ENDINO .]UNE 30— 
 
 COUNTRY .^NP KI-ND. 
 
 l.S!)9 
 
 CRUDE. 
 Total 133,536,800 I 138,448,430 
 
 EuropL 
 
 France 
 
 Germany 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 Spain 
 
 United Kingdom - 
 Other Europe 
 
 North .\meriea . 
 
 Porto Rico 
 
 other North America . 
 
 South America: Brazil - 
 All other countries 
 
 REFINEP. 
 
 Naphtha 
 
 Europe 
 
 111,315,698 I 126,240,274 
 
 032 
 989 
 
 108,993,721 
 4,214,041 
 
 ', 132, 
 
 ,.531, 
 
 69, 
 
 816 
 278 
 ,584 
 
 10, 229, 765 
 
 2, 547, .501 
 
 2.56, 256 
 
 I, ,844, 
 ,, 126, 
 
 913 
 
 778 
 
 8, 366, 258 
 3, 584, 240 
 
 France 
 
 Germany 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 United Kingdom 
 
 Other Europe 
 
 2, 173, 135 
 
 ,, 498, . 
 ,221,! 
 
 16,717,472 
 
 4,146,165 
 4, 940, .546 
 
 ,340,307 
 290, 4,54 
 
 133,023,660 113,088,000 
 
 118,736,001 
 
 95, 603, 800 
 3, ,536, 491 
 3,328,764 
 
 16,127,318 
 
 138, 628 
 14, 286, 875 
 
 8, 002, 846 
 
 5,936,494 
 
 211.. 503 
 
 136,0:J3 
 
 101, 640, 504 
 
 83, 630, 510 
 3, 485, 360 
 2, 409, 040 
 9, 723, 420 
 310 
 2, 391, ,864 
 
 113,297,397 
 
 101, 167, 669 
 
 21,9.S8, 093 
 
 21,387,603 
 
 4, 776, 290 
 6,803,6:52 
 2, 030, 232 
 7, 3,56, 743 
 420, 706 
 
 ,968,871 
 ,,297,175 
 160,000 : 
 20, ,510 1 
 
 16,710,221 
 
 1,517,7,58 
 4, 716, :306 
 1,477,034 
 7,. 684, 626 
 414, 597 
 
 85, 126, 667 
 3, 585, 777 
 2, 400, 000 
 9, 914, 8.51 
 6, 060 
 136,314 
 
 11, 447, .5.56 12, 128, 712 
 
 7,713,8.69 
 3, 829, 463 
 
 686, 390 
 1, 026 
 
 1:31,726,243 
 
 118,379,316 
 
 100, 163, 929 
 2,430,249 
 2, 400, 000 
 12,049,778 
 
 1 , 345, 360 
 12,487,397 
 
 7, 090, 850 
 4, 772, ,589 
 
 623, 9.58 
 
 841, 140 
 
 is, 390 
 
 110,923,620 
 
 ;, 596, .596 
 
 79, 242, 152 
 
 817, 212 
 
 4, 4.55, 469 
 
 12, 869, 235 
 
 1,212, .528 
 12,325,724 
 
 6, 779, 059 
 4, 838, 657 
 
 16,2,52,7,85 16,2.52,929 11,249,028 ' 12,;349,319 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 612 
 
 796 
 
 1 
 
 713 
 
 646 
 
 6 
 
 136 
 1 
 
 309 
 500 
 
 
 380 
 
 140 
 
 
 382 
 
 201 
 
 13, 711,. 520 11,883,216 
 
 2, 103, 725 
 2, 800. 883 
 1,400,000 
 7, 126, 371 
 281,. 541 
 
 1,672,0,56 
 2, 814, 217 
 
 7,236,285 
 160,6.58 
 
 72,802,459 
 3,966,870 
 
 6, 229, 983 
 6,980,372 
 
 14,801,224 
 
 14,385,121 
 
 1, ,564, 360 
 4,900,028 
 
 7, 343, 356 
 577, 378 
 
 121, 926, 349 
 
 ,.545,330 106,498,307 
 
 84, 434, 953 
 
 4, 877, 593 
 
 15, 188, .547 16, 176, 0:34 
 3,997,013 
 
 2,590,441 2,009,727 
 
 12,733,9:34 1,5,426,042 
 
 8, 026, 189 
 6, 865, 549 
 
 .534,304 
 
 15, 555, 7,54 
 
 1.5,242,221 
 
 3, 764, 669 
 
 4,278,787 
 
 6, 834, 760 
 364, 135 
 
'28 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table lO.— EXPORTS OF PETROLKTM IN ITS VARIOI'S FORMS FROM THE UNITED STATES, P.V COUNTRIES, FOR 
 
 THE FIS(\\E YEARS 1894 TO 1902— Continued. 
 
 [Gallons 
 
 COUNTRY AND KIND. 
 
 YEAR ENTJING JUNE 30- 
 
 REFiNED — continued. 
 Total 
 
 North America . . . 
 
 West Indies 
 
 South America . - . 
 Asia and Oceania. 
 Africa 
 
 ■J, 27(1. l'.)l 
 
 1,269,189 
 
 V2, '250 
 
 171,438 
 
 7Sl,50o 
 
 42, 109 
 
 Illuminating i 842, 829, 070 
 
 Europe . 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Denmark , 
 
 France 
 
 Germany 
 
 Italy..." 
 
 Xetherlands 
 
 Sweden and Norway 
 
 United Kingdom 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Other Europe 
 
 North America 
 
 British North America . 
 
 Central America 
 
 Mexico 
 
 West Indies- 
 British 
 
 Other 
 
 Other North America . . . 
 
 Soutli America . 
 
 Argentina 
 
 Brazil 
 
 Ohile 
 
 Uruguay 
 
 Venezuela 
 
 Other South America. 
 
 Asia . 
 
 China 
 
 HongJiong 
 
 Ert=t Indies- 
 British 
 
 Dutch 
 
 Other East Indies- 
 Japan 
 
 Other Apia 
 
 Oceania . 
 
 British Australasia . 
 Hawaiian Islands;.. 
 Philippine Islands . 
 Other Oceania 
 
 Africa . 
 
 British Africa . 
 Other Africa .. 
 
 Lubricating . 
 Eurripe 
 
 Belgium 
 
 France 
 
 Germany 
 
 Italy....' 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 United Kingdom . 
 Other Europe 
 
 Total . 
 
 North America . . . 
 
 West Indies 
 
 South America . . . 
 Asia and Oceania. 
 Africa..; 
 
 Ucsiduum (barrclsj . 
 
 Europe 
 
 North America 
 
 All other countries. 
 
 43 
 16 
 4 
 
 m, 
 
 21, 
 120, 
 
 31, 
 
 211, 
 
 3, 
 
 857, 580 
 371, 421 
 
 2,511,564 
 3, 125, 750 
 
 57,993 
 
 43, 330, 860 
 
 9,682,775 
 21,306,33S 
 4, so:., 671 
 
 3,546.710 
 1,179,410 
 2,H09, 956 
 
 161,080,240 
 
 56,702,129 
 17,990,990 
 
 10,364,540 
 15,025,710 
 
 59,59S,671 
 1 , 39M, 200 
 
 1,971,100 
 27.195 
 
 11,170,:WI 
 
 9,093,430 
 2,070,911 
 
 70,o:k, Oil 
 
 00,722 900 
 
 4, 369, 691 
 X, HO, 93.5 
 
 ',i,r,.j2,xit; 
 
 2,.H0.=), 719 
 
 5, S22, (173 
 2S,(W,U29 
 
 1,,S'J1,007 
 
 1.0,312,711 
 
 2, 249, 6.i« 
 
 r,31,.''il.'"i 
 
 2, 142, 000 
 
 9, 344,02K 
 
 744,304 
 
 721 , 0.W 
 
 710,070 
 
 10,910 
 
 (■.Oil 
 
 IS!)!) 
 
 000, 490 
 
 382, 536 
 318, 18.5 
 146,848 
 24.5, 152 
 25, 061 
 
 241,340 
 20, 479 
 95,314 
 
 228, 228 
 L5, 129 
 
 .542 
 
 504 
 
 251 
 
 879 
 
 15 
 
 864 
 
 1,37 
 
 743 
 
 120 
 
 123 
 
 16 
 
 9,5.5 
 
 279 
 
 480 
 
 040, 133 
 
 290, 372 
 18, 261 
 85,492 
 
 231, 487 
 14,521 
 
 .5.50,603,378 I .506,051,963 .536,943,201 : .572,103,407 
 
 41,. 561, 489 
 
 16,oi;6,42(' 
 
 3,022,129 
 
 130,399,4.56 
 
 21,402,629 
 
 127, 113, 407 
 
 27,809,142 
 
 169, 548, .529 
 
 4,317,989 
 
 3, 362, 181 
 
 20,084,001 
 
 13,087,191 
 
 1,024,643 
 
 225, 172 
 
 2, 468, 793 
 
 3,229,6,59 
 
 48,603 
 
 43,964,117 
 
 10,644,774 
 21 , 069, 078 
 4,679,902 
 3,067,220 
 1,409,7.53 
 3, 092, 790 
 
 128,299. .535 
 
 27, 119,929 
 18,70.s,250 
 
 10, 71 2, ,570 
 17,044,320 
 
 .585, .580 
 .53,299,0.86 
 
 529, 200 
 
 21,3.H8,373 
 23,136,046 
 
 1,208, 100 
 4 1.227 
 
 10,9.50, 723 
 2,910,918 
 
 71,4,57,005 
 
 .55, .543, 003 
 
 4,040,431 
 7,321,129 
 8,921,51:', 
 1,905,091 
 4,.M.50, 272 
 26,762,400 
 1,075, .504 
 
 15,911,002 
 
 2,198,405 
 
 1 17, ,532 
 
 2, 282, 0:!9 
 
 10, 413, 188 
 
 603, 378 
 
 43, 675, .550 
 
 18,236,065 
 
 3,962,328 
 
 124,. 542, 723 
 
 17, ,534, 620 
 
 121,135,337 
 
 24, 693, ,536 
 
 146,477,760 
 
 1,, 826, 0.56 
 
 4, .567, 988 
 
 17, .5.S0, .SU8 
 
 10,845,114 
 
 1,102,060 
 
 282, 100 
 
 2, 729, 301 
 2, .592, 440 
 
 39,930,195 
 
 10, 182, .529 
 IS, 409. 020 
 4,106,481 
 3, 120, 200 
 1, 021, 839 
 3, 029, 520 
 
 126, 781, 605 
 
 32, 775, 880 
 19,181,230 
 
 9,906,240 
 11,207,740 I 
 
 40,715.711 
 
 17, .548, 051 
 
 3,994,908 
 
 115,124,570 
 
 19,7.50,201 
 
 13X, 188,341 
 
 17.345,423 
 
 I7S, 790, 530 
 
 2.692.470 
 
 2, 787. 050 
 
 44.317.797 
 
 lS,',)i;9.0.52 
 
 5, S75, 777 
 
 137,981,137 
 
 18,705,089 
 
 1S4,204,.S30 
 
 23.507. 095 
 
 179. 100. .5.87 
 
 5. 5u(l, 240 
 
 3, .v21,197 
 
 17.06S. 976 ' 16,489,2 
 
 9,861,600 
 
 1 , 075, 322 
 
 581,222 
 
 2,609,283 
 
 2, .899, 504 
 
 40,045 
 
 32, 306, .592 
 
 6,483,293 
 10,, 289, 130 
 3,085.800 
 1,700.405 
 1,327,681 
 2, 760, 223 
 
 9, 9.52, 286 
 
 1,034,878 
 
 5.50, .544 
 
 2, 675, 186 
 
 2, 234, 338 
 
 42, 020 
 
 41,9.56,830 
 
 10, 048, 733 
 19, .5i;9. 447 
 3.923.448 
 3. 570. .570 
 1,417,804 
 2, 820, .834 
 
 109,120,865 I 161,578,868 
 
 22,683,425 
 18,095,260 
 
 20, 109, 900 
 15,371,400 
 
 44,324,344 
 15, 637, 420 
 
 33,341,2,84 
 12, 534, 930 
 
 51,297,805 I 
 2.412,770 
 
 19, ,542, 57: 
 1,217,7.81 
 
 :12, 705, 180 
 1.55,700 
 
 14,:!90, 782 
 1,049,210 
 
 51,621,0.50 
 4.119,840 
 
 IS, 8.59, 348 
 785, 740 
 
 ., 981,0:!5 
 
 . :io7. 8:i,s 
 
 ..540.818 
 , .S31,401 
 
 l.OSy, 215 
 11,. 563, 91 5 
 
 5, 903, 379 
 5, 000, 530 
 
 60, 299, 305 
 
 60, 107, .870 53,722,269 50, 018, ,598 
 
 622 
 
 538 
 
 607 
 
 778 
 
 12 
 
 87:i 
 
 1 
 
 ,887 
 
 4,798,<)]7 
 7, 170, ,304 
 10,279,000 
 2,084,206 
 
 28, 009. :!08 
 1,.8.S2,200 
 
 14,475,899 
 
 1,9;W, :!13 
 
 :j08, 429 
 
 2, 488, 018 
 
 9,244,9.55 
 
 .502, 1,S4 
 
 :;95, 9;i3 
 
 :)89,919 
 2,894 
 3,120 
 
 4,625,800 
 0, .500, 107 
 8, 233, 910 
 1,921,123 
 4,3:12,727 
 20.:i.53,0.51 j 
 1.7.55, .5.51 
 
 1:1,702,110 
 
 1 
 
 .549, 299 
 
 
 416 
 
 680 
 
 2 
 
 899 
 
 295 
 
 7 
 
 737 
 
 421 
 
 1 
 
 099 
 
 421 
 
 3,872,617 
 5, 240, 208 
 8,080,770 
 1,970, .890 
 4, 190, 352 
 25, 724,. 830 
 920,919 
 
 10,2.80,767 
 
 1, 429, 468 
 
 186, 285 
 
 1,971,0,50 
 
 5, 978, 725 
 
 715,2:!9 
 
 476, 602 
 
 724,241 
 
 5, 299 
 
 674 
 
 471,604 
 1,680 
 
 189.> 
 
 .537, 508 
 
 460, 103 
 
 266, 889 
 
 208, 249 
 
 83, .529 
 
 104,062 
 
 67,178 
 
 90,, 020 
 
 120.479 
 
 49, 927 
 
 9, 4.53 
 
 7, .845 
 
 416, 103 
 
 145, 970 
 84,299 
 
 135,7.52 
 4.5, 217 
 4,865 
 
 71,:1.50, 026 I 716, 4.55, .505 , 714,8,59,144 
 
 535,987,703 I 621,060,492 , 641,2:^8,985 
 
 42,1)37,133 
 
 14,001,7,55 
 
 2, 736, 190 
 
 114,. 583, 356 
 
 24.625,066 
 
 126,341,441 
 
 18, »;l,261 
 
 185, 200, .507 
 
 4,712,019 
 
 2, 488, 975 
 
 15, .5.52, 214 
 
 9, 071,. 814 
 
 1,201,053 
 
 335, 092 
 
 2,061,7:54 
 
 2,218,373 
 
 03, 548 
 
 40,473,418 
 
 9, 703, 792 
 19,819,941 
 :), 022, 300 
 2,821,420 
 1,4.56,472 
 3,049,493 
 
 1.53,005,091 
 
 42, .516, 120 
 14,977.0.50 
 
 r,i,27i;, :mo 
 
 24,89s,(i(io 
 
 40, 2.52, 501 
 5. 085. (130 
 
 35,413,132 
 
 12,(i93,927 
 
 6, 338, ,501 
 
 121,X41,2(i6 
 
 22, 648, 184 
 
 122, .510, 644 
 
 10, .582, 677 
 
 181,883,062 
 
 4,280,732 
 
 3,.862,:)77 
 
 35, :?S5, 705 
 14,020,4:50 
 6, 204,(>'i3 
 
 100,829.413 
 28, 01 7,. 572 
 45,900,640 
 24,623,246 
 
 279,004,424 
 
 6, .586, .820 
 
 15,716,7.58 13, 231,. 807 
 
 9,141,9:14 
 
 1.:!71,.502 
 
 241.001 
 
 2,712,126 
 
 2, 189,271 
 
 6(1,. 804 
 
 38, .509, 208 
 
 7, 803, 218 
 18,490,043 
 4,:i25, 915 
 3, 622, 810 
 1,4.8:1,127 
 2,7.84,1.55 
 
 111,004,908 
 
 4,109,3.58 
 1,. 501, 1.57 
 
 5,. 876, 742 
 15, 315, 196 
 
 25,(;94,.S90 
 10, 199,000 
 
 24,702, 1.50 
 16,947,830 
 
 :!91, 1.5(1 
 023,490 
 
 4,. 851. 0-10 
 5,137.298 
 
 ::,78l.911 
 1,225. lU'.l 
 0,877. 190 
 I , 550. 088 
 2, 840, .s:i2 
 21,301,290 
 1,011,201 
 
 8,007, 
 
 198 
 
 1,2,59,249 
 
 114,942 
 
 1 , 870, 794 
 
 4,879,880 
 
 477.127 
 
 142, (il2 
 
 140, 777 
 
 1 , 209 
 
 13, 721,. 827 
 029, 740 
 
 4 , 931 , 9(i.' 
 
 10, 280, 007 
 10,2.80,007 
 
 50,; 
 
 !5, 530 
 
 43,. 5,35, 730 
 
 4,078,951 
 5, 105, .5.86 
 5, 990, .501 
 1,324,994 
 2, 724, rvlO 
 23,4:10,081 
 815,017 
 
 0, 9.89, 794 
 
 1,24 I, .'-38 
 
 213, 304 
 
 2,221,780 
 
 3,000,471 
 
 :l(19, 701 
 
 4,. 880 
 
 3,. 898, .514 
 
 7,245,12:1' 
 
 99, .590, 034 
 
 18,022,800 
 10, .595,0,10 
 
 [. 40,l,;.80, 051 
 
 24,298,170 
 
 18, :122, 9.82 
 14,O.SO,7.52 
 
 3, 636, 230 
 
 10,133.1(11 
 
 9.676,711 
 1.56, 360 
 
 43,418,942 
 
 4,248 
 
 438 
 
 37, 082, 352 
 
 2, 079, .832 
 
 3, 271,. 804 
 5,378,:198 
 1,:181,587 
 2,041,209 
 
 21,209,497 
 520, 025 
 
 . 0, :330, ,590 
 
 1,248,751 
 
 :116,274 
 
 2, 1.59, .84 4 
 
 2, |:18,975 
 
 172.746 
 
 2,099 
 1.045 
 
 313, 533 
 
 106, 4.54 
 (;7, 195 
 79, 777 
 57, 057 
 3,0.50 
 
 490, 252, 345 
 
 36, 312, 974 
 
 9, 290, 251 
 
 11,812, (JOl 
 
 86, :188, 785 
 
 22, 945, 037 
 
 31,808.189 
 
 9,818,074 
 
 274,, 5,55, 010 
 
 7, 2:32, 024 
 14,1.52,838 
 8,21.^,417 
 
 4,174,8,56 
 1 , 759, 505 
 
 3,102,846 
 12,154,709 
 
 2, 520, 571 
 
 5, .503. 080 
 
 180,446,123 
 
 40, 377, 296 
 
 10, SS8. .820 
 
 85, 907, .557 
 37.272.4.50 
 
 14, 706, .S39 
 
 ,049,4.55 
 329, 220 
 
 35, 106, 607 
 
 2,931,204 
 3, 0.50, 544 
 5, 637, 471 
 1,:5.56,:540 
 2,:546,896 
 19, i;68, 767 
 415,:1.S5 
 
 4,783,967 
 
 1 , 308, 586 
 
 417, 123 
 
 1 , :509, 708 
 
 1.433,191 
 
 115,3,59 
 
 5, 029 
 
 2,056 
 
 2, 460 
 
 .513 
 
PETKOLEIM. 
 
 729 
 
 The quantities of petroleum and the difl'ereiit petro- 
 leum products exported to the se\'eral t'ontiiiental 
 groups, Europe, North and South America, Asia and 
 Oceania, and Africa, with percentages for (he liscal 
 year ending June 30, 19(.)2, are shown in the* following 
 table: 
 
 Tahle 11. — Exports of pt'lfnUinii (iml pili-iiliiiiii prmhii-h h> l-'iirajii-, 
 yijiili and , South Americii, Axin mnl Ociiiiiia, ond Ajrii'ii, irith pfr- 
 ct'nlcK/es for tlw fisail ije<(r ending June SO, 1002. 
 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Tlie Pruduction of Petroleum," 19U2.] 
 [Gallons.] 
 
 i^isn. 
 
 Europe. 
 
 North 
 America. 
 
 South \ Asia and 
 America. (Oceania. 
 
 .\frica. 
 
 Total 
 
 815, 365, 592 
 
 42,405,103 
 
 46,973,002 
 
 190,509,019 
 
 11,9.56,754 
 
 Illuminating 
 
 Lubricating 
 
 Naphtha 
 
 Kesiduum ' 
 
 5S9, 2S2, 066 
 60, 722, 900 
 21,221,988 
 29,822,940 
 
 114, 315, 698 
 
 73.7 
 
 20, 836, 0.52 
 
 2,781,173 
 
 1,281,439 
 
 458, 472 
 
 17,047,967 
 
 3.8 
 
 43,330,860 
 
 2, 442, 606 
 
 171,438 
 
 "■ 28, 098 
 
 178,209.7.51 
 
 9,344,628 
 
 781 , .505 
 
 11,170,341 
 744, 304 
 42, 109 
 
 
 2, 173, 135 
 17.2 
 
 
 Percentage of each 
 
 4.2 
 
 1.1 
 
 ' In barrels: Europe, 710,070; North .America. 10,916: all other cotnitries, 669, 
 - Includes all other countries. 
 
 Of the total exportation of all varieties of petroleum 
 during the fiscal 3'ear ending June 30, 19(i2, there was 
 shipped to Europe 73.7 per cent, to Asia and Oceania 
 17.2 per cent. South America 4.2 per cent. North 
 America 3.8 per cent, and to Africa 1.1 per cent. 
 
 Of that portion which went to Europe, exclusive of 
 ■•residuum," the exports of which are given as 7in,()70 
 barrels (or 29,822,1)10 gallons), the United Kingdom 
 received 32.5 per cent, Germany 20 per cent, the Nether- 
 land.s 16.1 per cent, France 13.6 per cent, and Norway 
 and Sweden 1 per cent, the remaining 13.8 per cent 
 being divided among Belgium, Denmark, Italy, Portu- 
 gal, Spain, and the other Eurojiean countries. 
 
 Of the total amount of illuminating oil exported, 
 Japan consumed 7.1 per cent and China and Hongkong 
 8.0 per cent. These countries consumed over 71 per 
 cent of the total amount exported to Asia and Oceania. 
 
 Pricna. — The price per gallon of refined petroleum at 
 New York and Philadelphia in 1902, when loaded into 
 bulk steamers, rtinged from \A\a cents to .">.6.5 cents for 
 oil in bulk; from 7.15 cents to s.l5 cents for oil in bar- 
 
 rels; and from S.Ki cents to lo.'io cents for oil in ca.ses; 
 the minimum prices prc\-ailed at 1 he })eginning and for 
 the grciitcr i)art of the yetir. and the maximum at the 
 close. Tiiere was a sHght adviincc in price.'i in May, 
 .lime, and July, followed ))y a decline, and a sectnid 
 ad\'iince toward the close of the year. 
 
 The average yearly prices in cents per gallon of 70'-' 
 Abel test refined oil in barrels at New York for the 
 years 1892 to 19(i2, inclusive, were as follo\\s: 
 
 Ai-i-riiiji' iii'iii-h/ jtrices 'per ijidloii. of refined pdrolewin: 1-S9J to 1002. 
 
 'I'E.AK. 
 
 A verage 
 
 price 1 
 (cents per 
 gallon). 
 
 6.07 
 5. 24 
 5.19 
 
 7.;w 
 
 6.98 
 ,5.91 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Average 
 
 price 
 
 {cents per 
 
 gall on J. 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 1.898 
 
 1X99 
 
 6. 32 
 
 • 7.98 
 
 8. 45 
 
 1.895 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 7.48 
 7. :« 
 
 The monthly average prices per gallon of crude and 
 refined illuminating petroleum exported in liulk. for 
 the years 1899 to 19ii2, inclusive, are shown in the fol- 
 lowing table: 
 
 Table 12. — MooDdij mera/ie prices per gallon of oil exportrd from the 
 J'nded State.^ in Inilk: 1S99 to 1902. 
 
 [Cents per M'allun.] 
 
 1900 
 
 Min- 
 eral, 
 crude. 
 
 Re- 
 fined, 
 illumi- 
 nating. 
 
 Min- 
 eral, 
 crude 
 
 fined, 
 illumi- 
 nating. 
 
 .laniiary 4.5 
 
 Februar\- ... 4.1 
 
 March 4,5 
 
 .April 4.U 
 
 May 4.5 
 
 .lunc l.N 
 
 .lulv :1.9 
 
 August 4.:; 
 
 September,. i.:i 
 
 October 5.0 
 
 November . . 1.4 
 
 December... 3.9 
 
 4. 7 
 4.S 
 5,0 
 5.1 
 4.S 
 1.5 
 4.5 
 1.5 
 4.7 
 5.0 
 4.5 
 fi.O 
 
 6. 3 
 6. 5 
 7.1 
 6. 8 
 6.3 
 6.1 
 6.2 
 6.6 
 6.4 
 6.8 
 6.5 
 6.4 
 
 Mill- 
 
 
 crude. 
 
 illumi- 
 nating. 
 
 6.0 
 
 8.4 
 
 5.9 
 
 .S.6 
 
 6.0 
 
 8.7 
 
 6.3 
 
 8.6 
 
 5.8 
 
 8.1 
 
 5. 5 
 
 7.5 
 
 ! 4.9 
 
 7.0 
 
 4.9 
 
 7.1 
 
 ! 4.9 
 
 7.0 
 
 4.9 
 
 6.3 
 
 4.9 
 
 6.6 
 
 ' 4.7 
 
 6.2 
 
 crude. 
 
 Ke- 
 
 lined, 
 ilJumi- 
 nating. 
 
 1.8 
 
 4.9 
 
 4.7 
 
 4.9 
 
 4.7 
 
 4.8 
 
 .-1. 1 
 
 4.5 
 
 4.8 
 
 4.5 
 
 4.6 
 
 1.7 
 
 1.8 
 
 5.1 
 
 4.9 
 
 5.3 
 
 5.1 
 
 6.1 
 
 .).4 
 
 6. .-> 
 
 .-...5 
 
 6.9 
 
 .->.9 
 
 7.3 
 
 1>R(JDUCTI0N IN THE UNITED .STATES SINCE 1859. 
 
 The production of crude petroleum in the United 
 States by .states, since the commencement of produc- 
 tion in 1859, is shown in the following table: 
 
730 
 
 MINES AND g HARRIES. 
 
 Table 13.— PRODITCTION, 1!Y STATIiS AND TERRITORIES: 18.59 TO 1902. 
 
 [United States Geological Survey, " Mineral Resource.s of the [Initeel States," 1902.] 
 
 [Barrels of 42 gallons.] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 United 
 States. 
 
 Pennsyl- 
 vania and 
 New Yorii. 
 
 Ollio. 
 283,751,317 
 
 West 
 Virginia. 
 
 131,701,296 
 
 California. 
 
 Ken- 
 tucky 
 and Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 Colorudo. 
 
 Indiana. Illinois. 
 
 Kansas. 
 1, 027, 493 
 
 Texas. 
 
 Mis- 
 souri. 
 
 Indian 
 Terri- 
 tory. 
 
 Wyo- 
 ming. 
 
 Lrmisi- 
 ana. 
 
 Total.. 
 18.59 
 
 1,165,290,248 
 
 :62,S, 401, 4.56 
 
 41, .834, 473 
 
 633,212 
 
 6, 8,52, 926 
 
 45,8.36,215 ! 6, .576 
 
 24, .596, 224 
 
 5, 399 
 
 .54,5.54 40,490 
 
 .548, 617 
 
 2 000 
 
 2, 000 
 
 500, 000 
 
 2, 113, 609 
 
 3,056,690 
 
 2,611,309 
 
 2,116,109 
 
 2, 497, 700 
 3,597,700 
 
 3, 347, 300 
 3,646,117 
 
 4,215,000 
 5, 260, 746 
 6,205,234 
 6, 293, 194 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1860 i .500,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1861 1 2,113,609 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1862 ! 13, 056, 690 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1863 ! 2,611,309 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1864 ! 2.116.109 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1865 
 
 2, 497, 700 
 3,597,700 
 3, 347, 300 
 3.646.117 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1866 
 
 
 
 
 :. 1 
 
 
 
 
 1867 
 
 
 
 
 i .... 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 1868 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1869,... 4.215.000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1870 . .. 
 
 6, 260, 745 
 5,205,234 
 6, 293. 194 
 
 . 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1871 
 
 
 '" 
 
 
 
 
 
 1872 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1873 9, 893, 786 
 
 ■9, 893, 786 
 10,926,945 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1874 ! 10,926,945 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 1875 =12,162,514 
 
 8,787,514 
 8,968,906 
 13,13.5,475 
 15, 163, 462 
 
 19, 685, 176 
 
 26, 027, 631 
 
 27, 376,. 509 
 30, 053, .500 
 23, 128, 389 
 
 23,772,209 
 20,776,041 
 25, 798, 000 
 22,3.56,193 
 16,488,668 
 
 21,487,435 
 28,4.58,208 
 33, 009, 236 
 
 28, 422, 377 
 20,314,513 
 
 19, 019, 990 
 19,144,390 
 20,584,421 
 19, 262. 066 
 15, 948, 464 
 
 14, 374, .512 
 14, .559, 127 
 13,831,996 
 13, 1.S3, 610 
 
 '> 200, 000 
 31, 763 
 29, 888 
 38,179 
 
 29, 112 
 
 38, 940 
 33, 867 
 
 39, 761 
 47, 632 
 
 90, 081 
 
 661, .5,80 
 
 1,782,970 
 
 5, 022, 632 
 
 10,010,868 
 
 12,471,466 
 16, 124, 656 
 
 17, 740, 301 
 16, 362, 921 
 16,249,769 
 
 16,792,1.54 
 19, .545, 233 
 23,941,169 
 21,. 560, 51 5 
 
 18, 738, 708 
 
 21, 142, 108 
 22, 362, 730 
 21,648,083 
 21,014,231 
 
 33,000,000 
 120, 000 
 172, 000 
 180,000 
 
 180,000 
 179, 000 
 1.51,000 
 128,000 
 126, 000 
 
 90,000 
 
 91,000 
 
 102, 000 
 
 145, 000 
 
 119,448 
 
 .544,113 
 
 492, 678 
 
 2, 406, 218 
 
 3,810,086 
 
 8,445,412 
 
 8, ,577, 624 
 
 8, 120, 125 
 
 10,019,770 
 
 13,090,045 
 
 13,615,101 
 
 13,910,630 
 16,196,675 
 14,177,126 
 13, .513, 345 
 
 ■' 175, 000 
 
 12, 000 
 
 13, 000 
 15, 227 
 
 19, 8.58 
 40, .552 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1876 9, 132, 669 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1877 13,350,363 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1878 15, 396, 868 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1879 19, 914., 146 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1880 26,286,123 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1881 27,661,238 
 
 99, 862 
 128, 636 
 142, 8.57 
 
 262,000 
 325, 000 
 377,145 
 678, 672 
 690, 333 
 
 303, 220 
 307, 360 
 323, 600 
 386, 049 
 470, 179 
 
 705, 969 
 1,208,4,82 
 
 1, 252, 777 
 1,903,411 
 
 2, 257, 207 
 
 2, 642, 095 
 4, 324, 484 
 8, 786, 330 
 13,984,268 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1882 ' 30, .51 0,830 
 
 •1 160, 933 
 
 
 
 
 
 1883 ■ 23,449,633 
 
 4,7.55 
 4 148 
 
 
 
 
 18.84 24,218.438 
 
 
 
 
 1885 
 
 21,858,785 
 28, 064, 841 
 28,283,483 
 27,612,025 
 
 35, 163, 513 
 45, 823, 672 
 .54,292,665 
 .50, 509, 657 
 48,431,066 
 
 49,^44,516 
 
 52, 892, 276 
 
 6 60, 960, 361 
 
 5 60, 475, 516 
 
 5 .55, 364, 233 
 
 '•.57,070,860 
 63, 620, .529 
 69, 389, 194 
 
 8 88, 766, 916 
 
 5, 164 
 4,726 
 
 4, 791 
 5, 096 
 
 6, 400 
 6,000 
 9,000 
 6,500 
 3,000 
 
 1,.500 
 
 1,,500 
 
 1,680 
 
 322 
 
 5, ,568 
 
 18,280 
 62,2,59 
 137, 2.59 
 186,331 
 
 
 
 1886 
 
 
 
 
 1887 
 
 76, 295 
 
 
 
 
 1888 
 
 297,612 
 
 316,476 
 368, 842 
 665, 482 
 824,000 
 .594,390 
 
 616, 746 
 438, 232 
 361,4,50 
 384,934 
 444, 383 
 
 390, 278 
 317, 3,85 
 460, 620 
 396, 901 
 
 
 
 
 
 18H9 
 
 1890 
 
 1891 
 
 33, 375 
 
 03, 496 
 
 136, 634 
 
 698, 068 
 
 2, 335, 293 
 
 3,688,666 
 4, 3,86, 132 
 4.680.732 
 4,122,3.56 
 3, 730, 907 
 
 3, 848, 182 
 4,874,392 
 6,767,086 
 7,480,896 
 
 1,460 
 900 
 675 
 .521 
 400 
 
 300 
 200 
 2.50 
 .500 
 360 
 
 300 
 200 
 260 
 200 
 
 500 
 1,200 
 1,400 
 
 48 
 .54 
 54 
 45 
 50 
 
 00 
 
 50 
 
 1,4,50 
 
 66, 975 
 
 .546, 070 
 
 669, 013 
 
 836, 039 
 
 4,393,658 
 
 18, 083, 668 
 
 20 
 278 
 26 
 10 
 60 
 
 8 
 10 
 43 
 19 
 10 
 
 132 
 
 « 1,602 
 
 '2,335 
 
 '857 
 
 30 
 80 
 10 
 
 130 
 37 
 170 
 625 
 
 "'6,'472' 
 10, 000 
 37, 000 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 2. 369 
 
 3, 4.55 
 2,878 
 3j 660 
 
 5, 475 
 
 6, 560 
 
 5, 450 
 6,400 
 
 6, 2.53 
 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 1895 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 18, 000 
 
 40, 000 
 44, 430 
 113, ,571 
 81,09.H 
 71,980 
 
 69,700 
 
 74,714 
 
 179,1.51 
 
 331,749 
 
 54s, 617 
 
 1 In addition to this quantity it is estimated that for want of a market some 10,000,000 barrels ran to wa.ste in and prior lo 1862 in the Pennsylvania tields- also a 
 large quantity in West Virginia and Tenne.S3ee. 
 
 2 Includes all production prior to 1.876 in Ohio, West Virginia, and California. 
 8 Includes all production prior to 1876. 
 
 ^Includes all petroleum produced in Kentucky and Tennessee prior to 18S3. 
 
 5 In addition to this quantity. 4,325 barrels of crude oil were prodm'cd in Kentucky and Tennessee in 1896, 4,377 barrels in 1897 19 125 barrels in 1.H9S and 13 .573 
 barrels in 1899, for wtiich, as none was sold or used, no value could be given. ' ' 
 
 ^ Includes the production of Michigan. 
 
 ' Includes production of Michigan and small production in Oklabonui. 
 ^Does not include ,508,386 barrels produced, but not marketed. 
 
 Since the year 1888, when the entire production was 
 only 27,612,025 barrels of crude petroleum, there has 
 been on the whole a gradual increase. The year IS'.U, 
 when the production reached Si, 292, 655 barrels, had the 
 largest output up to that date, owing chiefly to the 
 increase in Penn.sylvania petroleum, caused })y the 
 ojDening up of some wonderfully prolific territory at 
 McDonald, in Allegheny and Washington counties. 
 From 1891 to 1893 there was it considerable decline in 
 the production, tlie latter year having the smallest out- 
 put since 1891. v^fter 1894 there was an increase, and 
 the year 1896 showed a larger production than any year 
 up to that date. The figures were not surpassed until 
 1900, when the production was 63,620,529 l)arrels. The 
 year 1901 sliowed substantial gains tiver 19()0, while that 
 of 1902 was nearly 20,000,000 barrels greater than 1901 . 
 
 This increase was due chiefly to the increased production 
 of Texas, California, and Louisiana. The grade of the 
 oil . however, was generally inferior to that of older tields. 
 The production of the high grades of petroleum pro- 
 duced in the Appalachian, Lima-Indiana, Kansas, Cor- 
 sicana, and the Colorado flelds remained about the 
 same as in the previous 3'ear. From the output of 
 these flelds a superior grade of reflned products is 
 manufactured. The poorer grades of petroleum pro- 
 duced in Texas, Louisiana, and California were mar- 
 keted in 1902, principally for fuel, at much reduced 
 values, although the average price received for the 
 better grades increased about i cents per barrel over 
 the average price in 1901. 
 
 It will be seen in Table 13 that the production of crude 
 petroleum in tli(^ United States from the beginning of the 
 
PETROLEUM. 
 
 781 
 
 petroleum industry in 1859 to tlie end of 1902 was l,lt;5,- 
 290,218 barrels. Allowing 5.6 cubic feet for the cubical 
 contents of a barrel of 13 gallons, this quantity would 
 occupy 6,525,625,389 cubic feet and would require a 
 cube 1,869 feet on each side to contain it. It would fill 
 a tank the base of which was 1 mile square to a height 
 of 231 feet. This quantity -would lill 38,S13 ordinary 
 tanks containing 3(»,(i00 ban-els; allowing HO feet f(U- 
 their diameter, if the}' were placed side by side the}' 
 would reach a distance of over 662 niiles. Again if 
 2^ feet be taken as the height of a barrel of 12 gallons 
 and if there were sufficient l^arrels to contain this 
 amount of crude petroleiuu and the barrels were laid 
 so that their heads would touch, they \Fould encircle the 
 globe 2.27 times. Allowing 3i barrels to equal the fuel 
 value of a ton of the average coal, the amount repre- 
 sents a fuel value of 332,910.071 tons of- coal. There 
 were 301,590,139 tons of coal produced in the United 
 States in the year 1902; the fuel value of the petroleuiu 
 produced in 1902 would equal that of 25,507,229 tons 
 of coal. The value of the petroleum produced since 
 1859 to the close of 1902 was $1,166,885,363; the aver- 
 age price was therefore $1 .Oi til per barrel. The amount 
 invested in wells and fixtures at the end of 1902 is esti- 
 mated at $290,000,000. 
 
 The quantity and value of the crude petroleum pro- 
 duced in the United States for each year since 1859 is 
 shown in Table 11. 
 
 Table 15. -PRODUCTION, BY FIE 
 
 Table 14. — (Jiiniilitii ami riihw uf produclioii : 1S69 In I'JO.i. 
 [United StutL's (ieolijgii'Ul Survuy, "Mineral Hesonrces i>f tlie Uiiiled States."] 
 
 VEAK. 
 
 Barrels 
 (42 gallons). 
 
 Value. 
 $1,166,885,303 
 
 YKAH. 
 
 Barrels 
 (42 gallons). 
 
 \-alue. 
 
 Total . 
 
 1,166,290,248 
 
 1880 
 
 1881 
 
 1882 
 
 1883 
 
 1884 
 
 1885 
 
 1886 
 
 18.87 
 
 188S 
 
 1H89 
 
 1890 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 1S95 
 
 189li 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 26,280,123 
 
 27,661,238 
 
 30,610,830 
 
 23,449,633 
 
 24,218,438 
 
 21,8.58,785 
 
 28, 004,. 841 
 
 28, 283, 483 
 
 27,612,025 
 
 35, 163, .513 
 
 45, 823, 572 
 
 64, 292, 655 
 
 50, 509, 657 
 
 48,431,066 
 
 49, 344, 516 
 
 .52,892.276 
 
 •160,960,361 
 
 4 60, 475, .516 
 
 •> 65, 364, 233 
 
 *,57,070,a50 
 
 63, 620,. 529 
 
 69, 389, 194 
 
 6 88,766,916 
 
 S24, 600, 638 
 23, 512, 051 
 
 IKSa 
 
 1M6U 
 
 1801 
 
 IKIi'J 
 
 lM6:i 
 
 IHlit 
 
 ISIIB 
 
 i.Hi;i; 
 
 IKliT 
 
 IKI'.S 
 
 iH(;<i 
 
 1,H7U 
 
 1S71 
 
 1S7-.' 
 
 1873 
 
 187-1 
 
 1875 
 
 1876 
 
 1877 
 
 1878 
 
 1879 
 
 2, 000 
 
 hOO, 000 
 
 2, 113, 609 
 
 2 3,0.%, 690 
 
 2,611,309 
 
 2, 116, 109 
 
 2, 497, 700 
 
 3, .597, 70U 
 3, 347, 30U 
 3, 646, 117 
 4,21.5,000 
 B, 260, 745 
 .5, 205, 234 
 6, 293, 194 
 9,893,780 
 
 10,926,945 
 ■■'12,162,514 
 9, 132, 669 
 13,3.50,363 
 15, 396, 868 
 19,914,146 
 
 (') 
 4, 800, 000 
 1,035,668 
 3, 209, 525 
 8,225,623 
 20,896,676 
 16,4.59,843 
 13, 465, 398 
 8,066,993 
 13,217,174 
 23,730,4.60 
 20,503,754 
 22,691,180 
 21, 440, .503 
 18, 100, 464 
 12, 647, 627 
 11,863,133 
 22, 982, 822 
 31,788,566 
 18, 044, .520 
 17,210,708 
 
 23, 7.59, 911 
 
 25, 740, 2.52 
 20,476,294 
 19,193,694 
 20,028,4.57 
 18,8.56,606 
 17,9.50,3.53 
 
 26, 963, 340 
 36, 366, 105 
 30, .526,. 553 
 25,901,463 
 28, 932, 326 
 35, 522, 095 
 .57,691,279 
 58,. 518, 709 
 40, 929, 611 
 44,193,3.59 
 64,603,904 
 75, 7.52, 691 
 66,417,335 
 
 6 71,178,910 
 
 1 Value not obtainable. 
 
 - In addition, it is estimated that for want of a market some 1,000,000 barrels 
 ran to waste in and prior to 1862 in the Pennsylvania fields; also a large quan- 
 tity in West Virginia and Kentucky. 
 
 ■^ Includes all production prior to 1876 in Ohio, West Virginia, and California. 
 
 ^In addition, 4,325 barrels of crude oil were produced in Kentucky and Ten- 
 nessee in 1896. 4,377 barrels in 1897, 19,125 barrels in 1898, and 13.57S barrels in 
 1899. for which, as none was sold or used, no value could Ije given. 
 
 ^ Does not include 508.386 barrels, valued at §218,829, produced but not mar- 
 keted. 
 
 REVIEW^ OF THE INDUSTRY BY FIELDS. 
 
 The following* table shows the production by fields 
 and states for the vears 1889 to 1902, inclusive: 
 
 CLDS AND 8TATE8: 1889 TO 1902. 
 [United States Geological Survey, " Mineral Resources uf the United States."] 
 [Barrels of 42 gallons.] 
 
 FIELD, 
 
 1H02 
 
 1901 
 
 69, 389, 194 
 
 1900 
 
 . 1899 
 
 1898 
 
 1897 
 
 1896 
 
 Total 
 
 1 88, 760, 916 
 
 2 63, 620, 629 
 
 '57,070,850 
 
 3 65,364,233 
 
 360,475,516 
 
 3 60,960,361 
 
 
 
 
 32,018,787 
 
 23, 3.58, 626 
 
 13,984,268 
 
 396,901 
 
 331,749 
 
 18, 083, 658 
 
 6, 2.53 
 
 548, 617 
 
 38, 057 
 
 33,618,171 
 
 21,933,379 
 
 8, 7,86, 330 
 
 460, 520 
 
 179, 151 
 
 4,393,658 
 
 6, 400 
 
 36,295,433 
 
 21,7.58,7.50 
 
 4, 324, 484 
 
 317, 385 
 
 74,714 
 
 836,039 
 
 5, 450 
 
 33, 068, 356 
 
 20, 226, 3.56 
 
 2,642,095 
 
 390, 278 
 
 69, 700 
 
 669,013 
 
 5, 560 
 
 31,717,425 
 
 20,321,323 
 
 2, 2.57, 207 
 
 444, 383 
 
 71,980 
 
 546, 070 
 
 5,475 
 
 36,230,271 
 
 22,805,033 
 
 1,903,411 
 
 384,934 
 
 81,098 
 
 65, 975 
 
 3,6.50 
 
 33,971,902 
 
 
 26, 2.56, 870 
 
 
 1,252,777 
 
 
 361,4.50 
 
 
 113, 571 
 
 
 1,4.50 
 
 
 2,878 
 
 
 
 
 12, 585 
 
 8,274 
 
 492 
 
 370 
 
 1,144 
 
 463 
 
 
 
 FIELD. 
 
 1895 
 
 1894 
 
 1893 
 
 1892 
 
 1891 
 
 1890 
 
 1889 
 
 
 5J, 892, 276 
 
 49,344,616 
 
 48,412,666 
 
 50, 509, 971 
 
 64, 291, 9.80 
 
 45, 862, 638 
 
 35. 163, 513 
 
 
 
 
 30, 959, 139 
 
 20,236,741 
 
 1,208,482 
 
 438, 232 
 
 44,430 
 
 .50 
 
 3, 455 
 
 .30, 781, 924 
 
 17,296,510 
 
 706, 969 
 
 51.5,746 
 
 40, 000 
 
 60 
 
 2, 309 
 
 31,365,890 
 
 16,982,097 
 
 470, 179 
 
 594, 390 
 
 33,433,212 
 
 15,867,575 
 
 385,049 
 
 824,000 
 
 35, 848, 777 
 
 17,452,612 
 
 323, 600 
 
 665, 482 
 
 1.400 
 
 54 
 
 30,096,516 
 
 15,078,378 
 
 307,360 
 
 368,842 
 
 1,200 
 
 64 
 
 22, 355, 225 
 
 
 12, 186, 564 
 
 
 303, 220 
 
 
 316 476 
 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 45 
 
 48 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 1,747 
 
 1,938 
 
 60 
 
 90 
 
 56 
 
 278 
 
 1,480 
 
 
 
 ■ 1 Does not include 508,386 barrels produced, but not marketed. 
 
 2 Includes 41 405 barrels of oil sold in Kentucky and Tennessee in 1900, but produced in previous years, 
 = In addition to this total 4,325 barrels of crude oil were produced in Kentucky and Tennes.see iu 1896, 4,37' 
 barrels in 1899, for which, as none was sold or used, no value could be given. 
 
 barrels in 1897, 19,125 barrels in 1898, and 13,678 
 
732 
 
 :\I1NKS AND (^UAKKIES. 
 
 Percentages of production in the Appahuhian, Lima- 
 Indiana, and all of tlio other fields combined for the 
 years 1896 to 190^, inclusive, are as follows: 
 
 Per cent of total cruth: jtetruhyun proihiced in tin: xiverol fieUh. 
 
 1902. 
 
 ISUti to 
 
 FIELD. 
 
 liioe 
 
 1901 
 
 1900 1 
 
 ISilO 
 
 18(IS 
 
 1897 
 
 1H96 
 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 ,57.3 
 36.7 
 0.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 
 Appalachian 
 
 36.1 
 26. 3 
 37.6 
 
 48.5 
 31. 6 
 
 19. y 
 
 57.0 
 34.2 
 
 S.8 
 
 58.0 
 
 35.4 
 
 6.6 
 
 .58.3 
 37.7 
 4.0 
 
 55.7 
 41.4 
 
 
 2.9 
 
 
 
 During the last three years there has been a constant 
 decline in the proportionate production of crude petro- 
 leum in the Appalachian and Lima-Indiana hckls, and a 
 ver}' rapid increase in the production of the held:.; yield- 
 ing lower grade or fuel oils. In lsi»0 only 2.9 per cent 
 was produced outside of these two older tieids. In 1902 
 the outside production was 37. 6 per cent, of which Cali- 
 ■ fornia produced about 15.7 per cent and Texas 20.4 per 
 cent, leaving only about 1..5 per cent for the remainder 
 of the sections outside the Appalachian and Lima- 
 Indiana tieids. 
 
 Appalachian jii-ld. — This great held follows the 
 northwestern flank of the Appalachian mountains in a 
 generally southwestern direction from New York to 
 Alabama, a distance of about 6.5(.) miles. It embraces 
 all the producing regions in New York, Pennsvlvania, 
 West Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee, and a south- 
 eastern portion of Ohio. It includes within its area 
 not less than 4o,(jO() square miles. It is the oldest pro- 
 ducing field in the United States. 
 
 The first well drilled near Titusville, Pa., in 1S.59, was 
 followed by a great development which has been suc- 
 ceeded by a vast number of successful operations, extend- 
 ing up to the present time. The great portion of the 
 petroleum output of this field is of a superior quality, 
 and produces a larger proportion of vakiable products 
 than any other field in the world. The Appalachian held 
 since its hrst disco\'ery has produced 72 per cent (jf the 
 entire output of the United States up to the close of 
 1902. In l'.H)2 it produced 36.1 per cent of the entire 
 production. The decline of this field has been gradual. 
 The decrease in 1902 was 4.8 per cent, as compared 
 with 7.4 per cent in 1901. The greatest decrease has 
 been in the states of New York, Pennsylvania, and 
 West Virginia. The work in 1!*02 was confined niosth- 
 to the development of the known pools, and no new 
 
 areas were added to those already known. The south- 
 ern portion of the held has been recently connected b}' 
 a large pipe line system, reaching from Parkersburg, 
 W. Va., to Lacy, Pickett county, Tenn., a distance of 
 27(» miles, with several branch lines. 
 
 Tabk' 16 shows the production of the several states in 
 this held from 1889 to 19(i2. It is impo.ssible to com- 
 pletely separate the outputs of New York and Pennsyl- 
 vania, as some of the fields extend across the boundarj^ 
 and are thus in both .states. The regularity in the out- 
 put of this field for the last twelve years is noticeable, 
 as shown in the table of total production. 
 
 T.VBLE 1(>. — Pmiliirliuti of jiiiroleuin in. thi- Aiiiinlacliutii (jil feltl, by 
 stativ: 18S0 to 1002. 
 
 [Ullitidd StatL'.s Ge<jloKit.-al Survey 
 
 Mineral Kesourees of the United States,' 
 1902,] 
 [Barrels of 42 gallons.] 
 
 This table shows a decrease in the production in 1902, 
 as compared with that of 1901, of 1,599,384 barrels, the 
 equivalent of 4., s per cent, which was greatest propor- 
 tionally in southeastern Ohio. There were 5,591 pro- 
 ductive wells drilled in both litdl and 19(»2, and only 31 
 more dry holes drilled in the hitter year than in the 
 former. The only division showing ;in increase was 
 Kentucky and Tennessee. 
 
 The well records f(_ir the Appalachian field are shown 
 in Tables 17 and 1,S. 
 
 The total number of dry holes, or those that were 
 destitute iif p(.'troleum in paying (juaiitities, in the Ap- 
 piilachian field in 1902 was 2,131. This leaves 5,5i>] 
 productive wells and shows that 72.4 per cent were 
 produeti\'e and 27.6 per cent dry. The number of dry 
 holes <lrilled in 1901 was 2,118, and there were 5,591 
 [iroduetive wells — the exact number credited to 190'2 
 also, ^riie pi-()j)ortion of productive and dry wells was 
 72.5 per C(>nt and 27.5 per cent, respectively. 
 
PETROLEUM. 
 
 733 
 
 Table 17.— TOTAL NUMBER OF WELLS COJIPLETEI) IX THE APPALACHLVN OIL FIELD, BY DISTRICTS: 1892 TO 1902. 
 
 [United States Geologienl Survey, "The Production of Petroleum," 1902.] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 WELLS CojrPLKTED. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 1(101 
 
 7,709 
 
 liPOO 
 
 1H99 
 
 189S 
 
 1897 
 
 1890 
 
 1895 
 
 1894 
 
 189.'5 
 
 189-2 
 
 Tcital 
 
 7, 722 
 
 8,846 
 
 8, 762 
 
 4, 792 
 
 6, 072 
 
 7, 824 
 
 7,136 
 
 3,763 
 
 1, 980 
 
 1,968 
 
 
 
 
 2.54 
 
 .533 
 
 469 
 
 1,146 
 
 599 
 
 2, 950 
 
 l,7.sl 
 
 264 
 
 466 
 
 490 
 
 1,082 
 
 534 
 
 3, 424 
 
 1,460 
 
 404 
 
 676 
 
 583 
 
 1,494 
 
 764 
 
 3, .598 
 
 1,427 
 
 642 
 697 
 
 .568 
 1,.535 
 
 699 
 2,925 
 1,796 
 
 488 
 261 
 388 
 772 
 497 
 2,017 
 366 
 
 696 
 3.50 
 481 
 990 
 802 
 2,2.55 
 498 
 
 769 
 
 331 
 
 694 
 
 1,614 
 
 1,1.53 
 
 2,744 
 
 619 
 
 578 
 
 258 
 
 401 
 
 1,783 
 
 1,292 
 
 2,364 
 
 460 
 
 284 
 82 
 216 
 731 
 755 
 1,481 
 215 
 
 .52 
 
 41 
 
 91 
 
 243 
 
 298 
 
 1, 065 
 
 190 
 
 37 
 
 
 21 
 
 Middle 
 
 131 
 
 
 131 
 
 
 342 
 
 
 1,230 
 
 
 76 
 
 
 
 The wells completed, dry holes, wells productive, 1 the averag-e value of 'the in-oduction ])y years and the 
 initial daily production, wells drilling, and the rigs , average price per barrel at wiiich it was marketed. 
 
 building in the Appalachian tield, by months, during 
 190:^, were as follows: 
 
 Table IS.— TI'W/ ,'erur<l • 
 [United States (leological Survey, 
 
 II the Apiialacliian oil field: 19(i2. 
 
 "Mineral Kes(iitree.s of tlie United States," 
 1902.] 
 
 Total . 
 
 January . . . 
 February . . 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September. 
 October . . . 
 November . 
 December . 
 
 Wells 
 com- 
 pleted. 
 
 Dry 
 
 holes. 
 
 456 
 614 
 579 
 648 
 746 
 685 
 725 
 730 
 713 
 729 
 617 
 
 2, 131 
 
 169 
 132 
 
 158 
 186 
 161 
 214 
 166 
 149 
 194 
 176 
 209 
 217 
 
 Wells 
 pro- 
 ductive. 
 
 Initial 
 produc- 
 tion. 1 
 
 Wells 
 drilling. 
 
 Rigs 
 building. 
 
 413 
 
 6,008 
 
 622 
 
 823 
 
 4,233 
 
 570 
 
 356 
 
 6,366 
 
 572 
 
 393 
 
 6,140 
 
 560 
 
 487 
 
 6, 668 
 
 611 
 
 531 
 
 7,348 
 
 .590 
 
 519 
 
 7,753 
 
 .592 
 
 576 
 
 7, 726 
 
 621 
 
 536 
 
 9,866 
 
 624 
 
 .537 
 
 9,090 
 
 617 
 
 520 
 
 8,900 
 
 634 
 
 400 
 
 6, 090 
 
 .582 
 
 337 
 336 
 323 
 312 
 307 
 323 
 304 
 331 
 368 
 3.52 
 377 
 343 
 
 1 Barrels of 42 gallons. 
 
 - .\verage. 
 
 Ajyjxdachian, Lima-Indiana, and all dtJa-f _fieh:h. — 
 Table 19 gives the production of the Appalachian. Lima- 
 Indiana, and all other fields from 1.896 to 1902, by years, 
 and the percentage each is of the total. It also gives 
 
 One of the interesting conditions re\-ealed is the 
 regularity of the combined production of the Appa- 
 lachian and the Lima-Indiana fields for the last fi\'e 
 or .six years; another is the very remarkaVile increase 
 in the combined production of all other fields, which in 
 1896 amounted to but 2.8-t per cent of the whole, but 
 which was increased to 19.94: per cent in 1901, and to 
 37.62 per cent in 1902. The value of the petroleum 
 and natural gas marketed in 19(j2 was greater than in 
 previous years. In 1900 there was the largest produc- 
 tion of higher priced grades of petroleum. 
 
 The value of natural gas marketed during the several 
 j'ears and the combined value of petroleum and natural 
 gas are also given, for the reason that they are so inti- 
 mately associated. 
 
 The largest production of natural luljricating petro- 
 leum is from the Franklin district. Pa. The other dis- 
 tricts in the United States which produce natural 
 lubricating petroleum are Petroleum and Volcano, in 
 West Virginia; Mecca and Belden, in Ohio; and Salt 
 Creek, in Wyoming. In 1902 the entire production 
 amounted to 71,603 barrels, valued at S27.S..517. 
 
 Table 19.— PRODUCTION OF PETROLEUM IN THE APPALACHIAN, LIMA-INDIANA, AND ALL OTHER FIELDS, PER- 
 CENTAGES OF EACH, VALUE PER BARREL, AND THE VALUE OF PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS, SEPARATE 
 AND COMBINED: 1896 TO 1902. 
 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 [Barrels of 42 gallons.] 
 
 
 1902 
 
 1901 1900 
 
 1899 
 
 1 
 1898 ;' 1897 
 
 '1 
 
 189(i 
 
 FIELD. 
 
 Produc- 
 tion. 
 
 Per 1 Produc- 
 cent. tion. 
 
 Per ■' Produc- 
 cent. tion. 
 
 Per 
 
 cent. 
 
 Produc- Per 
 tion. ' cent. 
 
 Produc- 1 Per 1 Produc- Per . 
 tion. 1 cent. tion. cent. 
 
 Produc- 
 tion. 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 Total 
 
 88, 766, 916 
 
 100. 00 
 
 69, 389, 194 
 
 100.00 .1 63, 620,. 529 
 
 100. 00 
 
 1.57,070,8.50 jlOO.OO 
 
 155,364,233 jlOO.OO 
 
 160, 475, .516 100.00 ,160,960,361 
 
 100.00 
 
 Sum of both fields 
 
 55,377,413 
 
 62.38 
 
 .55,551,5.50 
 
 80.06 
 
 58, 054, 183 
 
 91.25 
 
 83, 293, 712 
 
 93.38 
 
 .52,038,748 
 
 93. 99 
 
 58,035,304 95.97 ; .59,227,772 
 
 97.16 
 
 
 32, 018, 787 
 23,358,626 
 33, 389, 503 
 
 36.07 
 26.31 
 37.62 
 
 33,618,171 
 21, 933, 379 
 13,837,644 
 
 48.45 1 36,295,443 
 31.61 1 21,758,750 
 19.94 ' 5, 666, .311 
 1 
 
 67.05 
 34.20 
 8.75 
 
 33, 068, 356 57. 94 
 
 31,717,425 
 
 i 20,321,323 
 
 3, 326, 485 
 
 67.29 
 36.70 
 6.01 
 
 35,230,271 1 68.26 i 33,971,902 
 
 22,806,033 37.71 i 25,2.55,870 
 
 2,440,212 4.03 l| 1,732,589 
 
 .55. 73 
 
 Lima-Indiana 
 
 20,225,3,56 
 3,777,138 
 
 35.44 
 6.62 
 
 41.43 
 
 2.M 
 
 
 
 
 Gross 
 value. 
 
 Value 
 
 per 
 barrel. 
 
 Gross 
 value. 
 
 Value 
 
 per 
 
 barrel. 
 
 Gross 
 value. 
 
 Value 
 
 per 
 barrel. 
 
 Gross 
 value. 
 
 Value 
 
 I.er 
 barrel. 
 
 Gross 
 value. 
 
 Value 
 
 per 
 barrel. 
 
 Gross ^'^^^^ 
 ™l-- ba'ifel. 
 
 1 Gross 
 value. 
 
 Value 
 
 per 
 barrel. 
 
 Total 
 
 1102, 046, 678 
 
 
 J93,483,412 
 
 
 899,4.51,365 
 
 J84,67S,777 
 
 
 859,490,372 
 
 
 $54,753,033 
 
 $71, .521, 221 
 
 58, .518, 709 
 13,002,512 
 
 
 
 
 Value of petroleum 
 
 Value of natural gas 
 
 2 71,178,910- 
 30, 867, 668 
 
 SO. 802 
 
 
 66, 417, 335 
 27,066,077 
 
 $0. 957 
 
 75,7.52,691 $1,191 
 23,698,674 ; 
 
 64,603,904 
 20,074,873 
 
 SI. 132 
 
 44,193,559 
 16,296,813 
 
 SO. 798 
 
 40,926,611 $0,677 
 13,826,422 j 
 
 $0. 9.59 
 
 1 In addition to these quantities. 4,325 barrels were produced in Kentucky and Tennessee in 1896, 4,377 barrels in 1.897. 19,125 barrels in 1.898, and 13,.578 barrels in 
 1899, for which, as none was sold or used, no valtie could be given. 
 3 1)oes not include $218,829, the value of product not marketed. 
 
734 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 The following tattle gives the production and value Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio, and Wyoming from 
 of lubricating petroleum in the several districts in Isiui to 1902, inclusive: 
 
 Table i30.-PR0DUCTI0N AND VALUE OF NATl'RAL LrBRICATIN(4 PETROLEUM, BY STATES AND DISTRICTS: 
 
 ISWi TO 1902. 
 
 [United StatL-s GeoloKiciil Srirvi'v, "Mineral liesources of th(j United States," 1902.] 
 [Barrels of 42 gallons.] 
 
 
 1902 
 
 ISOl 
 
 1000 1 
 
 189!) 
 
 1898 
 
 1807 
 
 iK9n 
 
 
 Barrels. Value. 
 
 Barrels. 
 73,966 
 
 Value. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 
 
 74,212 
 
 Value. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Barrels. Value. 
 
 Total 
 
 71,60:j J27S,,517 
 
 S294,548 
 
 So, 687 
 
 S:W9, 495 
 
 85, 168 
 
 8328,323 
 
 8296, 804 
 
 65, 209 
 
 82.55,-432 
 
 ^ 66,677 $2.58,323 
 
 1 
 
 Pennsylvania: Franklin distriet. 
 
 West Virginia: Petroleum and 
 
 Volcano districts 
 
 Ohio: Mecca and Beldendistriets. 
 Wyoming: Salt Creek distriet 
 
 60, Son 199,4:32 
 
 14,660 33,848 
 
 13S 1,466, 
 
 6,263 , 43,771 
 
 .1.5, 162 
 
 12, 464 
 
 940 
 
 5,400 
 
 220, G4S 
 
 33, 483 
 2, 617 
 37, .800 
 
 .59, 036 
 
 18,918 
 2,283 
 5, 4.50 
 
 236,144 
 
 43,638 
 11, .563 
 :i8, 1.50 
 
 61,085 
 
 17, 724 
 
 799 
 
 5. 5(i0 
 
 244, 340 
 
 40,819 
 4,244 
 
 38,920 
 
 56, 090 
 
 11,965 
 
 682 
 
 5,.475 
 
 224,360 
 
 :M, 501 
 
 3,618 
 
 38, 325 
 
 48, 880 
 
 12, 034 
 
 645 
 3, 650 
 
 195, 520 
 
 27, 592 
 3, 120 
 29. 200 
 
 49,329 197,316 
 
 13,804 35,086 
 
 666 . 2, 897 
 
 2,878 23,024 
 
 The value of the lubricating petroleum produced in 
 \^'yoming has for several years been $7 per barrel. 
 The general character of the natural lubricating petro- 
 leum produced in West Virginia is similar to that pro- 
 duced at Franklin. Pennsylvania. 
 
 The production of the Franklin district for lii(;)2 was 
 5U,.5.55 barrels, which was less than that of 1901 by 4. HOT 
 barrels. 
 
 There has been a gradual decline in this held since 
 1899, when the total yield was 61,085 barrels. The 
 price received in 19o2 — $3.94 — was slightly less than in 
 1901, when it was $4. 
 
 The following group of tables gi\-es the rims or re- 
 ceipts, the shipments or deliveries, and the stocks of 
 crude petroleum reported bv the pipe lines in the Appa- 
 lachian and Lima-Indiana fields for a series of years. 
 Table 21 gives, in detail, the pipe line runs in the Appa- 
 lachian field from IS.SS to 1902. inclusive, and Table 22 
 the totals of the pipe line runs in the Appalachian and 
 Lima-Indiana fields. 
 
 Table 23 shows the shipments in the Appalachian and 
 Lima-Indiana fields, and Table 24 the stocks of petro- 
 leum in th(,' same for the vears 1S94 to litn2. inclusive. 
 
 Table U1.~PIPE LINE RUNS IN THE APP 
 [United states (leologieiil Survey. 
 
 \.LA(_'HIAN FIELD, IN DETAIL: LS.s.S TO 1901'. 
 'The Prodnetinii ol Pelnileuiii," 19(12.] 
 Barrels of 42 gallons.] 
 
 1888. 
 1889. 
 1890. 
 1891. 
 1892. 
 
 1894- 
 1895. 
 
 1897. 
 1898. 
 1899. 
 1900- 
 1901- 
 1902. 
 
 361 ;, 664 
 (129, 729 
 PJC, .51:i 
 876, 266 
 749, ,562 
 im, 26(1 
 117,096 
 351 , 414 
 .505, 197 
 773, 565 
 1 :'>(;, 449 
 260, 089 
 540, 964 
 091,120 
 404,187 
 
 Xali.il 
 Trans 
 
 1,476. 
 '.807, 
 ,9l:i. 
 
 171 
 
 978 
 
 337 
 
 016 1 
 
 7U6 \ 
 
 112 
 
 6'20 
 
 222 
 i, 262 
 I, SOI 
 ,595 
 '.:t22 
 
 1,389 
 1 , 593 
 1,.827 
 1,777, 
 1,4,58, 
 1 , 579 
 1,751 
 1,803 
 1,993, 
 1 . 822, 
 1,.561, 
 1,.565, 
 1,615. 
 1,445. 
 1,:)02, 
 
 25, 072 
 32, 536 
 :»,001 
 36, 527 
 30,137 
 23, 348 
 10, 699 
 
 Western 
 
 ami 
 Atlaiitie. 
 
 341,618 
 
 l,,>ti5,076 
 
 3, 7:34, 519 
 7. 565, 743 
 
 13,:.117,S94 
 lll,8'29,'246 
 5, 74(1, 856 
 5, ri40, 345 
 5,'J.53,:378 
 (i, 666. 334 
 5, 329, 3.58 
 
 4, i;i3, 4,58 
 :i, 02U, 311 
 
 3, 716, 139 
 
 4, 018, 862 
 3, 607, 759 
 
 .,,512 
 ,244 
 
 ,788 
 
 i, 185 
 
 i,4.59 
 
 278 
 
 070 
 
 711 
 
 842,.s9(l 
 2,501,N26 
 3, 109, 477 
 2,173,213 
 1,442,](;0 
 1,019, ,849 
 68,117 
 
 Charles 
 Miller. 
 
 99, 526 
 188,113 
 160,671 
 143,700 
 68,888 
 36, 7'24 
 
 880 
 090 
 278 
 405 
 107 
 739 
 
 VKAH, 
 
 l':urekii. 
 
 Elk, 
 
 KlH.TV. 
 
 .Mellon. 
 
 Cmulier- 
 land. 
 
 United 
 
 States. 
 
 Producers 
 and Refin- 
 ers' Pipe 
 Line Com- 
 pany 
 (Limited). 
 
 1888 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 
 1889 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891 
 
 :. 181,413 
 
 :'., 666, 066 
 7,. 5.54, 866 
 7,771,215 
 7, 31 3, '251 
 9,9S3,201 
 l:!,(l(is,941 
 l:(, .5.58,, 1(19 
 13,765,761 
 16. 11 l,.5.s,s 
 1 1, 1 I:;, 7-26 
 i:;,(il i,.s96 
 
 257, 995 
 3'24,219 
 280, 870 
 218,874 
 243, 839 
 283, 741 
 227,817 
 194. 229 
 185,311 
 192,551 
 176,2Sll 
 162. 766 
 
 329, 4,58 
 
 :i7l,0.58 
 
 3.59, 459 
 3:30, 663 
 322, 085 
 318, 074 
 :31 1,308 
 292, 9.50 
 313,4,54 
 3 U. 1.83 
 :117.963 
 
 3111,085 
 1,813, '263 
 3,103,915 
 2, 528, 8,52 
 1 , 985, 376 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 
 
 219, 079 
 1,113,4.58 
 1.196, ,849 
 1, .5,54, 376 
 1,:392,170 
 1,316.460 
 1.260, •204 
 1,313,1:16 
 1,:!21,013 
 1,210,1,57 
 1.819.946 
 
 1893 - 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 
 
 1896 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 898 
 
 
 '];3i,'419 
 180, 6'20 
 
 32, .573 
 .53. 722 
 73.717 
 
 1899 
 
 19011 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 Buekeye- 
 
 jMaeksburg 
 
 Division. 
 
 240, 288 
 238, 776 
 1,021,613 
 377, '232 
 1,117,147 
 2,075.115 
 2, 362, 703 
 
 2, 954, 478 
 
 3, 338, 176 
 2,893,935 
 2,138,071 
 4.628.766 
 5, '2,54, 215 
 5,311,2,39 
 5,064,991 
 
PF;rR()LE[TM. 
 
 735 
 
 Table 22.— TOTALS OF I'IPE LINK RUNS IN THK APPALACHIAN AND LIMA-INDIANA FIELDS: 1888 TO 1902. 
 
 [Unitert States GeolnKiciil survey, ■' Mineral Hescmrees iif tlie riiileil Sliiles," lull?.] 
 [BarreJyui -12 gallons.] 
 
 1K88. 
 1,SH9. 
 1H90. 
 18S1. 
 1892. 
 1893. 
 1894. 
 1898. 
 
 Total. 
 
 2.'i, aiiri, 
 
 32, 28.=., 
 
 33, lis, 
 -19, 392, 
 4i;,317, 
 ■I.S, 4.'i.|, 
 4(i, 191, 
 48, 7C.7, 
 
 jal 
 
 achi 
 
 an. 
 
 l(i 
 
 3(i(; 
 
 (i«4 
 
 22 
 
 029 
 
 729 
 
 21 
 
 19li 
 
 .513 
 
 34, 876 
 
 26(i 
 
 H2 
 
 7-19 
 
 •'im 
 
 31 
 
 111)3 
 
 2i;ii 
 
 30 
 
 117 
 
 09« 
 
 30, 3.51 
 
 414 
 
 Lima-Indiana, 
 
 8, ,S99, 004 
 10,2.i6,722 
 11,918,910 
 14, ."Jl.n, 770 
 13,607,737 
 14,4,')l,19.'i 
 IB, 074, S.W 
 18,416,030 
 
 18911 
 1897 
 1898 
 1899 
 1900 
 1901 
 1902 
 
 Total, 
 
 16, 
 ,444, 
 
 2K6, ; 
 444,^ 
 77], 
 (161, 
 
 ,38N,I 
 
 
 Appalachian. 
 
 Lima-Indiana. 
 
 208 
 
 33, 606, 197 
 
 22,210,011 
 
 077 
 
 34,773,666 
 
 19, 670, 514 
 
 346 
 
 31,160,449 
 
 17, 128, 897 
 
 493 
 
 32, 200, 689 
 
 17,183,804 
 
 643 
 
 36, .640, 964 
 
 18, 230, .679 
 
 890 
 
 ,33,091,120 
 
 18,570,770 
 
 663 
 
 31,404,187 
 
 19,984,366 
 
 Table 23.- SHIPMENTS IN THE APPALACHIAN AND LIMA-INDIANA FIELDS: 1894 TO 1H02. 
 
 [I'nited States CenloKieal Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United States," 1902.] 
 
 [Barrels of 42 gallons.] 
 
 FIE LP. 
 
 1902 
 
 1901 
 
 19(10 
 
 1899 
 
 1KII8 
 .64,8.58,356 
 
 1897 
 
 )8!)6 
 
 1895 
 
 1894 
 
 Total 
 
 67, 283, 160 
 
 54, 242, 241 
 
 51,218,694 
 
 ,61,946,912 
 
 .53,7.56,7.50 ' 
 
 49,361,661 
 
 48, 862, 992 
 
 50 661,037 
 
 
 
 Appaliiohian 
 
 36, 192, 689 
 22, 090, 471 
 
 36,481,726 
 17, 760,. 616 
 
 36,401,113 
 16, 817, .=81 
 
 30, 317, 426 
 21 , 629, 516 
 
 30, 406, 936 
 24,4,62,420 
 
 33,664,324 
 20,092,426 
 
 29, 340, 196 
 20,021,466 
 
 32,032,626 
 16, 830, 366 
 
 86,207,275 
 14 463 762 
 
 
 
 Table 24.— STOCKS OF PETROLEUM IN THE APPALAC?IIAN AND LniA-IXDIAXA FIELDS AT THE CLOSE r»F THE 
 
 YEAR: 1894 TO 1902. 
 
 [United Status Geoloy-ical Survey, ■■>rin(_Tal Rt'soureos of the United States," 19UL:.] 
 [Barrels uf 42 gallons.] 
 
 FIELD. 
 
 lflO'2 
 
 1901 
 
 1900 
 
 1899 
 
 1898 
 
 1897 
 
 1896 
 
 1895 
 
 1894 
 
 
 23,048,0.60 
 
 27,396,798 
 
 28,464,476 
 
 23,997,118 
 
 26,967,495 
 
 33, 772, 823 
 
 33, 048, 492 
 
 9, 745, 722 
 23,302,770 
 
 26,839,632 
 
 26 6,58,146 
 
 
 
 
 6,741,624 
 17,. 306, 426 
 
 9,636,492 
 17, 760, 306 
 
 13, 475,. 548 
 14,988,928 
 
 13,4,61,191 
 10, .545, 927 
 
 11,786,603 
 16,180,892 
 
 11,010,044 
 22, 762, 779 
 
 5, 344, 784 
 21,494,848 
 
 6 499 880 
 
 
 20, 158, 266 
 
 
 The fields in Ktinsas, Texas, and California and else- 
 where are not ,so well supplied b}' pipe line companies, 
 and the petroleum is transported mostly liy private 
 pipe lines, often owned by the produeing company. 
 
 It will be seen from the preceding tallies that for the 
 year 19i)2 the combined runs for the Appalachian and 
 Lima-Indiana fields were 51,?>s8,553 liarrels, which 
 amount does not vary greatly from the average for the 
 past eight j^ears, though a slight decline was recorded 
 in 1902 as compared with 19nl. There are some few 
 deliveries to refineries direct from the field and some 
 petroleum loaded in tank cars that are not included in 
 the pipe line reports. 
 
 The shipments which represent the deliveries from 
 both, these fields to the refineri(\s and other consumers 
 were quite large in 1902, amounting to 57,283,l('i(i bar- 
 rels, an increase (.if 3,040,919 barrels over those of 
 1901. As the shipments were larger tlian the production, 
 the increase was made up from the stocks which ha-d 
 ))een accumulated by the pipe line comjianies. 
 
 The Appalachian and Lima-Indiana stocks on hand at 
 the close of 1902 amounted to 23, (lis, 050 barrels, show- 
 ing a decrease for these fields of 4:,34:7,748 barrels as 
 compared with the amount at the close of 1901. These 
 stocks are stored in large iron tanks iit a numlicr of 
 localities, generally near the pumping stations of the 
 main pipe lines. 
 
 The stocks in the fields are held principally by the 
 large pipe line companies, who have, in nearly all cases, 
 purchased the crude petroleum. There is also a vary- 
 ing amount of stock held b_v the original producers at 
 their wells. 
 
 In the states of Te.xas and California, liesides the 
 stock in the hands of the producers and refiners, there 
 are a number of individuals, companies, and railroads 
 who own their tankage. The estimated stock in these 
 iind other states and territories, as well as in the 
 Appalachian and Lima-Indiana fields, is shown in the 
 following table: 
 
 Table 2.5. — S/oi'kx of petroleum held in the several fielels, staten, and 
 lerrltories at tlie close of 1902. 1901, aial 1900. 
 
 [Barrels of 42 gallons.] 
 
 1901 
 
 Total 36.168,0.50 32,090,798 29,3,50,476 
 
 Stocks in the -\ppalai-bian field 1 6.741,624 9.('i36,492 13,-176,548 
 
 Stoclis in the Lima-Indiana Held- 17,3U6.42i: 17,760,306 14,9.ss,928 
 
 Stocks in Kansas (estimated 1 210,000, 70,000 60,000 
 
 Stocks in Colorado (estimated, I liio, 00o| 80, 000 | 60,000 
 
 Stocks in Texas (estimated 1 7,060,000' 1,726,000 6,000 
 
 Stocks in Calilornia (estimated I 4,S(I0,000| 2, ,800, 000 7.60,000 
 
 Stocks in Lraiisiana (estimated) ! 320,000 ' 
 
 Stocks ill all otlierstates and territories-' ... 40,000' 20,000 10,000 
 
 1 The Appalachiail field includes New York, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, 
 Kentucky, Tennessee, and the southeastern portion of Ohio. 
 
 -The Lima-Indiana field includes Incliana and north\vestern C)hio. 
 
 ■MncUides Indian Terri1or\-. (iklahoma, Wyoming, Michigan, Missouri and 
 Illinois. 
 
73(1 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Stocks of Pennsylvania or Appalachian crude petro- 
 leum have decreased since the close of lS!:tl. In that 
 year there were 16,4r57,08!:> barrels of what is known as 
 Pennsylvania oil, held in tanks, principally in Penn- 
 sylvania, and smaller amounts in West Vii'o-inia and 
 Ohio, as compared with 5,741.t'iL'4 barrels held at the 
 close of 1902. In the Lima-Indiana tield there were 
 22,103,705 barrels, principally in Ohio, making a total 
 stock for the two tields of 38, 5ti(.», 791: barrels in ISDl, as 
 compared with 23,048,050 barrels at the close of 1902. 
 Of the latter amount 5,741,(324 barrels were Appa- 
 lachian petroleum and l7,3()<3.42(i barrels Lima-Indiana 
 petroleum. The success in refining the petroleum from 
 the Lima-Indiana field has greatly increased the pro- 
 duction of the higher grade of illuminating petroleum 
 and enabled the refiners to supply their home consum- 
 ers and furnish an increasing quantity for the export 
 trade. 
 
 The following table gives the average yearly price of 
 all the grades of petroleum from 1S8!) to 1902: 
 
 T.-\BLE iJ6. — Arerai/i' yearly prin- of nil Iht' jn'trolcinii jimduceil: IS'89 
 
 to moi. • 
 
 [Barrels of 42 gallons.] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Average 
 
 price 
 (cents). 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Average 
 price 
 
 (cents). 
 
 1889 
 
 70.62 
 77.17 
 ,56. 2.5 
 .51.33 
 .59.75 
 72.00 
 108. 88 
 
 1896 
 
 
 1890 
 
 1897 
 
 
 1891 
 
 
 1892 
 
 1.899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 113 "0 
 
 1893. . . . 
 1894.-.. 
 
 
 119.10 
 
 1895.... 
 
 1902 
 
 80 20 
 
 
 
 
 The average prices shown in the following table 
 cover the ordinary grades of petroleum. They do not 
 include special oils, such as the lubricating oils from the 
 Franklin district, nor those from the Petroleum and 
 Volcano districts of West Virginia, nor those from the 
 Mecca-Belden district of Ohio, ])ut onl^y those, such as 
 Pennsylvania oil, used chieflv for the production of 
 illuminants. 
 
 Table iiT. — Ronge of pricex paid for jietrolmm in tlie Ajipmhu-liian 
 oil region hy the Seep P>irrlinsiiiy Ar/eriry dimng 1002. 
 
 [Barrels ol' 42 gallons.] 
 
 .January 1 . . . 
 
 April 16 
 
 .June 26 
 
 October 4 
 
 October 7 
 
 October 16... 
 October 29... 
 November (i . 
 November 11 
 November 25 
 December 4 . 
 December . 
 December 12 
 December 31 
 
 i 
 
 Tionjt. 
 i 
 
 n. 30 
 
 1.35 
 
 1.37 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.42 
 
 1.4.5 
 
 1 . 18 
 1.51 
 
 ■ I..54 
 l.,57 
 
 1.60 
 
 1.63 
 
 1.66 
 
 1.69 
 
 Jl.1.5 
 
 SO. 98 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.03 
 
 1.22 
 
 1 , 05 
 
 1 . 25 
 
 1 , 0,s 
 
 1.27 
 
 1.10 
 
 1 . 30 
 
 1.13 
 
 1.33 
 
 1.16 
 
 1 . 36 
 
 1,19 
 
 1,39 
 
 1 2'' 
 
 1.12 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.45 
 
 1.2,S 
 
 1.18 
 
 1,28 
 
 1.51 
 
 1,31 
 
 l.,54 
 
 1.34 
 
 New- 
 castle. 
 
 SO. 90 
 0. 95 
 
 0. 97 
 1,110 
 1,112 
 1,05 
 1.08 
 1,11 
 1,14 
 
 1, 17 
 1,20 
 1 , 35 
 1,38 
 1,41 
 
 less. This is owing to the fact that the production of 
 some districts furnishes a larger percentage of illumi- 
 nating oil and of by-products. Petroleum that has 
 remained in tanks at the wells for a long period loses 
 a percentage of its illuminating properties and is worth 
 less than what is known as fresh oil, or petroleum 
 recently' produced at the wells. 
 
 The great volume of trade is controlled by the prices 
 under the name of Pennsylvania oil, which includes 
 nearly all the oil sold in New York, nearly all of that 
 sold in Pennsylvania and West Virginia, and a large 
 proportion of the ordinar3' Appalachian petroleum sold 
 in Ohio. 
 
 In the following table are given the avei'age monthly 
 prices during 19(.»1 and 1902 of crude petroleum pro- 
 duced in the various districts of the Appalachian oil 
 regions in which special prit'es are paid. It is consid- 
 ered that the bulk of the crude petroleum is sold at 
 prices slightly greater than the average price per month. 
 
 Table iiS. — Arerage monthly jrrii-cx if Ajipahirhian crude petroleum: 
 1903 and 1:101. 
 
 [Barrels of 42 gallons.] 
 
 .January 
 
 February 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 .June 
 
 .July 
 
 August 
 
 September . . . 
 
 October 
 
 November . . . 
 December 
 
 .Average 
 
 SI, 30 
 1.30 
 1.30 
 1.321 
 1.35 
 1. 35i 
 1.37 
 1.37 
 1.37 
 1.43 J 
 1. .53; 
 1.64 
 
 1.38 J 
 
 
 Corn- 
 
 
 
 vania. 
 
 ing. 
 
 SI. 15 
 
 $0.98 
 
 1.15 
 
 0.98 
 
 1.15 
 
 0.98 
 
 1.171 
 
 i.no; 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.03 
 
 1.20J 
 
 1.03i 
 
 1.22 
 
 1.05 
 
 1.22 
 
 1.05 
 
 1.22 
 
 1.05 
 
 1.28; 
 
 i.n; 
 
 i.3,h; 
 
 i.2i; 
 
 1.49 
 
 1.294 
 
 1.23J 1.061 
 
 New- 
 castle. 
 
 SO. 90 
 0.90 
 0.90 
 0. 92; 
 0.95 
 0.95J 
 0.97 
 0.97 
 0.97 
 1.03; 
 1.13; 
 1.33} 
 
 0. 99i 
 
 SI. 34 J 
 1.40 
 1.44 
 1. 351 
 1.22i 
 1.20 
 1, 28S 
 1.40 
 1.40i 
 1.45 
 1.45 
 1.36 
 
 1.36 
 
 Penn- 
 syl- 
 vania. 
 
 Corn- 
 ing. 
 
 New- 
 castle. 
 
 SI. 194 
 1.25 
 1.29 
 1.20i 
 1.078 
 
 SI. 024 
 1.08 
 1.12 
 1.031 
 0.90i 
 0.88 
 0.96i 
 1.08 
 l.OSi 
 1.13 
 1.13 
 1.04 
 
 941 
 00 
 04 
 95,i 
 82S 
 •SO 
 88s 
 00 
 OOj 
 05 
 05 
 96 
 
 1.21 j 1.04 
 
 0.96 
 
 The average monthly prices of Lima (Ohio) and In- 
 diana crude petroleum, per barrel of 42 gallons each, 
 in the years 1902 and 1901 were as follows: 
 
 Table 20. — Arerage tiioidJdy jiricex of Ohio and Indiana crude jietro- 
 leuui: 1902 and 1901. 
 
 [Barrels of 42 gallons.] 
 
 In some of the districts oil is worth more than ordi- 
 nary Penn.sylvania oil, ami in .some districts it is worth 
 
 
 1902 
 
 1»01 
 
 
 MONTH. 
 
 North 
 Lima. 
 
 South 
 Lima. 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 North South 
 Lima. | Lima. 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 .January 
 
 SO, 85 
 0,85 
 0. 85 
 0,864 
 0,88 
 0. 88; 
 0,89 
 0. 89 
 0,89 
 0, 93j 
 1.001 
 1.10 
 
 0.90J 
 
 SO, 80 
 0, 80 
 0,80 
 0,814 
 0.83 
 0.83; 
 0.84 
 0.84 
 0.84 
 0. 88; 
 0. 951 
 1.05 
 
 0. 85j 
 
 SO. 80 
 0, 80 
 0, HO 
 
 0,8U 
 0.83 
 0.83; 
 0.84 
 0..S4 
 0. 84 
 0, ,88i 
 0. 95; 
 1.05 
 
 S0.87j! SO. 82} 
 0.91 ' 0.86 
 0. 934' 0. 884 
 0. 88; 0. 83; 
 0.804, 0.75i 
 0.79 i 0.74 
 0.81 0. 79 
 0. 9l 0. ,86 
 0, 9i; 0.86; 
 0.91 0. ,89 
 0.94 0,89 
 0, ,S8i 0, 83i 
 
 0.884 0.834 
 
 $0. ,"21 
 
 
 Man b 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 ,lune 
 
 •lulv 
 
 0.881 
 0. 83; 
 0,75; 
 0.74 
 79 
 
 AugusI 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 Deeemlier 
 
 0. 86 
 0.86; 
 0.89 
 0.89 
 0.83J 
 
 A\'crage 
 
 0.85J 
 
 0.834 
 
 Average of Nortb and 
 
 0. -s 
 
 8; 
 
 
 0.86 
 
 
 
 
 
^^7^]I0LEUM. 
 
 737 
 
 The North Liina is .sepiirated from tho South Lima 
 field hy an east-and-west line passing- throiio'h the 
 southern portion of the town of Fostoi'ia, Ohio. Tliis 
 division is made owing to the lighter gra\'ity of North 
 Lima petroleum and the larger percentage of the more 
 valualiie products secured from it. The pi-othiction of 
 the Indiana tield is of the same grade as the South Lima 
 petroleum and commands the same price. 
 
 In the following table there is shown the fluctuations 
 in prices for the various grades of Lima oil in I'.HW. 
 The dates are those on which changes in prices were 
 made. 
 
 Table .'50. — Fliirhialiiinx in jirii-cs of Limn (01ii<>) <iii<l IiiiHiiiin rrinh 
 petriileum: IMJ. 
 
 IIATE. 
 
 North 
 Lima. 
 
 South 
 Lima. 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 
 80.8.^1 
 0.88 
 0.89 
 0.91 
 0.92 
 0.95 
 0.97 
 0.99 
 1.01 
 1.03 
 1.06 
 1.09 
 1.12 
 1.15 
 
 SO. 80 
 0.83 
 0.84 
 0.86 
 0.87 
 0.90 
 0.92 
 0.94 
 0.96 
 0.98 
 1.01 
 1.04 
 1.07 
 1.10 
 
 SO. 80 
 
 
 0.83 
 
 
 0.84 
 
 OotiiljtT 4 
 
 0.86 
 
 
 0.87 
 
 October 16 
 
 0.90 
 
 
 0.92 
 
 
 0.94 
 
 
 0.96 
 
 
 0.98 
 
 
 1.01 
 
 
 1.04 
 
 
 1.07 
 
 
 1.10 
 
 
 
 The highest, lowest, and average prices of Lima 
 (Ohio) oil for the last sixteen years have been as 
 follows: 
 
 Table ."51. — Ilir/Jtrst, lowest, and ureTaije jirices of Liinn (Olii' 
 petroh'iim: 1S67 /« 190.?. 
 
 ,1,' 
 
 High- 
 est. 
 
 1887 SO. 15 
 
 1888 0. 15 
 
 1889 0. 15 
 
 1890 0.37i 
 
 1891 0. 35 
 
 1892 ■ 0.371 
 
 1893 1 ■ 0. 49 
 
 1894 1 0. 5n 
 
 SO. 15 
 0.15 
 0.15 
 0.15 
 0.30 
 0.35 
 = 0.40 
 = 0. 47J 
 
 Aver- 
 age. 
 
 SO. 15 
 0.15 
 0.15 
 0.30 
 0.301 
 0.361 
 0.471 
 0.48 
 
 ™^'- 'Lowest. Aver- 
 
 1895 
 
 .... >81.27 
 
 1896 
 
 . . . . 1 0. 90 
 
 1897 
 
 .... 10.60 
 
 1898 
 
 .... '0.80 
 
 1899 
 
 .... n.i7 
 
 1900 
 
 . . . . M . 26 
 
 1901 
 
 10,94 
 
 1902 
 
 ...., U.15 
 
 2 SO. 50 
 2 0.52 
 2 0.41 
 2 0.41 
 -'0.74 
 = 0.74 
 2 0.74 
 20.80 
 
 ' North Lima. 
 
 - South Limn. 
 
 and Cape Martin, near the waters of Catella bay, there 
 are also springs of petroleum associated with sulphur 
 water and natural gas a shoi't distance inhaiid. Still 
 farther inland there aiv, seams of bituminous coal from 
 '^ to 8 feet in thickness and of superior quality. This 
 section is generally i<nown as the Ka\'ai< region, as it is 
 nearly opposite Little Kayak Island. Seventy-tive miles 
 fai'ther north, also on tlie mainland opposite Kochernak 
 hay, at the moutli of Cooks inlet, there are also some 
 surface indications of petroleum. 
 
 One of the original discoverers of these surface indi- 
 cations was Mr. R. C Johnson, who ran across them 
 while exploring tlie numerous small creeks along the 
 ocean for gold. A company he organized succeeded in 
 getting down a well late in the summer of 1902, which, 
 at 365 feet, gave very promising results. It was 
 located on one of the small streams entering Catella 
 bay from tlie east on a low divide extending toward 
 Point Hay, where there were abundant surface expo- 
 sures and small feeders of petroleum constanth' coming 
 to the surface. The following is a record of the well 
 as reported by the company: 
 
 Log of irrll ruM of Oitella hoi/, Kayak dislricl, drilled in 1902. 
 
 SO. 71} , 
 0. 66i 
 0.48 
 0.61} 
 O.S9f 
 0.98} 
 0.86 
 0. 881 
 
 REVIEW OF THE INDTT.STRY BY STATES AND TERRITORIES. 
 
 Al(id-'i. — There are three known localities along the 
 west coast of Alaska in which there are surface indica- 
 tions of the e.xistence of natural petroleuiu. The first 
 begins a short distance northwest of Cape Yaktag, 450 
 miles northwest of Sitka and just west of Mt. St. 
 Elias. There are numerous natural springs of petroleum 
 and water extending for a distance of 25 miles farther 
 northwest, in a line parallel to that of the coast. For 
 this distance there is a continuous line of foothills 500 
 to 600 feet in height, cut by numerous streams. Along 
 the streams, near the axis of this uplift, there are 
 numerous petroleum indications. Seventy-five miles 
 farther west along the coast line, between Cape Suckling 
 :302L'::i-04 47 
 
 FOR.MATION. 
 
 Tula! . 
 
 SCO 
 
 6 feet surface drift \ 6 
 
 10 feet decomposed shale 16 
 
 140 feet light colored shale , 156 
 
 18 feet fine grained sandstone - 174 
 
 One-half foot coal contained in the sandstone 174i 
 
 190 feet dark shale, very hard 364i 
 
 One-half foot quartz containing iron pyrites, and ct.tntaiiied in the shale. 365 
 
 1 foot oil sand and flow of oil 1 
 
 Length of 12-inch casing 220 
 
 Length of 9g-ineh casing 31U 
 
 Numerous small showings of petroleum and natural 
 gas were encountered as the drill proceeded downward. 
 At 366 feet a large (luantity of oil was developed, which 
 is reported to have flowed, and the well is said to have 
 continued to flow until capped. 
 
 CaJifoniia. — Although there were fewer wells drilled 
 in California in 1902 than in 1901, the production re- 
 ported showed a large increase over that of the previous 
 year, which is partially due to the large quantity held, 
 from the previous year at the wells owing to the lack 
 of transportation. The production in 1902 placed this 
 state third in the order of output; only Ohio and Texas 
 produced greater quantities. There is no question that 
 if all the facilities for transportation had been supplied 
 the production would have been largely increased. 
 
 Under these conditions the production in 1902 was 
 13,98-1.26s l»arrels. produced by 2,574 wells. The value 
 of the production wsis $-1,873,617. The average price 
 was 34.8 cents per barrel. There were stored at the 
 close of r.H 12 nearly 4, 01 » i,000 barrels of petroleum await- 
 ing transportation. 
 
738 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 The completion of the pii)e line must hiive the etl'ect 
 of relieving this condition in the Kern river held and 
 of delivering large quantities of petroleum to Point 
 Richmond, on San Francisco bay, where it \\\\\ hnd a 
 read}' market as fuel. This is especially desirable, as 
 there is a scarcity of coal on tiie Pacific coast. 
 
 The importation of coal fell ofl' more than 2.") per cent 
 during 11»()2. The number of large niaiuifactories and 
 railroads using this liquid fuel almost exclusively is 
 rapidly increasing, so that the indications are that the 
 importation of I'oal must suti'er a still greater decrease, 
 and the introduction of petroleum as a fuel must 
 become general. There can be at least 25,0(»(),00() 
 barrels annually disposed of as fuel in (.'alifornia alone. 
 It has been demonstrated that the use of cheap fuel is 
 one of the chief aids to commercial supremacy, and with 
 the development of this and other natural advantages 
 California may become one of the prominent manu- 
 facturing states. 
 
 There were 42.5 wells completed during 11M»2, but of 
 this number 102 were dry or unproductive, leaving 323 
 productive wells. The total number of pumping 
 wells was 2, .539 and of flowing wells, 35. 
 
 Wells were drilled in 18 counties in California dur- 
 ing 1902, from the extreme northern county of Hum- 
 boldt to San Diego on the south. The counties in wdiich 
 the greatest production was secured are, in the order of 
 their output, Kern, Los Angeles, Orange, Fresno, Ven- 
 tura, .Santa Barl)ara, and San Mateo. Of the total pro- 
 duction, 69.1 per cent came fi'om Kern comity, 13.9 
 per cent from Los Angeles county and the remaining 
 16.7 per cent from the remaining productive counties. 
 
 In drilling the manv wells in numerous portions of 
 the state onh' one new pool was discovered — in Santa 
 Clara, near Sargent Station — where, at a depth of sno 
 feet, a jDroduciog sand was found which yielded so to 
 90 barrels per daj\ There were a number of test \v(dls 
 drilled near Half Moon bay, in San Mateo county, but 
 these produced onlv a limited (juantity of a high grade 
 crude peti'oleum. There is a great \ariety of crude 
 petroleum produced in California, ranging from a black, 
 tarry liquid of 11 - Baume to water-white naphtha. Tlie 
 great proportion is a heavy, dark petroleum of about 
 IG-" Baume eminently fitted for fuel purposes. 
 
 Bakersfield is the largest producing district in Cali- 
 fornia. It is generally known as the Kern ri\-er fi(dd, 
 and is located in Kern county, a few miles north of the 
 city of Bakerstield. There are two other fields to the 
 south, known as the Sunset and McKittilck ])ools, but 
 these are as yet insignificant in production when com- 
 pared with the Kern river field. The petroleum pro- 
 duced in this latter field \'aries from U - to 17- Baume. 
 There is a remarkable bed of sand, ranging from 200 
 to 500 feet in thickness, found in most of the wells, 
 and considerable .sand and some watei- are found in the 
 crude petroleum. This is sepai-ated by allowing the 
 
 petroleum to stand in large ponds, although in some 
 instances it is necessary to heat the petroleum to secure 
 a complete separation. There is, no doubt, a large 
 ((uantitv of petroleum in this pool, which can be taken 
 out when the conditions of transportation have become 
 more fa\()i'al)le, as during 1902 many of the wells were 
 shut in for a portiim of the time. 
 
 The Los Angeles field is one of the original fields in 
 this state and has produced a large quantity of fuel 
 petroleum for a number of years. There was a sliglit 
 decline in the production of 1902 as compared with that 
 of 1'.<01. The wells in this field range from 600 to 1,200 
 f(>et in depth and vary in production from 2 to 25 l)arrels 
 per day. The petroleum is black, with a gravity vary- 
 iug from 15 -^ to 17"-' Baume. Recently a pipe line has 
 been constructed connecting the Whittier pool with Los 
 Angeles. There is also a producing field at Xewhall, 
 at the head of the Santa Clara canyon, in this county, 
 which yields a superior grade of petroleum. 
 
 Some very good wells have been secured in Orange 
 county at FuUerton, at Brea canyon, and elsewhere in 
 the vicinity. A few of these wdls were drilled to a 
 depth of 2,100 feet, and the production at first reached 
 as nmcli as l,oo() barrels per day. The AVhittier pool, 
 in Los Angeles county, lies just northwest of the Ful- 
 lerton ]iool. These pools produce a petroleum of high 
 grade, which is in demand for refining and for which a 
 high price is paid. 
 
 The Coalinga field, on the east flaidv of the Coast Range 
 in Fresno county, was opened up in 1897. Most of the 
 petroleum produced in this field ranges from 22 to 38- 
 Baume, although there is some petroleum as heavy as 
 11 Ba\une. In the northeastern portion of the field 
 the grax'ity of the production ranges from 20- to 28'^ 
 Baume. It is suitable for refining and is in demand as 
 an enricher of manufactiu'ed gas. 
 
 Ventura county continued to pi'oduce petroleum in a 
 compai'atively small way along the Santa Clara \alley to 
 the south. There is consichn'able \ariation in the char- 
 acter and gravity of the ])etroleum produced. A very 
 light petroleum of about 35 Baume is found in Pico 
 canyon near the Los Angeles county line. 
 
 Opei'ations were active in Santa Barbara county in 
 1902. A large production was secured on Los Alamos 
 creek, which locality has been operated successfully for 
 several years. A will with a capacity of 200 barrels 
 was foiuid near Lompoc. Summerlanil district is in 
 this county, bid was not acti\ely operatinl during lit()2> 
 and has declined in ])roduction. 
 
 The problem of transportation from the California 
 oil fields has not been fully sohcd. The oil develop- 
 ment of the state has been much retarded by the lack 
 of facilities for getting the oil to market. Most of the 
 production is within reach of the railways by short 
 pipe lines, but there has been a deficiency of cars to 
 meet the demands, and consumers ha\ c hesitated to 
 
PETROLEUM. 
 
 739 
 
 adopt t)il as fuel l)ccaiiso of the uncertainty of getting- 
 a supply when needed. 
 
 An 8-inch pipe line is being constructed from the 
 Kern river district to a refinery at Point Richmond, 
 on San Francisco bay, which eventually will have 
 branches to the important oil producing localities in 
 the San Joaquin valley. A branch to th(^, Coalinga 
 lield is now in process of construction. The main pipe 
 line will be 278 miles in length with Id pumping sta- 
 tions, and the oil will be heated to permit its easy 
 pumping. The completion and operation of this pipe 
 line are matters of very great importance to the indus- 
 try of the state. A railway, chietiy for the transpoi'- 
 tation of crude oil, is projected from the Sunset district 
 to tide water at Port Harford, but at the close of 1902 
 little progress had been made toward its construction. 
 Tankage supplj^ stations have been established in the 
 Hawaiian Islands, and large tank steamers are now^ 
 running to the islands from San Francisco and southern 
 California ports. Large supply stations are also being- 
 installed at various points along the coast as far north 
 as Washington, and these will be supplied by the rail- 
 way's or by ocean transit as will be most convenient. 
 
 The chief use of California petroleum is as fuel, and 
 the market for it was gradually extended during 1902. 
 The railway's of the state are adopting it as rapidly 
 as possible. The Southern Pacific Railway has estab- 
 lished a large amount of tankage on its line at ditferent 
 points. Both the Southern Pacific and the Atchison, 
 Topeka and Santa Fe railways are the owners of tracts 
 of oil lands from which part of their supply is drawn. 
 The use of the heavy oils for improving roads is in- 
 creasing. 
 
 The price of California oil during 1902 was low, but 
 some advance took place toward the close of the year. 
 Large contracts for the deliver}- of oil at the wells for 
 a period of five years, however, were made at the rate 
 of 20 cents a barrel. This price applied to the heavier 
 oils of the Kern river and McKittrick districts. Lighter 
 oil produced in the southern part of the state com- 
 manded as high as $1.00 and $1.20 a barrel Avhere the 
 quality was such as to permit refining- into illuminating- 
 oils. 
 
 During the j-ear the nunil)er of refineries in the state 
 increased from 11 to 33. Most of them were small 
 and designed more particularly for the production of 
 asphalt from the heavy oils, which yield from iO to 50 
 per cent of this material. The distillates obtained in 
 this way are used largelj^ for domestic fuel, for gas 
 making purposes, and, to a slight extent, for spraying- 
 fruit trees. The largest installation for refining Cali- 
 fornia oils is at Point Richmond, near San Francisco. 
 In the following table is shown the production of petro- 
 leum in California by counties for the vears 1897 to 1902: 
 
 Table 32. — Froilmiida nf tnule juirdlcum in i'lilifor-iiid, Inj counties: 
 
 18;n tu 1902. 
 
 [Barrelndf J^Kiillous,] 
 
 Total produclion 
 
 Total value 
 
 Average price 
 per barrel 
 
 1!)02 
 
 13,9K1,2C,K 
 S4, UTi, 617 
 
 7H6, 33U 
 84,97-1,540 
 
 ». 67 
 
 Fresno 572, 498 
 
 Kern 9,705,703 
 
 LoH Angeles 1,938,114 
 
 (Strange 
 
 Santa Barljara.. 
 Santa Cla ra .... 
 Ventura 
 
 Unapporlioned . 
 
 1,038,649 
 242, 840 
 
 4K4,7li4 
 ' 1, 800 
 
 780, 6.50 
 
 4, 493, 466 
 
 2, 188, 633 
 
 724, 8(15 
 
 136, 900 
 
 463. 127 
 
 4,321,484 
 H, 076, 975 
 
 SO. 94 
 
 632, 000 
 892, 500 
 1,730,263 
 372, 200 
 1.63,7.60 
 771 
 418,000 
 225, OOO 
 
 lK!)i) 
 
 2,677,876 
 S2, 660, 793 
 
 JO. 99 
 
 2,249,0881 1.911,. 669 
 S2,376,420|S1,91K,.669 
 
 409, 372 
 
 15, 000 
 
 1,409,366 
 
 108, 077 
 
 208, 370 
 
 1 , .500 
 
 496, 200 
 
 1897 
 
 SI. 06 
 
 fl.OO 
 
 70,140 
 
 1,327,011 
 
 12, 000 
 
 130, 136 
 
 4,000 
 
 .368, 282 
 
 Uolorddo. —There ^vas a considerable amount of new 
 work accomplished in Colorado during 1902, although . 
 the product was but 396,901 barrels, a decrease of 
 63,619 barrels as compared with 1901. The production 
 of the Boulder pool was only ll,S<.tO barrels. Its quality 
 was superior to any other petroleum found west of the 
 Mississippi river, and its gravity when fresh was -12. .5^ 
 Baume. 
 
 The new Boulder field was partially ojjened up in 1901 
 by the McKenzie well, wdiich found petroleum at a depth 
 of 2,720 feet and was the cause of the drilling of a num- 
 ber of deep wells in this new field. These, however, 
 produced only a limited quantity of high-grade petro- 
 leum. There were 48 wells drilled in the state, 28 of 
 which were dry. The total number of producing wells 
 was 77, and the number abandoned during the year, 6. 
 There were 60 tanks at wells, with a combined capacity 
 of 41,579 barrels. 
 
 An important deep well was drilled in the old Flor- 
 ence field south of the city, which at a depth of 3,650 
 feet found a pay streak never before reached by any of 
 the wells in that field. The strata in which the petro- 
 leum is found stored in this field, and also in the Boulder 
 field, are considered to belong to the Fort Pierce group 
 of the Montana Cretaceous. The Florence field fur- 
 nished nearly 98 per cent of the .state's production in 
 1902. 
 
 The petroleum is of a dark green color, with a gravity 
 of from 31"^ to 32-^ Baume, and in refining gives a fair 
 yield of the more valuable products. The production 
 in 1902 sold for $1:8'1:,683, an average of 11.22 per barrel 
 being secured. 
 
 IlJinoiH. — The production of petroleum in this state, 
 although extending over a period of nearh' fifteen vears, 
 has been insignificant. Even the small production se- 
 cured seems to be growing smaller. There is a prolia- 
 bility, however, that the state may yet produce suffi- 
 cient petroleum to become of significance as a producer. 
 
 Nearly all of the petroleum comes from Litchfield, 
 Montgomery county, and is used locally for lubricating 
 
f4() 
 
 IlIINES AND QUAPiRIES. 
 
 purposes. Its gTavity is 22- Ruunie. The wells are 
 from 640 to GTU feet in depth. There is a siiiail pro- 
 duction from shallow wells at ^^''asllin,o•ton, Tazewell 
 eounty. It tinds a sale as luhrieatini;- petroleum, the 
 production, valued at $5 per harrel. amounting to $1,000. 
 In October, 1901, petrolemu was reported to have been 
 found in small quantities (i miles west of Canton, Ful- 
 ton eounty, and also in the town of Herscher, Kankakee 
 eounty. The production of the state since iss!) has been 
 as follows: 
 
 Table 33.— Prodnrfim, „f prlrolnu,, in IIIIihks: ISdV to 190J. 
 [Bnrri'ls nf 42khI1"1is.] 
 
 The following table gives the production of petro- 
 leum in Indiana from 1X91 to 19(J2: 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 YE.IR. 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 
 6,576 
 
 1895 
 
 200 
 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 250 
 
 
 1,460 
 900 
 
 tj75 
 521 
 400 
 300 
 
 500 
 
 
 1898 
 
 360 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 360 
 200 
 2.50 
 200 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 - 
 
 1894 - - . . 
 
 ladlana. — The production in this state comes almost 
 entirelj' from one horizon, known as the Trenton lime- 
 stone. There are probabl}' 28 liarrels of salt water 
 pumped for each barrel of petroleum produced. 
 
 A number of wells that were formerly natural gas 
 producers have l)een drilled deeper and have found 
 petroleum in paying quantities. It is a held of eas}' 
 access, and is abundantly supplied with facilities for 
 transporting supplies, as well as with pipe lines, for 
 marketing the petroleum. The production in 1902 
 was 7,480,896 barrels of crude petroleum, \-alueil at 
 $6,526,622. This is a gain of 1,72.3.810 barrels in quan- 
 tity, and $1,703,796 in value over 1901, the increase 
 amounting to 29.9 per cent in quantity and 35. y per 
 cent in value. Indiana was the only state in the north- 
 eastern portion of the United Stat<'s that ga\"e an in- 
 creased production in 1902. 
 
 The most active operations during r.J02 were in (iraiit 
 county, one-third of the new wells in the state being- 
 drilled in this county, adding a considerable new and 
 rich territory to the known productive area of the state. 
 The section near Marion once famous for lai'ge natui'al 
 gas wells is now important as a petroleum pi-oducing 
 region. The exhaustion of the gas enabled operators 
 to drill the wells deeper, and results have been i-emai'k- 
 ably successful. The counties of Adams, lilackford, 
 Delaware, Huntington, Jay, Madison, Randolph , and 
 Wells were all more or less conspicuous for new widls 
 and increased production during the year. In addition 
 to the production from the regular limestone sti'ata of 
 the Ti'ent(.)n hoi'izon, there are a niunberof small pools 
 in newer horizons that lia\'e pi'oducecl small (|uautities 
 of petroleum, ln.it no vei'y successful wells were discov- 
 ered, altliough there was a small ])i'oduction in Dubois, 
 Jasper, Martin, ami ^'ig<l ciiunties. 
 
 Tablk 3-\:. — J^rnihirfion of jjefrol 
 
 ^iijii in Indiana: 1891 lo 
 
 190S. 
 
 YE.IK. 
 
 Qttantity 
 (barrels'). 
 
 Total value 
 at well.s of 
 all oil pro- 
 duced, ex- 
 cluding 
 pipeage. 
 
 Value 
 jtcr bar- 
 rel. 
 
 
 136, 634 
 698,008 
 2,33.5,293 
 3, 688, 666 
 4, 386, 132 
 4, 680, 732 
 4, 122, 356 
 3, 730, 907 
 3,S4H,182 
 4,874,392 
 5,7.57,086 
 7, 480, 896 
 
 S.54, 787 
 260, 620 
 
 1, 050, 882 
 1,774,260 
 2,S11,444 
 
 2, 9.54, 411 
 1,880,412 
 2,214,322 
 3,363,738 
 4,693,983 
 4,822,826 
 6,526,622 
 
 $0.40 
 
 1.S9" 
 
 0.37 
 
 
 0.45 
 
 1)^94 
 
 0.48 
 
 1895 
 
 1H96 
 
 0.64 
 0.63 
 
 
 0. m 
 
 1H48 
 
 0. .59? 
 
 1,SM9 
 
 0.87J 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 --- 
 
 1902 
 
 0.96ft 
 0. 83i'j 
 0.87J 
 
 The whole number of producing wells in 1902 was 
 8,224, of which 8,223 were pumping and 1 flowing. 
 There were 2,932 wells drilled, of which 443 were dry 
 and 2,489 were producers. The abandoned wells num- 
 bered 772. The number of receiving tanks at the wells 
 was 2,5(18, having a combined capacity of 592.172 
 barrels. 
 
 luiiiKus. — This state was the scene of a large amount 
 of development during 1902. The main portion of the 
 production was secured in Allen. Neosho, and Wilson 
 counties. Several new pools were opened up, and the 
 Chanute pool opened in 1901 was greatly extended. No 
 verj' large gushers were developed, yet a large percent- 
 age of the wells drilled were profitable producers. The 
 depth of the wells in the Kansas held is not great, 
 ranging from 750 to '.too feet, and their production runs 
 from 10 to 50 barrels. 
 
 The petroleum and natural, gas de\-eloped in south- 
 eastern Kansas are generally found in a dtirk sand from 
 15 to 25 feet in thickness, almost immediately above 
 the ]\Iississippian limestone. It is not a persistent 
 stratum, but is more or less a local deposit in the Chero- 
 kee shales. In other sections of the state these shales 
 carry deposits of l)ituminous coal. There is a general 
 dip to the west, which soon carries tliis formation too 
 deep to be reached by ordinary methods of drilling. 
 Indications point to the probability of Kansas becom- 
 ing a large protlucer of petroleum, and in 19(12 its pro- 
 duction increased 85.2 per cent; the pipe lines and 
 transpoi'tation compaiiies could not take care of it. 
 Eailv in 1903 a pipe line was constructed, connecting 
 the retinery at Neodesha with the newly deA^eloped 
 held of Chanute and .Humboldt. 
 
 The total number of wells tliilled in the state of Kan- 
 sas during 1902 was 282. Of this number, 245 were 
 prodiu-tix'e and 37 dry hoh'^. The total number of 
 pumping wells was 367, anil the flowing wells numbered 
 52. There were 14 wells abandoned. There Avere 304 
 tanks at the wells, with a combined capacity of 43,238 
 bari'cls. 
 
I'^rrRoLEiiM. 
 
 741 
 
 The total production of oil in Kansas, so far as rcf- 
 ords have been obtainod, is as follows: 
 
 Table 35. — I'mihidiuu nf i„trnl(inii in Kunsnx: issu l<, i:if//. 
 [Km-ruls o( I'j Knll(iiis,] 
 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Qu 
 
 antity. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Quantity, 
 
 1W9 
 
 500 
 1,'JOO 
 1,100 
 
 1,196 
 
 
 113,571 
 81,098 
 71,980 
 69, 700 
 
 1890 
 
 1897 
 
 
 1891 
 
 
 
 189'J 
 
 1899 
 
 
 1893 . . . 
 
 
 
 18,000 
 10,000 
 14, 4H0 
 
 1900 . . . 
 
 
 1894 . . . 
 
 1901 . . . 
 
 
 
 1895 . . . 
 
 190'2 . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The value of the petroleum produced in Kansas in 
 1903 was $292,tl:6-i. an averaj^-e of SS cents per barred. 
 The average price per barrel received in 19ttl was ,S4 
 cents. 
 
 /u/ttuc^'f/. — The events of 1902 were of considerable 
 importance, the e.xtensive pipe line .svstem being com- 
 pleted from Parker.sburg, W. Va., to Somerset, near 
 the southern boundary of the state. There are also 
 liranch lines from the main trunk line to Barbourville, 
 Kagland, and the Preston.sburg tields. The entire length 
 of the trunk line from where it crosses the state line 
 from West Virginia to the Tennessee state line is 190 
 miles. There are also 85 miles of branches, making a 
 total of 275 miles of pipe line. A veiy considerable 
 amount of development work was done in Kentucky 
 during 1902 in the counties of Allen, Barren, Bath, 
 Clark, Clay, Clinton, Cumberland, Estill, Knox, Lewis, 
 Lincoln, Menifee, Morgan, Powell, Pulaski, Rowan, 
 and Wayne. The production of petroleum in l'.)02 was 
 248,950 barrels, valued at $172,837, an average of 69 
 cents per barrel, a gain of 81.4 per cent in (|uantity 
 over the production in 190l. 
 
 Louisiana. — The presence of petroleum in this state 
 has been known for a number of years, as there were 
 numerous localities in the southwestern jjortion where 
 .springs carrying a proportion of iDctroleum were known 
 to exist. The developments in 1901, a few miles to the 
 southwest, were the incentive to a larger amount of 
 prospecting in various portions of the state during the 
 years 1901 and 1902. There was some slight produc- 
 tion in this state during the year 1901, but there were 
 no sales, and no value could be given. The most suc- 
 cessful development was near Jennings, 90 miles east 
 of Beaumont, Tex., and 190 miles west of New Orleans. 
 There were also a number of productive wells drilled 
 at Welsh, 12 miles west of Jennings, and a number of 
 wells in which there were indications of petroleum were 
 drilled at Calcasieu, Lake Charles, Ch'owley, Lafayette, 
 and Sulphur. Li several other localities there were 
 outbursts of natural gas accompanied by a slight show- 
 ing of petroleum. The most important field disco\'ered 
 in the latter part of 1901 was located 6 miles northeast 
 of Jennings, in Acadia parish. 
 
 At a depth of 1.sl'2 feet one well found a considerable 
 
 amount (d' petroleum in a bed of loose sand. It flowed 
 spasmodically coiisidci'able (|uaiitities of petroleum, 
 niixe(l with more or less sand, to a considi'rable height 
 above I he derrick. Owing to ca\-es and se\'ei'al Uijfoi'e- 
 seen conditions this \\(dl had to lie abandoned at the 
 close of llHIii. In this j)ool in the same stratum {ji'oduc- 
 ing the petroleum a strong gas [iressure was encountered 
 which threw out large (|uantities of loos(_' sand, fi'e- 
 ([uently clogging np th(3 casing and thereby shutting ott' 
 the flow. Some of tliese difficulties were o\'ercome by 
 the insertion of perforated casing in the bottom. Little 
 t)r no solid formation is found in the drilling of these 
 wells. The peti'oleuin is about 2<1 P>auni(', and is said 
 to Ije somewhat superi(U- to that produced in the Beau- 
 mont and Sour Lake pools. 
 
 About 12 miles -west of Jennings the Welsh pool is 
 located. There arc indications that a considerable area 
 of productive territory would be found in this locality. 
 The same difficulty presented by beds of loose sand asso- 
 ciated with petroleum and natural gas is encountered in 
 this tield. The Jennings and Welsh tields had been con- 
 ' nected by pipe line with both railroad and tide water 
 transportation, and a large amount of the product has 
 been marketed as fuel petroleum. 
 
 ^rixmniri. — There has lieeii a small production of 
 petroleum in this state since Ls8'.i, the product being 
 secured from a shalltiw w(dl located in Bates county, 
 near th(? town of jMerwin. It is heavy and dark in color, 
 and flnds sale as a luliricating petroleum. 
 
 During the year VM'l .seven shallow wells, from Hlo 
 to 4!t0 feet in depth, were drilled at Belton. in Cass 
 county, and a small quantity of lubricating ])etroleum 
 was secured. The production in this field, although 
 insignificant in 1902, showed an increase over the 
 previous year. ■—- 
 
 2JirIi/<i(i)i. — The production of petroleum in ]\lichi- 
 gan has lieen somewhat irregular since it was first 
 developed in a small way in 1900 near Port Huron. 
 The principal source of petroleum is the Corniferous 
 limestone, and the pay rock, 13 feet in thickness, is 
 found at a depth of 524 feet. This same stratum is 
 productive to the east, in t'aiiada. 
 
 MdhtctiKi. — In the noi'thc'rn part of this state, near 
 the Canadian liorder and east of the Flathead river, 
 theri' are a number of indications of petroleum in 
 natural spi'ings. North of this section, in Alberta. 
 Canada, a recent strike of petroleum is reported on 
 the waters of the Kootenai river. In the southeast- 
 ern portion of this state, in Carbon and Sweet Grass' 
 counties, som(> petroleum indications are reported. 
 Three wells were recently completed in Carl)on county, 
 in which, however, only a V(_u-y small (piantity of 
 petroleum -was secured. 
 
 Nciyidii. — Although several wells were drilled in this 
 ,stat(> during 1901 and lt»o2 no production of petroleum 
 was secured. Several wells drilled in the vicinitv of 
 
742 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Elko encountered sand and slualcs similar to tliose in 
 which petroleum is found in otiier localities, but no 
 petroleum was developed. 
 
 Nevj JA^./vVv'.— There are indications of petroleum 
 md asphaltum deposits scattered over a large area in 
 New Mexico, but nothing- yet has been de\-eloped in tlie 
 way of productive wells. There are a considerable 
 number of natural showings of petroleum in San Juan 
 ■county, and indications are reported in the Salado 
 region near Santa Kosa in (xuadalupe county, as well 
 as in Colfax, Eddy, Lincoln, Otero, and Union covm- 
 ties, all of v;hich remain to be tested. 
 
 Neir Ydi'l'. — For the sake of conducting the Imsiness 
 of collecting the crude petroleum in a convenient man- 
 ner, and keeping the same grade of petroleum together, 
 the producing areas in the several states ha\-e been 
 divided into districts. These districts are not always 
 separated by state lines, as in several instances a pro- 
 ducing area extends from one state into another, and 
 ■ the complete separation of the products of the diflerent 
 states is more or less dithcult. This is particularly so 
 in the Appalachian field. 
 
 The productive area of petroleum in New York is 
 located in the southwestern portion of the state, and 
 embraces the most northeastern part of the Appalachian 
 field. There are two districts, one known as the Alle- 
 gany distrit-t, which is entirely within the state, and 
 the other as the Bradfoi'd district, which extends as a 
 continuous producing area into Pennsylvania. The 
 entire production of petroleum in 1902 was l.ir.»,730 
 barrels, valued at §l,53ti,S.">2, an average (if ^1.3<;T per 
 barrel. The Tuimber of l)arrels produced in I'.H )•^ showed 
 a decrease of 7.2 per cent, yet the value of the produc- 
 tion increased $Ti(,S44. as compared with I'.tol, Diu'ing 
 1902, 8,443 wells were repurtetl by 2,123 companies nr 
 individuals. There were <J26 wells drilled, of which 9."i 
 were dry and 531 j^roductive, and 170 Avells wei'e aban- 
 doned. There were S,17s pumping wells opei'ated dur- 
 ing 1902. 
 
 O]i!o. — Since 1895 Ohio has pi-oduced more petro- 
 leum than any other state, in the southeastern part (if 
 the state petroleum has lieen known U> exist f(ir many 
 years. The field in the northwestern portion was de- 
 veloped in 1885. There are two well-defined grades of 
 petroleum produced. That in the southeastern poi-tion 
 is similar to the peti'oleum iiroducefl in Pennsyh'ania 
 and West Virginia: that in the nortliwestein ^lortion is 
 a peculiar variety of petroleum, containing a considei'- 
 able percentage of sul])lnu'ete(l hydrogen. For years 
 it was extensively used as a fuel [)eti'(ileum, as the sul- 
 phureted hydi-ogen im})arte(l a \'ery disagreeable odor 
 to the refined products. It was only after se\-eral years 
 that it was successfully relineij. 
 
 The total })ro(lucti(jn of Ohio in 1902 was 2i,nl4.2:;i 
 
 barrels, valued at $20,757,359. Of this amount there 
 were 5,13(i,3(i(i barrels produced in the southeastern 
 portion, which is a part of the Appalachian field, and 
 15,877,730 liarrels produced in the northwestern por- 
 tion, known as the Lima-Indiana field. There was also 
 a very small amount of lubricating petroleum produced 
 in this state, in the Mecca and Beldcn fields, amount- 
 ing to 135 bai'i-els. This commanded a high price. 
 The \alue of petroleum produced in the southeastern 
 portion of the state was $6,471,821. That produced 
 in the Lima-Indiana portion was valued at $14,284,072. 
 The output of tlie Mecca and Belden pools was valued 
 at $1,466. Ohio has produced 24.4 per cent of all the 
 petroleum that the United States has produced since 
 the beginning of the petrf)leum production. The total 
 number of wells completed in the state during 1902 
 was 5,31.'-1. Of tliese 3,532 were in the Lima-Indiana 
 Held and I,7M in the southeastern field. Of the total 
 muuber Slt4 w(>re dry and 4.419 productive, which 
 includes 3 flowing wells. There were all told 39,056 
 producing wells, and 2.533 wells were abandoned. 
 
 The total (|uantity and \alue of crude petroleum 
 produced in Ohio in all lidds during 1902 and 1901 are 
 shown in the following table: 
 
 Table 3(i. — I'dUiI ijinnitili/ iiml ruhn: of criiih' pelrolfum produced 
 in Ohio: 190e and 1901. 
 
 1902 
 
 (iuftntity 
 ( barrels). 
 
 Price 
 ViiliK.'. I per 
 'barrel. 
 
 Quantity 
 (barrels). 
 
 Total 21, OH, 231 :S20, 7.57, ;B9 $0.99 ' 21,648,083 $20, .533, .=.71 
 
 Price 
 
 per 
 
 barrel. 
 
 
 . 1,1,877 
 
 730 
 
 11 
 
 ■IH4 
 
 072 
 
 0..H9 
 
 16 
 
 176 
 
 293 
 
 13 
 
 911 
 
 612 
 
 
 
 86 
 
 IstrriK. 
 
 . -<.r.M; 
 
 36(i 
 
 H 
 
 471 
 
 821 
 
 1.26 
 
 ,5 
 
 47(1 
 
 850 
 
 6 
 
 619 
 
 342 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 Bi'ldcii.. 
 
 
 13,T 
 
 
 1 
 
 -Kit; 
 
 10. 85 
 
 
 
 940 
 
 
 2 
 
 617 
 
 - 
 
 78 
 
 LiniH. 
 SolUlu 
 Meci'a 
 
 The gross output of the state has exceeded 21,00o,0o0 
 barrels for the last four years. It will be seen that 
 during 1902 there «as a decr(>ase in the production of 
 633. S52 barrels as compared with 1901. In 1901 there 
 ^vas a decline from I90() df 714,147 liarrels. 
 
 The production of the Lima (Ohio) district since 1889 
 has been as follows: 
 
 T.^Bi.E ;37. —/'/■.../»<■/;, 
 
 uf iirhnhinii in Hie J.iiiiu (Ohio) dislrirt: 
 
 Lsx/ III luo:;. 
 
 VK.4K. 
 
 ("iiuiiitity 
 ( barrels 1, 
 
 Yp;.\H. 
 
 Quantity 
 (barrels). 
 
 18S9 
 
 1890 
 
 12,1.53,1.89 
 15,014,882 
 17,315,978 
 15, 169, .507 
 13,646,804 
 13,607,844 
 15,8.50,609 
 
 1896 
 
 1807 
 
 20, .575, 138 
 
 1891 
 
 1898 
 
 l(i 590 416 
 
 1892 
 
 1.893 
 
 1899 
 
 19U0 
 
 l(i,377.17J 
 10, S,si.;i5S 
 
 1891 
 
 1901 
 
 
 1895 . 
 
 1902 
 
 ir> S77 7iUi 
 
 
 
 The production of the southeastern Ohio district for 
 tlie sam(> period is given in the following table: 
 
PETROLEUM. 
 
 748 
 
 Table 38. — Prodneiion of petrolema in Hif soutlieiiRterii O/iin ilixlrirl: 
 1S89 to 1903. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Quantity 
 (barrels). 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Quantity 
 (barrel."). 
 
 1,'W9 
 
 317,037 
 1,108,334 
 
 422, 8S3 
 1,190,302 
 2,601,394 
 3,183.370 
 3,693,248 
 
 1H96 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 1 1899 
 
 3, 365 365 
 
 1890 
 
 1891 
 
 189'2 
 
 2,877,193 
 2,147,611) 
 4,764,13.^ 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 1895 
 
 1900 
 
 j 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 1 
 
 B, 475, 589 
 5, 470, 8.50 
 5, 136, 366 
 
 The production of the Mecca-Beldeii lubricating oil 
 districts of Ohio ha.s decreased from 2,283 barrels in 
 IHOO to tMO barrels in 1901 and 135 barrels in 1902. 
 Thi.s Is the highest grade natural petroleum produced 
 in the United States, but the demand for it is very 
 small and operations are at a standstill. The average 
 price for the Mecca oil in 1902 was $15.91 per barrel, 
 or about 38 cents per gallon. This is much greater 
 than the price of the manufactured article, whicli has 
 ill a measure driven this natural product out of the 
 market. 
 
 UMuhiima. — There are many natural petroleum seeps 
 in this territory, but nothing in the way of established 
 production of petroleum was reported for 1902. Some 
 oil is produced quite near the boundary line of Indian 
 Territory. In addition numerous springs and wells 
 have indications of petroleum, and liquid ;ind solid 
 asphalt have l)een found in shafts and water wells, 
 (luthrie, Lawton, Fort Sill, Richards, and Crranite 
 all have a number of natural vents, showing both 
 IDetroleum and natural gas, and in all probability a few 
 years will see this territory placed on the list of regu- 
 lar producers. 
 
 (frt-gon. — A number of test wells were drilled in 
 Lane, Douglas, Jackson, and Wasco counties, none of 
 which found petroleum or natural gas. In Josephine 
 county there are several springs reported on which a 
 film of i^etroleum collects. 
 
 I\iinKylr(inia. — Of the entire production, of petro- 
 leum in the United States since the first discovery of 
 the oil in 1859, Pennsylvania has produced one-half of 
 the entire output. The production of ])etroleum in 
 Penn.sylvania in 1902 was 12,063,880 barrels, amount- 
 ing to 13.5 per cent of the total, valued at $15,266,093. 
 The number of wells producing in that j^ear was 37,806. 
 The number drilled was 3,034, of which 2,275 were pro- 
 ductive and 759 were dry. The abandoned wells num- 
 bered 1,879. There were 20,323 tanks of varying sizes 
 at the wells, with a capacity of 1,864,755 barrels. 
 
 The petroleum producing areas of Pennsylvania tire 
 divided into districts on the basis of quality of output 
 and county lines. A district is in some cases subdivided 
 into pools which produce similar grades. 
 
 The Bradford district is located in McKean county 
 in the most northern poi'tion of the state, a portion of 
 
 it extending over into New 1'ork. It was formerl}^ a 
 very prolific region, nearly the entire area being under- 
 laid by a productive sand 50 feet thick, but for several 
 years it has shown the effect of drainage by a steadily 
 decreasing output. In 1881 this district produced 
 23, ()(.)(), 0()O barrels of peti'oleum. Its production for 
 1902 Wiis 2,506,981 barrels. 
 
 The Gaines district is located in Tioga county, just 
 east of the Potter county line. It is the most easterly 
 district producing petroleum in the United States. Its 
 production for 1902 was 24,H81 barrels, which was 12,610 
 barrels less than that of the previous year. 'Tlie wells 
 in this district are known as " flashy " — that is, tliej' pro- 
 duced a large amount when first opened up, but soon 
 dropped off' and became very small pi-oducei-s. 
 
 Clarendon and Warren district includes the western 
 portion of McKean county, the eastern portion of War- 
 ren county, the northeastern portion of Forest county, 
 and the northwestern portion of Elk county. In this 
 district some of the finest petroleum produced in the 
 United States is found, known as Tiona petroleum, 
 which commands a higher price than the ordinary 
 Penn.sylvania variety. The Clarendon and Warren 
 district proper produced 468,420 ban-els in 1902,' which 
 is a gain of 63,987 barrels over the previous year. 
 
 The lower district contains the oldest wells in the 
 Appalachian field, along the valley of Oil creek. Some 
 of these wells have been producing over twenty -five 
 years. The district includes a portion of Forest, Ve- 
 nango, Clarion, and Butler counties. There is a great 
 number of wells of small production in this district. 
 The production in 1902 was 4,754,979 barrels, which is 
 a decrease of loO,(»70 barrels as compared witli the pre- 
 vious year. Many deep wells were drilled in the new 
 Speediley field, near the old Modac pool, in Butler 
 county, and there wei'e also a nunil)er of large wells 
 secured in the Fourth sand near Middletown, which, 
 however, rapidly declined. 
 
 In the Allegheny county district no new pools were 
 developed in 1902. This district produced 1,376,212 
 barrels in 1902, which was a decline of 64,755 liarrels as 
 compared with the previous year. This district con- 
 tained the famous McDonald pool, which in 1891 in- 
 creased its production to 1(.>,317,258 barrels. 
 
 The Washington county district produced 1,396,831 
 barrels in 1902, which was a gain of 96,432 barrels 
 over the previous year. There were no new pools dis- 
 covered, but several extensions of the older pools were 
 developed. 
 
 Beaver county district produced during tlie vear 19(i2 
 528,734 barrels. There was a decline of 27n.544 bar- 
 rels in 1902 compared with 1901. 
 
 Gri'ene county district also showed a slight decrease 
 in 1902, when the output amounted to 721,574 barrels 
 again.st 771,708 barrels in 1901. All the wells drilled 
 
744 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 in tliis section are from 2,40(1 to :-5,(iO() feet in deptli, 
 whicli makes the (li'illinu- und operatino- exjieii.siA'e. A 
 dry hole uiuler .siicii oircum.stanees meaiis a los.s of 
 between $6, Dot) and $7,00(1. Some of the ohler wells in 
 this region are remarliabh^, on acconnt of their contin- 
 uous production, the decline ))einu- verv sliydit during 
 a .series of years. 
 
 Franklin district is a subdi\'i,sion of the lower district, 
 and has long l)een celebrated for the production of the 
 finest natural lubricating petroleum found in the Ignited 
 States. The production of this variety of petroleum 
 is secured from the First sand, which has a thickness 
 of about 5(» feet. This stratum is at a comparatively 
 
 Table 39.— PKODUCTIOX OF (.'Kl'DF, PETKoLEI'M IX PKN 
 
 [Barrels nf 
 
 shallow depth, and is associated vrith large ((uantitie.s 
 of salt water. Many of these wells produce only a few 
 gallons of this superior grade of petroleum in a da}'. 
 The production of this disti'ict in 1902 was 50,56.5 
 barrels, which showed a decline of 4,(!()7 barrels when 
 compared with the previous year. 
 
 The production of the Pennsylvania and New York 
 fields for the years 1.S91 to 1902, inclusive, by districts, 
 is shown in the following table, all of the districts being 
 I wholly within Pennsylvania, except Allegany and a 
 portion of the Bradford district referred to under the 
 head of New York: 
 
 NSYLVAXIA AXl) XKW YOliK, BY DI.STRICT.'^: 1S!H TO 1902. 
 42 giiUon.s.] 
 
 YEAE. 
 
 Total. 
 
 AUf^itny 
 
 ctmntv, 
 
 X. Y'. 
 
 Brii.ir.itd. 
 
 Bullion. 
 
 Clarendon 
 
 and \^ar- 
 
 ren. 
 
 ilrand 
 Valley. 
 
 Holidav 
 Kun. ■ 
 
 ■ 
 Middle. 
 
 Tioga 
 eounty. 
 
 Seeond 
 sand. 
 
 1891 
 
 33.009,236 
 28.422,377' 
 20,214,515 
 19,019,990 
 19,144,390 
 20, .584, 421 
 19, 262, 0(;6 
 1.1, 948. 164 
 14.371,512 
 14.. 5.59, 127 
 13, .831, 996 
 13, 183, 610 
 
 1,121,. 574 
 908, 603 
 733, 709 
 656, .845 
 637, 139 
 736, 606 
 771,606 
 757, 492 
 .807, 814 
 817, 3'26 
 765, 402 
 768, 753 
 
 5, 4.52. 418 
 4,291,061 
 3,. 502, 136 
 3, 3.59. 835 
 3,244,808 
 3,604.771 
 3,904,230 
 3,444,299 
 3, 206, 845 
 3, 022, 493 
 2,7.57,603 
 2, .506, 981 
 
 117,463 
 
 
 360,227 
 272, .523 
 327, 680 
 338,570 
 369. 747 
 385,294 
 378,075 
 414,212 
 414,3.52 
 383,493 
 
 198, 9.54 
 128, 101 
 ,54, 700 
 46 000 
 20, 988 
 
 47, .5.51 
 
 ],.536,606 
 
 1,146,320 
 
 1,249,067 
 
 1,169,628 
 
 1,149,404 
 
 956,390 
 
 1,329,448 
 
 932, 000 
 
 528,440 
 
 452, 136 
 
 176, 185 
 
 162,762 
 
 
 268, 855 
 272,011 
 245,205 
 315, 724 
 260, 872 
 
 1892 
 
 
 1893 .... 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 
 1895 - 
 
 1896 . .. 
 
 
 1897 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 
 
 
 1899 . . .... 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 
 
 
 115, 105 
 37, 491 
 24, 881 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 468, 420 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Tarkill 
 and Effvpt. 
 
 Tiona. 
 
 Tidioute 
 
 and Titiis- 
 
 villi... 
 
 Lower. 
 
 Washing- 
 ton eounty. 
 
 Allegheny 
 eounty, Ta. 
 
 10, 317, 2.58 
 10, 196, .866 
 5, 488, 792 
 4,. 5.59, 342 
 3,864,111 
 4,3.80,007 
 2,9.58,r>10 
 2,301,6.51 
 1,9.88,7.54 
 1 , 706, 886 
 1 , 440, 967 
 1,376,212 
 
 Beaver 
 eounty. 
 
 943, 223 
 623, 372 
 465, 300 
 466, 790 
 472,276 
 560, 296 
 317,926 
 220, 796 
 232, 154 
 416,319 
 799, 278 
 628,734 
 
 Greene 
 eounty. 
 
 341,813 
 
 102, 108 
 
 74, 377 
 
 64, 176 
 
 116, 931 
 
 94, 796 
 
 2.58,065 
 
 325, 177 
 
 381,483 
 
 588, 379 
 
 771,708 
 
 721,674 
 
 Franklin. 
 
 Smiths 
 Ferry. 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 S6S,275 
 
 ■5.53, 730 
 475, 70S 
 286, .597 
 318,611 
 326, 843 
 309, 2.52 
 291,.5.«5 
 251,447 
 212,217 
 2.56.915 
 466, 909 
 421,728 
 
 837, 287 
 629, 164 
 225, 348 
 183, 425 
 .50, 129 
 
 6, 952, .539 
 
 6, 837, 703 
 5,396,969 
 
 5, 760, 674 
 6,904,356 
 
 7, .539, 807 
 
 6, 825, 599 
 5, 500, 443 
 5, 080, 182 
 6,364,398 
 4, .8.55, 049 
 4,7.54,979 
 
 2,997,278 
 2,4.52,388 
 2. 077, 664 
 1, 720, 780 
 1,676,676 
 1,975,169 
 2, 175, 712 
 1,742,677 
 1,460,036 
 1,375,341 
 1,300,399 
 1.396, .831 
 
 66, 185 
 .58, 459 
 66,278 
 57. 070 
 
 48, 711 
 
 49, 329 
 48, .880 
 .56, 090 
 61,085 
 59, 036 
 .55,162 
 .50, .665 
 
 29,000 
 29,000 
 20 793 
 
 1894 
 
 
 2,620 
 
 1895 
 
 
 1896 
 
 
 '?' 7Q4 
 
 1897 - 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 
 2,180 
 1,150 
 1,300 
 1,410 
 '1,200 
 
 1899 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 
 
 1901 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 
 
 
 
 TtiineiiHeti. — The production of j'ctroleuni in this state 
 since 1896 has been secured in great measure from a 
 remarkable well drilled on the Obey ri^•el■ in F(>iitress 
 county. This well at a depth of 27<) feet struck a de- 
 posit of petroleum which alone has produced nearly 
 40,000 barrels up to the clos(.' of 19; ;2. It would seem 
 that this well pierced a ca\'ern either in llic Clinton 
 limestone or the upper Hudson ri\'cr formation. The 
 petroleum is of a light green color with a specific 
 gravity of 0.846 or 35 ' Baume. During I'.tol the large 
 tanks near tliis well were connected liy a jjipe line with 
 the Slickford pool in Kentucky, a distance of 20 miles. 
 During the year 1902 a few small wells wei'c openi'd in 
 the \'icinit_y of this remarkable well wliich helpetl to 
 increase the production in this state. There w(M'e a 
 nunil)er of wells completed in Pickett, Fentress, and 
 Suujner counties, se\'eral of wliich li:id a considerahle 
 .showing of petroleum oi' natural gas; the greater por- 
 tion, liowe\'er, wer-e destitute of ]>etroli'iini in sulhcient 
 (juantities to l)ccome paying wells. The numerous sui-- 
 
 face indications o\'er a large area in this state have 
 generally i)rove(l misleading. There seems to be an 
 absence of an oiieii, ])orous. continuous bed that is ca- 
 pable of furnishing a reservoir for the accumulation of 
 l)etroleum. The wells that so far ha\'e proved to be 
 pi'oducers, in greater- or less amounts, seem t<) draw 
 their supply from a cre\ice in the stratum or a cavity 
 in the limestone formation. 
 
 Ti'.ciiH. — For a number of years the state of Texas 
 l)roduced an insignificant amount of pt'troleum from 
 Sour Lake, Nacogdoches, and the San Antonio fields. 
 Its remarkal.)lc output in 1902 placed it second in the 
 list, ne.xt to Ohio. The year l.S9(; was notaljle for the 
 ; opening of the Corsicana petroleum held, in which a 
 considera.l)le quantity of a very x'aluable petroleum was 
 discovered. This peti'oleuni is rather dark in color and 
 rangi>s from H.s to 40"^ Baunie. A few vears later a 
 rehnery was ei'ccted at Corsicana, where almost the 
 entire production has been successfulh' retined. 
 
 On .(unuary lo, 1901, a very remarkable W(dl was 
 
I'F/rROLEUM. 
 
 745 
 
 completed in southeastern Texas, about -i miles south 
 of Beaumont, in Jeti'erso.n county, and about i^n miles 
 north of the Gulf of iMexico. At the rlosc of liH)^ 
 there were some 120 wells producing in this locality. 
 The producing area is confined to about 1S5 acres, on 
 an elevation or mound which rises to about 15 feet 
 above the general surface of tlu> plain. The sunnnit is 
 nearly -10 feet al)ove the level of the s(>a. The wells 
 are usually slightly over 1, ()()(» feet in depth, and orig^ 
 inally were gushers. Some of them in the early hist(jry 
 of the field produced as nmch as Tr),(H.H» barrels per day. 
 Outside of this inuuediate locality deserihed, nothing 
 but dry holes have bren developed, although some of 
 these wells have been drilled to a depth of from 2,5()U 
 to 3,0(10 feet. 
 
 Probably no other event in the development of the 
 petroleum industry in the United States created such a 
 prof(.)und sensation as the opening up of this iirolitic 
 territory near tidewater. The productivi> area near the 
 original well during the summer and fall of 1!.»01 and 
 the early part of 1902 was crowded by a great number 
 of wells, many of which Avere productive, although the 
 output of the later ones was insignitieant in comparison 
 to the output of the earlier. The first w(dl in this pool 
 was located by Capt. A. F. Lucas, who was attracted to 
 the locality by the existence of strong sulphur and acid 
 springs and the presence of pure sulphur, together with 
 a considerable outflow of natural gas. Two unsuccess- 
 ful attempts had formerlj^ been made to test this local- 
 ity. A considerable amount of gas pressure in pockets 
 was developed above the oil producing horizons, and 
 this in some instances blew out great volumes of sand 
 and water before it became exhausted. 
 
 During the latter portion of 1901 another large pool 
 was partiallj- developed at Sour Lake, 20 miles north- 
 west of Beaumont, underlying the shallow wells that 
 were originally drilled in this locality. Jn November 
 of that year a well was completed to a depth of 1,500 
 feet which encountered more or less loose sand alter- ; 
 natingwith beds of gravel. At a depth of between 850 
 and 880 feet a deposit of sand was found which gave a 
 large flow of hot sulphur water at a temijerature of 
 about 100° F., accompanied by some showing of petro- 
 leum. At a depth of 1,(J-10 feet four distinct sands were 
 encountered. These loose sands contained some petro- 
 leum associated with hot water, but no considerable 
 quantity was developed. 
 
 About the middle of March, 1902, a gusher was 
 opened up at a depth of 683 feet, after H) feet of very 
 promising oil sand had been penetrated; when the water 
 became exhausted the well began to flow vigorously, 
 accompanied by the outburst of loose sand, which on 
 several occasions complete!}' shut ofl: the petroleum. 
 By the use of casing with large)' perforations than had 
 previously been used, the inrush of loose sand was over- 
 come, and many very productive wells were secured. 
 
 The gravity of petroleum produced in this region 
 
 ranges from 22'-' to 23 Baume, equal toaspecitic grav- 
 ity of 0.92. The fresh oil gives a flash [njuit at 120 - F.. 
 while upon standing in a tank for some time the flash 
 l)oint is increased toltiO-' F. In the latter pai't of 19(ll 
 and the year 1902 a numbci' of pipe lines were con- 
 structed I'eaching from Beaumont to Boj-t Arthur and 
 Sabine Bass. Two pipe lines were constructed from 
 Sour Lake to Beaumont. 
 
 Tweh'e nn'les northwest of Sour Lake, in what was 
 known as the Saratoga district, sevei'al producti\e wells 
 of moderate capacity were drilled with promising indi- 
 cations of an increased production. In the (dd Nacog- 
 doches district numerous shallow w(dls were drilled 
 previous to 1895, but no very large producers were 
 secured. A considerable amount of money has been 
 in\'ested in drilling wells and Iniilding a ]jipe line to 
 the railroad in this locality, but operations have Ijeen 
 of late years practically abandoned. 
 
 In the Bexar county district small (Quantities of 
 h(>avy petroleum were produced from wells at a depth 
 of t)()(.) to 800 feet. This pool is located near San An- 
 tonio. 
 
 The number of wells drilled during 1902 was 252; 
 of these 216 were productive and 36 were dry holes. 
 The niunber of flowing wells was To, and the total luuu- 
 ber of pumping wells was 782, making a total of s52 
 productive wells. There were 67 wells abandoned dur- 
 ing the year. The numlier of tanks at the wells was 
 1,010, with a combined capacity of 1-, 917, 923 liarrels. 
 
 The localities in which petroleum has thus far been 
 found are shown in the following list, arranged alpha- 
 betically by counties, the list being taken from Bulle- 
 tin 18 of the Fniversitv of Texas: 
 
 Anderson county, New Palestine, sand impregnation; 
 Bastrop count\', near Elgin; Bell county, western 
 l)art, small quantities near Belton; Bexar county, Dul- 
 nig place, 7 miles south of San Antonio, J. Linn Survev, 
 10 miles south of San Antonit); Brazoria county. Kaiser 
 mound, near Columltia; Brewster county, 6 iniles east of 
 Terlingua. in bituminous shale; Brown county. Brown- 
 wood; Burleson county, near Kita; Caldwell count\-, 
 near Lockhart; Clay county, 2 miles from Hurnville. 
 north of Henrietta; Coleman countv, near Trickham; 
 Cooke county. Muenster, west; Coryell countv, Gates- 
 ville; Denton county, reported 6 miles from Denton; 
 Duval county, Piedras Pintas, near Benavides; Edwards 
 county, reported near Roeksprings; El Paso county. 
 20 miles north of \'anhorn. in small amount: Gonzales 
 county, near Ottinc^; Grimes county, near Keith. Lamb 
 Springs neighborhood; Hardin county. Saratoga. Sour 
 Lake; .lacdv comity, li.i miles north of .lacksboro; 
 Jefl'erson county, the Beaumont tield; Live Oak countv. 
 Atascosa creek, 12 miles north of Oakville; McCulloch 
 county, near Mill.iurn; McLennan countv. near Waco; 
 Mc^NIullen county. Crowther; ^ledina county, near 
 ! Dunlay; Montague county, St. Jo, east; Nacogdoches 
 county. Oil Springs, 6 miles south of ^lelrose. Chireno; 
 
746 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Navarro count_y, the Cor.sicanu field, the Powell field. 
 Frost; Nueces county, Puerto-Richard Kings" ranch; 
 Palo Pinto county, near Strawn, 1 nnie north of 
 Mineral Wells; Pecos county, 15 miles northeast of 
 Fort Stockton and 22 miles north of Fort Stockton; 
 Reeves count}', Pecos Valley, above and below Pecos 
 City, 9 miles north of Toyah; San Auu-ustine county, 
 San Augustine; Shelby county, near Tiinpson; Tarrant 
 county, near Fort Worth; Travis county. Walnut 
 creek, 9 miles north of Austin; Wilson county, Suther- 
 land Springs. 
 
 The total quantity of crude petroleum produced in 
 1902, was 18,515,017 ))arrels, of which l,s,i)S3,05S 
 barrels were sold and 431,r!5'.i barrels were hidd in 
 tanks by the producers. 
 
 It is estimated that at the close of 1902 storage tanks 
 in the state contained alxiut 7,B0n,(i()O l)arrels, leaving 
 11,215,017 barrels as the ([uantity wdiich was either con- 
 sumed locally or shipped fi'om the state. The total 
 production in 19m1, excluding stocks, was 1, 393,65s 
 barrels. The gain of 1902 over 19(.»1. excluding stocks, 
 amounted to 311.6 per cent. The value of the crude 
 petroleum produced in l'.H)-2 was $4,174,731, an average 
 of 22.55 cents per barrel. Compared with I'.Hil the 
 total value, excluding stocks, shows a gain of 22o per 
 cent. 
 
 The production of crude petroleum in 1H<»2, )iy dis- 
 tricts, was as follows : 
 
 Total . 
 
 Beaumont 
 
 Corsicana - 
 
 Powell 
 
 Sour Lake, etc. (beginning in Septenitn,'r). 
 
 Barn 
 
 Is. 
 
 IS, 515 
 
 017 
 
 17,,s,52 
 
 SOS 
 
 .571 
 
 059 
 
 46 
 
 .Hr2 
 
 44 
 
 K3.K 
 
 A comparative summary of the value of crude petro- 
 leum at wells sold in 1902 and 1901, by fields (excluding 
 stocks), is as follows: 
 
 Table -40. — Vulun of iidrokinn s<jlil in Ti:rii.i, lii/firlils: /uii/auil r.inj, 
 [Biirrels of 42 gallons.] 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 
 
 1901 
 
 
 FIELD. 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Value 
 
 per 
 baiTel. 
 
 SO. 2211 
 
 0. 2045 
 0.7189 
 0.2107 
 0. 3215 
 
 <^n;iiitily. 
 
 14,393,6.58 
 
 3, .593, 113 
 763,424 
 37,121 
 
 \-Hlue. 
 
 Jl, 247, 1.50 
 
 630,7.52 
 
 604,249 
 
 12, 1 IS 
 
 Value 
 
 per 
 barrel. 
 
 Total 
 
 118,083,668 
 
 83,998,097 
 
 3, .563, 285 
 
 410, .530 
 
 9, 863 
 
 14,413 
 
 So. 284 
 
 Beaumont 
 
 Corsicana 
 
 Powell 
 
 17, 420, 949 
 .571,0.59 
 46,812 
 44,838 
 
 0.175 
 0. 7915 
 0. 3277 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Includes small productioti of pctn ileum in He.xar county. 
 
 The following statement shows the production and 
 stocks in the Beaumont district in l'.)02 tiiid l!)()l: 
 
 y'otal proiliirtioii ill JJi'iuiiiioiil dialrirl: i:i(i; miil lUOI. 
 
 Total Tirofluetioii. nicludiiig st(jeks 
 
 Barrels. 
 . .. 23,038,19! 
 
 Production in 1902, i tie] ndiiig slocks 17, .852,308 
 
 Production in 19(1], including stocks 5, 1S5, 883 
 
 The stock in tanks at the, close of 1902 and 1901 in 
 the Beaumont fields was cstimateil as follows; 
 
 Stork of jietnileum m tunkK in the Beaumont fields at the close of 190S 
 and 1901. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 Stock in tanks on .January 1, 1902 1,. 592, 770 
 
 Increase at the close of 1902 5, 707, 230 
 
 Total amount in tanks at the close of 1902 7,300,000 
 
 Shipments during 1902 10, .5.52, 308 
 
 Total production 17, 8.52, 308 
 
 B}' the close of 1902 the iron tankage completed in 
 Jefl'erson county had a capacity of 5,776,500 barrels. 
 The capacity of the wooden tanks was 200,000 barrels. 
 The earthen tankage is more ditiicult to determine, as 
 there was a large number of earthen tanks unfinished; 
 but it is prol)alile that enough was completed to contain 
 2,300,000 l)arrels. This gives a total capacity of 
 8,275,50<) barrels. There were also 50 large iron tanks, 
 with a capacity of 2,loo,0oo barrels, erected by the 
 Santa Fe Railwaj-, the Southern Pacific Railway, and 
 the Houston and Texas Central Railroad, scattered over 
 north-central and western Texas, with Beaumont as a 
 starting point. These tanks have a capacity ranging 
 from 10,500 to 55,000 barrels, and are used for the 
 storing of fuel oil to supply locomotives. This la.st- 
 mentioned tankage, added to the iron tankage of Jeffer- 
 son county, brings up the total capacity to 7,875,500 
 barrels for storing the peti'oleum jjroduced at Spindle 
 Top, Sour Ltike, and Saratoga. There were also two 
 large tanks erected at Sour Lake and one at Saratoga 
 to receive the petroleum produced in the last-named 
 localities. 
 
 The shipments of petroleum by rail from the Beau- 
 montdistrict are estimated as !(.t;40 ctirloads, or 1,462,968 
 l)arrcls, in lHol. ;uid 67,275 carloads, or 11,426,559 bar- 
 rels, in 1902. The shipments in l',»02 increased b}- 
 months from 546,S,sl barrels in January to 1,117,624 
 barrels in December. 
 
 The water shipments, coastwise and ft)reign, in 1902 
 aggregated 167,390.829 gallons, of which 139,512,712 
 gallons, or 83.3 percent, went to coa.stwise ports on the 
 Gulf and the Atlantic, and 27.87M.117 gallons, or 16.7 
 percent, were exported to llabana. Cuba, and Dover 
 and Plymouth, England, chiefly to the last-named port. 
 Of the shipments l)y water only about 6 per cent were 
 of refined petroleum. The shipments from Port Ar- 
 thur aggregated 1 01), 050,253 gallons, increasing from 
 5,560,044 gallons in January to 15,84S,75o gallons in 
 December, and the shiiiments from Sabine Pa.ss aggre- 
 gated 58,340,576 gallons, increasing from 504, OOO gal- 
 lons in January to S, 675,014 gallons in Decend)er. 
 The total A\atei- sliipnients, 1(;7,3!>0,82'.) gallons, shows 
 an increase from 6.064,044 gallons in January to 
 24,523,764 gallons in DecemlxM-. The cargoes were 
 275 in number, 144 from Port Artluir and 131 from 
 Sabine Pass. The shipments from Port Arthur in 19ol 
 were 8,-194,794 gallons coastwise and 2,722,it02 gallons 
 to foreign ports, a, tot;il of 1 1 ,217. 6'.M! gallons. There 
 were no shipments of refined ]>etroleum from Sabine 
 Pass in 11102. 
 
PETROLEUM. 
 
 747 
 
 The exports of crude petroleum from Port Arthur 
 and Sabine Pa.s.s in 1901 ag-grC;0-ated a,276,7s7 onUous, 
 of a value of $20.0tU. The exports of crude and re- 
 fined petroleum from these ports in lii02 to foreij;ii 
 countries were as follows: 
 
 Exports from Fort Arlhur <tiid Satjiiir Faun, Texan: 1U02. 
 
 Totnl . . 
 
 Crii.le 
 
 Naphtha 
 
 Illiuninating 
 ResiiSuum . . . 
 
 Qhjiiitity 
 
 (K!)11()I1S1. 
 
 19, 641, ,591 . 115,415 
 
 297,174 
 2, ,824,883 
 5,114,409 
 
 4,275 
 ,S1,778 
 46, 270 
 
 rt((h. — Petroleum in limited quantities has Ueen found 
 on the Green river in Emery count}', and it is also re- 
 ported near Sinbad, where a number of shallow wells 
 have been drilled and small quantities of lubricating 
 petroleum secured. This state in former years pro- 
 ducedconsiderable quantities of natural paraffin, or black 
 wax, from localities in the Sanpete valley, east of Salt 
 Lake, but these have been exhausted. At the present 
 time some gilsonite, a variety of, solid hydrocarbon, is 
 produced. 
 
 Wiisliingtim. — A number of test wells were drilled in 
 l'.tu2 in ditl'erent portions of this state in search of 
 petroleum and natural gas. So far there have been no 
 indications of the existence of either of these suli- 
 stances in paying quantities. 
 
 West Y'nujinin. — Tiiis state produced considerable pe- 
 troleum along the Burning Springs uplift a few years 
 after the discovery of petroleum in northern Penn.syl- 
 vania. It was not until about the year 1889, however, 
 that it became of considerable importance as a producer. 
 
 In the fall of tiiat j'car an important well was di'illed 
 near Mannington, in Marion county, separated b\' many 
 miles from any other producing territory. The devel- 
 opment of the state after this well proved itself to be a 
 producer was rapid. Although the great depth at which 
 a lai'ge portion of the petroleum ))roduciiig strata were 
 found has somewhat retarded the increase of produc- 
 tion, the most c'onspicuous feature in the development 
 of West Virginia in I'.tO;^ was the opening up of the Fol- 
 som, the Pine drove, and the Falling Timber run pools, 
 in Wetzel county. There were also some new develop- 
 ments on the Big Knot and AVolf Penn run, in Ritchie 
 count}'. However, no pool of any considerable size has 
 been developed for several years, and the production of 
 this state has been on a gradual decline since the year 
 1900. Some of the lirst wells drilled west of the Appa- 
 lachian mountains were located on the Kanawha river 
 • near Charleston in search of salt brine. At this point 
 petroleum and natural gas were found many years before 
 oil was drilled for in Pennsylvania. 
 
 The production of petroleum in this state in 1902 was 
 13,513,345 barrels, which were valued at $17,040,317, 
 an average of %\.%S ])er barrel. There were included 
 in this amount 14,06u barrels of lubricating petroleum, 
 which had a value of §2.31 per barrel. The total num- 
 l)er of producing wells in 1902 was 11,138, and of this 
 number 5(Hj were Ijiowing wells. The total number of 
 wells drilled during the year 1902 was 2,193; of this 
 numl)er 1,544 were productive and 649 were unproduc- 
 tive or dry holes. The number of abandoned wells 
 during the year was 1.322. 
 
 The quantity and value of crude petroleum produced 
 in West Virginia from 1889 to 19i)2. inclusive, is shown 
 in the following' table: 
 
 Table -11.— TOTAL QUANTITY AND VALUE OF CRUDE PETROLEUM PRODUCED IN WEST VIRGINIA: 1889 TO 1902. 
 
 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 
 REGULAR CRUDE. 
 
 ■ LUBK 
 
 lATINU I RLDE. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 (Quantity 
 iharrL'L^). 
 
 Value. 
 
 Price per 
 barrel. 
 
 Quantity 
 (barrels). 
 
 Value. 
 
 Price per 
 barrel. 
 
 Quantity 
 (barrels). 
 
 "S'alue. 
 
 Price per 
 barrel. 
 
 1889 
 
 544,113 
 492, 578 
 2,406,218 
 3,810,086 
 8, 445, 412 
 8,577,624 
 8, 120, 125 
 10,019,770 
 13,090,045 
 l:;, 615, 101 
 13,910,630 
 10,195,675 
 14, 177, 12li 
 13,. 513, 345 
 
 K53, 827 
 
 .501,198 
 
 1, 612, 826 
 
 2,119,901 
 
 5,425,522 
 
 7,221,717 
 
 11,038,770 
 
 11,, 829,618 
 
 10,310,178 
 
 12,426,3.59 
 
 18, 014, 766 
 
 21,922,702 
 
 17, 172, 724 
 
 17,040,317 
 
 SI, 20 1 
 1,013 
 0.67 
 0. 656 
 
 0, 642 
 0.842 
 
 1. 359 
 1. LSI 
 0.78f 
 0.913 
 1. 295 
 1. 353 
 1.211 
 1.261 
 
 ,520, 511 
 
 t595, 730 
 
 SI. 145 
 
 23, 602 
 
 S.58 097 
 
 «.> Jill 
 
 1890 
 
 
 1891 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 8, 433, 412 
 8,563,954 
 8, 109, 782 
 10,005,966 
 13,078,011 
 13,603,130 
 13, 892, 906 
 16, 176, 7.57 
 14, 104, 662 
 13, 498, 685 
 
 5, 398, .522 
 7,182,794 
 11,017,651 
 11,794,632 
 10,282,586 
 12,395,858 
 17,973,947 
 21,879,064 
 17,139,241 
 17,006,469 
 
 0.64 
 
 0. 839 
 
 1. 35? 
 
 1.17; 
 
 0. 7SJ 
 
 0,91,1 
 
 1.291! 
 
 1.351 
 
 1.21 
 
 1,26 
 
 12, 000 
 13,670 
 10, 343 
 13, 804 
 12,034 
 11,965 
 17,724 
 18,918 
 12, 464 
 14,660 
 
 
 1894 
 
 1895 . 
 
 38, 923 
 21,119 
 35, 086 
 27, ,592 
 30, .501 
 40, 819 
 43, 638 
 33, 483 
 33, .848 
 
 2. .847 
 
 1896 
 
 '^ 542 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 '^ 303 
 
 
 
 1901 
 
 ■> (387 
 
 190" 
 
 309 
 
 
 
 Wyomhui. — The output of petrolcLmi in this state is 
 greatly restricted by the lack of a market near where 
 it is produced. Large bituminous coal deposits and a 
 thinl}' settled countr}' have jirevented more than a slight 
 demand for it. There has been, however, since 1893 
 a regular production of superior lubricating petroleum 
 at Salt Creek, 50 miles north of Casper, to which place 
 it is hauled bv wagons and refined. In the southwest- 
 
 ern portion of the state, at Spring \'alley, Uinta county, 
 some petroleum of light gravitv and superior quality 
 has l_)een produced, l)ut not as yet in commercial quan- 
 tities. There are numerous petroleum seeps in the west- 
 ern and central portions of Natrona countv, and outcrops 
 of sandstone largely' impregnated with petroleum on the 
 north flank of the Rattlesnake range of mountains. 
 In the Pope Agie district, in Fremont countv. several 
 
748 
 
 MINES AND (,)UARRI?:S. 
 
 successful wells that flow iiiitunilly have lieeu drilled. 
 Some of the wells drilled in ls84 still flow petroleum 
 when opened up. It is reported that 4.0(H) harrels were 
 produced in this region and allowed to i-emain in 
 earthen tanks, owing- to cost of transportation, (mljr a 
 small portion lieiny used for fuel and lulirication. This 
 petroleum is cjuite heavy and dark and its specific 
 gravity varies from 18-' to 23-' Baunie. 
 
 KEVIEW BY YEARS. IS'.K) TO THE CLOSK <.)F 19()1. 
 
 A summary of the principal features in the develop- 
 ment of the petroleum industry is herewith presented; 
 it covers the 3'ears from the publication of the Eleventh 
 Census in ISttO to the close of I'.KJl. 
 
 1S90. — One of the most notal)le features in the petro- 
 leum industry in the I'nited States in 1890 was the 
 enormous increase iu the production, a gain of l(.i, (')(;(!,( 159 
 barrels being made over the production of 1889. The 
 principal increase was in Pennsylvania and New York, 
 the increase amounting to 6,970.77:-! barrels. Discov- 
 eries of petrrjleum were numerous in Pennsylvania, and 
 the borders of some of the older distiicts had to be 
 extended to emln'acc a wider area of pi'ciductive terri- 
 tory. The sections conspicuous for heavy gains were 
 the Glade Run pool in Butler county, the Shaniiopin 
 pool in Beaver county, and the Montour, Wildwood, 
 and Chartiers pools in Allegheny county. The in- 
 creased production in Ohio amounted to 3. 6.53, 190 bar- 
 rels and was general throughout lioth the Lima and the 
 southeastern fields. 
 
 The average value of pipe line certificates in the Penn- 
 sylvania field declined fronj !»4J cents per l)arrel in 1S89 
 to ^^i'ji cents in l.S9(;). making a net loss of 7^^ cents. 
 The average price (jf Lima (Ohio) petroleum advaiu'ed 
 from 15 cents per Ijarrel in 1889 to 3<) cents |')er barrel 
 in 1890. 
 
 The state of Indiana was credited with a production 
 of 63,496 barrels in 1890. as compared with 33,37.-1 bar- 
 rels in 1889, the first year in which Indiana appears in 
 the list of productive states, ^\'est X'irginia produced 
 slightly less in 1890 than in 18S9. Although the orig- 
 inal well at Mannington was opened up in October, 
 1889, it retjuired time to drill the deep mcIIs of that 
 region and to connect them to pipe lines, and the effect 
 of the greater " strikes "" upon tlie production was not 
 at once apparent. 
 
 1891. — The amount of petroleum produced in lS9l. 
 54,292.6.55 barrels, was larger than that of any ]ii'eced- 
 ing year and was not exc(M:'ded until bs96. The most 
 important event that mai ked the year was the opening 
 up of the )-e,markable McDonald petroleum Held, in 
 Allegheny and Washington counties. Pa., in Jidv of 
 that year. By September the ]ii-oduction of this dis- 
 ti'ict reached 41.000 bai'rels ])er diiy. I( is estimated 
 that the total jirodiK'tion of tije McDonalil lidd for the 
 last, six months of 19o| w.^is over (;,(I(H),(H)() han-els. 
 This was ]i|-obably the most pi-olilic Held of ix'l roleuin 
 
 ever developed in the Appalachian field, when its area 
 is considered. 
 
 The oil bearing sand was composed of beautiful 
 ([uartz pebbles from the size, of a pea up to that of a 
 hickory mit. It gave up large quantities of petroleum 
 with great rapidity. In this great reservoir the wells 
 soon ceased to )>e more than ordinary producers, but a 
 few months sufficing to measurabh' exhaust several of 
 the wells which, when first opened up, flowed at the rate 
 of 15,000 to 18,000 barrels per day. The Wildwood 
 fiehl, in Allegheny county, was also a factoi' in increas- 
 ing the Pennsylvania jnoduction, although to a much 
 less extent than the Mi'Donald pool, and Butler (/ounty 
 furnished scune new and fairly producti\e \vells. There 
 was a considerable decrease in the production of the 
 other Peiuisyh'ania districts. There was a large decline 
 in southeastern Ohio, owing to the low prices that pre- 
 vailed. The production of southeastern ()hio in 1890 
 was 1.108,334 barrels, as compared with 422.883 bar- 
 rels produced in 1891. On the other hand, in the Lima 
 field there was a large increase in production. 
 
 The Appalachian field produced in the year 1891 a 
 total of 35.84iS.777 barrels, wliieji is the greatest pro- 
 duction on record with the exception of the year 190(.), 
 when the production was slightly in excess of these 
 figures. This large jn-oduction of iietroleum had the 
 efl'ect of reducing the price so that the average price 
 quoted for the yeai' 1S91 was 67 cents, as compared with 
 7Hil cents in Iss'.i. In this year "West ^'irginia began 
 to be conspit'uous as a producer of petroleum. The 
 production of 1S91 was 2.4o6,218 barrels, which was 
 due to the opening up of the new field extending from 
 ]\It. Morris, near the Pennsylvania state line, to Man- 
 nington. in Clarion county. Indiana also began to be 
 conspicuous as a jiroducer. ha\"ing increased its produc- 
 tion largely o\'er that of 1S90. 
 
 1S9:2. — The jiroductiou in 1S92 showed a considerable 
 falling oti', due largely to the decline in the yield of the 
 McDonald field in l*ennsyl\ania. West \'irginia in- 
 creased over a million barrels in ]ir(_)duction, which was 
 due to the increasing yield of the Manningt(_in field and 
 the newly de\eloi)ed Sistei-s\ille pool. The Gordon 
 sand, underlying the Big Injun sand, was discovered to 
 be pro(lucti\e south of Mannington. There was a re- 
 duction in the output of northwestern Ohio, an increase 
 in that of s<iiitheastern (^hio. and a considerable in- 
 crease in the production of Indiana, due t(.) develop- 
 ments in th(> Trenton formation. Up to this time a 
 greater poi'tion of the petroleum of th(^ Lima-Indiana 
 fields, in Ohio and Indiana, had been sold foi' fuel. In 
 this year an increasing amount was marketed for retin 
 ing. owing to the process lately perfected for the 
 i'iM)lo\al of the sulphur. The average price n^ceived 
 for the petroleum produced in the .\])palachian field 
 was 55l; cents p(M- barrel, which, with the c^xci^ption of 
 1S61. is the lowest (piotation on recoi-d. The price t>f 
 Lima- Indiana petroleum ^^as ."Ui:,' cents jxm' barrel. 
 
PKTKOLEUM. 
 
 74H 
 
 There was an increase in tlie exports of petrolciiiii and 
 its products. 
 
 1S9.1. — Tile important teatures connected witii tlie 
 production of petroleum in 1S1»P> were a decline in the 
 output of the older fields, especially Pennsylvania; an 
 increase in the amount oi pi-oduction in southeastern 
 Ohio, West Virginia, and Indiana; the slight increase 
 in price, and the increase in the refining of Lima- 
 Indiana petroleum. There was also an increase in the 
 cjuantity exported. Practically all the petroleum pro- 
 duced came froui the Appalachian field, the Lima- 
 Indiana field, the Florence field of Colorado, and the 
 districts of southern California. The decline in the 
 entire production in 1893 as compared with 189'i was 
 2,078,591 barrels. There was a large increase in tlie 
 output of West Virginia and Indiana. The decline in 
 the Appalachian products of 2,067,32i! barrels nearly 
 accounts for the entire shortage. The average price 
 of certiticate oil in the Appalachian field was 64 cents 
 per barrel, an increase of 8ft cents over that of 1892. 
 In the Lima field the average prit'e of petroleum in 
 1893 was 47.25 cents, an increase of lOij cents over that 
 of 1892. 
 
 The increase of petroleum exports in 1893 over those 
 of 1892 was nearly f)(),O(i(),O(:)0 .gallons, and the total 
 exportation of all varieties of petroleum amounted to 
 804,221,230 gallons, the largest up to that date. 
 
 ISQIj,. — The notable events in the progress of the 
 petroleum industry in 1894 were the development of 
 the Ormsby district, in the Bradford field in northern 
 Pennsylvania, the opening of the Williamstown pool, 
 in Wood county, W. Va. , and the discovery of a Berea 
 sand pool near Steubenville, Ohio. There were also 
 some promising developments near Marietta, Ohio. 
 The vear was also notable for the advent of the state 
 of Wyoming to the list of oil producers, 2,369 Ijarrels 
 being produced by this state. The quality was that of 
 a superior luljricating petroleum. The year showed a 
 very slight increase in production over that of 1893, 
 but the increase in value was over 16,000,000. In the 
 Appalachian field the comliined product of New York 
 and Pennsylvania showed a decrease of 1,294,523 bar- 
 rels. West Virginia showed a slight increase over the 
 preceding 3'ear. Southeastern Ohio showed quite an 
 increase, amounting to 581,976 barrels. In the Lima 
 (Ohio) district there was a decrease of only 38,960 bar- 
 rels. Indiana showed an increase of 1,353.373 barrels, 
 a gain of 58 per cent. The average price of the Appa- 
 lachian petroleum in 1894 was 83|- cents, a gain of 
 almost 20 cents per barrel. The average price of the 
 Lima-Indiana petroleum was 48 cents a barrel, general 
 average price 72 cents. 
 
 1895. — The notable features of the year were the 
 nearly identical production of the Appalachian field 
 with that of 1894; the increased production in Ohio, 
 Indiana, and California; the advance of Ohio to first 
 place, its production for the first time being greater 
 
 than that of Pennsylvania; the decrease in stodis and 
 the rise in price; and the further extiMision of profitable 
 producing districts, including the opening up in A\ est 
 Virginia of the Elk Fork pool, east of Sistersville, and 
 of another on Indian creek near the Big Moses well: 
 and successful tests in southeastern Kansas. There was 
 a slight increase in the combined production of New 
 York and Pennsyl\-ania and an inci-ease of over vwo 
 million barrels in the production of the Lima (Ohio) 
 field. A sliglit dedine, amounting to 457,499 barrels, 
 was recorded in the production of ^Vest Virginia. 
 There was an increase of aljout 7i)i),(K)0 barrels in 
 Indiana and of o\er50(t,000 barrels in California. The 
 total production in 1895 was 52,892,276 barrels. The 
 stocks of crude petroleum in the Appalachian field at 
 the close of 1895 were 5,344,784 barrels, as compared 
 with 6,4i»9,880 barrels at the close of 1894; in the Lima- 
 Indiana field there were 21,494,848 Ijarrels, making a 
 total for I)oth fields of 26,839,632 barrels at the (dose 
 of 18'.>5. 
 
 The price for what ^vas known as Pennsylvania cer- 
 tificate oil was $1.35^^ cents, as compared with 83^ cents 
 in 1894, a gain of 52 cents. In the Lima-Indiana dis- 
 trict the average price in I8'.t5 was 71f cents, as com- 
 pared with 48 cents in 1894, a gain of 231 cents. The 
 a\'erage price of the entire production was $1,089 per 
 barrel in 1895. 
 
 180G. — This year was remarkable iov the large increase 
 in the i^rodui'tion \\liichcame principally from the state 
 of ^Vest Mrginia and the Lima-Indiana district in 
 northwestern Ohio, and from the Watsonville pool in 
 McKean county. Pa. There was an increase in the 
 amount of stocks held and a decrease in the price. The 
 entire production for the year 1896 Avas 6n,96u.3<.il 
 barrels, larger than that of any previous year in the 
 historj' of the industry, and a gain of 8,068,085 barrels 
 over 1895. There was a slight increase in the combined 
 production of New York and Pennsylvania, with an 
 increase of 4,400,000 barrels in Ohio, and an increase 
 of 1,900,000 barrels in West Virginia. A slight increase 
 is to be noted in the production of the state of Indiana, 
 and a large increase in the state of Kansas as compared 
 with that of the jDrevious year. 
 ! The new field at Corsicana, Tex., was first opened up 
 during 1896 and produced l,4i)0 Inirrels. The total 
 amount of stocks held in the Appalachian and Lima- 
 Indiana fields, at the close of the year 1896, was 
 33,048,492 barrels, as compared with 26,8311,632 l:iarrels 
 at the close of 1895, a gain of 6,2(»8,.S6ti barrels. There 
 j was a decrease in the price of petroleum. The average 
 ' \'alue of what has l)een called Pennsylvania certificate 
 1 oil, in the Pennsylvania field, was §1.18 as compared 
 with 11.36 in 1895, showing a decline of 18 cents per 
 barrel. In the Lima (Ohio) field the price fell from 
 an a\-erage of 711 cents in 1S95 to 661 cents in 1896, a 
 decline of 5 cents per barrel. The total value of all of 
 the petroleum marketed in 1896 was $58,518,709. an 
 
750 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 average of about 95.11 cents per Itarrel. This was an 
 increase in value of only $S;27,-±30 over the preceding- 
 year. 
 
 1897. — The total quantity of petroleum produced in 
 the United States in isyj was (:;0,J:T5,51<', l)arrels, a de- 
 crease as compared with 1806 of only 484,84,5 barrels. 
 There was a slight increase in the production of the 
 Appalachian field as a whole, which came principally 
 from "West \'irginia. There was a decided decrease in 
 the yield of the Lima-Indiana field in the states of Ohio 
 and Indiana. There was also considerable decrease 
 in the number of wells drilled in both of these states as 
 compared with 1896. The production of petroleum in 
 Texas amounted to 65,975 barrels, as compared with 
 1,450 barrels produced in 1896, and nearly all of it was 
 produced in the Corsicana field. There was an increase 
 in stocks and a still further decrease in price. 
 
 There was a decline in value amounting to |17,589,(.»98. 
 The average j^rice per barrel for all the petroleum 
 produced in 1897 was 67.7 cents as compared with 95.9 
 cents in 1896. There was a decrease of 2,45i',837 
 barrels in the production of the Lima-Indiana field. 
 Colorado increased its output by 23,484 barrels, and 
 the California field by 65(1,634 barrels. The largest 
 proportional gain, however, was in the Corsicana field 
 in Texas. The stocks in the Appalacliian field at the 
 close of 1897 were 11,010,044 barrels, an increase of 
 1,264,322 barrels. In the Lima-Indiana field the stocks 
 of petroleum at the close of the j'ear 1897 were 
 22,762,779 barrels, a loss of 539,991 Imrrels. The 
 total stocks in both fields at the close of 1897 amounted 
 to 33,772,823 barrels, a gain of 724,331 barrels over 
 those at the close of ls',)6. The average price of cer- 
 tificate or credit balances of Pennsylvania oil in 1897 
 was 78:1 cents, as compared with §1.17^ in 1896, show- 
 ing a decline of 39i cents. The average price of Lima 
 (Ohio) petroleum was 4s cents, as compared with 66f 
 cents in 1896-, a decrease of 18|- cents. 
 
 1898.— Th& quantity of petroleum— 55,304,233 fiar- 
 rels — produced in 1898 showed a decrease of 5,111,283 
 barrels as compared with the 6(), 475, 516 barrels produced 
 in 1897. There was a decrease in both tiie Appalachian 
 and the Lima-Indiana fields. The a\'erage price paid 
 for Pennsylvania petroleum was 91s cents per bai'rei, 
 as compared with 61J cents per barrel for the produc- 
 tion of the Lima-Indiana tiekl. The initial well in 
 Scio, Harrison county, Ohi(j, was conjpieted in August. 
 There was a large increase of production in California 
 and Texas, but a decrease in Indiana. 
 
 There was a decrease in the number of wells drilled 
 in the Appalachian and the Lima-Indiana fields. The 
 total nunibei- drilled in liolh these fields was 7,l8(i, of 
 which 1,539 were dry, as compared with S,558 drilled 
 in 1897, of wliicii imnd)er l,9(;4 were dry. The total 
 stocks of these fields at the chise of ]«9S were 26,967,495 
 barrels, as compared with 33,772,823 barrels at the close 
 of 1S97, a decrease of 6,8(»5,32H barrels. Stocks cli- 
 
 creased and the price increased. Tlie exports decreased 
 as compared with 1897. 
 
 1899. — The entire production of the United States 
 was 57,070,850 barrels, as compared with 55,364.233 
 barrels in 1898. The year was conspicuous for the in- 
 creased pi'oduction Iti southeastern Ohio, amounting to 
 over 2,50(>,(»0() barrels, principally from the Scio pool, 
 Harrison county, which added over l,<;()0,iH)n barrels to 
 the output. The peti-olcHim of this pool was found in 
 the Berea formation at a depth of alxjut 1,200 feet, 
 l)eing(juite evenly distributed and of a very supeilor 
 (juality. There was a decrease in the production of 
 Pennsylvania, Colorado, and Kansas, while all the other 
 states showed an increase. There was a considerably 
 increased production in the state of Texas. The aver- 
 age price of all of the petroleum ])roduced in 1899 was 
 fl.l32, as compared with 79.8 cents in 189s, showing a 
 gain of 33.4 cents. The average price of what is known 
 as Pennsylvania certificate oil, which includes about 96 
 l^er cent of the Appalachian production, was ^1.29i; jjer 
 barrel in 1899, as compared with 91^ cents in 1898, an 
 increase of 38i cents. The average price of Trenton 
 I'ock, oi- Lima-Indiana, petroleum was 8s^t cents in 1899, 
 as compared with 59.4 cents in 1S98. an increase of 
 29.2 cents per barrel. 
 
 There was a decrease in the stocks in 1899, due to 
 shrinkage in the Lima-Indiana district, as the total 
 stocks in the Appalachian field increased b}- 1,661,588 
 barrels. At the close of 1S99 the total stocks held in 
 the Appalachian and Lima-Indiana fields amounted to 
 23,997,118 liarrels, as compared with 26,967,495 bar- 
 rels at the close of the previous year. The decrease in 
 1899 was 2,97<t,377 barrels. The total amount of petro- 
 leum ex])orted from the Lnited States in 1899 was 
 22,643.439 barrels (951,024,441 gallons), valued at 
 ?(;4,9S2.249. 
 
 1900. One of the important features in the develop- 
 ment of the petroleiun industry in the 3'ear 19U0 is the 
 fact that the jiroduction in that year was greater than 
 for any pi'exious year. The total producti(.)n was 
 63,620.529 burrels, whidi amount was greater bv 
 6,549,(;79 l)urr(ds than that of the year 1S99. Tlierc 
 was a lai'ge increase in the output of California, Texas, 
 Indiana, and West Virginia. West Virginia produced 
 16.195,675 barrels, which was greater than the produc- 
 tion of any ))re\ious yeai'. There Mas also an increase 
 in the innnberof wells drilled and in the stocks. There 
 was an increase in the average pric(> or value of the 
 petroleum at the wells, the |)rice of $1.19 being reached 
 this year, which was the highest since 1S77; the average 
 ]ii-ice of Pemisyh'ania petrohnun ^\as $1.35:^ per l)arrel. 
 The price of Lima-Indiana petrohnnn advanced from S9i 
 to 98^ cents. The exports of petrcjleum and its j)rodut'ts 
 also showed a considerable gain in ([uantity and \-aluc. 
 
 191)1. The production in f90l was again greater 
 than foi- any i)revious year. It was 69.;')S9,194 barrels, 
 an increa.se of 5,768,665 barrels. There was a most 
 
PETROLEUM. 
 
 7fA 
 
 remarkable increase in the prodnotion in both Texas and 
 California, which combined amounted to about ,S,()00,(IOO 
 barrels. There was a decline in the product of West 
 Virginia amountino- to over ^,(I00,0()(,) barrels. There 
 were also slight declines in New York, Pennsylvania, 
 Ohio, and Wyoming; all the remaining i)il producing 
 states showed an increase. The average price of all the 
 petroleum produced in 1901 was 05.7 cents, as compared 
 with §1.1!)1 in 1900, a decrease of '2oA cents per barrel. 
 The average price of Pennsylvania ccrtihi'ate petroleum 
 was $1.21 per l)arrel, as compared with !pl.;>ri-| per liar- 
 rel in 190O, showing a decline of llf cents. The aver- 
 age price of Lima (Ohio) petroleum fell from 9iS-J cents 
 in 1900 to Nrt cents in 1901. There was also a decline 
 of 37.7 cents in the average price paid for California 
 petroleum and a decline of 76 cents per barrel in the 
 average price of the Texas production. There was an 
 increase in the exports of petroleum and its products 
 (mineral oils), which for the first time exceeded 
 1,000,000,000 gallons. The total value of the exports 
 was, however, slightly less than in 1900. 
 
 On January 10, 1901, an immense gusher was drilled 
 near Beaumont, Tex., and flowed a stream 150 feet high 
 and 6 inches in diameter. Before it was controlled it 
 is estimated to have produced not less than 500,000 
 barrels, averaging not less than 60,000 barrels per day. 
 
 The year was also notable for the organization of an 
 immense number of stock companies in California and 
 Texas, which secured a large amount of capital. Many 
 of them never produced a single barrel of petroleum. 
 
 The Boulder field in Colorado was just opening up 
 at the close of the year. It created considerable ex- 
 citement, and a large amount of capital was invested 
 in stock companies. These investments in most cases 
 resulted in disappointment and a total loss to the 
 investors. 
 
 REVIEW OF THE INDUSTRY IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 
 
 Canada. — Since the year 1S62 Canada has produced a 
 considerable quantity of petroleum. The output, how- 
 ever, does not supply the amount necessary for home 
 consumption. In 1902, 11,389,390 imperial gallons of 
 refined petroleum were produced from the crude in 
 Canada, and 13,220,005 imperial gallons of petroleum 
 and its products were imported. An import tax 
 amounting to about 5 cents a gallon is imposed. For 
 a number of years the production in Canada was over 
 7(10,000 barrels, but there has been a gradual decline in 
 the output since 1898. The production in 1902 was 
 520,000 barrels. The main productive territory is 
 situated in Lambton county, Ontario, the two princi- 
 pal districts being Petrolea and Oil Springs. 
 
 In c[ualitjr the petroleum produced in this portion of 
 Canada is very similar to that produced in the Lima- 
 Indiana field, which contains a considerable proportion of 
 sulphureted hydrogen, and it has been successfully re- 
 fined in former years at Petrolea and in later years at 
 
 Sarnia. There are other sections in Canada in which 
 more or less petroleum is known to exist, but which 
 have up to the present time yielded little or no output. 
 
 In the vicinity of Moncton,,Ncw Bruns\vick, several 
 wells recently completed have produced ]5etroleum in 
 sufficient quantities to be successfully operated. Other 
 localities in which peti'oleum is kncjwn to exist are 
 (iaspe Itay in Quebec and near Lake Ainslie in Nova 
 Scotia, hut no profitable production has been secured. 
 
 Tl)ere are also indications of peti'oleum along the 
 northwest coast of Newfoundland. A nundier of wells 
 have been drilled and petroleum in small (pVantities has 
 been found, but up to the present time no successful 
 operations have been developed. 
 
 In the southwestern portion of Alberta a well was 
 completed during the year 1902 which was I'eported to 
 have found a considerable flow of petroleum. A well 
 was also drilled near Calgary. There are many local- 
 ities along the Athabasca river in Athabasca district 
 where petroleum, and especially natural gas, are more 
 or less abundant in surface indications. Although sev- 
 eral test wells have been drilled in this section no large 
 quantities of either have been developed. 
 
 Peru. — For a number of years this country has pro- 
 duced a considerable ({uantity of petroleum. The pro- 
 duction for 1902 was, in round numbers, 60,0(H.t barrels. 
 The varietj' is similar to that produced in California, 
 and is inferior in quality to the output of the eastern 
 portion of the T^nited States. The scarcity of good 
 coal along the western coast of South America has 
 added considei'able interest to the development of pe- 
 troleum in Peru. However, the production seems to 
 be on the decline. Outside of the United States, Peru 
 and Canada are the only counti'ies on the Western con- 
 tinent that have produced petroleum in commercial 
 quantities, although it is known to be widely distrib- 
 uted in Argentine, Brazil. Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador. 
 Mexico, Trinidad, and Venezuela. In most of these 
 countries there are local springs and shallow wells, 
 worked generally in a very crude manner by the na- 
 tives, which have produced a small amount of crude 
 petroleum. 
 
 i?».s•.svV^ — For the first time in eight vears, Russia in 
 1902 showed a decreased output of crude petroleum. 
 The decrease from the output of 1901 amounted to 
 4,628,511 barrels, a falling ofl' of about 5 per cent. 
 The principal reasons for the decline seem to have been 
 the want of organization among the producers, insuffi- 
 cient means of storage and transportation, and the 
 taxes imposed by the (Toveriiment upon certain terri- 
 tory. 
 
 A number of large spouting wells were drilled during 
 the year, one of the largest of which was on the Roths- 
 child plot. No. 25, at Romany, Bibi Eibat district. For a 
 time this well yielded 80,000, barrels per day. Another 
 large well near by produced at the rate of 100,000 bar- 
 rels per day. The depth at which large spouting wells 
 
752 
 
 MINKS AND QUARKIP]S. 
 
 are .secured is u-radually iiicicusiiio-, uddino- larg-ely to 
 the expense. Often several years are consuinod in 
 completing- one of these very deep wells, which require 
 manv feet of casing, l)eg'inning' with a size as large as 
 26 inches in diameter and ending with a diameter 10 to 
 12 inches. In some of them the wrought iron pipe 
 and easing used weighs as much as IH) tons, which, 
 together wnth the time consumed in drilling, entails a 
 cost of from $15,000 to $:2o,oo(i. 
 
 During the year a new field was discovered hy the 
 drilling- of a well near Berekei station, iTo miles north- 
 west of Baku. The (Irosni field, 500 niik's north of 
 Baku, has produced considerable petroleum for the last 
 five years. The greater portion, or i>5 per cent, of the 
 petroleum continues to be produced from an area of 
 al:)out 10 scpiare miles in the Apsheron p(>ninsula near 
 Baku. The following- table shows the yearly produc- 
 tion of petroleum in Russia, by districts, since 1S89: 
 
 Table 42. 
 
 -Prndiictioii of criiilr jietfolrfira ni Ri's^ln, hij ijistrlcfy: 
 IS'sri hi 190.'. 
 
 [Burn- 
 
 ' Al tcall'jns.] 
 
 The total production of petroleum in Russia, as com- 
 pared with that of the United States, from lS»-i to lit02, 
 inclusive, together witli the percentages of gains or 
 losses for each year, as compared with the previous 
 year, and the production of Russia in percentage of the 
 production of the United States, are shown ^)y the fol- 
 lowing table: 
 
 Table 4.'$. — ( 'iniipanitire profliirlidti of i-riiih' jii'troli'inn of Rvxnia iiml 
 Ihe Uiiiti'il Slalfs: lg94 to 190.'. 
 
 [ruitftl Slates (ie(iloi,Mi.-al Siir\i'>-, " Mineral Kesuiirces iil' llle United States," 
 
 I'.IO'J.] 
 
 [Barrels of il t'alloiis.] 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 Prdiliie- 
 ti(Hi. 
 
 1894. 
 
 Gain or 
 
 loss. 
 
 1895 1 52,892,2761 
 
 1896 \ 60,960,361 
 
 LS97 1 60, 475, 5161 
 
 1.S9S I 55, ;«;4,2:« 
 
 lS',i;i I 57,I17U,.S50 
 
 19UII I r,3. liJII, 52<,), 
 
 1901 1 69,389,1941 
 
 1902 [188, 766, 916 
 
 49, 344, 616 86, 375, 428 
 
 Per- 
 centage 
 of gain 
 or loss. 
 
 Profitable 
 produc- 
 
 3, .547, 760 
 
 -1- 7.19 
 
 8,068,085 
 
 + 15.25 
 
 484, 845 
 
 - 0.80 
 
 6,111,283 
 
 - 8.40 
 
 1,706,617 
 
 -1- 3.08 
 
 6, .549, 679 
 
 -i-11.50 
 
 5, 768, 665 
 
 + 9.07 
 
 9, 377, 722 
 
 -1-27. 91 
 
 46, 140, 174 
 47, 220, 633 
 54, 399, 568 
 61,609,3: 
 65, 9.54, 968 
 75,779,417 
 85, 168, .556 
 .80, 610, 045 
 
 U'SSIA. I Produc- 
 
 ' ti 1 
 
 ' Russia in 
 
 i pereent- 
 
 Per- j age of 
 
 Gain or rentage produc- 
 
 loss. lofgain,! tion of 
 
 United 
 
 states. 
 
 9,764,746 
 1 , 080, 459 
 7,178,935 
 7, -209, 7.891 
 4,345,611 
 9,824,449 
 9, 389, 139 
 4, 628, .511 
 
 -26.8 
 + 2.3 
 4-1.5.2 
 
 +13. 3 
 
 + 7.05 
 
 + 14.9 ;l 
 
 +12.4 1 
 
 - 5.4 '! 
 
 77.4 
 89.9 
 111.3 
 115.5 
 119.1 
 122. 7 
 90.7 
 
 1 Does not include 508,306 barrels produced but not marketed. 
 
 The following talnilar statement gixcs the shipments 
 of crude and retined petroleum from the ports of Batum 
 and NoNorossiisk on the Black sea to foreign countries 
 and to RiLssian ports near by, in 11)02 and I'.Hil, as re- 
 ported by Mr. ■James V. Chambers, United States ctm- 
 sul at Batum, Russia: 
 
 Table 44.— SHIPJIENTS OF KI'SSIAN I>ETtt(ll.K(':\I FROM ML.VCK t^E.V I'OKTS: 1902 AND 1901. 
 
 [United States Kail. ms.] 
 
 Total shipped. . 
 Total exported. 
 
 Africa 
 
 Austria- Hungary .. 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Bulgaria 
 
 Cochin China 
 
 China 
 
 ■Egypt 
 
 United Kingdom .. 
 
 France 
 
 Germany 
 
 India 
 
 Italy 
 
 .Japan 
 
 Java 
 
 Malta 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 Philippines 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Roumanla 
 
 Siam 
 
 Spain 
 
 Suez Canal2 
 
 Turkey - 
 
 All other countries. 
 
 Russian ports 
 
 1902 
 
 422,4.88,925 
 
 7,1 
 
 15.: 
 
 11!,' 
 
 11. 1 
 
 +60. 249, 530 
 ■128, 657, 210 
 
 297, 120 
 .381,, 560 
 503,045 
 851 , 950 
 999, 640 
 320,040 
 759, 075 
 017,195 
 407,800 
 193,780 
 664.4'.lll 
 835. 555 
 070,0011 
 832, 070 
 297,975 
 497, 265 
 965, 350 
 116,6.50 
 
 661 
 
 93U 
 
 473, 00(1 
 2.58, 1,115 
 7;6,235 
 
 31,592.320 
 
 REFINEI). 
 
 SOLAR AND DISTIL- 
 LATE. 1 
 
 LLBRICATING. 
 
 CRfDE AND 
 
 RESIDIfM. 
 
 1!»02 
 
 l!l»l 
 
 1(102 HIOl' 
 
 45,373,800 48,21-1,740 
 
 1!I0L> 
 
 46, 235, 900 
 
 -- 
 44,645,400 
 
 1901 
 
 39,640,925 
 :!8, 4.59, ,820 
 
 1902 
 
 15, ,509, 690 
 
 1901 
 
 351,642,630 
 
 3.57,859,645 
 3-28,732,460 
 
 297, 1'20 
 
 3, 429, 585 
 
 10,127,2,50 
 
 2, 787, 0.50 
 
 999, 640 
 
 21,320,040 
 
 13, 569, .525 
 
 .55, 782, 960 
 
 1,201,190 
 
 12,874,280 
 
 .53, 6-24, 49(1 
 
 .8,277,135 
 
 1,070,0(10 
 
 5,832,070 
 
 1,297,976 
 
 6,1,59,815 
 
 1 , 965, 850 
 
 1, 116,6.50 
 
 .549, 6.80 
 
 ■173, (.100 
 
 14,534,2-20 
 
 319,6.51,670 
 
 46,373,800 
 
 48, 195, 010 
 
 12, 818, 0.55 
 
 13,-2(;9,920 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3, 973, 690 
 9,729,645 
 
 
 
 1 , 768, 035 
 
 8, 747, 840 
 
 49, 600 
 
 1,. 566, 280 
 
 7, 9.50, 995 
 
 63, 150 
 
 1,.500 
 
 3, 648, 386 
 
 4, 750 
 
 
 1 '.l'.)0, li.KO 
 
 313, 560 
 
 3,111,210 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 250 
 
 277,650 
 
 9,1,57,715 
 
 13, .871, 675 
 
 9, 795, 120 
 
 43, 1.50 
 
 170, .500 
 
 
 260 
 
 38, 050 
 
 1, 998, 870 
 
 2, 604, 110 
 
 1,. 568, 210 
 
 
 
 
 178, ,5.50 
 
 8, 197, 846 
 
 9, 907, 420 
 
 9,119,960 
 
 40,000 
 
 199, 6.50 
 
 
 82, 699, 895 
 
 958, 200 
 
 ''4 436 535 
 
 20, 138. :;!t5 2(1, 70'.). 610 
 2-1, 242! 275 2l,7S(i, 145 
 
 2,326,7SU 
 2,510.015 
 " 1'I9 51(1 
 
 
 
 
 7,065.715 
 5,067,850 
 
 2,7.50 
 
 1,9.S7,460 
 
 2,358, 77(1 
 
 1 471, 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12,134,5-10 
 
 
 2.52, .500 
 
 337, 460 
 
 
 
 2,237,400 
 
 
 
 2,202,100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 68,300 
 
 111,460 
 
 1 , 500 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■269, .585 
 
 607, 020 
 
 1.50 
 
 
 
 81 716 "35 
 
 
 
 
 29,303,4(10 
 
 iio! •268^960 
 1 , 989, 460 
 
 '") r'7 185 
 
 
 
 
 125,400 
 ■18,0.50 
 
 1.590,500 
 
 131, •8.50 
 
 68, 200 
 
 1,181,105 
 
 S5, 800 
 97',t, 020 
 
 2,691,635 
 
 78 7,50 
 
 6,390,510 
 
 
 
 '1 350 
 
 31 990 '160 
 
 
 19,730 
 
 1, -264, 300 
 
 
 
 
 ( '■S..hir i, 
 ■'To (inki 
 
 (IslKlate liM-al 
 ports li.'vond I 
 
 H to till- liii(,.d Kingdom and diMillalr to Franr 
 id. (!•'■ -Iii| ■(!(-: bring in iKilk. 
 
PETROLEUM. 
 
 753 
 
 About 80 percent of the entire petroleum production 
 i.s niiirketed in ttie interior of Russia liy way of the 
 Caspian sea and the Volga river. In 1!>0^ the quan- 
 tity amounted to 2,05^,990,000 gallons, of which l,(i'.t3,- 
 420,000 gallons, or over 82.4 per cent, was residuum 
 used for fuel and 10'7,9!>r>,0(M) gallons, or 5.8 per cent, 
 was crude petroleum. Only 12.3 per cent of the illumi- 
 nating and lubricating products was marketed in the 
 great inland portion of Russia. 
 
 The average price of crude petroleum at the wells at 
 Baku in 1902 was (i.H5 kopecks per pood, (U- 3.42 cents 
 for 5 gallons, or 28f cents per barrel, as compared with 
 8.25 kopecks per pood, or 32| cents per barrel, in 1901. 
 
 world's rRODUCTION. 
 
 One of the conspicuous features of the world's pro- 
 duction of petroleum in 1902 was the remarkable increase 
 in the output of the inferior grades in the United 
 States. Of the world's production the United States 
 produced 47.9 per cent in 1902. In 1901 it produced 
 41.84 per cent. Another ver}' important feature was 
 the decline in the Russian production which, in 1902, 
 amounted to 43.50 per cent of the world's production, 
 as compared with 51.38 per cent in 1901. 
 
 The United States and Russia in 1902 produced i)L.44 
 per cent of the world's production, in I'.tOl they pro- 
 duced 93.22 per cent, and in 1900 their production was 
 94.11 per cent. 
 
 The following table gives the production of crude 
 petroleum in all the known countries of the world, to- 
 gether with the percentage for each during 19o2, 1901, 
 and 1900: 
 
 T.iBLE -±5. — World' s prod tidion of crude pelrolenm : 190(1 lo 190:!. 
 
 [United States Geological Surve.v, "Mineral Re.^ouree.s of the L'nited states," 
 
 1902.] 
 
 [Barrels of 42 United States gallons.] 
 
 the world's prcxluction in 1!H)2 amounted to 11.1 per 
 cent as compared with 1901 and to a little over 25 per 
 cent when compared with thtit of 1900. 
 
 
 1902 
 
 Per 
 cent of 
 total. 
 
 1901 
 
 1900 
 
 COUNTRY. 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Quantity. 
 165, 773, 361 
 
 Per 
 cent of 
 total. 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Per 
 
 cent of 
 total. 
 
 
 1,S5, 151,089 
 
 100. 00 
 
 100. 00 
 
 148, 114, 975 
 
 63,620,629 
 692, 650 
 102, 976 
 
 75,779,417 
 2,346,505 
 
 1,967,700 
 
 1,628,535 
 
 1, 078, 264 
 
 .528,000 
 
 358,297 
 
 12, 102 
 
 100. 00 
 
 
 
 
 1 88, 766, 916 
 
 .520, 000 
 
 60, 000 
 
 80, 540, 045 
 
 4, 142, 160 
 
 5, 860, 000 
 
 2, 0.59, 930 
 
 1,617,363 
 
 1,193,000 
 
 363, 675 
 
 12,000 
 
 26, 000 
 
 47.94 
 0.28 
 0.03 
 
 43.50 
 2.24 
 
 3.17 
 1.11 
 0.87 
 0.64 
 0.20 
 
 0. 02 
 
 69,389,194 
 
 .572, .500 
 
 72,261 
 
 85, 168, 556 
 
 3,2.51,644 
 
 3,038,700 
 
 1,406,160 
 
 1,430,716 
 
 1,100,000 
 
 313, 630 
 
 10, 100 
 
 20,000 
 
 41.84 
 0.35 
 0.04 
 
 51. 3H 
 1.96 
 
 1.84 
 0.85 
 0.86 
 0. 67 
 0.19 
 
 "h'.h'i 
 
 42. 95 
 
 
 0.47 
 
 
 0.07 
 
 Russia 
 
 GalJcia 
 
 61.16 
 1..58 
 
 Sumatra, Java, and 
 
 1.33 
 
 Roumania 
 
 India 
 
 1.10 
 0.73 
 
 
 0.36 
 
 
 0.24 
 
 
 0. 01 
 
 All other countries.. 
 
 
 
 
 1 Does not include 508.386 barrels produced but not marketed. 
 
 There was a steady increase in the world's production 
 of petroleum during the last three years, which would 
 be much more marked in 1902 were it not foi' the 
 fact that the Russian production showed a decrease of 
 4,628,511 barrels in that year. The total increase in 
 
 30L'2:-!— 04 4S 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE. 
 
 ha\e 
 as to 
 satis- 
 
 Oru/iti. — Much speculation ttnd controver.sy 
 been aroused among chemists and geologists 
 the origin of petroleum, Ijut no complete and 
 factor}' solution of the problem has 3'et been presented. 
 Numerous theories ha\'e l)een tidvanced as to the ori- 
 ginal source of thecar))ides and hydrocarbons tind their 
 combinations, entering into the ft.irmation of petroleum, 
 and many scientists of note have a particular theory, 
 but there appears little possibility of reaching an agree- 
 ment in the matter in the netir future. Experiments in 
 the laboratoiy have been made so as to combine the 
 elements artiticially ;ind the resultant, in most instances, 
 has ])eena liquid, which in appearance and composition 
 is very similar to the natural petroleum. Petroleum 
 has also been produced by the distillation of shales, and 
 there are man}' upholders of the claim that the forma- 
 tion of petroleum is due to the naturtd distillation liy 
 internal heat of the shales and hydrocarbons found in 
 the earth's crust. Its origin is one of the unsolved 
 problems. 
 
 The various theories advanced by men of science to 
 account for the formation may be in most cases nar- 
 rowed down to two, each of which has found numerous 
 supi^orters. These are — tirst, its physical origin by 
 the distillation of organic matter in the sedimentary 
 strata, either animal or vegetable; second, its chem- 
 ical origin from inorganic matter or direct production 
 by the decomposition of carbides through the action of 
 steam deeply buried below all sedimentaiy strata. 
 
 In all of the known tields of the world the occurrence 
 of petroleum is limited to comparatively small areas. 
 The area of the same strata in which the petroleum is 
 not found invariably covers a vastly greater tirea than 
 the portions that are productive. This is the case also 
 in some instances where the structural conditions may 
 favor its accumulation, and the surrounding slates and 
 shales are similar. When productive rocks can be 
 traced to their outcrop there is invariably no trace of 
 petroleum or asphaltum to be found in them. The 
 wells drilled outside of these favored localities usually 
 find no trace of petroleum or natural gas, although 
 numerous .sands may have been pierced which are pro- 
 ductive elsewhere and are sufficiently open and porous 
 to be receptacles. 
 
 Vlieiii iviil and2>JiljKical propcrfieH. — Petroleum, in both 
 its liquid and solid forms, is largely made up of carbon 
 and hydrogen. It ranges from 77'' Baume, or O.07BH 
 specific gravity, in the case of the lightest naphtha, con- 
 densed naturally from natural gas, up to between 1.1 
 and 1.3 in its more dense and .solid form, such as 
 natural asphalt, which usually contains from 50 to 80 
 per cent of carbon, to 10 per cent of hydrocarbon. 
 
754 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 and 8 to 10 per cent of sulphur. These solid forurs are 
 widel_v distributed, vary oTeatly in composition, and 
 are usually associated, in varying proportions, with 
 more or less silica and carbonate of lime. 
 
 Geiieral striictiiral vondifionfi iiiji iiniri id/ ucciirri'iict'. — 
 There is avast difference in the character of petroleum 
 produced in the United iStates and in foreign countries, 
 and a great variety in the character of the strata which 
 contains it. The infiltration of the petroleimi into dif- 
 ferent sands and limestones has had much to do with 
 imparting to it the varied phj-sical and chemical prop- 
 erties. However, the structural conditions of these 
 sti'ata and the position tliey must occupy in order to 
 bring about a concentration of the petroleum are 
 similar in all of the productive fields. Its occur- 
 rence in small quantities in strata where the condi- 
 tions necessary- for concentration are wanting has in 
 many instances been the cause of financial loss and 
 disappointment. 
 
 Geological occurrenee of petroleum iitid nntiwnl (jiis 
 in the United States. — The intimate association of the 
 liquid and gaseous hydrocarl)ons has made it difficult 
 to separate them when one or the other is discussed. 
 The great deposits of petroleum in the Appalachian 
 field are in a series of sand rocks reaching up from 
 the Lower Devonian to the Upper Barren measures or 
 Monongahela formation, less than lOo feet above the 
 Pittsburg coal, and embraces not less than 50 distinct 
 horizons. The greater portion of the production, how- 
 ever, comes from the Catskill division. Upper Devo- 
 nian, which group is petroleum l)eariiig from northern 
 Pennsylvania, near the northern portion of Venango 
 county, southwest to the Little Kanawha river in \\'est 
 Virginia. In '\\^arren, IMcKcan, and Elk counties. Pa., 
 productive sands are found lielow this group and are 
 largely productive. They extend into south central 
 New York and belong to the ]\Iiddle Devonian foi'tna- 
 tion. The overlying Berea and the Pocono or Big 
 Injun and Lower Carljoniferous sands are above the 
 Catskill group in the geological scale, and are largely 
 productive in West Virginia, southeastern Ohio, and to 
 some extent in eastern Kentuck}'. The highest series 
 of productive strata in the region east of the Mississippi 
 river are composed of the sands of the uppt'rand lower 
 coal series, which are productive in southwestern Penn- 
 sylvania, West Virginia, and southeastei'n Ohio. Tiie 
 sandstone series of the Appalachian di\'ision, in 1!»()'2, 
 produced 36 per cent of the total production. 
 
 Over 85 per cent of the petroleum produced in the 
 United States from the beginning of production up to 
 the close of 190i also came from the sandstone strata of 
 the Appalachian field. Here there are 40 distinct hori- 
 zons in 3, .300 feet of measures, and the individual bods of 
 sandstone vary from 'i to VlO feet in thickness and differ 
 ip texture from an open light coloi'ed sand with layers 
 of pebbles, Avhicli is xci-y prolitic, to sand of a close and 
 hard texture, wliich it is necessary to torpedo in order 
 
 to secure production. The highest productive sand of 
 any practical value in the geological scale is the Mahon- 
 ing, or Dunkard, sand of Pennsylvania or the first Cow 
 Run sand of Ohio; the lowest is the Kane sand in Elk 
 and McKean counties, Pa., and the sands of western 
 New York. The Venango county sands are made up of 
 a series of from four to six distinct ))eds, separated by 
 strata of slate and shale. These sands generally contain 
 layers or beds of white pebbles, often capped bj- a hard 
 siliceous portion and separated 1)}' beds of shale and 
 slate ranging in color fi'om black to red. In Venango 
 county the series has an average thickness of 300 feet 
 from top to bottom, increasing to 430 feet at McDonald, 
 in Allegheny county, Pa., and in portions of West Vir- 
 ginia. There is a general thinning out of this group 
 toward the west and it thickens toward the east. The}' 
 are genei'ally known as the white-sand group. 
 
 ]Most of the sands below, and including the Speechley 
 and Bradford sands, are darker in color and finer in tex- 
 ture than those above and are known as the dark-sand 
 group. All of them consist of distinct layers, invariably 
 capped by strata of dark slate or shale, which vary in 
 thickness and allow the layers of sand to approach much 
 nearer to each other in some localities than in others. 
 
 The source of the peti'oleum in the Lima-Indiana 
 field is the Trenton limestone, which has ]>roduced very 
 largely since first disco\'ered in this field in'lS85. From 
 its first discovery to th(> clos{> of I'.lOii, tiiis formation 
 has produced it pei' cent of the total output of the United 
 States. It is pi-oductivc oidy in the region which eni- 
 bi'aces northeastei-n Ohio and c(>ntral Indiana, known 
 as the Lima-Indiana field. This limestone, which is 
 usually over 500 feet in thickness, has a series of por- 
 ous streaks embedded in the regular strata, and these 
 streaks differ in comjiosition from the great mass, being 
 a dolomite which has re])hu'ed the carbonate of lime 
 with crystals that are smaller than the carbonate crystal, 
 and which do not, therefore, till up the oi'iginal space 
 in the process of replacement. This changed and (_)pen 
 conditions of the strata which inxariably contain the 
 peti'oleum (often associated with large deposits of salt 
 water) are found at intervals of from iJo to 3i!5 feet in 
 extreme cases from the uppei' surface (.)f the limestone. 
 
 The Trenton limestone is a remarkably regular and 
 clearly defined deposit. The change from the Utica 
 black slate, which cajjs it, to the rock is distinct and 
 easily recognized by the driller. 
 
 The horizon in which petroleum is found in Kansas 
 and Indian Territoi'v corresponds to that of the salt 
 sand group in West Virginia, located in the lower por- 
 tion of the Pottsville grou]i. resting on the Mississip- 
 pian limestone, which is in a general way equivalent to 
 the sul)carboniferous limestone of southwestern Penn- 
 sylvania and West Virginia. All the remaining pro- 
 duction west of th(> Mississijjpi river is set'ui'ed from 
 strata that arc nuich more recent, reaching from the 
 Permian to the Quaternary. These newer productive 
 
PETROLEUM. 
 
 755 
 
 measures consist of much thicker strata — a thickness of 
 15, (too feet is recorded in localities — and are made up 
 of tiie recent sedimentary deposits. The several pools 
 west of the Mississippi river produced .37.61 per cent 
 of the output in 1902. 
 
 Clint'dt'ter and eo)iipo.sitii>ii of jydi'iilcuiii produc( d in 
 tfu- United Stidiv. — The Mississippi river separates the 
 petroleum fields of the ITnited States into two j^-reat 
 divisions. The fields east of this line, to an almost 
 universal extent, have developed petroleum with a 
 parafBn base, while the helds to the west have, with a 
 few exceptions, produced petroleum with an asphalt 
 base. Crude petroleum with a paraffin base is gener- 
 ally nuich lio-htor and is nuu'h more valual)le, owing- to 
 the greater quantity and superior quality of the naph- 
 thas and illuminating- and lubricating- derivatives it 
 _yields,as well as the paraffin, which is secured from the 
 heavier distillates after the lighter products have been 
 extracted. 
 
 On the other hand, petroleums with an asphalt base, 
 in most cases, yield onlj^ a comparatively insignificant 
 (juantity of naphtha and a much smaller proportion of 
 illuminating- and lubricating products, which are of in- 
 ferior quality, while the remaining distillates are prin- 
 cipally valuable for fuel and as asphalts. The asphalt 
 petroleums are also usually nuich heavier and are more 
 difficult to transport by means of pipe lines, so gener- 
 ally applied in the fields producing paraffin petroleum. 
 
 These conditions restrict the market for asphalt 
 petroleum, so that in general it is consumed as fuel oil, 
 as distillates for eni-iching manufactured gas, and as 
 asphalt. There are several exceptions to this generali- 
 zation, however, as petroleum, in comiiaratively small 
 amounts, is found in portions of Kansas, Texas, Indian 
 Territory-, Colorado, and (Jalifornia that yields refined 
 products little inferior to the best grades of paraffin oil. 
 
 The products obtained by the refining of the Appala- 
 chian petroleum, and of oils from the other fields, are 
 given l.)elow, in percentages, in a series of statements 
 representing general results. There are marked ditier- 
 ences in the composition of crude petroleum and in 
 methods of refining. These methods are often varied, 
 to a certain extent, to meet the demands of the market. 
 
 The following statement gives the general average 
 products secured from the combined petroleum output 
 of the Appalachian and the Lima-Indiana fields, which 
 in iyo2 represented 62.38 per cent of the total output 
 of the United States: 
 
 Average products from. Hie petroleum produced in tlie Appiditchiua and 
 Lima-Iadiuiia fields: 190S. 
 
 Total 
 
 Naphthas 
 
 Illuminating oils 
 
 Lubricants and heavy "ils 
 
 Residuum (paraffin 3.-12 per cent) 
 
 Loss from uncondensed light produrts and water 
 
 13.9 
 
 58.7 
 8.2 
 
 12.8 
 6.4 
 
 The following statement for the Appalachian field 
 gives the average production obtained from tlie crude 
 petroleum produced in western Pennsylvania, West 
 Virginia, and southeastern Ohio: 
 
 Arrroije prudiuix Jnmi petrnlriim prodiiced in the AppaVichuin field: 
 
 T(.lal - - 
 
 Xaphl has 
 
 Illuminating oils 
 
 Lubricants and hea\'y uilw 
 
 Residuum (paraffin 3.10 per eeiitj 
 
 Lo.ss from uncondensed light products jind avh 
 
 20.1 
 
 fil.4 
 
 7.1 
 
 G.3 
 
 .0.1 
 
 For many years only a comparatively small yjropor- 
 tion of the petroleum produced from the Trenton lime- 
 stone, in the Lima-Indiana field, was refined. This was 
 owing to the presence of a large amount of sulphureted 
 hydrogen, which seemed to be thoroughh' combined 
 with the carbon and hydrocarbon which constitute the 
 main elements of petroleum. By double refining the 
 petroleum. howe\'er. and the oxidation (if the sulphur — 
 the l)lack oxide of coppi.-r being used — the refiner has 
 succeeded in producing an article which can scarcely be 
 distinguished from the ))roducts of Penn.sylvania crude 
 petroleum, although the p(M-centage of refined products 
 secured is smaller. 
 
 The following is a fair a\erage result of the distilla- 
 tion of crude petroleum from the Lima-Indiana field, 
 which is located in (Jhio near its northwestern extrem- 
 ity, reaching (jver into Indiana, thr average specific 
 gravity- beiiif;- 38.5- Baiime: 
 
 Areriirje prodiicix firom pelroleiiiii produced 
 
 1U02. 
 
 the Lima-Indiana field: 
 
 PRODUCT. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Total 
 
 
 100. 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 9 
 
 niuminating oils 
 
 ■IS. 8 
 
 Metal and heavy oils 
 
 17.2 
 
 
 
 
 There are some refined samples which contain a small 
 fraction of a per cent of sulphur, which does not in any 
 way manifest itself in the process of combustion, Avhile 
 in others all but the faintest trace of sulphur must be 
 removed. The original crude oil from the Lima- 
 Indiana fields contains nearly <.i.56 per cent of sulphur. 
 The amount of sulphur found in the Pennsylvania petro- 
 leum varies from 0.025 to ().(i()2 per cent. Nearly all 
 of the sulphur in the Lima-Indiana petroleum goes over 
 when distilled, being found in Itoth the light and heavv 
 distillate, and it is necessary to oxidize the sulphur in 
 order to remove it. 
 
 The gravity of naphtha varies from 'MY- to 60'^ Baume, 
 the lighter portions lieing too unstable for an accurate 
 .statement owing to their tendency to change from a 
 liquid to a gaseous condition upon a slight rise in the 
 
756 
 
 MINKS AND QUAKRIES. 
 
 temperature or a fall in the barometer. The gravities 
 of retined oil distillates range from 50- to -ii ' Baumc; 
 that of residuum from 25^ to 15''. There is usually 
 left in the l)ottom of the still, after the li(iuid is drawn 
 off, from 1 to 1.5 per cent of the original charge. This 
 reuiains in the form of a compact cellular solid, known 
 as ''coke," which is almost pure carl ton, and which is 
 usually disposed of to parties who manufacture carlion 
 pencils for electric arc lights. During the process of 
 distillation the proportion of these products is varied, 
 to meet the demand of the market, by prolonging or 
 shortening the intervals of cutting ofl' from one variety 
 and beginning on the other. The lighter products are 
 alwaj'S the first to condense, then come those with an 
 average density, and the heaviest last. 
 
 The quality of a portion of the petroleum produced 
 in Kansas and Indian Territory in many respects re- 
 sembles Pennsylvania petroleum, although the gravity is 
 lower. Separated l)y intervals of dry or undeveloped 
 territory, there are a number of productive pools, which 
 jdeld petroleum of a gravity varying from 36- to ^8- 
 Baume, although there is a considerable portion as heav^' 
 as 18^ to 20-". Nearly the entire production of the 
 lighter grades is sold to the refineries at Neodesha, 
 where an excellent water-white illuminating petroleum 
 is manufactured. 
 
 Ill these fields the lighter products amount to about 
 45 i^er cent of the total yield. A considerable portion 
 of the heavier products is marketed as a gas enricher 
 or as a fuel oil. The following may be taken as a fair 
 average of the products secured from the petroleum of 
 36'- Baume in the Kansas field: 
 
 Average produrls from jielrtilcnni produced in the Kanianjii'/il : 190l'. 
 
 
 PRODUCT. 
 
 PtTccnt. 
 
 Total ■ 
 
 
 
 Naphthas , 
 
 18.0 
 30 
 
 Illuminating oils 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The crude petroleum founfl in the Florence field, 
 Colo., is of good quality, and comes principalh- from 
 the Florence pool. This pool pi'oduces a petroleum of 
 31'-' Baume, and contains about 10 per' cent naphtha and 
 gasoline, 36 per cent illuminating oil, and 51 per cent 
 residuum and loss. 
 
 During 1902 a remarkably pure jietroleiun, of 13'^ 
 Baume, was developed in a small pool, near Boulder, 
 30 miles north of Denver. This petroleum ga\-e the 
 following remarkable analvsis when refined: 
 
 AiiiiliixiK of /ji'liiileiiiii dere/ojieil near Jioiildi'i-, ('ohirodo: 1902. 
 
 Totill 
 
 Naphthas _ . . . 
 
 Illuminating^ oils 
 
 signal oils 
 
 Lubricating ami c^'lindLT nils 
 Loss in reliiiing 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 17.0 
 41.0 
 
 7.S 
 32.0 
 
 2,5 
 
 There are two or more dift'erent varieties of crude 
 petroleum found in Texiis. A comparativelj' small 
 quantity produced in the Corsicana district is a superior 
 oil, as the following analysis will show: 
 
 . I iiidi/xis (>/' jielrolciiiii jrroduced in Ihe ( 'orxironu ( IV.r. ) dislrict: 1002. 
 
 Tolal 
 
 Naphthas 
 
 Kerosene (illuminating proflnct iiriucipally 
 Lubricating oils and residuum 
 
 100.0 
 
 10.8 
 64.5 
 34.7 
 
 Its specific gravity is 0.82, equal to -lO"^ Baume. In 
 the year 1902 about 96 per cent of the Texas production 
 was an inferior grade of petroleum, containing 1.1 to 
 1.8 per cent of sulphur, and having a specific gravity 
 of nearly 0.92, equal to 2l'- Baume. This is satisfac- 
 tory as a fuel product, and a very large part of it is 
 consumed as such. A comparatively small yield of the 
 lighter products is secured in refining. According to 
 Prof. ('. A. Maliery, at from 145- to 200- only 4 per 
 cent passed over as naphtha at 46- Baumi^, or 0.7954 
 .specific gravity: and at from 2()0 to 250- onlv 11 per 
 cent pa.ssed over at 35- Baume. equal to 0.84S1 specific 
 gravity. This latter distillate represents the illuminat- 
 ing product, which is much heavier than that usually 
 secured in other parts of the United States, where it 
 ranges usually from 0.,'SOO to 0.815 in specific gravitv. 
 
 Dr. Broverton Redwood, of London, England, records 
 the following results in a test of a sample of illuminating 
 petroleum refined at Port Arthur, Tex., burned in a 
 lamp with a Ilinks dui)lex burner; and from these 
 results he formed the opinion that the oil repi'esented bv 
 the sample would be found, in practical use, a thor- 
 oughly satisfactory illumiiuiting agent: 
 
 Specific gravity at 60- F., 0.823. 
 
 Flash point (Abel test). 83- F. 
 
 Color, jtrime w bite, 2.t!. 
 
 Odor, good merchantable. 
 
 Sulphur, 0.1 per cent. 
 
 Illuminating power, initial. 2fi. 
 
 Illuminating power, after thret^ hours. 24.8. 
 
PETROLEUM. 
 
 757 
 
 Illuminating power, after six hours, 24.7. 
 
 Illuminating- power, average for six hours, 25.2. 
 
 Diminution in illuminating power during six iiours, 
 5 per cent. 
 
 Consumption of oil per hour, 1,193 grains. 
 
 Consumption of oil per eandle hour, 17.1- grains. 
 
 The composition of Pennsylvania, Lima (Ohio), lieau- 
 mont (Tex.), California, and Russian cnulc' petroleum 
 is as follows: 
 
 Componiiioii iif .liiici-inni niiil liaxsiini rrmli iiiinilciuii. 
 
 ELEMENTS. 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Oxygen and nitrogen . 
 
 Lossin treatment with 
 
 excess of H^S04 
 
 Penn- 
 sylva- 
 nia (t). 
 
 86.10 
 13.90 
 0.06 
 
 Ohio 
 
 (Lima) 
 (2)- 
 
 Beau- I Beau- 
 mont 1 mont 
 (31. I (-1). 
 
 Califor- 
 nia {^). 
 
 85. 00 
 13.80 
 0.60 
 
 84.60 
 10.90 
 1.63 
 2.87 
 
 S.'). 03 
 
 12. 30 
 
 1.7.=) 
 
 86. 93 
 11.82 
 
 Calilor 
 
 nia(ii). 
 
 84.00 
 12. 70 
 0.40 
 2. 90 
 
 liUSsilL 
 
 I7|. 
 
 sci. (;o 
 
 12. 3U 
 
 .■Vnalvses bv: (1) Englcr; (2) Maberv; (3) Dentim; (1) Rirhar.lsim and Wal- 
 lace; (5) Peckham; (fi) Salathe; (7) Redwood. 
 
 In some analyses the sulphur in the Beaumont petro- 
 leum is placed as high as 2 per cent. For the most 
 part, however, it is not combined chemically, Init is 
 merely dissolved, and can, therefore, be more easily 
 separated than that found in the Lima-Indiaiui petro- 
 leum. 
 
 Wj'oming produced comparatively an insignihciuit 
 Cjuantity of a very high-grade lu))ricating petroleum, 
 which is partially distilled and filtered under pressure 
 before it is put upon the market. 
 
 There are a number of grades of crude petroleum 
 produced in California, ranging from natural naphtha, 
 with a specific gravity of 66"^ Baume, to heavy black 
 tar, with a gravity as low as 11'- Baume. 
 
 About 80 per cent is made up of the very hetivv petro- 
 leum which finds a market principally as fuel. The por- 
 tion that is refined does not produce such light products 
 as the eastern oils; they are all heavier, as they have a 
 larger proportion of carbon to that of hydrogen in their 
 composition. Largely for the same reason, they do not 
 have the same illuminating effect when burned in the 
 ordinary lamp. To make them acceptable as illuminat- 
 ing oils they are often mixed with the eastern products. 
 
 The following analyses are of a number of varieties 
 of petroleum produced in southern California, as de- 
 termined by Prof. F. Salathe, Ph. D.: 
 
 Anali/nlx of jieiro/eniii produced in soullieni Califoriiiii: 190'2. 
 
 Degrees 
 Baum<5. 
 
 Sespc 25. 20 
 
 Torry Canyon 27. 00 
 
 Adams Canyon 24.00 
 
 Los Angeles i 14.20 
 
 Ulunii- 
 Naphtha.i nating 
 
 7.30 
 
 9.20 
 
 5.20 
 
 Trace. 
 
 19. ,50 
 
 21. .50 
 
 24. CO 
 
 6.00 
 
 Gas dis- 
 tillate. 
 
 25. 00 
 
 26. 00 
 17.30 
 17. .50 
 
 'ing ms- Asphalt 
 
 35. SO 
 30. 30 
 46. 00 
 51,50 
 
 12.40 
 13.00 
 7.00 
 25.00 
 
 Near Coalinga, in Fresno county, a petroleum is 
 found in considerable quantity that is much lighter 
 thiin the output of other parts of the state, its gravity 
 i-anging from 85' to SO'-' Baume. Its composition is as 
 follows: 
 
 Aiialijuls of petroleum produced in Fremio Coienlij, (Ul,ifmiii<i : lUUJ. 
 
 PRODUCT. Per cent. 
 
 Tolal 100 to 100 
 
 Nar.hthu ' lU to 20 
 
 Kerosene 47 to 48 
 
 Heavy (iicl nil 13 to 10 
 
 Benzine, tar, and loss 22 to 22 
 
 The general increase in the i>roduction of the inferior 
 grades of petroleum duriTig the last three years, and 
 the slight decrease in the production of the higher 
 grades, are among the notable features in the general 
 course of development. The very recent and large 
 production in Texas, Louisiana, and California is one 
 of the important facts in the growth of this industry, 
 and indicates that in the future the refiner will be 
 called upon to suppl}^ standtird goods from inferior 
 stock. 
 
 Thi' calorip'c value of j>etr(ilci(iii . — The calorific or 
 heat producing pi'operties of i)etroleuni are measured 
 by the pounds of water that a given weight will evap- 
 oi'ate at a temperature of 212 ' F. when there is no heat 
 lost. It has also ))een determined that the heating- 
 energy necessarj' to evaporate 1 pound of water at 
 212- F. would raise the temperature of OtiO pounds of 
 water 1- F. The unit used is the heat necessary to 
 raise the temperature of 1 pound of pure water 1- F. 
 at or near 31M''-- F., which is known as the British ther- 
 mal unit, generally expressed as " B. T. C" The 
 French thermal unit, the "calorie," is that quantity of 
 heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram 
 (2.20H3 pounds) of water 1 - C. The • ' B. T. U. ." there- 
 fore, is equal to 0.252 calorie. The "■ pound calorie'" is 
 sometimes used by English engineers; it is the quantity 
 of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 p;.>uiid 
 of pure water 1 ' C. ; 1 pound calorie equals nine-fifths 
 "B. T. U.," or 0.1536 calorie. 
 
 It is remarkable that petroleums of difi'erent specific 
 gravity and chemical composition, and coming from 
 widely separated localities and countries, have calorific 
 values so nearly e(|ual, as indictited by the number of 
 pounds of water theoretically and actually evaporated 
 per pound of petr<.)leum consumed. In gi\ing the test 
 of boilers, under the head of actual pounds of water 
 evaporated at and above 212- F. , they are often credited 
 with the results of special tests made when the boilers 
 and the surrounding appliances were in perfect con- 
 dition; therefore, in practice, the results will in many 
 cases l)e lower than the figur(\s (pi(.)ted. 
 
758 
 
 MINE8 AND QUARRIES. 
 
 The specilic o-ravity. British and French calorific 
 equivalents, and the actual and theoretical number of 
 pounds of water evaporated from and at 212" F. per 
 poiuid of petroleum consumed are shown in the follow- 
 ing tal)ular statement: 
 
 Compiiratire caloi'ijir ruhu: nf fue! jirlro/eirui fririit ihe principnl fielrlx 
 of 11k: Viiilnl SUit,'S iiiuI froiii Rii^^sia. 
 
 1 Specific British 
 
 gravity r>egri-es ther- [French 
 
 (per Baiime. mal [calorie 
 
 cent J. ' unit 
 
 Pennsylvania, crnde 0.8291 J0']9,S00 
 
 Pennsylvania. crude, heavv. 0. ss6o 2S 2U,73ii 
 
 Ohio, Lima '. . ll. .S3s3 37 19, 9iin 
 
 Texas, Beaumont 0.9210 22 19,J.sO 
 
 Texas, Sour Lake 0.9333 20 1n.9.i0 
 
 Louisiana, Jennings 0.9090 24 19,420 
 
 California, Bakersrield 0. 9.=.,S9 Hi 19,000 
 
 Russia, Baku 0. 880-5 29 , 20, hbO 
 
 Actual 
 pounds 
 
 of 
 water 
 evap- 
 orated 
 
 at 
 212° P. 
 in boil- 
 ers. 
 
 Theo- 
 retical 
 pouuils 
 
 of 
 "Water 
 evap- 
 orated 
 
 at 
 212° F. 
 
 11,000 
 
 14.85 
 
 1 1 , r-,2(] 
 
 10.00 
 
 1 1 , 0.5.1 
 
 15. 15 
 
 10,810 
 
 11.80 
 
 10, 53.5 
 
 14.40 
 
 10,676 
 
 14.60 
 
 10. .5.55 
 
 14.20 
 
 11,420 
 
 15. 20 
 
 19.75 
 21.40 
 211.00 
 20.16 
 
 19. 62 
 
 20. 01 
 19. 67 
 21.28 
 
 There is a wider variation in the fuel value of the 
 various kinds of liituininous coal than there is in the 
 different grades of fuel petroleuiu. The following 
 tabular .statement gives the water evaporaterl per pound 
 of the diflerent varieties of liitnminous coal and the 
 number of barrels of petroleum that will do the same 
 work under boilers having modern arrangements for 
 efficiency: 
 
 Tlie ('oiiipnrativi' fmJ rolin' 'if petroleinii mnl hiltniiiiKiva r<,nl. 
 
 Pounds of 
 
 \vatcr 
 evaporated 
 at 212° F. 
 
 Comj'arative cost of 
 
 ■oal per ton on basis of 
 
 petroleum at SI per 
 
 Barrels of 
 petroleum 
 to equal 1 
 
 KSbu^it^-^-: 
 
 Less 10 per 
 cent, owing 
 to economy 
 in handling 
 petroleum. 
 
 Petroleum, 16° to 40° av 
 
 Pittsburg, Pa., lump 
 
 Pittsburg, Pa. , slack 
 
 Pocahontas, W. Va., lump. ... 
 
 Cumberland, Md., lump 
 
 Ohio Hocking Valley, lump... 
 
 Indiana, block, lump 
 
 Indiana, ordinary, run of mine. 
 Kansas, average, run of mine.. 
 
 Indian Territory, average 
 
 British Columbia, Nanaimo 
 
 Wa.shington, Carbon Hill 
 
 15. 3 
 10.0 
 
 7.5 
 10.5 
 10.0 
 
 8.0 
 
 9.5 1 
 
 7,8 ! 
 
 7.3 ; 
 
 7.5 : 
 
 7.3 ' 
 
 6.2 
 
 4.1 
 3.1 
 4.3 
 4.1 
 3.3 
 3.9 
 3.2 
 
 3.0 : 
 3.1 
 3.0 : 
 2.5 
 
 S4. 10 
 3.10 
 
 4.30 
 4.10 
 3.30 
 3.90 
 3.20 
 3.00 
 3.10 
 3.00 
 2.50 
 
 S3. 69 
 2. 79 
 3.87 
 3.09 
 2.97 
 3.51 
 2.88 
 2.70 
 
 2.70 
 
 The final cohuun gives the price per ton of cotd that 
 would be paid to equtil petroleum at SI per liiirrcl. The 
 poorer the (jualitv of the coal the fewer the liarn.ds of 
 petroleum required to e(|ual the heating eft'ect. 
 
 Lupiijl fu(fl foi' iiiiiriiir 2)iirji(i.s, .s. — The development 
 in the last two years in Texas, [.louisiana, and Ciilifornia 
 of large fields of petroleum specially adapted for fuel, 
 with the profiabilities of increased production in these 
 localities in the near future, has added to the interest 
 felt in the practical solution of the fuel prol)lem. The 
 possibility of the successful and economical use of liquid 
 petr(.)leurn in the Soutliwest ;ind West has bc'en fully 
 
 demonstrated in its application to locomotives and 
 stationary engine.s, as well as to a vast number of 
 manufactories that require a large supply of fuel. 
 
 In eastern Europe and southern Asia, along the path 
 of the great ocean commerce and on the waters of the 
 Black and Caspian seas, its use is increasing. 
 
 Russia and Borneo, and, to a less extent, Sumatra 
 and Java, furnish the liquid fuel in these far-otf 
 countries. At Singapore a central supply depot of 
 considerable magnitude has l)een established within the 
 last few years. There are smaller supplies stored at 
 Suez, Bombaj', Calcutta, Hongkong, and Yokohama. 
 There are a number of large steamers employed on the 
 Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific coast, some of which 
 have used liquid fuel for a luimber of years and have 
 fully demonstrated its superiority. The numVier of 
 petroleum liurning steamers is rapidlv increasing. 
 
 The utilization of the entire energy in petroleum will 
 be accomplished only when it is mixed with the atmos- 
 phere under high pressure and exploded in the cylinder 
 direct, in which case the costly, troublesome, and waste- 
 ful boiler will no longer be necessary. 
 
 During the year 19(>2 the U. S. Navy made some very 
 interesting experiments with petroleum as a fuel, which 
 were conducted by a special division of the Bureau of 
 Steam Engineering known as the Liquid Fuel board, 
 under the direction of Rear-Admiral George W. ]Mel- 
 ville, Chief Engineer V . S. Navy. 
 
 C'haraetrr of 1 nliricattny -pidn ileum in tin- United 
 States. — Natural lubricating petr()leum of the finest 
 grade is often found in the higher strata of the pro- 
 ductive series at shallow depths lielow thc> earth's sur- 
 face. It is usually tissocitited with more or less salt 
 water, usuully ranges from >)2 - to ?A' Baume, is not 
 ati'ected. so far as fluidity is concerned, by a temperature 
 of zero or below, tmd commands a higher price than 
 any other variety of natural petroleum. 
 
 The petroleum lubricants ditt'er according to the crude 
 petroleum from \vhich they arc made. The chemical 
 composition of crude pt^trolenm from ditt'erent localities 
 is not the same, showing either that the materials used 
 in its prepartition in the earth \ary. or that bv filtra- 
 tion through difi'erent stratti ditt'erent coinliinations are 
 formed. The largest ])roduction of natural crude lu- 
 bricating petroleum is from the neighborhood of Frank- 
 lin, Pa., which has long been celebrated for the produc- 
 tion of the finest natural lul)ricating petroleum found 
 in the world. 
 
 There is also a lai'ge amount of luliricating oil man- 
 ufactured from Peimsyh'iiiiia crude petroleum, some of 
 wdiich is mixed with the natural product. No other 
 lubricitting petroleum is equal to that produced in the 
 Appttlitchian field. Its reputation is \vorld wide. Many 
 railroads and steamship lines use it e\clusi\'ely; the 
 railroads using it in the I'nitetl States operate iJT per 
 cent of the total mih>age. Nearly 2,()U(.),U0U barrels 
 were exported in liMl'J. 
 
PETROLEUM. 
 
 759 
 
 Early developinent of jydrolenm in the ZTntti'd StatcK. — 
 Years ao-o the process of distilling natural mineral h^-dro- 
 carbons was being perfected and vigorously pushed in 
 tlu' Eastern states, and cannel shale was iinport(>d from 
 England and distilled at retincrics near Boston and Port- 
 land. On the Allegheny river near Ereeport, Arm- 
 strong eouuty and Darlington, Heaver county. Pa.; in 
 Ohio, AA'est Virginia, western Kentucky, and elsewhei'e 
 in this country and in Europe, there were refineries or 
 distilling plants endeavoring to supply the demand for an 
 efficient and cheaper lighting oil. The high price, how- 
 ever, prevented its universal introduction. The tallow 
 candle was almost the universal source of artificial liglit 
 before the great natural deposits of petroleum were 
 known. 
 
 The earliest records of the travelers who first pene- 
 trated the wilderness of southwestern New York, north- 
 western Pennsylvania, southeastern Ohio, and south 
 central Kentucky mention the existence of petroleum 
 and natural gas; and the early explorers were guided 
 to these localities by the Indians, who regarded the 
 phenomena with religious superstition. On Oil creek, 
 Pa., there were a number of localities where globules of 
 petroleum and bubbles of natural gas constantly came 
 to the surface of the water. The remains of pits that 
 were cribbed in a crude manner were noted by the early 
 explorers in numerous localities, extending irom the 
 mouth of Oil creek to Titusville. 
 
 Erom 1^48 to 1856 Mr. Sanuiel M. Kier, of Tarentum, 
 Pa., bottled the petroleum oljfained from his salt w(dl 
 and sold it under the name of "Seneca oil," wliich 
 name it acquired from the Seneca Indians in New York 
 state, who were early acquainted with its medicinal 
 virtues. The partial refining of the petroleum found 
 in the salt-brine wells at Tarentum was accomplished by 
 ^Ir. Kier about the year 1857. Owing to the rude 
 method of refining and the poorly constructed lamps of 
 that da_y there were many bitter complaints of the odor 
 and smoke of the new illuminating oil when it was first 
 tried. 
 
 During the years 1853 to I860 there were four large 
 plants erected near Ereeport, Pii., on the Allegheny 
 river, near the mouth of the Kiskiminitas river, for 
 the distillation of a cannel slate, which in this locality 
 varies from 2^ to 7 feet in thickness and forms the 
 roof of the lower Ereeport coal strata. 
 
 In 1856. after many failures, a j^lant at Ereeport suc- 
 ceeded in producing an oil that burned with a bright 
 light and was free from odor and smoke. Its introduc- 
 tion was accompanied with difficulty, owing to the 
 dangerous and highly explosive " burning fluid " that 
 was at that time in use. At this period there were also 
 cannel coal distilling plants at Darlington, Beaver 
 county. Pa., Canfield, Mahoning county, Ohio, Cannel- 
 ton, W. Va. , and Cloverport and Maysville, Ky. In 
 Massachusetts parties who had formerly been eugaged 
 in the manufacture of whale oil conunencecl to manu- 
 
 facture a paraffin oil from cannel slate (called boghead 
 mineral) imported from Scotland. About this time 
 small quantifiers of petroleum were collected )iy Mr. J. 
 D. iVngier, on an island near the mouth of Pin(j creek 
 on Oil creek, Pa., al;)out 1^- miles below Titusville, from 
 pits ari'angcd one abo\'e the other, and by others who 
 used blankets and tcnqjorary dams. 
 
 On the 30th day of December, 1.S54, the Pennsylva- 
 nia Rock Oil Company was organized, based upon the 
 pur(diase of 105 acres at the junction of Oil and Pine 
 creeks, near Titusville. Pa., an<l the certificates of in- 
 corporation filetl at New Yoi'k city and Albany. In 
 April, ls55, the elaborate and favorable raiiovt of Prof. 
 B. Silliman, of Yale College, was made public, adding 
 largely to the prospective value of the original com- 
 pany. The eastern capitalists hesitated to subscribe for 
 the stock, as they were uncertain whether a company 
 under the laws of New York could hold land in fee in 
 Peunsyh'ania. To overcome this difficult}" a new com- 
 pany, which retained the original title, increasing the 
 capital stock to $300, OOo. was organized under the 
 laws of Connecticut, September 18, 1855. A deed was 
 executed to Ashel Pierpont and William A. Ives, of 
 New Ha\-en, who gave bond for the value of the prop- 
 erty and promptly leased it for ninety-nine years to the 
 new company. 
 
 On Decend)er 30, 1.S57. the property was leased to 
 Edwin E. Bodifch and Edwin L. Drake, at a royalty 
 of 5^- cents per gallon. This lease was superseded by 
 another to the same parties, fixing the roj-alty at 12 
 cents i)er gallon. Under the terms of this lease the 
 Seneca (_)il Company was formed, March 23. 1858, which 
 drilled the first well in search of petroleum or rock oil 
 in the underlying rocks, finding it in quantity in August, 
 1859, at a de])th of 69^ feet. The selection of this local- 
 ity was most fortunate, as nowhere else on Oil creek 
 was petroleum found in quantity at so shallow a depth. 
 
 In the 3"ear 1860 petroleum was found all along Oil 
 creek to its mouth; also at Henrys Bend. Tidioute, and 
 Eranklin on the Allegheny river, and at Smiths Eerry 
 on the Ohio river. 
 
 During the vear 1861 there was an immense amount 
 of prospecting done, wherever any signs of oil were 
 found, from central New York to Alabama, and from 
 the Manitoulin Islands, in northwestern Ontario, to 
 eastei'u Kentucky. In Europe, also, arrangements for 
 drilling wells were completed. In Russia, Roumania, 
 Clalicia. and India, where oil springs and shallow wells 
 or pits had produced petroleum in limited quantities 
 for many years pre\iously, the idea of drilling wells in 
 order to secure larger supplies from greater depths 
 seems only to have been entertained after the wonderful 
 results were accomplished on Oil creek. Pennsylvania. 
 
 The year 1861 was also remarkable for the large 
 flowing wells that were found; several are credited with 
 flowing from 2.000 to 2,500 barrels per day. This 
 caused a remarkable fall in the price, which was as low. 
 
Y60 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 in some oases, as 10 cents per barrel, _yet without pur- 
 chasers. The means of storage and transportation, 
 too, were utterly inadequate to handle such quantities. 
 There was some oil secured from old salt wells on the 
 Kanawha and Little Kanawha rivers during this year. 
 
 The retiners of cannel coal and cannel slate along the 
 Alleghen}' river, near Freeport, and elsewhere, soon 
 turned their attention to the refining of crude petro- 
 leum and abandoned the distillation of cannel slate. 
 This movement materially assisted in the distrihution 
 and consumption of the new illuminant. 
 
 The remarkable growth of the industry during these 
 early years is shown by a comparison of the yearly out- 
 puts, which are estimated as follows: 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 1868 2, OUIJ 
 
 1860 :^00, OUO 
 
 1861 2, 113, 689 
 
 1862 3, 056, 690 
 
 1863 - - 2, 611, 309 
 
 1864 - - 2, 116, 1119 
 
 The year 1864 showed somewhat of a decline, while 
 the facilities for transportation, as well as the demand 
 for the manufactured products, were steadily increas- 
 ing. The price advanced in June, 1SGJ-, to yii!.12 per 
 barrel and was fairh' well maintained throughout the 
 remaining portion of the year. 
 
 In the spring of 1865 there was a freshet which did 
 great damage to oil properties along Oil creek, in some 
 instances, in the more exposed locations, willing them 
 out of existence. The productive area was considerably 
 enlarged during the year, as oil was obtained in quantity 
 at Church Run, Pithole, Parkers Landing, and on Dun- 
 kard creek in Greene county, in southern Penn.syivania; 
 at White Oak and Burning Springs, in West Virginia, 
 and at Cow Kun and other localities in southeastern Ohio. 
 
 There were also numerous test wells located in east- 
 ern Kentucky and central Tennessee. The success of 
 the original investors incited others to thoi-oughly 
 canvass the countrj' wherever a spring cari'ied a trace 
 of petroleum, or where natural gas was found Ijulibling 
 in the water, and wherever an abandoned ,salt well, 
 which had given showings of petroleum, was located, 
 a well was projected. 
 
 The first well drilled for petroleum within the borders 
 of West Virginia was begun in 18.")H and finished in 
 May, 186<i, by the Rathlion Hrothei-s, of Parkei-sburg. 
 It was located near Burning S|)rings run; it was drilled 
 by a spring pole, to a depth of '^oy, feet, at which point 
 the Dunkard or Cow Run sand was penetrated and it 
 flowed 100 barrels per day. This Avidl anti tract were 
 sold to a company organized at Parkersburg and a 
 second well was di'illed l)efore the elose of 1800, which 
 at .300 feet flowed 30 to 4-0 barrels per hour. /Hie 
 opening of these two pi'omising wells was followed b\' 
 a great rush of pi'ospectors and a village was soon 
 erected. 
 
 At the height of tlie development in I8(i3 the Con- 
 federate cH\'alry foives raided flie i-cyion and set lire fo 
 
 about 300,000 barrels of petroleum that had been 
 stored in tanks, and completely frightened away the 
 capitalists who had invested in the field. The wells 
 were not reopened for several years, wdien they were 
 found to be unproductive. 
 
 Tr<t)i.y»)ftation. — In the early history of petroleum 
 production it became necessary to find some other 
 means of transporting the crude oil to the railroads 
 and the navigable streams than in barrels conveyed by 
 wagons. The measure adopted was the pipe line svs- 
 tem, the success of which gradually displaced, in a 
 great measure, tran.sportation by rail and boat, and 
 developed a new and a remarkably cheap and efficient 
 system of transportation for both the crude and refined 
 product. Pipe lines have proved indispensable to 
 the general industry of petroleum and natural gas. 
 The fact that the manufacture]- could su^^pl}^ at a rea- 
 sonable price wrought ii'on pipe in sizes up to eight 
 Inches in diameter which would stand 1,000 to 1,.500 
 pounds pressure to the square inch, and had almost perfect 
 joints, has aided greatly the economical collection and 
 distribution of petroleum in all the producing regions. 
 
 The first petroleum from Oil creek was shipped in 
 barrels made of oak staves banded with hoop iron. 
 The penetrating and .salient nature of crude petroleum 
 made it difficult to manufacture barrels that would 
 retain it, even after these barrels had been coated 
 inside with hot glue. The difficultv of returning the 
 barrels when empty, the uncertainty of their condition, 
 and the liability to loss by this method of transporta- 
 tion, made it very unsatisfactorv, and a source of 
 annoyance to shippers and transportation companies. 
 
 About the year 18(i5 railroads put wooden tanks or 
 tubs for carrying crude petroleum in each end of box 
 cars, a car thus e<[uipped holding from i!,000 to -4,000 
 gallons. While this improvement was being made b}' 
 the railroads, transi)ortation ])y the Allegheny river 
 was alst) greatly impro\'ed l)y the use of bidk oil boats. 
 These Itoats, each of wdiich held from l,.5oo to 2,000 
 liarrels, were made 130 feet long, 22 feet broad, fj-om 
 3^ to 4^ feet in depth and were divided into 8 water- 
 tight compartments. Tli(>se wei-e loaded at Oil City 
 and tl(jated down the river to the refineries at Freeport. 
 Pittsburg, Rochester, ]\Iingo, Wheeling, ^Marietta, and 
 Parkersburg. The latter points also received crude 
 petroleum transported in Inilk boats from Burning- 
 Springs on the Little Kanawha riAcr. AVhen there 
 was water enough in the Allegheny river these empty 
 bulk boats and fiats were towed upstream b.y steam 
 towboats; at times of low water they were towed up 
 by hors(\s. 
 
 Though these im])rovements in transportation, both 
 by rail and by Ijoat, i-emo\-ed a part of the difficulty, 
 there yet remained the obstacles that were experienced 
 in mo\ing the crude petroleum from the wells to the 
 railroad or i-iver. This was still done liy team, and the 
 roads were often almost impassable on account of the 
 
PETROLEUM. 
 
 761 
 
 depth of the mud; the method was at best expensive, 
 and accompanied by great hardship to man and beast. 
 It was chieii};' this condition which restricted the amount 
 of petroleum that could be put upon the market. 
 
 This condition of ati'airs suggested the tirst pipe line. 
 The first one that was a success was constructed bj' Mr. 
 Daniel Van Syckle, of Titusvillc. Pa., in the sununer of 
 1S65, extending from Pithole to the railroad at the Miller 
 farm, on Oil creek, a distance of 4 miles. In the fall 
 of the same year, Henry Harley constructed a pipe line 
 from Benninghofl' run to the Shaffer farm. The origi- 
 nal line built by Van Syckle was purchased ]jy the lirm 
 of Abbot & Harlej', who united the two under the 
 name of the Allegheny Transportation Compan3^ Both 
 of these lines were successful, much to the discomfiture 
 of the teamsters and roustabouts, who, in some in- 
 stances, interfered with the operation of the line bj^ 
 cutting or pulling it in two with their teams. A num- 
 ber of arrests followed, and from then on the pipe line 
 was an accomplished fact and an important factor in 
 the collection and deliyerj' of petroleum to points where 
 it could be loaded i n tank cars or bulk boats. The growth 
 of long pipe lines was gradual, and it was several years 
 before it was practically demonstrated that long lines 
 could be successful!}' operated. The improvement in 
 railway transportation by the introduction of the iron 
 tank car was a decided advance over the wooden tanks 
 set in box and flat cars, which for a time answered all 
 the requirements. 
 
 The tanks at the wells are connected by a system of 
 small lines or veins which feed the main lines or arter- 
 ies. These smaller lines usually are concentrated at 
 the lowest portions of the field drained at points known 
 as local pumping stations. A considerable proportion 
 of the oil finds its w'ay into the tanks at these stations 
 by gravitj' and is forced to the large receiving tanks at 
 the main station by pumps, which are often driven by 
 natural gas engines, or it flows by gravity through suc- 
 tion lines to pumps into pits and is then elevated to 
 receiving tanks. From the large receiving tanks the 
 jjetroleum is forced into the main lines at a pressure 
 often of between 600 and 900 pounds to the square inch. 
 
 These massive pumps generally represent the highest 
 known mechanical efliciency, having triple expansion 
 engines, Corliss valves, condensers, air pumps, and 
 cflicient boilers. They usually develop 300 to 400 
 horsepower and handle from 30,000 to 35,000 barrels in 
 twenty-four hours. The boilers are economical and 
 properly proportioned to this work, showing a duty of 
 16 pounds of water evaporated at and above 212- F. 
 per pound of crude petroleum consumed as fuel. One 
 pound of good coal will evai^orate 10 pounds of water, 
 and 1 pound of natural gas (equal to 20 cubic feet) 
 will evaporate 20 pounds of water under the same 
 conditions. 
 
 The main pumping plants are placed from 30 to .50 
 miles apart, according to the elevation of summits that 
 
 nuist be overcome; and by the addition of a parallel 
 line, or loop lines, for a portion of the way the distance 
 can be increased so as to reach localities convenient for 
 fuel or water without greater tax upon the pumps. 
 
 There are probably 4,600 miles of main trunk line, 
 from 4 to 8 inches in diameter, in the Appalachian and 
 the Lima-Indiana fields, reaching fi'om northern Ten- 
 nessee to Parkersburg, Cleveland, Buffalo, Franklin, 
 Olean, and to the seaport cities of New York, Philadel- 
 phia, and Baltimore. From the Lima-Indiana held the 
 main lines reach westward to Chicago, Montpelier, 
 Toledo, Lima, and eastward it connects with the Appa- 
 lachian system. 
 
 Kansas has an extensive system of main lines and 
 local lines, reaching in several directions from Neodesha. 
 In California a main line was recently completed, reach- 
 ing from Bakerstield to a refinery at Point Richmond, 
 near San Francisco, and having a branch line to Coa- 
 linga. The length of this main line is 278 miles, and it 
 is connected near its starting point with about 160 tanks 
 holding 35,000 barrels each. There are other smaller 
 lines in California, extending from Pico canyon to 
 Ventura and connecting Fullerton with Los Angeles. 
 
 Texas has in the last two j^ears greatlj^ increased its 
 mileage of main line. There are four lines from 22 to 
 30 miles in length, reaching from the original held near 
 Beaumont to tide water on the Gulf, and connecting it 
 with Port Arthur and Sabine Pass. Sour Lake and 
 Saratoga are also connected by pipe lines with Beau- 
 mont. The Corsicana field in the northeastern part of 
 the state is connected by pipe lines with the refinery 
 there. The length of the entire sj'stem of main lines 
 in use in the United States in 1902 was apjDroximately 
 7,S0() miles, a large portion of which is double and 
 triple lines, to which may be added 50,000 miles of 
 smaller lines connecting the 51,774 tanks of the pro- 
 ducing wells with the iron tanks of the receiving and 
 transporting companies. 
 
 As earlj^ as 1875 organizations were effected and 
 charters secured for the privilege of building pipe lines 
 to the seaboard. However, these chartered companies 
 at that time confined their operations to the oil regions, 
 where they built numerous lines, usually of a 2-inch 
 diameter, to the several railroads and their branches 
 and to the nearljy refineries. The competition among 
 these new pipe line companies for securing the produc- 
 tion of the fields began to be marked, especially in But- 
 ler county, Pa., and rates for delivery were cut to such 
 an extent that the lines were in several instances oper- 
 ated at a loss. The demand for a consolidation of these 
 competitive conqianies became more and more emphatic. 
 Under the title of the Fairview Pipe I^ine a company 
 was organized by Capt. J. J. Vandergrift and George 
 V. Foreman, under the laws of Pennsylvania, the act 
 bearing date of April, 1874. This company was after- 
 wards known as the United Pipe Line Association. 
 Into it was merged, from time to time, the other local 
 
762 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIP]S. 
 
 lines until it controlled almost the entire system. 
 Gradually the temporary and uncertain characteristics 
 of pipe line transportation disappeared, and more per- 
 manent structures were built. 
 
 The first trunk line, constructed in 1875, was 3i) miles 
 long and built of i-inch pipe, now removed. It started 
 at Carbon Center, .5 miles east of the town of Butler, 
 Butler county. Pa., and extended to Brilliant, a suburb 
 of Pittsburg. The trunk line to Cleveland, Ohio, was 
 completed in the summer of 1879. This was a 5-inch 
 line, beginning at Ililliard station, in the northern por- 
 tion of Butler county, 8 miles west of Bear Creek sta- 
 tion, and extending 103 miles to Cleveland, Ohio, where 
 it supplied the refineries that had formerly received 
 their crude petroleum by tank cars. There were relay 
 stations on this line at intervals of 25 to 30 miles. 
 
 During the same year other shorter lines were laid in 
 the Bradford lield, reaching the Erie Railroad at Car- 
 rollton and Olean on the north and the Pennsyh'ania 
 Railroad at Kane on the south. In the winter of 1879 
 and 1880 the first trunk tines to the seaboard were 
 begun. The one in Pennsylvania, which was built of 
 6-inch pipe, started at Colegrove, in ^NIcKean county, 
 and extended to Philadelphia, a distance of 235 miles; 
 a 5-inch branch line left the main line at Milhvay and 
 extended 66 miles to Baltimore, Md. The other sea- 
 board lines started at Olean, N. Y., and were laid 
 double; there were two 6-inch lines, running paralld 
 through the southern counties of New York to Saddle 
 River, N. .7., where thej' separated, one terminating at 
 the Bayonne refineries in New Jersey, the other passing 
 on, under the North and East rivers, to the refineries 
 located at Hunters Point, on Long Island. The distance 
 between the points named was about 313 miles; the 
 length of the pipe recjuired bj^ reason of loo})s. etc., 
 was 762 u:iles. Olean was shortly afterwards con- 
 nected In' pipe line with Beai' Creek station, on the 
 Allegheny river, near Parker. Pa., making a ccjntinu- 
 ous line to Baj-oime, N. J., a distance of 420 miles. 
 
 The southern trunk line, which begins at Morgantown, 
 W. Va., extends across nearly the whole length of the 
 state to Philadelphia, a distance of 271 miles; it was 
 completed in 1890. 
 
 The cheap and efticient method of transportation by 
 trunk pipe lines, permitting the crude and refined petro- 
 leum to be delivered at seaboard at a cost nuich less than 
 it was possible for it to be transported by rail or canal, 
 marked an important era in the histor}- of the petroleum 
 industrv. jVIany problems had to be soh^ed in the con- 
 struction of the first pipe line. The question of the 
 proper selection of pipes and the making of pipe joints 
 that would not leak under the great pressure; the manner 
 of carrying pipe lines across large streams and rivers 
 and overhigh, steep hills; the selection of proper locali- 
 ties for tanks and i)nmp stations; the selecti(jn of pumps; 
 the cleaning of tlic pi|)cs when foul; and tlie method of 
 equalizing distance betwctMi punij) stations, ]>v (he 
 
 doubling of a portion of the line, so as to equalize the 
 work on the pumps at each station, were all new condi- 
 tions and demanded the highest mechanical and engi- 
 neering skill in order to overcome them. These diffi- 
 culties were all surmounted in a comparatively short 
 time. 
 
 The transportation annually of 10,000,000 tons of 
 petroleum an average distance of 380 miles by pipe 
 lines, with only insignificant loss by leakage, evapora- 
 tion, or tire, represents a triumph of the highest engi- 
 neering and mechanical skill. The introduction of the 
 pipe line system brought about the removal of the re- 
 fining branch of the petroleum industrv to the centers 
 of manufacture in the lake and seaboard cities, where 
 at least 80 per cent of the crude product is now con- 
 verted into illuminating oils and other merchantable 
 commodities. Great numbers of the small refineries, 
 that were formerly scattered over western New York, 
 western Pennsylvania, AVest Virginia, and southeastern 
 Ohio, have disappeared, and the business of refining oil 
 has been transferred to the immense refining plants 
 near New York. Philadelphia, Baltimore, Cleveland, 
 Buffalo, and Whiting, Ind.: Port Arthur, Tex.; and 
 Point Richmonfl, Cal. From these great industrial cen- 
 ters the niaiuifactured ])etroleum finds its way to the 
 markets of the world by ocean tank steamers, or lij- 
 the bulk carriers of our inland lakes, or it is distrib- 
 uted by rail in tank cars to the consumers who can not 
 1)6 reached liy these more econoniical methods of trans- 
 portation. The important inland I'efineries remaining 
 are located at Olean, N. Y.; Titusville, Oil City, Frank- 
 lin. Warren, and Pittsburg, Pa.; Parkersburg, W. Va. ; 
 Lima, Ohio; Neodesha, Ivans.; Corsicana, Tex., and 
 Florence, Colorado. 
 
 The pipe line companies for many years have been 
 the purchasers of the crude petroleum in the older 
 fields. The pipe line company, upon application from 
 the producer, sends an agent, generally known as a 
 gauger, to measure and inspect the petroleum in his 
 tank and run it into its lines. The tanks throughout 
 the Held are carefully measured and numbered, and 
 when the oil is ai'Ct'pted and run into the taidvs of 
 the pipe line company a card is issued showing the 
 number of barrels to the credit of the producer. E\'ery 
 tank is carefully gauged and numbered and a table 
 prepared, which shows the number of barrels it con- 
 tains for e\'ery inch of licpiid from top to bottom. The 
 temperature of the crude petroleum is also recorded 
 and the contents of the tank examined for water. After 
 measuring the ]>etroleum the gauger gives the operator 
 what is known as a. "run ticket," keeping a copy for 
 himself. The i)ipe line company deducts the royalty 
 due the t)wner of the property according to the terms 
 of an agreemenl on file at the office, and the next day 
 the producer may secure the cash for his petroleum at 
 tlie market quotation for the day or hour of his sale at 
 the nearest home office of the companv- 
 
PETROLEUM. 
 
 763 
 
 If the producer wishes, he can secure a certificate when \ subject to a charge of one-twentieth of 1 per cent daily 
 
 his production in the tanks of tlie pipe line couipaiij' j thereafter until exchang-ed. To co\'er losses by fire or 
 
 amounts to l,iiO() barrels. These jiipe line certificates ' lightning, certificates are subject to an assessment pro 
 
 are made payal:)le to bearer and are therefore ti-ansfer- I rata on all oil in custody of the pipe line. Xono of 
 
 able. They are subject to transportation charge in the 
 district of i!o cents per l)arrel, and to a charge for 
 stoi-age at the rate of 25 cents per day per l,0i)O barrels 
 when the price is less than ^1; 30 cents when over $i 
 and under $1.50; and 40 cents for all ()v<'r $1.50 per 
 barrel. They are to lie returned for exchange to the 
 pipe line company within six months after issue, being 
 
 these charges are included in the prices as (juoted and 
 which arc the prices at or near the wells. T(^ these 
 pi'ices, when the oil is delivered to the refineries, 
 charges are added for storage and transportation. 
 
 It was upon these certificates that the speculative 
 business at the exchanges at New York, Bradford, 
 Titusville, Oil Citv, and Pittsburg was based. 
 
 Table iC— DETAILED SUMMARY: 11)02. 
 
 
 UniU'd ■ 
 States. 
 
 C'aliforiiia. 
 
 Colo- 
 rado. 
 
 Iinliana. 
 
 il. 139 
 
 2, 567 
 
 i:,.=i61 
 4 
 
 Kai 
 
 .as. 
 
 K 
 
 tu 
 
 •ky. 
 
 N 
 
 o^\ 
 
 York. 
 
 ohiij. 
 
 Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 Te 
 
 \-as. 
 
 West Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 Another 
 
 states 
 and ter- 
 
 ritt.>ries.i 
 
 
 lis, 071 
 
 ■29, 031 
 69 
 
 417 
 
 Li, 7.=.7 
 29U 
 
 68 
 
 31 
 
 190 
 
 1 
 
 Ill 
 
 ILl 
 9 
 
 
 470 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 
 392 
 39 
 
 1 
 
 sii 
 
 
 
 s, 143 
 2,123 
 
 2, 122 
 
 42,4.S3 
 10,002 
 
 10,001 
 
 40, 444 
 
 9, 80« 
 
 9,.S06 
 
 
 9.5.5 
 :ill 
 
 26 
 
 30 
 
 152 
 
 3 
 
 13,109 
 4,446 
 
 4,440 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Character of ownership: 
 Inriividual 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 tiieorporatea company 
 
 (.)ther furm _._ 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 Salarieil otileials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Tiital number 
 
 Tot:il salaries 
 
 General ortieers — 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Suvterintendents, mana- 
 gers, foremen, sur- 
 veyors, ete. — 
 
 Xnmber 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Clerks- 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 Aggregate average number. 
 
 Aggregate wages 
 
 Engineers, tirenien, and 
 other mechanics — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages" 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Average number of wage- 
 earners at specihed daily 
 rates of pay; 
 Engineers — 
 
 Less than SO. .50 
 
 J0..50 toSO.74 
 
 ».75 to S0.99 
 
 SI. 00 to SI. 24 
 
 SI. 25 to .$1.49 
 
 $1..5I1 lo.«1.74 
 
 51. 75 to SI. 99 
 
 $2.00toS2.24 
 
 $2.25 to S2. 49 
 
 S2.50to.S2.74 
 
 52.76 toS2.99 
 
 *3.00 to .S3. 24 
 
 S3.25toS3.49 
 
 S3..50 to 53.74 
 
 $3.75toS3.99 
 
 $4.00 to 84.24 
 
 S4.25 and over 
 
 Firemen — 
 
 SI. .50 to SI. 74 
 
 $2.00 to $2. 24 
 
 $2.50 to S2. 74 
 
 $2.75to.S2.99 
 
 $3.00 toS3.24 
 
 $3.25 to $3. 49 
 
 $3.75 to $3.99 
 
 $4.25 and over 
 
 Machinists, blacksmiths, 
 
 carpenters, and other 
 
 mechanics — 
 
 $1,011 toSI,24 
 
 $1.25 to «1, 49 
 
 SI. 50 to SI. 74 
 
 $1.75 to $1.99 
 
 $2.00 to $2.24 
 
 $2.25 to $2. 49 
 
 $2.50 to $2.74 
 
 $2.75 to $2.99 
 
 $3.00 to S3. 24 
 
 $3.26 to $3. 49 
 
 $3..50to.«3.74 
 
 $3.75 to $3. 99 
 
 $4.00 to $4.24 
 
 $4.25 and over 
 
 3,033 
 , 9S6, 768 
 
 439 
 
 J65I , 003 
 
 l,.sl4 
 09, 477 
 
 17 
 Sl:-1, 242 
 
 o.>2 
 SI'il 
 
 16, 773 
 6.54,696 
 
 51 
 
 63 
 
 404 
 
 601 
 
 9,872 
 
 1, .580 
 
 182 
 16 
 
 3S4 
 !, 320 
 
 117 
 ¥148.041 
 
 111! 
 
 103 
 
 S-sl,1.57 
 
 1,112 
 Sl,0.s7,.s39 
 
 834 
 S8.59, 102 
 
 
 .... 
 
 S43 
 
 -05.1 
 
 
 8 
 
 S24 
 
 63.5 
 
 147 
 
 5138,436 
 
 108 
 ., 536 
 
 SKI, 960 ■ $95, .560 
 
 33 
 S31,664 
 
 11 
 
 $9,715 
 
 $4,810 
 
 14 
 
 S16, 960 
 
 $33, 376 
 
 8 
 .$4,959 
 
 21 
 
 S6, 190 
 
 69 
 $92. 116 
 
 51 
 1,083 . 
 
 4.50 
 $629, 369 
 
 $39; 
 
 333 
 ,769 
 
 S109,' 
 
 40s 
 , 713 
 
 408 
 .,713 
 
 95 
 $99, 904 
 
 3, 968 
 
 S2, 881 , 687 
 
 5.50 
 .$686, 098 
 
 23 
 $109,082 
 
 339 
 
 $369,868 
 
 188 
 ,148 
 
 i, 594 
 
 !, 271 
 
 999 , 328 26 
 
 $444,129 $399,207 $25,898 
 
 228 
 $111,649 
 
 11 
 
 $61,007 
 
 545 234 
 
 $242,174 $2.53,245 
 
 226 83 
 
 $90,308 ; S84,955 
 
 3,800 
 
 1 
 $700 
 
 13 
 
 $7,511 
 
 49 
 
 , 100 
 
 241 
 S197,9.5.s 
 
 S55,138 
 
 17 
 3 
 34 
 
 LSI 
 1,161 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 289 
 
 24 
 
 15 
 26 
 29 
 169 
 158 
 3,237 
 
 116 
 142 
 
 .,209 
 
 30 
 14 
 
 14 
 23 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1,912 
 
 563 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 549 
 
 633 
 
 672 
 
 138 
 
 .502 
 
 147 
 
 .570 
 
 258 
 
 57 
 
 34 
 
 16 
 
 265 
 
 26 .. 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 114 
 
 3 
 
 20 
 
 IS 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 133 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 10 
 
 3 
 12 
 
 10 
 31 
 
 ISIl 
 133 
 
 3 
 
 io 
 
 92 
 8 
 41 
 10 
 
 237 : 
 
 265 
 
 209 
 
 22 I 
 175 
 
 70 
 132 
 
 99 
 
 3 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 S9, 560 
 
 11 
 
 $11, 360 
 
 9 
 
 $4,978 
 
 47 
 
 $699,209 82,773,312 ! S34,908 
 
 482 3, 713 3.5 
 
 $501,251 ; .$2,718,174 i S2S, 278 
 
 12 
 S6,630 
 
 ' " 
 
 
 
 1 _ _.. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ., 
 
 
 
 1 Includes operators and wells distributed as follows: Illinois, 1 (2 wells): Indian Territory. 2 113 wells): Louisiana. 2 |7 wells); Michigan, 1 |13 wells); Mis- 
 uri, 2 (10 wells): Oklahoma, 1 (3 wells): Tennessee, 1 "7 wells i; Wyoming, 2 n3 wells i. 
 
764 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table -±0.— DKTAILKD SUMMARY; 1902— ('..ntinued. 
 
 Average number of wage- 
 earners at specified daily 
 rates of pay — Continued. 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 $0.75 to $0 99 
 
 ?1.00to$1.24 
 
 $1.25 to $1.49 
 
 $1.50 to $1.74 
 
 $1.75 to $1.99 
 
 $2.00 to $2.24 
 
 $2.25 to $2. 49 
 
 $2.50 to $2. 74 
 
 $2.75 to $2.99.- 
 
 $3.00 to $3.24 
 
 $3.50 to $8.74 
 
 $3.75 to $3.99 
 
 $4.00 to 84. 24 
 
 $4.25 and over 
 
 Average number of wage- 
 earners employed during 
 each month: 
 Men 16 years and over — 
 
 .January 
 
 February 
 
 March 
 
 April . - - - - 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 Septembe v 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 Contract work: 
 
 .Amount paid 
 
 Number of employees 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses: 
 
 Total 
 
 Royalties and rent of 
 
 wells and plants 
 
 Rent of offices, taxes, in- 
 surance, interest, and 
 
 other sundries 
 
 Cost of supplies and mate- 
 rials 
 
 Product: 
 Quantity, barrels of 42 gal- 
 lons 
 
 ^'aIue 
 
 Po^ver: 
 
 Total horsepo^ve^ 
 
 t^wned — 
 Engines — 
 !?team — 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 (ias or gasoline — 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Other power — 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Rented — 
 Electric, horsepower . . . 
 Other power, horse- 
 power 
 
 Electric motors, owned— 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Supplied to other establish- 
 ments, horsepower 
 
 United 
 States. 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 86 
 
 41 
 
 225 
 
 36 
 
 264 
 
 15 
 
 S3 
 
 17,364 
 17, 238 
 17, 346 
 17,435 
 17,482 
 17,364 
 17,484 
 17,517 
 17, .566 
 17, ,S63 
 17, 934 
 18,001 
 
 $12, 956, 631 
 7,949 
 
 $15, SI 1 , 726 
 
 $8,929,891 
 
 $6,881,8:j5 
 $17,781,512 
 
 I 89,275, ;302 
 $71,397,7:39 
 
 41,797 
 666, 177 
 
 12, 606 
 240, 5U5 
 
 37 
 1,172 
 
 126 
 1,098 
 
 Colo- 
 rado. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 2 i 
 
 6 
 
 78 
 
 15 
 
 116 
 
 4 
 40 
 
 5 
 
 •} 
 
 1,094 
 1,060 
 1,117 
 1,105 
 1,093 
 1,073 
 1,098 
 1 , 085 
 1,086 
 1,138 
 1,183 
 1,212 
 
 163 
 170 
 151 
 1,55 
 140 
 1.57 
 146 
 142 
 146 
 139 
 118 
 137 
 
 1,381 
 1,364 
 1,388 
 1,423 
 1, iil 
 1,443 
 1,464 
 1,493 
 1,517 
 1,.541 
 1 , .542 
 1,.569 
 
 tucky. 
 
 New York. Ohio. 
 
 Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 West Vir- 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 22 
 16 
 133 
 . 4 
 40 
 1 
 
 135 
 138 
 136 
 137 
 140 
 143 
 119 
 1.50 
 149 
 1.50 
 161 
 164 
 
 $431,699 I $9,6.50 $1,091,333 ■ $99,467 
 :?.52 28 ' 1,310 ' 105 
 
 i 
 $571,138 I $40,163 $1,2.86,499 $51,0.54 
 
 i 
 $214,261 , $18,597 $1,034,070 $28,2,55 
 
 $356,877 i $21,, 566 
 $1,479,628 j $68,708 
 
 13,9.84,268 I 396,901 
 $4,873,617 $484,683 
 
 112 
 
 ■, 274 
 
 132 
 
 125 
 
 978 
 
 2 
 25 
 
 366 
 
 $2.52, 429 
 $1, 126, 627 
 
 4,S0, 896 
 $6, .526, 622 
 
 556 
 
 8, 118 
 
 4 ; 812 
 
 77 , 14,600 
 
 $22, 799 
 $296, 821 
 
 :531,749 
 $292, 464 
 
 21 
 530 
 
 49 
 49 
 .54 
 74 
 74 
 74 
 82 
 87 
 96 
 112 
 105 
 
 $194. 462 
 , 174 
 
 $147, 295 
 
 $.53,613 
 
 $93, 682 
 $227,822 
 
 I 248, 950 
 $172, 837 
 
 95 
 1,698 
 
 17 
 196 
 
 410 
 408 
 408 
 409 
 410 
 408 
 407 
 407 
 406 
 407 
 408 
 408 
 
 4,007 
 3,973 
 3, 976 
 4,003 
 4,009 
 4,018 
 4,020 
 4,0.59 
 4,035 
 4,046 
 4,046 
 4,012 
 
 ,7.59 $2,212,923 
 183 1,892 
 
 $2.59,740 $4,896,861 
 $194, 717 $3, 046, 994 
 
 5, 633 
 5, 620 
 5, 620 
 
 5, 621 
 
 6, 622 
 5, ,586 
 a, 583 
 5, 580 
 6, 566 
 5, 614 
 5,633 
 5,643 
 
 605 
 606 
 651 
 661 
 698 
 615 
 700 
 7a5 
 782 
 863 
 
 3, 851 
 3,814 
 3, 809 
 3,811 
 3, 826 
 3, 799 
 3, 769 
 3, 753 
 3, 729 
 3, 799 
 3,811 
 3. 829 
 
 All other 
 
 states 
 and ter- 
 ritc-ries. 
 
 $2. 969, 046 $1. 363, 463 $ I, 176., 647 
 
 1,391 1,061 1,406 
 
 $3,275,131 ' -$713,176 $4,523,499 
 
 $1 , 916, 987 .$261, 150 $2, 132, 243 
 
 $66,023 $1,849,867 $1,3.58,144 
 $440,004 ! $5, .504, 792 ' $3,3.56,606 
 
 $452, 026 
 $675, 937 
 
 1,119,730 21,014,231 I 12,06.3.8.80 18,515,017 
 $1,. 530,8.52 $20, 7.57, ;',.59 i$15,266,093 $4,174,731 
 
 39, 362 
 
 2, .51 7 
 ;i4.:i47 
 
 251 
 5,015 
 
 6, 262 
 81,317 
 
 3, 187 
 .54,147 
 
 22.084 
 335, 055 
 
 8,107 
 2.i:?7 
 
 240 
 ,124 
 
 $2,391,2.56 
 $4, .564, 90S 
 
 13,513,345 
 $17,010,317 
 
 1,83, .524 
 
 9. 126 
 182, .543 
 
 65 
 981 
 
 T 
 
 35 
 36 
 36 
 36 
 39 
 49 
 66 
 56 
 .54 
 .54 
 
 8135, 1,S2 
 47 
 
 $47,170 
 
 $29, 004 
 
 818, 166 
 $39, 7,59 
 
 606, 336 
 $278, KA 
 
 33 
 407 
 
 4 
 
 42 
 
 1 Inclu'les l,.52(l barrels, valued lit $1,370, ot.lained as a by-].rnrliicl df iiutnnil ^^iis wells. 
 
NATURAL GAS 
 
 (765) 
 
NATURAL GAS. 
 
 Bv F. H. Olipiiant. 
 
 The existence of natural gas. in greater or less quaii- 
 tit_y, accompanying petroleum, has })ecii known since the 
 early development of that industry, heginning with 
 1859. The introduction of this gas, tirst as a fuel and 
 light, afterwards as a source of power, was slow. The 
 dou1)t concerning the duration of the supply, the lack 
 of appreciation of its value as a fuel, and the uncer- 
 tainty as to transportation contributed laigel\ to post- 
 pone its general use. The subsequent demonstration 
 that it existed in large tiuantities in natural reser- 
 voirs, that it could be conveyed etticiently in pipe lines, 
 and that it was of great utility as a fuel caused a re- 
 markable increase in its consiuiiption. and natural gas 
 soon became one of the most valualde of mineral pro- 
 ductions. Although used extensively as far back as 
 1883, it was not regarded as of sufficient commercial value 
 to warrant statistical consideration until during the 
 decade ending with 189b. The reports of the Eleventh 
 Census are the first in which this industry is presented. 
 The statistics for 1902 and 1889 are summarized in the 
 following table: 
 
 Table 1. — ConipuraUre summary: lHai find 1SS9. 
 
 Number of wells 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Jliscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials. 
 
 l.i,S06 
 1,967 
 
 1,923 
 , SIO, 337 
 
 4,678 
 
 $2, 936. 279 
 
 S4, 459, 001 
 
 E6, 912, 257 
 
 86,607,255 
 
 VaiueVf product S30, 867, 863 
 
 (=) 
 
 785 
 S525, 956 
 
 5, 899 
 210,433 
 
 ■'J13,184,497 
 6J21,097,099 
 
 1 Producing wells only. 
 
 2 Not reported. 
 
 ^ Not reported separately. 
 
 « Includes the amounts expended for contract work, and torlalmr and mate- 
 rials used in development work. 
 
 s Value of fuel displaced; amount actually received by producers was 
 ¥11,044,8.58. 
 
 The number of wells producing at the close of Decem- 
 ber, 1889, was given as 3,247, and the amount received 
 for the gas consumed was $11,<>4:1:,S5S. The value of 
 the fuel displaced was computed at $31,097,099, includ- 
 
 ing that displaced by gas used at oil pipe line stations, 
 in pumping and drilling oil wells, and for other pur- 
 poses. This was regarded as the actual value. The 
 value given for 1902 is the amount received from the 
 sale of the gas. The quantity and \'alue of petroleum 
 produced from natural gas wells are included in the 
 statistics for petroleum, but the statistics pertaining to 
 wages, emplo3'ees, and other expenses are included 
 under natural gas. 
 
 During 1902, 15,800 wells were operated; of this num- 
 ber, 1,250 were abandoned duiing the year, leaving 
 11,550 that were productive at the close of the year. 
 These 11.55(1 wells produced natural gas valued on an 
 average at ^2,117 for each well. During the year 1889 
 the output of the 2,247 wells producing natural gas 
 was valued at $4,915 per well. As a result of the severe 
 competition in the marketing of natural gas during 1889 
 and the large outlay caused by the drilling of numerous 
 wells and the construction of a number of pipe lines, 
 the expenses wei'e $3,876,028 greater than the amount 
 received from the sale of the natural gas produced in 
 that year. The quantity of natural gas marketed during 
 1902 is estimated to have been 205, 784,453, 333 cubic feet, 
 which was sold at an average price of 15 cents per l,<i(JO 
 cubic feet. The quantity marketed in 1889 is estimated 
 to have been 552,150,000,000 cubic feet, which gives an 
 average of 2 cents per 1,000 cubic feet. At that time 
 a very large proportion was used for fuel purposes in 
 mills and factories; afterwards it came to be used verv 
 generally as a domestic fuel. 
 
 A large amount was wasted and unnecessarilv con- 
 sumed in the years closely following the introduction 
 
 i of natural gas, but this waste has in a great measure 
 been overcome in the more economical com))ustion of 
 the gas, and better prices have been olitained. 
 
 The value of coal that was displaced in 1903 \i\ nat- 
 ural gas is estimated to have lieen $39,798,833, as com- 
 pared M'ith $31,(»'.i7,099 in l,s89; or it may l)e said that 
 while the quantity of natural gas produced in 1903 was 
 168.3 per cent less than that produced and sold in 1889 
 
 I the revenue from it was 179.5 per cent more. 
 
 (767) 
 
768 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 The following table shows the value of the natural gas produced in 11)0^, the i-ecord of wells, and the length 
 of pipe in use up to the close of VM)2, by states: 
 Tablk -.-value OV NATIU^ALGAS PROI)l'CKI>, KKCORO OK WKLLS, AND LENGTH OF PIPK LAID, BY STATES: 1902. 
 
 Total ' S30, 867, 863 
 
 California , 
 Illinois.... 
 Indiana . . , 
 
 Kansas 
 Kentucliy 
 Missouri . 
 
 New York 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Pennsylvania . 
 
 South Dakota . 
 
 Texas 
 
 West Virginia 
 
 All other states and territories 
 
 Value of 
 naturftl gas 
 
 prodlict'd 
 during 1902. 
 
 
 WELLS. 
 
 
 TOTAL LENGTH OF PIPE 
 LAID UP TO DECEMBER 
 31, 1902. 
 
 Operated 
 
 during 
 
 1902. 
 
 Aban- 
 doned dur- 
 ing 1902. 
 
 1,2,50 
 
 Pru.lueing 
 
 during 
 
 1902. 
 
 '14,. 556 
 
 Dry or 
 noripro- 
 ducing 
 during 
 1902. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 830,867,863 
 
 15, 806 
 
 594 
 
 131,859,636 
 
 24.973.41 
 
 120,648 
 
 29 
 
 28 
 
 ■ 6,861 
 
 414 
 
 117 
 
 : 13 
 
 612 
 
 1,3.52 
 
 5,408 
 
 6 
 
 949 
 3 
 
 
 29 
 
 28 
 
 5, 979 
 
 390 
 
 117 
 
 13 
 
 598 
 
 1,277 
 
 5.205 
 
 5 
 
 14 
 
 898 
 
 3 
 
 
 365,925 
 
 31, 894 
 
 36,121,980 
 
 5, 034, 791 
 
 749, 875 
 
 14,672 
 
 5, 894, .517 
 
 20,093,670 
 
 48, 863, 621 
 
 26, 900 
 
 96, 196 
 
 14, .548. 395 
 
 17, 200 
 
 69.30 
 
 
 2 
 
 205 
 
 63 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 40 
 
 232 
 
 1 
 
 6.04 
 
 7,081,344 
 
 824,431 
 
 365,611 
 
 2 154 
 
 882 
 24 
 
 6,841.28 
 9.53. 56 
 142. 02 
 
 
 2.78 
 
 346,471 
 
 2,355,4.58 
 
 14, 3.52. 183 
 
 10, 280 
 
 14 953 
 
 14 
 
 75 
 
 203 
 
 1 
 
 1,116,38 
 
 3, 805. 62 
 
 9,264.48 
 
 .5.09 
 
 18. 22 
 
 5, 390, 181 
 
 51 
 
 37 
 2 
 
 2, 7,55. 38 
 3.26 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 Includes 51 wells that were not used. 
 
 ^Includes Colnrado, Indian Territory, and Tennessee. 
 
 Capital stiicl of iiii'oj'poriited coi,ipanies.~-Oi the 051 The details of their capitalization are .shown in the fol- 
 incorporated companies, 4oO reported caiiitalization. h)^\■ing■ table: 
 
 T.uiLE 3.— ( APITALIZATIOX OF INCH )RP0RATP:D COMPANIES: 1902. 
 
 Number of incorporated eompanies 
 
 Number reporting capitalization 
 
 Capital stock and bonds issued 
 
 Capital stock: 
 
 Total authorized- 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Total issued — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid 
 
 Common — 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number of shares. 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Numborof shares. 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid. .. 
 Preferred — 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Numberof shares. 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of shares . 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid. .. 
 Bonds: 
 
 Authorized- 
 Number 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number 
 
 Par value 
 
 Interest paid 
 
 A.ssessments levied 
 
 United .States. 
 
 651 
 430 
 
 6,626,0.52 
 J99, 400, 806 
 
 6,185,230 
 S92, 190, 870 
 84,944,0:34 
 
 6,512,802 
 S98, .56,5, 806 
 
 6, 172, .580 
 891,385,870 
 $4,894,134 
 
 '13,2.50 
 
 $835,000 , 
 
 12,6.50 
 
 $805,000 
 
 $49,900 
 
 .50,938 
 $20,642,867 
 
 48,6,59 
 
 $19, 443, 867 
 
 $1,041,402 
 
 81,121,776 
 
 15,100 
 $790, 000 
 
 14,640 
 
 8744,000 
 
 $2, 880 
 
 15,100 
 8790, 000 
 
 14,640 
 
 8744, 000 
 
 $2, ,880 
 
 337 37 
 
 229 19 
 
 $:», 669, 670 ' $3,737,262 
 
 1,6,50,047 I 3, .528, 923 
 828,002,693 ■ 84,318,2.50 
 
 Kentucky. New York. 
 
 300 
 8:?00, 000 
 
 1,618,911 
 $26,679,003 
 $739, 602 
 
 1.646,047 
 $27, 602, 593 
 
 1,614.911 
 $26,279,003 
 $715,(102 
 
 4,000 
 $100,000 
 
 4,000 
 
 $400, 000 
 
 $24,000 
 
 31,571 
 813,. 520, 667 
 
 300 
 
 30, 601 
 
 $:iOO, 000 $12,990,667 
 
 818,000 8697,100 
 
 $113,000 $127,8,83 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 84,147,000 
 
 .37, 420 
 
 Pennsyl 
 vania. 
 
 West All other 
 Virginia. I states. ' 
 
 S2,:!01,400 $17,6.57,400 
 32, 694 
 
 2,400,935 
 
 83,190.262 
 
 87, 500 
 
 3,. 527, 923 
 84,308,250 
 
 2,:!y9.9:'.5 
 
 $3,1,MU, 262 
 
 87. 500 
 
 1.000 
 810,000 
 
 1,000 ( 
 $10,000 
 
 83,715,000 82,287,200 
 32, 366 
 
 33,360 
 
 $3,309,000 
 
 $49,000 
 
 311,8,55 
 $17,093,900 
 
 295, 939 
 
 $2,2.54.400 ,816.344.400 
 «61.:«5 $649,137 
 
 37,420 
 
 32, 694 
 
 311,8.55 
 
 83.715,000 I $2,287,200 !817,093,900 
 
 3:i, :ii;o 
 8:1, :iO'.i. Olio 
 
 $19,000 
 
 32,366 t 295,939 
 
 82,254,400 816,:344,400 
 
 $61,325 8649,137 
 
 825 
 85-17, 000 
 
 825 
 $547,000 
 $35,820 
 $20,260 
 
 8, 380 
 8838,000 
 
 8,380 
 8838, 000 
 $50, 280 
 
 100 
 8110, 000 
 
 3,980 
 $1,428,000 
 
 3,416 
 
 $107,000 ; 81,313,000 
 
 $6,170 $.57,400 
 
 ! $80,000 
 
 I 
 
 126 46 
 
 86 33 
 
 .,610,475 S14.:394,.530 
 
 613,2(i9 
 
 336, 444 
 
 $27,246,463 l$16,944,400 
 
 ,598,973 189,806 
 
 $26,234,275 i813, 4:?2, .530 
 .$2.8.56,094 $.578,496 
 
 606,269 336,194 
 
 826,846,463 815,919,400 
 
 591,573 189,5.56 
 
 1,864,275 813,407,630 
 
 :, 830, 194 $678, 496 
 
 $13, 000 
 
 300 
 83,000 
 
 
 300 
 
 $3 
 
 ,000 
 
 
 300 
 
 8o 
 
 ,000 
 
 
 300 
 
 S3 
 
 ,000 
 
 
 
 8, 000 
 8400, 000 
 
 7, 400 
 
 $370,000 
 
 826,900 
 
 3,170 j 
 
 2.60 
 r25,000 
 
 250 
 825, 000 
 
 1.612 
 
 82, .577, 200 1 81,312,000 
 
 2, 969 
 
 $2,;K6,200 
 
 $i:i3, 112 
 
 $7.,80, 033 
 
 1.172 
 
 $962,000 
 
 843, ,520 
 
 1,000 
 $10, 000 
 
 1,000 
 $10,000 
 
 1 Inchides companies distributed as follows: Colorado. 3: Mi.ssouri, 1: Tennessee, 1. Of these the company in Missouri did not report details of capitali- 
 zation. The details of capitalization for the 3 companies in Colorado are included in the report on petroleum. 
 
 The capital .stock and lionds issued amounted to 
 111 l.< 134:, To 7. The munliei- of shares of capital stock 
 issucfl wa,s 5,185,230, and the total par \'alue was 
 ^l»i;.r.H>,870. The averatje value of the shares was 
 $17.78. The di\-idends paid aiiiouided to !iil-,'.)44,n,S4, 
 or 5.4- per cent of the total par value of shiir(\s issued. 
 
 Kansas aniountcd t(.i only two-tenths of 1 per cent. 
 There were ■48,<)5'.» lionds issued havini;' a par value of 
 $19,44-3.867; the interest paid reached $l,041,4o;i and 
 the asse.ssnients levied amounted to $l,121,T7(i. 
 
 Emploiji'cx and )na<i<:s. — Wau'c-earners constituted 
 7o.',l per cent of the totid number of employees, and 
 
 The dividends paid in I'eimsylvania amounted to 10.9 I their way-cs wei-e (11.9 per cent of the total salaries and 
 per cent on the stock issued, \vliicli was the lai'^'cst waycs. '{'able 4 shows the a\'ei'ay'i> nunibiM- of wao-e- 
 rate i-eturned; on tlic other hantl, llii' di\i(|cnfls ]):iid in I ciirners cm)ilo\('fl dui'lne- each month. 
 
NATURAL GAS. 
 
 769 
 
 Table -i. — Average numJier of wage-earners rm]>loyed (lurhuj ciii-Ji 
 month: 1902. 
 
 January 3, S'21 
 
 Febniarv STiVV 
 
 March.; ;.;;;;; ;..;; !!;;;;;;;; -.ien-i 
 
 April 3 Hfi« 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July ;;;;;; ;;;; ;;..;;; 
 
 1, 113 
 
 1,W3 
 
 •) , i;33 
 
 August ft, IIKJ 
 
 September f,, (;70 
 
 Oetober d' 195 
 
 November ri| 332 
 
 December ti' 337 
 
 The mininjum average number of wage-earners em- 
 ployed was 3,577, during the month of Fehruai-y. and 
 the maximum, 6, So", during December. The increase 
 was great during the summer months, but was greatest 
 toward the close of the year, when a number of large 
 natural gas mains were constructed in West Virginia, 
 Ohio, and Pennsylvania. 
 
 Of the total number of wage-earners employed in 
 the United States during 1903 by natural gas compa- 
 nies, 94 per cent found emploj'ment in Pennsylvania, 
 Indiana, Ohio, and West Virginia. 
 
 In the following table the number of wage-earners 
 at each specified rate of pay is shown for the various 
 classes of employees: 
 
 Table r>. — Average iiumher of 'wage-eornert: at specified ilnHy ralex of 
 pay: 1902. 
 
 RATE PER DAY 
 (DOLLARS). 
 
 All occu- 
 pations. 
 
 Engi- 
 neers. 
 
 Fire- 
 men. 
 
 Machinists, 
 
 black- 
 smiths, car- 
 penters, 
 and other 
 mechanics, 
 
 1,074 
 
 Boys 
 
 under 16 
 
 years. 
 
 AUiither 
 wage- 
 earners. 
 
 Total 
 
 4,678 
 
 352 
 
 121 
 
 2 
 
 3 129 
 
 
 
 U 50 to 0. 74 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 28 
 
 248 
 
 1,230 
 
 873 
 
 1,090 
 
 •558 
 
 326 
 
 72 
 
 67 
 
 8 
 
 28 
 
 37 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 
 1 
 
 0.75 to 0.99 
 
 1.00 to 1.24 
 
 1 25 to 1 49 
 
 1 
 5 
 4 
 
 ij' 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 1 50 to 1 74 
 
 nl 1 30 
 
 
 1 098 
 
 1 75 to 1 99 
 
 39 30 ' lis 
 
 
 686 
 
 2.00 to 2. 24 
 
 2 2.5 to 2 49 
 
 KO 
 38 
 57 
 14 
 22 
 3 
 1 
 26 
 9 
 2 
 
 21 
 19 
 4 
 
 429 
 195 
 121 
 37 
 35 
 5 
 
 
 560 
 306 
 
 2 50 to 2. 74 
 
 
 144 
 
 2. 75 to 2. 99 
 
 3. 00 to 3. 24 
 
 
 21 
 10 
 
 3. 50 to 3. 74 
 
 3. 75 to 3. 99 
 
 ]■ 14 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 IS 
 1 j 37 
 
 
 12 
 10 
 6 
 
 4. 25 and over 66 
 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 Of the wage-earners S(».2 per cent received between 
 $1..5U and $2.49 per day. The l)est paid wage-earners 
 were those classified as machinists, blacksmiths, car- 
 penters, and other mechanics. These are intrusted 
 with manipulation of the wells, drips, and pipe lines 
 in the field, and have charge of the lines and regulators 
 in the cities and towns. Although the work is not 
 often laborious, it requires good judgment and special 
 training to deal successfully with the various condi- 
 tions that require personal attention. The employees 
 clas.sified under the head of "all other wage-earners" 
 include line Avalkers, regulator watchmen, men who 
 relieve the wells and drips of salt water, men who 
 carry out instructions as to the regulation of pressure 
 on the main lines by opening or closing the gates at 
 3022,3—04 49 
 
 the wells, and men engaged in pulling out wells and 
 retubing them as exigencies may rccpiire. 
 
 ('(infract iriirk. — Besides these wage-earners an aver- 
 age of 3,2tl,S workmen wei'e employed as rig builders, 
 drillers, and helpers, and were paid by contractors for 
 drilling wells. This number, added to the 4,678 wage- 
 earners in the regular emyjloy of the natural gas com- 
 panies, increases tlie numbei' of wage-eariiei's emplo3'ed 
 in the natural gas industry to 7,946. The workmen 
 employed by the contractors in building rigs and in 
 drilling wells are specialists and are usually men of 
 more than ordinary ability and bodil}' strength. Their 
 wages are high, ranging from %?> to $4. .50 per day; 
 their total earnings, however, are not great Ijecause of 
 the time lost in moving from one location to another, 
 which occurs fre(;[uently, as a well is completed usuall_y 
 in from twenty to forty days. 
 
 The contrat'tors are generally paid by the foot. The 
 price varies greatly because of the differences in the 
 depth of the wells and the character of the strata passed 
 through, and the number of different .sizes of casing 
 required to complete the well, which may vary from 
 1,000 to 2,500 feet in depth to the gas sand. 
 
 Where only a single string of 5#-inch casing is used, 
 the price averages about forty-five cents per foot; where 
 two strings of casing are required, the price per foot will 
 average 75 cents. In the deep holes in southern Penn- 
 sylvania and West Virginia, where three and in some 
 cases four strings of casing are required to complete a 
 deep well, the price ranges from ^1.20 to fl.60 per 
 foot. The rig, or derrick, and the casing are generally 
 furnished l>y the natural gas company, the contractor 
 supplying everything else that is necessary to complete 
 the well, and receiving pay only in ease the well is 
 turned over to the gas company in perfect condition. 
 The plugging or loss of a well before it is completed 
 falls upon the contractor. 
 
 Sii]:)pl'uiH^ mater/ah^ and inlxcellanediiH exjjenses. — The 
 miscellaneous expenses, which amounted to $5,912,257, 
 were made up of rents, royalties, taxes, insurance, and 
 sundry expenses. The cost of supplies and materials 
 amounted to $6,6o7,255, and included the cost of pipe, 
 casing, tubing, engines, boilers, pumps, drips, regula- 
 tors, and sundry other items necessary for the deliver}' 
 of the natural gas to the jjoints of consiuiiption. 
 
 Mcchnnical pmrer. — The total primary power em- 
 ploj'ed in 19(.»2 aggregated I(i4,ln7 horsepower. This 
 was used to free the gas wells of water and to compress 
 the gas so that it could be transported in sufficient quan- 
 tity to the place where the original pressure had de- 
 creased. Of thishorsepower94,595, or 90. 9 percent, was 
 generated bv steam; 7,083, or 6.8 per cent, was supplied 
 b3'gas or gasoline engines; and 2,162, or2.1 per cent, was 
 furnished by other prime motors. The rented horse- 
 power was two-tenths of 1 ])er cent of the total, the 
 amount being 267 horsepower; of this, 225 horsepower. 
 
770 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 01- 84.3 per cent, was electric. In addition electric 
 motors, having a total capacity of .50 horsepower, were 
 owned. 
 
 Production. — It is estimated that the United States 
 produced over 98 per cent of the world's output of 
 natural gas in 1902. Canada produced 1.2 per cent, 
 and the rest of the world the remaining eight-tenths of 
 1 per cent. The total value of the production of natu- 
 ral gas in the United States for 1902 was $30,867,863. 
 This is the largest value thus far recorded in the his- 
 tory of the industry, and is equal to 13.2 per cent of 
 the value of the petroleum produced in the same year. 
 The following table, compiled from the published 
 reports of the United States Geological Survev. shows 
 the production of natural gas from 1872 to 19()2: 
 
 Table 0. — T''(//((' <;/" jirodnctlon of untural //as: 1S7..' In 190.'. 
 
 Total.--.. 
 
 8317,757,731 
 
 1872 to 1884 
 
 19,100,000 
 2 4,857,200 
 = 10,012,000 
 2 15, 817, .500 
 2 22,629.875 
 = 21,107,099 
 = 18, 792, 725 
 15, 500, 084 
 14, 800, 714 
 
 1885 
 
 18S6 
 
 1887 
 
 1888 
 
 1889 
 
 1890 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 1893. 
 
 1894 - 
 
 1895 . 
 189C. . 
 
 1897 - 
 
 1898 - 
 1899. 
 19U0 - 
 
 1901 - 
 
 1902 . 
 
 «14, 
 13, 
 13, 
 13, 
 13, 
 15, 
 20, 
 23, 
 27, 
 30, 
 
 346, 2.50 
 954, 400 
 OOB, 650 
 002,612 
 826,422 
 296, 813 
 074,, S73 
 698,674 
 066. 077 
 867,863 
 
 1 Estimated. 
 
 = Value of eoal and wood displaced. 
 
 If it be assuQied that an average of 7 cents per 1,()00 
 cubic feet was the price of natural gas from tlie time it 
 was first introduced in 1872 until the dose of 1902, the 
 total valueof the product for those years — §317, 7.57,731 — 
 would indicate a voluaie of i, 539, 396, 159, 000 cubic feet. 
 If it were possible to confine this immense quantity of 
 natural gas in a tank whose section was 1 square mile, 
 and if the density would remain the same throughout, 
 it would require a tank 30.8 miles long; or it would till 
 a pipe having a diameter of 67i feet encircling tlie 
 globe. This quantity represents a fuel value equal to 
 226,969,800 short tons of coal. 
 
 Large as this quantity of natural gas may seem, it 
 probably does not represent more than one-half of the 
 amount that has been taken from the original reservoirs. 
 The early and even more recent development was 
 accompanied by profligate waste, and large quantities 
 
 were also lost during the development of the numerous 
 petroleum fields, as many of the rocks above the petro- 
 leum strata, when pierced by the drill, were found to 
 contain great (Quantities of natural gas, which was allowed 
 to flow into the air until it was exhausted. In the 
 early development of some of the largest fields many of 
 the first wells, when the pres.sure was greatest, were 
 permitted to discharge immense quantities into the 
 atmosphere for months and years. Torches and escape 
 pipes were allowed to consume and blow off great quan- 
 tities. There seemed to be a general impression that 
 these great reservoirs of natural gas were practically 
 inexhaustible. The methods employed in applying the 
 gas in mills and factories, and also in domestic service, 
 were wasteful in the extreme. For many years the 
 natural gas companies allowed their customers to con- 
 .sume any quantity that would pass through a certain 
 sized orifice. The mills and factories usuallv paid 
 according to the amount of finished product, using the 
 gas as they saw fit, which was often in the most crude 
 and extravagant manner. 
 
 In a measure this condition was brought about by a 
 number of companies owning wells in the same field 
 over which the declining pressure adjusted itself. 
 When the pressure began to decline each owner made 
 an attempt to realize the greatest revenue before the 
 field became exhausted to such an extent that his pipes 
 could not deliver sufficient natural gas to cause the 
 returns to be profitable. 
 
 It has been estimated that since the beginning of the 
 industry the greatest quantity of natural gas was con- 
 sumed in 1888. This quantity, estimated to have been 
 not less than 750,000.000,000 cubic feet, was partly util- 
 ized and partly wasted. It is estimated that it dis- 
 placed fuel to the value of $22,629,875, which gives an 
 average of 3 cents per 1,000 cubic feet. 
 
 Because of the nature, occurrence, and uses of nat- 
 ural gas, it is ii very difficult task to ascertain the exact 
 value and (|uantity consunnMl; every efi'ort, however, 
 has been made to secure these totals, and each succeed- 
 ing year the records have ))cen nearer the true amount, 
 and the quantity unreported has gradually liecome less. 
 
 The following table gives the value of the natural gas 
 produced and the value of that consumed in the United 
 States from 1899 to 1902, by states: 
 
NATURAL GAS. 
 
 Table 7.— VALUE OF NATURAL <tA8 PROPUCKD AND CONSUMED, BY STATES: 1899 TO 1902. 
 
 771 
 
 
 1902 
 
 11901 
 
 I'niduced. Consumed. 
 $27,066,077 $27,006,077 
 
 1 1900 
 
 11899 
 
 
 rroduced. 
 
 Consnmerl. 
 
 I'roduced. 
 $23, 698, 074 
 
 Consumed. 
 
 Produci.'d. 
 
 Consumed. 
 
 United States . . -. 
 
 $30, 807, SIS 
 
 *30, 867, 863 
 
 $23,698,674 
 
 $20, 074, 873 
 
 $20,074,873 
 
 
 
 14,352,183 
 
 7,081,344 
 
 2,355,458 
 
 5, 390, 181 
 
 346,471 
 
 824,431 
 
 365, 611 
 
 120,648 
 
 14, 953 
 
 10,280 
 
 2, 154 
 
 3 2,305 
 
 1,844 
 
 13, 942, 823 
 ■-•6,710,080 
 
 4, 7X5, 760 
 
 2, 473, 174 
 
 1 , 723, 609 
 
 .S24,-I31 
 
 2,55, 736 
 
 120,048 
 
 14,9.53 
 
 10, 2,S0 
 
 2,154 
 
 = 2,305 
 
 1,844 
 
 12,688,101 
 
 6, 9.54,. 566 
 
 2,147,215 
 
 3,9.54,472 
 
 293, 232 
 
 0.59,173 
 
 270, «71 
 
 67, 002 
 
 IS, 577 
 
 1 [ 328 
 1,800 
 1 , K25 
 
 11,785,990 
 
 = 6,276,119 
 
 4,119,0.59 
 
 2,214,7.58 
 
 1,094,925 
 
 6.59, 173 
 
 1S7, 660 
 
 07, 602 
 
 18, .577 
 
 7, 255 
 
 1,328 
 
 1, 800 
 
 1,825 
 
 10, 215, 412 
 
 7, 254,. 539 
 
 2,178,234 
 
 2,9.59,032 
 
 335, 367 
 
 356, 900 
 
 286, 243 
 
 79, 083 
 
 20,000 
 
 9,817 
 
 547 
 
 1,800 
 
 1,700 
 
 9,812,615 
 
 . 2 0,-412,307 
 
 3, 823, 209 
 
 1,. 530, 378 
 
 1,4.56,286 
 
 356, 900 
 
 194, 032 
 
 79, 083 
 
 20,000 
 
 9,817 
 
 547 
 
 1,800 
 
 1,700 
 
 8,337,210 
 
 6, 680, 370 
 
 1,866,271 
 
 2, 335, 864 
 
 294, .593 
 
 332, .592 
 
 125,745 
 
 86, 891 
 
 8,000 
 
 3, 500 
 
 290 
 
 1,480 
 
 2, 067 
 
 7, 926, 970 
 
 Indiana 
 
 2 5, 833, 370 
 
 Ohio 
 
 3,207,286 
 1,310,675 
 
 
 New York . . . . 
 
 1,236,007 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 California 
 
 Texas 
 
 332, 592 
 
 125, 745 
 
 80,891 
 
 8,000 
 
 South Dakota 
 
 3, .500 
 290 
 
 Colorado 
 
 1,480 
 
 
 2,067 
 
 
 
 1 From United States Geological .Survey. ' ' Mineral Re.sources of the United States.' 
 
 2 A portion of this was consumed in Chicago, 111. 
 8 Includes Indian Territory and Tennessee. 
 
 More than nine-tenths of the natural gas output of 
 the United States was produced and consumed in Penn- 
 sylvania, Indiana, Ohio, ^Vcst Virginia, and New York. 
 The production was in excess of tlie consumption, as 
 follows: $1^,917,007 in West Virginia, S-l:09.3(iO in Penn- 
 sj'lvania, $371,264 in Indiana, and $109, .875 in Kentuck3^ 
 On the other hand, the consimiption exceeded the pro- 
 duction by $2,430,308 in Ohio and T)y $1,377,198 in 
 New York. Gas was supplied to Ohio from Penn- 
 sj'lvania, We.st Virginia, Kentuckj', and Indiana. A 
 comparatively insignificant amount from Canada Avas 
 consumed in New York; the great Imlk of the supplj^ 
 for this state came from Pennsylvania. Although gas 
 was furnished to Ohio and New York from Pennsyl- 
 vania, ■ a large quantity of the gas consumed within 
 Pennsylvania was brought from West Virginia. From 
 Indiana gas was sent to Illinois as well as to Ohio. 
 
 In Indiana, Kansas, and Kentucky the value of the 
 natural gas produced exceeded the value of the petro- 
 leum. The value of natural gas in Penn.svlvania in 
 1902 was only $913,910 less than that of the petroleum 
 product of the state. In this state the largest part 
 of the total value of the output of natural gas and petro- 
 leum was obtained. The combined value of petroleum 
 and natural gas in 1902 amounted to $102,265,602, and 
 ranked next to coal in the list of the values of the crude 
 mineral products of the United States. 
 
 The detailed statistics of the industry for 1902 are 
 given in Table 8. 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE. 
 
 The principal elements in the composition of natural 
 gas are carbon and hydrogen, which are combined, 
 practically in the proportion of 75 per cent of carbon 
 and 25 per cent of hydrogen forming CH^, known as 
 marsh gas or methane. This constitutes from 90 to 
 97 per cent of the different varieties of natural gas. 
 The elements which go to make up the remainder are 
 nitrogen, oxj'gen, carbonic acid, and hydrogen sulphide. 
 
 Oiviir/viic. — In the United States the principal 
 sources of natural gas so far developed are along the 
 west flank of the great Appalachian uplift, extending 
 from western New York to central Kentucky; also on 
 the went of the great Cincinnati uplift, extending from 
 central Kentucky northward into northwestern Ohio 
 and central Indiana; and in southeastern Kansas. The 
 areas thus briefly described include the main natural 
 gas fields which, in 1902, produced 99.5 per cent of the 
 entire output of the United States. 
 
 Natural gas is found also in limited quantities in Cali- 
 forniii, Utah, Colorado, South Dakota, Missouri, Texas, 
 and Louisiana, and a considerable amount has been pro- 
 duced in these states, although the jjools lack the area, 
 volume, and force of those found in the Appalachian, 
 Lima-Indiana, and Kan,sas fields. 
 
 East of the Mississippi river natural gas is found in 
 the rock formation of the Paleozoic age, extending from 
 the highest Carboniferous strata down to the stratum 
 that is lower than the Trenton limestone, while in the 
 West and Southwest the fields containing the gas are 
 much more recent in the geological scale. 
 
 The reservoirs in which natural gas is usuallv found 
 are composed of porous* sandstone or limestone. In 
 some cases a limited quantity of the gas has been found 
 in shales, but this gas may be regarded as having gradu- 
 ally accumulated from the underlying rock formation. 
 Almost invariably the large reservoirs have been de- 
 veloped in the strata on or near the crests of the anti- 
 clinal or rock waves, while petroleum has been gener- 
 ally collected on the lower horizon; and frequent^ salt 
 water is found at a still lower level. Sometimes, 
 however, the gas fields are entirely isolated from the 
 petroleum producing areas. There are three leading 
 reijuisites necessary for the accumulation of natural gas 
 in merchantable ((uantity. These are as follows: 
 
 First. An open or porous strata capable of storing 
 the gas under pressure. 
 
 Second. A slate or shale covering of this porous 
 
772 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 strata to seal in the upper surface and the fractures of 
 the strata saturated with natural gas. 
 
 Third. A sufficient flexure or relief of the strata to 
 enable the separation of the salt water and the petroleum 
 from the natural g-as. 
 
 In order that the production of the gas may be 
 profitable, the reservoirs must lie packed with high 
 pressure gas over a large area, 
 
 The original rock pressure has been found in verv 
 manj' instances to equal the hydrostatic weight of a 
 colunm of water of a height equal to the distance from 
 the point where the reservoir is pierced, to the surface. 
 If it takes 2.3 feet of head of water to equal 1 pound 
 to the square inch, or 43 pounds to the hundred feet, 
 then a depth of 1,000 feet will equal 430 pounds to the 
 square inch. This proportion of the depth to the 
 pressure has been proven to be quite near the actual 
 results obtained. 
 
 The rock pressure and the output of gas wells are 
 usually measured when the well is new and they are at 
 their maximum. Even the longest life of a gas well is 
 short, and the rock pressure decreases with every foot 
 of natural gas taken out. It is not usual for wells 
 having the greatest rock pressure to produce the 
 greatest volume of natural gas, as an open pebble sand 
 gives up its stored products more rapidly than a sand 
 of closer texture; therefore the more open the texture 
 of the strata, the shorter but more vigorous will prob- 
 ably be the life of the pool. Manj^ jdooIs that were 
 most vigorous are almost entirely destitute of natural 
 gas to-dav. The gas in some of them has been so far 
 removed bj- gas pumps that when thev are opened the 
 air flows into the vacuum in the porous sti'ata once 
 packed with high pressure gas. In many virgin fields, 
 especially in the beds of streams, innumerable small 
 vents and bleeders are often found, from which there 
 is an escape of more or less natural gas in the form of 
 bubbles. Against the hydrostatic pressure the bubbles 
 find vent, and escape into the air. As the pressure de- 
 creases, the water usually climbs up toward the more 
 elevated portion of the reservoir. These innumeralfle 
 vents, during the ages that have passed, have acted as 
 safety valves, and have allowed the escape of many 
 millions of cubic feet of gas into the atmosphere. 
 The contents of the known reservoirs are probably ))ut 
 a small fraction of the gas that has been dissipated in 
 the air. 
 
 The search for and the production of petroleum, 
 moreover, has caused a great loss of natural gas, since 
 frequeutljr the gas is found in the higher portion of the 
 sand containing the j^etroleum, and is tapped before the 
 petroleum is reached. In many cases the natural gas 
 has been allowed to flow into the atmosphere atid be 
 wasted until the pressure was sutficiently exhausted to 
 permit drilling to proceed. 
 
 In the most important fields of Pennsylvania, the 
 original i-ock pressui'c \'aried from 37.^ to l,(i(»0 pounds 
 
 to the square inch, the average being about 700 pounds. 
 The output of some of the largest wells in the state 
 ranged from 7,.500, 000 to 2.0,000,000 cubic feet in twenty- 
 four hours. A well producing about 1,000,000 cubic 
 feet is considered a good well. 
 
 Some of the original wells in the Trenton field in 
 Ohio gave large outputs when first opened. In the 
 vicinity of Findlay and Bairdstown several ver}' large 
 Avells were developed during the earlj^ history of the 
 field, when the original rock pressure was about 450 
 pounds to the square inch, and several wells near the 
 location named produced from .5,000,000 to 17,000,000 
 cubic feet in twenty-four hours. Now there is an aver- 
 age of less than 2(J pounds of pressure. 
 
 The more j'ecently developed field in Knox county 
 near Mt. Vernon, Ohio, contains a number of wells 
 with an output of from 5,000.000 to 9,000,000 cubic 
 feet in twenty-four hours, the original rock pressure 
 being about 680 pounds to the square iuch. The gas 
 in this field is found in the Clinton limestone, at a 
 depth of about 1,850 feet. 
 
 Nearly all the natural gas produced in Indiana comes 
 from the Trenton limestone. The wells at first were 
 I genei-ally large producers, the output ranging from 
 : 1,000,000 to 10,000,000 cubic feet in twenty-four hours. 
 The original rock pressure was 325 pounds to the square 
 inch; it is now less than 70 pounds, and even this light 
 pressure is being rapidly diminished. There are local- 
 ities where the original pressure is exhausted. 
 
 In West Virginia there are a number of powerful 
 gas wells, the productive sands of which are deeply 
 , buried. The Big INIoses well, on Indian creek, Tyler 
 ' county, was in its day one of the very largest wells 
 k]iown, and for a few years delivered immense quanti- 
 ties of gas. The estimated output of this well when 
 first opened was 35,000,000 cubic feet per day. Its life 
 was only about two years, the nearness of petroleum 
 deposits, which were soon after developed, allowing 
 the escape of gas and a great decline'in pressure soon 
 followed. There are numerous deep wells in West 
 Virginia that have a rock pressure of over 1,000 pounds 
 to the S(|uare inch; in some instances 1,500 pounds is 
 recorded. A mnnber of deposits of natural gas have 
 been found in three or more distinct sands or horizons; 
 the deepest wells measure about 3,200 feet. During 
 the year 1900 a very large natural gas well was drilled 
 near Goodhope, in the southern part of Harrison county. 
 This originally had an output of 45,000,000 cubic feet 
 per day. There are numerous wells in this section, 
 and in the western portion of Marion and Monongalia 
 counties there are many with a capacity of from 1,000,000 
 to 15,000,000 cubic feet. Wetzel county also contains 
 powerful gas wells with a depth of from 2,700 to 3,100 
 feet. 
 
 Southeastern Kansas has developed very fair natural 
 gas wells of good endurance, the rock pressure of 
 which is from 280 to 335 pounds to the square inch. 
 
NATURAL GAS. 
 
 773 
 
 Many of them have a volume of over 7,000,000 cubic 
 feet per daj", the depth being- about 000 feet. 
 
 Historical. — Tlie existence of natural gas was dis- 
 covered through the observation of l)ubbles in springs 
 and streams, many of which would sustain a flame for 
 an indefinite period. These springs and natural vents 
 were known to the early pioneers, while for centuries 
 before they had Ijeen knoM'n to the Indians, who viewed 
 them with a certain amount of awe and veneration, since 
 they cast a M'eird light at night upon their camping 
 grounds. 
 
 The white men drilling wells for salt brine were in 
 man}' instances surprised \>\ the outburst of imprisoned 
 natural gas when their crude drills penetrated the sealed- 
 in reservoirs. These outbursts were often of sufficient 
 violence to blow out the drilling tools, and in some 
 instances they ignited and destroyed the primitive 
 drilling plant. 
 
 In subsequent years the search for petroleum devel- 
 oped many pools of natural gas of high pressure, and 
 in the early development of petroleum the finding of 
 this gas was considered a dangerous and unwelcome 
 discovery, although it was known and utilized in a few 
 localities long before the first well was drilled for pe- 
 troleum in 1859. 
 
 Natural gas has been developed almost entirely in the 
 northeastern portion of the United States, there being 
 only a few wells, comparatively, in the west and south- 
 west portions. In Canada some has been found, a 
 part of which has been consumed in the United States. 
 Although natural gas is distributed largelj' over the 
 entire globe, its development and use outside of the 
 United States and Canada has been insignificant. There 
 is at present a small consumption of natural gas in Eng- 
 land, in Sussex count}'. Holland makes use of it for 
 the partial illumination of two small villages on the 
 Zuyder Zee. Galicia, Roumania, Russia, India, Persia, 
 and Japan use it in a limited way in the operation of 
 petroleum wells and in refineries. 
 
 One of the most noted natural gas vents or springs 
 located by the pioneers was on the northern bank of 
 the Kanawha river, in West Virginia; this spring was 
 visited in 1776 by General Washington, who was greatly 
 impressed b}^ the phenomenon. There was also a well- 
 known gas spring on the Big Sandy river 60 miles above 
 its mouth; and numerous springs w'ere known to exist 
 on what has been called the St. Marys uplift, which 
 extends 25 miles north from Burning Springs on the 
 Little Kanawha river. In the early history wells 
 drilled for salt water in the area extending from the 
 Cumberland river, K3'., to above the mouth of the 
 Kiskiminitas on the Allegheny river, ver}' often de- 
 veloped large flows of natural gas. In some cases the 
 flow of these wells was persistent, in other cases it was 
 soon exhausted. 
 
 The earliest economic use of natural gas in this coun- 
 try was, in all probability, in 1821, when it was used in 
 
 the lighting of the village of Fredonia, Chautauqua 
 county, N. Y. On the banks of the Canadaway creek, 
 on which Fredonia is situated, a well li inches in diam- 
 eter was drilled to a depth of 27 feet, and from this was 
 obtained a flow of natural gas sufficient for 30 burners, 
 the light of each of which was considered to be equal 
 to that of two good candles. Several years later, in 
 1825, a small gasometer was introduced, and afterwai'ds 
 a number of shallow wells were drilled, and from these 
 more or less natural gas was secured. In 1871 a well 
 developed a very large flow of natural gas when at the 
 depth of 1,200 feet it pierced the Corniferous limestone. 
 
 A well dug for water at Findlay, Ohio, in 1838 pro- 
 duced large quantities of natural gas near the crest of 
 the great Cincinnati uplift. The gas was collected and 
 convej'ed into the house of Mr. Daniel Fostei', where 
 it was utilized for nearly fifty years, until the regular 
 development of the great Findlay gas field began in 
 November, 1884. 
 
 In 1811 natural gas was developed in association with 
 salt brine in a well drilled on the Kanawha river in 
 W^est Virginia, near where an original gas spring was 
 located. The pressure was sufficient to force the salt 
 brine up into a large hogshead where the salt and gas 
 were separated. The salt brine was diverted into salt 
 pans and the gas conducted to the furnaces under- 
 neath, where it was successfully used as fuel for the 
 evaporation of the salt water. 
 
 More or less gas was developed on Oil creek. Pa., 
 and in the surrounding section, by the wells drilled in 
 the search for petroleum in the winter of 1859 and 1860. 
 Some of these wells produced gas only, and others pro- 
 duced both gas and petroleum. For several years it 
 was the common practice to conduct the gas to a safe 
 distance and there consume it to get it out of the waJ^ 
 The high price of coal and wood and the extremely 
 poor roads, finally induced some of the more venture- 
 some to try to burn it under boilers. This experiment 
 was so great a success that natural gas became a most 
 efficient substitute for coal and wood. In its early 
 application, however, numerous fires and ex^Dlosions 
 were caused by overpressure, because at that time 
 no automatic method of regulating the pressure was 
 known. 
 
 One of the first applications of natural gas for fuel 
 purposes was in the year 1868. when a manufacturing 
 company in Erie, Pa., drilled a well 600 feet deep into 
 the Devonian shale. This well produced a considerable 
 amount of gas when first opened, but the output gradu- 
 ally declined. Many wells that were sufficiently large 
 to supply one or two dwellings were afterwards drilled 
 in this locality. 
 
 Near Titusvillc, Pa., in 1872, thirteen years after the 
 drilling of the first oil well, a powerful natural gas 
 well was drilled on the Newton farm, 5i' miles north of 
 the town. The gas from this well was conveyed into 
 the town by a 2-inch gas main, which furnished 250 
 
774 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 consumers witli light and fuel. Afterwards the origi- 
 nal line was reinforced by a second one 3i inches in 
 diameter. The two lines maintained a stead}' pressure 
 and a satisfactor}' supph'. This was the first natuial 
 gas plant Avhich supplied light and heat in an}' large 
 and permanent quantity by methods and aj^pliances 
 similar to those in use to-day. It is looked upon as 
 the beginning of the industry which has since assumed 
 such large proportions. 
 
 During the year 1873 natural gas was successfully 
 introduced for fuel and light at numerous localities in 
 Venango, Butler, and Armstrong counties. It was also 
 introduced at Leechburg, in Armstrong county, in the 
 same year, the supply being obtained from an aban- 
 doned well drilled for oil in 1871, and was successfully 
 applied in heating and puddling furnaces. 
 
 Iron mills at Etna, near Pittsburg, Pa., were the first 
 large mills to be supplied by a gas line of any consider- 
 able length. The supply was used for years. This 
 line was built in 1875, and extended from the iron mills 
 to the Harvey well, near Lardens mills in Butler county, 
 a distance of 17 miles. This well was one of the largest 
 known at that time. 
 
 By the close of 1883 several pipe lines were supply- 
 ing the manufacturing establishments and the domes- 
 tic service in Pittsburg, Pa., the supply being from 
 the Murrysville pool, in Westmoreland county, which 
 had been developed several years previously. In 188.5 
 the Grapeville and the Speechley pools were first 
 developed. The increase in its use was remarkal)le, 
 and a number of pools in Washington, Butler, and 
 Beaver counties were opened up and connected ])y 
 pipe lines. In 1886 the gas field at Findlay, Ohio, 
 began to be prominent. Afterwards a large field in 
 Indiana was developed. The development of these 
 large reservoirs of natural gas, hitherto unknown, 
 seemed to impress the general public and many of 
 the operators of natural gas fields with the idea that 
 these reservoirs were practically inexhaustible. The 
 fact that the cjuantity of gas withdrawn from any of 
 the large fields by one or two wells decreases the vol- 
 ume and pressure very slowly caused a false impres- 
 sion as to the extent of tlie reservoirs. As the fields 
 were developed, howe\'cr, and many wells reached the 
 gas reservoirs, the decline in the pressure became more 
 rapid and noticeable. 
 
 In Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana inuuense: (juan- 
 tities of gas were consumed in wasteful and extravagant 
 display, which in numerous instances almost turned 
 night into day. This extravagance was not realized 
 until the fields began to lie seriously depleted. In the 
 mills and factories IIk; application of gas as a fuel was 
 made in a wasteful and unscientific manner; at least 
 double the quantity of gas necessary to do a given 
 amount of work was consumed. 
 
 In 1890 and 1891 man}' reforms tending to improve 
 methods of storing, ti'ansporting, and consinning natu- 
 ral gas were inaugurated. The meter was introduced, 
 which at once made it to the interest of the consumer 
 
 to see that consumption was economical. The wells 
 were controlled from the head office by telephones, so 
 that when the supply was more than enough the gates 
 at the wells were shut. The wells were watched more 
 vigilantly, salt water was kept out with more care, and 
 leaks and joints and all pipe connections were carefully 
 examined and repaired. The use of large pipes by 
 many of the gas companies began altout this time, 
 enabling them to send larger quantities to points of 
 consumption at reduced pressure. 
 
 Zhe-'<. — Natural gas is used principally as a sovu'ce of 
 light and heat in domestic service. It is employed 
 extensively in industrial establishments for many pur- 
 poses, notably in the manufacture of glass, in the gen- 
 eration of steam, puddling of iron, in roasting ores, in 
 heating furnaces, and in the manufacture of steel, and 
 it is also utilized as a source of power in the gas engine, 
 in drilling and operating oil and gas wells, and in 
 pumping oil. The heat value stored in natural gas is 
 greater than that caused by any artificial combination 
 of carbon and hydrogen, and is a perfect fuel as it 
 issues from its original rock-sealed reservoirs. No 
 preparation is necessary for its combustion and no resi- 
 due is left. It is not afi'ectcd by ordinary temperature 
 and it is easily distrii)uted by pipes to points of con- 
 sumption. It is a most economical source of light and 
 power, and an ideal household fuel. 
 
 The illuminating properties of natural gas vary in 
 different localities, because of the difference in the per- 
 centage of the heavier hydrocarbon, ethane (C.H,/). All 
 the natural gas found adjacent to petroleum fields has 
 a larger propoi'tion of ethane than the gas farther re- 
 moved, and therefore the candlepower is consideraljly 
 greater. Ordinary natural gas, if consumed with a 
 common tip at the rate of 7 or 8 cubic feet per hour, 
 will yield about H or 7 candlepower. In an ordinary 
 Argand burner with chinmey, it will give about 13 
 candlepower in consuming 5 to 6 cubic feet per hour. 
 AVhen natural gas is consumed in contact with a mantle 
 of alkaline earth (thoria, etc.). the result is the cheapest 
 and best illuminant known. AA'hen the price of natural 
 gas is 25 cents per 1,()IH) cul)ic feet, and 50 candlepower 
 is obtained from a consumption of '■2^ cubic feet per 
 hour, the cost per candlepower per hour is only 0.00125 
 of a cent. 
 
 There were 51(i,00O domestic consumers of natural 
 gas during 1902, and it is estimated that in the western 
 portions of New York and Pennsylvania, in central and 
 western West Virginia, and in Ohio, Indiana, and Kan- 
 sas, not less than 4,r)(H),0(H» persons received the benefit 
 of natural gas used as a. fuel and an illuminant. Over 
 8,000 mamifacturing establishments were also supplied. 
 
 The introduction of natural gas into the household, 
 for which it is eminently fitted, has been accomplished 
 -without personal inconvenience or loss of life, except in 
 very rare cases. The risk from fire is less than when 
 wood and coal are used. There have been some cases 
 of asphyxiation when a stove has been burned in a room 
 without a fine connection, as it has lieen found l.)v 
 
NATURAL (iAS. 
 
 775 
 
 experiment that combustion under these conditions is 
 imperfect, especial]}- so if the air in the room l)ecomes 
 more or less saturated with carbonic acid and the 
 vapors of water, the result being' the formation of 
 poisonous carbonic oxide. 
 
 The calorific value of natural gas varies slightly in 
 different localities, as the amounts of carbon and hydro- 
 gen vary. Those natural gases which contain the high- 
 est percentage of carbon gi\'e the best results in evap- 
 orating water. The standard used in measuring the 
 evaporation of water is called the liritish Thermal Unit, 
 written B. T. U., and is the amount of heat necessary 
 to raise 1 pound of pure water 1*^ F. at or near 39"-', 
 whicii is the temperature of the maximum density of 
 water. The quantity of air necessary for the perfect 
 combustion of natural gas varies from 10.4 to 10.8 
 parts of air to 1 part of natural gas. The products of 
 combustion are water and carbonic acid. 
 
 The ultimate heat units in any fuel are not all avail- 
 able for the conversion of water into steam, a propor- 
 tion being lost l)y radiation and in causing sufficient 
 draft to supply the fresh air that is required to keep up 
 the combustion. A number of tests have fullj- demon- 
 strated that when ordinary care is taken in burning- 
 natural gas under boilers in actual service, 1 cubic foot 
 of natural gas will do the work equi\'alent to the evapo- 
 ration of 1 pound of water at and above 212"^ F. Since 
 20 cubic feet of ordinary- natural gas weigh 1 pound, 1 
 pound of natural gas will evaporate 2() pounds of water, 
 while, under similar conditions, 1 pound of petroleum 
 will evaporate onl}- 16 pounds of water, and 1 pound of 
 good coal will evaporate but 10 pounds of water; there- 
 fore 10 cubic feet of gas is equal to 1 pound of coal, or 
 20,000 cubic feet will equal 1 ton of coal. 
 
 Only two articles have been made directly from nat- 
 ural gas; they are lampblack and gas coke. Lampblack 
 is still made, but gas coke ceased to become a j^roduct 
 when natural gas as a fuel was consumed in an economical 
 manner. In isolated districts, where it is difficult to 
 convev the natural gas to market, numerous wells have 
 been made profitable by the conversion of the gas into 
 lampblack. The process is extremely svasteful, as the 
 amount of carbon actually secured is probably not more 
 than one-twentieth of the carbon contained in the gas 
 consumed. In the manufacture of lampblack or carbon 
 black a great number of small jets are made to impinge 
 upon a pipe, through which there is a circulation of 
 water to keep it cold. The carbon is deposited on the 
 pipes in very thin films and accumulates very slowh-. 
 Automatic scrapers and brushes are arranged to collect 
 the deposit, so that the flames can have the clean, cold 
 surface of the pipes upon which to deposit a fresh sup- 
 ply. The lampblack thus secured is said to be the verj^ 
 finest, and is used extensively at home and abroad. 
 
 Gas coke is a product of the impei'fect combustion 
 of natural gas when the unconsumed portion is highly 
 heated. Under such condition the gas is decomposed 
 and pure carbon is deposited. Generalh' the deposit 
 
 was obtained from the fire boxes of the heating fur- 
 naces used in the maiuifacture of wrought iron, and 
 found a i-eady sale for use in the manufacture of elec- 
 tric'light carbons. It is similar in appearance to the 
 coke formed from coal, and has a metallic ring when 
 struck with a hammer. 
 
 77ii' vh'am'n/iiient of the ouPput of gas 'welh. — To as- 
 certain the outflow of a gas well in cubic feet per hour 
 it is necessary to determine the momentum, either by 
 the application of the Pitot tube or, if the pressure is 
 greater than 5 pounds, by the use of an accurate steam 
 gauge. In using the Pitot tube one end of a shoot pipe 
 is placed at right angles to the flow from the well and 
 as nearly even with the orifice of the pipe as possible — 
 one-third of the diameter from the outer edge. Lead- 
 ing away from this small nipple there is an elbow and 
 a piece of pipe attached to a siphon gauge, in which the 
 gas presses against the water or mercury. There is 
 also a scale attached to the gauge showing the inches 
 and tenths of an inch of the height of the column caused 
 by the momentum. This method of application and the 
 fornmla for determining the flow were first applied by 
 Prof. S. AV. Kobinson, of the Ohio State University. 
 
 Compressors. — The pressure in most of the original 
 fields at first was ample to convey large quantities of 
 gas a number of miles through medium sized pipes. In 
 after years a gradual reduction in the pressure made it 
 necessarj' to install powerful compressing machiner3\ 
 At first gas was used in the generation of steam as a 
 motive power; afterwards the most successful and 
 economical compressors were those in which gas was 
 exploded directly in the cylinder. 
 
 Many of these compressor plants installed by the 
 natural gas companies are models of the highest me- 
 chanical efficiency, some of the individual compressors 
 developing as much as 2,ii00 hoi'sepower and weighing 
 from 2.50 to 500 tons. The more recent ones are so 
 constructed as to use natural gas engines instead of 
 steam engines for motive power. By the operation 
 of compressors with the gas engine there is a saving of 
 from Id to 5i* per cent in the amount of gas used, as 
 I compared with that consumed under boilers supplying 
 double expansion engines. One of the first gas com- 
 pressor plants using natural gas as a motive power 
 is in use at Halsey, McKean county. Pa. This plant 
 consists of four horizontal gas cylinders, in which nat- 
 ural gas is exploded, each having a diameter of 25 
 inches and a stroke of 1 feet. These cylinders are set 
 tandem, two on each side of the main shaft, which car- 
 ries two 13-foot fly wheels and operates four compressor 
 cylinders. Two of these cylinders are high-stage com- 
 pressors and two are low-stage compressors, the former 
 being 15 inches in diameter and the latter 31 inches in 
 diameter; the stroke is 2 feet. The main dimensions 
 are: Length, 75 feet, and breadth at flv wheel, 18 feet. 
 In this engine one horsepower per hour is produced bv 
 the consumption of 9 cubic feet of natural gas. 
 
 Tlif ndtiiral gas engine. — Since the first successful 
 
776 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 use of the natural gas engine about ten years ago, its 
 application has been rapid as well as eminently snccess- 
 ful; wherever natural gas could be secured this engine 
 has been installed, and has fully demonstrated its econ- 
 omy and reliability. One of its greatest triumphs is 
 that it dispenses with the costly and extravagant boiler. 
 
 Its merits are fully demonstrated in its application to 
 the pumping of petroleum wells and the operation of 
 the smaller force pumps used in the transportation of the 
 petroleum. Its general introduction into the petroleum 
 producing fields has enabled the operator to pump 
 economically small wells that otherwise could not be 
 operated, and it has also enabled him to handle large 
 quantities of water where petroleum must be secured 
 at a small outlay. Petroleum wells are often pumped 
 in clusters of from 5 to '25, the number varying accord- 
 ing to the depth and other conditions. AVhere the 
 wells are comparatively shallow, and not too far apart, 
 they can be pumped readily and with small loss b^' 
 means of rods operated by steam or gas engines. For- 
 merly deep wells were operated by a single boiler in 
 or near the center of a cluster of from •4 to wells, each 
 of which had a steam engine connected with steam pipes 
 radiating from this boiler. The loss by condensation 
 when this method was used was very great. 
 
 The gas engine has in many instances replaced the 
 steam engine, the change often being effected by the 
 removal of the steam c^dinder and the substitution of 
 a gas cylinder. The boiler is dispensed with. The 
 gas engine will run unattended for hours, as it is only 
 necessary that it be kept lubricated. The steam engines 
 usualh' employed in petroleum operations are generally 
 not well cared for, so that the steam used for tlie work 
 accomplished is often extravagant. In ordinai-y prac- 
 tice the internal combustion engine, of which the 
 natural-gas engine is a type, is most economical, and 
 equals in effectiveness the triple expansion condensing 
 engine. Wheii the natural gas engine is operated in the 
 most economical manner, there is a saving of nearly 
 50 per cent in fuel over that required to bo consumed 
 under boilers to operate high dutj^ steam engines, and 
 a saving of about W) per cent over the consumption 
 required for the ordinary steam engine. 
 
 DiHti'llmtion of natxiral gas to tlie coiiHuincr. — Almost 
 the entire production of natural gas is distributed to 
 the consumers by wrought iron pipes, which vary from 
 1 inch to 20 inches in diameter. Thei'c are also in use 
 a number of miles of ri\'eted wrought iron pipes of a 
 diameter of 3 feet. Lately many long lines ha\e been 
 constructed of pipe IS and MO inches in diameter. The 
 pressure at the field end of these lines is in some 
 instances as high as 400 poimds to the square inch, but 
 it is usually from ino to 2(Hi pounds. Where the 
 rfatural w(dl pressure is not sufficient, it is incr(>ascd 
 by large compressors, before described. 
 
 Wrought iron pipes G inches and less in diameter 
 are usually' connected by collai's with thrtsaded joints. 
 Recently the joints for the larger diameters have been 
 
 made of sleeves of a larger diameter, between which and 
 the pipe rubber packing is forced by flanges drawn 
 together by bolts. This variety of joint is satisfactory in 
 every way, and has a number of advantages over the 
 screw couplings for larger diameters. It overcomes the 
 trouble due to the expansion and contraction of the pipe 
 line without a resort to fine bends: it enables the pipe to 
 swing more or less; it adjusts itself to the inequalities of 
 the surface; it cheapens the first cost, because no threads 
 have to be cut; it is not so easily injured in transporta- 
 tion, and it is etticient in preventing disintegration by 
 electrolysis in localities where electric roads are oper- 
 ated. Usually the main line pressure is reduced near 
 the city or town line to a pressure of from 20 to 50 
 pounds, and the gas is fed into an intermediate .sys- 
 tem of pipes supplying the regulators that deliver the 
 natural gas into the mains from which the consumers 
 are supplied. 
 
 In the cities and towns there are two methods of dis- 
 tribution. The more common system is called the low 
 pressure system, and usually carries a pressure of from 
 3i to 7 ounces to the square inch. This system consists 
 of a series of pipes from 2 to 12 inches in diameter laid 
 in the street at a depth of from 2^ to 3 feet, the largest 
 sizes Ijeing placed in the localities of the greatest con- 
 sumption. To these pipes are connected the service 
 pipes, which are usually from 1 to \\ inches in diame- 
 ter, and lead into the consumers" houses. Between the 
 high pressure lines and the low, automatic regulators are 
 placed, adjusted by weights and diaphragms, in such a 
 manner that the pressm'c remains almost constant, even 
 when more or less natural gas is conveyed from the high 
 to the low pressure. A series of liquid seals are used in 
 <'onnection with most of the regulators, which prevent 
 any pressure over 16 ounces on the low side from get- 
 ting into th(^ dwellings; the liquid seals will blow out 
 when such pressure is reached. 
 
 Another system is that of placing a reducing valve 
 inside or near each house, this valve being connected 
 with a smaller pipe conveying a higher pressure which 
 is reduced liy an individual regulator to a pressure of 
 from -1 to t! ounces. The points of consumption are in 
 many instances from 100 to 250 miles distant from the 
 ])lace of production. 
 
 The total length of pipes of all sizes from 2 inches 
 up to 3G inches in diameter in use in the United States 
 for conveying natural gas at the close of 1902 was 
 131,85!>,(:)3r, feet. This is equal to 2-l-,973.41 miles- 
 enough to more than girdle the earth at the equator. 
 
 Natural gas is usually sold to the consumer b}^ the 
 cubic foot, at a standard pressure of 4 ounces to the 
 S(iuare inch, or 36 pomids to the scjuare foot, at a tem- 
 perature of 60^ F. In many instances it is convenient 
 to dispose of the gas to consumers at higher pressures, 
 and then it is necessary to construct meters of propor- 
 tional strength. The mean pressui'e of the atmosphere 
 for the elevation at which most of the natural gas is sold 
 is assumed to be 14.4 pounds to the square inch. 
 
778 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 8.— DETAILED 
 
 10 
 
 40 
 41 
 42 
 43 
 
 44 
 4.i 
 40 
 
 47 
 .» 
 49 
 60 
 51 
 62 
 53 
 54 
 55 
 66 
 67 
 68 
 69 
 60 
 61 
 62 
 
 63 
 64 
 
 66 
 67 
 68 
 69 
 70 
 71 
 72 
 73 
 74 
 75 
 76 
 77 
 78 
 79 
 
 Number of wells 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Character of ownership: 
 
 Individual 
 
 Firm 
 
 Incorporated comytany 
 
 Other form 
 
 Salaried oflicials. clerks, etc.; 
 
 Total number 
 
 Total salaries. 
 
 General officers — 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Superintendents, managers, foremen, surveyors, etc.— 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Clerks- 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Total average number 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Engineers, firemen, and other mechanics — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Boys under 16 years — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 All other wage-earners- 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Average numberof wage-earners at specified tiaily rates of pa\- 
 Engineers — 
 
 S0.75 to S0.99 
 
 Sl.OO to S1.24 
 
 $1.25 to 81.49 
 
 81.60 to SI. 74 
 
 81.75 to 81.99 
 
 82.00 to 82.24 
 
 $2.25 to 82.49 
 
 82.50 to 82.74 
 
 82.75 to 82.99 
 
 83.00 to «:3.24 
 
 83.25 to S:l.49 
 
 83.50 to 83.74 
 
 83.75 to 83.99 
 
 84.00 to 84.24 
 
 84.25 and over 
 
 Firemen — 
 
 SI .25 to SI. 49 - 
 
 81.60 to $1.74 
 
 $1.75 to 81.99 
 
 82.00 to 82.24 - - 
 
 $2.25 to $2.49 
 
 $2.50 to $2.74 
 
 $3. SO to $3.74 
 
 84.00 to 84. 24 
 
 84.25 and over 
 
 JIachinists, blacksmiths, carpenters, and other mechanics- 
 $0.50 to 80.74 
 
 80.75 to 80.99 
 
 Sl.OO to $1.24 
 
 $1.25 to 81, 49 
 
 81.50 to 81.74 - 
 
 $1.75 to 81.99 •- . 
 
 82.00 to 82.24 
 
 82.25 to $2.49 
 
 $2..50 to $2.74 
 
 82.76 to 82.99 
 
 83.00 to SS.C'4 
 
 83.25 to $3.49 
 
 83.50 to $3.74 
 
 83.75 to 83.99 
 
 $4.00 to $4.24 ; 
 
 $4.25 and over 
 
 Bovs luider 16 years — 
 
 '$0.75 to $0.99 
 
 $1.00 to $1.24 
 
 All other wage-earners— 
 
 $0.50 to $0.74 
 
 $0.75 to 80.99 
 
 $1.00 to 81.24 
 
 $1.25 to $1 .49 
 
 81. .50 to $1.74 
 
 $1.75 to $1 .99 
 
 $2.00 to $2.24 
 
 82.25 to $2.49 - 
 
 $2.50 to $2.74 
 
 $2.75 to 82.99 
 
 $3.00 to $3.24 - 
 
 $3.50 to $3. 74 
 
 $3.75 to $3.99 - 
 
 84.00 to $4,21 
 
 84.25 and t»vcr 
 
 United States. 
 
 15,806 
 1,967 
 
 980 
 276 
 051 
 60 
 
 1 , 923 
 
 $l,810,:a7 
 
 386 
 
 8560, 575 
 
 791 
 
 8723, 086 
 
 746 
 
 $521'., 677 
 
 4. 678 
 $2,9X6,279 
 
 1,547 
 S1.165,44x 
 
 8625 
 
 3, 129 
 81,770,206 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 57 
 14 ; 
 22 
 
 ?1 
 26 
 9 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 21 
 19 
 4 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 51 
 
 118 
 
 429 
 
 195 
 
 121 
 
 37 
 
 35 
 
 5 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 IS 
 
 37 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 7 
 
 20 
 
 222 
 
 1,098 
 
 686 
 
 560 
 
 306 
 
 144 
 
 21 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 26 
 
 29 
 15 
 
 6 
 2 
 6 
 1 
 
 10 
 $14,940 
 
 4 
 86,600 
 
 4 
 
 .080 
 
 81 , 260 
 
 21 
 $10,800 
 
 21 
 810, KOO 
 
 6,861 
 880 
 
 341 
 158 
 337 
 44 
 
 580 
 $447, 608 
 
 157 
 
 $156,484 
 
 221 
 $177,108 
 
 202 
 
 8114,916 
 
 938 
 
 $586, 860 
 
 354 
 8272, .555 
 
 8314, 3 
 
 584 
 
 30 
 
 258 
 
 151 
 
 67 
 
 69 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
NATURAL GAS. 
 
 779 
 
 SUMMARY: 1902. 
 
 Kansft.s. 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Missouri. 
 
 New York. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Pennsylvania, South Dakota. Texas, West Virginia. 
 
 All other 
 states and 
 territories.! 
 
 
 414 
 57 
 
 12 
 3 
 
 37 
 5 
 
 43 
 J32,012 
 
 19 
 $15, 435 
 
 13 
 $10,777 
 
 11 
 $5,800 
 
 100 
 865,952 
 
 36 
 
 $35, 542 
 
 $625 
 
 62 
 $29, 785 
 
 1 
 
 117 
 19 
 
 11 
 2 
 6 
 
 13 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 612 
 
 108 
 
 73 
 6 
 
 29 
 
 1,3,52 
 417 
 
 340 
 12 
 
 59 
 6 
 
 211 
 
 $221,, 837 
 
 33 
 
 5,408 6 
 363 3 
 
 157 1 
 78 ' 1 
 
 14 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 949 
 63 
 
 4 
 12 
 46 
 
 1 
 
 221 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 'I 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 )2(; 
 
 ' 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 718 
 $7i;9,042 
 
 119 
 
 1 
 
 
 fi 
 
 32 
 
 $84,250 
 
 11 
 $18, 7,80 
 
 13 
 $8, 990 
 
 8 
 $6, 4,80 
 
 50 
 $27, 560 
 
 $5, 420 
 
 1 
 $232 
 
 76 
 $63,015 
 
 11 
 $11,. 530 
 
 33 
 $26,604 
 
 1 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 .$2,000 $225. .501 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 32 
 $66, 733 
 
 Q 
 
 
 $55,630 
 
 $''31 383 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 :lii5 . 1 
 
 11 
 
 
 $78, 990 $305, 586 
 
 121-, 291 
 $87,217 $232,073 
 
 699 2,115 
 $441,.5.S1 81,308,205 
 
 403 518 
 $278,1,52 $402, ,814 
 
 
 
 
 1" 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 70 
 $.53,818 
 
 634 
 $410, 845 
 
 130 
 $98,244 
 
 v\ 
 
 $232 it'M ,881 
 
 1 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 121 
 $84,476 
 
 99 
 
 $72, 721 
 
 
 IS 
 
 
 
 
 n; 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 IQ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 $22, 110 
 
 
 .$11,7.55 
 
 296 1 , 597 
 $163,429 $9(15,391 
 
 
 .504 
 $312, 601 
 
 
 '*1 
 
 
 
 92 
 
 
 
 
 -n 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 9,1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9^ 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 1 
 1 14 
 6 40 
 1 15 
 3 2 
 
 
 
 96 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 97 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■>s 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 ■'9 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 •^0 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 '^1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 3'' 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■=;i 
 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 1 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 'M\ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 ws 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 4'' 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 43 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 46 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 49 
 
 i 
 
 3 
 4 
 3 
 
 
 
 1 2 
 
 2 10 
 
 
 '2 
 14 
 11 
 49 
 11 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 6 
 
 23 
 7 
 
 30 
 9 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 23 
 153 
 158 
 
 17 
 
 8 
 
 44 
 178 
 14 
 48 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .n6 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 2 ' 9 
 1 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 59 
 60 
 61 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 26 
 
 
 1 
 
 .) 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ■:{ 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 1 
 3 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .) 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 K\'^^ 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 (> 
 
 
 
 26 
 12 
 
 30 
 
 
 18 i 102 
 94 ■ 666 
 76 ; 293 
 .84 • 21 1; 
 5 1 182 
 8 ' 65 
 
 
 1 
 50 
 160 
 168 
 60 
 50 
 11 
 2 
 1 
 
 
 6M 
 69 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -0 
 
 
 is 
 
 
 
 
 -.1 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 9 
 
 
 
 T 
 
 
 
 
 
 'I 
 2-1 
 
 
 
 t~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 79 
 
 > Includes operators distrii)Ulcd as Inllows: Colorado, 3 (wells included widi {ic(nileum 1: Indian Territory, 1; Tennessee, 1 (2 wells). 
 
780 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 8.— DETAILED 
 
 
 
 United States. 
 
 California. 
 
 Illinoi.s. 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 80 
 
 Average number of wage-earners employed during each month: 
 Men 16 years and over— 
 January 
 
 3,819 
 S, 575 
 3, 631 
 3, 866 
 4,111 
 4,571 
 4,631 
 5,082 
 6,668 
 
 5, 493 
 
 6, 330 
 6, 335 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 J4. 459, 001 
 3, 268 
 
 85,912,257 
 12,533,895 
 83, 378, 362 
 f6, 607, 2.55 
 830, 867, 863 
 
 104,107 
 
 787 
 91.. 595 
 
 300 
 7,083 
 
 12 
 2.102 
 
 225 
 42 
 
 6 
 50 
 20 
 
 21 
 21 
 21 
 21 
 21 
 21 
 21 
 21 
 21 
 21 
 21 
 21 
 
 
 913 
 875 
 889 
 911 
 909 
 929 
 924 
 941 
 1,075 
 1 , 031 
 948 
 911 
 
 
 
 81 
 
 February 
 
 
 82 
 
 March 
 
 
 K» 
 
 April 
 
 
 84 
 
 May 
 
 
 85 
 
 ,June 
 
 
 88 
 
 Julv 
 
 
 87 
 
 August 
 
 88 
 
 
 89 
 
 October 
 
 
 90 
 
 November . . 
 
 
 91 
 
 
 
 92 
 
 Boys under 16 years- 
 
 
 93 
 
 
 
 
 94 
 
 March 
 
 
 
 95 
 
 
 
 
 9B 
 
 May 
 
 
 
 97 
 
 
 
 
 98 
 
 Julv 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 September 
 
 
 
 101 
 
 
 
 
 
 10'.> 
 
 
 
 
 
 103 
 
 December 
 
 
 
 
 104 
 105 
 
 Number of employee^ 
 
 812.. 300 
 2 
 
 816, 737 
 
 81,317 
 12 
 
 $34 
 
 81,046,444 
 1, 267 
 
 81,399,355 
 
 8539, 844 
 
 8869, .511 
 
 81,028,3.58 
 
 87.081,344 
 
 67,099 
 
 189 
 60, 796 
 
 74 
 
 4,288 
 
 9 
 
 2,000 
 
 lOB 
 
 Total 
 
 107 
 
 Rent of offices, taxes, insurance, interest, and other sundries 
 
 108 
 
 
 
 815,737 
 813, 698 
 J120, 648 
 
 233 
 
 834 
 
 109 
 
 
 iro 
 
 Value of product 
 
 SI,, 844 
 
 111 
 
 Power: 
 
 119, 
 
 Engines — 
 Steam- 
 
 
 IIS 
 
 
 
 
 114 
 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 
 115 
 
 Horsepower _ 
 
 Other power — 
 
 Number 
 
 
 118 
 
 
 117 
 
 
 
 118 
 
 
 225 
 
 
 119 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 16 
 
 V'O 
 
 Electric motors owned — 
 
 1 1 
 
 10 j 
 
 121 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 
 
 i 
 
NATURAL GAS. 
 
 781 
 
 .SUMMARY: 1902— Continued. 
 
 Kansas. 
 
 ) 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Missouri. 
 
 New York. 
 
 Ohic. 
 
 342 
 
 2,88 
 
 285 
 
 284 
 
 466 
 
 489 
 
 512 
 
 740 
 
 985 
 
 1,1.50 
 
 1,1,51 
 
 1 , 693 
 
 I'(Mii].';\!\'iiuin. 
 
 ,S()ntIi Dakntii. 
 
 Texus, 
 
 West VirKHtiia. 
 
 All other 
 states and 
 territories. 
 
 
 7 
 
 49 
 49 
 49 
 49 
 .50 
 50 
 49 
 49 
 53 
 63 
 52 
 48 
 
 9fi 
 90 
 96 
 110 
 103 
 102 
 104 
 129 
 165 
 176 
 148 
 133 
 
 1,994 
 1,883 
 J , 903 
 
 1 , 962 
 1,993 
 
 2, 081 
 2, 215 
 2, 339 
 
 
 395 
 
 80 
 
 78 
 78 
 80 
 99 
 98 
 109 
 111 
 117 
 128 
 99 
 100 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 291 
 310 
 449 
 470 
 801 
 697 
 7.52 
 839 
 737 
 744 
 1,193 
 
 
 81 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 84 
 
 
 
 
 86 
 
 
 87 
 
 2, 413 
 
 2,197 
 2, ir,4 
 
 
 
 88 
 
 
 
 89 
 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 2, 236 
 
 
 
 91 
 
 
 
 92 
 
 93 
 
 94 
 
 95 
 
 96 
 
 97 
 
 98 
 
 99 
 
 100 
 
 101 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 
 
 > 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 »107,96S 
 128 
 
 J40, 109 
 J21,038 
 J19,071 
 S165, 859 
 S824,431 
 
 230 
 
 218 
 
 j 
 
 39, 297 
 
 5112,794 
 
 S8,725 
 
 $104, 069 
 
 337,197 
 
 S365, Oil 
 
 649 
 
 6 
 600 
 
 2 
 37 
 
 1 
 12 
 
 89.50 
 3691 
 
 ,377,904 
 97 
 
 3127, 530 
 .?32, 439 
 395^ 091 
 339, 920 
 
 3346,47] 
 
 9,51 ; 
 
 5 
 ,585 
 
 5 
 371 
 
 3433, 026 
 416 
 
 3491,223 
 
 3198, 671 
 
 3292, 552 
 
 31,139,201 
 
 32, 365, 4.58 
 
 4,135 
 
 33 
 3, 405 
 
 57 
 565 
 
 2 
 160 
 
 $1,745,, 5011 
 98,s 
 
 $2, 899, 633 
 $1 , 223, 278 
 31, 676, 3.55 
 32,687,228 
 314, ,3.52, 183 
 
 22, 041 
 
 296 
 20, 296 
 
 146 
 1,745 
 
 57,943 318,812 
 6 17 
 
 32, 612 
 
 fto 039 
 
 3994,, 540 
 298 
 
 3822,639 
 
 3,507,868 
 
 .$314, 771 
 
 31,495,069 
 
 $.5, 390, 181 
 
 8,742 
 
 250 
 8, 673 
 
 13 
 69 
 
 S3, 000 
 10 
 
 32^305' 
 
 104 
 105 
 
 106 
 107 
 
 ?691 
 
 3600 
 
 $2, 154 
 
 $io,'286' 
 
 $.580 
 
 $125 
 
 314, 9.53 
 
 1 
 99 
 
 ]t8 
 1C9 
 110 
 
 111 
 
 
 119 
 
 
 
 
 
 lit 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 115 
 
 
 116 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 118 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I'^l 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
STONE 
 
 (783) 
 
STONE. 
 
 By GEOK(iK P. Mkkhili,, Ph. D. 
 
 As earl}' as the Seventh Census, statisticiS of the produc- 
 tion of stone for building- and decoration were shown. 
 Under the name of ''stone and niarlile quarries" a total 
 of i,l-l:-i quarries, with an output \'alued at $8, ISO, 11,5, 
 was reported. This, however, did not include the value 
 of stone burned into lime, which was separately reported 
 and amounted to $S, 386, 2-1:2. There were also 5 slate 
 quarries, with a product valued at $iiitt,().^(;. Statistics 
 for slate and marble quarries have Iteen sliown at each 
 subsequent census, but the first systematic and fairly - 
 satisfactory report of the stone industry, as a whole, 
 was begun under the direction of Dr. George W. Hawes 
 at the time of the 'I'enth Census in 1880. The unfortu- 
 nate death of Doctor Hawes, in the midst of his labors, 
 prevented the carrying- oat of his plans as completely as 
 might have been desired, ))ut enough was aceonq)lished 
 to establish a basis for future work and furnish material 
 for comparison. 
 
 It will be noted that since 1880 the increase in num- 
 ber of cfuarries was -i.^H'.i, and in value of products, 
 $52,086,383. The industry has, therefore, practically 
 quadrufDled during- the twenty -two years. No compar- 
 ison can be made l)etween the wages for 18S0 and those 
 for 1',I02, as wages were not reported in 1880; the increase 
 in salaries and wages from 1889 to 1902, however, was 
 $11, -14:8. 369, or 37.5 per cent. 
 
 The following- table presents comparative statistics 
 for all classes of stone for 19(»2, 1889, and 1880: 
 
 Tajsle 1. — Coiiijiiirnlivr ainniiKiry : ISHO hi I'.iO.i. 
 
 Number nf (juarrii-s 
 
 NumbLT of nptrutcrs 
 
 SHlaricrl ■ittii-ials. clvrks, rtr : 
 
 NuihIkt 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners; 
 
 Average nuraljer 
 
 Wages'. 
 
 Miseelljinenus expenses 
 
 (■list (■)[- siij)7)lies and material 
 Value nf jiroduet 
 
 ^ Exelusivc of silica sand. 
 
 - Not reported, 
 
 ^Foremen ineluded as wage-earners. 
 
 ■1 Salaries inehnled in wages. 
 
 ''Greatest number employed. 
 
 '^^'alue of e.\pb)sives. 
 
 ^The I'll i ted statL's (;et)logieal Survey reports under " glass sand" (this is not 
 ineluded in stone) 9-l:j,13.i short tons, valued at $807,797, which includes glass 
 sand obtained from banks. Census figures for -'silica sand," included in stone, 
 are .?4'Jl,'^s',i for the ^'alue of the product, and embrace only the .sand produced 
 Jit snnrlstone quarries by crushing the rock. The production of stone reported 
 )'y the sur\'ey does not include limestone, valued at .$210,798, consumed in the 
 manufacture of cement. 
 
 ^Includes blucstone, purchased by wholesale dealers, \-alued at 5939.694. 
 
 C'uj'itiil storlt (if I nctirporated coiiipanien. — Of the 
 5,17(1 operatoi-s of stone quarries, 754 were incorpo- 
 rated t-ompanies. Details of capitalization were re- 
 ported by 675 of these, and are shown, hy classes of 
 stone, in the followino- table: 
 
 Table 2.— CAPITALIZATION OF INCORPORATED CO:\IPANIES; 1902 
 
 Number of incorporated companies 
 
 Number reporting capitalization 
 
 Capital stock and bonds issued 
 
 Capital stock: 
 
 Total authorized- 
 Number of shuri's 
 
 Par value 
 
 Total issued — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid 
 
 Common — 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Numlier of shares. 
 
 I-*ar value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of shares. 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid 
 
 Preferred — 
 
 Authorized- 
 Number of shares. 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of shares. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Limestones 
 and dolo- 
 mites. 
 
 S10:i, U' 
 
 754 
 67S 
 , «5I1 
 
 344 
 311 
 
 Bonds: 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number 
 
 Par value 
 
 Interest paid 
 Assessments levied 
 
 Par value. 
 Dividends paid . 
 
 6,092,267 
 8107, 193, 740 
 
 .=>, 244, 389 
 J89, .516, 050 
 SI, 762, 332 
 
 .5, 760, 783 
 *93,.505,'200 
 
 5,121,478 
 $82, 362, 025 
 $1,. 562, 4.52 
 
 331,484 
 $13,688,640 
 
 122, 911 
 
 $7,1.54,025 
 
 $199,880 
 
 46, 213 
 .$18, 386, 100 
 
 28, 083 
 
 $13, 831, 600 
 
 $.576,901 
 
 $176, 960 
 
 35, .509, 7 
 
 2, 503, 008 
 $34, 668, 900 
 
 2, 182, 612 
 
 $30,165,235 
 
 $751, 534 
 
 2, 445, 6.58 
 $30, .594, 400 
 
 2.141,391 
 
 $27,5.54,775 
 
 $681,353 
 
 .57,350 
 $4,074,500 
 
 41, '221 
 
 $2,610,460 
 
 $70, 181 
 
 10,4,33 
 $6, '206, .500 
 
 8,822 
 
 $5, 344,. 500 
 
 J'268,3i;2 
 
 $2,000 
 
 45 
 
 43 
 
 20.318,400 
 
 1,. 5.56, 650 
 $20, 414, 000 
 
 1, 448, 348 
 
 $17, 609, 900 
 
 $239, 250 
 
 1,619,950 
 $16, 744, 000 
 
 1, 413, 768 
 
 $14, 151, 90U 
 
 $139, 2.50 
 
 36, "tlO 
 $3, 670, 000 
 
 34,. 580 
 
 $3, 468, 000 
 
 $100. 000 
 
 K, 75,s 
 $4,476,000 
 
 4, 874 
 
 $2, 708,, 500 
 
 $93, 290 
 
 $16,000 
 
 Sandstones 
 and quartz- 
 
 ites. 
 
 119 
 
 104 
 
 $16,219,8.50 
 
 821,302 
 $14, 551, 600 
 
 $13,,s-21,.3,50 
 $276, 956 
 
 820, 802 
 $14,.5'26,600 
 
 777, 353 
 
 $13,800,760 
 
 $275, 732 
 
 500 
 $25,000 
 
 412 
 $20, 600 
 $1,2-24 
 
 3,900 
 $2, 586, 000 
 
 2, 542 
 
 $2, 398, .500 
 
 $98, 485 
 
 $3,000 
 
 Silica sand. 
 
 25, 200 
 $635, 000 
 
 21.741 
 $.564, 175 
 
 25, 200 
 $635, 000 
 
 21,741 
 $5.54,175 
 
 Siliceous 
 
 crystalline 
 
 rocks. 
 
 Slate. 
 
 176 
 
 1.53 
 
 $19,3,80.8-25 
 
 644, ,533 
 $20,306,800 
 
 .541,574 
 $10, 617, 440 
 
 .505,838 I 308,08.5 
 
 $17, 007, 325 $10, 358, 065 
 
 $3.S3, 438 $111,1.54 
 
 039, 973 
 $19, ,848, 300 
 
 602, 293 
 
 $16, 6.50, 325 
 
 $383, 438 
 
 4, 560 
 $4,58, .500 
 
 3, .545 
 S357, 000 
 
 411 
 $41,100 
 
 411 
 
 $41, 100 
 $2,466 
 
 20, 220 
 3,7.52,000 
 
 10, -250 
 
 2, 373, 500 
 
 $89, 873 
 
 $153, 600 
 
 309, 200 
 $11,1.56,900 
 
 -264,932 
 
 S9, 650, 100 
 
 $82, 679 
 
 232, 374 
 $5, 460, 540 
 
 43, 163 
 $707, 965 
 $-28, 475 
 
 2,491 
 $1,325, .500 
 
 1,784 
 
 $965, ,500 
 
 $34,4-25 
 
 $3, 450 
 
 30223—04- 
 
 -.50 
 
 (785) 
 
786 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Capital stock and funded debt amounting to $103,- 
 34:7,650 was reported for all classes of stone, of which 
 $35, 509, 735, or 34.4 per cent, was invested in cjuarries 
 of limestones and dolomites; $20,318,400, or 10.7 per 
 cent, in marble quarries; $19,380,825, or 18.7 percent, in 
 quarries of siliceous crj'stalline rocks; $16,219,850, or 
 15.7 per cent, in ([uarries of sandstones and quartzites; 
 $11,323,565, or 11 per cent, in slate quarries; and 
 $595,275, or five-tenths of 1 per cent, in quarries of 
 silica sand. 
 
 The following table shows the number of operators, 
 grouped by value of product, with the percentages the 
 number and value are of the totals: 
 
 Table 3. — Operators hij value of product : 190J. 
 
 
 OPER.iTORS. 
 
 V.lLfE OF PRODUCT.l 
 
 PRODUCT PER OPERATOR. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Per cent 
 of total . 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Percent 
 (if total 
 
 Total 
 
 5, 470 
 
 100.0 
 
 $71,204,313 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 Less than S500 
 
 . 1,7.19 
 
 198 
 
 1,86S 
 
 1,004 
 
 1,H8 
 
 100 
 
 20 
 
 3 
 
 32.7 
 9.1 
 34.2 
 18.3 
 3.4 
 1.8 
 0.4 
 0.1 
 
 322, 7,52 
 3.57,244 
 
 7, 3«6, 264 
 22,580,841 
 13, 612, 105 
 16, .518, 981 
 
 8, 2.80, 936 
 2, 11.5, 190 
 
 0.4 
 
 S.500 but less than SI 000 
 
 5 
 
 $1,000 but less than $10,000 
 
 10.4 
 
 SIO.OOO but less than 850.000 
 
 $50,000 but less than $100,000 
 
 8100,000 but less than ?250,000 
 
 $2.50,000 but less than S.500,000 
 
 $-500,000 and over. 
 
 31.7 
 19.1 
 23.3 
 11.6 
 3 
 
 
 
 1 Includes abrasive materials valued at $741, 875 produced byoi>erators of stone 
 quarries, but not included in the value shown in Table 1. 
 
 Although not clearJ_y shown by the statistics, it i.s 
 nevertheless true that there exists in the stone industry 
 the same tendency toward the concentration of capital 
 and the formation of stock companies as in other 
 branches of trade, though possilih' not to the .same extent. 
 This is due not altogether to tlio desire for com))ination 
 with a view to controlling trade, but in part at least to 
 a change which has taken place in the character of the 
 industry'. The introduction of machinery, often of an 
 expensive type, for both quarrjdng and dressing, ren- 
 ders neces.saiy a larger initial outlay than in the earlier 
 days of the industiy when hand labor alone Avas em- 
 ployed. The fact, too, that the quarrier in many 
 ca.ses now contracts not merely to furnish the stone, 
 but to furnish it cut and ready for its definite position 
 in the structure, even if he does not contract to set it 
 
 in place as well, involves a larger capitalization and 
 supply of available funds. 
 
 Of the operators shown in the foregoing table 5.7 
 per cent reported a product valued at $50,(t00 or more, 
 the value of their combined product constituting 57 per 
 cent of the tohd ; 91. 3 per cent reported a product valued 
 at less than $50,000, their combined value of product 
 constituting 43 per cent of the total. 
 
 Employees and nmgea. — The following table shows the 
 average number of wage-earners employed each month: 
 
 Table 4. — Areraijr number of irage-eariiers emploi/ed duriiuj each 
 month': 1903. 
 
 Wage- 
 earners. 
 
 Januarv 49,859 
 
 FebniaVv .50, 216 
 
 March.; : 60,019 
 
 April 72,695 
 
 Mav 79,029 
 
 ,Turic «,622 
 
 Julv 83,313 
 
 August 83,907 
 
 September .^2, 811 
 
 October , 79, 809 
 
 November 70, 8.52 
 
 December 59, 740 
 
 The minimum number, 49,859, was reported for Jan- 
 uary, and the maximum, 83,907, for August. The 
 variation in the numbers employed during the summer 
 and winter months is readily explained when it is re- 
 membered that ([uarrying is an outdoor pursuit and 
 the severity of the northern winters practically puts a 
 stop to all building and outdoor work. The compara- 
 tively recent developments in the Southern states, 
 where the climatic conditions are less severe, have ren- 
 dered this discrepancy much less marked than in times 
 past. 
 
 In Table 5 the figures for the numlier of wage- 
 earners at specified daily rates of pay in the several 
 kinds of stone (juarries are combined, and the totals for 
 all stone quarries are givim for the difi'erent classes of 
 employees. In addition to the average numljcr of 
 wage-earners included in each rate group, the per- 
 centages which these numbers form of their respective 
 totals are shown. 
 
STONE. 787 
 
 Takle 5.— distribution OF WAGE-EARNERS ACCORDINC TO DAIEY RATES OF PAY, BY OCCUPATIONS: 1902. 
 
 RATE PER DAY 
 
 AIJ. OCi'lU'ATIONS. 
 
 ENGINEERS. 
 
 FIHEMEN. 
 
 MACHINIHT&, BLACK- 
 SMITHS, lARPEN- 
 TERS, AND OTHER 
 MECHANICS. 
 
 QITARRYMEN AND 
 STONECUTTERS. 
 
 IlliYS UNDER 16 
 YEARS. 
 
 ALL OTHER WAGE- 
 EARNERS. 
 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per cent 
 of total. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per cent 
 of total. 
 
 Average 
 inimber. 
 
 Per eent 
 
 of total. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 2, 976 
 
 Per cent 
 of total. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per cent 
 of total. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per cent 
 nt total. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per cent 
 of total. 
 
 Total 
 
 I 71, 156 
 
 100.0 
 
 2, 540 
 
 100.0 
 
 933 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 49, 945 
 
 100. 0' 
 
 731 
 
 100.0 
 
 14,031 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 
 
 70 
 
 458 
 
 1,186 
 
 6, 518 
 
 13, 238 
 
 17, 309 
 
 10,717 
 
 9, 0.50 
 
 •>, 914 
 
 2,813 
 
 2, 130 
 
 2,715 
 
 790 
 
 695 
 
 54 
 
 284 
 
 149 
 
 0.1 
 
 0.6 
 
 1.7 
 
 9.2 
 
 18.6 
 
 24. 3 
 
 15. 1 
 
 12.7 
 
 4.1 
 
 4.0 
 
 3.0 
 
 3.S 
 
 1.1 
 
 1.0 
 
 0.1 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 69 
 257 
 233 
 1.57 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 9.4 
 3.5. 2 
 31.9 
 21.5 
 1.5 
 0.1 
 0.1 
 
 1 
 
 90 
 
 306 
 
 1,449 
 
 4,241 
 
 4,898 
 
 1,263 
 
 1,098 
 
 236 
 
 220 
 
 40 
 
 132 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 29 
 
 10 
 
 {-) 
 
 0.60to0.74 
 
 75 to 99 
 
 lb 
 
 68 
 
 193 
 
 333 
 
 279 
 
 853 
 
 271 
 
 295 
 
 89 
 
 lOll 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.1 
 
 2.7 
 
 7.6 
 
 13.1 
 
 11.0 
 
 33. 6 
 
 10.8 
 
 11.6 
 
 3.5 
 
 4.2 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.1 
 
 0.1 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 45 
 
 114 
 
 218 
 
 331 
 
 111 
 
 33 
 
 43 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 0.4 
 
 1.4 
 
 4,8 
 
 12.2 
 
 23.4 
 
 35.5 
 
 11.9 
 
 3.5 
 
 4.0 
 
 1.2 
 
 0.7 
 
 0.3 
 
 18 
 
 55 
 
 216 
 
 334 
 
 383 
 
 .572 
 
 395 
 
 369 
 
 273 
 
 238 
 
 60 
 
 39 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 0.1 
 0.6 
 1.8 
 7.3 
 11.2 
 12.9 
 19. 2 
 13. 3 
 12.4 
 9.2 
 8.0 
 2.0 
 1.3 
 0.1 
 0.5 
 0.1 
 
 100 
 
 606 
 
 4,774 
 
 8, 46,3 
 
 11,. 523 
 
 8,, 500 
 
 6,4]6 
 
 1,976 
 
 1,886 
 
 1,723 
 
 2, 233 
 
 701 
 
 632 
 
 43 
 
 234 
 
 135 
 
 0.2 
 
 1.2 
 
 9.5 
 
 16.9 
 
 23.1 
 
 17.0 
 
 12.8 
 
 4.0 
 
 3.8 
 
 3.4 
 
 4.6 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.3 
 
 0.1 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.7 
 2. 2 
 
 1.00 to 1.24. 
 
 10.3 
 
 1 25 to 1 49 
 
 30.2 
 
 1.50 to 1.74 
 
 34.9 
 
 1 75 to 1 99 
 
 8.9 
 
 
 7.8 
 
 2 '^S to 2 49 
 
 
 
 1.7 
 
 BO to 2 74 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 
 1 
 
 0.3 
 
 
 
 0.9 
 
 R 'T) to 3 49 
 
 
 0.1 
 
 
 
 0,1 
 
 3 75 to 3 99 
 
 ;:::;: 
 
 (2) 
 
 4 00 to 4 *'4 
 
 1 
 
 0.1 
 
 
 0.2 
 
 
 
 0.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Includes 5,963 wage-earners paid in accordance with the amount 
 - Less than one- tenth of 1 x'cr cent. 
 
 The 71,156 wage-earners shown ahove as employed 
 in stone quarries constituted ahiiost one-eightli (liJ.2 
 per cent) of the total number reported in 1902 l)_y all 
 the mines and quarries of the United States. The rates 
 of pay were somewhat lower for stone quarries than 
 for all minerals combined, the range of wages for the 
 bulk (70.9 per cent) of tho.se employed in stone i[iiarries 
 having been from $1 to §2,24, while of the total for all 
 minerals 80. S per cent received between $1 and $2.74 
 per day. The ditference in wages is more clearly shown, 
 perhaps, in the following comparison: AA^heiT the fig- 
 ures for all minerals are combined it is found that 57.2 
 per cent of the total number were paid 113 per day or 
 over, while 42.8 per cent were paid less than $2. In 
 stone quarries, on the other hand, only 30.4 per cent of 
 the wage-earners received $2 per daj' or over, (19.(1 per 
 cent of them having been paid less than $2. 
 
 Of the 71,156 wage-earners 49,945 (about seven- 
 tenths) were returned as quariymen and stonecutters. 
 The greatest concentration of these wage-earners was 
 between rates $1 and $2.24, 79.3 i^er cent of the total 
 number being included. The next four groups, includ- 
 ing those who received from §2.25 to §3.24 per day, 
 cofistituted 15.7 per cent of the total number. Thus it 
 is seen that 95 per cent of the (juarrj^men and stone- 
 cutters were paid between $1 and $3.24 per day. 
 
 The total number of engineers employed in stone 
 quarries in 1902 was 2,540, the range of wages for 80.1 
 per cent of them being from §1.50 to $2.74 per day. 
 There were 933 firemen reported, 83 per cent of whom 
 received between $1.25 and $2.24 per day. About one- 
 third of all the engineers are included in the single rate 
 group, $2 to $2.24, while 35.5 per cent of the firemen 
 are'included in the group, $1.75 to $1.99. There is less 
 concentration in the figures for machinists and other 
 mechanics, the range of wages for 2,780 of them — 93.4 
 
 of work done, for whom average daily earnings are shown. 
 
 per cent of the total number — being from $1.25 to $3.24 
 per day. 
 
 The number of boys under 16 years employed in stone 
 quarries was 731, only 1 per cent of the total number 
 of wage-earners. Of these boys, 69 were paid less than 
 50 cents a day and 647 were paid lietween 50 cents and 
 §1.24. 
 
 Under the head of "all other wage-earners"' are 
 included 14,031 employees, more than three-fourths of 
 whom received from fl to $1.74 per day and 16.7 per 
 cent received from §1.75 to §2.24. 
 
 Siq)p] ii'K, iiuiti'-fidlK^ and iiiinvvlhuieous expenseft. — As 
 .shown in Table 37, the total amount expended for sup- 
 plies and materials was $10,739,736. Of this amount, 
 $5,403,912, or 60.3 per cent, was ex.pended in quarrj'- 
 ing limestones and dolomites; $2,493,065, or 23.2 per 
 cent, in quarrying siliceous crystalline rocks; $1,298,190, 
 or 12.1 per cent, in quarrying sandstones and quartz- 
 ites; $825,822, or 7.7 per cent, at marble quarries; 
 $680,361, or 6.3 per cent, at slate quarries; and $38,386, 
 or four-tenths of 1 per cent, in connection with the 
 production of silica sand. 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses amounted to §3,976,865, of 
 which total $1,156,754, or 29.1 per cent, was paid for 
 royalties and rent of quarrying plants, and $2,S20,111, 
 or 70.9 per cent, for rent of otKces, taxes, and other 
 sundries. 
 
 Mechanival jxnrer. — The total primary power re- 
 ported aggregated 178,878 horsepower, of which 
 167,744, or 93.8 per cent, was applied through 4,265 
 steam engines, and 1,378, or seven-tenths of 1 per cent, 
 through 92 gas or gasoline engines. Fifty-six water 
 wheels furnished 6,731 horsepower, or 3.8 per cent; 
 under "other power," 2,114 horsepower, or 1.2 per 
 cent, was reported; and 911 horsepower, or five-tenths 
 of 1 per cent, was rented from other establishments. 
 
788 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 There were, in addition, lit electric motors owned by 
 tlie operators reporting- them, having- a total horsepower 
 of 3,521. Of these, 35 with a horsepower of 769 were 
 used in the production of limestones and dolomites; 32 
 with 2,220 horsepower, in the production of marble; 
 and 23 with -142 horsepower, in the production of sili- 
 ceous cr3^stalline rocks. 
 
 Production. — The value of the annual production of 
 all classes of stone from 1890 to 1902 is shown in the 
 following- table: 
 
 Table 6. — Value of amnial production of atone: lS90to 1903.^ 
 [United States (.ieolcigieal Survey, " Mineral Resources of tlie United States."] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Value of 
 product. 
 
 
 YKAE. 
 
 Value of 
 prodiiet. 
 
 1890... 
 
 1891 . . . 
 
 
 353,035,620 
 47, -294, 746 
 48,7-21,62.0 
 33,985,573 
 37, 065, 030 
 34,688,816 
 31,346,171 
 
 1897 . . 
 
 1898 . . 
 
 
 S36, 070, 651 
 38,441,3.54 
 44 090 670 
 
 189-^ 
 
 18q>) 
 
 
 1893... 
 
 1894 . . . 
 
 1895 . - 
 
 1900 . . 
 19U1 . . 
 1902 . 
 
 
 48, OOH, 739 
 
 60, 275, 762 
 
 ■J 69, 830, 3.51 
 
 1896 . . . 
 
 
 
 1 Exclusive of glass sand, which was not reported by the Geological Survey 
 duriug the years here shown except in 1902, when it was not included with 
 stone. 
 
 2 Exclusive of limestone, ^'alned at §210,798, used in the manufacture of 
 cement. 
 
 The values increased and decreased alternately from 
 1891 to the close of 1895, and there was a further 
 decrease in 1896. when the lowest value was reported. 
 Since 1896 there has been a steady increase. These 
 fluctuations of value were distributed through all classes 
 of stone. 
 
 Discussing the period covered bv this table, a decline 
 in the production of granite, limestone, and sandstone 
 began in 1891. Th(> production of .slate declined in 
 1893, but increased a little in 1894. The production of 
 marbh? fell off in 1893. The return io more prosperous 
 conditions began in 1897, and liy 1902 the earlier (jutput 
 had been equaled or exceeded for all classes of stone 
 but sandstones and i|uartzites, the \'alue of which for 
 1902 was still below its \-alue for l8'.»0. 
 
 Table 37 presents detailed statistics of all classes of 
 stone for 1902. 
 
 CLASSIFICATION A\D OCCUKIIENCE. 
 
 The matter of the classification of such rocks as are 
 here considered has from the very beginning- been one 
 of difficulty, and one which has not yet been solved in 
 a thoroughlv satisfactory manner. As a compromise 
 between the minute subdivisions desired by the scien- 
 tists and the extremely general and often erroneous 
 classification of the quarrymen, the following division 
 has been adopted, which is essentially that followed in 
 1880: 
 
 1. Limestones and dolomites. — These are all sedi- 
 mentar}' and bedded rock.s, composed essentially of 
 lime carbonate, or the mixed carbonates of lime and 
 magnesia. Such have been found to pass into each 
 other by insensible gradations, certain quarries in the 
 states of the Mississippi valley producing at the same 
 time material which, if classed on purely chemical 
 grounds, would be relegated to both divisions. Obvi- 
 ously a too close adherence to scientific principles 
 would lead to confusion, and hence all are here grouped 
 together. 
 
 '2. Miidile. — Here are included stones identical in 
 composition with those noted under limestones and 
 dolomites, but which through changes, mainly physical, 
 have come to possess properties rendering them desir- 
 able for high-grade building or ornamental work. As 
 with the last, they are variable in composition. The 
 marbles of the Rutland, Vt., area, for instance, are 
 largely limestone, while those of the Berkshire count}', 
 Mass., area are largelj' dolomite. With the marbles 
 are also included a small series of serpentinous rocks, 
 which are likewise utilized for decorative purposes. 
 
 3. Sandstones andquartzitex. — The rocks here brought 
 together are composed es.sentially of consolidated sands. 
 They are made over, as it were, from the detritus of 
 preexisting rocks. Those classed as "quartzites" are 
 .sandstones which have Ijcen rendered more or less crvs- 
 talline through the deposition of silica between the 
 original sand particles, as is the case with the '"jasper" 
 of Sioux Falls, S. Dak., or the Potsdam sand.stone of 
 St. Lawrence county, N. Y. The tuffs and other vol- 
 canic f ragmental rocks are also here included. 
 
 .^. Silica sand. — This is crushed sandstone, used in 
 the manufacture of glass and for other purposes. 
 
 5. Siliceoiix cfi/xtaUinc nicl'x. — Here are included the 
 true granites and syenites, together with the trappean 
 rocks, such as are often designated as black granites: 
 the gneisses, or so-called stT'iped or bastard granites: 
 the mica schists: and nielaphyi-e, ba.salt, andesite, and 
 other A'olcanic rocks. 
 
 6. Slaf,'. — This is an argillaceous rock, which, through 
 compression and shearing-, has been more or less meta- 
 morphosed and rendered Kssile, by virtue of which 
 pi'operty it may be split into slieets suitable for rooting 
 and other purposes. 
 
 Oiriirrcncc. — In this connectitm the following state- 
 ment relative^ to the possible resources of the various 
 states of the Union and their present development is 
 not without interest. The list shows the rocks which 
 are known to occur in each state in quantities sufficient 
 for (juarrying. The names in small capitals indicate 
 those which were actually' quarried during 1902. 
 
STONE. 
 
 789 
 
 STATE OR TERRI- 
 TORY. 
 
 Alabama. . 
 
 Arizcina... 
 
 Arkansas . 
 California. 
 
 Colorado., . 
 Connecticut 
 
 Present and x^rospective resources. 
 
 Granite, limestone, marble, sandstone, slate. 
 
 Dolomite, granite, onyx marble, sandstone, trappean 
 rocks, volcanic roclvs, and (ufls. 
 
 Elaeolite syenite, granite, limestone, marble, sand- 
 stone, SLATE. 
 
 Granite, limestone, MARBr.E, sandstone, slate, trap- 
 pean ROCKS, VERD ANTIQUE MARBLE, VOLCANIC ROCKS 
 
 and TUFFS. 
 Granite, limestone, marble, quartzite.sani i.stonh,tii a c- 
 pean rocks, volcanic rocks, and tuffs. 
 
 DiABASF,, ONEISS, GRANITE, LI.ME.STONE, JIAHIILE, SAMi- 
 
 ^. ' STONE, verd antique marble. 
 
 iJelavfare , Gabbho, gneiss, limestone. i|Uartzite, serpentine 
 
 ^'""da Limestone (Shell anil o.ilitiei. 
 
 Georgia ^ Gneiss, granite, limestone, marulk, sandstone slate 
 
 I verd ANTHJIE marble. 
 
 J™"" i Dolomite, granite, limestone, marble, sandstone trap- 
 
 ,,,. . PEAN ROCKS, voleanic rocks, and tufts. 
 
 Illinois I Dolomite, limestone, sandstone 
 
 Indian Territory... Dolomite, ciHANlTE, lime.stone .sandstone 
 
 Indiana Dolomite, limestone, sandstone. 
 
 Icwa I Dolomite, limestone, sandstone 
 
 K""«>s ; Dolomite, limestone, sand.stone.' 
 
 Kentucky Dolomite, li.mestone, sandstone. 
 
 na I Limestone, sandstone. 
 
 Louis 
 
 ^I'""*' 1 Gneiss, granite, limestone, sand.stone, slate tbarpfan 
 
 ,, , , I ROCKS, verd antique marble. 
 
 Maryland Gneiss, granite, limestone, mare 
 
 sandstone, slate, 
 .slate. 
 
 verd antique marble. 
 Massachusetts Gneiss, granite, limestone, marble, sandstoxi 
 
 ,,. . . 1 trappean ROCKS, VERD antique MARBLE 
 
 Michigan Dolomite, gneiss, granite, limestone, sandstone slate 
 
 Minnesota Dolomite, gneiss, granite, limestone, qnartzite ' sand 
 
 stone, slate. 
 
 Mississippi ' Limestone, sandstone. 
 
 Missouri Diabase, dolomite, granite, limestone. sand.stone 
 
 Montana Dolomite, gneis.s, granite, limestone, marble, sand- 
 stone, trappean rocks, voleanic rocks, and tuffs. ' 
 Dolomite, li.mestone, sandstone. 
 
 Dolomite, granite, limestone, marble, sandstone slate 
 „ trappean rocks, volcanic rocks, and tufts. 
 
 New Hampshire ... Gneiss, granite, limestone, slate. 
 
 Xe\vJer,sey Diabase, dolo.mite, gneiss, granite, limestone marble 
 
 sandstone, slate. 
 Granite, liraest' 
 
 Nebraska 
 Nevada . . 
 
 New Mexico ... 
 New York 
 
 North Carolina. 
 
 North Dakota . . 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Oklahoma 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Pennsylvania . 
 
 Rhode Island . . 
 South Carolina. 
 South Dakota . . 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Texas 
 
 Utah 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Virginia 
 
 AA'ashington. 
 
 West Virginia 
 
 Wiscon.sin 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 sandstone, trappean 
 
 marble, sandstone, trappean rocks 
 
 verd antique marble, volcanic rocks, and tuffs. 
 Dolomite, gneiss, granite, limestone, marble, norite 
 
 sandstone, slate, trappean rocks, verd antique 
 
 marble. 
 Dolomite, gneiss, granite, limestone, marble, sand- 
 stone, serpentine, slate, trappean roek.s. 
 Dolomite, limestone, fiandstoue. 
 Dolo.mite. limestone, sandstone. 
 Dolomite, limestone, sandstoni-:. 
 Dolomite, granite, limestone, 
 
 rocks, volcanic roeks, and tuffs. 
 Diabase. DoLojnTE, gneiss, (;ranite, li.mestone, marble, 
 
 sandstone, slate, serpentine. 
 Dolomite, gneiss, CiEANiTE, limestone. 
 Gneiss, granite, limestone. 
 Limestone, quartzite, sandstone. 
 Granite, limestone, marble, sandstone slate. 
 Granite, limestone, marble, sandstone, slate, trappean 
 
 roeks, volcanic roeks and tuffs. 
 Granite, limestone, marble, onyx marble, sandstone, 
 
 trappean roeks, volcanic rocks, and tutfs. 
 Dolomite, gneiss, granite, limestone, marble, slate, 
 
 verd antique marble. 
 Diabase, dolojiite, gneiss, granite, limestone, marble, 
 
 sand.stone. slate. 
 Granite, limestone, marble, sandstone, trappean roeks, 
 
 verd antique marble, volcanic roeks, and tulYs. 
 Calcareous tufa, i.imesto.ne, sandsto.ne, travertine. 
 Dolomite, gneiss, granite, limesto.xe, sandstone. 
 Granite, limestone, marble, sandstone, trappean roeks, 
 
 volcanic rocks, and tuffs. 
 
 A critical examination of the foregoing statement 
 show.s tliat the siliceous crystalline rocks, marbles, and 
 slates are limited in their distribution mainly to the areas 
 east of the Appalachians, those bordering along the 
 Great Lakes, and those west of the front range of the 
 Rocky mountains. The .sandstones and limestones, on 
 the other hand, are more widely distributed, although 
 found best developed for quarry purposes in the great 
 interior regions of the Mississijopi valley. These points 
 will lie l)rought out in greater detail in the discussion 
 of the various classes of atone. 
 
 The importance of a study of the stone resources of 
 the various states is being gradually recognized, and re- 
 ports covering the subject with more or less complete- 
 ness were issued by Ohio and Minnesota in 1S84, New 
 York in 1888, Arkansas in 1890, Indiana and Pennsyl- 
 
 vania in 189(i, Maryland and Wisconsin in 18!J8, and 
 Georgia in I'.toa. 
 
 LIMESTONES AND DOLOMITES. 
 
 The rocks brought togetht'r here differ from those 
 included under the head of marjjle not so much in 
 composition as in physical properties. They I'eprescnt 
 the limestones and dolomites of the ordinary unmeta- 
 morpho.sed type, such as are lacking in qualities ren- 
 dering them susceptible for ii high grade of orna- 
 mental work, but suital)le, it may be, for building. As 
 will be noted, a large proportion of the material quar- 
 ried under this name was utilized for other than struc- 
 tural purposes. 
 
 Table 7 presents comparative statistics for this 
 industry for 190^ and 1S89. 
 
 Table 7. — Coinpitnitire sinnmiiry: If'O..' and 1SS9. 
 
 Number of quarries 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried oftieials, clerks, etc. 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 AVage-earners: 
 
 Average iiniiiber 
 
 Wages" 
 
 Contract ^vork 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materia! 
 Value of product 
 
 SI, 
 
 S-'i: 
 
 'S30, 
 
 3,246 
 3,137 
 
 2, 231 
 , 813, 747 
 
 31, .547 
 7.50, fi;58 
 83C, 381 
 440, 081 
 403, 912 
 441, 801 
 
 IK.Sit 
 
 (■') 
 
 '$10, 
 ( 
 
 in 
 
 - 30, 211 
 121, 986 
 
 i743, 483 
 227, 246 
 09.5, 179 
 
 ' Nol reported. 
 
 - Foremen included as wage-earners. 
 ' Salaries included in vages. 
 
 ■*The report of the Ciiited States Geological Survey does not include lime- 
 stone, valued at S2]0,7'.i.s, consumed in the manufacture of cement. 
 
 Statistics for 1880 are not suitable for comparison, 
 since the census returns for that year excluded all 
 material not used for building purposes and did not 
 dill'erentiate between limestones and marbles. (See 
 Table I'l.) 
 
 The number of quarries has increased b}- 1,292, or 
 66.1 per cent, since 1889, the amount paid in salaries and 
 wages has increased $6, 472, 400, or 63.9 per cent, and 
 the value of products 111,346,622, or 59.4 per cent. Of 
 the 3,137 operators reported for 1902, 2,282 were indi- 
 viduals, 480 firms, 344 incori^orated companies, and 31 
 cooperative associations and other forms of organiza- 
 tion. 
 
 In 1902 development work was reported at 3 quar- 
 ries — 2 in California and 1 in Wisconsin. Four salaried 
 officials, clerks, etc., received $2,800, and there were 
 33 wage-earners to whom !jln,43ii was paid in wages. 
 Miscellaneous expenses were §1,075, and supplies and 
 materials cost $5,250. 
 
 Eittployi'cK and iriujcK. — In 1902 the 31,547 wage- 
 earners formed 93.4 per cent of the total number of 
 employees and the $14,75(1,638 paid them as wages -was 
 88.9 per cent of the total amount expended in salaries 
 and wages. In addition, !l>3ti,3sl was paid for contract 
 work, which gave employment to 137 persons. 
 
 The following table presents the average number of 
 wage-earners employed during each month: 
 
Y90 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table S. — Ai-ernije nnmlirr of ■ii'age-eurrien eiiiploi/i'd i/iiriu;/ fnrji 
 month: 1903. 
 
 January 
 
 February . . 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 Julie 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September . 
 October — 
 November . 
 December.. 
 
 Wage- 
 earner.s. 
 
 22, .581 
 22, 410 
 27, 638 
 33, 077 
 35, 084 
 
 35, 9.59 
 30, 447 
 30, 965 
 
 36, 021 
 34,947 
 30, 004 
 20,231 
 
 The greate.st number of wage-earners, 30,905, was 
 reported for August, and the least, 32,410, for Feb- 
 ruary; thus the variation was 14,555, or 46.1 per cent 
 of the yearly average number, 31,547. This yearly 
 average is 44.3 per cent of the total for all classes of 
 stone. 
 
 The following table shows the number of wage- 
 earners at certain specified daily rates of pa}' ))y occu- 
 pations and also the percentages which these numbers 
 form of the total number in the class: 
 
 Table 9. —DISTRIBUTION OF WAGE-EARNERS ACCORDING TO DAILY RATES OF PAY, BY OCCUPATIONS: 1902. 
 
 RATE PER DAY 
 (DOLLARS). 
 
 ALL orruPATIONS. 
 
 ENGINEERS. 
 
 KIKEMEN. 
 
 1 
 MACHINISTS, BLACK- 
 SMITHS, CARPEN- 
 TERS, AND OTHER 
 MECHANICS. 
 
 QfARRVMEX AND 
 STONECUTTERS. 
 
 BOYS VNDER 16 
 YEARS. 
 
 ALL OTHER WAGE- 
 EARNERS. 
 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per cent 
 of total. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Percent 
 of total. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Percent 
 of total. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per cent 
 or total. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Percent 
 of total. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per cent 
 of total. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per cent 
 of total. 
 
 Total 
 
 131,517 
 
 100. 940 
 
 100.0 
 
 3.58 
 
 100.0 
 
 935 
 
 100.0 
 
 22,036 
 
 100.0 
 
 2.58 
 
 100.0 
 
 7,020 
 
 100.0 
 
 Less than 0. .50 
 
 50 to 74 
 
 10 
 196 
 389 
 4,120 
 7,870 
 9, 195 
 4,944 
 2, 637 
 
 0.1 
 0.6 
 1.2 
 13.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 95 
 
 6.2 
 36.8 
 32. 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 68 
 
 130 
 
 83 
 
 35 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.3 
 
 3.6 
 
 19.0 
 
 36. 3 
 
 23.2 
 
 9.8 
 
 2.8 
 
 3.3 
 
 1.1 
 
 0.3 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 215 
 
 3,106 
 
 5,450 
 
 0, 232 
 
 4,011 
 
 1,031 
 
 578 
 
 317 
 
 60 
 
 144 
 
 105 
 
 0.2 
 
 65 
 
 87 
 
 905 
 
 2,215 
 
 2,508 
 
 627 
 
 476 
 
 31 
 
 54 
 
 6 
 
 24 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 15 
 
 0.9 
 
 7^ to 9"^ 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 0.2 
 2.T 
 
 8.2 
 
 1.0 84 
 
 ■ 1 2 
 
 
 17 
 
 1.8 
 6.1 
 17.7 
 12.0 
 30.6 
 12.7 
 10.7 
 4.8 
 2. 7 
 0.4 
 0.2 
 
 14.1 60 i 23.2 
 24.7 3 , 1.2 
 
 12.9 
 
 1 '^5 to 1 49 
 
 24. 9 57 
 29. 1 166 
 15.7 113 
 8.4 288 
 2.8 119 
 
 31.6 
 
 
 1.59 17 
 
 28. 3 
 18. 2 
 7.4 
 2.0 
 1.4 
 0.3 
 0.6 
 5 
 
 
 35.7 
 
 
 110 
 
 207 
 
 147 
 
 96 
 
 24 
 3 
 
 11.8 
 22.1 
 15.7 
 10.3 
 7.7 
 2.6 
 (1 3 
 
 
 8 9 
 
 •^ 00 to "^ 04 
 
 
 6 8 
 
 
 
 0.5 
 
 *> fio to 2 74 
 
 .5,80 i 1 8 1, 101 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 193 
 
 218 
 114 
 121 
 
 1 
 ,58 
 4 
 
 0.6 1 45 
 0. 7 25 
 4' 4 
 
 
 0.1 
 
 a on to 3 24 
 
 
 3 
 
 •3. OS to s 49 
 
 
 0.1 
 
 
 0.4 
 
 '■^'0.2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 9 1 1.0 
 
 100 j 0.5 
 
 
 Q 75 to 3 99 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 00 to 4 24 
 
 1 
 
 0.1 
 0.2 
 
 
 
 3 i 0.3 
 1 0.1 
 
 39 1 0.2 
 1 r.!^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I Incllides 3,772 wage-earners paid in accordance with the amount of wor'k done, fiT whom average daily earning.s are shown. 
 - Less than one-ten'th of 1 per cent. 
 
 As shown by the above table, 28,772 wage-earners, 
 91.2 per cent of the total number, received Ijetween $1 
 and $2.24 per day. Of the quarrymen and stonecutters, 
 20,430, or 92.7 per cent, are included between the same 
 rates. There is little need for highly skilled workmen 
 in limestone quarries, and consequently the rates paid 
 are practicall}' the same as those paid in all trades for 
 unskilled labor. 
 
 The rates paid to engineers and to machinists and 
 other mechanics were somewhat higher than those for 
 other wage-earners; S3. 7 per cent of the engineers re- 
 ceived from Si. 50 to $2.74 per day, and 7t).9 per cent 
 of the machinists and other mechanics were included 
 between the same rates. The range of wages for (i\-er 
 three-fourths (78.5 per cent) of the tircnien reported 
 was between $1.25 and $1.99 per day. 
 
 In all, only 258 boj's undc.T lU years wei-e reported, 
 which number is less than 1 per cent of the total num- 
 ber of wage-earners. Of these boys, id wei'c paid less 
 than 50 cents a day, and 239 were paid from 50 cents to 
 $1.24. The boj's reported were not employed in any 
 one locality. There were 51 in Indiana, 3<> in Virginia, 
 
 and 
 
 in 
 
 F 
 
 enns 
 
 viv 
 
 una. 
 
 ^rho othci-s were distriliuterl 
 
 in small groups tlirtrngh a large number of states. 
 
 Under ''all other wagi'-eai'ners '' are included 7,<)20 
 men, 22.3 per cent of the total number. The rates 
 
 paid to these emplovees ditier very little from those for 
 quarrymen and stonecutters. About four-tif ths (5,628, 
 or 8n.2 per cent) of those classed as "all other wage- 
 earners" received between $1 and $1.74 per day, and 
 1,103, or 15.7 per cent, received from $1.75 to $2.24. 
 
 Siijipl les, iiiiiteriiils^ <iiiiJ iitisceUaneous c'.vpetisi'S. — Sup- 
 plies and materials, of which a large amount was fuel 
 for lime liurning, cost $5,403,912. The amount paid 
 for royalties and rent of (juarrying plants was $422,693, 
 or 29.4 per cent of the total miscellaneous expenses; 
 $1,017,388, or 70.6 per cent, was paid for rent of offices, 
 taxes, insurance, and other sundries. 
 
 ^L-vJiiDiicdl jiiiircr. — The total primary power re- 
 ported aggregated 64,500 horsepower, of which 61,547, 
 or 95.4 p(>r cent, was applied through 1,703 steam 
 engines; l,(»31,or 1.6 per cent, through 59 gas or gaso- 
 line engines; and 502, or eight-tenths of 1 per cent, by 
 15 water \vlieels. Under "other power" 1,221 horse- 
 power, or l.t» per cent, was reported. There were in 
 addition 35 electric motors with an aggregate horse- 
 power of 769. Rented horsepower aggregated 199, or 
 three-tenths of 1 per cent. 
 
 I'riitJitvtiini. — The following table shows the annual 
 value of the production of limestones and dolomites 
 from 1890 to 1902: 
 
PLATE III.— INTERIOR VIEW OF MARBLE QUARRY, PROCTOR, VERMONT. 
 
STONE. 
 
 791 
 
 Table 10. — Value of annual production of limestones and doloiiiili's: 
 1890 to 190:1. 
 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United .Stutes."] 
 
 YE.\R. 
 
 Tolai. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Totill. 
 
 1890 
 
 $19,095,179 
 15,792,000 
 18,342,000 
 13,947,223 
 III, 512, 904 
 15, ;fl)s, 755 
 13,022,037 
 
 1897 
 
 $14,822,61)1 
 16,039 056 
 18, 7.57, 963 
 20,3.54,019 
 26, 106, 897 
 30, 411,, SOI 
 
 1891 
 
 1.898 
 
 18Q9 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 1900 
 
 1894 
 
 
 1895 
 
 190'' 
 
 1896 
 
 
 
 
 There was a decrea.se in value of product from 18',)() 
 to 1891, an increase in 1892, a decrease again in 1893, 
 with an advance in 1891 and a slight falling- off in 189.5. 
 In 1890 the retrograde movement in value reached its 
 lowest point. The increase since then has been con- 
 stant. 
 
 The following table shows the value of the annual 
 production of limestones and dolomites, classitied by 
 uses, 1894 to 1902: 
 
 Table 11. — Limestones and dolomites, liassified Inj uses: 1S94 to 
 
 1902. 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 
 V.iLUE OF PRODUCT. 
 
 Blast fur- 
 nace flu-x. 
 
 All other 
 uses. 
 
 YE.VR. 
 
 Building. 
 
 Made into 
 lime. 
 
 1894 
 
 $7,382,0.55 
 7,3.50,248 
 5,491,227 
 7,029,295 
 4, 1.54, 1.58 
 6,075,1.58 
 4.330,706 
 5,219,310 
 5,563,084 
 
 $8, 610, 607 
 6, 588, 822 
 6, 327, 900 
 6,390,487 
 6, 886, 549 
 6,983,067 
 6,797,496 
 8,204,054 
 9,335,618 
 
 $.520, 242 
 1,369,685 
 1,203,510 
 1,402,879 
 1,834,090 
 2, .580. 799 
 3.687,394 
 4,659,836 
 5,271,252 
 
 (1) 
 
 1895 
 
 
 1896. . 
 
 (1) 
 
 1897 
 
 1898. 
 
 $3. 164, 2.59 
 
 1899.. 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 5, 538. 423 
 
 1902 
 
 10 ''7] 847 
 
 
 
 ' Not reported. 
 
 The total value of the output for 1902 was §30,411,801, 
 of which o\\\y $.5, .563, 084 was utilized for building pur- 
 poses, the remainder being used for flagging, curbing, 
 lime burning, roadmaking, rubble, riprap, flux, etc. 
 The largest single item, which amounted to $9,335,618, 
 was for lime burning, and the second, thatof 15,271,262, 
 was for flux in metallurgical operations. A large 
 amount was also used for macadam, not so much on 
 account of its suitability as because of its cheapness, 
 the almost complete absence of siliceous, and especially 
 trappean, rocks from the ]Mississippi valley states 
 necessarilj" limiting the selection to either limestone or 
 sandstone. 
 
 The detailed statistics of this industry for 1902 are 
 shown in Table 38. 
 
 Ornirrence. — Rocks of this type, though occurring 
 in every state of the Union, are found in their maxi- 
 mum development in the states of the Mississippi val- 
 ley, where the agents of metamorphism have exercised 
 but little influence and the rocks have retained their 
 original sedimentary character. In some instances 
 rocks of this class are of a highly fossiliferous nature. 
 Such, however, are not as a rule utilized for building 
 
 purposes, but rather for lime burning, etc. Those 
 utilized for architectural purposes are principally of 
 the tine grained homogeneous type, such as the dolo- 
 mitic limestones of Lemont, 111., or of the oolitic tj'pe, 
 such as the stones so extensively de\'eloped in the re- 
 gion of Bedford, Ind. These stones work readily under 
 the tool, and when free from injurious constituents are 
 admirably adapted for elaborate structures where much 
 car\-edwork is required. This is especiallj' true of the 
 stone at Bedford, where the conditions are particularly 
 favorable for f|uarrying, the beds having retained very 
 neaily their original horizontalit}'. The quarry devel- 
 opment is extensive, as is evident from the illustration 
 given in Plate I. The ease with which these stones 
 are removed by the aid of machinery from the quarr}' 
 bed, and the readiness with which they may be worked, 
 as well as their satisfactory colors, have rendered them 
 general favorites for building purposes and they have 
 found their way into the larger cities all over the 
 country. 
 
 MARBLE. 
 
 The stones here included under the head of marble 
 are mainly those composed of carbonate of lime, or the 
 mixed carbonates of lime and magnesia, in other words, 
 limestones and dolomites, which,owing to their color and 
 physical pro])erties, are suitable for high-grade building 
 and ornamental purposes. 
 
 It should be stated that no sharp line can be drawn 
 between what is popularlj^ known as marble and the 
 common limestones and dolomites, as what is or what is 
 not suitable for decoration must depend largely upon 
 the taste of the individual. The stones here included 
 are, however, those which are sold as marble, and in 
 two instances serpentinous rock — the so-called verd 
 antique marble. 
 
 The following table is a comparative summary of tlie 
 marble industry from 1870 to 1902. 
 
 Table 12. — Comparati ee summary : 1902, 1SS9, 1880, and. 1870. 
 
 190i 
 
 1S80 1 
 
 Number of quarries .83 
 
 Number of operators 75 
 
 Salaried officials, clerlis, etc.; 
 
 Number 352 
 
 Salaries $341,021 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 4, 070 
 
 Wages $2, 212, 640 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses $382,877 
 
 Cr)st of supplies and materials . . . $.825. 822 
 
 103 
 74 
 
 , 586 
 Value of product $5,044,182 $3,488,170 
 
 *4,. 
 
 s $1,809,: 
 $210, : 
 
 $6.55, 
 
 P) 
 
 
 615,646 
 
 '$61,408 
 $6, 856, 681 
 
 t=) 
 
 (=) 
 
 795 
 $442, 270 
 (=) 
 
 $36, 916 
 8804, 300 
 
 1 Includes limestones and ilolomites; statistics for marble can not l)e separated. 
 
 - Not reported. 
 
 '■* Establishments. 
 
 ■I Foremen included as wage-earners. 
 
 f) Salaries included in wages. 
 
 "■'Greatest nuniher employed. 
 
 ' Value of e-xpiosives. 
 
 In the published statistics of the census of 1880 no 
 discrimination was made between the two classes of 
 rocks. The writer, knowing the character of the out- 
 put of the various quarries, estimated the value pro- 
 
792 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 ducedthat year at $2,0'±4,225 which, it will be ol).served 
 by reference to Table 12, was increased to §3,4SiS,17u 
 in 1889 and to $5,044,182 in 1902. 
 
 There were 83 quarries in operation during' I'.IO:^ 
 with 352 salaried officials, clerks, etc., and 1,070 wage- 
 earners, while in 1889 there were 103 quarries with 254 
 salaried officials, clerks, etc., and 4,275 wage-earners. 
 The decrease in the number of active (juarries is very 
 probablj' due to the consolidation and incorporation of 
 companies. The apparent decrease in the number of 
 wage-earners may be accounted for by the different 
 methods pursued bj- the several censuses in obtaining 
 the average number employed; also by the introduction 
 of machinery and improved methods in quarrying. 
 That this decrease is only apparent, seems all the more 
 probable when it is taken into consideration that both 
 the amount paid as wages and the value of the marble 
 produced increased to a marked degree during each 
 census year. 
 
 There were 10 quarries reported as being developed 
 by as many operators, 8 of whom were incorporated 
 
 companies and had issued capital stock and lionds to the 
 amount of $5,031,500. Six of these quarries were 
 located in Washington, and there was 1 each in Cali- 
 fornia, Kentucky, Montana, and Utah. These gave 
 employment to 7 salaried officials and 25 wage-earners, 
 who received |22,405 in salaries and wages. From 
 these 10 quarries supplies and materials to the amount 
 of $5,218, and miscellaneous expenses to the amount of 
 $2,550, was reported. 
 
 There were 114 quarries reported idle during 1902 
 and these were controlled by 114 operators, 53 of whom 
 were incorporated companies. Capital stock and bonds 
 were issued to the amount of $9,127,250 by 25 of these 
 companies. 
 
 Cajiltal sfocl: of hiciii'piirateil voiiipfintrs. — Of the 75 
 operators of productive ((uarries, 45 were incorporated 
 companies. Forty-three of these made returns showing 
 a capital stock of $17,609,900 and a bonded indebted- 
 ness of $2,708,500. The details are shown in the fol- 
 lowing- table: 
 
 Table 13.— CAPITALIZATION UF INCORPORATED COMPANIES: 1902. 
 
 Nuriiber of incorporated companies 
 
 Number reporting capitalization 
 
 Capital stock and bonds issued 
 
 Capital stock: 
 
 Total authorized- 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value. 
 
 Total issued — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par val u e 
 
 Dividends paid 
 
 Common — 
 
 Autliorized — 
 
 Xumher of shares . 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued— 
 
 Number of shares . 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid. . . . 
 Preferred — 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number of shares . 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of shares . 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid 
 
 Bonds: 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number 
 
 Par value 
 
 Is.sued — 
 
 Number 
 
 Par value 
 
 Interest paid 
 
 Assessments levied 
 
 United 
 
 States. 
 
 45 
 
 43 
 
 ;, 400 
 
 1,556, 
 S20, 414, 
 
 1,448, 
 
 S17, 609, 
 
 8239, 
 
 S16, 744, 
 
 1,413, 
 S14, 151, 
 
 S139, 
 
 .30, 
 ,670, 
 
 34, 
 
 , 458, 
 
 S2.708, 
 if93, 
 »15, 
 
 H74 
 5U0 
 2'JO 
 000 
 
 Califor- 
 nia. 
 
 S6X7, 000 
 
 210, 000 
 87.50, 000 
 
 147,000 
 .5687,000 
 
 210,000 
 S7.50, 000 
 
 147,000 
 J6K7,000 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 14,200,000 
 
 .54, 000 
 t5, 400, 000 
 
 33,000 
 S3, :500, 000 
 
 Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 S398, 100 
 
 6, .500 
 ?450, 000 
 
 5,262 
 S376, 100 
 
 37, .500 
 ?3, 7.50, 000 
 
 18, .500 
 , 8.50, 000 
 
 16, 500 
 Jl, 6.50, 000 
 
 14, ,500 
 $1,450,000 
 
 1,1.S0 
 S900, 000 
 
 1,1X0 
 J900, 000 
 S30, 000 
 *15,000 
 
 6, .500 
 84.50, 000 
 
 5, 262 
 $376, 100 
 
 New- 
 York. 
 
 8745, 000 
 
 7,100 
 8710, 000 
 
 6,940 
 
 8694, 000 
 
 811,2.50 
 
 Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 Tennessee. ! Vermont. 
 
 8275, 800 
 
 6,. 500 
 8325, 000 
 
 4,016 
 8200, 800 
 
 100 6, .500 
 
 8710,000 I 8:i25,000 
 
 6. 940 
 8694, 000 
 811,2,50 
 
 .50 
 i, 000 
 
 650 
 $110,000 
 
 4, 016 
 8200, 800 
 
 4 4 510 
 
 $22,000 851,000 
 
 S1,:B20 
 
 875, 000 
 
 875, 000 
 86, 000 
 
 81,175,000 
 
 8, 650 
 8865, 000 
 
 8, 2.50 
 
 8825, 000 
 
 86, 000 
 
 8, 6.50 
 «65, 000 
 
 S. 2.50 
 
 ■825, 000 
 
 86,000 
 
 All other 
 Washing- i states 
 ton. I and ter- 
 1 ritories.i 
 
 350 
 83.50, 000 
 
 350 
 83.50, 000 
 821,000 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 89, 113, .500 
 
 81,700 
 $7,970,000 
 
 79,2,80 
 
 87,803,000 
 
 $222, 000 
 
 61,. 500 
 85, 950, 000 
 
 .59, 200 
 
 So. 795. 000 
 
 $122, 000 
 
 20, 200 
 82,020,000 
 
 20, 0,80 
 
 82, 008, 000 
 
 8100.000 
 
 6, 4.53 
 $3,01.5,000 
 
 2, 716 
 
 81,310,500 
 
 834,970 
 
 5 I 4 
 
 5 ! 4 
 
 $3,504,000 8220,000 
 
 1,180, .500 
 83, 084, 000 
 
 1,163,300 
 $3,504,000 
 
 1,1.80, .500 
 83, 684, 000 
 
 1,163,300 
 $3, .504,000 
 
 1,700 
 $260,000 
 
 1,800 
 8220,000 
 
 1,700 
 8260, 000 
 
 1,300 
 8220, 000 
 
 ilncludes incorporated companies distributed us follows: Alabama, 1; Maryland, 2; Xe\v Mexico, 1. 
 
STONE. 
 
 798 
 
 The value of the capital stock and bonds issued liy 
 the Vermont companies constitutes 44.1) per cent of the 
 total; b}' the Georgia companies, 20.7 per cent; ])y th(! 
 Washino-ton companies, 17.2 per cent; and b}' the Ten- 
 nessee companies, .5.8 per cent. The par value (.)f tlie 
 capital stock issued was 86.3 per cent of the total au- 
 thorized. The dividends paid amounted to 3.8 per cent 
 of the total stock on which they were declared. 
 
 The production of the mines operated by the 4.5 in- 
 corporated companies, mcluding the 2 not reporting- 
 details of capitalization, was valued at $4,469,791, or 
 88.6 per cent of the total value. 
 
 Eiiq}loyees and wages. — The 4,070 wage-earners con- 
 stituted 92 per cent of the salaried employees and wage- 
 earners, and their wages were 86. 6 percent of the total 
 salaries and wages. Vermont led with 51 per cent of 
 the wage-earners; Tennessee was second, with 14.9 per 
 cent; New York was third, 11.5 per cent; and Georgia 
 iTas fourth, with 7.6 per cent. 
 
 The following table shows the average numbci- of 
 wage-earners employed each month: 
 
 Taiile 14. — Average immber uf ii'itijc-eiiriieeK I'liiploijeil ihir'nuj encli 
 riKin/h: i:i03. 
 
 MONTH. 
 
 Wage- 
 earners. 
 
 
 
 3, 574 
 
 
 
 March 
 
 3 880 
 
 A[iril... 
 
 4 090 
 
 Mav 
 
 4,310 
 
 
 
 ,Iu]y... 
 
 4 186 
 
 
 4, 228 
 
 Sept(;mbor . 
 
 4 430 
 
 ( )ijtolx*r 
 
 4, 275 
 
 Novc'ijilier 
 
 4 119 
 
 Decemljer. 
 
 
 3,940 
 
 
 
 September was the month during which the largest 
 number of wage-earners, 4,430, was employed, although 
 the variation during the year was not great. The 
 smallest number, 3,574, was employed in January. 
 
 The following table shows the distribution of wage- 
 earners according to daily rates of pay. })y occupations: 
 
 T.^BLE 1.5.— DISTRIBUTION OF WAGE-EARNEES ACCORDING TO DAILY RATES OF PAY, BY OCCUPATIONS: 1902. 
 
 R.\TF, PER DAY 
 (DOLLARS). 
 
 ALL OCCUPATIONS. 
 
 ENGINEERS. 
 
 FIREMEN. 
 
 MACHINISTS, BLACK- 
 SMITHS, CARPEN- 
 TERS, AND OTHER 
 MECHANICS. 
 
 QUARRYMEN AND 
 STONECUTTERS. 
 
 BOYS VNDER 16 
 YEARS. 
 
 ALL OTHER WAGE- 
 EARNERS. 
 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per cent 
 of total. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per cent 
 of total. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per cent 
 of total. 
 
 Average Per cent 
 number, of total. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per cent 
 of total. 
 
 Average I Per cent 
 number. 1 of total. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per cent 
 Of total. 
 
 Total 
 
 14,070 
 
 100.0 
 
 113 
 
 100.0 
 
 80 
 
 100.0 
 
 324 
 
 100,0 
 
 2, .513 ! 100.0 
 
 22 100.0 
 
 1,018 
 
 100.0 
 
 Les,<i than 0..50 
 
 6 
 
 17 
 
 61 
 
 658 
 
 963 
 
 858 
 
 286 
 
 293 
 
 182 
 
 294 
 
 1.59 
 
 130 
 
 82 
 
 57 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 105 
 
 0.1 
 0.4 
 1.5 
 13.7 
 23.7 
 21.1 
 7.0 
 
 4! 5 
 7.2 
 3.9 
 3.2 
 2.0 
 1.4 
 0,1 
 0.4 
 2.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 27.3 
 14 63. 6 
 
 
 
 0.50 to 0.74 
 
 1 
 
 0.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 l.i 
 468 
 585 
 438 
 146 
 150 
 
 35 
 199 
 141 
 112 
 
 78 
 
 47 
 2 
 4 
 
 95 
 
 0.5 
 IS. 6 
 23.3 
 17.4 
 5.8 
 6.0 
 1.4 
 7.9 
 5.6 
 4.4 
 3.1 
 1.9 
 0.1 
 0.2 
 3.8 
 
 1 
 44 
 
 60 
 261 
 343 
 
 92 
 
 68 
 .58 
 57 
 14 
 2 
 
 0.1 
 
 0.75 to 0.99 
 
 4 
 20 
 
 4 
 13 
 19 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 5.0 
 25. 
 
 5.0 
 16.2 
 23.8 
 13.8 
 
 6.2 
 
 1 
 
 
 88 
 ,50 
 22 
 34 
 78 
 23 
 
 0,3 
 0,6 
 27.2 
 15.4 
 6.8 
 10. 5 
 
 1.00 to 1.24 
 
 8 
 25 
 12 
 
 7 
 30 
 
 6 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 7.1 
 22.1 
 10.6 
 
 6.2 
 26.5 
 
 5.3 
 13.3 
 
 0.9 
 
 5.3 
 
 
 5 9 
 
 1.25 to 1.49 
 
 
 
 1..50tol.74 
 
 2 9,1 
 
 33.7 
 ■ 9 
 
 1.75 to 1.99 
 
 2.00 to 2.24 
 
 
 
 2.25 to 2.49 
 
 
 5 7 
 
 2.50 to 2.74..'. 
 
 
 5 6 
 
 2.75 to 2.99 
 
 1 
 8 
 
 i.2 
 3. 8 
 
 2 0,6 
 
 
 \ .J 
 
 3.00 to 3.24 
 
 
 ■' 
 
 3.25 to 3.49 
 
 4 
 10 
 1 
 
 1,2 
 3,1 
 0.3 
 
 
 
 3. 50 to 3. 74 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3.75 to 3.99 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 0.9 
 0.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 i 0,6 
 
 
 8 
 10 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Includes 17 wage-earners paid in accordance with the amount of work done, for whom average daily earnings are shown. 
 
 2 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 
 
 The range of wages for emi^loj^ees in marble quarries 
 was very wide. In 1902 there were 84 wage-earners 
 getting less than $1 per day, and l<t5 receiving $4.25 
 and over. Between these extremes the employees were 
 distributed in comparatively small groups, except be- 
 tween the rates from %l to $1.74, where 58.5 per cent 
 of the total number were included. 
 
 The quarryraen and stonecutters constituted 61.7 per 
 cent of the total number of wage-earners reported. 
 The wide range noticeable in the figures for all occupa- 
 tions combined is due almost entirely to the great 
 variation in the rates jmid to the quarrymen and stone- 
 cutters. More than half (59.3 per cent) of the total 
 number w'ere included in the three wage groujis fi'om 
 $1 to $1.74, but most of the remainder were distributed 
 in small groups from $1.75 to $4.25 and over. The 
 
 difference between the wages paid to quarr3anen and 
 those paid to highly skilled stonecutters is very ap- 
 parent in the figures presented. 
 
 The range of wages for the bulk of the engineers was 
 from $1 to $2.74 per day, 91.1 per cent of the total num- 
 ber l)eing included between those rates. Of the firemen 
 nine-tenths received between §1 and $2.49, while 91.1 
 per cent of the machinists and other mechanics received 
 from $1.25 to $2.74. Of the 22 boys under 16 years 
 reported, 20 were paid less than 75 cents a day. 
 
 Under "all other wage-earners" are included 1,018 
 workmen. Almost six-tenths of these — 59.3 per cent — 
 were emjjloyed at rates between $1.25 and $1.74. Of 
 the others li.».2 per cent received between 75 cents and 
 $1.24 per daj', and 27 per cent received from $1 75 to 
 $2.74. 
 
794 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 .'Si/j)pli(«, huiteriith, and miscellaneoun e.vpeii-ws. — Tho 
 cost of supplies and materials was reported as $825,822, 
 which was the largest item of expense other than wages. 
 Of the $382,877 expended for miscellaneous expenses, 
 $317,492, or 82.9 per cent, was paid for rent of offices, 
 taxes, insurance, interest, and other sundries, and 
 $66,385, or 17.1 per cent, was expended for royalties 
 and rent of quarrying plant. 
 
 Mechanical jxrirer. — The total horsepower reported 
 was 14,286, of which 10,748, or 75.2 per cent, was ap- 
 plied through 191 steam engines, and 3,413, or 23.9 per 
 cent, was supplied l)y 15 water wheels. The remainder 
 was classified as ''other power." The total power was 
 reported by 60 operators, Vermont leading with 53.1 
 per cent. 
 
 Production. — The annual production of marble from 
 1890 to 1902 is shown in the following talile: 
 
 Table IG.— VulHt'ofdiinval production of marhle : ISUO to Wnj. 
 [United states Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 Table I 8. — Production of marhle, hy principcd state>: rooked bij ralue 
 of product: 1903 and 1889. 
 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Tot 
 
 1890 - 
 
 S3, 48 
 
 1891 
 
 3,61 
 
 1892 
 
 3,70 
 
 1,S93 
 
 2,41 
 
 1894 
 
 3,19 
 
 1895 
 
 2,82 
 
 1896 - - 
 
 2,85 
 
 
 
 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Total. 
 
 1897 . . 
 
 
 f 3,870, 
 
 1898 . . 
 
 
 3,(i"9, 
 
 1899 
 
 
 4,011, 
 
 1900 . . 
 
 
 4,267, 
 
 1901 . . 
 
 
 4,965, 
 
 1902 
 
 
 5,044, 
 
 
 
 
 '.10 
 681 
 
 699 
 182 
 
 The gradual increase shown in 1890, 1891, and 1892 
 was followed by the great depression of 1893. An 
 increase of $788,585 was shown for 1894, while in 18'.)5 
 the value of production decreased to §2,825,719. This 
 period of fluctuation was followed by a steady increase, 
 except in 1898, until, in 1902, the value of product 
 reached $5,044,182. 
 
 The following table shows the value of the annual 
 production of marble, classified by uses, 1896 to 1902: 
 
 Table 17.—Marlile, rias.iifled hi/ uses: 1S9G to 190..'. 
 [United States Geological Survey, " Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 
 VALUE OF PRODUCT. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Rough, all 
 uses. 
 
 Dressed. 
 
 All otlier 
 uses. 
 
 
 Building. 1 Monumen- 
 
 Ornu- 
 ]nenta]. 
 
 Interior 
 decoration. 
 
 $329, 804 
 576, 983 
 304, 714 
 389, 040 
 .555, 092 
 1,008,482 
 679, 913 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 t.583, 690 
 477,8.56 
 690,240 
 640, 535 
 491,813 
 .591,667 
 2,276,629 
 
 91,036,103 , .5813,146 
 1,074,646 1 1, .547, 469 
 968,3.53 1,613,742 
 1,176,208 , 1,6.50,1.55 
 1,080,969 1 2,019,474 
 1,236,023 1 1,948,892 
 1,038,102 9.56,, 870 
 
 J65, 365 
 9,010 
 23, 904 
 92,942 
 13,7.54 
 126, .576 
 7,300 
 
 ?30, 9li8 
 1.81,6211 
 28, 987 
 62, .sol 
 106, 151 
 .54,059 
 85,368 
 
 
 lOO-J 
 
 lli89 
 
 
 Value. 
 
 Rank. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Rank. 
 
 
 $2, 628, 164 
 660, .51 7 
 .577,298 
 .518,256 
 165. 4S9 
 160, 123 
 92, 298 
 61,176 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 7 
 8 
 
 $2, 169, ,560 
 196,250 
 3.54,197 
 419, 467 
 
 1 
 
 
 4 
 
 New York 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 87,030 
 
 5 
 
 Washington 
 
 
 
 
 The following table shows the value of ])roduct of 
 the principal marble pi'oducing states for 1902 and 
 1889, and ranks them according to these values: 
 
 In the number of f[uarries and value of output Ver- 
 mont ranked first among the marble producing states 
 in 1902. This has been the case since the very incep- 
 tion of the industry, though the proportional difference 
 in output is being continually lessened as developments 
 are made in other .states. While the value of the prod- 
 uct of Vermont has increased rather than diminished, 
 the state in 1902 produced only 52.1 per cent of the 
 output of the United States instead of 62.2 per cent, 
 as in 1889. Other differences are equally marked. 
 These are due mainly to the remarkable developments 
 in Georgia, whereby the product was increased from 
 $196,250 in 188'.t to $660,517 in 1902; to the reopening 
 of the long abandoned quarries in Berkshire county, 
 Mass.; to developments near Avondale, in Chester 
 county. Pa., in Adams and Stevens counties. Wash., and 
 minoj' developments in INIontana and Utah. 
 
 Occurrence. — The matter of the geographic disti'i- 
 })ution of marbles throughout the United States is of 
 considerable economic importance. It will be noted by 
 reference to Table 3',> that a very large proportion of 
 them are to be found in states bordering along the 
 Appalachian mountain system. Recent developments 
 .show that materials (if the same iiatui'c exist in the 
 states we.'^t of the front range of the Kocky mountains, 
 hut thus far little more than development work has 
 been done except in California and Washington. The 
 entire region lying lictween the Ajjpalachians and the 
 front range of the Rocky mountain.s to the westward is 
 quite unsupplicd with anything that can properly be 
 designated as luarlile, the geological conditions which 
 were instrumental in priiducing the necessary altera- 
 tion from the common limestone having here been 
 inoperative. 
 
 \\\\\\ rcfereuct" to the al)ove distriliution the follow 
 ing statement as to color, texture, and uses may lit. 
 adtled. beginning with the most northerly of the marble 
 producing states: 
 
 Vermont. — jNlarble.s of a holocrvstalline granulai 
 structure, \ary ing from pure white to white veined with 
 blue-gray and greenish to dark cloiRhnl lilue-gray, occur 
 in a somewhat interrupted belt extending throughout 
 the entire length of the western part of the state. The 
 
STONE. 
 
 795 
 
 quany industry is developed to the greatest extent in 
 Rutland county. Views showing the pre^ient condition 
 of quarries at West Rutland and Proctor are given in 
 Plates II, III, and IV. The stone is used for building, 
 monumental, and decorative work. Chocolate, red, 
 and variegated forms, used for tiling and interior deco- 
 ration, are found in the vicinity of Mallet bay. 
 
 Massachusettt<. — Holocrystalline rather coarsely gran- 
 ular building marbles of a white color are found in the 
 various towns of Berkshire county. 
 
 i\v«' Yorli. — Coarsely crystalline white and grayish 
 dolomitic marbles, which are used mainly for building 
 purposes, occur in Westchester and St. Lawrence 
 counties. 
 
 Pennsylvania. — Holocrystalline granular marbles of 
 a white and gray color, used mainl}' for building pur- 
 poses, come from Montgomery and Chester counties. 
 
 Maryland. — Holocrystalline granular white marbles, 
 used for general building purposes, arc quarried in 
 Baltimore county. 
 
 Georgia. — Holocrystalline coarsel,y granular white 
 clouded and pink marbles, usedmaiidy for building but 
 also for interior decoration and monumental work, occur 
 in Cherokee and Pickens counties. (See Plate V.) 
 
 Tennessee. — Pink, gra^^ and chocolate and white 
 mottled stone, used almost wholly for interior decora- 
 tion, is found in the region about Knoxville and Rogers- 
 ville, in eastern Tennessee. 
 
 Was/ungto?). — A pecidiar green or green-white mot- 
 tled stone, consisting of an admixture of lime and mag- 
 nesian carbonates, brucite, and serpentine, is being 
 developed near Spokane, and worked into various art 
 objects, such as vases, urns, and bowls, an entirely new 
 departure in marble work. 
 
 A verj' large proportion of the marbles used for in- 
 terior decoration, and, indeed, almost the entire supply 
 of the verd antiques, are still imported, Italj-, Africa, 
 and Greece furnishing the largest amounts, although of 
 late a considerable quantity has been brought from Nor- 
 way. This importation is due in part to the more 
 desirable quality of the material, and in part to the 
 cheapness of foreign labor and low ocean freight rates. 
 
 A detailed summary showing the statistics of the 
 marble industry for 1902 is given in Table 39. 
 
 SANDSTONES AND QUAKTZITES. 
 
 Under the head of sandstones and quartzitos, is in- 
 cluded a widely variable series of rocks, composed, as 
 the name suggests, largely of siliceous sand, which, 
 through the influence of cementing materials or natural 
 compression, has become sufEciently indurated to be 
 utilized for building purposes. With them are also 
 included certain rocks of similar origin but which, 
 through the deposition of a siliceous cement, have be- 
 
 come partially recrystallized and are known as quartz- 
 ites. The so-called "Potsdam sandstone" of New York 
 and the "jasper" of Sioux Falls, S. Dak., are good 
 examples of this latter type. Here, too, are included 
 the "bluestones" of New York and Pennsylvania, so 
 widely used for flagging purposes, and the volcanic tuffs. 
 The following table presents comparative statistics 
 for this industry for 1902, 1889, and 1880. 
 
 Table 10. — Comparative summary : 190J, ISSl-J, and 18S0. 
 
 , etc. 
 
 Number of quarries 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried oflficials, eierks 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners; 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials . 
 Value of product 
 
 l.SOl 
 1,211 
 
 S713, 579 
 
 10, 448 
 m, 1S3, 060 
 
 s.'joo 
 
 S878, 7S0 
 Jl, 298, 190 
 S10,C01,171 
 
 (') 
 
 (=) 
 
 2 IS, 458 
 « $6, 785,214 
 
 S641,874 
 
 SI, 311, 789 
 
 f' $12,505, 663 
 
 (') 
 
 (') 
 (>) 
 
 < 9, 5( J 
 
 (') 
 
 (1) 
 
 (>) 
 s $27, 571 
 1, 780, 391 
 
 1 Not reported. 
 
 ^ Foremen are included as wage-earners. 
 
 ■'Salaries are ittcluded in wages. 
 
 ^Greatest number employed. 
 
 ■' Value of explosives. 
 
 "Includes bluestone, valued at $939,094, purchased by wholesale dealers. 
 
 There has been an actual increase in the number of 
 quarries in oj^eration, but this is due to the opening 
 of small rural quarries, and is not accompanied by an 
 increase in any of the expenditures except those classed 
 as miscellaneous. 
 
 EnipJinjeex and vxtgcs. — The total number of salaried 
 officials and wage-earners was 11,295, the wage-earners 
 contributing 10,448, or 92.5 per cent of this number. 
 Their wages were §ti,153,060, or 89.6 per cent of the 
 total salaries and wages. 
 
 The following table shows the average number of 
 wage-earners employed during each month: 
 
 Table 20. — Average number nf wage-earners employed during each 
 month : 1903. 
 
 .January... 
 February . 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 (.)etober ... 
 November 
 December. 
 
 Wage- 
 
 earners. 
 
 5,727 
 
 5, 794 
 
 7, 765 
 
 10, 405 
 
 12, 778 
 
 13,406 
 
 13,368 
 
 13, 152 
 
 12, 705 
 
 11,980 
 
 10, 506 
 
 7,790 
 
 The gi'eatest number given employment for any one 
 month was 13,406 in rlune; the least number was 5,727 
 in January. Sandstone (]uarries can not be operated 
 during severe winter weather, as the stone must be 
 (juarried without an excess of moisture or frost, in order 
 that it mav weather well. 
 
796 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 In the following table the distribution of wage-earn- 
 ers, according to daily rates of pay, is shown ■for the 
 several classes of employees. The num))er receiving 
 
 certain specified rates is given for each class, and also 
 the percentages which these nuiiiljers form of the total 
 num})er in their respective classes: 
 
 T.\BLE a 1.— DISTRIBUTION OF WAliK-KARNEKS ACC(JKDINO TO DAILY RATES OF PAY, BY OCCUPATIONS: 1902. 
 
 HATE PEK DAY 
 (DOLLARS). 
 
 ALL OCCUPATIONS, 
 
 ENGINEERS. 
 
 FIREMEN. 
 
 MACHINLST.S, BLACK- 
 
 S.MITHS, CAKPEN- 
 
 TER.S, AND OTHER 
 
 MECHANICS, 
 
 QrARRV.MEN AND 
 STONECITTTERS. 
 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per cent 
 of total. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per eent 
 of total. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Percent 
 of total. 
 
 .\veraKe 
 number. 
 
 Per eent 
 of total. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Percent 
 of total. 
 
 Ti.tal 
 
 1 10, 44S 
 
 100. 
 
 629 
 
 100.0 
 
 241 
 
 100.0 
 
 478 
 
 100.0 
 
 7,117 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 
 Less than 0.. 50 
 
 4 
 
 40 
 
 60 
 
 292 
 
 1,195 
 
 2, 437 
 
 1,796 
 
 2,215 
 
 4S4 
 
 446 
 
 2.59 
 
 6.54 
 
 110 
 
 314 
 
 26 
 
 ■SO 
 
 30 
 
 (■-) 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.6 
 
 2.8 
 
 11.4 
 
 23.3 
 
 17.2 
 
 21.2 
 
 4.6 
 
 4.3 
 
 2. .5 
 
 6.3 
 
 1.1 
 
 3.0 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.8 
 
 0.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.60 toO.74 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 .50 
 
 31 
 
 236 
 
 46 
 
 68 
 
 22 
 
 34 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 0.6 
 0.6 
 2.3 
 2.3 
 9.4 
 6.8 
 
 41.6 
 8.7 
 
 12.8 
 4.2 
 6.4 
 1.3 
 0.6 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 10 
 20 
 34 
 142 
 ,89 
 36 
 51 
 24 
 44 
 13 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 0.2 
 1.3 
 2.1 
 4.2 
 7.1 
 29.7 
 18.6 
 7.6 
 10.7 
 5.0 
 9.2 
 
 o!6 
 
 0.6 
 0.4 
 
 9 
 
 20 
 
 125 
 
 587 
 
 1,569 
 
 1,177 
 
 1,697 
 
 328 
 
 293 
 
 211 
 
 573 
 
 90 
 
 304 
 
 23 
 
 81 
 
 30 
 
 0.1 
 
 0.75 to 0.99 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 18 
 17K 
 
 20 
 4 
 3 
 1 
 
 6.4 
 
 0.8 
 5.4 
 7.5 
 73.9 
 8.3 
 1.7 
 1.2 
 0.4 
 
 0.3 
 
 1.00 to 1.24 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.25 to 1.49 
 
 8 3 
 
 1.50 to 1.74 
 
 1.75 to 1.99 
 
 22.0 
 16. 5 
 
 2 00 to 2 24 
 
 23.8 
 
 2.26to2..19 
 
 2..50to2.74 
 
 4.0 
 4.1 
 
 2 76 to 2 99 
 
 3.0 
 
 3.00 to 3.24 
 
 8.1 
 
 3.25 to 3.49. 
 
 
 
 1,3 
 
 3.50 to 3.74 
 
 
 
 4,3 
 
 3.75 to 3.99 
 
 
 
 0.3 
 
 4.00 to 4.24 
 
 
 
 0.4 
 
 1 
 
 0.4 
 
 1 1 
 
 4.26 and over 
 
 0.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lio'i'S I'NDEK 16 
 Yf;ARS. 
 
 ALL OTHER WAGE- 
 EARNERS. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per eent 
 of total. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per eent 
 of total. 
 
 76 
 
 100.0 
 
 2, 007 
 
 100.0 
 
 4 
 26 
 25 
 18 
 
 2 
 
 6,3 
 34.2 
 32.9 
 23.7 
 
 2.6 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 126 
 
 .561 
 
 766 
 
 267 
 
 173 
 
 70 
 
 31 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 0.1 
 0.2 
 
 0.2 
 28.0 
 38 1 
 
 1 
 
 1.3 
 
 13.3 
 
 8 6 
 
 
 
 3.5 
 
 
 
 1 6 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 0.2 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' Inehides 822 wage-earners pairl in accordance with the amount of \\'ork done, for whom average daily earnings are shown. 
 2 Less than ».ine-tenth of 1 per cent. 
 
 The range of wages for men employed in sandstone 
 and quartzite quarries is not wide. Of the 10,4-t.S wage 
 earners reported, 7,643, or 7.3.1 per cent, received be- 
 tween 81.2.5 and 82.2-4 per day. A veiy few, only ^.S 
 per cent, were paid less than $1.25, and the balance, 
 2,409, or 23.1 per cent, were distributed in -iiiiall groups 
 between $2.25 and §4.25. It will be noticed that there 
 was a greater concentration of the several classes of 
 wage-earners at a few I'ate groups in sand.-itone and 
 quartzite quarries than in other stone quarries. 
 
 More than two-thirds of all the wage-earners were 
 classed as quarrymen and stonecutters, 7,117 men htiv- 
 ing been reported under that head. More than six- 
 
 Less than 1 per cent of the wage-earners were boj's 
 under 16 3'ears, onh' 76 in all having been reported. 
 Most of these boys were fairly well paid, 69 of them 
 having received lictween 50 cents and §1.24 per day, 
 and only 4 of them getting less than 50 cents. 
 
 Under the head of •"all other wage-earners" are 
 included 2,i)()7 men, almost one-fifth of the total num- 
 ber reported. The range of wages for 1,594, or 79.4 
 per cent, was from $1.25 to $1.99 per day. 
 
 Siijij)! /I's^ iHHtcrlitJx, am] iiiiscelhriU'OiiK e,rjn'nf<i;s. — The 
 comparative ease with which sandstone may be removed 
 from the ((uari-y l)ed, by the aid of modern machinery, 
 tends largely to reduce the expenditure for supplies 
 
 tenths of them (62.3 per cent) were included in the three and materials, the cost of which in 1902 w^as $1,29<S,190. 
 
 The total amount ])iiid for nii,scellaneous expenses was 
 $s7s,7k(), of which the amount ])aid for royalties and 
 rent of (luarrying plants foi'nied 22.3 percent, and rent 
 of offices, taxes, in.surance. and other sundries, 77.7 per 
 cent. 
 
 MefliKiiiciil jttiir, r. — The total primary power re- 
 ported was 25,652 horsepower. Of this amount 789 
 stetuii engines contrihuted 24,631 hor.sepower, or 96 per 
 cent; 7 gas or gasoline engines, 72 horsepower, or three- 
 tenths of 1 })(.'r cent; 6 water wheels, 885 horsepower, 
 or 3.5 per cent. The remainder was "other power." 
 In addition 6 electric motors, with a total of 60 horse- 
 power, were used during the census year by the oper- 
 ators who generat(Hl their o\\'n electricity. 
 
 Praductioii. — The annuiil production of sandstones 
 and ([uartzites from 189(» to 1902 is shown in the fol- 
 low ino- tal)le: 
 
 rate groups between $1.50 and $2.24. Those who i-c 
 ceived less than $1.50 per dtiy numbered 741, and con- 
 stituted 10.5 per cent of the total number, while 1,799 
 men, or 25.4 per cent, were distributed in small groups 
 between $2.25 and $3.74. 
 
 The engineei's, of whom 529 were reported, sh(jw a 
 marked concentration at $2 a day, 236, or 44.6 per cent, 
 being included in the single rate group. $2 to $2.24. 
 For firemen an e\en greater concentrtition is shown, 
 but at the next lower rate group; of tht^ 241 firemen 
 reported, 178, oi- 73.9 per cent, were paid between 
 $1.75 and $1.99 per day. A wider range of wages i,s 
 indicated by the figures for machinists and other 
 mechanics. Foi- them, too, the greatest concenti'ati(jn 
 occurs in the $1.75 and $2 groups, but 14.9 per cent of 
 them were paid less than $1.75 per day and 13.5 per 
 cent received $3 or over. 
 
^-n-ii 
 
 PLATE VI.— FIG. 1. VIEW NEAR WESTERN END OF GREAT CANYON SANDSTONE QUARRY, AMHERST, OHIO. 
 
 PLATE VI.— FIQ. 2. VIEW OF SANDSTONE QUARRY AT BEREA, OHIO. 
 
STONE. 
 
 797 
 
 Table 32.— I7(?,(,' ,,f dumwl pnxhicliori of xdvdxtiiiii'.t (iiid ijiiuii-ilrx: 
 
 ISflO III 191),.'. 
 
 [United Stiitfs (ienlofjical Survey, " MiiuTnl Kesdurces nf llie T'niteil Sl;ites."| 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Total. 
 
 YEAU. 
 1897 
 
 Toliil. 
 
 1890 
 
 Srj,.50.'i,U63 
 10,200,000 ' 
 
 ;i,9]f>, ."iou 
 
 .i,29.'S, iril 
 4,8,W,847 ; 
 4,961,314 1 
 4, 773, 199 
 
 Sl,90.'>, 1 1.S 
 
 1891 
 
 ,'>,724, 112 
 
 1892 
 
 1M99 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 190'"" 
 
 
 1893 
 
 ' 6 471 3SI 
 
 1894 
 
 
 189.'i 
 
 ' 10 601 171 
 
 1896 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Does not include .tjrind.^tones and \\iiet.st()nes. 
 
 The miniinum production for the thirteen yeiirs w;is 
 retiehed in l.S'.Mj, when tlie product wa.s \alued at 
 §1,773,109. The niaxiniiun was in IS'.X), when the \-ahie 
 of the product was 112,505, ()63, or $1,901,1:91! more than 
 the value for 190:2. 
 
 The following tahle .shows the \'alue of products, 
 cla.ssitied I)}' u.ses, from 1S99 to 190i!: 
 
 Table 2:5. — SumUtma'x ainl ijiiai-lziles, chi.Hsifird hi/ iinis: l.^U'.i In l:i(i.'. 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the L'nited States."] 
 
 • 
 
 
 VALfE OF 
 
 'RODfCT. 
 
 
 Y'EAR. 
 
 Buil'iing. 
 
 Flagging. 
 
 All other 
 
 
 Rough. 
 
 Dressed. 
 
 uses. 
 
 1899 
 
 SI, 998, 032 
 1,778,322 
 
 """"3."ii9,"23ii' 
 
 82. 003, .523 
 2, 207, 699 
 
 = 4,,S75,973 
 2,888,248 
 
 1S1,487,,S10 
 
 12,071,887 
 
 1,026,499 
 
 1,142,699 
 
 S236,030 
 
 1900 
 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 2,236,208 
 3, 4.50, 9SX 
 
 1 Includes curbing. 
 
 -Includes rough bnililiUft. 
 
 Of the $10,601,171 given as the total value of products 
 in 1902, $6,007.1:84 was the value of the stone used for 
 building purposes, the remainder being- the \-a\uq of the 
 stone disposed of as riprap, rul)ble, paving, flagging, 
 and crushed stone for road ballast, etc. A compara- 
 tively small amount was crushed and utilized as sand 
 for glassmaking, as noted under "silica .sand." 
 
 A comparison of the tigures for 1SS9 and VM)'2 shows 
 that the values increased more than elevenfold in Ari- 
 zona and Texas, al)out sixfold in Idaho, tivefold in 
 Wyoming, threefold in Arkansas and West Virginia, 
 and twofold or more in Californiti, ^Minnesota, Mon- 
 tana, Tennessee, and I'tah. In 14 states the values 
 decreased during these years. The largest per cents 
 of decrease are as follows: New- Mexico, 93; Connecti- 
 cut, 86; Iowa, 81; Colorado, 7<); Missouri, 63; and 
 Washington, 59. There was ti falling oti' of over 30 
 per cent in New- Jersey and Ohio, and for Kansas, 
 Massachusetts, and New York the decrease was between 
 25 and 30 per cent. 
 
 For comparative purposes the following talile is 
 given, showing the rank in value of product by states 
 and territories for 1902 and 1889: 
 
 Taulio 24. — Siiiiihliiiiex anil ijiiiirt::ilni, hij jiriiirijuil xliili'x ami lirri- 
 liii-iex i-iiiiki'd hij ndiie nf jiriidiicl : IMJJ and ISSIJ. 
 
 .STATE OR TI';RRIT0RV. 
 
 I'eniisyh'aliia 
 Ohio ... 
 New V.jrk-... 
 Ma.ssachusel Is 
 Caliinrnia .... 
 \\'est A'irginia 
 New ,lerse,\' . . 
 
 ( 'olorado 
 
 Minnesota . . . 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 -Michigan 
 
 Texas 
 
 Conncclicnl.. 
 Kentucky .... 
 South Dak.il.'i 
 
 Arizona 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Utah ., 
 
 Wyuiiiing 
 
 .Arkansas 
 
 Montainl 
 
 Mi,s.souri 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Indiana ...... 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Washington . . 
 Maryland .... 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Ne\v Mexico . 
 Tennessee . . . . 
 Nevada 
 
 ;, 800, 
 :,07x, 
 
 , 108, 
 487, 
 102, 
 423, 
 406, 
 366, 
 347, 
 207, 
 1S8, 
 165, 
 12.H, 
 128, 
 110, 
 107, 
 105, 
 105, 
 90, 
 
 108 
 
 1 
 
 7.54 
 
 
 
 6,99 
 
 3 
 
 366i 
 
 4 
 
 32,8 
 
 5 
 
 .532 
 
 6 
 
 726 
 
 7 
 
 161 
 
 8 
 
 4? 
 086 j 
 073 i 
 
 Value. 
 
 Rank. 
 
 *I, 986, 894 
 
 3 
 
 3,046,6.56 
 
 1 
 
 2, 005, 740 
 
 2 
 
 049,097 
 
 6 
 
 175, .598 
 
 11 
 
 140, 687 
 
 14 
 
 605,8,59 
 
 7 
 
 1,224,098 
 
 4 
 
 131,979 
 
 15 
 
 18;^, 958 
 
 10 
 
 216, .570 
 
 8 
 
 14.651 
 
 27 
 
 920, 061 
 
 5 
 
 117,940 
 
 16 
 
 93, 570 
 
 17 
 
 9,146 
 
 29 
 
 149,289 
 
 13 
 
 48, 306 
 
 20 
 
 16,760 
 
 26 
 
 25, 074 
 
 24 
 
 31,648 
 
 23 
 
 155, .5.^7 
 
 12 
 
 43, 965 
 
 22 
 
 43, 983 
 
 21 
 
 17,896 
 
 25 
 
 75,936 
 
 19 
 
 10,606 
 
 28 
 
 SO, 25] 
 
 18 
 
 2, 490 
 
 31 
 
 180, .H04 
 
 9 
 
 2. 722 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 A detailed summary showing the statistics of the 
 industry for 1902 is given in Tal>le In. 
 
 OrriirriiK-c. — The sandstones iire among the nio.st 
 variable and widely distributed of American building 
 material. Those which have been most sought on ac- 
 count of their color and working qualities are the red- 
 brown Triassic sttjnes of the eastern United States, the 
 light-gray to butf Carlioniferous stones of the Missis- 
 sippi vtilley, of which the so-called "Berea grit" is a 
 familiar type, and the New York and Pennsylvania 
 l)lue.stones, utilized mainly for flagging purposes. 
 
 The sandstones are for the most part comparatively 
 ea.sy to work and. next to the granites, have been more 
 generally employed for structural purposes than any 
 other of our natural Iniilding materials. Thev are 
 found interstratitied with rocks of all geological hori- 
 zons from the Caml)rian down to the Tertiary and 
 occupving all positions with relation to horizontality. 
 In the mountainous regi(ms the deposits tire naturally 
 more or less distorted and occupy more or less inclined 
 positions. In the region (.if the ^Mississippi valley, 
 where the geological agencies have been much less 
 violent, the beds retain their original horizontal posi- 
 tion and afl'ord admira))le fticilities for ([uarry opera- 
 tions upon a large scale. It is upon these beds that 
 some of the largest cjuarries in the country have been 
 opened. Figures 1 and 2, Plate VI, show the position 
 of tlie stone and the remarkable natural facilities for 
 extraction as well as the great amount of development 
 which has taken place at Amherst and Berea, Ohio. 
 
798 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 SILICA SAND. 
 
 Silica or siliceous sand includes not only sand suit- 
 able for the manufacture of glass, luit also a large 
 quantity designated as engine and furnace sand and 
 sand for other uses, it being impossible to separate the 
 statistics. Of the value of product, i^50,8l:L is for sand 
 produced at regular sandstone quarries, being the waste 
 or scrap stone crushed. In such instances the statistics 
 of salaries, wages, and other expenditures, not being 
 separable, have been included with those for sandstones 
 and quartzites. At the census of 18^0, glass sand was 
 separately reported. Thirty-three mines were shown, 
 at which 332 employees received wages amounting to 
 196,598, and the value of the product was $239,095. 
 At the Eleventh Census, " sand for glass " was included 
 with sandstone. 
 
 The following table is a summary for 1902: 
 
 Table 35. — Suininnrii: 100.'. 
 
 Number of quarries 20 
 
 Number of operators 20 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number „, - , ; 
 
 Sitlaries ^27, 228 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 33.t 
 
 Wages JHy,114 
 
 Contract work . 12'; 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses ^18, (7tj 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 538,;38ll 
 
 Product: 
 
 Quantity (short tons) J J.:), 90:1 
 
 Value..'....., iS421,L'8il 
 
 'The United States Geological Survcj- reports under "glass.sanrl " (which is 
 not included with the statistics for stone) 943,13.5 short tons, valued at S807,797, 
 which includes glass sand obtained from banks. .Census (igurcs im-lude only 
 the sand produced at sandstone quarries by crushing the rock. 
 
 Of the 2G quarries, 10 were in Ohio, 14 in P(.Mnisyl- 
 vania, and 2 in West Virginia, the statistics of the 
 last named being included with those of Peiin.sylvaiiia 
 to avoid disclosing the business of individual operators. 
 These quarries were controlled by 2n operators, 5 of 
 whom were individuals, 5 firms, and In incorporated 
 companies: 7 of these companies were reported from 
 Penns\'lvania. 
 
 Emjfloyees and wages. — The 335 wage-earners consti- 
 tuted 90.0 per cent of the .salaried employees and wage- 
 earners, and the $149,114 paid as wages was 84.6 per 
 cent of the total salaries and wages. The average 
 number of wage-earners empjoyed each month is shown 
 in the detailed summary. Table 41. The greatest num- 
 ber, 380, was reported for Septeml)er, and the least, 
 264, for Februarv- This table shows also the avi.'rage 
 number of wage-earners at specified daily rates of paj- 
 hj occupations. Of the 335 wage-earners, 2(il. oi- 77.9 
 per cent, were reported as receiving from SI. 25 U) $1.74 
 per day. There were 149, or 44.5 per cent, employed 
 as quarrymen at rates ranging from 75 cents to $2.24 
 per day. The crushing of the stone entailed the em- 
 ployment of a large number of laliorers and other work- 
 men, who wei'e reported as "all other wage-eai'ners" 
 and numbered 154, or 46 per cent, of tlie total. Silica 
 sand is the only subdivision of the stone industi-y in 
 which no boys under 16 years of age were repoi'terl. 
 
 Supplies, materials, andiaiscellaneous expenses. — Sup- 
 plies and materials costing $38,386 were reported, 
 $13,598, or 35.4 per cent of the total, having been 
 expended in Ohio. The miscellaneous expenses 
 amounted to $18,776, of which $8,373, or 44.6 per cent, 
 was for royalties and rent of quarrying plants, and 
 $10,403, or 55.4 per cent, for rent of offices, insurance, 
 and other sundries. Of the total, $11,210, or 59.7 per 
 cent, was reported from Pennsylvania and West Vir- 
 ginia, and $7,566, or 40.3 per cent, from Ohio. 
 
 Mechanical pcnoer. — The total power owned was I'e- 
 ported as 2,000 horsepower, of which 805 was reported 
 from Ohio and 1,195 from Penn.sylvania. Of this total, 
 1,980 horsepower was supplied by 33 steam engines, 16 
 of which were in Ohio. 
 
 I'mdiictiiin. — The United States Geological Surveys 
 has not pul)lished annual statistics of glass sand except 
 for 1885 and 1902, and these statistics are not compara- 
 ble with those of the census, because they include sand 
 from pits and banks as well as that crushed at sandstone 
 quarries. 
 i Chief among the sand producing states, in 1902, was- 
 Pennsylvania, where sand was found in all forms. This 
 state was followed closely by Ohio, where deposits were 
 generally those of sandstone requiring crushing and 
 screening. A small (juantity was reported from West 
 \'irgiiiia. 
 I The l(i qutirries shown for Pennsylvania (including 
 the 2 in West Virginia) produced 312. 9S2 tons, or 70.2 
 per cent of the total production, the value being $269,015, 
 or 0.S.9 per cent of the total value. Of this amount, 
 127,520 tons, valued at $l05,3t;7, was glass .sand; 31,500 
 tons, valued atS24,000, building sand; 15,241 tons, val- 
 \ied at $18,8'.h;. furnace sand; and 138,721 tons, having 
 a value of $120,752, was consumed for other purposes. 
 
 The 10 quarries in Ohio produced 132,921 tons, or 
 28.1 per cent of the total quantity; the value was 
 $152,274, or 36.1 per cent of the total value. Of this 
 quantity, 6(1,396 tons, valued at $59,348, was furnace 
 .sand; 2o,o3tl tons, valued at $24,896, glass sand; 3,750 
 tons, valued at $3,000, engine sand; and 48,739 tons, 
 viilued at $(i5,o3o. was used for other purposes. 
 
 Occurrence. — Silica or siliceous sand is known to 
 exist in several states as a sandstone, requiring crush- 
 ing and screening; as a stone that readily disintegrates 
 when exposed to the action of the elements, and needs 
 only washing or burning to reduce the amount of 
 organic matter and other impurities; or as beds of pure 
 sand, requiring no treatment to prepare it for use. 
 
 Sand used in the manufacture of glass consists mainly 
 of silica with alumina, and it may be iron, soda, lime, 
 and potash in small and varying ciuantities. The value 
 of the sand depends on its freedom from such impuri- 
 ties as tend to produce a discoloration of the glass. 
 
 A summary presenting detailed statistics of the silica 
 sand industrv, by states, for 1902. is given in Ta))le 41. 
 
PLATE VII. —GRANITE QUARRY AT CROTCH ISLAND, MAINE (TWO VIEWSl. 
 
STONE 
 
 799 
 
 SILHEOUS CRYSTALLINE ROOKS. 
 
 Under this clas.-ific;ition is grouped a somewhat vari- 
 able series of rocks, iiK-luding not merely the true gran- 
 ites, but also the gneisses (the so-called striped, stratified, 
 or bastard granites of the (inarrymen), the syenites, the 
 black granites or traps (diabases and gabl)ros), diorites, 
 basalts, and andesites, and, in a few instances, the mica 
 schists. 
 
 The varying mineral character and structui'al features 
 of these rocks are noted below: 
 
 (iran'de. — A crystalline, granular, massive rock, con- 
 sisting essentially of quartz, orthoclase, and mica or 
 hornblende, with other minerals, as apatite and mag- 
 netite occurring in microscopic quantities. 
 
 Gneiiis. — A rock diti'ering from granite in that the 
 various constituents are arranged in more or less par- 
 allel layers, giving the rock a banded or foliated ap- 
 pearance. It is often called stratified or bastard granite 
 by the quarrymen. 
 
 Syenite. — A rock, limited in quantity, differing from 
 granite only in the absence of quartz as an essential 
 constituent, i. e., one consisting of orthoclase with one 
 or more of the minerals of the mica, amphibole, or 
 pyroxene group. 
 
 Elaeolite (nepheline) sijm'de. — A rock diti'ering from 
 syenite in that the mineral elaeolite (nepheline) wholly 
 or in part replaces the feldsj^ar. The " granite" near 
 Hot Springs, Ark., is a good example of this I'ock. 
 
 Dialiase and galihro. — Rocks consisting essentially of 
 augite or hypersthene and plagioclase feldspars with 
 accessory apatite, magnetite, and frequently black mica. 
 These are hard and massi\'e rocks, often very dark gray 
 to almost Idack in color, and in the case of the gafibro 
 at Pleasant river, Me., known as black granite. In 
 the majority of cases they are used only for road 
 material. 
 
 Dlorite. — A rock consisting essentially of hornblende 
 or mica and plagioclase feldspar with other minerals 
 in smaller proportions. In America this rock is little 
 used for building material. 
 
 Basalt. — A lava composed essentially of augite and 
 plagioclase feldspar. It occurs mainly in the Western 
 states. 
 
 Ande!<lt,;.—X rock composed of augite or hornblende 
 and plagioclase feldspar. It is a lava, and its occurrence 
 is limited mainly to the Western states. 
 
 Mica schist.— X rock composed essentially of quartz 
 and mica, but with a pronounced schistose structure. 
 It is little used for general building owing, in part, to 
 its poor working qualities. 
 
 The statistics for sdiceous crystalline rocks were 
 separatelv presented at the censuses of 1880 and 1889. 
 In the following table the statistics for these years and 
 those for 1002 are shown for the purpose of comparison: 
 
 Table ^0. 
 
 'ilnjiiiriitirc .sKiiiiiKii'ij: ISSO to 1U02. 
 
 1«02 
 
 NiimliiT of (jiinrrius 
 
 NumlxT of opomtors 
 
 Salarieil otlicials, cli.Tks, cli'.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Siilaries i ^1,227, 
 
 Wagti-earruTs: | 
 
 .\vcmge nun])jer \^ 
 
 Wages sn, (J72^ 
 
 Misct'llaueous expenses i jmo, 
 
 Cost of supplies aiKl materials S2, )y:3, 
 
 Value of product Sift, 257, 
 
 '11,177 
 Cl 
 (') 
 
 S70, 397 
 ISS, 998 
 
 1 Not reported. 
 
 - Foremen included in wage-earners. 
 
 3 Salaries included in wages. 
 
 ^ Greatest number employed. 
 
 ^ Value of explosives. 
 
 The increase in the number of quarries was .561, or 
 179.2 per cent, from 1880 to 1889, and 32, or 3.7 per 
 cent, from 1889 to 1902. This difference in percentage 
 of increase is due partly to the tendenc}' toward com- 
 bination noted in the discussion of Table 2. The value 
 of the product of these quarries increased 19,275,097, 
 or 178.7 per cent, from 1880 to 1889, and $3,793,819, or 
 26.2 per cent, from 1889 to 1902. 
 
 Development work was reported at 4 quarries located 
 1 each in California, Connecticut, ^Missouri, and ]New 
 York. These quai'ries were conti'olled by 1 operators, 3 
 of th(Mn 1 )eing incorporated companies. The capital stock 
 and bonds issued by 2 of these companies amounted to 
 $19,5(M). These 4- quarries gave emploj-ment to 83 
 wage-eai-ners, who recei\-ed !?44,(J10 in wages. 
 
 There were 313 quari-ies reported idle during 1902. 
 These were controlled ))y 313 operators. 
 
 ]uiqili>iji;-'s and iragi'x. — The total number of salaried 
 officials, clerks, etc., and wage-earners was 20,213, and 
 they received §12,300,881 in salaries and wages. The 
 wage-earners formed 93.2 per cent of this number, and 
 their wages amounted to 90 per cent of the total. 
 
 Table 27 presents the average number of wage-earners 
 employed during each month. 
 
 Tabu-: 21. 
 
 ■Areraije nitmhir vf irafje-fiinu'rf! i'mjilu)/ed iluriiig each 
 month : 190.1. 
 
 MONTH. 
 
 "Wage- 
 earners. 
 
 
 12 4^2 
 
 
 
 
 14 933 
 
 
 18, 882 
 20 350 
 
 May 
 
 
 21 r)S9 
 
 July 
 
 2'> 678 
 
 Avigust 
 
 September 
 
 22, 843 
 22,331 
 
 22 019 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The foregoing table shows that the number of 
 employees was greatest in August, when 22,843 wage- 
 earners were given employment, and the least in Janu- 
 ary, for which month 12,442 were reported. This 
 
800 
 
 MINES AND QUAKRIES. 
 
 inconstancy of operation is explained in the 
 
 ssioii omplo\'ees, the luniiljev receiving certain specified rates 
 
 of Table 4. 
 
 The followiiiM- tal)le shows, for the several classes of 
 
 of pay, and also the percentao-es which these numbers 
 form of the total ninnber in the class: 
 
 Table ^S.— l>LSTKIBrTI(.)X OF WAGE-EAKXEKS ACCORDING TO DAILY KATES OE PAY, BY OCCUPATIONS: 1902. 
 
 RATE PER DAY 
 
 .\l,r, n(;cl'PATIUNS. 
 
 ENOINEEKS. _ 
 
 KIRKMEN. 
 
 MACHINTSTS, BLACK- 
 
 SStlTMS, CARPE.N- 
 
 TER,S, AND OTHER 
 
 MECHANICS, 
 
 QOARRYMEX AND 
 .STONECUTTERS. 
 
 BOYS T 
 YE. 
 
 VOER 16 
 
 RS, 
 
 AI,L OTHER WAGE- 
 EARNERS. 
 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per cent 
 
 of tOtill. 
 
 ,V\'era.L,'0 
 nuniltor 
 
 Per cent 
 
 oi tnlill. 
 
 .\verase 
 number. 
 
 Per cent 
 of total. 
 
 100,0 
 
 Avenipfc 
 number. 
 
 Per cent 
 of total. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per cent 
 Of total. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per cent 
 of total. 
 
 Average Percent 
 number, of total. 
 
 Total 
 
 1 1,S, S3C, 
 
 100.0 
 
 6.58 
 
 100.0 
 
 164 
 
 1,094 
 
 100.0 
 
 14,474 
 
 100.0 
 
 200 
 
 100,0 
 
 2,240 ■ 100.0 
 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 133 
 
 ,573 
 
 1,282 
 
 2, 091'. 
 3,. 546 
 
 3, 04,5 
 2, 4S3 
 
 (■.92 
 
 1,141 
 
 1,364 
 
 1,608 
 
 4. SO 
 
 199 
 
 23 
 
 126 
 
 9 
 
 0.2 
 0.7 
 3.0 
 (;. 8 
 11.1 
 
 18.8 
 16.2 
 13.2 
 3.7 
 6.1 
 
 u 
 
 2. .5 
 1,1 
 0,1 
 O.- 
 O.I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 36 
 66 
 49 
 .59 
 6 
 1 
 
 17,5 
 27,2 
 23,8 
 28. 6 
 2.4 
 0.6 
 
 1 (=) 
 
 50 to 74 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 17 
 
 63 
 
 89 
 
 225 
 
 96 
 
 93 
 
 20 
 
 37 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 0.2 
 0.8 
 1.7 
 2.6 
 8.0 
 13. .5 
 34.2 
 14.6 
 14.1 
 3.0 
 5.6 
 0,5 
 0.6 
 0.6 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 IS 
 26 
 33 
 32 
 
 9 
 23 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 1.8 
 4.3 
 3.7 
 11.0 
 15.2 
 20.1 
 19. .5 
 5.5 
 14.0 
 2.5 
 1.2 
 1.2 
 
 i 
 
 9 
 18 
 26 
 73 
 
 199 
 
 107 
 1S5 
 
 IS 
 38 
 16 
 
 0.1 
 0.8 
 1.6 
 2.3 
 6). 7 
 7. 8 
 l.s, 2 
 9.8 
 16.9 
 15.7 
 14. 1 
 3.5 
 1.4 
 
 52 
 
 350 
 
 958 
 
 1,683 
 
 2, 6.65 
 
 2, 64S 
 
 1 , 7,58 
 
 435 
 
 814 
 
 1,163 
 
 1 318 
 
 0.4 
 2.4 
 6. 6 
 10.9 
 18.3 
 18 3 
 12.2 
 3.0 
 6.0 
 8.0 
 9 1 
 
 20 i 0.9 
 
 0.75 to 0.99 
 
 1.53 ! 6.8 
 
 1 00 to 1.24 
 
 230 ' 10.3 
 
 1 25 to 1 49 
 
 448 i 20.0 
 
 1.50 tol.74 
 
 1 75 to 1 99 
 
 739 33. 
 190 8.5 
 
 2.00 to 2.24 
 
 2 '^5 to 2 49 
 
 
 
 269 , 12.0 
 46 2.0 
 
 
 
 
 20 1.2 
 
 2 75 to "^ 99 
 
 
 
 
 5 2 
 
 3.00 to 3.24 
 
 3 25 to 3 49 
 
 
 
 93 ' 4 2 
 
 428 3, 
 
 175 : 1,2 
 
 18 ' 0. 1 
 
 110 0,.s 
 
 
 9 4 
 
 
 
 5 *' 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 . (-'j 
 
 4 00 to 4 24 
 
 
 
 9 O.N 
 
 
 <i 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '1 1 ' 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 1 Includes 628 wage-earners paid in accordance Willi the anioimt of work done, for wliom a^■e^age daily earnings are shown, 
 - Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 
 
 The figures presented in the above table indicate a 
 wide range in the daily rates of pay. Of the total num- 
 ber reported, 743, or 3.9 per cent, received less than $1 
 per day, and 836, or 4.5 per cent, received $3.25 per 
 day or over. For the remaining 17.i'5T wage-earners, 
 constituting 91.6 pi.'i' cent of th(> total numl)er, the range 
 of wage.s wa.s from $1 to !j3.24 per day. 
 
 About three-fourths (76.8 jier cent) of all the wage- 
 earners reported were classified as qiiarrymen and 
 stonecutters. Their rates conform very closely to those 
 for all occupations combined, 92 per cent of the total 
 number having received between >51 and >^o.24 per 
 day, as compared with 91.6 per cent for all occupations 
 combined. An e.xamination of the figures for (juarry- 
 men and stonecutters shows a marked concenti-iition at 
 the rates from ^1.25 to 12.24 per day, then a slight 
 falling off, and again a concentration for the rates from 
 $2.75 to ?3.24 per day. This indicates the diticrence 
 between the rates paid to cjuarrymen and thos(> paid to 
 stonecutters, who tire niore skilled than the quiirrvmen. 
 
 There were ()58 engineers reported, of whom 5(i3, or 
 76.4 per cent, received Ijctween $1.75 and $2.74 per 
 day. The range of wages fen- 65. ,s per cent of the 
 firemen was from $1.25 to $2.24 per day, 9.S per cent 
 
 having received less than $1. 
 
 24.4 per cent, $2.25 
 
 or over. Kates were consideriibly higher for machinists 
 and other int'chtmics, three-fourths of them having been 
 paid from $2.(»o to $3.24 per day. 
 
 The number of )»oys under Iti years reported was 
 206, of wdioiii 91 were in the New England states and 
 46 werti in South Carolina tind Georgia. The rates of 
 
 pay for 164 of thes(> boys were between 50 cents and 
 $1.24 p(>r day; of the others, 36 received less than 50 
 cents and 6 received $1.25 or o\'er. 
 
 The group of "all other wage-earners'' includes 
 2,240 men, or 11. !» per cent of the total number of 
 wage-earners reported. The range of wages for 2,o29 
 of them was from 75 cents to $2.24 per day. The 
 number recei\ing $1.50 per day was probably greater 
 than thtit at ;uiy other rate, since the wtige group, $1.50 
 to $1.74, includes ti much larger number than is in- 
 cluded in anv other group. 
 
 Siijij)! ii's^ iiijiii'fiitlx. Hill] III iscrllani'Oiix e.cpenses. — The 
 total cost of supplies and materials was $2,493,065. Of 
 this amount $509,7(»2, or 20.5 per cent, was expended in 
 Ma,ssachu,setts; $272, sss, or Kt.'.t per cent, in^'ermont; 
 and $217. 54s, or S.7 per cent, in ]\Iaiiie. .Smaller 
 iimounts were reported from the other states. 
 
 The amount i)iud for roytilties and rent of quarrying 
 ])laiits was $194, S92, or 24.1 per cent of the total, and 
 $615,314, or 75.9 per cent, was paid for rent of otSces, 
 tfixes, and otlier sundries. 
 
 2[ii'Iiiiii!r<il pmr, r.-- Primary power aggregating 
 46,9S6 hoi'sepower was reported; 44,189, or 94 per cent, 
 was applied through 950 steam engines; 275. or six- 
 tenths of 1 perctmt, was generated by 26 gas or gasoline 
 engines; and 1,506, or 3.2 jier cent, by 15 water wheels. 
 Under "other power," 5l0 horsepower, or 1.1 percent, 
 was rei)orted. Thi> I'ented horsepower was 506, or 1.1 
 per cent, of which 471 was electric. In addition, 23 
 (dectric motors, having a capacity of 442 horsepower, 
 were owned by the operators reporting them. 
 
STONE. 
 
 801 
 
 Production. — The following table shows tiie production of siliceous crystalline rocks, classified by uses, 
 1896 to 1902: 
 
 Table ;i9.— VALUE OF ANxNUAL PRODUCTION OF SILICEOUS CRYSTALLINE ROCKS, CLASSIFIED BY USES: 1896 TO 1902, 
 
 [United Stiitijs Ui^ulDKinilSurvfy, "Jliiipral Rfsourees of the Uiiiterl StateM."] 
 
 
 VALUK OF PRODUCT. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Rough, all 
 
 uses. 
 
 Dreysed. 
 
 Made into 
 paving 
 tilofks. 
 
 Curbing. 
 
 CrUHhed,all 
 uses. 
 
 All other 
 
 
 Building. Jlonnmeutal. 
 
 u.se.y. 
 
 1896 
 
 tl, 232, 082 
 2, :56S, 031 
 1,826,865 
 2,351,931 
 2, 155, 2711 
 3, 486, 571 
 
 l4,t:B, 152 
 
 92,232,077 
 2,.W5,fi;)6 
 1,874,980 
 2,625,289 
 3,233,224 
 3,781,294 
 4,8.59,750 
 
 SI, 437, 065 
 1,414,502 
 1,462,598 
 1,687,967 
 1, .598, 842 
 1,4.57,557 
 9 284 755 
 
 91,231,729 
 1,140,417 
 854, 151 
 969,499 
 1,006,296 
 1,821,431 
 1,. 523, 776 
 
 9166, .392 
 160, 195 
 5M3, 407 
 546, 656 
 593, 209 
 670,703 
 823, 846 
 
 S514, ,5.50 
 
 991, 867 
 
 1,. 592, 925 
 
 2,044,797 
 
 2, .571, 899 
 
 3, 003, 443 
 3,211,780 
 
 9130, 499 
 269 427 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 1,129,480 
 1,393,201 
 1,216,871 
 1,7.56,9.59 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 - 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 1,120,885 
 
 
 
 1 Ineludes building stone valued at 92,175,082, monumental slone valued at 91,714,1.56, and stone for other uses valued at 9.543,914. 
 
 Of the total yalue of product, §18,257,941, in 1902, a 
 yalue of fT, 031,882 was used for building purposes 
 and $3,998,911 for monumental work. The remaining 
 material to the yalue of $7,221,201 was utilized for a 
 yariety of purposes, but especially for paying blocks 
 and as crushed stone for macadam. The introduction 
 of machinery has rendered possible the utilization of 
 the granites and other hard rocks in monumental work 
 to an extent that was quite impossible when the stone 
 was dressed by hand. The use of stone for macadam 
 is largely a deyelopment of the past twenty 3'ears, and 
 the demand for it for this purpose has caused the great 
 increase in the number of quarries of trappean rock. 
 This demand for crushed stone likewise enables the quar- 
 ries worked mainly for building or monumental stone to 
 dis])ose of their waste. The material used for macadam 
 depends, howeyer, to a considerable extent on the kind 
 of rock that is available in neighboring sources. While 
 the trappean rocks haye proyed most desirable for this 
 purpose, the total absence of material of this type from 
 the great interior Mississippi yalley has caused the sub- 
 stitution largely of limestone and, in some cases, of 
 sandstone. 
 
 The following table shows the yalue of product of 
 siliceous crystalline rocks from 1890 to 1902: 
 
 Table 30. — Yahie of uiniinil ]>rodaclioii of niliceous rri/slnUhie rocks: 
 ISfin to 190:?. 
 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources nf tire United States."] 
 
 yalue of 
 X)roduct. 
 
 914,464,095 
 13,867,000 
 12, 642, 000 
 8, 808, 934 
 10,029,1,56 
 8, 894, 328 
 7,944,994 
 
 1897 
 1898 
 1899 
 191)0 
 1901 
 1902 
 
 yalue of 
 product. 
 
 98,906,075 
 9,324,406 
 11,618,339 
 12, 675, 617 
 16,976,961 
 18,2.57,944 
 
 Xhe value of the product decreased from 1890 to 
 1891 then increased, declining again in 1895 and 1896, 
 since which time it has constantly increased. 
 
 As shown in Table 42, there were 204 quarries in 
 Massachusetts and 110 in Maine. The number of quar- 
 ries in the other states yaried from 74 in Vermont to 
 1 each in Arizona and Xeyada. Indian Territoiy also 
 reported 1. In the following comparatiye table the 
 yalues of the products for 1902, 1889, and 1880 are 
 giyen, and the states are ranked according to these 
 yalues. 
 
 T.VBi.E 31. — Production of niJiceous cryslalli/ne rod's, hy principal 
 stales ranked hy mine of product: lOOS, 1889, and 1880. 
 
 Massachusetts . . . 
 
 Maine 
 
 yermont 
 
 New Hampshire - 
 
 California 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 Pennsylvania . . . 
 
 New York 
 
 South Carolina . . 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 North Carolina . . 
 
 yirginia 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Washington 
 
 Montana 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Texas 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 Utah 
 
 Iit02 
 yalue. Rank, 
 
 4,51,397 
 
 669, 450 
 
 570,423 
 
 147, 097 
 
 137,679 
 
 948,474 
 
 812, 141 
 
 803, 778 
 
 7,58, 203 
 
 734, 623 
 
 661,062 
 
 651,014 
 
 698, 848 
 
 478, 989 
 
 369, 137 
 
 338, 750 
 
 282, 046 
 
 276, 753 
 
 157, 708 
 
 147, 273 
 
 77,0,50 
 
 66, 023 
 
 60, 003 
 
 38, 429 
 
 12,116 
 
 1,479 
 
 92, 503, 503 
 
 2, 225, 839 
 
 ,581, 870 
 
 727,. 531 
 
 1,329,018 
 
 425, 673 
 
 1,061,202 
 
 7.52, 481 
 
 447, 489 
 
 931,216 
 
 623, 262 
 
 222, 773 
 
 47, 614 
 
 3,56, 782 
 
 266, 095 
 
 146, 627 
 
 332, .548 
 
 211,194 
 
 600, 042 
 
 314, 673 
 22,, 550 
 44,1,50 
 
 Rank. 
 
 1880 
 
 yalue. 
 
 $1,329,315 
 1, 175,286 
 
 69, 675 
 303, 066 
 172, 4,50 
 
 99, 000 
 407, 225 
 
 64,480 
 224, 000 
 623, 000 
 211,464 
 
 10, 000 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 6 
 9 
 
 11 
 4 
 
 12 
 7 
 3 
 8 
 
 17 
 
 13,075 
 
 331,928 
 
 12,600 
 
 110,000 
 
 1,044 
 
 16 
 10 
 18 
 
 41,400 
 
 Massachusetts and Maine occupied in 1902 the same 
 relative position that the_y held at the Tenth and Eley- 
 enth censuses. California, howeyer, dropped from the 
 third to the fifth place in the list, while Vermont ad- 
 vanced from the ninth to the third, and New Hampshire 
 from the seyenth to the fourth. The changes in rank 
 are due in some cases to a decrease in production, as 
 in the case of California, and in others to an increase, 
 as in the case of Vermont and New Hampshire. Geor- 
 gia, which made such a remarkable increase between 
 
 :;022:;-04- 
 
 -51 
 
802 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 the Tenth and Eleventh censuses, causing it to advance 
 from twelfth to sixth in rank, has dropped to eighth, 
 although there has been an actual increase in the 
 product. 
 
 The detailed statistics of the industry for lit02 are 
 given in Table 42. 
 
 During the earl}- history of the industry, when rail- 
 roads were few, transportation of material as heavy as 
 stone was largeh' by water. Hence it naturally fol- 
 lowed that quarries situated close to the water's edge, 
 like those of Vinalhaven and Crotch Island, Me. (see 
 Plate VII), had a great advantage, and for a long time 
 practically controlled the market. With the multiplic- 
 ity of railroads, however, and the growing demand of 
 inland cities remote from waterways, inland quai-ries 
 at first wholly inaccessible, have become important fac- 
 tors, and as a consequence the coast states have, to a 
 considerable extent, lost prestige. 
 
 Of the quarries developed during the last decade, on 
 account of the quality as well as quantity of material 
 thev furnish, those in. the vicinity of Barre, Vt., and 
 Montello, Wis., are of greatest interest. The quarry 
 near Montello furnishes a beautiful, compact, dark 
 red-brown granite admirably adapted for monumental 
 work. 
 
 SLATE. 
 
 The materials brought together in this report under 
 the head of slate are argillaceous rocks, which, through 
 the process of shearing and incidental chemical activitj-, 
 have undergone a partial metamorphism, resulting in 
 the development of a pronounced tendencj^ to split 
 along certain planes, which nvay or may not be parallel 
 with the original bedding, into thin sheets suitable for 
 roofing purposes. It is necessarily a consequence that 
 such are restricted to the regions of pronounced earth 
 movements, such as have resulted in the formation of 
 mountain ranges. 
 
 The decrease in the number of quarries since 1889 
 has not been attended by a decrease in an^^ of the other 
 items and is largely due to consolidation of interests. 
 
 The apparent decrease in the numl^er of wage-earners 
 is due to the methods employed by the various censuses 
 in finding the average and in part to tlie introduction 
 of machinerv. The steady increase in the amount paid 
 as wages indicates that the difierence shown in the 
 "average number" is not due to an actual decrease in 
 the number of wage-earners. The production increased 
 $2,213,538, or 63.6 per cent, from 1889 to 1902. 
 
 Census statistics for slate quarries were shown as 
 early as 1850, when the value of product was reported 
 as $29,056, the number of quarries being 5. At the 
 census of 1860, there were 22 quarries, with a pro- 
 duction valued at $287,150. The census of 18T<.) was 
 the first at which the mining industries were separately 
 
 shown. The following comparative summary includes 
 the statistics from 1870 to 1902: 
 
 Table 352. — Comparative nummary: 1870 to 1902. 
 
 
 1902 j 1889 
 
 1880 
 
 18J0 
 
 Number of quarries , 
 
 199 
 174 
 
 «7 
 $334, 879 
 
 5, 920 
 $3, 177, 4.59 
 
 212 
 
 (') 
 
 3 7.5 
 C) 
 
 3 6,096 
 
 ••82, 218, 982 
 
 8261,026 
 
 8282, 114 
 
 83, 482, .513 
 
 94 
 
 {') 
 
 0) 
 (') 
 
 6 3, 033 
 (') 
 (■) 
 "832, 799 
 81,629,985 
 
 (') 
 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 Number 
 
 (^\ 
 
 Salaries 
 
 ■ 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 1,749 
 8815 731 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials. . 
 
 8446. H.i 
 
 8680, 3(11 
 
 J.i, 696, Obi 
 
 (■)' 
 
 8119,501 
 81,311,492 
 
 
 ^ Not reported. < Salaries included in wages. 
 
 2 Establishments. » Greatest number employed, 
 
 3 Foremen included in wage-earners. ^ Value of explosives. 
 
 There were 3 quarries, all in Pennsylvania, for which 
 development work was reported for 1902. One salaried 
 employee received a salary of $90(.> and 13 wage-earners 
 were paid |-t,952 in wages. 
 
 The total capital stock and bonded indebtedness in 
 the slate industry' amounted to $11,323,566, of which 
 Penn.sylvania reported $3,356.91:0, or 29.7 per cent; 
 Maine, $1,6-15,800, or 14.5 per cent; New York, $1,018,- 
 500, or 9.0 per cent; Maryland, $316,300, or 2.8 per 
 cent; Vermont, $275,600, or 2.4 per cent; New Jersey, 
 $77,000, or seven-tenths of 1 per cent; and all other 
 states $4,633,425, or 40.9 per cent. 
 
 Employees and 'wages. — There were 6,357 salaried em- 
 ployees and wage-earners, who were paid $3,512,338; of 
 this number the 5,920 wage-earners formed 93.1 per 
 cent, and the $3,177,459 paid them in wages was 90.5 
 per cent of the total salaries and wages. 
 
 The following table shows the average number of 
 wage-earners employed during each month: 
 
 T.MiLE .3.'J. — Average number of wage-earners employed during each 
 month: 1903. 
 
 MONTH. 
 
 Wage- 
 earners. 
 
 
 5, 265 
 5 302 
 
 Kt'bruary 
 
 March 
 
 5,4G8 
 5,898 
 6,136 
 6 143 
 
 April 
 
 Mav 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 6,302 
 6, 353 
 
 
 
 October 
 
 6, 223 
 
 
 December 
 
 5 659 
 
 
 
 The largest number of wage-earners, H,353, was re- 
 ported for August, and the lea.st, 5,265, for January, a 
 variation of 1,088. 
 
 In the following table, the distribution of wage- 
 earners, according to dail}' rates of pay, is given by 
 occupations: 
 
STONE. 803 
 
 Table 34. —DISTRIBUTION OF AVAGE-EARNER8 ACCr)RDIN( f TO DAILY RATES OF PAY, HY OCCUPATIONS: 1902. 
 
 RATE PER DAY 
 (DOLLARS). 
 
 ALL 0(:rUPATn;)N.S. 
 
 ENGINEERS. 
 
 FIREMEN. 
 
 MACHINISTa, ELACK- 
 .SM1TH8, CARPEN- 
 TERS, AND OTHER 
 HIECIIANIr.s. 
 
 QUARRVMEN AND 
 STONECUTTERS. 
 
 HOys UNDER 16 
 YEA KS. 
 
 ALL rjTHER WAGE- 
 EARNERS. 
 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Percent 
 of total. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Percent 
 of totaL 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Percent 
 of total. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 137 
 
 Percent 
 of total. 
 
 100.0 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per cent 
 of total. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per cent 
 Of total. 
 
 100.0 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Percent 
 of total. 
 
 Ti.tiil 
 
 1 5, 920 
 
 100.0 
 
 279 
 
 100.0 
 
 87 
 
 100.0 
 
 3, CM 
 
 100.0 
 
 169 
 
 1,.592 
 
 
 
 100.0 
 
 Less than 0.50 
 
 7 
 
 72 
 
 101 
 
 290 
 
 983 
 
 1,146 
 C.58 
 
 1,369 
 (-.71 
 349 
 
 im 
 
 105 
 4 
 4 
 
 0.1 
 
 1.2 
 
 1.7 
 
 4.9 
 
 16.6 
 
 19.4 
 
 11.1 
 
 23.1 
 
 11.3 
 
 5.9 
 
 T!s 
 
 U. 1 
 0.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 66 
 75 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 4.1 
 39.1 I 
 
 44.4 
 11.8 
 0.6 
 
 
 
 0.7.5 to Om'.'.'.'///.'.'.'. 
 
 2-! oY 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1J7 
 185 
 .588 
 505 
 1,160 
 600 
 263 
 142 
 86 
 
 0.1 
 0.2 
 3.2 
 5.1 
 16.1 
 13.8 
 31.7 
 15.4 
 
 3 
 17 
 
 129 
 699 
 463 
 75 
 96 
 32 
 .52 
 
 0.2 
 1.1 
 8.1 
 
 1.2.5to].J9 
 
 20 
 
 81 
 
 48 
 
 38 
 
 61 
 
 7 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 7.2 
 29.0 
 17.2 
 13.6 
 21.9 
 2. 5 
 5.7 
 0.4 
 1.4 
 0.4 
 
 4 
 11 
 29 
 18 
 13 
 5 
 5 
 1 
 
 4, 6 
 12.7 
 33.3 
 20.7 
 14.9 
 5.8 
 5.8 
 1.1 
 
 6 
 
 17 
 
 '^2 
 
 39 
 
 27 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 4.4' 
 
 12.4 
 16.0 
 28.5 
 19.7 
 9.6 
 2.2 
 3.6 
 1.5 
 1.5 
 
 o.V 
 
 1.50 to 1.74. 
 1.75 to 1.99 
 
 43.9 
 29 1 
 
 
 
 4.7 
 
 2 25 to '' ■i<i 
 
 
 
 6.0 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 2.0 
 
 
 7.2 
 
 
 3.3 
 
 3.00 to 8.24.... 
 
 3.9 
 2.3 
 
 
 
 14 0.9 
 
 3.25 to 3.49 
 
 3.50 to 3.74 
 
 1 
 
 1.1 
 
 ;::;;;;::: :::::::;;:' 
 
 
 3.75 to 3.99 
 
 4.00 to 4. 24 
 
 4.25 and over 
 
 i" ■■""('=',■■"" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 ! 0.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 1 
 
 = L"ssThln^one™fntt"™r%''r''cen" "'"^"''"^"'"''^ "''"^ '^<^' amount of vork done, for whom average daily earnings are sho 
 
 L pe 
 
 As shown by the above table, the range of wages for 
 practically all of the employees in slate quarries ^vas 
 from $1 to $2.74: per day, 5,465, or 92.3 per cent of the 
 total number, having been reported at rates between 
 those limits. 
 
 Quarrymen and stonecutters to the number of 3,056 
 «ere reported. Of these 2,853, or 78 per cent were 
 paid from $1.50 to $2.49 per day. Of the remainder 
 302, or 8.3 percent, received between $1 and ^lAV per 
 day, and 491, or 13.4 per cent, received from $2.50 to 
 $8.24. Probably a greater number were emjiloyed at 
 $2 per day than at any other single rate, as the group 
 $2 to $2.24 includes 1,160 men, constituting 31.7 per 
 cent of the total number. 
 
 The range of wages for 228 engineers, 81.7 per cent 
 of the total number reported, was between $1.25 and 
 $2.24 per day, and of the 87 firemen, 71 were included 
 
 between the same rates. The rates of pav for 118 
 machinists and other mechanics, out of a total of 137, 
 were between $1.50 and $2.74 per day. 
 
 The boys under 16 years emplo3'ed in slate quarries 
 in 1902 numbered 169. Of these, 115 were reported 
 from Pennsylvania and 38 from Vermont. The rates 
 for 141 of these boys, constituting 83.5 per cent of 
 the whole number, wore between 50 and 99 cents per 
 day. 
 
 The group of "all other wage-earners" formed 
 slightly more than one- fourth of all the wage-earners 
 reported. Their wages ranged from 50 cents to $3.74 
 per day, but 74.7 per cent of them received from $1.25 
 to $1.74, the proportion at lower or higher rates being 
 comparatively small. 
 
 The following table shows the distribution of wage- 
 earners according to dail}' rates of pay, by states: 
 
 Table .3.5.— DISTRIBUTION OF WAGE-EARNERS ACCORDING TO DAILY RATES OF PAY, BY PRINCIPAL STATES; 1902. 
 [Each cumulative percentage shows the proportion of the total number receiving a wage as great as, or greater than, the lowest wage of the given wage group.] 
 
 RATE PER DAY 
 (DOLLARS). 
 
 Total . 
 
 Less than 0.50. 
 0..50 toO.74.... 
 0.75 to 0.99.... 
 1.00 to 1.24.... 
 1.25 to 1.49... - 
 1.50 to 1.74.... 
 1.75 to 1.99 . . - - 
 2.00 to 2.24 . - . . 
 2.25 to 2.19 ... - 
 2..50 to2.7J .... 
 
 2.75 to 2.99 
 
 3.00 to 3.24 .... 
 
 3.25 to 3.49 
 
 3.50 to 3.74..-- 
 3.75 to 3.99..-. 
 4.00 to 4.2-1 --■- 
 4.25 and o\cr . 
 
 I'NITED STATES. 
 
 Average Per cent 
 number, of total. 
 
 5,920 
 
 100.0 
 
 0.1 
 1.2 
 1.7 
 4.9 
 16. 6 
 19.4 
 11.1 
 23. 1 
 11.3 
 5.9 
 2. 7 
 
 T!h 
 
 0.1 
 0.1 
 
 Cumula- 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 100.0 
 99.9 
 98.7 
 97.0 
 92.1 
 75.6 
 .56.1 
 45.0 
 21.9 
 10.6 
 4.7 
 2.0 
 0. 2 
 0.1 
 (') 
 (') 
 (') 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Average 
 number 
 
 1 
 
 59 
 63 
 95 
 778 
 514 
 287 
 642 
 477 
 273 
 1.54 
 8S 
 3 
 
 Per cent 
 of total. 
 
 1.7 
 1.5 
 2.8 
 22.7 
 15.0 
 8.4 
 18.7 
 13.9 
 8.0 
 4,5 
 2.6 
 0.1 
 0.1 
 
 Cumula- 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 100.0 
 99.9 
 98.3 
 96.8 
 94.0 
 71.3 
 56. 3 
 47.9 
 29.2 
 15. 3 
 7.3 
 2.8 
 0.2 
 0.1 
 
 VERMONT. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per cent 
 of total. 
 
 3 
 
 28 
 
 43 
 
 122 
 
 4.55 
 
 289 
 
 507 
 
 1.57 
 
 27 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 0,2 
 
 1.7 
 
 2.6 
 
 7.4 
 
 27.8 
 
 17.6 
 
 30.9 
 
 9.6 
 
 1.7 
 
 0.2 
 
 0,2 
 
 0,1 
 
 Cumula- 
 tive per- 
 centage. 
 
 100.0 
 99.8 
 98.1 
 95.5 
 88.1 
 00. 3 
 42. 7 
 11.8 
 2. 2 
 
 a. 5 
 
 0,3 
 0,1 
 
 ALL OTHER STATES. 
 
 Average Per cent I J^uniula- 
 
 number. of total, i^'v^^''' 
 centage. 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 1.52 
 
 83 
 176 ! 
 
 82 
 220 
 
 37 
 
 49 
 
 0.7 
 1.2 
 2.4 
 
 17.8 
 9.7 
 
 20. 6 
 9.6 
 
 25.7 
 4.3 
 5.7 
 0.4 
 1.6 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.1 
 
 100.0 
 
 99.3 
 
 98.1 
 
 95.7 
 
 77.9 
 
 68.2 
 
 47.6 
 
 3S.0 
 
 12.3 
 
 8.0 
 
 2.3 
 
 1.9 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.1 
 
 0.1 
 
 0,1 
 
 1 Less than one-tenth i:( 1 per cent. 
 
804 
 
 MINP]S AND QUARRIES. 
 
 In the above table separate statistics are presented 
 for Pennsylvania and Vermont only. These two states 
 gave employment to 5,06.5 wao-e-earners, or 85.6 per cent 
 of the total number employed in slate quarries in tin- 
 United States. On the whole, there was comparatively 
 little ditferenee Iietween the rates of pay in the two 
 states. The range of wag-<\s for the Indk of employees 
 was greater in Pennsylvania than in Vermont. In the 
 latter state 7().3 per cent of the wage-earners received 
 between $1.50 and $2.24 per day, while in Pennsylvania 
 only 42.1 per cent were included within those rates. 
 In Pennsylvania, on the other hand, there were 28.7 per 
 cent receiving less than |11.5t), as compared with 11.9 
 per cent in Vermont, and 2H.2 per cent I'eceiviiig $2.25 
 or over, as compared with H.S per cent in Vermont. 
 
 The 855 wage-earners reported under ■'all other 
 states" were scattered through T states, the number 
 reported in the individual states l)eing too small to 
 warrant separate presentation. It will l>e seen, how- 
 ever, that taking these states as a group the rates of pay 
 were lower than those for either Pennsylvania or Ver- 
 mont. 
 
 Sujjplieii, iiKtterialx, and intsceUani'ouK e.cpeiiseK. — The 
 total amount expended for supplies and materials was 
 $680,361; of this amount Pennsylvania reported 61.4 
 per cent; Vermont, 23.9 per cent; Maine, 4 per cent; 
 Virginia, 3.1 per cent; Maryland, 2.6 per cent; New 
 York, 2.4 per cent; and all other states 2.6 per cent. 
 
 Of the total miscellaneous expenses $269,267, or 60.4 
 per cent was paid for royalties and rent of quarrying 
 plants, and $176,878, or 39.6 percent, for rent of olEces, 
 taxes, and other sundries. 
 
 Mechanical poirei'. — The total horsepower reported 
 was 25,454; of this amount 24,649, or 96.8 per cent, 
 was applied through 599 steam engines; 425, or 1.7 per 
 cent, was furnished by 5 water wdieels; 185, or seven- 
 tenths of 1 percent by other mechanism; and 195, or 
 eight-tenths of 1 per cent, was rented electric power. 
 
 Product ijiii. — In the following table the annual pro- 
 duction of slate is classified by uses for the years from 
 1890 to 1902: 
 
 Tahle 36. — ]'olui; of annual prod nrl ion of >:Iatn, cloKsiJii'il In/ iiki;s: 
 1S90 to 1902. 
 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 
 
 PROD 
 
 ■ti. 
 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Total 
 value. 
 
 RooMng slate. 
 
 Mill stock. 
 
 
 >J umber of 
 siiuares. 
 
 Value. 
 
 ^'a]ue. 
 
 1890 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 189.5 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 S3, 482, 513 
 3, 825, 746 
 4,117.125 
 2,. 523, 173 
 2,790,324 
 2,698,700 
 
 2, 746, 205 
 
 3, 524, 614 
 3, 723, 540 
 3,062,733 
 4,240,466 
 4,7-H7,.525 
 
 835, 625 
 
 893,312 
 
 953,000 
 
 621,939 
 
 738, 222 
 
 729, 927 
 
 673,301 
 
 1,001, MX 
 
 916,239 
 
 1,100,513 
 
 1,194,048 
 
 1,304,379 
 
 1,435,108 
 
 $2, 797, 904 
 3,125,410 
 3, 396, 625 
 2, 209, 049 
 2,301,138 
 
 2, 351 , .509 
 2,263,748 
 3,097,452 
 3,129,390 
 
 3, 151, si 7 
 3, ,596, 182 
 4,11 1,110 
 4,9.50,428 
 
 S684, 609 
 700, 336 
 720, .500 
 311,124 
 489, 186 
 347, 191 
 4S2, 157 
 427,162 
 591,150 
 507,916 
 644,284 
 673,115 
 745, 623 
 
 
 
 The yeai- of greatest depression was 1893, when the 
 value of the product was $2,523,173. Thei-e was an 
 increase in bS94, but a slight deci'ease in 1895. A 
 gradual increase followed from that time until 1902, 
 when the value of all slate produced was $5,696,051. 
 Of this output material to the value of $4,950,428 was 
 utilized for roofing, and the remainder, to the value of 
 $745,623, for minor purposes. It is worthy of note 
 that in 1S9<.» the value of the slate utilized for roofing 
 purposes was $2,797,901, and that for all other pur- 
 poses, $684,609. This indicates that no important new 
 uses for slate have been found and that developments 
 ha\'e been largely in the line of roofing materials. 
 
 Ranked liy value of product first place was held by 
 Pennsylvania, second by Vermont, and third by Maine, 
 followed by Virginia, New York, and Maryland in the 
 order named. 
 
 Taljle 43, at the end of this report, presents detailed 
 statistics of the industry for 1902. 
 
 Occurrence. — Nearly the entire commercial supph' of 
 roofing slates comes from states bordering upon the 
 Appalachian mountain system. The prevailing color 
 of the material is of a blue-gray to nearly black tint, 
 though certain of the A^ermont quarries produce a green 
 and purplish slate. The supply of red slate is at pres- 
 ent limited whoUv to a few quarries in eastern New 
 York. 
 
 Except in California, there have been during the 
 past ten years no developments of great significance, 
 long established quarries in the states mentioned still 
 furnishing the major part of the material. The quar- 
 ries in Maine are situated wholly in Piscataquis county', 
 those in Vermont along the western part of the state, 
 bordering on the New Y'ork line, the developments of 
 pailicular note being in the towns of Castleton, Fair 
 Haven, Pawdet, Poultney, and Wells. In New York 
 they are found in the closelv adjacent towns of Gran- 
 ville and Middle Granville and other towns in Wash- 
 ington county. The slates of New Jersev occur in 
 Sussex and AA'arren counties; in Pennsylvania, partic- 
 ulaily in Lehigh, Northampton, and York counties. 
 The Maryland output is still derived wholly from the 
 northern part of Harford county, in the well known 
 Peach Bcjttom area. 
 
 /"Zstx. — The slates are utilized to a veiy large extent 
 for the production of roofing materials, for which pur- 
 pose they are split into sheets from one-eighth to three- 
 sixteenths of an inch in thickness and trimmed into 
 rectangular slalis varying in size from 3 bj- 7 to 14 by 24 
 inches. The price of these slabs is usually dependent 
 upon the number retpiired for a "square," that is, a 
 space 10 feet square, or containing an area of 100 square 
 feer. Besides being used for roofing, slates are utilized 
 for billiard tables, mantels, floor tiles, steps, flagging, 
 bluckhoaixls, sinks and stationary washtulis, electrical 
 switchboards, and in the manufacture of school slatesand 
 ]jencils. Incidentally it may be mentioned that there 
 has of late vears been something of a demand for roof- 
 
PLATE XIV. — PNEUMATIC STONE SURFACING MACHINE. 
 

 
It 
 if 
 k 
 
 m 
 
 ill 
 
 SI 
 SI 
 
 «ll< 
 llfip 
 
 )»; 
 fife 
 kft 
 bni 
 
 mi 
 
 life of 
 
 •%1 
 (liosai 
 
 Htm 
 "f tln.> 
 
 frin\> 
 ami i 
 suits 
 
 nvAc 
 
STONE. 
 
 805 
 
 i"S- -lates of such thickness as to simulate tiles, som(> ot 
 tii<' iiianies actually furnishing niatorial split into sheets 
 of the ordinary sizes. Init 1 inch or more in thickness. 
 The pmrtice of "niarbleizing" slato for mantels lias 
 
 been largely discontinued 
 
 QIARKYINC; AND STONK ])l!KSSIN(i ' MACIIIN KS. 
 
 In the earlier days of the stone industry hand met h. ..Is 
 ^yere employed almost exclusively in the \vi>rk of ([Har- 
 rying and dressing. The past twenty years has. how- 
 eyer, witnessed the introduction of machinery at a rate 
 which is probably fully comparable with that in any 
 other industry. The old method of drilling and hlast- 
 ino-, formerly applied to all classes of rocks, is now done 
 away with excepting in the very hardest and toughest 
 of materials, or where, as in the ease of the trappean 
 rocks, the material is to lie utilized only for road metal. 
 Eyen where drilling and blasting are now resorted to, it 
 is the custom to drill a series of holes in the line along 
 which it is desired the stone shall break; these holes are 
 then charged somewhat lightly and tired simultaneously. 
 In this way the force of the expl(.)sion is delivei-ed along 
 a considerable surface and the danger of shattering the 
 material through the sudden jar is reduceil to a mini- 
 mum. This process is at present largely limited to 
 granitic rocks which are too hard to he quarried hy 
 means of the channeling machines. 
 
 The drill commonly employed for this work consists 
 in its simplest form of a steam .■ylindcr. mounted upon 
 a tripod, with the drill attached directly to the piston. 
 Since a flexible ho.se is used to convey steam from the 
 boiler, this form of drill can be carried t,. anv [.art ot 
 thecjuarry. Numerous adaptation; 
 been put upon the market by various niakci-s. 
 mon form is that shown in Plate XIU ( )n soft stone, 
 like sand.stone, or granitic rocks with wel-deve oped 
 1 • 1 -n 4^ fl,U i-lri(l arc utilized 111 what IS 
 rift and grain, drills ot tlii^ .^|'|" '" ovio ■ «-f 
 
 , 1 j2 <-r ,. iJift n"'. Mere a series ot 
 
 known as plug-and-teathci >plitnn,„ 
 
 ,. 11 , fi, ,lpi)eiiding ui.)oii the cnai- 
 
 holes of a diameter and deptli <lq' ' ^ 
 
 1 -11 ,1 -if mterva s along uie line 
 acter of the rock are driUfil at mu ^ 
 
 actei oi luc lociv .,]- til,, stone. Long metal 
 
 at which it is desired to break the 
 
 wedge 
 
 material 
 
 method 
 
 Ohio sandstoiif- 
 
 IS of this drill have 
 A c-oni- 
 
 icn It IS a^^'-" ,1^ .,„„ into the holes and the 
 ?s or plugs arc ti. ^^ ^^^.^^^ ^^^^^j^^^. ^^^,^^^ .^,^.^ 
 
 •ial is spilt ="-'-'^^_V^ I _;,,,,,;,,. extent in the harder 
 )d is used to a . 01 s^^ eensus year, 3,847 steam 
 
 During the cer _ 
 
 u,,s wcie reported as m u.se. 
 
 drills of yariou- "''^.^■_^_;^ .^j,,, „tilized in the case of rocks 
 
 Chanii' 'ii'.y """,. ^ ■;.,,,,, limestone, and the softer 
 
 h 
 d to remove thi^ materials 
 
 " f inarlilc. liinestone, ana tne sorte 
 of til'' natiii-c " ']fl I, e liable to injury throng. 
 
 sandsfon'- _ .■ • i^sired to remove thi^ material 
 
 .Old since u J> "^ . . 
 blastiiii;, '' ^^^ J ^\ith a minimum amount ot waste 
 
 from tin' *{^'-,e and shape that they may be cut into 
 and in >ii'^^ 3„sions. One of the earliest of these ma- 
 suitable ^^^ jual■kct^vas the Wardwell channeling 
 chines iip*^ ^^^^^^ which is shown in Plate IX. Various 
 
 inachiii'^''.' . ^Yi\s have since been made, as shown 
 
 „ioditicatio»'^ 
 
 in Plates X, XI, and XII. These later adaptations 
 make it possible to cut: a channel at any desired angle. 
 There were 7-!4 tif these machines of \arious makes 
 rcjiorted ill use during the census yaw. What is known 
 i as the (juarry bar, answering the same purpose as the 
 channeling machine. Imt without the loconioti\'e attach- 
 ment, is shown ill Plate XIII. A niai-hine based on 
 the same principle fiu- undercutting, or gadding, is in 
 common use in the marble (juai'ries of Vermont. A 
 diamond drill machine is iiseil for similar purposes. 
 There were l.");! machines of various makes adapted to 
 this work reported in operation during thecensus year. 
 An attempt has been made to introduce the so-called 
 helicoidal saw f(U' quarrying the softer rocks, as lime- 
 stone and marble. The attempt seems to ha\-e been 
 I only partially successful, except in the larger lime- 
 stone quarries of the ^liddle West, owing apparently 
 to the large amount of labor m-cessary for putting the 
 saw in position and the waste in\Til\-ed in cutting out 
 the corners in which the j^uUeys are to run. The 
 returns from all the quarries report onl_y .32 of these 
 saws actually in use. The saw. as is well known, con- 
 sists of a twisted iron-wire rope, generally three-six- 
 teenths of an inch in diameter, miming over sliding 
 pulleys, the abrading material being either sand or 
 chilled iron, as the case may be. 
 
 After the stone is removed from the quarry lied it is 
 -sNorked into the desired shape and size by a process 
 depenilent largely upon the hardness of the stone. 
 Formerly a block after being reduced to an approxi- 
 mately rectangular form })y means of hand phig-and- 
 feather splitting, was still further reduced bj' pitching 
 t(.)ols. followed when necessary b}- such implements 
 as the point, ax, pean hammer, and bushhanmier. 
 Pneumatic tools are gradually replacing these hand 
 implements. AVhat is known as the pneumatic surfac- 
 ing machine is shown in Plate XIV. This and the other 
 machines mentioned below are in use in the stone yards 
 and workshops in towns and cities, as well as at the 
 larger quarries, and statistics as to number are not 
 available. Lathes and planers are utilized very exten- 
 sively on the softer stones, and in some of the works on 
 hard stones as -well. Indeed, the production of cylin- 
 drical columns by the old hand method has been almost 
 entirely superseded by the use of lathes similar to those 
 used in turning metals. A monster machine of this 
 type is shown in Plate XV. Specially adapted forms 
 of lathes are also used in turning grindstones at the 
 Ohio sandstone quarries. Planers thus utilized difler so 
 little from those employed in planing metal that they 
 need no special notice here. Attention shotdd, how- 
 ever, lie called to the circular planer which is used in 
 working out curved surfaces. Except on the harder 
 stone, like granite and qnartzite. saws are extensiveh' 
 used for splitting up material into rectangular masses 
 and slabs where smooth, even surfaces are desired. 
 Those most in use are the old time reciprocatino- saws 
 
806 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 consisting of a band of soft iron set in a frainc a?id fed 
 with sand, chilled iron, or shot, as the case may be. 
 Circular saws are also utilized in some ceases. A circu- 
 lar saw with diamond teeth is occasionalh' employed. 
 
 In working' slate a steel circular saw with teeth similar 
 to that used in sawing lumber is employed. In han- 
 dling the material in the yards and shops traveling 
 cranes are used much as in iron and steel works. 
 
 Table .-JT.— DETAILED SUMMARY, BY CLASSES: 1902. 
 
 Number of quarries 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Character of ownershiin 
 Individual 
 
 Firm. 
 
 1, 
 
 S809, 
 
 156 
 907 
 
 Incorporated company 
 
 other form j 
 
 Salaried otlicials, clerks, etc.; 
 
 Total number , 5, 
 
 Total salaries ' S4, -l«8, 
 
 General officers — 
 
 Number ! 699 
 
 Salaries I *1, 0.58, 095 
 
 Superintendents, managers, foremen, surveyors, etc.— 
 
 Number ' 3, 295 
 
 Salaries $2, 620, 861 
 
 Clerks- 
 Number .- 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Total average number 71, 
 
 Total wages , it;i7, 61.5, 
 
 Engineers, firemen, and t>ther mechanics — 
 
 Average number i 0,449 
 
 Wages W, 018, 840 
 
 Quarrymen and .stonecutters — 
 
 Average number 49,945 
 
 Wages ' $26, 975, .570 
 
 Boys under 16 years- 
 Average number 731 
 
 Wages ■■■■' S160, 440 
 
 All other wage-earner.^ — 
 
 Average number ' 14, 0:il 
 
 Wages S6, :W1, 057 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at specitied daily rates of pay: 
 Engineers- 
 Less than S0..50 ' 
 
 J0.50 to tO.74 5 
 
 80.75 to S0.99 10 
 
 Jl.OO to $1.24 68 
 
 $1.25 to $1.49 - - 193 
 
 SI. 50 to SI. 74 333 
 
 $1.75 to S1.99 279 
 
 $2.00 to $2.24 8.53 
 
 $2.25 to $2.49 274 
 
 $2..50 to $2.74 295 
 
 $2.75 to S2. 99 89 
 
 $3.00 to $3.24 106 
 
 $3.25 to $3.49 15 
 
 S3.60 to $3.74 9 
 
 $3.75 to $3.99 5 
 
 $4.00 to S4.24 4 
 
 S4.25 and over 2 
 
 Firemen — 
 
 Less than $0..50 ' 
 
 $0.50 to S0.74 4 
 
 $0.75to8t).99 i 13 
 
 $L.00 to $1 .24 45 
 
 $1.25 to $1.49 114 
 
 $1.50 to $1.74 218 
 
 $1.76 to $1.99 331 
 
 $2.00 to $2.24 Ill 
 
 $2.25 to $2.49 33 
 
 S2..50 to $2.74 '■ 43 
 
 $2.75 to $2.99 1 11 
 
 $3.00 to $3.24 ! 6 
 
 $3.25 to $3.49 1 3 
 
 $3..50 to $3.74 
 
 $3.75 to $3.99 I 
 
 $4.00 to $4. 24 ' 1 
 
 $1.25 and over | 
 
 Machinists, blacksmiths, carpenters, and other nichanics — 
 
 Less than $0.50 
 
 $0.50 to $0.74 2 
 
 $0.75 to $0.99. ... > I 18 
 
 Sl.OO to $1 .24 55 
 
 $1.25 to $1.49 216 
 
 $1..50 to $1.74 334 
 
 $1.75 to 11.99 383 
 
 $2.00 to $2.24 572 
 
 $2.25 to $2.49 395 
 
 $2.50 to $2.74 369 
 
 $2.75 to S2.99 273 
 
 $3.00 to $3.24 238 
 
 $3.25 to $3.49 60 
 
 $3..50 to m.li 39 
 
 $!.75 to $3.99 4 
 
 $4.00 to $4.24 16 
 
 $4.25 and over 2 
 
 Limestones 
 
 and dolo- 
 mites. 
 
 3,246 
 3,137 
 
 2,282 
 
 480 
 
 344 
 
 31 
 
 2, 231 
 $1,843,747 
 
 330 
 
 $509, 139 
 
 1,:«9 
 $1,011,:!74 
 
 536 
 $323, 234 
 
 31, 547 
 $14, 750, 638 
 
 2,233 
 $1,3.54,053 
 
 22, 036 
 $10, 2.50, 034 
 
 2,58 
 $56, 804 
 
 7,020 
 $3, 089, 747 
 
 Sandstones 
 
 and quartz- | Silica sand, 
 ites. 
 
 83 
 75 
 
 15 
 14 
 
 45 I 
 1 j 
 
 352 I 
 $341,021 
 
 51 
 $99,260 
 
 197 
 $180,783 j 
 
 104 i 
 $60, 978 
 
 4,070 
 $2,212,640 
 
 517 
 $295,524 
 
 2,513 
 $1,418,332 
 
 $3,7.56 
 
 1,018 I 
 $495,028 
 
 Slate, 
 
 17 
 57 
 166 
 113 
 288 
 119 
 101 
 45 
 25 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 32 
 12 
 .50 
 31 
 236 
 46 
 68 
 22 
 34 
 
 3 *: 
 
 11 
 
 17 
 
 63 
 
 89 
 
 225 
 
 96 
 
 93 
 
 20 
 
 37 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 199 
 174 
 
 27 
 87 
 60 
 
 $334, 879 
 
 66 
 
 $64, 755 
 
 267 
 $207, 915 
 
 104 
 $62, 209 
 
 5, 920 
 $3, 177, 459 
 
 503 
 
 $271,796 
 
 3, 6.56 
 $2, 1.55, 865 
 
 169 
 $36, 304 
 
 1,592 
 $713, 494 
 
 20 
 81 
 48 
 38 
 61 
 
 16 
 1 
 4 
 1 
 
 J 
 13 
 
 i;8 
 
 130 
 83 
 
 :i5 
 
 12 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 20 t 
 
 4 1 
 13 
 
 1' 
 U 
 
 13 
 
 18 
 178 
 
 20 
 4 
 3 
 1 
 
 4 
 11 
 29 
 IS 
 13 
 5 
 5 
 1 
 
 1.59 
 
 110 
 
 207 
 
 147 
 
 96 
 
 72 
 
 24 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 88 
 SO 
 
 34 
 78 
 23 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 9 
 
 73 
 85 
 199 
 107 
 1,85 
 172 
 1.58 
 38 
 15 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 
 ■'0 
 
 
 6 
 
 ;j4 
 
 42 
 89 
 36 
 
 1 
 4 
 
 17 
 39 
 
 51 
 •'4 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 3 
 
 -14 
 
 
 5 
 
 13 
 
 
 o 
 
 ■>, 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 *> 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 1 
 
STONE. 
 
 Table 37.— DETAILED SUMMARY, BY LILASSES: 1902— c:<.iitiiiue<l. 
 
 807 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at specified daily rates of pay — 
 Continued. 
 Quarrvmen and stonecutters — 
 
 Less ttian $0.50 
 
 SOM to S0.74 
 
 JO.Y.'J to J0.99 
 
 Jl.OO to 81.24 
 
 Sl.'Jft to $1.49 
 
 SL.'SO to $1.74 
 
 $1.75 to $1.99 
 
 82.00 to $2.24 
 
 $2.25 to82.49 
 
 $2,50 to $2.74 
 
 82.75 to $2,99 
 
 $3,00 to 83,24 
 
 $3,25 to 83.49 
 
 83..50 to $3.74 
 
 8:5.75 to $3.99 
 
 84.00 to $4.24 
 
 $4.25 and over 
 
 Bovs under 16 years— 
 
 Less than 80.50 
 
 80.50 to80.7t 
 
 80. 75 to $0. 99 
 
 81.00 to 81.24 
 
 81.25 to$l. 49 
 
 81.50 to 81.74 
 
 81.75 to 81.99 
 
 All other \vage-earners — 
 
 Less than $0..50 
 
 80. 50 to $0. 74 
 
 80,75 to 80.99 
 
 81.00 to 81.24 
 
 81.25 to $1.49 
 
 $1.50to$1.74 
 
 $1.75 to $1.99 
 
 82.00 to $2.24 
 
 $2,25 to 82.49 
 
 $2,60 to $2,74 
 
 82.75 to $2.99 
 
 $3.00 to $3, 24 
 
 $3.25 to $3,49 
 
 $3.50 to $3.74 
 
 83.75 to $3.99 
 
 84.00 to $4.24 
 
 84.25 and over 
 
 Average number of wage-earners employed during each month: 
 Men 16 years and over — 
 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 March .* 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 Boys under 16 years — 
 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 Contract work: 
 
 Amount paid 
 
 Number of employees 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses: 
 
 Total 
 
 Royalties and rent of quarrying plant 
 
 Rent of offices, taxes, insurance, interest, and other sun- 
 dries 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 Value of product: 
 
 Total 
 
 Rough — 
 
 Building 
 
 Monumental 
 
 Other uses 
 
 Dressed — 
 
 Building 
 
 Interior decoration 
 
 Monumental 
 
 Ornamental 
 
 Other uses 
 
 Crushed — 
 
 Concrete 
 
 Railroad ballast, etc 
 
 Roadmaking, macadam, etc 
 
 Total. 
 
 100 
 
 606 
 
 4,774 
 
 H, 463 
 
 11,. 523 
 
 8, .500 
 
 6, 416 
 
 1,976 
 
 1,886 
 
 1,723 
 
 2, 233 
 
 701 
 
 6;j2 
 
 43 
 
 234 
 
 135 
 
 69 
 
 257 
 
 2:« 
 
 1.57 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 90 
 
 306 
 
 1,449 
 
 4,241 
 
 4, S98 
 
 ] , 2.=.3 
 
 1,098 
 
 2;?6 
 
 220 
 
 40 
 
 132 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 29 
 
 10 
 
 49,288 
 49, 6:J8 
 .59, 357 
 71,961 
 
 78, 240 
 SO, .'<26 
 82, 467 
 83, 070 
 81,989 
 
 79, 019 
 70, 131 
 69, 114 
 
 571 
 578 
 662 
 734 
 789 
 796 
 846 
 837 
 822 
 790 
 721 
 626 
 
 $36, 
 
 S3, 976, 
 81,1.56, 
 
 $2,820, 
 $10, 739, 
 
 870,462,438 
 
 $5, 294, 
 $1,714, 
 182,820, 
 
 $14, 349, 
 
 $679, 
 
 83,241, 
 
 $7, 
 886, 
 
 $2,661, 
 83, 583, 
 $5, 235, 
 
 $1, 600, 664 8326, 467 
 
 $2, 661, 081 ! $347, 869 
 
 $2, ,890, 985 8442,113 
 
 1 Includes marble valued at $2,276,629 which was sold in the rrmgh for all purposes. 
 
 Limestones 
 
 and dohi- 
 
 mites. 
 
 35 
 
 215 
 
 3, 100 
 
 5, 4.50 
 
 6, 232 
 
 4,011 
 
 1,631 
 
 578 
 
 317 
 
 66 
 
 144 
 
 105 
 
 106 
 
 87 
 
 905 
 
 2, 215 
 
 2, .508 
 
 627 
 
 476 
 
 31 
 
 .54 
 
 22, 381 
 22, 206 
 27, 391 
 32, 808 
 34, 807 
 
 35, 690 
 36, 153 
 36, 677 
 
 36, 332 
 34, 667 
 30, 347 
 26,009 
 
 200 
 204 
 247 
 269 
 277 
 269 
 294 
 288 
 289 
 280 
 257 
 222 
 
 836, 381 
 137 
 
 81,440,081 
 $422, 693 
 
 $1,017,:3&8 
 85, 403, 912 
 
 $30, 441, .801 
 
 $5,, 563, 0.84 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 468 
 685 
 438 
 146 
 1.50 
 
 36 
 199 
 141 
 112 
 
 78 
 
 47 
 2 
 
 4 
 95 
 
 6 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 44 
 60 
 
 261 
 343 
 92 
 
 68 
 .58 
 57 
 14 
 
 3, .546 
 3, .593 
 3, 855 
 4,064 
 4,294 
 4, 165 
 4,166 
 4, 208 
 4,409 
 4,2.55 
 4,100 
 3,921 
 
 28 
 25 
 25 
 26 
 22 
 19 
 20 
 20 
 21 
 20 
 19 
 19 
 
 8382, 877 
 866, 385 
 
 8317,492 
 8825, 822 
 
 $5, 044, 182 
 
 Sandstones 
 and quartz- 
 
 ites. 
 
 9 
 
 20 
 
 125 
 
 .587 
 
 1,.569 
 
 1,177 
 
 1,697 
 
 328 
 
 293 
 
 211 
 
 573 
 
 90 
 
 304 
 
 23 
 
 81 
 
 30 
 
 125 
 
 .561 
 
 766 
 
 267 
 
 173 
 
 70 
 
 31 
 
 1 
 
 5, 693 
 
 5, 766 
 
 7,719 
 
 10, 338 
 
 12, 673 
 
 13, 301 
 
 13, 257 
 
 13, 041 
 
 12, 609 
 
 11, 897 
 
 10, 428 
 
 7,742 
 
 34 
 
 28 
 46 
 67 
 105 
 106 
 111 
 111 
 96 
 83 
 78 
 48 
 
 8500 
 1 
 
 $878, 780 
 $196, 144 
 
 8682, 636 
 81, 298, 190 
 
 $10,601,171 
 
 $3,119,2:36 
 
 Siliceous 
 
 crystalline 
 
 rocks. 
 
 1 82, 276, 629 
 
 $1,038,102 
 
 $679, 913 
 
 89.56,870 
 
 $7,300 
 
 $85, 368 
 
 82,888,248 1 
 
 41 
 13 
 20 
 
 270 
 264 
 335 
 343 
 365 
 341 
 :332 
 366 
 380 
 365 
 328 
 331 
 
 8100 
 
 818, 776 
 $8,373 
 
 810, 403 
 $38,386 
 
 $421.2.89 
 
 52 
 
 3.50 
 
 9.58 
 
 1,.583 
 
 2, 665 
 
 2, 648 
 
 1,7.58 
 
 436 
 
 814 
 
 1,163 
 
 1,318 
 
 428 
 
 175 
 
 18 
 
 110 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 20 
 1.53 
 230 
 448 
 739 
 190 
 269 
 45 
 26 
 
 12, 289 
 12, 665 
 
 14, 7.55 
 18, 674 
 20,138 
 21, 362 
 22,433 
 22,602 
 22, 092 
 21,788 
 19, 147 
 
 15, 615 
 
 1.53 
 163 
 178 
 208 
 212 
 227 
 245 
 241 
 239 
 231 
 201 
 174 
 
 $810, 206 
 8194, 892 
 
 $615, 314 
 $2,493,065 
 
 818,267,944 
 
 $2, 175, 082 
 
 $1,714,156 
 
 8543,914 
 
 $4, 859, 750 
 
 " 82,284^7.5.5 
 
 8734, 661 
 
 $574, 780 
 
 81,902,439 
 
 Slate. 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 117 
 
 185 
 
 588 
 
 505 
 
 1, 160 
 
 600 
 
 263 
 
 142 
 
 86 
 
 66 
 
 75 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 17 
 
 129 
 
 699 
 
 463 
 75 
 96 
 32 
 .52 
 14 
 10 
 
 5, 109 
 5,144 
 6, 302 
 5,734 
 5, 963 
 5,967 
 6,126 
 6,176 
 6,167 
 6,047 
 5, 781 
 5, 496 
 
 166 
 1.58 
 166 
 164 
 173 
 176 
 176 
 177 
 177 
 176 
 166 
 163 
 
 8446, 145 
 $269, 267 
 
 $176, 878 
 $680, 361 
 
 6,051 
 
808 
 
 MINP]S AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Taui.e 37.— DETAILKI) SUMMARY, BY CLASHES: 1902— Continued. 
 
 Value of product— ContinuL-il. 
 
 Blast furnace flux 
 
 Curbing 
 
 Flagging 
 
 Canister 
 
 Lime burned 
 
 Paving blocks 
 
 Riprap 
 
 Rubble 
 
 Sand- 
 Building 
 
 Engine 
 
 Furnace 
 
 Glass 
 
 Other uses 
 
 Slate- 
 Roofing 
 
 Other uses 
 
 Sold to cement manufacturers 
 
 Sold to lime burners 
 
 Other uses 
 
 Priwer: 
 
 Total horsepower 
 
 Owned — 
 
 Engines — 
 Steam — 
 
 N umber 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Gas or gasoline — 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Water ^vlieels — 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Other power — 
 
 Number _ 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Rented— 
 
 Electric, horsepower 
 
 Other power, horsepower 
 
 Electric motors owned — 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Supplied to other establishments, horsepow 
 
 S5,271,2.M 
 Sl,K28,4t;8 
 $1,437, 207 
 $112,600 
 S9,33o, lilK 
 S2,0.=>1,393 
 S1,0%,.W4 
 S2, 242, 624 
 
 824,000 
 83,000 
 
 87S,244 
 $130, 263 
 $185, 7X2- 
 
 $4,9.i0,42S 
 $745, (i23 
 $210, 79S 
 3237,303 
 SS47, 8.35 
 
 178, S7S 
 
 4, 265 
 107,744 
 
 3,, 521 
 28 
 
 Limestones Sandstones 
 
 and dolo- Marble. and qiiartz- 
 
 mites. ites. 
 
 $5,271,2,52 
 $331,908 
 $241,088 
 
 $.508, 157 
 $1,096,729 
 
 $210,798 
 $237,393 
 $192,. 384 
 
 64,, 500 
 
 1,703 
 61,. 54 7 
 
 15 
 ,502 
 
 1,221 
 102 
 
 Silica sand. 
 
 $672, 654 
 
 $1,142,699 
 
 .$112,600 
 
 .$527, 617 
 $269, 269 
 $646,619 
 
 $106, ■ 
 
 191 
 10,748 
 
 24,631 
 
 15 
 3,413 
 
 2 
 125 
 
 32 
 2, 220 
 
 .524.000 
 $3,000 
 
 $78, 244 
 $130,263 
 $185, 782 
 
 .Siliceous 
 
 crystalline 
 
 rocks. 
 
 $823,846 I 
 $.52,880 
 
 81,523,776 
 .$319, 168 
 $.500, 170 
 
 I 
 
 33 
 1,980 
 
 9.50 
 44,189 
 
 15 
 1,.506 
 
 $4, 9,50, 428 
 $745, 623 
 
 19 
 .510 
 
 23 
 442 
 
 599 
 24,649 
 
 5 
 425 
 
 4 
 
 185 
 
 1 
 
 30 
 
810 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 38.— LIMESTONES AND DOLOMITES— DETAILED 
 
 49 
 50 
 51 
 52 
 53 
 64 
 55 
 56 
 57 
 58 
 59 
 60 
 61 
 61 
 
 63 
 04 
 65 
 66 
 67 
 68 
 69 
 70 
 71 
 72 
 73 
 7-1 
 75 
 76 
 77 
 
 78 
 79 
 SO 
 81 
 82 
 
 Number of quarries 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Character of ownership; 
 
 Individual 
 
 Firm 
 
 Incorporated company 
 
 (Jther form 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Total number 
 
 Total salaries 
 
 General officers — 
 
 Ntimber 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Superintendents, niaua.efers, foremen, surveyors, 
 etc. — 
 
 Number 
 
 Sahxries 
 
 Clerks- 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Total average number 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Engineers, firemen, and other mechanics — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Quarrymen and stonecutters — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Boys under 16 years — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at specified daily rates 
 of pay: 
 Engineers — 
 
 81.00 to SI. 24 
 
 81.26 to 81.49 
 
 81.50 to 81.74 
 
 51.75 to 81 .99 
 
 82.00 to $2.24 
 
 $2.25 to $2.49 
 
 $2.50 to $2.74 
 
 $2.75 to $2.99 
 
 83.00 to $3.24 
 
 $3.25 to $3.19 
 
 S3.60 to $3,74 
 
 $4.00 to S4.24 
 
 $4.25 and over 
 
 Firemen — 
 
 $0.50 to $0.74 
 
 80.76 to $0.99 
 
 $1 .00 to $1.24 
 
 81.25 to 81 .49 
 
 81..50 to $1.74 
 
 $1.75 to 81.99 
 
 $2.00 to 82.24 
 
 $2.25 to $2.49 
 
 $2.50 to $2.74 
 
 82.75 to $2.99 
 
 $3.00 to 83.24 
 
 Machinists, blacksmiths, carpenters, and other me- 
 chanics — 
 
 80.75 to 80.99 
 
 81.00 to $1.24 
 
 81.25 to $1.49 
 
 81.50 to $1.74 
 
 81.75 to $1.99 
 
 $2.00 to $2.24 
 
 $2.25 to $2.49 
 
 $2,.50 to 82.74 
 
 $2.75 to $2.99 
 
 $3.00 to $3.21 
 
 $3.25 to 83.49 
 
 $3..50 to 83.74 
 
 84.00 to $4.24 
 
 $4.25 and over 
 
 (iuarrymen and stonecutters — 
 
 $0'50 to 80.74 
 
 J0.75 to $0.99 
 
 $1.00 to $1.24 
 
 $1.25 to 81.49 : 
 
 81.50 to 81.74 
 
 81.75 to $1.99 
 
 $2.00 to $2.24 
 
 $2.25 to $2.49 
 
 $2..50 to 82.74 
 
 82.75 to 82.99 
 
 83.00 to 83.24 
 
 83.25 to 83.49 
 
 $3..50 to 83.74 
 
 $4.00 to $4.24 
 
 84.25 and over 
 
 Bovs under ]6 years— 
 
 Less than $0.50 
 
 80.50 to tO.74 
 
 80.75 to $0.99 
 
 $1.00 to $1.24 
 
 $1.25 to $1.49 
 
 United States. 
 
 S56, S04 
 
 7,020 
 S-5, 089, 747 
 
 17 
 
 57 
 
 166 
 
 113 
 
 288 
 
 119 
 
 101 
 
 45 
 
 25 
 
 4 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 13 
 68 
 130 
 83 
 36 
 10 
 12 
 4 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 25 
 
 77 
 
 1.59 
 
 110 
 
 207 
 
 147 
 
 96 
 
 72 
 
 24 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 35 
 
 215 
 
 3, 106 
 
 5, 4.50 
 
 6, 2:i2 
 1,(111 
 
 i,i;:!i 
 
 .S78 
 317 
 
 (i6 
 144 
 105 
 106 
 
 39 
 1 
 
 10 
 96 
 84 
 60 
 3 
 
 3,246 
 3,137 
 
 2, 282 
 480 
 344 
 31 
 
 2,2;!1 
 81,813,747 
 
 3311 
 8509, 139 
 
 1,;!.59 
 $1,011,374 
 
 536 
 $323,2:54 
 
 31,547 
 $11, 7.50, 638 
 
 81,354,0.53 
 
 22, 036 
 8)0,250,034 
 
 Alabama, 
 
 11 
 $17, 000 
 
 34 
 
 825, 347 
 
 18 
 Sl'i, 250 
 
 1, 002 
 $3.54, 718 
 
 90 
 
 $42, 869 
 
 23 
 
 $3, 716 
 
 337 
 $116,184 
 
 3 
 13 
 3 
 
 18 
 
 319 
 
 194 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 16 
 $7,864 
 
 13 
 t6, 784 
 
 $1,0,80 
 
 119 
 $43, 680 
 
 6 
 82, ,591 
 
 83 
 $29, 987 
 
 1 
 
 8150 
 
 29 
 $10, 952 
 
 California. 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 Connecticut. 
 
 $9,400 
 
 $9,400 I 
 
 281 
 8163, 130 
 
 $1, 029 
 
 184 
 8101,2.53 
 
 95 
 860,248 1 
 
 $5, 666 
 
 1 
 
 $900 
 
 188 
 $127,747 
 
 3 ! 
 
 $2, 025 I 
 
 1.57 
 $110, 052 
 
 8740 
 
 26 i 
 814,330 ; 
 
 18 
 818, 8:50 
 
 811,500 
 
 9 
 $4, 370 
 
 135 
 
 $60,765 
 
 6 
 $3, .5.50 
 
 66 I 
 831,120 
 
 Florida. 
 
 63 
 $:J2, 095 
 
 61 
 3 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 82,410 
 
 328, 054 
 
 6 
 
 $3,008 
 
 64 
 
 $18, 766 
 
 17 
 86, 290 
 
STONE. 
 
 811 
 
 SUMMARY, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1902. 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 Idalio, 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 Indirtiiii. 
 
 lOW'll. 
 
 Kansas. 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Maine. 
 
 Marylanil. 
 
 Massaehu- 
 
 ■setts. 
 
 Michigan, j 
 
 Minnc.soUt. 
 
 Missouri. 
 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 4 
 1 
 
 14 
 13 
 
 8 
 5 
 
 160 
 1.50 
 
 85 
 23 
 35 
 
 284 
 $270, 025 
 
 CO 
 
 $88,635 
 
 138 
 $123, 330 
 
 SO 
 $58, 160 
 
 3,178 
 $1,737,363 
 
 277 
 $191,051 
 
 2, 248 1 
 $1,232,176 
 
 13 
 
 $2, 943 
 
 640 
 $311, 194 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 47 
 
 28 
 
 33 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 '2 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 160 
 15C 
 
 80 
 38 
 38 
 
 244- 
 241 
 
 197 
 31 
 
 8 
 
 76 
 $46,775 
 
 $8, 1.50 
 
 58 
 $34,011 
 
 11 
 
 $4, 614 
 
 680 
 $3.57,249 
 
 35 
 $20, 198 
 
 547 
 $288, .555 
 
 9 
 $2, 411 
 
 89 
 $46,085 
 
 115 
 115 
 
 88 
 19 
 
 8 
 
 70 
 69 
 
 37 
 12 
 15 
 5 
 
 C8 
 $48, 405 
 
 5 
 $9, 700 
 
 58 
 $S6,.530 
 
 5 
 $2,175 
 
 774 
 $319,700 
 
 71 
 $38, 926 
 
 637 
 $2.58, 132 
 
 6 
 $1, 1.55 
 
 60 
 $21,487 
 
 11 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 102 
 100 
 
 84 
 C 
 9 
 1 
 
 53 
 831,289 
 
 12 
 $11,2.50 
 
 25 j 
 $12,390 
 
 16 
 87, 649 
 
 430 
 
 $1,59,793 
 
 33 
 $14,274 
 
 284 
 $105,332 , 
 
 U 
 $1,928 
 
 102 
 
 $38,259 
 
 11 
 2 
 
 U 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 30 1 
 29 
 
 19 1 
 2 
 8 
 
 75 
 74 
 
 54 
 14 
 3 
 3 
 
 83 
 $80, 219 
 
 11 
 
 $23,800 
 
 49 
 $43, 037 
 
 23 
 
 $13, 382 
 
 723 
 $148, .501 
 
 65 
 $15, 64** 
 
 ,518 
 8322,6.57 
 
 4 
 $1,015 
 
 136 
 
 $79, 286 
 
 142 
 136 
 
 74 
 29 
 31 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 
 
 2 6 
 
 15 
 $6,752 
 
 1 
 $1, 260 
 
 11 
 
 $4, 352 
 
 3 
 $1,140 
 
 152 
 $42, SIC 
 
 6 
 $2,274 
 
 109 
 $30, 171 
 
 3 
 $324 
 
 34 
 
 $9,747 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 2C6 
 
 $238, 18C 
 
 36 
 $70, 260 
 
 155 
 $120, 663 
 
 75 
 $47,263 
 
 2, ,834 
 $1,399,829 
 
 436 
 $260, 840 
 
 1,967 
 $953, .593 
 
 51 
 $12,7.57 
 
 381 
 $172, 639 
 
 32 
 $20,011 
 
 6 
 $3, 360 
 
 18 
 $13, 311 
 
 8 
 S3, 340 
 
 566 
 $288, 347 
 
 $17,379 
 
 461 
 $235, 410 
 
 16 
 $13,236 
 
 1 
 $1,000 
 
 14 
 
 $11,876 
 
 1 
 $360 
 
 691 
 8288, .512 
 
 23 
 $14,4.54 
 
 213 
 $119, 7.52 
 
 17 
 $12, 606 
 
 1 
 $413 
 
 15 
 811,293 
 
 1 
 
 $900 
 
 203 
 
 $99, 740 
 
 9 
 $5, 129 
 
 87 
 841, 287 
 
 62 
 M9,264 
 
 16 1 
 $17,0,83 , 
 
 32 
 $23, 195 
 
 15 
 
 $8,986 
 
 665 
 8325, 379 
 
 62 
 $37, 367 
 
 446 
 
 $217,079 
 
 2 
 $600 
 
 1.56 
 $70, 333 
 
 165 
 8129, 291 
 
 24 
 $37,610 
 
 93 
 $60, 514 
 
 38 
 
 $26, 167 
 
 1,434 
 
 $7.52,178 
 
 113 
 $69,422 
 
 880 
 $477, 756 
 
 10 
 $2, 551 
 
 431 
 
 7 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 $3,964 
 
 6 
 $3,964 
 
 15 
 16 
 
 17 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 3.55 
 $154,306 
 
 
 22 
 
 80 
 $35, .558 
 
 107 
 $53,324 
 
 23 
 
 
 $202,449 . 24 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 
 8 
 22 
 27 
 69 
 20 
 10 
 3 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 C 
 4 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 
 2 
 2 
 14 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 3 
 
 
 6 
 4 
 
 17 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 1 
 6 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 10 
 17 
 3 
 1 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 32 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 1 33 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 34 
 35 
 36 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 39 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 48 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 
 '" 
 
 
 9 
 7 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 41 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 IC 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 1 
 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 
 1 
 
 43 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 45- 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4fi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 47 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 49 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 3 
 7 
 5 
 12 
 2 
 6 
 
 
 2 
 8 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 .50 
 
 
 
 3 
 24 
 37 
 27 
 63 
 16 
 27 
 2 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 8 
 6 
 5 
 1 
 6 
 1 
 
 .51 
 
 1 
 
 
 11 
 6 
 16 
 23 
 16 
 20 
 5 
 
 1 
 2 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 ,52 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 21 
 
 .53 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ,55 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 56 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 57 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 .58 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,59 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 61 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 62 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I . 1 
 
 220 
 
 245 
 
 102 
 
 10 
 
 21 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 ! 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 63 
 
 54 
 
 51 
 
 4 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 44 
 
 C12 
 
 1,1,57 
 
 389 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 44 
 
 716 
 
 7C8 
 
 143 
 
 100 
 
 73 
 
 48 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 
 16 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 12 
 20 
 17 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 147 
 
 163 
 
 204 
 
 181 
 
 82 
 
 61 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 64 
 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 148 
 
 231 
 
 107 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 3 
 
 50 
 
 214 
 
 142 
 
 12 
 
 1 1 
 6 
 
 39 
 
 150 
 24 
 
 143 
 
 .54 
 
 1 "■■ 
 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 330 
 
 40 
 
 65 
 
 1 
 1 
 24 
 275 
 79 
 28 
 66 
 
 R5 
 
 
 
 66 
 
 1 
 
 70 
 13 
 
 67 
 
 
 68 
 
 
 2 
 2 
 1 
 
 69 
 
 
 
 70 
 
 
 1 i 1 
 
 
 8 
 
 7) 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 3 
 12 
 
 3 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 * 
 
 
 25 
 24 
 
 73 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 74 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 75 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 5 
 
 76 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 77 
 
 3 
 
 
 1 
 4 
 7 
 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■8 
 
 
 1 
 4 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 3 
 2 
 6 
 
 79 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 - 
 
 1 ^1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 I 82 
 
812 
 
 MINES .\NI) QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 38.— ].BIEST0XE8 AND DOLOMITES— DETAILED 
 
 
 United States. 
 
 Alabama. 
 
 Arkansas. 
 
 California. 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 Connecticut. 
 
 Florida. 
 
 S3 
 
 Average number of wage-eitmers jit .specilicd ilnily rates 
 of pay — Continued. 
 All other wage-earners— 
 
 $0.50 to $0.7 J 
 
 $0.75 to $0.99 .. . . 
 
 65 
 
 87 
 
 905 
 
 2,215 
 
 2, .508 
 
 627 
 
 476 
 
 31 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 '2 
 
 4 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 22,381 
 22,206 
 27, 391 
 32, 808 
 34,807 
 
 35, 690 
 36, 1.53 
 36, 677 
 
 36, 332 
 34, 667 
 30, 347 
 26, 009 
 
 200 
 204 
 247 
 269 
 277 
 269 
 294 
 2S8 
 289 
 280 
 2,57 
 222 
 
 $36, :isi 
 137 
 
 $1,440,081 
 
 $422,693 
 
 $1 , 017, 388 
 
 $5,403,912 
 
 $30,441,801 
 
 $.5,563,084 
 
 3241,688 
 
 ,$331.9(;s 
 
 $9,3:15,618 
 
 $237,393 
 
 $1,600,664 
 
 $2,(161,0S1 
 
 $2, ,S90, 985 
 
 $1,096,729 
 
 $,508, 1 ,57 
 
 $,5,271,252 
 
 $210, 79S 
 
 $492,:iS4 
 
 64, .500 
 
 1,703 
 61,, 517 
 
 ,59 
 1,031 
 
 15 
 .502 
 
 1.221 
 
 102 
 
 97 
 
 35 
 769 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 219 
 
 39 
 
 43 
 
 6 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .S4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 85 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 6 
 
 80 
 
 $1.25 to $1 49 
 
 
 
 1 
 37 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 87 
 
 $1.50 to $1.74 
 
 s 
 
 8 
 15 
 
 SS 
 
 
 89 
 
 $2.00 to $2.24 
 
 $2.25 to $2.49 
 
 $2..50 to $2.74 
 
 $2.75 to $2 99 
 
 
 65 
 20 
 
 
 9(1 
 
 
 
 
 91 
 
 
 r 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 9- 
 
 
 
 93 
 
 $3.00 to $3.24 
 
 
 
 
 
 i :.:::: 
 
 94 
 
 $3.26 to $3.49 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 95 
 
 $3.50 to $3.74 
 
 $3.75 to $3.99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 96 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 97 
 
 $4.00 to $4.24 
 
 Average number of wage-earners employed during eacli 
 month : 
 Men 16 years and over — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 98 
 
 899 
 
 917 
 
 938 
 
 979 
 
 988 
 
 1,009 
 
 997 
 
 1 , 009 
 
 1,015 
 
 1,012 
 
 1,007 
 
 978 
 
 23 
 23 
 23 
 23 
 23 
 28 
 23 
 23 
 23 
 23 
 23 
 23 
 
 127 
 112 
 121 
 122 
 133 
 133 
 
 96 
 131 
 134 
 107 
 108 
 
 92 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 264 
 266 
 
 282 
 286 
 289 
 290 
 290 
 290 
 2,85 
 285 
 273 
 
 180 
 1,S5 
 1,S5 
 185 
 184 
 1.S7 
 188 
 188 
 1S7 
 185 
 186 
 186 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 102 
 102 
 109 
 114 
 114 
 113 
 1.5C 
 1.58 
 163 
 162 
 165 
 162 
 
 104 
 
 105 
 
 109 
 
 102 
 
 63 
 
 62 
 
 61 
 
 61 
 
 60 
 
 109 
 
 105 
 
 103 
 
 99 
 
 
 10(1 
 
 Mareh 
 
 101 
 102 
 103 
 104 
 
 April 
 
 M»y 
 
 .Tuiie 
 
 Julv 
 
 105 
 
 
 106 
 
 
 107 
 
 108 
 
 October 
 
 109 
 110 
 
 December 
 
 Boys under 16 years — 
 
 January 
 
 111 
 
 
 
 
 11" 
 
 March 
 
 April.. . . 
 
 
 
 113 
 
 
 
 114 
 
 May 
 
 
 
 115 
 
 
 
 1 1 6 
 
 .lulv 
 
 
 
 
 117 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 Contract work: 
 
 .\mount paid 
 
 
 lis 
 
 
 
 119 
 
 1.... 
 
 r'o 
 
 
 
 
 1"1 
 
 
 
 $4,000 
 10 
 
 $15, 790 
 $8, 825 
 $8,9(35 
 
 $111,504 
 
 $.521,093 
 $17,2,50 
 
 
 
 r>3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 124 
 1''5 
 
 Miscellaneous e.\penses: 
 
 Total 
 
 $25, 954 
 $2, 079 
 $23,875 
 
 $149,012 
 
 $7,59, 617 
 $37,3,58 
 
 $1,716 
 
 $i,'7iiV 
 
 $32, 579 
 
 $113, 163 
 $1,900 
 
 $5,886 
 $2, 907 
 $2,979 
 
 $21,440 
 
 $203, 700 
 
 $9, 028 
 $1,320 
 
 $7, 708 
 
 $64, 346 
 $205, 371 
 
 $2, 208 
 $1,3,50 
 
 $858 
 
 $14, 769 
 
 $63, 571 
 $11,000 
 
 126 
 1'>7 
 
 Rent of offices, ta.xes, insurant', interest, and other 
 sundries. 
 
 128 
 
 r>9 
 
 Value of product: 
 
 Total 
 
 Building 
 
 Flagging 
 
 Curbing 
 
 Lime burned 
 
 130 
 
 
 
 131 
 
 $1,275 
 $235, 568 
 
 $1,500 
 $82,8.53 
 
 $250 
 $395, 995 
 
 
 
 132 
 133 
 
 $46, 345 
 $,521 
 
 $203, 899 
 
 $37,963 1 
 
 134 
 
 Crushed — 
 
 Concrete 
 
 Railroad ballast, eti' 
 
 $2, ,500 
 $2, ,500 
 $7, .S90 
 $1,7:15 
 $5, 726 
 $465, 065 
 
 
 $24,375 
 
 $1,625 
 
 $900 
 
 $5, 250 
 
 $1,400 
 
 $5, 250 
 
 $24,25(1 
 
 $44, ,51S 
 
 
 $i,'3.56' 
 
 $9, 658 
 
 135 
 
 $7, TOO 
 $15, 510 
 
 $4,".3.5(V 
 
 136 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 137 
 
 Rubble 
 
 
 
 13H 
 
 
 
 $3, 600 
 
 139 
 
 
 $1.55,481 
 
 $i,472 
 
 140 
 
 
 141 
 
 Other iLses 
 
 Power: 
 
 
 $50 
 ,59 
 
 3 
 .59 
 
 $1,3,50 
 
 1 
 
 75 
 
 
 
 14" 
 
 1,293 
 
 26 
 1,263 
 
 171 
 
 12 
 169 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 8 
 
 143 
 
 1 14 
 
 Owned — 
 
 Engines- 
 Steam— 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 145 
 
 Gas or gasoline- 
 
 146 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 
 
 
 
 147 
 
 Water wheels— 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 IS 
 
 Horser>ower 
 
 ruber power — 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Rented— ^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 149 
 
 3 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 150 
 
 
 
 
 151 
 
 
 
 
 
 15' 
 
 Other kinds, horsepower _.. 
 
 Number.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 53 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 151 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Sii|.plied to other establisinneids, liorscjiower 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,55 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
STONE. 
 
 SUMMARY, BY STATES AND TP]RR1T0RIES: 1902— Continued. 
 
 813 
 
 GciTgia. 
 
 Idalio. 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 Iiuliiinrt. 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 Kaiisjis. 
 
 Ki'iiliii'l<y. 
 
 Maine. 
 
 Maiylanil. 
 
 MaHsarlm- 
 
 .SL'llN. 
 
 MiiOiiKaii. 
 
 Miniii'solM 
 
 AliHsiiiiri. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 24 
 116 
 129 
 33 
 39 
 
 
 
 1 
 8 
 6 
 40 
 ;; 
 
 
 1 
 62 
 26 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 «3 
 
 17 
 17 
 
 
 1 
 
 77 
 360 
 1.H3 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 84 
 
 
 
 26 
 3 
 21 
 11 
 12 
 
 2(1 
 210 
 no 
 20 
 21 
 1 
 
 ■•^ 
 
 6 
 
 131 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 
 4 
 175 
 139 
 18 
 31 
 4 
 
 85 
 
 
 1 
 59 
 15 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 7 
 
 105 
 
 86 
 
 
 .H5 
 15 
 .5 
 
 H7 
 
 
 S8 
 
 
 89 
 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 91 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 92 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 93 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 91 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 96 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 866 
 887 
 1,298 
 1,448 
 1,497 
 1, 546 
 1, 545 
 l,li84 
 1,734 
 1,742 
 1, 5.56 
 1,285 
 
 7 
 7 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 11 
 10 
 10 
 11 
 7 
 
 $14, .595 
 61 
 
 851, 506 
 817, 9.52 
 $33, 5.54 
 
 $262, 222 
 
 $1,697,139 
 
 $429,115 
 
 $.536 
 
 $32, 444 
 
 S.515,780 
 
 97 
 
 159 
 155 
 1.54 
 166 
 172 
 170 
 146 
 120 
 137 
 128 
 142 
 139 
 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2,082 
 2,074 
 
 2, .835 
 3,375 
 3,499 
 3,. 560 
 3,600 
 3,698 
 
 3, 715 
 3, 627 
 3, 263 
 2, 652 
 
 6 
 6 
 9 
 12 
 14 
 15 
 17 
 17 
 17 
 16 
 15 
 12 
 
 1,6.51 
 1,676 
 2, .545 
 3,126 
 3,388 
 3, 359 
 3,471 
 3, 279 
 3,350 
 3,137 
 2, .534 
 1,.SS0 
 
 34 
 34 
 46 
 .53 
 .57 
 60 
 66 
 58 
 64 
 55 
 47 
 38 
 
 381 
 359 
 .505 
 729 
 803 
 818 
 807 
 830 
 898 
 863 
 635 
 424 
 
 6 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 9 
 9 
 10 
 12 
 15 
 12 
 8 
 
 $60 
 
 $22, 518 
 $6, 108 
 $16,410 
 
 871.361 
 
 $649, 984 
 
 8195, 009 
 
 $6, 893 
 
 $2, 374 
 
 $114,051 
 
 $95 
 
 $29, 000 
 $21,298 
 $103, 074 
 8144,339 
 $32, 588 
 
 254 
 278 
 4.86 
 604 
 663 
 699 
 746 
 741 
 743 
 663 
 .545 
 370 
 
 319 
 
 329 
 
 572 
 
 767 
 
 898 
 
 944 
 
 1 , 065 
 
 1,163 
 
 1,120 
 
 849 
 
 680 
 
 510 
 
 329 
 328 
 362 
 601 
 602 
 916 
 928 
 916 
 931 
 460 
 373 
 346 
 
 347 
 368 
 512 
 606 
 .567 
 371 
 347 
 392 
 394 
 434 
 362 
 328 
 
 14 
 14 
 16 
 
 16 
 16 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 162 
 1.58 
 170 
 202 
 214 
 212 
 223 
 234 
 226 
 214 
 214 
 207 
 
 ,550 
 534 
 571 
 678 
 712 
 719 
 731 
 7.58 
 753 
 729 
 665 
 5.56 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 337 
 292 
 4.50 
 770 
 935 
 949 
 999 
 978 
 936 
 889 
 650 
 443 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 .-, 
 . 
 
 
 
 5 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 
 4 
 1 
 
 $1,000 
 3 
 
 $46, 880 
 821,241 
 $25,639 
 
 384, 294 
 
 $838,357 
 $451,368 
 $25, 481 
 37,200 
 $75,870 
 $1,344 
 
 $62, .500 
 
 98 
 
 99 
 
 100 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 It 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 101 
 
 102 
 103 
 104 
 105 
 106 
 107 
 108 
 109 
 
 110 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 S 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 3 
 
 8900 
 
 s 
 
 $14,443 
 Sli,46I 
 $7, 9S2 
 
 $.54,809 
 
 $.593,747 
 
 $124,467 
 
 $1,305 
 
 $45, 773 
 
 $15,893 
 
 
 
 
 111 
 
 
 
 11' 
 
 
 
 
 113 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 114 
 
 
 
 115 
 
 
 
 
 
 116 
 
 
 
 
 
 117 
 
 
 
 
 118 
 
 
 
 
 
 119 
 
 
 $300 
 6 
 
 $24,378 
 $14, U89 
 310,289 
 
 $.51,342 
 
 $670, .536 
 
 $175, 374 
 
 87,315 
 
 85, 675 
 
 87,368 
 
 
 
 T'O 
 
 
 
 
 
 1"! 
 
 
 
 V>7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 83, 348 
 
 $•2,527 
 
 $821 
 
 $17, 905 
 
 8111,589 
 
 34, 295 
 
 817,500 
 
 $110 
 
 $233, 379 
 $30,439 
 $196, 940 
 
 $451,908 
 
 $3,232,123 
 8640,443 
 $70,491 
 $39,296 
 8485, 644 
 
 8196, 907 
 
 $17, 273 
 
 $179, 634 
 
 $499, 764 
 
 $2,865,691 
 
 $1,813,577 
 
 $75, 659 
 
 $117,077 
 
 8312, 189 
 
 $37, 613 
 
 $5, 24K 
 
 $32, 365 
 
 3226, 694 
 
 3745, 132 
 
 """$742,"i32' 
 
 820,841 
 
 $6, 363 
 
 $14,478 
 
 8135, 560 
 
 $453, 030 
 316, 9.53 
 
 3i,".57.5 
 
 $326,417 
 $5, 834 
 
 $4, 000 
 817,161 
 $74,205 
 
 310, 192 
 
 $112 
 
 810, 080 
 
 $133,609 
 
 $339,349 
 
 $12,378 
 
 5324,480 
 
 $36, 464 
 
 $300 
 
 $36, 164 
 
 $89, 689 
 
 $6.57,072 
 
 8.58,707 
 
 8200 
 
 8489 
 
 $208, 232 
 
 $98, 000 
 
 $49, 4.30 
 $40, 810 
 856,261 
 $3,101 
 85, 740 
 832, 246 
 $35, 692 
 868, 164 
 
 1,449 
 
 28 
 1.446 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 124 
 l-'5 
 
 8110 
 $1,'265 
 $15, 074 
 
 126 
 
 127 
 128 
 
 
 130 
 
 
 131 
 
 $71,724 
 
 $13, 049 
 
 1.32 
 133 
 
 
 
 8232, 439 
 $399, 637 
 8588, 790 
 $3.53, 699 
 $154, 624 
 $214,881 
 $9, .515 
 
 $38, .563 
 $■55, 740 
 
 $180, 188 
 $37, 916 
 315, 346 
 
 $187, 265 
 
 $10,. 585 
 
 $354,721 
 
 $18, .598 
 
 $79, 769 
 
 $9, 292 
 
 $26, 137 
 8176,032 
 8125, 048 
 
 
 
 $1,093 
 
 S1&8, 229 
 $141, ia5 
 $193, 3'27 
 $147, 1.51 
 $43, 998 
 814, 065 
 
 134 
 
 $12, 310 
 
 
 135 
 
 
 865, 744 
 
 $106, 093 
 
 833,447 
 
 136 
 
 
 
 137 
 
 
 
 $22, 500 
 815, 487 
 
 
 $22 
 33,263 
 
 
 138 
 
 $5, 760 
 
 $2,026 
 
 $i,66o 
 
 81,398 
 
 
 87,530 
 31, 1.50 
 
 1,343 
 
 .52 
 1,250 
 
 48 
 
 140 
 
 
 
 $42, 758 
 9, 266 
 
 268 
 9,146 
 
 3 
 42 
 
 332, 171 
 10, 466 
 
 297 
 10, 103 
 
 3 
 
 00 
 
 $1,263 
 1,.541 
 
 05 
 1,513 
 
 3 
 
 18 
 
 1 
 10 
 
 si, 849 
 1,009 
 
 SI 
 
 1,009 
 
 341,105 
 1,743 
 
 45 
 1,743 
 
 32,000 
 714 
 
 15 
 714 
 
 S3, 000 
 743 
 
 ^32 
 
 
 $11,309 
 2,926 
 
 109 
 
 2,766 
 
 141 
 
 146 
 
 3 
 
 146 
 
 
 120 
 
 8 
 120 
 
 11'' 
 
 
 143 
 
 
 144 
 
 
 145 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 146 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 148 
 
 
 
 1 
 78 
 
 303 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 16 
 
 
 
 4.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 150 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .50 
 
 151 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 140 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 SO 
 
 1.53 
 1.54 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
814 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 38.— LIMESTONES AND DOLOMITES— DETAILED 
 
 
 
 Montana. 
 
 Nebraska. 
 
 New Jersey. 
 
 New York. 
 
 North 
 Carolina. 
 
 1 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Oklahoma. 
 
 1 
 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 6 
 2 
 2 
 
 33 
 33 
 
 21 
 9 
 3 
 
 27 
 25 
 
 17 
 4 
 4 
 
 181 
 178 
 
 123 
 32 
 20 
 3 
 
 174 
 $166, 469 
 
 27 
 853, 777 
 
 109 
 $87, .568 
 
 38 
 825, 114 
 
 2,422 
 $1,214,742 
 
 205 
 8144, 956 
 
 1,,346 
 $667, 484 
 
 12 
 $2,689 
 
 8.59 
 $399,613 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 259 
 249 
 
 171 
 47 
 29 
 2 
 
 205 
 $155, 451 
 
 30 
 
 $41, 715 
 
 lis 
 
 $.S4,192 
 
 62 
 $29, .544 
 
 3, 065 
 
 $1,4.54,3'28 
 
 210 
 $131, 232 
 
 2,246 
 $1,032,612 
 
 8 
 $1,801 
 
 601 
 
 8288, 683 
 
 12 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 Number ol operator.'^ 
 
 3 
 
 Character of ownership: 
 
 Individual 
 
 4 
 
 Firm 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 Other form , 
 
 
 
 Salaried offlcials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 4 
 $4,091 
 
 1 
 8600 
 
 3 
 S3, 491 
 
 12 
 $8, 001 
 
 15 
 
 811,301 
 
 ■ 3 
 83, 700 
 
 11 
 87, 1.51 
 
 1 
 $450 
 
 187 
 880, 664 
 
 10 
 84,. 528 
 
 115 
 $.51,160 
 
 1 
 $600 
 
 4 
 $3,035 
 
 K 
 
 
 9 
 
 General oflicers — 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 12 
 
 Superintendents, managers, foremen, surveyors, 
 etc.— 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 10 
 S7, 001 
 
 $1,000 
 
 178 
 $95,935 
 
 9 
 
 85, 938 
 
 127 
 $68, 705 
 
 $615 
 
 40 
 
 ,$20, 677 
 
 1 
 $000 
 
 3 
 
 82, 315 
 
 1 
 
 8720 
 
 46 
 
 $22, 277 
 
 2 
 82, 003 
 
 40 
 $18,960 
 
 1 
 $105 
 
 3 
 
 81,209 
 
 13 
 
 Clerks— 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 "Wage-earners: 
 
 Total average number 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Average number 
 
 91 
 
 S70, 078 
 
 17 
 
 $4, 727 
 
 1 
 $340 
 
 14 
 $4,087 
 
 IK 
 
 
 
 19 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 Quarrymen and stonecutters- 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 89 
 868, 206 
 
 ■■'2 
 
 
 
 
 23 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 otpay: 
 Engineers— 
 
 81.00 to S1.24 
 
 2 
 $1,872 
 
 62 
 $24,966 
 
 $300 
 1 
 
 26 
 
 81.25 to 81.49 
 
 1 '.- 
 
 11 
 8 
 
 24 
 9 
 8 
 1 
 4 
 
 3 
 21 
 29 
 28 
 3 
 4 
 20 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 27 
 
 Sl.SO to $1.74 
 
 
 
 
 
 2M 
 
 $1.75 to 81.99 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 82.00 to $2.24 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 $2.25 to 82.49 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 $2.50 to 82.74 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 82.75 to 82.99 
 
 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 $3.00 to $3.24 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 34 
 
 83.25 to 83.49 
 
 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 $3.60 to 83.74 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 $4.00 to 84.24 
 
 :::::;::::;■" 'i i 
 
 
 1 
 
 37 
 
 $4.25 and over 
 
 
 
 
 
 3H 
 
 Firemen— 
 
 $0.60 to 80.74 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 39 
 
 80.75 to 80.99 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 4(1 
 
 $1.00 to $1.24 
 
 
 
 1 
 5 
 
 9 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 $1.25 to $1.49 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 42 
 
 $1 .50 to 81. 74 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 6 
 1 
 4 
 
 
 43 
 
 81.75 to 81.99 
 
 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 82.00 to $2.24 
 
 
 
 
 
 4.T 
 
 $2.25 to 82.49 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 46 
 
 82.50 to S2.74 
 
 
 
 
 
 47 
 
 82.75 to $2.99 ' 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 $3.00 to 83.24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 49 
 
 Machinists, blacksmiths, and other mechanics— 
 
 80.75 to 80. 99 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,50 
 
 81 .00 to 81 .24 
 
 
 1 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 81.25 to 81. 49 ' 
 
 
 4 
 
 32 
 19 
 15 
 14 
 13 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 20 
 
 6 
 21 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 
 52 
 
 $1.50 to 81.74 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 81.75 to $1.99 
 
 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 $2.00 to 82.24 
 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ,55 
 
 $2.25 to 82.49 
 
 
 
 
 ,56 
 
 82.60 to $2,74 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 0/ 
 
 82.75 to 82.99 
 
 
 
 
 58 
 
 .53.00 to 83.24 
 
 
 
 
 59 
 
 83.26 to $3.49 1 1 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 .J3..50 to 83.74 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 61 
 
 84.00 to 84.24 1 
 
 
 
 62 
 
 84.25 and over 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 63 
 
 Quarrymen and stoneiHitter^i— 
 
 $0.50 to 80.74 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 $0.75 to 80.99 
 
 
 
 1 
 153 
 125 
 587 
 251 
 129 
 23 
 12 
 
 12 
 39 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 71 
 
 266 
 
 1,641 
 
 173 
 
 88 
 
 
 65 
 66 
 
 $1.00 to $1.24 
 
 $1.25 to 81.49 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 71 
 
 21 
 
 18 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 67 
 
 $1.-50 to $1.74 
 
 $1.75 to $1.99 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 117 
 1 
 4 
 
 
 28 
 1 
 1 
 
 68 
 
 
 69 
 
 $2.00 to $2.24 
 
 
 70 
 
 $2.26 to $2.49 
 
 65 
 
 
 71 
 
 $2..50 to $2.74 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 72 
 
 $2.75 to 82.99 
 
 83.00 to $3.24 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 74 
 
 $3.'26 to $3.49 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 75 
 
 $3..50 to 83.74 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 76 
 
 $4,00 to $4.24 
 
 
 
 
 
 $4.25 and over 
 
 
 
 
 
 7ft 
 
 Boys under 16 years- 
 Less than $0..50 
 
 
 1 
 3 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 79 
 
 $0..50 to $0.74 : 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 80 
 
 80.75 to $0.99 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 81 
 
 81 .00 to $1.24 '' 
 
 
 
 82 
 
 $1.25 to $1.49 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 Includi.'S operators distributed us follows: Nevmlii, 1; Rhode Island, 2; Soiith Carolina. 1. 
 
STONE. 
 
 SUMMARY, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1902— Continued. 
 
 815 
 
 Oregon. 
 
 1 
 SI, 200 
 
 1 
 fl,200 
 
 $10, 102 
 
 4 
 
 Jl,94» 
 
 9 
 f,i, 254 
 
 6 
 
 S2, 900 
 
 Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 South 
 Dakota. 
 
 907 
 
 708 
 
 90 
 
 37 
 
 1 
 
 2S7 
 J228, 826 
 
 39 
 J.M, 02,S 
 
 J129, 
 
 844, 
 
 6, 
 
 f2, 881, 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 1 
 $1,278 
 
 $159, 
 
 5, 
 2, 104, 
 
 178 
 112 
 
 1 
 $1,278 
 
 70 
 
 
 (iS9 
 
 
 934 
 
 295 
 
 55 
 $43, 714 
 
 281 
 5.'S5 
 
 1 
 $900 
 
 104 
 138 
 
 48 
 $39, 600 
 
 33 
 
 
 010 
 
 
 .516 
 592 
 
 
 
 83, 214 
 
 37 
 .27, 826 
 
 $7,800 
 
 $17, 
 
 S2, 
 
 $222, 
 
 $14, 
 
 $17.5, 
 
 82, 
 
 830: 
 
 17 
 :, 5.57 
 
 Texa.'4. 
 
 30 
 821,393 
 
 $17, 
 
 »3, 
 
 $12 
 
 $12, 
 
 884. 
 81 
 
 $26 
 
 275 
 , 272 
 
 Utah. 
 
 $2,29.5 
 
 4 
 
 $1,3X0 
 
 103 
 
 877,296 
 
 3 
 
 $2, 739 
 
 S3 
 $62,977 
 
 17 
 811,580 
 
 12 
 $7,953 
 
 3 
 2, 500 
 
 83, 973 
 
 3 
 
 81, -1x0 
 
 166 
 $65,083 
 
 10 
 84,630 
 
 83 
 $33, 943 
 
 63 
 $26, 510 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 63 
 835, 4.59 
 
 6 
 
 $6, 800 
 
 826, 
 $4. 
 $290, 
 818, 
 $197, 
 $6 
 868, 
 
 36 
 ,336 
 
 \Va.shiiig- 
 ton. 
 
 22 
 $35, 701 
 
 6 
 $15,601 
 
 11 
 
 816, 300 
 
 84,.HOO 
 
 147 
 
 $87, 850 
 
 12 
 
 88, 892 
 
 58 
 $29, 670 
 
 West 
 Virginia. 
 
 174 
 167 
 
 1.57 
 6 
 4 
 
 31 
 
 $27, 269 
 
 $4, XOO 
 
 $18,799 
 
 7 
 1,660 
 
 1 
 8426. 
 
 $24, 
 $321 
 
 9 
 ;,037 
 
 206 
 ,142 
 
 Wisconsin, i Wyoming. 
 
 216 
 207 
 
 161 
 33 
 
 82 
 $.5X, 3.53 
 
 14 
 $16,900 
 
 61 
 
 831,X.52 
 
 17 I. 
 $9,601 1. 
 
 1 , 062 
 $539, 169 
 
 68 
 $39, 2X0 
 
 944 
 
 $474, 194 
 
 1 
 $210 
 
 19 
 
 $26, 4K6 
 
 $6, 640 
 
 $5, 640 
 
 All other 
 Rtatcs and 
 territories.' 
 
 $1,.540 
 
 3 
 
 81,. 510 
 
 79 
 $26, 4.56 
 
 6 
 
 $2,. 674 
 
 68 
 $16,6.50 
 
 15 
 
 $7, 232 
 
 15 
 16 
 
 21 
 22 
 
 25 
 26 
 27 
 28 
 29 
 
 39 
 40 
 41 
 42 
 43 
 44 
 45 
 46 
 47 
 48 
 
 49 
 50 
 51 
 52 
 53 
 54 
 55 
 56 
 57 
 
 60 
 61 
 
 62 
 
 63 
 64 
 65 
 66 
 67 
 68 
 69 
 70 
 71 
 72 
 73 
 74 
 75 
 76 
 77 
 
 78 
 79 
 80 
 81 
 82 
 
 1 
 
 19 
 13 
 
 9 
 26 
 31 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 ,36 
 
 .857 
 
 2,480 
 
 7X8 
 
 502 
 
 232 
 
 172 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 21 
 440 
 64 
 
 1 
 
 35 
 
 .530 
 .66 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 29 
 
 450 
 
 397 
 
 42 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 19 I 
 13 
 
816 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Tablio .-JS.— limestones AND DOLOMITES— DETAILED 
 
 83 
 84 
 85 
 
 99 
 100 
 101 
 102 
 103 
 104 
 105 
 106 
 107 
 108 
 109 
 
 no 
 
 111 
 112 
 113 
 114 
 115 
 116 
 117 
 118 
 119 
 120 
 121 
 
 122 
 123 
 
 124 
 125 
 126 
 
 128 
 129 
 130 
 131 
 132 
 133 
 
 134 
 135 
 136 
 137 
 138 
 139 
 140 
 141 
 
 143 
 144 
 
 145 
 146 
 
 147 
 148 
 
 149 
 150 
 
 151 
 152 
 
 153 
 154 
 155 
 
 Average number of wngo-earm-rs at specified daih- rates 
 of pay— Contintted. 
 All c>ther wage-earners — 
 
 S0.50 to 80.74 
 
 80.75 to S0.99 
 
 $1.00 to $1.24 
 
 81.25 to 11.49 
 
 $1.50 to SI. 74 
 
 S1.75 to SI. 99 
 
 S2.00 to S2.24 
 
 52.26 to S2.49 
 
 $2..50 to S2 74 
 
 S2.75 to S2.99 
 
 53.00 to S3. 24 
 
 S3.25 to J3.49 
 
 S3.50 to S3. 74 
 
 S:i.75 to $3.99 
 
 S4.00 to S4.24 
 
 Average number of wage-earners employed during eaeli 
 month: 
 Men 16 years and over — 
 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 J une 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 Oc:ober 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 Boys under 16 years — 
 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 Oatober 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 Contract work: 
 
 Amount paid 
 
 Number of employees 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses: 
 
 Total 
 
 Royalties and rent of quarrying plant 
 
 Kentof offices, taxes, insurance, interest, and other 
 sundries. 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 Value of product: 
 
 Total 
 
 Building 
 
 Flagging 
 
 Curbing 
 
 Lime burned 
 
 8old to lime burners 
 
 Crushed — 
 
 Concrete 
 
 Railroad ballast, etc 
 
 Roadmaking, macadam, etc 
 
 Rubble 
 
 Riprap 
 
 Blast furnace 13ux 
 
 Sold to cement manufacturers 
 
 Other uses 
 
 Power: 
 
 Total horsepower 
 
 Owned — 
 
 Engines — 
 Steam- 
 Number 
 
 Horsepr)wer 
 
 Gfas or ga.soline — 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepfjwer 
 
 Water wheels — 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Other power — 
 
 Number . 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Rented — 
 
 Electric, horsepower 
 
 Other p(jvver, horsepower 
 
 Electric motors owned — 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Supplied to other establishments, horsepower 
 
 New Jersey. 
 
 5 
 3 
 34 
 2.55 
 421 
 47 
 05 
 15 
 3 
 1 
 10 
 
 North 
 Carolina. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 1 
 5 
 4 
 
 128 
 392 
 
 Oklahoma. 
 
 83 
 103 
 97 
 97 
 98 
 98 
 95 
 89 
 83 
 83 
 
 128 I 
 207 j 
 191 1 
 
 m\ 
 
 220 
 225 
 218 I 
 1,86 I 
 150 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 187 
 188 
 224 
 233 
 218 
 164 
 193 
 192 
 170 
 161 
 159 
 1.55 
 
 S829 
 
 J829 
 
 S8, 035 
 
 S104,725 
 S6, 375 
 $1,400 
 
 S8, 775 
 
 $175 
 $88, 000 
 
 1,347 
 1,3,55 
 1,806 
 2, 553 
 2,844 
 2,934 
 2,994 
 3,013 
 2, 9.59 
 2,885 
 2,508 
 1,722 
 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 15 
 15 
 13 
 12 
 
 n 
 
 $2, 760 
 
 $823 
 
 $1,937 
 
 $11,173 
 
 $145, 473 
 $46,910 
 $1.50 
 $85 
 $1.50 
 $400 
 
 $26, 182 ! 
 812, .510 
 $15,050 
 $24,114 
 $16,515 
 $4,407 
 
 $7, ,833 
 $3,869 
 83, 964 
 
 $23, 044 
 
 8188, 650 
 $4,4.50 
 
 $123, 478 
 
 $.580 
 
 $.53, 142 
 87,000 
 
 1 
 15 
 
 7 
 280 
 
 4 
 135 
 
 1 
 (10 
 
 $142, 206 
 
 $28, 662 
 
 $113,644 
 
 $461,, 876 
 
 $2, 503, 536 
 
 $480, 141 
 
 $3, 420 
 
 $857 
 
 $561,228 
 
 $43, .531 
 
 $302, 489 
 
 $267,1,89 
 
 $614, 916 
 
 $95, 026 
 
 $5, 80(i 
 
 $92,. 849 
 
 $84,415 
 
 $51,669 
 
 6,497 
 
 117 
 6, 172 
 
 88,000 
 30 
 
 $763 
 $488 
 8275 
 
 $3, 8,88 
 
 $23, 153 
 
 82,090 
 
 2,344 
 2,230 
 2,682 
 3,002 
 3,375 
 3,611 
 3, .593 
 3, 7.51 
 3, 576 
 3,406 
 2,518 
 2,696 
 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 11 
 
 9 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 $139, 648 I 
 $41,223 I 
 
 $98,426 
 
 $.560. -!i,2 
 
 83, 204, 998 
 
 $329, 808 
 
 85, 604 
 
 $4,718 
 
 $1,082,277 
 
 $62,218 
 
 $1,80, .300 
 
 $317, 281 
 
 84.54,170 
 
 832,163 
 
 $46, 786 
 
 8630, 325 
 
 $3,2,80 
 
 $56, 068 
 
 8,461 
 
 217 
 ,619 
 
 17 
 418 
 
 S84C 
 $200 
 $640 
 
 $6, 737 
 
 $.50, ,541 
 822,. 562 
 $7, 783 
 84,540 
 
 8''5 
 
 $9,000 
 $4,, 570 
 
 1 Includes operators distributed as follows: Nevada, 1; Rhode Island, 2: South C^arolina, 1. 
 
STONE. 
 
 SUMMARY, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1902— Continued. 
 
 817 
 
 Oregon. 
 
 Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 South 
 Dakota. 
 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Texas. 
 
 Utah. 
 
 Vermont. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 Washing- 
 ton. 
 
 West 
 Virginia. 
 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Wyoming. 
 
 Another 
 .states and 
 territories.' 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 1 
 
 181 
 
 7.SS 
 
 476 
 
 113 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 
 21 
 26 
 62 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S3 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 84 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 37 
 20 
 
 4 
 
 175 
 33 
 
 
 30 
 
 168 
 1 
 7 
 
 
 
 85 
 
 28 
 19 
 
 
 8 
 17 
 20 
 9 
 1 
 3 
 
 18 
 
 26 
 
 1 
 
 
 9 
 
 86 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 87 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 H8 
 
 5 
 
 o 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 91 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9? 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 93 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 94 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 96 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 96 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 687 
 
 666 
 
 823 
 
 1,121 
 
 :, 306 
 
 1,362 
 
 1,333 
 
 1,302 
 
 1, 242 
 
 1,134 
 
 1,024 
 
 762 
 
 
 
 97 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 26 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 . 31 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 5, 721 
 5,688 
 6, 266 
 7, 152 
 7,441 
 7,483 
 7,494 
 7,. 577 
 7,679 
 7,465 
 6,818 
 6, 128 
 
 27 
 29 
 29 
 31 
 33 
 35 
 85 
 39 
 38 
 36 
 32 
 32 
 
 .58 
 63 
 58 
 63 
 48 
 50 
 50 
 62 
 50 
 .50 
 60 
 68 
 
 528 
 521 
 617 
 667 
 723 
 741 
 787 
 786 
 769 
 743 
 685 
 606 
 
 14 
 16 
 18 
 18 
 16 
 16 
 17 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 
 141 
 164 
 215 
 260 
 301 
 433 
 391 
 414 
 231 
 244 
 228 
 230 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 6 
 6 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 
 68 
 62 
 74 
 81 
 83 
 80 
 103 
 118 
 138 
 151 
 1.50 
 128 
 
 124 
 128 
 136 
 162 
 160 
 173 
 160 
 167 
 174 
 172 
 166 
 150 
 
 790 
 7.57 
 878 
 918 
 857 
 832 
 901 
 922 
 872 
 851 
 784 
 . 886 
 
 30 
 
 117 
 122 
 132 
 139 
 136 
 132 
 137 
 140 
 144 
 161 
 206 
 198 
 
 962 
 908 
 959 
 1,101 
 1,098 
 1,103 
 1,076 
 1,072 
 1, 101 
 1,133 
 1,117 
 1,075 
 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 
 10 
 9 
 
 10 
 9 
 
 10 
 9 
 9 
 
 7 
 7 
 7 
 7 
 7 
 7 
 7 
 7 
 7 
 
 7 
 7 
 
 35 
 35 
 68 
 80 
 95 
 95 
 95 
 95 
 89 
 95 
 94 
 82 
 
 98 
 99 
 100 
 101 
 102 
 103 
 104 
 105 
 106 
 107 
 108 
 109 
 
 110 
 
 
 
 
 
 29 ! 
 
 
 
 
 111 
 
 
 
 
 
 37 
 38 
 36 
 36 
 43 
 41 
 39 
 36 
 36 
 
 
 
 
 
 11? 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 
 
 113 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 114 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 115 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 116 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 117 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 in 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 119 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 V'O 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 V'l 
 
 
 
 8260 
 1 
 
 84,457 
 $1,080 
 83,377 
 
 $75, 046 
 
 8186,663 
 $3, 960 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -]■>'> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r'S 
 
 8120 
 
 8260, 428 
 8168,747 
 $91,6.81 
 
 $972, 605 
 
 $5, 468, 433 
 
 $209,215 
 
 $3,971 
 
 $4, 572 
 
 $1,429,643 
 
 $16, 690 
 
 $3,58, .578 
 $575, 244 
 8215, .533 
 84,419 
 $42,092 
 $2,461,426 
 838,146 
 898, 904 
 
 9, 415 
 
 196 
 
 8,8.55 
 
 11 
 191 
 
 60 
 
 7 
 319 
 
 $366 
 $26 
 8340 
 
 $10, 455 
 
 $86, 605 
 $775 
 
 $11,462 
 $5, 749 
 $5, 713 
 
 $101,195 
 
 8482, 033 
 
 8.57, 399 
 
 $180 
 
 $3, 257 
 
 82a5, 015 
 
 88, 4.-18 
 82, 670 
 
 85, 888 
 
 834,222 
 
 $22,8, 662 
 
 $69, 327 
 
 86,620 
 
 88, 700 
 
 $82, 500 
 
 85, 810 
 $2, 7.50 
 $3, 060 
 
 $110, 301 
 
 $225, 703 
 $4, ,500 
 
 824,898 
 
 86, 659 
 
 818, 239 
 
 $126, 9,56 
 
 JS53.5, 113 
 $41,365 
 
 $8, 498 
 
 $902 
 
 $7, 696 
 
 $28, 425 
 
 $213,814 
 
 $8, 144 
 
 8376 
 
 $7, 768 
 
 878, 146 
 
 $616, 366 
 826 
 $400 
 
 847,052 
 
 $3, 675 
 
 $43, 377 
 
 $290, 160 
 
 $1,361,0,58 
 
 $296, 998 
 
 $6, 780 
 
 $50, 251 
 
 8549,3.57 
 
 82 
 
 $6,346 
 $4,300 
 $2, 046 
 
 $26,619 
 
 $74, 464 
 
 124 
 1''5 
 
 8120 
 
 84, 220 
 
 820, 133 
 
 82 
 
 $225 
 
 86,340 
 890 
 
 126 
 
 127 
 
 128 
 129 
 
 
 
 130 
 
 
 $21, "300' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 131 
 
 820, 133 
 
 $99,463 
 
 $2i9, 306 
 
 8241,984 
 
 8186,070 
 
 $181,608 
 $8, 760 
 
 $2, 200 
 
 8153, 696 
 
 $1,4.55 
 
 $2, 2.50 
 
 $72, 924 
 
 132 
 133 
 
 
 $9,600 
 
 $5, 518 
 856,317 
 $8, 878 
 $3, 046 
 82, 264 
 $108, 860 
 
 818, 593 
 $400 
 
 i 
 
 811, 680 
 87, 875 
 
 
 $36, 893 
 $29, 950 
 8218, 934 
 844, 234 
 $59,. 573 
 $.50, 946 
 
 
 
 134 
 
 
 
 
 $350 
 
 135 
 
 
 
 8400 
 
 $1,387 
 
 $385 
 
 
 
 
 136 
 
 
 8180 
 
 $8, 765 
 $2, 325 
 $23, 432 
 
 
 
 
 
 137 
 
 
 
 
 
 8163 
 $268, 059 
 
 
 
 138 
 
 
 854, 760 
 
 882, 840 
 
 $125 
 
 8220, 001 
 
 81,000 
 
 $11,318 
 
 420 
 
 16 
 420 
 
 822, 239 
 
 $4,000 
 
 81,190 
 
 139 
 
 
 140 
 
 
 
 8700 
 593 
 
 22 
 590 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 $8,000 
 285 
 
 18 
 288 
 
 
 
 85, 506 
 76 
 
 1 
 8 
 
 1 
 16 
 
 
 $7, 442 
 2,777 
 
 63 
 2,620 
 
 4 
 
 102 
 
 5.5 
 
 
 
 Ml 
 
 .50 
 
 1 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 I 
 50 
 
 
 224 
 
 10 
 134 
 
 1,876 
 
 24 
 1,845 
 
 
 80 
 
 4 
 
 80 
 
 117 
 
 
 
 
 
 144 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Idfi 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 70 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 147 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 62 
 
 2 
 30 
 
 
 
 149 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 161 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15'' 
 
 
 12 
 302 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 151 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 30223—04- 
 
 -52 
 
818 
 
 MINKS AND QLJARRIES. 
 
 Table :i9.-MAKBLE-DETAILED SUMMxVKY, BY .STATES AND TERRITORIES; 1902. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 All other 
 
 
 United 
 
 Califor- 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 Massaehu- 
 
 
 Pennsyl- 
 
 Tennes- 
 
 
 Wasliing- 
 
 states and 
 
 
 States. 
 
 K3 
 75 
 
 nia. 
 
 sells. 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 5 
 
 territories.' 
 
 
 5 
 5 
 
 5 
 5 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 14 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 U 
 
 10 
 
 22 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 Nnmbt'T of operators 
 
 10 
 
 Character of ownership: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 46 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2i 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 2 
 9 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 Incorporated company 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 Salaried offirials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tntal iiuml>er 
 
 3.)2 
 
 13 
 
 24 
 
 13 
 
 34 
 
 s 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 
 Total .-iularies 1 
 
 3341,021 1 
 
 $9, 297 
 
 823,0511 
 
 812, 408 
 
 840, 634 
 
 $7, 405 
 
 $37,430 
 
 $184, ,877 
 
 $10,400 
 
 $15,400 
 
 General officers- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Number 
 
 51 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 iy 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 Salaries 
 
 $99, 260 
 
 8l,.soo 
 
 88, 700 
 
 82, 400 
 
 811,800 
 
 $3, 300 
 
 $14,200 
 
 $-17,0.50 
 
 $4, .5.50 
 
 85, 400 
 
 Superintendents, managers, foremen, sur- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 veyors, etc.— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Number 
 
 197 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 19 
 
 .> 
 
 2:) 
 
 102 
 
 
 
 Salaries 
 
 SI.SO, 7.S3 
 
 
 811,030 
 
 $9,318 
 
 $22,382 
 
 $3, 505 
 
 $20, 790 
 
 $95,186 
 
 $4,3.50 
 
 S7, 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 104 
 
 SliO, 978 
 
 8375 
 
 6 
 S3, 320 
 
 1 
 $750 
 
 10 
 
 $6,452 
 
 1 
 $600 
 
 t 
 $2,410 
 
 73 
 812,641 
 
 SI , 500 
 
 5 
 
 
 82, 900 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 
 
 4,070 
 82, 212,640 
 
 50 
 839,961 
 
 310 
 8105, 709 
 
 130 
 
 872, 730 
 
 409 
 8332, 086 
 
 169 
 
 895, 623 
 
 007 
 8218, 7r,4 
 
 $1,2116,208 
 
 $40, 099 
 
 
 
 $95,470 
 
 Engineers, tiremen, and other mechanics- 
 
 
 
 Average number 
 
 517 
 
 7 
 
 70 
 
 26 
 
 71 
 
 15 
 
 42 
 
 2.)0 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 Wages 
 
 8295, 624 
 
 86, .«00 
 
 $30, 010 
 
 818,076 
 
 $.52, .5.56 
 
 8«, 035 
 
 $18, 060 
 
 $142,913 
 
 811,228 
 
 $7, 840 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Average number 
 
 2,513 
 
 32 
 
 163 
 
 71 
 
 307 
 
 73 
 
 112 
 
 
 
 
 Wages 
 
 Sl,41»,3.32 
 
 826, 782 
 
 8.53,6.54 
 
 838, 242 
 
 $242, 981 
 
 8.54,322 
 
 $139,8K,s 
 
 $748,217 
 
 830, 271 
 
 884, 075 
 
 Boys under Iti years- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Average number 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 S3, 756 
 
 8921 
 
 $840 
 
 
 8500 
 
 $300 
 
 $900 
 
 8100 
 
 $135 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,01s 
 
 9 
 
 71 
 
 33 
 
 91 
 
 78 
 
 150 
 
 508 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 Wages 
 
 8495, 028 
 
 85, 448 
 
 821, 305 
 
 816,412 
 
 $36,519 
 
 $32,760 
 
 $60, 4.50 
 
 8314,178 
 
 84,500 
 
 83,420 
 
 Average number of wage-earners atspeoilied daily 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rates of pay: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Engineers — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <jf| t^O to *0 74 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 SI '2f\ to ftl 49 
 
 25 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 7 
 
 ■■::;;:;; 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ,^ 
 
 
 
 ft2 00 to S2 24 
 
 30 
 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 R'2 2n to S2 44 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 1 
 
 S'2 7.T to S2 9*^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?S 00 to %?, 24 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ■> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 34 00 to $A 24 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Firemen— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 .1 
 
 4 
 
 
 1 
 
 81 75 to SI 99 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 r, 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 82 25 to S2 49 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 'J 
 
 
 %'l 75 to S2 99 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 Machinists, blacksmiths, carpenters, and other 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 mechanics— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 81 GO to SI 24 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SI 25 to SI 49 
 
 88 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 78 
 
 
 
 
 .50 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 16 
 
 
 3 
 
 SI 75 to %\ 99 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 $2.00 to S2.24 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 '- 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 
 1 
 
 $2 25 to t2.49 
 
 78 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 
 62 
 
 3 
 
 
 82 .50 to 82 74 
 
 23 
 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 S3 00 to 33.24 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 $8.25 to 83.49 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S3..50 to 83.74... . 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 S3 75 to 83 99 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 84.00 to 84.24 
 
 2 
 
 ,) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Quarrvmen and stonecutters— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 80.50 to $0.74 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 S^ 75 to 80.99 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 81.00 to 81.24 
 
 468 
 
 
 115 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 344 
 
 5 
 
 
 2 
 
 $1.26 40 81.49 
 
 585 
 
 
 22 
 
 6 
 
 58 
 
 
 53 
 
 325 
 
 
 108 
 
 SI .50 to SI 74 
 
 438 
 
 
 17 
 
 49 
 
 59 
 
 20 
 
 
 260 
 
 
 33 
 
 $1.75 to 81.99 
 
 146 
 
 '' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 114 
 
 
 
 $2.00 to S2.24 
 
 $2.25 to $2.49 
 
 1.50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 35 
 199 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 ' 8 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 168 
 
 5 
 
 
 $2 60 to 82.74 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 82.75 to 82.99 
 
 141 
 
 112 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 141 
 
 87 
 
 
 
 $3.00 to 8:124 . 
 
 20 
 
 
 1 
 
 .) 
 
 
 
 .1 
 
 
 83.26 to 83.49 
 
 78 
 47 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 31 
 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 $3.50 to 83.74 
 
 
 
 
 1 -"^ 
 
 $3.75 to S3.99 
 
 2 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 84.00 to $4. 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 95 
 
 
 
 
 94" 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Bovs under Itl vears— 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Less than 80. .50 
 
 6 
 14 
 2 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 80..T(J to $0.74 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 $1.50 to $1 .74 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 1 Includes ojjerators distributed as follows: Alabama, 1; Arkansas, 1; Connecticut, 1; Maryland, 2; Montana, 1; New Mexico, 2; Utah, 2. 
 
STONE. 819 
 
 Table 31).— MARBLE— DETAl LED 8UMMAKY, BY STATES AND TLKIUTORIES: 1902— C.tntii.iip.L 
 
 
 United 
 
 States 
 
 Califoi-- 
 
 uiu. 
 
 (ieorg^iii. 
 
 Massiichu- 
 
 .Stitt.S. 
 
 New Yijrk. 
 
 Pennsyl- 
 
 vaiiiii. 
 
 Tenne.s- 
 
 sei--. 
 
 Vermont. 
 
 Washing- 
 trjn. 
 
 All (ither 
 states and 
 territories. 
 
 Average numbur uf wage-earners at spuidfied daily 
 ratosof pay— Continued. 
 All other wiige-earuers— 
 
 SU.rH) to :if(i.74 
 
 1 
 44 
 60 1 
 261 
 313 
 92 
 68 
 n.S 
 
 IJ 
 
 .S 
 
 10 
 
 3,546 
 3,593 
 3,855 
 4,064 
 4,294 
 4,166 
 4,166 
 4,208 
 4,409 
 4,265 
 4,100 
 3, 921 
 
 28 
 25 
 25 
 26 
 
 19 
 20 
 20 
 21 
 20 
 19 
 19 
 
 8382, 877 
 3(i5, 385 
 
 3317,492 
 $825, 822 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 S^u.T'i to §u yy 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 37 
 31 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 128 
 121 
 89 
 65 
 
 s 
 
 14 
 1 
 
 8 
 10 
 
 1,775 
 1,832 
 2,097 
 2, 210 
 2,283 
 2,178 
 2,114 
 2, 095 
 2,194 
 2, 097 
 2,001 
 1,940 
 
 6 
 5 
 5 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 7 
 6 
 7 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 
 8226, 103 
 $27, 663 
 
 $198, 440 
 $.523, 075 
 
 $2, 628, 164 
 
 $1,066,132 
 
 8433, 265 
 $7.58, 390 
 
 
 31.U0 to S^l.'24 
 
 ;ii' 
 
 2 
 70 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 
 .58 
 20 
 
 i.56' 
 
 
 81 . 50 to S 1 , 7 4 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 §2 UO to §■' ■'-! 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $■2:2'-) toS;j.-i9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 S2.r>G to 82 74 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 S2.7.'j to S'j.yy 
 
 
 
 
 
 §3.00 to S:i 24 ... ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 84.1)0 to &4.24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Average number of wage-earners employed dur- 
 ing each month; 
 Slen 16 years and over- 
 
 29 
 38 
 42 
 43 
 36 
 19 
 67 
 61 
 65 
 67 
 56 
 53 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 .) 
 
 2 
 
 86, 487 
 $900 
 
 $5,. 587 
 $10,317 
 
 392, 298 
 
 $33, 198 
 
 466 
 419 
 363 
 331 
 302 
 255 
 2.52 
 259 
 2.53 
 245 
 241 
 262 
 
 9 
 7 
 
 8 
 5 
 6 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 4 
 4 
 
 $68, 557 
 815,412 
 
 $53, 145 
 877, 205 
 
 8660, .517 
 
 8.597,017 
 
 $60, 000 
 87, .500 
 
 '"86," 666' 
 
 107 
 
 no 
 
 112 
 119 
 130 
 136 
 141 
 141 
 143 
 145 
 138 
 138 
 
 211 
 224 
 239 
 361 
 521 
 535 
 654 
 577 
 630 
 633 
 593 
 650 
 
 112 
 127 
 132 
 149 
 160 
 181 
 180 
 188 
 230 
 198 
 185 
 1.50 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 
 $4,274 
 $300 
 
 83, 974 
 828, 430 
 
 $160, 423 
 
 822, 446 
 
 $110, 977 
 824, 000 
 
 601 
 601 
 601 
 604 
 604 
 604 
 606 
 606 
 606 
 607 
 004 
 l'i04 
 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 
 $11,268 
 86, 100 
 
 $5, 168 
 818, 726 
 
 8618,2.66 
 
 $257, 837 
 
 80 
 
 78 
 49 
 58 
 52 
 52 
 56 
 60 
 49 
 68 
 65 
 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 
 165 
 
 
 165 
 
 
 191 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 198 
 200 
 
 June .... 
 
 205 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 200 
 225 
 228 
 214 
 
 
 214 
 
 December 
 
 Boys under 16 years- 
 January . 
 
 159 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 April 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 May 
 
 
 '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 
 
 
 
 
 Julv 
 
 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 Octobef. 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses: 
 Total 
 
 87,837 
 3460 
 
 $7, 377 
 $18, 324 
 
 8165, 489 
 
 $.51,695 
 
 $.81,394 
 
 831,283 
 86, 025 
 
 $25, 2.58 
 8100, 706 
 
 8.577, 298 
 
 8167, 005 
 
 8267,013 
 
 8143, 080 
 
 $200 
 
 89,3.50 
 
 $17, 718 
 
 Royalties and rent of quarrying plant 
 
 Rent of offices, taxes, in.surance, interest. 
 
 38,526 
 
 89, 350 
 822, 349 
 
 861,176 
 
 $9, 103 
 
 $31, 873 
 
 89 193 
 
 
 $■'6 692 
 
 Value of product: 
 
 
 Rough- 
 All purposes 
 
 Dressed— 
 
 Building 
 
 82, 276, 629 
 
 $1, 038, 102 
 
 8966, 870 
 
 37, 300 
 
 8679, 913 
 
 $86,368 
 
 14, 286 
 
 191 
 10, 748 
 
 15 
 3,413 
 
 125 
 
 32 
 2, 220 
 
 $82, 195 
 863 .5.80 
 
 $4,000 
 
 $100 
 
 $56, 000 
 
 $9, 000 
 
 $10, 900 
 81 000 
 
 Ornamental 
 
 36. 6o6 
 
 $15,056 
 $11,344 
 
 1,027 
 
 17 
 840 
 
 2 
 187 
 
 
 
 
 $240, 419 
 811,000 
 
 1, 245 
 
 21 
 1,245 
 
 8321,689 
 $.58, 688 
 
 7,586 
 
 60 
 4,411 
 
 11 
 3,050 
 
 125 
 
 9 
 1,660 
 
 819, 200 
 $1, 000 
 
 170 
 
 6 
 170 
 
 $22 549 
 
 
 
 $3,000 
 960 
 
 12 
 960 
 
 $336 
 785 
 
 Power owned: 
 
 Total horsepower ... 
 
 150 
 
 3 
 
 1 150 
 
 1,302 
 
 66 
 1,302 
 
 1, 061 
 
 14 
 
 885 
 
 2 
 176 
 
 Engines- 
 Steam— 
 
 Number . 
 
 12 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 785 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Other power— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Electric motors owned— 
 
 3 
 
 80 
 
 
 1 
 40 
 
 5 
 140 
 
 14 
 300 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
820 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 40.— SANDSTONES AND QUARTZITES— DETAILED 
 
 
 
 United States. 
 
 Alabama. 
 
 Arizona. 
 
 Arkansas. 
 
 California. 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 Connecticut. 
 
 1 
 
 Number of quarries. . 
 
 1,304 
 1,211 
 
 7.59 
 
 324 
 
 119 
 
 9 
 
 847 
 871 3,, 679 
 
 101 
 $161,. 621 
 
 .631 
 $408, 486 
 
 215 
 $150, 572 
 
 10, 448 
 86,163,060 
 
 1,248 
 8779, 149 i 
 
 7,117 
 84,420,075 1 
 
 76 
 817, 142 
 
 2,007 
 8936, 694 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 .60 
 
 31 
 
 236 
 
 46 
 
 68 
 
 22 
 
 34 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 13 
 18 
 
 178 
 20 
 4 
 3 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 34 
 
 142 
 
 89 
 
 36 
 
 61 
 
 24 
 
 44 
 
 13 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 20 
 
 126 
 
 .687 
 
 1,669 
 
 1,177 
 
 1,697 
 
 328 
 
 293 
 
 211 
 
 .573 
 
 90 
 
 304 
 
 23 
 
 81 
 
 30 
 
 4 
 
 26 
 
 25 
 
 18 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 7 
 
 5 
 1 
 1 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 12 
 2 
 3 
 
 15 
 HI 
 
 4 
 3 
 3 
 
 61 
 47 
 
 26 
 15 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 33 
 828,704 
 
 3 
 84,200 
 
 23 
 $19,7.66 
 
 84, 748 
 
 343 
 8237, 906 
 
 H 
 $11,145 
 
 304 
 
 $209, 967 
 
 7 
 7 
 
 2 
 2 
 3. 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 Character of ownership: 
 
 Individual 
 
 4 
 
 Firm 
 
 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 6 
 $2,6.60 
 
 9 
 816,775 
 
 3 
 
 810, 250 
 
 3 
 
 84, 676 
 
 3 
 81,9.60 
 
 32 
 824, 922 
 
 3 
 82, ,550 
 
 19 
 816, 372 
 
 11 
 
 85, 806 
 
 8870 
 
 $4,073 
 
 2 
 8863 
 
 in 
 
 862, 170 
 
 9 
 $4, 760 
 
 96 
 844, 710 
 
 8 
 $11,, 840 
 
 1 
 82,000 
 
 7 
 $9,840 
 
 15 
 $13, 554 
 
 6 
 
 84, 000 
 
 9 
 $8, 9.64 
 
 1 
 $600 
 
 142 
 $73,939 
 
 21 
 
 812, 180 
 
 111 
 $57, .659 
 
 
 
 q 
 
 General officers- 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 Superintendents, managern, foremen, surveyors, 
 etc.— 
 
 82, 250 
 
 1 
 8400 
 
 .58 
 830, 523 
 
 3 
 
 81,778 
 
 .60 
 
 $26, 295 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 
 CleAs- 
 
 M 
 
 Salaries 
 
 
 16 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Total average number 
 
 363 
 8269, 433 
 
 24 
 823, 342 
 
 2.SS 
 8211,079 
 
 16 
 
 
 17 
 
 Engineers, firemen, and other mechanics — 
 
 1R 
 
 
 1<) 
 
 Quarrymen and stonecutters- 
 Average number. 
 
 •>n 
 
 Wages. 
 
 ?1 
 
 Boys under 16 years- 
 Average number. 
 
 Of 
 
 Wages. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 5 
 $2,4.50 
 
 10 
 86,000 
 
 
 $2, 700 
 
 51 
 834, 412 
 
 25 
 $16, 803 
 
 10 
 $4,200 
 
 ■>4 
 
 Wages . . 
 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at specified daily rates of 
 pay: 
 Engineers — 
 $0.60 to 80.74 
 
 ''6 
 
 $0.75 to 80.99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■VJ 
 
 81.00 to $1.24. 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■^8 
 
 81.25 to 81 49 
 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 9q 
 
 81 .50 to 81 74 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 ■w 
 
 81.75 to $1.99. . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 SI 
 
 82.00 to 82.21 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ■R? 
 
 $2.25 to 82.49 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 SS 
 
 -■ 82.50 to 82.74 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 ^ 
 
 $2.76 to 82.99 
 
 $3.00 to $3 24 
 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 S6 
 37 
 38 
 
 39 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 
 83.25 to 83.49 . . 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 83.50 to 83.74 
 
 $4.00 to 81.24 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Firemen— 
 
 $0 75 to 80 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 81.00 to $1 .24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 41 
 42 
 43 
 41 
 46 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 81 .50 to 81.74 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 $1.75 to $1.99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $2.00 to 82.24 
 
 
 
 
 
 $2 25 to 82.49 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 $2..60 to 82.74 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 47 
 
 $2.75 to 82.99 
 
 84.00 to 84.24 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Machinists, blacksmiths, carpenters, and other 
 mechanics — 
 
 80..50 to $0.74. 
 
 $0.76 to 80.99 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $1.00 to 81.24 
 
 81 26 to $1 49 
 
 :::::::::::::::::::;:::::;:: 
 
 
 
 
 
 52 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 81.50 to $1.74 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 54 
 
 $1.78 lo $1.99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $2.00 to 82.24 
 
 
 
 
 
 66 
 
 $2.25 to 82.49 
 
 $2.60 to 82.74 
 
 $2.75 to $2.99 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 67 
 
 1 
 
 
 « 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 60 
 
 83.00 to $3.24 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 60 
 
 83.25 to $3.49 
 
 $3.50 to 83.74 
 
 $3.75 to $3.99 
 
 
 
 
 
 61 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 62 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 
 
 6S 
 
 $4.00 to 84.24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Quarrymen and stonecutters— 
 
 80!50 to 80.74 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 66 
 
 80.76 to 80.99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 66 
 
 81.00 to $1.24 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 12 
 41 
 20 
 13 
 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 2 
 38 
 64 
 2 
 1 
 
 67 
 
 81.26 to 81.49 
 
 24 
 10 
 
 
 
 81.50 to 81.74 
 
 
 39 
 30 
 36 
 
 64 
 
 80 
 
 32 
 
 9 
 
 69 
 
 81 75 to 81. 99 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 130 
 
 3 
 
 18 
 
 
 $2.00 to 82.24 
 
 
 71 
 
 $2 25 to 82.49. 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 82.60 to 82.74 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 73 
 
 82.76 to 82.99 
 
 
 
 74 
 
 $3.00 to $3.24 
 
 83.26 to 83.49 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 112 
 
 
 76 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 76 
 
 $3..60 to $3.74 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 77 
 
 83.75 to $3.99 
 
 84.00 to $4. 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 78 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 79 
 
 84.25 and over 
 
 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 Bovs under 16 years— 
 
 ' Less than 80.50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 81 
 
 80.60 to 80.74 
 
 80.75 to 80.99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fi? 
 
 $1.00 tf) 81.24 . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 84 
 
 81.25 to 81.49 - - - 
 
 
 
 
 
 «5 
 
 81 .75 to ,$1.99 _ 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 Includes 1 <ipiTaloriu Hawaii. 
 
STONE. 
 
 821 
 
 SUMMARY, BY STATES AND TERKITORIES: 1902. 
 
 Idaho. 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 KansaH. 
 
 K(.^ntllrli.v. 
 
 9 
 9 
 
 2 
 4 
 1 
 
 16 
 810.270 
 
 1 
 8720 
 
 14 
 
 8s, 950 
 
 ] 
 8600 
 
 166 
 863, 5S9 
 
 19 
 $S, 391 
 
 96 
 
 83«, 67R 
 
 1 
 860 
 
 50 
 816,467 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 5 
 5 
 
 MaSMachUHClts. 
 
 19 
 15 
 
 8 
 4 
 1 
 
 36 
 826, ,636 
 
 MiebiKan. 
 
 Minnesota. 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 18 
 
 ■12 
 5 
 
 9 
 9 
 
 .5 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 32 
 32 
 
 2.6 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 19 
 
 l.H 
 
 13 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 7 
 
 3 4 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 SI, 200 
 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 f 1,232 
 
 1 
 Sf 1,200 
 
 3 
 
 f2, 100 
 
 S1,3.S0 
 
 41 
 f 19, .667 
 
 
 
 S3, 096 
 
 24 
 S10.949 
 
 1 
 
 8228 
 
 10 
 
 8.6, 294 
 
 1 
 
 8360 
 
 3 
 83, 4(10 
 
 82, 400 
 
 1 
 81 , 00{| 
 
 2 
 81, M« 
 
 21 
 823,470 
 
 4 
 
 87,100 
 
 11 
 
 810, 020 
 
 6 
 
 86, 350 
 
 1.61 
 886,108 
 
 21 
 
 811,218 
 
 124 
 869,, ^40 
 
 3 
 8640 
 
 3 
 
 31,410 
 
 IS 
 818,6.64 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 86,700 10 
 
 1 
 $1,2:12 
 
 2 
 
 m , 200 
 
 1 
 
 81, 148 
 
 21 
 819,274 
 
 11 
 86, 262 
 
 342 
 
 8222, 977 
 
 31 
 
 821 , 783 
 
 297 
 8194,194 
 
 12 11 
 811,300 1 12 
 
 2 1 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $664 
 
 305 
 
 8215, 068 
 
 28 
 31 8, 6.64 
 
 276 
 $196,014 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 S4,ii:,.-, 
 
 22 
 jio, 2S 
 
 . 3 
 SI , O.iO 
 
 la 
 
 Si), 24.6 
 
 12 
 ri, SH6 
 
 137 
 867, 260 
 
 6 
 32. 726 
 
 .S7 
 842, 734 
 
 8375 
 
 43 
 
 821,425 
 
 12 
 85, 394 
 
 8X64 
 
 
 84, 368 
 
 1 
 8162 
 
 15 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 
 18 
 
 S4,B.i.=) 
 
 12 
 
 86, 6H6 
 
 19 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 87,000 
 
 
 22 
 ■>3 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 8400 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 'S 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 27 
 28 
 29 
 .30 
 31 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 1 
 fi 
 
 2 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 33 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 35 
 36 
 37 
 38 
 
 39 
 40 
 41 
 42 
 43 
 44 
 45 
 46 
 47 
 48 
 
 49 
 60 
 51 
 .52 
 53 
 54 
 .65 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 3 
 1 
 
 (1 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 11 -66 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .58 
 59 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 i;'i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 63 
 
 64 
 66 
 66 
 r,7 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 2 
 3 
 2 
 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 9 
 32 
 35 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 'I 
 2 
 3 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 S4 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 6 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 259 
 
 9 
 68 
 42 
 
 5 
 
 1 68 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 65 70 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 73 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 . 75 
 
 IS ! 76 
 
 12 ' 77 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 79 
 
 80 
 81 
 82 
 88 
 84 
 85 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
822 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 40.— SANDSTONES AND QUARTZITES— DETAILED 
 
 
 United States. 
 
 Alabama. 
 
 Arizona. 
 
 Arkansas. 
 
 California. 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 Connecticut. 
 
 
 Average number of wage-earner.s at specified daily rates (if 
 pay— Continued. 
 All other \v'age-earner.s — 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 125 
 
 .561 
 
 766 
 
 267 
 
 173 
 
 70 
 
 31 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5, 693 
 
 5, 766 
 
 7,719 
 
 10, 338 
 
 12,673 
 
 13, 301 
 
 13,2.57 
 
 13, 041 
 
 12, 609 
 
 11,897 
 
 10, 428 
 
 7,742 
 
 31 
 28 
 46 
 67 
 105 
 105 
 111 
 111 
 96 
 83 
 78 
 48 
 
 $.500 
 1 
 
 $878, 780 
 $196, 144 
 $6.S2, r.3(i 
 
 $1,298,190 
 
 $10, 601, 171 
 
 $3, 119, 236 
 .$2, 888, 248 
 
 $442, 113 
 $347, 869 
 $326,, 167 
 $112,6,00 
 $269, 269 
 $615,619 
 $.527,617 
 $1,142,6,99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 87 
 88 
 89 
 90 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $1.00 to $1.24 
 
 $1.25 to $1.49 
 
 tl ,=,0 to $1 74 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 " 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 92 
 
 fti 00 to S'2 24 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 
 50 
 
 14 
 11 
 
 
 93 
 94 
 95 
 
 P'"' 9Tto S"? 4Q 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 C9 7fS to ^■9 QQ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 97 
 
 'C'j ^n to SS 74- 
 
 1'" " 
 
 
 
 
 98 
 
 Average number of wage-earner.s employed during each 
 month : 
 Men 16 years and over — 
 
 67 
 67 
 67 
 44 
 63 
 71 
 71 
 50 
 .55 
 55 
 43 
 43 
 
 31 
 31 
 31 
 31 
 31 
 31 
 31 
 31 
 31 
 31 
 37 
 37 
 
 61 
 
 47 
 
 67 
 
 68 
 
 93 
 
 96 
 
 91 
 
 108 
 
 134 
 
 219 
 
 193 
 
 165 
 
 353 
 346 
 355 
 364 
 378 
 390 
 384 
 376 
 378 
 362 
 325 
 345 
 
 199 
 
 268 
 324 
 360 
 381 
 362 
 378 
 369 
 405 
 382 
 375 
 313 
 
 46 
 52 
 93 
 162 
 219 
 223 
 208 
 207 
 187 
 139 
 115 
 53 
 
 99 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 101 
 
 
 ^n•> 
 
 May 
 
 103 
 
 
 10.| 
 
 July 
 
 105 
 
 
 106 
 
 
 107 
 
 
 108 
 
 
 109 
 
 
 110 
 
 Boys under 16 years — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 112 
 
 March 
 
 
 
 
 
 113 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 114 
 
 May 
 
 
 
 
 
 115 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 July 
 
 
 
 
 
 117 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 118 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 119 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I'^O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1''1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 192 
 
 Contract work; 
 
 
 
 
 
 1''3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1".! 
 
 ^Miscellaneous e.xpenses: 
 Total 
 
 $1,.535 
 
 $1,4.80 
 
 $55 
 
 $5, 230 
 
 $42, 706 
 
 $9,005 
 
 $9,' 66.5' 
 
 $.50,220 
 
 $107, 910 
 
 $9, 570 
 $75,000 
 
 $1, 530 
 
 $350 
 
 $1, 1.80 
 
 $7,915 
 
 $85, 917 
 
 m. 374 
 $1,420 
 
 $14, 7,58 
 $6,130 
 $8, 628 
 
 $80, 96,7 
 
 $469, 016 
 
 $80, 038 
 $123, 240 
 
 $44,438 
 
 $J, 000 
 
 $146, 000 
 
 $12,089 
 $4,631 
 $7,458 
 
 $36, 196 
 
 $366, 161 
 
 $93,116 
 $15, 267 
 
 $6,881 
 
 $95 
 
 $6, 786 
 
 $14, 668 
 
 $128,679 
 
 $123, 634 
 $4,946 
 
 125 
 126 
 
 127 
 
 Royalties and rent of quarrying plant 
 
 Rent f.if offices, taxes, in.surance, interest, and 
 other sundries. 
 
 I^H 
 
 Value of product: 
 
 Total 
 
 199 
 
 Building — 
 
 Rough 
 
 Dressed . .. 
 
 130 
 
 $14, 2.52 
 
 131 
 
 Crushed — 
 
 Roadmaking, macadam, etc 
 
 132 
 
 Concrete 
 
 Ganister 
 
 
 
 $38, 475 
 $6,271 
 
 $65,000 
 $6, 008 
 
 
 133 
 
 $200 
 
 
 
 134 
 
 
 135 
 
 Rijirap 
 
 Rubble 
 
 Paving 
 
 Flagging 
 
 Curbing 
 
 8«, 727 
 $10, 675 
 
 $4,800 
 $18, 300 
 
 $415 
 
 $3,115 
 
 $9,810 
 
 $2, 979 
 
 $14, 878 
 
 $180 
 
 320 
 
 9 
 317 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 $71,090 
 $210 
 
 $2,347 
 
 $37, 998 
 
 $718 
 
 $101,4.86 
 
 $42, 607 
 
 $1,614 
 
 195 
 
 9 
 195 
 
 
 136 
 
 
 1.37 
 
 
 138 
 
 
 
 
 
 139 
 
 $672, 6,.54 
 $106, 7.S0 
 
 25, 6.52 
 
 789 
 24, 631 
 
 72 
 
 6 
 
 885 
 
 8 
 53 
 
 7 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 140 
 
 $2,.H.52 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 $240 
 80 
 
 3 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 141 
 14'' 
 
 PC'Wer; 
 
 Total horseyiower 
 
 Owned — 
 
 Engines — 
 Steam — 
 
 439 
 
 18 
 429 
 
 564 
 
 11 
 
 .5(V1 
 
 143 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 144 
 
 Gas or gasoline — 
 
 Number 
 
 14.5 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 
 
 
 
 146 
 
 Water wheels — 
 
 Number 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 147 
 
 
 :;;;;;:;::::;; 
 
 
 
 
 
 148 
 
 Other power- 
 Number 
 
 
 
 1 
 10 
 
 
 
 149 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.50 
 
 Rented- 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.51 
 
 Other power, horsepower 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15? 
 
 Electric motors owned— 
 
 Number 
 
 ( 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.53 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 i 
 
STONE. 
 
 SUMMARY, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1902— Cotitinued. 
 
 823 
 
 Idaho. 
 
 lUinui.s. 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 Kansas. 
 
 Kentuolcy. 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 ^Mic'llitcall. 
 
 Minne.sota. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 86 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 25 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 87 
 
 
 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 88 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 8 
 80 
 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 
 89 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 91 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 92 
 
 
 
 93 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 94 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 95 
 
 
 
 
 96 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 97 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 B 
 
 5 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 3 
 17 
 27 
 37 
 37 
 36 
 29 
 26 
 23 
 19 
 8 
 
 31 
 31 
 31 
 47 
 
 47 
 48 
 47 
 47 
 47 
 35 
 35 
 34 
 
 9 
 10 
 
 9 
 12 
 13 
 
 8 
 
 n 
 
 12 
 17 
 16 
 
 It 
 
 92 
 92 
 131 
 146 
 140 
 152 
 146 
 153 
 160 
 IW 
 134 
 120 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 160 
 169 
 169 
 169 
 169 
 169 
 202 
 202 
 202 
 126 
 125 
 118 
 
 3 
 
 u' 
 
 18 
 15 
 13 
 18 
 14 
 13 
 12 
 12 
 
 176 
 227 
 204 
 234 
 371 
 388 
 426 
 508 
 469 
 437 
 368 
 296 
 
 49 
 
 42 
 
 .50 
 
 174 
 
 251 
 
 244 
 
 240 
 
 233 
 
 1.50 
 
 132 
 
 116 
 
 95 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 .3 
 3 
 3 
 8 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 132 
 134 
 202 
 216 
 3.57 
 360 
 3.57 
 361 
 358 
 427 
 420 
 336 
 
 98 
 99 
 100 
 101 
 102 
 103 
 104 
 105 
 106 
 107 
 108 
 109 
 
 1 
 I 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 110 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 112 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 113 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 114 
 
 
 
 
 
 115 
 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 117 
 
 
 
 
 
 llx 
 
 
 ::::::::::::;::: 
 
 
 
 119 
 
 
 
 121} 
 
 
 
 
 121 
 
 
 
 
 
 122 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r'3 
 
 ' $615 
 
 $6 
 
 $609 
 
 $352 
 
 $13,777 
 
 $7, ,823 
 $484 
 
 $1,946 
 
 $1, 198 
 
 $753 
 
 $1,9,55 
 
 $82, 200 
 
 $21,185 
 $4,100 
 
 $25 
 
 81,706 
 $928 
 $778 
 
 $8,040 
 
 $87, 593 
 
 824, 505 
 $5, ,564 
 
 $1,000 
 
 $527 
 $272 
 8255 
 
 $15, 061 
 
 $9, 044 
 $775 
 
 $750 
 
 $5, 790 
 .$2, 3l'.7 
 $3, 428 
 
 $13,914 
 
 $105, .509 
 
 $10,1.57 
 $2.0,80 
 
 $42."o,50" 
 
 8928 
 
 $27 
 
 .8901 
 
 $10, 165 
 
 $128, 470 
 
 $47,775 
 $5, 600 
 
 $5, 000 
 $50, 000 
 
 $51 
 
 $.5i" 
 
 $1, 1.52 
 $15, 405 
 $7,210 
 
 $35, 440 
 $19, 882 
 $15, 558 
 
 $59, 486 
 
 $487,366 
 
 $93, 197 
 $96, 695 
 
 $256, 273 
 
 $20, 642 
 
 $.5,235 
 
 .$15, 407 
 
 $13, 793 
 
 $188, 073 
 
 $136, 2.80 
 $23. 600 
 
 $45, 740 
 
 S7,471 
 
 $38, 269 
 
 $13, 1.58 
 
 $347, 472 
 
 $30, 796 
 
 $70, 935 
 
 $5, 400 
 
 124 
 125 
 126 
 
 127 
 
 128 
 
 129 
 
 $i0 
 $4, 500 
 81,4,55 
 
 131 
 
 
 132 
 
 
 
 
 $85 
 
 $40, 256 
 
 
 $15, 699 
 
 133 
 134 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $1,000 
 
 $2, 925 
 
 $2, 400 
 
 $160 
 
 $405 
 
 46 
 
 4 
 
 46 
 
 $450 
 
 $1,069 
 
 $240 
 
 $120 
 
 $4, 585 
 
 128 
 
 4 
 120 
 
 
 
 8545 
 $1,035 
 
 $i,"666" 
 
 SSOO 
 $27. 393 
 
 $4, 061 
 
 829, 351 
 
 $140,726 
 
 $225 
 
 $43, 659 
 
 $6, 620 
 
 1, 6.53 
 
 14 
 828 
 
 
 $5, .520 
 
 $3, 157 
 
 $7.5' 
 
 $i,'22.5" 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 12 
 
 $6,162 
 
 $275 
 
 821,124 
 
 $23, 561 
 
 $100 
 
 137 
 
 7 
 137 
 
 
 136 
 
 $1 075 
 
 137 
 
 
 $7, 420 
 $4,900 
 $6, 700 
 
 1, 3,50 
 
 14 
 1,3,50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $45 
 
 
 139 
 
 $650 
 25 
 
 1 
 25 
 
 
 
 883 
 8.53 
 
 530 
 
 18 
 530 
 
 141 
 
 142 
 143 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 145 
 
 146 
 147 
 
 148 
 149 
 
 1.50 
 1.51 
 
 1.52 
 1.58 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 8 
 
 825 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
^24 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table -iO.— SANDSTONES AND QUARTZITES— DETAILED 
 
 
 
 Missouri. 
 
 Montana. 
 
 Nevada. 
 
 New .lersey. 
 
 New Mexico. | New York. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 1 
 
 Number of quarries 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 5 
 3 
 2 
 
 s 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 1 
 1 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 22 
 22 
 
 12 
 4 
 6 
 
 7 ' 377 
 7 , 364 
 
 6 ■ 228 
 1 , 128 
 
 1 8 
 
 115 
 91 
 
 38 
 28 
 25 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 Character of ownership: 
 
 Individual 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 $3,37.5 
 
 3 
 
 $715 
 
 4 
 82, 660 
 
 $3, 900 
 
 ■"',S 
 
 
 86 
 
 200 
 
 $218, 590 
 
 40 
 $76, 696 
 
 86 
 872, 663 
 
 870,242 
 
 2, 363 
 81,171,674 
 
 618 
 83.54, 295 
 
 1,019 
 8506, 539 
 
 18 
 S3, .840 
 
 708 
 $307, 000 
 
 
 
 
 $17,847 
 
 
 .$67,463 
 
 6 
 812, 000 
 
 64 
 $46, 488 
 
 16 
 
 q 
 
 General officers— 
 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 $185 
 
 16 
 $12, 302 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 Superintendent.'!, managers, fort-men, surveyors, 
 etc.— 
 
 1 
 82, 100 
 
 1 
 $1,K00 
 
 ■57 
 852, 117 
 
 • $6,400 
 
 29 
 829,117 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 Clerks- 
 
 2 
 Sl,.5«3 
 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 16 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Total average number 
 
 56 
 831 , 989 
 
 10 
 
 85, 276 
 
 34 
 821,475 
 
 1 
 8124 
 
 11 
 85, 114 
 
 .$5, 360 
 
 418 
 $232, 4S0 
 
 28 
 815, 681 
 
 3.58 
 $202, :-(45 
 
 8400 
 
 30 
 
 814,054 
 
 . 8 
 86,515 
 
 8'-<, 975 
 
 1,2,84 
 $785, 694 
 
 69 
 841, 987 
 
 1, 065 
 $676, 412 
 
 8 
 82, 120 
 
 17 
 
 Engineers, firemen, and other mechanics — 
 
 
 
 
 
 IP 
 
 Quarrymen and stonecutters — 
 
 2 
 81,5S3 
 
 8 
 $i;,515 
 
 20 
 
 Wages 
 
 Boys under 16 years- 
 Average number 
 
 2'' 
 
 
 
 
 
 All other wage-earners- 
 
 21 
 $16,600 
 
 
 
 142 
 
 865,175 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at specified daily rales of 
 pay: 
 Engineers- 
 SO 50 tf» SO 74 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 SO 75 to 80 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 3 
 10 
 11 
 199 
 14 
 7 
 
 
 Sl.OO to 81.24. 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 $1.25 to 81.49 
 
 81. '50 to 81 74 
 
 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 
 6 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 30 
 
 $1 75 to 81 99 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 $2.00 to 82 24. 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 11 
 4 
 
 3--> 
 
 $2.25 to 82 49 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 82 .50 to 82 74 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 82.75 to 82.99 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 $3.00 to83.24. 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 $3 25 to S3 49 
 
 
 
 
 ■•^ 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 $3 .50 to 83 74 
 
 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 84.00 to 84.24 
 
 
 
 
 
 39 
 
 Firemen — 
 
 $0.75 to $0.99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sl.OO to 81,24 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 81.25 to 81.49 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 4 
 152 
 4 
 4 
 
 
 $1.60 to $1.74 - 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 4j 
 
 81 75 to 81.99 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 82 00 to 82 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 82.25 to 82.49 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $2.50 to $2.74 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 82.75 to 82.99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 84.00 to $4.24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Machinists, blacksmiths, carpenters, and other me- 
 chanics — 
 80..50 to SO, 74 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 60 
 
 80.75 to 80.99 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 81 00 to $1.24 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 5 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 19 
 
 127 
 
 40 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 50 
 
 8125"to$1.49 . .. 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 81..50'to $1 .74 
 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 81.75 to 81 .99 
 
 
 
 
 $2.00 to 82.24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 82.25 to 82.49 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 4 
 I 
 
 
 $2.50 to 82.74 
 
 
 
 
 
 $2.75 to $2.99 
 
 
 
 
 
 59 
 
 $3.00 to $3.24 
 
 $:i.25 to 83.49 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 61 
 
 $3 50 to$3.74 . ... 
 
 
 
 ii''> 
 
 $3.75 to 83.99 - 
 
 
 
 
 63 
 
 84.00 to $4.24 
 
 1 
 
 
 Quarrymen and stonecutters — 
 
 $0.'.50 to 80.74 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 .58 
 
 138 
 
 201 
 
 ;M5 
 
 91 
 
 26 
 
 28 
 
 88 
 
 25 
 
 44 
 
 
 65 
 66 
 
 $0 75 to 80 99 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 58 
 
 6,54 
 
 117 
 
 196 
 
 41 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 I 
 
 8100to$1.24 . . 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 $1.2.5 to 81 .49 
 
 81 50 to 81.74 
 
 6 
 10 
 10 
 
 
 72 
 
 
 
 131 
 55 
 
 
 69 
 
 $1 75 to 81 99 .... 
 
 ' 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 $2. 00 to 82.24 - 
 
 
 22 
 
 71 
 
 82 25 to $2.49 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 14 
 9 
 
 
 
 $2 50 Ut 82 74 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 3 :. 
 
 32 1 1 
 1 
 
 74 
 
 $3 00 to 83.24 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 $3 25 to 83 49 
 
 
 76 
 
 $3..50to$3.74 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 77 
 
 83.75 to $3.99 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 84. 00 to 84.24 
 
 3 
 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 79 
 
 $4,25 and over 
 
 12 
 
 
 •* 
 
 
 80 
 
 Boys inider 16 years- 
 Less than $0.50 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 3 
 6 
 
 81 
 
 80 50 to $0 74 
 
 
 
 3 
 ■) 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 82 
 
 80 75 to $0 99 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 .. 
 
 8;5 
 
 81.00to$1.24 
 
 
 
 
 81 
 
 $1 25 lo 81 .49 
 
 
 
 
 86 
 
 81.75 10 81 .99 
 
 
 
 
 ;:;::::::::::: 
 
 ^ Includes Operators distributed ji.'S follows: (reort^nii., I; Nfbniskii, 1; N'rirlh Carolina, 2; OkIaht.)mu, 1; Orej^oii, 1; Virginia, 
 
STONE. 
 
 SUMMARY, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1902— Continued. 
 
 825 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Siiuth Dakota. 
 
 TenneysfO. 
 
 Texas. 
 
 rtah. 
 
 WfLshhigUm. 
 
 West Virginia. 
 
 WiHf'onsin. 
 
 Wvomiiitr 1 All other statei- 
 Wiomiuf;. ,in(i territories.! 
 
 1 
 
 
 283 
 258 
 
 161 
 
 70 
 26 
 
 1 
 
 2.52 
 tl77,786 
 
 23 
 »26, 286 
 
 170 
 S122, LS.-i 
 
 .59 
 J30, 04.5 
 
 2, 864 
 SI. 779. 993 
 
 253 
 
 SI 78, 818 
 
 1,956 
 
 81,298,887 
 
 25 
 S5, 876 
 
 630 
 82%, 412 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 4 
 J2, 833 
 
 3 
 
 i, 3 
 
 13 
 18 
 
 8 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 110 
 
 100 
 
 82 
 18 
 
 62 
 62 
 
 19 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 1 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 81,140 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 n 
 
 88,689 
 
 6 
 86, 72(1 
 
 4 
 84,100 
 
 38 
 81H,965 
 
 13 
 89,129 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 VI, 038 
 
 3 
 81,7.55 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 81 '".'00 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 82, 353 
 
 1 
 
 8480 
 
 94 
 
 869, 509 
 
 8 
 66, 800 
 
 81 
 859, 928 
 
 1 
 8150 
 
 4 
 82, 631 
 
 8780 
 
 1 
 8360 
 
 10 
 
 84,086 
 
 2 
 8780 
 
 8 
 83, 306 
 
 9 
 
 87,489 
 
 81,200 
 
 191 
 
 8100, 399 
 
 13 
 89, 105 
 
 1.56 
 881 , 732 
 
 3 
 
 84,600 
 
 3 
 
 82, 220 
 
 65 
 850, 225 
 
 4 
 
 83, 2.50 
 
 35 
 830, 1.50 
 
 1 
 81,50 
 
 25 
 816,675 
 
 3 
 
 83, 600 
 
 1 
 8.500 
 
 32 
 823. 237 
 
 4 
 
 13, 095 
 
 27 
 819, 642 
 
 33 
 
 815,865 
 
 5 
 83, 100 
 
 4,53 
 
 8272,123 
 
 19 
 812,071 
 
 2.55 
 8182, 7.S9 
 
 11 
 82, 919 
 
 168 
 874, 344 
 
 9 
 86,654 
 
 $1,275 
 
 199 
 8109, 066 
 
 17 
 $9, 431 
 
 179 
 
 898, 427 
 
 1 
 8108 
 
 81,100 
 1 
 
 1 
 8800 
 
 SI , 238 
 
 74 
 
 S5X, 897 
 
 4 
 
 84,353 
 
 55 
 845, 578 
 
 3 
 SI, 7.55 
 
 11 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 34 
 
 814,082 
 
 3 
 SI, 267 
 
 31 
 S12, 815 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 16 
 
 17 
 18 
 
 19 
 20 
 
 ■'1 
 
 
 
 ["'.[[[[[[[WW 
 
 1 
 
 8.500 
 
 
 
 ■» 
 
 
 22 
 89,. 562 
 
 15 
 
 88, 966 
 
 
 ''3 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 1 
 
 •55 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■'6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ■'7 
 
 1 
 18 
 6 
 9 
 C 
 34 
 19 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 08 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 oq 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 3 
 1 
 
 \ 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3" 
 
 
 
 4 ! 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 4 l" 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 3fi 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 39 
 
 1 
 4 
 2 
 20 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 45 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 47 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 49 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 10 
 4 
 6 
 16 
 9 
 21 
 11 
 34 
 6 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 :::;;;:;::::;:;: 
 
 
 53 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 56- 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 .. ............. 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 57 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 59 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 62 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 30 
 199 
 .381 
 260 
 434 
 
 .56 
 
 98 
 107 
 1.54 
 
 31 
 191 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 6 
 6 
 
 64 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2" 
 
 97 
 38 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 '2 
 
 65 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 32 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 51 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 34 
 74 
 34 
 2 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 3 
 
 67 
 
 1 
 8 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 3 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 68 
 
 
 2 
 1 
 7 
 
 
 
 48 1 
 
 
 70 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 71 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 io 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 32 
 1 
 
 73 
 74 
 
 
 2 
 5 
 
 21 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 75 
 76 
 
 1 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 78 
 79 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SO 
 81 
 82 
 
 84 
 85 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
826 
 
 MINES AND QUAKRIES. 
 
 Table 40.— SANDSTONES AND QUARTZITES— DETAILED 
 
 
 
 Missouri. 
 
 Montana. 
 
 Nevada. 
 
 New ,Tersey. 
 
 Nevv Mexico. 
 
 New York. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 86 
 87 
 
 .\vera,t^e niiniber nf waffo-earnLTs at specilied daily r!itos(if 
 pay — Coiitiiiin..il. 
 .111 iittlKT \vai.^e-earners— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 9 
 3 
 2 
 
 
 65 
 
 89 
 
 CI 2n to *1 -IQ 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 111 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 225 
 
 90 
 
 SI 50 to SI 74 
 
 
 
 
 302 
 
 91 
 
 Gl 75 to fil Mt) 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 93 
 
 S''' 25 to ■?** 4^1 1 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 94 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 96 
 96 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 97 
 
 <I;Q \0 to 'S^ 74 
 
 
 
 
 
 98 
 
 Average number of wage-earners emploved during each 
 month: 
 Men in years and over— 
 
 Januarv 
 
 36 
 30 
 40 
 52 
 
 76 
 84 
 76 
 63 
 62 
 56 
 50 
 36 
 
 51 
 
 54 
 59 
 111 
 C3 
 Gt\ 
 63 
 62 
 .58 
 00 
 48 
 39 
 
 
 294 
 345 
 384 
 518 
 553 
 514 
 510 
 484 
 422 
 404 
 345 
 219 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 376 
 
 419 
 
 551 
 
 1,0.56 
 
 1,737 
 
 2,043 
 
 1,995 
 
 1, 861 
 
 1,778 
 
 1,613 
 
 1,246 
 
 637 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 17 
 14 
 14 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 2 
 
 1,516 
 1,269 
 1,766 
 2, 375 
 2,818 
 2,8.51 
 2,845 
 2, 802 
 2,721 
 2,680 
 2, .512 
 1, 985 
 
 10 1 
 
 99 
 
 Fel>riiarv 
 
 100 
 101 
 
 Mareli 
 
 April . .. 
 
 
 102 
 
 Mav 
 
 
 103 
 
 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 
 104 
 
 July 
 
 105 
 
 August 
 
 106 
 
 
 107 
 
 October 
 
 108 
 
 November 
 
 109 
 
 
 110 
 
 Boys under 16 years- 
 
 111 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 112 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 2 
 1 
 2 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 113 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 114 
 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 115 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 116 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 117 
 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 118 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 119 
 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 120 
 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 121 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 122 
 
 Contract work: 
 
 
 
 
 123 
 
 
 
 
 
 124 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses: 
 
 Total 
 
 ?621 
 $92 
 S529 
 
 J7,664 
 
 ?5r,, 990 
 
 $32, .SSO 
 S15, 323 
 
 S3, 882 
 
 S3, 044 
 
 S838 
 
 S5,810 
 
 S85, 1.52 
 
 ?4,,S22 
 S61,1.58 
 
 S351 
 S351 
 
 S2.50 
 S6, 115 
 S2, 383 
 
 SIS, 352 
 S13,li47 
 S4, 705 
 
 S36, 080 
 
 $106, 726 
 
 $232, 051 
 $81,145 
 
 $50 
 
 S536 
 
 S104,193 
 S31,309 
 S73, 184 
 
 $108, 159 
 
 SI, 408, 699 
 
 $279, 009 
 S271,430 
 
 $.50, 447 
 S3, 795 
 $5,310 
 
 $437,827 
 
 SI 6,. 595 
 
 $421,232 1 
 
 $.526, 521 
 
 $2,078,754 
 
 $1,067,938 
 $211,972 
 
 $1,,5.54 
 
 S75 
 
 $6, 675 
 
 $1, .595 
 
 $21,8.53 
 
 S44,471 
 
 $750 
 
 S664, 659 
 
 $43,077 
 
 $14, 135 
 
 8, 708 1 
 
 212 
 8,634 
 
 44 
 
 '1 ! 
 
 125 
 
 Royalties and rent of quarrying plant 
 
 Rentof olfices, taxes, insurance, interest, and other 
 sundries. 
 
 126 
 127 
 
 S536 
 
 $370 
 
 S12,291 
 
 $6, 800 
 $2, 125 
 
 128 
 
 129 
 130 
 
 131 
 
 Value i.f product: 
 
 Total 
 
 Building- 
 Rough 
 
 Dressed 
 
 Crushed- 
 
 132 
 
 Railroad ballast, etc 
 
 g9U(l 
 «.50 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 133 
 
 Concrete 
 
 S7.50 
 
 
 $30, X80 
 
 
 134 
 
 
 135 
 136 
 137 
 
 Riprap 
 
 Rubble 
 
 S3, 001 
 
 53, 795 
 
 54, 462 
 
 ;;;;;;;;;;; 
 
 S3,' 6.57' 
 
 $.59 ,"777' 
 
 $,50' 
 
 8360 
 
 $756 
 
 $9.50 
 
 $1,250 
 
 S5, 452 
 
 S18, .5.S3 
 
 $264 , S5S 
 
 S230, 1.58 
 
 S272,831 
 
 $6,,S26 
 
 2,062 
 
 76 
 2,017 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 30 
 
 138 
 
 Flaggi ng 
 
 Curbing 
 
 J8,sl 
 81,7)1) 
 SI,, 500 
 
 320 
 
 15 
 320 
 
 S390 
 J2, 435 
 
 S7, 340 
 
 89 
 
 3 
 
 85 
 
 
 $2, 200 
 
 139 
 
 $75 
 
 140 
 
 $623 
 614 
 
 29 
 C14 
 
 1-41 
 
 Power: 
 
 Total horsepower 
 
 Owned— 
 
 Engines- 
 Steam- 
 
 Number .. 
 
 
 142 
 
 
 
 143 
 
 
 
 
 144 
 
 Gas or gasoline— 
 
 
 
 K5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 146 
 
 Water wheels- 
 Number . . .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 147 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 148 
 
 Other power- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 149 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.50 
 
 Rented — i 
 
 
 
 
 
 151 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.52 
 
 Electric motors owned — 
 
 Number 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 2 
 22 
 
 1.53 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Includes operators distributed as follows: Georgia, 1; Nebraska, 1; North Carolina, 2; Oklahoma, 1; Oregon, 1; Virginia, 2. 
 
STONE. 
 
 SUMMARY, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1902— Continued. 
 
 S'27 
 
 Pennsylvania.' South Dakota, 
 
 j 
 
 Tomie,s.Mec, 
 
 Ti'Xils. 
 
 Ul;ih. 
 
 W'Mshintitnn. \^'c'^( \'irKiniii. 
 
 Wiscolisilj 
 
 WyoliiiiiK. 
 
 .\ 11 other .slates 
 and territories.! 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 86 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 87 
 
 23 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 76 
 76 
 
 (i 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 8X 
 
 186 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 89 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 1.60 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 91 
 
 
 ., 
 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 '.t.i 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 3 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 '« 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 !I4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "~> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9i; 
 
 
 1 
 
 70 
 
 78 
 
 86 
 
 112 
 
 110 
 
 116 
 
 101 
 
 101 
 
 102 
 
 98 
 
 86 
 
 67 
 
 
 
 
 127 
 175 
 
 
 
 
 97 
 
 1,608 
 1,600 
 2,279 
 2,897 
 3,400 
 3, 666 
 3,574 
 3,678 
 3,498 
 3,223 
 2,725 
 2, 123 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 5 
 
 5 
 5 
 6 
 6 
 18 
 18 
 13 
 13 
 13 
 13 
 
 81 
 138 
 246 
 230 
 252 
 246 
 229 
 168 
 161 
 171 
 179 
 185 
 
 40 
 49 
 66 
 64 
 81 
 83 
 80 
 88 
 80 
 70 
 50 
 38 
 
 ,2 
 
 29 
 42 
 112 
 240 
 276 
 324 
 279 
 280 
 273 
 218 
 195 
 108 
 
 
 29 
 29 
 34 
 
 38 
 38 
 36 
 44 
 48 
 37 
 28 
 29 
 18 
 
 98 
 
 3 
 24 
 100 
 107 
 112 
 125 
 117 
 110 
 68 
 62 
 60 
 
 1.9 
 
 24 
 37 
 ■ 43 
 45 
 42 
 39 
 37 
 35 
 47 
 . 23 
 
 287 
 474 
 636 
 686 
 611 
 615 
 606 
 593 
 491 
 206 
 
 6 
 6 
 9 
 12 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 11 
 11 
 8 
 
 100 
 :-A 
 102 
 
 03 
 104 
 Ito 
 ire 
 
 07 
 108 
 109 
 
 110 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 111 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 112 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 113 
 
 42 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 114 
 115 
 
 89 1 "^ 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 116 
 
 38 1 2 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 o 
 
 
 117 
 ll.s 
 
 29 ' 2 
 
 
 
 19 . 0. 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 ro 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 v« 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 .>, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1"3 
 
 SIOS, 608 
 351, 792 
 8.56, 816 
 
 8208, 883 
 
 $2, 800, 108 
 
 8491,235 
 61,425,724 
 
 830, 742 
 6129, .591 
 818,972 
 892, 471 
 862, 927 
 8202, 295 
 826, 985 
 8104, .521 
 8174,184 
 840, 461 
 
 5,647 
 
 240 
 6,635 
 
 84, 669 
 82, 259 
 82,410 
 
 89, 703 
 
 8110,789 
 
 819,970 
 822, 192 
 
 6168 
 
 8329 
 
 8329" 
 
 8660 
 
 67,670 
 
 66,9.50 
 8600 
 
 
 
 87, 644 
 85, 415 
 82, 229 
 
 821,261 
 
 6165, 565 
 
 ■ 64,832 
 S2S, 000 
 
 8 li;, 300 
 
 84,460 
 
 6840 
 
 83,620 
 
 66,070 
 
 8105,011 
 
 863,629 
 8206 
 
 8360 
 
 83.50" 
 
 84,316 
 
 830, 725 
 
 82, 600 
 $15,225 
 
 817,533 
 814,756 
 
 62. 777 
 
 828, .500 
 
 6423, 6:i2 
 
 6104, COl 
 8193,1.57 
 
 83, 996 
 
 88, ONo 
 
 812, 361 
 
 83, 632 
 
 8817 
 
 62, 815 
 
 817,169 
 
 6207, 0S6 
 
 854,392 
 8.86. 363 
 
 8.^3 
 8630 
 
 82,291 
 $1,310 
 
 8981 
 
 54.337 
 890, 691 
 
 814,003 
 
 826, 448 
 
 826, 000 
 
 $4,019 
 
 83. 8.50 
 
 8169 
 
 8670 
 
 834,0.52 
 
 828, .577 
 84.324 
 
 81.040 
 
 124 
 125 
 126 
 
 127 
 
 123 
 
 129 
 130 
 
 131 
 1^'< 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 361 
 618, 634 
 86,436 
 
 89, 162 
 
 $25 
 
 133 
 
 
 
 
 134 
 
 83, 6.52 
 824,447 
 839,260 
 
 
 859,919 
 87,000 
 
 83.6," 666' 
 
 82. 200 
 
 88, 000 
 8.5,000 
 
 83, 323 
 879, 030 
 
 «:H'J 
 
 
 135 
 
 
 829,760 810,096 
 
 .=sn 
 
 136 
 
 
 $160 65. 000 ' 
 
 137 
 
 
 
 1 82.745 
 
 
 $600 
 
 s5n 
 
 138 
 
 
 822,8.50 
 6757 
 
 202 
 
 17 
 252 
 
 64,010 
 
 *7 
 
 
 815, 635 
 
 
 
 8600 
 68 
 
 3 
 
 58 
 
 8120 
 
 
 812 575 
 
 
 120 
 6 
 
 117 481 
 
 520 
 
 17 
 608 
 
 1 
 8 
 
 121 145 
 
 3 6 
 121 146 
 
 141 
 
 
 3 
 
 24 
 
 14' 
 
 
 120 1 105 ) 481 
 
 143 
 114 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 115 
 
 
 
 
 
 146 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i! ! 1 ....1 
 
 
 14S 
 
 
 
 mi 1 ^'^> 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 149 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 1 50 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 ...J 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
828 
 
 MINKS AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 41.— SIIJCA SAND— DETAILED tSUMMAKV, BY STATES: 1902. 
 
 fore- 
 
 Number of quarrie-s 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Character of ownership: 
 
 Individual 
 
 Firm 
 
 Incorporated company 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Total number 
 
 Total salaries 
 
 General officers — 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Superintendents, managers, 
 men, surveyors, etc.— 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Clerks- 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Total average number 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Engineers, tiremen, and i.ither me- 
 chanics- 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Quarrymcn— 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 All other wage-earners— 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at speci- 
 fied daily rates of pay: 
 Engineers — 
 
 81.25 to S1.49 
 
 S1.50 toSl.74 
 
 81.75 to SI. 99 
 
 S2.00 to S2.24 
 
 S2.50 to S2.74 
 
 Firemen — 
 
 S1.50toS1.74 
 
 Machinists, blacksmiths, carpenters, and 
 other mechanics — 
 
 S1..50 toSl.74 
 
 81 .75 to 81 .99 
 
 82.00 to 82.24 
 
 82.50 to 82.74 
 
 Quarrvraen^ 
 
 80.75 to80.99 
 
 81.25 to81. 49 
 
 SI. 50 to 81, 74 
 
 81.75 to 81. 99 
 
 82.00 to 82.24 
 
 All other wage-earners— 
 
 81.25 to 81.49 
 
 81.50 to 81. 74 
 
 81.75 toSl. 99 
 
 «2.0a to J2.24 
 
 United 
 States. 
 
 35 
 S27, 22H 
 
 9 
 810,240 
 
 IS 
 813, lOM 
 
 335 
 S149, 114 
 
 32 
 8l«, 140 
 
 149 
 8tH;, 074 
 
 154 
 804.900 
 
 57 ■ 
 79 : 
 2 
 Ifi ■ 
 
 l.s 
 813, 9SS 
 
 S7,UI0 
 
 85,50H 
 
 4 I 
 
 81,440 ; 
 
 n I 
 8(i,7i;9 
 
 830, .S7S 
 
 Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 21 i 
 
 25 I 
 12 ! 
 10 
 
 17 
 813,240 
 
 11 
 
 87,(i00 
 
 4 
 
 82,440 
 
 ISO 
 1. 439 
 
 811,371 
 
 ■SO 
 S34, 022 
 
 31 26 
 
 43 36 
 
 .... 2 
 
 ....' 16 
 
 Average number of wage-earners employed 
 during each month: 
 Men 16 years and over — 
 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 Septernljei' 
 
 October '. 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 ContVaet work: 
 
 Amtiurit jiaiil 
 
 Numlirr of employees 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses : 
 
 Total 
 
 Royalties and rent of quarrying plant 
 Rent of offices, taxes, insurance, in- 
 terest, and other sundries 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 Product: 
 
 Total quantity (short tons) 
 
 Total value 
 
 Glass sand — 
 
 (-iuuntity (short tons) 
 
 Vahie '. 
 
 Engine sand — 
 
 (^uantitv (short tons; 
 
 Value..' 
 
 Furnace sand — 
 
 (jnantitv (short tons) 
 
 \'alue 
 
 Building sand — 
 
 (.Quantity (short tons) 
 
 X'aiuc 
 
 Othrr uses- 
 
 •.quantity ( short tons) 
 
 Value --* 
 
 Rower owne*l: 
 
 Total horsepowur 
 
 .Steam— 
 
 Engines- 
 
 NunilH'r 
 
 Ilorsepowcr 
 
 Other power- 
 
 Numlier 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 ' Includes 2 operators in West ^'irginia. 
 
830 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIP:S. 
 
 Tahi.h 42.— 8ILK:E()U8 CRYSTALLINE KOCKS— DETAILED 
 
 United 
 States. 
 
 Number of quarries 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Charaeter of ouiierstiip: 
 
 Individual 
 
 Firm 
 
 Incorporated eomytany 
 
 Citlier form ' 
 
 Salaried otlicials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Total number 
 
 Total salaries 
 
 General officers — 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Superintendents, man- 
 agers, foremen, survey- 
 ors, ete. — 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Clerks— 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners; 
 
 Total average luiraber 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Engineers, firemen, and 
 other mechanics — 
 
 Average number 
 
 \A'ages 
 
 Quarrymen and stone- 
 cutters — 
 
 Average number , . . , 
 
 A\'ages 
 
 Boys under Iti years — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 All other wage-earners— 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Average number of wagerearners 
 at specified daily rates of pay; 
 Engineers — 
 
 S0.50 to S0.74 
 
 SO.Tn to. 511.99 
 
 SI. Of) to i\:n 
 
 J1.25 toS).t9 
 
 Sl.MI to Sl.TJ 
 
 Sl.T.i to .51.99 
 
 S2.0U to S2.24 
 
 $2.25 to $2.49 .. 
 
 S2..50 to $2.74 
 
 S2.7.">toS2.99 
 
 $3.01) to $;J.24 
 
 $3.2.5 to $3.49 
 
 S3..5CI to$3.74 
 
 $3.75 to $3.99 
 
 Firemen — 
 
 $0..5Ufo$0.74 
 
 $0.7.=) to $0.99 
 
 $1.00 to $1.24 
 
 $1.2.ito$1.49 :.. 
 
 $1..50 to$1.74 
 
 $1.7.') to $1.99 
 
 $2.00 to $2.24 
 
 $2.2.5 to $2.49 
 
 $2..50 to$2.74 
 
 $2.75 to $2.99 
 
 $3.00 to $3.24 
 
 $3.25 to $3.49 
 
 Machinists, blacksmiths, car- 
 penters, and other mechan- 
 ics — 
 
 $0.50 to $0.74 
 
 $0.75 to $0.99 
 
 $1.00 to $1.24 
 
 $1.25 to $1.49 
 
 $1..50to$1.74 
 
 $1.75 to $1.99 
 
 $2.00 to $2.24 
 
 $2.25 to $2.49 
 
 $2..50 to $2,74 
 
 $2.75 to $2.99 
 
 $3.00 to $3.24 
 
 $3.25 to $3.49 
 
 $3.50 to $3.74 
 
 $4 00 foS4,24 
 
 Quarrvmen jindstonecutters- 
 
 $0.'.50 to $0.74 
 
 $0.75 to $11. 99 
 
 $1.00 to $1.24 
 
 $1.25 t.i$1.49 
 
 .$1..50fo$1.74 
 
 $1.75 to $1.99 
 
 82.00 to .$2.21 
 
 $2.25 to $2.49 
 
 $2..-)0to $2.74 
 
 $2.75 to $2. 99 
 
 $3,00 to $3.21 
 
 $3.25 to$:i.49 
 
 $3..50 to $:i.7t 
 
 $3.75 lo $;i,99 
 
 $4.00 to $4.2 1 
 
 $4.25 and over 
 
 llliel 
 
 , 1; Maho, 2; Indian TiTrilory, 1 ; Nevada, 1. 
 
STONE. 
 
 831 
 
 SUMMARY, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1902. 
 
 Montana. 
 
 New 
 Hamp- 
 shire. 
 
 New 
 Jersey. 
 
 New 
 York. 
 
 North 
 Carolina. 
 
 Oregon. 
 
 I'unusyh 
 vania. 
 
 Rhode 
 Island. 
 
 Sonth 
 Carolina. 
 
 Texas, 
 
 Utah. 
 
 Vermont. 
 
 74 
 68 
 
 28 
 32 
 
 8 
 
 Vir^nnia. 
 
 Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 Wiseon- 
 
 sin. 
 
 All other 
 
 states 
 and ter- 
 ritories. I 
 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 51 
 49 
 
 2.5 
 13 
 11 
 
 49 
 46 
 
 14 
 14 
 IS 
 
 22 
 
 8 
 7 
 
 30 
 27 
 
 14 
 10 
 
 ; 
 
 31 
 
 323,. 578 
 
 2 
 
 32,270 
 
 24 
 
 SIS, 625 
 
 5 
 32, 683 
 
 616 
 
 3222, 868 
 
 51 
 
 324, 974 
 
 4.54 
 8173, 794 
 
 S 
 31, 300 
 
 102 
 322, 800 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 5 
 3 
 
 44 
 43 
 
 25 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 .58 
 360, 877 
 
 14 
 
 328, 520 
 
 32 
 320,009 
 
 12 
 36, 348 
 
 703 
 3341,720 
 
 .58 
 337,697 
 
 677 
 3275, 627 
 
 1 
 3240 
 
 67 
 328, 156 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 14 
 
 5 
 3 
 6 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 6 
 1 
 1 
 
 5 
 5 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 17 
 17 
 
 10 
 3 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 H 
 
 3 
 1 
 4 
 
 18 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 31,420 
 
 .S7 
 365, 648 
 
 34, 375 
 
 62 
 3.52, 618 
 
 18 
 
 38, 655 
 
 1,219 
 3791, 196 
 
 1.54 
 399, 251 
 
 1,024 
 3677, 549 
 
 8 
 32, 323 
 
 33 
 312, 073 
 
 92 
 
 364.. 508 
 
 10 
 310,525 
 
 61 
 
 343, 1.85 
 
 21 
 
 310, 798 
 
 947 
 3433, 166 
 
 86 
 3.54,417 
 
 780 
 3346, 644 
 
 6 
 
 31,218 
 
 75 
 330, 987 
 
 47 
 342, 942 
 
 34,006 
 
 30 
 330, 299 
 
 12 
 38, 637 
 
 655 
 3357, 329 
 
 57 
 337,162 
 
 553 
 3300, 518 
 
 12 
 82, 927 
 
 33 
 816, 722 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 3 
 32, 590 
 
 1 
 31,000 
 
 31,. 590 
 
 .54 
 
 355,310 
 
 7 
 315, 6.50 
 
 23 
 
 321,208 
 
 24 
 318, 4.52 
 
 638 
 3421,608 
 
 83 
 3.56, 015 
 
 448 
 3317, .577 
 
 107 
 34K,016 
 
 41 
 
 332, 841 
 
 4 
 
 34,300 
 
 30 
 323,068 
 
 7 
 85, 473 
 
 815 
 3361,046 
 
 71 
 
 348, 896 
 
 661 
 3282, 492 
 
 22 
 33, 158 
 
 61 
 316, 500 
 
 8 
 38, 400 
 
 1 
 
 31,800 
 
 6 
 
 35, 400 
 
 1 
 51,200 
 
 56 
 341, 1.S4 
 
 6 
 
 34, 869 
 
 40 
 
 331, 847 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 3330 
 
 1 
 3330 
 
 128 
 3104,6.55 
 
 3 
 
 34,00(1 
 
 89 
 377, 645 
 
 30 
 323, 010 
 
 1,505 
 39.58, 960 
 
 1.50 
 31 05, 944 
 
 1,139 
 3703, 110 
 
 20 
 
 35, 442 
 
 196 
 3144,4.54 
 
 21 
 312,904 
 
 1 
 
 3800 
 
 17 
 311,434 
 
 3 
 3670 
 
 409 
 3190,322 
 
 36 
 317, 460 
 
 384 
 $1.52,296 
 
 5 
 31,050 
 
 44 
 319,. 516 
 
 20 
 311,948 
 
 1 
 3865 
 
 16 
 39, 631 
 
 3 
 31,4.52 
 
 137 
 395,949 
 
 23 
 314,390 
 
 106 
 
 376, 946 
 
 30 
 331,284 
 
 10 
 315, 4.5S 
 
 12 
 $9,906 
 
 8 
 35, 922 
 
 391 
 3236, 495 
 
 33 
 319,. 8.53 
 
 289 
 3189, .584 
 
 1 
 31.50 
 
 68 
 326, 908 
 
 2 
 33, 120 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 
 2 
 
 33, 120 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 31,420 
 
 11 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 21 
 
 326,488 
 
 3 
 
 33,738 
 
 16 
 
 321,260 
 
 35 
 325,454 
 
 3 
 
 32,027 
 
 23 
 317, 143 
 
 14 
 311, 690 
 
 2 
 32, 000 
 
 12 
 39, 690 
 
 15 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 20 
 
 ■n 
 
 
 
 31.50 
 
 
 
 ■>?. 
 
 2 
 31,500 
 
 9 
 36,284 
 
 9 
 34,318 
 
 
 8 
 34, 613 
 
 •2'6 
 24 
 
 •'5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 4 
 3 
 4 
 1 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ■'6 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 3 
 2 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 
 
 ■'7 
 
 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 1 
 4 
 
 
 
 .5 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •>8 
 
 
 4 
 13 
 
 18 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 4 
 
 4 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 10 
 13 
 1 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 2 
 4 
 24 
 13 
 
 
 
 ■)9 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 30 
 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 3-) 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 39 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 
 
 41 
 
 
 
 2 
 3 
 1 
 3 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 4'' 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 2 
 2 
 3 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 3 
 3 
 
 43 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 46 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 47 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ::::.:::;.: 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 49 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 51 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 5 
 3 
 6 
 
 1 
 8 
 
 8" 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 W 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 12 
 
 6 
 16 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 
 2 
 6 
 19 
 10 
 17 
 12 
 20 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 4 
 4 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 2 
 1 
 2 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 .54 
 
 
 15 
 16 
 14 
 11 
 12 
 16 
 12 
 
 6 
 5 
 12 
 3 
 6 
 2 
 
 .5 
 3 
 8 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 1 , 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 
 
 9 
 2 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 57 
 
 
 
 
 
 58 
 
 
 1 
 
 i ' 
 
 
 59 
 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 ""' 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 61 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6'' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 1 
 
 63 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 208 
 246 
 38 
 23 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 137 
 109 
 82 
 144 
 
 2 
 
 29 
 286 
 28 
 35 
 5 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 65 
 
 
 
 1 
 64 
 300 
 324 
 16 
 29 
 
 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 26 
 45 
 .52 
 .53 
 8 
 26 
 96 
 
 lis 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 17 
 34 
 132 
 401 
 2.58 
 29 
 
 176 
 
 63 
 
 18 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 171 
 129 
 
 24 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 66 
 
 
 1 
 
 33 
 
 174 
 
 350 
 
 67 
 
 15 
 
 24 
 
 169 
 
 149 
 
 27 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 3" 
 
 8" 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 249 
 
 1.S3 
 
 60 
 
 21 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 18 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 67 
 
 
 
 
 
 43 
 102 
 38 
 2 
 22 
 27 
 26 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 1 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 69 
 
 
 4 
 52 
 24 
 
 7 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 3 
 1 
 3 
 
 71 
 
 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 19 
 
 
 10 
 
 73 
 
 
 18 
 43 
 
 
 74 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 84 
 40 
 13 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 6 
 2 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 i 
 
 9 
 2 
 
 
 
 i:i 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 77 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 79 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 80 
 
832 
 
 89 
 
 90 
 
 91 
 
 92 
 
 93 
 
 94 
 
 95 
 
 96 
 
 97 
 
 98 
 
 99 
 
 100 
 
 101 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 104 
 105 
 106 
 107 
 108 
 109 
 110 
 111 
 112 
 113 
 114 
 
 115 
 116 
 117 
 118 
 119 
 120 
 121 
 122 
 123 
 124 
 125 
 126 
 
 127* 
 128 
 
 130 
 
 132 
 133 
 134 
 
 135 
 186 
 
 137 
 188 
 139 
 
 140 
 141 
 142 
 143 
 144 
 145 
 
 146 
 
 W 
 
 148 
 
 149 
 150 
 
 161 
 152 
 
 153 
 154 
 
 155 
 156 
 
 157 
 158 
 159 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 42.— SILICEOUS CRYSTALLINE ROCKS— DETAILED 
 
 Average number of wage-earners 
 at speciried daily rates of pay — 
 Continued. 
 Bovs under 16 years — 
 
 " Less tiian JO.50 
 
 S0.S0toS0.74 
 
 80.76 to S0.99 
 
 $1.00 to SI. 21 
 
 S1.25to J1.49 
 
 S1.50 toSl.74 
 
 All other ^vage-earners— 
 
 Les.s than 80.50 
 
 $0.60 to 80.74 
 
 80.75 to $0.99 
 
 81.00 to 81.24 
 
 81.25 to SI. 49 
 
 81.60 to S1.74 
 
 81.75 to SI. 99 
 
 f2.00toS2.24 
 
 82.25 to 82.49 
 
 82.50 to 82.74 
 
 82.75 to $2,99 
 
 83.00 to 83.24 
 
 83.25 toS3.49 
 
 83.50 to 83.74 
 
 83.75 to 88 99 
 
 84.00 to 84.24 
 
 Average number of wage-earners 
 employed during each month: 
 Men" 16 years and over — 
 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 March.." 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 Boys under 16 years — 
 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses: 
 
 Total 
 
 Royalties and rent of 
 
 quarrying plant. 
 Rent of offices, taxes, in- 
 surance, interest, and 
 other sundries. 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 Value of product: 
 
 Total 
 
 Rough- 
 Building 
 
 Monumental 
 
 Other uses 
 
 Dressed — 
 
 Building 
 
 Monumental 
 
 Crushed — 
 
 Concrete 
 
 Railroad ballast, etc . . 
 Roadmaking, mac- 
 adam, etc. 
 
 Paving blocks 
 
 Curbing 
 
 Flagging 
 
 Rubble 
 
 Riprap 
 
 Otner uses 
 
 Power: 
 
 Total horsepower 
 
 Owned— 
 
 Engines^ 
 Steam- 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower. . . 
 Gas or gasoline — 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower., , 
 Water wheels — 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Other power — 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Rented— 
 
 Electric, horsepower.. 
 Other power, horse- 
 power. 
 Electric motors owned-— 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsc7)OWer 
 
 Supplied to other establish- 
 ments, horsepower. 
 
 United 
 
 States. 
 
 36 
 56 
 49 
 69 
 5 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 1,53 
 
 230 
 
 44S 
 
 739 
 
 190 
 
 269 
 
 45 
 
 26 
 
 5 
 
 93 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 12,289 
 12, 665 
 14, 7.56 
 18, 674 
 20, 13,H 
 21,362 
 22, 433 
 22, 602 
 22, 092 
 21, 7.S8 
 19,147 
 16, 616 
 
 1.53 
 163 
 178 
 208 
 212 
 227 
 245 
 241 
 239 
 231 
 201 
 174 
 
 8810, 206 
 8194, 892 
 
 8615,314 
 
 S2, 493, 065 
 
 518,2.57,944 
 
 ■82, 175, 082 
 
 81, 714, 1.56 
 
 S643, 914 
 
 84,8.59,7.50 
 82, 284, 766 
 
 8734, 661 
 
 8574,780 
 
 81,902,439 
 
 81,623,776 
 8823,840 
 $.52, 880 
 8600, 176 
 8319, 1.58 
 S248, 671 
 
 46, 986 
 
 9,50 
 44, 189 
 
 26 
 275 
 
 1 , 600 
 
 19 
 
 610 
 
 471 
 35 
 
 23 
 
 442 
 
 26 
 
 Arkan- 
 sas. 
 
 Califor- 
 nia. 
 
 1 
 1 
 3 
 1 
 
 146 
 
 8945 
 8760 
 
 S18.5 
 
 86.50 
 
 S12, 115 
 
 8.50 
 S215 
 
 8600 
 
 82,000 
 89, 000 
 
 $75 
 '$i7.5' 
 
 810 
 789 
 782 
 884 
 an? 
 893 
 952 
 946 
 992 
 1,041 
 1,046 
 982 
 
 3 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 3 
 
 839, 232 
 818, 039 
 
 821, 193 
 
 8115,429 
 
 $1,137,679 
 
 ■82,30, 988 
 
 834, 992 
 
 88, 465 
 
 $133, .574 
 843, 866 
 
 $116, 400 
 SI3, 861 
 $ia5,842 
 
 $144,100 
 
 828, 205 
 
 $495 
 
 $24,6:!5 
 
 $48, 099 
 
 8174,118 
 
 1,241 
 
 44 
 
 ,210 
 
 Colorado, 
 
 Connect- 
 icut. 
 
 Dela- 
 ware. 
 
 82, 930 
 
 865 
 
 $2, 806 
 
 $4,720 
 
 866,023 
 
 8-17, 752 
 88, 770 
 
 81,800 
 81,613 
 
 83, 7.50 
 
 2,438 
 
 433 
 
 402 
 
 .504 
 
 904 
 
 1,087 
 
 1,239 
 
 1,371 
 
 1,387 
 
 1, 360 
 
 1,189 
 
 828 
 
 528 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 8 
 5 
 4 
 4 
 3 
 
 831, 8,59 
 $8, 308 
 
 8117,802 
 
 $28, 862 
 
 $3, 929 
 
 8200, 262 
 $66, 899 
 
 $51, ,552 
 
 S2, 2,50 
 
 $238, 261 
 
 834, 679 
 823,080 
 
 $371 
 
 $8,468 
 
 832, 426 
 
 8400 
 
 8, 948 
 
 84 
 6, 930 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 84 
 101 
 261 
 342 
 460 
 469 
 480 
 330 
 387 
 400 
 346 
 258 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 $19,688 
 $7, .598 
 
 447 
 464 
 .553 
 626 
 651 
 709 
 7.54 
 903 
 8.55 
 912 
 826 
 700 
 
 29 
 25 
 25 
 23 
 20 
 
 $32, ,5H8 
 $8, 701 
 
 812,090 I 823,. 8.87 
 
 $18,126 
 8276, 763 
 
 $20, 640 
 '84,' 593' 
 
 82, 407 
 
 $10,934 
 $.57,291 
 841,237 
 
 $9,676 
 84, 701 
 
 861, 066 
 
 $63, 300 
 
 8909 
 
 1,153 
 
 12 
 1,043 
 
 5 
 110 
 
 8803, 778 
 
 830, 169 
 845,814 
 812, 330 
 
 $99, 213 
 818, .565 
 
 87,047 
 810, 122 
 826, 741 
 
 8151,779 
 $317,164 
 812, 633 
 $50, 870 
 
 $21,441 
 
 718 
 
 16 
 712 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 7 
 119 
 46 
 33 
 24 
 
 5 
 
 2,080 
 2, 269 
 2,460 
 2, 934 
 3, 115 
 3, 264 
 3,310 
 3,400 
 '3,235 
 3,091 
 2, .519 
 1,899 
 
 26 
 32 
 28 
 32 
 34 
 38 
 38 
 41 
 41 
 
 $66,413 
 86, 036 
 
 860, 377 
 
 8217.548 
 
 S2, 659, 450 
 
 $485, 217 
 852,836 
 812, 720 
 
 $1,436, ,803 
 8156, 305 
 
 81,784 
 
 890 
 
 $8, 070 
 
 8354,. 530 
 
 8112, 290 
 
 810, 238 
 
 86, 318 
 
 ^13, 077 
 
 811,172 
 
 6,325 
 
 134 
 4,928 
 
 Mary- 
 land. 
 
 Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 610 
 592 
 774 
 781 
 8.54 
 884 
 933 
 931 
 864 
 869 
 795 
 747 
 
 8 
 13 
 17 
 17 
 17 
 17 
 17 
 19 
 19 
 15 
 13 
 
 843, 8.56 
 $11,430 
 
 832, 426 
 
 S107, 435 
 S758, 203 
 
 8139, 856 
 
 815, 826 
 84, 160 
 
 $323, 239 
 817,500 
 
 854, 704 
 826, 635 
 874, ,622 
 
 $30,521 
 
 $35, 9.55 
 
 87, 301 
 
 89, 056 
 
 82, 2.50 
 
 816, 790 
 
 1,710 
 
 49 
 1,697 
 
 2,388 
 2, ,343 
 
 2, 614 
 
 3, 668 
 3,385 
 3, 965 
 4, 133 
 3, 922 
 3,942 
 3,994 
 3,539 
 2,683 
 
 20 
 20 
 18 
 23 
 23 
 26 
 27 
 23 
 23 
 22 
 20 
 19 
 
 $211,746 
 $19,471 
 
 $192, 274 
 
 8609, 702 
 
 83,4,51,397 
 
 8400, 842 
 8412,172 
 8123, 399 
 
 $965, 342 
 8381, ,872 
 
 897, .584 
 850, 795 
 8278, 656 
 
 83.58, 398 
 8111.184 
 
 815, 614 
 8224,187 
 
 $26, 460 
 $4,892 
 
 8,672 
 
 62 
 
 8,458 
 
 3 
 167 
 
 Minne- 
 sota. 
 
 370 
 417 
 422 
 443 
 461 
 426 
 415 
 411 
 418 
 414 
 387 
 372 
 
 S12,028 
 81,502 
 
 810, ,526 
 
 862, 273 
 
 $478, 989 
 
 817, 164 
 880, 666 
 $2, 700 
 
 8181,089 
 8154, 825 
 
 $1,500 
 
 81,525 
 
 $12, 635 
 
 $3, 280 
 $15, 340 
 $480 
 $6, 605 
 $1,200 
 
 32 
 
 665 
 
 2 
 .543 
 
 1 liiclmlcs niterator'i dislribilird i 
 
 ArizoiiM, 1; Idiilio, 2: Inilian Territory, 1; Nevada, 1. 
 
STONE. 
 
 833 
 
 SUMMARY, BY STATES ANT) TERRITORIES: 1902— Continued. 
 
 Montana. 
 
 New 
 Ilariip- 
 shire. 
 
 New 
 Jersey. 
 
 New 
 York. 
 
 North 
 Carolina. 
 
 Oregon. 
 
 Penn.syl- 
 vunia. 
 
 Rhode 
 iHlaiiil. 
 
 South 
 Carolina 
 
 Texas. 
 
 Utah. 
 
 Vermont. 
 
 \'irginia. 
 
 Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 Wiscon- 
 sin. 
 
 All other 
 
 states 
 aTid ter- 
 ritories. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 81 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 4 
 2 
 12 
 
 1 
 4 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 83 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 84 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 85 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 86 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 } 
 
 
 87 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 19 
 2 
 3 
 68 
 7 
 10 
 3 
 1 
 
 16 
 8 
 10 
 16 
 4 
 3 
 3 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •J 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 - 
 
 102 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 45 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 17 
 11 
 19 
 
 19 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 2 
 
 
 89 
 
 
 4 
 45 
 17 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 36 
 1 
 17 
 13 
 2 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 91 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 92 
 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 93 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 6 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 9-f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 95 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 96 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 97 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 79 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 101 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 451 
 
 475 
 .686 
 599 
 734 
 716 
 7.50 
 760 
 715 
 672 
 628 
 .570 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 102 
 
 12 
 16 
 23 
 
 27 
 .26 
 27 
 24 
 21 
 24 
 11 
 11 
 
 456 
 670 
 694 
 1,222 
 1,470 
 1, 420 
 1,.544 
 1, .582 
 1,6.60 
 1,.551 
 
 1, 4.59 
 1,014 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 2 
 
 828, 719 
 $2, 372 
 
 824, 347 
 
 $132, 122 
 
 $1,147,097 
 
 $148, 579 
 857, 335 
 88, 564 
 
 8471,337 
 $289, 400 
 
 $8,012 
 
 $1,7.50 
 
 $16,788 
 
 8101,648 
 
 $22,328 
 
 8340 
 
 $810 
 
 $17,056 
 
 S3, 250 
 
 2, .634 
 
 89 
 2,497 
 
 2 
 27 
 
 1 
 10 
 
 246 
 
 300 
 
 469 
 
 976 
 
 1,0.52 
 
 1,164 
 
 1,268 
 
 1, 320 
 
 1, 277 
 
 1,226 
 
 1,123 
 
 872 
 
 2 
 2 
 3 
 5 
 6 
 7 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 9 
 8 
 5 
 
 $63, 135 
 $13, 620 
 
 839, 516 
 
 $164, 562 
 
 $948, 474 
 
 $70, 884 
 
 82, 940 
 
 $4.50 
 
 $43, 761 
 
 357 
 305 
 
 488 
 619 
 705 
 770 
 779 
 808 
 775 
 748 
 732 
 630 
 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 13 
 14 
 14 
 13 
 13 
 13 
 13 
 13 
 13 
 
 $29, 157 
 $10, 180 
 
 $18,977 
 
 894, 299 
 
 $6.51,014 
 
 $131,549 
 
 81,. 500 
 
 $975 
 
 $175,904 
 87, l.HO 
 
 $94, 442 
 
 830, 126 
 
 $193,435 
 
 $6, .562 
 
 8827 
 
 $640 
 
 86, 874 
 
 81, 000 
 
 270 
 340 
 446 
 706 
 795 
 767 
 722 
 773 
 737 
 687 
 .543 
 500 
 
 7 
 6 
 9 
 8 
 6 
 9 
 
 10 
 S 
 
 11 
 8 
 8 
 6 
 
 $16, 463 
 $5, .685 
 
 810, 878 
 
 842, 884 
 
 8338, 7.60 
 
 $26, 490 
 
 $820 
 
 $1, 2.50 
 
 $131,525 
 88, 804 
 
 $8, 206 
 864, 080 
 $4, 910 
 
 $6, 986 
 879, 332 
 83, 283 
 $6, 888 
 S3, 676 
 $2, 500 
 
 1, 095 
 
 32 
 1,095 
 
 18 
 24 
 28 
 37 
 44 
 44 
 39 
 41 
 40 
 38 
 35 
 32 
 
 510 
 498 
 554 
 688 
 770 
 820 
 829 
 850 
 838 
 7.82 
 713 
 572 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 $41,056 
 $25, 025 
 
 816, 031 
 
 8128,968 
 
 8661,062 
 
 $121,198 
 
 $1, 6.50 
 
 8526 
 
 878, 678 
 $450 
 
 868, 479 
 $188, 129 
 8140, 166 
 
 814,411 
 86, 799 
 
 762 
 762 
 817 
 848 
 798 
 821 
 821 
 - 925 
 876 
 862 
 645 
 679 
 
 22 
 23 
 25 
 23 
 23 
 23 
 24 
 26 
 26 
 25 
 13 
 13 
 
 $34, 047 
 $7,488 
 
 $26,. 5.59 
 
 8131,771 
 8698, 848 
 
 870, .680 
 820, 986 
 
 $333, 728 
 
 871, 000 
 $24, 290 
 
 836,073 
 
 $23, 610 
 
 $660 
 
 $4,'.547 
 
 $7, 059 
 
 $.600 
 
 86, 685 
 
 48 
 52 
 72 
 51 
 49 
 50 
 52 
 65 
 56 
 57 
 56 
 62 
 
 1 
 
 $2, 304 
 $1,295 
 
 $1,009 
 
 $5, 095 
 
 860, 003 
 
 $10, 345 
 817, 135 
 
 2" 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 3 
 
 $63 
 
 $C3 
 
 $130 
 
 81,479 
 
 8495 
 85.34 
 
 1,266 
 1, 276 
 1 , 330 
 1,404 
 1,494 
 1,530 
 1,619 
 1,640 
 1,672 
 1,667 
 1,600 
 1,416 
 
 19 
 19 
 19 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 21 
 21 
 21 
 20 
 19 
 21 
 
 870, 6.53 
 S17,039 
 
 $53, 614 
 
 8272, .888 
 
 81,570,423 
 
 828, 845 
 
 $766,007 
 
 823, 896 
 
 $289, 567 
 $453, 187 
 
 282 
 259 
 385 
 493 
 6.50 
 .676 
 .674 
 .569 
 .506 
 518 
 444 
 412 
 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 6 
 5 
 
 $12, 466 
 $10, 163 
 
 $2, 303 
 
 822, 290 
 
 8282,046 
 
 $21,1.58 
 812, .600 
 
 27 
 27 
 44 
 74 
 96 
 119 
 230 
 196 
 168 
 ■2.50 
 224 
 190 
 
 260 
 268 
 271 
 269 
 438 
 457 
 484 
 481 
 468 
 469 
 455 
 360 
 
 2 
 9 
 2 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 2 
 2 
 14 
 
 2 
 15 
 22 
 21 
 21 
 18 
 17 
 22 
 12 
 
 103 
 104 
 105 
 106 
 107 
 108 
 109 
 110 
 111 
 112 
 113 
 114 
 
 115 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 118 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 121 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1^2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 124 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 l'^5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8278 
 
 8977 
 8600 
 
 $377 
 
 $1,496 
 
 $38,429 
 
 $3, 931 
 $2, 750 
 $1,000 
 
 86, 460 
 $2, 000 
 
 $1,100 
 
 81,. 5.60 
 
 811,600 
 
 $6,400 
 
 822, 898 
 813,643 
 
 89, 255 
 
 $71, 908 
 
 8734,623 
 
 $18, 798 
 
 $111, 7.62 
 
 $750 
 
 $120, 767 
 $438, 967 
 
 $2, .560 
 
 $42 
 
 $12, 808 
 
 814, 6.57 
 85, 478 
 
 8160 
 $2, 974 
 
 8621 
 $4,289 
 
 1,406 
 
 39 
 1,344 
 
 1 
 12 
 
 $2, 644 
 
 $26, 211 
 $622 
 
 825, 589 
 
 $35, 409 
 
 $369, 137 
 
 $1,460 
 
 816, 650 
 
 $600 
 
 830, 963 
 $118,009 
 
 $1, 695 
 
 81,. 595 
 
 $900 
 
 $18, 000 
 
 $840 
 
 127 
 128 
 
 $278 
 
 82,583 
 
 $77, 050 
 
 816, 600 
 SlOO 
 
 $2,644 
 
 $21,264 
 
 $147, 273 
 
 $9,870 
 $4, .304 
 
 129 
 
 130 
 
 131 
 
 132 
 133 
 
 $16, 000 
 8250 
 
 83, 439 
 $29, 084 
 
 ""■$466' 
 
 $28, 840 
 861, 612 
 
 S46, 688 
 825,554 
 $6, 133 
 
 $14, 845 
 $29, 796 
 $550 
 $26,255 
 $17, 216 
 $1, 000 
 
 868 
 
 32 
 
 868 
 
 $12, 057 
 $11, 953 
 
 $7, 850 
 $6, 600 
 
 $320 
 
 135 
 136 
 
 137 
 
 8115,035 
 
 $59, .546 
 
 $578. 424 
 
 872,404 
 
 
 
 
 83,025 
 $3, 348 
 
 $2, 855 
 $5, 770 
 
 $22, 974 
 
 $26 
 886, 760 
 
 8114, 280 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 139 
 
 $360' 
 
 
 
 $5,000 
 $10,273 
 
 
 
 
 
 $990 
 
 
 
 $37.5 
 
 $1,.5.60 
 
 $813 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8700 
 $4,330 
 
 816, 769 
 
 83, 488 
 
 $320 
 
 2, 228 
 
 60 
 2,188 
 
 1 
 25 
 
 1 
 15 
 
 
 
 82, 000 
 
 $108 
 
 81,815 
 
 2, 645 
 
 72 
 2,467 
 
 834, 054 
 $36, 78« 
 
 8600 
 
 $1,400 
 
 
 813,800 
 
 
 $340 
 930 
 
 30 
 910 
 
 
 
 
 
 145 
 146 
 
 147 
 14S 
 
 149 
 150 
 
 151 
 152 
 
 153 
 
 154 
 
 1.55 
 1.66 
 
 30 
 
 3 
 30 
 
 3, 167 
 
 66 
 3,087 
 
 2, 383 
 
 .35 
 2,333 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 135 
 
 4 
 129 
 
 1 
 6 
 
 130 
 
 4 
 
 130 
 
 
 460 
 
 13 
 460 
 
 1,691 
 
 2^ 
 1,210 
 
 3 
 21 
 
 4 
 460 
 
 65 
 
 1 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 178 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 50 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 50 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 75 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 160 
 
 
 1 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.68 
 159 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 30223—04- 
 
834 
 
 ]\[rNKS AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 43.— .SL,\TE— DETAILED SUMM.VRY, BY STATES; 1902. 
 
 
 United 
 
 States. 
 
 Maine. 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 New York. 
 
 Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 Vermont. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 All other 
 .states. 1 
 
 Numberof quarries.. 
 
 199 
 
 "-7 
 87 
 60 
 
 437 
 $334, 879 
 
 66 
 864, 7.55 
 
 267 
 8207, 915 
 
 104 
 862, 209 
 
 5,920 
 83 177 4.59 
 
 7 
 1 
 
 6 
 6) 
 
 11 
 11 
 
 6 
 3 
 
 17 
 $14,646 
 
 $3,400 
 
 12 
 89,625 
 
 3 
 81,620 
 
 126 
 869,. 561 
 
 12 
 86, 536 
 
 110 
 861,102 
 
 $467 
 
 $1,407 
 
 91 
 
 84 
 
 9 
 43 
 
 32 
 
 259 
 $190, 555 
 
 49 
 $13,215 
 
 143 
 
 $108, 681 
 
 67 
 $:!8,659 
 
 3,426 
 
 $1,879,176 
 
 326 
 
 8165, 835 
 
 1,920 
 $1.218,:»0 
 
 115 
 824,304 
 
 1,066 
 8470, 646, 
 
 lil 
 70 
 37 
 10 
 23 
 1 
 5 
 
 76 
 ,58 
 
 14 
 35 
 9 
 
 97 
 $78,442 
 
 4 
 
 $7, 600 
 
 71 
 855, .597 
 
 22 
 $15,245 
 
 1,6:19 
 
 $874,263 
 
 103 
 
 862, .527 
 
 1,168 
 8647. :J28 
 
 38 
 
 89, 556 
 
 3:!0 
 $1,54,8,52 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 1 
 '2 
 ]" 
 
 15 
 811.490 
 
 4 
 
 
 4 
 
 Character of ownership: 
 
 
 Firm 
 
 1 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 84, .520 
 
 3 
 
 8900 
 
 4 
 
 82, 400 
 
 3 
 $1,220 
 
 145 
 $72, 179 
 
 9 
 $6,049 
 
 87 
 $48,995 
 
 $1 , 089 
 
 44 
 $17, 046 
 
 
 Incorporatfc'd company 
 
 6 
 
 22 
 $16, 999 
 
 4 
 
 $4, 600 
 
 16 
 
 811,324 
 
 2 
 
 81,075 
 
 217 
 
 $110,818 
 
 19 
 
 89, 842 
 
 131 
 
 $66, 549 
 
 1 
 
 Salaried offleiuls, clerks, etc.: 
 
 17 
 
 
 $18,228 
 
 General officer.s— 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 $5, 040 
 
 Superintendents, managers, loremen, surveyors, etc. — 
 
 11 
 
 89,270 
 
 4 
 
 82, 220 
 
 247 
 897, 645 
 
 12 
 86, :J41 
 
 166 
 870,077 
 
 8648 
 
 62 
 820, 679 
 
 10 
 
 Salaries 
 
 $11,018 
 
 t:ierks— 
 
 3 
 
 
 $2, 170 
 
 AVage-earners: 
 
 Tnrjil flA'ernj^R number 
 
 120 
 
 Total wages 
 
 $73,818 
 
 Engineers, tiremen, and other mechanics- 
 Average number 
 
 503 
 $271,796 
 
 3, 666 
 
 $2 165 865 
 
 22 
 
 Wages 
 
 $16,667 
 
 Quarrymen and stonecutters- 
 Average number . 
 
 74 
 
 Wages - 
 
 $43, 364 
 
 Boys under 16 years — 
 
 Average number 
 
 169 
 $36, 304 
 
 1,692 
 8713, 494 
 
 20 
 81 
 48 
 38 
 61 
 
 16 
 1 
 4 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 29 
 
 l.s 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 17 
 
 1 
 13 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 117 
 185 
 .5.88 
 .505 
 1,160 
 600 
 263 
 142 
 86 
 
 fd'> 
 
 76 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 :! 
 
 17 
 
 129 
 
 699 
 
 lti3 
 
 75 
 
 96 
 
 ll 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 $2.50 
 
 All other wage-earners— 
 
 Average number 
 
 67 
 $34, 427 
 
 22 
 
 Wages 
 
 $14 537 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at specilied daily rates of pay: 
 Engineers — 
 
 $0.76 to $0.99 
 
 
 $1.00 to $1.24 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 3 
 18 
 31 
 .5 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 $1.25 to $1 . 49 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 $1..50 to $1.74 
 
 1 
 8 
 2 
 
 
 3 
 
 $1.75 to $1.99 . 
 
 1 
 
 
 $2.00 to $2.24 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 
 $2.25 to $2.49 
 
 
 
 $2.50 to $2.74 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 $2.75 to 82.99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ll 
 
 11 
 11 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 $3.25 to $3.49 
 
 
 
 
 
 Firemen — 
 
 81.00 to $1.24 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 $1.25 to $1.49 
 
 
 
 
 $1..50 to$1.74 
 
 3 
 1 
 ) 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 $1.75 to $1.99 
 
 
 82.00 to 82.24 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 $2.25 to $2.49 
 
 
 4 
 1 
 
 
 
 $2..50 to $2.74 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $2.75 to 82.99 
 
 
 
 
 
 $3.26 to 83.49 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 16 
 14 
 30 
 20 
 5 
 
 ■1 
 1 
 
 
 Machinists, blacksmiths, carpenters, ainl other mefhanics — 
 
 81.25 to $1.49 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $1..50 to $1.74 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 $1.75 to 81.99 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 4 
 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 $2.00 to $2.24 
 
 
 82.26 to $2.49 
 
 1 
 
 
 82..50 to $2.74 
 
 
 
 
 
 $2.75 to $2.99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 83.00 to 83.24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 83.25 to 83.49 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $3..50 to $3.74 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Quarrvmen and stonecutters — 
 
 $0..50 to $0.74 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 81 
 
 4 
 11 
 
 
 80.75 to $0.99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 $1.00 to $1.24 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 84 
 233 
 218 
 615 
 428 
 224 
 141 
 7.1 
 
 1 
 56 
 46 
 12 
 
 26 
 
 78 
 
 213 
 
 234 
 
 4.57 
 
 146 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 $1.25 to 81.49 - 
 
 5 
 74 
 
 18 
 
 26 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 71 
 1 
 
 2 
 44 
 28 
 33 
 
 3 
 
 
 $1..50 to $1.74 
 
 10 
 
 81.75 to $1.99 
 
 82.00 to $2.24 
 
 26 
 16 
 20 
 
 32 
 
 82.25 to $2.49 
 
 $2..50 to $2.74 _ 
 
 5 
 
 82.75 to $2.99 
 
 
 
 
 $3.00 to $3.24 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 Boys under 16 years — 
 
 Less than 80.50 
 
 
 
 
 .6 
 
 $0.60 to 80.74 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 $0.75 to $0.99 
 
 
 2 
 
 81 .00 to 81.24 
 
 
 
 
 
 81. 25 -to $1.49 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 $0.60 to $0.74 
 
 
 
 6 
 67 
 607 
 206 
 31 
 63 
 26 
 38 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 $0.75 to 80.99 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 :',8 
 2:ts 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 36 
 15 
 
 
 81.00 to 81.21 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 81.25 to 81.49 
 
 39 
 
 
 
 $1.60 to $1.74 
 
 8" 
 
 11 
 
 19 
 
 - 
 
 81.75 to 81.99 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 82.00 to $2.24 
 
 
 
 
 $2.25 to $2.49 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 $2.50 to $2.74 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 82.75 to 82.99 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 83.00 to $3.24 
 
 
 
 
 
 83..50 to 83.74 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 'Includes operators distributed us follows: Arkansas, 1; California, 1; Ccorgia, 1; New .lersey, 1. 
 
STONE. 
 
 Table 43.— SLATIi— DETAILED SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1902— Continued. 
 
 835 
 
 Averagt' mimher of wage-earners emjilciyed during eaeh UKintli: 
 Men If) years and liver — 
 
 .lanuary 
 
 February 
 
 Mareh 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July - 
 
 August - 
 
 September 
 
 Oetober 
 
 November _ 
 
 December 
 
 Boys under 16 years — 
 
 January - - 
 
 February - - 
 
 March i . . _ _ 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August - - - 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 Decern lier 
 
 Miscellane(.>us expenses: 
 
 Total 
 
 Royalties and rent of quarrying plant 
 
 Rent of offices, taxes, insurance, interest, and other sundries 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 Product: 
 
 Total value 
 
 Rooting slate — 
 
 Quantil.\- (squares) 
 
 ^'alue 
 
 Mill stuck value 
 
 Power- 
 Total horsepower 
 
 Owned — 
 
 Steam engines — 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Water wtieels — 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Other power — 
 
 Ntnnber 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Kented — 
 
 Electric, horsepower 
 
 Electric motors owned — 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 United 
 States. 
 
 5, 1U9 
 .■i, 144 
 
 .■>, :i02 
 :-!. 7;w 
 ri. ma 
 I), '.ii;7 
 
 K, 12B 
 (■.,170 
 0, l(i7 
 6,047 
 B, 7.S1 
 .5, 496 
 
 1.56 
 
 ir>s 
 
 166 
 164 
 17:1 
 176 
 176 
 177 
 177 
 176 
 166 
 
 $446,14.5 
 S269, 267 
 S176, K7S 
 S6.S0, 361 
 
 $5,696,051 
 
 4,435, 16S 
 
 J4,9,50,42.s 
 
 $745, 623 
 
 599 
 24,649 1 
 
 425 
 4 
 
 1«5 
 190 
 201 
 220 
 227 
 217 
 221 
 229 
 229 
 226 
 244 
 215 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 $13,496 
 
 $593 
 
 $12,903 
 
 $27, 329 
 
 26,46.S 
 
 $143,832 
 
 $62,726 
 
 28 
 800 
 
 114 
 129 
 1.50 
 1,52 
 148 
 148 
 1.51 
 149 
 152 
 121 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 4 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 
 »5, 523 
 $1,967 
 S3,. 5,56 
 $18,078 
 
 $206, .5.58 $11S,084 
 
 22, 569 
 
 $117, 1.55 
 
 $929 
 
 19 
 539 
 
 New 'I'ork. 
 
 110 
 102 
 52 
 51 
 118 
 131 
 1.57 
 160 
 161 
 1.57 
 146 
 143 
 
 I'ennsyj 
 vania. 
 
 9.S,429 
 $3,492 
 $4,937 
 $16,226 
 
 2, 991 
 3,008 
 3,113 
 3, 3,56 
 3,:191 
 
 3, :).55 
 3,172 
 3, 489 
 3, 495 
 3, 45'/ 
 3,318 
 3, 284 
 
 107 
 106 
 114 
 114 
 119 
 117 
 117 
 118 
 119 
 121 
 112 
 • 113 
 
 $:112, 186 
 $207, 1:30 
 $105, 0.56 
 $417,773 
 
 $126,718 , $3, ,547, 322 
 
 21, 165 
 8116,628 
 $10, 090 
 
 21 
 1,142 
 
 908, 206 
 
 $3, 001 , .54.5 
 
 $545, 777 
 
 il. \'irgi)iia 
 
 All other 
 
 states. 
 
 38 
 38 
 
 38 
 39 
 39 
 39 
 38 
 38 
 :3S 
 
 $79, 700 
 
 S.53, 794 
 
 .?25, 906 
 
 $162, 410 
 
 $1,464,918 
 
 400, 029 
 
 $1,3:18,817 
 
 $126,101 
 
 131 
 4,469 
 
 194 
 l.HO 
 234 
 267 
 296 
 260 
 240 
 2.59 
 2.50 
 262 
 229 
 209 
 
 5 
 4 
 
 $24,366 
 .S2, 200 
 $22,166 
 $20,964 
 
 81 
 88 
 94 
 101 
 112 
 117 
 138 
 150 
 1.51 
 133 
 115 
 136 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 ■ 4 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 .$2, 445 
 
 $91 
 
 $2,;j.54 
 
 $17, .582 
 
 $160,951 
 
 $71 , TOO 
 
 42, 731 
 $160, 9.51 
 
 14, 000 
 871, 500 
 
 685 
 
 3S0 
 
 16 
 535 
 
 6 
 230 
 
 2 
 1.50 
 
 1 
 
 30 
 
CEMENT 
 
 (837) 
 
CEMENT. 
 
 By Story R. Ladd. 
 
 Hj'draulic cements are of three kinds, Portland oi' 
 artitii'ial cement, natural-rock cement, and Pozzuolana 
 or slag- cement. The last-named class does not fall 
 within the scope of the mining- census, nor does the 
 manufacture of anj- kind of cement, except as it is 
 associated with the mining or quarrying of the raw 
 material; hence the statistics presented in Tables 1 and 
 8 include only the Portland and natural-rock cement 
 made by establishments mining or ((uarrying the raw 
 material, at least in part. In cases where the raw mate- 
 rial was manufactured into cement by the operator of 
 the mine or c^uarry, the statistics include the manufac- 
 ture, as well as the mining and cpiarr3'ing-, of the raw 
 material; and where a part of the raw material was 
 mined or quarried and a part purchased, the complete 
 mining and manufacturing .statistics are included, be- 
 cause it was impossible to differentiate the statistics 
 chargeable to the purchased material from those per- 
 taining to material mined or quarried. 
 
 The comparative statistics from 1850 to 1902, inclu- 
 sive, are shown in Table 1. 
 
 Table 1. — Comparative summary: 1850 to 1903. 
 
 Number of mines or 
 
 ijLiarries 
 
 Number of operators. 
 Salaried officials, 
 clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous ex- 
 penses 
 
 Cost of supplies and 
 
 materials 
 
 Product: ** 
 
 Quantity, barrels 
 Value 
 
 101 
 93 
 
 913 
 ,087,614 
 
 13, 041 
 
 1,328,852 
 JIG, 627 
 
 , 665, 520 
 
 i, 098, 226 
 
 :, 655, 360 
 :, 268, 338 
 
 {■) 
 (-) 
 
 C-) 
 
 5 7,000,000 
 
 ("■) 
 
 (■) 
 (■-) 
 
 2,102 
 J750, 367 
 ( = ) 
 
 (=) 
 
 J500, 463 
 
 2, 072, 943 
 
 6$5, 000, 000 SI, 852, 707 
 
 n. 
 
 (=) 
 
 1,632 
 S631, 993 
 
 1=) 
 
 (=) 
 8773, 192 
 
 {') 
 2,033,893 
 
 314 
 
 (=1 
 (=) 
 
 740 
 S206, 460 
 (=) 
 
 (') 
 262, 920 
 
 C) 
 S767,0! 
 
 C-) 
 
 335 
 
 PS 
 
 407 
 8117,924 
 
 m 
 
 (-) 
 1238, 157 
 
 ('-) 
 8509, 110 
 
 1 From Census Report on Manufactures. 
 
 2 Not reported. 
 
 3 Establishments. 
 
 ■^The United States Geological Survey reports 25,753.604 barrels, valued at 
 825,366,380, which includes all manufactured cement. The Census reports only 
 the product of operators mining, quarrying, or excavating raw material. 
 
 5E.stiinate in Eleventh Census Report on Mining Industries, page xv. 
 
 The growth of the industrj' has been very great. The 
 inci'ease of production in 1889 over 1880 was nearly 210 
 
 per cent, and the increase in 1902 over 1889 was more 
 than 2.50 per cent. 
 
 In 1902 there were 93 operators, of whom 1 were in- 
 dividuals, 6 were firms, and 8.3 were incorporated com- 
 panies, as shown by Table 8, a detailed summary of the 
 statistics. Of the individual operators, 3 were located 
 in New York and 1 in Minnesota, and of the firms, 4 
 were in New York and 1 each in Maryland and Minne- 
 sota. The 83 corporations, constituting 89.2 per cent 
 of the operators and owning 91 establishments, or 90.1 
 per cent of the whole, produced 98.3 per cent of the 
 product. All of the Portland cement was made by in- 
 corporated com]3anies. The statistics for the jDresent 
 census are the most complete that have ever been pub- 
 lished. At the Kleventh Census no statistics in regard 
 to cement production were reported in connection with 
 the mining census, except the estimated quantity and 
 value of the cement product, 7,000,000 barrels, having 
 a total value of 15,000,000. 
 
 Chpi'tal xtoek of incorporated coinpdnles. — Table 2 
 presents in detail the capitalization of incorporated 
 companies. 
 
 The state of Pennsylvania led both in number of com- 
 panies and in capital invested, as represented by the 
 par value of stocks and bonds issued, reporting 39.1 
 per cent of the entire par value. New York, with 13 
 corporations, ranked second in number of companies, 
 and Michigan was third, with 10 companies. One com- 
 pany operating in Ohio also owns and operates a plant 
 in Indiana; 1 company operating in Indiana also owns 
 and operates a plant in Kentucky; 1 com2:)an_y in Penn- 
 sylvania operates 2 plants in that state, and another 
 company in Pennsylvania operates 3 plants in that state 
 and 1 in Indiana. In the case of 1 limestone company 
 in Michigan and 1 in New York, producing cement as 
 a minor product, the capitalization is reported in con- 
 nection with the limestone industry. Two companies — 
 1 in Alabama and 1 in ^Michigan — did not report capi- 
 talization; the former was an English corporation, and 
 the latter was engaged extensively in other business, 
 cement being but a small part of the total. 
 
 (839) 
 
840 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIP]S. 
 
 Table 2.— CAPITALIZATION OF INCORPORATED COMPANIES: 1902. 
 
 Number of incurporated companies 
 
 Number reporting I'apitalization 
 
 Capital strx'k au(J bonds issued 
 
 Capital stock- 
 Total authorized- 
 Number 01' shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Total issued — 
 
 Nuuiber of shares 
 
 Par \'alue I 
 
 Di\'ideu(is paiil ( 
 
 Common — 
 
 Autliiirized — 
 
 Niiml)erof sliares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of shares^ 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid. J 
 Preferred — 
 
 Authorize*! — 
 
 Number of sliares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued— [ 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Di\'idends paid.. 
 Bonds: 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number 
 
 Par value 
 
 Interest paid 
 
 Assessments levied 
 
 United 
 States. 
 
 Ki 
 
 81 
 
 I, IMS), 870 
 
 1,098,893 
 J.50, .556, 500 
 
 995, 345 
 $-16, 932, 170 
 $1,209,667 
 
 965, 193 
 S12, 003, 000 
 
 865, 222 
 
 S38, 653, ,520 
 
 S958, 367 
 
 133,700 
 «, 553, .500 
 
 130, 123 
 
 «, 278, 650 
 $2.51, 300 
 
 15,217 
 i9, .578, 400 
 
 14,159 
 
 «, 717, 700 
 
 $316,962 
 
 $35. 396 
 
 7 
 
 i; ' 7 
 $2,0.56,500 I $1,401,800 
 
 33,700 
 $1,. 520. 000 
 
 33, 700 
 
 $1,. 520, 000 
 
 $26, 231 
 
 33,700 
 $1,520,000 I 
 
 33, 700 { 
 $1,. 520,000 
 $26,231 ' 
 
 19,780 
 81,238,000 
 
 19,302 
 
 $1,216,800 
 
 $.52,634 
 
 19.780 
 $1,238,000 
 
 19,362 
 
 $1,216,800 
 
 $.52,634 
 
 3,130 
 $665,000 
 
 200 
 $200, 000 
 
 3,073 : 1,85 
 
 $536, .500 1 $185, 000 
 
 $32,190 $9,2,50 
 
 Maryland. JMichigan. 
 
 3 I 10 
 
 3 9 
 
 $381,200 i $8,910,720 
 
 3,500 
 $300, 000 
 
 3,422 
 $292,200 
 
 3, .500 
 $300, 000 
 
 3, 422 
 $292, 200 
 
 190 
 $95,000 
 
 178 
 
 $89, 000 
 
 $5, 340 
 
 ,565, 000 
 $7, 4.50, 000 
 
 496, 492 
 
 $6,764,920 
 
 $137, 069 
 
 515,000 
 $6,9.50,000 
 
 446, 492 
 
 $6, 2frl. 920 
 
 $102,069 
 
 .50,000 
 $500, 000 
 
 50, 000 
 $600, 000 
 $35, 000 
 
 2,760 
 $2, 215, 000 
 
 2,042 
 $2,145,800 ( 
 $62,126 , 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 $8,424,200 
 
 70, 8.50 
 $7, 245, 000 
 
 63, 772 
 
 $(i,537,200 
 
 $70, 000 
 
 44,100 
 $4, 670, 000 
 
 37,022 
 
 $3,862,200 
 
 $.52. 000 
 
 26,760 
 $2,675,000 
 
 26, 750 
 
 $2, 675, 000 
 
 $18, 000 
 
 2,117 
 $2, 097, 000 
 
 1,907 
 
 81,887,000 
 $41,076 
 $35, 396 
 
 $2,1.56,100 
 
 28, 000 
 $2,480,000 
 
 22, 881 
 
 $1,968,100 
 
 $95, 586 
 
 23, 000 
 81,980,000 
 
 18, .581 
 
 81,. 538, 100 
 
 871,. 586 
 
 5, 000 
 $500, 000 
 
 4,300 
 W30, 000 
 $24,000 
 
 380 
 $380,000 
 
 188 
 
 $188, 000 
 
 86,360 
 
 Pennsylvania, Virginia. 
 
 14 I 
 14 
 21,765,3,50 $1, 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 , 000 
 
 265,000 11,000 
 
 $19,6.50,000 $1,050,000 
 
 2.52, 277 10, 640 
 
 $18,8.52,3.50 $1,032,000 
 
 $.566, 020 
 
 222,800 11,000 
 815,696,000 $1,060,000 
 
 211,9.54 
 
 $16, 063, 700 
 
 $381 , 720 
 
 42, 200 
 $3,9.55,01,0 
 
 40, 323 
 
 83, 798, 660 
 
 $174,300 
 
 4,270 
 $3,260,000 
 
 3,846 
 
 $2,913,000 
 
 $149, 6.50 
 
 10,640 
 81,032,000 
 
 All other 
 states. 
 
 >20 
 
 = 19 
 
 $9, 080, 000 
 
 102, 063 
 $9, 623, .500 
 
 92, 799 
 
 88,748,600 
 
 8272, 127 
 
 92, 313 
 $8,700,000 
 
 ,84,049 
 
 87,873,600 
 
 $272,127 
 
 9,750 
 892:!, 500 
 
 8, 7.50 
 $876, 000 
 
 730 
 $445,000 
 
 700 
 
 $442,000 
 
 $10,000 
 
 1,440 
 $331,400 
 
 1,440 
 $331,400 
 
 $970 
 
 includes companies distributed as follows: Alabama. 1; California, 2; Colorado, 1; Georgia, 2; Kansas, 2; Kentucliy, 1; Missouri, 1; New Jersey, 2; Nortli 
 Daliota, 1; South Dakota, 1; Te.xas, 2: Utah, 1; West Virginia, 1; Wisconsin, 2. 
 
 -'Includes companies distributed as follows: California, 2; Colorado, 1; Georgia, 2; Kansas, 2; Kentucky, 1; Missouri, 1; New Jersey, 2; North Dakota, 1: South 
 Dakota, 1: Texas. 2: Utah, 1; West Virginia, 1; Wisconsin, 2, 
 
 Dividends to the aggrej^ate aiuoiuit of S^l,209,6(i7 
 were reported a.s paid by 31 conipaiiie.s. of which 6 were 
 located in New- York, 6 in Pennsylvania, -i in Indiana, 
 3 in Michigan, 2 each in Illinois, Kansas, Ohio, and 
 New Jersey, and 1 each in Colorado, South Dakota, 
 Utah, and Wisconsin. Dividends to the amount of 
 $251,300 were paid on preferred stock of a total par 
 value of $3,605,000, by 3 companies in Pennsylvania, 2 
 in New York, and 1 each in Michigan and Ohio; and 
 dividends aggregating $958,307 were paid on common 
 stock of a total i^ar value of $11,441,910, by 4 com- 
 panies in Indiana, 4 in New York, 3 in Pennsylvania, 2 
 each in Illinoi.s, Kansas, Michigan, New Jersey and 
 Ohio, and 1 each in Colorado, South Dakota, Utah, and 
 Wisconsin. The dividends paid averaged 7 per cent 
 on the preferred .stock and 8.4 per cent on the common 
 stock of the companies reporting them. 
 
 The sum of $35,396 was paid in assessments to 2 com- 
 panies in New York. Outstanding bonds aggregating 
 $8,717,700 were reported b}- 34 companies; but the 
 interest reported, amounting to $316,962, was paid by 
 only 25 companies on bonds of a par value of $6,08l,70(), 
 distributed as follows: Penn.sylvania, $2,813,000; Mich- 
 igan,$l,145,80O; New York,$7s7.000; Illinois, $536,500; 
 Virginia, $400,000; Indiana, $185,0(M(; Ohio, $106,000; 
 Maryland, $89,000; and "all other states," $19,400. 
 
 EmployeeH and '^•(Uj(;x. — Of the $7,416,366 paid for 
 salaries and wages, $1,087,514 wa.s paid to 913 .salaried 
 officials, clei-ks, etc., and $<;,32K,852 to 13,041 wage- 
 earners. The salaried em])loyees comprised 14.S g(Mieral 
 officers, «'ho received $347,132, an average salar}- of 
 
 $2,346; 426 superintendents, managers, foremen, sur- 
 vovors, etc., who recei\-ed $491,671, an a\-erage of 
 $1,154; and 339 clerks, who received $248,711, an 
 average of $734. Of the 13,041 wage-earners 2,o92 
 were engineers, tironien, and other mechanit's, who 
 received $1,324,121; 3,251 were miners or (luarrymen 
 and miners' helpers, who received $1,440,029; and 111 
 were boys under 16 years of age, who received $23,499; 
 the 7,587 other wage-earners received $3,541,203. 
 
 Mining Iwlow ground was reported in the case of 14 
 mines or (juarries, of which 5 were located in New York, 
 3 in Maryland, and 1 each in Illinois, Indiana, North 
 Dakota, Ohio, Virginia, and Wisconsin. Boys under 
 16 years of age were employed in 22 mine.s — 6 in Penn- 
 sylvania, 5 in New York, 2 each in Kansas and Virginia, 
 and 1 each in Alabama, California, Georgia, Indiana, 
 Maryland, Texas, and Utah. Of these mines, only 1, 
 located in the state of New York, reports the employ- 
 ment of boys undergi-ound. 
 
 The variation in the numbers of wage-earners em- 
 ployed at different seasons of the year is shown in Table 
 8, which gives the average number of men and boys 
 employed during each month. Taking the industiy as 
 a whole, the minimum number was employed in Febru- 
 ary and the maximum in September, with a steady in- 
 crease from February to September, followed jiy a 
 slight falling off in the fall and early wintei-. The 
 increase in the number of wage-earners for December 
 over the nuiiiher employed in January, 35 per cent, re- 
 rtects the growth of the industry, which was most 
 marked in Mit^higiin, Illinois, and Indiana. 
 
CEMENT. 
 
 841 
 
 In addition to asking for the average number of em- 
 ploj'ees and the total amount paid as wages, the sched- 
 ule called for the number of wage-earners emplo\'ed at 
 
 specified daily rates of pay. These statistics are shown 
 in the following table: 
 
 Table 3.— DISTRIBUTION OF WAGE-EARNERS ACCORDIN(; TO DAILY RATES OF PAY, BY OCCUPATIONS: 1902. 
 
 RATE PER DAY 
 (DOLLARS). 
 
 ALL OCCUPATIONS. 
 
 ENGINEERS. 
 
 KIRF 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 MEN. 
 
 MACIIINISTS.BLACK- 
 SMITHS, CARPEN- 
 TERS, AND OTHER 
 MECMANICS, 
 
 MINERS AND (iUAR- 
 RVMEN. 
 
 BOYS r.NDER 16 
 YEARS. 
 
 ALL OTITEK WAGE- 
 EARNERS. 
 
 
 Avertige 
 number. 
 
 Per cent 
 of total. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Percent 
 of total. 
 
 Percent 
 of total. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per cent 
 of total. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per cent 
 of total. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per cent 
 of total. 
 
 Average 
 number. 
 
 Per cent 
 of total. 
 
 Total 
 
 13,041 
 
 100.0 
 
 337 
 
 100.0 
 
 338 
 
 100.0 
 
 1,417 
 
 100,0 
 
 3,031 
 
 100.0 
 
 111 
 
 100.0- 
 
 7,,S07 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 20 
 
 192 
 
 1,099 
 
 3,849 
 
 4,107 
 
 1,632 
 
 933 
 
 427 
 
 433 
 
 103 
 
 125 
 
 47 
 
 19 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 0.3 
 
 0,2 
 
 1.5 
 
 8.4 
 
 29.5 
 
 31.5 
 
 12.5 
 
 7.2 
 
 3.3 
 
 3.3 
 
 0.8 
 
 1.0 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.1 
 
 C) 
 
 (') 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 37 
 16 
 
 33.3 
 
 
 
 0.50 U) 0.74 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 54 
 3,50 
 1,166 
 895 
 327 
 169 
 26 
 32 
 8 
 
 (•) 
 
 1.8 
 
 11,6 
 
 38. 5 
 
 29. 6 
 
 10.8 
 
 .5.6 
 
 0.9 
 
 1.1 
 
 13.5 
 
 3 
 
 97 
 
 620 
 
 2, 4;i6 
 
 2, 876 
 
 979 
 
 279 
 
 200 
 
 164 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 (') 
 
 0.7,5 to 0,99 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 27 
 67 
 86 
 87 
 
 't 
 
 1 
 8 
 
 0.6 
 
 9.2 
 
 8.0 
 
 19.8 
 
 25.4 
 
 25. 7 
 
 7.1 
 
 1.5 
 
 0.3 
 
 2.4 
 
 1 
 
 70 
 
 120 
 
 251 
 
 214 
 
 300 
 
 119 
 
 190 
 
 49 
 
 68 
 
 32 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 0. i 
 4.9 
 8.6 
 17.7 
 15.1 
 21.2 
 8.4 
 13.4 
 3,4 
 4.1 
 2.2 
 0.4 
 0.1 
 0.4 
 0.1 
 
 38 1 34,3 
 19 17,1 
 1 1 0.9 
 1 0.9 
 
 1.3 
 
 1.00 to 1.24 
 
 1.25 to 1. -19 
 
 1 -SO tol 74 
 
 9 
 39 
 17 
 26 
 98 
 ,58 
 42 
 15 
 26 
 
 3 
 
 2.7 
 
 11.6 
 
 6.0 
 
 7.7 
 
 29.1 
 
 17.2 
 
 12.6 
 
 4.4 
 
 7.7 
 
 0.9 
 
 7.9 
 32.0 
 36.8 
 
 
 12. 5 
 
 ■^ 00 to 2 24 
 
 
 3.6 
 
 2 '"•."-• to 2.19 
 
 I 
 
 2.6 
 
 2 rtO to 2 71 
 
 2.1 
 
 
 
 0.4 
 
 3 00 to 3.24 
 
 (') 
 
 
 0.4 
 
 3 25 to 3 49 
 
 
 0.2 
 
 3 hO lo 3 74 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.2 
 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 0.9 
 0.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (^) 
 
 4 00 to 4 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1') 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 
 
 Three-tifths of all wage-earners were paid from $1.25 
 to $1.74: per daj-, 29.. 5 per cent receiving from $1.25 to 
 $l.-49, and HI. 5 per cent from *1.50 to ^l.Ti: of those 
 at lower rates, 8.4 per cent received from $1 to $1.24 
 and 2 per cent less than $1; while of those at higher 
 rates 12.5 per cent received from $1.75 to $1.99, and 
 16.1 per cent $2 and over. 
 
 Of the total number of wage-earners 3,031, or 23.2 
 per cent, were miners or quarrymen; of this class, 
 2,061, or 68 per cent, received from $1.25 to $1.74 per 
 day. Of the 3,031 miners or quarrymen distributed in 
 Table 3 according to dail}' rates of paj', thei-e were 449, 
 14.8 per cent of the total number, for whom rates had 
 to he computed, because they were paid by the ton or 
 cubic yard. The total amount paid them was $215,796. 
 
 Contract mining or quarrying was reported for 11 
 mines or quarries, located 3 each in New York, Ohio, 
 and Pennsylvania, and 1 each in Ctilifornia, Michigan, 
 and Utah, at rates ranging from $0.18 to $0.40 per ton, 
 except in the case of 1 mine in Ohio, where the rate was 
 $1.25 per gross ton. In addition, 1 establishment in 
 Michigan reported the excavation of mai-1 by contract 
 at $0,055 per cubic yard. 
 
 Contmct 'iiH/rl'. — Contract work for tunneling, shaft 
 sinking, boring test holes, etc. , was reported by 3 estab- 
 lishments, 1 each in Kansas, Kentucky, and New York. 
 The number of men so emiDloyed was 34, and the amount 
 paid for such contract work was $1(J,627. 
 
 Supplies, nidterUih^ (ind iiiiHcMcmcoun expenses. — The 
 total expenditure reported for supplies and materials 
 was $9,098,226. As cement is marketed in barrels or 
 bags, the containers constitute quite an item of expense. 
 The total amount reported for miscellaneous expenses 
 was $1,665,520; of this amount, $52,906 was paid by 14 
 operators — 4 in Penn.sylvania, 3 in Ohio, and 1 each in 
 
 Kansas, Maryland, Minnesota, New York, Texas, Utah, 
 and Wisconsin — for royalties and rent of mine or quarry 
 and mining plant, and $1,612,615 was expended for rent 
 of offices, taxes, insurance, interest, and other sundries. 
 
 MecJianical poiver. — The primaiy power employed 
 in the cement industry aggregated 114,092 horsepower, 
 of which 110,650 was owned and 3,442 rented, the 
 latter being electric power. Of the power owned, 93.8 
 per cent was steampower. Electric motors were em- 
 ployed in the industry of a total capacity of 17,420 
 horsepower. 
 
 Product !o)i. — The total production of hydraulic 
 cement by establishments mining or quarrjdng raw 
 material in whole or in part, was 24,655,360 barrels, 
 valued at $24,268,338. Pennsylvania was the largest 
 producer, reporting 9,360,802 barrels, or 38 per cent of 
 the entire product; this state and New York together 
 reported 57.2 per cent of the total production. Penn- 
 .s3dvania produced 51.3 per cent of the Portland cement, 
 and New York 44. 9 per cent of the natural-rock cement. 
 
 Of the lOl mines or quarries covered by Tables 1 and 
 8, 54 manufactured Portland cement only and 37 natural- 
 rock cement only, while 10 produced both Portland and 
 natural-rock cement. The 54 establishments manu- 
 facturing onh' Portland cement produced 14,115,121 
 barrels, at an aggregate expense of $12,655,189; nearly 
 90 per cent of this product was reported by 40 estab- 
 lishments in the states of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, 
 New Jersey, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. 
 Among the 51 mines or quarries producing Portland 
 ! cement exclusively there were 13 — 7 in Michigan, 3 in 
 New York, 2 in Ohio, and 1 in Indiana — which reported 
 the manufacture, in the aggregate, of 1,981,415 liarreLs 
 of Portland cement from marl. The marl mined or 
 excavated by these establishments was reported in some 
 
842 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 cases in cubic yards and in other cases in tons, the quan- 
 titjr reported being 723,385 eubie j'ards and 35!»,277 
 tons. In ^Michigan the development of the marl cement 
 industry' has been very great; the 7 estaldishments 
 reporting from that state e.vcavated H55,y(i2 cubic yards 
 and 20,000 tons of marl, and produced 1,167,052 barrels 
 of cement. 
 
 The 37 esta})lishments manufacturing only natural- 
 rock cement produced, in the aggregate, 6,954,704 bar- 
 rels of cement at an aggregate expense of $2,732,514. 
 
 The entire hydraulic cement production of the United 
 States for 1902, including cement manufactured by 
 companies not mining or (Quarrying any portion of the 
 material, is .shown in Table 4, 
 
 Table 4-.— CEMENT PRODUCTION: 190L>. 
 
 CEMENT MANUrACTDRED BY— 
 
 All establishments. 
 
 Establishments mining or quarrying raw mate- 
 rial in whole or in part 
 
 Establishments not mining or quarrying raw 
 material ^ 
 
 Number 
 . if e.stab- 
 lish- 1 
 ments. I 
 
 Number 
 
 <A opier- 
 
 ators. 
 
 PRODUCTION. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Portland cement. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 101 
 11 
 
 102 I 26,753,594 
 
 93 24, 655, 360 
 9 !' 1,098,144 
 
 Value. 
 
 825,366,380 
 
 Barrels. Value. 
 
 24, 268, 338 
 
 17,230,64-1 
 
 16, 691, 055 
 
 1,098,042 II 539,689 
 
 $20, 8& 1, 078 
 
 20,231,708 
 632, 370 
 
 Natural-rock cement. 
 
 Barrels. Value 
 
 8, 044, 305 
 
 7, 964, 305 
 80, 000 
 
 4, 076, 630 
 
 4, 036, 630 
 40, 000 
 
 Pozzuolana or slag 
 cement. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 Value. 
 
 478, 5.55 
 
 8425,672 
 
 
 
 478, .555 
 
 425, 672 
 
 1 Not included in mining census lepvlts, but included in " Mineral Resources of the United States," published by tlie United States Geological Survey. 
 
 Of the 25,753,504 barrels of hj'draulic cement of all 
 kinds manufactured in 1902, 66.9 percent was Portland 
 cement, 31.2 per cent was natural-rock cement, and 1.9 
 per cent was Pozzuolana, or slag cement. Of the entire 
 production, 24,655,360 barrels, or 95.7 per cent, was the 
 product of establishments that mined or quarried raw 
 material, at least in part; this product included 96.9 
 per cent of all Portland cement and 99 per cent of all 
 the natural-rock cement manufactured, but none of the 
 Pozzuolana or slag cement. Cement was manufactured 
 from purchased material ])y 11 establishments. Of 
 these, 4 establishments — 1 each in Colorado, Illinois, 
 
 Ohio, and Pennsylvania — manufactured Portland ce- 
 ment; 1 establishment in Kansas manufactured natural- 
 rock cement; and 6 establishments — 2 in Alabama and 1 
 each in Illinois, ^Marj'land, New Jersey, and Ohio — made 
 Pozzuolana, or slag cement. The 2 establishments in 
 Ahibania manufacturing slag cement were owned b}' 
 the same company, and 1 com]3any in Illinois manu- 
 factured both Portland and slag cement. 
 
 The growtli of the entire cement industry from 1S9(» 
 to 1902, inclusi\e, and the imports during the same 
 period are shown in the following table: 
 
 T.UiLR 5.— CEMENT I'ROKUCTION AND IMPORTS: 1890 TO 1002. 
 [Compiled from reports of United States Geological Survey, " Mineral Resources of the United Slates."] 
 
 
 
 
 
 PKODUCTIO.V. 
 
 
 
 
 TEAR. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Portland 
 l-iarreis. 
 
 cement. 
 
 Value. 
 
 8704,0.50 
 967, 429 
 1,153,600 
 l,1.58,l:j8 
 1,38:?, 473 
 1 , 586, 8:10 
 2,424,011 
 4,31.5,891 
 5, 970, 773 
 8,074,:i71 
 9, 280, 525 
 12,5:J2,360 
 20,864,078 
 
 Natural ro 
 
 ■k cement. 
 
 Pozzuolana, or slag 
 cement. 
 
 Imports 
 (barrels). 
 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 Value. 
 
 $6, 380, 626 
 6.671,437 
 7,152,7.50 
 6,262,846 
 •5,0:1(1,081 
 6, 482, 2,54 
 6,473,213 
 8, 178, 283 
 9, 859, 501 
 12, .SS9, 142 
 13,2H3,581 
 15,786,789 
 25, 366, 380 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 7,441,116 
 7, 707, 979 
 
 8, 211, LSI 
 7,411,815 
 7, 663, 488 
 7,741,077 
 7,970,4.50 
 8,311,6.88 
 8,418.924 
 
 9, .868, 179 
 8. 38:!, 519 
 7,084,823 
 8, 044, 305 
 
 Value. 
 
 85, 676, 575 
 5, 704, 008 
 5,999,1.50 
 5, 104, 708 
 3, 646, 608 
 3, .895, 424 
 4, 049, 202 
 3, 862. 392 
 3, 8.88, 728 
 4,814,771 
 3, 728, .848 
 3,0.56,278 
 4, 076, 630 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 3890 
 
 7, 776, 616 
 8, 222, 792 
 S, 7.58, 621 
 8,002,467 
 
 8. ;W2, 245 
 8,731. 101 
 9,513.473 
 
 10.989,463 
 M2. Ill, 208 
 15,. '120,4 45 
 17,2:11,150 
 20. Ol'iK. 7:i7 
 ■■'25, 753. .504 
 
 335, 600 
 
 4.51,813 
 
 647,440 
 
 .590, 652 
 
 798, 757 
 
 990, 324 
 
 1 , 513, 023 
 
 2,677,775 
 
 3, 692, 284 
 
 5,6.52,266 
 
 8, .182, 020 
 
 12,711,225 
 
 17,2:iO, 644 
 
 
 1,910,186 
 2,988,313 
 2,440,6,54 
 2, 674, 149 
 2, 638, 107 
 2, 997, 395 
 2, 989, 597 
 2,090,924 
 2,013,818 
 2, 108, 388 
 2, 386, 683 
 
 9:!9, 3:jo 
 
 1,994,789 
 
 1891 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 1896 . 
 
 
 
 1897 - 
 
 ("i) 
 
 (-) 
 
 306, 611 
 272, 689 
 478, .555 
 
 n 
 
 (=) 
 
 8274.208 
 198, 151 
 425, 672 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 1 Not including 233,000 barrels of I'ozznolana, or slag cement, the value of which was not reported. 
 
 2 Not reported. 
 
 ^Includes cement manufactured by the 11 establishments not mining or quarrying any raw material, and thi'tefore not inclndi'd in mining een.sus reports 
 (See Table 4.) 
 
 The production of cement has .steadily increased 
 throughout the period covered by this table, except in 
 1892-93. The natural-rock cfuuent production, how- 
 ever, .shows no real growth; it reached its maximum ih 
 1899, and the production in I'.Hl'i, though gre;iler than 
 
 that in 1901, is less than that in 1892. On the other 
 hand, the growth in the production of Portland cement 
 has been very great; from 1892 to 19(»2 the rate of 
 yearly growth averaged 40 per cent, ranging from 7.9 
 jiei- cent in 1 .S'.)-_>-lt3 to 73.5 ])cr cent in l,S96-97, so that 
 
CEMENT. 
 
 843 
 
 during- the decade the output increased more tiian 
 thirty -fold. Poi'thind cement outstripped natural rock 
 cement in value in 1897, and in ([uantity in IIHKI. 
 The imports reached a maximum in 18!».5; since that 
 year there has been, on the whole, a consideral)le de- 
 crease, the imports for 1!H)2 e.\e(M=ding very slightly 
 those for 18it(). Since 1897, except in 19(10, the annual 
 imports have been below the average of the imports for 
 the entire period of thirteen years, and in 190^ they 
 were approximately on a par with the imports for ls'.)0. 
 
 Kilns. — The kiln equipment of the 1(»1 establishments 
 included in Table 8 comprised 584 vertical and 4.")1 rotary 
 kilns. As a rule, natural cement rock is calcined in ver- 
 tical and Portland cement mixtures in rotar}' kilns; 
 but 3 establishments in New York and 1 in South Dakota 
 reported the use of 47 vertical kilns in the niaiuifacture 
 of Portland cement, and 1 establishment in Minnesota 
 used 5 rotary kilns for natural-rock cement. 
 
 X<iiqirii(hifi:rs. — There were 51 nonproducing cement 
 establishments, of which 2b Avere new plants in course 
 of erection. The number, distribution, and character 
 of ownership of these establishments are shown in 
 the following taljle: 
 
 Table 0. — ymtprndiiciiig niiiirt; nr ijiinrrics: IftOtl. 
 
 
 
 
 
 : ' 
 
 ^" 
 
 
 United 
 States. 
 
 Indi- 
 ana. 
 
 Mich- 
 igan. 
 
 Xuw ' ,.^.,^. ' IPcnn- 
 Jer- '$^^1 'OhiiLlsvlva- 
 scv. ''-"'^- ilia. 
 
 Vir- .-^tate-s 
 
 Ciiiia. and 
 
 terri- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tories.' 
 
 Number of mines or 
 
 51 
 
 20 
 49 
 
 no 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 j 
 3 6 3 
 
 2 1 1 1 
 
 5 
 4 
 
 3 I'J 
 
 New mines or quar- 
 
 -'l 
 
 Nnmbcr of operators 
 
 \ '' 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 42 1 12 
 
 1 
 
 and Peimsyh-ania, or a total of 7. The statistics of the 
 capitalization of the nonproducing companies reporting 
 capitalization are shown in Table 7. 
 
 Table 7. — ('n/iiliiliziiliuii nf iioiipnuliichii/ iiinirpiirnlcil cumjxnilex: 
 
 190S. 
 
 1 Includes 1 mine or quarry eac'h in Arlianwas, California, Colorado, Florida, 
 Georgia, Ulinois, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Nebraska, New Mexico, Texas, and 
 West Virginia. 
 
 2 One owned by an active establishment operating in Kentucky. 
 
 3 Includes 1 mine or quarry each in ArJiansas, California, Georgia, and Ne\\- 
 Mexico. 
 
 * One individual owns 2 idle mines or quarries. 
 
 Of the 51 nonproducing establishments, 31 — 10 in 
 Indiana, 5 in New York, 3 in Virginia, 2 in Ohio, and 
 1 each in Colorado, Florida, Illinois. Kentucky, Massa- 
 chusetts, Michig-an, Nebraska, New Jersey, Pennsyl- 
 vania, Texas, and West Virginia — were properly " idle 
 establishments." The other 20 — S in Michigan. 4 in 
 Pennsylvania, 2 in New Jersey, and 1 each in Arkan- 
 sas, California, Georgia, New Mexico, New York, and 
 Ohio — were in course of erection during the year. 
 
 There were 44 incorporated companies which reported 
 ownership of nonproducing mines or quarries — 24 own- 
 ing idle establishments and 2<:t owning the 20 establish- 
 ments in course of construction. Capitalization was 
 reported by 16 of the.se companies, distributed as fol- 
 lows: Companies owning idle estal)lishments, 6 in Indi- 
 ana and 1 each in Michigan, New York, and Ohio, or a 
 total of 9; companies owning establishments in course 
 of construction (or •• new establishments "), 3 in Michi- 
 gan and 1 each in Arkansas, New Jersey, New York, 
 
 
 
 
 New com- 
 
 
 
 
 panies 
 
 
 Tota^ . 
 
 Idle com- 
 
 owning 
 plants in 
 
 
 
 
 course of 
 construc- 
 
 
 
 
 tion. 
 
 Number of incorporated companies 
 
 « 
 
 24 
 
 20 
 
 Number report! nj? capitalization 
 
 IS 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 Capital stock and bonds issued 
 
 S17, .M7, 700 
 
 52,3.56,700 
 
 $15,191,000 
 
 Capital .stncli: 
 
 
 
 
 Total luithorized— 
 
 
 
 
 
 .M6,389 
 927,638,900 
 
 .55, 889 
 S5, .588, 900 
 
 489, .500 
 
 
 822, 0.50, 000 
 
 Total issued— 
 
 
 
 
 403, 167 
 817,147,700 
 
 23, 567 
 12,356,700 
 
 379, 600 
 
 Par value 
 
 S14, 791, 000 
 
 Dividends paid 
 
 Common- 
 
 112, 362 
 
 ?12, 362 
 
 
 
 
 Authorized— 
 
 
 
 
 Number of shares.. 
 
 437,389 
 
 35,889 
 
 401 , .oOO 
 
 Far value 
 
 119,238,900 
 
 83,588,900 
 
 $15,650,000 
 
 Issued— 
 
 
 
 
 Number of shares. . 
 
 3.56,667 
 
 18, 567 
 
 3;38, 100 
 
 
 814,072,700 
 
 $1,8.56,700 
 
 .512, 216, 000 
 
 Dividends paid 
 
 ?12, 362 
 
 S12. 362 
 
 
 Preferred- 
 
 
 
 
 Authorized— 
 
 
 
 
 Number of shares.. 
 
 108,000 
 
 20,000 
 
 88, 000 
 
 Par value 
 
 ?R, 400, 000 
 
 S2, 000, 000 
 
 $6,400,000 
 
 Issued— 
 
 
 
 
 Number of shares.. 
 
 46, mo 
 
 5,000 
 
 41,-500 
 
 Par value 
 
 93,07.5,000 
 
 SoOO.OOO 
 
 $2, 575, 000 
 
 Bonds: 
 
 
 
 
 Authorized- 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.100 
 
 
 1,100 
 
 
 Sfi30, 000 
 
 
 $630, 000 
 
 Issued- 
 
 
 
 
 
 400 
 S400, 000 
 
 
 400 
 
 
 
 $400 000 
 
 
 
 
 If the 7 new companies reporting capitalization are 
 representative of all such companies, there has l;)een a 
 marked increase in the average capitalization per com- 
 pany. The 7 new companies reporting capitalization 
 show a total par vidue of stocks and bonds issued 
 amounting to $15,191,000, or an average of $12,170,143, 
 as compared with an average of $670,480 for the 83 
 active companies for which capitalization is reported in 
 Table 2. 
 
 The following statistics were reported by 9 of the 51 
 nonproducing mines or rjuarries — 5 in Indiana and 1 
 each in New Jersey, New York, Michigan, and 
 Pennsylvania; 
 
 Suiiim(iT,i, nonproducing mines or qvarrirn: IHOS. 
 
 Number of mines or quarries reporting 9 
 
 Salaried ofllicials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 43 
 
 Salaries $.52, 333 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 340 
 
 Wages $214, 617 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses $:-i6.647 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials $3,086 
 
 Total horsepower 11, 187 
 
 Of the salaries, $14,3S<i was paid to 9 general officers; 
 iii28.513 to 16 superintendents, managers, foremen, sur- 
 ve3'ors, etc.; and 19.440 to 18 clerks. Of the wages, 
 $155,849 was paid to 229 engineers, firemen, and other 
 mechanics; $17,458 to 28 miners or quariymen — 26 
 above ground and 2 below ground— and 141.310 to 83 
 other wage-earners. The miscellaneous expenses repre- 
 
844 
 
 .MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 sented the rent of office.^, taxe.s, insurance, interest, 
 and other sundries. The meclianical power was fur- 
 nished by 26 steam engines, of 8,835 horsepower; 2 j^'as 
 or gasoline engines, of 12 horsepower; 1 water wheel 
 of 40 horsepower; and 7S electric motors, of 2,800 
 horsepower. 
 
 A detailed summar^y showing the statistics for cement 
 during 1!H}2 is given in Table S. 
 
 DESCKIPTIVK. 
 
 Hydraulic cements are of three general classes:' 
 
 (1) Portland cement, a compound consisting essen- 
 tially of lime, silica, and alumina, produced by mi.ving 
 intimately some form of calcium carbonate with the 
 necessary proportion of clay, calcining the mixture at 
 a high heat, and grinding the resulting clinker to a tine 
 powder. A mixture of Portland cement and sand 
 ground to an extremely fine powder is called stuid 
 cement. 
 
 (2) Natural-rock cement, produced by calcining at 
 a comparatively low heat a natund product — sucli as 
 argillaceous limestone^possessing in its composition 
 lime and clay in proportions adapted to form a hy- 
 draulic cement, and usually containing also a consider- 
 able proportion of magnesia. 
 
 (3) Pozzuolana, or slag cement, produced liy mixing 
 with slacked lime a natural volcanic scoria or granu- 
 lated blast furnace slag of suitable composition. 
 
 The chemical constituents of the three general classes 
 of h3'draulic cement are approximately as follows: 
 
 rONSTITUENTS. 
 
 Portlanr]. 
 
 Xatuml roi'k. 
 
 Slag. 
 
 
 5.S. to C7. 
 •J). 3 to '26. ] 
 5. 2 to 10. n 
 ■2. 1 to 5. 3 
 u.;uo 2.3 
 0. ;5to 1.8 
 
 32. 3 to 53. 5 
 21.1 to 3.5. 4 
 6. 3 to 14. 5 
 1.7 to 5.] 
 1. 4 to 20. 9 
 
 
 Silioa (perf'ciit) 
 
 IH to 2K 
 
 
 
 
 
 Magnesia (y>er cent) 
 
 to 7 
 
 Sulphuric ar-i(] (percent) 
 
 2 to 2 7 
 
 
 
 
 The process of formation and hardening of the cement 
 is similar in all cases, depending chieHy upon the foi-ma- 
 tion of calcium silicates, which become hydrated and 
 crystallize undei' the action of water. If it were possi- 
 ble to find a natural product containing lime and clay 
 in the right proportions, a cement of the correct Poit- 
 land standard could be made from it by the simple oper- 
 ations of calcining and grinding; but it A'ariation of I 
 per cent from the correct standard greatly reduces the 
 value of the cement. Most of the argillaceous lime- 
 stones of the Tnited States contain a high proportion 
 of magnesia and an excess of clay. If liurned at the 
 high temperature necessary to produce Portland cement, 
 they fuse to a slag wdiich does not ijossess hydraulic projj- 
 erties; but when burned at a heat only sufficient to drive 
 oft' the carl)onic acid, they yield a soft yellow clinker, 
 which, when ground, gives the natural-rock cement of 
 commerce. 
 
 POItTLANI) CEMENT. 
 
 IiKjri-d'n'ilis (?,s7_^r/.— The necessary materials for Port- 
 land ct^nient are calcium carbonate (usually in the form 
 of limestone, chalk, or marl) and clay or shale. The 
 relati\(' proportions of the two deptmd upon theii' vary- 
 ing coinptjsition. 
 
 ^Ihe calcium carbonate should be as pure as possible, 
 except for the presence of ''lay. Magnesia is always 
 present to some extent, ;ind though it is generally agreed 
 that up to 3.5 per cent it is harmless, a larg(> percentage 
 is ol>j(!ctionable. Calcium sulphate in excess of about 
 2.5 jKTcent is also objectionable, unless a decided oxidiz- 
 ing flame be maintained in bui'ning, as it is liable to be 
 reduced to the sulphide. Both magnesia and calcium 
 sulj)hate are considered especially objectionable in 
 cements that are to be exposed to the action of sea water. 
 
 In England a comparatively soft chalk is generall}' 
 used; in (Jermany, chalk or limestone. In the United 
 States a larg(> part of the Poi'tland cement is made from 
 the slate-like limestone of the Lehigh valley region, 
 ^rhis material contains rather more clay than is required 
 for a correct mixture, so that a small ])ropoi-tion of 
 pure limesime — usually from 10 to 20 per cent — is 
 iuldetl. In N( w York, Ohio, and Michigiin marl, a 
 soft fresh-water deposit similar to chalk, is generalU' 
 employed, i^'ure limt^stone is used in a few cases only. 
 
 The chemical composition of certain typictil forms of 
 ctiicium carltonate used in the manufacture of Portland 
 cement is shown in the followino- table: 
 
 CONHTITUENTM. 
 
 <'iilciiini onrbonate, .. 
 
 Siliia 
 
 ,\liiniiim 
 
 Iron nxidc 
 
 .Ma^^ni-simii carbunatf 
 Calciiirn stilpliati' . . - . 
 
 CEMENT ROCK. 
 
 England La.salli.-. 
 (Reed). : III. 
 
 Phillifis- Sieg- 
 liiirK, I fried, 
 N..I. Pa. 
 
 San, 
 dn.skv, 
 Ohifi. 
 
 9S. S7 
 0. w 
 
 0. ii; 
 
 0. IW 
 U. 3X 
 
 •HK. 16 
 H. 20 
 1.00 
 0.30 
 1.7H 
 
 70.10 
 
 08. 91 
 
 1.5.0.1 
 
 17. 32 
 
 9.02 
 
 7.07 
 
 1.27 
 
 2.0J 
 
 3. 96 
 
 4.28 
 
 91 
 
 77 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 •II) 
 
 
 
 .IS3 
 
 3 
 
 19 
 
 Syra- 
 cuse, 
 Ind. 
 
 88.49 
 1.78 
 0.91 
 0.30 
 2.71 
 l..iK 
 
 The clay should be highly siliceous, low in magnesia 
 and sulphates, and free from sand. For th(» best results 
 the proportion of silii'a should be at least three times 
 as great as that of iron oxide and alumina combined. 
 Highly aluminous clays gi\-e a fusible clinker and quick- 
 setting cement, while clays containing more thtm 5 per 
 cent of iron oxide gi\-e a dark-coloi'ed ceni(>iit. 
 
 The following table presents an analysis of a few 
 typical clays used in Portland cement nuxniifacture: 
 
 '"Portland Cement," by S. \>,. Xewherry, in "Tlii^ (VmiMit In- 
 dustry," reprinted from the Eii>.'ineerin)i lierord, has lieen lurKcly 
 drawn frfjm. 
 
 rONSTITl'ENTS. 
 
 Medway, 
 England. 
 
 Harper, 
 Ohio. 
 
 SandiiHky, 
 Ohio. 
 
 65.41 
 16. ,51 
 6, 06 
 
 1. MK 
 
 Laaalle, 
 
 111, 
 
 Silica 
 
 70.56 
 14. .52 
 3.06 
 4.43 
 
 ii.'is' 
 
 3. 9.5 
 
 .51.60 
 13.23 
 
 3. 30 
 11. .52 
 
 3. 4.5 
 12.H5 
 
 54. 30 
 
 
 5 57 
 
 
 3 29 
 
 .MiiKTiesia 
 
 <^'al'hr)iiic acid 
 
 2. 57 
 
 
 
 
 
 
CEMENT. 
 
 845 
 
 The small proportion of alkalies present in ordinary 
 clays exerts but little influence and hence is not gener- 
 ally determined. 
 
 j\[iriii(i. — The method of mixinof originally practiced 
 in England was the wet process, in which the materials 
 were ground and mixed in water, and settled in reser- 
 voirs, and the " slurry " dried previous to burning. In 
 the dry process, now largely used, the materials are 
 ground and mixed in the dry state. Marl and clay are 
 mixed in a plastic condition. Rock crushers, followed 
 by buhrstones, emery mills, tube mills, or Griffin mills, 
 are generally used for the drj- grinding of raw material, 
 and pans with edge I'unners, followed b}' tube mills, for 
 wet grinding. The chemical composition of the mix- 
 ture is constantly tested, and the percentage of calcium 
 carbonate is kept within the 0.5 per cent of that found 
 to be correct for the materials used. 
 
 B II I'll iiig. — Over 95 per cent of the Portland cement is 
 now burned in rotary kilns. The rotary kiln consists of 
 a slighthMnclined cylinder, lined with fire brick, turning 
 at the rate of one revolution in from one to three min- 
 utes. Fuel oil was formerly used as a source of heat, 
 but powdered coal is now generally employed. The 
 cement material is fed in continuously at the upper 
 end in the form of dry powder, or, in the case of marl 
 and clay, as liquid mud. Descending gradually, it parts 
 with its water, if any, in the upper third of the kiln, 
 becomes heated to redness, loses its carbonic acid, 
 forms small rounded balls which reach a nearly white 
 heat in the lower third of the kiln, and finally issues 
 at the lower end as well-burned black clinker in grains 
 about pea size. 
 
 When the burning is done in vertical kilns, the dry 
 powder is first moistened and molded into bricks, which 
 are again dried before being fed into the kiln. Accord- 
 ing to Le Chatelier, the following changes take place 
 during the burning: At a red heat the combined water is 
 expelled from the cla};-; at a somewhat higher temper- 
 ature the calcium carbonate is decomposed into carbonic 
 acid gas, which escapes, and lime, which inunediately 
 enters into combination with the silica and alumina of 
 the clay, producing calcium silicates and aluminates. 
 At first, fusible glasses, rich in silica, are formed; l.)y 
 combining with more lime, these gradually become more 
 and more basic, until at last the tricalcium silicate is 
 produced. The iron and alumina also remain in com- 
 bination with lime as an alumino-ferrite. 
 
 The proper degree of burning is indicated by the 
 formation of a dense gi'een-l)lack clinker. Under- 
 burned clinker is brownish and soft, while overburned 
 clinker is fused and slag-like; long-continued burning 
 or an excess of clay causes the clinker to ''dust" or 
 fall to powder on cooling, the resulting powder show- 
 ing little or no hydraulic properties. Underburned 
 cement is apt to be quick-setting and to expand and 
 crack in hardening; on the other hand, overhurned 
 cement is usually slow in setting and hardening, though 
 
 it may show excellent tests at long pei'iods. Cement 
 properly proportioned, mixed, and burned does not 
 begin to set in less than two hours after mixing with 
 water, but after the setting begins it hardens rapidly 
 and shows a steady gain in strength, especially when 
 tested with sand, up to several years. It is an almost 
 universal practice to add from 1 to 'Z per cent of ground 
 gypsum to retard the setting. 
 
 Gr'niAliiij. — Portland cement clinker was formerly 
 ground with buhrstones and bolted through I'evolving 
 screens. At present the Giiffin mill or the German 
 ball mill, followed by the tube mill, is geni'rally used. 
 A degree of fineness, such that H2 to 93 per cent will 
 pass through a No. 100 sieve, is generally attained. 
 Finer grinding can easily be accomplished, if necessary, 
 but is rarely demanded. There is, of course, a point 
 beyond which it is not economical to carry the tine 
 pulverizing of cement, since the same result can be 
 accomplished by using slightly richer mixtures. 
 
 The numerous tests shown in the I'eports of Govern- 
 ment and private engineers warrant the claim that no 
 Portland cement made in any foreign country eijuals 
 the product of the leading American factories. 
 
 NATURAL ROCK CEMENT. 
 
 Of the natural rock cement produced in the United 
 States in 1902, about 15 per cent came from the state 
 of New York; al)out 23 per cent from Kentucky and 
 Indiana, within a radius of 15 miles of Louisville. Ky.: 
 and the remainder largely from Pennsylvania and 
 Illinois. 
 
 Ri>Ki_'iid(ili; rriiii/iitK. — Of the natural-rock cements the 
 Kosendale cements, manufactured in Ulster county, 
 N. Y., from a natural cement rock known as the Tentac- 
 ulite or water-lime deposit of the lower Helderl)erg 
 group of the New York Geological Survey, are typical. 
 
 The Rosendale cement industry is the oldest manu- 
 facture of hj^draulic cement in the country. Dating 
 from 1832, the industry has been developed conserva- 
 tively and successfully. 
 
 The rock deposit is a magnesian limestone, of which 
 two different beds, known respectively as the "light" 
 rock and the "dark" rock, are quarried for cement. 
 Both rocks are hard, compact, and close-grained, the 
 light rock having a steely-blue color, and the dark a 
 duller and deader color and a more shaly appearance. 
 Apparentl}' the light rock contains the more lime and 
 the dark the more clay. After calcination the light 
 rock is yellow, and the dark a redder or dark sienna 
 color. It is a tradition that no good cement can t)e 
 made without a mixture of the two. 
 
 At Binnewater, Ulster county, the depth of the dark- 
 rock deposit, which is the lower bed of cement rock, is 
 about is feet, that of the light rock is from 10 to IT 
 feet, and that of the unworked strata Ijetween the two 
 is about 12 feet. The dip varies, but is generally about 
 15 degrees. The general mining scheme is to run slopes 
 
846 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 to a depth of about 40 tVet, followinj^- the dip of the 
 dark rock, and then to start breasts or headini,>-s in both 
 directions along the strilie. When the headings have 
 been run out to da3dig'ht, to property limits, or to the 
 limit of economical working, the slope is run down -io 
 or 50 feet farther and new headings started. The rock 
 is loaded on cars which are run through the lieadings to 
 the foot of the slope and hauled up by calile. To get 
 at the light-rock deposit, which is overhead, horizontal 
 gaugwa3'S are cut from the gangways in the dark rock 
 through the hanging wall into the l)ed of light rock, 
 and headings are then started in it in both directions, 
 just as in the lower formation, the cars being run 
 through the connecting gangways and up the slope. 
 
 In chemical composition the liosendale cements are 
 remarkable for the high proportion of magnesia they 
 contain; it varies consideralih' in different Rosendale 
 brands, but the following analysis is typical of these 
 cements as a class:' 
 
 Silica 
 
 Alumina 
 
 Ferric oxide. 
 
 Lime 
 
 JIagnesia 
 
 1.'4. :!(! 
 
 
 
 (in 
 
 o-'> 
 
 70 
 
 I'D. 
 
 94 
 
 s 
 
 "s 
 
 Volatile matter and nndeterTiii)ied _ 
 
 Ti.ital 1 1 II ). 1 10 
 
 The condition of the succrs^ful usr nt niagnesiaii 
 limestones is light burning, and this rc((uiremeiit is 
 carefulh? oliserved in all the Kosendalc factories. 
 
 Ldiiisi'ilh- ritni-iitx. — The so-called Loiiis\ille cements 
 are ne.xt in importance to the Rosendale product. An 
 extensive deposit of limestone occurs at Louis\-ille, 
 Ky., forming the bed of tlie Ohio river, and causing the 
 falls and rapids at that place. The first manufacture 
 of Louisville cement began alongside of and in con- 
 junction with the construetioii of the ivouis\ille and 
 Portland Canal around the Louisville falls. ' 4'|je largest 
 plant in the Louisville district is at Speeds, Indiana. 
 
 The cement rock is of the same geological horizon as 
 the water-lime deposits of New York, J'ennsyhania, 
 and "Wisconsin. A general analysis is aliout as follows: 
 
 Siliea and inHolulile matter \:^A\ 
 
 Alumina and iron n.xiilp _ Ci. II 
 
 Calcium carbiiiiiite (d . 
 
 Calcium sulphate _ _ _ -, (| 
 
 Magne.^ium carbonate lOO 
 
 Water, alkalies, i-tc ;.; n 
 
 T'.'tal _ . . 1(11) II 
 
 ft is worked both in open (piarries and \>\ minino-. 
 At tlie Speeds mills thi^ I'ock is graded into three sizes, 
 at a breaker proNided with sci-eens, the fine sliitf cal- 
 cining moi-e reiiflily than liea\y rock. 
 
 Miiiiiifiirl iir'iiiij jn-'ir, .•<.'<. For calcining natural ce- 
 ment I'ock, \ei-tieal kilns ai'e generally used. Tlje\ ai'e 
 operated continuously, liy drawino from the liottoni 
 
 Tlie ( : 
 
 menl liiiluHlry, |iage 
 
 and chai'ging at the top. Li charging, a layer of rock 
 is thrown in, then a thin laj'er of anthi-acite jjea coal, 
 then another layer of rock, etc. The fuel consumption 
 is low, the output of cement per ton of coal being (juite 
 high. At Binnewater the kilns are 2^^ feet high and 
 10 feet in diameter, with a daily capacity of from '.»(.» to 
 ItMi })ai-rels of marketable cement stone, after discard- 
 ing all hai'd-burned clinker' and sorting out the undei-- 
 l.)urned cliid<er for recalcination. At the Speeds mills 
 the}' are ?A) f(>et high and have an inside diameter of 13 
 feet, with a daily capacity \\\) to -Zi'><) fjarrels. 
 
 The calcined rock is run through crackers and then 
 screened; the. coarse rock is ne.xt ground in mills, but 
 the finest grades pass directly to the ))arrel packers. 
 The product is packed as it is ground — nearly all of it 
 in barrels. 
 
 SLAIi CEMENT. 
 
 The manufacture of hydraulic cement from furnace 
 slag has reacheil consideralile proportions abroad. Init 
 ill this country it is comparatively a new industrv. It 
 is not directly within the scope of the mining census, 
 but it is noticed lirietly because it utilizes;! waste prod- 
 uct of nuned material. 
 
 It is only occasionally that ores and fluxes employed 
 in blast fui-naees Avill ]ii'odiice slag suita})le for cement, 
 furnace slags as ordinarily produced by casting and -.low 
 cooling being dexoid of hydi'aulic properties. Slag to 
 be used for cement i.^ run off from the furnaces and 
 dropped in a molten state into a trough through which 
 is forced a large stream id' cold water; the slag solidities 
 in vesicles oi- liulibli's. w liich break up into thin, sludl- 
 like pieces. The best grade of such slag has a delicate 
 blue color, and though hard is thin and porous, and 
 hence is i-eadily erii^lied. The rest of the process is 
 extremely simjile. consisting in di-ying tlie slag, mixing 
 it with the ]iroper pi'opiu'tions of slaked lime, and then 
 grinding the nii.xliire to a line powder. The Maryland 
 Cement Company utilizes the slag from the blast fur- 
 naces of the Maryland Sfeid Coni[)an\', at Sparrow 
 Point. .Mil. ( 'iiban ii'oii ores are largely used in these 
 fnniaees w itii oyster shells as flux. 
 
 I\\ KN'I'IONS. 
 
 Invention has played an important part in the 
 fle\'(.'lopment of the ci'inenl industry, both in the im- 
 pro\enient of cement c()ni[iositioiis and processes of 
 nianiifactiiie and in the perfecting of methods and 
 iiiaehinery, wherelix I he cost of manufactui'i^ has been 
 greatly I'cdiiced and uniformity of prodnet secured. 
 Many of the operators own aiifl control jiatents foj- such 
 inventions: a digest of all patents jiertaiuing to proc- 
 esses (ji- compositions employed in the inilustr\- — not 
 including patents f(H- apparatus or machines- -is attached 
 hereto. The term of a Cnited States patent is seven- 
 leen years, so that all iiatcnts which Iia\e nui for that 
 period are |iiililic ]iro|)ei'ty. 
 
CEMENT. 
 
 847 
 
 Table 8.— DETAILED SUMMARY; 1902. 
 
 Number of inine.s or quarries 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Character of ownership; 
 
 ludiviflual 
 
 Firm 
 
 Inof)rporaled company - 
 
 Salaried oitieials, clerks, etc.; 
 
 Total iiumlier 
 
 Total salaries 
 
 General otfieers — 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Superintendents, managers, foremen, 
 surve.vors, etc. — 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Foremen, below gi'ouiid — 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Clerks — 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners; 
 
 Aggregate average number 
 
 Aggregate ^vages 
 
 .\bove grnnnd— 
 
 Total a\'erage number 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Engineers, liremen, and other 
 mechanics — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miners or quarrymen — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Boys tinder 16 years— 
 
 .\verage number 
 
 Wages 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Below .[ground — 
 
 Total average number 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Miners — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miners' helpers — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Boys under 16 years — 
 
 ' Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 All other wage-earners - — 
 
 .'Vverage number 
 
 \Vages 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at speciticd 
 daily rates of pay; 
 Engineers — 
 
 $1.00 to 81.24 
 
 $1.2.5 to SI. 49 
 
 $1.50 to SI. 74 
 
 Sl.7.5 to$1.99 
 
 S2.00 to S2.24 
 
 $2.25 to $2.49 
 
 $2..50 to $2.74 
 
 $2.75 to $2.99 
 
 $3.00 to .?;124 
 
 J3.25to$3.49 
 
 $3.75 to $3.99 
 
 $4.00 to .$4.24 
 
 Firemen — 
 
 $0.75 to $0.99 
 
 $1.00 to $1.24 
 
 $1.25 to $1.49 
 
 $1.50 to $1.74 
 
 $1.75to$l.S9 
 
 $2.00 to $2.24 
 
 $2.25 to $2.49 
 
 $2..50 to $2.74 
 
 $2.75 to $2.99 
 
 $3.00 to $3. 24 
 
 Machinists, blacksmiths, carpenters, 
 other mechanics — 
 
 $0.75 to $0.99 
 
 $1.00to$1.24 
 
 $1.25 to $1.49 
 
 $1..50 to $1.74 
 $1.75 to $1.99 
 $2.00 to $2.24 
 
 United States. 
 
 101 
 93 
 
 913 
 
 $1,087, :'il4 
 
 14X 
 $;147, 132 
 
 400 
 $476, (;bi 
 
 20 
 $15, 010 
 
 339 
 $218, 711 
 
 nd 
 
 $2.25 to $2.49 
 
 $2. .50 to $2.74 
 
 $2.75 to $2.99 
 
 $3.00 to $3.24 
 
 $3.25 to $3.49 
 
 $3..50 to $3.74 
 
 $3.75 to $3.99 
 
 $4.00 to $4.24 
 
 $4.25 and over 
 
 Miners or fjuarrvmi'n- 
 
 $0.50 to $0.74 
 
 $0.75 to $0.99 
 
 $1.00 to $1.24 
 
 $1.25 to $1.49 
 
 $1.50 to $1.74 
 
 $1.75 to $1.99 
 
 $2.00 to $2.24 
 
 $2.25 to $2.49 
 
 13,041 
 1, ;t2K, ,s.52 
 
 12, 524 
 $6,0X4,0.53 
 
 2,092 
 $1,324,121 
 
 2. 706 
 $1, 210, 291 
 
 109 
 
 $22, 530 
 
 $3, .527, 111 
 
 517 
 $244, 799 
 
 2B0 
 $130, i;3R 
 
 $969 
 
 30 
 $14,092 
 
 1 
 
 70 
 
 120 
 
 261 
 
 214 
 
 300 
 
 119 
 
 190 
 
 49 
 
 58 
 
 32 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 54 
 350 
 1 , 1 66 
 .S95 
 ;127 
 169 
 26 
 
 Illinois. Indiana. 
 
 Mary- 
 land. 
 
 Michigan. 
 
 50 
 $o9, 2.59 
 
 12 
 $26, 400 
 
 19 
 
 $20, 868 
 
 19 
 $11,991 
 
 48.S 
 $261,926 
 
 484 
 
 $258, 676 
 
 46 
 $34, 879 
 
 75 
 $39, 647 
 
 363 
 $184,150 
 
 4 
 
 $3,2.50 
 
 4 
 S3, %tI> 
 
 $71,166 
 
 10 
 $23,.><50 
 
 24 
 $29, 080 
 
 3(1 
 , 61t; 
 
 568 
 $266, 949 
 
 631 
 $2.53,163 
 
 77 
 $46, 197 
 
 125 
 $63, 267 
 
 1 
 
 $231 
 
 328 
 $151, 468 
 
 37 
 
 S13, 786 
 
 22 
 $17,227 
 
 4 
 $2, ,800 
 
 170 
 $74,677 
 
 107 
 S-15,232 
 
 16 
 
 $8, 560 
 
 $2, 137 
 
 1 
 $200 
 
 85 
 $34, 335 
 
 63 
 
 S29, 445 
 
 $13,7.86 j $26,' 
 
 102 
 $131,];',1 
 
 17 
 13, 460 
 
 $68, 281 
 
 27 
 $19,400 
 
 938 
 $535, 570 
 
 938 
 $.635, 570 
 
 147 
 $114, 965 
 
 171 
 $87, 802 
 
 620 
 
 $332, 813 
 
 5 
 $3, 000 
 
 includes operators distributed as follows; Alabama, 1; California, 2; Coloradi 
 Ne\v .lersey, 2: North Dakota, 1; .South Dakota, 1; Texas, 2; Utah, 1; AVest \'irginia. 
 
 29 
 81 
 42 
 2 
 
 1 L... 
 1 '.... 
 
 . 1; (iei 
 1; Wise 
 
 New York. 
 
 3 
 4 
 13 
 
 141 
 $160, 282 
 
 21 
 $46, 801 
 
 59 
 t66, 731 
 
 11 
 $9, 026 
 
 50 
 $37,725 
 
 2, 4.59 
 $1,203,313 
 
 2,083 
 , 022, 946 
 
 262 
 $1(;3,471 
 
 184 
 $,89, 472 
 
 32 
 
 $8, 169 
 
 1,605 
 $761, 834 
 
 376 
 $180, 367 
 
 130 
 
 $69, 726 
 
 220 
 $99,100 
 
 $969 
 
 24 
 $10, .572 
 
 49 
 
 , 838 
 
 14 
 ,600 
 
 19 
 
 $26,703 
 
 1 
 
 $700 
 
 15 
 $9,835 
 
 375 
 $227, 548 
 
 360 
 $219, 962 
 
 39 
 $;jl,277 
 
 62 
 $29, 2.59 
 
 $159, 426 
 
 9 
 
 $7, 686 
 
 8 
 $7,066 
 
 1 
 $520 
 
 121 
 
 60 
 
 Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 207 
 $2.50, 2.52 
 
 20 
 $73,266 
 
 91 
 Slf)8,7.66 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 90 
 $68, 231 
 
 5, 376 
 $2,411,6.62 
 
 5, 376 
 $2, 411, 662 
 
 1,146 
 $657, .687 
 
 1,.503 
 $606,2.63 
 
 45 
 $9, 193 
 
 2, 682 
 Sl,l;i8,619 
 
 43 
 $44, 675 
 
 6 
 S16, .600 
 
 20 
 
 $18, 900 
 
 1 
 
 $375 
 
 16 
 $9, 900 
 
 178 
 $83, 423 
 
 163 
 
 $79, 423 
 
 39 
 $29, 595 
 
 66 
 $21,004 
 
 $1,297 
 
 7, 527 
 
 15 
 $4,000 
 
 15 
 $4,000 
 
 All othei 
 
 states.' 
 
 23 
 
 22 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 20 
 
 234 
 
 $295, 684 
 
 37 
 $91 , 3.50 
 
 110 
 
 $132, 966 
 
 2 
 $1 , 490 
 
 85 
 $69, 878 
 
 2,489 
 $1,263,794 
 
 2,476 
 $1,2.57,429 
 
 321 
 $238, 600 
 
 694 
 $2.81,4.50 
 
 ti6 
 
 106 
 
 192 
 
 1.68 
 
 231 
 
 38 
 
 36 
 
 18 
 
 23 
 
 20 
 
 301 
 
 763 
 
 410 
 
 19 
 
 15 
 .54 
 
 24 
 S3, 440 
 
 1,.537 
 7.33,939 
 
 13 
 
 $6, 365 
 
 13 
 
 S6,;565 
 
 1 
 14 
 10 
 19 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 19 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 83 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 39 
 12 
 156 
 187 
 121 
 67 
 
 rgia, 2; 
 rmsin. 2 
 
 Kansas, 2; Kentucky, 1 (2 fpiarriesl; Miinicsota, 2; 
 -Includes timbermen and track la\-(T>. 
 
848 
 
 MINP]S AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Taui.e 8.— DKTAILEl) SUMMARY: 1902— Continued. 
 
 L'mpld 
 
 I'd diir- 
 
 AveragC! Tiumber of wage-earners at sf>eeifie(l 
 <3aily rates of pay — ('ontinne(3. 
 Miiier.s or quarrvnieii — Cuntinue'l. 
 
 J2.50to$2.7t 
 
 S2.75 to S2.99 
 
 S3.00to*3.24 
 
 Miners' helpers — 
 
 J1..50 to S1.74 
 
 Timbermen and track layers — 
 
 S1.25t..S1.49 
 
 Jl.nOto J1.74 
 
 SI. 75 to *1 .99 
 
 Boys under Ki years — 
 
 " Less than 80.50 
 
 S0..50 to SU.74 
 
 80,75 to 80.99 
 
 81,00 to 81.24 
 
 81.25 to 81. J9 
 
 Sl.60to81.74 
 
 All other wage-earners— 
 
 80..50 to 30.74 
 
 80.75 to 80.99 
 
 81.00 to SI. 21 - 
 
 81,25 to 81.49 
 
 81. .50 to 81.74 
 
 81,75toS1.99 
 
 82,00 to 82.24 
 
 $2.25 to 82.49 
 
 82. ,50 tc> 82,71 
 
 $2.75 to 82.99 
 
 83.00 to 83.24 
 
 83.25 to 83.49 
 
 83.50 to 83.74 
 
 83.75 to 83,99 
 
 84.00 to 84.24 
 
 84.25 and over 
 
 Average number of wage-earner: 
 ing each month: 
 Men 16 years and over — 
 
 January 
 
 February - 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 A ugust - - 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 Boys (Hider Ki years — 
 
 January" 
 
 February 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 Sej.temhcr 
 
 October - 
 
 No\'cmbcr 
 
 December . 
 
 Contract wwrk: 
 
 Amrjunt paid 
 
 Number of employees 
 
 Miscellaneous expen,ses: 
 
 Total 
 
 Royalties and rent of mine and mining 
 
 plant 
 
 Kent of r)ffices, taxes, insurance, interest, 
 
 and other sundries 
 
 Cost of supplies and material 
 
 Product: 
 
 Quantity, barrels 
 
 Value 
 
 Portland cement — 
 
 Quantity, barrels 
 
 Value 
 
 Natural-rock cement — 
 
 Quantitv, biirn.-ls 
 
 Value 
 
 Kilns: 
 
 Total number 
 
 Vertical 
 
 Rotary 
 
 Power: 
 
 Total horscyjower 
 
 Owned — 
 Engines — 
 Steam — 
 
 NumbcT 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 rias or gasoliiii' — 
 
 Nuuiber 
 
 Horse|iower 
 
 Water wheels — 
 
 Number 
 
 Jlorsepiiwcr 
 
 Other power — 
 
 iber 
 
 roiled States. 
 
 Xnm 
 Ho 
 
 Keno-d- 
 
 i:ieclric, horse 
 fi)lectri'' iriotors owned 
 
 llorsepo 
 Snpplird t„ 
 
 14 
 1 
 
 •5 
 
 37 
 
 15 
 
 38 
 
 19 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 97 
 (HO 
 :, 4,S2 
 ,6.55 
 974 
 279 
 200 I 
 104 : 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 i 
 
 3 
 
 10, 330 
 10, 272 
 10,771 
 12, 290 
 13, 180 
 13, 280 
 13, 479 
 14, .500 
 14, .549 
 14, :149 
 14,186 
 13, 909 
 
 90 
 92 
 112 
 123 
 123 
 
 no 
 
 115 
 116 
 117 
 110 
 110 
 102 
 
 810,0: 
 
 $1,012,015 
 89,098,220 
 
 21,0.55,360 
 S2I,208,3:SS 
 
 10,091,0.55 
 820,231,708 
 
 7,904,;W5 
 
 $4, 030, i;:'.o 
 i,o;35 
 
 ,584 
 151 
 
 195 
 103,, Hll 
 
 stiiblMniiriils, |i,,rs, 
 
 2,09.. 
 
 H, I 12 
 
 17i 
 17, 12(1 
 
 2(1 i 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Mary- 
 land. 
 
 Michigan. 
 
 ;-(07 
 13 
 23 
 
 17 
 
 206 
 7 
 
 
 8 
 10 
 
 23 
 200 
 338 
 
 37 
 1 
 
 418 
 420 
 434 
 445 
 463 
 492 
 480 
 484 
 4a5 
 477 
 631 
 627 
 
 327 
 294 
 413 
 447 
 
 475 
 4.52 
 451 
 665 
 757 
 865 
 840 
 81 S 
 
 13K 
 133 
 129 
 173 
 179 
 1H6 
 187 
 191 
 177 
 180 
 179 
 176 
 
 420 
 
 419 
 
 501 
 
 701 
 
 1,051 
 
 1,077 
 
 1,109 
 
 1,179 
 
 1.171 
 
 1,191 
 
 1,191 
 
 1,1,H3 
 
 12 
 118 
 
 888 
 
 I6:i 
 38 
 26 
 :32 
 13 
 14 
 1 
 13 
 
 Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 All other 
 states. 
 
 1 
 4 
 
 13 
 2 
 4 
 5 
 
 3 
 30 
 59 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 .560 
 
 , 326 
 
 364 
 
 1.35 
 
 65 
 
 03 
 
 113 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 69 
 
 16 
 
 .500 
 
 593 
 
 2,S3 
 
 43 
 
 21 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 1,88.8 
 1,840 
 1,729 
 2, 420 
 2, 749 
 2, 775 
 2, 738 
 2,688 
 2, 725 
 2, 555 
 2, .509 
 2,478 
 
 ;jo 
 
 30 
 33 
 35 
 :!5 
 36 
 35 
 35 
 35 
 35 
 
 355 
 353 
 355 
 386 
 386 
 360 
 360 
 361 
 363 
 3S-2 
 417 
 422 
 
 4,670 
 4,693 
 4,831 
 5,0.50 
 5,154 
 5,171 
 5,241 
 .5,907 
 6,963 
 .5,869 
 6,724 
 5,696 j 
 
 37 1 
 34 i 
 46 
 
 146 
 1.57 
 161 
 171 
 176 
 169 
 179 
 189 
 183 
 188 
 184 
 162 
 
 836, 
 $185, 
 
 1 , 0.58, 
 8709, 
 
 450, 
 8612, 
 
 607, 
 81.56, 
 
 20 
 0, ;!25 
 
 $.53, 417 
 
 8.53,417 
 $420, 168 
 
 1,879,891 
 81 , 280, 228 
 
 5:i6, 706 
 $628,241 
 
 1,;>13, 185 
 $657, 98-1 
 
 37 
 6, 2;lfl 
 
 $15,713 
 $51 , 879 
 
 409, 200 
 81.50,680 
 
 109, 200 
 81.50,680 
 
 $170,477 
 870-1, 2;!7 
 
 82,131,396 
 
 1,. 577, 006 
 S2,l;ll,:)90 
 
 49 
 
 10, 165 , 
 
 8299,128 
 81,374,640 
 
 4,7;i4,147 
 83,6.50,589 
 
 1 , 1 66, 807 
 81,. 521,65:1 
 
 3,. 577, 3-10 ,' 
 82, l;W, 036 
 
 283 
 231 
 49 
 
 SO 
 18,815 
 
 
 54 
 51 
 48 
 49 
 49 
 48 
 41 
 43 
 37 
 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 6 
 
 871 , 829 
 
 $711,7.S2 
 
 831,487 
 
 81,677 
 
 813, 448 
 
 
 870,1.52 
 8231,322 
 
 $698, 334 
 $4,048,608 
 
 831, 487 
 891,100 
 
 .597,088 
 8714, .551 
 
 9, 360, 802 
 810, -223, 207 
 
 284, 000 
 8327,6.59 
 
 5,59, 613 
 $681,196 
 
 8, ,563, 926 
 $9, 8X2, .598 
 
 2.50, 000 
 8307, 659 
 
 :17,.176 
 833, 3.55 
 
 796,876 
 $340, 669 
 
 34, 000 
 820, 000 
 
 29 
 
 5 
 
 24 
 
 299 
 146 
 1,53 
 
 13 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 6, 1,60 
 
 35, 498 
 
 2,610 
 
 ■24 
 5,1.50 
 
 163 
 
 36. 14S 
 
 12 
 2, 610 
 
 1,969 
 1,9.67 
 2, 1.52 
 2,497 
 2, .517 
 2, .598 
 2,734 
 2,842 
 2, 726 
 2, 642 
 2,610 
 2,407 
 
 23 
 23 
 
 86,177 
 30 
 
 8262, 191 
 
 $23, 935 
 
 $238, 266 
 81,390,491 
 
 4,76.5,142 
 ■86, 005, 717 
 
 3,696,733 
 ,84, 463, 666 
 
 1, 1.58, 409 
 8.512, 051 
 
 161 
 70 
 91 
 
 ,175 
 20 
 
 92 
 
 :, 856 
 
 l:i7 
 
 1,660 
 
 2, .S90 
 1 
 
 46 
 1,295 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 DIGEST OF UNITED STATES PATENTS RELATING TO CEMENT.' 
 
 371 — Oclohcr 6", 1S37. E. C. Warneh. Mmli' nf iiiiimifiirliii'iiHj hi/- 
 
 draulic cemi'iilfroiii husanUe. \ 
 
 Basanite Lyilian stone, sonietiniescallcil "touchstiiiic," iscaldiied 
 to a red heat and grfniml. 
 119413 — Stptemher SO, 1S71. 1>. C. Sayi.or. Tiiijirovniii-iil in tin; I 
 
 manufacture of cement. 1 
 
 A hydraulie cement is prodviced from arKillo-niagnesian and I 
 argillo-calcareous limestone. ' 
 
 1-?69S9 — Man :.'l, 1S72. D. C. Sayj.or. Improvement in the mann- 
 
 factnre if lujdranlic oenienl. | 
 
 Argillo-magnesian limestone is burned and crushed, oiu-tit'th of 
 its weight of ra^^" stone is added thereto, ami tlie mass is then 
 ground. 
 I'l-'fU-i-l — Srjilenilirr ] , 1S74. F. K. and W. Jj. Brown. Improvement 
 
 in liiidriinjir rrnn'til. 
 
 Coralline, coral rock, or fossil coral is used for tlie manufacture 
 of hydraulic cement. 
 167653 — Septeinh'r 14, 1876. C. F. Dunderdale. Jnijimrement in 
 
 hydraulic cement. 
 
 Kaolin, or other silicate (jf aluminum, fuller's earth, and lime 
 are mixed, Vjurned, and ground. 
 174387 — March 7, 1876. A. Sjiith. Methad of nninufnctiirinfj linn: 
 
 and cement. 
 
 Lime, or cement rock, is burned with oil, delivered into the com- 
 bustion chamber in a fluid state, in .spray, or as vapor, along with 
 steam, superheated or not, and air. 
 176938 — ikiij 3, 1876. C. F. Dunherdai.e. Improvement in the 
 
 manufacture of artificial hydraulic cenwnt. 
 
 The cement materials are crushed and mixed in water iji a dense, 
 semifluid state, flowed direct onto a drying floor or i>an, then 
 pressed and burned. 
 
 195749 — Octoher .'i, 1877. C. F. Duxderdai.e. Impirorement in com- 
 positions for making liydraidic cement. 
 
 It consists of infusorial silica and a silicate of aluminum with 
 lime, burned and ground. 
 W4533 — June 18, 1878. W . .J. Budingtox. Improrement in the 
 
 manufacture of hydrcmlic cement. 
 
 A cement made of fossiliferous limestone and blue t'lay. 
 205:263 — .Tune 25, 1878. J. Dimelow. Improvement in, the maiiafac- 
 
 ture of hydraulic cement. 
 
 A hvdraulic cement formed of rotten, de(»niposed, or refuse 
 limestone or marble, and the deposit of rivers, in about equal pro- 
 portions. 
 205616 — .Inly 2, 1878. U. CuMMiNfis and L. .J. Benne-h-. Impnnv- 
 
 ment in tlie manufacture of hydraulic cement. 
 
 The method consists in first crushing and disintegrating the cal- 
 cined and the vitrified portions of the cement stone, then separat- 
 ing the vitrified portion by screening or bolting and reducing the 
 vitrified jiortion separately to powder. 
 
 1 I'rintfd cdpics of iiHtulits jir^' sold liy the 
 3022.3—04 54 
 
 212094 — Fehrn.ary 11, 1879. .T. A. FjiANCis. Improvement in the 
 
 'manufacture of hydravlic cnnent. 
 
 It consists in the use of Ijlue clay comljined with coal ashes and 
 sewer mud. 
 213459 — Mareh IS, 1879. C. H. Sijcer. Mnnnfuctnre of Portland 
 
 cement. 
 
 The cement making material consists of grounil oyster shells, 
 raw or burned, mixeil with siliceous clay. 
 217415 — .Jidy 8, 1879. .1. K. Siiixx. Manufacture of lime arul 
 
 cement. 
 
 To rapidly proiluce lime and cement, tlie raw material is sub- 
 jected, while burning, to the action of a forced lilast, continued 
 until liurning is coni}ilete, and the forced lilast is then sustained to 
 effect rapid cooling. 
 222004 — November 25, 1879. C. Brown. Improvement in the ma nn- 
 
 factnre of artificial hydraulic or Portland cement. 
 
 The mixed raw material is molded into hollow cylindrical forms 
 or perforated sphere balls. 
 223815 — January 27, 1880. F. Raxsome. Muniifucture of cement 
 
 and artificial stone. 
 
 A white or artificially tinted cenjent is made from a mixture of 
 kaolin or china clay and chalk or marble, by burning in muffle-kilns 
 or retiirts without contact with fuel. 
 230865 — Aiajiist 10, 1S80. A. T. Easterby. Hydraulic cement. 
 
 Travertine is employeil for the manufacture of hydraulic cement. 
 231172 — Any list 17, 1880. H. Jord.»iN. Cement compouml. 
 
 A cement compound, to be calcined, composed of silica, oxide 
 of iron, and alumina, combined with the refuse from soda works, 
 composed of lime, soda, potash, magnesia, and alum, tempered 
 with refuse from gas works or tanneries. 
 
 231858 — Aayust 31, 1880. Iv SoLVAY. Process for the manufacture 
 
 of cement. 
 
 The residue from the decomposition of calcium chloride by a 
 silicate i.if aluminum, such as clay, is used as the basis for the 
 manufacture of cement. 
 
 237600— February 8, 1881. J. Dimelow and R. :M. Pe.vdro. Man- 
 
 ufacture of hydraulic cement and lime. 
 
 Rotten or decomposed limestone is burned and then subjected 
 to currents of air or steam in a tightly closed receptacle, and the 
 material then sifted, with or without grinding. 
 
 246574— Aucjust 9, 1881. .T. B. Speed. Treatment of hydraulic 
 
 cement in the hiln. 
 
 Steam is admitted tn the mass after it has fallen below the point 
 where it is burned. 
 
 245699 — Anynst 16. i.v,s7. "\V. .1. BrniNGToN. Miinufaiinre of 
 hyilranlic crmrnt. 
 
 It is made nf white marble of the second formation and blue 
 clay. 
 ("ommissioniT ol" ratents at T) ceats each. 
 
 (849) 
 
850 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 S49548 — Novemher 16, ISSl. J. Reese. I'l-ejinr-ivi/, iii(lnrati'n<j, and 
 solidifying calcareous Ihiiiii/ iiialrriuh for furnaces. 
 Lime is mixed with carbon ur a liydrocarbon, then subjected tn 
 a high temperature in a cupola until fusion takes place, and, finally, 
 run into suitable shapes for linings. 
 
 256103— April 4, 1882. V. Einaigl. Ma)iufurlurc <jf nrtifickd slo)ie. 
 A mixture of carbonate of sodium, carbonate of potassium, cal- 
 cined quartz sand, oxide of calcium, oxide of magnesium, clay, 
 and siliceous sand forms an artificial stone. A hydraulic cement 
 is produced without calcination by adding to 120 parts of said mix- 
 ture 300 parts of carbonate of lime, 200 parts (jf oxide of calcium, 
 of which 150 parts are previously slaked, and 380 parts of brick- 
 dust. 
 
 260646 — July 4, 18S2. E. J. De Smeut. Mimufuciure of lii/driiiilic 
 
 lime and hydraulic cement. 
 
 The lime of cement stone is treated, at the time of calcination or 
 afterwards, to a I'ed heat while in contact with carbonic acid. 
 
 263310— August 29, 1882. AV. F. Browne, rrocess of mid inemis 
 for manufacturing a fieating fuel for hurninglimi; etc. 
 The products of combustion are exhausted from a lime kiln, and 
 forced by a jet of gaseous vapor under pressure into a carliureting 
 chamber, where the mixture is enriched with oil vajior; it is then 
 forced under pressure intotlie kiln, \^ hereby the hot firoducts of 
 combustion and gases are circulated through the latter, thus insur- 
 ing uniform burning. 
 
 263873— September 5, 1882. E. .1. De Smedt. .VanufiHun' of lii/- 
 
 draulic cement. 
 
 Slow-setting hydraulic cement is produced from cement stone 
 containing an excess of free anhydrcius lime, liy adding tci the cal- 
 cined stone, before or after grinding, sufficient "water tfj combine 
 with the free anhydrous lime, forming calcium hydrate. 
 
 270097 — January 2, 1883. .1. Murphy. IJydroulir rnnrnl. 
 
 It is composed of iron slag, soapstone, and burned or roasted 
 clay and lime, in the proportions of 2 parts of slag to 1 part of each 
 of the other ingredients. 
 270608 — January 16, 1883. ■ L. Roth. Manufacture of cement. 
 
 A cement is formed by calcining and grinding a mixture of 
 bauxite, or minerals similar to bauxite, with quartz, hydrated 
 silicic acid, infusorial earth, blast-furnace slag or other silicates, 
 and lime, either as Umestone, chalk, or burnt lime, with or with- 
 out admixture of dolomite, oxide of iron, raw soda, alkali ash, or 
 other fluxes. 
 
 274288— March 20, 1883. 11 J. JJe Smedt. Art if iiKinuficturhx/ 
 
 Portland cement. 
 
 A hydrocarbon or other combustible is added to and mixed witii 
 the cement material pirior to calcining. 
 
 274734 — Marcli .?7, 1883. E. .J. De Smeut. Miinufucturi' of I'lrrtlaml 
 
 cement. 
 
 Enough lime is couibined with cement rock or hydraulic lime- 
 stone, either before or after calcining, to bring the iiercentage of 
 lime up to about 70 per cent. 
 
 274736— March 27, 1883. E. .T. De .Smedt. Manuf(rturr of J'orthnul 
 
 cemerd. 
 
 Enough dolomite is combined with cement rocks or hydraulic 
 limestone, either before or after calcining, to bring the iiercentage 
 of lime and njagnesia up to aliout 70 per cent. 
 
 S75,369— April 10, 1883. E. .1. De S.medt. Jlydranllr cment com- 
 
 jjoimd. 
 
 A cold, slow-setting hydraulic cement, composed of not more 
 than 50 per cent in bulk of a slaty or siliceous non-cement produc- 
 ing rock in combination with ii.>t Ic-'s thaji .',0 per I'cnt of the liot, 
 quick-setting cement rock in common use for cement mannluctiirc 
 270364— June 12, 1883. E. J.- De Smedt. Art of 
 
 Forllniul re, Ill-Ill. 
 
 Natural lock is calcined, groum 
 and then recalcined and j-eground. 
 
 ■ilartii 
 
 281966 — July 24, 1883. W. J. BuDiNGTON. Cement compound. 
 
 It is composed of the variegated marljle of the second forniatioQ 
 (dark and white), and blue clay. 
 287941 — Korember G, 1883. W. Jones, llydra.ulic I'orlland remeriL 
 
 Hydraulic Portland cement is made from argillaceous linjestone 
 or dolomite conta,ining an excess of clay, by mixing therewith lime 
 or its carbonate in such quantity that the mixture shall contain 70 
 to 80 per cent of carbonate of lime, then molding, calcining, and 
 grinding. 
 292320 — .January 22, 1884. R- W. Lesley and J. SL\^'ile(:ox. Man- 
 
 ufacture of I'ortliinil cement. 
 
 The pulYerized ceniimt material is ilampeni-cl slightly so that it 
 is still a powder and jiot a jiaste, molded iido bulls or lumps by 
 hard pressure, and then calcined and ground. 
 I!i.fij80 — FeJiruitry .16, 1884. L. Roth. Manufacture of ctmenl. 
 
 A nnxture of blast-furnace cinder, say 100 pounds; carbijnate of 
 lime, 135 piounds; and an alkaline chloride, such as carnallite, 15 
 to 20 pounds in a saturated solution, is calcined and ground. 
 .',007!iO—Juiie 24, 1,184. -L ili-in-Hv. Ilydrautir irmenl. 
 
 It is composed of fibrolite, margarite, iron slag, shell marl, and 
 clay, mixed, liurned, anil ground. 
 .106201— i^rpliirdivr ir,^ i,s84. R.W.Lesley. Maiiufaclure of Fort- 
 
 Iiiinl riinnit. 
 
 Lime, or lime and magnesia in any of their forms, and slate are 
 mixed in substantially such proportions as to make the manufac- 
 tured cement analyze about 70 per cent of lime, or lime and magne- 
 sia, to 30 j>er cent of ahnnina and silica, then calcined and ground. 
 .306763—Siptnnbci- 30, 1884. R. W. Lesley. Monnfncture of 
 
 h yd I'll III ir n'niiiil. 
 
 A .slow-setting hydraulic cement is made by ndxing ferruginous 
 earths or stones, such as are used in the manufacture of the min- 
 eral brown and red piaints of commerce, with quick-setting cement 
 rocks in suitable proportions, and then calcining ami grinding. 
 30.6764— Sejiteinlicr 30, 1884. R. 'W. Lesley and I). rjKiFFiTHS. 
 
 Manufacture of Portland cement. 
 
 Iron slag or cinder, as an essential ingredient, is ndxed with 
 lime, or lime and magnesia in any of their forms, and calcined and 
 groimd, the proporticms being such as to bring the percentage of 
 lime, or lime and magnesia, up t(j about 70 per cent. 
 30607<'—S'ejitniiher .U), 188.;. S. II. Shout. Manifactnre of liydraaVu: 
 
 cement. 
 
 A nnxture of limestone containing from 5 to 15 per cent of clay 
 and from 3 to 10 jier cent of magnesia, mixed with a clay contain- 
 ing aliout 60 per cent of carbonate of lime, 30 per cent of silica, and 
 1(1 per cent of magnesia and alkaline carbonates, is formed into 
 bricks, burned, and ground. 
 .M0150—Deccnd,er 9, 1884. E. E. Lolse.vu. Art of maim fart uring - 
 
 I'oiihind rnnrnt. 
 
 The cement ])0\Mler is kept in agranular condition before it goea 
 upon the rolls, by the addition of "binders" of larger size than 
 the cement powder, and composed preferably of coke dust, coal, 
 culiii, raw cement, or limestone. 
 3o:i.l70—I)rreml,rr ir,, 1884. S. T. "\\'ELi,M,iN and (;. W. ( Iuctz. 
 
 I'liiiit for and jirorm.'i of nniking lime. 
 
 The processor mode of expelling or driving off carlionic acid gaa 
 by driving or drawing through the limestone air wliich has been 
 more or less highly heated. 
 
 311806 — I'rbriiary 10, LSS6. D. OKiFFrrns. Miiiinforliire aj 
 hydraulir rrmrnt. 
 
 Raw i-ocks containing silica, preferably slates orargil|,)-,-a|eareou3 
 liniestones, and slaked lime, are incorporated with i-alcined cement 
 rock or hydraulic limestone of tlie kind that produces hot, i|uick- 
 selting cement. 
 
 Marrli .!, 1,^'86. R. W. Lesley. Maniifirl 
 
 iniied into a cenjcut jiasle. 
 
 ■ Il3.'l7—Marrli .!, l.'<86 
 
 rrmrnt. 
 
 Iliai'k or dark-colored cement is [iroilnced by in, 
 chidk with the cenjent material after calcination. 
 
 '"■(■ ,,/■ Portland 
 riioi-uling l)|;.ick 
 
CEMENT. 
 
 851 
 
 S 157 11 — April 14, 1885. R. Bryce. Manufacture ofliyilraulic cement. 
 Leilchlield marl or .shale, say 5 parts, and liiiieHtoiie 11 jiarts, are 
 firovind together, compressed intolirieks, calcined, and Rnmnd. 
 
 SSllSO—JuiieSO, 18SS. K. W. Lesley and I). (iRii-KiTiis. Art of 
 
 manufacturing Portland femeiit. 
 
 To destroy the clinker liridge formed in a kiln dnring the opera- 
 tion of calcining cement making material ti.i a clinker, a carrent of 
 cold air is directed against the imderface of said l)ridge to effect the 
 coohng, contraction, and hreaking down of tlic same. 
 S21]21~.Tuiie 30, 18Sn. K. W. Lesley ami D. < Inii'i-TnTs. Munv- 
 
 faclnre of cement. 
 
 Cement is artificially seasoui'd after grinding liy submitting it to 
 the action of a forced current of air I'liarged \y\\\\ moisture. 
 
 SJ1589 — Jidy 7, 1885. J. Dijiei.ow. iliimtfiicluTe af lii/dr.iidir 
 cement. 
 Decomposed limestone is emjiloyed forthe manufacture of cement. 
 
 3.30602 — November 17, 1885. H. Mathev. Maiinfieture of cement. 
 Cement rock is ground to a line powder, which is then calcined. 
 
 331343 — November 24, 1885. W. Joy. Mannfacture of cement. 
 
 Wet slurry or a mixture of wet slurry and fuel is charged into a 
 cement kiln, in successiYe portions, on the burning charge, at the 
 parts where the charge is burning most freely. 
 
 S3S.i70~I)ecember 29, 1885. J. Jl. Willcox. Man ifadnee of Port- 
 land cement. 
 
 Powdered cement making material is mixed with a liinding 
 medium, which will he- made soft and fluid by heat and A\lii( h 
 will harden when cooled — such as pitch — and molded and cal- 
 cined, the binder finally Yolatilizing in the furnace. 
 
 339673 — April 13, 1886. H. Matiiey. Manufacture of cement. 
 
 Crushed rock is calcined in a revohing cylinder, and then ]>ul- 
 Yerized. 
 3403.57 — April 20, 1886. F. Ransome. ifaniifactiirinij cement, etc. 
 
 The cement material, reduced to a powder, is linrned in a 
 reYoh'ing furnace while exposed to the flame "f jiroducer gas 
 mixed with a suitable amount i.if oxygen. 
 
 342784 — June 1, 1886. U. Cummingr. Manufacture of cement. 
 
 The cement making material consists of about 1,266 parts of gyp- 
 sum by weight and of 400 parts of clay. 
 343182 — June 8, 1886. H. JLathey. Maiiufiicture if hylronlic 
 
 cement. 
 
 The process consists in pulverizing natural cement roi'k, adding 
 alluYial clay, mixing, and finally burning under agitation. 
 
 343183 — .June 8, 1886. H. Mathey. Manufacluee of liydraulic 
 
 cement. 
 
 Cement is colored by adding a metallic oxide to the Ijurned 
 cement rock before final pulverization. 
 343184 — June 8, 1886. H. ]\L\they. Manufacture of hydraulic 
 
 cement. 
 
 A pulverized metallic ore roasted to an oxide is added to tlie 
 roasted cement of No. .343182 ami the mixture grouml. 
 .343913 — June 15, 1886. H. C. and D. Millen. ProcenK (jf nuniu- 
 
 facturing hydraulic cemeid. 
 
 Fresh broken clay and marl are piled in alternate layers and 
 allowed to remain until the clay absorbs the surplus moisture of 
 the marl, when the nrass is removed in vertical slices, reduced to a 
 plastic condition, cut into Ijlocks, dried, calcined, and ground. 
 
 346525 — August 3, 1886. J. Anderson. Making hydraulic cement. 
 
 Crushed cement or limestone rock is immersed in a solution of 
 acetic acid of moderate strength for about three hours, and then 
 calcined, Roman cement being produced if calcined to a red heat 
 and Portland cement if the calcining is carried to a white lieat. 
 
 347367 — August 17, 1886. J. Mukphy and N. W. Lord. Ilydranlic 
 
 cement. 
 
 It consists of limestone, furnace slag, salt, and day juixed, 
 burned, and ground. 
 
 3,W41S— -October 5, 1886. U. Citmminos. Hydraulic cement. 
 
 The process of hydrating hydrauhc lime or cement consists in 
 exposing the calcined and pulverized material, while in motion or 
 agitation, to an atmosjihere of steam. 
 358437 — March 1, 18.37. .Tames and .IohnJ). ItRCECKEJi. I'rocessof 
 
 Imriiing lino'. 
 
 The liot air is drawn from tlie toji of the kihi anil forced back to 
 the fire by means of a blast. 
 373992 — November 29, 1887. S. Lowde.x. Manufacture of cement. 
 
 First, a mixture of clay, 1 part, and chalk or limestone, 5 parts, 
 is Ijurned at a wliite lieat and cruslied ; second, limestone is crushed 
 separately and roasteil at about 210° F.; and third, tlie products 
 are mixed in the jiroportion of 3 parts of the first to 1 jjart of the 
 second. 
 3755:19 — December 27, 1887. R. Boskk, K. J'^riesh, and F. Wolters. 
 
 Hydronlic and other cements. 
 
 A cement composed of bla.st-furnace or other slag reduced to 
 granular form, sand, and slaked lime, with or without silicic acid. 
 Also process of making same. 
 382376 — May 8, 1.388. J. iluRPHY. Hydraulic cement. 
 
 Same as No. 347.367, w^th the omission of the .salt. 
 3,37199 — .July 31, 1888. C L. EAo.iN. Hydranlic cement compound. 
 
 A combination of lime rock, silex, mineral magnesite, and 
 alumina. 
 387588 — August 7, 1888. C. R. CosTi.iNd. Process of marinfacturing 
 
 hydraulic cement. 
 
 Tlie cement material is crushed and ground, mixed with water 
 t<] a plastic state and reground in this condition, next dried in a 
 suitable chamber, and then calcined and again ground. 
 394663— Decemlier 18, 1888. .T. T. Rigby. Manufacture rjf cement 
 
 from liun'-mud. 
 
 Lime-mud, the residue of alkali works, is washed and treated 
 with carbonic acid, until sulphureted hydrogen ceases to be given 
 off and then with sufficient alkaline silicate to decompose the 
 alkaline-earth chlorides, when it is mixed wdth clay for the manu- 
 facture of cement. 
 397373— February 5, 1889. R. W. Lesley. Manufacture of cement. 
 
 In the manufacture of cement from slags, the lime or other 
 ingredients, in a finelj- divided condition and at a high heat, are 
 injected into the slag while still fluid. 
 399496 — March 12, 1889. G. E. C.vRLETON. Method of C(dcining 
 
 rocJc. 
 
 An air lilast is induced underneath tlie fuel t(_i increase the draft, 
 and a spray of steam or water A\ithin the arch above the fuel to 
 regulate the heat. 
 402511— Apjrd 30, 1889. V. Cummixgs. Cement. 
 
 A hydraulic cement consisting of silicate of magnesium calcined 
 and pulverized. 
 417634 — December 17, 1889. G. Dury'ea. I-'rocess of manufactUTing 
 
 cement. 
 
 Fluorspar is mixed with cement-producing materials. 
 420371— .Tanuary 28, 1890. .1. M. Willcox. Method of burning 
 
 cement making matericds. 
 
 The cement making material in a kiln or clianil:)er is subjected 
 to the simultaneous action of the usual solid fuel, mixed with the 
 material and forming part of the charge, and of auxiliary burning 
 jets of gas or liipiid fuel, applied to the upper strata of the charge 
 l)efore or about the time the lower strata are lighted. 
 427.3.30—May 6, 1.390. E. X. Trump and D. W. Peck. Method of 
 
 establishing unils of nu:asure iu compounding Portland ceuieut. 
 
 Each ingredient is separately molded or cut into forms of uni- 
 form size, the sizes varying according to the jiroportions in ^Nhich 
 they are to lie compounded. 
 43/f.3.30— August 19, 1890. \V. .lov. Method of feeding cement kilns. 
 
 i.^rantities of slurry and fuel mixed and quantities of neat slurry 
 are separately ileposited on the burning mass in the kiln at different 
 times as the burning proceeds. 
 
852 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 ( ', 
 
 miinsili,,,, 1,1 
 
 lit and iipwanl 
 
 i4<:f)ll—FchnMry:i-i, ISUl. 11. C. Bacm. f'rorrss ,,/ iiKiiiiifdr/iiiiny 
 
 I'uiiland cemeiil. 
 
 (Quicklime is aililed to wet calcareiuiH marl, ami flimuKli the 
 re.sulting chemical action the mixture is rcinlcrcil jierfectly dry 
 preparatory to grinding. 
 
 449510— Mm-ch 31, ISUl. (i. Williams. /'rm-rss nf iiiiiiiiifiirlnriiii/ 
 
 vement. 
 
 Carbonate of lime is reduced to powiler hy steam, umler preasui'e 
 produced from a solution- of sihcate of soila and water; alumina, 
 silex, and a thin paste of calcimn chloriile, unslaked lime, and 
 i.varm M-ater, arc then added and the mixture is moliled, calcined, 
 and ground. 
 4o07.',0—Aiiril .n, 1S91. .T. B. Speed. I'rtinss uf i,iniiiihi,liirinij 
 
 hydraulic ceineiit. 
 
 The rock is crushed and sized liy screening, and tlie furnace 
 charged with lumps of a uniform size. 
 453753— June .9, hSUl. E. F. ]l\[;i)E, Mnnufnrlnrr nf I'm-lhiiid 
 
 ceiiienl. 
 
 To obtain pure lime for the ujanufacture of Porthuid cement from 
 blue limestone, the limestone is first calcined; the calcined lumps 
 are next moistened by dijiping in water and quickly removing them, 
 so that only the pure lime will slake; anil the pure, slaked lime is 
 then separated from the impure by sifting. 
 4553711 — Juhj 7, ISm. W. II. Wi.\(.. Miiiivfuclurr ,,f iniifiit. 
 
 A mixture composed of a phosphate, as calcium phosphate, and 
 a silicate, such as clay or serpentine, the phosphate predominating 
 (say 100 parts of pho.sphate rock tfi 4(i.2i) parts of clay), is calcined. 
 
 400509— SijiteinJierjri, 1891. <}. II. KoLTEVERand G. A\'. Bahtiioi.o- 
 .MEW, ,Jr. I'rorcxx nf jirejiariin/ mnl Inupri'iiu/ xhrrnj fnr J'uiilmid 
 rernent. 
 
 Freshly dug clay and lime materials are mixed in pr<jporti<jns 
 determineil by weight, worked while soft, damj), or wet, a portion 
 of the mixed mass tested to determine proportions, and the pro- 
 portions corrected, if necessary, by adding material. 
 
 460697— Ofloher HI, 1S91. .T. II. Wuigiit. ILidniulir linn'. 
 
 Lime, slakecl in a solution of cruile ixitash, crude soda ash, and 
 alum which has been bcnieil and cixiled, is mixed with an equal 
 quantity of lime slaked liy dipping or sj>rink]ing with sulphuric 
 acid or with plaster of Paris, ami tlie mixture is ground to apf>wder. 
 
 j.64515 — Dri-inilier3, 1391. .T. F. X.^xakko. I'rm-rKxnf nnmnfin-ln rimj 
 
 luiilrrinlir ci'nlenl. 
 
 The raw ground rock is burned in a vertical kiln and pulverizeil; 
 the required additional element is then added, the i)ulverized 
 mixture is calcined in a rotary ki]?i, and the jiroduct is ground. 
 464516 — December 3, 1391. .L F. .\.vv.\KHo. I'mn'sx ,jf nniniifinlnr- 
 
 iinj Porlliiinl renniit. 
 
 Argillaceiais rock containing the constituents <if I'ortland cement 
 is ground in a dry state; when delicient in lime, a delinite jjropor- 
 tion of cement rock high in lime, or of ]>ure limestone ground raw, 
 is added; the piowders are mixed dry anil calcined in a rotary kiln, 
 and the clinker is ground. 
 
 465330— Deremher 15, 1891. C. To.mkixs. I'mnxx nf nninnfinlnrinii 
 
 cement. 
 
 Highly heated slag as it comes from the fiii'iiace and heforecool- 
 ing is subjected to a liath of hydrate of bine, and Ihen dried and 
 jjulverized. 
 .i.Si:i65—Xnren,her 15, 139:. II. .1. Livixostox 
 
 nnillerjor jn'oil n,-ini/ I'nrlhnnl r,nn nl. 
 
 It consists of II paits of slieU rontaiiiiiig 1)1) per 
 of carbonate of lime, 2 jiarfs of abiivial cla\-, and 1 part of "roinid 
 chalk flints. 
 
 -j.3(:706~X(n','nilin- !:', 139.'. (', \' \ n |.', ,i:ei,i,. .\,lili,inl I'nrlhnnl 
 
 i-rinrnl. 
 
 I'liK'erized I Ion an I remeiif is mi xed \\i( h |.iire li yd rale of ealciniii 
 in the form of a dr\- pouder h,, H.^it ih,. lin,,. ami liie hydraulic 
 factors are in the proportion of 17 li. ID, 
 
 430707 — A'lieeniliir 3.!, 1393. C. Van' Fokei.l. Arlificiril Ronniii 
 
 cenn'nl. 
 
 Pulveiized Roman cemcnl lontainijig an excess of lime is mixed 
 with jiowdei-ed silicate of aluminum so that the lime and the 
 hydraulic factors are in the proportion of 1" to 10. 
 491380 — Fehrunrji 7, 1393. B. Dkeveitss. I.'emenl. 
 
 A mixture of 2 2iarts of pulverized spent lime ami 1 pjart of iml- 
 verized coke slag, with oni'-twentieth of its weight of slaked rock 
 lime, and sand. 
 494760 — April 4, 189.1. \. F. L. S.xriTir. (.'emenl. 
 
 A dry-ground mixture of oi'dinary cement with sand, gravel, or 
 other lining material. 
 497785 — Mail .M, 1393. M. L. (iiuEFix. Mnnafnclnrr of I'lnllawl 
 
 cenienl. 
 
 Precipitated carljonale of lime, produced by the addition of lime 
 to a solnlile carbonate, such as sodium carbonate, is niixed with 
 clay or other aluminous material, dried, calcined, and groinid. 
 .506039— Oduber 3, 1893. ,T. F. Bakeow. J'roduction (jf lime. 
 
 The products of combustion are exhausted from the bosh of 
 the kiln, so that air may enter the furnace without mixing to 
 a)r apjireiiable extent with the said products. 
 
 5119.13 — .hnrniirij 3, 1394. ''^. I'ENTLEK. Mnnnfiirlii re of friuent. 
 
 It is cojnposed of slaked lime, carbonate of potash, sulphate of 
 copper, and sulphate of iron. 
 5/5017 — Fehrnani .10, 1394. K. L. Ransome. Slfilliig linw. 
 
 The clinker produced in burning combustilile material contain- 
 ing lime is slaked, disintegrated, and cooled by passing steam 
 through the burned mass before it is withdrawn from the furnace. 
 51.7757 — Marrli /:, 1894. (3. .T. Fvekett. I 'mirnt mmjionnil. 
 
 It is com]iosed of a ccmoit which is itself hydraulic, chloride of 
 calcium, and lime. 
 5.'.;r,.'f3—.hilil 34, i\.'/-/. P.. K. RiOHV. Mnnifiirtnrr of remrlil. 
 
 ".Vmmonia-soda," or "('liance" waste is washed to remove sol- 
 uble imimrities, then ti'sted chemically, and lime added until the 
 impurities, other than soda and sodium chloride, are below M.o 
 per cent, when it is mixed with aluminous material, calcined, 
 and ground. 
 .7.16910— Ortnhrr .', J394. ]'.. K. Ruiliv. Monnfnin rr of irinent. 
 
 .V mixture of be Blaiie lime, mud, and clay is ralcined until 
 o\-erburning takes ]ilaee ami then gi'onnd. 
 53l)1.17~I)rrend,er ./', AV.'/.;. (i. W. A. Ste)X. Melhnd of nninnfie- 
 
 Inrino hi/dronlir rmn nl. 
 
 From r> to b) iier cent of slag, sand, and liyd)'ateof lime is mixed 
 wilh the raw cement mati-rials lo |)revent disintegration l.>efore 
 burning in a kiln. 
 
 54.!45/—.lnli/.'.;, 1395. II. II. PiEUcE. I'rorrs.t of I rrolinij linn'. 
 
 t^hiklime is slaked to a jaitty, thcTi roasted and ground. 
 544706—Anijnxl .10, 1,W95. ,1. WiiiTixc, Monnfarlnrr (f crinrnt. 
 
 It is i-omiiosed of jiulverized blast-furnace or other slag, caustic 
 soda, and slaked lime, all in tlie dry state. 
 5. ',5553 — Scjilonhir 3, 1395. \V. R. Taveok. .ijijioro/n.i fo- Imrnim/ 
 
 renirni inokinij nnllrriol.^ oinl /n-nee.i.-! nf nljloinini/ rorhnn din.ridr. 
 
 The materials a)-e heated in direct cojitact with gaseous [irodncts 
 of combustion until the moisture, oi'ganic matter, and the like are 
 drawn off and the temperature reached at whiib eaibonic acid is 
 gi\'en off, when the beating is contiiuied out of contact with the 
 gaseous products of combustion. 
 551)019 — Ihcnilirr 3, 1395. V,. 1 1. 1 1 r i!i;v and 1 1. .(. Si.:\.MAx. /',■,„■- 
 
 c.v.s njiiinl o/i/ioroInK fnr nnninfnlnrr nf rrnn'ni. 
 
 The cement material is roasted, the hot elinke,- paiiially cooled, 
 broken, and «etleil, and the nioistinv e\-aporated Irom fb,. broken 
 material in a continuous ]ii-ocess. 
 3111931— .Innr .31, J896. li. AN'. .\. Sriois. llnOrnnln-rinnnl. 
 
 \ small ipiaijlil\- of ground slag sand or gi-anulaled furnace slai: 
 ij added lo a finished mixture of i-aw cemenl |,, make the sintered 
 mixtnie brittle, so that on cooling the mass eiiunbles. 
 
CEMENT. 
 
 853 
 
 S68599— September 39, 1898. G. Bonneville. Melliod i,f uml (i/i/ia- 
 
 ratimfur ctilcin'mg cement. 
 
 Raw cemtnt material and cement jiroper are eumliined witli a 
 comlnistilile material, in an intimately mixed and plastic niass, 
 and are then subjected to a simultaneous rollinj; and calrininn' 
 operation l)y which the mass is formed into separate 1ui]|)ih innne- 
 diately liefore, and the condxistible material bnrneil out upon and 
 inunediately after the setting of the cement proj)er. 
 
 S69S.i:i — Octnhei- 30, 1S9G. S. .Tokgensen. SI(I(J rniicnl. 
 
 To ordinary slaji cement, whicli is composed of (ground slajj; and 
 slaked lime, is added a roasted and powdered mixture of ground 
 slag, slaked lime, and water. 
 
 5S306S — Miqi 4, 1897. R. W. Lesley. Ilydranlie cement. 
 
 To produce a slow-setting Portland cement the cement making 
 material, after calcination, and in the I'orni of cither I'linker oi- 
 powder, is treated with dilute sulphuric aci<l. 
 
 f>S.'iS97 — JiDie 15, 1897. M. W. L. Nahnsen. Mainifdrturr of reinent. 
 The residues from the manufacture of sulphate of alnujinum arc 
 freed from components solulile in water and the remainder mixed 
 with lime, witho\it being burned. 
 
 ■590057 — Sipteiiihi'i- L'/, l,\'!i7. W . H. F.-vrrney. Milliod nf nilrinhif/ 
 
 friiitile iiKiti'i-iiih. 
 
 The material to be calcined is formed into a tnhc and continu- 
 ously projectcil into the furnace, the heat of which 2'asses up 
 through the tube. 
 
 fjH.'.'i'.i.' — (_)iiolirr .'i;, 1897 . V. Iy.ieldsex. C'liinid iiKiiiiifiictnre. 
 
 From 3 to '-> percent of manufactured cement is added h> the 
 
 raw material and the mixture formed into lilocks, whicli are 
 burned and ground. 
 
 59979i—M,ii;h 1, 1S9S. 11. II. Pierce. j-'ri.erxH „i imilnHj liuif. 
 
 Quicklime is slaked tn a putty, roasted in the pri'seni'c 'if earbimie 
 acid gas, and ground. 
 
 60dJ7S — .Tunc .'8, 1898. C. .1. I'UUTIX. J'mcexs ../' makiitij .darj ccnicnl. 
 Burnt lime, to which has been added :i piT cent ol b\droe]i]oric 
 acid, is iuntiers(:'d in about 20 per cent <'f wat(-i-, tliorouglil\' mbxed 
 and coniliined Avith S.t j.er cent of molten slag, and then dricil and 
 pulverized. 
 
 617241 — Jaiiuarii S, 1899. A. 1). 1;lbe];s. J'niccxx uf Ircitlinj t.hixl- 
 
 furnoce slag fur cement. 
 
 Pulverized blast-furnace slag is suiierlieially desulpiliurizeil by 
 the application of a weak solution of nitric acid, and tlien alkalized 
 by impregnation witli an aqueous solution of sodium carbonate. 
 
 6301.5.5 — Fehriiiirii ;8, 1899. H. .T. LivixiisTox. ('(nnimxiliini fuc 
 nxfling eaelionatcd, li!ide<t.nlic linn-, cmn.'nt, nr nmrtac. 
 It consists of 100 parts of hydrate of lime, .SO to 40 pai'ts of coke, 
 
 and 1 part of saccharine or farinaceous matter by weight. 
 
 6:.'3.j'87 — Ajiril 4, 1899. II. II. Pierce. Cennnt. 
 
 tiuicklime is slaked to a putty; jjulverized sulphate of lime 
 is then added, the mixture is roasted, and the roasted product is 
 then reduced to a powder. 
 
 633,188 — AprU 4, 1899. 11. 11. Pierce. Treatment rjf Ihne. 
 
 Quicklime is slakeil to a putty; jiulverized carbonate of lime 
 is then added, the mi.xture is i-oasted, and the roasted product is 
 reduced to a pjowder. 
 
 636865 — Xaeemher 14, 1899. C Stk.uih. Fra<-c.-<x af treating calcinm 
 ■ n.ridr. 
 
 Calcined lime is partially hydrated, and then recalcincd until all 
 moisture is expelled. 
 
 11438.56 — Fehruarg 30,1900. "\V. S. (). .Mctji. .Uatinfa.ctnre nfcenn'nt. 
 Burnt lime is hydrated with water containing a soluljle salt 
 which will evolve oxygen at a higli temperature, such as nitrate of 
 soda, and the hydrated lime is rnixeil with powdered blast-furnace 
 slag, and then calcined. 
 
 1:5/684 — ./nin' 1'!, 1900. (J. ^f. \\'estm.\n. J'toccxk fif nam n fact n ring 
 
 linn' ami carlxmic m-id. 
 
 The ]irocess consists in heating a mixture of carbonic acid and 
 steam, passing this mixture through limestone, (h'awing off the 
 expelled carbonic aciil and lime prfjdnccd, bringing the expelled 
 carbonic acid in confact with water to con\'ert the latter into 
 steam and form a mixture of sleaiii and carbonic aciil, reheating 
 a jjai't fif the mixture thus formed, and forcing the mixture back 
 into and tlirough the lime.stone. 
 655001— Augii.d 7, 1900. L. II. ?il, Mekceron-A'icat. Artijiciid 
 
 cement. 
 
 Marly limestone is calcined, and then fused under oxidizing 
 conditions, thereby remi.iving flic suljihur while in a state of 
 fusion. 
 667355 — Fdn-inrrg 5, 1901. \. S. Si iiriiEjrr ami F. .1. Pierce. 
 
 Pracexs Iff i>ri>ilncing linn' ami cement and fi. red c(nnhnsfd>/c gases. 
 
 The gases distilled off from a mass of raw cement and fuel are 
 l)assed through a mass of incandescent carbonaceous material, 
 from which air is e.xcluded; the resiiluuiii is sub.sequently 
 clinkered, the heat evolved in the clinkering jirocess being 
 utilized for distilling and partiall} burning a subsequent charge. 
 670047 — Micrdi 19,J901. (i. I\I. Westm.^x. Proce.-<.-< of nninnfaefnr- 
 
 ing linn:' and cnrhnnic iu-iil. 
 
 This is a continuous ]jrocess nf tieating limestone with a iiighly 
 heated mixture of carbonic acid and steam, consisting in exjjelling 
 the carbonic acid fi'om the limesti me, bringing the hfit carbonic 
 acid in contact \vith water to cijnvert the latter into steam, mixing 
 the steam \vitli the expelled carljonic acid, and then reheating the 
 mixture and again jiassing it through the limestone, tluis producing 
 lime and carbonic acid cif maximum purity. 
 678413 — ,/»/,// 16, r.iOI. W . Lessixo. I'mcesa nf I, timing ccincnt, 
 
 gUl'xnm, etc. 
 
 The raw material is ground, heated tn a white heat, and dropiped 
 ilownward against a i-ohiiDn nf (lame; it is then utilized, in its in- 
 tensely heated ciiudition, tn generate steam for tlie iireliminary 
 warming of fresh material. 
 6787-f8 — Jnig J6, 19nl. (t. yill.I.ER. l'r<,cc!,x r)f forming jiiecci ,,f r(ur 
 
 cenn'nt. 
 
 Pieces of dried cement are passed suecessivel)' through a series 
 nf drying drums, eacli containing a plastic mass of raw cement. 
 68J.S.',7 Scptcnd.cr 17, 19111. C. ^I. AvERY. /'/vjrr.ss ,rf jndrerizing 
 
 Cfdcinm n.riilc ar lime. 
 
 The lime, as it couu's from the kiln, is sulgected to simultaneous 
 agitatifiu and sifting in the jiresence of steam. 
 6.S3188—Se[ilendiir .'4, 1901. F. X. Si'E.u;. I'mcexr nf teeeding linn:. 
 
 Finely ilivideil quicklime is subjected tn the actinn nf steam in 
 a closed chamber, and then brought into contact with carbonic acid 
 gas obtained from a calcining kiln. 
 
 68-5064 — Octotter .;3, 1901. A. S. Schujiert. I'raeexr nf pr.idnciiigUme 
 
 or cenant and candnr^tilile f/r/.s-e.s. 
 
 Heated products of the cnniliustinn of burning fuel are passed 
 through raw cement material, thereljy expelling gaseous matter 
 therefrom, the resultant gases lieing subsequently passed through 
 a body of highly heated fuel. 
 e:88910 — llecrndK'r 17, 1901. (\. "\V,.iRKEX. Mannfactnr:- of cement <n- 
 
 .^iin.ilar nn:drrial.^. 
 
 The liquid sludge is run into molds and dried, to form Iilocks for 
 calcination. 
 691.7::i7—.lannaeg 31, 190.'. J. Ii. McDonnell. Cennnt. 
 
 It consists of water, carbolic acid, nitro-muriatic acid, nitric acid, 
 crushed calcareous rock, sulphate of calcium, and cement nf any 
 manufacture. 
 693357— Fehruarg 4, 19(13. V. ¥.. FIlokeh. Metlnid af calcining 
 
 linn', etc. 
 
 In place of the ordinary imre-air draft, an artiticiallv accelerated 
 draft enmposed of air and a neutral gaseous diluent — kiln gases — is 
 
854 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 u.seil to pniiiKitc coiiiliuHtiiin, thereby greatly retiinlinu: the libera- 
 tion of tlie lieat units of the fuel and iiroihieing a Imii; ftanie of 
 large yoUnne. 
 69SS6S— April J:e, IfilM. (). Fi;]/,. I'mrfxx ,,/ muknii/ miinil . 
 
 To produre a white cement, a mixture nf lime, clay as free as 
 possible from iron, and feldspar is burned tn the verge of fusion — 
 that is, beyond the sintering limit. 
 JdMOO — Jinii' 10, 19(li. F. G. .T<iHi)AX. Fi-nnxx of mal-'uKj irmeiit. 
 
 Limestone is decarbonated and siliceous clay mixed therewitli 
 while in an incandescent state; the mixture is tlien ignited in the 
 presence of a liyilrating agent, molded, calcined, and ground. 
 704549— Jul !i Jo, lUOi. .T. T. McKnr. O'liienl. 
 
 A compounil to be added to Pmlland or similar rement, con- 
 sisting of calcareous ocher, inm ore [)laut, and litharge, ground ami 
 subjected to a heat of l(in° F. 
 70534s— JldiJ 33, 1903. :\r. T. .1. Oens. Phixirr rntii/nJitnni. 
 
 It consists of a mixture of 2 parts of hydraulic i-ement, 1 part of 
 powdered silicate of aluminum, and 1 i>art of powdered carbonate 
 of lime. 
 
 7056.50 — July 39, 1903. V. CoNTi, G. Dk (.Jkokrev, and <1. I^fJ'iall 
 
 Du Tehte. Artificvd stone. 
 
 A mixture of 15 parts of alumiimni sulphate, 15 parts of pulver- 
 ized Kieselguhr, 50 parts of calcined magnesia, 25 parts of magne- 
 sium chloride, anil 75 parts of magnesium sulphate, all by weight, 
 togetlier with inert matter. 
 706760 — ^iur/it.ftl?, 1903. W. R. Knox. Hydraulic fireproof ceriu-nt. 
 
 Aground but uiibu]ned mixture composed of about 24 parts of 
 silica, fi.] parts of aluiuina, 5 parts of magnesia, 60 parts of lime, 3 
 parts of hydrochloric acid, and IJ parts of iron oxide. 
 
 70778S — Auffu.it 36, 1903. J. JVIuRPHV. C'oiiijXi.nlion. of matter. 
 
 It consists of crushed, hard iron slag, pulverized baril-limed cin- 
 ders, Portland cement, liquor of Hints, and water. 
 714S43—lhTemher 3, 1903. 11. F. Wentz. Art of luanvfueturliii/ 
 
 eeiiinil. 
 
 Cement ore is calcined by the combustion of pulverized carbon, 
 utilizing also the heat from the gaseous products, derived from the 
 disinti'gratiou of highly heated cement clinker when treated with 
 water and air. 
 
CLAY 
 
 (855) 
 
CLAY, 
 
 By Jefferson jNIiddleton. 
 
 This report covers the operations of the elix}' mining- 
 industry in the United States during- the 3'ear 1902. By 
 far the larger portion of the elay mined is used by tlie 
 miner in the manufacture of clay products. Iiut us the 
 work of -svinning- the clay is such an intimate part of 
 the process of manufacture as to malvc its segregation 
 impossible, only the clay mined and sold as such has 
 been included in the report. The statistics for the clay 
 working industries were shown in the Twelfth Census 
 Report on Manufactures. 
 
 The clay mining industrj^ seems to have received but 
 little attention at pre^'ious censuses. Statistics were 
 first shown at the census of ISOd, when 5 mines were 
 reported, all in Middlesex county, N. J., with a product 
 \-aIued at $1(J5,660. At the census of 187(1, 1 tire clay 
 establishment was reported from Jackson county, ^Nlicli., 
 with a product valued at $80,000. At the census of 
 1880 statistics were presented for 9 kaolin mines — 4 in 
 Delaware, 2 iti South Carolina, and 1 each in Indiana, 
 Maryland, and New York — reporting- 23,277 tons of 
 clay, valued at 1200,1:57. The Eleventh Census con- 
 tains no statistics for clay mining as a distinct industry. 
 
 Clay mining- was carried on in 27 states, but in most 
 of them the industry was of minor importance. In 
 only 6 of the states did the product exceed a value of 
 $100,000, and the product for these states was 68.7 per 
 cent of the total value of products for the United 
 States. 
 
 The following- table is a sunnnary of the statistics for 
 
 1902: 
 
 Table 1. — iSiniunari^/.- lOOi. 
 
 Number of mines - 205 
 
 Number of op-^jrutors - 203 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc; 
 
 Xnmlier - - . . . 1^5 
 
 Salaries S150, 50.5 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 1, 433 
 
 Wages ; S9.5H, mi 
 
 Contract work ^Vi, 241 
 
 Miscellaneous expen,ses §120, 873 
 
 Cost of supplies and materiaN ^272, .S23 
 
 Product: 
 
 Qr.antity, short tons 1, 4.55, 3.57 
 
 Val\ie . ^ S2, 001 , 072 
 
 ^^'hile there were 205 mines reported, they were 
 owned by 203 oj^erators, sliowing that the clay mining- 
 
 industry is as 3'et largely local, the modern tendency to 
 combination not having ati'ected it. Of the mines, 34 
 were in New .lersey, 31 in Oliio, and 25 in Missouri. 
 The number in the other states \-aried from 19 in Penn- 
 sylvania to 1 in several of the states. 
 
 Ill addition to the active^ mines, (!1 idle mines were 
 reported, distriliuted as follows; 12 in Ohio, in Ten- 
 ness(>e, 5 in Maryland, 4 each in Georgia and Pennsyl- 
 vania, 3 each in Colorado, Missouri, North Carolina, 
 and \'irginia, 2 each in California, Illinois, Indiana, Ken- 
 tucky, Massachusetts, and Vermont, and 1 each in 
 jNIichigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, 
 South Carolina, and West Virginia. There were also 
 2 mines — 1 each in North Carolina and Florida — at 
 which development worlv onl}' was reported. 
 
 (..'(ij>ifiil xtorlt iif //icrjin/'iifid (■(iiiipii II tix. — Table 2 
 presents the details of the capitalization of the 1:5 in- 
 corporated companies reporting capitalization. It 
 shows that of the 203 operators of clay mines 52 were 
 incorporated companies, of whom 45 reported :ni au- 
 thorized capital stock of $6,947,600. The total num- 
 ber of shares authorized was 660,536, and the total num- 
 ber of shares issued was 341,107, with a par value of 
 $5,275,200. The dividends paid during the year 
 amounted to $59,190. The authorized stock was di- 
 vided into 650,986 shares of c<.)mmon stock, with a par 
 value of $6,272,600, and 9,550 shares of preferred stock, 
 with a par value of $675,000. Of the common stock, 
 however, only 332,377 shai-es (par vahie. S4.t>37.2()()) 
 were issued, while 8,730 shares of preferred stock (par 
 value, $638,000) were issued. The bonds issued were 
 717 in number, with a par value of $331,()(i(), on which 
 the sum of $18,110 was paid as interest. The onlv 
 states in which companies reported preferred stock 
 were Georgia, Delaware, and New Jersey, while bonds 
 were authorized and issued only in the two last named 
 states and in Pennsyh'ania. In West \'irg-inia bonds 
 to the value of $15,000 were authorized, liut none were 
 issued. In only 1 state (Wisconsin) were assessments 
 levied. 
 
 (857) 
 
858 
 
 Ml^ES AND QUARRIP^S. 
 
 Table 2.— CAPITALIZATION OF INCORPORATKD COMPANIES: 1902. 
 
 
 United States. 
 
 California. 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 Delaware. 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Mis.souri. 
 
 NumlxT cf incorporated companies 
 
 Number reporting capitalization 
 
 Capital stock and bonds issued 
 
 Capital stock: 
 
 Total authorized- 
 
 52 
 
 45 
 
 $5, 606, 200 
 
 660,. 5:36 
 .$6,947,600 
 
 341,107 
 
 $5,275,200 
 
 $59,190 
 
 6.50,986 
 $6, 272, 600 
 
 332, 377 
 
 $4,637,200 
 
 $55, 690 
 
 9,. 550 
 $675, 000 
 
 .s,730 
 
 $63.S, 000 
 
 $3, 500 
 
 90, 747 
 $436, 000 
 
 717 
 
 $3;n,ooo 
 
 $18,110 
 $100,000 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 $200, 000 
 
 .500, 000 
 $.500, 000 
 
 200,000 
 $200, 000 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 $30,000 
 
 30,000 
 $30, 000 
 
 30, 000 
 $30, 000 
 
 5 
 $1,146,000 
 
 18,200 
 .$1,370,000 
 
 11,. 8.50 
 
 $1,140,000 
 
 $10,000 
 
 14,200 
 $970, 000 
 
 7,8.50 
 
 $710, 000 
 
 $10, 000 
 
 4,000 
 $400, 000 
 
 4,000 
 $400,000 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 $235, 900 
 
 6, 500 
 $6.50, 000 
 
 2, :559 
 $2:35,900 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 $5, 000 
 
 100 
 $5, 000 
 
 100 
 
 $3, 000 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 $25, 400 
 
 2, 206 
 $210, 600 
 
 354 
 
 $25, 400 
 
 $7,380 
 
 2, 200 
 $210, 600 
 
 3.54 
 
 $25,400 
 37,380 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 $492,200 
 
 .5,210 
 
 
 $.521,000 
 
 Total issued— 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 4,922 
 8492,200 
 
 
 
 Common— 
 
 Authorized- 
 
 500, 000 
 $500, 000 
 
 200, 000 
 $200, 000 
 
 30, 000 
 $30,000 
 
 30, 000 
 $30, 000 
 
 6,000 
 $600, 000 
 
 2, 079 
 $207, 900 
 
 100 
 $5,000 
 
 100 
 $5, 000 
 
 5, 210 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued— 
 
 $.521,000 
 4,922 
 
 
 $492,200 
 
 
 
 Preferred- 
 Authorized— 
 
 
 
 .500 
 $.50, 000 
 
 280 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Issued — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 $28,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bonds: 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 
 
 2 
 $6,000 
 
 2 
 
 $6, 000 
 
 $360 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Issued — 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 Par value 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Asses.snients levied 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 New .lersey. Ohio. Pennsylvania. 
 
 cfr™Hna. 1 West Virginia. 
 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 All other 
 states. 1 
 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 $1,. 300, 700 
 
 25, 920 
 $1,241,000 
 
 24,192 
 
 $1,125,700 
 
 $15, 310 
 
 20, 870 
 $1,016,000 
 
 19,742 
 $915,700 
 $11,810 
 
 5, 0.50 
 $225,000 
 
 5 3 
 
 3 2 
 
 $S4,000 $1,200,000 
 
 4.50 1 11,000 
 
 5 ' 2 
 
 4 ■ 2 
 
 $2''8 000 ^75 000 
 
 2 
 $110,000 
 
 200 
 $200,000 
 
 110 
 8110,000 
 
 7 
 5 
 
 $.524,000 
 
 46,750 
 862.5,000 
 
 43,850 
 
 $524,000 
 
 820,000 
 
 46,7.50 
 $625,000 
 
 43,850 
 $524,000 
 820,000 
 
 
 Capital stock and bonds issued 
 
 Capital stock: 
 
 Total authorized- 
 
 11,. 500 
 $2.50, 000 
 
 11,280 
 
 $228, 000 
 
 $1,500 
 
 11,. 500 
 8250, 000 
 
 11,280 
 
 8228, 000 
 
 81,. 500 
 
 2,600 
 $2.50, 000 
 
 7.50 
 $75, 000 
 
 
 Total issued— 
 
 340 
 $34,000 
 
 11,000 
 
 $1,0,50,000 
 
 $5,000 
 
 11,000 
 $1,0.50,000 
 
 11,000 
 
 $1,0,50,000 
 
 $5, 000 
 
 
 
 Common- 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 4.50 
 $45, 000 
 
 340 
 $34,000 
 
 2, 500 
 $2.50,000 
 
 750 
 $75,000 
 
 200 
 $200,000 
 
 Wio 
 
 $110,000 
 
 
 Issued- 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends {Mid 
 
 Preferred- 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Par value 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 4,4.50 
 
 .$210,000 
 
 $3, 500 
 
 415 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dividends paid 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bonds: 
 
 Authorized- 
 Number 
 
 
 90,:!00 
 $2 10, 000 
 
 300 
 
 
 30 
 
 $15, 000 
 
 
 
 Par value 
 
 $175,000 
 
 115 
 
 $175, 000 
 
 $8, 7.50 
 
 
 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number 
 
 
 
 
 
 Par value 
 
 
 $1.50,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 Interest paid 
 
 
 89, 000 
 
 
 
 
 
 Assessments levied 
 
 
 
 
 $100, 000 
 
 
 — 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 ilnclndcs companies distributed as follows: Connecticut,!; Florida. 2; Massachusetts,!; North Carolina 3. 
 
 Delaware, New Jersey, and Penn.s3'lvania are the; oiilj^ 
 states .showing a capitalization exceeding |11, (.»()(), (.)()(). 
 
 E'fivployi^cH and 'inage». — The average number of wage- 
 earners employed during each month in 1902 is shown 
 by states in Table 7. The most active clay mining sea- 
 son was from April to October. This is to be expected 
 when the principal method of mining clay is considered. 
 Probably 90 per cent of the work was done in open pits; 
 this tends to reduce operations in tht; cold months and 
 
 of wage-earners between the months of summer and 
 wintei- is not :is great as might be expected, considering 
 the fact that the work done is almost entirely above 
 ground. The average number of wage-earners, men 
 and boys, for the whole year was 2,43o. The laro-est 
 number of men employed in any one month was 2,(>2-t 
 in June, while the .smallest was 2,100 in February. 
 The average number of men employed for the whole 
 year was 2,-103. The average number of liovs eni- 
 
 in inclement weather. The variation in the number - ployed during the year was 30, the highest number 
 
CLAY. 
 
 85y 
 
 Of the 2,433 wage-earners of all oceupation«, 871, or 
 35.8 per cent, received between $1.25 and $1.49 per 
 day; 41)5, or 20.3 per cent, between $1 and $1.24; 330, 
 or 13. G per cent, between 75 and !»'.» cent.s; and 321, or 
 13.2 per cent, ))etween $i.5u and $1.74. 
 
 Of the total number, 1,<;4«, or 07.7 per cent, were 
 miners, of wliom 730, or 44.3 per cent, received between 
 $1.25 and $1.41) per day, and 231, or 14 per cent, be- 
 tween $1.50 and $1.74; wliile 27G, or 16.7 per cent, 
 received les.s than $1. 
 
 The wage-earner,s next in number to niiner.s were re- 
 ported as ''all other wage-earners." Of these there M'ere 
 <;2!.», consisting largely of unskilled workmen or com- 
 mon laborers, as i.s indicated by the low rates shown in 
 the table — 31.)lt, or 03.4 per cent, having been paid from 
 $1 to $1.49 per day. The other classes of occupations 
 were numerically small. 
 
 The rates of pay of engineers, hremen, and mechanics 
 averaged somewhat higher than the rates for miners, 
 while the rates paid to boys ranged from less than 50 
 cents up to from $1 to $1.24. 
 
 Mechanical poioer. — The total horsepower reported 
 for the industry was 4,478, of which 3,942, or 88 per 
 cent, was steam, the remainder being divided between 
 gas and gasoline engines, water wheels, and "other 
 power." Power is used to a less extent, proportionally 
 to production, in the mining of clay than in many of the 
 other mining industries, clay being taken usuallj^ from 
 open cuts, with pick and spade, and without the use of 
 machines. 
 
 Production. — Table 4 shows the production of clay 
 from 1897 to 1902, inclusive, by varieties. 
 
 Table 4.— QUANTITY AND VALUE OF EACH KIND OF CLAY PRODUCED: 1897 TO 1H02. 
 [Uniterl States Geological Survey, " Mineral Resources of the United States."] 
 
 being 34 in June and July, and the lowest number 27 
 in October and November. The largest iumil)er of 
 men was employed in New Jersey — 697 for the entire 
 year, 798 in July, and 590 in February. The avertige 
 number of men reported for Pennsylvania was 311 for 
 the whole year, with the largest number in June (338), 
 and the smallest in February (274). South Carolina 
 shows an average of 190 for the year, while the average 
 by months ranged from 167 in August to 216 in May. 
 In Delaware the average for the year was 169, while 
 the greatest number, 197, was reported in June and 
 the least, 103, in February. 
 
 Tttble 3 presents the average number of each class of 
 wage-earners emploj'ed at specified daily rates of pa}' 
 in 1902. 
 
 TauT/E 3. — Distrihution of wage-earners according to daily rates oj 
 pay, by occupations: 190,?. 
 
 RATE PER DAY 
 iDOLLARS). 
 
 All 
 occupa- 
 tions. 
 
 Engi- 
 neers. 
 
 Fire- 
 men. 
 
 Machin- 
 ists, 
 black- 
 smiths, 
 carpen- 
 ters, and 
 other me- 
 chanics. 
 
 Min- 
 ers. 
 
 Min- 
 ers' 
 
 help- 
 ers. 
 
 Tim- 
 ber- 
 men 
 ana 
 track 
 lay- 
 ers. 
 
 Boys 
 un- 
 der 16 
 years. 
 
 All 
 other 
 wage- 
 earn- 
 ers. 
 
 Total 
 
 2, 433 
 
 53 
 
 19 
 
 84 
 
 1,649 
 
 17 
 
 2 
 
 30 
 
 629 
 
 
 11 
 
 44 
 
 330 
 
 495 
 
 871 
 
 321 
 
 89 
 
 121 
 
 65 
 
 6S 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9| 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 276 
 
 206 
 
 730 
 
 232 
 
 34 
 
 76 
 
 63 
 
 
 
 13 an 
 
 75 to 99 
 
 2 
 24 
 
 2 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 i 
 
 3 
 
 Ki 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 5 
 3 
 
 47 
 
 1 00 to 1 '>4 
 
 5 
 12 
 
 ''70 
 
 
 8 
 3 
 4 
 
 
 129 
 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 1 75 to 1 *-*'^ 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 Qo to '' ''4 
 
 8 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 ■'1 
 
 '2 '2^ to 2 49 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 2 50 to 2 74 
 
 29 
 7 
 fi 
 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 2 76 to 2 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 1S»01 
 
 I'JOO 
 
 18H9 
 
 1S9S 
 
 1S97 
 
 KIND. 
 
 Quantity 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quantity 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quantity 
 
 (short 
 tons) . 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quantity 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quantity 
 (short 
 
 ton.s). 
 
 1 
 Value. 
 
 Quantity 
 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Value. 
 
 4.11 kind': 
 
 1,465,357 
 
 $2, 061, 072 
 
 1,367,170 
 
 82,576,932 
 
 1,2'21,660 
 
 81,840,377 
 
 843,279 
 
 81,64.5,3'28 
 
 585, 460 
 
 81,384,766 
 
 663, 116 
 
 8978, 448 
 
 
 Raw 
 
 1,203,369 
 2.51,988 
 
 1,319,174 
 741,898 
 
 1,019,163 
 348,007 
 
 1,273,684 
 1,303,248 
 
 1,028,643 
 193, 017 
 
 1, '207, 160 
 633, 217 
 
 843, 279 
 
 1, 646, 328 
 
 685, 460 
 
 1,384,766 
 
 663, 115 
 
 978,448 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 123, 813 
 
 58, 343 
 
 65, 470 
 
 50, ,527 
 
 30, 000 
 
 20,527 
 
 926, 896 
 
 774, 532 
 
 152, 364 
 
 91,579 
 
 87,147 
 
 4,432 
 
 50, 453 
 
 94,874 
 
 94, 874 
 
 646, 777 
 
 189, 603 
 
 457,174 
 
 171,086 
 
 68, .524 
 
 102, .562 
 
 891, 185 
 
 736, 055 
 
 1,55,130 
 
 113,842 
 
 105,182 
 
 8,660 
 
 .54,213 
 
 74,856 
 
 74, 856 
 
 97,253 
 37,4,56 
 .59, 797 
 1 '21, 008 
 21,008 
 
 (M 
 
 929, 749 
 680, 793 
 248, 956 
 92, 229 
 87,829 
 4,400 
 
 684,6'23 
 141,899 
 442, 624 
 1 68, 907 
 
 68, 907 
 
 (') 
 1,514,508 
 746, 966 
 767, .552 
 114,613 
 101,763 
 
 12,860 
 
 60, 114 
 
 22,5.54 
 
 37,560 
 
 21,381 
 
 13,976 
 
 7,405 
 
 846, 669 
 
 714, 403 
 
 131,156 
 
 93,629 
 
 88, 816 
 
 4,714 
 
 45,077 
 
 42, 632 
 
 42, 407 
 
 125 
 
 113,468 
 
 101,411 
 
 12,057 
 
 397,286 
 
 108, 220 
 
 289, 066 
 
 91,983 
 
 53, 850 
 
 38,133 
 
 947,993 
 
 685, 927 
 
 262,066 
 
 94, 706 
 
 83,843 
 
 10, 862 
 
 60, 769 
 
 36, 134 
 
 35,604 
 
 630 
 
 221, 507 
 
 188, 947 
 
 32, 500 
 
 97, 107 
 97,107 
 
 471, '282 
 471, '282 
 
 100, 534 
 100, 534 
 
 496, 979 
 496, 979 
 
 68, 743 
 68,743 
 
 367, 080 
 
 Raw 
 
 367, 080 
 
 
 
 Ball 
 
 '22,762 
 '22, 762 
 
 109, 369 
 109, 369 
 
 i6i,iii 
 
 101,111 
 
 164,743 
 164,743 
 
 112,926 
 112, 926 
 
 '213,566 
 
 Raw 
 
 '213 666 
 
 
 
 Fire 
 
 478, 996 
 478, 996 
 
 8'26, 919 
 826, 919 
 
 852, 612 
 362,612 
 
 672, 362 
 672, 362 
 
 381,446 
 381,446 
 
 397 802 
 
 Raw 
 
 397, 802 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 91,661 
 89, 953 
 89, 963 
 
 101,744 
 67, 702 
 57,702 
 
 
 Pipe 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 117,216 
 
 n08,0'20 
 
 9,195 
 
 109,113 
 
 2 90,741 
 
 18,372 
 
 226, 931 
 
 192, 077 
 
 34, 854 
 
 294, 381 
 
 '214,169 
 
 80, 212 
 
 62, 800 
 62, 800 
 
 78,312 
 78, 312 
 
 31,193 
 31,193 
 
 60, 682 
 60,682 
 
 1 
 
 Raw 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t Prepared ball clay included in " miscellaneous," 
 
 2 Includes 39,157 tons of .sand, valued at 836,966, produced in connection with the mining of clay. 
 
8(i0 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 It is possible that the tii;'ures for som(> of tlic years are 
 not strictlj' comparable, because they may include clay 
 sold, in the raw or the prepared state, by those whose 
 principal business was the manufactur(> and sale of 
 clay products and not the production of clay. This 
 table shows that the production of clay increased from 
 563,115 tons in 1S97 to 1,455,357 tons in l'.»():i, a gain 
 of 892,242 tons, or 158.-4 per cent, while the value 
 increased from $1)78,448 in 1897 to $2,061,072 in 1902, 
 a gain of $1,082,624, or 110.6 per cent. It is probable 
 that the figures for tht' first two or three years reported 
 by the Survey are somewhat below the actual output, 
 because they were collected liy correspondence- -a 
 method by which it takes usually two or three yeai's to 
 secure satisfactory results. 
 
 While the quantity of the product for 1902 was the 
 largest recorded, l)eing greater l)y 88,187 tons, or 6.5 
 per cent, than in 19nl, the value of the product de- 
 creased from $2,576,932 in 1901 to $2,061,072 in 1902, 
 a loss of $515,860, or 20 per cent. This decrease in 
 value was due largelj' to a marked decline in the value 
 of prepared tire clay, which showed a (leci'case of 38.8 
 per cent in quantity and of 79. S per cent in value. 
 
 Of the 1,455,357 tons of clay mined in 1902, 1,203,369 
 tons, or 82.7 per cent, were sold without any prepara- 
 tion whate\"er after mining, while 251. '.I88 t(jns, or 17.3 
 per cent, were prepared at the mine by Wiishing, by 
 grinding, or in some other mannei-. In I'.iol, 74.5 p(>r 
 cent was sold raw and 25.5 per <'ent \\'as prepared at 
 the mine. The a\'erage value of all clay at the mine in 
 1902 was $1.42 per ton; the value of the raw clay was 
 $1.10, and of the prepared, $2.94 per ton. In 1901 
 these average values were $1.89, $1.25. and $3.74, 
 respectively. 
 
 Rank of sfiifiv, — Table 5 shows the distribution of 
 the value of the chiy produced during 1902, liy states, 
 ranked according to the \'alue of theii' product. 
 
 New Jersey was Ijy far the most important (la\- 
 mining state, its product being valued at S(;]:::,72l, or 
 29.7 per cent of the total. Pemisylvania ranked secon<l 
 
 with a product valued at $288,811, or 14 per cent; 
 Delaware was third, with a value of $171,714, or 8.3 
 per cent; and Missouri, South Carolina, and Ohio were 
 tilth, sixth, and seventh, in the order named, with pro- 
 ducts valued at $134,862, $107,325, and $101,305, re- 
 spectively, or 6.5 per cent, 5.2 per cent, and 4.9 per 
 cent. The yjroduct of these si.x states was valued at 
 $1,416,738, or 68.6 per cent of the total. In "all 
 other states" are included, however, two rather im- 
 portant clay producing states, namely, Florida and 
 North Carolina. In these states the cky^ produced was 
 valued at $221,833, ov 87 per cent of the total for "all 
 other states," and 10.8 per cent of the total for the 
 United States. The remaining states were of but rela- 
 tively small importance, none producing clay valued 
 at as much as $loo,ooO. 
 
 Table 5. — Puink nf states acrdrdUig to value of day jjrodured: 1902. 
 
 New .Jersey 
 
 PennsylVHiiin . . . 
 
 lli.-Iawnre 
 
 Fldri.ln 
 
 .Misvniiri 
 
 SoiiUi Curolilia . 
 
 (Illin 
 
 North i 'aroliiiii . 
 
 GforKiii 
 
 Coloniiln 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 \Vest \'irgini}i. . . 
 
 Illinois./. 
 
 Ti'niic.^.sce 
 
 C.i lit'Mrnia 
 
 \Vi-c..nsiii 
 
 Aliili.iiiiii 
 
 C.linrcticirt 
 
 Nr\v- York 
 
 ^Iitr\land 
 
 Imliuiifi 
 
 Vcrni'Mit 
 
 rtali 
 
 Miclli}.ran 
 
 Massai'liasflts .. 
 Trxas 
 
 \\';lsllill;,'t(iH 
 
 ,VII nllicT .stales . 
 
 Value r.f 
 
 Percent 
 
 product. 
 
 of total. 
 
 J2, 001,072 
 
 100.0 
 
 612, 721 
 
 29.7 
 
 2S8,811 
 
 14.0 
 
 171,714 
 
 1') 
 
 8.3 
 
 1.34,862 
 
 6.5 
 
 107, 32.0 
 
 5.2 
 
 101,305 
 
 4.9 
 
 76, 480 
 
 8.7 
 
 67,434 
 
 3.3 
 
 44, 256 
 
 2.2 
 
 43, 266 
 
 2.1 
 
 an, 403 
 
 1.9 
 
 27,171 
 
 1.3 
 
 24,445 
 
 1.2 
 
 23, 178 
 
 1.1 
 
 19, 742 
 14, 535 
 
 1.0 
 
 0.7 
 
 10.0.55 
 
 C 
 ■l 
 
 0.5 
 
 i'l 
 (') 
 
 455 
 
 (■) 
 
 251,8.54 
 
 12.4 
 
 cr stales 
 of 1 per ( 
 
 ' to avoir! disclosing 
 cut. 
 
 individual returns. 
 
 Iiii/iorlx. — The following table is a sttitement of the 
 elay imported into the Cnited States from 1885 to 1902: 
 Taj)(,e (>.— l.MPdllTS OF (LAY, ('L.VSSlFn'.D I'.Y KIXUS: 1ss.t TO 1!I02. 
 [United states Gcolofieal Survey, '• Mineral Uesuurces of the I'luted States," 19U2.] 
 
 CALENDAR YE.AR. 
 
 l\.-\oI.I N- (0( CIIIN.V CLAY. 
 
 Qnanlitv ,. , 
 
 (long ton's). I ^ "'"'-'■ 
 
 Quantity 
 
 (loiiK lonsi. 
 
 1 .ssi; . . 
 1.S.S7 . 
 1S8X . 
 IS.X'J .. 
 ]«;«j . . 
 1891 ..' 
 181-2 . . 
 
 1893 . . 
 
 1894 . . 
 
 1895 . 
 
 ] S9li . - 
 
 1S97.. 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 1900.. 
 
 1901 -. 
 
 1902 . . 
 
 23, 916 
 31,984 
 43, 318 
 45, 586 
 47,222 
 53, 950 
 62, 292 
 79, 323 
 75, (fill 
 83,157 
 102,.S95 
 
 1, .531 
 .,711 
 1. 1 10 
 
 - - — 
 
 J11-IU,460 
 
 2n7, 698 
 
 303, 052 
 
 307, 989 
 
 324, 492 
 
 454, 770 
 
 4(i9,629 
 
 6.55,011 
 
 606,6,58 
 
 6.53,949 
 
 758, 184 
 
 735, ,506 
 
 6.52, ,H«1 
 
 7.55, 268 
 
 872,962 
 
 962,367 
 
 969, 777 
 
 ,151,895 \ 
 
 111 
 
 626 
 
 16 
 
 590 
 
 23 
 
 4.86 
 
 18 
 
 1.50 
 
 19,843 
 
 29, 923 
 
 39 
 
 901 
 
 ■19 
 
 46« 
 
 19 
 
 713 
 
 7,5 
 
 447 
 
 76 
 
 718 
 
 71 
 
 938 
 
 85 
 
 586 
 
 92 
 
 .521 
 
 111 
 
 959 
 
 1 ii:; 
 
 1162 
 
 
 
 »83 
 
 722 
 
 123 
 
 U93 
 
 141 
 
 3611 
 
 102 
 
 050 
 
 113 
 
 ,538 
 
 270 
 
 141 
 
 29-1 
 
 4,58 
 
 375 
 
 175 
 
 374 
 
 461) 
 
 465 
 
 501 
 
 .531 
 
 711 
 
 636,081 
 
 493,4:11 
 
 573 
 
 595 
 
 615 
 
 717 
 
 698 
 
 7^1) 
 
 663 
 
 379 
 
 883 
 
 092 
 
 
 
 I'liwroiight. 
 
 liuantity 
 
 1 
 Value. 
 
 
 
 9, 736 
 
 S76, 899 
 
 13, 740 
 
 113,875 
 
 17, 645 
 
 139, 405 
 
 20, 604 
 
 1.52,694 
 
 19,237 
 
 145,983 
 
 21,049 
 
 1.55,486 
 
 16,094 
 
 118, 689 
 
 20, 132 
 
 155, 047 
 
 14,949 
 
 113,029 
 
 13, 146 
 
 98, 776 
 
 18,419 
 
 125, 417 
 
 13,319 
 
 88,029 
 
 9, 405 
 
 .56,264 
 
 16,130 
 
 98, 434 
 
 19,611 
 
 118,679 
 
 21 , 626 
 
 126, 203 
 
 27, .597 
 
 1,56,838 
 
 25,.S31 
 
 138, 032 
 
 ALL OTHER CLAY. 
 
 Wrought. 
 
 Quantity | ,. , 
 (huiglons). '>'"■"■ 
 
 Common blue. 
 
 Quantity 
 (long tons) 
 
 3,554 
 1,654 
 
 829, ,839 
 20, 7:-10 
 
 
 2,187 
 
 22, 2.S7 
 
 
 6, ,H32 
 
 .53,215 
 
 
 8,142 
 
 64,971 
 
 
 2, 978 
 
 29, M3 
 
 
 6, 297 
 
 56, 4.S2 
 
 
 4,551 
 
 64,818 
 
 5, 172 
 
 6, 090 
 
 4,768 
 
 67, 2.80 
 60,7,% 
 
 4, 30 I 
 2, 528 
 
 5, 160 
 4,514 
 7,. 839 
 1,412 
 1,716 
 
 60, 775 
 56, 701 
 
 21,' 9511 
 31.1118 
 
 3, 869 
 
 4, 983 
 4, .562 
 5.312 
 9, 223 
 
 3, 195 
 5, 707 
 2, 0,80 
 
 45, 131 
 75, 721 
 47,093 
 
 7, 327 
 6, 136 
 6, 978 
 
 859, 971 
 51,889 
 28, .886 
 40, 578 
 .54,695 
 ,50, 954 
 58, 280 
 
 106,618 
 92, 013 
 73, 839 
 86, 588 
 
CLAY. 
 
 861 
 
 A detailed fe^umniaiy of the clay minin"' industry for 
 1902 is given in Table 7. 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE. 
 
 Popularly, clay is any earthy sul)stance which, if 
 mixed with water and molded, will retain its shape 
 after drjdng, and which upon subjection to high 
 temperature loses its plasticity and becomes hard and 
 brittle. 
 
 Technically, pure clay or kaolinite, which is the basis 
 of all clay, is a hydrated silicate of aluminum, expressed 
 by the formula Al,0,,2Si03, 2H,0. All clay in its 
 natural state contains more or less impurities, the kind 
 and quantity of which determine its character; from 
 purest varieties, called kaolin, claj'S range through all 
 stages of impurity down to a point where the material 
 contains so little kaolinite that it can not be classified as 
 clay at all. 
 
 Clay is ordinarily classified as kaolin, ball clay, lire 
 clay, vitrified ware clay, and brick clay; there are 
 also slip clay, and paper clay. Fire clay includes 
 clays used for stoneware and for terra cotta, which 
 are reported separately by the Geological Survey. 
 Vitrified ware clay includes the pipe clay reported by 
 the Survey. 
 
 In the following description of the physical and chem- 
 ical properties of the several kinds of clay, the chemical 
 analysis has been supplemented, wherever possible, by 
 what is called the rational analysis. The ordinary 
 quantitative chemical analysis treats clay as a mixture 
 of oxides, although the elements may lie present in en- 
 tirely different combinations, such as silicates, carbon- 
 ates or hydrates, sulphates, etc. The nature of these 
 combinations is of importance. For example, silica in 
 the form of quartz, which is infusible, will decrease the 
 shrinkage and up to certain temperatures increase the 
 refractoriness; Ijut if present as a component of feld- 
 spar, it serves the purpose of a flux and somewhat in- 
 creases the plasticity. The advantage of the rational 
 anal3'sis is that it resolves the claj' into its mineral com- 
 ponents, affording an insight into the physical propei'- 
 ties — as fusibilitj-, refractoi'iness — of the material. 
 This is frequentl_y a matter of far greater importance 
 than the chemical composition; for instance, two clays 
 of the same rational composition will behave much alike 
 if burned under the same conditions, even though thev 
 may differ in chemical composition. 
 
 Kaolin. — Kaolin is a white burning, nonplastic, highly 
 refractory residual clay used in the manufacture of 
 china and other wdiite wares; it must be practically free 
 from iron, as a verj' small quantit}' would cause the 
 ware to become discolored in burning. The chief pro- 
 ducing states are Pennsylvania, Delaware, North Caro- 
 lina, and South Carolina. The following is an analysis 
 of a washed sample of the kaolin from North Carolina, 
 which is one of the best known and most widely 
 used. 
 
 Aiinh/xiii uf ivdxheil kaolin from North Carolhia.^ 
 
 Aliniiiiin 40.61 
 
 Ferric iixiili' 1.39 
 
 Liinf 
 
 MattncMiH 
 MkiilicM. 
 Moi.^turu 
 Walcr (III 
 
 )ii );.,"niti(in) 
 
 FrcH' .Hjiiif] 
 
 Totiil fluxra.... 
 Spec'iricgravil.v. 
 
 0.09 
 2. 82 
 0. 3.5 
 8. 93 
 
 100.39 
 
 3.19 
 ■1,75 
 2.13 
 
 The rational analysis is as follows: 
 
 Clav snbstnnce 9C. SI 
 
 IJuurtz 0. 
 
 07 
 
 Feldspar 3. 12 
 
 100.00 
 
 1 N'nrth Carolina Oeiilfi(,'ical Survey, Bulletin No. 13, page 01. 
 
 Bi'/l cliiy. — Ball clay is a white burning, plastic, sedi- 
 mentary clay, used with kaolin to afl'ord plasticity to the 
 t)ody in the manufacture of white ware, and often incor- 
 rectly called kaolin. The distinguishing characteristic 
 of this clay is its plasticity. The chief producers of ball 
 clay for sale are Florida, New Jersey, and Kentucky. 
 
 The following is an analysis of ball clay from Florida: 
 
 Silira ... 
 
 jrom riorum. Percent. 
 46 11 
 
 
 39. 55 
 
 Ferric oxiilu 
 
 35 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 . . . 0. 07 
 
 Titantie cixide.. 
 
 1.20 
 
 Water 
 
 i;-t 7R 
 
 ] 111. 19 
 
 1 United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper, No, 11, page 39, 
 
 Fire clay. — The term fire clay is a rather broad one, 
 embracing not only the high-grade clays used for the 
 manufacture of refrtictory material of all kinds, liut also 
 the more or less impure \'arieties used for stoneware, 
 terra cotta, and j'ellow and Rockingham ware. Glass- 
 house supplies, which must be highly refractor}', are 
 made from an especially high grade of this clay. Fire 
 clay is subdivided into flint, or uonpla.stic, and plastic 
 clay. The mining of fire clay for sale is most exten- 
 sively carried on in New Jersey, Missouri, Pennsyl- 
 vania, and Ohio. 
 
 AnrAli/nex of viirioun fire rlays. 
 [Chemical.] 
 
 CONSTITUENTS. 
 
 FIRE CLAY 
 FROM NEW 
 BRIGHTON, 
 
 GLASS-POT 
 
 CLAY FROM 
 
 LAYTON 
 
 STATION, 
 
 PA. 
 
 STONE- 
 WAKE 
 CLAY.l 
 
 ROCKING- 
 HAM AND 
 YELLOW 
 WARE 
 CLAY,1 
 
 Percent. Percent. Percent. ' Percent. 
 
 Silica 
 
 Alumina 
 
 Ferrous oxide . . 
 
 Ferric oxide 
 
 Lime 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 Alkalies 
 
 Titanic oxide... 
 Manganons ox id 
 Water 
 
 Cil. 7.T 
 
 23, on 
 
 1.93 
 
 0. Hi 
 0. -Vi 
 2. 12 
 ].7,s 
 
 64.89 
 24, OS 
 C,21 
 0,29 
 0.41 
 0.19 
 1,03 
 
 71. .58 
 IS, 31 
 
 60. .50 
 25. 53 
 
 1.09 
 
 0.40 
 
 0.62 
 
 2 2.90 
 
 Total . 
 
 9.29 
 100.39 
 
 Trace. 
 0. 95 
 
 1.66 
 0. 38 
 1.19 
 1,76 
 0,.54 
 0,33 
 7,98 
 
 99, 87 
 
 
 [Rational.] 
 
 
 
 Cliiy substance 
 
 1 
 
 53 4'^ ' 
 
 76. 05 
 19.54 
 4. 28 
 
 
 
 
 Feldspatliic detritus 
 
 
 3 OS 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 Total 
 
 100 91 ■ 
 
 99.87 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 Cliemistry of Pottery, by Karl Langenbeck. 
 
 2 (.'.onil:iiiiiiig weight 47 per cent. 
 
862 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Yitrifed 'ivare day. — Cla_vs for vitrified wares, such 
 as sewer pipe, electric conduits, and vitrified paving- 
 brick, are those in which the proportion of fluxing 
 impurities is suflicient to allow the clay to vitrify at a 
 moderately low temperatui'e, but not to cause the ware 
 to become soft under the pressure of a column of some 
 height and considerable weight. The following table 
 shows the range of the constituents of clays used for 
 making vitrified paving brick, together with an average 
 analysis of such clays: ■ 
 
 Amihixis of ritrifi.ed paving hrirk day.^ 
 
 
 Minimum 
 (per cent). 
 
 Maximum 
 {per cent). 
 
 Average 
 (per cent). 
 
 
 49.00 
 11. 00 
 2.00 
 0.20 
 0.10 
 1.00 
 3.00 
 
 7.5. 00 
 2.S. 00 
 a, 00 
 3. .SO 
 3.00 
 6.60 
 13. 00 
 
 60. 00 
 
 
 22. 50 
 
 Ferric oxide 
 
 6.70 
 1.20 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 Alkalies 
 
 1.40 
 3.70 
 7.00 
 
 
 
 1 Vitrilierl Paving Brick, by H. A. Wheeler, page IS. 
 
 Bricl' elaij. — Brick claj's are divided into those used 
 for common and for pressed and ornamental brick. Red 
 earthenware, such as flowerpots, is also made of brick 
 clay. Claj's suitable for the manufacture of common 
 brick are located in everj' state and almost everj' county 
 in the Union. Of all claj^s these are usually the most 
 impure, often containing a rather high percentage of 
 lime. Lime in a finely divided state is not harmful; 
 but in the form of limestone pebbles it is very injuri- 
 ous to the finished product, as the process of burning 
 converts these pebbles into quicklime, which is apt to 
 slack, thus breaking the brick, ujDon being exposed to 
 the atmosiDhere. This difficulty is sometimes overcome 
 by passing the clay through a pulverizer, which crushes 
 the pebbles, or by screening it to remove them. The 
 following table shows the range of the constituents of 
 clays used in the manufacture of common building brick, 
 together with an average analysis of such clays: 
 
 Analysis of common brick clay.''- 
 
 
 Minimum 
 
 (per cent). 
 
 Maximum 
 (per cent). 
 
 Average 
 (percent). 
 
 Silica 
 
 34.35 
 22.14 
 0.126 
 0.024 
 0. 02 
 0.17 
 0.05 
 0.17 
 
 90. H77 
 44.00 
 33. 12 
 23. 20 
 11.03 
 16.32 
 13.00 
 9. 64 
 
 49. 27 
 22. 774 
 6.311 
 2.017 
 
 2. or. 
 
 2. 768 
 6. 749 
 2. 602 
 
 Alumina 
 
 Lime 
 
 
 Alkalies 
 
 Water.. 
 
 
 
 iNcw York State Museum, Bulletin No. 36, page 639. 
 
 Pressed brick and ornamental brick require a higher 
 grade of clay, the buti" varieties being made sometimes 
 from a refractory or semirefractory clay. Tiie but! 
 color in refractory clay is due to the low percentage of 
 iron; in other clays, notably the Milwaukee clay, from 
 which is made, probably, the best known bufl' or cream 
 
 brick, it is due to a large percentage of lime, which 
 enters into chemical combination with the iron, thus 
 neutralizing its coloring elTect. 
 
 Slip clay. — Slip clay is used in glazing low grade 
 products such as earthenware and stoneware. It must 
 fuse at a low temperatui'e and produce a glaze of even 
 color. Theclaygenerallyusedforthispurpose ismined 
 near Albany, N. Y., and hence is known as Albany 
 slip. It produces a dark brown glaze, and is shipped to 
 almost every state in the Union. 
 
 Paper day. — Paper cla}' is used, as its name indicates, 
 in the manufacture of paper. As clay used for this 
 purpose is not molded or fired, i^lasticity, fusibility, and 
 vitrifj'ing qualities need not be considered; hence any 
 pure white, smooth, gritless clay can be used. Where 
 the cla}^ is suitable in color, but gritty, the grit is some- 
 times washed out. In the United States paper clays 
 are mined in Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Pennsyl- 
 vania, and Wisconsin. 
 
 The following is an analysis of so-called kaolin from 
 Wisconsin, used in paper manufacture: 
 
 Analysis of paper clay from Wisron.vn.' 
 
 Silica 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lime 
 
 05 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 12 
 
 Alkalies 
 
 64 
 
 Titanic oxide 
 
 .... 80 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100. 16 
 
 J Wisconsin <ieo]ogira] and Natural History Survey, Bulletin No 
 
 page 272. 
 
 Metlioch (if ill hi 171 fj. — There are se\'eral methods of 
 mining clay, but only two are generallv followed, viz, 
 open pit and underground mining. Open pit mining is 
 conducted in several ways — with pick and shovel, with a 
 scraper, or liy falling the clay, that is, by undermining 
 it and letting it fall. Sometimes explosives are used 
 for the last-named purpose. 
 
 In underground clay mining the methods of working 
 are the same as those usually followed in coal mining, 
 namely, by shaft or tunnel, with drifts, slopes, and 
 chambers; there are, however, comparatively few deep 
 mines in the clay industry, except where the clay is 
 rained in connection with coal. Kaolin is sometimes 
 mined by sinking through the vein a round shaft, the 
 sides of which are timbered. 
 
 Preparatiini. — The commoner grades of clay are gen- 
 erally sold as mined, because to prepare them for the mar- 
 ket in any way would add so greatly to their cost as to 
 make them unprofitable. Even the common clays, how- 
 ever, are sometimes screened or ground to get rid of 
 limestone pebbles or other small stones; screening 
 removes them mechanicall.v, while grinding overcomes 
 their bad efl'ects through comminution. In this coun- 
 try the common clays are not washed. The kaolins 
 and ball clays are, however, sometimes washed at the 
 mines, but they are again washed or prepared at the 
 
CLAY. 
 
 863 
 
 pottery before being- manufactured into white ware.' 
 Another method of separating the clay from its unde- 
 sirable impurities is by fans. This method can onlj^ be 
 emplo3red where the impurities are in the form of coarse 
 particles or grains of sand, and consists in first grind- 
 ing the clay to a vcr}- fine powder, after which it is 
 carried to a flue through which a strong current of air 
 is forced; this immediately' carries the finer particles to 
 the end of the flue where they are dropped into a bin. 
 The coarser particles are dropped into the flue and car- 
 ried back to the pulverizer to be ground over again. 
 In the manufacture of pottery, and also of brick by the 
 dry press process, the clay is cured, or weathered, often 
 for months, before being used. 
 
 Uses. — Clay is used most extensively in the manufac- 
 ture of common building brick; next in importance, as 
 measured by the quantity of material consumed, is front 
 or pressed brick, with its almost limitless variet}' in 
 color and shape. Then there are vitrified brick, with a 
 large and growing field of usefulness, and fire brick, 
 the shape and utility of which are almost without limit, 
 stove lining being an important subdivision. Other 
 
 ' For description of methods of washing clays, see New York 
 State Museum, Bulletin No. 35. 
 
 important products are drain tile, sewer pipe, orna- 
 mental tei'ra cotta, fireproofing, roofing tile, flooring 
 tile, and encaustic tile. 
 
 In addition there ai'o assayers' supplies, boiler and 
 locomotive tile and tank blocks, l)uilding blocks, 
 burnt clay Ixdlast, chemical brick, patent cliimney 
 brick, chimney pipes and tops, clay furnaces and re- 
 torts, conduits for underground wires, crucibles, cupola 
 bricks, fence posts and fence post stubs, flue linings, 
 frost proof cellar brick, gas logs and settings, glass- 
 house furnace blocks, grave markers, muffles, poi'ous 
 cups, runner brick, sidewalk tile, souvenirs, stone 
 pumps, terra cotta vases, tile mantels, wall coping, 
 washboards, and well brick and tile. 
 
 In addition to the well-known jDottery products of 
 clay, such as red earthenware, stoneware, j^ellow and 
 Rockingham ware, and the various s'rades of white 
 ware from C. C. ware to china, the following wares 
 also are made of clay: Acid j^roof tanks, art and chem- 
 i ieal pottery, bath tubs, caster wheels, electrical sup- 
 plies, faience glass pots, insulators, jardinieres, lavato- 
 ries, pins, stilts and spurs for potters' use, porcelain 
 hardware trimmings, shuttle ej^es and thread guides, 
 pump stands, and wash tubs. 
 
S(>4 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 7.— DETAILED 
 
 54 
 S5 ; 
 5C 
 
 57 
 
 S8 
 
 ft9 
 
 CO 
 
 61 
 
 f.'2 ' 
 
 03 
 
 61 i 
 
 CS 
 
 fif) 
 
 67 
 
 70 
 71 
 
 73 
 71 
 
 Number of mines 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Characler of o\\ norsliip: 
 
 Individual 
 
 Firm 
 
 Incorporated (.'i'inpan\' 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.; 
 
 Total number 
 
 Total salaries 
 
 General officers — 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Superintendents, niana^^ers, foremen, surveyors, etc. — 
 
 Niimber 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Foremen bel<i\v .trnauiil — 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Clerks- 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Ap:gregate average uumlicr 
 
 Aggregate wages _ 
 
 Above ground — 
 
 Total average numtjcr - 
 
 Total wages - 
 
 Engineers, tiremen, and other mechanics — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miners — 
 
 Average number _ 
 
 Wages 
 
 Boys under 16 years — 
 
 ' Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 All other wage-earners - 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Below ground — 
 
 Total average number 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Miners — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miners' helpers — 
 
 Average number 
 
 W^ages 
 
 All other wage-earners -— 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at sjiecitied daily rates of pay: 
 Engineers— 
 
 31.00 to $1.24 
 
 Sl.2.5 to S1.4'J 
 
 S1..50 to SI. 74 
 
 81.75 to SI. 99 
 
 S2.00 to S2.24 
 
 92.2.5 to S2.49 
 
 S2. 50 to $2.74 
 
 ?3.00 to S3.24 - 
 
 .53.26 to S3.49 - - 
 
 Firemen — 
 
 J0.75 to 80.99 
 
 SI. 00 to SI. 24 
 
 SI. 25 to 81.49 
 
 81.50 to 81 .74 
 
 81.75 to 81.99 
 
 82.00 to S2,24 
 
 Machinists, blacksmiths, carpenters, and other mechanics- 
 Si .00 to 81 .24 
 
 United States. 
 
 81.25 to 81.49 . 
 
 81.50 to 81.74 . 
 
 $2.00 to 82.24 
 
 $2.25 to 82.49 
 
 8-'.50 to $2.74 
 
 Miners — 
 
 80.50 to 80.74 
 
 $0.75 to 80.99 
 
 81.00 to $1.24 
 
 $1.25 to $1.19 
 
 81..50to$1.74 
 
 $1.75 to SI. 99 
 
 82.00 to 82.24 
 
 $2.25 to 82. 19 
 
 S2..50toS2.74 
 
 82.75 to $2.99 ..-■.... 
 
 83.00 to 83.24 
 
 Miners' helpers- 
 Si .'25 lo $1.19 
 
 Sl,50 to 81.74 
 
 81.75 to 81.99 
 
 $2.00 to 82.24 
 
 Timbermen and track I 
 
 80.75 to 80.99 
 
 Bovs under Hi years — 
 ■ Less t'laii SO, .50 
 
 >(l..'>0 f'l ^'(1,71 
 
 811.75 lo 80.99 
 
 81.00 to SI. 21 
 
 8150, 
 
 8«, 
 
 813, 
 
 2 
 
 f95ii 
 
 2 
 8779! 
 
 $50, 
 
 1, 
 8522, 
 
 $5, 
 
 8200, 
 
 8179, 
 
 $129, 
 
 205 
 203 
 
 115 
 'Mi 
 r.2 
 
 1S5 
 ,05 
 
 17 
 ,011 
 
 841,405 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 1 
 1 
 
 ll 
 
 ll 
 10 
 
 '! 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 M 
 1 
 1 
 
 200 
 730 
 
 Alabama, 
 
 California. 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 Delaware. 
 
 4 I 3 
 
 83,5,5k ; 82,460 
 
 (Georgia. 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 3 
 
 I.IS.S 
 
 SI , 530 
 
 33 
 1,634 
 
 1 
 S900 
 
 17 
 
 8ii,i;ko 
 
 33 17 
 
 $9,034 $11, OHO 
 
 $32, 042 
 
 14 
 
 S8, 950 
 
 8525 
 
 13 
 
 ;i2, 740 
 
 80,000 
 
 
 86,020 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 4 
 
 19 
 
 812, 320 
 
 13 
 $8, 700 
 
 S3, 020 
 
 25 
 87, 813 
 
 13 
 
 $8, 080 
 
 11 
 87,080 
 
 109 
 
 809,472 
 
 102 
 813,819 
 
 11 
 80,679 
 
 51 
 821,140 
 
 l;36 
 
 $37,333 
 
 l:iO 
 837, ;«3 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 81, '296 
 
 4 
 
 83,000 
 
 3 
 $1,9-20 
 
 36 
 $23, 092 
 
 19 I 
 $12,108 I 
 
 4 
 82, 384 
 
 13 
 $9,200 
 
 37 
 810, 000 
 
 07 
 325, 053 
 
 $8,,S00 
 
 68 
 819, 300 
 
 810, ,S63 
 
 08 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 8600 
 
 1 
 
 8000 
 
 . $19, 002 
 
 30 
 $17, 075 
 
 S1,:B4 I 
 
 58 I 21 
 
 815,-5,55 ; $9, -200 
 
 7 I 
 
 $1,124 
 
 15 
 $7, 875 
 
 4 
 81,840 
 
 8687 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 . 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 J ■; ^1 
 
 
 ,^' ' ' ' 
 
 13 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 5 
 
 3 , 
 
 ' loc 
 ^hili! 
 
 •rcb.r^ di 
 
 uti'd as follows: Conncclii'ut, 1; Florida 2; Indiana, 2: Massachusetts, 1; Michigan, 1: North Car 
 
 riah, 1; Vermont 
 
CLAY. 
 
 865 
 
 SUMMARY: 1902. 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 llarylnnd. 
 
 Missouri. 
 
 New 
 Jersey. 
 
 New York. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Pennsyi- 
 vaniii. 
 
 South 
 C^arolinii. 
 
 TennoHsee. 
 
 Texiis. 
 
 West 
 \'irgiiiiii. 
 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 All other 
 states. 1 
 
 
 5 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 1) 
 
 C 
 
 25 
 25 
 
 12 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 $10,115 
 
 3 
 
 $3,990 
 
 10 
 $3,130 
 
 4 
 $1,901 
 
 3 
 
 $1,028 
 
 120 
 $60, 109 
 
 78 
 $40, 402 
 
 1 
 $853 
 
 40 
 $15, 434 
 
 31 
 34 
 
 '3 
 9 
 
 35 
 $20, 044 
 
 $5, ,500 
 
 20 
 
 $14, 875 
 
 8 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 31 
 31 
 
 21 
 5 
 5 
 
 13 
 
 $8, 580 
 
 5 
 $1,000 
 
 4 
 $2, 760 
 
 2 
 $1, 100 
 
 $720 
 
 120 
 
 $.58, 818 
 
 65 
 $28, 133 
 
 6 
 
 $3, 180 
 
 49 
 
 $18, 990 
 
 19 
 19 
 
 8 
 8 
 3 
 
 J2S,.|73 
 
 $17,000 
 
 10 
 $8, 133 
 
 1 
 
 $2, 560 
 
 1 
 
 $480 
 
 312 
 
 $130, 753 
 
 218 
 $104, 406 
 
 16 
 $9, 120 
 
 113 
 $59, 461 
 
 1 
 8300 
 
 88 
 835, 525 
 
 64 
 $26, 347 
 
 57 
 $21,431 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 14 
 
 3 
 4 
 7 
 
 23 
 $21,120 
 
 3 
 $6,000 
 
 13 
 $12,130 
 
 $890 
 
 5 
 
 $2, 100 
 
 328 
 $101, SOS 
 
 233 
 $76,. 531 
 
 $11,12.5 
 
 $13, 134 
 
 7 
 .$1,1.80 
 
 161 
 $.50, 792 
 
 95 
 $26, 334 
 
 95 
 $25, 334 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 $3,200 
 
 $2,400 
 
 2 
 8S00 
 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 $11,300 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 $720 
 
 $3,600 
 
 1 
 $2,400 
 
 1 
 
 $1,200 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 $300 
 
 5 
 
 $2, 575 
 
 1 
 $225 
 
 4 
 $2,3.50 
 
 4 
 $1,900 
 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 ,$0, 6.S0 
 
 $1 , 000 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 1 
 $720 
 
 11 
 1-' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 1 
 $300 
 
 21 
 $-1, 550 
 
 21 
 $-l,.556 
 
 1 
 
 $360 
 
 16 
 $3, 1.84 
 
 8 
 $5,669 
 
 702 
 $293, 232 
 
 702 
 8293, 232 
 
 17 
 $9,000 
 
 667 
 8276, 717 
 
 5 
 $1, 184 
 
 13 
 
 $6, 331 
 
 
 $.540 
 
 198 
 $45,418 
 
 $45, 148 
 
 10 
 $3,610 
 
 131 
 $29, 147 
 
 8 
 f 1,160 
 
 49 
 .$11,. 531 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 14 
 $6, 396 
 
 11 
 $0, 396 
 
 $900 
 
 46 
 $13,110 
 
 40 
 $J3,H0 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 48 
 $17, 080 
 
 48 
 $17, 0,80 
 
 $780 
 
 43 
 
 $15, 550 
 
 
 41 
 $25, 022 
 
 14 
 
 $6., 1.56 
 
 $1 , .594 
 
 $10, 050 
 
 34 
 $15, 1.50 
 
 4 
 
 $2, 400 
 
 19 
 $8, .550 
 
 $600 
 
 9 
 $3, 600 
 
 2 
 $900 
 
 $900 
 
 10 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 •'1 
 
 13 
 $6, 071 
 
 23 
 $0, 940 
 
 
 '}■> 
 
 
 
 ■'3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 $750 
 
 4 
 
 $1,012 
 
 37 
 
 $24,175 
 
 42 
 
 $25, 707 
 
 26 
 $17, 206 
 
 8 
 $4, 100 
 
 8 
 $4, 401 
 
 1 
 8325 
 
 10 
 $5, 963 
 
 .55 
 830,685 
 
 48 
 $20, 744 
 
 3 
 $1,440 
 
 4 
 $2,501 
 
 23 
 86,200 
 
 
 11 
 
 $1,562 
 
 $18, .866 
 
 18 
 $12,332 
 
 27 
 28 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■"'9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 $1,911; 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 86, 534 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 .8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 89 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 .^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 47 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 i' 
 
 49 
 
 .50 
 
 51 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 1 
 
 53 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 .54 
 
 55 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 56 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 11 
 22 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 130 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 85 
 20 
 
 .58 
 
 32 
 1 
 10 
 
 11 
 4 
 
 16 
 508 
 77 
 20 
 21 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 33 
 15 
 15 
 6 
 21 
 6 
 1 
 
 30 
 96 
 61 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 25 
 
 61 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 4 
 3 
 6 
 
 10 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 63 
 64 
 65 
 66 
 67 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 69 
 70 
 71 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 73 
 74 
 75 
 76 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 ^^Includes timbermen and track layers. 
 
 30223—04- 
 
 -55 
 
866 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 7.— DETAILED 
 
 100 
 101 
 102 
 103 
 104 
 105 
 106 
 107 
 108 
 109 
 110 
 111 
 
 112 
 113 
 
 114 
 
 115 
 116 
 117 
 
 118 
 119 
 
 121 
 122 
 
 123 
 124 
 
 125 
 126 
 
 127 
 128 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at speeitied ilailv rates of iiav— (_'on 
 Afl ottier wage-earners — 
 
 Less tfian 80.50. . 
 
 $0.50 to W.74 .... 
 
 $0,75 to $0.99 
 
 $1.00toS1.24 . 
 
 $1.25 to $1.49 
 
 $1. .50 to $1,74 . 
 
 $1.75 to $1.99 
 
 $2.00 to $2.24 . . . 
 
 $2.25 to $2.49 . 
 
 $2.50 to $2.74 
 
 $3.00 to $3.24 WW .'.y... . . . ..".'.\ 
 
 Average numberof wage-earners empioveridur'ing'efteh'm.intlv' 
 
 Men 16 years and over — 
 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 March . ". -[..W.]. 
 
 Af trif 
 
 May W'.'. .'.['. ...'.'.'.'. 
 
 .June 
 
 July \\'.'.\\'.'.'.'.'..'.'.'. 
 
 August 
 
 September '...[]][... 
 
 October .'.[.'.][.... 
 
 November II............... .] 
 
 December '." 
 
 Boys under 16 years — 
 
 January 
 
 February [[[.[.[..[[[.[[[.[[....] 
 
 March .[......... 
 
 April 
 
 May ;;!!!!!;;;!!;;;!!!;!::!"!;;;!:;; 
 
 June 
 
 July '..'.'.'.'.'.'.'......'..'.'.'.'....]...'...[.'. 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 October [[[........].. 
 
 November 
 
 December ...[ 
 
 Contract work: 
 
 Total cost 
 
 Number of employees 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses: 
 
 Total 
 
 Royalties and rent of mine and mining plant 
 
 Rent of offices, taxes, insurance, intere.st, and other sundries. 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 Product:! 
 
 Quantity, short tons t 
 
 Value . ." 
 
 Power owned: 
 
 Total horsepow^er 
 
 Engines — 
 Steam — 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Gas or gasoline- 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 AVater wheels — 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Other power — 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 United States, 
 
 2 
 30 
 47 
 270 
 129 
 36 
 48 
 21 
 
 9 
 34 
 
 3 
 
 2,119 
 2,100 
 2,231 
 2,405 
 2,575 
 2, 624 
 2,604 
 2,568 
 2,480 
 2,472 
 2,393 
 2,265 
 
 28 
 28 
 28 
 28 
 33 
 34 
 34 
 33 
 32 
 
 $13, 241 
 36 
 
 $126,873 
 859,387 
 .$67, 486 
 
 $272, 823 
 
 1,4.55,3.57 
 $2, 061, 072 
 
 98 
 3,942 
 
 22 
 493 
 
 Alabama. California. Colorado. 
 
 83,. 866 
 
 $3, 786 
 
 ■S81 
 
 $1,993 
 
 40, 065 
 $19, 742 
 
 Delaware. 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 39 
 29 
 
 106 
 103 
 143 
 
 189 
 195 
 197 
 176 
 185 
 181 
 195 
 190 
 168 
 
 81,656 
 $1,656 
 
 $910 
 
 23, 483 
 $24, 445 
 
 $7, 4.50 
 13 
 
 $7, 637 
 
 $7,314 
 
 $323 
 
 86, 60S 
 
 76,913 
 $67,434 
 
 114 
 112 
 114 
 120 
 142 
 145 
 168 
 107 
 106 
 135 
 139 
 146 
 
 $19, .590 
 88, ,589 
 $11,001 
 $27,235 
 
 123,319 
 8171,711 
 
 9 
 345 
 
 S3, 017 
 
 8100 
 
 .$2,917 
 
 $15. ,500 
 
 18,. 595 
 876, 4.S0 
 
 $1,999 
 
 $1,035 
 
 $964 
 
 83,916 
 
 .52.1.52 
 .838,463 
 
 'Includes 39,157 tons of sand, valued at 835,9,56, produced in connection with the mining (jf clav 
 Ohio, and 32,037 tons, valued at $26,636, in Pennsylvania. 
 
 Of this amount 7,120 tons, valued at $9,320, were 
 
CLAY. 
 
 867' 
 
 SUMMARY: 1902— Continued. 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 Missouri. 
 
 New 
 Jersey. 
 
 New York. 
 
 Oliio. 
 
 Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 Soutli 
 Carolina. 
 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Texas. 
 
 We.st 
 Virginia. 
 
 \VI.sconsin. 
 
 All other 
 .states. 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 77 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 78 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 79 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 3 
 3 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 46 
 
 32 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 3 
 
 18 
 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 
 158 
 6 
 
 80 
 
 1 
 7 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 6 
 3 
 
 81 
 
 
 ■'' 
 
 
 82 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 83 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 84 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 . .. 1 
 
 85 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 277 
 274 
 305 
 310 
 319 
 338 
 331 
 337 
 321 
 316 
 311 
 293 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 8300 
 1 
 
 813,825 
 86, 445 
 87,. 380 
 
 842,349 
 
 161,. 546 
 8288, 811 
 
 1,338 
 
 16 
 1,0.S8 
 
 1 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 86 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 87 
 
 46 
 46 
 47 
 62 
 51 
 59 
 53 
 60 
 46 
 41 
 41 
 34 
 
 14 
 14 
 20 
 21 
 23 
 23 
 23 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 24 
 21 
 
 115 
 112 
 109 
 99 
 117 
 119 
 118 
 126 
 128 
 131 
 138 
 129 
 
 591 
 590 
 617 
 699 
 762 
 777 
 798 
 787 
 7.54 
 691 
 (;62 
 636 
 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 
 6 
 5 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 5 
 6 
 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 6 
 8 
 13 
 17 
 31 
 32 
 29 
 11 
 6 
 
 84 
 94 
 105 
 125 
 132 
 131 
 127 
 146 
 149 
 136 
 111 
 100 
 
 198 
 193 
 203 
 211 
 210 
 210 
 169 
 167 
 172 
 1.S2 
 1.H2 
 177 
 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 
 43 
 43 
 43 
 43 
 38 
 38 
 34 
 62 
 .52 
 56 
 65 
 45 
 
 
 39 
 39 
 40 
 40 
 41 
 40 
 42 
 
 9 
 9 
 9 
 14 
 61 
 69 
 76 
 66 
 36 
 25 
 24 
 10 
 
 344 
 334 
 330 
 330 
 324 
 320 
 323 
 293 
 292 
 .324 
 316 
 322 
 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 7 
 7 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 
 88 
 
 
 89 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 91 
 
 
 99, 
 
 
 93 
 
 
 94 
 
 
 42 
 
 95 
 
 
 41 
 43 
 42 
 43 
 
 96 
 
 
 97 
 
 
 98 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 ion 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 im 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 109, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 103 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 6 
 5 
 5 
 4 
 
 104 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 105 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 106 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 107 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 108 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 109 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 iin 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 111 
 
 84, 000 
 15 
 
 81,546 
 
 3897 
 
 8649 
 
 810,250 
 
 26, 562 
 844,256 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 10 
 
 
 877 
 » 
 
 811,704 
 86,264 
 85, 440 
 
 811,123 
 
 121, 401 
 8134, .802 
 
 186 
 
 6 
 132 
 
 
 81, 414 
 4 
 
 87, 072 
 
 S3, 476 
 
 83, 596 
 
 812,346 
 
 142,440 
 5101, 305 
 
 293 
 
 6 
 293 
 
 
 
 
 
 11'' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 113 
 
 8256 
 
 8245 
 
 811 
 
 8.580 
 
 8,882 
 810, 055 
 
 50 
 
 819,403 
 86 ,'939 
 812, 464 
 3«7,476 
 
 494, 800 
 8612,721 
 
 383 
 
 16 
 383 
 
 81 , 087 
 8400 
 ■8687 
 
 81,0.56 
 
 8, 909 
 814, .535 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 83, 185 
 
 S3,']8.5' 
 
 811,612 
 
 29,136 
 8107,325 
 
 353 
 
 8 
 313 
 
 83, 745 
 
 860 
 
 83, 685 
 
 8767 
 
 14, 650 
 827,171 
 
 20 
 20 
 
 8150 
 
 81,618 
 
 81,225 
 8877 
 8348 
 
 83, 092 
 
 2, 735 
 823,178 
 
 116 
 
 3 
 115 
 
 824, 292 
 811,305 
 812, 987 
 346, 589 
 
 52, 9.53 
 8264, 8.54 
 
 950 
 
 14 
 825 
 
 114 
 
 lis 
 
 8150 
 
 81,618 
 810, 421 
 
 57, .506 
 843,266 
 
 236 
 
 4 
 236 
 
 116 
 
 117 
 
 310 
 
 8455 
 
 118 
 119 
 
 120 
 
 
 l''l 
 
 
 
 199 
 
 
 
 193 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V'4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 25 
 
 3 
 
 100 
 
 125 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12fi 
 
 
 1 
 50 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 5 
 240 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 107 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V'8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ABRASIVE MATERIALS 
 
 (869) 
 
ABRASIVE MATERIALS. 
 
 By JosEi'ii Hyde Pratt. 
 
 The mining- of a))rasive materials forms a very impor- 
 tant industry among- the minor minerals, on account of 
 their close connection with all manufacturing industries. 
 As a whole, these abrasive materials are but little under- 
 stood, although they are of wide.spread use. No manu- 
 facturing plant, machine shop, blacksmith shop, farm, 
 or household is without some form of abrasive, so that 
 these materials arc perhaps in as universal use as any 
 group of minerals. While the abrasive materials vary 
 widely in character and occurrence, they can readily lie 
 grouped together and considered under one head on 
 account of the similarity of their use. The natural 
 products that are used for abrasive purposes are as 
 follows: Buhrstones and millstones (conglomerate and 
 granite); corundum and emery; crystalline quartz; gar- 
 net; grindstones and pulpstones (sandstone); infusorial 
 earth, tripoli, and pumice; and oilstones, whetstones, 
 and scj'thestones (sandstone and schist). 
 
 The crystalline quartz included in this report is used ' 
 in the manufacture of sandpaper, scouring soaps, wood- 
 finishing materials, etc., and does not include that used 
 in the pottery and glass industries, and which is included 
 in the report on flint and feldspar. On the other hand, 
 the entire production of infusorial earth and tripoli is 
 included in these statistics because the small production 
 of these materials, although but little is actually used for 
 a])rasiye purposes, does not justify separate treatment. 
 
 In treating these mineral products under the one sub- 
 ject of abrasives it is not always feasible to give detailed 
 statistics regarding each, as would be done if they were 
 treated separatel}', and proper comparisons between 
 expenditures on ^account of the production of the dif- 
 ferent abrasives can not alwaj's be made, because some 
 of the articles require more elaborate processes than 
 others in their prei:)aration for market. At none of 
 the previous censuses have the abrasive materials been 
 grouped as the_y are in this report. The statistics of 
 mining operations for some of these minerals were re- 
 ported for 1S80 and 1889, but they were not brought 
 together in a single class. 
 
 At the census of 1880 the classitications of aliiusives 
 were, corundum (emer}'), garnet, infusorial earth, oil- 
 
 stones, scj'thestones, and whetstones. At the Eleventh 
 Census the classitications were, coi'undum, grindstones, 
 infusorial earth, millstones, and whetstones. 
 
 In Table 1 are given the statistics for these several 
 classifications for the censuses of 1902 and 1889, and 
 while not comparable, yet they indicate in some meas- 
 ure the growth in the production of abrasive mate- 
 rials for this period. For corundum and emery, and 
 also for oilstones, whetstones, and sc\'thestones, com- 
 parisons of most of the items can be made for the two 
 censuses. 
 
 Buhrstones and millstones to the A'alue of |>1,425, in- 
 cluded in the statistics for 1902, were quarried at granite 
 quarries; grindstones and pulpstones to the value of 
 $103,066, and oilstones, whetstones, and scythestones 
 to the value of $38,612 at sandstone quarries; and infu- 
 sorial earth, tripoli, and pumice to the value of $1,136 
 at talc and soapstone mines, all as bj'-products. In 
 these eases the wages and other expenses of production 
 are included in the statistics for granite, sandstone, and 
 talc and soapstone, respective!}'. 
 
 The production of certain of these abrasives is on the 
 decline, while that of others is increasing, but because 
 of the increase in manufacturing industries the aggre- 
 gate amount of abrasive materials used in the United 
 States is greater than ever before. As their use is 
 limited there could easily be an ovei'production of most 
 of them, but in the aggregate there will be an increas- 
 ing demand from year to year. This will depend prin- 
 cipally upon the growth of our manufacturing indus- 
 tries and the development of our agricultural lands, and 
 with an increase or a decrease in manufacturing espe- 
 cially there will be a corresponding change in the pro- 
 duction of abrasives. The principal change, however, 
 that will be noticed is in the amount of the different 
 kinds of abrasives used from year to j'ear, the produc- 
 tion of some increasing rapidly, others steadily decreas- 
 ing, these variations being due to the introduction of 
 new natui-al or artificial aljrasive products, to changes 
 in methods of manufacturing, and to the use of new 
 types of machiner}', affecting principally the abrasives 
 formerly used for agricultural implements. 
 
 (871) 
 
872 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 1 .—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY: 1902 AND 1889. 
 
 Number of mines or quarries - i 1902 
 
 1 I88i' 
 
 Number of operators | WO'^ 
 
 1 1889 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc-: 
 
 Number - 1901: 
 
 1889 
 
 Salaries . 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 AveraKC number. 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses . 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials . 
 
 Product: 
 
 Quantity, short tons 
 
 1902 
 1889 
 
 Val ue ' 1902 
 
 1889 
 
 19112 
 18S9 
 
 1902 
 1889 
 
 1902 
 
 1889 
 
 1902 
 1889 
 
 1902 
 1889 
 
 1902 
 
 lasg 
 
 All abra- 
 sives. 
 
 Buhrstones 
 
 and mill 
 
 stones. 
 
 Corundum 
 
 and 
 
 emery. 
 
 Crystalline Qarnet 
 quartz. I '-""uei. 
 
 (') 
 
 S-IS, 008 
 (') 
 
 filO 
 370 
 
 :'216,914 
 592, 812 
 
 J42, 410 
 S10,.=.97 
 
 SS0,309 
 $12, 394 
 
 «J1,177,711 
 S036. 0.59 
 
 (') 
 
 SI, 682 
 (■) 
 
 86 
 <98 
 
 ?39, .562 
 S17,8i3 
 
 .51,193 
 
 SI, 480 
 S92,5 
 
 SI, 809 
 Sl,4l;j 
 
 5B,667 
 (■) 
 
 S.i9,808 
 S3.5, 1.5.5 
 
 n 
 
 85, 960 
 
 47 
 *129 
 
 832,871 
 M4,6';0 
 
 S600 
 
 J2, 779 
 S2, 162 
 
 :'2J, 114 
 
 S9, 383 
 
 4,2.51 
 2, 245 
 
 S104, 005 
 8106,-565 
 
 Grind- 
 stones 
 and pulp- 
 
 .stones. 
 
 (■) 
 
 89,178 
 
 (■') 
 
 813,042 
 
 (') 
 
 $13,592 
 
 (■) 
 
 81,9.50 
 
 $950 
 
 15, 104 
 
 843, 085 
 
 CI 
 
 (') 
 
 8.59, 6:J2 
 
 (■') 
 
 899, 598 
 (■■') 
 
 Infusorial 
 
 earth, 
 
 tripoli.and 
 
 pumice. 
 
 Oilstones, 
 
 whet- 
 stones, and 
 scythe- 
 stones. 
 
 10 
 
 (') 
 
 84,016 
 
 Ci 
 
 35 
 
 <52 .' 
 
 $13,682 I 
 88,3.88 I 
 
 85, 100 
 
 85 
 <91 
 
 837, 977 
 $21,911 
 
 84,9.52 
 {') 
 
 810,12s 
 (') 
 
 3, 926 
 
 (') 
 
 Sl:!2,.S20 
 
 (') 
 
 $24,433 
 
 (=■) 
 
 $31 , 349 
 
 (■') 
 
 .55,657 
 
 (■') 
 
 8667, 431 
 $439, .587 
 
 8575 
 
 $2,263 
 8i;, 955 
 
 82, 297 
 $760 
 
 6,415 
 3, 466 
 
 855, 994 
 $23,372 
 
 S.SOO 
 
 84,. 553 
 $255 
 
 87, 662 
 8838 
 
 3,876 
 2, 991 
 
 $113,968 
 832, 980 
 
 1 Not reported. 
 
 2 Included in wage-earners and wages. 
 8 Included with statistics for sandstone. 
 
 ^Includes foremen; their salaries are included in wages. 
 
 ^Number of pieces. 
 
 8The United States Geological Survey reports 81,320,755, \vhich includes products finished elsewhere than at the <iuarry. 
 
 During the past fifteen years, many experiments and I There were 35 mines or quarries that have produced 
 investigations have been made with a view of produe- , abrasive materials of some kind during the past few 
 ing artificial abrasives that would be equal to or supe- years from which no production was reported for 19(i2. 
 rior to the natural products. As a result of these These were distributed among It! states, from Maine to 
 experiments there are now four artificial abrasives on | California. Nineteen were owned hy individuals, 11 by 
 the market — carborundum, crushed steel, alundun (arti- firms, and .5 by incorporated companies. The capital 
 
 ficial corundum), and adamite. The value of the artifi- 
 cial abrasives produced and used in the Ignited States 
 during 1902 was over §300,000, and will illustrate the ex- 
 tent to which these artificial products are being utilized 
 at the expense of natural products. 
 
 As shown by Table 1, of the S2 mines or quarries 
 producing abrasive materials in 1902. 29 are credited 
 to buhrstones and millstones, this being due not to the 
 large production of this type of abrasivi', but to the 
 fact that there were a great many indi\'idual operators 
 in tlie New York field producing a small number of 
 buhrstones. Grindstones and pulpstoncs arc credited 
 with only 9 mines or quarries, tilthough tlic \-alue of 
 their production is greater than the \-aluc of the com- 
 bined production of all tlie other alirasives. 
 
 These 82 mines or quarries were worked by 7."» oper- 
 ators, thei-e being 39 indi\iduals, IT lirms. and lit 
 incorporated companies. Twenty-three of the 3'.* iiidi- 
 vidusd operators were producers of buhrstones and 
 millstones. The next largest nnmher of individual 
 operators wens the 7 producing oilstones and whet- 
 stones. 
 
 stock issued by the incorporated companies amounted to 
 $258,1)00, all of which was reported for the corundum and 
 emery industry. While some of these idle plants may 
 have shut down permanently, others will probably be 
 producers again in another year or two. Development 
 work, without production, was reported l)y 1 corundum 
 and emery mine. 
 
 (Jdpital KtiicJi' (if hicdrpiirati'iJ eoinjKniicv. — No definite 
 comptirisons can be made of the statistics of the incor- 
 porated companies producing abi'asives, for the reason 
 that the corporations are not always confined simply to 
 the production of an abrasive material. Thus, in the 
 ciise of the grindstone industry, the companies produc- 
 ing the greater amount of this alirasive are also pro- 
 diicei's of building stone, which is their principal 
 product, the manufacture of the grindstones l)eing the 
 smaller part of their business. The details of their 
 capittilization are, therefore, given under sandstones in 
 the report on "Stone." 
 
 in Ta))le 2 are given the dettiils of the capitalization 
 ijf the 19 incorporated companies producing abrasives. 
 
ABRASIVE MATERIALS. 
 
 Table 2.— CAPITALIZATION OF INCORPORATED COMPANIES, BY KINDS OF ABRASIVES: 1902. 
 
 873 
 
 Number of inotirporated companies 
 
 Capital stock ana bonds issued 
 
 Capital stock; 
 
 Total authorized — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Total issued — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid 
 
 Common — 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number of shares . 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of shares . 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid 
 
 Preferred — 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number of shares . 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of shares . 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid 
 
 Bonds: 
 
 .Authorized — 
 
 Number 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number 
 
 Par value 
 
 Interest paid 
 
 All abrasives. 
 
 VJ 
 64.=., 90(1 
 
 371,551 
 2.35, WO 
 
 805, 309 
 565,9(10 
 S30, 860 
 
 36(1, 061 
 685, 100 
 
 302, 749 
 309, 900 
 820, 000 
 
 Corundum 
 and emery. 
 
 333, 000 
 S3, 600,000 
 
 266, 858 
 
 $1,935,800 
 
 J10,860 
 
 328, 000 
 S3, 100, 000 
 
 204, 798 
 SI, 729, 800 
 
 Crystalline 
 quartz. 
 
 S300, 000 
 
 15, 000 
 S300, 000 
 
 15,000 
 8300, 000 
 SIO, 000 
 
 15,000 
 S300, 000 
 
 15, 000 
 8300,000 
 SIO, 000 
 
 Grindstones | Infusorial 
 and pulp- earth, tripoli, 
 stones. and pumiee. 
 
 82, 412, 000 
 
 18, 620 
 51,862,000 
 
 18, 620 
 81,862,000 
 
 82.53, 100 
 
 2, 531 
 S2.53, 100 
 
 12,. 531 
 $263, 100 
 
 18,620 
 81,862,000 
 
 18, 620 
 81,862,000 
 
 5, 800 
 8.550,000 
 
 2, 560 
 8256, 000 
 810,860 
 
 1,140 
 ,070,000 
 
 1,050 
 
 8980,000 
 
 824,000 
 
 5, 000 
 S500, OOO 
 
 2, 060 
 8206,000 ' 
 810,860 
 
 540 
 
 $470,000 
 
 .500 
 
 $430, 000 
 
 824, OOO 
 
 600 
 8600, 000 
 
 550 
 85.50, 000 
 
 2,031 
 S203, 100 
 
 2,031 
 8203, 100 
 
 3 
 
 8130,000 
 
 1,300 
 $130, 000 
 
 1,300 
 
 8130, 000 
 
 810, 000 
 
 1,300 
 81.30,000 
 
 1,300 
 
 $130,001) 
 
 810,000 
 
 Oilstones, 
 whetstones, 
 and scythe- 
 stones. 
 
 2 
 $85, 000 
 
 1,100 
 890, 000 
 
 1,(J00 
 S85, 000 
 
 1,100 
 S90, 000 
 
 1,000 
 
 $85, 000 
 
 500 
 S.50,000 
 
 500 
 }.50,000 
 
 The total par value of the capital stock anti bonds 
 issued by the incorporated companies was f5,5-i5,1H)(). 
 The tendency toward incorporation is most evident in 
 the companies mining garnet and corundum and emery, 
 but the capitalization reported for these companies in- 
 cludes also, in part, the amount utilized for the subse- 
 quent manufacturing process. These industries, too, 
 are the only ones reporting a bonded indebtedness. 
 Four companies producing corundum and emery re- 
 ported a capital stock and funded debt amounting to 
 $2,365,800, and three companies producing garnet 
 reported $2,412,000 for the same items. No incorpo- 
 rated companies were reported as engaged in produc- 
 ing buhrstones and millstones. 
 
 Crj'stalline cjuartz; grindstones and pulpstoues; in- 
 fusorial earth, tripoli, and pumice; and oilstones, 
 whetstones, and scythestones show a comparatively 
 small average capitalization. Dividends amounting to 
 $10,000 were paid on the common stock of crystalline 
 quartz companies, and a like amount on the common 
 stock of companies producing infusorial earth, tripoli, 
 and pumice. Companies producing corundum and 
 emery paid the sum of $10,860 as dividends on pre- 
 ferred stock, and $24,000 as interest on bonds having 
 a par value of $4.30,00(1. 
 
 Enijiloyees and vxiges. — The total average number of 
 employees engaged in the abrasive industry during 1902 
 was 68.5, of whom 7.5, or 10. 1) per cent, were salaried 
 employees, and 610, or 89.1 per cent, wage-earners. 
 These received in salaries and wages $.344,922, of which 
 $48,008 was received by the salaried employees luid 
 $296,914 by the wage-earners. The classification of 
 
 these salaried employees and wage-earners is shown in 
 Tables 4 and ;5. 
 
 Of the 610 wage-earners, onh' 2.5, or 4.1 per cent, 
 were employed below ground, and of this number 22 
 were employed in the corundum and emery industry. 
 The other 3 wage-earners below ground were engaged 
 in the infusorial earth industry. All the other abra- 
 sives are obtained 1)3' means of open cuts and pits. 
 Because of this the operations are of necessity some- 
 what curtailed during the winter months. As is seen 
 in Table 4, the monthly average number of wage-earners 
 employed during January, February, and March 
 ranged from 429 to 478, while during the remaining 
 months of the year the range was from 590 to 703. 
 The daily rates of pay of the wage-earners, also shown 
 in Table 4, varied from 75 cents to $4.24, the lowest 
 wages being paid principally to the miners or quarrv- 
 men and the highest to the engineers and machinists. 
 
 Of all the wage-earners, 212, or 34.8 per cent, 
 received from $1.50 to $1.74 per day, and of these, 160, 
 or 75.5 per cent, were miners or quarrymen. Twenty- 
 six per cent of the wage-earners received less than 
 $1.50 per day. Of the total number 6.5 per cent were 
 classified as engineers, of whom the greater number 
 received from $2 to $2.24 per day; 402, or 65.9 per 
 cent, were returned as miners, their wages varying 
 from 75 cents to $3.24 per day. Only 10 miners' help- 
 ers were reported, but it is very probable that the 
 actual number of this class of wage-earners was consid- 
 era].)ly in excess of this figure, since many of them were 
 included under "'all other wage-earners." It will be 
 noticed that in this industry the question of child labor 
 
874 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 is unimportant, as only 3 boj's under 1(5 years were 
 employed. 
 
 ^'^i/j>j>I/i.s^ /))i(f,j/'/n/s, and nrtscvJlanenus v.rjh'iiscs. — 
 The total cost of the supplies and materials used in the 
 minino- and tiuarrying of the abrasive materials pro- 
 duced in 1902 was $S0,3Ul->. Of this amount, *31,3-iy, 
 or 39 per cent, was used in the grindstone industry, 
 and $36,114, or ?>-2J> per cent, in the corundum and 
 emery industry. 
 
 The miscellaneous expenses amounted to $42,410, of 
 which $^,421 was paid out for royalties and rent of 
 mine and mining plant, and $33,989 for rent of offices, 
 taxes, insurance, interest, and other sundries. 
 
 Mechank-aJ jxnver. — Of the primar}^ power reported, 
 2,800 horsepower, or 92.2 per cent, was steampower 
 applied l)y 71 steam engines. Forty-one steam engines, 
 having a total of 1,235 horsepower, were used in the 
 grindstone and pulpstonc industry. The next largest 
 number of steam engines, 13, was reported for the oil- 
 stone, whetstone, and scythestone industry, but these 
 aggregated only 185 horsepower, while the 7 steam en- 
 gines used in the garnet industry aggregated 420 horse- 
 power, and the 7 in the infusorial earth, tripoli, and 
 pumice industry had a total of 410 horsepower. Eightj'- 
 eight horsepower was generated by 7 gas or gasoline 
 engines, of which 3, having a capacity of 80 horsepower, 
 were used in the corundum and emery industry, and 4, 
 having S horsepower, in the oilstone, whetstone, and 
 scythestone industry. In addition there was 1 electric 
 motor, having a capacity of 5 horsepower; this was used 
 in the infusorial earth, tripoli, and pumice industr}^. 
 
 ProdudioiK — The value of the production was 
 $1,177,711. an increase of $541,052 over the value re- 
 ported for 1889, which was $636,659. Of the particular 
 abrasix'es, grindstones and pulpstones show the largest 
 increase. $227,844 in \-alue, over the production of 1889. 
 The second largest increase was in oilstones, whetstones, 
 and scythestones, the value of which was $113,968 in 
 1902, an increase of $80,988. 
 
 Oilstones and whetstones are not always finished at 
 the quarries, ))ut are in some instances shipped to a 
 central plant and there prepared for use. When the 
 finishing process is not conducted immediately in con- 
 nection with the actual quarrying, the \alue of the 
 crude product is given in Census reports. In the 
 reports of the United States Geological .Survey, on the 
 other hand, the finished value is given, for the reason 
 that, with the exception of Arkansas novaculite, this 
 material would not be marketable in its crude state. 
 Were the finished value to be taken in every instance 
 b}' the Bureau of the Census, the total jjroduct for oil- 
 stones, whetstones, and scythestones would be increased 
 b}' §107,794, and the production would rank as second 
 instead of third among abrasive materials. 
 
 In order to show comparativel}' the value of the 
 annual consumption of each abrasive used in the United 
 States, the value of the domestic product and of the 
 imports reported since 1880 are given in the following 
 table. The statistics are compiled from tables of the 
 United States Geological Survey published in "' Mineral 
 Resources of the United States." 
 
 Table .-J.— ABRASIVE 3IATEKIALS— VALUE OF DOMESTIC PRODUCTS AND IMPORTS, \\X KINDS: 1880 TO 1002. 
 
 [United states (ieological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the Uijiled States."] 
 
 1880. 
 1881. 
 1882. 
 1883. 
 1884. 
 188.5. 
 1886. 
 1887. 
 1888. 
 1889- 
 1890. 
 1891. 
 1892. 
 1893. 
 1894. 
 189.5. 
 189fi. 
 1897 . 
 1898. 
 1899. 
 1900. 
 1901. 
 1902. 
 
 .\LL ABKASIVt:s. 
 
 Value of 
 domestic 
 product. 
 
 J782 
 
 748 
 
 998 
 
 86.5, 
 
 845, 
 
 728, 
 
 627, 
 
 463, 
 
 479, 
 
 636, 
 
 683, 
 
 7.54. 
 
 667, 
 
 655, 
 
 590, 
 
 633, 
 
 703, 
 
 776, 
 
 , 098, 
 
 , 225, 
 
 ,208 
 
 , 194, 
 
 , 321 i 
 
 880 
 ,.580 
 000 
 000 
 000 
 000 
 190 
 400 
 920 
 661 
 264 
 918 
 316 
 .506 
 342 
 Oil 
 406 
 272 
 784 
 211 
 073 
 772 
 765 
 
 Value of 
 imports. 
 
 $321, 425 
 305, 103 
 827, 836 
 295, 205 
 307, 789 
 182, 290 
 211, 863 
 166, 621 
 237, 905 
 344, 970 
 239, 93) 
 1.51,713 
 249, 281 
 242, 898 
 169,419 
 240, 069 
 291,979 
 237, 468 
 251,227 
 274, 374 
 400, 307 
 490,712 
 426, 736 
 
 BTHRSTONES AND 
 .MILLSTO-NES. 
 
 Value of 
 domestic 
 product. 
 
 J200, 000 
 150, 000 
 200, 000 
 1.50, 000 
 150, 000 
 100, 000 
 140, 000 
 100, 000 
 81,000 
 36, 1.55 
 23, 720 
 16, .587 
 23, 417 
 16,639 
 13,887 
 22, 542 
 22, 667 
 
 25, 932 
 
 26, 934 
 28,115 
 32, 858 
 .57,179 
 ,59,808 
 
 Value of 
 imports. 
 
 8125,072 
 103,912 
 104, 034 
 73,685 
 46, 100 
 35, 477 
 29, 935 
 24,007 
 37,228 
 40,884 
 33, 995 
 24.039 
 34,1K6 
 30, 261 
 18, 087 
 20, 316 
 26, 966 
 22, 956 
 23, 999 
 18,8,81 
 28, 904 
 42, 187 
 16,1,58 
 
 CORUNDUM AND 
 E.MERY. 
 
 CRYSTAL- 
 LINE r<3ARNET.2 
 QUARTZ. - 
 
 Value of 
 domestic 
 product. 
 
 $29,280 
 80, 000 
 80, 000 
 100,000 
 108,000 
 108, 000 
 116,190 
 108,000 
 91,620 
 
 105, 667 
 89, 395 
 90, 230 
 
 181,300 
 142, 325 
 96, 936 
 106, 256 
 113,246 
 
 106, 674 
 276, 064 
 160, 600 
 102, 715 
 146,040 
 104, 605 
 
 Value of 
 imports. 
 
 8106, 894 
 
 97,432 
 
 98, 695 
 
 85, 490 
 
 148, 890 
 
 74, 800 
 
 121,638 
 
 68, 209 
 
 118,246 
 
 218,966 
 
 123, 367 
 
 71,302 
 
 120,623 
 
 127, 767 
 
 71,973 
 
 133,038 
 
 148, 231 
 
 130, .531 
 
 133, 399 
 
 167, 131 
 
 239. 506 
 
 294, 999 
 
 214,, 812 
 
 Value of 
 domestic 
 product. 
 
 818, 054 
 27,000 
 18, 000 
 22, 500 
 23, 990 
 39,000 
 40, 705 
 41,. 500 
 84,336 
 
 Value of 
 domestic 
 product. 
 
 iThe value of imports is for fiscal years up to 1886; subsequent years are calendar year,'"-. 
 
 2Fif,'ures for imports, and figures for domestic product prior to 1891, not aval lab tu. 
 
 ■J prior to l!)i)2 MO \-;i lue for i>umice is included in these figures. 
 
 iFiKiires riMi ,1 v;i I hi lile except for 1902. 
 
 5 Value "f uiiliiii-lic-d r>roduct was n'ported for l.s.HO and 1,H89, 
 
 ejneluding ^107,791 for finisiied (jilstones, wlietstones, and scythestones, and &11,250, lljt. 
 
 S90, 660 
 
 95, 050 
 
 68, 877 
 
 80, 863 
 
 86, 850 
 
 98, 325 
 
 123,476 
 
 15,S, 100 
 
 132,820 
 
 GRINDSTONES AND 
 PULPSTONES. 
 
 Value ^if ,. , - 
 
 domestic! ^'''"*-'''* 
 product. ""I""'"- 
 
 8500, 
 600, 
 700, 
 600, 
 570, 
 500, 
 268, 
 224, 
 281, 
 439, 
 460, 
 476, 
 272, 
 338, 
 223, 
 206, 
 326, 
 36«, 
 489, 
 676, 
 710, 
 .5,S(I, 
 
 $76, 274 
 87, 128 
 97,225 
 
 106, ,S52 
 86, 286 
 50, 679 
 39, 149 
 50, 312 
 51,7.56 
 57,720 
 45, 115 
 21,028 
 61,0.52 
 69, 669 
 52, 688 
 64,276 
 66, 195 
 49, .196 
 62, 973 
 Ii3, 852 
 92, 5,sl 
 -HK, 871 
 76, 906 
 
 INFUSORIAL EARTH, 
 TRIPOLI, AND 
 PUMICE. 
 
 Value of 
 
 d<imestic 
 
 product. 
 
 3 imports. ^ 
 
 845, 600 
 
 10,000 
 
 8, 000 
 
 6, 000 
 
 5,000 
 
 5,000 
 
 6,000 
 
 15,000 
 
 7, .500 
 
 23, 372 
 
 60, 240 
 
 21,988 
 
 43, 655 
 
 22, 582 
 
 11,718 
 
 20,514 
 
 26, 792 
 
 22, 385 
 
 16,691 
 
 25, 302 
 
 24,207 
 
 62, 950 
 
 55, 994 
 
 Value of 
 
 862, 374 
 
 t OILSTONES, WHET- 
 STONES, AND 
 SCYTHESTONES. 
 
 Value of 
 domestic 
 product. 
 
 ' 8-H, 000 
 
 s, .580 
 
 10,000 
 
 10, 000 
 
 12,000 
 
 16,000 
 
 16,000 
 
 16.000 
 
 IS, 000 
 
 S32,9,S0 
 
 69, 909 
 
 1.50.0110 
 
 146,730 
 
 136, 173 
 
 136,873 
 
 1.55, ,881 
 
 127, 098 
 
 149, 970 
 
 150, 486 
 208, 2S3 
 174, 0H7 
 1,58, 300 
 221,762 
 
 Value of 
 imports. 
 
 814,185 
 16,631 
 27, 882 
 30, 178 
 26,613 
 21, 431 
 21,141 
 24,093 
 30, 676 
 27, 400 
 37,4.54 
 36, 34 1 
 33,420 
 25, 301 
 26, 671 
 32, 439 
 50,688 
 34,485 
 30, 8.56 
 34,510 
 39, 316 
 61,te6 
 56, 466 
 
 quarlz, ground, mil slii 
 
ABRASIVE MATERIALS. 
 
 875 
 
 The value of imports of all abrasives for 1902, 
 $426,736, is 32.2 per cent of the value of the domestic 
 production. The combined value of the domestic pro- 
 duction and imports for 1902 was $1,753,491, which is 
 greater than the combined value reported for any other 
 year. In many cases the market value of a).)rasives is 
 less at the present time than it was ten or twenty years 
 ago, so that the values given represent a greater ton- 
 nage now than then. 
 
 Of the total value of the imports in 1902, $214,842, 
 or 50.3 per cent, was for corundum and emery, the 
 domestic production of this abrasive being a little less 
 than one-half this value, or only $104,605. The year 
 in which the combined value of the domestic production 
 and imports of corundum and emery was greatest was 
 
 1901, when it amounted to $441,039. In that year the 
 value of these imports was greater than during anv 
 other year on record, being $294,999, or $80,157 more 
 than in 1902. The year when the value of the domestic 
 production was greatest was 1898, when it amounted 
 to $275,064. The value of the domestic production in 
 
 1902, $104,605, was less than that of thirteen of the 
 years recorded. The selling price of corundum and 
 emerj' varies from 1 to lo cents per pound. 
 
 The class of abrasives ranking next in value of 
 imports is grindstones and pulpstones, for which the 
 imports in 1902 amounted to $76,906, or 18 per cent 
 of the total value of all imports. This is, however, 
 onlj- 11.5 per cent of the total value of the domestic 
 production of grindstones, which was $667,431. A 
 large proportion of the value reported for the imports 
 of grindstones was for pulpstones, from Newcastle- 
 upon-Tj'ne, England, which are considered to be supe- 
 rior in some respects to those made from the Ohio 
 sandstone. The American stone, however, is giving 
 good satisfaction, which should ultimatelj' cause a de- 
 crease in the imports of these pulpstones. The com- 
 bined value of the imports and domestic production of 
 grindstones and pulpstones was greatest in 1900, when 
 it amounted to $802,607, being $58,270 more than the 
 combined value for 1902, $744,337. The value of the 
 domestic production was greatest in 1900, when it 
 amounted to $710,026, which is $42,595 more than the 
 value of the 1902 production. The next highest value, 
 $700,000, was reached in 1882. It must, however, be 
 taken into consideration that the tonnage of the pro- 
 duction during the past ten years was much greater 
 than in 1882, for in that vear grindstones were worth 
 about $15 per ton, while now they are sold at from $8 
 to $10 per ton. 
 
 The value of the domestic production of buhrstones 
 and millstones in 1902, $59,808, was greater than that 
 foranj' j'ear since 1888; while the value of the imports, 
 $16,158, was less than for any j'ear recorded. The 
 combined value of the imports and domestic production 
 in 1902 was $75,966, which is $249,106 less than 'that 
 
 of the year of greatest value, 1880, when the figures 
 were $325,072. In that year the value of the imports 
 was also greatest, amounting to $125,<J72, and the value 
 of the domestic production, $200, OoO, was onh' equaleil 
 by one other year, 1882. This enormous decrease in 
 the value of buhrstones used in the United States is due 
 largel}^ to the introduction of the roller mill process for 
 grinding wheat. The increase in the domestic produc- 
 tion since 188'.* is due to the utilization of buhrstones 
 in grinding the coarser cereals, mineral paints, etc., and, 
 as the American stone answers as well for this purpose 
 as the foreign, the continued falling otl' in the value of 
 the imports is thus partialh' accounted for. 
 
 The combined value of the imports and dcmiestic 
 production of infusorial earth, tripoli, and pumice in 
 1902 was $118,368, of which $62,374, or over one-half, 
 was the value of the imports. The value of the pum- 
 ice imported was eight times the value of that pi'oduced 
 in this country, while the value of the imports of infu- 
 sorial earth was only three-fourths the value of the 
 domestic production. It will be noticed that the 
 domestic production of infusorial earth \-aries very 
 widely from year to year, this being due to its limited 
 use and also to the fact that some producers will mine 
 in one j'ear a quantity sufficient to last them two or 
 more years. The small production of domestic i^umice 
 compared to the quantity imported is due to the dis- 
 tance of the domestic deposits from the large markets, 
 which makes it impossible to compete with the pumice 
 imported from the island of Lipari, Itah'. 
 
 For oilstones, whetstones, and scythestones the com- 
 bined value of the domestic production and imports for 
 1902, $278,218, was greater than that for any 3-ear 
 since these statistics have been collected. The value of 
 the domestic production for 1902, $221,762, was greater 
 than that of any other 3-ear recorded, and was nearl}^ 
 four times the value of the imports for that year of 
 $56,456. The year in which the value of imports was 
 greatest was 1901, when it was $64,655, this being $8,199 
 more than the value of the imports of 1902. The almost 
 constant increase in the oilstone industry is well illus- 
 trated in Table 3. The value of the domestic produc- 
 tion has increased from $150,000 in 1891 to $221,762 
 in 1902. In the same time the imports have increased 
 from $35,344 to $56,456. Prior to 1891 the statistics of 
 the value of the domestic production represented the 
 value of rough, crude rock, while since then it has been 
 principally for the finished oilstone. 
 
 There have been no imports recorded of garnet or of 
 crj'stalline quartz, but in the value of the domestic pro- 
 duction of each there has been a general increase. The 
 year of largest production of garnet was in 1901, when 
 the product was valued at $158,100, this being $25,280 
 more than the value of the production of 1902, $132,820, 
 which was the next highest value recorded. The 
 increase in the value of crystalline quartz used for 
 
876 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 abrasive purposes has been yorj marked, and, with the 
 exception of 1896, the value each year has been greater 
 than that of the year before. 
 
 The state in which the greatest vakie of abrasive 
 materials was produced during 19(i2 is Ohio, the value 
 l:)eing §.5,sT,2SJ:. The abrasive was principally grind- 
 stones, the value of which was $56U,-il2, the Imlanco 
 being oilstones and whetstones. New York was second, 
 with a value of $181},34.5, the abrasives produced in 
 their order of production being garnet, emery, buhr- 
 stones, erj'stalline quartz, and tripoli. 
 
 The detailed statistics of abrasive materials for 1902 
 are given b}' states in Table i and b\' classes in Table 5. 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE. 
 
 The natural abrasive materials can readilj' be divided 
 into two general groups: 
 
 1. Those which occur as rock formation and are cut 
 and manufactured directly into the form desired, while 
 retaining their original rock structure and appearance, 
 as grindstones and whetstones. 
 
 2. Those which occur as a constituent of either a rock 
 or a vein, and have to be mechanically separated from 
 the associated gangue and cleaned, as corundum, emery, 
 and garnet. 
 
 The artificial products would make a third class of 
 abrasive materials^ including carborundum, crushed 
 steel, etc. 
 
 The abrasive materials are so universality distributed 
 that there are Vjut few localities where some of them 
 may not be found. While this is the case, various kinds 
 of abrasives are constantly being exported from and 
 imported into the different countries on account either 
 of their superior abrasive efficiency or of their better 
 adaptability to required jjurposes. 
 
 The use of any particular abrasive is dependent upon 
 the character of the abrasion to be accomplished. Thus, 
 while the efficiency of a certain abrasive, as an abrasive, 
 may be greater than that of another, it will not do as 
 satisfactorv work as one with less abrasive efficiencj'. 
 For instance, although corundum has the highest abra- 
 sive efficiency of any included in the second type of 
 abrasi\'es mentioned, there are a number of cases wdiere 
 garnet, with a nuich lower abrasive efficiency, will give 
 better satisfaction. 
 
 Grindstones. — The abrasive that is perhaps tlie most 
 familiar to all is the grindstone. This is produced at 
 the present time in commercial quantities in Michigan, 
 Ohio, and West Virginia, and in much smaller quanti- 
 ties in Montana and Wj'oming. The largest quantities 
 are quarried in Ohio, whence the product is shipped to 
 all parts of the Tnited States. The quarries in the 
 northern pail of Ohio are located at Cliagrin Falls, 
 Bei-ea, Cuyahoga- Falls, Elyria, Pjuclid, Grafton, Inde- 
 pendence, Massillon, North Amherst, Obei'lin, and 
 Peninsula; those in the eastern part of the state at 
 
 Empire, Freeport, and Tippecanoe; and those in the 
 southei'n portion of the state at Amesville, Belpre, 
 Briggsdale, Constitution, Federal, Gravel Bank, Ports- 
 mouth, Vincent, and Marietta. A large number of 
 the quarries in northern and southern Ohio have 
 been brought under one management. At Empire, 
 Peninsula, and Tippecanoe the pulpstone variety of 
 gi'indstone is found; at the quarries at Empire pulp- 
 stone is the chief production, the regular grindstone 
 forming but a very small part of the output. 
 
 In Michigan there was but one locality in 1902 pro- 
 ducing grindstones — that near Grindstone City — but 
 the state ranked next to Ohio in the value of its pi'oduct. 
 
 The quarries in West Virginia are directly across the 
 Ohio river from those in southern Ohio, and are 
 lociited at Atlantic, Bois, Briscoe, Lonecedar, and 
 Sherman. 
 
 Grindstones in ver}' small quantity' have been made 
 for local use near Columbus, Yellowstone county, Mont. ; 
 near Rawlins, Carbon county, W^yo. ; and near Edge- 
 mont, S. Dak.; but from the latter locality there was 
 no production in 1902. 
 
 There is considerable variation in grindstones, 
 dependent upon the variation of the sandstone from 
 which they are made, which is due (1) to the character 
 of the cementing material — whether it is a hydrous 
 iron oxide, calcium carbonate, or silica; (2) to the per- 
 centage of the cementing material — that is, whether the 
 grains are separated from each other bv simply a 
 minute film of cementing material or by a considerable 
 laj'Cr; (3) to the size and shape of the grains of quartz. 
 According to these variations, there are at least se\-en 
 grits that are recognized as distinctive, six of which 
 are derived from \'arious grades of Ohio sandstone and 
 one from the Michigan stone. These grits are as 
 follows: 
 
 1. The Berea grit, which is a fine, sharp grit, used 
 especially for sharpening edge tools, such as farmers' 
 tools and woodworkers' small tools. 
 
 2. The Amherst grit, which is s(jf t and loose, medium 
 and loose, and fin(>. It is used especially for edge tools, 
 saws, etc., in manufacturing establisliments where the 
 grindstone is propelled by steam. 
 
 3. The Independence grit, which is a coarse, sharp 
 grit, is used for grinding springs and files and for the 
 dry grinding of castings. 
 
 4. The Massillon grit, a coarse, sharp grit, used for 
 grinding large edge tools, springs, files, and castings. 
 
 0. The Tippecanoe grit, which is a fairly loose, hard 
 grit, used for grinding wood pulp, springs, files, and 
 heavy forgings. 
 
 6. The Marietta grit, which is soft and loose, is used 
 largely in gi'inding saws, machine knives, and other 
 highly tempered, thin steel tools. 
 
 7. The Huron (Michigan) grit is a fine, sharp grit, 
 used fov cutlery, mowing machiru; sections, and tools 
 of that I'haracter, where a fine edge is required. 
 
ABRASIVE MATERIALS. 
 
 877 
 
 An eighth might be added — the Peninsula grit — a 
 hard and coarse grit, used for grinding wood pulp. In 
 addition to these grades of stone, a grit known as 
 Euclid stone, which contains about 7o per cent of tine 
 silica and 30 per cent of cla}', is used for whetters, prin- 
 cipally in cutlerj' works, for polishing out the scratches 
 made by the ordinarj^ grindstone. The production is 
 small, but important. 
 
 It maj^ be well to mention here the grades of grind- 
 stones that are imported into the United States, as thc}^ 
 are used for special purposes for which the_v seem to 
 be particularl}' adapted. A grindstone made from a 
 coarse, hard sandstone is imported from Bavaria, and 
 is used particularly for razor grinding. A tine, hard 
 grindstone, called the Craigleith, is imported from 
 Edinburgh, and is used for special purposes in the glass 
 trade. 
 
 Although sandstone suitable for the manufacture of 
 grindstones is not uncommon, the variet}' adapted to 
 the manufacture of a pulpstone is somewhat rare. A 
 considerable demand for pulpstones rose when paper 
 began to be manufactured from wood pulp. In this 
 manufacture a stone is required that can be run in hot 
 water. The Peninsula grit obtained from Peninsula, 
 Tippecanoe, and Empire, Ohio, if carefully selected, 
 ought to make a good pulpstone, which should easily 
 compete with that imported from Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 
 England. 
 
 The natural grindstone manufactured from sandstone 
 was formerlj' in universal use in all kinds of manufac- 
 turing plants and in the household, but there has been 
 introduced successfully^ during the past ten years a 
 grindstone made from emerj' or corundum. While at 
 the present time only the smaller sized grindstones for 
 household use are made of these materials, it is possible 
 that in the near future large wheels will be made that 
 will rival some of the larger grindstones. 
 
 Oilstones, whetstones, and scytliestones. — The terms 
 oilstone, whetstone, and scythestone are used some- 
 what ambiguously, and often the same stone when used 
 for one purpose will be called an oilstone, and when 
 used for another purpose a whetstone, or even a sc3'the- 
 stone. The term oilstone has come to be applied to all 
 stones used for sharpening mechanics' tools, for the 
 reason that it is necessary to use oil on most of them to 
 prevent the stone from becoming hot and thus heating 
 the tool, and also to prevent the small particles of steel 
 that are ground off the tools from entering into the 
 pores of the stone. 
 
 A considerable change from one census to another is 
 noticeable in the oilstone, whetstone, and scythestone 
 industrjr in respect to the stone that has the greatest 
 use. While the sale of oilstones and whetstones has 
 increased, or at least held its own, in the United States 
 since 1889, there has been a considerable falling off in 
 the sale of sc3'thestones. This is undoubtedly due to 
 the small number of scj'thes, sickles, etc., used at the 
 
 present time, these having been lai-gely replaced by im- 
 proved agricultural machines and implements. Scythe- 
 stones are now used in quantity' only in those states or 
 countries into which the improved agricultural machines 
 have not yet been introduced. Thus, while the produc- 
 tion of scytliestones in the United States has remained 
 about the same, it has become necessary to seek a mai'- 
 ket for them in foreign countries, and a considerable 
 proportion of the production is exported. 
 
 The whetstone producing rocks are all sedimentary 
 in origin, and include (^uartz-mica-schist, sandstone, 
 novaculite. and intermediate rocks. These are found 
 abundantly in various localities, so that there are prob- 
 alily but few countries which have not within their bor- 
 ders a supply of some kind of stone suitable for making 
 whetstones. Although the material for manufacturing- 
 whetstones is so common, onlv those quarries which 
 produce stones of superior quality and have the great- 
 est advantages for manufacturing and shipping can 
 survive the competition in the trade. This is of course 
 the reason the production of whetstones is confined 
 to a few localities. Occasionally- a stone is found of 
 exceptional (juality, as the novaculite of Arkansas, for 
 which there is a large demand, although the price may 
 be much higher than that of other whetstones. At the 
 present time the domestic supply of Avhetstones is ob- 
 tained from Arkansas, Indiana, Ohio, New Hampshire, 
 and Vermont. There is undoubtedly considerable whet- 
 stone material utilized in other states, but those men- 
 tioned are the only ones that have produced this abrasive 
 for the market. 
 
 At the whetstone quarries in Arkansas, which are in 
 Garland and Saline counties, principallj' at and in the 
 vicinity of Quarry or Whetstone mountain. Garland 
 county, there is obtained the novaculite (sandstone) 
 from which is manufactured the best and most valuable 
 natural oilstone or whetstone on the market. The qual- 
 ity of the rock varies greatly, even in different parts of 
 the same quarrv, but two distinct types of stone or grit 
 are recognized, which are known on the market as the 
 Arkansas and Washita. The latter is less dense and 
 much more porous than the Arkansas. Both of these 
 types are divided into two grades, known as soft and 
 hard. They are used pj-incipally in the form of small 
 wheels, oilstones of different shapes, and points such as 
 are used b}' engravers, surgeons, carvers, dentists, jew- 
 elers, watchmakers, and diesinkers. 
 
 The sandstone of Orange county, Ind., furnishes a 
 whetstone known as the Hindostan or Orange stone, 
 which is quarried in French Lick and Northwest town- 
 ships. The stone is fine grained and is used for oil- 
 stones. It is considered the best low priced sharpenino- 
 stone for mechanics' tools. A considerable quantity of 
 this stone is now being exported. 
 
 At a number of the sandstone quarries in Ohio from 
 which grindstones are obtained, principally at Berea, 
 in Cuyahoga county, and at Grafton, in Lorain county. 
 
878 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 a grade of stone is found suitable for whetstones. This 
 stone makes a scythestone that does good work, but it 
 does not stand transportation so well as the scythestone 
 made from schist. At Euclid, Cuyahoga county, is a 
 fine grained sandstone from which a considerable num- 
 ber of oilstones are made. The well-known Deerlick 
 oilstone is made at Chagrin Falls, in the same county, 
 from a fine grained sandstone. Since the introduction 
 of this stone a few j'ears ago its production has in- 
 creased considerably each year. 
 
 In Cortland county, N. Y., near Labi-ador Lake, a 
 sandstone similar to that quarried in Ohio is found. 
 It is known as Labrador stone, and is used to a limited 
 extent in the manufacture of whetstones, although no 
 product was reported as quarried in 1902. 
 
 In Haverhill, Grafton county, N. H., and near La- 
 moille, Orleans county, Vt., there is a quartz-mica- 
 schist from which are manufactured the celebrated 
 Indian Pond, "White Mountain, and Lamoille scythe- 
 stones. These schists are variable in their structure, so 
 that only portions or l)ands of them can be utilized. 
 The cutting quality of the stones varies with the com- 
 pactness of the schists and the percentage of quartz or 
 grit contained. There are two principal grades of stone 
 found at the New Hampshire quarries, which are known 
 as the Indian Pond and the White Mountain. Both of 
 these stones come from the same quarry. The White 
 Mountain is more compact and has a finer texture, and 
 the Indian Pond includes the more laminated varieties 
 of the schist. The name Indian Pond was used as earlv 
 as 1820 for a stone obtained from a stratum of schist 
 about 7 miles south of Pike Station, near a jjond known 
 bj' the above name. The stones from the quarries at 
 Lamoille are sold imder the name of Lamcjiile stones. 
 At Lisbon, Grafton county, ><'. H., there occurs a fine 
 grained quartz-mica-schist of a bluish cliocolate color, 
 which furnishes a stone known as the chocolate whet- 
 stone. It is a medium hard st(jne and is especially 
 adapted for leather and skinning knives, and it is also 
 used extensivelv for sharpening cloth cutters' tools, 
 kitchen and carving knives, etc. 
 
 Biihrst<m<rs and jiiillstoncs. — The American buhrstone 
 and millstone varies from a sandstone to a quartz con- 
 glomerate, which occurs along tlio eastern slope of the 
 Appalachian mountains, from North Carolina to New 
 York, and is known by difierent names, according to the 
 locality from which it is obtained. Occasionally a gran- 
 ite is also used in the manufacture of this stone. The 
 states producing buhi'stones and millstones in 1902 were 
 New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Vermont, 
 and Virginia, In' far the larger production coming from 
 New York. The buhrstone produced in New York is 
 principally f I'oni Ulster county, and is known as Esopus 
 stone. Tlie Pennsylvania stones, \\'hich arc obtained in 
 Lancaster county, aic, known as Turkey Hill and Co- 
 calico. From Montgomery county, Va. , is obtained a 
 buhrstone which is known on the mai'ket as Brush 
 
 mountain stone. In Rowan county, N. C, a granite is 
 quarried and manufactured into millstones, which are 
 sold, for the most part, in Nortli Carolina and Georgia. 
 
 Whereas formerly a large number of buhrstones were 
 used in the United States, principally in grinding wheat, 
 now very few are used for that purpose on account of 
 the introduction of the roller mill process. Buhrstones 
 are still used for this purpose only in certain mountain 
 districts where railroad facilities are wanting. New 
 uses, however, have arisen for these stones, and they 
 are now employed quite extensively for grinding the 
 coarser cereals, mineral paint ores, fertilizers, cement 
 rock, barytes, and other minerals. For these purposes 
 the use is increasing each year, although at the census 
 of 1902 the value of the buhrstones i:)roduced was only 
 about one-sixth of the value of those reported at the 
 census of 1880. The decided change in this industry 
 began in 1888, and there was a gradual falling ofi' until 
 1891:, when the industry again began to improve with 
 the introduction of the new uses for the stone. 
 
 Garnd. — The greater part of the garnet that is mined 
 for abrasive purposes, except the production from North 
 Carolina, is used in the manufacture of garnet paper, 
 which is extensively' employed for abrasive purposes in 
 the manufacture of boots and .shoes. Nearly all the 
 production from North Carolina is manufactured into 
 wheels, which are sold as emery wheels. The abrasive 
 value of garnet was known to the North American 
 Indians, who engraved shells with tools consisting of 
 garnet points attached to wooden handles.' 
 
 During 1902 garnet was f)litained from Connecticut, 
 New York, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania. 
 
 In Connecticut, near Koxl)ury, Litchfield county, 
 garnet is obtained from a mica-schist, in which it oc- 
 curs in crystals from less than a quarter of an inch to 
 nearly two inches in diameter. As the rock is crushed, 
 tlie crystals readily separate from the schist, making a 
 clean garnet concentrate, that is ready for crushing and 
 sizing'. 
 
 The principal New York garnet localities are near 
 North river, in AVarren county, and in Essex county. 
 The mineral occurs in segregated masses, in both 'gneiss 
 and limestone rocks, varying in size from that of a 
 pigeon's egg to a diameter of 20 feet. Commercially, 
 this garnet is designated (1) as massive garnet, when it 
 is in the larger masses, whicii are impure; (2) as shell 
 garnet, which is nearly pure garnet; and (3) pocket 
 garnet, «'hen it occurs in small masses or crystals in 
 the gneiss. Of these, the shell garnet is considered 
 the most valuable. 
 
 The North Carolina garnet deposits that have been 
 develo))ed are all in Jackson county. The principal 
 mine is on Sugar Loaf mountain, about one and one- 
 half miles from the railroad. The occurrences are all 
 similar, being liaiids of garnetiferous gneiss in ordinarv 
 
 i/F'A'^'L'^''"''" < '"-""logiml Survey, Twelllh Anmial Rcimrt, 
 Part \ I, 18Sy, page (JOS. 
 
ABRASIVE MATERIALS. 
 
 879 
 
 gnei.ss. These l)iinds are 50 or more feet in width, and 
 average from 15 to 3(> per cent of garnet. 
 
 In Delaware and Chester counties. Pa., a garnet oc- 
 curs in small crj'stals and fragments thicklj^ dissemi- 
 nated through a gneiss which is badl_y decomposed. A 
 considerable product, leported from Delaware counts-, 
 is known on the market as rose garnet. 
 
 CrystuUine (jmirfz. — The production of crystalline 
 quartz that is included under the head of al)rasives, is 
 that which is used in the manufacture of sandpaper, 
 scouring soaps, and as a wood finisher. In addition to 
 these uses there are large quantities of quartz sand used 
 in the stonecutting trade, especially by the marble 
 workers. A small amount of quartz is pulverized, and 
 sold under the name of tripoli. Of the production re- 
 ported for 1903 the larger amount was used as a wood 
 finisher, and was obtained from Connecticut. Most of 
 that used in the manufacture of sandpaper was mined 
 in Pennsj'lvania. 
 
 Infusorial earth and tripoli. — Among the abrasives, 
 infusorial earth and tripoli formed but a small pro- 
 poi'tion of the production, and of the amount produced 
 less than half was actually used for abrasive purposes. 
 Under the head of infusorial earth and tripoli are 
 included all porous, siliceous earths of organic origin, 
 such as infusorial earth, diatomaceous earth and tripoli, 
 and also a siliceous material which is the residue from 
 an impure siliceous limestone by the leaching out of 
 the calcium carbonate. The material produced in 1902 
 was from California, Georgia, Mar^dand, Missouri, 
 New Hampshire, New York, and Virginia. 
 
 Pumice. — The production of pumice in the United 
 States has been very erratic during the time for which 
 statistics of this material have been published, although 
 commercial deposits are known to occur in large quan- 
 tit3% especially in Utah and Nebraska. On account, how- 
 ever, of the distance of these deposits from the rail- 
 road, and from the large markets, they are not able to 
 compete with the pumice imported from Lipari, Italy, 
 which is shipped largely as ballast, and which, after 
 being ground and bolted, is sold in New York at from 2 
 to 2-|- cents per pound. These Lipari dejDosits supply 
 almost the entire demand for pumice. During 1902 
 the entire production of pumice in the United States 
 was from the Nebraska deposits, and was used largely 
 in the manufacture of soaps and scouring powders. 
 
 Corundum and emery. — The natural abrasives that 
 have the highest abrasive efiicienc_y are corundum and 
 emery, and there is an increasing demand for these, 
 
 which is due largely to the increase in manufacturing, 
 especially of agricultural machines, but also to the 
 improved methods that have been devised for making 
 emery and corundum stones and wheels of all shapes 
 and sizes. These abrasives, manufactured into wheels 
 of various sizes, have replaced, to some extent, the 
 suialler grindstones in manufacturing establishments. 
 They have also been manufactui'ed into oilstones and 
 whetstones, and have successfully' competed with the 
 natural product, although selling at a higher price. 
 With the exception of certain emery wheels made by 
 the silicate process, and used for saw gunmiers, no 
 large emery wheels have as j'et been made. Uven if 
 large vitrified emerj' wheels could be made, it is a question 
 whether their cost could be lowered sufficiently to per- 
 mit them to enter into competition with the grindstone, 
 and also whether the emerjr stone would do as satisfac- 
 tory work as the grindstone for certain kinds of grinding. 
 
 Of the corundum and emer}' used in the United 
 States about one-half is produced in this country, the 
 remainder lieing obtained from the Turkish and Grecian 
 emerj' mines, and from the Canadian corundum mines. 
 There were but a few tons of corundum produced in 
 the United States in 1902, the production of this type 
 of abrasives being almost entirely of the emery variet3\ 
 Corundum was f ormerlj' regarded as occurring sparingly 
 in nature, but it is now known to have a rather wide 
 occurrence and to exist in commercial quantity in 
 many localities. With the known occurrences of this 
 mineral in this country there should be no difficult}' in 
 such production of it as to fullj' satisfy the markets' 
 demand. Competition with the Canadian corundum 
 will be strong, and if there is a decrease in price, the 
 location of the deposits for easy mining and suflicient 
 railroad facilities will need to be very favorable if 
 they are to be profitably worked. The value of corun- 
 dum in 1902 was from 7 to 10 cents per pound when 
 cleaned and sized. Emeries varied in price from 1 to 
 5 cents per pound. 
 
 The more promising deposits of corundum in the 
 United States are as follows: In North Carolina, at 
 Corundum Hill, Macon county; at Sapphire, Jackson 
 county; and at Brick creek, Claj- county. In Georo-ia, 
 at Laurel creek, Ralnin county; and in ^lontana, on 
 the headwaters of Elk creek, Gallatin county. The 
 emery deposits are near Peekskill, N. Y., and at Ches- 
 ter, Mass., the latter furnishing the most of the emery 
 produced in the United States. During 1902 there was 
 also a small production in Montana. 
 
880 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 4.— DETAILED SUMMARY, BY STATES; 1902. 
 
 Number of mines or quarries 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Character of ownership: 
 
 Individual 
 
 Firm 
 
 Incorporated company- 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Total number 
 
 Total salaries 
 
 General otliccrs — 
 
 Number 
 
 .Salaries 
 
 Superintendentit, managers, foremen, surveyors, 
 etc.— 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Foremen below ground — 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Clerics— 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Aggregate average number 
 
 Aggregate wages 
 
 Above ground — 
 
 Total average number 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Engineers, firemen, and otlier mechanics- 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miners or quarrymen, ami stonecutters- 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Boys under 16 years- 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Below ground — 
 
 Total average numVier 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Miners — 
 
 Average numViur 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miners' helpers — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at specified daily rate^ 
 of pay; 
 Engineers — 
 
 81.25 to n.-l'.i 
 
 S1..50 toSl.7-1 
 
 SI. 75 to 81. '.19 
 
 82.00 to 82.24 
 
 S2.2.5 to 82.49 
 
 82.50 to S2.7 1 
 
 83.00 to 83,24 
 
 S3..50 to 83.74 
 
 Firemen — 
 
 81 .00 to 81.2 1 
 
 81.75 to 81.99 
 
 Machinists, blacksmiths, carpenters, and other me- 
 chanics — 
 
 80.75 to $0.99 
 
 81. ,50 to 81.74 
 
 81.75 to 81.99 
 
 82.00 to 82.24 
 
 S2.25 to 82.49 
 
 W.OO to 84.24 
 
 Miners or quarrymen, and stonecutters — 
 "1.75 to 80.99' 
 
 Oliio. 
 
 1 
 
 8i;oo 
 
 1.5 
 
 3s, SOI 
 
 CIO 
 .,914 
 
 S2.sO,4Ii; 
 
 8170, ' 
 
 S.5S, 
 
 SIO, CIS 
 
 10 
 , S50 
 
 81.00 to SI. 24 
 
 81.25 to 81. 49 
 
 81.50 to 81.74 
 
 81.75 to 81.99 
 
 82.00 to 82.21 
 
 82.25 to 82.49 
 
 $2.,50 to 82.74 
 
 82.75 to 82.99 
 
 83,00 to 83.24 
 
 Miners' helpers — 
 
 81.60 I081.74 . 
 
 81.75 to 81 .99 
 
 Bovs under 10 years — 
 ' 80.75 to 80.99 
 
 $I.25toS1.49 
 
 All other wagc-carners- 
 
 80.75 to tO.99 
 
 81.00 to 81.24 
 
 81.25 to 81.49 
 
 81.50 to 81.74 
 
 81.75 to 81.99 
 
 82.00 to 82.24 
 
 82..50 to 82.74 • 
 
 83.00 to 83,24 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 38 
 
 r.6 
 
 lliO 
 
 70 
 
 35 
 
 4 
 
 813,192 
 
 5 
 8~2,.s.HO 
 
 Pennsyl- 
 vania, 
 
 1 
 
 8.SI0 
 
 10 
 87, ;139 
 
 15 1 
 
 ?7,.S.S2 ' SMIO 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 $1,942 
 
 81,471 
 
 I 
 SI71 
 
 Another 
 states.! 
 
 18 
 14 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 18 
 
 812, .5-27 
 
 2 
 $3, 4,50 
 
 1 
 
 8000 
 
 
 81, -20(1 
 
 19 
 89,. 52 1 
 
 19 
 $9, 521 
 
 1 ] 
 8600 
 
 IS 
 88,921 
 
 
 8 1,. 500 
 
 1 .55 
 .$sl,710 
 
 154 
 Ssl.ooo 
 
 9 
 $5,124 
 
 104 
 $.52,623 
 
 32, 430 
 
 119 
 809, ;i:'.o 
 
 149 
 
 809, 330 
 
 S15,;513 
 
 SS 
 840, 305 
 
 8537 
 
 32 
 $13,1S1 
 
 
 
 $3, 071 
 
 61ii,ill,i 
 810, r,i5 
 
 ?1 0,015 
 
 21 
 ?9,0i;3 
 
 24 
 89, 003 
 
 19 
 $s,'220 
 
 19 
 $S, 226 
 
 8840 
 
 15 
 
 $0, 7S0 
 
 20 
 Ss,'273 
 
 IS 
 87, 1125 
 
 201 
 $100,170 
 
 179 
 
 $S5, 570 
 
 35 
 
 SS, OSS 
 
 1 
 
 8375 
 
 
 $■21,295 
 
 IS 
 $7, 025 
 
 99 
 842, 4.35 
 
 
 
 41 
 $23,313 
 
 1 
 $650 
 
 1 
 $i;.50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 o 
 80,00 
 
 
 45 
 
 
 $21,,S40 
 
 $1,'248 
 $1,2 IS 
 
 22 
 $14,000 
 
 12 
 $,s, 7.50 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 
 $5, .s,50 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ' 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 :i 
 
 - 
 
 
 •J 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1.1 
 1 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 1 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 10 
 3 
 10 
 
 1 
 3 
 43 
 33 
 24 
 
 34 
 32 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 6 
 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 3 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 5 
 1 
 
 " 
 
 24 
 29 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 13 
 17 
 
 2 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 ■> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 •20 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 li 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ilnc'ItidcH fipcTJitftrs dlstrihnli'fl 
 MichiKiin ("of.cTatnr incliuh-rl und 
 
 f'»ll<) 
 ^iindsto 
 
 m: ( 'iililuriiia, I ; 
 
 Mi.ssoun 
 
 ■rati 
 M 
 
 ndi'd iiiidor talr- and soapstone'); 
 .mtaiiK, 1: Ncljrjiska, 1 r- ijiiarries); New 
 
 Vermont, 1 (2 quarries); West Virginia, '^; and Wynming (operator ineluded under Haud.stones and quartzites). 
 
 Kentucky, 1; Maryland. 1; Massaehusetts, 2: 
 Hampshire, 1 (;i quarries); North Carolina, 1; 
 
ABRASIVE MATERIALS. 
 
 Table 4.— DETAILED HUMMARY, BY STATES: 1902— Continued. 
 
 881 
 
 
 United 
 States. 
 
 Arkansas. 
 
 16 
 16 
 26 
 26 
 27 
 
 27 
 
 26 
 211 
 16 
 16 
 
 Connecti- 
 
 Cllt. 
 
 fl 
 6 
 8 
 21 
 22 
 
 n 
 
 17 
 33 
 29 
 
 '23 
 23 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 18 
 21 
 •20 
 20 
 29 
 29 
 30 
 29 
 20 
 •211 
 20 
 20 
 
 New Y.irk. 
 
 Oliio. 
 
 ,.eu„sy,. 
 valiin. 
 
 \'ii'giniM. 
 
 All cither 
 states. 
 
 Aycrage numhcr of wage-caniers I'miilnyed dnriiiK ciu'li 
 mdiith: 
 Men 16 years and over — 
 
 127 
 ■137 
 475 
 (;05 
 669 
 673 
 675 
 700 
 696 
 696 
 639 
 692 
 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 4 
 
 $12,410 
 $8,421 
 
 $33,989 
 
 $.80, :?09 
 
 $1 177 711 
 
 94 
 97 
 106 
 166 
 172 
 165 
 166 
 163 
 192 
 188 
 183 
 168 
 
 126 
 119 
 132 
 136 
 138 
 1.52 
 1.55 
 171 
 169 
 
 9 
 9 
 9 
 
 '22 
 22 
 22 
 
 •20 
 20 
 21 
 
 138 
 
 February . 
 
 149 
 
 
 1.53 
 
 April 
 
 23 1 191 
 
 May 
 
 28 231 
 
 
 22 1 239 
 
 July 
 
 19 1 '239 
 19 i 236 
 
 September 
 
 18 
 18 
 16 
 16 
 
 '220 
 
 Oetolier 
 
 169 '23 
 1.54 23 
 143 •'•^ 
 
 229 
 
 
 204 
 
 l)efember. 
 
 183 
 
 Boys under 16 years— 
 
 .1 anuary 
 
 
 
 
 February 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ; 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 \ 
 
 2 
 $300 
 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 May 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,lune 
 
 
 
 
 
 July 
 
 
 
 
 August 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 October 
 
 
 
 
 
 November 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $6, 720 
 $1,714 
 
 $5, 006 
 $12, 264 
 $189, 345 
 
 276 
 
 3 
 
 265 
 
 2 
 
 $13,276 
 $2,198 
 
 $il,077 
 623, 384 
 
 1 $.587, 284 
 
 047 
 
 23 
 
 635 
 
 
 
 Miseellaneous expenses: 
 Total 
 
 $685 
 $175 
 
 $610 
 $1,625 
 $21,275 
 
 21 
 
 2 
 21 
 
 $2, 577 
 $2, 091 
 
 $486 
 $1,617 
 $42, 895 
 
 80 
 
 2 
 80 
 
 .$696 
 $588 
 
 $108 
 
 $926 
 
 $20, 738 
 
 35 
 
 1 
 
 35 
 
 $1, oa5 
 
 $1,0.50 
 
 $35 
 
 $205 
 
 $16, :K5 
 
 200 
 
 2 
 200 
 
 $17,072 
 $605 
 
 
 Rent of offices, taxes, insurance, interest, and 
 
 $300 
 
 $1.4.55 
 
 $16, 960 
 
 31 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 $16 467 
 
 
 ^'W 833 
 
 Value of product 
 
 2?2S'' 8K9 
 
 Power: 
 
 Total horsepower 
 
 2,495 
 
 71 
 2,300 
 
 7 
 88 
 
 3 
 95 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 1 206 
 
 Owned— 
 
 Engines — 
 Steam- 
 Number. 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 Gas or gasoline- 
 Number 
 
 6 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K4 
 
 Other power- 
 
 
 
 1 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 85 
 
 Other than electric- 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 Electric motors owned— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 ■■| 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' Includes product valued at $408,698 obtained in tjuarries producing other than abrasive materials. 
 2 Includes product valued at $35,941 obtained in quarries producing other than abrasive materials. 
 
 .3022,'3— 04- 
 
 -56 
 
882 
 
 MINES AND (,»)UARRIES. 
 
 Table 5.— DCTAII.ED SUMMARY, BY CLASSES: 1902. 
 
 Number of minos or qnarrius 
 
 Number of operatorw 
 
 Character of ownership: 
 
 Individual 
 
 Firm 
 
 Incorporated compan y 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Total number 
 
 Total salaries 
 
 General officers — 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Superintendents, managers, foremen, .surveyors, etc.— 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Foremen below ground — 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Clerks- 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Aggregate average number 
 
 Aggregate wages 
 
 Above ground — 
 
 Total average number 
 
 ^ Total wages 
 
 Engineers, firemen, and other mechanics — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miners or qtu^rrymen, and strjuecutters— 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Boys under 10 years — 
 
 Average number 
 
 W^ages 
 
 AU other wage-earners — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Below yritund — 
 
 Total average numltcr 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Miners — 
 
 Average number 
 
 \^'ages 
 
 Miners' helpers — 
 
 A verage number 
 
 \\'ages 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at specified daily rates of pay: 
 Engineers — 
 
 51.25 to S1.49 
 
 Jl .,50 to $1 .74 
 
 81.75 to S1.99 
 
 S2.00 to 52.24 
 
 52.26 to 52.49 
 
 52..50 to 52.74 
 
 53.00 to 53.24 
 
 f3..50 to 53.74 
 
 Firemen — 
 
 Jl.OO to 51.24 
 
 81.75 to 51.99 
 
 Machinists, blacksmiths, carpenters, and other mechanics— 
 
 $0.75 to 50.99 
 
 51 ..50 to $1 . 74 
 
 SI ,75 to $1 .99 
 
 52.00 to 52.24 
 
 52.25 to 52.49 
 
 54.00 to 84.24 
 
 Miners or quarrvmen, and stonecutters — 
 
 "0.75 to 80.99 
 
 All abra- 
 sives. 
 
 t4S,00S 
 
 If. 
 513,101 
 
 43 
 $2.5, ,iOi; 
 
 1 
 5000 
 
 15 
 
 58, 801 
 
 010 
 5290, 914 
 
 585 
 $2.S0, 410 
 
 81.00 to 81.24. 
 
 81.25 to 51. 49 
 
 S1..50to$1.74 
 
 81.75 to 81 .99 
 
 $2.00 to $2.24 
 
 $2.25 to 52.49 
 
 $2..50 to $2.74 
 
 82.75 to S2.99 
 
 83.00 to 83.24 
 
 Miners' helpers — 
 
 SI..50 to$1.74 
 
 $1.75 to 81. 99 
 
 Boys under 10 vears — 
 
 $0.75 to 80.99 
 
 81.'i5to81.49 
 
 All other wage-earners- 
 
 80.75 to $0.99 
 
 81.00 to 81, '24 
 
 $1.'25 to 81.49 
 
 81..50to$1.74 
 
 $1.75 to $1.99 
 
 $2.00 to $2.24 
 
 82..50 to 52.74 
 
 $3.00 to 83.24 
 
 5912 
 
 1'20 
 558, 934 
 
 510,498 
 
 111 
 55,8.50 
 
 1 
 9 
 1 
 ■22 
 3 
 2 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 3 
 7 
 7 
 1 
 1 
 
 13 
 :i8 
 06 
 160 
 70 
 
 :w 
 
 4 
 
 Buhrstones 
 
 and 
 millstones. 
 
 Corundum 
 and emery. 
 
 Cry.stalline 
 iiuartz. 
 
 Ganu't, 
 
 Grind- 
 stones and 
 pulpstones. 
 
 ^ ,. . , Oilstones, 
 
 Infusorial , whetstones, 
 
 earth, trip- , „n^ 
 
 oil, and sevtiic- 
 
 pumice. 1 ^,-^,^e. 
 
 29 
 ■29 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 7 
 
 1 
 3 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 59, 178 
 
 '2 
 $2, 1.50 
 
 6 
 54,0'28 
 
 9 
 9 
 
 1 
 3 
 5 
 
 25 
 513,042 
 
 $480 
 
 IS 
 510, 1:-!2 
 
 11 
 10 
 
 3 
 4 
 3 
 
 8 
 $4,016 
 
 1 
 $1,000 
 
 5 
 $2,0.56 
 
 IB 
 10 
 
 7 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 55. 960 
 
 ■1 
 82,9,50 
 
 51,199 
 1 
 
 8 
 56, 030 
 
 2 
 52,000 
 
 ■1 
 
 $2,8:!0 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 84,6.82 
 
 1 
 $471 
 
 54,211 
 
 6 
 
 55, 100 
 
 4 
 54,0.50 
 
 2 
 51,0,50 
 
 
 5600 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 81, '211 
 
 47 
 
 $32, 871 
 
 25 
 S18,^271 
 
 6 
 
 55, 525 
 
 11 
 
 55, ,546 
 
 51, -200 
 
 ■'9 
 51 3, .592 
 
 ■29 
 513, .592 
 
 1 
 S600 
 
 26 
 $12, 392 
 
 4 5 ' 2 
 
 
 
 S3, 000 
 
 118 
 5.59,632 
 
 118 
 5.59, 6:h 
 
 10 
 54,914 
 
 61 
 $29, ,505 
 
 52,4:!0 . 5960 
 
 
 86 
 
 S:i9,.5i;2 
 
 86 
 539, 562 
 
 1 
 
 52,264 
 
 80 
 1 3:16, 734 
 
 210 
 $99, .598 
 
 210 
 
 $99, 598 
 
 48 
 527,110 
 
 118 
 5.54, ^270 
 
 5.537 
 
 42 
 S17,6.sl 
 
 :« 
 SI 3, 682 
 
 32 
 
 511,784 
 
 5930 
 
 20 
 57, ^2.54 
 
 85 
 $37, 977 
 
 .85 
 3:J7, 977 
 
 4 
 92, 4-29 
 
 71 
 
 531,097 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 5375 
 
 1 
 
 $.56,1 
 
 s 
 57, ■200 
 
 514,605 
 12 
 
 2 17 
 
 5i;0ll 525,213 
 
 10 
 
 $3,600 
 
 3 
 $1,898 
 
 3 
 
 $1 , 898 
 
 9 
 
 54,076 
 
 
 
 
 
 '1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 55, s,50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 ' 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 20 , 
 
 1 
 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 6 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 1 
 
 ■1 
 
 
 
 9-, 14- 
 
 11 
 4 
 
 48 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 ,i 
 18 
 20 
 
 40 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 ,S 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 32 
 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 .-, 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 ■■^ 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 1 '20 
 20 
 
 "' 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 i; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ABKA81VK MA'l'EllLVLS. 
 
 Tai!I,e 5. —detailed SUMiMA UY, I',Y CLASSES: 1'.)(I2— Ocmtinncd 
 
 883 
 
 All aljni- 
 
 siVL'S. 
 
 Avera^f number of wiige-earm.'rsL'niplnyeil iliii'in,i,'-L-'!ii'li inmith: 
 Moil Itl years and over — 
 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 Boys under Ui years— 
 
 " January 
 
 February 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May - 
 
 June - . . 
 
 July 
 
 August - - 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses: 
 
 Total 
 
 Royalties and rent of mine and mining plant i 
 
 Rent of offices, taxes, insurance, interest, and other sundries,! 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 Value of product 5^1, 
 
 Power: | 
 
 Total horsepower , 
 
 Owned— 1 
 
 Engines — I 
 
 Steam— ! 
 
 N umber - . . 
 
 Horsepower ; 
 
 Gas or gasoline— I 
 
 Number I 
 
 Horsepower I 
 
 Other power— ] 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower I 
 
 Rented— ! 
 
 Other than electric — i 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Electric motors owned— | 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower - l 
 
 4'J7 
 
 i;i7 
 
 ■175 
 
 iior> 
 
 (if 19 
 073 
 1175 
 700 
 096 
 (;9G 
 (;39 
 592 
 
 S42, 410 
 $S, 421 
 S:i3, 989 
 .>S(i, :w.) 
 177,711 
 
 2. 49"! 
 
 71 
 
 , 800 
 
 BiihrstoncH 
 
 and 
 
 Coniridun^ Crystalline 
 
 land emery 
 
 7fi 
 
 37 
 
 J7 
 
 M7 
 
 35 
 
 17 
 
 •n 
 
 3X 
 
 '11 
 
 9S 
 
 47 
 
 'J« 
 
 Sl,4.'-0 
 
 *l'i3C 
 
 iii<-l4 
 
 ^1 , SOH 
 
 1 -Sli, SI'S 
 
 quartz. 
 
 SI , CSS 
 
 $■16. 114 
 
 1104, COS 
 
 110 
 
 91,9.i0 
 S1,S25 
 
 Si2ri 
 
 S9oO 
 S43, OSS 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 137 
 143 
 135 
 135 
 135 
 145 
 13S 
 140 
 
 no 
 
 S4,952 
 SI, 341 
 S3, 611 
 SIO, r2S 
 $132,820 
 
 430 
 
 Criinl- 
 
 In Ills 
 
 orial 
 
 OilHtoiies, 
 whetstones. 
 
 stoin-s llMil 
 
 
 
 and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 stOIl(J^ 
 
 
 119 
 153 
 
 
 29 
 29 
 
 
 60 
 63 
 
 1115 
 
 
 29 
 
 
 74 
 
 193 
 
 
 31 
 
 
 87 
 
 212 
 
 
 38 
 
 
 103 
 
 231 
 
 
 38 
 
 
 98 
 
 228 
 
 
 36 
 
 
 104 
 
 249 
 
 
 36 
 
 
 102 
 
 243 
 
 
 37 
 
 
 87 
 
 248 
 
 
 39 
 
 
 91 
 
 218 
 
 
 39 
 
 
 71 
 
 207 
 
 
 39 
 
 
 68 
 
 S24, 
 S2, 
 S22, • 
 S31, 
 = 8667, 
 
 1, 
 
 
 
 433 
 
 S2, 263 
 
 003 
 
 SI, 0.50 
 
 430 
 
 SI, 21 3 
 
 349 
 
 S2,297 
 
 431 
 
 3 855,994 
 
 247 
 
 410 
 
 41 
 
 ,235 j 
 
 1 
 10 
 
 t4,.55a 
 
 847.5- 
 
 S4,07» 
 
 $7,662 
 
 *S113.968 
 
 193 
 
 13 
 185 
 
 5 Includes SI, 425 quarried with grunite. 
 
 8 Includes S403,066 quarried with sandstone. 
 
 ■ Inrludes SI, 436 ininetl with talo and soapstone. 
 * InuludL'S S38,612 quarried witli sandstone. 
 
BORAX 
 
BORAX. 
 
 By Joseph Steuthkks, Ph. D. 
 
 The first commercial production of borax in the 
 United States was in 1864, when 12 short tons were 
 mined in California. Since that year the production 
 has fluctuated from nothing- in 1N()9, 187(), and 1871, to 
 19,11:2 short tons in 1902. I'p to the present investi- 
 gation borax has never been separately treated in the 
 census of mines and mining. Table 1 is a sunmiary of 
 the statistics for 1902. 
 
 Table I. — Siiinmnrii: lUO.!. 
 
 Number of mines or quarries 6 
 
 Number of operators 6 
 
 Salaried otficials, clerics, etc.: 
 
 Numtjer 14 
 
 Salaries }l.s, 128 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number loy 
 
 Wages SI 11 , SB,') 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 347, 60f> 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials S213,.53s 
 
 Product: ' 
 
 Quantity, short tons 19, 141* 
 
 Value '^1, ;;83, 614 
 
 1 The United States Geological Survey reports 20,U04 short tons, valued at 
 $2, .588, 614, which includes 862 .short tons of boric acid, valued at Il,")B,00t). 
 This acid, represeilting a manufacture, is not reported by the Census. 
 
 There were onlj' 6 productive mines or quarries in 
 1902, and these were not widely separated geograph- 
 ically. Four were in California, and 1 each in Nevada 
 and Oregon. Each company operated a single mine 
 only. An average of a):)out 25 wage-earners for each 
 mine is shown. For the industry as a whole a total 
 average for the year of only 1(17 salaried employees 
 and wage-earners is reported. Compared with the 
 amount paid in wages and salaries and for miscellaneous 
 expenses, the cost of .supplies and materials appears 
 largtr. 
 
 Si:: mines were idle in 190::! — 3 in California, 2 in 
 Nevada, and 1 in Oregon — and at 1 mine in California 
 development work was carried on. 
 
 Capital doel' of hxyirpoivted co/iij'ii/i/'r'.'<. — -Ky(n'y 
 active company reported was organized as a corporation. 
 Their capitalization appears in Table 2. 
 
 TAisi.K 2. — Capiliflizdfl'n/ of hii'ifrjuirniril rnuipan'ii'^: J902. 
 
 Nimiber of incorporated coini'unies t5 
 
 Capital stock: 
 
 Total authorized- 
 Number of shares 823, 7.50 
 
 Par value ^ .^;^, 175,000 
 
 Total i.ssued— 
 
 Number of shares 822, 250 
 
 Par vahlc s.3, 025, 000 
 
 Dividends paid S231. 600 
 
 Common — 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number of shares 573, 750 
 
 Par value J2, 925^ 000 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of shares 572, 250 
 
 Par value §2, 775. OOO 
 
 Dividends i>aid s-231 , 600 
 
 Preferred — 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number of shares 250. 000 
 
 Par value $250, 000 
 
 lasued — 
 
 Number of shares _ 2.50, 000 
 
 Par value $260, 000 
 
 These companies, as a rule, refine the crude borax, 
 and it mu.st he remembered that the capitalization 
 shown includes that utilized for the equipment and 
 maintenance of the refining plants. Kefining, however, 
 is too closely related to mining to allow of satisfactory 
 segregation. 
 
 The par value of the total amount of capital stock 
 authorized for these companies was it^o, 17.5,000. repre- 
 senting .S23,750 shares of both common and jiref erred 
 stock. Shares to the numlier of 822, 25(), with a par 
 value of $3,025,000, were issued. Of these 57:^,250 
 shares were of common stock with a par \'alue of 
 $2,775,000, and 250, OOO shares w(>re of preferred stock 
 with a par value of $250, ooo. All the preferred stock 
 authorized was issued, as was all Itut l,5o(.l shares of 
 the common stock. There was paid $231, (iOO ,in diA"i- 
 dends on the common stock issued. Tliis is equivalent 
 to 8.35 per cent on its par value. No dividend was 
 paid tipon the preferred stock. There was no lionded 
 indebtedness. 
 
 Ehipl(iij<'i_'x innl iiyijjcs. — The average number of wage- 
 earners employed during each month of 1902, and the 
 
 (887) 
 
888 
 
 MINKS AND QUARRIES. 
 
 daily rates of pay, are shown in Table 6. The inipor- 
 tanee of this industry is not to be judged by the nuniber 
 of men to whom it gave employment, only 174 at the 
 maximum, during- the cool months of the year. In 
 summer, from June until Septeml)er, the heat in the 
 southeastern counties of California does not permit 
 active operations, which as a consequence are reduced 
 to a minimum. On the coming of cooler weather, how- 
 ever, operations are at once resumed, as appears frou) 
 the number of men reported employed in September 
 and October. 
 
 Here relativelj- high rates of pa\- are shown. Fifty 
 per cent of the engineers received from $3.25 to $3.49 
 per diem; 3 of the 6 mechanics got above $3. .50 per 
 diem. Over 71 per cent of those classed as miners 
 or quarrj'men received from $2. .50 to $3.24 per diem. 
 All of the miners' helpers received from $2.50 to $2.74. 
 Of "all other wage-earners" none was paid less than 
 $1.50 per diem, and more than two-thirds, or 07.4 per 
 cent, received from $2 to $3.24. 
 
 MrclianlciiJ power. — Mechanical power to the amount 
 of 338 horsepower was reported. Two hundred and 
 live horsepower were furnished by 5 steam engines, 
 123 horsepower bj- 11 gas or gasoline engines, and 10 
 horsepower ))y 1 water wheel. There was also 1 elec- 
 tric motor of 1 horsepower. 
 
 Pivdnction. — Table 3 shows the annual production of 
 borax in California from ISSU to 1902, as reported by 
 the United States (reological Survev. 
 
 Table :i.—Pr„d„cl 
 [UnitL'd States Goologi 
 
 nf ho, 
 
 'II Calif ijrnin: 1S8H tu 190i. 
 
 urv(.'\", "Miiierul Rt'soiircu^ ul tlit.- rnitcrl States,' 
 1902.1 
 
 18S9 
 l«9a 
 1891 
 1892 
 1893 
 1894 
 189S 
 1891 ; 
 1897 
 1898 
 1899, 
 1900 
 1901, 
 1902 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Value. 
 
 (short tons). 
 
 9fi5 
 
 J145, 473 
 
 a, 201 
 
 480, 162 
 
 4, 2(17 
 
 (110,000 
 
 5, 525 
 
 S38, 787 
 
 3, 9.i5 
 
 593,292 
 
 5, 770 
 
 807, 807 
 
 5, 959 
 
 595, 900 
 
 6,7.54 
 
 675, 400 
 
 8,000 
 
 1,080,000 
 
 8,300 
 
 1, 153,000 
 
 20, a57 
 
 1 , 130, 882 
 
 25, 837 
 
 1,013,251 
 
 23,231 
 
 1,012,118 
 
 20, 004 
 
 2,538,614 
 
 ' llii-ludi'S snltill ijualititii'S and value of same, mined in Oregon (ind Nevada. 
 To sefiarate ^vo(l]d reveal the operations of single operators. 
 
 Since lS(J4, when the first production was reported, 
 15^1,354 short tons of borax have been produced in Cali- 
 fornia. T^his is pi'actically the production for the wdiole 
 United Htates. Prior to 1890 the number of short tons 
 produced annually had pa.ssed the thousand mark only 
 in 1S75, 1876, 1884, 1886, 1887, and 188S. In 1SS9 the 
 production sank slightlj' below this mark, only to rise 
 with a Ijound in 18'.»0 to 3,2()1 tons, the greatest up to 
 that time. Fr(jm then until 19m(», with the exception of 
 1893 ^vh(■n there was a temporar}' setback, it gradually 
 increased to 25,837 tons. In 1901 a production of 23,231 
 tons was rcpoj'ted, and in l'.to2, ll»,142 tons, exclusive 
 
 of the 862 tons of boric acid reported by the Geological 
 Survey. The decrease in output for these j'ears is 
 apparent onh% for it must be borne in mind that the 
 figures of production are for both crude and refined, 
 and that the proportions of each maj^-ary greatlj' each 
 year. The tendency of late years has been to do as 
 much refining or concentrating as is jiossible at the 
 place of production. Thus in 1902, while 43,010 short 
 tons of crude ore were mined, 40,410 tons of this 
 received some treatment at the mines, making 16,542 
 tons of I'etined product, which, with the remaining 
 2,600 tons of crude, comprise the 19,142 tons reported. 
 Table 4 gives the production of borax and boron 
 compounds in the principal i)roducing countries of the 
 world from 1896 to 1901, inclusive, as reported b}- the 
 United States Geological Survej-. 
 
 Table 4. — Tlie production of boras, horatis, lic, in flie principal 
 rountries of the vorld: 1896 to 1901} 
 
 [ITnited States Geolcpgieal Survev, "Mineral Resour.:'es of the United States," 
 
 1902.] 
 
 [Metric tons.] 
 
 United 
 
 States 
 
 (caleium 
 
 borate). 
 
 1896. 
 1897. 
 1898. 
 1899. 
 1900. 
 1901. 
 
 12, 310 
 17,600 
 13, 911 
 21,834 
 23, 4.56 
 10, 227 
 
 {^l(^S.= 
 
 Italy 
 
 Peru Turkey 
 
 Germany i j^ ,■' 
 (bora- I a"j<j (calcium ( (pander- 
 
 eite ). 
 
 ,\;j"g') borate).^ mite).z,3 
 
 7,486 
 
 340 
 
 184 
 
 2, 616 
 
 3,168 
 
 280 
 
 198 
 
 2,704 
 
 7,034 
 
 184 
 
 230 
 
 2, 6,50 
 
 14, 951 
 
 260 
 
 183 
 
 2,674 
 
 13, 177 
 
 224 
 
 232 
 
 2,491 
 
 11,547 
 
 162 
 
 184 
 
 2,5.58 
 
 1,179 
 11, .850 
 7,178 
 7,638 
 7.080 
 (■"•) 
 
 12, 626 
 11, 376 
 
 1 From oflieial reports of the re.speetive countries, except the United States, 
 
 - Exports. 
 
 * Fiscal years. 
 
 < Total exports, 1897 to 1901, amounted to 13, .851 tons, valued at i7«9,3ls. 
 
 ■'' Statistics not yet available. 
 
 The control of the l)orax industry in the world is 
 now i^ractically in the hands of the Borax Consolidated 
 (Limited), an international trad(> combination which was 
 formed in lsii8 with a capital stock of i'l,40o,0(.i0 to 
 acquire all the important borax-producing properties 
 in the world. This concei-n owns or controls borax 
 lands and refineries in the United States, England, 
 France, Chile, Peru, and Turkey. 
 
 The future of the borax industry indicates an increased 
 demand for borax and boric acid, as well as an increase 
 in the number of industrial purposes to which these and 
 their compounds are applicable. At the present time 
 the various industries in which boron compounds are 
 used include the manufacture of earthen, china, and 
 glassware, enameled ironware, smelting, tanning, calico 
 printing, cement making, color manufacture, bleaching, 
 soapmaking, and meat packing. Boron compounds are 
 also used in laundries and for many household, toilet, 
 and surgical purposes. 
 
 There has been considei-al.)le discussion as to the use 
 of boric acid as a preservative for food, and the pre- 
 ponderance of the evidence seems to be in favor of its 
 employment in small quantities as an entirely harmless 
 preservative, but only a small proportion of the total 
 supply in the world is utilized for this purpose. 
 
BORAX. 
 
 889 
 
 In order to provide data from which maj^ be calcu- 
 lated an estimate of the consumption of borax and boron 
 salts in the United States, Table 5, showing the im- 
 ports, has been prepared by the United States Geolog- 
 ical Survey from the reports of the United States 
 Treasury Department. 
 
 Taisle 5. — Imports of borax and liorates into tlie Viiited ^latm: ISSH 
 
 to 190:3. 
 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Rosouroe.s of the United States," 
 
 1902.1 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 BOB AX. 
 
 BOKATES, CALCIUM, 
 AND SODIUM 
 (CRUDE AND RE- 
 FINED SODIUM 
 BORATE). 
 
 BORIC ACID. 
 
 
 Quantity 
 (pounds). 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quantity 
 (pounds). 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quantity 
 (pounds). 
 
 Value. 
 
 1889 ' ' 
 
 Nil. 
 
 29, 608 
 
 414, 161 
 
 40 
 
 .543,967 
 
 441,066 
 
 4,234,261 
 
 4, 307, 100 
 
 5,204,612 
 
 4, 235, 8.56 
 
 42,165 
 
 .58,294 
 
 103, 700 
 
 186, 807 
 
 Nil. 
 
 »800 
 
 17,681 
 
 6 
 
 13, 659 
 
 11,427 
 
 105, 604 
 
 104, 951 
 
 79, 268 
 
 92, 108 
 
 2,979 
 
 4,306 
 
 9,411 
 
 12, 002 
 
 676, 730 
 867, 802 
 666,765 
 701,625 
 771, 775 
 298,990 
 925, 158 
 555, 769 
 
 If36,814 
 43,967 
 41,019 
 
 1890 . . .J 
 
 1891 
 
 
 1892 
 
 
 39, 418 
 
 1893 
 
 11,230 
 
 SI, 327 
 
 226 
 
 26,429 
 
 796 
 
 l,r28 
 
 962 
 
 3,508 
 
 9,937 
 
 20, 643 
 
 20, 795 
 
 40, .568 
 
 1894 
 
 1, 812 
 612, 730 
 11,376 
 19, 087 
 10, 232 
 .51, 221 
 
 19,282 
 
 1895 
 
 1896 
 
 42, 056 
 21,899 
 
 1897 
 
 
 1898 .. . 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 582, 002 
 473,251 
 725, 005 
 822, 907 
 
 20, 560 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 273, 706 
 545, 045 
 684,. 537 
 
 17, 436 
 26, 629 
 30, 439 
 
 A detailed smnmary sliowiiig the .statistics for borax 
 during 1903 is given in Table 6. 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE. 
 
 Historical. — The occurrence of borax in the United 
 States was discovered in California by Dr. John A. 
 Veatch, Januaiy S, 18.5(). Having boiled a small 
 quantit)' of water from Lick Spring (then known as 
 Tuscan Spring), Doctor Veatch noticed that, as the 
 water cooled, crystals formed and adhered to the .sides 
 of the vessel. These crystals proved later to be sodium 
 biborate, or borax. Shortly afterwards Doctor Veatch 
 found small, c|uantities of borax at the mouth of the 
 Pitt river, in Shasta county, and traces of this salt 
 in numerous springs in the Coast Range mountains; 
 but it was not until September, 18.50, that he dis- 
 covered the extensive marsh deposits on the eastern 
 side of Clear Lake, in Lake county, which subse- 
 quently furnished a large share of the borax produced 
 in the United States. 
 
 The year 1864 witnessed the beginning of the borax 
 industry in this country. In that year 12 short tons 
 (24,301 pounds) of borax were obtained by evaporating 
 the saline waters from Borax Lake, adjacent to and 
 connected with Clear Lake, in Lake county, 80 miles 
 north of San Francisco. Later the waters of the lake 
 were enriched by the addition of crystalline borax col- 
 lected from the alkaline marshes surrounding the lake. 
 
 Until the early seventies, the output of borax in Cal- 
 ifornia was obtained solely from the waters of Clear 
 Lake and other lakes in the state, but after that time 
 
 the discovery of large (piantities of pure liorax in man}' 
 of the alkaline marshes in eastern California and west- 
 ern Nevada, caused the abandonment of the lake refin- 
 eries and the erection of new plants, notably near 
 Columbus, Nev. ; at Searles marsh in the Amargosa 
 valley; and at the mouth of Furnace creek in Death 
 Valley, California. Despite the difficulty and great 
 cost of transporting the refined product b}- teams 1(J0 
 miles to the railroad, the refineries continued in suc- 
 cessful operation for several years, until the relatively 
 large increase in the domestic output, together with the 
 increased imports from Italy, so reduced the price that 
 the working of the marsh deposits became no longer 
 profitable and the refineries were closed down. About 
 the year 1890 it was found that the borax cru.st on man}^ 
 of the marshes had been formed by the leachings of 
 beds of calcium borate (borate of lime) in the Tertiary 
 lake sediments in that region. Owing to the large 
 extent of these bedded deposits, which possessed also 
 the double advantage of containing a purer grade of 
 mineral and of being more easily accessible than the 
 marsh deposits, the borax industry as it existed at that 
 time was revolutionized. A mine was started on a 
 bedded deposit of from G to 10 feet in thickness at 
 Borate, 12 miles northeast of Daggett, (Jal. , in San 
 Bernardino countj^, and a refining plant was erected by 
 the Pacific Coast Borax Company. This company was 
 organized in 1888, and at the present time is the chief 
 producer of borax in the United States, as well as the 
 producer of a large part of the output of boric acid. 
 The ore at Borate consists of colemanite (a calcium 
 borate mineral) in large masses more or less connected 
 \>^ stringers and bands in a bedded deposit of from 5 
 to 30 feet in thickness, interstratified in lake sediments. 
 The great value of this deposit led to extensive pros- 
 pecting in other parts of the state, Avhich has resulted 
 in the discovery in Death Valley of enormous quanti- 
 ties of colemanite reported to exceed greatly in value 
 the deposit at Borate. Both at Borate and in Death 
 Valley the deposits are of similar occurrence. i)eing 
 contained in a regular stratum interliedded with semi- 
 indurated sands and clays which comprise the bulk of 
 the strata. These beds are regarded as of Tertiary 
 age, and are supposed to have been deposited from 
 inclosed bodies of water. Large plants for the concen- 
 tration and refining of the crude (.)re have ])een erected 
 in California: At Alameda, near San Francisco (inop- 
 erative during 1902), at Marion, and at Daggett. The 
 largest borax refinery in the United States, however, 
 is at Bayonne, New Jersej'. 
 
 Reolew of the l)orn:i' industry duriiuj 1902. — There 
 were 4 companies engaged in the borax industry in 
 C'alifornia during 1902 — the Pacific Coast Borax Com- 
 pany, the American Borax Company, the Western 
 Borax Works, and the Frazier Borate Mining Compan}". 
 The Pacific Coast Borax Company, continued to supply 
 a sufficient quantity of borax to satisfy the requirements 
 
890 
 
 MINES ANT) QIIARIUES. 
 
 of the market; and apart from its operations at Borate, 
 prospectino- work for otlier colcmanite deposits has lieeii 
 carried on in Death Valley and much additional property 
 has been acquired. The deposits in Amargosa Valley 
 were carefully examined and large sample lots' of ore 
 were transported by traction engines to Manville. lOd 
 miles distant, and thence by rail to the refinery for 
 testing the quality, in order to determine the value of 
 the property. The large borax retinery at Bayonne, 
 N. J., was destroyed by tire in April, l'.t(.»2, but has 
 since been entirely- rebuilt. 
 
 The American Borax Company, is under the control 
 of the Standard Sanitary Company-, of Pittsbui-g, Pa. 
 The plant of this concern at Daggett has been greatly 
 extended by the addition of two 2(),(i(i0-gallon tanks or 
 digesters for the treatment of the crude material from 
 the adjacent nuid deposits by the sulphuric acid process, 
 which is referred to in detail later in this report. The 
 enlargement of this plant has greatly increased the out- 
 put of boric acid concentrates, and the results have 
 been so satisfactor}- that a furtiier extension of the 
 plant at Daggett is contemplateci. A new retinery is in 
 course of erection at Pittsburg, to which ^^•ill be 
 shipped the concentrates from Daggett for the final 
 refining. 
 
 The mines of the A\'esterii Borax Works are located 
 in Inyo county, and those of the Frazier Borate Mining 
 Company in San Bernardino county. 
 
 Apart from the output of the above-named concerns, 
 a small quantity of borax has been olttained from the 
 marsh deposits in California and Nevada, but tlie total 
 amount produced from tliese scattered sources has been 
 of so little comparative importance that the borax mar- 
 ket was in no way alfected. During the past few years 
 Oregon has contributed to the domestic supply a small 
 quantity of >iorax from the marsh deposits in Harnej' 
 count}'. The output has averaged about -ioti tons 
 annually except in 1902, when 120 tons were reported, 
 as the mining operations had gi\eu way greatly to 
 development work. The chief borax producer in this 
 state is the Eosc A'allcy Borax Company, controlling 
 2,00(1 acres of rich marsh land near I^akc Alvord in the 
 southeastern pai't of Ilai-ney county. The total area 
 of the deposit, whi(;h is south of the lalvc. aggi'cgatcs 
 apprf)ximately 10,0(>0 acres. The ground is IcacI and 
 treeless, and is incrusted with a layer several inches 
 thick containing in addition to sodium borate numerous 
 other salts of sodium. Dui'ing the long summer 
 months the loose surface deposit is slioveled into small 
 heaps, and issulis(Kpieiitly rej)laced with a second incrus- 
 tation within a coiupai-atively shoi't period of time. 
 The stock of crude material collected during the sum- 
 mer is sufticient to enal)le the retinery to continue in 
 operation throughout the entire year. The crude min- 
 eral, containing fi'orn 5 to 2(1 per cent of ))oric acid in 
 combination with a sodium })ase, is shoveled into tanks 
 containing boiling water to which is added a |)i'oper 
 
 quantity of chlorine gas or sulphuric acid to decompose 
 the alkali salts anfl thus liberate the boric acid. After 
 a treatment of twenty-four hours in the tank the clear 
 supernataTit li((uor is withdrawn to the crystallizing 
 vats and allowed to cf)ol, whicli causes the Ijoric acid to 
 separate in the form of crj'stals, leaving a mother 
 li(luor, which is used repeatedly until it contains suffi- 
 cient sodium salts to warrant a s(>parate treatment. 
 
 Ocriirivinv. — The principal minerals containing boron 
 are as follows: Sassolite, boric acid (H.iBOj); borax 
 (tincal), sodium biborate (Na.,B,,Oj.l(>II,,0) ; ulexite 
 (boronatrocalcite) (CaNaB.O,j.sH.,0) ; colemanite (im- 
 pure varieties, priceiteand pandermite), calcium borate 
 (Ca„B„0,i..")H.,()); and boracite (stassfui'tite), magnesium 
 borate (2Mg,Bj(),,-,.^IgCl,), Boron is also a constit- 
 uent of se\'eral common silicate minerals, notalily 
 tourmaline and • datolite. Borax, sodium biborate 
 (Na.,Bj();.l(lll.,0), is the only important salt derived 
 from boric acid. It occurs native in California, Ceylon, 
 and Thibet, and from the last-named place it is obtained 
 in tli(> form of tincal, an impui'(> crystalliz(>d liorax con- 
 taining calcium and magnesium sulphates and chlorides 
 and a greasy substance which is added presumably to 
 protect the crystals from efflorescence and breakiige. 
 The tincal is purified liy dissohing in warm water and 
 adding limewater and calcium chloride in order to pre- 
 cipitate the grease as a lime soap. After filtering, the 
 pure crystals of l>oric acid are obtained by evaporating 
 the solution. 
 
 PJn/s/rdl ii nil rli, iii ii-itl i-Ini riij_-fi'r,'stii-!<. — Several forms 
 of borax ai'e used in industrial, medicinal, and laboi-a- 
 tory processes —the principal one being prismatic sodium 
 borate (borax, NaJ\0_.l()II„0). There is a second 
 variety called "octahedral 1»orax" which contains five 
 molecules of water of crystallization (Na.3B^0..5H.^O), 
 forming octahedral crystals. The latter variety, unlike 
 prismatic Ijorax, becomes ()pa<(ue upon exposure to 
 moist air and is converted by the absorption of water 
 into the prismatic form. 
 
 A property of molten bomx of gi'eat utility in ana- 
 lytical research is that of dissolving various metallic 
 oxides. therel)y forming ti-ans))arent glasses of chai'ac- 
 teristic color's. By making a borax bead on a loop of 
 platimun wire held in a blowpipe tlame, and dissolving 
 therein the substance under examination, th(> presence 
 of cei'tain ujctals is easily distinguished. 
 
 Borax is also of great value in assaying goki anil sil- 
 vei' ores, being used to dissolve and remove the base 
 metals from the metallic h^ad l)utton containing the gold 
 and silver of the sample of ore tested. Vhis property 
 of dissohing oxides is utilized also in soldei'ing and 
 brazing metals that are oxidizable by heat; the molten 
 liorax absorbing any oxides formed whose presence 
 mechanically would prevent the close adhesion of the 
 metals so necessary for a propel- weld or soldered joint. 
 
 .'Vmong other impoi-fant uses are as a constituent of 
 sti-ass or jiaste for making glass and en;unels; as a o-laze 
 
BORAX. 
 
 891 
 
 for line earthenware; in combination with .shellac as a 
 varnish for stiii'ening felt hats; with casein as a substi- 
 tute for gum arabic, and (on account of its antiseptic 
 qualities) as a household soap; as an inoredient of 
 various cosmetics; and as a solution for (•l(>ansino- the 
 hair. 
 
 Boric acid (H3BO3) (old name boracic acid): In Tus- 
 cany the vapors escaping- from the hot springs and fi'om 
 openings in the ground (fumaroles) contain boric acid, 
 and in some places this substance is obtained as crystals 
 hj the evaporation of water from these fumaroles. The 
 crj^stals or crusts produced naturally form the min- 
 eral sassolite. The crystals of boric acid arc white in 
 color, laminated in structure, and possess a mother-of- 
 pearl luster. They dissolve readily in hot watei' though 
 very slightly in cold. Upon being heated to 160 C. 
 they lose one-half the water of crystallization and 
 become transformed to pyroboric acid (HjB^O;). At 
 a red heat all of the water is expelled and boric anhy- 
 dride (BoOg) results, which, even at- high temperatures 
 is stable and nonvolatile, and for this reason it is able 
 to decompose nearly all of the metallic sulphates, form- 
 ing when fused with them, metallic borates. 
 
 Fused boric anhydride when cold resembles ordi- 
 nary glass in transparency, hardness, and brittleness. 
 The chief uses of boric acid are in the manufacture of 
 borax; in making colored glazes for the decoration of 
 iron, steel, and other metallic objects; in enamels and 
 glazes for pottery; in the manufacture of flint glass 
 and strass or paste from which artihcial stones are cut; 
 in making Guignet's green; as an antiseptic in medicine 
 and surgery; and as a preservative for fish, meat, milk, 
 and other foods. 
 
 The principal methods used in the manufacture of 
 boric acid are thus described: 
 
 The chlorine or Moore procesa. — In this process, which 
 is used to some extent in England, the crude colemanite 
 in powdered form is suspended in water and heated to 70 
 C. ; then chlorine gas is passed into the liquor and reacts 
 on the colemanite. forming boric acid, calcium chloride, 
 and calcium chlorate. The greater part of the boric- 
 acid crystallizes out upon cooling and is subsequently 
 purified by repeated crystallizations. The residue solu- 
 tion, called mother liquor, is used many times until the 
 accumulated calcium salts begin to separate out in the 
 form of crystals. 
 
 The hydrochloric acid procem. — The mode of pro- 
 cedure in this process is as follows: Two parts by weight 
 of hydrochloric acid and four parts of water (the volume 
 of the latter being kept constant) are used, in which 
 the calcium borate is boiled until dissolved. The ))oric 
 acid is then crystallized out of the cooled li(|uor, leaving 
 the calcium chloride still in solution. Hefoi'e the 
 crystals are in proper condition for packing and ship- 
 ping, an additional treatment is necessary, which con- 
 sists of draining, "whizzing," and washing with cold 
 water, concluding with a second and final "whizzing." 
 
 In (iermany the hydrochloric acid jjrocess is used to 
 extract the boric acid fi'om the boracite contained in 
 the famous Stassfurt ,salt deposits. The material is 
 crushed and treated with hydi-ochloi-ic acid, the result- 
 ant pasty mass is dissolved in l.)oiling water and the 
 solid material separated and removed bj' filtration or 
 d(>cantation; the- clear solution is then crystallized in 
 iron tanks, yielding pure crystals of boric acid. The 
 chemical reaction involved is (2Mg,,BjO,r,), MgClaH- 
 12HCl+l.sH,0=7MgCl,+lt;R,HO„. 
 
 The Hnljihirri.c arid procenx. — In this process calcium 
 borate is treated with sulphuric acid, the reaction yield- 
 ing soluble boric acid and precipitated calcium sulphate. 
 The boric acid is obtained by leaching with hot water, 
 the solution so produced being concentrated by evapora- 
 tion until the crj^stals of boric acid separate out from 
 the solution. In California the process is slightl3^ modi- 
 tied. The borate mud is boiled in huge tanks with 
 water containing sulphurous acid, which decomposes 
 the calcium borate, thereby liberating the boric acid in 
 the solution and leaving the calcium in the form of 
 insoluble calcium sulphate. As before, the boric acid 
 is dissolved by leaching with hot water, which, how- 
 ever, extracts also a small quantity of other soluble 
 salts. For this reason fractional crystallization is neces- 
 sary HI order to obtain a fairly pure product. In a few 
 works the insoluble calcium sulphate is separated and 
 removed by passing the muddy solution from the tanks 
 through Klter presses. 
 
 The sulphuric acid process is sometimes used to de- 
 compose the boracite of the Stassfurt deposits, and in 
 this case Epsom salt is obtained as a by-product from 
 the magnesium sulphate contained in the mother 
 liquor, according to the following chemical reaction: 
 (2Mg3B,0,,), MgCl, + TH,SO, + 18H,0 = TMgSO, + 
 2HC1+16H3BC\. 
 
 TJie ariiiiioriia jiroce.-^K or higot process. — Boric acid is 
 produced by heating in a closed vessel 100 parts of 
 colemanite and 150 parts of ammonium sulphate. The 
 product of the first reaction is ammonium borate, which 
 is later decomposed into anmionia and boric acid. The 
 ammonia is condensed and collected, and the boric acid 
 is dissolved from the residuum by leaching with water 
 and concentrating the resultant aqueous solution until 
 crystals of boric acid are formed. The crystals are then 
 removed, washed with water until free from adherino- 
 mother liquor, dried, and packed for shipment to the 
 market. At times the crystals are ground to a fine 
 powder before being packed and shipped. 
 
 Tlie inaniifacturi' nf liorax from hirie acid. — The 
 process generally used to make borax from boric acid 
 is briefly suuunarized as follows: Equal quantities of 
 crystallized sodium carbonate and water are heated by 
 steam in a lead-lined vessel, and to the solution thus 
 obtained sufficient boric acid is gradually added to com- 
 t)ine with the sodium carbonate and form the borax salt 
 (NajB^O,), lOHgO. Another process is to prepare solu- 
 
892 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 tions of ammonia, sodium nitrate, and ))oric acid in 
 the proportions of two, one, and two, respectively. By 
 heating- this mixture and dissolving in water, borax and 
 ammonium nitrate are formed. In both of these cases 
 the crystals of borax are ultimately obtained I)}' the 
 evaporation of the solutions containing the borax salt. 
 
 The inanufactuvc <if hora,r from edJeinanUe. — At the 
 borax rehnery in Alameda, Cal., the process used to 
 convert colemanite into borax crystals is briefly out- 
 lined as follows: The crude colemanite, obtained direct 
 from the mines, is tirst broken into lumps of from 
 three-fourths to li inches in diameter, then reduced 
 in a grinding mill to the size of tine sand, and finally 
 passed through rolls which grind the material to the 
 fineness of flour. The floured product is transferred 
 to an iron tank partly tilled with water containing 
 in solution the proper proportion of sodium carbonate 
 necessary to decompose the calcium borate. (A ready 
 and cheap supply of sodium carbonate is obtained from 
 Owens Lake, Cal.) Heat is applied to the tank and 
 the contents boiled and thoroughly agitated bj- means 
 of a mechanical agitator. After a short time the chem- 
 ical reaction has become completed, the double decom- 
 position being the change from calcium borate and 
 sodium carbonate to calcium carbonate and sodium 
 borate. The sodium borate y)eing soluble is extracted 
 from the insoluble calcium carbonate by leaching with 
 hot water, which dissolves in addition a small ([uantity 
 of other soluble salts from the impurities in the ore 
 and sodium carbonate. As a consequence the cr3'stals 
 of borax obtained by cooling and evaporating this 
 solution in tanks are of a dark color and somewhat 
 impure. They are purihed by a second solution in hot 
 water and a second crystallization in a special \'at hav- 
 ing a series of suspended wires on which the purer 
 borax crystals form. The crystals on the sides and 
 bottom of the ^at are less pure. The purified crystals 
 of borax are removed fi-om the vats, washed free from 
 adhering mother li([uor, dried, ground, and s<'reened 
 into several grades for the market. 
 
 At the ]\Iarion (Cal.) works tlie crude colemanite ore 
 is submitted to a concentrati(jn, and the lich concen- 
 trates are shipped to the refinery at Bayonne, N. .].. 
 for final conversion into 'borax. These concentrates 
 are in two forms, lumps and tines. Formerly the low 
 grade ores at Mai'ion were rejected, hut at the present 
 time they are heated in a two-hearth, 100-ton Ilolthotf- 
 Wethey furnace, tired by six oil burners. A gentle 
 heat suffices to cause the colemanite in the oi-(> to disin- 
 tegrate physically^ into a sand-like product called 
 "flour," which is removed when cold by screening, 
 and is sacked and shipped to the Bayonne refinery. 
 One disad\'antage of the separation of the colemanite 
 by heating in a furnace is that an}' pandermite (the 
 compact variety of the mineral) prc^sent in the ore is 
 not art'ected by the heat, and is c(jns('(juently left in the 
 waste material reinaininy in the screens. At times the 
 
 waste equals in quantity one-half of the "flour" 
 product. 
 
 The conversion of the colemanite into borax at the 
 Bayonne refiner}' in New Jersey is made by decompos- 
 ing the calcium borate with sodium carbonate, leaching 
 out the sodium biborate with water, yielding a solution 
 which is separated from the insoluble calcium carbonate 
 by passage through a filter press at a pressure of from 
 50 to 100 pounds per square inch. The clarified .solu- 
 tion is transferred to vats having wires suspended from 
 2-inch iron pipes extending across the top of the vat. 
 The crj'stals of borax form on these wires as well as 
 on the sides and bottom of the vat, those on the wires 
 being sufficiently pure for all trade requirements, while 
 those on the sides and bottom of the vat have to be 
 redissolved and purified by a second crystallization. 
 The pure crystals are crushed, screened, and sorted 
 into three grades — refined cr3'stals, refined screenings, 
 and granulated borax. The crystals and screenings are 
 packed for the market, but the granulated borax before 
 shipment undergoes a final treatment, which consists 
 of heating in an inclined rotating cylindrical furnace, 
 crushing to the fineness of flour in a pulverizer, settling 
 and collecting the dust in a large dust chamber, and 
 packing the final product for market. The Bayonne 
 refinery is well equipped with all modern mechanical 
 devices for the handling and treatment of the crude and 
 finished materials. 
 
 Table (i. — Drtniled sinnmnrti: 1002. 
 
 Niimljur of iiiinrs nr quarrius 6 
 
 Xumb<.'r tif (ipurators i g 
 
 ClmructL^r of (iwiiershifi: 
 
 Incorporated company g 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc,: 
 
 Tf)tal II amber 14 
 
 Salaries gis, 128 
 
 General otliciTs — 
 
 Numtier x 
 
 Salaries ai_ suO 
 
 Superinteiidi'Tits, manaf^crs, foremen, Mir\'e\ors, etc, — 
 
 Niimlier .' 7 
 
 Salnrirs jiij^ ,51,,^; 
 
 Foremen liehnv Krouiiii — 
 
 X n m I H ■ r _ 3 
 
 Salaries S3, JSO 
 
 Clerks- 
 Number 3 
 
 Sa la ries S2, 2,W 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 AgK^rcKate avcraKC number 1,^3 
 
 AgKrenate ivatjes _ _ Ji j 4^ sii.'j 
 
 Above (^'ronnil — 
 
 Total average nvmiljer -,^ 
 
 Total wages $a2,,su 
 
 Engineers, iiremen, and other mechanics— 
 
 A\erage nuntber 17 
 
 Wages $14, 2,17 
 
 Miners or <iuarryinen — 
 
 A\'erage mimber 21 
 
 , , Wages S13, 300 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 A\ erage number 3,^ 
 
 „ , ^\"K'-« «2S,254 
 
 Below ground — 
 
 Tola] average number 77 
 
 Ti .tal wages ' 5,-,.^ y^ , 
 
 Miners — 
 
 A verage number j;, 
 
 Wages $:!7, 24ti 
 
 Miners' helpers — 
 
 Average number ..7 
 
 . , , Wages : : j.j„, ,s;,o 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 Average number 5 
 
 Wages ; " " 5,, .jr,,^ 
 
 Average number of \vage-earners at specitied daiiv rates of j>ay: 
 I^^ngineerN — 
 
 SI .7.'i to Jl .U'l , 
 
 S2.0II to t2.24 ,, 
 
 S3, 00 to 1(3.24 1 
 
 83. 2r. to »3. 19 !!!!!!! ^ 4 
 
 I liK'lndesofierators distrlLuited as follo\\-s: California, 4; Nevaria,!; Orei 
 
 gon,l. 
 
BORAX. 
 
 898 
 
 Table 6. — Detailed summary: 190:i — Continueil. 
 
 Average number ol' wage-earners at speeified daily rates of jiay — ( 'uii. 
 
 Firemen — 
 
 $■2.00 to $2.24 2 
 
 $2.75 to $2.99 1 
 
 Machinists, blacksniitli.s, earpenler.s, and otlier iiieetiaiiies — 
 
 $1..50 to $1.74 3 
 
 $3..50 to $3.74 2 
 
 $4.00 to $4.24 1 
 
 Miners or quarrvnien — 
 
 $1.60 to $1.74' H 
 
 $2.00 to $2.24 11 
 
 $2..=)0 to $2.74 20 
 
 $3.00 to $3.24 27 
 
 Miners' helpers — 
 
 $2 iiO to $2.74 27 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 $1.50 to $1.74 11 
 
 $1.75 to $1.99 , 3 
 
 $2.00 to $2.24 1 
 
 $2.2.') to $2.49 13 
 
 $2..W to $2.74 13 
 
 $3.00 to $3.24 2 
 
 Average number of wage-earners employed during eaeli month: 
 
 Men 16 years and over — 
 
 January 170 
 
 February 170 
 
 March 174 
 
 April 174 
 
 May 174 
 
 June 96 
 
 July 96 
 
 August 96 
 
 September 168 
 
 October 174 
 
 Table (>. — Velnileil xiiiiiniiiri/: I'.id.! — Contiimcil. 
 
 Average number of wage-can lurs en i pi mvi 'd during raeh month — ( !nu. 
 Men 16 years and over — Cnnlinued. 
 
 Nfjv'em ber 
 
 December 
 
 MiscellaneouH e.x [tenses: 
 
 Total 847: 
 
 Royalties and rent of mine and mining plant $19, 
 
 Kent ofofiices, ta.xcs, insurance, interest, and olhersnndries. . $28, 
 
 C'ost of supplies and materials $213, 
 
 Product: 
 Total— 
 
 (.|nanti(v,sh(.rt bins 19, 
 
 Value $2, 383, 
 
 Crude — 
 
 Quantity, short tons 2, 
 
 Value - 891 , 
 
 Ridlncfl— 
 
 <.;iiantit\', short tons - . . le,, 
 
 Valni' . . '. 82, 292, 
 
 Power owned: 
 
 Total horsepower 
 
 Engines — 
 Htcam — 
 
 NnmiK-r 
 
 Pliirsepower 
 
 Gas or gasoline — 
 
 Number 
 
 Plorscpowcr 
 
 Water wheels — 
 
 Number - - 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Electric motors — 
 
 Number - 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 174 
 170 
 
 606 
 200 
 406 
 
 .538 
 
 142 
 614 
 
 COO 
 000 
 
 .'542 
 614 
 
 206 
 
 11 
 123 
 
FLUORSPAR 
 
 (895) 
 
FLUORSPAR. 
 
 By fFosKPH Hyde Pratt. 
 
 The mining' of fluorspar has increased very greatly 
 since the census of 1.S90, due to the large increase in 
 the use of this mineral in metallurgical processes, 
 especially in the iron industrj'. For some years the 
 use of fluorspar for fluxing iron was not large, because 
 it was feared a constant supply could not be obtained. 
 At that time the mineral was produced in only one 
 state, Illinois, although it was l?nown to occur in small 
 (juantity in a number of other states. Now, however, 
 it has been proved to occur in commercial quantity in 
 Arizona, Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee. 
 
 The first census statistics for fluorspar were collected 
 at the Eleventh Census, and these are compared with the 
 statistics for 1902 in the following table: 
 
 Table 1. — Comparative summari/: 190£ and 1SS9. 
 
 1802 
 
 , etc.: 
 
 Number of mines 
 
 Number of operators 
 Salaried officials, clerks 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earuers: 
 
 Average number . . 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expense; 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials ! $31,374 
 
 Product: - 
 
 Quantity, short tons 18, .SIS 
 
 Value. .'. I »27^, B82 
 
 IS 
 
 4'J 
 S'27,311 
 
 269 
 
 Sn 0,002 
 
 S300 
 
 23, 602 
 
 1889 
 
 (') 
 
 (') 
 (M 
 
 101 
 $14,213 
 (■) 
 
 83,008 
 S5, 02.5 
 
 9, .'iOO 
 S4.5, S.W 
 
 ^ Not reported. 
 
 -The United States Geological Survey reports 48.01S short tons, valued at 
 $271,832, which is the product marketed. " Census figures represent the iiroduct 
 mined. 
 
 Less than one-tenth of the total quantity and about 
 one-fifth of the entire value reported for 1902 repre- 
 sent the product prepared at the mine for the market, 
 the preparation consisting of drying and grinding, in 
 addition to the usual washing. 
 
 Of the 22 mines in 1902, li were in Kentuckj-, 6 in 
 Illinois, 2 in Arizona, and 1 in Tennes.see. The prod- 
 uct has increased from 9,500 tons in 1889 to 48,818 
 tons in 1902, or over fivefold, and the value from 
 $45,835 to $275,682, or over sixfold. In these twelve 
 3'ears, Illinois, which was the onh' state producing 
 fluorspar commercially in 1889, has increased its pro- 
 duction from 9,500 tons, valued at $45,835, to 18,860 
 tons, valued at $123,000, or 08.5 per cent in amount and 
 168.4 per cent in value. One mine in Kentuckj^ was 
 30223—04 .57 
 
 reported idle in 1902. At two mines in Illinois develop- 
 ment work was done, and the statistics for these are 
 shown in the following statement: 
 
 Development ivork: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines 
 
 Number of operators . 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number . 
 
 .5 
 
 Wages $2, 12,5 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials. 
 Miscellaneous expenses . 
 
 ,800 
 J25 
 
 The 22 productive mines were controlled by 18 oper- 
 ators — 2 individuals, 2 firms, and 14 incorporated com- 
 panies. 
 
 Capital ,^fi>ck of incorporated coiiipanies. — The details 
 of the capital stock and funded debt authorized and 
 issued by the 14 incorporated companies are shown by 
 states in Table 2. 
 
 Table 2. — C'apitalizaiion of incorporated companies: 1903. 
 
 United 
 
 States. 
 
 Number of incorporated crtmpanies..| 14 
 
 Capital stock and bonds issued '$2,214,000 
 
 Capital stock (all common): 
 Total authorized — 
 
 Number of shares ' 3,146,730 
 
 Par value |$3,813,000 
 
 Total issued— 
 
 Number of shares 1,726,320 
 
 Par value $2, 1.54, 000 
 
 Bonds: | 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number 1, 000 
 
 Par value ' $100, 000 
 
 Iss\ied — 
 
 Number I 600 
 
 Par value ' $60,' 000 
 
 Illinois. Keiituckv 
 
 .500, 000 
 $2, 500, 000 
 
 1,. 536, 000 
 $1, 536, 000 
 
 $628, 000 
 
 606, 630 
 $1,263,000 
 
 150, 220 
 $668, 000 
 
 1,000 
 $100, 000 
 
 600 
 0,000 
 
 All 
 other 
 
 states.i 
 
 2 
 
 $50. 000 
 
 40,100 
 $50,000 
 
 40, 100 
 $.50, 000 
 
 ' Includes companies distributed as follows: ,\rizona. 1: TeTinessee, 1. 
 
 The 9 Kentucky companies issued capital stock to the 
 amount of |5B,s,0()() and bonds to the amount of $60,000, 
 making a total of $628,000, which is equivalent to 28.4 
 per cent of the total capitalization of all companies. 
 The 3 companies in Illinois issued $1,536,000 of capital 
 stock, representing 69.4 of the total capitalization. No 
 dividends were reported on any of the stock and no 
 interest was paid on the bond.^. 
 
 Eiiiployei>>i and vxigcv. — The salaried employees num- 
 bered 42, or 13.5 per cent of the 311 salaried employees 
 and wage-earners, and their salaries were $27,311, or 
 19.9 per cent of the total salaries and wages, which 
 amounted to $137,313. The 269 wage-earners, there- 
 
 {897 ) 
 
898 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 fore, constituted ,s6. 5 per cent of the total numlior of 
 employ ees, and their wao-e.s SO.l per cent of the total 
 salaries and wages. 
 
 As shown in Table i, the busiest months in this indus- 
 try, all states combined, were from May to December, 
 inclusive. In Illinois, the largest number was em- 
 ployed in August; in Kentucky the maximum was not 
 reached until October, which was true also of "all other 
 states." The average number of wage-earners, at speci- 
 fied daily rates of pay for the different occupations is 
 shown in Table 4. The majority of the miners received 
 from $1.25 to 11.49 per day, 100 miners, or 56. S per 
 cent of the total number, receiving wages within these 
 limits. For 35 miners, or 19.9 per cent of the total 
 number, the wages were lower, being between $1 and 
 $1.21 per day, while for 41 miners, or 23.3 per cent of 
 the total number, they were higher, 32 miners receiving 
 between 81.50 and $1.74, 5 between $1.75 and $1.99, 
 and 4 between $2 and $2.24. Of the 16 engineers 
 reported in the industrj-, 14 received between $1.50 
 and $1.74, and 2 received between $2.50 and $2.74. 
 The I'ates paid machinists and engineers were, on the 
 whole, higher than those for other wage-earners. The 
 employees at the higher rates, included under "all other 
 wage-earners," are men who wash or jig the ore. 
 
 Si'j>j>7tes^ materials^ mid iiiixcellaiieonx e.cpensex. — The 
 cost of supplies and materials amounted to $31,374, and 
 the miscellaneous expenses were $23,G(t2. The amount 
 int-luded in the latter item for paymeniof royalties and 
 rent of mines and mining plants was $7,900, or 33.5 per 
 cent of the total; the balance, $15,7(^2, or 66.5 per cent, 
 was paid for rent of offices, taxes, insurance, interest, 
 and other sundries. 
 
 AD^chaiilcal jMnrtir. — At the 22 mines, primary power 
 was employed aggregating 669 horsepower, of which 
 530 or 79.2 per cent was steam, and 139 or 20. H per 
 cent, gas or gasoline. There was, in addition, one elec- 
 tric motor, with a capacity of 25 horsepower. 
 
 I'rodiirtijni. — The following table shows the quantity 
 and value of fluorspar produced and sold since 1882; 
 
 Table '.i.—l'rodiivViiiu uf Jhionpur: 18S2 to UKti. 
 [United states Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United States, "1902.] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Value. 
 
 Average 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Value. 
 S84,000 
 
 Average 
 
 (short tons). 
 
 value. 
 
 JS.OO 
 
 (shorttons). 
 
 value. 
 
 :882.... 
 
 4,000 
 
 J20, 000 
 
 1893. . . 
 
 12,400 
 
 to. 77 
 
 wm.... 
 
 4,000 
 
 20, 000 
 
 5.00 
 
 1894... 
 
 7, 600 
 
 47, .500 
 
 6. 33 
 
 IXKJ.... 
 
 4,000 
 
 20, 000 
 
 5.00 
 
 189.5... 
 
 4, 000 
 
 21,000 
 
 6.00 
 
 188,5 
 
 0, 000 
 
 22, .iOO 
 
 4. ,50 
 
 1896... 
 
 6, 600 
 
 .52, 000 
 
 8.00 
 
 1K8«.... 
 
 ,■"). 000 
 
 22, 000 
 
 4.40 
 
 1897... 
 
 6,002 
 
 37, 1.59 
 
 7.34 
 
 18S7.... 
 
 .1,000 
 
 20, 000 
 
 4.00 
 
 1898... 
 
 7, 075 
 
 63, 060 
 
 8.21 
 
 1888.... 
 
 0, 000 
 
 30, 000 
 
 .5.00 
 
 1.899... 
 
 15, 900 
 
 9(1, 660 
 
 0.08 
 
 1H89.... 
 
 9, .SOO 
 
 4.1, 83.5 
 
 4.83 
 
 1900... 
 
 18, 4,50 
 
 94, 600 
 
 8.12 
 
 1890..-. 
 
 8, 260 
 
 5.5, »2S 
 
 fi.71 
 
 1901... 
 
 19, .580 
 
 113,803 
 
 6.81 
 
 1891.... 
 
 10, 044 
 
 78, 3.30 
 
 7.80 
 
 1902... 
 
 48, 018 
 
 271,832 
 
 6.66 
 
 189-2.... 
 
 12, 2.T0 
 
 89, 000 
 
 7.27 
 
 
 
 
 
 From 18.S2 up to 1887, the annual production of 
 fluorspar was only 4,0(.t0 or 5,000 tons. In the next 
 few years the production increased considerablv, reach- 
 ing 12,400 tons in 1893. Then it fell off to 7,500 tons 
 in 1894 and to 4,000 ton.s in 1.S95, thus reaching the fig- 
 
 ure at which it stood in the years 1882 to 1884. The 
 vear 1896 marked the beginning of a second period of 
 increasing production, which appears to be still in 
 progress. In 1899 the production was 15,900 tons, 
 which was more than double that of the preceding j^ear. 
 But the most remarkable increase was in the year 1902, 
 when the quantity produced showed a gain of 28,432 
 tons, or 145.2 per cent over that of the preceding year, 
 and the value of the product, a gain of $158,029, or 
 138.9 per cent. 
 
 The average value of fluorspar per ton has varied 
 from $4 to $8. The average was exceptionally high in 
 the years 1896 to 1898, inclusive, reaching $8.21 in 1898. 
 In 1902 it was $5.66; the prices reported for that year 
 varied from $2.86 to $11.50 per ton, this higher value 
 being obtained for the fluorspar mined in Arizona, 
 which was used in California. This increase is due to 
 fluorspar being much more largely used than formerl}' 
 in the fluxing of iron in steel works, and as it is intro- 
 duced into the smelting of copper and the reduction of 
 other metals, there should be a still further increase in 
 its production. 
 
 The imports of fluorspar are not separately stated in 
 the records of the Bureau of Statistics of the Depart- 
 ment of Commerce and Labor, but are included with 
 minerals and oils not elsewhere specified. 
 
 The detailed statistics of the fluorspar industrv for 
 1902 are shown in Table 4. 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE. 
 
 Occurrence ivnd use. — Fluorspar is the common name 
 of fluoride of calcium, a mineral occurring in crj'stals 
 and masses of various colors, very commonlv as the 
 gangue of many metallic ores, especially of lead. It is 
 found chiefl}' in veins in limestone, sandstone, mica 
 slate, clay slate, and gneiss. When it occurs in com- 
 mercial (|uantity, it is usually in cleavable masses, and 
 of white, greenish white, or pale green color; but when 
 small openings exist in the veins, the fluorspar is apt to 
 be found in well-developed cubical crystals, which are 
 generally highly colored with various tints of purple, 
 indicating that it is associated with metallic minerals. 
 
 Until 1S!»8 the only sources of fluorspar in the United 
 States were the mines in Hardin and Pope counties, in 
 southern Illinois, but during that year deposits were 
 opened in Livingston and Crittenden counties, Ky., and 
 in 1900 in Smith, Trou.sdale, and Wilson counties, Tenn.. 
 and in Yuma county, Ariz. As has been shown above, 
 all these states were producers of fluorspar in commer- 
 cial quantity, in 1902. The mineral has been found 
 widely distributed throughout the United States, Init 
 thus far it is only in the four states mentioned that it 
 has been found in suflicient quantity for commercial 
 purposes. 
 
 In the fluorspar depo.sits of Illinois and Kentucky 
 there is known to be a very large supply of this min- 
 eral, capable of meeting the demand for manv vears. 
 
FJAIORSPAR. 
 
 891) 
 
 A.s this overcomes one of the objections often ach'iuiced 
 ag'iiinst using fluorspar in the smelting of iron, nunicly, 
 that a constant supply of tiiis mineral could not lie 
 depended upon, its use ivr this purpose should now 
 int'rease rapidly. Other hindrances to the use of fluoi-- 
 spar for fluxing purposes have been the higher cost of 
 this flux as couii)ared with limestone, inacces.sibility of 
 the deposits, and the action of the slag and gases on the 
 lining of the furnaces. But the recently discovered 
 deposits of Kentucky and Tennessee, together with the 
 deposits in Illinois, furnish an abundant supply, favor- 
 ably located for transportation, either by railroad or 
 water. The use of chromite (chromic iron ore), either 
 in mineral form or as chrome bricks, will make a lining 
 for furnaces which can be afl'ected ))ut little by the use 
 of fluorspar as a flux. Fluorspar possesses qualities 
 
 that make it especially adapted for the fluxing of 
 ii-on, and these should more than compen.sate for its 
 higher cost, as compared with limestone. Thus far the 
 larger pi'oportion of the fluorspar mined has been used 
 in steel works. Very little is used in blast furnaces or 
 in the smelting of copper or other metals; for these 
 purposes, and also in foundr}- work, its use will un- 
 doubtedly increase rapidly when its value as a flux is 
 more thoroughly understood. 
 
 Another use of fluorspar, and formerly its chief use, 
 is in the preparation of hydrofluoric acid. At the 
 present time it is estimated that only from .5 to 10 per 
 cent of the product is used for this puryiose. The min- 
 eral is also used in the manufacture of opalescent glass, 
 being considered very essential for this purpose. 
 
 Tablh -t.—DETAILKI) SUMMARY: 1902. 
 
 
 United 
 States. 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 Ken- 
 tueky. 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 All 
 other 
 states 
 and ter- 
 ritories.! 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 ., 
 
 $900 
 
 $900 
 
 , 
 
 United 
 states. 
 
 1 Illinois. 
 
 Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 All 
 other 
 states 
 and 
 territo- 
 ries.! 
 
 
 22 
 
 18 
 
 14 
 
 42 
 $27,311 
 
 12 
 $11,645 
 
 17 
 $]2,4:n 
 
 11 
 $2,849 
 
 $480 
 
 269 
 $110, 002 
 
 140 
 $56, 2:35 
 ' 
 
 25 
 $12,626 
 
 6(i 
 121,180 
 
 ,$234 
 
 57 
 $22, 195 
 
 129 
 
 $.53,767 
 
 120 
 $.50, .504 
 
 9 
 $3, 263 
 
 14 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 1 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 $5, 304 
 
 1 
 $300 
 
 3 
 
 $3, 500 
 
 3 
 $1,024 
 
 2 
 $4S0 
 
 71 
 $28,845 
 
 38 
 $16, 328 
 
 5 
 $2, 481 
 
 4 
 
 $1, 275 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at spei- 
 itied daily rates of ytay- Continued. 
 Miners- 
 Si. 00 to $1.24 
 
 $1.25 to $1.49 
 
 35 
 100 
 
 32 
 5 
 4 
 
 1 
 8 
 
 4.5 
 3 
 7 
 
 161 
 147 
 147 
 1.H3 
 255 
 280 
 333 
 340 
 354 
 
 336 ' 
 293 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 
 $300 
 
 $23,602 
 
 $7, 900 
 
 $15,702 
 $31, 374 
 
 48,818 
 $'275, 682 
 
 669 
 
 17 
 530 
 
 10 
 139 
 
 1 
 25 
 
 5 
 12 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 28 
 88 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 Character of ownership: 
 
 IniUvidual 
 
 2 
 
 Fi rm 
 
 1 
 9 
 
 31 
 $21 , 107 
 
 11 
 
 $11,245 
 
 12 
 
 $8,o:w 
 
 8 
 $1,825 
 
 
 
 SI. 50 to $1 74 
 
 
 SalaritH"! officials, clerks, etc.; 
 
 $1.75 to $1.99 
 
 2 
 
 Total number 
 
 $2.00 to $2.24. 
 
 1 
 
 
 Miners' helpers— 
 
 $1.00 to $1. '24 
 
 $1.25 to $1.49 
 
 
 
 General officers — 
 
 
 
 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Superintendents, manag-ers, 
 
 foremen, surveyors, etc.— 
 
 Boys mider 16 years— 
 $0 75 to $0 99 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 3 
 4 
 
 103 
 96 
 98 
 123 
 186 
 210 
 243 
 243 
 259 
 280 
 249 
 ■202 
 
 1 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 
 $300 
 3 
 
 $22, :528 
 
 $7, 6.50 
 
 $14,678 
 $13,9.52 
 
 29, 030 
 $143,410 
 
 .507 
 
 11 
 
 368 
 
 10 
 
 139 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 $1.00to$1.24 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 $1.25 to $1.49 
 
 $1.50to $1 74 
 
 
 Foremen, below ground — 
 
 
 Number 
 
 $2.00to$2.'24 
 
 Average lunnljer of wage-earners em- 
 ployed during each month: 
 Men 16 years and over — 
 
 .lauuary 
 
 3 
 
 58 
 51 
 49 
 60 
 66 
 67 
 88 
 89 
 86 
 83 
 76 
 80 
 
 
 Clerks- 
 Number . . 
 
 
 Salaries . 
 
 
 
 
 Wage-earner.s; 
 
 193 
 $79,107 
 
 98 
 S:M, 407 
 
 20 
 $10,145 
 
 48 
 $18, 405 
 
 2 
 $234 
 
 28 
 $10,623 
 
 95 
 $39, 700 
 
 95 
 $39, 700 
 
 5 
 $2, (1.50 
 
 4 
 $1,500 
 
 4 
 
 $1,.500 
 
 1 
 $5.50 
 
 1 
 $550 
 
 
 March 
 
 
 Aggregate wages 
 
 Above ground- 
 
 Aruil 
 
 
 May 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 July 
 
 Engineers, tiremen, 'and 
 
 August 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wages 
 
 November 
 
 ^2 
 
 Miners — 
 
 December 
 
 11 
 
 Average number 
 
 Boys under 16 years- 
 July " 
 
 Boys under 16 years- 
 Average number. 
 
 August 
 
 
 
 September . 
 
 
 
 
 
 October 
 
 
 
 All other wage-earners- 
 Average number 
 
 29 
 $11,672 
 
 :33 
 $13, .517 
 
 24 
 $10, 2.54 
 
 9 
 $3, 263 
 
 i 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 Contract work: 
 
 Amount paid 
 
 
 
 Wages 
 
 Below ground — 
 
 Total average number 
 
 
 
 Numberof employees. 
 
 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses: 
 Total. 
 
 $1,149 
 
 $250 
 
 $899 
 $17, 115 
 
 18, 860 
 $123,000 
 
 162 
 
 6 
 
 162 
 
 
 
 $125 
 
 $1'25 
 $307 
 
 928 
 $9, '272 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miners' helpers — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Royalties and rent of mine and 
 mining plant 
 
 Rent of othces, hixes, insurance, 
 
 interest, and other sundries 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 
 
 Average niimber of wage-earners at spec- 
 ified daily rates of pay: 
 Engineers — 
 
 $1 50 to $1 74 
 
 12 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 Product: 
 
 Quantity, sliort tons 
 
 Value . 
 
 Power owned: 
 
 Tola I horsepower 
 
 $2 ,50 to $2 74 
 
 
 Firemen — 
 
 $1 00 to $1 24 
 
 Engines- 
 steam — 
 
 Number 
 
 
 SI 25 to $1 49 
 
 1 
 
 
 $2.00 to $2.24 
 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 and other mechanics — 
 
 1 
 
 (las or gasoline — 
 
 Numlter 
 
 
 $1..50to$1.74 
 
 
 
 
 82..50to$2.74 
 
 Electric motors — 
 
 Number . 
 
 
 
 $3.00 to $3.24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ Includes operat(jrs distributed as follows: Arizona, 2; Tennessee, ]. 
 
GYPSUM 
 
 (901) 
 
GYPSUM, 
 
 By y'rcjin' IS. ]vA1))>. 
 
 Tho statistics presi'iitod herewitli comprise those for 
 eTpsuiu ill its calcined fonii as well as in its natural 
 state. Tlu' chief consuinption of o-yp.sam is for the 
 manufacture of plaster of Paris and Avail or cement 
 plaster,' of which plaster of Paris is the chief ingredient. 
 At the Tenth Census no statistics in regard to gypsum 
 were reported, and at the three decades prior thereto, 
 namely. I.STO, LS6(l, and IsnO, only tlie manufacturing 
 statistics for plaster are a\-ailable for piirjxjses of com- 
 parison. Table 1 is a comparative suinniary for the 
 years 1S5(), ISrtO, 1S7U, ISsii, and VMYI. 
 
 Tablk 1. — Oiinjiiiriitirr .•<uiiiiiiiti-i/: lsr,(t ta I'.iO::. 
 
 Xninber of mines or quiir- 
 
 
 ■-307 
 
 249 
 S300,420 
 
 1,472 
 
 (■') 
 (■■') 
 
 
 Number oJ: operatorH 
 
 SMlaried officials, clerks 
 etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wa.tfc-earners: 
 
 .Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses ..j J200, 769i S4S|2fi2 
 Cost of supplies and mate- 
 rials I .J341, 7(;0 ' $128, X>\ 
 
 Product-': I 
 
 Qltantitv, short tons .. GS1,(;33 24(s 72,') , ('i (i) 
 
 Value - .' J2, 0S9, 341 ' S764, UK ,S2, (ffll, ,S51 SI, 110, 8.54 
 
 761 
 
 57.59,258 I $249,200 
 *40i; ! $10,031 
 
 ISBO 
 
 •-:ki 
 
 (') 
 
 {■') 
 
 1,.513 
 S533, 407 
 
 (') 
 (') 
 
 Jl,4;», 140 
 
 :,.50U 
 
 , ,s3f'p 
 
 381 
 SlOO, 092 
 (M 
 
 (') 
 J428, 914 
 
 iNot reported. 
 
 -Establishments. 
 
 ^Not reporteil separately. 
 
 ^The United .States Geological Si^rvey reports 810,478 short tons of crude 
 gypsum, of the value as here given. The Census figures of <iuantit\- are for the 
 priidtict prepared, in greatest part, for the market. 
 
 In 1S5(.I the value of the land-plaster product was 
 given a.s $4:28,tJ14:. In 1860 the value of plaster and its 
 manufactures was $1,110,854, and presumably the 
 largest portion of this amount was land plaster. In 
 ISTO the amount of plaster manufactured, reported as 
 "Plaster, ground," and presumably chiefly used for 
 land plaster, reached $2,691,851. Up to this time there 
 appears to have been a steady growth in th(> use of 
 gypsum as a fertilizer, Init with the development of 
 the phosf)hate rock industry, wdiich began just prior to 
 the close of the decade ending in isTn. came a corre- 
 sponding reduction in the use of gypsum for land 
 plaster, and in 1880 the total gypsum production, as 
 reported by the United States Geological Survey, was 
 hut 9<>,(H)0 short tons, valued at $100,()00. 
 
 The iiiiiiiiig of phosphate rock commenced in Soiitli 
 Carolina in lS(i7. and in isTo the prodiu-tioii was (>.">, 211 
 long tons. In 188(1 the sales of jihosphate rock in tlii' 
 L'nited States amounted to 21L,H77 long tons, \alue(l 
 at $1.123, S23, while the gyjisuiii pi'oduct had fallen, as 
 above noted, to a value of SIiki.oimi. In l.s.sii the sah.'s 
 of phosphate rock were 5oM,i'15 long tons, valued at 
 $2, 937. 776. Florida had hitely liecome a producer. 
 On the other hand, the gi'ouiid gypsum sold as hind 
 plaster in Ls,S',) was hut ln,s,771 short tons, \alued at 
 $233,307, in contrast with the production for l,s70 of 
 ground plaster, valued at $2.6'.ll,S.")l. 
 
 The shrinkage in the consumption of gypsum for 
 land plaster continues, the growth m the gypsum in- 
 dustry since ls,s',t })eing due to the increasing use of 
 wall or cement plaster. In 1889, 1()S,77L tons, or l:(.i.6 
 per cent. t)f the gypsum was sold as land plaster: in 
 1902 onl}' 60,791 tons, or 7.1 per cent. 
 
 The growth of the industry during the period liSS9 
 to 19(12 has lieen entirely in the pi'oduction of calcined 
 gypsum. In 188t), ,So,755 tons of gyp.sum, or 32 per cent 
 of the amount (piarried. were calcined, while in 19("i2 
 the quantity calcined was 671:, 232 tons, or s2.6 per cent 
 of the gypsum quarried, producing 539. 3s7 tons of 
 calcined plaster products — plaster of Paris and wall or 
 cement j^laster. Along with the increased consuinption 
 of calcined plaster there w^as a decrease in the average 
 price from $6.92 per ton in Ls89 to $3.50 per ton in 
 1902. There wa.s no material change in the average 
 price of crude gj'p.sum, it being $1.13 per ton in 1889 
 and $1.15 per ton in 19()2. The average value of the 
 land plaster, how^ever, decreased from $2.14 per ton in 
 1889 to $1.75 per ton in liiO-j. 
 
 A change in the character of tli(^ industry is also 
 shown ])y the reduction in the numlier of operators. 
 In 187(1, 321 operators were reported, and in 1902 only 
 15. The numlier of mines, wdiich in l87(i must liave 
 lieen at least 321 -that being the number of opera- 
 tors — was only 62 in l'.i(i2. The production of land 
 plaster requires small capital, the gypsum being simply 
 mined or quarried and ground: and the average values 
 of the product per operator for the years ls5u, 186(.), 
 and 187(.)— $3,061, $3,910, and $8.3S6, respectively — 
 indicates that during that earlier period, wdien land 
 
904 
 
 MINKS AND QUARRIES. 
 
 plaster was the principal or sole product, this industry 
 was small and local in character. The statistics for 
 19(i2 show a concentration «f the business. The (12 pro- 
 ducing- mines or quarries were controll(>d liy 45 opera- 
 toi's and the averag-e value of the product per operator 
 was $4:»),43(). Of the t)2 active mines or cjuarries, 19 
 were operated by 2 companies. The reduction in the 
 number of operators and active mines or quarries 
 reflects the growth of the wall plaster industry, which 
 has a wider market and requii'cs a nuich larger capital 
 and plant than the mere manufacture of land plaster. 
 
 During the period from 1889 to 1902, the value of the 
 product increased 173.1 per cent, the wage-earners 9:-!. 1 
 per cent, and the amount paid in wages 201.7 per cent. 
 
 There were 17 idle mines or quarries in 1902. distrib- 
 uted as follows: 8 in New York, 3 in Arizona, and 1 each 
 in Kansas, Missouri. New Mexico, Ohio, Texas, and 
 Virginia. These were owned by 9 individuals, 1 firm, 
 and 5 incorporated companies. Two of the mines in 
 Arizona were owned by 1 individual. Two of the other 
 idle mines, 1 in Kansas and 1 in ^Missouri, were owned 
 by 1 corporation, which operated 1(1 active mines or 
 
 (juarries in Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, New York, Ohio, 
 and Oklahoma. The statistics of the capitalization 
 of this corporation are included among those of the 
 active mines. The remaining 1 incorporated companies 
 were located 1 each in New York, New Mexico, Ohio, 
 and Texas. Three of these did not report capitaliza- 
 tion. The fourth company reported an authorized 
 capital stock of 25O,(.)00 shares, with a par value of 
 $250,000; all of the common stock, 200,000 shares of a 
 par value of $200,000, had been issued. It reported 
 also authorized bonds of a par value of $25,000, of 
 which $15,0(t(> had been issued, making a total of 
 1215,000 for stocks and bonds issued. 
 
 Of the 45 operators in 1902, 13 were individuals, 6 
 were tiruis, and 26 were incorporated companies. Only 
 3.ti per cent of the gypsum mined or quarried was pro- 
 duced l)y the 19 individuals and firms, and in Iowa, 
 Kansas, Michigan, Oklahoma, Texas, and Utah the 
 operators were solely incorporated companies. 
 
 C'ap/'tdl .docl: of /'//ro/'jiortdt/d fo/npini/'rv. — Talile 2 
 presents the details of the capitalization of the incorpo- 
 rated companies. 
 
 Table 3.— CAPITALIZATION OF INCOKPURATEI) COMPANIES: 1902. 
 
 United states. 
 
 Number of ineorponited comprtTiics 
 
 Number reporting capitalization 
 
 Capital stock and bonds issued 
 
 Capital stock: 
 
 Total anthorized— 
 
 Number ot" shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Total issued — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid 
 
 Common — 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number of shares . 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issueil — 
 
 Number of shares . 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid . . . . 
 Preferred — 
 
 .\uthorized — 
 
 Number of shares . 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number (if sluires . 
 Par vahle 
 
 S10,ti70,'J6.T 
 
 lOI'i.SSO 
 SKI, 57fi, 660 
 
 106, 'JDH 
 
 JIO, .■)2,S, 96.T 
 
 S64,:W0 
 
 61,. WO 
 Sfi,016, 66.'i 
 
 Bonds: 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number 
 
 Par vnlue 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number 
 
 Par value — 
 
 Interest paid . 
 
 Assessments levied 
 
 60, 9ys 
 
 1, 09.=i,%5 
 $6.l,:500 
 
 t.=.,:)00 
 W,ft:50,ooo 
 
 4.S, ;500 
 
 $4,.'i:!o. uoo 
 
 ] , CI,'! 
 
 .}1,14.^),U00 
 
 1-1.5 
 
 SILS, 000 
 
 K, 700 
 
 S3,L'40 
 
 Kansas. 
 
 Michigan. 
 
 .5 
 S'J4S, 7H.1 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 SS, 1.57,. 500 
 
 i,sLn 
 
 8220, 76.T 
 
 s:i,10n 
 S,s, li'io, oou 
 
 1,,S21 
 
 $220, 76.5 
 
 S3, 126 
 
 ,s:i,fioo 
 
 JK, L57,,500 
 
 S:B5, 700 
 
 1 , .S21 
 S220, 766 
 
 38, 100 
 $3,660,000 
 
 1,K21 
 
 S220, 76.5 
 
 S:5, 126 
 
 38, 000 
 
 $:!, 6,57,. 500 
 
 935, 700 
 
 45,000 
 $1, 500, 000 
 
 45, 000 
 S4,. 500. 000 
 
 I , .500 
 ? 1,000, 000 
 
 New York. (Jklalioma. 
 
 .\11 other 
 states. 
 
 J26U,00U I 81,347,900 
 
 5, 39.8 
 S.539,800 
 
 5,240 I 
 S.-i24,000 
 
 5, 098 
 8-509 . sun 
 
 2,600 
 $260,000 
 
 2,600 
 
 KI'iO, 000 
 
 82, 400 
 
 2,600 
 8260,000 
 
 2,600 
 
 $260,000 
 
 $2,400 
 
 i:;,s;9 
 $1,381,900 
 
 13,479 
 
 81.317,800 
 
 $23,074 
 
 l:!,.S19 
 81,381,900 
 
 13, 479 
 
 $1,347,800 
 
 $23, 074 
 
 $25, oou 
 $1,.500 
 
 300 
 
 830, 000 
 
 :!00 
 $30, 000 
 
 120 
 $120,000 
 
 120 
 
 8120, 000 
 
 $1 , 200 
 
 83, 240 
 
 1 Out.' of these companies operated mines ami -luarries in Iowa, Kansas, New 
 - Includes companies distributed as follows: lowji, ;i: Texas, 2 ( 1 company ope 
 
 Of the 2(;1 incorporated companies, (1 were in New 
 York, 5 in Kansas, 4 in Michigan, 3 eiuli in Iowa and 
 Oklahoma, 2 in Texas, and 1 each in Utah, Virginia, 
 and W3^oming. These companies operated 43 mines or 
 quarries distributed as tV)llows: 9 in Iowa, 8 in New 
 Yoi'k, 7 in Kansas. (I in Midiigan, 5 in Oklahoma, 2 
 each in Ohio, Texas, and Wyoming, and 1 each in Utah 
 and Virginia. The capitalization was reported for all 
 of tlie incorporated compani(^s, with the exception of 
 1 company in Iowa not engaged exclusively in the 
 
 York, Ohio, and Oklahoma, jis well as in Mii-higan. 
 ratiUKc|narriesalsoiu Oklahoma and Wyuniingi: rtab. 1: \'irKinia, 1: Wyomiuf,', 1. 
 
 mining or (juarrying of gypsum and the manufacture 
 of its products. The authorized capital stock consisted 
 of (Jl,58(l shares of common stock of a par value of 
 $0,046,665, and 45,300 shares of preferi-ed stock of a 
 par value of $4,53(l,(.»00; at the close of the year co\ered 
 by this investigation, 60,998 shares of conunon stock of 
 a par \'alue of $5,995,965, and all of the preferr(>d stock 
 had been issued. The authorized bonded indebtedness 
 comprised 1,645 l)onds of a par value of $1,145,000. of 
 which there had Ixm'h issued 145 bonds of a ]iar value 
 
GYPSUM. 
 
 905 
 
 of |il45,000. The outstanding capital stock and bonds 
 issued aggregated $10,670,965. 
 
 The interest paid on the bonded debt was $2,700; the 
 small amount is explained I)}" the fact that the organiza- 
 tion of several of the companies occurred during 1902, 
 and only 2 companies reported the payment of inter- 
 est on bonds aggregating $-l:.5,0t)0. Dividends amount- 
 ing to |6-t,300 were paid b}- 6 companies, distrii)uted 
 1 each in Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Oklahoma, Texas, 
 and Utah. The capitalization of 1 company operating 
 mines or quarries in Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, New 
 York, Ohio, and Oklahoma was credited to Michigan, as 
 its largest production was from that state; and, in like 
 manner, the capitalization of 1 company operating mines 
 or quarries in Oklahoma, Texas, and Wyoming was 
 credited to Texas, whei'e its largest plant was located. 
 
 Employees and wages. — Of the total amount, 
 11,059,678, reported as paid for salaries and wages, 
 $759,258, or 71.6 per cent, was paid to the wage-earners, 
 and $300,420, or 28.4 per cent, to the salaried employees. 
 
 The variation in the number of wage-earners em- 
 ployed at different seasons of the year is shown in Table 
 6, which gives the average number of men and boys 
 emploj'ed during each month. The employment of 
 boj^s under 16 is reported onlj- in the case of 1 mine. 
 The least average number of wage-earners employed 
 during any month was 773 in Januar}^, and the largest 
 average number for any month was 1,696 in September. 
 For the remaining months the number fluctuated within 
 a comparatively narrow range. The number of wage- 
 earners employed at specified daily rates of pay is also 
 shown in Table 6. 
 
 The j^revailing rate of pay for wage-earners was 
 from $1.50 to $1.74 per day, 754, or 51.2 per cent, 
 receiving this rate. The per cent receiving less than 
 $1.25 per day was only 2.5; 5.6 per cent received from 
 $1.25 to $1.49 ; 23 per cent, from $1.75 to $1.99; 10.2 
 per cent, from $2 to $2.24; 3.3 per cent, from $2.25 to 
 $2.49; 2.5 per cent, from $2.50 to $2.74; and 1.7 per 
 cent received $3 and over. Of the total number of 
 wage-earners 614, or 41.7 per cent, were classed as 
 miners or quarrymen. Of these 329, or 22.4 per 
 cent, received from $1.50 to $1.74 per da}^ Nine 
 received from $3 to $3.24 per da jr. 
 
 Mining and quarrjang on a tonnage basis was 
 reported by 18 mines or quarries, at rates ranging 
 from a minimum of $0.20 per ton to a maximum of 
 $0.66 per ton, with an average of $0,445 per ton. 
 These mines or quarries were distributed as follows: 7 
 in Iowa, 4 in New York, 2 in Kansas, and 1 each in 
 California, Michigan. Oklahoma, Texas, and Utah. 
 
 Supplies, materials, and •miscellaneous expenses. — 
 The total amount reported for supplies and materials 
 was $341,760. In the case of operators producing 
 uncalcined gypsum only, either crude gypsum or land 
 
 plaster, the expense for supplies and materials was 
 small, only 5 or 10 cents per ton. 
 
 The total amount reported for miscellaneous expenses 
 was $200,769, of which amount $49,912 was paid by 20 
 mines or (piarries for royalties and rent of mine and 
 mining plant; and $150,857 for rent of offices, taxes, 
 insurance, interest, and other sundries. The mines or 
 quarries reporting the pa3Muentof royalties and rent of 
 mine and mining plant were distributed as follows: Six 
 in New York, 4 in Kansas, 2 each in Iowa, Ohio, Okla- 
 homa, and Wyoming, and 1 each in Texas and Virginia. 
 
 Mechanical poioer. — Of the 62 mines or quarries 
 operated. 55 reported power, the primary power 
 employed aggregating 7,319 horsepower. Where mills 
 were operated in conjunction with the mine or quarr}^, 
 this includes mill power as well as power directly 
 employed in mining or quarrying. The power was 
 supplied by 68 steam engines, aggregating 6,385 horse- 
 power; 2 gas or gasoline engines with a total of 20 
 horsepower; and 11 water wheels ha\'ing 914 horse- 
 power. There were, in addition, 5 electric motoi-s with 
 a capacitjf of 68 horsepower. 
 
 Production. — The total production for the year 19()2 
 was 816,478 short tons of gypsum quarried, of which 
 674,232 tons were calcined, producing 539,387 tons of 
 calcined plaster — plaster of Paris and wall or cement 
 plaster — valued at $1,889,190. There were sold in the 
 crude state 81,455 tons of gypsum, valued at $93,914, 
 an average price of $1.15 per ton; and 60,791 tons 
 ground for land plaster, -^'alued at $106,237, an average 
 price of $1.75 per ton. The 539,387 tons of calcined 
 products comprised 188,7(.)2 tons of plaster of Paris, 
 \-alued at $662,928, an average price of $2. 9s per ton; 
 and 350,685 tons of wall or cement plaster, valued at 
 $1,326,262, an average price of $3.78 per ton. The 
 production of the 188,702 tons sold as plaster of Paris 
 consumed 235,878 tons of crude gypsum; and the pro- 
 duction of the 350,685 tons of wall or cement plaster 
 consumed 438,354 tons of gypsum before calcination 
 into plaster of Paris and manufacture into wall or 
 cement plaster. The increase in the marketable gyp- 
 sum products for 1902 over those of 1889 was in quan- 
 tity 434,908 tons, or 63.7 per cent, and in value 
 $1,325,223, or 173.4 per cent. 
 
 Of the calcined products 65.3 per cent was wall or 
 cement plaster, including all of the calcined product 
 from the states of Nevada, South Dakota, and Utah; 90 
 per cent and over of that from California, Kansas, Mon- 
 tana, Oklahoma, Texas, and Wyoming; from 80 to 90 
 per cent of that from Iowa and Oregon; 60 per cent of 
 that from Colorado, and less than 50 per cent only from 
 Michigan, New York, Ohio, and Virginia. 
 
 Table 3 shows the production of gypsum in the United 
 States from 1880 to 1902, as reported by the United 
 States Geological Survey. 
 
V»()P) 
 
 3Ilx\ES AND QrARRIES. 
 
 Table :i.~I'ro>hniioii of t/i/jisniii: JSSo h, r.iOJ. 
 
 [Uiiitefl Status (.iuoh.t^it-al Siirvuv, -'.Mineral Ufsoiirrus i.l' Lhu riiitnl Stiites 
 iyui Jind iyu2.j 
 
 '.^ujintUy . 
 (short ton? 
 
 |- Viiliie (.if pro- 
 (liu'ts; (.•r\ide, 
 land plaster. 
 ,and caleint'd, 
 
 VEAK. fiypsi.m ,,,,„, |,|, ,,,,., 
 
 (shorttnnsl |,.l,^,i,„,,,^ 
 
 The imports of o-ypsum from ISSit to l!>n'J ai'c shown 
 in th(> following- t;ii)l(>: 
 
 Table 4.— r,'///K»,„ niijinrlnl i„ln I],,- r„ilc(l Sinli'x: /S.s:/ In lUO:.'. 
 rUnitud States Geological Siirvew " Miurral KesourceH of the United States," 
 
 v.m.] 
 
 1,S9J 
 
 '1M\ 
 
 
 
 l.SDJ 
 
 2H9 
 
 189o 
 
 •Jti.T 
 
 is9fi 
 
 224 
 
 1897 
 
 2.SS 
 
 1,S98 
 
 291 
 
 1S99 
 
 4Sli 
 
 1900 
 
 .■S9-I 
 
 1901 
 
 033 
 
 191T2 
 
 = 81(1 
 
 ;, 01,'. 
 1, 312 
 , ,'i03 
 ,264 
 ,982 
 , 038 
 , 23.'i 
 , 402 
 ,,791 
 
 Si;9,S, 192 
 r.90,r.i.'i 
 701,719 
 797, 117 
 
 7ri;'i! ,sti I 
 7:"i,"), 2.S(1 
 1,2S7,0,S|| 
 1,027,203 
 1,, WO, 041 
 2, IIS9, 342 
 
 YEAR ENDINO 
 
 1 Marketnl.le prorlucts, 240,72,S short tons. 
 -MiirUetable produrts, 0M,i;:',3 slicrt tons. 
 
 Beginniiiy' willi tiie yetir ls;)!» there wiis sho^ii :i 
 marked annual inereaso in the quantity of i2y])siun jtro- 
 dueecL The increase in 1S99 was (Ki, 7 ]>er cent; in llMio. 
 L'2.3 i)er cent: in lltifl. 1:^ per cent; and I'.tn^, 24 per 
 cent. The total increase fi'om lsi),s to V.W-1 was .">:,'-l:.s4ii ; 
 tons, or isii per cent. 
 
 Table ,->.— Till-; \Viil;Ll)'S I'KoDCt 
 
 [Unitocl Slates ( n'iil(i[,'ii'al Survey, ■■ .Mil 
 
 j GROt'.NP OK e.VO- 
 ; eiNEIi. 
 
 (iuantity 
 
 ( loOK' Value, 
 tons). 
 
 Deeenilier 31— 
 
 1.SS9 S, 100 SJO, 291 
 
 1890 1 7,.%« I .5n,2.i0 
 
 1891 1 9, .'iBO 97,310 
 
 1892 1 6,832 i 7.5,008 
 
 1,893 1 3,303 31,(r0 
 
 1894 1 2,027 16,823 
 
 189,1 1 3,29.5" 21,. 520 
 
 1890 , 3,292 21,982 
 
 1897 1 2,004 17,028 
 
 l,89.s 2, 9"3 18, ,501 
 
 1899 1 3,20.5 ■ 19,2.50 
 
 1900 ' 3,109 19,]"9 
 
 1901 3,-100 19,627 
 
 1902 3,047 23,225 
 
 r.N'GllOUND. 
 
 Quantity 
 (long 
 tons) . 
 
 Value 
 
 
 170, 
 171 
 110, 
 181, 
 164, 
 102, 
 192, 
 1.80, 
 103, 
 160, 
 190, 
 209, 
 235, 
 305, 
 
 965 
 2.S9 
 2,57 
 104 
 300 
 .500 
 549 
 269 
 201 
 066 
 5-'9 
 881 
 204 
 367 
 
 S179, 
 174, 
 129, 
 232, 
 180, 
 179, 
 215, 
 193, 
 
 r8, 
 
 181, 
 220, 
 229. 
 238, 
 284, 
 
 Value of 
 
 
 mnnu- 
 faetureil 
 
 Total 
 
 plaster 
 
 
 of Paris, 
 
 
 (') 
 
 S220, 140 
 
 (') 
 
 229, 859 
 
 ') 
 
 226,319 
 
 (>) 
 
 308, OH 
 
 (■) 
 
 211,924 
 
 (') 
 
 196, 060 
 
 SIO, 3,52 
 
 217, ,583 
 
 11,722 
 
 227, 248 
 
 16,715 
 
 212, 429 
 
 40,9-^9 
 
 2J0,844 
 
 .58, 0^3 
 
 29'', 9''6 
 
 60,473 
 
 315, ,530 
 
 68, 603 
 
 320, 0-0 
 
 .52, .533 
 
 360, 700 
 
 'i'he world's ])roduction of o ypsuiii from l.s',):; to I'.itii!, 
 iiiclusi\-e. is shown in the foUowine- talile: 
 
 TKix OF (;Yi'sr:\i: Lsii;; to 1902. 
 
 oral KescHu-ci's of Ihe I'liileil Sliilcs," 1902.] 
 
 rNITEI> STATES. 
 
 1894.. .. 
 
 1895 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 Quan- 
 
 
 tity 
 
 (short 
 
 Value, 
 
 tons). 
 
 
 2.53, 615 
 
 ?696, 615 
 
 239,312 
 
 761,719 
 
 205, .503 
 
 797,447 
 
 224,2,54 
 
 573,341 
 
 288, 9S2 
 
 755, 804 
 
 291 , 638 
 
 75,), 280 
 
 480, 2,35 
 
 1,2S7,080 
 
 .594,462 
 
 1,627,203 
 
 633, 791 
 
 1. .500, 641 
 
 816, 478 
 
 2,0.89,341 
 
 Quantity 
 (shfirt 
 tons). 
 
 1,693, 
 2,175, 
 1,860, 
 1 , .815, 
 1,931, 
 1,802, 
 1,701, 
 2, 1,82, 
 C-'i 
 
 S2, 891,365 
 3,, 392, 768 
 2,061,200 
 2, 673,o:B 
 2,777,810 
 2,641,020 
 2 772,221 
 3,449,747 
 (=) 
 
 Qnan- 
 
 
 titv 
 
 
 (short 
 
 
 tons). 
 
 
 192, 568 
 
 S190, 1.50 
 
 223, 031 
 
 202, 031 
 
 220,178 
 
 202, 008 
 
 207,032 
 
 178,001 
 
 239, i;91 
 
 214,631 
 
 219,2.50 
 
 230, 440 
 
 241,500 
 
 257, 329 
 
 2.52, 001 
 
 259, 009 
 
 293, 879 
 
 340, 148 
 
 332,045 
 
 3.50, 317 
 
 GRE.VT BRITAIN. OERMAN EMPIRE. 
 
 C^uan- 
 
 titv 
 
 (short 
 
 tons). 
 
 1,5s, 122 
 109,102 
 190,037 
 213,028 
 203. 151 
 219, 6-19 
 238, 071 
 233,002 
 224, 919 
 251,015 
 
 Quan- 
 tity 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 ;2.S7,940 
 321,822 
 348, 100 
 301 , ,509 
 325,513 
 315,,S82 
 372, 073 
 318,210 
 311,0,50 
 (-1 
 
 23. 991 
 31,736 
 28,,S21 
 28, 315 
 32, 700 
 39, 103 
 '35,013 
 (-) 
 
 ?n,oio 
 
 14,. 598 
 13.228 
 13, 106 
 19, 600 
 17,199 
 123,139 
 (-1 
 
 ALGERIA, 
 
 Oiujin- 
 
 titv 
 (sliort 
 tons). 
 
 36, 355 
 ,50,127 
 11,3.50 
 40,510 
 41, 150 
 41,037 
 41, 110 
 38, 955 
 (■-) 
 
 Sill, 900 
 133,226 
 111,361 
 109,618 
 110,660 
 11 7, ,895 
 139,190 
 132,2.H0 
 C-i 
 
 Quan- 
 
 titv 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 3, 548 
 7,511 
 
 8, 248 
 9, 025 
 
 9, 249 
 7,210 
 I,. 805 
 (-1 
 (■-) 
 
 si,5i;6 
 
 2, 987 
 3,130 
 
 3, 333 
 1,,503 
 
 768 
 424 
 ('-) 
 
 Quan- 
 
 
 tity 
 
 
 (short 
 
 
 tons). 
 
 
 2, 357 
 
 SO, 625 
 
 3, 10-1 
 
 9,006 
 
 2, 093 
 
 5, 252 
 
 1 , 050 
 
 2,. 590 
 
 4,167 
 
 8, 162 
 
 4,279 
 
 7, .551 
 
 4, 402 
 
 8,866 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 Ineludes Badeii, 
 
 The detailed sttitistics for the yypstini iiidustr\- diir 
 in,y 1902 are g-iven in Table <;. 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE. 
 
 Gypsum, a natural product, is calcium sulphate, of the 
 chemical formula CaSOj.2 ILO. containine-4i;.r> jitn-cent 
 of sulphuric acid, 32.6 per cent of lime, tind 2(i.9 \)vr cent 
 of water. Anhydi'ite. a mineral like g\psiim. hut. its 
 its name inrlicates, containine- no water, is comjiosed of 
 .")'S.,S per cent of sulplitiric ;t<-id and -11.2 per eent of 
 lime. This tihsorhs Wiiter and changes to g\ psum. 
 When gypsum is projierly caleined it loses a pari of the 
 water of its eomjiosition and lo'comes phistei' (d' Paris, 
 the name originating from the great ileposits of g\ psiini 
 worked at Moiitmartre. a suhiirl) of Paris. The ti-ans- 
 ptirent erystallized \'ariely of gy]isiini is callcfl seleiiite; 
 its line massi\-e \'ariety. ahihasler; ami ilshhrous foi'in. 
 
 - Not yet availahle. 
 
 satin s]i;ir. A loose (>arthy gypsum found in Kansas 
 and other points in the \V(\st is ciilletl gvpsite. 
 
 (iypsiiin erystiilli/.es ill the nioiKicliiiic system, has a 
 htirdness of 1', tind a specilic gra\'itv of 2.31. Its color 
 is usually white, although sometimt^s red, green. l)lue, 
 grtty, or lirown. ^VIlen protecteil from th(> action of 
 water it is extremely duiahle, tis e\idenced hv the 
 nnmerous monumental effigies, iiitiuy centuries old. in 
 \ Euro])eitii (liurches and idsewhere. 
 
 It is tpiite genei'ttlh' distributed and occurs in irregu- 
 lar and often in \'er\' exteiisi\e and miissi\(> dejiosits. 
 .V deposil of white crystalline gypsum ;it Nt^theiiitdd. 
 I'^nglttnd. is moi'e tlitin 50 feet in thickness, ;ind in the 
 Tliiiriiigerw aid, (lermany, a gretit mass has be(>n siiiil; 
 llirougli ioa depth of To feet. The gypsum dejtositsof 
 Onondaga countv. N. Y.. show in places v thickness of 
 on feel. The snow-white tihdiasler found tit \'olterr;i. 
 
GYPSUM. 
 
 907 
 
 in Tuscany, Italy, is used extensively at Florence and 
 Leghorn for works of art. It is white when newly 
 broken and on drjnng becomes even whiter on the sur- 
 face. It is easily cut and turned and undei proper 
 tri'atment takes a tine polish and satin luster. 
 
 (Jriijiii. — txypsuni deposits ha\'e lieen formed by 
 direct deposition, and by tin; alteration of existiijo- lime 
 deposits. Most of the gypsum deposits of the workl 
 are considered to have been formed by the evaporation 
 and concentration of sea water, although the ealciiuii 
 sulphate is not deposited until about so per cent of the 
 water has l)eeii evapt)rated. Sea water, according to 
 the anal>ses in the Challenger Ileports, contains 3. .5 per 
 cent of mineral matter of the following constituents: 
 
 I\Tcrnl. 
 
 Sdiliuiii chloriiU' (salt ) 77. 7oS 
 
 Magnesium chloride 10. S7S 
 
 Magnesium sulphate 4. 787 
 
 Calcium sul])hate (gypsum ) ;-!. HOI) 
 
 Potassium sulphate 2. 46ri 
 
 Calcium carbonate 0. .345 
 
 Jlagnesium bromide 0. 217 
 
 1110. mill 
 
 When such a body of water cut oii' from the ocean is 
 evaporated, the calcium sulphate is deposited befoi'c 
 the sodium chloride, the latter being thrown down onlv 
 after the removal of 93 per cent of the water. \\\t\\ 
 complete evaporati(m and deposition there wotild \n\ 
 therefore, first a deposit of gypsum and then a heavy 
 deposit of salt, though the evaporation mtiy go far 
 enough to deposit the gypsum, but not far enough to 
 deposit the salt; or if the latter l)e deposited it may be 
 removed subsequently )3y solution. (Typsum deposits, 
 therefore, are more wicbdy spread than stilt, but usutdlj' 
 occur in thinner l)eds. 
 
 When sulphuric acid, liberated by the decomposition 
 of pyrite, acts on ctilcium carbontite and converts it into 
 calciimi sulphate, there is generally a gracUial transition 
 from the limestone into the gypsum rock. 
 
 Gj'psuni is deposited by some thermal springs, as in 
 Iceland, where the sulphurous acids on becoming oxi- 
 dized change to sulphuric acid, which comerts the cal- 
 cium carbonate into calcium sulphate, and this when 
 evaporation tak(?s place is deposited in fibrous and 
 crysttilline forms. 
 
 The theory of Dawson on the origin of gypsum at 
 Plaister Cove, No\'a Scotia, is as follows: p^irst, there 
 was an accumulation of ntimerous thin layers of lime- 
 stone, either so rapidly or at such great depths that 
 organic remains were not included in ;uiy but the ujiper 
 layers. Second, thei'e was an introduction of sulphuric 
 acid, in solution or in vapor, which was a product of 
 volcanic action. Then for ti long time the acid waters 
 acted upon the calcareous mtitcritil without interruption 
 
 from mechanical detrittis, changing the calcium etirlion- 
 ate to calcium sulphate, and gypsum of go(jd (jtitility 
 acctunulated in consideriit)le thickness. 
 
 ^Avf/v/vv/r'c. -(jypsum is widely distributed geolog- 
 ically, being f(aind in viirious formations ranging from 
 the Siluriiui up to the Tertiary. In New York extensive 
 beds of g\psum iire found in the Silui'ian formation; 
 in Oliio ;ind Michigtm the}- occur in the Car})oniferous; 
 ;ind in Iowa iind Kansas they tire Cretaceous. 
 
 (lypsum is also wididy distributed geographically. 
 In the United Sttites it is fouinl in Arizonti, California, 
 Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan. Monttma, Nevada, 
 New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oklahomti, Oregon, 
 South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Virginia, tmd \V_yoming, 
 and is mined in ;dl these states except Arizona, Mis- 
 souri, and New Mexico. It is found in Arabia, Austria, 
 l>ohemiii, ('anadti, Kgypt, EnglatuL P'rance, Germany, 
 Italy, Norwiiy, and Persia. 
 
 P.sv . — 'T\\i' use of gypsum w;is known at a very early 
 jjeriod, for the Greeks were familiar with it, as shown 
 by the writings of Theophrastus and Pliny. (Tvpsum 
 in its gi-ound, unealcined state is itscd chiefly for kind 
 plaster, a fertilizer. In its calcined form, as plaster of 
 Paris, it has extiMisive and varied uses. 
 
 Land plaster.- -(.^vov\m\ plaster has long been used as 
 ;i fertilizer, ^'irgil wrote concerning the value of gyp- 
 sum on cultivated lands. Benjamin Franklin called at- 
 tention to the value of gypsum as ii fertilizer for grass 
 by sowing kind plaster in a clover held, so as to form 
 the sentence, ""This litis l)een plastered with gypsum,'' 
 the letters showing by the height and color of the clover 
 where gypsum had been sown. 
 
 Numerous experiments and tests are on record as to 
 the value of gypsum as a fertilizer. Boussingault in 
 1841 fertilized a clover field with gypsum and analyzed 
 the clover grown on fertilized and on unfertilized land. 
 These experiments were conducted for two years on the 
 same land, and the analyses of the ash of the clover 
 from a hectare of ground sh(jwed as follows, in kilo- 
 grtims: 
 
 Anu/i/xi^ iif clonr.^ 
 
 Aslics I'lx^u Irom CO.. 
 
 Silira 7 
 
 (l.xiilc (iron, uumgiiiR'sc, alu- 
 
 niinn 1 
 
 Liiiii' 
 
 Maf^nrsia 
 
 I'Mlash 
 
 s...la 
 
 Snjphniic aciil . . 
 I'hospjiorii'ai'id. 
 CIlliiriliL' 
 
 Land witti 
 l^'ypsiini. 
 
 •270. 
 M. 1 
 
 79. t 
 l.H. 1 
 ai. 6 
 2.4 
 9.2 
 24.2 
 10.3 
 
 Land 
 
 W itllOUt 
 
 LI 
 
 S. Ii 
 26.7 
 
 1.4 
 
 4.4 
 11.0 
 
 4.6 
 
 2S0. 
 10.4 
 
 Land 
 witliout 
 gypsum. 
 
 1 
 
 102. 8 
 28.5 
 97.2 
 0.8 
 9.0 
 22.9 
 8.4 
 
 97.0 
 12.7 
 
 0.6 
 32. ■> 
 7.1 
 28.6 
 2.8 
 3.0 
 7.0 
 3.0 
 
 ' 'I'hi' University Gcol(is;ical Survey "f Kansas. VciL V, Report on (ivpsum and 
 'Iviisum ('(.uuMil Lla.sti.Ts, 
 
908 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 This shows ;in incroasc in all the niinoral constituents, 
 but especially in lime, nia}:;'iiesia, and potash. 
 
 The theories of the action of j^ypsuni as a fertilizer 
 have been many. Sir Humphrj' Davy and others before 
 and after his time have regarded gypsum as a direct 
 source of plant food. It is now thought that gypsum 
 acts as a fertilizer in three wavs, one mechanical and 
 two chemical: 
 
 (1) The gypsum bj' mechanical action flocculates 
 loose soils. 
 
 (2) Gypsum as pointed out by Storer' has nearl3^oue- 
 half its weight in oxygen and gives this up to many 
 substances, and so may act upon nitrogenous and car- 
 boniferous substances in the soil. 
 
 (3) Gypsum decomposes the doul)le silicates in the 
 earth, setting free potash as a soluble silicate. Accord- 
 ing to Storer, the action is as follows: 
 
 >XSiO„-CaOSO,= 
 
 XsiO., +K2OSO3 
 
 By this means the potash in solution reaches the roots 
 of the plants. Soils with abundant potash do not need 
 land plaster, and soils with no potash compounds are 
 not benefited in this respect by it. 
 
 Planter <>f Par Ik. — The phenomena attendant upon 
 the baking and hardening of plaster of Paris were first 
 studied hy Lavoisier. In the Comptes Rendus of Feb- 
 ruary 17, 1765, appears the following: "After having 
 removed the water of hydration from gypsum i)y h(>at, 
 if it be presented to it again (this is conmionly known 
 as the mixing or tempering of plaster), it takes it back 
 with avidity, and suddenly assumes a state of irregular 
 crj-stallization; the small t-rystals which form become 
 confused with each other, the result being a ver3' hard 
 mass." Lavoisier discovered that when plaster was 
 baked at too high a temperature it lost its peculiar 
 property of setting, and that when it was heated the 
 water of crystallization was removed at two different 
 stages, three-fourths of it being mucli more easily 
 renioved than the remainder. Payen, in 1S8(), found 
 that gj'psum began to lose its water of crystallization 
 at 11.5" C, and that the loss increased rapidly as the 
 temperature rose. He concluded that a temperature of 
 from 110'^ to 120'-' C. was the best for calcination, hut 
 that plaster of Paris could >)e made at a lower tempera- 
 ture, even as low as 80" C, if the burning were t'on- 
 tinued long enough. He found that gypsum was 
 dehydrated if heated to about '250- C.,and fi'om 30()- to 
 400'-' C. it lost completely the properties of hydi-ation. 
 
 Le Chatelier experimented in 1887 on the etl'ects of 
 temperature on gj'psum. On heating gvpsum to 200'-' 
 C, he found that there was a constant rise in tempera- 
 ture, with two ))reaks; the hrst halt at 128 C and the 
 second at 1(>-!'" C, indicating the existence of two dif- 
 ferent hydrates, whose decomposition took place at the 
 
 temperatures stated. The dehydration was found to 
 be incomplete at 155- C. and complete at 194'- C. 
 An analj'sis of the first hydrate gave: 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Water 6.7 
 
 Calriuni sulphate 93. .3 
 
 100.0 
 
 This agrees very closely with the formula (CaSOJj 
 H,,0, which gives: 
 
 Pur cent. 
 Water 6.2 
 
 Calcium sulphate 93. 8 
 
 100.0 
 
 Gypsum has 1 part of calcium sulphate united with 2 
 parts of water, while this hydrate shows 2 parts of cal- 
 cium sulphate united with 1 part of water. The same 
 hj^drate is found in the incrustation of the boilers of 
 ocean steamers when fed with sea water, as shown b}^ 
 the following analysis: 
 
 AiKilijsig iifhniliT iiiiritsliitioii ffdin a triniK-Atlmilic steamer. 
 
 Caleiuiii earliiinate 
 
 Ferric oxiile 
 
 Wate 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 0. 3 
 
 . - 2.0 
 
 ' Chemistry of Agriculture, Vol. I, 1K«7, pages '2()t> to 216. 
 
 Calcium sulphate 91. 9 
 
 100. 
 
 The temperature at which this compound is com- 
 pletely dehydrated lies between 1H((- and 170- C. 
 Broken up and mixed with water, it hydrates and 
 hardens. Further experiments showed plaster of Paris 
 to l)e :i definite hydrate with the formula (CaSOj).,H„0. 
 
 The second halt noticed in Le Chatelier's experiments 
 took place tit 163- C, and from this temp(>rature to 
 221 C. no change was noted in the plaster, but beyond 
 221 C. the plaster, when mixed with water, did not ab- 
 sorb it readily and set only after a long time. If the 
 heat reaches 343=' C, the plaster acts like an tmhydrite 
 and is said to be "dead burned." It will not set on the 
 addition of water. When heated still more the sub- 
 stance melts and, on cooling, forms a crystalline mass, 
 which can not he decomposed by heat, except i)\ the 
 presence of organic matter, when it changes into CaS. 
 If this suljstance is acted upon by car))on dioxide gas 
 (CO.,) and water, sulphureted hydrogen gas is formed. 
 
 The burning of gypsum is, therefore, a very impor- 
 tant Diatter, and calciners become very expert. If the 
 gypsum is underburned, the new hydrate is not formed, 
 and the plaster will not set. If it is overburned, the 
 plaster sets very slowly. 
 
 Lavoisier gave the following account of his theory of 
 set in plaster: 
 
 I took the calcined plaster, which hardens readily with -\vater, 
 and threw it into a considerable amount of water. l-:ach molecule 
 of plaster, in passing through the licjuid, seized its molecule of 
 water of crystallization and fell to the bottom in the form of small 
 brilliant needles, visible only with a strong lens. These needles, 
 dried in the open air or with the aid of a moderate heat, are very 
 
GYPSUM. 
 
 909 
 
 soft and silky to the touch. Under a microscope it is perceived 
 that what was taken under the lens for needles are also parallel- 
 opipeds, very fine, some thicker, many thinner, and many more 
 elongated. The plaster in this state is not capable of unitinj; with 
 water, but if it is calcined anew these small crystals lose their 
 transparency and their water of crystallization and become again a 
 true plaster, as perfect as before. One may, in this fashion, success- 
 fully calcine and recrystallize the plaster, even to infinity, and con- 
 sequently give to it at will the property of seizing water. 
 
 Landrin, who, in a paper published in 1874/ quoted 
 the above, and gave the re.sults of a study of plaster, 
 divided the set of plaster into four periods as follows: 
 
 (1) The calcined plaster, on contact with water, unites 
 with this liquid and takes a cr3'stalline form. 
 
 (2) The plaster dissolves partially in the water, which 
 becomes saturated with this salt. 
 
 (3) A part of this liquid evapoi-ates, due to the heat 
 set free in the chemical combination. A cr^'stal is 
 formed and determines the crystallization of the entire 
 mass, a phenomenon which is analogous to that which 
 takes place when a piece of sodium sulphate is placed 
 in a saturated solution of this salt. 
 
 (4) The maximum hardness is reached when the plas- 
 ter loses enough water to correspond exactly to the 
 formula (CaSOJ.jHgO, this maximum lieing to the 
 remainder in proportion to the quantity of water 
 added to the plaster to transform it into mortar. 
 
 The maximum hardness then was reached when 
 the plaster contained about 20 per cent of water. 
 Landrin believed that the loss of water was due to the 
 evaporation. 
 
 Le Chatelier showed that plaster would set in a 
 vacuum, so that evaporation was not a necessary step. 
 According to Le Chatelier, the plaster of Paris dis- 
 solves, becomes hydrated, and then crj'stallizes out 
 as gypsum, and every particle of the plaster goes 
 through these steps. 
 
 Microscopic examination" shows that ground gypsum, 
 before calcination, is composed of rather large masses 
 of various sizes, these masses con.sisting of more or 
 less broken crystals. After calcination these larger 
 masses are broken up into fine granules nearly uniform 
 in size and shape. As the material is heated, the water 
 is changed into steam and, expanding, breaks the crys- 
 tals into finer particles. There is thus a physical change, 
 as well as a chemical one. 
 
 When water is added to the calcined plaster, small 
 needle-like crystals are seen forming and shooting out 
 here and there, and these, as they become more almn- 
 dant, unite and form a solid mass, in which the indi- 
 vidual crystals can scarcely be distinguished. Open 
 spaces left in the mass are finally closed and a firm 
 solid mass results. 
 
 Uncalcined gypsum treated with water shows, under 
 the microscope, very little change. Gypsum crystal- 
 
 'Annales de Chimie, 1874. 
 
 '■'University Geological Survey of Kansas, Vol. V, Repurt on 
 Cxypsum and Gypsum Cement Plasters, pages 92 to 95. 
 
 lized by evaporation shows crystals which are not 
 needle-shaped, but ))roader and of considerable irregu- 
 laritv- They do not hiterpenetratc, ).)ut form a loose 
 mass which readily crumbles. 
 
 Crystallization is aided by the small size of the grains, 
 and the finer-grained plasters set more rapidly than the 
 coarser-grained ones, as shown l)y the comparison of 
 the fine dental plasters with ordinary plaster of Paris. 
 
 Mativfiicture. — In the manufacture of plaster of Paris 
 the gypsum rock is crushed and ground into flour in a 
 buhr mill, a roller mill, or a disintegrator. The ground 
 gypsum is then passed into storage bins. In some mills 
 the flour gypsum is conveyed to the bins by an air blast. 
 
 The calcining kettles are made of boiler steel and 
 hold about 8 tons; the flame is carried around the sides, 
 by flues, so as to heat all parts. In charging, the 
 ground gypsum is run slowly into the kettle, which is 
 kept at a temperature of 212° F. or over; about an 
 hour and a half is consumed in filling to a depth of 5 
 feet. The material is kept in motion by a mechanical 
 stirrer, it being of the greatest importance that the 
 partly calcined plaster shall not remain in contact with 
 the heated iron. The slow filling tends to keep the 
 heat constant or nearly so during the charging, and 
 as the boiling increases the plaster is occasionally 
 thrown in "waves" out of the kettle. The heated 
 material l:>oils like thick cream, and runs almost like 
 water. The lioiling is, of course, due to the escape of 
 the water of crystallization and the hygroscopic water 
 that may be present. The boiling takes about three 
 hours; a short time before completion, when the tem- 
 perature reaches 270- F., there is a sudden settling 
 down and the steam ceases to rise, marking the period 
 of formation of the first hj^drate. Soon the mass 
 begins to boil again; after a certain time, quite accu- 
 rately determined by the expert calciner, when a tem- 
 perature of approximatelj' 350- F. is reached, the 
 charge is done, the discharge gate is opened, and the 
 finished product runs out into a vault. The refilling of 
 the kettle for the succeeding charge begins at once. 
 
 Hidarders. — As plaster of Paris, when mixed with 
 water, sets in from six to ten minutes, material is incor- 
 porated therewith, either during its manufacture or at 
 the time of its preparation for use, to delaj' or hold 
 back the set, in order that the cement plaster can be 
 prepared in quantity and applied with uniform results. 
 These compounds or admixtures are known as retarders 
 or restrainers. In the early days of cement plaster, 
 glue was added by the workman when he prepared the 
 material for use; but now. to secure uniform results, 
 the retardor is, as a rule, incorporated with the plaster 
 in the process of manufacture. Citric acid was used 
 for a time, liut this was expensive, and the results were 
 often uneven. As magnesian limes set more slowly 
 than calcareous limes, it was thought that the addition 
 of magnesian limestone would serve as a retarder, but 
 the use of this substance is said not to be a success. 
 
910 
 
 MINES AND t^UARRIKS. 
 
 Ill the days of the Romans, hlood was used to retard 
 the set of plaster of Paris, and organic matter from 
 slaughterhouse refuse (tankage, bones, hair, etc.), forms 
 the base of many of the retarders now in use. 
 
 Any substance which, when added to the water with 
 which calcined gypsum is mixed, or to the dry plaster, 
 will keep the molecules apart or from too close con- 
 tact will delay the crystallization and retard the set- 
 ting. Such substances are dirt or organic matter not 
 of a crystalline character. Insoluble material or car- 
 bonates of the alkaline earths will dilute the plaster so 
 that it will not set as quickly as the unadulterated plas- 
 ter. Whether a retarder weakens the cement plaster 
 or not is a disputed question among architects and 
 plasterers, although it is conceded that the addition of 
 too much foreign material reduces the strength of the 
 mass of interlacing crystals. As a general rule the 
 prolongation of the period of crystallization or set is 
 determined by the quantity of retarder added to or 
 incorporated with the plaster. Calcined plaster which 
 sets slowlj', whether retarded or not, is known as cement 
 plaster. 
 
 AcceJerators. — It is a well-known fact that when a 
 salt crj^stal is dropped into a supersaturated solution of 
 a salt, as for instance sodium sulphate, the whole mass 
 immediately crystallizes. Crystals, or (>ven solid par- 
 ticles of foreign material, will hasten the crystalliza- 
 tion. Hence, to make a quick-setting plaster, as for 
 dental use, some other crystallizing salt, as alum or 
 borax, is added, in small quantity', to the calcined gyp- 
 sum. The result is that, after solution, the addeil salt 
 has a tendency to crystallize, and thus starts the process 
 in the dehj'drated gypsum. 
 
 I'r<iceKws for Jwrdiii iinj pluKti-r. — When calcined gyp- 
 sum is steeped in a solution containing from 8 to lo 
 per cent of alum, and then dried and again burned with 
 a dull red heat of unif(jrin and constant temperature 
 (Crreen wood's process), a plaster is prcjduced which 
 after setting is \ery nmch harder than the ordinary 
 plaster. Casts made of such plaster solidify gradually, 
 but finally acquire a hardness similar to that of ala- 
 baster or marble, and present a translucent appear- 
 ance resembling these substances. According to 
 Landrin, this change in the plaster is not to be 
 accounted for bj^ the formation of double sulpliates of 
 lime and alkali, nor by the crystals of calcium sulphate 
 
 being embedded in alumina; but rather by the calcium 
 carbonate in the plaster stone being converted by the 
 alum into calcium sulphate. A liquid containing from 
 S to 10 per cent of sulphuric acid acts in a similar man- 
 ner. Landrin analj^zed alum plasters with the following 
 
 results: 
 
 Laiiilriit'ii iiiiiili/srs iif iiliiiii iilustera. 
 
 IIFSCKIPTION' OF SPECIMENS 
 
 l'llS04. 
 
 
 CONSTITUENTS. 
 
 
 (ALUM PLASTERS). 
 
 CaCO:,. 
 
 SiO.. 
 
 HmO. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Frenrli cement 
 
 EiiKliwh cement, Xc 1 
 
 English cement. No. '1 
 
 Stucco 
 
 96.76 
 98.19 1 
 98.02 ( 
 98.0.5 
 
 1.0.5 
 0.41 
 0.37 
 0.36 
 
 0.72 
 
 1.48 
 1.40 
 1.19 
 1.08 
 
 100 
 100 
 
 0.12 
 0..51 
 
 100 
 100 
 
 These figures show that the alum cements are of 
 great jjurit}' and have no trace of alumina or potash. 
 
 Keene's hard cement is produced by impregnating 
 plaster of Paris with a solution of 1 part of borax and 
 1 part of cream of tartar in IS parts of water, drying 
 and burning at a low red heat for six hours. Borax 
 alone .serves the purpose. The plaster hardens more 
 slowlj' as the solution is more concentrated. 
 
 Silicated plaster is formed b}' sponging the surface 
 of plaster casts with a solution formed bj- first adding 
 whey, free from fatty matter, to a potash lye solution 
 made by adding 1 part of potash to 5 parts of water, 
 and afterwards mixing 1 parts of this with a simple 
 solution of potassium silicate. 
 
 Stearin melted at not too high a temperature has 
 b(>en employed as a bath in whidi plaster casts are 
 immersed. 
 
 Landrin finmd that liin(> had gi'cat influence on plas- 
 ters. By mixing lime with the plaster in different pro- 
 portions, not to exceed 1(.> per cent, \w obtained plaster 
 which set regularly, b(>caine very hard. ;nid took a high 
 polish. 
 
 A large munber of patents have been issued for re- 
 tarding compounds and admixtures, and for prepared 
 plasters, as well as for processes of manufacture and 
 for hardening gypsum, and a digest of the same will be 
 found in tin appendix. There have also lieen issued 
 some iiSo or more patents for improvements in the arts 
 involving the use of gypsum or plaster of Paris in the 
 manufacture of artificial stone, wall and roofing 
 cements, pa\-ements, crayons, blackboards, heat insu- 
 lating composition, etc. 
 
GYPSUM. 
 
 Table <!.— DETAILED 8KJIJIAKY: 1!H)2. 
 
 911 
 
 Number of mines or quarries 
 
 Number ol operators 
 
 Character of ownership: 
 
 Individual 
 
 Firm 
 
 Incorporated company 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Total number 
 
 Total suhiries 
 
 General otticers— 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Superintendents, mana^'ers, foremen, surveyors, el 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Foremen below ground — 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Clerks- 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Aggregate average number : 
 
 Aggregate wages 
 
 Above ground- 
 Total average number 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Engineers, firemen, and other mechanics- 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miners or rjuarrymcn— 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Boys under 16 years- 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 All other wage-earners- 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages _ 
 
 Below ground — 
 
 Total average number 
 
 Total wage.s 
 
 Miners- 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at specified daily rati's u 
 Engineers — 
 
 SI .'Jo to $1.49 
 
 Sl.n0tnSl.74 
 
 SI. 75 to §1.99 
 
 S2.00 to S2.24 
 
 S2.25 to S2.49 
 
 S2.50 to S2.74 
 
 S3.00 to S3.24 - - 
 
 S4.00 to S4.24 
 
 Firemen- 
 Si .UO to 81 .24 
 
 SI. SO to SI. 74 
 
 .^1 .75 to SI .99 •- 
 
 S2.00 to $2.24 
 
 S2.2n to S2.49 
 
 S2.50 to S2.74 - 
 
 Machinists, blacksmiths, carpenters, and utlier mi'cha 
 
 SI. 25 to S1.49 
 
 SI .50 to SI .74 
 
 SI. 75 to SI .99 
 
 S2.00 to S2.24 
 
 S2.25 to S2.49 
 
 S3.00 to S3. 24 
 
 $4.00 to S4.24 
 
 S4.25 and over 
 
 Miners or quarrymen— 
 
 SI. 25 to $1 .49 
 
 SI . 50 to SI . 74 
 
 Si .75 to SI. 99 
 
 S2.00 to S2.24 
 
 S2.25 tQ S2.49 
 
 S2.50 to S2.74 
 
 S3.00 to S3.24 
 
 Bovs under 16 years— 
 
 ■ S0.50 to S0.74 
 
 All other wage-earner.s— 
 
 $0.75 to S0.99 
 
 $1.00 to S1.24 
 
 81 .25 to SI. 49 
 
 S1.50 to $1.74 
 
 Sl.75 to$1.99 
 
 S2.00 to $2.24 
 
 S2.25 to S2.49 
 
 S3.00 to $3.24 
 
 United 
 
 States. 
 
 249 j 
 $300,420 ' 
 
 873, 93(i 
 
 113 
 
 r2 
 
 8s, wx 
 
 92 
 $CA. 441 
 
 1 , 472 
 S7r>9, 2ri,H 
 
 1,0X5 
 t5Bl,593 
 
 101 
 Sra, 744 
 
 246 
 
 J121,546 
 
 Jiri, SKA 
 
 }l,l'i25 
 
 11 
 
 JU, 550 
 
 3 
 
 82, 22K 
 
 4 
 
 t2, 480 
 
 293 
 70, »28 
 
 149 
 
 S»6, 020 
 
 13 
 
 87, 531 
 
 I 
 S704 
 
 5 
 
 19 
 820. 1 5(1 
 
 <i 
 810,000 
 
 
 86,110 
 
 1 
 9900 
 
 146 
 871,2i;i 
 
 119 
 
 S.5K, 026 
 
 10 
 86, 254 
 
 12 
 
 85, 973 
 
 Jlicliigan. New Vnrk. Okliih(^ina. 
 
 ^VVO-i"*^- r^^a?i^r 
 
 8171,245 
 
 815,700 
 
 64 
 tlOX,656 
 
 1 
 8X25 
 
 .5X 
 846,064 
 
 359 
 8176,607 
 
 313 
 81.52, 143 
 
 28 
 817, X.HO 
 
 119 
 
 ., 256 
 
 832 
 
 824 
 83, 
 82 
 82 
 8100, 
 
 867 
 86, 
 
 820, 
 
 111 66 
 
 40X , 834,408 
 
 42 
 116 
 
 9 
 
 So, 878 
 
 16 
 88, 309 
 
 , 600 
 
 12 
 
 88, 208 
 
 6 
 84,228 
 
 6 
 ,400 
 
 4 
 82, 962 
 
 1 
 $1, 600 
 
 , 075 
 
 6 
 
 84, 700 
 
 81,703 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 , 705 
 
 
 
 6 
 ,420 
 
 8616 
 
 3 
 
 8925 
 
 214 
 ,996 
 
 66 
 834, 408 
 
 15 
 87, 675 
 
 819, 
 82, 
 
 8s, 
 
 1.5 
 
 87,675 I 8145, 
 
 1 I 
 8532 i 818, 
 
 15 
 13 
 
 5 
 4 
 4 
 
 43 
 ;, 106 
 
 9 
 ,649 
 
 18 
 .301 
 
 3 
 290 
 
 13 
 866 
 
 379 
 ',483 
 
 282 
 913 
 
 28 
 934 
 
 3 .53 
 
 81,3«0 , 829,808 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ■'5 
 
 
 12 
 
 '?. 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 
 4 
 
 90 
 18 
 
 3 
 
 
 s' 
 
 9 
 
 47 
 
 329 
 1.58 
 
 23 
 52 
 22 
 16 
 21 
 
 149 
 
 16 
 1 
 
 60 
 ■'1 
 
 3 .... 
 
 
 10 
 
 ■)0 
 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 4 
 
 27 
 27 
 88 
 37 
 
 55 
 
 
 20 
 57 
 14 
 6 
 
 163" 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 11 .... 
 
 5 .. 
 29 .... 
 
 416 
 161 
 64 
 
 7 
 96 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 ' 9 
 
 1 Includes operators distributed as follows: California, 1: 
 South Dakota, 2; Texas, 2; Utah, 1; Virginia, 2. 
 
 Colorado, 1; Montana, 2: Nevada, 1: Ohio (2 mines; operator reported in Michigan); (jrej.tnii, i; 
 
912 
 
 M1NK8 AND QUARRIES. 
 
 T.\Bi,i.: 0.— DJ<:TAILEI) SUMMARY: 1902— Continued. 
 
 
 United 
 .States. 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 Kansas. 
 
 Michigan. 
 
 New York. 
 
 Oklahoma. 
 
 Wyoming. 
 
 All other 
 states. 
 
 Average number of wage-earners i^mjiloyi'd dnriiiR- viu-U inuiith: 
 Men 16 years and over- 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May - . 
 
 770 
 1,271 
 1,;M4 
 1 , 450 
 1,621 
 1,608 
 1,.590 
 1,499 
 1,693 
 1,683 
 1,6.56 
 1,.5S3 
 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 3 
 
 $40li 
 
 $200, 769 
 $49, 912 
 $150, 8.57 
 $341,760 
 
 816, 478 
 674,232 
 
 681,633 
 $2, 089, 341 
 
 ,81,4.55 
 $93, 914 
 
 60, 791 
 $106, 237 
 
 .539, 387 
 $1,889,190 
 
 7,319 
 
 68 
 6, :i85 
 
 20 
 
 11 
 914 
 
 5 
 68 
 
 127 
 251 
 225 
 218 
 231 
 332 
 318 
 323 
 
 :187 
 
 393 
 374 
 337 
 
 109 
 138 
 144 
 1.53 
 1.52 
 149 
 145 
 143 
 170 
 155 
 1,50 
 144 
 
 142 
 350 
 3.50 
 400 
 399 
 401 
 402 
 403 
 402 
 353 
 3.53 
 353 
 
 68 
 194 
 198 
 203 
 221 
 217 
 222 
 230 
 247 
 262 
 2.54 
 
 24 
 49 
 49 
 49 
 69 
 67 
 67 
 67 
 67 
 92 
 102 
 90 
 
 8 
 12 
 16 
 15 
 16 
 15 
 18 
 16 
 16 
 18 
 15 
 15 
 
 292 
 277 
 822 
 412 
 433 
 427 
 
 July 
 
 August _ 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 418 
 317 
 404 
 410 
 
 November 
 
 408 
 
 December 
 
 Boys under 16 years- 
 
 392 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 April 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 Mav 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 Tulv 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 September 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 December 
 
 Contract work: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8406 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses: 
 Total 
 
 $6,. 505 
 $1,088 
 $5,417 
 $47, 683 
 
 1.50,323 
 147,723 
 
 120,779 
 $3:37, 734 
 
 600 
 $900 
 
 2,000 
 $3,000 
 
 118,179 
 $:!33, 834 
 
 1,.305 
 14 
 
 i,:»5 
 
 $27, 181 
 $3,. 507 
 $23, 674 
 $25, 626 
 
 62, 101 
 59, 770 
 
 .50, 147 
 $205, ,560 
 
 $44,715 
 
 814,081 
 $7, .501 
 $6, .5X0 
 
 8:n.i75 
 
 110,364 
 75, 230 
 
 95, 318 
 82.59, 170 
 
 9,1.53 
 815, 184 
 
 25, 981 
 $43, 750 
 
 60, 184 
 $200,2.36 
 
 1,469 
 
 13 
 
 1,225 
 
 2 
 20 
 • 
 
 6 
 224 
 
 811,118 
 $7, 605 
 $3, 513 
 
 $24. 097 
 
 :34, 1.56 
 34, 1.56 
 
 27,325 
 8111,215 
 
 $4,4.52 
 
 $817 
 
 $3,635 
 
 $15, .523 
 
 9,801 
 9,801 
 
 7,, 841 
 $38, 372 
 
 $92, 717 
 
 Rovalties and rents of mine and minintr I'lant 
 
 Rent of offices, taxes, insurance, interest, and other sundries. 
 
 Product: 
 
 $29, 394 
 
 $44, 715 
 $.88,634 
 
 240, 227 
 1.58, :520 
 
 208, .563 
 84.59, 621 
 
 68, 885 
 $70, 460 
 
 13,022 
 816, 340 
 
 126, 6.56 
 $372, ,821 
 
 1,675 
 
 11 
 1,.566 
 
 863, 323 
 $109, 022 
 
 209. 506 
 
 
 189, 232 
 
 
 171,660 
 
 Total value 
 
 8677,669 
 
 Crude— 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Value 
 
 2,817 
 
 
 
 $7 370 
 
 Land plaster- 
 Quantity 
 
 2,:B1 
 $3,497 
 
 47,816 
 $202,063 
 
 5.55 
 
 ,s 
 4.55 
 
 
 
 17,457 
 
 
 
 839 650 
 
 Calcined plaster — 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Value 
 
 Power owned: 
 
 27, 325 
 $111,215 
 
 4:50 
 
 m 
 
 7, .841 
 $38,372 
 
 212 
 
 3 
 212 
 
 151,3,86 
 86:i0, 649 
 
 1,673 
 
 Steam — 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 Gas or gasoline — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^\ater ^vheels— 
 
 
 1 
 
 100 
 
 1 
 110 
 
 1 
 25 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Electric motors — 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 43 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 DIGEST OF UNITED STATES PATENTS.' 
 
 GYPSUM AND PLASTER UF PARIS. 
 
 I — Processes. 
 
 II — Retaruers. 
 
 I — Frocefises. 
 
 1S61 — October 9, 1839. J. D. Greenwood and R. W. Keexe. 
 
 Cement for forming artificial stone. 
 
 Gypsum is saturated with water in which 1 pound ot alum to 
 the gallon has been dissolved and then dried and calcined. 
 211066 — December 17, 1878. C. T. Tomkins. Preparing gypxiim 
 
 for use in paper making and other purposes. 
 
 Minutely crystalline sulphate of lime is formed by sulijecting 
 gypsvim to continuous agitation in a tank with water and to a con- 
 tinuous circulation. 
 S08111 — November IS, 1884- J. H. Trickey. Art or proresx of and 
 
 composition for making artificial stone. 
 
 It is composed of plaster of Paris, glycerin, and water, and is 
 boiled in a solution of brimstone after becoming set and dried. 
 30961^— December -2^, 1884. E- B. Eason and J. J. JMcCtEveny. 
 
 Cement compjosition for molding brick, etc. 
 
 A mixture of gypsum and ashes in about equal proportions in a 
 dry pulverized state is boiled in water without agitation until the 
 water is evaporated and the mass dried out. 
 326047 — September 8, 188.5. W. Manning. Process of treating 
 
 gypsum. 
 
 Alabaster in the form of a dry precipitated powder is formed by 
 subjecting gypsum to grinding, calcining, and agitation in water, 
 then floating in a floating apparatus, then forcing through a filter, 
 and afterwards drying, crushing, and grinding. 
 342784 — June 1, 1886. U. Cu.mjiings. Manufacture of cement. 
 
 For the manufacture of a hydraulic or Portland cement a mix- 
 ture of clay 400 pounds and gypsum 1,266 pounds is calcined. 
 343ISI — .Tune 8, 1886. E. W. Marsh. Process of cedcining gypsum. 
 
 Ground gypsum in a suitably constructed kettle is exposed to the 
 heat of superheated steam. 
 395159 — December 25, 1888. W. Manning. Process of treating 
 
 gyXJSitrn. 
 
 To produce an impalpable opaque anhydrous powder, gypsum is 
 subjected to a second calcination and subsequent reduction by 
 crushing and grinding. 
 519259 — May 1, 1894. H. C. HiGGiNSON. Manufacture of plaster. 
 
 The plaster is heated to about 39.5°, then cooled to about 365°, 
 and then given a temperature of about 3.H0° and discharged at such 
 temperature. 
 649151 — November 5, 1895. G. W. Parker. Process of trading 
 
 gyp>surn rock to imitate chalcedony. 
 
 The rock is dehydrated by the action of hot air, and the porous 
 rock is then allowed to absorb a solution of sulphate of iron, nitric 
 
 1 Printed copies of patents are sold by the 
 30223—04 — -58 
 
 acid, and potassium sulphocyanide, after which it is immersed in 
 a solution of aluminum sulphate, AU (SO,).,, for 15 hours, then 
 exposed to the air and polished. 
 
 588287— August 17, 1897. G. W. Parker. Process if treating gyp- 
 sum rock to imitate marble. 
 
 The moisture is first removed from the rock by the action of hot 
 air, then the hot rock is placed in a closed compartment charged 
 with the fumes of ammonia, and the cool rock is then immediately 
 immersed in a solution of aluminum sul]ihate until the pores are 
 filled. 
 
 624709~May 9, 1899. F. P. V.iN Hook. Method of piroducmg p>las- 
 
 ter products. 
 
 The material is calcined to a pulverulent condition and then, 
 while intensely heated, subjected to the action of a current ot coW 
 air of such strength that the particles are taken up and carried in 
 suspension, and rapidlj' cooled. 
 655,501 — August 7, 1900. L. PI. Merceron-Vicat. Artificial cement. 
 
 Natural marly limestone, or a prepared mixture of calcareous 
 matter and clay, containing sulphur, is calcined and then fused 
 under oxidizing conditions, thereby removing the sulphur while 
 the materials are in a state of fusion. 
 
 66I247 — Norember 6, 1900. W . R. Johnson. Proce.ts of reririfying 
 
 old plaster of Paris. 
 
 It is subjected to two heatings and an intermediate wetting with 
 acidulated water, the first heating effecting a more complete re- 
 moval of water than the second, while the intermediate wetting 
 serves to rehydrate the burnt plaster. 
 
 674760— May 21, 1901. k. E. Cummer. Proce.ts of treating hydrous 
 
 comjjounds. 
 
 The raw material is heated until dehydration has commenced 
 and has been partially completed, and then the dehydration is 
 completed liy the resident heat of the material out of contact with 
 the air. 
 
 678412— July 16, 1901. W. Lessing. Process of burning cement, 
 
 gypsum, etc. 
 
 The ground raw material is heated to a white heat and dropped 
 downwardly against a column of flame, then cooled, and the result- 
 ing heat used for generating steam and for the preliminary wann- 
 ing of the material. 
 
 ll—Retarders. 
 
 1012.5.-S— March 29, 1870. A. H. Fre.\r. Manufacture of artificial 
 stone. 
 
 Employs an aqueous saccharine solution of litharge in the man- 
 ufacture of artificial stone. 
 165633 — Jidy 13, 1875. A. B0A6. Composition for stone cements. 
 
 Calcined gypsum is saturated with a solution of 1 pound of salt- 
 peter to 4 gallons of water; it is then dried and ground. 
 226261— MarcJi. 9, 1880. 0. F. Woodward. Composition for mak- 
 ing molded articles of manufacture. 
 
 Gypsum and rosin, say in the proportion of 125 pounds of gyp- 
 sum and 100 pounds of rosin, are mixed together under heat. 
 Commissioner of Patents at b cents each. 
 
 (913) 
 
914 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 29150S — Jdimarij S, ISS4. H. Graf. Pladt'riiuj couqiosilioii. 
 
 Uiries glue and glycerine, together with plaster of Paris, .slaked 
 lime, sawdust, and hair. 
 3316S0, 3316S1—July 7, 1885. E. and E. W. Maksh. ( 'oiitpo.iHloi, of 
 
 matter to he used as a plaster for building }iurposes. 
 
 Uses as retarder resin lae dissolved in a solution of caustic soda. 
 S68594 — Aiujust i'3, 1SS7 . G. R. Kisu. Comjmund In retrain, the 
 
 setting of plaster. 
 
 The restrainer consists of glue and ground atone. 
 390157~Septemher 25, 1S8S. J. Coy. Composition of matter for 
 
 ]il(istering, etc. 
 
 The restrainer consists of glue, Irish moss, molasses, and tartaric 
 acid. 
 
 391889,391890— October 30, 1888. J. H. FiTZ(iERALn. Plastering 
 
 composition. 
 
 Uses sugar as a restrainer. 
 39Z5S8— November 6, 1888. C. Straub. CoinposHion of building 
 
 material for architectural jmrposes. 
 
 Magnesia is mixed with dissolved glue or gelatinous matter, 
 hydrocarbon compound, acid, and pulverized calcineil material, 
 the magnesia producing a smooth and glossy surface. 
 S97S96— February 5, 1889. Ct. R. Kinc;. Compovnd to restrain, the 
 
 setting of plaster, etc. 
 
 It is composed essentially of animal gelatinous or vegetable glu- 
 tinous matter and hydratcd lime. 
 409013— August 13, 1889. M. B. Church. Ornamentation of ualls. 
 
 A fatty matter such as oil or glycerine is adiled as a retanler to 
 alabastine, a mixture of calcined gypsum and glue. 
 43S171 — February 25, 1890. G. West. Composition of matter for 
 
 architecturcd purposes. 
 
 A compound of glue and sal soda to be useil with plastering 
 material. 
 422269 — February 25, 1890. G. AVe.st. Plastering com/jound. 
 
 A compound of glue, dextrin, and sal soda to be used with 
 plastering material. 
 422^70— February 25, 1890. <.t. AVest. Composition of matter for 
 
 architectural purposes. 
 
 It consists essentially of glue or other well-known retarder and 
 boracic acid. 
 427591— May 13, 1890. R. B. anil E. H. ilAKTix. Kall-coirring 
 
 composition. 
 
 Citric acid is used as a retarder. 
 4SS743— August 5, 1890. S. S. Ruston, W. E. Hopkins, and B. 
 
 KrsTON. Process of manufacturing pjlastering compounds. 
 
 A dry jiulverulent restraining compound is produced by <lis- 
 solving the restraining suljstance in water, and mixing therewith 
 a dry, aljsorbent, comminuted material, biy stirring under the 
 application of heat, until it isconverteil to a dry, pulverulent state. 
 433899 — Augu.it 5, 1890. II. LeichsenrIiVG. Artificial jila.iter. 
 
 It consists of glyoolline, plaster of Paris, and water. 
 4.37140— Sejitember 23, 1890. .J. Kicki.er. Process of calcining 
 
 gypsum. 
 
 The retarding agent is incorporated with the plaster during the 
 process of calcining, and while it is in a njolten condition ami 
 firior to complete calcination. 
 44-5211 — .January 27, 1891. E. Watson. Composition of matter for 
 
 retarding the setting of plaster. 
 
 Hair is boiled with an alkali, caustic soda or potash, and used in 
 liquid form, or evaporated and reduced to a powder. 
 44i;004— February 17, 1891. E. Watson. Composition if matter frr 
 
 restraining the setting of jilaxirr romjiounds. 
 
 A <lry leguminous substance, such as peas, beans, lentils, etc., 
 treated with a solution of caustic alkali, mixed with an alkaline 
 earth or a salt of an alkaline earth, or a salt of a caustic alkali, 
 dried and pulverized. 
 
 4523411 — May IJ, 1891. I. C. Hart. Plastering compound. 
 
 Lime is dry slaked with glue water. 
 450297 — .July 21, 1891. A. Anthony. Plastering conrpositicju. 
 
 Uses as a retarder in a specified plastering composition a suV>- 
 mixture of sugar, slaked lime, and Ijicarbonate of soda. 
 .'i5S742 — Seplendier 1, I8<.tl. E. Watson. Composition of matter for 
 
 restraining the setting of plaster. 
 
 A mixture of flaxseed or oil meal cake and an alkali, as carbon- 
 ate of soda or potash, is reduced to a dry powder. 
 4587-}3 — September 1, 1891. E. Watson. Compositiim of matter for 
 
 restraining the setting of pjlaater . 
 
 Comminuted hoof, horn, or feathers is di.ssolved Ijy boiling in a 
 Solution of caustic alkali, dried, and reduced to a powder. 
 462678 — November 10, 1891. (j. W. Abell. Conrpositirjn of matter 
 
 for wall coverings. 
 
 A mixture of white lead, litharge, sugar, linseed (oil cake) meal, 
 lime, calcined gypsum, sand, and water, in specified proportions. 
 465614 — December 22, 1891. (b E. Coy. Compound to restrain the 
 
 setting of pilaster, and process of making the same. 
 
 A mixture of pulverous quicklime, glue, and flour. 
 469394 — February 23, 1892. (i. W. Abell. Corrqjosition of matter 
 
 for covering vxills or other surfaces. 
 
 A mixture of dry oxide of zinc, sugar, flour of sulphur, wood 
 pulp, linseed (oil cake) meal, ground gypsum, lime, sand, and water 
 in specified proportions. 
 472322 — April 5, 1892. E. W.atson. t.'omposition for retarding the 
 
 solidification of calcined gypsum. 
 
 It consists es.sentially of calcined gypsum and "tank water;" to 
 retar<l the setting from half an hour to three hours or more, from 
 2 to 10 gallons to a ton of calcined gypsum, or of the semisolid sub- 
 stance, stick, fnim 2 to 10 pounds to the ton, or from o to 15 pounds 
 of dry material, formed by mixing any earthy substance, siliceous 
 or aluminous, with tank water and drying and pulverizing. 
 472511— April 5, 1892. W. Robin.son. ]Vidl plaster. 
 
 A mixture of sand, plaster of Paris, glue, lime, clay, alum, and 
 starcli. 
 478951— .July 12, 1892. C. Cassteel. Plaster. 
 
 A composition consisting of water, lime, gypsum, and coke, or 
 brick dust, with a small jiroportion of a mixture of sugar, alum, 
 and lime as a retarder. 
 
 479060— .July 19, 1892. E. W. Dickie.^ Composition of nnitter for 
 
 ])lastering. 
 
 A ndxture <if sand, plaster of Paris, shell marl, and cut rope, or 
 hair, witli glue, alum, and sulphate of zinc as a restrainer, combined 
 in a specified manner and proportions. 
 485177— Norendier 1, 1892. C. L. Denison. M'all )>l aster. 
 
 A conqiosition consisting of lime, cottonseed meal, jilaster of 
 Paris, borax, and cream of tartar. 
 
 .}93613— March 14, 1893. E. A. Bronson. Compound for retarding 
 
 the setting of cement. 
 
 It is composed of air-slaked lime, glue, flaxseed, or oil cake, and 
 china clay, in specified proportions. 
 502096, 502097— .July 25, 1893. T. ,1. Heller. I'lasler composition. 
 
 A compound for admixture with a plaster composition consist- 
 ing of silicate and carbonate of soda, alum, sugar, gum, salt cake 
 anil ground inert material. 
 
 ■-1O3.592— August 22, 1893. .1. Flynn. t'omjiosHion f,r architectural 
 pnrj loses. 
 The retarder, combined with other ingredients, consists of a 
 
 solution of carbonate of potash and glue absorlied in quicklime. 
 
 504933 — September 12, 1893. E. A. INIoore. Composition for archi- 
 tectural pur\ioxex. 
 A mixture of dry pulverous glue, sulphuric acid, kerosene oil, 
 
 and c|uicklime, as a retarder, is coni))ined with sand, raw gypsum, 
 
 and lime. 
 
CIYP8UM. 
 
 S0794S— October :il, 1S9-1. B. D. Stafrikd. i •,„iipo.'<ili,,ii h„- /ihis- 
 
 ler and coatbig ivulh. 
 
 It consists of powdered bonix, powdered aluiu, wheat tlmir, 
 powdered sugar, and dry slaked lime in speeilicd proportions. 
 5117S5— December 26, 1S93. J. K. Jones. Witll plaxirr. 
 
 The retarder is composed of sugar, 100 parts; Hour, 25 parts; and 
 air-slaked lime, 250 parts. 
 511740 — December 26, lS9:i. J. R. McIlvried. I'roeexs nf niniiiifdc- 
 
 liiring n tardersfor plaxter. 
 
 A paste is formed of air-slaked lime, water, tlour, li(|uid glue, and 
 wood ashes, dried and thoroughly mixed. 
 511879 — January 2, 1894. W. M. Dawson. I'luxlic i-oiiijiimnil mid 
 
 j>rocess of making same. 
 
 The restrainer consists of a mixture of lime with the liijuor 
 obtained by the decomposition of organic matter in water. 
 S2S6.5S— July SI, 1894. W. il. Dawson. Plii.tfering relardcr and 
 vieihod of making same. 
 
 The restrainer (.'onsists of a mixture of lime, sodium nitrate, and 
 the liquor obtained by the decomposition of organic matter in 
 water. 
 
 528995 — Noeember 12,, 189-',. A. \V. Smith. I'laslering rmnjioimd. 
 
 The restrainer consists of lime, glue, wheat Hour, and tartaric 
 arid in certain ])roportions. 
 533420 — February 5, 1895. W. H. Aikman. BuJhUng plaster. 
 
 As an ingre<lient of building plaster, a coi]]pound of alum, wheat 
 tlour, .sugar, lime, oil cake meal, and zinc sulphate in specified 
 proportions. 
 554142^Feln-iiary 4, 1896. W. M. Reese. Plaster. 
 
 A mixture of pulverized gypsum and dry tankage in the propor- 
 tions of 10 i)Ounds of tankage to a ton of gypsum, is calcined and 
 the heat continued to a temperature of 380° to 420° F. 
 558435 — April 14, I89i!. J. E. Summers. Plastering compound,. 
 
 Amixtureof furnace slag, slaked lime, plaster<jf Paris, hydraulic 
 cement, the Hour of grain, and vegetable iiVjer in specified 
 proportions. 
 619911 — February 21, 1899. H. E. Sturcke. Manufacture of plaster 
 
 and restrainers. 
 
 The restrainer consists essentially of the pulverized residue of 
 an e\'aporated solution of bone in alkali. 
 
PHOSPHATE ROCK 
 
 (917 
 
PHOSPHATE ROCK. 
 
 By Joseph Steutheks, Ph. D. 
 
 Prior to the report of 1880 no figures relating to the 
 production of phosphate rock appeared in census re- 
 ports. In that j'ear 21 establishments were reported 
 in South Carolina, with a product of 211,877 tons, 
 valued at $1,123,823. At the Eleventh Census the 
 production for 1889 was shown, and the totals, 
 compared with those for 1902, appear in Table 1. 
 
 Table 1. — Comparative summary: 190S and 1SS9. 
 
 Number ol mines or quarries 115 ) 
 
 Number of operators 87, 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 391 
 
 Salaries $35.5, 204 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number •■), 971 
 
 Wages $1,930,093 I 
 
 Contract work $1.57, 402 I 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses S430, 47.5 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials S799, 414 
 
 Product:^ 
 
 Quantity, long tons 1,548,720 
 
 Value .". 34,922,943 
 
 190-2 
 
 1889 
 
 3,5,011 
 
 ljl.209,151 
 
 $115, 930 
 
 J343, 271 
 
 *317,1B9 
 
 550, 245 
 82, 937, 776 
 
 1 Not reported. 
 
 2 Not reported separately. 
 3Inclucles foremen. 
 
 ^ Includes salaries of office force. 
 
 6 The United States Geological Survey reports 1,490,314 sbort tons, valued at 
 $4,693,444, which is the product marketed. The Census figures represent the 
 product mined. 
 
 The most notable fact in the industrv is the transfer 
 of dominance from South Carolina to Florida. During 
 the period between 18S9 and 1902 the production in 
 Florida increased nearlj^ one hundredfold in quantity 
 and over .sixtyfold in value; at the same time that of 
 South Carolina decreased 39.5 per cent in quantity and 
 67.1 per cent in value. The increase in Florida was 
 due chiefly to the exportation of phosphate rock which 
 is easily mined near tide water. Tennessee did not 
 produce any rock in 1889, but in 1902 the production 
 of the state was 132,603 long tons, valued at *1, 308,872. 
 
 This rock, however, was of low grade, averaging in 
 value only $3.03 per ton. North Carolina did not re- 
 port any product in 1902 and in 1889 its production 
 reached a total valuation of only $5,000. By the 
 growth of the industry in Florida and in Tennes.^ee the 
 production for the United States as a whole increased 
 181.5 per cent in quantity and 67.6 per cent in value. 
 
 Among the most significant items of Table 1 are 
 those relating to wage-earners and their earnings. By 
 this table it appears that the number of salaried offi- 
 cials, clerks, etc., and wage-earners increased 1,351, 
 or 27 per cent, while the amount paid in salaries and 
 wages increased 89 per cent. The number of boys 
 emploj'ed was not large in either year, and although the 
 industrv increased in all other respects, the number of 
 boys decreased from 91 to 37, or 59.3 per cent. In 
 South Carolina, where 90 boys were employed in 1889, 
 none were reported in ] 902. The figures in Florida in 
 1889, however, do not ofier a wholly satisfactory basis 
 upon which to make comparisons. Mining operations 
 had been recentlj- begun, and the industry was in a 
 condition of speculative excitement. 
 
 There were 19 mines in Florida, South Carolina, and 
 Tennessee reported idle during 19(i2, and 2 — 1 each in 
 Florida and North Carolina — at which development 
 work was reported. The statistics for the development 
 work at these 2 mines are shown in the following state- 
 ment: 
 
 Deniopment vorl:- 190i. 
 
 Number of mines 2 
 
 Number of operators 2 
 
 Salaried uthcials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 4 
 
 Salaries $4,316 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 5 
 
 Wages $1, 323 
 
 Jliscc'Uaneous expenses 3666 
 
 Co.st of supplies and materials $726 
 
 (9iy) 
 
920 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Capital stoel' of incorporated companies. — The details 
 of the capitalization of the 5<i incorporated companies 
 are shown by .states in Tabk^ 2: 
 
 Table ti. — Cfipitalizution uf iiirorpiirali'd roiiijiaiiiex: I'.iO.'. 
 
 
 United 
 States. 
 
 Florida. 
 
 South 
 Carolina. 
 
 Tennes- 
 see. 
 
 All 
 other 
 
 states.' 
 
 Number of incorporaten 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 66 
 
 
 
 
 
 Number reporting eapi- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 
 
 
 
 Capital stock and bonds 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $13 775 935 
 
 $5,982,800 
 
 $l,6:!4,.5O0 
 
 $5 957 200 
 
 $201 436 
 
 Capital stock: 
 
 
 
 
 Total authorized- 
 
 1' 
 
 
 
 
 Number of shares. . . 
 
 204,9.55 
 
 98, 755 
 
 21 , 1.50 
 
 63.. 5.60 
 
 21,. 500 
 
 
 S13,269,500 
 
 15,003,000 
 
 $1,995,000 
 
 $6, 070, 000 
 
 $201,, 500 
 
 Total issued— 
 
 
 Number of sh ares . . . 
 
 194,796 
 
 97, 734 
 
 16, 465 
 
 69, 162 
 
 21,435 
 
 Par value 
 
 112, 321, 135 
 $316, 205 
 
 $4,962,000 
 $104,380 
 
 *1 .5*^(1 500 
 
 $5,631,200 
 $211,825 
 
 $201,435 
 
 Dividends paid 
 
 
 Common- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Authorized- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N u m b e r of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 shares 
 
 184, 955 
 
 96, 656 
 
 21,000 
 
 45,800 
 
 21,600 
 
 Par value 
 
 811,292,000 
 
 $4,793,000 
 
 $1,980,000 
 
 $4, 317, 600 
 
 $201,500 
 
 Issued— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Number of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 shares 
 
 174,796 
 
 9,5,634 
 
 16,315 
 
 41,412 
 
 21,435 
 
 Par value 
 
 S10,343,635 
 
 $4,7,52,000 
 
 $1,611,. 600 
 
 $3, 878, 700 
 
 $201,435 
 
 Dividends 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 paid 
 
 S179, 115 
 
 $72, 490 
 
 
 $106, 626 
 
 
 Preferred- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Number of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 shares 
 
 20, 000 
 
 2, 100 
 
 160 
 
 17,7.50 
 
 
 Par value 
 
 SI, 977, 600 
 
 $■210, 000 
 
 $15. 000 
 
 $1,7.52,500 
 
 
 Issued — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Number of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 shares 
 
 20,000 
 
 2, 100 
 
 150 
 
 17, 7.50 
 
 
 Par value 
 
 $1,977,600 
 
 $210, 000 
 
 $16,000 
 
 $1,7,52,500 
 
 
 Dividends 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 paid 
 
 Bonds: 
 
 S137, 090 
 
 931, .890 
 
 
 $105, 200 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Authorized- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Number 
 
 4,. 530 
 
 3.986 
 
 108 
 
 436 
 
 
 Par value.. .. 
 
 81,73i,800 
 
 !$1,276,800 
 
 $108 OOO 
 
 $351 , 000 
 
 
 Issued— 
 
 
 
 
 Number 
 
 3, .518 
 
 3,024 
 
 108 
 
 386 
 
 
 Par value 
 
 $1,4.54,800 
 
 $1,020,800 
 
 $108,000 
 
 $326, 000 
 
 
 Interest paid 
 
 $61,750 
 
 $55, 510 
 
 $3,240 
 
 $3, 000 
 
 
 1 Includes ctimpanies distributed as follows: Arkansas, 1; C>hio, 1. 
 
 The total amount of common and preferred stock 
 issued amounted to §12,321,135. On this lunount 
 $316,205 was paid in dividends, or 2.6 per cent on the 
 total par value. On the bonded indebtedness $61,750 
 was paid as interest. This was 1.3 per cent of the par 
 value of the amount issued. In Tennessee the divi- 
 dends on common stock amounted to 2.7 per cent, and 
 those on preferred stock to 6 per cent on the respective 
 par values of the stock issued. In Fk)rida, with a cap- 
 italization (juite similar in amount, dividends were paid 
 on common stock at the rate of 1.5 i)er cent, and on 
 preferred stock at the rate of 15.2 per cent. 
 
 Emploiji es andvHKjeK. — The averaji'e numl)er of wage- 
 earners reported for each month in Table 6 shows tliat 
 the demand for labor was relativel_v steady throughout 
 the year. In the South tlie climate is favorable to the 
 continuous working of deposits. Between September, 
 for which month 6,142 wage-earners, the maximuni 
 number, were reported, and February, when 5,366 
 M'age-earners, the minimum, were at work, there is a 
 variation of only 1,076. The average \)cv month for 
 the year was 5,H7l wage-earners. Child lalior consti- 
 tuted six-tenths of 1 per cent of the total, and was con- 
 fined niostl}' to the small colored boys who (lr(i\-e carts. 
 Florida employed l.s per cent of tlic total nniiiber of 
 
 wage-earners; South Carolina, 25.1 percent; Tennessee, 
 26.7 per cent; and all other states, two-tenths of 1 per 
 cent. 
 
 A .segregation of the occupations in this industry by 
 specified daily rates of paj' is shown in Table 3. 
 
 Table 3. — Average number of ivar/e-earners by specifed daily rates of 
 pay: 1002. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Machin- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ists, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 All 
 
 
 
 black- 
 
 
 Timber- 
 
 Boys 
 
 All 
 
 
 
 
 smiths. 
 
 Miners 
 
 men 
 
 un- jOther 
 
 RATE PER DAY 
 
 occn- 
 
 Engi- 
 
 
 
 or quar- 
 
 and 
 
 der wage- 
 
 
 pa- 
 
 
 
 ters, and 
 
 rvmen. 
 
 track 
 
 16 
 
 earn- 
 
 
 
 
 
 other 
 mechan- 
 ics. 
 
 
 layers. 
 
 years. 
 
 ers. 
 
 Total 
 
 5, 971 
 
 173 
 
 169 
 
 171 
 
 4,382 
 
 Ill 
 
 37 
 
 928 
 
 
 52 
 
 89 
 
 1,288 
 
 
 
 
 7 45 
 
 50 to 74 
 
 
 
 1 
 20 
 
 6 
 1,010 
 
 
 27 66 
 
 0.75 to 0.99 
 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 2 232 
 
 1.00 to 1.24 
 
 3, 666 
 
 .5 
 
 76 
 
 8 
 
 2,990 
 
 100 
 
 1 
 
 476 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 37 
 
 28 
 
 226 
 
 
 
 82 
 
 1 50 to 1 74 
 
 2,60 
 2.5 
 
 ,52 
 3 
 
 27 
 3 
 
 25 
 4 
 
 126 
 1 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 1.75 to 1.99 
 
 1 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 o 'tf, to '^ 4"^ 
 
 33 
 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 65 
 3 
 
 20 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 29 
 
 •> 
 
 
 
 2 75 to "^ 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 3 75 to 3 99 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Of the wage-earners, 1,129, or 23.0 per cent of the 
 whole, received less than $1 per diem, and 5,0.S5, or 85. 2 
 per cent, less than §1.25. Only 233, or 3.9 per cent, 
 received §2 or more per diem. Of the wage-earners in 
 Florida 5.9 per cent received $1.75 or more per diem, 
 while in South Carolina the corresponding percentage 
 was 3.9. In Tennessee only 1.9 per cent received $1.75 
 or more. 
 
 2rec1ianical po'irer. — The primary power reported for 
 this industry aggregated 11,229 horsepower, all owned 
 by the operatoi's reporting, distributed as follows: 282 
 steam engines with a horsepower of 13.'.>7l:. 1 water wheel 
 of 170 horsepower, and 2 air compressors of S5 horse- 
 power. There were also 9 electric motors with 500 
 horsepower. 
 
 I'roiliuiion. — The quantity and value of the produc- 
 tion of phosphate rock, beginning with 18S!i, tire shown 
 in Tal)le 1. 
 
 T..\nLE 4. — J'riidiiftidii of jilKi.tjilKili' rark: _?,S\W lo 1902. 
 
 [United Slates (Icniogical Survey, ".Mineral Resources of the United States," 
 
 1902.1 
 
 VK.All. 
 
 Quantity 
 (long tons). 
 
 Value, 
 
 1S89 
 
 650, 246 
 610,499 
 .587 9S8 
 
 $2, 937, 776 
 
 1890 
 
 1S91 
 
 3,651,1,50 
 3 '^96 '^27 
 
 1892 . 
 
 68l!.571 
 
 941,368 
 
 996, 949 
 
 1,038,651 
 
 930, 779 
 
 1 , 039, 346 
 
 1 , 308, 8,85 
 
 1,515,702 
 
 1, 191, 216 
 
 1,4,83,723 
 
 1,490,314 
 
 
 4,136,070 
 3, 479, .547 
 3, 606, 094 
 2,803,372 
 
 2, 673, 202 
 
 3, 4,53, 460 
 5,084,076 
 6, 3,69, 248 
 5,316,403 
 4,693,444 
 
 1894 
 
 
 1.H96 
 
 1.H97 
 
 1,H98 
 
 1 .S99 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 
PHOSPHATE RUCK. 
 
 921 
 
 During this period tiie quautitj' of production lia.s 
 increased 170.8 per cent. The greatest amount pro- 
 duced in any one year was 1,515,702 long tons in 1S!)!». 
 
 In lyyy the average value per ton was $5.34, while in 
 1902 it was $3.15. The production of phosphate rocii 
 in the world, from 18!»6 to 1901, is given in Table 5. 
 
 Table 5.— WORLD'S PRODUCTION OF PIIOSI'HATE ROCK: 1896 TO lilOl. 
 
 [United States (;eul(j{^ieiil Survt.-y, '■ Miiiernl Kesoiirces ni the I'liiteil Stute.s," 19U2.J 
 
 [Metric tons.] 
 
 COUNTRY. 
 
 Algeria 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Canada 
 
 France 
 
 Norway 
 
 EeclnndatBriti.sli West 
 
 Indies) 
 
 Russia 
 
 Spain 
 
 United Kingdom 
 
 United States 
 
 1890 
 
 Quantity. Value 
 
 16,5, 738 
 
 1 297, 470 
 
 617 
 
 .5,S2,667 
 
 1,106 
 
 3, 776 
 
 770 
 
 3, 048 
 
 945, 982 
 
 $500, 
 
 537, 
 
 3, 
 
 3, 502, 
 
 17, 
 
 n, 
 
 3, 
 
 26, 
 
 2,803, 
 
 1897 
 
 Quantity. Value. 
 
 1 35oi 
 
 1912, 
 
 436, 
 
 3, 
 
 2, 8.52, 
 
 12, 
 
 5, 
 22, 
 16, 
 17, 
 2, 673, 
 
 1898 
 
 Quantity. Value. 
 
 269, 600 
 
 ' 166, 920 
 
 665 
 
 568, 6.58 
 
 3,593 
 
 760 
 
 1,870 
 
 4, 600 
 
 1,675 
 
 1,330,264 
 
 81,078,000 
 303, 230 
 
 3, 668 
 3, 115, 9.68 
 
 53, 3.52 
 
 4, 726 
 4,784 
 
 46,003 
 
 13,. 666 
 
 3, 463, 460 
 
 1899 
 
 Quantity. Value 
 
 324, 983 
 1 190, 090 
 
 2,722 
 045, 868 
 
 1,.500 
 
 1,.507 
 
 16, 863 
 
 3, .510 
 
 1,469 
 
 1,. 540, ,506 
 
 $1,299,932 
 
 342, 180 
 
 18, 000 
 
 3,334,146 
 
 22, 140 
 
 9,270 
 
 .58, 640 
 
 36,100 
 
 12, 645 
 
 5,084,076 
 
 1900 
 
 Quantity. Value. 
 
 319,422 
 
 1215,670 
 
 1,284 
 
 .587, 919 
 
 300 
 
 2,230 
 
 25, 663 
 
 4,170 
 
 630 
 
 1,516,179 
 
 81,277,68S 
 
 367, 164 
 
 7, 106 
 
 2, 827, 291 
 
 4,445 
 
 13, 720 
 (■') 
 
 18, ,590 
 
 5,426 
 
 5, 359, 248 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 266, 000 
 
 222, 620 
 
 937 
 
 535, 676 
 
 ('-) 
 
 Nil 
 
 $1,060,000 
 
 361 , 398 
 
 0, 280 
 
 2, 614,. 643 
 
 
 (=1 
 
 
 4,220 
 
 71 
 
 1,. 507, 681 
 
 16, 880 
 
 680 
 
 5, 316, 403 
 
 1 Cubic meters. 
 
 ^Stati.stics not yet ayailable. 
 
 3 Value not reported. 
 
 The detailed statistics of the industry for 1902 are 
 given in Table 6. 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE. 
 
 The name phosphate is applied to the salts of phos- 
 phoric acid, chiefly "orthophosphoric" acid, which is a 
 tribasic acid (H3PO4) and from which a great variety 
 of salts are obtained. Each of the three hydrogen 
 atoms in the acid can be replaced by a monad element, 
 forming, consequently, three varieties of salts, namely, 
 those in, which one h3'drogen atom is replaced, those in 
 which two hj'drogen atoms are replaced, and those in 
 which all of the hj'drogen atoms are replaced. .Salts in 
 which all of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced are 
 called ortho or neutral phosphates, while those still 
 containing one or two atoms of hydrogen are called 
 acid phosphates. Calcium pho.sphate, or, more strictly 
 speaking, tricalcium orthophosphate. is the most im- 
 portant of the mineral phosphates and this class forms 
 the large mineral deposits utilized for the manufacture 
 of fertilizers. 
 
 Historical. — According to historical records, the 
 Romans utilized the excrement of birds for fertilizing 
 the soil, and in the twelfth centuiy the Arabs and 
 Peruvians used the guanos of their respective countries 
 for a like purpose. 
 
 The waste clippings of bone and ivory from the but- 
 ton and knife factories of Sheffield, England, green.sand 
 from the counties of Kent and Essex, England, marls 
 from the state of New Jersey, and boneblack (.spent 
 animal charcoal) and crushed bones were used as fer- 
 tilizers at different times during the eighteenth and 
 nineteenth centuries, but while the beneficial results 
 from their use were recognized and appreciated, the real 
 cause of the stimulating effect seems not to have Ijeen 
 definitely recognized until Dr. Justus von Liebig, of 
 Geissen, Germany, evolved the idea that sulphuric acid 
 should be added to bone fertilizers in order to render 
 
 soluble the phosphate they contained. It was not until 
 the year 1813 that the Duke of Richmond, after an 
 exhaustive series of experiments upon the soil with 
 both fresh and degelatinized bones, came to the con- 
 clusion that their value for fertilizing purposes was due 
 to the large quantity- of phosphoric acid contained in 
 them. To prove this effect a number of vegetables 
 were planted in burnt sand rich in eveiy element of fer- 
 tility except phosphoric acid; no development of the 
 plant took place until calcium phosphate had been added 
 to the sand, but after this addition the growth became 
 ffourishing.' 
 
 The calcium pho.sphate in bones had hitherto been 
 considered as useless owing to its insolubility, and the 
 fertilizing element was considered to be the gelatinous 
 matter. Shortly after 1810 Mr. J. B. Lawes put Doctor 
 von Liebig's ideas into practice, and began to manufacture 
 artificial fertilizers at Deptford (London), England, by 
 mixing sulphuric acid with crushed bones. In the year 
 1815 Professor Henslow recommended that the Cam- 
 bridge coprolites, rich in calcium pho.sphate, should be 
 used as a substitute for bones in making fertilizers, and, 
 acting on this suggestion, the numerous bone crushing 
 works were quickly converted into chemical fertilizer 
 and superphosphate factories. The coprolites of Cam- 
 bridge were supplemented bj' the phosphate deposits in 
 Suffolk and Bedfordshire, but it was not until twenty- 
 five 3'ears later that the phosphate mining industiy 
 began to assume a commercial importance. This slow 
 growth is attributed to the immense supply of guano 
 obtained from Peru, the best beds of which did not 
 become exhausted until between 1870 and 1875; the 
 failure of this source of supply immediately led to the 
 sul.)stitution of other material for the manufacture of 
 fertilizers. 
 
 <Jceuj'reiice. — In France the phosphate deposits at 
 
 ' Phosphates of America, by Francis Wyatt, Ph. D., page 19. 
 
922 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Grand Pre, in the Ardennes, began to be exploited in 
 1850, and small quantities of the rock in a o-i'oiind state 
 were utilized by direct addition to the soil. ]n lSO.5 
 other deposits were discovered on the plateau of Qucrcy, 
 in the department of Lot, and in ISTO the deposits of 
 Lot-et-daronne, Tarn-et-Garonne, and xiveyron (known 
 as the Bordeaux phosphates) were mined and the prod- 
 uct sold to fertilizer manufacturers. In Spain the min- 
 ing of phosphate rock began at Logrosan, pro\'ince of 
 Estremadura, about the 3'car 185-5, followed, in 1860, 
 by the exploitation of the deposits near Caceres, the 
 latter district yielding a considerable quantity annually 
 until 1875. In Norway phosphate deposits were mined 
 at KragerO, in 1854, and at Oedegartcn, in 1874. In 
 Germany the Nassau phosphate deposits were discov- 
 ered in 1864 and the mining of the rock commenced 
 at once. In recent years the competition in the world's 
 markets of higher grade and purer phosphates from 
 other countries has caused the cessation of the exports 
 of rock from the Lahn mines, the material of which 
 contains a large percentage of iron and aluminum 
 oxides. In a few of the islands of the \'i'est Indies, 
 notably Navassa and Sombrero, prior to 1S65 phos- 
 phate deposits had been opened and the product shipped 
 to the United States and the United Kingdom. 
 
 In the United States deposits were first worked in 
 South Carolina in 1S67. From ls67 to 1877 there was 
 a great advance in the world's production of phosphate 
 rock. In 1873 Belgium began contril)Uting to the 
 world's supply from the deposits near Mons, and Franco 
 increased its production yiuy larg(>ly. In 18^0 the is- 
 lands of Curasao and Oruba, in the Dutch West Indies, 
 supplemented the output of high-grade phosphates and 
 shipped an average of lo,n(io tons for the year. 
 
 In the decade ls8(» to 189() the sources of the supply 
 of phosphate rock altered very consideraljly. At the 
 end of this period Spain, which in 1882 and 1883 
 shipped 100,000 tons to the United Kingdf)m, practi- 
 calh' ceased to export. In France the old sources of 
 supply had been replaced to a large extent })y the 
 newer fields in the Somnie and othei- departments in 
 the north. Belgiiun had assumed an important place, 
 producing about 150,000 tons of phosphate from the 
 mines at Mons alone. In the Uniterl States the South 
 Carolina deposits had been developed to a A'ery large 
 extentand Florida had begun to contribute appi'eciably 
 to the supply. 
 
 CIiaracti^rixtlfK itiul use. — ^I'he vai'ious depcjsits of 
 phosphatic material have not yet been classified geolog- 
 icalh' owing to the dithculty in determining the position 
 of several of the deposits, augmented by the large num- 
 bei' of fornjs which the phosphate assumes and the com- 
 plex blending of cin'tain \'arieties. The counuon tech- 
 
 nical classification makes the broad distinction between 
 mineral phosphates, whose origin can not be traced to 
 animal life, and rock phosphates, more or less mineral- 
 ized, but dii-ectly traceable to an organic origin. On 
 this basis the onlj' mineral phosphates are those con- 
 taining crystalline apatite, which occur in Canada, Nor- 
 way, and a few localities in Spain. The deposits at 
 Nassau in Germany, Lot-et-Garonne, Tarn-et-Garonne, 
 andA\e3'ron in France, and Logrosan and Caceres in 
 Spain are usually included in the mineral phosphates 
 under the arbitrary and indefinite term "phosphates." 
 The term rock phosphates includes the remaining 
 varieties of phosphatic limestone, coprolites, nodular 
 phosphates, concretionary phosphates, arenaceous phos- 
 phates, sheet-rock phosphates, and bone beds. 
 
 The value of phosphate rock in the United States 
 lies solely in its use as a fertilizer to enrich land im- 
 poverished by continual removal of crops that have 
 grown thereon, or land which did not originally possess 
 the components necessary for the normal growth and 
 development of plant life. 
 
 It has been only within comparatively recent years 
 that the relation Ijetween plants and soils has been sci- 
 entitically studied. In general the manner of life in 
 plants resembles that of animals or man, in that they 
 require certain foods in stated proportions which are 
 digested or assimilated, they must breathe a certain 
 atmosphere, and they are subject to the influence of 
 heat and cold, light and darkness. The tissues of plants, 
 like those of animals, are composed of carbon, hydro- 
 gen, oxygen, nitrogen, and certain mineral acids or 
 : bases, notably phosplioric and sulphuric acids, lime, 
 ' magnesia, iron, and potash; and the growth of a plant 
 ])ears a cU)se relation to that of an animal for the reason 
 that it constantly al)sorbs elements from the soil and 
 air to build up its structure. The relation of plant life 
 to animal lift> is reciprocal. Animals breathe in the 
 oxygen of the air and convert a small part of it into 
 carl)on dioxide, which is exhaled and returned to the 
 air, while plants, under the action of chlorophyl and 
 sunlig-ht, absorl) carljon dioxide from the air and decom- 
 pose it into carbon and oxygen, utilizing the former to 
 build up the t-ellular structure and returning the oxygen 
 to the air. The chief elements assimilated by plants, 
 and consequently removed from the soil when the plants 
 ai'e cut down and taken away, are nitrogen, phosphoric 
 acid, and potash. These compounds play a very im- 
 portant part in the functions of vegetation and are the 
 most liable to be exhausted from the soil. The estimated 
 mean annual ([uantity luid value of a few of the impor- 
 tant vegetable products in the United States have been 
 compiled as follows: ' 
 
 ' rhofjpliateM iif America, \yA\if' 14. 
 
PHOSPHATE ROCK 
 
 923 
 
 EstWKited mean annual quantity and value of certain rcijelalile jimdiietx 
 in the United Staten. 
 
 
 Average 
 percent- 
 age of 
 ash or 
 mineral. 
 
 Quantity 
 (bu.MheLs). 
 
 Vahie. 
 
 Wheat ... 
 
 2. OC 
 l.fi.'i 
 3.18 
 3.77 
 7.24 
 3.10 
 
 450. 000, 000 
 1,900,000,000 
 600, 000, 000 
 200, 000, 000 
 1 45, 000, 000 
 = 6, 500, 000 
 
 S-140,000,000 
 
 Maizu 
 
 627,000,000 
 ltiH,0U0,000 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 100,000,000 
 
 Hay 
 
 Cotton 
 
 360,000,000 
 2.50,000,000 
 
 
 
 iTons. 2BaleH (4S0 ponnds). 
 
 According- to Wyatt, the total weight of the ii.sli con- 
 tained in the entire annual cereal production of the 
 United States (wheat, maize, oat.s, barley, rye, and luick- 
 wheat), about the year 1890, exceeded 17,500,000,000 
 pounds, containing 2,714,585,473 pounds of phosphoric 
 acid/ Of course, a large part of the phosphate content 
 of the plants was returned to the soil in one form or 
 another, but the annual loss to the soil was nearly 
 1,500,000 pounds of pho.^phoric acid. 
 
 As the area of cereal production at that time A\'as 
 110,378,857 acres, these figures show that the quantitjr 
 of phosphoric acid removed annually by the cereal 
 crop is approximately lt> pounds per acre. Similarly, 
 the quantit}' removed by the hay crop is calculated to 
 be 12.5 pounds per acre. Further, it has been shown 
 that every cow kept on pasture land carries off during 
 a sunmier not less than 5() pounds of calcium phosphate 
 in the shape of veal, butter, and cheese." 
 
 These few instances show in a striking manner the 
 enormous loss of phosphoric acid occurring in agricul- 
 tural districts, and the necessity of returning to the soil 
 those salts which have lieen removed therefrom. 
 
 REVIEW OF THK INDUSTEY IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 The phosphate deposits of the United States are 
 described by states as follows: 
 
 Florida. — Phosphate rock occurs over a large area, 
 extending from Lake Okeechobee on the south to the 
 extreme northern part of the state — a distance of 210 
 miles, and averaging 30 miles in width. The deposits 
 of commercial value, however, are comparatively few 
 in number and are widely scattered throughout the 
 region. The three chief classes of the phosphate rock 
 product in the order of importance are hard rock, land 
 pebble, and river pebble. 
 
 Hard rock is mined in an area of 90 by Id miles, 
 extending from Albion on the north to Bay City on the 
 south. The material is obtained from pockets which 
 
 ' Phosphates of America, pagf 15. 
 
 HTnited States Geological Survey, Bulletin 46, " Xaturc and Ori- 
 gin of Deposits of Pliosphate of Lime," b}- R. A. F. Penrijse, .Jr. 
 
 vary in yield from a few tons to many thousands, and 
 run so irregularly that it is fre(.iuently neces.sary to 
 change the location of the mining plants. In former 
 times the mining operations were limited soleh' to the 
 bowlders of phosphate rock, which varied in weight 
 from a few pounds to many tons. The mining con- 
 sisted in removing tlie rock from the pits, drying it in 
 the kihis, and shipping it without any additional prep- 
 aration. Littler capital was called for, and many hard- 
 rock companies were formed to mine the rock, but thej^ 
 finally withdrew f i-om business on account of the scar- 
 citj' of deposits easy <.>i extraction. Attention was then 
 directed to mining the gravel pho.sphate, which repre- 
 sents the .smaller or broken pieces of the bowlders that 
 occur intermixed with claj', Hint, etc., the sterile mate- 
 rial being removed by washing in the ordinary log 
 washer. Later, as the mining and milling pi'ocesses 
 became more complicated and costly, large central 
 plants were erected for cheaper treatment cost, but 
 the economies sought, however, were not realized, on 
 account of the small size of the individual deposits 
 and the consequent expense of tran.sporting the crude 
 material containing less than 15 per cent tricalcic phos- 
 phate from the mines to the mill. 
 
 At the present time the cheapest method of treatment 
 is to have one or more removable washing plants, each 
 of a capacity of from 10 to 50 tons of clean rock in 
 twelve hours. These plants are so constructed that 
 they can easily be taken down and removed to new 
 localities. It is also the present practice to crush, 
 wash, and screen the entire product of the mine. 
 
 The most recent practice in mining hard rock is the 
 installation of dredges of the tlipper type to mine 
 deposits that have been worked down to the water 
 level, particularly in those cases where it has been 
 found inipractical)le to handle the water with pumps. 
 The use of the dipper dredge is economical, and with 
 deposits that can Ije handled 1:)y this method A-erv excel- 
 lent results have been obtained, so much so that 
 deposits unworkable at a profit by the older methods 
 of mining are now treated with commercial success, 
 the clav, sand, and fine material being removed in loe 
 wa,shers plentifully supplied with water. The washed 
 rock is carefully hand picked on a picker belt, dried in 
 kilns, which consume from 5 to 7 cords of wood per 100 
 tons of rock, and is then ready for shipment to market. 
 
 The average cost of production, f. o. b. at the mines 
 during 1900 was from !?3.50 to $1 per ton. According 
 to C. G. Memminger those deposits most favorable for 
 cheap transportation and mining are almost exhausted, 
 and the present etticient methods of mining and handling- 
 leave but little room for diminishing the cost, conse- 
 quently with the gradiuil exliausticm of the best 
 
924 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 deposits the cost of production must increase. It is 
 cpiite probable tliat tlie cost of production of from $3.50 
 to $4, f . o. b. at the mines, is as low as it ever will be. 
 The cost to the consumer, however, is regulated largely 
 by the cost of transportation from mines to port of 
 shipment. 
 
 Hard rock is sold on a guarantee of a miniumm of 77 
 per cent tricalcic phosphate (bono phosphati". of lime) 
 and a maximum of 3 per cent iron and aluminum oxides. 
 Practicallj' the entire output is exported, chiefly to 
 Germany. The ports for shipment of hard rock are 
 Fernandina, Port Inglis, and Tampa, Fla., and Bruns- 
 wick and Savannah, Georgia. 
 
 The land pebble phosphate rock occurs in Polk, De 
 Soto, and Hillsboro counties, Florida, occupying an area 
 of about 2,()00 scjuare miles, beginning a few miles north 
 of Bartow and extending over the upper i:)ortion of the 
 drainao'e basin of the Peace and Alaha rivers. Duringf 
 
 to o 
 
 the past few yeai'S the entire product has been obtained 
 from Polk county. The area of the occurrence of land 
 pebble is restricted and the deposits wideh' scattered, 
 rendering this branch of the industry of comparatively 
 less importance than the others, yet several hundred 
 thousand tons of phosphate may be obtained from a 
 single deposit. The pebbles are roughly rounded, of a 
 gray or brownish color, and \ary in size up to two inches 
 in diameter. In preparing the material for the market 
 two classes of product are made, the size of the coarser 
 being from one-sixteenth to 1 inch in diameter. The 
 deposits are usually along the stream courses, in low 
 swamps, or in bay heads. The thickness of the deposits 
 varies from a few inches to Is feet, a^-eraging 10 feet 
 for the district. The peljble, which usually represents 
 less than 25 per cent of the mass, occurs in an argilla- 
 ceous uiatrix, sometimes Acry sticky and tenacious, and 
 sometimes sandy and readily disintegrated; the over- 
 burden consists of sandy soil, clay, and a so-called con- 
 glomerate rock of varying character in difi'erent parts 
 of the deposit. The bed rock varies from a hard yellow 
 marl to a soft, clay-like material. The highest grade 
 of land pebble contains from (iS to 73 per cent of tri- 
 calcic phosphate and from 3 to 4- per cent of iron and 
 aluminum oxides; the low-grade material has from tlo 
 to 65 per cent of tricalcic phosphate and from 4 to 5 
 per cent of iron and aluminum oxides. At the present 
 time land pe))ble is sold on a guarantee of a nunimum 
 of 68 per cent of tricalcic phosphate and a maxinuuu ot 
 4 per cent of iron and aluminum oxides; conditions 
 which, in ordei' to operate at a profit, call for an a^'erage 
 yield of 2o per cent of peblde to the mass, an average 
 mininuun thickness of s feet of the deposit (yi(dding 
 3,733 tons to the aci'c), and an overVmrden not exceeding 
 the thickness of the deposit. 
 
 AA'ithin i-ecent years a hydraulic method of treating 
 land pebble has been de\-isi'd, which is undou))tecl]\' the 
 only practical method of handling this clasM of matci'iah 
 The impoiiant feature of llic ]ir-ocess is tliat the water 
 
 which is used to break down the rock also partiallj' dis- 
 integrates the matrix and renders the succeeding wash- 
 ing foi' the separation of the pebble a very simple 
 operation. According to C. G. Memminger the equip- 
 ment of aliydraulic plant consists of a steam shovel for 
 removing the bverT)urden, one or more dredges fitted 
 with l)oilers of from 400 to 500 horsepower, a Kbinch 
 centrifugal pumi>, hydraulic-pressure pumps, screens 
 and washers, and barges to carry the pebble to the mill. 
 The mill should contain a sufficient immber of washers, 
 rotary driers, elevators, boilers, and drv-storage bins of 
 from 4,000 to 15,o0() tons capacity — an equipment which 
 calls for a'heavv investment. .V plant with one dredge 
 and two driers should produce 5n,()(K.) tons of pebble 
 per year. The method of mining is lirietl}' outlined as 
 follows: The over})urden lun-ing been removed by the 
 steam shovel, the dredge is launched in a suitable excava- 
 tion and the suction pipe from the centrifugal pump 
 on the dredge is laid some 150 feet in advance, where a 
 small sump hole is opened for suction. Streams of 
 water from two hydi'aulic giants, working luider a pres- 
 sure of from 1(H_) to 11<> pounds per square inch, are 
 directed into the hole, which is increased to a consider- 
 al)le size in a short time. The suction gradually be- 
 comes lowered until thi' sump is formed in the bed rock. 
 As soon as possible the giants are placed in the pit. and 
 as the banks are cut down the material passes with the 
 water to the sump and is punqjed to the dredge, where 
 it is screened, the peljble being thoroughly washed and 
 separated and the debris discharged at the side of the 
 dredge. As the pit becomes enlarged it is a good prac- 
 tice to use a second centrifugal punqi in connection 
 with the pimqj on the tlredge. In tliis way a pit of 
 several acres in extent can be mined. The pump and 
 pipes are removed from the i)it as soon as economy in 
 pit size is reached. The pit is filled with water and the 
 l)ank between the dredge and the pit is broken. The 
 dredge is then moved on and operations Ix'gin afresh. 
 The pits form a chaiuiel for the transportation of the 
 pebble in barges. On reaching the mill the pel)ble is 
 elevated, thoroughly washed, dried, and stored for 
 shipment. 
 
 The most modern plant in this district has been 
 equipped with electric motive power, the intention 
 being to eliminate the dredge by using a series of 
 electrically-driven centrifugal pumps which will foi'ce 
 the entire material mined to the mill, a central piuiip- 
 ing station giving the hydraulic pressure required. 
 Under certain conditions this system promises excellent 
 results. 
 
 An innovation at the works of one of the phosphate 
 companies is the installation of a centi'al plant to gener- 
 ate electric and hydraulic power for the mining opera- 
 tions. Th(; residts have proven eminenth' successful 
 and under proper conditions th(^ method promises to 
 sujiersede the old(>r and less economical ones. 
 
 The liigliest grade de])osits with light overburden 
 
PHOSPHATE ROCK. 
 
 925 
 
 and greatest yield per acre are fast being exiiausted, 
 and fuel, which is a large item of cost, is rapidly lieing 
 exhausted in the vicinity of the mines. The question 
 of fuel supph' is one of great importance in connection 
 with the future of the industry. Large tracts of wood- 
 land have been bought up by the various companies, 
 but wood will undoul)tedly l>e supplemented by coal 
 when the mines control the transportation to the point 
 of shipment. Fuel oil also will become a possible sub- 
 stitute for wood under the new conditions of transpor- 
 tation. 
 
 The present cost of production, f. o. b. at the mines, 
 is from $]..50 to $2 per ton, a figure that will doul)tless 
 increase very materially in the near future. The prod- 
 uct is shipped from Port Tampa. At the present rate 
 of production the deposits containing (38 per cent and 
 upward of tricalcic phosphate, and low in iron and 
 aluminum oxides, will be exhausted within a few years. 
 Those containing from tii to 67 per cent tricalcic phos- 
 phate and from 4 to 6 per cent iron and aluminum 
 oxides are in very large reserves. There has been a 
 marked tendency toward more careful methods in the 
 preparation of the rock for the market, which is attained 
 usuallv by installing one or more log washers in addi- 
 tion to the ordinary doulde log washer plant; and bj' 
 , crushing the rock after it has been dried, and sub- 
 sec|uently screening it, this procedure has been \)vo- 
 ductive of good results with certain classes of rock. 
 
 As the higher grade deposits become exhausted the 
 methods of treatment must lie improved in order to 
 handle the lower grade rock at a lessened cost. As a 
 proof of the growing scarcity of the best class of rock, 
 deposits having an overl)urden of from 25 to .30 feet 
 are now being opened up and developed. Deposits of 
 this character a shoi't time ago were declared unsuited 
 for profitable working. 
 
 The excessively high transportation and terminal 
 charges prevailing in recent years have forced miners 
 to seek relief. One company has constructed a private 
 railroad from the central plant at Rockwell to Port 
 Inglis, IS miles distant, at the mouth of the Withla- 
 coochee river. The port is an open roadstead, and the 
 vessels have to be loaded by lighters. 
 
 As in the case of the hard-rock miners, there have 
 been several unsuccessfid efforts to consolidate the large 
 miners of land pebble into a community of interests, 
 which would eliminate useless competition and enable 
 the producers to maintain prices at a lev<d which would 
 admit of mining at a fair profit. 
 
 The bulk of the river pebble has been obtained from 
 Peace river, which rises near Bartow and flows 2(»0 
 miles in a southerly direction into Charlotte harljor. 
 The Alafia river, a small stream flowing into Tampa 
 bay, has also contributed a small (Quantity of river 
 pebble, and the Caloosahatchee, Miakka, and Manatee 
 rivers have procUiced a pebble of low grade. 
 
 The method of mining the river pebble consists in 
 
 using dredging boats equipped with 8-inch oi- 10-inch 
 centrifugal pumps, to which are attached suction pipes 
 suspended from cranes. The pebble, being loosely 
 mixed with sand, is readily raised b}' the pumps and 
 passed into a rotar}' screen, which separates the sand 
 and delivers the washed pebble onto a lighter moored 
 alongside the dredge. When a sufficient quantitj^ of 
 jK'bble has accumulated on the lighter, it is carried to 
 the drjdng plant, dried in rotary calciners, and stored 
 in ))ins, from which it is finally discharged by gravity 
 directly into cars for shipment. As the supply of peb- 
 l:)le in the river beds became exhausted, attention was 
 given to the deposits lying under the swamps which 
 were formed by the river at an earlier period. Gener- 
 ally these deposits are covered with an overburden of 
 sand of from 5 to 1.5 feet in thickness, supyxjrtinga thick 
 growth of heavy timber. In order to obtain the river 
 pebble from the swamp deposits the timber was removed 
 and the overburden washed into the stream and removed 
 by pumps; later the pebble was obtained in like man- 
 ner and treated similar to the pebble in the river beds. 
 
 The total production of phosphate rock of all classes 
 in Florida, as reported by the United States Geological 
 Survey, based on marketed output from 1888, the year 
 of the inception of the industry, to and including 1902, 
 aggregates 6,(.iO(),4(i8 long tons, valued at §21,667,099. 
 
 SoiifJi ^(//v;////(^ — Although the phosphate deposits in 
 South Carolina had been known for many years, they 
 were not recognized as such prior to the Civil War. 
 A mining company was formed in 1867 to test the prac- 
 tical lility of working the phosphate rock on a commer- 
 cial scale. The phosphate "])elt"is composed of Qua- 
 ternary sands and clays overlying beds of Eocene marls 
 upon whose surface, and intermixed with it, are found 
 the phosphate deposits. The presumed total area of the 
 phosphate formation is 70 by 30 miles, extending from 
 the mouth of the Broad river, near Port Royal on the 
 southeast, to the headwaters of the Wando river in the 
 noi'theast, its major axis being parallel to the coast line 
 and its greatest width near Charleston. The stratum 
 of phosphate rock sometimes outcrops at the surface, but 
 it is generally found at a depth of from 3 to 20 feet and 
 varies in thickness from a few inches up to 3 feet. The 
 chief points for consideration in order to ascertain the 
 value of the phosphate beds are thit-kness of deposit, 
 depth below the surface, and richness in phosphoric acid. 
 
 In South Carolina the general method of ascertaining 
 the value of a phosphate rock deposit is by means of 
 boring and pit sinking. At first a careful topograph- 
 I ical sur-\-ey of the ])roperty is made, followed by the 
 sj'stematic sinking of a series of bore holes by means 
 of a long steel l)orer or rod specially designed for the 
 purpose. The lioring rod is forced downward through 
 , the upper strata until it strikes the solid bed of phos- 
 phate I'ock, which makes itself evident by resisting the 
 further passage of the rod. The rod is then removed, 
 and the distance it has traversed is measured with a 
 
926 
 
 ]\IINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 foot rule, thus showing- the thickness of tlie o\'erly- 
 ing strata. The rod is replaced in the V)ore hole, forced 
 through the resisting stratum, and again withdrawn and 
 measured, the difference between the first and second 
 measurements being taken as representing the thickness 
 of the phosphate bed. The bore holes are generally 
 100 feet apart, extending over the entire area of the 
 land under examination. A series of exploring pits 10 
 feet long and 5 feet wide are dug at 500-foot intervals 
 in order to verify and confirm the results obtained by 
 the bore holes. The phosphate rock is carefully re- 
 moved, the depth from the surface and the thickness of 
 the bed is measured, and average samples of the rock 
 and nodules are obtained for analysis. Throughout the 
 area of the South Carolina field the strata overl3'ing 
 the phosphate rock are remarkably uniform. Hereto- 
 fore, mining operations have been limited to material 
 occurring not more than 15 feet from the surface, but 
 there are larger areas containing phosphate rock at a 
 greater depth than 15 feet whose value has not vet been 
 determined. 
 
 The phosphate deposits of South Carolina are classi- 
 fied into river rock and land rock, the river rock, 
 which is found in the beds of rivers, having been 
 wa.shed into them from the original land beds. 
 
 The river rock has been worked extensively and with 
 considerable profit, for the reason that it is obtained by 
 the simple and cheap process of dredging, which at the 
 same time washes the rock free from adhering impu- 
 rities. The dredging* scoops are massive in construc- 
 tion in order to break through the stratum containing 
 the nodules of phosphate rock. The boats are held 
 in position by four "spuds," or strong, square iron- 
 tipped poles, one at each corner. The nodules are 
 thrown from the scoop into the washer which is gen- 
 erally on a lighter moored alongside of the dredge. 
 Various kinds of washers are used, the one in common 
 practice consisting of a truncated iron cone with per- 
 forated sides revolving on a horizontal axis and fur- 
 nished on the inside with steel spirals like the grooves 
 in a rifle barrel. The nodules are dumped ))y the 
 dredge into the small end of the cone, heavj' streams 
 of water are introduced through both ends and the 
 cone rotated; the waslied matei'ial is discharged at the 
 larger end of the cone and is remoA'cd by a derrick to 
 another boat which carries it to the shore. The dredge 
 generally used is of the ladder bucket type, which con- 
 sists of a series of steel buckets coiuiecti'd by means of 
 double links, the whole forming an endless chain wdiit'h 
 moves over drums or tund)lers fixed at the ends of the 
 ladder or frame. The higher end of the ladder is 
 placed directly above the receiving hoppers and the 
 lower end is supported by a tackle which allows it to be 
 I'aised or lowered, according to the depth at which the 
 work has to be done. The motive yjower is applied at 
 the upper end by means of fi-iction geai', so that any 
 undue strain will not break the macliinei-y. The ladder 
 bucket dredge ii; the phris])hate h'eld ordinarily do(>s 
 
 not operate at depths greater than from 20 to 25 feet. 
 Occasionally, for depths greater than 20 feet and up to 50 
 and 00 feet, a clam-shell bucket dredge is used, consist- 
 ing of a contrivance of 4 or 6 iron claws which open as 
 they are lowered and close forming a bucket as they 
 ascend. The bucket, generall}' of about 1 cubic yard 
 capacity, is operated from a swinging crane covering a 
 radius 'of 25 feet in front of the scow; the material is 
 delivered at a height of 14 feet above the deck into the 
 receiving hoppers which feed into the washers. The 
 cost of operating a claui-shell bucket dredge is from four 
 to five times that of the ladder bucket dredge. 
 
 Both the rock and nodules from the river and land 
 deposits occur in verj' irregular masses or fjlocks of 
 extremely hard conglomerate of variegated colors, which 
 weigh from half an ounce up to more than a ton. 
 
 The mean specific gravity of the material is 2.4, and 
 the rock is perforated with a network of very small 
 holes, the work of iniuunerable Crustacea, now filled 
 with sands and clays from the overlying strata. Some- 
 times the nodules are quite smooth or even glazed as if 
 worn ])y water; in other cases they are rough or 
 jagged. 
 
 The average anah'sis of South Carolina rock may be 
 taken as follows: 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 59.63 
 
 - S. 68 
 
 0. 73 
 
 6. 60 
 
 Tricaluic phasphate Ca3(P0,)„ 
 
 Calciuiu carTionate CaCOj 
 
 Magnesium carl)onate ^MgCOs 
 
 Iron and aluminum nxiiles Fe^Os and Alj'-'a 
 
 Sulphuric acid HvSOj -i 
 
 Calcium fluoride CaF, J 
 
 Water and loss on ignition H,0 
 
 Silica anil undetermined Si("l„ 
 
 ■i. SO 
 
 s. 00 
 
 n . .=S6 
 
 The land rock occurs chiefly in the vicinity of 
 Charleston, while the river rock is eontined to the 
 Coo.saw river and other streams in the vicinity of Beau- 
 fort. The land rock contains from 57 to 60 per cent 
 fif tricaleic phosphate, but has also a higher percentao-e 
 of iron and aliunina than the river rock. That portion 
 of the river rock which is low in iron and alumina 
 is mainly shipped abroad. 
 
 The excellent quality of the South Carolina product, 
 togetlier with the favorable shipping conditions, place 
 the production on a permanent basis, and the supply of 
 reserve rock known at the beginTiing of the present 
 decade is calcidated to furnish a supply at present rate 
 of consumption for thirty-five years to come. In recent 
 years there has been a slight decrease in the annual 
 production of river rock. The methods of mining and 
 preparation have not changed materially during the 
 past decade except that steam shovels are replacing 
 hand labor for the removal of the overl>urden and the 
 mining of the land rock. With regard to land rock, 
 Francis AVyatt describes the method of treating it in 
 order to make it marketable as follows: (1) mining or 
 excavating, (2) washing to remove sand and other ster- 
 ile impurities, and (?,) drying in kilns to drive off the 
 contained moisture. 
 
PHOSPHATE ROCK. 
 
 927 
 
 Taking these in their order, it its custoinary to estab- 
 lish a trunk railroad, starting at the ri\er front or 
 on the bank of some convenient stream, and passing 
 through the center of the property to be exploited. 
 Alternate laterals can be run off at right angles from 
 anj' portion of this main line, at a distance of say .500 
 feet, in conformity with the nature of the groiuid. Be- 
 tween and parallel to these laterals a ditch or drain is 
 dug to a depth extending from 4 to 5 feet below the 
 phosphate strata. From this main drain th(^ exca\'ators 
 start their lines at right angles to the laterals, commenc- 
 ing at one end of the Held and digging trenches 1.5 feet 
 wide and 5o0 feet long, the work being so arranged 
 that the men are stationed at inter^-als of 6 feet. Every 
 man is supposed to dig out, dailj', a pit 6 feet long, 1.5 
 feet wide, and down to the phosphate rock. The over- 
 lying material is thrown out to the left-hand side of the 
 trench. The phosphate itself is thrown out to the right 
 and taken in wheelbarrows to the railroad cars which 
 pass at either end of the trench. The water drains 
 from the trenches into the underlying ditch, and is 
 thence pumped out by means of a steam pump worked 
 by a locomotive engine. The pump and the engine are 
 secured to connected railway platforms, and run along 
 the railroad track from one ditch to another as occasion 
 requires. 
 
 The cars loaded with the crude phosphatic material 
 dug out of the pits are run down to the washing appa- 
 ratus, which is constructed at an elevation of 30 feet from 
 the ground, and generally consists of a series of semi- 
 circular troughs from 20 to 30 feet long set in an iron 
 framework at an incline of about 2(.t-inch rise in their 
 length. Through ever}' trough passes an octagonal 
 iron -cased shaft ])rovided with blades so arranged and 
 distributed as to form a screw with a twist of 1 foot in 
 6, which forces the washed material upward and pro- 
 jects the fragments against each other. The phosphate- 
 laden cars are hauled up an incline and their contents 
 dumped into the bottom trough, where the phosphate 
 encounters one or more heavy streams of water, pumped 
 up by a steam pump. This water does not run oil' at 
 the bottom, but overflows at the higher end near 
 where it enters. AVhen sufficiently washed the mate- 
 rial is pushed out upon a half-inch mesh screen, the 
 small debris being received on oscillating wire tables 
 below. 1 
 
 The phosphate is now ready for kilning or drying, 
 and of all the methods hitherto adopted for this im- : 
 portant process, that of simple roasting in an ordinary 
 kiln, such as is generally used in the manjifacture of 
 bricks, is said to have been foimd at once the most 
 rapid, effective, and economical. The lock pile is built 
 on layers of pine wood, and owing to its content of a 
 considerable quantity of organic matter it readily lends 
 itself to combustion and requires but a short time to 
 become quite red hot. The kilns are made suiBciently 
 large and are so arranged as to allo^v free passage to a 
 
 train of cars, which, running on the main line of rail- 
 road, can be loaded in the kiln, run down to the landing 
 place, and discharged directly into the })arges or boats 
 on the river. 
 
 The total ijroduction of phosphate I'ock in South Car- 
 olina, based on marketed output, from ISflT to and in- 
 cluding 11)02, as i-eported I13' the United States Geolog- 
 ical Survey, is: Land rock, t),7o2,139 long tons; river 
 rock, 3,930,3ti2 long tons; total, 10,(;32,.5ol long t(jns. 
 
 Te/mt'f<fiee. — Although the presence of phosphatic 
 nodules in the Chattanooga shale had been known for 
 several years, it was not until 18'.(3 that the industry 
 was started in Tennessee. The deposits are in Hick- 
 man and Lewis counties in the central part of the 
 state, but in few places oidj' are they of sufficient 
 quantity and richness to admit of profitable working. 
 The phosphates are classified according to color into 
 blue, brown, and white. The blue rock deposits began 
 to be developed in 1894 in Hickman and Lewis counties 
 over an area of 10 bj' 20 miles, the principal deposits 
 being adjacent to Swan Creek valley. The great draw- 
 back to the exploitation of the blue rock was the 
 distance of the field from the railroad, being 20 miles 
 away; this objection, however, might have been over- 
 come, but the later discovery of the high-grade, easily- 
 moved, brown phosphate rock near Mt. Pleasant, JVIaurj^ 
 county, 56 miles from Nashville, having direct railroad 
 transportation to the market, reduced the mining of 
 blue rock to inconsiderable proportions. The blue 
 rock occurs in horizontal beds overl^'ing and conform- 
 ing to the countrv limestone; the workable beds aver- 
 age 18 inches in thickness and outcrop only where the 
 streams have cut througli the overlying strata. In a 
 few cases it can be mined in open cuts by stripping 
 the overburden, but the great bulk of the work must 
 be mined under cover. AVith an 18-inch seam the min- 
 ing cost, though high, is offset by the fact that the 
 rock is sufficiently pure to be used without preliminarv 
 washing or screening; in fact it is stated to be the only 
 dejjosit of phosphate vet found in the United States 
 that can be mined and shipped without preliminarv 
 treatment. The average composition of the blue rock 
 shows To per cent of tricalcic phosphate and from 2.5 
 to 3 per cent of iron and alumiimm oxides. On account 
 of its location awaj' from the railroads the consumption 
 of blue rock is local. With this blue rock occurs a so- 
 called brown rock containing from 74 to 75 per cent of 
 tricalcic phosphate and from 5 to (1 per cent of iron and 
 aluminum oxides. 
 
 The general practice of mining is to strip the over- 
 burden l)y hand la])or and to quarrj' the rock in lumps, 
 or to run drifts into the deposit and remove the rock 
 by the ordinary pillar and stall system. Should the 
 material overlying the phosphate rock lie such that onlv 
 a little timbering is required, it will not ordinarily pay 
 to remove the overburden unless it is less than 10 feet 
 in thickness. Ordinarily the stripping of the overbuy- 
 
928 
 
 MINKS AND gUARRIES. 
 
 deii is a simple matter for ttie reason that most of the 
 phosphate roelv deposits outcrop on a hillside. Gen- 
 erally the rock is crushed to pass throug-h a 2-inch ring 
 and is then treated in a re\-oh-ing one-cjuarter-inch mesh 
 screen in order to remove adhering clay and sand; the 
 screened material is groiuid to from (iO to 8(1 mesh size 
 and sold for direct use by the farmer or t(.) small super- 
 phosphate manufacturers. The rock as it comes from 
 the deposit is comparatixcly dry and contains on an 
 average more than tl(_) per cent tricak'ic phosphate. 
 
 Prior to 189(3 the bulk of the production was obtained 
 from the blue rock district vvdicre the mines have been 
 developed to a consideral)le extent. The district was 
 handicapped by long wagon haulage and comparatively 
 costlj^ underground work. 
 
 The Mt. Pleasant rock occurs over an area of from 
 3 to 4 miles north and south and from (J to 8 miles 
 east and west. There are two A'ai'ieties — the soft, 
 which constitutes the bulk of the supply, and the hard, 
 which is of minor importance. The soft rock when 
 dry varies in color from grayish or reddisii lirown 
 to ci'eam white, and occurs in plates of various thick- 
 ness or size, rarely exceeding i' or 8 feet in diameter. 
 The plates are closely packed together into a fairlj- 
 regular .stratum which is not uniform in thickness and 
 often sinks into depressions of the underlying lime- 
 stone. The overburden averages '.^< feet in thickness, 
 except in the eastern part of the field where it is too 
 thick in many places to admit of successful mining. 
 The rock is of loose and porous texture and is readily 
 ground when dry. 
 
 Two classes of product are made, known locallv as 
 domestic and expoi't. The nui of mine after the re- 
 moval of the export lumps, is washed, kiln dried, 
 crushed, and screened, the small particles and dust 
 which pass through forming the domestic pi'oduct, 
 while the lumps constitute that exported. The export 
 grade is guaranteed 78 per cent of tricalcic phosphate 
 with a maximum of 4 per cent of iron and aluminum 
 oxides; the domestic product is 7.5 per cent and :_> per 
 cent of these components, respectively. 
 
 The hard rock is compact, heavy, oolitic in structure, 
 yellow white in color, and occurs like the l)lue rock in 
 a well-detined stratum of about two feet in thickness. 
 It is of high grade, Ijut occui's in small (juantities. The 
 Mt. Pleasant rock contains no pyrites, l»ut little tluorite 
 and usually a high content of tricalcic phosphate. 
 Washing is necessary in order to remove the iron and 
 alununum oxides present in the crude rock as it comes 
 froiri the mines. The mining at Mt. Pleasant is all 
 open-cutworlv. From 8 to 9 feet of o\'erl)urden is re- 
 moved by hand or with scrapers and the rock removed 
 with pick and bar. no explosive being necessary'. Usu- 
 ally the mined rxjck is dried, under sheds on a cribwork 
 of cord wood, wluch is tired, yielding a thoroughly 
 dry pi'oduct. 1'he di-y rock is then crushed, screened, 
 and storeil oi' shi];[)ed. The high grade material is 
 
 obtained chietiy from Mt. Pleasant and vicinity, while 
 lower grade (le])osits exist in Hickman, Giles, and 
 Sumner counties. For the former class of rock there 
 I is a good export market, but the low grade rock is 
 consumed mostly at home. 
 
 The w^hite rock deposits are in Perry county, the 
 largest development ])eing at Toms creek; it is far 
 from the railroads, but is within 4 miles of the Tennes- 
 see river, which ali'ords water transportation. The 
 rock closely resembles Florida land rock in appearance 
 iind occurs with chert in pockets of variable size. 
 Selected samples show a high content of tricalcic phos- 
 i phate and low iron and aluminum oxides. On account 
 of its unfavorable location but little work has been 
 done on this property. White rock is found in other 
 localities in Tennessee, but so far the deposits are of 
 little, if any, importance. 
 
 Oflii-r stafev. — The geological survey of Alabama has 
 exannned several well-defined deposits, the chief one 
 being the Ilamlnirg bed in Perry county, which is part 
 of a formation extending nearly across the state, although 
 at only one or two points is the material of sufficient 
 richness to make it of importance. The Coatopa bed in 
 Sumter county has been traced for some distance. The 
 Snow Hill bed in Wilcox and Marengo couijties carries 
 a higher percentage of tricalcic phosphate than either 
 of the other deposits and holds out more promise of 
 commercial value than ixny other in the state. There 
 has been no production of phosphate rock in Alabama 
 since 19(K), in which year 334 long tons, valued at ^534, 
 were produced. 
 
 In Arkansas phosphate rock has been found in the 
 counties of Independence, Stone, Izard, Baxter, Marion, 
 Searcy, and Newton, in the northern part of the state, 
 but little prospecting has been done, owing to the dis- 
 tance of the deposits from the railroads. The majoritv 
 of the samples analyzed prior to 19("»2 showed a low 
 content of tricalcic phosphate and were high in iron 
 and aluminum oxides. In 1902 a large fertilizer plant 
 was built near Batesvillc. on the White River Railroad, 
 which was being extended to the mines. Mining opera- 
 tions have been liegun in a layer of phosphate rock 
 t'ontaining from fiO to8(» per cent of tricalcic phosphate 
 and less than 3 per cent of iron and aluminum oxides. 
 The deposits promise to be of consider!d)le extent and 
 richness, and they will doubtless be developer! as soon 
 as the railroad has been completed. 
 
 A deposit of phosphate rock has l)een reported near 
 San Diego, Cal., but the samples sent east showed a. 
 small proportion of phosphoi-ic acid and a large content 
 of calcium carbonate. 
 
 In Georgia, accoixling to S. ^\\ McAllie, the only 
 commercially important phosphate deposit is near 
 P>oston, Thomas county, which was discovered in ISSl). 
 The phosphate occurs in nodules of a size ranging- fi'om 
 I inch to 1 foot in diameter, scattered promiscuously 
 through a rcnldisli sandy clay overlying an irregularly 
 
PHOSPHATE ROCK. 
 
 929 
 
 eroded surface of limestone. In addition to the nodules, 
 which contain from 70 to 78 per cent of tricalcic phos- 
 phate, there is also a small proportion of soft phosphate 
 rock. A few carloads of rock were produced in 1SS'.», 
 but the work was abandoned on account of the small 
 quantit_y of rock available and the great thickness of 
 the overburden. 
 
 A small ((uantity of phosphate rock is mined annual!}' 
 at the shell-rock quarry. Castle Haj'ne, near Wilming- 
 ton, N. C. The state owns the mines, and in 1S!»7 pro- 
 posed to work them with convict labor. In 1S98 a land 
 and improvement company was organized to take ovei' 
 the property under contract with the state. During 
 recent j^ears the entire product, which is of very low 
 grade, has been used solelj' for macadamizing the streets 
 of Wilmintj-ton. 
 
 The phosphate mines at Ro.ss Farm, Juniata country, 
 Pa., on the Tuscarora Vaiie}' Railroad, are operated by 
 a fertilizer company, wliich erected a large plant for 
 the manufacture of acid phosphate in 1898. The aver- 
 age rock is of low grade, but the good rock, containing 
 more than 50 per cent of tricalcic phosphate, can be 
 easily separated from that of poor grade. The phos- 
 phate b(>ds dip ,steeply into the mountain, and the rock 
 can 1)6 delivered at the works, 300 vards distant, at a 
 very low cost. 
 
 In Virginia the occurrence of deposits of hard-rock 
 phosphate was reported in Nelson county in 1893 and 
 in Rockljridge count}' in 1894. An anal3'sis of samples 
 showed that the material was of high grade, but the 
 deposits examined were so inaccessible and small that 
 the rock could not be mined at a profit. 
 
 Table 0.— DETAILED SUMMARY: 1902. 
 
 
 United 
 States. 
 
 Florida. 
 
 South 
 'Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 Tennes- 
 see. 
 
 All 
 other 
 states 
 and 
 terri- 
 tories. 1 
 
 
 United 
 States. 
 
 Florida. 
 
 South 
 Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 Tennes- 
 see. 
 
 All 
 
 other 
 states 
 and 
 terri- 
 tories.! 
 
 N\imber of mines or quarries. 
 N umber of operfttors 
 
 115 
 
 87 
 
 18 
 13 
 66 
 
 391 
 8356,204 
 
 64 
 888,473 
 
 253 
 8213, 983 
 
 1 
 8275 
 
 73 
 852,473 
 
 5, 971 
 81 , 930, 093 
 
 5, 901 
 81,906.293 
 
 .613 
 8278, 908 
 
 4,:5]3 
 8I,312,;K9 
 
 36 
 
 86,106 
 
 l,0:J9 
 8308, 900 
 
 70 
 823, 800 
 
 69 
 823, 600 
 
 1 
 8200 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 52 
 
 3 
 47 
 24 
 20 
 
 1 
 11 
 
 61 
 
 36 
 
 24 
 
 192 
 8206, 108 
 
 32 
 
 853, 000 
 
 118 
 8124,0,50 
 
 1 
 8275 
 
 41 
 828, 783 
 
 2, 866 
 8996, 801 
 
 2, 8.58 
 8994,301 
 
 320 
 8180,9.82 
 
 2, 076 
 8663, 424 
 
 16 
 82,749 
 
 447 
 8147,146 
 
 8 
 82,. 500 
 
 8 
 82, .500 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 40 
 37 
 
 9 
 
 21 
 
 115 
 8,82,125 
 
 23 
 823, 573 
 
 71 
 843, 462 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 81,. 570 
 
 3 
 
 81,2.50 
 
 Average number of wage- 
 . earners at specified daily 
 rates of pay— Continued'. 
 Engineers — Continued. 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 76 
 37 
 27 
 3 
 7 
 1 
 4 
 
 1 
 20 
 
 8 
 28 
 25 
 
 4 
 35 
 
 29 
 6 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 1,010 
 
 2,990 
 
 226 
 
 126 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 4 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 100 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 27 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 45 
 
 ,55 
 
 232 
 
 476 
 
 82 
 
 20 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 14 
 32 
 3 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 Character of ownership: 
 Individual 
 
 
 Firm 
 
 Incorporated company 
 
 1 
 9 
 
 80 
 865, 401 
 
 9 
 811,900 
 
 61 
 
 845, 221 
 
 
 84 00 to 84.24 
 
 
 
 84 25 and over 
 
 * 
 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 Total number 
 
 Firemen — 
 
 80.75 to 80.99 
 
 81.00 to 81.24.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 43 
 34 
 26 
 2 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 General officers — 
 
 81.25 to 81.49 
 
 
 Number 
 
 81. .50 to 81. 74 
 
 
 
 
 81.75 to 81. 99 
 
 
 
 
 
 Superintendents, man- 
 
 82.00 to 82 24.. 
 
 4 
 
 
 agers, foremen, sur- 
 
 82.25 to 82 49 
 
 
 1 
 
 veyors, etc. — 
 
 82 .50 to 82.74 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 19 
 8 
 3 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 
 Number 
 
 INIachinists, blacksmiths, 
 carpenters, and other 
 mechanics— 
 
 80..50 to80,74 
 
 80.76 10,80.99 
 
 81.00 to81.24 
 
 81.25 to 81. 49 
 
 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Foremen below ground- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Salaries 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 88, 280 
 
 1,498 
 8435, 653 
 
 1,498 
 8435, ,6.53 
 
 156 
 
 876,177 
 
 947 
 ,82.58, .537 
 
 21 
 815, 090 
 
 1 , 597 
 8493, 809 
 
 ]..5:>5 
 8472, 509 
 
 36 
 821,269 
 
 1 , 2,h3 
 8387, C68 
 
 19 
 
 83, 257 
 
 197 
 860,916 
 
 62 
 821,300 
 
 61 
 821,100 
 
 1 
 
 :"20:l 
 
 1 
 8320 
 
 10 
 83, 9:50 
 
 10 
 
 83, 930 
 
 1 
 8480 
 
 8 
 83,350 
 
 1 
 8100 
 
 
 Clerks— 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 18 
 2 
 
 26 
 
 12 
 4 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 332 
 
 1,547 
 
 72 
 116 
 
 
 
 
 
 81 ..50 to 81.74 
 
 
 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 81.75 to 81. 99 
 
 
 Aggregate average number. 
 
 82 00 to 82 24 
 
 8 
 
 Aggregate wages 
 
 82.25 to 82.49 
 
 
 Above ground- 
 
 82..50 to 82.74 
 
 83.00 to$3.24 
 
 83..50 to 83.74 
 
 33,75 to 83.99 
 
 17 
 2 
 
 
 Total average number. . 
 
 ' 
 
 Total wages 
 
 
 Engineers, firemen. 
 
 
 
 and other me- 
 
 84.00 to 84.24 
 
 
 
 chanics- 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Average number . . . 
 Wages 
 
 Miners or quarrymen— 
 S0..50 toSO.74 
 
 $0.76 to 80.99 
 
 556 
 302 
 
 6 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 Miners or quarry- 
 
 
 men — 
 Average number ... 
 Wages 
 
 Bovs under 16 years — 
 
 81,00 toSl.24 
 
 81.26 to81.49 
 
 $1..60 to81.74 
 
 81,75 to 81.99 
 
 1,1^0 1 
 76 7 
 6 , 
 
 Average number — 
 
 82 00 to 82 24 
 
 6 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 
 
 Wages 
 
 395 
 8100, 8:39 
 
 82.25 to 82.49 
 
 82. .60 toS2.74 - 
 
 1 
 
 .\11 other wage-earn- 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 er.s — 
 
 $2.75 to 82.99 
 
 
 AvCDige number . . . 
 
 83,00 to $3.24 
 
 4 
 
 
 Wages 
 
 S3..60 to 83.74 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 
 
 Below ground — 
 
 83.76 to 83.99 
 
 
 
 
 Total average number.. 
 
 84.00 to 84, 24 
 
 
 
 
 Total wages 
 
 
 1 
 10 
 
 
 
 Miner.s — 
 Average number ... 
 
 Timbermen and track lay- 
 ers- 
 80 75 to 80.99 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Bovs under 16 years — 
 
 
 81.00 to 81 .24 
 
 100 
 
 i 
 
 Average number ... 
 
 $1 75 to 81 99 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Boys under 111 years- 
 Less than 80,50 
 
 6 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 
 Average number of wage- 
 earners at .specified daily 
 rates of pay: 
 Engineers — 
 
 81.00 to 81. 24 
 
 81 25 to 81 49 
 
 2 
 1 
 34 
 2 
 34 
 21 
 10 
 1 
 2 
 
 3 
 3 
 16 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 80,50 to 80 74 
 
 
 OQ 
 
 $0,75 to 80.99 
 
 
 1 
 
 81.00 to 81. 24 
 
 
 
 All other w age.earner.s- 
 
 Less than SO ,50 
 
 $0,5CtoS0.74 
 
 SO 75 to 80 99 
 
 44 
 
 54 
 1,89 
 96 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 10 
 177 
 4 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Ji' 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 81.75 toSl.99 
 
 82.00 to 82.24 
 
 33 
 
 1 203 
 77 
 I 19 
 1 12 
 1 3 
 
 
 81.00 to81.24 
 
 81.26 to81.49 
 
 81. .50 to 81. 74 
 
 
 82 25 to 82 49 
 
 
 82..50 to 82.74 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 81.75 to 81.99 
 
 
 
 83.00 to83.24 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 1 82,00 to 82.24 
 
 ! 
 
 i;::""" 
 
 3022.3- 
 
 1 Includes operators distributed as follows: Arkansas, 1; New Mexico, 1; Ohio, 1; and Pennsylvania, 1. 
 -04 -59 
 
930 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 6.— DETAILED SUMMARY: 1902— Continued. 
 
 United 
 States. 
 
 Average number of wape- 
 earners employed during 
 each montii: 
 Men 16 years and over — 
 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 Marcil 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 Boys under 16 years- 
 January r- 
 
 February 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 h,562 
 .S, 336 
 .=., .i21 
 
 s.mi 
 
 5, W4 
 6,36S 
 6,335 
 6,322 
 ('., 403 
 
 6, HSl 
 .S, 777 
 ,S, 71,S 
 
 30 
 30 
 30 
 42 
 41 
 42 
 43 
 42 
 39 
 39 
 33 
 33 
 
 Florida. 
 
 2,8,=i7 
 2, 739 
 2, 74.5 
 2, 794 
 2,838 
 2,. 873 
 2,847 
 2,876 
 2,866 
 2,942 
 2, 899 
 2,924 
 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 21 
 21 
 21 
 
 21 
 IS 
 18 
 10 
 10 
 
 South 
 t'aro- 
 lina. 
 
 1,.S31 
 1,517 
 1,.529 
 1,621 
 1,492 
 1,422 
 1,481 
 1 , .594 
 1, .556 
 1,432 
 1,388 
 1,413 
 
 Tenne 
 
 see. 
 
 1,107 
 1,073 
 1,240 
 1,419 
 1,607 
 2, 066 
 1,994 
 1,.833 
 1,968 
 1,700 
 1,483 
 1,374 
 
 19 
 19 
 19 
 
 ■ 20 
 19 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 
 All 
 other 
 states 
 
 and 
 terri- 
 tories. 
 
 
 United 
 
 States. 
 
 Florida. 
 
 South 
 Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 Tennes- 
 see. 
 
 All 
 other 
 states 
 
 and 
 terri- 
 tories. 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 13 
 19 
 13 
 
 7 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 Contract work: 
 .\inount paid 
 
 8157,402 
 306 
 
 S430,47n 
 
 J212,3.50 
 
 $218, 12.5 
 8799,414 
 
 1, 648, 720 
 84,922,943 
 
 14,229 
 
 282 
 13, 974 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 81.57, 402 
 
 
 Number of employees 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses: 
 Total 
 
 
 
 306 
 
 8283, 149 
 8120,143 
 
 8103, 006 
 8-542,322 
 
 786, 115 
 82, 655, 463 
 
 9, .529 
 
 192 
 9, 369 
 
 1 
 
 170 
 
 865, 157 
 838,333 
 
 826, 824 
 8162, 836 
 
 327, 557 
 89.50, 208 
 
 3,070 
 
 70 
 3, 070 
 
 881,882 8287 
 
 Royalties and rent of 
 mineand mininfj; plant. 
 
 Rent of otliecs, ta.xes, in- 
 surance, interest, and 
 other sundries 
 
 8.53, 7.54 
 
 828, 128 
 893,715 
 
 432, 603 
 81,:W8,872 
 
 1,410 
 
 18 
 1,;525 
 
 8120 
 8167 
 
 Co.st of supplicsand materials. 
 Product: 
 Quantity, long tons 
 
 8.511 
 
 2,445 
 88,400 
 
 '^20 
 
 Power owned : 
 Total liorscpnwcr 
 
 Engines- 
 Steam — 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Water wheels- 
 Number 
 
 2 
 220 
 
 
 170 
 
 
 
 Otlier power — 
 Number 
 
 n 
 85 
 
 9 
 
 
 85 
 
 
 
 
 Electric motors — 
 
 9 
 •500 
 
 
 
 
 500 
 
 
 
 
 : 1 
 
 
SULPHUR AND PYRITE 
 
 (931) 
 
SULPHUR AND PYRITE. 
 
 liv Joseph Stkuthers, Ph. D. 
 
 The statistics foi' the sulphur and pyrite industries 
 have been united in tlie present discussion in order not 
 to disclose the operations of 1 company engaged in pro- 
 ducing sulphur. Table 1 is a summary of the com- 
 bined statistics for these i! industries in 18S9 and 1902, 
 and of the statistics of pyrite alone for ISSO, no returns 
 for sulphur mining having been made for that 3'ear. 
 The expansion of domestic production to meet the 
 increasing demand for sulphur and sulphuric acid is 
 clearly indicated. 
 
 Table 1. — ('(miparalire suinmnrii: _7<s',s'o In iyO-2. 
 
 Number of mines 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 Product:^ 
 
 Quantity, long tons 
 
 Value 
 
 1902 
 
 1>3 
 
 IK 
 
 M 
 
 549, 890 
 
 970 
 
 J398,870 
 
 «3, 5«7 
 
 ?39, 118 
 
 $217,26'i 
 
 207, 874 
 
 f947, 089 
 
 1889 
 
 1880 
 
 (-') 
 S5, 512 
 
 249 
 S64, 789 
 $23, 103 
 $30, 202 
 843,700 
 
 106. 100 
 $209,969 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 6 
 $1,200 
 
 (') 
 
 (M 
 $365 
 
 2,240 
 $5,000 
 
 ^ Not reported. 
 2 Not reported separately. 
 
 sincludcs in 1902, 11,4,83 tons of pyrite, valued at $29,420, ].roduecd as a by- 
 product of coal mining. 
 
 For the twenty-two years covered, the table shows 
 an increase in production of over one-hundredfold, and 
 in value of nearlj' one hundred and ninetj- fold. When 
 the total amount of sulphur consumed (as sulphur, not 
 including pyrite) is taken into considei'ation, the amount 
 of the domestic production in 1902 was not relatively 
 large, but the steadj- increase indicates the substantial 
 nature of the industry. In 1880 the industry was 
 small — only 1 pyrite mine with a product valued at 
 $5,000 being reported, but in 1889 the value of the 
 production of sulphur and pyrite was $209,969. This 
 increased to $917,089 in 1902. The growth from 1880 
 to 1889 was greater proportionately, but that from 1889 
 to 1902 was larger in absolute amount. 
 
 Three sulphur mines were reported idle in 1902 — 1 in 
 Colorado and 2 in Utah; and 5 pyrite mines — 1 each in 
 Alabama and Ohio, and 3 in Virginia. At 1 sulphur 
 mine in Texas development work was reported. 
 
 Capital stork of Incorporated comparueH. — Of the 18 
 operators in the United States in 1902, 14 were organ- 
 ized as incorporated companies. The details of their 
 capitalization are shown in Table 2. 
 
 Table 2. — Otpilnlizntion af iiicorjiorated companies: 1902. 
 
 United 
 States. 
 
 Number (tf incorporated companies 14 
 
 Number reporting capitalization 1 12 
 
 Capital stock: j 
 
 Total attthorized — 
 
 N umber of shares 46, 000 
 
 Par value $4, 260, 000 
 
 Total issued — 
 
 Number of shares i 38, ,S.50 
 
 Par value I $3, 545, 000 
 
 Dividends paid I $2, 400 
 
 Common — 
 
 Authorizerl — 
 
 Number of shares 42, 500 
 
 I'lir value \ 83,910,000 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Nural:)er of shares 37, 500 
 
 Par value $3,410,000 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 All other 
 states. 
 
 IMvidends jiaid . 
 Preferred — 
 
 .Authorized — 
 
 Number of shares . 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of shares . 
 
 Par value 
 
 .$2. 400 
 \ 
 
 3, 500 
 $350, 000 
 
 1,3.50 
 $135,000 
 
 12, .500 
 $1,2.50,000 
 
 7,500 ; 
 $7.50,000 
 
 12, .500 
 $1, 2.50, 000 
 
 7,. 500 
 50,000 
 
 '12 
 
 no 
 
 33, .500 
 $3,010,000 
 
 31,360 
 
 $2, 795, 000 
 
 $2, 400 
 
 30, 000 
 $2, 660, 000 
 
 30, 000 
 
 $2, 660, 000 
 
 $2, 400 
 
 3, 500 
 $3.50,000 
 
 1,3.50 
 $135, 000 
 
 1 Includes companies distributed as follows: .\labama, 1; California, 2; Lou- 
 isiana, 1; Massachusetts,!; Missouri,!; Nevada,!; New York, 1; Ohio, 3; Wash- 
 ington, 1. 
 
 - Includes companies distributed as follows: Alabama, 1; Louisiana, 1; Jlas- 
 sachusetts, !; Missouri, 1; Nevada, 1; New York, 1; Ohio, 3; Washington, !. 
 
 These companies reported a total capital stock issued 
 of a par value of $3, .515,000. This was made up of 
 37,500 shares of common stock, 88 per cent of the num- 
 ber authorized, having a par value of $3,410,000, which 
 is 87 per cent of the total par value of the $3,910,000 
 authorized; and 1,350 shares of preferred stock having 
 a par value of $135,000, these amounts being each 90 
 per cent of the number of shares and total value of the 
 preferred capital stock authorized. There was no 
 bonded indebtedness. 
 
 Eiii2)loyee>i andvxiyes. — The average number of wage- 
 earners employed each month during 1902 is shown in 
 Table 6. The employment was comparatively steady. 
 The average number of wage-earners for the entire 
 year was 970. The highest monthly average, 1,059, 
 reported in July, exceeds this by only 89, and the low- 
 est, reported in December, falls short of it by 151, a 
 total variation of 240, or 24.8 per cent of the yearly 
 average. Child labor constituted only 13.4 per cent of 
 the whole. 
 
 (933) 
 
934 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table fi .show.s iilso the averao-e numbei- of wao-e- 
 earners employed at speritied daily rates of pay duriiio' 
 19i)-2. 
 
 The rate yroup conipri.siny the o-reatest iiuniher of 
 wage-earners is that from $1 to ^1.24- per diem. oO per 
 ■cent of the entire numlier lieing ineluded within these 
 rates. Of the employees. 2t)5, or 21.1 per vQut, ret'eived 
 from SI. 25 to ^1A9 per day: t)(;2, or lis. 2 p(>r cent got 
 between $1 and $1.74 ]>er day; 14<i, or If) per cent of 
 the total, were employed at a rate of §2 or more, and 
 117, or 12.1 percent, received less than $1 per diem. 
 Of the '..J7ii wage-earners. 42'.», or 44.2 per cent, were 
 employed Itelow ground. Miners and quarrvmen num- 
 bered 301, or 31 per cent, and lid. or 3(i..5 per cent of 
 these, received from §1.25 to $1.4it per day, the 
 remainder l)eing distributed mostly among the higher | The quantity of sulphur displaced by the use of pyrite 
 rate groups. (1 receiving from $3 to s?3.24. "All other i is also shown, 
 wage-earners" numbered 405, or 41. S per cent, their 
 
 greatest concentration, 4S.1 pei' cent, being in the rate 
 group from $1 to $1.24. 
 
 ircrJiuiiical jxii'i'i-r. — The primary po\\'er reported for 
 the sulphur and pyrite industry aggregated (),3(»5 horse- 
 power. Of this 5,915 horsepower was generated by 
 steam, 20 by gas or gasoline, 50 by rented waterj)ower, 
 and 320 by air compressoi's. Two clecti'ic motors, hav- 
 ing a capacity of SO horsepower, were also reported. 
 
 J 'rod net ion. — In the following table the figures for 
 the domestic producti(jn and the imports of sulphur 
 and })yrite are gi\'en, so far as obtainal)le. for the vears 
 LSlso to 1902. The statistics for the two minerals are , 
 presented separately except for 1902, a comliination for 
 that year being necessary to avoid disclosing the oper- 
 ations of a company engaged in producing sulphur. 
 
 Table 3.— ANNUAL DOMESTIC PRODUCTION, IMPORTS, AND TOTAL CONSUMPTION OF SULPHUR AND OF PYRITE, 
 WITH PERCENTAGE DOMESTIC PRODUCTION IS OF TOTAL CONSUMPTION, AND QUANTITY OF SULPHUR 
 DISPLACED BY PY'RITE: 1S80 TO 1902. 
 
 [United states (-iei-)logieal Slirvt-y, " Miiiural Resources of the United States." Iy0'.i.] 
 
 18,S0 
 
 1.S81 
 
 1.S82 
 
 18.s:i 
 
 1SS4 
 
 lS.S.n 
 
 188f. 
 
 ]8S7 
 
 18.S8 
 
 1889 
 
 1890 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 189.5 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 Total con- 
 sumption I 
 
 (longtons). 
 
 88,1 
 lO.i.i 
 
 98,; 
 
 95,1 
 10.1,8 
 
 97, 
 120,1 
 
 99,! 
 
 ll'.2, 
 
 118,: 
 
 103,. 5 
 
 106,1 
 
 12.5, ' 
 
 12.3,' 
 
 143,' 
 
 143,' 
 
 16.5, 
 
 14.1, 
 
 170,1 
 
 1.H2. 
 
 (■') 
 
 Domestic prodnctio 
 
 Quantity 
 
 (lontf ' 
 tons). 
 
 Percent 
 of total 
 consump- 
 tion. 
 
 6.55 
 
 536 
 
 ?21 , 000 
 
 0.6 
 
 802 
 
 536 
 
 21,000 
 
 0.5 
 
 ■iaa 
 
 .536 
 
 21 , 000 
 
 O.G 
 
 62V 
 
 893 
 
 27, 000 
 
 0.9 
 
 862 
 
 440 
 
 12, 000 
 
 0.4 
 
 712 
 
 638 
 
 17,873 
 
 0.7 
 
 099 
 
 2, 2.32 
 
 75,000 
 
 1.9 
 
 924 
 
 2, 679 
 
 100,000 
 
 2. 7 
 
 4117 
 
 
 
 
 361) 
 
 402 
 
 7, 8.50 
 
 0.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 258 
 
 1,071 
 
 39,600 
 
 6,9 
 
 .522 
 
 2, 100 
 
 80, 640 
 
 2.3 
 
 894 
 
 1 , 071 
 
 42, 000 
 
 1.0 
 
 90.5 
 
 446 
 
 20, 000 
 
 0.4 
 
 703 
 
 1 , 607 
 
 12,001) 
 
 1.3 
 
 976 
 
 4,696 
 
 87,260 
 
 3.3 
 
 936 
 
 2, 031 
 
 45, 590 
 
 1.4 
 
 .->^T 
 
 1,071 
 
 ;;2,960 
 
 0.7 
 
 846 
 
 4,313 
 
 107, .500 
 
 3.0 
 
 843 
 
 3,147 
 
 88, 100 
 
 1.8 
 
 076 
 
 (),866i 
 (■') 
 
 223, 430 
 
 3.8 
 
 Imports. 
 
 Quantity 
 
 (long 
 tons). 
 
 88,119 
 
 105, 266 
 
 97, 722 
 
 94,734 
 
 105, 416 
 
 97, 074 
 
 117, 867 
 
 97, 245 
 
 98, 407 
 
 136, 9.58 
 
 162, 789 
 
 117,187 
 
 101,122 
 
 10.1, 823 
 
 125, 4.59 
 
 122,096 
 
 139,280 
 
 141,905 
 
 164,504 
 
 141,. 533 
 
 167,696 
 
 175,210 
 
 174,939 
 
 Value. 
 
 52,034,899 
 2, 720, 266 
 2, 636, 524 
 2, 296, 695 
 2, 255, :!31 
 1,9.51,3.54 
 2, 2.50, 605 
 1,700,723 
 1,. 586, .51 9 
 2, 070, 461 
 2,767,731 
 2,6.83.971 
 2,199,026 
 1,909,961 
 1,708,617 
 1,6,13,754 
 2,172,629 
 2,4,5-1,073 
 3,069,921 
 
 2, 523, 203 
 2, 940, 8S8 
 3,2^7.906 
 
 3, 2,S3, 309 
 
 ' l'rc-\-ious to ]S84 classed anions suljihiir ores: 1887 to 1891 classed j ni 
 
 sulphur. 
 
 =^ Estimated on basis of 45 jicr cent s)ilphiir content. 
 
 <*The statistics of the domestic ]>rudiicfi(pn iind l.ital con^iiiopl ion ni' siijj.l 
 producing sulythiir. 
 
 Total con- 
 sumption 
 {long tons). 
 
 iiomeslic rirodiH.-tio)i, 
 
 Quantity 
 
 (long" 
 tons). 
 
 Per cent 
 of total j 
 consump- 
 tion. 1 
 
 Imports, 
 
 Quantity 
 (long ' 
 tons). 
 
 Value. 
 
 51,710 
 55, 078 
 .56, 605 
 6.8, ,578 
 
 207. LSI 
 262,147 
 270,711 
 269, 4,S6, 
 289, 984 
 315,651 
 402, 747 
 446i, 137 
 414,602 
 .527, 099 
 038, 531 
 •' 648, 237 
 
 12,000 
 25, 000 
 a5,000 
 49, 000 
 .55, 000 
 .52,000 
 .54,331 
 93, 705 
 99, ,H54 
 106, .536, 
 109. 78,s 
 
 105i 940 
 99, .549 
 115,483 
 143,201 
 193, 364 
 174, 734 
 204, 615 
 234,825 
 3 207,, 874 
 
 872, 000 
 137, ,500 
 175, 000 
 220, 600 
 220, 000 
 210,000 
 167,6.58 
 202,119 
 273, 745 
 338, 880 
 305, 191 
 256,. 5.52 
 363,131 
 322, 845 
 320, 163 
 391,.r>ll 
 593, SOI 
 613,249 
 749, 991 
 1,024,419 
 ■917,0.S9 
 
 (17 
 
 ;.■ 
 
 H9 
 
 
 
 97 
 
 'J 
 
 7S 
 
 8 
 
 16,710 
 6,078 
 1, 605 
 
 16, .578 
 
 S.50, 632 
 
 18, 577 
 
 9,771 
 
 49, 661 
 
 4 
 
 100,6,48 
 
 9 
 
 152,359 
 
 
 
 194, 934 
 
 3 
 
 163, 5 Hi 
 
 3 
 
 190, 435 
 
 6 
 
 200,168 
 
 6 
 
 2.59,546 
 
 3 
 
 2.52, 773 
 
 3 
 
 269, 868 
 
 8 
 
 322, 484 
 
 8 
 
 403, 706 
 
 
 440, 363 
 
 392, 
 
 .587, 
 
 721, 
 
 .590. 
 
 6,73, 
 
 6 IS, 
 
 747, 
 
 717, 
 
 1,077, 
 
 1,0.55, 
 
 1,415, 
 
 1 , 650, 
 
 Quantity 
 of sulphur 
 displaced 
 by use of 
 pyrite(long 
 tons). 2 
 
 93. 233 
 117,966 
 121,820 
 121,269 
 130, 493 
 142,043 
 181,236 
 200, 762 
 200, 071 
 237, 195 
 287, 339 
 (») 
 
 iircs: since l.H'.il includes inoi pyrite containing 25 ],cr cent or more of 
 iiied « ilh thi,se of pyrile t., uvo)d disclosing the operations of a company 
 
 The 6|uantity of siilpluir produced each year in this 
 country has been a relatively small part of the totiil 
 consumption of the commodity. In no year during 
 the period co\'ered by tlic table lias this ]iropi;rtion 
 exceeded 3.8 per cent, but a comparison of the fluctua- 
 tion makes it e\'i(lent that this proportion tends to 
 increase. The imports have increased from S8,119 
 long tons in bSSO to 174,939 long tons in 1902. 
 
 I'racticaliy all the yjyrite consumed in ls,82 was of 
 domestic production, Ijut in 1901 this source yielded 
 
 only 3(;.S per cent of the total. Owing to trade condi- 
 tions the foreign pyrite can be more ])roHtablv util- 
 ized than can the domestic ore. Hence the imports 
 have constantly grown until they now form almost two- 
 thirds of the total consumption. 
 
 The recovery of the sulphur content of pyrite has 
 steadily encroached upon the field formerly occupied 
 almost exclusively by sulphur. EstimatiHl on an aver- 
 age suli)hur content of 45 per cent, the (|uantity of sul- 
 phur displaced by the use of jiyrite has grown from 
 
SULPHUR AND PYRITE. 
 
 935 
 
 93,233 long tons in 1891 to 287,339 long tons in 1901. 
 This latter figure exceeds the domestic production of 
 sulphur bj' 280,473 long ton«. 
 
 Imports of sidfliur. — Table 4 shows the importation 
 
 of sulphur into the United States for 1900, 1901, and 
 1902, the exporting countries, and the customs district 
 at which the sulphur was entered. 
 
 T.^BLE 4.— IMPORTS, BY COUNTRIES AND BY CUSTOMS DISTRICTS, INTO THE UNITED STATES, OF CRUDE SULPHUR 
 OR BRIMSTONE, FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING .lUNE 30: 1900 TO 1902. 
 
 [United Statew Geologi(.'al Survey, "MliktjU Resiiurces of the United Stute.s," r,)02,] 
 
 Total. 
 
 Canada 
 
 England 
 
 Italy 
 
 Japan 
 
 Other countries . 
 
 Total. 
 
 Baltimore, Md 
 
 Bo.ston and Charlestown, Mass . 
 
 Champlain, N. Y 
 
 New Orleans, La 
 
 New York, N. Y' 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa 
 
 Portland, Me 
 
 San Franeiseo, Cal 
 
 Savannah, Ga 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Willamette, Oreg 
 
 All other 
 
 1900 
 
 Quantity 
 (long tons). 
 
 7,42.5 
 
 138, Oil 
 
 9,958 
 
 5 
 
 155, 399 
 
 12, 798 
 10, 023 
 
 1,000 
 
 8.5,886 
 7,448 
 
 24,880 
 
 8,237 
 
 751 
 
 1,630 
 2,747 
 
 Value. 
 
 155, 882 
 
 :, 369, 037 
 
 186,847 
 
 146 
 
 213, 893 
 203, 014 
 
 16, 111 
 
 1,467,947 
 
 120,284 
 
 436, 692 
 
 152, 335 
 
 13, 675 
 
 33, 134 
 
 54,827 
 
 1901 
 
 Qtiantity 
 (long tons) 
 
 1.59,711 
 
 933 
 
 7,484 
 
 139, 492 
 
 11,798 
 
 4 
 
 9,040 
 11,048 
 
 2,213 
 
 89, 7.56 
 
 11,100 
 
 20, 039 
 
 9, 3.59 
 
 1,000 
 
 439 
 
 2,087 
 
 3,630 
 
 .J2, 875, 104 
 
 24, 957 
 
 1.56, 205 
 
 2, 474, 684 
 
 219, 193 
 
 65 
 
 2, 875, 104 
 
 153, 664 
 217,274 
 
 .54, 694 
 
 1,, 585, 084 
 
 186, 319 
 
 363, 473 
 
 172,176 
 
 18,190 
 
 12, 2a5 
 
 40, 615 
 
 72,430 
 
 Quantity 
 (long tons) 
 
 776 
 
 7, 081 
 
 163,. 571 
 
 15,448 
 
 4 
 
 187, 480 
 
 12, 137 
 
 12, 124 
 
 100, 109 
 16,719 
 30, 032 
 10, 497 
 
 3,475 
 2,887 
 
 18, 631 
 
 161,387 
 
 3,111,971 
 
 290, 826 
 
 69 
 
 ;, .582, 884 
 
 226, 804 
 251. 366 
 
 1,891,. 5.54 
 304, 777 
 .596, 931 
 200, 255 
 
 63, 696 
 48,501 
 
 Relative production ofsuljiliar hy various countries. — 
 In order to show the production of sulphur by the dif- 
 ferent countries of the world, the following table has 
 been compiled from data gathered b}'' the United States 
 Geological Survey. This table indicates that nearlj' 90 
 per cent of the world's production of sulphur is obtained 
 from Italy. 
 
 Table .5. — WorhV s production of sulphur : 1899, 1900, and 1901. 
 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United States," 
 
 1902.1 
 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 COUNTRY. 
 
 Quan- 
 tity 
 
 (metric 
 tons). 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quan- 
 tity 
 (metric 
 tons). 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quan- 
 tity 
 ( metric 
 tons) . 
 
 Value. 
 
 Total 
 
 645, 044 
 
 $10,946,838 
 
 641, 809 
 
 $10,809,041 
 
 63.;, 761 
 
 $11, 149, 937 
 
 United States... 
 
 Austria! 
 
 France! 
 
 Germany 
 
 Greece 
 
 Hungary 
 
 Italy 
 
 Japan 
 
 Russia 
 
 Spain 
 
 4,383 
 
 6.56 
 
 11,744 
 
 1, 663 
 
 1,237 
 
 116 
 
 5.54, 638 
 
 10, 235 
 
 451 
 
 f 1,100 
 
 V 58, 922 
 
 107,500 
 
 1,626 
 
 28,884 
 
 36,000 
 
 22,266 
 
 3,600 
 
 10, 392, 416 
 
 211,735 
 
 9,412 
 
 31, 3.50 
 
 102, 150 
 
 3,199 
 
 862 
 
 11,6.51 
 
 1,445 
 
 891 
 
 123 
 
 644,119 
 
 14, 436 
 
 {=) 
 
 760 
 
 164,364 
 
 70 
 
 88, 100 
 
 2,256 
 
 26,427 
 
 31, 000 
 
 16, 038 
 
 3,. 820 
 
 10, 212, 903 
 
 298,660 
 
 (■) 
 
 18,000 
 
 109, 947 
 
 1,890 
 
 6, 976 
 4,911 
 7,000 
 
 963 
 3, 212 
 
 137 
 563, 096 
 
 610 
 149,8.50 
 
 223, 430 
 12, 107 
 16,400 
 20, 2.50 
 67,290 
 3,847 
 10, 734, 192 
 
 {-) 
 
 13, 115 
 59, 306 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ Crude rock. 
 
 Statistics not yet reported. 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE. 
 
 SULPHUR. 
 
 -A detailed summary of the industry is given in 
 Table 6. 
 
 Sulphur has been known to mankind from the earli- 
 est records of history. It is one of the most important 
 elements that comprise the earth's crust, and occurs in 
 a free or uneombined state in many countries, forming 
 the mineral sulphur, more commonly known in com- 
 merce as brimstone. 
 
 Pliysicid. and chemical cJiaracteristics. — The element 
 is insoluble in water and nearly so in alcohol and ether, 
 but is quite soluble in carbon disulphide, petroleum, 
 and Ijenzine. It burns in air with a blue flame, and is 
 oxidized into sulphur dioxide or sulphurous acid. It 
 exists in two distinct crj^stalline forms, and also as an 
 amorphous varietj'. These modifications are character- 
 ized by differences in specific gravity, in solubility in 
 various liquors, and in manv other respects. 
 
 Sulphur is a pale-yellow, brittle, crystalline solid, 
 with a resinous luster, is almost tasteless, and emits a 
 peculiar characteristic odor when rubbed or warmed. 
 It is a nonconductor of electricity and an extremely bad 
 conductor of heat. When A-ery gently warmed, even 
 by being grasped in the hand, it may be heard to crack 
 by the mere warmth, and will ultimately fall to pieces. 
 At a temperature of 114.. 5^ C. it melts into a clear 
 amber-colored and moderatel.v mobile lic^uid; on rais- 
 ing the temperature of this liquid, its color rapidly 
 darkens, and at the same time it loses its mobilit_v until 
 
936 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 at a temperature of about ^oO"^ C. the iiias.s appears 
 almost black, and is so viscous that it can no longer 
 be poured from the vessel. As the temperature is still 
 further raised the substance, while retaining its dark 
 color, again becomes liquid, although it does not regain 
 its former limpidit3\ At 448- C. the liquor boils and 
 is converted into a pale yellowish-brown colored vapor. 
 In cooling the same changes occur in reverse order. 
 The atomic weight is 32. The specific gravity of ordi- 
 narj^ octahedral sulphur is 2.05; of prismatic sulphur, 
 1.96. 
 
 Usen. — Sulphur is used in the preparation of sul- 
 phuric acid, in the manufacture of gunpowder, in making 
 friction matches, in vulcanizing rubber, as an insecti- 
 cide, and in medicine as a laxative, and for certain skin 
 diseases. 
 
 2Linerals of sulphur. — Sulphur occurs in combination 
 with other elements, forming the large and in)portant 
 groups of minerals, the sulphides and the sulphates. 
 Of the sulphide minerals, the combinations with the 
 metallic elements are of primary industrial importance, 
 and, with the possible exception of the iron sulphides, 
 they form the ores from which many of the base metals 
 are obtained. 
 
 The principal sulphide and sulphate combinations are 
 as shown below. 
 
 Sulphide and aulphatc coiahinntioiis. 
 
 CUMBIXATIOX OF ELEMENTS. 
 
 Name of mineral. 
 
 Chemical formu 
 
 a. 
 
 Chief sulphide minerals: 
 
 Pyrite 
 
 Marcasite 
 
 FeS. 
 
 FeS, 
 
 Fe„|i2 
 
 Cu.S 
 
 CuFeS.. 
 
 rii.jFeS.j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chaleiicite 
 
 Chalcopvrite 
 
 
 Sulphur and copper and iron . 
 §ulphur and copper and iron . 
 
 
 
 
 (ialenite igalena) 
 
 Sphalerite (zinc blende ) 
 Argentite 
 
 Realgar 
 
 PbS 
 ZnS 
 Ag,S 
 
 AsS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Less important sulphide minerals: 
 
 
 
 
 As,S, 
 
 SboSa 
 
 MoS- 
 
 HgS 
 
 NiS 
 
 SnS^ 
 
 CaS0.ii2H.,0 
 CaS04 
 BaS04 
 MgS047H.O 
 
 SrS<_)4 
 Na^SO^ 
 
 PbSOj 
 
 CuSO.,7HoO 
 
 FeSOiTH.O 
 
 ZnSO^THsO 
 
 
 Sulphur and antimony 
 
 Sulphur and molybdenum 
 
 Stibnite 
 
 Molybdenite 
 
 
 
 Millerite 
 
 Tin pyrites 
 
 Gypsum 
 
 Anhydrite 
 
 Barite 
 
 Ep.somite (Epsom .salt) . 
 
 Celestite 
 
 Thenardite (Glauber 
 
 sr\X) 
 Anglesite 
 
 Copper .sulphate (blue 
 
 vitriol) . 
 Iron sulphate (eop- 
 
 peras) . 
 Zinc sulphate (white 
 
 vitriol). 
 
 
 
 
 Chief sulphate minerals: 
 
 
 Sulphur and calcium 
 
 Sulphur and barium 
 
 Sulphur and magrnesium 
 
 Sulphur and strontium 
 
 
 
 
 Important artificial sulphates: 
 
 Sulphur and copper 
 
 Sulphur and iron 
 
 
 
 
 Sulphur dioxide (SOJ is the direct combination of 
 sulphur with oxygen and is found naturally as a minor 
 constituent of the atmosphere, particularly near vol- 
 canoes, and over large cities, where its presence is due 
 to the oxidation of the sulphur contained in the fuel 
 burned. 
 
 In vegetables sulphur exists in some of the tissues of 
 plants, although not in the woodj' tissues. In animals 
 
 it constitutes an essential element of the blood, umscles, 
 skin, hair, and other parts. 
 
 Hydrogen sulphide (H^S) and sulphur dioxide (SOo) 
 are evolved from volcanoes as gases, which are doubt- 
 less the products of the action of the water of the ocean 
 which has penetrated to the interior of the volcano 
 upon the molten metallic sulphides that exist there. 
 
 The two forms in which the sulphur is marketed are 
 the flour, or flowers, of sulphur, which is a light pow- 
 dery form of the substance caused by the condensation 
 of sulphur vapor; and brimstone, or sulphur, which is 
 made usually by melting this soft powder and mold- 
 ing the liquid thus obtained into large blocks or cylin- 
 drical rods in wooden molds. 
 
 (Jccurrencv. — Natural deposits of sulphur are some- 
 times found stratified with beds of clay or rock, but 
 they often occur as what are known as ''living" beds, 
 in which the sulphur is continuously being formed as 
 the result of active chemical decompositions. l\\ such 
 a living sulphui- bed the sulphur is produced ))v the 
 direct action of sulphurous gases, especially hydrogen 
 sulphide (H,S) and sulphur dioxide (SOo), which in the 
 presence of moisture (H.,0) react and form water (H^O) 
 and sulphur (S). These gases emanate in regions of 
 active or expiring volcanoes, and form the so-called 
 solfataras, in which the suli:)hur has been condensed 
 from the vapors formed and has collected in cracks in 
 the lava and tufls or in the kaolin or clay formed by the 
 corroding action of the acid vapors on the lavas. 
 
 From a commercial standpoint, especially for the 
 manufacture of sulphuric acid, the mineral from the 
 solfatara deposits is not regarded favoral^ly on account 
 of its liability to contain arsenic in the form of the 
 minerals orpiment (AS2S3) and realgar (AsS). Sulphur 
 of this character has been imported from the island of 
 Vulcano, one of the Lipari group, ofl' the coast of Italy. 
 A similar association of arsenic minei'als has been re- 
 ported in the sulphur deposits in Yellowstone National 
 Park. Traces of selenium and tellurium, which are 
 also objectionable in the manufacture of sulphuric acid, 
 occur in the volcanic sulphur deposits in Japan. The 
 only solfatara deposits of conmiercial importance at the 
 present time are in southern Utah and in the island of 
 Hokkaido, Japan. 
 
 The world's supply of sulphur is derived from two 
 principal sources: (1) The deposits of the native mineral 
 sulphur, which 3'ield the sulphur or brimstone of com- 
 merce; and (2) the deposits of the sulphide minerals — 
 pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and other 
 sulphides — from which is derived the sulphur dioxide 
 gas used in the manufacture of sulphuric acid. In 
 addition to these two natural sources of sulphur, there 
 are several artificial products containing sulphur, 
 chiefly in the form of sulphur dioxide gas, in sufficient 
 quantity to admit of commercial utilization. There are 
 also lead, copper, and other mattes from the furnace 
 
SULPHUR AND PYRITE. 
 
 937 
 
 treatment of various lead and copper ores and alkali 
 waste from chemical works cngag'ed in manufacturing 
 soda. 
 
 During recent \'ears, however, several thousand tons 
 of sulphur have been produced annually in Eng-jand 
 from the accumulated alkali waste of the Lc Blanc soda 
 process. This manufactured product is known as 
 "chance-claus," or recovered sulphur. The process 
 of its manufacture reproduces, in many respects, the 
 chemical reactions hy which natural sulphur is formed 
 from gypsum. 
 
 KEVIEW OF THE INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 The development of the sulphur mining industry in 
 the United States has been of very slow growth, owing 
 principally to the cheapness with which the refined 
 product can be imported from Italy. In recent years 
 nearly the entire supplj^ has been obtained from the 
 enormous deposits in the island of Sicily, which sup- 
 plies, as well, by far the greater part of the rest of the 
 world's demand. The deposits of sulphur which have 
 been worked in the United States are limited in num- 
 ber. The states from which, during 1902, the domestic 
 supply of native sulphur was derived are, in the order 
 of the quantitj' of their output, Louisiana, Nevada, and 
 Utah. 
 
 The following is a brief summarization of the prog- 
 ress that has been made in extracting and refining the 
 sulphur of the deposits in this country. 
 
 Louisiana. — An immense deposit of sulphur of the 
 g.vpsum t3-pe occurs in Calcasieu parish, 230 miles west 
 of New Orleans and 12 miles from Lake Charles. This 
 is unquestionably the most accessible of the American 
 deposits, and, in all probability, it is the richest as well. 
 Exceptional difficulties have been encountered in devel- 
 oping the mine, owing to quicksand and gravel which 
 overlie the mineral. As proved b}- a number of drill 
 holes, the bed of sulphur is from 110 to 125 feet in 
 thickness, the upper level being about 350 feet below 
 the surface. 
 
 In the working of the Frasch process,' a well is sunk 
 by a drill precisely in the same way as for petroleum.'' 
 This well is cased with an iron pipe 10 inches in diame- 
 ter, which enters the rock overlving the bed of sulphur 
 for a distance of 10 feet, the joint being subsequentlv 
 sealed as well as possible bj^ molten sulphur in order 
 to exclude water. Inside the 10-inch pipe is placed 
 one of 6-inch diameter; inside the latter, one of 3-inch 
 diameter; and, finally, inside the 3-inch pipe, one of 
 1-inch diameter. The well itself is carried down to 
 the bottom of the sulphur bed, and the 6-inch and 
 smaller pipes are extended nearly to the bottom of the 
 well. The inner pipes are recovered when the well is 
 abandoned. The method of extracting the sulphur is 
 
 ' United States patents, Nos. 461429, 4614.30, and 4614.31 of Octo- 
 ber 20, 1891. 
 ^The Mineral Industry, Vol. V, pages 514 and .515. 
 
 as follows: Steam at a temperature of 330'-' F. is forced 
 down the 10-inch and 6-inch pipes imder a correspond- 
 ing pressure. When the steam comes in contact with 
 the sulphur (which at 281:'-' F. becomes liquid), the lat- 
 ter melts and collects in the well as a thin liquid of a 
 specific gravity of about 2. At iirst the molten sulphur 
 was pumped out through the 3-inch pipe in a manner 
 similar to that followed in pumping petroleum from a 
 well, the working valve ijeing formerly of aluminum, 
 which is not affected bj' sulphur. It was found, how- 
 ever, that the aluminum was not strong enough to with- 
 stand the shock of the heavj' column at the change of 
 stroke, and the method had to be abandoned. Later, 
 the 1-inch pipe referred to above was introduced into 
 the 3-inch pipe, and through it comj^ressed air was 
 forced. The bubbles of air mixed with the sulphur 
 reduce the specific gravitjr of the column of sulphur 
 and cause it to rise with rapiditJ^ This latter method 
 of extraction has not been entireh' satisf actor}-, and it 
 may have been modified or replaced by some other 
 more efficient method. The sulphur produced is prac- 
 tically refined sulphur, and finds a readj' sale on account 
 of its purit}- and attractive appearance. 
 
 It is not practicable to ascertain preciselj' what occurs 
 at the bottom of the well, but it may be assumed that 
 as the sulphur melts out of the bed it forms a more 
 or less pear-shaped cavit}', which becomes larger and 
 larger, until finally the increased surface exposed to 
 the water is sufficientlj' great to reduce the temperature 
 of the water below the melting jDoint of the sulphur, 
 while the impurities of the bed collect on the bottom 
 and the sides of the chamljer and i^rotect the sulphur 
 still unfused from the melting action of the heated 
 water. If the bed of sulphur is very pure the chamber 
 might become quite large in size, when the imsupjjorted 
 overlying roof would fall and allow the water to escape 
 through the overlying beds. 
 
 Although the Frasch process is verv ingenious and 
 the inventor deserves great credit for working out the 
 numerous details, j^et its application to the deposits of 
 sulphur has greatly injured them, since the exploita- 
 tion of the deposit by shafts and the common method 
 of underground mining has now become fraught with 
 danger, owing to the uncertain extent of the openings 
 from which the sulphur has been dissolved by the 
 Frasch experiments. In view of the heavy flow of 
 water which may be expected through certain of the 
 strata this uncertainty is an element of great peril. 
 
 Nevada. — Sulphur occurs at Rabbit Hole Springs, 
 35 miles from Humboldt House, in Humboldt county. 
 The deposit is of the solfatara type; and the sulphur, 
 associated with gypsum, etc., tills the craters of a few 
 extinct hot springs. The sulphur rock is in beds of 
 considerable thickness and extent, included between 
 limestone and magnesian rocks. The ore occurs in 
 masses of various sizes up to several hundred pounds 
 in weight, which are mixed with clay among heaps and 
 
938 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 lawyers of ashes and light gravel. The ore is iiiineil b3' 
 adits and drifts run in from the level of the wagon 
 road, which extends entirely around the hill at a con- 
 siderable elevation. All rock containing more than 8 
 per cent of sulphur is mined, and the product is taken 
 to the refinery and refined in iron kettles heated by dry 
 steam. The refined product is carried in wagons to 
 Humboldt House and shipped thence by rail, chiefly to 
 the powder factories and acid makers on the Pacific 
 coast. 
 
 TJtali. — The deposits which are the source of most 
 of the sulphur mined in Utah are located in Beaver 
 county near the Millard county line. They were 
 known to the earh' pioneers, who obtained small quan- 
 tities of almost pure sulphur from the numerous caves 
 in that vicinity. Soon after the year 1870 the claims 
 were located under the mining laws, and a small refin- 
 ing furnace was installed which was worked intermit- 
 tentl_y until the j'ear 1891, when the property changed 
 owners, and the plant was modernized and enlarged. 
 Under the new management, the mining operations of 
 the company have been continuous and successful. 
 The ore is removed by open cutting, and the furnaces 
 are worked daring the summer on)}-. Four of the six 
 stacks in the refining plant are generally operated at a 
 time, and about 50 tons of 2U per cent rock are treated 
 daily, yielding the refined product in the form of roll 
 sulphur, which is sold as such or is ground in mills to 
 make flour sulphur. 
 
 Deposits in other states and in Alaska are thus 
 described: 
 
 AlasTiCi. — There are a number of sulphur deposits of 
 the solfatara type on the volcanic islands off the coast 
 of Alaska. The largest so far as known is on the 
 island of Kadiak, but others are recorded on Unalaska 
 and Akutan islands, and on an unnamed island south- 
 east of Akun Island. The deposits have not yet been 
 exploited beyond the prospecting stage. 
 
 Oalifornlii. — At Sidphur Bank, on (.'lear Lake, 40 
 miles north of San Francisco, a deposit of sulphur oc- 
 curs in the white siliceous residue of a basalt flow that 
 has been decomposed by the uprising solfatara and the 
 sulphur deposited. Some 2."i years ago this deposit 
 contributed a small ({uantity to the domestic supply of 
 the United States, but as the development work \\'ent 
 deeper cinnabar was found, and sulphur was no longer 
 produced. A deposit of sulphur was worked for a time 
 in Colusa county, and a small refinery was erected, but 
 during the past decade little, if any, sulphur has been 
 produced in this comity. The occurrence of sidphur 
 has also been reported in other localities in California, 
 but nowhere in suflicient cjuantity to warrant its extrac- 
 tion as a conunercial product. 
 
 [iliilid. — The occurrence of sulphur has been reported 
 near Swan Lake, Custer county, and also near Sf)da 
 
 Springs, in Bannock county. The deposits have not yet 
 been developed to any great extent, although there was 
 a small output in 1901. 
 
 Te.vas. — The sulphur deposits in the. northeastern 
 part of El Paso county have Ijeen known since 185-1:, 
 when the}' were noticed by Prof. William P. Blake, 
 who was then the geologist of an expedition for the 
 surve}' of a railroad route from the Mississippi river to 
 the Pacific ocean, which was made by the United States 
 AVar Department. The region in which the deposits 
 occur is from 13 to 60 miles from the railroad. The 
 nearest ]-ailroad station, Guadalupe, on the Pecos 
 Valley Railroad, is 42 miles north of Pecos. The sul- 
 phur occurs in the form of small cr3'stals embedded in 
 white gypsum, and in some instances the ore contains 
 as nmch as 25 per cent of native sulphur. The area of 
 the region thus far prospected is small, but there are 
 other localities of promise awaiting examination. 
 
 MetJuid of refininij sulpliiir. — It has been proposed to 
 separate sulphur from the ore b}' heating it with hot air, 
 with steam under pressure, or with superheated steam. 
 But these methods have been unprofitable on account of 
 the cost of fuel in those regions where sulphur occurs. 
 Sulphur may be extracted from the ore by a solvent, 
 such as carbon disulphide, which may be recovered after- 
 wards, but this method necessitates an expensive plant. 
 For some ores a treatment with a solution boiling above 
 the melting point of sulphur has proved successful. 
 The ore is placed in an iron basket or crate in a boiling 
 solution of calcium chloride,' which boils at 125- C. 
 The sulphur melts and flows away from the matrix of 
 stones, etc. ; passing through the meshes of the basket 
 and falling to the bottom of the tank, it is drawn off' 
 and cast in molds. After it is melted out, the basket 
 of hot stones is lowered into a tank of water, which is 
 heated Ijy the stones, while it removes the adhering 
 calcium chloride from them. This warm water is then 
 used to replac(> that lost from the boiling calcium 
 chloride solution. This process causes no loss of sul- 
 phur as sulphur dioxide, and no nuisance is created, 
 while a fairly pure product is obtained. The calcium 
 chloridt' used is a waste product of the annnonia soda 
 industry. 
 
 In the United States, the extraction of sulphur bv 
 means of superheated steam" has been tried, and an 
 excellent (juality of sulphur has been obtained without 
 formation of any sulphur dioxide. The cost of fuel in 
 the West, however, is an obstacle to the further devel- 
 opment of this method. In Louisiana, as mentioned 
 earlier in this paper, steam is forced, under pressure, 
 through driven wells or tubes, into the sulphur deposit, 
 which partly refines the sulphur, li(juefied by the heat. 
 The molten product is forced to the sui-face l)v the 
 
 'Vincent: Bull. Sec Chini., 40, 52S. Am. Cliem. .Tour., VI, (i;5 
 M. Soc. t'heui, Ind, 1887, 4.':i9, 442; 1S8!», 6;»6. 
 
SULPHUR AND PYRITE. 
 
 939 
 
 steam pressure throujifh a small pipe inside of the steam 
 pipe. 
 
 Generally the method of extraeting- the sulphur from 
 the ore, and at the same time of partially refining- it, is 
 to treat the ore in a cylindrical or slightly conical cast- 
 iron vessel of a capacity of about 5 tons of ore. Steam 
 inlets are provided at the top and l)ottom; also a bottom 
 valve through which the melted sulphur is withdrawn 
 and cast into molds. The size and the form of this 
 retining vessel depends to some extent upon the natui-e 
 of the material to be treated. If the ore is porous, n 
 higher vessel of greater capacity can ])e used, and with 
 ores that increase their volume considerably from the 
 action of the heat, the bottom of the vessel should V)e 
 made of much larger cross section than the top, in order 
 to facilitate the discharge of the spent ore after the 
 sulphur has been extracted. The steam jets are so 
 arranged that the melted sulphur can not accumulate 
 at any point within the vessel except at the bottom. If 
 properlj' arranged and operated the extraction of sul- 
 phur by means of superheated steam should be accom- 
 plished with the loss of not more than from 1..5 to 2 per 
 cent of the quantity of sulphur treated. 
 
 Sidpliur dejwsits of Italy. — Owing to the importance 
 of the sulphur deposits of Ital\', the following- brief 
 outline of the methods of mining and retining adopted 
 in that country will be found of interest.^ 
 
 In Sicily the sulphur mineral is disseminated through 
 the matrix, sometimes in considerable masses of nearly 
 pure sulphur, but usually" in tine seams or grains. The 
 methods of obtaining it are very crude and wasteful. 
 The mines are for the most part open pits, ranging from 
 200 to .500 feet in depth, and the ore is carried to the 
 surface in baskets or sacks by laborers, who ascend bv 
 inclined paths on the walls of the pit. In a few of the 
 better mines, however, hoisting machinery is now used, 
 but the introduction of this method has met with the 
 determined oi)position of the laborers. 
 
 The ore is generally refined in a ver_v simple manner, 
 the process being carried on in kilns called "calceroni." 
 As usually constructed, these are shallow pits about 30 
 feet in diameter, with walls about 10 feet high, made 
 tight with mortar. The}' are generallj' built on a hill- 
 side, and the sloping bottom is beaten smooth. The 
 ore is arranged in the calcerone so as to leave a few 
 vertical draft holes from top to bottom of the heap, 
 which is fired by dropping burning brush or straw into 
 these openings. The sulphur, which forors from 2.5 to 
 40 per cent of the ore, burns freely, and when the heap 
 is well on fire the draft holes are closed, the calce- 
 rone covered with spent ore, and the whole left for 
 several days. The heat given out by the burning of 
 part of the sulphur is sufficient to melt the remainder 
 from the gangue, and it collects in a pool near a tap 
 
 ' F. H. Thorp: Outlines of Industrial Chemistry, 1898. 
 
 hole made in the wall at the lowest point. At intervals 
 of a few hours the melted sulphui' is di'awn off into 
 molds. If the temperature rises above 180" C. (3.56" F.), 
 there is a large formation of j)lastic sulphur, which will 
 not flow from the tap hole. The time necessary to bui'n 
 out a calcei'one varies fi-oni thirty-five to eighty daj's, 
 accoi'fling to its size, the weather, and the natui-e of the 
 impin-ities; for example, much gypsum retards the proc- 
 ess, owing to the water it contains. Usually from a 
 ([uarter to u third c)f the sulphur is lost as sulphur diox- 
 ide during the burning. As this causes nuich damage 
 to vegetation in the vicinity, the burning of calceroni is 
 prohibited during the spring and summer months. 
 
 PYRITK. 
 
 The name pyrite is derived from the Greek word 
 nvpiTrfs meaning "of the nature of fire," and alludes 
 to the property possessed by the mineral of producing 
 sparks when struck with a hard substance. Specificall}'. 
 the name pyrite is restricted to the isometric cr3'stal- 
 line form of the native iron bisulphide mineral (FeS^) 
 containing 46.6 per cent of iron and 53.4 per cent of 
 sulphur. The mineral marcasite is also a native iron 
 bisulphide (FeS.j) of identically the same chemical com- 
 position as pyrite, but it occurs in crystals of the or- 
 thorhombic system of crystallization. In a general 
 sense, pyrite includes that class of native minerals in 
 the mas.sive or crystalline form composed of a metallic 
 sulphide or arsenide, or both. Iron, copper, nickel, 
 and cobalt pyrites are the principal minerals of this 
 class. 
 
 Occurrence. — Pyrite occurs abundantly in rocks of all 
 geologic ages, from the oldest crystalline to the most 
 recent alluvial deposits. In crystalline formation it 
 usually occurs in small cubes, pvritohedrons. or in more 
 highly modified shapes; also in irregular spheroidal 
 nodules, and in the massive form in clay slate, argilla- 
 ceous sandstone, coal formation, etc. 
 
 TIseft. — Pyrite is used principally in the manufacture 
 of sulphuric acid. Recently it has also l.)een used in 
 pyritic and allied smelting processes and, to some ex- 
 tent, in making sulphur dioxide gas for use in bleach- 
 ing wood pulp. In vulcanizing rubljcr and in the 
 preparation of medicinal compounds the use of pvrite 
 is impracticable. 
 
 .Deposits and iiiiiihuj in tlie UttifeJ Stntis. — The de- 
 posits of pj'rite in the ITnited States are quite numer- 
 ous and widespread. The largest deposits so far dis- 
 covered are at Mineral, Va., and Charlemont, ^lass. 
 Deposits are also found in Alaljama. California, Geor- 
 gia, Indiana, New York, and Ohio. The mineral was 
 mined in these states in 19(J2. Virginia supplied nearly 
 one-half of the total. The production in Indiana and 
 Ohio was in the form known as "coal brasses," ob- 
 
940 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 tained as a by-product in the mining of coal. The total 
 quantity so produced, however, was but a small pro- 
 portion of the total output of the United States. It is 
 not probable that the production of pyrite from this 
 source will ever become of importance. 
 
 There are many other deposits of pyrite in the United 
 States, but thev have not been exploited because of the 
 impure or low-grade quality of the ore and the excess- 
 ive cost of mining and of transportation both to and 
 on the railroads leading to the centers of consumption. 
 Some of the ores not now deemed of sufficient value to 
 be worked for their sulphur content will eventually be 
 profitably treated by modern methods. In the Southern 
 states particularly are niany deposits of this character, 
 which could produce enormous amounts of sulphuric 
 acid in this manner at prices lower than the present 
 average prices at the seaboard. A condition which has 
 served to retard the growth of the production of the 
 domestic ore lies in the fact that foreign ores can be 
 imported and accumulated at the seaboard and shipped 
 inland in quantities sufficiently large to secure very low 
 freight rates. 
 
 A promising prospect for the pyrrhotite ores of the 
 South lies in the feasiVjility of their utilization for the 
 manufacture of sulphuric acid. ' It is claimed that 
 the sulphur contained in these ores can be so efi'ectually 
 I'emoved that the residual product will be of value in 
 the manufacture of pig iron or even of steel. For this 
 purpose the cinders or residues from the roasting of 
 P3'rite for the manufacture of sulphuric acid have been 
 utilized to advantage. It is well known that the resi- 
 dues from Spanish ores treated by the Henderson proc- 
 ess have been sold either in the form of ''fines" or 
 " briquetting " and utilized in the manufacture of steel, 
 but in the United States roasted pyrite residues have 
 not yet been utilized for the manufacture of iron on 
 account of the large percentage of sulphur remaining 
 in them after treatment in the chemical works. If 
 pyrite residues could be roasted so that the amount of 
 sulphur remaining after treatment would be so small 
 as to permit of their utilization for the manufacture of 
 pig iron, there would result an annual saving of many 
 thousand tons from what is now a waste pi'oduct. As 
 3-et, however, the recovery of sulphur and iron from 
 these ores is in an experimental state. 
 
 Other experiments have recently been conducted for 
 the utilization of the V)y-product gases resulting from 
 the roasting of zinc blende ores, the practicability of 
 which has been demonstrated with financial jjrofit at 
 the zinc plants of Peru and Lasalle, in Illinois, and of 
 Argentine, in Kansas. It is feasible to save from 25 
 to 28 per cent of the sulphur content of the zinc ores 
 during the roasting, which yields a product containing 
 not more than 2 per cent of sulphur. By sub.secjnently 
 roasting this product — cindei's, as it is called — in the 
 
 Chase or other type of special roasting furnace the re- 
 mainder of the sulphur will be expelled, and the dead- 
 roasted zinc ore will then be in proper condition to 
 permit of the extraction of the zinc at very low cost. 
 There is an immense supply of sulphur in the zincifer- 
 ous sulphide ores of Arkansas, Colorado, Kansas, Ken- 
 tucky, Missouri, and other states, and it is well within 
 the range of probability that ere long the tonnage of 
 sulphur derived from pyritiferous ores will be largely 
 augmented by the utilization of the sulphur contained 
 in these zinc sulphide ores. 
 
 An important factor in the development of the pyrite 
 industry is the demand for sulphuric acid in the treat- 
 ment of phosphate rock, and in the refining of petro- 
 leum. Since a chemically pure sulphuric acid is not 
 essential for these purposes, the acid made from pyrites 
 serves quite as well as that made from sulphur. An- 
 other field for the future extension of the utilization of 
 the pyritiferous ores lies in the making of sulphur 
 dioxide gas for use in bleaching wood pulp, which is 
 the basis of the manufacture of paper by the sulphite 
 process. Heretofore American manufacturers of paper 
 using this process, with one or two exceptions, have 
 been limited to the use of sulphur for making sulphur- 
 dioxide gas, although in Europe a considerable quantity 
 of pyrite has been thus utilized. It is tpiite probable that 
 the difficulties that have heretofore existed in the way 
 of utilizing pyrite in the l^lcaching of pulp will be 
 overcome in the near future. When this l)ecomcs an 
 accomplished fact it will open up a large field for the 
 consumption of pyrite in New York state, and also of 
 the lean cupriferous pyritic ores of the New England 
 states. Where the -conditions are favorable for deep 
 mining and concentration and for shipment to the nu- 
 merous paper mills of that section, constant and large 
 supplies of sulphur will thus be guaranteed at prices 
 much lower than can be expected from outside sources. 
 
 THE MANUFACTURE OF SULPHURIC ACID. 
 
 The manufacture of sulphuric acid is of great indus- 
 trial importance, as the acid is of primary importance 
 in the manufacture of phosphate rock fertilizers and in 
 the refining of petroleum. It is also required in the 
 manufacture of other acids and chemical salts, and has 
 a veiy wide field in the making of alizarin dyes, arti- 
 ficial indigo, and man_v other important chemical salts. 
 Of the immense ([uantities of sulphuric acid made 
 yearly, the greater part does not appear on the market; 
 because of the expense and difliculty of shipping it, 
 consumers of large amounts generally make their own 
 acid. 
 
 Until a few years ago the total ([uantity of ordinary 
 sulphuric acid produced in the world had been obtained 
 by burning crude sulphur in air, the resultant sul- 
 phur dioxide gas l)eing then passed, together with 
 
SULPHUR AND PYRITE. 
 
 941 
 
 steam and an oxidizing agent, generally nitric oxide, 
 into lead-lined ehamljers, Avhere these gases react on 
 one another and form the dilute acid, which is suljse- 
 quentlypuritied and concentrated to the tlcsircd degree 
 of strength. This process is called the lead-chamber 
 process, but a newer and more satisfactor}' process is 
 the '"contact" process, in which the sulphur dioxide 
 gas, in the presence of so-called "catalytic" substances 
 (platinum sponge, platinized asbestos, iron oxide, etc.) 
 is directly oxidized to sulphur trioxide (SO,), wdiich 
 is then absorbed in water to form sulphuric acid of 
 any degree of strength. Recentlj' it has l)een found 
 more economical in making sulphuric acid to utilize 
 the sulphide minerals as the source of sulphur diox- 
 ide gas. In this manner the more costl3' brimstone is 
 reserved for purposes other than acid manufacture, 
 and for which the sulphide minerals would not be appli- 
 cable. 
 
 The use of pyrite as a raw material in the manufac- 
 ture of sulphuric acid was first proposed b}' an English- 
 man named Hill, who obtained a patent for the process 
 in 1818. It was not until 18.38, however, when the 
 price of crude sulphur was nearlj^ trebled by the French 
 firm who had purchased from the Sicilian government 
 the monopoly of the sulphur exportation from that 
 island, that the use of pyrite by acid makers attained 
 anjr importance. In the United States, which leads the 
 world in the consumption of sulphur, this substitution 
 of pyrite for sulphur in acid making has continued 
 steadilv during the past twentj^-five years, and owing 
 to its cheapness and widespread occurrence, pyrite has 
 almost completely replaced the crude sulphur that was 
 formerly used almost exclusively. This change in acid 
 making has resulted largelj' from the treatment of phos- 
 phate I'ock b}^ sulphuric acid, by which it is made into 
 valuable fertilizer, and also from the use of the acid in 
 the refining of crude petroleum. For these purposes 
 the use of a high-grade, pure sulphuric acid is not 
 essential. Unrefined sulphuric acid made from pyrite 
 is generally contaminated with arsenic, and frequently 
 with the additional impurities, copper, zinc, and sele- 
 nium, but not in suflicient quantities to bar its use in 
 preparing fertilizers or in refining the crude petroleum. 
 
 The impurities, too, may be removc^d if desired, and a 
 pure acid produced. 
 
 To give some idea of the large (juantitics of the acid 
 consumed in these industries, it may be stated that 1 
 pound of acid of chaml)er strength is re(juired to con- 
 vert eadi pound of crude phosphate I'ock into acid phos- 
 phate or conmiercial fertilizer, and duilng 1902 over 
 1..50(),()O(.) long tons of the crude phosphate rock were 
 mined. In refining crude petroleum each gallon of 
 commei'cial petroleum (kerosene) requires 1 pound of 
 sulphuric acid of a strength of 66^ B. for its produc- 
 tion, and during 1902 the output of crude petroleum in 
 the United States amounted to over 89,000,000 barrels, 
 each of ■42 gallons capacity. In estimating the quan- 
 tity of acid consumed in these two industries alone, any 
 calculation based upon figures of production, less im- 
 ports, both of crude petroleum and phosphate rock, nmst 
 necessarily be tentative and not even closely approxi- 
 mate, for the reason that it is impracticable to ascertain 
 the exact quantities of stock of crude material on hand 
 at the beginning and at the close of a 3rear. For prac- 
 tical purposes, however, it ma}^ be assumed that the 
 consumption of sulphuric acid in the United States at 
 the present time is approximately in the following pro- 
 portions: For the treatment of phosphate rock, .50 per 
 cent; for refining crude petroleum, 38 per cent; and 
 for use in the chemical trade, 12 per cent. 
 
 In making sulphuric acid from pj'rite, pieces of the 
 mineral ranging in size from several inches in circum- 
 ference to extreme fineness are burned with access of 
 air in a furnace, of which there are many forms, each 
 suited for some special physical or chemical character- 
 istic of the ore. As a result of the burning, or oxida- 
 tion, the sulphur content of the p3a-ite or pyritiferous 
 ore is converted into sulphur dioxide gas. ^^'hen the 
 ore contains over 30 per cent of sulphur, the heat gen- 
 erated by the oxidation of the sulphur is suflicient to 
 maintain combustion without fuel. The sulphur di- 
 oxide gas produced in this manner is purified, and sub- 
 sequently converted into sulphuric acid, either bj' the 
 chamber process, in which the oxidation is accomplished 
 by nitric oxide gases and steam, or by the contact proc- 
 ess, previousl}' described. 
 
942 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 6.— DETAILED SUMMARY: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Character of ownership: 
 
 Individual 
 
 Firm " 
 
 Incorporated company 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc,: 
 
 Total number 
 
 Total salaries 
 
 General officers — 
 
 Number , 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Superintendents, manager.^, foremen, 
 surveyors, etc.— 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Foremen below ground- 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Clerks- 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Aggregate average number , 
 
 Aggregate wages 
 
 Above ground — 
 
 Total average number 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Engineers, firemen, and other 
 mechanics — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miners — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Boys under 16 years — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Below ground- 
 Total average number 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Miners — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miners' helpers — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 All other wage-earners- — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at specified 
 daily rates of pay: 
 Engineers— 
 
 Sl.OO to SI. 24 
 
 81.25 to 1:1.49 
 
 SI. 50 to SI. 74 
 
 S1.75 to 81.99 
 
 82.00 to S2.24 
 
 S2.25 to S2.49 
 
 S2.50 to 82.74 
 
 Firemen — 
 
 81.00 to 81.24 
 
 81.25 to 81. 49 
 
 81.75 to 81.99 
 
 82.00 to 82.24 
 
 82.25 to 82.49 
 
 Machinists, blacksmiths, carpenters, and 
 other mechanics— 
 
 81.00 to 81.24 
 
 81.25 to 81.49 
 
 81.50 to SI. 74 
 
 81.75 to S1.99 
 
 82.00 to 82.24 
 
 82.50 to 82.74 
 
 83.00 to 88.24 
 
 Miners — 
 
 81.00 to 81 .24 
 
 81.25 to 81.49 
 
 81.50 to 81 .74 
 
 81.75 to 81.99 
 
 82.00 to 82.24 
 
 S2..50 to 82.74 
 
 83.00 to 83.24 
 
 United 
 States. 
 
 1 
 3 
 14 
 
 54 
 849, 890 
 
 6 
 
 89, 050 
 
 31 
 
 828, 582 
 
 7 
 85, 390 
 
 10 
 
 8(3,868 
 
 429 
 
 8199, 555 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 All other 
 
 states. 1 
 
 829,970 I 
 
 4 i 
 87, 4.50 , 
 
 17 
 
 13,9.52 
 
 3 ■ 
 
 83,200 , 
 
 8 . 
 85, 368 
 
 970 
 S398, 870 
 
 6,55 
 $222,986 
 
 541 
 
 S199, 316 
 
 389 
 $122, 431 
 
 120 
 
 So7, 957 
 
 105 
 
 $45, 037 
 
 28 
 
 
 $14,196 
 
 
 13 
 $2,017 
 
 13 
 
 S2, 017 
 
 374 
 
 S125,145 
 
 271 
 $75,377 
 
 266 
 $100, 5,55 
 
 273 
 
 206 
 
 $122,874 
 
 $78, 964 
 
 108 
 
 56 
 
 $.55, 766 
 
 820, 216 
 
 48 
 
 4 
 
 $20, 915 
 
 $1,375 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 nil 
 
 103 
 
 88 
 
 60 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 43 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 
 22 
 $19, 920 
 
 2 
 
 $1,600 
 
 14 
 $14,630 
 
 4 
 
 $2, 190 
 
 315 
 
 $175,8.84 
 
 21 
 
 $12, 920 
 
 28 
 $14,196 
 
 103 
 $49, 768 
 
 163 
 
 $99, 000 
 
 67 
 $43, 910 
 
 52 
 $35, .550 
 
 44 
 $19, .540 
 
 39 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at specified 
 daily rates of pay — Continued. 
 Miners' lielpers — 
 
 $1.00 to $1.24 
 
 tl.2.5 tu $1 .49 
 
 Jl. 50 to $1.74 
 
 tl .75 to $1 .99 
 
 $2.,50 to $2.74 
 
 Timbermen and tracii layers — 
 
 J1..50 to $1 .74 
 
 $1.75 to $1.99 
 
 Boy.s under 16 years — 
 
 Less than $'0..50 
 
 $0..50 to $0.74 
 
 $0.75 to $0.99 
 
 All otlier wage-earners — 
 
 Le.ss than $0..50 
 
 $0..50 t(j $0.74 
 
 $0.76 to $0. 99 
 
 $1.00 to $1.24 
 
 $1.25 to $1.49 
 
 SI. .50 to $1.74 
 
 $2.00 to S2.24 
 
 $2.25 to $2.49 
 
 Average number of wage-earners employed 
 during eacli month: 
 Men 16 year.s and over — 
 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 Mareh 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 -June 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 Boys under 16 years — 
 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 Marcll - .' 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 Contract work: 
 
 Amount paid 
 
 Number of employees 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses: 
 
 Total 
 
 Royalties, and rent of mine and mining 
 
 plant 
 
 Rent of offices, taxes, insurance, interest, 
 
 and other sundries 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 Product: 
 
 Quantity, long tons 
 
 Value 
 
 Power: 
 
 Total horsepower 
 
 Owned — 
 
 Engines — 
 Steam- 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Gas or gasoline — 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Otlier power — 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Rented— 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Electric motors, owned— 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 United 
 States. 
 
 30 
 
 25 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 35 
 
 1 
 16 
 
 5 
 7 
 1 
 
 10 
 45 
 49 
 195 
 29 
 55 
 11 
 11 
 
 947 
 
 659 
 
 945 
 
 663 
 
 965 
 
 673 
 
 964 
 
 643 
 
 992 
 
 6.57 
 
 032 
 
 686 
 
 041 
 
 730 
 
 004 
 
 673 
 
 9.59 
 
 620 
 
 928 
 
 599 
 
 900 
 
 .583 
 
 807 
 
 518 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 , 5H7 
 15 
 
 $39, 
 $7, 
 
 $32, 
 8217, 
 
 207, 
 $947, 
 
 6,305 
 
 32 
 I, 915 
 
 4 
 
 320 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 22 
 1,160 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 45 
 
 49 
 
 162 
 
 4 
 
 h 
 
 SI, 134 
 4 
 
 823, 285 
 
 823,28.5 
 $137,491 
 
 127,642 
 $601,642 
 
 1 Includes operators distributed as follows: Alabama, 1; California, 2; Georgia, 1; Louisiana, 1; Massachusetts, 1; Missouri, 2; Nevada 1' New Yorli 1- Ohio 3 
 (6 mines): Utah, 1. ' ' ' ' , , o, .> 
 
 2 Includes timbermen and traclt layers. 
 
BARYTES 
 
 (943) 
 
BARYTES. 
 
 By Joseph Hyde Pratt. 
 
 The mining of barytes lias been carried on in the 
 United 8tates for about lifty years, but it is still an 
 industry of minor importance. Barytes was first pro- 
 duced in small quantities for use as an adulterant of 
 white lead. Statistics of production for 1902 are pre- 
 sented in Table 1, with such facts as are available for 
 the censuses of 1860, 1870, 1880, and 1890. 
 
 Table 1. — Frodwtio)i of hurytes: IS/JO to lUOS. 
 
 CENSUS. 
 
 Quantity 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Value. 
 
 Where produced. 
 
 1S60 
 
 
 VJ>, 000 
 100, 000 
 37, 491 
 
 106, 313 
 
 203, 1.51 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 
 
 1880 
 
 1890 (for calendar 
 
 year 18891, 
 1902 
 
 3, 608 
 ■21,4(10 
 61,6(i8 
 
 Georgia, Missouri, Pennsyl\-aniu, Vir- 
 ginia. 
 Missouri, Virginia, Illinois. 
 
 Missouri, North Carolina, Tennessee, 
 Virginia. 
 
 At the census of 18()0 the statistics of this mininy- 
 industr}' were not separately reported, but were in- 
 cluded among those for manufactures. Returns were 
 given for 1 barytes establishment in Westchester 
 county, N. Y., which had 40 employees, who received 
 §12,000 in wages. The cost of materials was given as 
 $5,000, and the value of product as $25,000. 
 
 The only statistics reported for this industry at the 
 census of 1870 were those of 1 establishment in New 
 Haven county. Conn., which employed 110 men, all 
 above ground, to whom $78,000 was paid in wages. 
 The cost of materials was $5,518, the capital $50,o00, 
 and the value of the product (quantity not stated) 
 |llO(;i,000. The deposit, which was located at Cheshire, 
 had been mined qidte extensively, as is shown liy the 
 old workings. 
 
 At the census of 188(.> the statistics for barytes were 
 shown under minor minerals, and a total of 6 mines 
 was reported for the states of Georgia, Missouri, Penn- 
 sylvania, and Virginia. These employed 63 wage- 
 earners, to whom was paid §7,81)2 in wages. The cost 
 of materials was given as only $200, making the total 
 cost $8,002 for the production of 3,608 tons, which 
 .30223—04 60 
 
 was valued at $37,491. This is an increase of $12,491 
 in the value of the production of 1880 over that of 
 1860. 
 
 At the Eleventh Census mining industries were 
 shown separately, and included barytes. The statis- 
 tics, however, for this mineral were not uniform for 
 the whole country, and are not, therefore, comparable 
 with those for 1902.' 
 
 The quantity of barytes produced in 1889 was given 
 as 21,460 short tons, valued at $106,313, an increase of 
 17,852 tons in quantity, and of $68,822 in value, over 
 that for the year 1880. Most of this production was 
 obtained from Missouri and Virginia, with a smaller 
 amount from Illinois. 
 
 At the census for the (.-alendar j-ear 1902, the quan- 
 tity of barytes produced was given as 61,668 short tons, 
 \'alued at $203,154, which is an increase of 40,208 short 
 tons in quantity and of $96,841 in value, over the pro- 
 duction reported at the census of 18!*0. 
 
 In 1902 no product of barytes was reported for New 
 York, Connecticut, Georgia, and Illinois, although these 
 states were returned as producers at one or all of the 
 censuses of 1860, 1880, and 1890. 
 
 ' Barytes mining in Missouri is carried on in such a very irregu- 
 lar manner that it i.s impossible to oljtain any relialjle statistics 
 relative to labor and wages. Farmers mine it in off seasons; that 
 is, when there is no farming to do they employ themselves and 
 their liamls in getting out the barytes fcjund on their farms, haul 
 it to the nearest tradesman, and receive in exchange dry goods, 
 groceries, or other necessaries, or cash. The farmers thus" occupy 
 time which would otherwise lie idle, and dispose of the liarytes at 
 a less figure than it would pay to mine it systematically. The 
 supply thus obtained is nearly sufficient to keep the mills up to 
 their fullest capacity. 
 
 A few mines are, however, operated with some degree of system, 
 though for want of proper records it is necessary to estimatea con- 
 siderable portion of the matter of labor and wages. The mines 
 altogether give irregular employment to al.)out 580 men. The rate 
 of compensation for foremen is al.iout ^2.50 per day, and for labor- 
 ers from $1 to $1.50 per day. It is rarely, however, that the men 
 make full time, and their daily earnings are reported at from 50 to 
 75 cents. From 75 to 100 women obtain the same sort of irregular 
 employment, earning about 35 cents per day. Boys get from 25 
 to 30 cents per day. One mine was active nearly the entire year, 
 but in most cases the number of days worked at the mines ranged 
 from 125 to 200. One mine in Illinois employed 10 men and 2 
 women for 52 days. (Eleventh Census, Mineral Industries pace 
 745. ) ' 
 
 (945) 
 
946 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 The large increase in tiie use of white lead is one of the 
 principal reasons for the increase in the production of 
 ))arytes. This mineral was formerly considered simply 
 as an adulterant, but it is now beginning to ))e recog- 
 nized that it has qualities of its own that make it of 
 value as a pigment, and when it is used in combination 
 with white lead or zinc white, these qualities appear to 
 advantage. 
 
 Table ii is a summary of the statistics for 190^. 
 
 Table 2. — Sammari/: 190-2. 
 
 Number of mines or quarries _ -19 
 
 Number of operators _ 42 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc. : 
 
 Ntimber _ _ _ _ _ 1^8 
 
 Salaries _ ^l.'i, l,fi9 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 33G 
 
 Wages _ _ _ S130, 2,s.5 
 
 Contract work SI, 000 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses S3.S, ,55.5 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials ^7, 772 
 
 Product:' 
 
 Quantity, short tons _ 61, 068 
 
 Value J2u:j, i ,5-i 
 
 'Includes 539 tons, valued at SI, 618, the product of two lead mines; the 
 wages attd other details are embraced in the statistics for lead. 
 
 Of the 49 mines or quarries shown for litoi, 34 are 
 in Missouri, 5 in North Carolina, 6 in Tennessee, and 4 
 in Virginia. These were controlled by 42 operators, of 
 whom 16 were individuals, 20 lirms, and 6 incorporated 
 companies. Each of 2 firms operated 4 mines. Mis- 
 souri leads in this industrj-, with 69.4 per cent of the 
 mines and 51.. 5 per cent of the value of the production. 
 North Carolina is next in respect to the value, with 21.7 
 per cent, and Virginia third, with 19.5 per cent. Ten- 
 nessee produced only 7.2 per cent of the total value of 
 the production, although reporting 6 mines, which is 1 
 more than North Carolina and 2 more than A^ii-ginia. 
 
 Six mines or quarries were idle during the year, 1 
 each in Missouri and Ohio, and 2 each in Tennessee and 
 Virginia. 
 
 Co.piUtJ Htocl: of iiicofpcmi.ted <Miiijjaiucn. — Table 3 
 shows the capitalization and bonded indebtedness of 
 the 6 incorporated companies. 
 
 Table 3. — Capitalization of incorporate!! companies: 190:2. 
 
 Number of incorporated companies _ (i 
 
 Capital stock and bonds issued 
 
 Capital stock (all common ) : 
 Total authorized — 
 
 Number of shares _ _ 
 
 Par valne _ 
 
 Total i.ssued— 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value _ _ . _ 
 
 Dividends paid _ 
 
 Bonds: 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number _ . _ i , 700 
 
 Par value _ $1, 7(i», 000 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number ...-..- - 179 
 
 Par value S1V9,000 
 
 Interest paid _ SO, 000 
 
 Two of these companies were operating in Misscjuri, 
 2 in North Carolina, and 2 in Virginia. The entire 
 stock, both authorized and issued, is common stock. A 
 little more than >).9 per cent, par value, of the authorized 
 stock has been issued and a little more than 10.5, par 
 
 SI, 15.S 900 
 
 115,0.50 
 SIO, 9.s;i,000 
 
 16,019 
 .1979,900 
 
 S2, 040 
 
 value, of the bonds. Dividends of $2,640 were paid on 
 158,000 of the 1979,900 capital stock i,ssued. 
 
 EiiqjloyeeH and irnKp-s. — There were at the 49 mines 
 or quarries a total average number of 364 employees, 
 of whom 28, or 7.7 per cent, were classified as salaried 
 emploj'ees, and 336, or 92.3 per cent, as wage-earners. 
 Of the total amount, $145,444 reported as paid for 
 salaries and wages by the 42 operators engaged in the 
 production of barytes, $130,285, or 89.6 per cent, was 
 paid to the wage-earners and $15,159, or 10.4 per cent, 
 to the salaried emploj^ees. The classification of these 
 364 salaried employees and wage-earners is shown in 
 Table 6. 
 
 Of the 821 wage-earners classified as miners or quar- 
 rymen, onlj- 51, or 15.9 per cent, were emploj-ed below 
 ground, of which 31 were in North Carolina, 16 in Vir- 
 ginia, and only 4 in Missouri, although the latter state 
 produces over one-half of the total production. This 
 is due to the entirely ditferent occurrence of the depos- 
 its of liarytes in North Carolina and Virginia as com- 
 pared with those in Missouri. In the latter state the 
 deposits occur near the surface, so that they can be 
 worked almost entirely by means of pits and open cuts, 
 while those in Virginia and North Carolina have to be 
 ■worked largely bv means of shafts, tunnels, and drifts. 
 There was obtained from those mines reporting wage- 
 earners below ground a production of barytes valued 
 at $62,900, or 31 per cent of the total value.' The total 
 underground wage-earners numbered 52, or 15.6 per 
 cent of the total wage-earners, and their wages consti- 
 tuted 12.1 per cent of the total wages paid. The 8 
 wage-earners shown under "all other wage-earners'' 
 are laborers who handle, load, and haul the ore and do 
 miscellaneous work. 
 
 There were on an tiverage 7 wage-earners to a mine 
 or quarry. In addition to the number of regularly em- 
 ployed wage-earners, 10 were employed in contract 
 work in North Carolina at an expense of $1,000. They 
 worked altogether a total of one hundred days. 
 
 The number of wage-earners employed during each 
 month, and their daily rates of pay, are shown in Table 
 6. The busiest month of the year for the industry as 
 a whole was the month of May, when a total of 443 
 wage-earners were at work. August was the next bus- 
 iest month, with 441. The least active month was De- 
 cember, with 144. Many of the companies in Missouri 
 employ no regular miners, the work being done by the 
 farmers of the neighborhood who work in the mines 
 at odd times. The company pays them for the ore 
 dug. whether it comes in small or large quantities, or 
 whether l:)y bucket, sack, barrel, or wagon load. Of 
 the total number of wage-earners 321, or 95.5 per cent, 
 are classed as miners. Of this number the wages of 
 135, or 42.1 per cent, ranged from $1 to $1.24 per day, 
 and those of ti(i, or l^o.6 per cent, nuiged from $1.75 to 
 
BARYTES. 
 
 947 
 
 11.99 per day. The miner who received from $(J.60 to 
 $(}.7i a da J' was emplo_yed in Virginia. The prevailing- 
 wages for all classes of wage-earners was from $1 to 
 $1.24 a dajr, there being 148, or 42. <! per cent, ])iiid at 
 this rate. 
 
 Supplies, materials^ arul iiiiHcelhincous ctpe/isirs. — The 
 amount expended for supplies and materials was $7,772. 
 Of the miscellaneous expenses, amounting to $;')5,555, 
 $27,300, or 76.8 per cent, was expended for royalties 
 and rent of mines and mining plant, the remainder 
 being for rent of othces, taxes, insurance, interest, and 
 other sundries. 
 
 Ifechanical power. — Of the 42 operators from whom 
 returns were received only 2 reported that power was 
 required for the operation of their mines. These were 
 in North Carolina and Virginia. The total horsepower 
 amounted to 110, furnished by 3 steam engines. 
 
 Production. — The total production of barytes for the 
 calendar year 1902 was 61,t]68 short tons, valued at 
 $203,154, of which Missouri produced 31,334 shorttons, 
 or 50.8 per cent of the total; North Carolina, 14,679 
 short tons, or 23.8 per cent: Tennessee, 3,255 shorttons, 
 or 5.3 per cent; and Virginia, 12,400 shorttons, or 20.1 
 per cent. A comparison of the production for this 
 industry since 1889 is shown in the following table, 
 which gives the statistics relating to the quantity and 
 value of barj'tes, as published by the United States 
 Geological Survey: 
 
 Table 4. — Production of harijles: ISSfi to 1903. 
 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United States," 
 
 1902.1 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Quantity 
 (sliort tons). 
 
 Value. 
 
 Average 
 
 value 
 
 per ton. 
 
 1889 
 
 1890 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 1895 
 
 21,460 
 21,911 
 31,069 
 32, 108 
 28, 970 
 23, 33S 
 21,. 529 
 17, 068 
 26, 042 
 31, 306 
 41,894 
 67, 680 
 49, 070 
 61, 668 
 
 '8106,313 
 
 86, .505 
 
 118, 363 
 
 130, 025 
 
 88, 506 
 
 86, 983 
 
 68, 321 
 
 46, .513 
 
 58, 295 
 
 108, 339 
 
 139,528 
 
 188, 089 
 
 157, 844 
 
 203, 1.54 
 
 $4.96 
 3.96 
 3.81 
 4.05 
 3.06 
 3.73 
 3 17 
 
 1896 
 
 2.73 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 2.23 
 3 60 
 
 1899 
 
 3 33 
 
 1900 
 
 2.78 
 
 1901 
 
 3.22 
 
 1902 
 
 3.29 
 
 
 
 1 Value includes floated barytes when sold first in that form. 
 
 As shown by the above table, there was an increase 
 of 12,598 tons in quantity and of $45,310 in value in 
 the production of 1902 over that of 1901. Of the 19()2 
 production 539 tons, valued at $1,618, were obtained as 
 a bj'-product from 2 lead mines; and the salaries, wages, 
 and other expenses of these mines are credited to the 
 lead industr}'. 
 
 The largest production reported for this industry 
 was in 1900, when it amounted to 67,680 short tons. 
 In value, however, 19()2 leads with a \al nation of 
 $203,154, while that of 1900 was $188,089. This is 
 due to the higher average price received per ton for 
 
 the bai-ytes in 1902, which was $3.29, or 51 cents more 
 than the average price of $2.78 per ton received in 
 19(10. The total quantity of barytes produced in the 
 United States since 1M82 is 622,950 short tons, an aver- 
 age production of 29,664 tons per year. 
 
 The highest average value reported in the tal)le for 
 any year was $4.95 in 1889, and the lowest $2.23 in 1897. 
 In 1902 the price per ton reported varied from $1.65 
 to $4.50, but the average was $3.29 per ton. 
 
 In 1902, there were imported barytes, manufactured 
 and unmanufactured, to the value of $51,711, and other 
 barium compounds, nearly all of which could be made 
 of domestic barytes, to the value of $152,361. The 
 imports of barvtes from 1889 to 1902, inclusive, as pub- 
 lished b_v the United States Geological Survey, are 
 shown in the following table: 
 
 T.\BLE ^.—Iinportx of barytes: 1889 to 1902. 
 
 [I'nited States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United States," 
 
 1902.1 
 
 YEAR EXDINO DECEMBER 31 — 
 
 1889 
 1890 
 1891 
 1892 
 1893 
 1894 
 1895 
 1896 
 1897 
 1898 
 1899 
 1900 
 1901 
 1802 
 
 MANUFACTURED. 
 
 Qtiantity 
 (short tons). 
 
 S22, 
 16, 
 22 
 
 is! 
 
 11, 
 
 10, 
 17, 
 23, 
 13, 
 
 ( tINMAXUFACTUEED. 
 
 Quantity 
 
 (short tons). 
 
 6, 785 
 
 4,815 
 
 2,900 
 
 2,789 
 
 2,983 
 
 1,884 
 
 2,551 
 
 .509 
 
 .502 
 
 1,022 
 
 1,739 
 
 2,568 
 
 3,1.50 
 
 3,929 
 
 87, 660 
 
 13, las 
 
 8,816 
 
 7,418 
 
 7,612 
 
 5, 270 
 
 7,561 
 
 1,274 
 
 679 
 
 2,678 
 
 6,488 
 
 8, 301 
 
 12, 380 
 
 14, 322 
 
 Ta1;)le 6 is a detailed summarv of the statistics of the 
 barj'tes industr}' for 1902. 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE. 
 
 The first mining for barytes in tlie United States was 
 very probably in Westchester county, N. Y., prior to 
 i860, and this was followed in the next decade, 1860 to 
 1870, by the opening of the mine at Cheshire, New 
 Haven county. Conn. Between 1870 and 1880 barytes 
 deposits had been opened in Georgia, Missouri, Penn- 
 sylvania, and Virginia, while those of New York and 
 C'onnecticut had ceased to be producers. Between 18sO 
 and 1890 Illinois had been added to the states producing 
 this mineral, and during the next decade, from 1890 to 
 1900, North Carolina and Tennessee liecanie producers, 
 and in 1'.I02 deposits of this mineral began to be devel- 
 oped in Kentucky. This makes a total of '.• states in 
 which this mineral has been found in commercial quan- 
 tity. In 1902 Missouri, North Carolina. Tennessee, and 
 Virginia were producers of this mineral, with known 
 deposits in Illinois and Kentucky, «hich are being de- 
 veloped, with the expectation of putting their product 
 on the market in 1903. The Missouri deposits are fur- 
 
948 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 nishing more than one-half of the Itarytes mined in the 
 United States. Thc_v are located in Cole, Crawfoi'd, 
 Miller, St. Francois, and Washiuu'ton counties, with 
 b3r far the larg-er proportion of the mines in the last- 
 named county. There are a number of deposits in these 
 five counties that probably contain barytes in quantity, 
 but on account of their distance from the railroad the}' 
 are not mined to any great extent at the present time. 
 The mineral is found for the most part associated with 
 limestone. This rock is often altered and decomposed 
 to some depth, leaving a residual clay-like material in 
 which the bar3'tes, which has resisted the alteration, is 
 found. Sometimes the barytes is encountered close 
 under the grass roots. The lead ore, galena, is asso- 
 ciated more or less with the barytes, and it makes a 
 very valuable by-product, although occasionally a de- 
 posit is found that is practically free from this mineral. 
 Where the barytes is encountered near the surface in 
 the claj', it is apt to be stained more or less with iron 
 oxide. 
 
 In North Carolina the barytes deposits occur in Gas- 
 ton, Madison, and Orange counties, those which were 
 worked most extensively during 1H02 Vjeing in ^ladison 
 count}'. The mining in this state is largely by means 
 of shafts, tunnels, and drifts. 
 
 The Tennessee barytes deposit^ are bleated in Brad- 
 le}', Cocke, Greene, Loudon, and Monroe counties, but 
 during lit03 the production of this mineral was much 
 less than the year before. The erection, however, of a 
 large barytes mill for grinding this nuneral and pre- 
 paring it for market, and also for the production of 
 artiticial suli^hate of barium, and other compoLuids of 
 barium, will undoubtedly lead t(j a considerable increase 
 of the industry in this state. 
 
 In Virginia the barytes mines ai'c loi-atetl in Bedford, 
 Campbell, Louisa, Pittsylvania, Kusscdl, and Tazewell 
 counties. Tlie mines near E\'ington, Canip>»ell county, 
 where the mining is now carried on largely Ity means of 
 shafts and drifts, have been worked almost continuouslv 
 
 since isT-t. About 1»01 the deposits of Russell and 
 Tazewell ccjunties were opened, and the latter gives 
 prospect of becoming the largest producer of this min- 
 (U'al in Virginia. 
 
 The deposits of barytes that are being developed in 
 Illinois are in Hardin county, and those of Kentucky 
 are in Crittenden county. 
 
 The growth of this industry has been partially 
 dependent on the growth of the paint industry, in which 
 a very large proportion of the barj'tes i^roduced is used. 
 The baiytes has a pure white color, which is permanent, 
 and it is unaffected by weather or b_v gases that in some 
 instances blacken white lead, for which the barytes is 
 used as a substitute. Besides the use of barytes in the 
 paint industry, it is employed in the manufacture of 
 paper and rope to give weight; and also in the prepara- 
 tion of a material that is used to coat the canvas sacks 
 in which hams are wrapped when ready for market. 
 Another use for this mineral, and one that should 
 increase rapidly, is in the manufacture of other barium 
 compounds, principally the hydroxide. This compoimd 
 was formerly prepared almost exclusively from the 
 mineral witlierite, barium carbonate; but on account 
 of its rare occurrence in commercial quantity, barytes 
 has Itegun to be the raw material used in the manufac- 
 ture of this hydroxide and other salts of barium. One 
 of the greatest uses of the barium h^'droxide will per- 
 haps be in the beet sugar industry, for the separation 
 of the sugar left in the molasses. It is also claimed 
 that the compound is api)licable in the cane sugar 
 industry. Other uses consider(Hl for it are in the puri- 
 fying of water used in steam boilers and in the prepara- 
 tion (.)f hides for tanning. As these uses of barium 
 hydroxide increase there should be a larger demand, 
 and conse(iuently a lai'ger production of barytes. 
 
 These multiplying uses for liarytes put the industry 
 on a new basis, and take the mineral out of the list of 
 adulterants with which it has l)een usuallv classitied. 
 
BARYTES. 
 
 Table 6.— DETAIJ.ED SUMMARY: 1902. 
 
 949 
 
 Number of mines or quarries 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Character of ownership: 
 
 Individual 
 
 Firm 
 
 Incorporated company 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Total number 
 
 Total salaries 
 
 General otRcers — 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Superintendents, managers, 
 foremen, surveyors, etc.— 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Foremen, below ground — 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Clerks- 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Aggregate average numlnzT 
 
 Aggregate wages 
 
 Above griiund— 
 
 Total average number 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Engineers, firemen, and 
 other mechanics- 
 Average number. . 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miners or quarrymen— 
 Average number.. 
 
 Wages 
 
 Boys under Ifi years- 
 Average number. . 
 
 Wages 
 
 All other "wage-earn- 
 er.s — 
 
 Average number. . 
 
 Wages 
 
 Below ground- 
 Total average number 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Miners — 
 
 Average number. . 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miners' helpers- 
 Average number.. 
 
 Wages 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at 
 specified daily rates of pay: 
 Engineers— 
 
 92.00 to.S2.24 
 
 Firemen— 
 
 ^0.75 toSO.99 
 
 United 
 
 States. 
 
 -19 , 
 42 
 
 16 ' 
 20 
 
 t; 
 
 2S 
 
 $^, 308 
 
 §5, 570 
 
 9 
 
 m, 001 
 
 4 
 SI. 280 
 
 336 
 S130, 285 
 
 284 
 9114, 551 
 
 4 
 
 i$l,650 
 
 270 
 SI 10, 086 
 
 BOO 
 
 52 
 Si 5, 734 
 
 51 
 815,446 
 
 1 
 
 S288 
 
 ! North 
 I Caro- 
 I Una. 
 
 34 
 
 28 I 
 
 10 ' 
 16 , 
 
 1 
 
 S300 
 
 4 13 
 
 S670 I S5,40: 
 
 9300 , 91,000 
 
 it . 
 S70 1 n.soci 
 
 I s 
 
 i S2,401 
 
 J.500 
 
 'J39 I 34 
 
 J9M, 799 I ft), 9M 
 
 235 ! 2 
 
 S98,.529 I *4,'J0 
 
 2 
 t4,S0 
 
 23.5 
 .S98, .i29 
 
 Ten- Vir- 
 nessee. I ginia. 
 
 1 
 
 SI, 000 
 
 1 
 
 *I,000 
 
 26 
 , .52.5 
 
 26 
 J-, .525 
 
 1 
 
 3000 
 
 23 
 S6, 625 
 
 $300 
 
 SI, 270 , S9,4i;4 
 
 4 31 
 
 81,270 SSI, 176 
 
 1 
 
 J2SM 
 
 10 
 
 fK, OKH 
 
 $4,00S 
 
 3 
 
 $3, 000 
 
 1 
 
 S600 
 
 1 
 
 «80 
 
 37 
 J13,047 
 
 21 
 
 .'<,047 
 
 1 
 J600 
 
 12 
 J4, 932 
 
 16 
 S5, 000 
 
 16 
 
 S5, 000 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at 
 specified daily rates of pay — Cont'd. 
 Miners or qnarrvmeii— 
 
 S0.,50t(i S0.74 ' 
 
 S0.75 toSO.99 
 
 Sl.OO to 11.24 
 
 *1.2Sto J1.49 
 
 S1..50 to SI. 74 
 
 *1. 7.5 to SI. 99 
 
 Miners' helyiers — 
 
 J0.75 to .itO.99 
 
 Boys under 16 years— 
 
 J0.50 to R1.7J 
 
 All other wage-eurners — 
 
 Jl.OO to Jl.'24 
 
 Average number of wage-earners 
 employed during eacli month: 
 Men 16 years and over- 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 March .'. 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 Jane 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 Boys under 16 years — 
 
 January ..." 
 
 February 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 Contract work: 
 
 Amount paid 
 
 Number of employees 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses: 
 
 Total 
 
 Royalties and rent of mine 
 
 and mining plant 
 
 Rent of offices, taxes, insur- 
 ance, interest, and f>ther 
 
 sundries 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 Prodtiet: 
 
 Quantitv, short tons 
 
 Value.; 
 
 Power owned: 
 
 Total horsepower 
 
 Engines — 
 steam — 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 United ; Mi.s- 
 .States. sour 
 
 135 
 30 
 74 
 66 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 244 
 402 
 414 
 41K 
 443 
 426 
 427 
 437 
 306 
 194 
 15:j 
 144 
 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 
 160 
 308 
 332 
 326 
 334 
 329 
 324 
 319 
 200 
 104 
 69 
 63 
 
 North 
 Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 $1,000 
 10 
 
 $35, 6.5. 
 
 ,$8, 255 
 $7,772 
 
 01.668 
 $203, 1.54 
 
 31,000 
 
 10 
 
 $18,951 35,886 
 
 $11, .515 $5,680 
 
 $7,436 3206 
 
 32, 405 I J2, 740 
 
 31,3:34 ' 14,679 
 
 3104,677 ;$14, i;m 
 
 3,255 
 $14,647 
 
 3 
 110 
 
 Ten- 
 ne.ssee. 
 
 Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 10 
 10 
 3 
 
 23 
 35 
 23 
 23 
 23 
 23 
 33 
 33 
 33 
 17 
 11 
 11 
 
 17 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 17 
 26 
 43 
 43 
 43 
 .58 
 46 
 46 
 46 
 43 
 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 
 $475 
 $455 
 
 320 
 $540 
 
 310, 243 
 $9, 6,50 
 
 $.593 
 $2, 087 
 
 12,400 
 $39, 700 
 
 1 
 10 
 
MINERAL PIGMENTS, CRUDE 
 
 (951) 
 
MINERAL PIGMENTS. CRUDE. 
 
 Bj' Joseph Stkl'ther.s, Ph. D. 
 
 As early a.s 1850 the census statistics of oclier, which is 
 a subclassiticatiou of crude mineral pig-ments, appeared 
 among- statistics of manufactures. There were only i! 
 establishments, and they were in Vermont. In 18(10, 1 
 establishment was shown, also among manufacturing 
 statistics, in Berkshire county, Mass. A census of 
 mining industries was taken at the census of 1870. and 
 ocher was included among stone qnarrj^ing industries. 
 There were 4 establishments, all in Bennington count}-, 
 Vt. Among- the mining industries at the census of 1880, 
 7 establishments were, given — 1 in New Jersey and 3 
 each in Vermont and Virginia — but, according- to a foot- 
 note, there were a few ocher mines in Virginia or West 
 Virg-inia from which no returns were received. 
 
 At the Eleventh Census statistics were given among- 
 mineral industries for ocher and metallic paint. The 
 number of establishments was not stated. The states 
 of Alabama, Colorado, Georgia, Maryland, Massachu- 
 setts, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Virg-inia, and AVisconsin 
 were shown for ocher, and Alabama, Colorado, New 
 York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and "Wisconsin 
 for metallic paints. The statistics were for the year 
 1889 and apparently included statistics of the manufac- 
 ture of ores into marketable paints. 
 
 The substances included in this report, under the 
 title ■' Mineral pigments, crude," are: Iron ores, hema- 
 tite, or red iron ore (Fe.^0.,), and limonite of brown iron 
 ore (FcoO.,, oii.,0); clay and other earths, comprising 
 ocher (yellow, gray, and brown) umber (including 
 Spanish brown), and sienna; soapstone, slate, and shale, 
 utilized for making- certain shades of gray pigment; 
 and gypsum, or mineral white, used as a pigment for 
 printing- wall paper. 
 
 Table 1 presents comparative statistics for the indus- 
 try for 1902, 1889, 1880, and 1870. 
 
 Table 1. — Comparatire xvmnmnj: 1870 to 190.i 
 
 1!)02 18KiM ' 1K802 I 18702 
 
 Number of niiiies (\y ((Uiirries. 
 
 Number ttf operators 
 
 Salaried otticials, elerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of suppiies and material 
 Product:^ 
 
 Quantity, short tons 
 
 551- 
 
 SIOC 
 
 3.5 
 35 
 
 63 
 ,ft93 
 
 266 
 ,087 
 
 1 = ) 
 
 15, .'i40 
 
 J24, 
 S58, 
 
 3.5, 479 
 Value - , J36U, .S8.5 
 
 $129, 
 »8, 
 821, 
 
 S84, 
 
 Sfi, 
 $463, 
 
 (■) 
 
 100 
 $24, 396 
 
 Sl,8yo 
 
 4,037 
 S13.5, 840 
 
 (») 
 
 (=) 
 
 12 
 ¥-5, 600 
 (■<) 
 
 |3) 
 
 $1. 980 
 
 (■') 
 $15, 000 
 
 ^ Ocher and metallic jiaint only. 
 
 2 Ocher only. 
 
 3 Not reported. 
 
 ■•The United States Geological Survey reports 73,049 .short tons of mineral 
 yialnts. manufactured and sold, valued at $944,332. Census figures are for the 
 crude mineral pigments. 
 
 The o5 mines reported for this industry in iy(.»2 were 
 t-ontroUed by 2'J incorporated companies, 8 individixals, 
 and 5 firms. The state of Pennsylvania led in produc- 
 tion, having 58.(5 per cent of the total (piantity and 68.3 
 per cent of the total value; the state of Georgia was 
 next, with 1() per cent of the quantity and 13.1: per cent 
 of the value; Maryland had 7.1 per cent and 3 per cent, 
 respectively; New York reported 3.6 per cent of the 
 quantity and 1.2 per cent of the value, leaving for all 
 other states 14. 7 per centand 11.1 per cent, respectively. 
 
 There were 13 mines reported idle during- 1902, con- 
 trolled by 6 incorporated companies. 1 firms, and 3 indi- 
 viduals. The 6 incorporated companies issued capital 
 stock and bonds to the par value of $86,750, the total 
 amount aixthorized being $96,750. Three of the mines 
 were in California, 2 each in Georgia and INIissouri, and 
 1 each in Alabama, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Ten- 
 nessee, and Vermont. From these 13 mines miscellane- 
 ous expenses to the amount of $36 were reported. The 
 total horsepower of the engines at these idle mines was 
 
 (953) 
 
954 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 given as 115 — 3 steam eng-incs liaving a total of 95 
 horsepower and 1 water wheel with 20 horsepo\\'er. 
 
 Capital stocl' of Ineorporated coinpai}!^^^. — The details 
 of capital stock and funded debt are shown in the fol- 
 lowing table for 17 of the 22 incorporated companies 
 controlling active mines. The figures for the remain- 
 ing 5 companies are omitted iiecause mining is but a 
 small part of the total ))usiness of each. 
 
 Table 2. — Ccpltalizadon of incorporated rompames: 1903. 
 
 Number of incorporated companies 
 
 Number reporting capitalization 
 
 Capital stock and bonds issued 
 
 Capital stock: 
 
 Total authorized- 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Total issued— 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid 
 
 Common — 
 
 Authonzed— 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid .. 
 Preferred- 
 Authorized— 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid . . 
 Bonds: 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number 
 
 Par value 
 
 Interest jjaid 
 
 United 
 States. 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 22 
 
 17 
 
 f94l5, 700 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 8156, 100 
 
 76,316 
 51,400,300 
 
 .52, 200 
 8170, 000 
 
 67,361 
 
 S881, 700 
 
 811,439 
 
 51,492 
 8126, 100 
 
 74,916 
 81,310,300 
 
 52, 200 
 8170,000 
 
 66, 058 
 
 S.%1,400 
 
 SIO, 239 
 
 51,492 
 8126, 100 
 
 1,400 
 
 
 $90, 000 
 
 
 1,303 
 
 1 
 
 $80, 300 
 
 
 81,200 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 10 
 10 
 $6.50,600 
 
 All 
 other 
 states. 
 
 18 
 24 
 3140, 000 
 
 22,566 1,.5.50 
 $1,075,300 $155,000 
 
 14,469 
 
 8615, 600 
 
 89, 939 
 
 1,400 
 
 8140, 000 
 
 81,500 
 
 30,100 
 865,000 ' 
 
 30,100 
 865,000 
 82,8.50 
 
 30, 000 
 830, 000 
 
 30, 000 
 
 830, 000 
 
 81,500 
 
 21 , 166 1 , .5.50 
 
 8985,300 $1.55,000 
 
 13,166 1,400 
 
 $535,300 18140,000 
 
 88,739 I 81,500 
 
 1,400 
 890, 000 
 
 1,303 
 $80,300 
 $1,200 
 
 100 
 835, 000 
 
 100 ' 
 $35,000 I 
 $1,350 
 
 ilneludes companies distributed as follows: Arkan.sas, 1; California, 1; ilis- 
 soiiri, 2: New York, 2; Virgrinia, 1; Wisconsin, 1. 
 
 -Includes companies distributed as follows: Arkansas, 1; Missouri, 2; New 
 York, 1. 
 
 Ten of the incorporated companies were in Pennsyl- 
 vania, i in Georgia, 2 eacli in ^Missouri and New York, 
 1 each in Arkan.sa.s, California, Virginia, and A^'iscon- 
 sin. The capital stock and funded debt of the Penn- 
 sjdvania companies was 68.7 per cent of the total. The 
 par value of the capital stock issued by all the conipa- 
 nies was 63 per cent of the total par vahio authorized. 
 The bonded indebtedness was 6.9 percent of the capital 
 stock and funded debt. The dividends paid amounted 
 to 1.3 percent of the total stock issued and 3.4 percent 
 of the total stock on which they were declared. Eighty- 
 nine and five-tenths per cent of the total amount paid in 
 dividends was declared on common stock and 10.5 per 
 cent on prefeiTed. Of the total di\-ideiids, S6.'.) per cent 
 was paid on the stock of the Pennsylvania mines and 
 13.1 per cent on the stock of the mines of '"iill other 
 states." 
 
 EiiijiJiiijri'x kikI irtK/i'x. - 'I'lie wage-earners were so. 3 
 per cent of the salaried employees anfl Avag(.'-ca)'ners, 
 and their wages were 66.1 per cent of the total salaries 
 and wages. There were 7.3 wage-earners to a mine. 
 Of all the stattvs, PennsN'h'ariia liiid b\- far the largest 
 
 number of wage-earners, leading with 57.8 per cent of 
 the total number and 63.2 per cent of the total wages 
 paid. Georgia was next with 25.1 per cent of the 
 wage-earners and 18.4 per cent of the wages paid, 
 the remainder being divided between Maiyland, New^ 
 York, and "all other states." Of the total number of 
 wage-earners in all the mines, 20.3 per cent wei'e under- 
 ground. Penns3'lvania had 78.8 per cent of these under- 
 ground workers and Georgia the remainder, or 21.2 per 
 cent. 
 
 The average number of wage-earners employed dur- 
 
 i ing each month and their daily rates of pay by occu- 
 pations are shown in Table 3. The number varied little 
 the year through. The busiest months were aj^par- 
 ently September and October, and the least busy, Feb- 
 ruary and March. 
 
 No particular skill or exi:)erience is required on the 
 part of a miner in this industry', therefore the rates of 
 pay should not be compared with those reported for 
 miners where greater skill is necessaiy. The mines 
 are worked by open pits, shafts, or tunnels, and in 
 some cases the ore is ground, floated, dried, or other- 
 
 i wise prepared for market at the mines. Of the total 
 number of wage-earners, W), or 35.2 percent, are classed 
 as miners or quarrymen, and 102 as "all other wage- 
 earners." Of the HO miners, 24 received from §1.50 to 
 $1.74 per day; 23 from §1.25 to $1.40; and 21 from $0.75 
 to$O.Hy. Of the "allotherwage-earnei's" reported, 32 
 received from $1 to $1.24 per day and 31 from $1.50 to 
 $1.74. These men tire employed doing miscellaneous 
 Avork tii'ound the quanles, sorting the ore, washing and 
 hauling it, etc. The rate of pay of the largest num- 
 ber, 86, for all occupations was from $1.5(.) to $1.74 
 per day. Those receiving the highest daily rate of paj' 
 were engineers, machinists, etc. 
 
 Siijiitlicx. iiKiferidIx, and in inci/llaurmin e.rj)e?i><es. — 
 The amount, $58,073, reported as paid for supplies 
 and materials, is the largest expenditure for any one 
 item excepting wages. Of the amouTit, $24,893, re- 
 ported for miscellaneous expenses, $13,326, or 53.5 per 
 cent, was expended foi- royalties and rent, and $11,567, 
 or 46.5 per cent, for rent of ottices, tiixes, insurance, 
 interest, and other sundries. 
 
 3£ecJiau/a:il poirrr. — Of the 35 operators from whom 
 reports were received, 21 reported the use of po\ver, 
 the total being 1,S40 horsepower. Of this, 1,200 horse- 
 power, or 65.2 per cent, was steam; 550, or 29.0 per 
 cent, water wheels; 50, or 2. 7 per cent, hydraulic pump; 
 and 40, or 2.2 per cent, gas or gasoline. Of the steam, 
 545 horsepower, or 45.4 per cent of the total, was used 
 in Pennsylvania; 185, or 15.4 per cent, in Georgia; 
 and the remainder, 47o, or 30.2 per cent, in Mary- 
 land, New York, and "' all other states." Of the water 
 wheels, 500 horsepower was employ(>d in Pennsylvania 
 and 50 in Now York. "All other states" had all the 
 gas or gasoline horsepower, and Georgia the hydrtuilic 
 ])ump. 
 
MINEKAL PIGMENTS, CRUDE. 
 
 955 
 
 Product ion. — The United States Geoloj^jieal Survey 
 has published annual statistics concei'iiino' the <[uantity 
 and value of mineral paints, beginning with iSit-!-, and 
 of some of the subelassitieations from various dates, })ut 
 these statistics are not compara))le with those of the 
 census, for the reason that they include the manufacture 
 of the ore into paints and are not limited to the value of 
 the crude ore at the mines. The Census statistics for 
 1903 include only that part of the manufacture which 
 is done at the mines and which it is impossi))le to seg- 
 regate, the mining and manufacture being in such 
 cases accomplished with the same capital and undei' the 
 same management. From the reports received for 
 1902, the various ores and claj's from which mineral 
 paints were made ranged in value from f 1 (for red I'ock 
 pigment) to $80 (for zinc white) per ton. The average 
 value per ton was $10.17. Allowance must be made 
 for the great variation in the average value due to the 
 comparativeh' wide range in ([uantities and materials. 
 The classification of crude mineral pigments includes 
 yellow, gra}', and brown ooher, umber, sienna, zinc 
 white, white mineral (gypsum), slate (sold for pigmentj, 
 carbonate of iron and of zinc, oxide of iron, and other 
 pigments. With ocher some of the previous censuses 
 have included a little of umber and sienna. Ochers 
 are known as those clays to which the natural mixing 
 of iron peroxide and water has imparted a bright red 
 or reddish-j^ellow color, while the iron 2:>igments are 
 those from which the darker red or brown paints are 
 made. In the statistics of production given at the 
 census of 1902, there are bj'-products of 390 tons of 
 soapstone used for pigment, valued at $2,810, and is 
 tons of slate, valued at $525. The capital, wages, and 
 other expenses attending the production are given 
 under '"Talc and soapstone" and "Slate." 
 
 A detailed sununary showing the statistics for crude 
 mineral pigments during 1902 is given in Table 3. 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE. 
 
 Pigments are substances, }>oth natural and artificial, 
 which are usually insoluble in water, oils, and other 
 neutral solvents, and are used to impart color to a body 
 either by surface adhesion or by direct admixture with 
 its substance. Generally there is no chemical combi- 
 nation between the pigment and the body it covers. 
 When mixed with a drying oil, or with water containing 
 oil or size, the pigments form the basis of paint which 
 is used for decorative or protective purposes. 
 
 The natural pigments, the only ones with which this 
 report is concerned, are among the most important but 
 are fewer in number than those prepared artificially by 
 chemical precipitation or other processes. According 
 to Thorp' the chief pigments are classified as follows: 
 
 W/dUi: White lead, lead sulphate, lead oxy chloride, 
 
 1 Outlines of Industrial Chemistry, by F. H. Thorp. New York 
 Macmillan & CV,., 1898, 
 
 zinc white, zinc sulphide, barytes. gypsum, and whiting. 
 liJiieK: Ultramarine, Prussian blues, smalt, cobalt 
 ))lues, copper blues, and indigo. Vlolef: Ultramaiine. 
 OreeiiK: Ultramarine, lirunswick green, ciu'ome green, 
 (Juignefs green, copjjci' greens, and copper and arsenic 
 greens. YMoim: Chi'ome j'ellow, yellow ocher, cad- 
 mium 3'ellow, orpiment, litliarge, gamboge, and Indian 
 yellow. Orange: Orange mineral, chrome orange, and 
 antimony orange. Ri'(h: Red lead, chrome red, red 
 ocher, Venetian red, vermilion, realgar, antimony red, 
 and carmine. Btovmih: UmVjers, Vandyke Itrown, and 
 sepia. Blaclix: Lampblack, ivory black, boneblack, 
 and graphite. 
 
 Iron oxide pigvienU. — The iron oxide pigments are 
 used to make dark red or brown paints, Ijeing known 
 in the trade as ''natural reds.'" They are classed as 
 natural and artificial, the former (metallic paints and 
 mortar color) being chiefl}' made from ))rown iron ore 
 and ferruginous shales, and the latter (Venetian red, 
 Tuscan red. and Indian red) from calcining copperas or 
 copperas residues in a furnace yielding ferric oxide 
 (Fe.jO.,) in a state of ver}- fine division. 
 
 Although the occurrence of iron ores in the United 
 States is widespread, and enormous deposits exist at 
 many places, there are very few localities in which the 
 material is of suitable physical and chemical composition 
 for manufacture into metallic paint. 
 
 The ores reported for use in the manufacture of 
 metallic paint and mineral paint were mined in Anne 
 Arundel and Baltimore counties, Md. ; Car})on county, 
 Pa. ; James count}', Teim. ; Rutland county. Vt. ; Bedford 
 comity, Va. ; and Dodge county. Wis. The mortar 
 colors were all reported from Northampton count}-. Pa. 
 Other iron pigments reported were mined in Cattarau- 
 gus county, N. Y. , and Carbon and Wyoming counties, 
 Pa. The Venetian red reported was all mined in Anne 
 Arundel county, Maryland. 
 
 The iron oxide paints are highly esteemed for some 
 purposes on account of their freedom from poisonous 
 ingredients which are found in some mineral paints, and 
 because they resist to a marked degree the efl'ects of 
 light, heat, and moisture, a quality which renders them 
 of great value for outside or exposed work. Ochers in 
 addition resist the destructive action of salt air, and are 
 therefore of special value in localities at or near the 
 seacoast. 
 
 A certain proportion of metallic paint is used as a 
 coloring matter in mortar making, and appears in some 
 classifications under the title "mortar colors." 
 
 The mining and preparation of the crude ore for the 
 market are verj- simple processes. The ore, generallj- 
 obtained bj- open-cut or quarrying methods, is disinte- 
 grated by exposure to the atmosphere, carried to a mill, 
 roughly crushed, dried, pulverized, and passed over a 
 screen of bolting cloth or through some tj^pe of pneu- 
 matic separator, from which the final product is classified 
 and packed for shiyjment. At times the ground ore is 
 
956 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 levigated and the settled products dried and packed for 
 shipment. 
 
 OcJierv. — The name ocher is applied to clays and 
 other earth}^ bases containing in their natural state 
 sufficient ferrous or ferric oxide or hydroxides to 
 impart to the mass a bright red or yellowish-red tint. 
 The color varies from a golden yellow to a dark red, 
 occasionally possessing various tints of blue and green. 
 
 The ochers reported were mined in Clay county. Ark. ; 
 Calaveras and Stanislaus counties, Cal. ; Bartow and 
 Richmond counties, Ga.; Berks, Lehigh, Luzerne, and 
 Northampton counties. Pa.; Rutland county, Vt.; and 
 Page county, Va. The sienna reported was mined in 
 Washington county, N. Y., and the umber in Lawrence 
 county, Pennsvlvania. 
 
 The ochers have been used as paints from a very 
 early date, the oldest applications positively recognized 
 having been made in Italy, though it is believed that 
 some varieties were in use still earlier by the Egyp- 
 tians and Greeks. In modern times the ochers were 
 first mined and prepared in Italy, and the siennas and 
 umbers derive their names from the Italian towns in 
 which they were manufactured into pigments. 
 
 Ochers are classified in many ways, according to the 
 locality of occurrence, the composition, and the sjDecial 
 shade of color. Practical)}' thej' may be grouped into 
 3'ellow, red, and Ijrown. Yellow ocher is that which is 
 colored by a ferric hydroxide. Red ocher owes its tint 
 to ferric oxide, and it is therefore evident that red 
 ocher may be prepared artificially by expelling the 
 water from yellow ocher by calcining in a furnace or 
 kiln. Brown ocher is red ocher modified by the pres- 
 ence of black manganese dioxide, which in various 
 proportions vields a large range of brown colors, nota- 
 bljT sienna brown, umber, Vandyke brown, and man- 
 ganese brown. 
 
 The variation of ocher in shade and in qualit}' de- 
 pends chiefly, but not entirely, upon the projwrtion of 
 iron oxide present as well as the quantity of water 
 combined with the iron oxide. A I'ed ocher, improperly 
 called iron minium, very rich in iron oxide, is made by 
 calcining and pulverizing limonite that is free from cliiv- 
 
 There are few pigments more free from adulteration 
 than the ochers, for the reason that any filler that can 
 be used advantageously is more costl}' than the ocher 
 itself. Sometimes a little chrome 3'ellow is added in 
 order to improve the tone of a j^oor colored ocher, but 
 the presence of this adulterant is \'ery easily detected. 
 Oxford ochers are the brightest and best of the mineral 
 pigments of this class. They are obtained from Oxford, 
 England. The German pigments are often callwl 
 ochers, although improperly so, for the reason that 
 they are ligneous earths and not ferruginous (days. 
 The manufactured prt^duct vai-ies greatly in quality 
 and value, and some of the grades pass insensibly into 
 umber or sienna. 
 
 Umber and sienna in rcalitv are \-arieties of ocher 
 
 which have been isolated on account of the brown color 
 which is imparted to the natural clay material by the 
 addition of iron and manganese oxides; raw umber is of 
 a brown color, while burnt umber is of a somewhat richer 
 and redder hue. Raw sienna is of a brownish yellow 
 shade which affords a rich russet brown when burned. 
 Intermediate shades of color are obtained by mixing 
 natural products with various properties of iron and 
 manganese oxides, and sometimes bj' mixing both raw 
 and calcined materials together. 
 
 The mining and .preparation of ochers, umbers, and 
 siennas are similar to the practice described under iron 
 oxide pigments, with the exception that at times the 
 ground product, in part or wholly, is first heated in a 
 furnace until the desired color has lieen obtained. In 
 place of levigating and settling the ground material, it 
 is sometimes passed through a pneumatic separator 
 which yields an impalpabh' fine and uniform product. 
 
 Sliite, sliide, aii<l HtHtpHtoiie. — A few tons each of slate, 
 shale, and soapstone (the last-named being a variety of 
 the mineral talc) are annually ground in the United 
 States to produce a graj'-colored pigment used chiefly' 
 as a filler for mineral paints, especially those of the 
 variety called fire-retarding. 
 
 Gypsn.ni. — Known also as terra alba and mineral 
 white, is a natural hydrated calcium sulphate (CaSO^, 
 2H2O). It is used to a minor extent as a pigment for 
 printing wall paper. The method of making this pig- 
 ment consists in grinding the mineral and treating it 
 with acid in order to remove any tint or color resulting 
 from the presence of iron oxide. The gypsum, or white 
 mineral reported in 1902 was mined in Cape Girardeau 
 countj', Missouri. 
 
 Artifc/ul 2il<iiii)_')ifx. — In addition to the natural iron 
 oxide pigments, made by a simple washing and grind- 
 ing of pure crude oi-es. there are two ver}- important 
 artificial iron oxide pigments made by roasting the 
 residuum obtained from making copperas, or green 
 vitriol (FeS0j,7H.,0). One is Venetian red, composed 
 almost wholly of artificial iron sesquioxide, and the 
 other Indian i-ed, whiidi is comprised of about 40 per 
 cent of iron sesquioxide, the l)alance being mainlv 
 calcium sulphate, made by adding a certain proportion 
 of limc! during or before the roasting. 
 
 There are two methods of manufacturing these arti- 
 ficial reds, the "dry" and the "wet." In the former 
 method, which is the cheaper for the low grades of 
 oxides, the impur(^ copperas is roasted in a furnace with 
 lime or similar matei-ial, in order to neutralize the acid 
 in the sulphate until the desired strength and color of 
 the product are o))tained. Occasionally copperas alone 
 is roasted until the acid constituent has been completely 
 expelled, leaving the residuum in the foi-m of pure iron 
 sesciuioxide; a filler (whiting or gypsum) is then added 
 in proportions to yield the desired grade of Venetian 
 red, som(^ containing as little as Id per cent of ii'on 
 oxide or coloring power. 
 
MINERAL PIGMENTS, CRUDE. 
 
 957 
 
 The wet method is cheaper for the mamifaeture of I 
 the i^-enenil grades of Venetian red, but yields a less 
 uniform product than the dry method. In principle, 
 the waste licjuor from the cleansing- or pickling process 
 in preparing iron wire or plates foi' galvanizing hy 
 immersion in weak sulphuric acid is treated direct by 
 the addition of milk of lime, sodium carbonate, or sim- 
 ilar reagents, which precipitates the iron as a hydrate 
 or carl)onate to the bottom of the tank. This precipi- 
 tate is subsequently separated from the litpior by filtra- 
 tion through a press, the dried cakes remaining therein 
 being subsequently roasted in furnaces, cooled, and 
 packed for the market without grinding. The product 
 made in this manner is not uniform in ([uality, and has 
 but a limited use. 
 
 Hematite ore is sometimes ground and sold as Vene- 
 tian red. The natural products, however, are inferior 
 to the artiticial and do not command as high a pi'ice. 
 
 Formerly the iron oxide pigments made in the United 
 States did not contain more than .50 per cent of iron 
 oxide, the higher grades being imported. Recently, 
 however, the use of a crucible furnace of special design, 
 which gives good control of the heat and of the oxida- 
 tion, has raised the grade of the product to practically 
 lOO per cent of iron oxide. 
 
 Improvements have also been made in the wet proc- 
 ess, chiefly in the substitution of mechanical appliances 
 for hand labor, which has lessened the cost of produc- 
 tion and given a more uniform product. 
 
 Oilier m hural pigments. — Among other minerals used 
 in part in the manufacture of paints are barytes, asbes- 
 tos, graphite, and asphaltum. 
 
 The mineral is generally prepared as follows: The 
 crude ore is hand sorted and the limestone rock and 
 other foreign materials removed; the selected ore is 
 then crushed and boiled in dilute sulphuric acid in order 
 to remove any reuiaining impurities, chiefly iron oxide, 
 which may impart a tint or color to the product. The 
 material is then thoroughly washedafter l)oiling to free 
 it from acid or soluble salts and is finely ground and 
 put on the market in four varieties: No. 1, No. 2, No. 
 3, and "'floated" or water sorted. 
 
 Barium sulphate, known as ''blanc lixe," which has 
 been precipitated artiflcially as a by-product in some 
 chemical industries, is used to a considerable extent as 
 a filler and pigment. It has more body and greater 
 capacity and covering power than the native mineral 
 barite, for the reason that it is amorphous while barite ' 
 is crystalline. 
 
 The chief use of barite is as a pigment which is usii- 
 alh' mixed with white lead. In the United States it is ^ 
 regarded as an adulterant which depreciates the value 
 of the paint, but in Europe it is considered a valuable 
 addition, and in many cases a pigment composed of a 
 mixture of barite and white lead is considered more 
 
 serviceal)le than white lead alone, for the reason that, 
 owing to the insolubility of liaritc in acids, it imparts 
 elasticit}' to the mixture, gives a greatei' body Ut the 
 paint, and resists the influence of the weather })etterthan 
 white lead alone. 
 
 A considerable (piantity of tiarite is used in the form 
 of lithophone, which is an ai'tificial conq)ound of barium 
 sulphate, zinc oxide, and zinc sulphide, obtained by 
 precipitating zinc sulphide and barium sulphate by a 
 mixture of solutions of zinc sidphate and bai'iuni sul- 
 phide, the precipitate being waslied. dried, and calcined. 
 A type composition is given as: Barium sidphate, 68 
 per cent; zinc oxide, 7.2 per cent; and zinc sulphide, 
 2J:.S per cent. The composition, however, varies with 
 the different makes. 
 
 Asbestos can hardly be classed as a pigment, although 
 when used as a filler its white color lightens the color 
 of the material to which it is added. The chief use of 
 asbestos in i)aint manufacture is to yield a so-called 
 noninflammable or fireproof paint. The fibrous varie- 
 ties of talc are also used for this purpose. Only a 
 small proportion of the total production of asbestos in 
 the United States is utilized in paint manufacture. 
 
 Both the natural mineral and the artificial product 
 made in the electric furnace are used as a black pigment 
 and in pencils, crayons, and in stove polish. The color 
 of the pigment is a dull black and permanent, and on 
 account of its i-esistance to the action of the atmosphere, 
 as well as that of ordinary chemicals, it is of great value 
 as the basis of a protective paint for coating oxidizable 
 metals, chiefly iron and steel. 
 
 The purer grades of asphaltum are largely used as a 
 basis for the manufacture of a black varnish, and as a 
 protective paint for the interior of chlorine stills, 
 bleaching powder chambers, acid tanks, and like appa- 
 I'atus. Asphaltum is not acted upon Ijy ordinary chemi- 
 cals, and for this reason it is invaluable for protecting 
 structures of iron, steel, and even wood, which would 
 t)e rapidlv destroyed by acid fumes unless coated with 
 some inert mati-rial. 
 
 "Whiting, or Paris white, is composed of calcium car- 
 l)onate (CaCOa). Calcium carbonate occurs ((uite exten- 
 sively in nature, either in the crystalline form, as the 
 well-known mineral calcite, or calc-spar, or in the com- 
 pact foi-m, such as marble and limestone, or as the soft 
 comjjact variety known as chalk. It is produced arti- 
 ficially as a l)y-product of many chemical operations. 
 The whiting used in commerce is generally prepared 
 by grinding and le\igating pui'e chalk, large deposits 
 of M'hich occur, notably in England and France. The 
 chief use of whiting as a pigment is to modify the shade 
 of other pigments. It is also largely used as a basis 
 for whitewash, and when mixed with from 1.5 to IS per 
 cent of linseed oil it forms putty. 
 
958 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table ;3.— DETAILED SUMMARY: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines or quarries 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Charaeter of ownership: 
 
 Individual 
 
 Firm , 
 
 Incorporated company 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Total number _ 
 
 Total salaries 
 
 General office^^^— 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Superintendents, managers, foremen, surveyors, etc.— 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Foremen, below ground- 
 Number 
 
 Salaries _ 
 
 Clerks- 
 Number 
 
 Salaries _ 
 
 Wage- earners: 
 
 Aggregate average number 
 
 Aggregate wages 
 
 Above ground — 
 
 Total average number 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Engineers, firemen, and uther mechanics — 
 
 Average number 
 
 AVages 
 
 Miners or quarr>'Tnen — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Below ground- 
 Total average numbe r 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Miners — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages - 
 
 Miners' helpers — 
 
 A^'cage number 
 
 Wages - 
 
 All other wage-earners— 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at specified daily rates of pay: 
 Engineers — 
 
 31.00 to SI. 24 
 
 SI. 25 to 81.49 
 
 S1.50 to SI. 74 
 
 81.75 to SI. 99 
 
 S2.00 to S2.24 
 
 82.50 to S2 74 
 
 S3.00 to S3.24 
 
 Firemen — 
 
 81.00 to S1.24 
 
 81 .25 to SI. 49 
 
 81.50 to S1.74 - 
 
 82. 00 to S2. 24 
 
 Machinists, blacksmiths, carpenters, and other mechanics— 
 
 81 .00 to SI .24 
 
 81 .50 to 81.74 
 
 82.00 to 82.24 
 
 82.50 to S2.74 
 
 S3.00 to S3.24 - - - 
 
 Miners or quarrymen— 
 
 80.75 to S0.99 - 
 
 81.00 to SI. 24 
 
 81.25 to 81.49 
 
 81 .50 to 81. 74 - 
 
 81.75 to 81.99 
 
 82.00 to S2.24 
 
 82.50 to S2.74 
 
 Miners' helpers — 
 
 81 .00 to Sl-24 - . - - 
 
 81.50 to 81.74 
 
 81.75 to SI. 99 
 
 Timbermen and track lavers— 
 
 81.50 to 81.74 
 
 All other wage-earners— 
 
 80.75 to 80.99 
 
 81.00 to 81.24 
 
 81.25 tn SI. 49 
 
 S1.50 toS1.71 
 
 81.75 tn 81.90 
 
 82.00 to 82.24 - 
 
 82.50 to 82.74 
 
 Average number of wage-earners employed during each month: 
 Men K) years and (wi^x — 
 
 .January - 
 
 Februar,',' 
 
 March 
 
 April . , . - 
 
 May 
 
 J un e 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 ScpternbiT 
 
 f if-tobiT 
 
 Novi^rnt>iT 
 
 December 
 
 United 
 
 States. 
 
 03 
 
 853, 593 
 
 S26, OUO 
 
 31 
 Sl9,o:i5 
 
 12 
 
 So, 708 
 
 256 
 
 8106,087 
 
 204 
 
 8S4, 856 
 
 33 
 819,019 
 
 66 
 
 824, 590 
 
 1U5 
 841,247 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 S9 
 
 24 
 B04 
 
 J" 
 
 19 
 
 728 
 
 $3 
 
 9 
 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 32 
 13 
 
 31 
 
 23'.( 
 23i; 
 232 
 237 
 254 
 2IB 
 2(;h 
 21 M 
 2SS 
 2.S0 
 
 2ri9 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 5, 134 
 
 4 
 
 *3, i;4ti 
 
 S2SH 
 
 65 
 $19,471 
 
 ,54 
 J15,693 
 
 S2, 986 
 
 21 
 
 t5, 398 
 
 ,309 
 
 15 
 13 
 
 fi4 
 
 New York, 
 
 *1, 
 
 4 
 $1,710 
 
 1 
 S300 
 
 $816 
 
 1 
 
 S60U 
 
 Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 All other 
 states.' 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 10^ 
 
 40 ' 
 $41,002 i 
 
 20 
 $14,032 I 
 
 3 
 $2, 2.50 
 
 $1,789 i 
 
 1 
 S46X 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 77,^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■"'5-1 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 $900 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $624 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 $4,420 
 
 148 
 ,006 
 
 107 
 $49, 553 
 
 IS 
 $12,219 
 
 $12,035 ; 
 
 60 
 $25, 299 
 
 41 
 517,4,53 
 
 16 
 
 $6, 828 
 
 $2, 975 
 
 139 
 136 
 132 
 139 
 143 
 139 
 145 
 144 
 172 
 KiS 
 1.5,s 
 161 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 $7,4,57 
 
 
 
 $4, 600 
 
 7 
 $1, 9.57 
 
 2 
 $1,000 
 
 35 
 $15, 637 
 
 35 
 
 $15,637 
 
 7 
 $3, .514 
 
 11 
 $4,, 552 
 
 17 
 
 $7,571 
 
 3 
 10 
 1 
 
 36 
 36 
 36 
 38 
 41 
 44 
 36 
 36 
 36 
 31 
 25 
 25 
 
 1 Infliido^ operators (li,s(ribnlod aw follows; Arkimsas, 1; California, 2; I\fis,soiiri, 2; Timuics 
 
 1; Vfrinoiit. I: VirKiiii.i, 2; Wisi'onsin, 1. 
 
MINERAL PIGiAIENTH, CRUDE. 
 
 Table :i. — DKTAILKD SUMMARY: 1902— (Vuitiiuied. 
 
 959 
 
 
 United 
 States. 
 
 Jl,713 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 New York. 
 
 Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 All other 
 •states. 
 
 Misoellaneous expenses: 
 
 Total 
 
 f 24. 893 
 SI 3, 320 
 3n,5ti7 
 #nH,(l73 
 
 :S360isK'> 
 ],K4() 
 
 27 
 1 , 200 
 
 40 
 
 9 
 .5.50 
 
 1 
 50 
 
 S610 
 
 «;oo 
 
 !40 
 
 SI, 2.50 
 
 2, .520 
 S10,9.50 
 
 .50 
 
 1 
 50 
 
 S90 
 
 J25 
 
 t65 
 
 8735 
 
 1,261 
 W,251 
 
 75 
 
 1 
 25 
 
 821,2.59 
 
 SI 2, 6.51 
 
 SH.BO.S 
 
 .S22,816 
 
 20,807 
 S246, 340 
 
 1,045 
 
 13 
 545 
 
 81,191 
 
 
 860 
 
 Kent of offices, taxes, insurance, interest and other Kimdiics 
 
 »1,713 
 913,140 
 
 5, UHH 
 S4«,423 
 
 235 
 
 (i 
 1S5 
 
 81,141 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials. . 
 
 820,126 
 
 5,203 
 850 915 
 
 Product: 
 
 Quantitv short tons 
 
 Value 
 
 Power owned: 
 
 Total horsepower 
 
 435 
 
 Engines- 
 Steam— 
 
 6 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 396 
 
 Gas or {^^asolino- 
 
 2 
 
 Horsepower . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 Number 
 
 
 
 3 
 50 
 
 6 
 .500 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Other power- 
 Number . . 
 
 1 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
STEEL HARDENING METALS 
 
 30223-04 (31 ^^61) 
 
STEEL HARDENING METALS. 
 
 By JosEi'ii Ih'DK Pratt. 
 
 Under the head of steel hardening metals are inrluded 
 those metals used or experimented with in the hardening 
 of steel, although some of tiiem arc used more generally 
 for other purposes in the form of eompouTids. The 
 metals belonging to this class are nickel, chromium, 
 tungsten, molyl;)denum, titanium, uranium, and vana- 
 dium. The statistics in this report relate to the pro- 
 duction of the ore from which these metals are obtained, 
 except that the tigur(>s for nickel and cobalt are for the 
 matte made at the mines. In the mineral classifications, 
 chromium appears as chrome ore, nickel as nickel and 
 cobalt, and titanium as rutile. Manganese naturally 
 comes mider the head of steel hardening metals: hut. 
 on account of its comparatively large production, it is 
 treated separatel3\ Nickel and chromium have been 
 presented separatel_y at former censuses, but the statis- 
 tics of the remaining metals have not been previously 
 shown. 
 
 The statistics collected at the census of I'.H)2 foi- the 
 steel hardening metals are summarized in Table 1. 
 
 Table 1. — SiiiniiKinj: 190J. 
 
 Number of mines 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried of!fic'ials, cleriis, etc: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average numbe'r 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 Product: - 
 
 Quantity, short tons 
 
 Value 
 
 
 Tung- 
 
 
 sten. 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 
 S3, 740 
 
 
 2(i 
 
 2 
 
 J20, 911 
 
 ■SI, 260 
 
 »82.5 
 
 
 873S 
 
 si2o 
 
 S3, 652 
 
 S210 
 
 4,-144 
 
 1.S4 
 
 S83, 717 
 
 S5,97.T 
 
 Uranium 
 and 
 
 vana- • 
 
 dium '"? 
 
 All other 
 
 steel 
 harden- 
 
 [ metals. 1 
 
 S3, .=.00 
 
 19 
 
 *17,040 
 
 S490 
 S3, 010 
 
 3,810 
 S48, 12,5 
 
 1 
 $240 
 
 812,5 
 8432 
 
 450 
 S29, 617 
 
 « 1 Includes operators as follows: Chrome.ore, 1; molybdenum,!; nickel and 
 cobalt. 2: and rutile, 1. 
 
 -The L'nited States Geological Survey does not report the value of tungsten 
 and molybdenum, nor does it under thisclassilication j-.resent the othermetals. 
 The report for nickel is for the refined: for cobalt, the oxide prejiared from the 
 ore; while Census figures are for the nickel and cobalt matte at the mine. 
 
 Besides the mines reporting a production during 
 1902, 7 were idle. These have been worked to some 
 extent during the past few yeai's, some of them becom- 
 ing producers, while at others the woi'k has been that 
 of development to prove the existence of ore in ([uan- 
 tity. The uncertainty of the demand for most of the 
 
 ores has been the principal cause of their nonproduc- 
 tion. These idle mines were distributed, t>y states, a.s 
 follows: Arizona, 1: California, 1; Colorado, 3; Nevada, 
 1; and Wisconsin, 1. They were owned by .5 indi- 
 viduals and 2 incorporated companies. 
 
 The total number of mines ciperated in 1902 was 12, 
 distributed among 7 states, as follows: California, 1; 
 Coloi'ado, (i; Connecticut, 1: Missouri, 1; Oregon, 1; 
 Virginia, 1; and Washington, 1. Of these 12 mines, 
 4 — 3 in Colorado and 1 in Connecticut — produced 
 tungsten, and 3 — all in Cohn-ado— produced uranium 
 and vanadium. Where there are less than 3 operators 
 mining any one ore they are included in "all others." 
 Of the 12 operators engaged in the production of these 
 metals, 8 were individutds, 1 a tirm. and 3 incorporated 
 comjjanies. 
 
 The total value of the outstanding capital .stock of two 
 of the incorporated companies was $200,000, with no 
 bonded indebtedness. The entire authorized stock, all 
 of which is common, has l)ecn issued, the shares num- 
 bering 1,001, Ooo. J 
 
 Of the three incorp<n-ated companies, one which pro- 
 duced nickel and cobalt, is not included in this table, for 
 the reason that lead was its principal product, nickel and 
 ' cobalt being merely by-products, and accordinglj' all 
 statistics for this company, with the exception of the 
 quantity and value of tlie nickel and cobalt produced 
 bj^ it, are included in the report on lead. 
 
 Product 11)11. — The total production of these various 
 ores reported in 19()2 was 4,14:1: short tons, valued at 
 $83,717. Of this production 85.7 per cent of the quan- 
 tity and .57.5 per cent of the value consisted of uranium 
 and N'anadium, the remainder being about 1 part tung- 
 sten and 3 parts "all others."' In (|uantity the produc- 
 tion of chrome ore was second, or next to uranium and 
 vanadium, but in value was fifth. Tungsten ranked 
 thirfl in ([uantity and fourth in value: rutile, fourth in 
 quantity and sixth, or lowest, in value; niilvcl and cobalt, 
 fifth in quantity and third in value: while niolyl)denuni, 
 ranking lowest in (juantity, was second in value. 
 
 The nickel and cobalt ores were concentrated into a 
 matte which was vahuHl at $352 per ton, of which value 
 about live-sevenths was due to the colialt contents and 
 two-sevenths to the nickel. 
 
 (963) 
 
y(.u 
 
 MINES zVND QUARRIES. 
 
 The average value per ton reeeived for the chrome 
 ore in liHcj was $14.50. A standard chrome ore con- 
 tains .':)0 per cent of chromic oxide (CrjO.,), but for 
 every unit above this there is an increase in value of 
 from 7:5 cents to $1 per ton; while, on the othei- hand, 
 there is a much o-reater deduction for every unit below 
 50 per cent. For some uses, as in the lining of fur- 
 naces, t'hrome oi'cs as low as 40 per cent of chromic 
 oxide can be used. 
 
 The reported value of crude tunosten ores varied 
 from $4.68 to §45 per ton. Before this ore is put on 
 the market it is more or less concentrated. An ore con- 
 taining from 6i) to 70 per cent of tungstic oxide will 
 In-ing in the general market, from §102 to $200 per ton. 
 
 Molybdenum ores have been valued at from $100 to 
 $1,500 per ton, l)ut the actual market value for these 
 ores, when thev are in constant demand for manufac- 
 
 turing ]3urposes, will be nearer $100 per ton for a 50 to 
 55 pQV cent ore free from copper. 
 
 The value of uranium and vanadium ores is about 
 $12. <;:-', per ton for crude ore, which averages from 
 5 to !t per cent of the oxides. When concentrated, 
 these ores will liring as high as $320 per ton, the prices 
 varying with the percentage of uranium and vanadium 
 oxides. 
 
 The titanium reported at the census of 1902, which 
 was all in the form of rutile, was valued at $12.50 per 
 ton, this representing a crude product which had not in 
 anv way been concentrated or selected. 
 
 Table 2 shows the production of nickel and cobalt 
 oxide in the United States fi'om domestic ores from 
 1889 to 1902; also imports and exports of nickel oxide 
 and matte. Most of the imports are from Canada, in 
 tlie form of matte, the refining being done in this coun- 
 try. The exports are largely to the United Kingdom. 
 
 Table 2.— PKODUCTIUX UF NICKEL AND COBALT OXIDE FK(_)M DOMESTIC ORES, AND nilMjRTS ENTERED FOR 
 
 CONSUMPTION: 1SS9 TO 1902; ALSO EXPORTS: 1S94 TO 1901'. 
 
 [Compiled from tMblcs of United States Geological Survey, " Mineral Resources of the United States," 1902.] 
 
 YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31- 
 
 PRODUCTION FRO.M Dn>rESTIC 
 ORES. 
 
 Quantity I y , 
 
 1889. 
 
 1892. 
 1893. 
 1894. 
 189.5. 
 1896. 
 1897. 
 1898. 
 1899.. 
 1900. 
 1901. 
 1902., 
 
 92, 
 49, 
 9, 
 10, 
 IV, 
 
 ■l.ss 
 2.52 
 
 mv 
 
 fil 6 
 
 ;j02 
 
 ■,170 
 1,707 
 ,11.5 
 :,.5ll 
 1,715 
 1,700 
 .,71H 
 
 ?1.51.ri9S 
 
 v.u.oa-.i 
 
 71,099 
 50, 7S9 
 22, 197 
 
 3, 2t>9 
 3, 091 
 
 4, 464 
 7, 823 
 3, 9.56 
 .S, 5116 
 3, -SS6 
 3, 551 
 2,701 
 
 Ci.balt 
 o.xidc. 
 
 Quantity 
 (pounds) 
 
 13,9.55 
 6, 78.S 
 7,200 
 
 7, 869 
 
 8, 422 
 6,71:3 
 
 14,4.5.s 
 10,700 
 19, .5211 
 
 6, 247 
 10,2:30 
 
 6,471 
 13, :J60 
 
 3,7:10 
 
 ' Includes 35,000 pounds of nickel from 1 'unadiau mattes. 
 
 The production of metallic nickel, from 1889 to 1902, 
 in the principal producing countries of the world is 
 given in Table 3. The French manufacturers obtained 
 the ore from New Caledoniti, Oceania, and the Ger- 
 man from New Caledonia and Norway. 
 
 T;\BLE 3. — J'rniliu'fioii nf itirke/ in (''IikkJii, P'r/fife, and < ii'i'mani/: 
 
 IS'SV III I HO:!. 
 
 [Ignited States Ge'ilogical Survey, "Mineral Resoun'cs of the United States," 
 
 1902.1 
 
 Quantity 1 
 (pounds). 
 
 1.S89 830,477 
 
 1890 1,435,712 
 
 1.S91 4,626,627 
 
 1892 2,113,717 
 
 ],S93 3,9:12,982 
 
 1894 4,907,430 
 
 18;i5 1 3, 888, .525 
 
 I.SUli I 3,397,113 
 
 1,S97 1 :i, 997,746 
 
 1898 5,517,690 
 
 189.) 5,711.000 
 
 1900 7,0.811.011(1 
 
 V.m 8,.SH-J,00(J 
 
 1902 io,6;i3, no 
 
 J498, : 
 
 933, : 
 
 2, 775, ' 
 1 , 399, ' 
 2,076, 
 2,061, 
 1,360, 
 1, 188, 
 1 , :199, 
 1,820, 
 2,067, 
 
 iUHUtity 
 (metric 
 tousi. 
 
 330 
 
 330 
 
 :130 
 
 1,211 
 
 2.015 
 
 1,545 
 1 , 515 
 1 , 515 
 1,215 
 1,510 
 1 , 7 10 
 
 $324,900 
 317, 300 
 :!19, 200 
 
 1,17I,5.S0 
 
 1,17.' 
 
 1,17,' 
 
 1,03:- 
 ,87;" 
 701, 
 SK7,.sou 
 
 l,()(i::, 6(H) 
 
 1,0211,000 
 1, 11(1.00(1 
 
 720 
 720 
 220 
 
 :i:io 
 125 
 
 Quanlity 
 ( metric 
 tons). 
 
 282 
 434 
 ,594 
 747 
 893 
 
 698 
 822 
 898 
 l.los 
 I, 115 
 1 , 376 
 1,6.59 
 
 J279, 680 
 436,430 
 644, 480 
 698,630 
 774, 6;» 
 449, 350 
 ,575, 890 
 666,900 
 710,980 
 670, 482 
 660,517 
 946, ,H84 
 
 ,181,263 
 
 IMPORTS ENTERED FOR CONSI'.MPTION, 
 
 Total 
 value. 
 
 ?23,S, 
 
 439, 
 
 364, 
 
 488, 
 
 429, 
 
 340, 
 
 669 
 
 656, 
 
 816 
 
 1,,583, 
 
 1,285, 
 
 1,272, 
 
 1,983, 
 
 1,588, 
 
 Nickel, nickel ore, nickel 
 
 o-xide, alloj' of nickel 
 
 with copper, and nickel 
 
 matte. 
 
 Quantity 
 (pounds'). 
 
 10, 
 4, 
 
 12, 
 9, 
 
 20, 
 
 23, 
 
 so! 
 
 44, 
 57, 
 117, 
 33, 
 
 $150, 
 
 376, 
 
 321, 
 
 428, 
 
 386 
 
 310 
 
 629, 
 
 620, 
 
 781 
 
 1,634 
 
 1,216 
 
 1,183: 
 
 1,,849, 
 
 1,437, 
 
 EXPORTS, NICKEL o.\ir)E 
 .\ND MATTE. 
 
 Cobalt o.xide. 
 
 Quantity 
 (pounds). 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quantity 
 (pounds'). 
 
 8,82, 
 63, 
 43, 
 60, 
 42, 
 29, 
 39, 
 36, 
 34, 
 49, 
 68, 
 88, 
 134, 
 1.51 
 
 = 1,235,588 
 l,061,2.s5 
 2, 756, 604 
 4,2.55,5.58 
 5, 0.57, 620 
 5,001,377 
 5, .869, 906 
 5, 869. 6.55 
 3, 228. 607 
 
 ?247..568 
 
 239, 897 
 
 600,833 
 
 997, 391 
 
 l,:i59, 609 
 
 1.151.4.54 
 
 1.3S2.727 
 
 1,521,291 
 
 924, 579 
 
 2Last si.x months: not separately classified prior to ,lnly 1, 1S94. 
 
 Small quantities of tungsten ore (wolframite) and of 
 tungsten iron, \alued at $7,040, were imported during 
 l'.)()2. 
 
 The uranium and N'anadium ores are mostly exported. 
 Salts of the metiils to the value of about $15,000 have 
 lieen aimually imported. The value of these imports 
 for 1902 was $12,491. 
 
 Einphiijeoi 1111(1 irfKjex. — The aggregate number of all 
 classes of employees and wage-earners, as given in Table 
 5, was 2'.l, who received $24,651 in salaries and wages. 
 Of these, 3 were classified as salaried employees, receiv- 
 ing $3,740 in salaries; and 26 as wage-earners who were 
 paid $20,911 in wages. Included with the 3 salaried 
 employees wsis 1 foreman, employed underground, who 
 received $1,5(mi salary. Of the 26 wage-earners. 15 
 were employed underground, all of whom were classified 
 as min(>rs. To this number of underground workers 
 should be added the foreman classitied as a salaried em- 
 ployee, which would make the total numbiM- of under- 
 gi'ouiid emjiloyees 16. 
 
STEEL HARDENING .AIETAL8. 
 
 9fif 
 
 The wages received by these 26 wiige-eariier.s varied j earners was cinpioyed was July, when the nunibe]- 
 froui 75 eents to $3.24 per day; 17, or 6."). 4 per cent of ' readied -i^. The iiiininuuu was in January, when only 
 the total nuuil)er, recei\'ed fi-oni $8 to $3.24 per day. ' 1.5 wore cuipioyerl. 
 
 That relatively high wages were paid to these wage- 
 earners is due to the laet that most of the mining 
 of steel hai'dening metals «'as in the \Vestern states. 
 The month in which the largest number of wag('- 
 
 The production of chrome ore in the United States 
 and the imports of chrome ore, chromate, etc., from 
 lK81t to l'.»M2, inclusive, are given in the following 
 table: 
 
 Table 4.— PRODUCTS )N OF 011K(»:\I1'; llKl'; IN THE UNJTEJ) STATES, ANH T:\n'OKTS OF (Tn;o:\IK ORE, CIIKOMATE, 
 
 ETC.: ISS!) TO 19(12. 
 
 [riiilcd Sliitr> (ir.il.«i.-iil Snr\ry, " .MilitTiil lie 
 
 nf (lie I'nitr.l SlillL- 
 
 I'.iiil;.] 
 
 YEAR ENDTNi; D1•:(*E^[BER 31- 
 
 1889. 
 1S911. 
 1891. 
 189'J. 
 1893. 
 1894. 
 1895. 
 1896. 
 1897. 
 1898. 
 1899. 
 1900. 
 1901. 
 1902. 
 
 PRODUCTION. 
 
 Quantity 
 (tons). 
 
 110 
 3li8 
 316 
 
 Valui' 
 
 S30, 000 
 .53, 98.5 
 ■iO. .580 
 i5, 000 
 21,7.50 
 .53,231 
 10, 79.5 
 6, (;67 
 
 1,400 
 5, 790 
 4,.5li7 
 
 Chrome ore. 
 
 Quantity 
 
 (tons). 
 
 5,474 
 
 4,3.53 
 
 4,4.59 
 
 4,930 
 
 fi,364 
 
 3,470 
 
 5,230 
 
 8,669 
 
 11,. 570 
 
 10, 301 
 
 15, 793 
 
 17, .542 
 
 20,112 1 
 
 39, 570 
 
 Viiluu 
 
 S.50, 782 
 
 .57, 111 
 
 108, 764 
 
 55, 579 
 
 58, 629 
 
 38, 364 
 
 82, 846 
 
 187,400 
 
 187,439 
 
 272, 234 
 
 284, 825 
 
 305, 001 
 
 .363,108 
 
 .582, 597 
 
 Cliromate and bi- 
 (!hromate of potash. 
 
 Chromic acirl. 
 
 Quantity 
 
 (poinids). 
 
 Vahie 
 
 Quantity 
 
 (fiounds). 
 
 1,. 580, 385 
 
 1,304,185 
 
 755, 264 
 
 496, 972 
 
 976, 706 
 
 1, 483, 762 
 
 2,045,910 
 
 952,794 
 
 1,329,473 
 
 1,160,710 
 
 1,130,965 
 
 111,761 
 
 430, 996 
 
 SI 37, 263 
 113,613 
 55, 897 
 94, 055 
 78, 981 
 125, 796 
 1.81,242 
 SO, .5:iS 
 108, 497 
 86,134 
 73, 510 
 7,7.58 
 29, 224 
 
 634 
 
 772 
 
 3, 708 
 
 5, 680 
 
 2, 083 
 
 2, 429 
 
 71,220 
 
 5, 329 
 
 33, 134 
 
 35, 452 
 
 53, 462 
 
 90,817 
 
 Total 
 value. 
 
 82, 974 
 
 634 
 
 203 
 
 204 
 
 641 
 
 837 
 
 414 
 
 387 
 
 6, 4.57 
 
 1,7.58 
 
 6,360 
 
 7, 232 
 
 10,861 
 
 11, 115 
 
 $191,019 
 171, a58 
 161,864 
 149, 838 
 138, 261 
 164,997 
 264,. 501 
 208, 325 
 301,393 
 360, 126 
 364,695 
 319, 991 
 403, 193 
 593, 712 
 
 The total amount paid for supplies and various other 
 expenses was $5,212. Of this amount $3,652 was for 
 supplies and materials, and |1735 for rent of offices, 
 taxes, etc. The balance of $S25 was paid for contract 
 work. 
 
 The total amount of mechanictd power used in the 
 production of the ores of these steel hardening metals 
 was 31() horsepower, 250 of which was furnished by (I 
 steam engines and (in by water wheels. All the water- 
 power was rented. 
 
 A detailed summary showing the statistics of the pro- 
 duction of steel hardening metals during iy()2 is given 
 in Table 5. 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE. 
 
 CHROMK ORE. 
 
 Chrome ore, or chromite, which contains the metal 
 chromium, was the first of the minerals containing any 
 of these steel hardening metals to be mined in the 
 United States for commercial purposes. The discovery 
 of chrome ore in this country was made about 1820' by 
 Isaac Tyson, jr., at Bare Hills, Md., 7 miles north of 
 Baltimore, but the deposit, being scanty and poor, was 
 soon abandoned. He afterwards found the mineral at 
 Soldiers Delight, about 15 miles northwest of Balti- 
 more. In 1827 his attention was attracted by the ap- 
 pearance in the market place of Baltimore of a man 
 from back in the country who had in his wagon several 
 lumps of a heavy black mineral which he was using to 
 
 'The :\rineral Industry, Vol. 11, p.«i(.'e 1.51. 
 
 keep a barrel from rolling about in his cart." Upon 
 testing the.se lumps. ]Mr. Tyson found the mineral to be 
 chromite and learned that it was from Harford county, 
 aliout 27 miles from Baltimore. This was the begin- 
 ning of chrome mining in this countrv and of the 
 chrome industrv of the Ty.sons, which was later supple- 
 mented by manufacturing processes and has continued 
 down to the present time. In the next year, 1.828, 
 chromite w;is discovered in Ltincastcr (.-ount}'. Pa., and 
 the control of this property was also olitained ]jv Mr. 
 Tyson. It was afterwards developed into the famous 
 Wood mine, which has produced aliout '.:)5,0(I0 tons of 
 chromite. Chromite mining in Maryland and Pemisvl- 
 vania continued for a great many j^ears until many of 
 the deposits or pockets of chromite were worked out. 
 About the time the ore began to grow scarce in these 
 states, it was disco\-ered in California, and for a few 
 years a number of thou.sands of tons were shipped to 
 Baltimore. When, however, the importation of chrome 
 ore began, aliout 1884, the chrome mining industrv in 
 the United States began to decline. There are known 
 deposits of this mineral in quantity in California and 
 North Carolina, and ]iro1ta))ly deposits exist in Penn- 
 sylvania and Maryhuid; liut, on account of the low price 
 at which the foreign ore can lie landed at Baltimore, 
 but a small portion of tluit used in the United States is 
 mined here. New uses for chromium and the construc- 
 tion of railroads through some of the chrome fields will 
 
 'Transactions of the American Institute ol Miuini; Euyineers Vol 
 -XXV, i)au;e 487. " ' ' 
 
96(1 
 
 MINES AND UUARRIKS. 
 
 undoubtedly cause sin increase in this industry during 
 the next few }'ears. 
 
 The uses of chroniite, at present tlie only source of 
 chromiiun, can })e readily divided into three heads: 
 
 1. As a mineral: In the manufacture of bricks as 
 hearth lining-s foi' basic, open-hearth furnaces, and for 
 water-jacket furnaces in copper smelting. For these 
 purposes ores carrj'ing as low as -io per cent of chronii(' 
 oxide can be used. It is also probaiile that chromite 
 can be used to advantage in other furnaces, especially 
 where it is desira])le to use fluorspar as a flux. 
 
 2. In chromium alloys: Chroniite is used to a con- 
 siderable extent in the preparation of a ferro-chromium 
 allo}-. The preparation of this alloy, which is used in 
 the manufacture of armor plates and armor-platc- 
 piercing projectiles, has 1)ecome a very important in- 
 dustry. The ferro-nickcl alloy is also used in the 
 manufacture of armor plate. It is generally made by 
 the addition of these two alloys of iron to molten steid 
 before it is cast into the ingot: they produce a more or 
 less homogeneous tri]")le alloy. 
 
 3. In chromium salts: The first use of chromite was 
 in the preparation 'of the salts, chromate and bichro- 
 mate of potash, used in d^-eing. tanning, and in the 
 manufacture of pigments; this continues to be its 
 chief use. It was about Isoo that the value of these 
 salts as pigments was discovered, but it was not until 
 the discovery of deposits of chromiti' that they were 
 used commercially. .Some chromium salts are also 
 used for medicinal purposes. 
 
 Nlf'KKL AND COBALT. 
 
 Nickel and cobalt mining in the Ignited States began 
 probably in 1863 witli the opening of the Ga)) mine, in 
 Lancaster county. Pa. This mine was worked ahuost 
 contiiuK)Usly and very extensively from bSB;3 until 
 lS8ti, and was the only nickel mine then worked on the 
 Amei'ican continent. Witli tln' discovery, however, of 
 the nickel deposits in the Sndbui-y district, Ontario, 
 Canada, and the moderate prices which prevailed foi- 
 nickel, work at tliis (iap mine ])egan to decrease, and 
 about 1M>1 ceased altogether. It is \-ei'y ])i'obable that 
 tliere are still good deposits of nickel ore in (|uantity 
 in this mine and that in the near future it will again 
 become a producer. Since Is'.il most of the nickel and 
 colialt produced in the United States has been at Mine 
 Laujotte, Mo., where it has been obtained as a by- 
 profluct in lead mining. Attempts werii made to mine 
 nickel in North (Carolina about ISilo, and although the 
 mineral genthite, a nickel silicate, was found in some 
 (|uantity at a nundier of ])laces, there was only one 
 place — near A\'ebstei-. dackson coiuity — that gave any 
 indication whatever of containing it in commei-cial 
 ([uantity. Considerable work was rlone, but in bS'.tl 
 the mine was closed and remained so until 11H)2, when 
 tlie sliafts and drifts wei'e reopen(>d and sex'eral car- 
 loads of ore were slii|)])efl for experimental purposes. 
 
 There has also been some development of nickel depos- 
 its in Oregon and Idaho, and a few tons of ore have 
 been shipped for experimental purposes, but none of 
 the mines can be called producers. 
 
 The first general use of nickel commercial!}' was 
 probably in the manufacture of ( xerman silver or albata, 
 an alloy of zinc, copper, and nickel. Articles made of 
 iron and plated with nickel have to some extent replaced 
 those madt' of German silver. Another of the earlier 
 uses of nickel was for coinage, which is yet carried on 
 (juite extensively by the United States and many of the 
 European countrit's. With the introduction of nickel 
 in the manufacture of a special stf'el the demand for it 
 has largely increased, so that this use of the metal has 
 become the most important. Large quantities of nickel 
 steel are used in the niiinufacture of armor plates, tur- 
 rets, })ropeller shafts, crank shafts, etc. Another use 
 that has received favorable consideration is in the man- 
 ufacture of nickel-steel rails, which were first used by 
 the Penn.sylvania Kaih'oad Company, and evidently 
 gave entire satisfaction. 
 
 Cobalt is put on the market as the oxide and used 
 almost entirely for coloring glass, porcelain, and simi- 
 lar substances. 
 
 TUNCJSTEN A\T) MOL'^'BDEN'UM. 
 
 The mining of tungsten and molybdenum ores in the 
 United States has become an established industiy within 
 the past few years only- Tungsten oi'es were mined 
 in Coloi'ado and Connecticut, and molybdenum ores in 
 Washington. 
 
 Until lately the uses of these metals were few, requir- 
 ing a coiuparatively small amount of their salts to sat- 
 isfy the demand. The salts of tungsten were used as a 
 mordant in dyeing and ]n-inting and as fireproof mate- 
 rial for wearing a]ipaicl, -while the principal use of 
 molybdenum was in the manufacture of annnonium 
 molybdate. used by chennsts in the determination of 
 ])liosph(irie acid. A small amount oi moh-bdenum salts 
 is used ill the preparation of blue carmine or molyb- 
 denum blue in the cohn-ing of porcelain. The use, 
 liowe\er, of these two metals in the preparation of 
 ferro alloys has led to an increased demand, especially 
 for tungsten, which, when added to steel, increases its 
 liardness and toughness, and is believed hv somt' to 
 make it superior for certain purposes to anv other 
 manufactured. Tungsten steid is also used in the man- 
 ufacture of tool ste(d, spring steel, anfl sdunding plates 
 and wires for pianos, whei'e hardness and streno-th are 
 especially desired. Molybdemun steel, the beneficial 
 properties uf which are similar to those of tungsten, is 
 beginning to be used, but in nuich smaller (piantity. 
 
 KUTILK. 
 
 The only titanium nunei-al mined for coumiercial 
 purposes is riitile, a titanium oxide. Titanium was for- 
 nierl\- considered one of the very rare metals, but it has 
 
STEEL HARDENING METALS. 
 
 y(i7 
 
 now been proved to be one of the commoner elements 
 and is very widely distributed. In the future, liesides 
 rutile, the ehi(>f eonunereial souree of titanium will be 
 the mineral meiiaccanite (ilmeTiite), a titanium iron 
 oxide. Kutile has l)een i)rodueed at Roseland, Nelson 
 county, Va., anil in Chester county. Pa. Only a small 
 quantity is required to satisfy the demand, and the prod- 
 uct does not amount to nuich over l()(i tons of the crude 
 ore per year. 
 
 The uses of rutile are principally in the ceramic in- 
 dustry for coloring- porcelain and in the manufacture 
 of artificial teeth. The titanium oxide will, under fa- 
 vorable conditioTis. impart a tine yellow color to the 
 porcelain, and it is also capable of beino- used with 
 other substances to produce secondary colors. The 
 amount of titanium oxide used in the manufacture of 
 ai'tihcial teeth is from ti\'e-tenths of 1 per cent to 2 per 
 cent of the total materials used in making- thenj. 
 
 At the present time no titiinium is used comnierciall}'. 
 as far as known, in the manufacture of titanium steel, 
 although irons have been made containing- a considera- 
 ble percentage of titanium, the result of using ores for 
 their iron contents rather than their titanium. Con- 
 siderable work has been done, however, experimentally 
 in regard to the use and value of titanium steel and with 
 a great deal of success. It is probable that the intro- 
 duction of this kind of steel into the general market is 
 not far distant. Its properties of special interest are 
 elasticity, and greater elongation and ductility than 
 ordinary carbon steel. 
 
 URANIUM AND A'ANADIUM. 
 
 The production of uranium and \-anadium ores dur- 
 ing 19(.ii! was ail in Colorado. The_v have been mined 
 in small quantities for a great many years, some of the 
 salts of uranium being used to produce a pure l)lack 
 glaze on porcelain, while other salts are used in the 
 decoration of glass and china ware, giving permanent 
 cohn-s. Vanadium salts are used in the coloring of 
 glass, but principally in the preparation of vanadic 
 acid, as a mordant, for aniline black in dyeing. The 
 use of uranium and vanadium in the manufacture of 
 special steels is still in the experimental stage, but 
 enough has been done to prove that they increase tensile 
 strength. 
 
 Table .5. — Detailed smmyiary: 1902. 
 
 Ill 
 
 NiiiiibLir of mines 
 
 NumbLT of operators 
 
 Ch!ira(^ter of ownership: 
 
 Individual 
 
 Firm 
 
 IiiciirporaU-d ciiiiiiuno' 
 
 Salaried i.illirials, clerks, ete.: 
 
 Tiiliil numlii-r 
 
 Ti.lal salaries _ 
 
 Superintenilelits, nianafj^ers, 
 men, surveyors, eti-. — 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Foremen, lielow Krunnrl — 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners; 
 
 A;^^gregate average number 
 
 Aggregate wages 
 
 Above ground — 
 
 Total average number 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Engineers, riremen, and otlr- 
 er meehanics— 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages" 
 
 Miners — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Below ground- 
 Miners — 
 
 Average number 
 
 \yages 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at speei- 
 lied daily rates of yiay: 
 Maehinists, blacksmiths, carpenters, 
 and other meehanics — 
 
 8-2.00 to t2.'24 
 
 Jliners — 
 
 $0.75 to SO.IK) 
 
 $1.75 toSl.yj 
 
 $2..50 to $2.74 
 
 SS.OOto J3.24 
 
 Average number of wage-earners employed 
 during each montli: 
 Men Itj years and over- 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 March . ". 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 ,luly 
 
 August _____ 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 No\ember 
 
 December 
 
 Contract work: 
 
 Amount paid 
 
 Number of emyiloyees 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses, total 
 
 Rent of otlices, taxes, insurance, interest, 
 
 anrl other sundries 
 
 Cost of suyiidies and materials 
 
 Product: 
 
 Qviantitv, short tons _ 
 
 Value..' 
 
 Power: 
 
 Total horsepower 
 
 Owned— 
 
 Engines- 
 Steam — 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Rented— 
 
 Hnrsepiiwer 
 
 sa,7tn 
 
 $-2, 240 
 
 11 
 S6, 727 
 
 SI, -200 
 
 9 
 $•5, .5-27 
 
 15 
 514, 1»4 
 
 33 
 
 S825 
 S73,=> 
 
 S735 
 $3, tl.i2 
 
 4,444 
 «3, 717 
 
 6 
 250 
 
 
 
 All 
 
 
 ['raiiium 
 
 other 
 
 Tung- 
 
 and 
 
 steel 
 
 sten. 
 
 vana- 
 
 hard- 
 
 
 dium. 
 
 ening 
 metals.i 
 
 
 
 
 SI , .100 
 
 $20, an $1,-260 
 
 1 
 
 5540 
 
 1 
 $540 
 
 1 
 '20 
 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 17 
 
 3 
 
 23 
 
 ?, 
 
 25 
 
 3 
 
 -25 
 
 
 36 
 
 3 
 
 42 
 
 '9 
 
 $120 
 
 $120 
 $210 
 
 1.S4 
 $5, 975 
 
 4 
 
 220 
 
 2 
 S3,. 500 
 
 $2, 000 
 
 19 
 
 $17,040 
 
 5 
 $3, -576 
 
 2 
 $l,-200 
 
 9 
 11 
 17 
 19 
 
 27 
 
 19 
 12 
 11 
 
 $490 
 S3. 010 
 
 3, sin 
 $48, 125 
 
 1 
 
 S240 
 
 1 
 
 $240 
 
 5 
 S2,i;il 
 
 5 
 S2, Ml 
 
 $2, 37(; S2, Oil 
 
 14 
 S13, 4i;4 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 17 .. 
 
 
 S825 
 $1-25 
 
 S125 
 $432 
 
 450 
 29. 017 
 
 2 
 30 
 
 1 Includes operators distributed as follows: Chrome ore, 1; molybdentrm, 1: 
 nickel and cobalt, 2: and rutile, 1. 
 
ASBESTOS 
 
 (969) 
 
ASBESTOS. 
 
 ]?y Jose I'll IIydk Pkatt. 
 
 Two distinct minerals are included in tliese statistics 
 as asbestos, one heiny a \-ariety of aniphihole and the 
 otlier tlie tihrous variety of serpentine known as chrvs- 
 otile. It is the latter that is the more valual)le and for 
 whicli there is the greater demand. In the United States, 
 however, it is. thus far. principally the amphibole variety 
 that has l.)een mined. The low value of this mineral and 
 the uncertain demand have caused a wide variation in 
 production. The tirst census statistics for asbestos were 
 reported in 18So. when, among minor minerals in the 
 Report on Mining Industries, 7 mines were shown to 
 have been operated — 4 in Maryland and 1 each in 
 Georgia, New York, and South Carolina. The numl)er 
 of employees reported was 17, who received ^1, •!:()(• in 
 wages. There was no cost of supplies or materials 
 given. The production of asbestos was 15n tons, valued 
 at §4,312. The company operating in Georgia was 
 incorporated with a capital of $10,0(J(». 
 
 At the Eleventh Census there was no record of the 
 number of mines or establishments. The capital rep- 
 resented was stated to be $l:2,6<i(); the employees, 
 including foremen and otKce force, were 12; antl the 
 wages paid, not including office force, but including 
 $l,9tt0 for development work in Wyoming, were |2,70U. 
 The cost of supplies was ^525. The production for 
 that year (which was entirely from California) was only 
 30 tons, valued at it^l.SUO. 
 
 Because of the lack of uniformit}- of the statistics of 
 these two years, the_y can neither l.te compared with each 
 other nor with those for 1902, except as regards the 
 quantity and value of the production. 
 
 Table 1 is a summary of the statistics for 1902. 
 
 T.^iiLE 1. — Siniiiniiri/: 190J. 
 
 Numljer of mines or quarries 4 
 
 Number oi operators 4 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number ■ ' 
 
 Sal aries J2. 02s 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number -3 
 
 Wages J.s, 'J.SO 
 
 ^liscellaneous expenses $l,7.'i!S 
 
 <:ost ot supplies and materials SS, :2;3:3 
 
 Product: ' 
 
 Quantitv, short tons 2, .^Oo 
 
 , Value *4(i,200 
 
 iTlie United States Geological Survey reports l.OO.i short tons, valued at 
 $10,200, which is the product marketed. Census figures represent the prod\ict 
 mined. 
 
 Detailed statistics of this industry can not be pub- 
 lished by states without disclosing tiie business of indi- 
 vidual establishments, for, of the 4 mines or (piarries 
 reported, 1 each was located in Connecticut, Georgia, 
 Massachusetts, and ^'irginia. Fifteen properties that 
 were developed or prospected for a.sbcstos in former 
 years were idle in 1H()2. Three eacli of these were 
 situated in Crcorgia, North Carolina, and Vermont, 2 in 
 Califoj-nia, and 1 each in Pennsylvania, Virginia, Wis- 
 consin, and Wyoming. Among the owners were 4 
 incorporated companies, with an authorized capital of 
 $2,500,000, of which $1,655,07(), all common, had been 
 issued. Manj' of these properties, as those in North 
 Carolina, Vermont, and Wyoming, contain the chryso- 
 tile variety, and it had ).)een expected that some of these, 
 especially' those in Vermont, would report a marketable 
 production for l!t()2. 
 
 Ciipitdl stiii'V of / iir(irj>ori:ifr(J coirijiuiiies. — Of the 4 
 operators in the asbestos industry, 3 were incorjjorated 
 companies, 1 each of these being located in Connecti- 
 cut, Georgia, and Virginia, In Table 2 are shown the 
 details of their capital stock. 
 
 Table 2. — ('apitiilizdt'nui of iiicoriior<iteil ciinpaiiieK: 190J. 
 
 Numlier of incorporated coD:iiianics 3 
 
 Cajiital stock issued 52,010,000 
 
 Total authorized- 
 Number of shares 1, 400, 000 
 
 Par value S2. :300, 000 
 
 Total issued— 
 
 Number of shares l, 110,000 
 
 Par value .^2, 010. 000 
 
 Common — 
 
 AiUhori/.ed — 
 
 Number of shares 1.100,000 
 
 Par value S2, 000, 000 
 
 Issued — 
 
 * Number of shares 97,5, 000 
 
 Par value si, »'o. 000 
 
 Preferred- 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number of shares 300, 000 
 
 I-'ar value $300, 000 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of sliares 13,5, OOO 
 
 Par value Slo.i, 000 
 
 None of the coin])anies showed bonded indebtedness 
 and none reported dividends. Of the authorized capital 
 stock. .87. 4 per cent of the total value had been issued, 
 of which 0.7 per cent was preferred stock. The capital 
 reported for this industiy is extremely large when 
 compared with the value of the production for 1902 
 and with the production for any of the past years since 
 
 (971) 
 
972 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 the industry was started. This is due to tiie fact that 
 most of the eompanies sending their statistics for l!t02 
 were organized during the past few .years, when tlie 
 methods of incorporation in vogue have heen for highly 
 capitalized companies, regardless of the real value of 
 the property or plant or of the magnitude of the busi- 
 ness that could he built up. The companies have been 
 organized supposedly with the idea that the amphibole 
 asl)estos can be mined and manufactured and used for 
 the same purposes as the chrysotile asbestos. Were 
 this the case the capitalization would not be so nu;ch 
 out of proportion to the value of the properties as it is. 
 The capitalization given in the aliove statistics does not 
 refer to asbestos t'ompanies manufacturing products 
 from chrysotile asbestos imported from Canada, but to 
 those mining asbestos in this country and manufactur- 
 ing products directly from it. 
 
 Employees and /rot/ev. — Of the total amount. $10,878, 
 reported as paid for salaries and wages, $8,250, or 75.8 
 per cent, was paid to the wage-earners, and $2,()28, or 
 '24:. 2 per cent, to the salaried emploj^ees. There were 
 5.8 wage-earners, on the average, to a mine. The 
 average number of wage-earners, as may be seen by 
 reference to Table (5, was greatest (61) during October 
 and least (7) in June. The dull months were from Jan- 
 uary to Juh', both inclusive. Tal)le 6 also shows the 
 average number of wage-earners at each specified daily 
 rate of pay. Of the 23 employees, 17 were classed as 
 miners or quarrymen. Of these. 1?> received from $1 
 to $1.24 pel' day: 1 received from $1.25 to $!.-(■'.» per 
 day; and 3 received from $1.5() to $1.74 per day. 
 There were 2 machinists or blacksmiths, 1 of whom 
 received the highest rate paid, which was from $2.50 
 to $2.74 per day. There were 2 firemen, each of whom 
 received from SI to $1.24 per day. One other wage- 
 earner, who did miscellaneous work, received from 
 $1.5(» to $1.74 per day. The prevailing rate of pay 
 was from $1 to $1.24, lij having received this rate. 
 These comparati\'ely low rates of pay are due to the 
 fact that most of the miners were employed in the 
 South, where the rates of pay are much lower than 
 either in the North or the West. 
 
 HiippHeH. iiKifi-rialH, mid iinsceUinieniis expenxes. — The 
 principal item of expense, next to that for wages, was 
 for supplies aiirl materials, foi' which $8,^33 was 
 reported as having been expended. The miscellaneous 
 expenses of $1,758 were incurred for rent of office, 
 taxes, insurance, and other sundi'ies. Thus, the total 
 cost, including wages, salaries, supplies, materials, and 
 miscellaneous expenses, was $20,869. 
 
 Mecliiiiiiciil piiir, r. -Steam engines with a total of 105 
 horsepower were used in producing the asbestos, this 
 power being reported by 2 establishments — 1 in Georgia 
 anrl I in Virginia. 
 
 I'riid iii-fiiiii. - The total production of asljestos in the 
 United Stall's for' VMVl was 2,505 short tons, valued at 
 
 $46,2(J0. This production of asbestos is the largest I'e- 
 ported during the period beginning with 1880, in which 
 year the statistics for this mineral were first obtained. 
 Of this production, however, 1,50(» tons represents the 
 rock just as mined. The statistics do not, therefore, 
 represent the total value of the asbestos as it is put 
 upon the mai'ket. In some instances the asbestos was 
 crushed, separated, and otherwise prepared at the mines. 
 As in such cases the mining and the processes to which 
 the mineral is subjected were conducted under the same 
 management and with the same capital, it is impracti- 
 cable to separate the statistics. The United States 
 Geological Survey has published annual statistics of 
 the ([uantity and value of asbestos, and these are 
 shown in Table 3, for the years from 1889 to 1902, 
 inclusive. 
 
 Table :i.—Pro<Ii(rtiuii of ad}esinf<: 1SS9 ti> IfiOi. 
 [United States Geological Survey, "MuaeralKesourcesoftheUnitedStates," 1902.1 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Quantity 
 (short tons). 
 
 Value. 
 
 Average 
 
 value 
 per ton. 
 
 1889 
 
 30 
 
 71 
 
 66 
 
 104 
 
 50 
 
 325 
 
 795 
 
 .504 
 
 .580 
 
 605 
 
 681 
 
 1,054 
 
 747 
 
 1,005 
 
 SI, 800 
 4,. 500 
 3,960 
 6,416 
 2,. 500 
 4,463 
 13, 5'25 
 6,100 
 6, 4.50 
 10.300 
 11.740 
 li;,310 
 13,498 
 16, 200 
 
 S60 GO 
 
 1890 
 
 64.23 
 
 1891 
 
 60 00 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 61.69 
 .50.00 
 13 73 
 
 1895 
 
 17 01 
 
 1896 
 
 
 1H97 
 
 11 12 
 
 1898 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 15 47 
 
 1901 
 
 
 1902 
 
 16 1'' 
 
 
 
 As is seen from the above talile, there has lieen a \'ery 
 wide variation in the ciuantity re])orted from vear to 
 year, and also in the value. This is due. as stated 
 above, to the uncertainty of the demand for this variety 
 of asbestos. The highest prices were recei\ed for as- 
 bestos during the years from 1889 to 1893, when the 
 values varied from $50 to $64.23 per ton. These high 
 prices were undoubtedly due to the fact that certain 
 manufacturers recpiired only a few tons of asbestos, and 
 in order to obtain these small ([uantities they were 
 obliged to pay this increase in price. The total quan- 
 tity of asbestos jiroduced in the United States since 
 1880 amounts to only 10,917 tons, which would make an 
 average jiroduction of 474 tons per year. The greatest 
 (|uantity jiroduced in one year was l,2oo tons in 1882, 
 and the next greatest, 1.054'tons, in 1900. The aver- 
 age value varied froni $64.23 in 1890 to $11.12 in l,sit7. 
 In 1894 there was a decided drop in the value of amphi- 
 bole asbestos, from $50 to $13.73, and since that time 
 the average has not exceeded $18.07. In L902 the values 
 varied from $16 to $40 per ton, the latter price hav- 
 ing been received for 5 tons of chrysotile asbestos 
 which were obtained as a by-product in talc minino-. 
 
 The detailed statistics of the asbestos industi'y for 
 1902 are shown in Talde 6. 
 
asbp:stus. 
 
 978 
 
 The quantity of the aniphil)ole asbestos produced in 
 the United States during- 1902, and consich?r(^d us used, 
 was 2,5U(i tons, valued at $46,000, while the amount of 
 chrysotile asbestos was valued at f7(W,<'i3a, of which 
 only a quantity valued at $200 was produced in this 
 country, the balance havini;- been practically all im- 
 ported from Cana<la. The imports, as publishofl by 
 the United States Creolog-ical Survey, are o-iven in Table 
 ■i for the years lSSi> to 1902, inclusive. 
 
 Tahle -i. — )'iiliii' of asJti'stux iiiijiiirled: ISSli to 190.'. 
 
 [Uniled StatL'sGL'ologiful Survey, "Mineral Ke 
 
 smircusof the Unittil States," 1902.] 
 
 YE.\K ENDING IIECEMBEK 31— 
 
 Unmanu- 
 factured. 
 
 «254,239 
 2,=>2, .557 
 3.53,. 589 
 2li2,-138 
 1 75, 602 
 240, 029 
 225, 147 
 229, 084 
 263, 640 
 287, 636 
 303, 119 
 331,796 
 667, 087 
 729,421 
 
 Manufac- 
 tured. 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 *9, 1.54 
 6,342 
 4,872 
 7,209 
 9,403 
 15,989 
 19, 731 
 5,773 
 4,624 
 12,897 
 8,949 
 24, 155 
 24, 741 
 33, Oil 
 
 1263,393 
 
 1890 
 
 1S91 
 
 1892 
 
 257, 899 
 358, 461 
 269, 642 
 
 1893 _ _ . . 
 
 185, 005 
 256, 018 
 
 
 244, 878 
 
 1896 
 
 234, 857 
 
 1S97 
 
 1898 
 
 268,264 
 300, 533 
 312, 068 
 
 1900 
 
 3.55, 951 
 
 1901 
 
 691,828 
 
 1902 
 
 762, 432 
 
 
 
 Table 5 shows the production of asbestos from 1S89 
 to 19()2 in Canada, from which nearlj^ all of the mineral 
 used in the United States is obtained. 
 
 [Uni 
 
 ted States Geological Survey, 
 
 ' ' Mineral Resources of the United States, ' ' 1902.] 
 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 1 Quantity 
 j (short tons). 
 
 Value. 
 
 1S,S9 
 
 
 6 113 
 
 $42t> 554 
 
 1890 
 
 
 9, SI30 
 
 1, 200, 240 
 
 1S91 
 
 
 9,279 
 
 999 97S 
 
 1,S9'> 
 
 
 G, 042 
 
 3H,S 4(12 
 
 1S9;^. 
 
 
 tl,473 
 
 313, 806 
 
 1H94 
 
 
 7,fi30 
 
 420, H25 
 
 1S9,=. 
 
 
 8,75f) 
 
 3fJS, 175 
 
 
 
 1 12,250 
 
 429, H56 
 
 
 
 130,442 
 
 445, 368 
 
 
 
 '23,78.=. 
 
 48ti,227 
 
 ISMQ 
 
 
 l■>.^,.S36 
 
 4S5 ,S49 
 
 1900 
 
 
 1 30, r>41 
 
 7ti3 431 
 
 
 
 1 1 3H, 079 
 
 1,186,434 
 
 190'' 
 
 
 ^40. 41(', 
 
 1.148,319 
 
 
 
 1 Including a.sbestic. -Including 10,197 tons of usbestic. 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE. 
 
 As is seen from the preceding- tables and text, the 
 asbestos mining industry in the United States is very 
 small, and there is but little chance of its increasing, 
 unless large deposits of the chrysotile asbestos are dis- 
 covered and developed. There are very large deposits of 
 amphibole asbestos, but, as already stated, there is not 
 sufficient demand for this variety to create a large 
 industry. 
 
 Although in many respects the two varieties are sim- 
 ilar in physical properties, there is a wide variation in 
 strength of tiber, the chrysotile variety being superior 
 in both strength and elasticity to any amphibole asbes- 
 tos, and for this reason capable of being- used for manj^ 
 purposes for -R^hich tlie latter can not lie adapted. 
 With respect to their heat-resisting properties, they 
 
 are about equal, so that when asbestos is to be used as 
 an ingredient in fireproof paint, wall plaster, as boiler 
 coverings, as piirkiiig, in the manufa(-ture of hreproof 
 safes, and for nearly all purposes in which noncon- 
 ductivity of heat and not strength of tiber is the 
 important factor, the amphibole variety c:m be used to 
 as good ad\antage as the chrysotile. For these pur- 
 poses there is probably but little chrysotile asbestos 
 used, except what is known as asbestic or the waste 
 portions. There are, however, a numbei' of other min- 
 erals, such as infusorial earth, tripoli, talc, and mica, 
 that are strong- competitors of the amphibole asbestos. 
 
 On the other hand, where strength of fiber is essen- 
 tial as well as nonconductiA'ity of heat, as in the man- 
 ufacture of cloth, rope, felt lioards, tubes, wa.shers, and 
 blocks of various shapes, it is only the chrysotile vari- 
 ety that can be used. The fibers of chry.sotile are sel- 
 dom over 2i inches long, and are usualh' from one-half 
 to 1^ inches in length. The fibers of the amphibole 
 variety, however, occur up to 3 feet in length, and when 
 this asbestos is fairl}' free from grit, it appears like a 
 verjT attractive j^roposition. In a number of cases 
 deposits of amphibole asbestos haA'e been developed in 
 attempts to compete with chrysotile, Init in each case 
 the effort has resulted in failure. 
 
 It is interesting to note the variation in the value of 
 these two varieties of asbestos; for the amphibole vari- 
 ety' there is usually simply the one fiat rate, wliich has 
 varied, since 1894, from ¥11.12 to flS.tiT per ton. On 
 the other hand, the chrysotile asbestos varies in price 
 according to the different grades as follows: 
 
 Per ton. 
 
 Nil. 1 a.sbestos S150 to S2.50 
 
 N(i. 2 (white) asbestos 75 to 125 
 
 X( ). .3 (red ) asl )estoe 50 to 75 
 
 Mill filler, < a- paper stock 20 to 40 
 
 Asbestic 1 to 3 
 
 The mill fiber, or paper stock, is the minute fibers of 
 asbestos which have become broken and are not capal)le 
 of })eing used for weaving, and the asbestic is the final 
 waste material, wiiich contains a small amount of minute 
 fibers and a considerable amount of the crushed serpen- 
 tine rock. 
 
 Occurrence. — Since 1S80 asbestos properties have 
 been prospected and developed in the United States in 
 Arizona, California, Ceorgia, ]Marvland. ^Massachusetts. 
 Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, South 
 Carolina. Vermont, Virginia, and "Wisconsin. Although 
 a consideral)le search has been made for asbestos depos- 
 its in this country, it has resulted thus far only in the 
 discovery of producing deposits of the amphibole 
 variety. 
 
 At the present time the deposits of amphibole asbes- 
 tos that are being Avorked or developed to any extent 
 are as follows: 
 
 About 3 miles from the railroad station at IS'ew 
 Hartford, Conn., a deposit of this asbestos occurs in a 
 
974 
 
 MINKS AND QUARRIES. 
 
 ledge that outcrops stronglj' for a distance of about 
 75t» feet in lengtii, with a Avidth of yt» feet. It has been 
 opened in a number of places to a depth of 4.-) feet. 
 A plant for crushing- and preparing this material for the 
 market was being erected in 11)02. 
 
 At Sal mountain, 12 miles northwest of Clarksville, 
 Ga., are located the largest developed asbestos deposits 
 in the United States. 
 
 In the northeast corner of Rabun county, Ga. , and 
 about Ij miles from Russell, S. C, deposits of amphi- 
 bole asbestos occur. 
 
 In Virginia, about 14 miles south of Bedford C'ity, 
 a deposit of amphibole asbestos occurs in seams and 
 veins varying from S to 50 inches in thickness. 
 
 In Wisconsin, near Stevens Point, Wood county, a 
 deposit of this asbestos has lieen developed, although 
 no asbestos was produced during 1902. 
 
 ^lany other deposits of amphibole asbestos are known 
 to exist in the United States, but unless they are very 
 favorably located for mining, and have good transpor- 
 tation facilities, it is practically impossible to work 
 them on a protitable basis. 
 
 Chrysotile asbestos has been found sparingly asso- 
 ciated with many of the outcrops of Ijasic magnesian 
 rocks that extend northeasterly from Alabama across 
 Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, 
 Maryland, Pennsylvania, the New England states, and 
 into Canada. These rocks are more or less altered to 
 secondary serpentine, and in the more northern sections 
 different areas are often completely converted to this 
 secondary rock, as those of Pennsyl\-ania, ^Maryland. 
 Vermont, and Quebec province in Canada, while in 
 Noi'th Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama there ar(> but 
 very few areas that have l)een altered to this extent. 
 As would be expected, it is only in those areas in which 
 the rocks have been completely changed to serpentine 
 that the chrysotile asbestos occurs in commercial (juan- 
 tity. Although only the very small amount of this 
 \-ariet3' of asbestos obtained from Massachusetts was 
 produced from a mine already in operation, yet a great 
 deal of work was done on deposits of this A-ariety in 
 Vermont and Wyoming, with a smaller anioimt of worlv 
 on deposits in California, ^Michigan, and Noi'th Carolina. 
 
 The Vermont deposits are located in th(» north cen- 
 tral part of the state, in the town of Ed(>n, Lamoille 
 countv, anfl in the adjacent t(l^vn cif Lowell, Oi'leans 
 county. 
 
 The ^V\•()millg deposits, wliidi are located in the 
 vicinit\' of Casjjer. Natrc.ina county, have been priitty 
 thorough!}' de\'eloped, but thus fai- operations ha\e not 
 been sufficiently arlvanced for the marketing of the 
 product. 
 
 The dep(jsits of California thus far developed are in 
 
 Riverside county. The other deposits in this state and 
 those in North Carolina, have been developed little more 
 than to prove that the chrysotile asbestos is to be found. 
 The basic magnesian rocks of the Pacific slope, in 
 California, Oregon, and Washington, have in many 
 instances been entirely converted to secondary serpen- 
 tine, and are promising tields for investigation. It is 
 possible that when they are thoroughly prospected they 
 will be found to contain deyjosits of the chrysotile asbes- 
 tos capable of profitable operation. 
 
 Tahi-e <>. — Ih'hiitijd Riiiiiiiiiinj: lUOi. 
 
 Number of mines or (jtuirneH 
 
 Numl-er of nperut<irs 
 
 fUiaraeter of ownership: 
 
 4 
 14 
 
 Firm . 
 
 $2, 628 
 
 2 
 
 $900 
 
 4 
 
 i 1,065 
 
 1 
 
 S63 
 
 23 
 
 SS. 250 
 
 ,875 
 
 :.079 
 
 Incorporated (-(tnipany 
 
 Salaried oflicials, clerljs, etc.: 
 
 Total nttmber 
 
 Total salaries 
 
 Genera] otlicers — 
 
 Nnmltcr 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Superintendents, managers, foremen, .surveyors, etc. — 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Clerk.s— 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries - 
 
 \\'age-earners: 
 
 .Vgirregate a\'erage numlter 
 
 AgKregate wages 
 
 --Vbove grianid— 
 
 Total average number 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Engineers, liremeu, and either mechanics — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miners or quarrymen — 
 
 Average number 16 
 
 Wages - - So, 328 
 
 All otlter wage-earners — 
 
 .\verage number 1 
 
 Wages S468 
 
 BeIo\v ground — 
 
 Total average number 1 
 
 Total \vages S375 
 
 Miner.s — 
 
 .\verage number 1 
 
 Wages S:J75 
 
 .'Vverage number of wage-earners at speeitied daih- rates of pa,\": 
 Engineers- 
 Si. 25 to %\.V) 1 
 
 Firemen — 
 
 Sl.OO to SI. 24 2 
 
 Machinists, blacksmiths, etc. — 
 
 Sl.OO to SI. 24 1 
 
 S2..50 to S2.74 1 
 
 ^liners or qunrrvnu'n — 
 
 Sl.00toSl.24 13 
 
 S1.25 toS1.4'.i 1 
 
 S1.50 to SI. 74 3 
 
 \\\ other wagi'-earuers — 
 
 SI. 50 to SI. 71 1 
 
 Average uumI)erof wage-earners employed during laeli uioutii: 
 Men 16 years aurl over — 
 
 .lauuary _ 1,5 
 
 Feliruary 10 
 
 Mari'li _ 14 
 
 April ; . ; 14 
 
 May 9 
 
 .luue _ 7 
 
 ■'uiy ;;;;;; 8 
 
 August 27 
 
 September :^2 
 
 Octftber _ _ WW 61 
 
 November ' ' ^ ^ ^ jV3 
 
 December -jt; 
 
 Misceliancous expenses, total ^i_ y.-^y 
 
 Rent of otlices, taxes, insurance, itdcresi, and otlicr sundries. . . .SI ! 758 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials ^s' ''ss 
 
 I'rodni-t: '" 
 
 (.quantity, short tons ■) 5Q5 
 
 , \'al ne . . !;!!!!!!;''" ii! Slii! 200 
 
 Power owned: 
 
 Total horsepower iq-, 
 
 Engines — 
 Steam — 
 
 Ninnber .1 
 
 Horsepower !!!'!!!!!!!";!! 105 
 
 1 Includes ojieiatorsilislrUiu ted as follows: ConnectictU, 1: Georgia 1' Massa- 
 idnisetts, 1: \'irginia, ]. 
 
ASPHALTUM AND BITUMINOUS ROCK 
 
 (975) 
 
ASPHALTUM AND BITUMINOUS ROCK, 
 
 By Joseph Struthers, Ph. D. 
 
 Asphaltum became known to Census statistics in 1860, 
 when it was reported from California among manufac- 
 turing statistics as "asphaltum work." At the census 
 of ls70 no report was published from California, but 
 an establishment in West Virginia was recorded in the 
 statistics of mining as having produced asphaltum 
 valued at $450,000. At the census of 1880 West Vir- 
 ginia dropped out and California returned statistics 
 for two mines, being shown among mining industries. 
 At the Eleventh Census, the inquiries for which, as to 
 mining, covered the year 1889, asphaltum was shown 
 among mineral industries in Californi:i, Kentucky, and 
 Utah. 
 
 At the census of 1902 Arkansas, Indian Territory, 
 and Texas were added to these, making 5 states and 
 1 territory reporting asphaltum. The asphaltum by- 
 product of petroleum refineries, ])eing the result of 
 manufacturing processes, was included among manu- 
 factures at the census of 19()0, with a number of other 
 by-products, under the caption of "•Kesiduimi" in the 
 Report on Petroleum Retining. This product is not, 
 therefore, included in the statistics for 1902 herewith 
 presented, which concern the mining of the various 
 kinds of hydrocarbon rocks having an asphaltic base, 
 namely, bituminous limestone and sandstone, and some 
 of the purer forms of bitumen, as elaterite, gilsonite, 
 and uintaite. 
 
 The comparative statistics from 1860 to 1902 are 
 presented in the following table: 
 
 80223—04 H2 
 
 Table l.—Onn/iai-nliir xKinmarii: 1S60 to 1902. 
 
 Number of mines or quarries. 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Numtier 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Way;e-earners: 
 
 .Vverage number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Contract work 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials. 
 Product: ^ 
 
 Quantity, sbort tons 
 
 Value 
 
 1902 
 
 1889 1880 1870 1860 
 
 :;4 
 
 •_'4 
 
 H>i,-i?;i *3,ooo 
 
 l.=>6 
 379, .570 
 810,060 
 *19,753 
 S21,928 
 
 66,238 
 3236,728 
 
 13 i 
 
 S63, .503 
 
 38, 340 
 S9, 610 
 313,884 
 
 61,735 
 
 n 
 
 (1) 
 (■) 
 
 3-26, 7 
 
 444 
 ,440 
 
 30, 
 34.50. 
 
 000 
 000 
 
 (•-■) 
 (■-) 
 
 4 
 &i. 600 
 
 S4.090 
 
 1 Not reported. - Not reported separately. 
 
 ■'The United States Geological Survp\- reports 105,458 short tons, yalued at 
 8765,048, which includes the residual asplinltum product of petroleum refineries. 
 This residuum being the product of manufacturing processes is not reported by 
 the Census. 
 
 From 1860 to 1889 the production was quite irregu- 
 lar. The large increase in value of product from 
 $10,000 in 1860 to *!^150,()00 in 18T(.» was due to the dis- 
 covery in West Virginia of a vein of grahamite, which 
 was soon exhausted. A revival of the industry took 
 place between 1880 and 1889. The increase in wages 
 from 1889 to 1902 was Sl(i,067, or 2.5.3 per cent, and the 
 increase in value of product was $65,191, or 38 per 
 cent. The 24 mines reported for the industry in 1902 
 were controlled by 19 incorporated companies. 3 indi- 
 vidual proprietors, and 2 firms. 
 
 The state showing the largest production was Cali- 
 fornia, with 35.377 tons, or 53.4 per cent of the total, 
 and a value of $101,353. or 42.8 per cent of the whole. 
 
 (977) 
 
978 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Kentuck}- was stH'ond with 22,J:0S tons, or o-i per cent, 
 and ^68,7(>4, or 2i» per cent of the value. Indian Terri- 
 tory was third with 2, ,566 tons, or ?>.'.• per cent, and 
 $11,754, or 5 per cent of tlie value. The remainder, 
 5,797 tons, or S.7 per cent, and $54,917, or 23.2 per 
 cent of the value, was for all other states, of which 
 Utah was the laro-est producer. l)oth in (jnantity and 
 value. 
 
 Thirteen mines were idle — 3 in C'alifornia, 2 in Indian 
 Territory, 2 each in Missouri, Texas, and Utah, and 
 1 each in Kentucky and Tennessee. There were 6 
 mines for which development work was reported hut 
 no production — 3 in California, and 1 each in Arkansas, 
 
 Colorado, and Indian Territory. The statistics for tlipse 
 are shown in the following statement: 
 
 Heri'/ii/imeiit work: 1903. 
 
 Number nf mines ftr qnarrie^ 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salarietl officials, clerks, etc. 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wugc-caniers; 
 
 Avcraj.^f uumlKT 
 
 Wii 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost nf supplies and materials 
 
 5 
 ,160 
 
 2 
 ,U30 
 
 , 602 
 S72 
 
 Ciijiital sttK-l- iif iiicorjiiirdfril coiiijianlen. — The capi- 
 talization of 17 of the 19 incorporated companies, 2 
 failing to report in this particular, is shown in the fol- 
 lowinu' table: 
 
 Table ti.— OAPITALIZ.ITH )\ OF IX('( )KI'I IKATEll COllPANIES: 1902. 
 
 Number of .jncorporated companies 
 
 Number reporting capital stock 
 
 Capital stock i.ssued 
 
 Capital stock (all common): 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Di\idends paid 
 
 Bonds: 
 
 Authorized- - 
 
 Number - . . 
 
 Par value 
 
 TTnited States. 
 
 19 
 17 
 
 700, 700 
 
 i;!0,ooo 
 
 I, nl^, 000 
 
 115,8.57 
 
 I, 7('i(l, 700 
 
 Sl:S, 1)110 
 
 12S 
 SllO.UOO 
 
 Indian Ter- 
 ritorv. 
 
 S(i99, 700 
 
 ID, 000 
 S700, 000 
 
 1.1,997 
 
 S699, 700 
 
 $7,000 
 
 S7a'i,000 
 
 23, .500 
 SI, 07.5,000 
 
 14,000 
 S725, 000 
 
 60, .500 
 So, 800, 000 
 
 ,5.5, 860 
 
 96, 336, 000 
 
 SB, 000 
 
 SllO, 000 
 
 All other 
 states. 1 
 
 30, 000 
 S3, 000, 000 
 
 30,000 
 S3, 000, 000 
 
 1 Includes 1 <'(nupan; 
 
 1 Texas, and 1 in Utah. 
 
 The capital stock of the 5 Kentucky companies con- 
 stituted 5-1.7 per cent of the total. The par \-;ihie of 
 the capital stock issued by the 17 companies reporting 
 was 92.3 per cent of the total amount authorized. No 
 T>onds were issued and the par value of tiiose autliorized 
 amounted to only $110,000, all in Kentucky. 
 
 The production of the active mines opcrateil l)y the. 
 19 incorporated companies, including the 2 companies 
 not reporting their capital, was 59, lis tons, or si».7 per 
 cent of the total, and $201,316, or 85 per cent of the 
 total value. 
 
 Eiiiployeefi and iragex. — The wage-earners constituted 
 75 per cent of the salaried employees and wage-earners, 
 and their wages were 62.3 per cent of the total salaries 
 and wages. Kentuckj' led, with 11.7 per cent of the 
 wage-earners and 28.1 per cent of the wages, California 
 being second, with 20.5 per cent and 25.2 per cent, 
 respectively. In addition to the amount paid in wages, 
 $10,060 was paid to 60 emploj'ees for contract work. 
 
 As shown in Table 5, No\-embcr was the month dur- 
 ing which the largest number of wage-earners was 
 employed in the industry, although employment was 
 not very variable during the j'ear. In Indian Terri- 
 tory the largest number is shown for December. The 
 smallest number <jf wage earnei's for all the states 
 appears for June. Of the total number of \vage- 
 
 were engaged in miscellaneous 
 
 Ciirnei-s, 58, or 37.2 per cent, received from $1 to 
 Sl.iil per diiy, and 27, or 17.3 per cent, from 82.50 
 to $2.71 per da}'. Machinists, blacksmiths, carpen- 
 ters, and other mechanics received the highest rate — 
 from $1 to $1.21. Of the tottil wage-earners, 116, or 
 71.3 per cent, were miners-or quarrymen. Fifty, or 
 13.1 per cent of these, received from $1 to SI. 21 per 
 day; 25, or 21. f; per cent, from $2.50 to S2.71: and 11, 
 or 12.1 per cent, from $2.75 to $2. !>'.). The 21 •■all 
 other wage-earners 
 work tibout the mines and ijuarries. 
 
 Siij)jili(x. niiiti riiilx^ (1 11(1 iii/sri//I(f/i<:-oii.^ e,vpe/is>^.s. — The 
 cost of supi)lies and materials, reported as $21,928, is the 
 largest item of expense other than wages and .salaries. 
 Of the $19,753 expended for miscellaneous expenses, 
 $16,897, or 85.5 per cent, was paid for rent of offices, 
 taxes, insurance, interest, and other sundries, and $2,856, 
 or 11.5 per cent, for royalties, and rent of mine and 
 mining plant. 
 
 IL'clianical jKiinr. — Of the 21 operators from whom 
 reports were received, 8 reported the use of power, the 
 total of the primary power being 720 horsepower. Of 
 this, 660 horsepower, or 91.7 per cent, was steam, and 
 60, or 8.3 per cent, gas or gsisoline. There was, in 
 addition, 1 electric motor having 25 hor.sepower. Ken- 
 tucky reported 53.8 per cent of the steam power, and 
 
ASPTTALTUI\r AND lU^ITIMINOlIS R(J(!K. 
 
 yT'.i 
 
 Indian Territory -ifi.'J per cent of tlie i^tciun ;inil all of 
 the electric power. The total gas or guscilinc power 
 was reported from California. 
 
 Pr(idnctii)ii. — The United States Geologitnil Snrve3' 
 has pnlilished annual statistics of the production of 
 asphaltum since 1SS2, but these are not coniparahle 
 with Census statistics, for the reason that after the 
 year 1891 they include maltha, or brea, and the asphal- 
 tum by-products of petroleum refineries. During 11)02 
 the quantity of by-product asphaltum produced by oil 
 retineries in California and Texas, and sold aiul used 
 in the trade as asphaltum, amounted to 2o,s2() short 
 tons, A-alued at $303,24:'.t.' 
 
 According- to the reports received for r.H»2, the 
 average price of asphaltum was $3.57 per ton. The 
 range was from §1.50 to $50, the former for less than 
 100 tons mined in Indian Territory, and shipped in the 
 crude state, and the latter for less than 1,000 tons of 
 elaterite mastic mined in I'tah, f. o. b. at the mines. 
 
 Most of the imported asphalttmi comes from the 
 Island of Trinidad, British West Indies. The following 
 tal)le, compiled from tables published by the I'nited 
 States Geological Survey, shows the total imports into 
 the United States from all countries since 188'.». The 
 values are at point of shipment: 
 
 'United States (Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1902. 
 
 Ta 111,10 .'J.- 
 
 asi 
 
 ■ ha/Ill 
 
 ""/' 
 
 ,■/,•,/ /„ 
 
 y.s'.v,'/ In j:iii/. 
 
 /■Miliclal Hi-s.ii 
 
 inii/iri/iflfr 
 
 Itir l"liilcil Sl;i 
 
 (nisnii//i/'Oii: 
 I'jiri.] 
 
 (U'ANTITIKS. 
 
 JiErlCMllER 31 — 
 
 F 
 
 
 Total 
 (IniiKtons). 
 
 OS, 97H 
 
 57, 324 
 
 73,027 
 
 «8, 212 
 
 fiK, HMfi 
 
 7,5,713 
 
 i;9,720 
 
 72,6,% 
 
 93, 650 
 
 66, 5«3 
 
 95,941 
 
 105,734 
 
 112,216 
 
 130,109 
 
 rum 'I'rjnida 
 
 LUTl.l 
 
 (IrniKtons), 
 
 1. 
 
 Lake 
 
 (lollglOllH), 
 
 Fnjni !tll 
 
 (■Diiiitric.M 
 
 (loiigtori.sj. 
 
 Total 
 
 \'filUL', 
 1 
 
 l^.SU 
 
 ISDd 
 
 IWll 
 
 IS'.I'J 
 
 13,,56.S 
 
 17,417 
 
 20,517 
 
 17,406 
 
 3,4.50 
 
 3,«.53 
 
 4,744 
 
 12, 049 
 
 19, 243 
 
 l.H, 16,0 
 
 25,164 
 
 34, 796 
 
 31 , 767 
 
 25, 153 
 
 45,410 
 39, 907 
 ,52,510 
 70, .S06 
 65, 136 
 71,H60 
 64, 976 
 60, 637 
 74,407 
 IX, 423 
 70, 777 
 70. 93« 
 XI). 449 
 104,9.56, 
 
 61,9.52 
 
 73, m 
 
 102,433 
 
 120,2,55 
 
 74,774 
 
 1 02, ,506 
 
 79, .557 
 
 96,192 
 
 115, .528 
 
 69, K.57 
 
 106, 474 
 
 irs, 771 
 
 1 3N, .X33 
 
 146, MX3 
 
 S13«, 163 
 223, 36S 
 299, 3,50 
 336, 868 
 
 
 196, 314 
 313, 680 
 
 ISOl 
 
 1 SM'-j 
 
 1210, .5.56 
 
 ]s'.n; 
 
 1304,. 596 
 1 392, 770 
 
 ISll.s 
 
 isaa 
 
 lilUd 
 
 I9II1 
 
 19(I'J 
 
 ■-203,385 
 » 42.5, 263 
 14.54,732 
 ' .5.53, 473 
 « 492, 058 
 
 
 
 1 In addition to tlie crude a.^phaltuni imported in 1895, there was Home manu- 
 faetnred or refined ^nm asphaltum, valued at ^6,664, In 1896 the value of the 
 manul'aetured a-^yilialtum imported was 877,449, and in 1897, S25,095, The quan- 
 tity was not reported, 
 
 ' dried or advanced," valued at 517,005. 
 
 'dried or advanced," valued atS35,395. 
 
 •dried or advanced," valued at 149,242. 
 
 'dried or advanced," valued at S36,9S8, 
 
 'dried or advanced," valued at $62,,56], 
 
 '- Includes 3,669 long tons, ' 
 ■i Includes 4,261 long tons, ' 
 ■ilnchides 5,141 long tons, ' 
 ''Inclurles 6,754 long tons, ' 
 ^■'Inclttdes 7,239 long tons, ' 
 
 Hxports of crude asphaltum during 1902 amounted 
 to 2,'.13<.» long tons, valued at §23.5(11. 
 
 The production of asphaltum and asphaltic rock in 
 the principtil ])roducing countries of the world, from 
 1,s;h.» to 191)1. inclusive, is o-iven in Table 1. 
 
 T.<.BLE .i.— PRODUCTION OF .•i.SPHALTUM IN PRINCIl'.VL PRODUCING COUNTRIES; Lstio TO 1901, 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United States," 1902.] 
 
 I XTNITI.:i> STATES. 
 
 Quan- 
 i tity 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 1890 40,841 
 
 1891 45,0.54 
 
 1892 1 87,680 
 
 1893 47,779 
 
 1894 1 60,570 
 
 1895 ' 68,163 
 
 1896 80,503 
 
 1897 75,945 
 
 1898 76,337 
 
 1899 , 75,085 
 
 1900 ' 64,389 
 
 1901 63,134 
 
 Value. 
 
 J190, 
 '242, 
 445, 
 372, 
 353, 
 348, 
 577, 
 664, 
 675, 
 .553, 
 415, 
 5.55, 
 
 TRI.NTDAD. 
 
 Quan- 
 tity 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 94, 834 
 110, 929 
 129, 438 
 106, .515 
 121, 186 
 102, 368 
 110, 667 
 146, 172 
 112, 220 
 153,870 
 177, 751 
 191,488 
 
 Value. 
 
 J254, 019 
 297, 132 
 347,310 
 ■285, 309 
 324, 606 
 274, 200 
 296, 457 
 292, 344 
 5.53, 890 
 745, 242 
 855, 744 
 799, 010 
 
 GERMANY, 
 
 (.Quan- 
 tity 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 59, 361 
 54, 163 
 .58, 713 
 ,52, 066 
 61,691 
 65, 638 
 67, 830 
 67, 933 
 75, ,550 
 82, 397 
 
 98, ,833 
 
 99, 420 
 
 Value, 
 
 .?S9, 961 
 89,419 
 99, 686 
 84, 962 
 107,3,50 
 108, 153 
 
 107, 90S 
 91,984 
 99, 088 
 
 123, 984 
 160,000 
 
 108, 760 
 
 Quan- 
 tity 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 198, 934 
 278, 316 
 246, 848 
 244, 644 
 2,54, 662 
 294, 234 
 249, 0,52 
 '2,57,127 
 2,52, 358 
 285, 208 
 293, 6.54 
 ■275, 216 
 
 S335, 092 
 402, 631 
 323, 8.54 
 ,311, 116 
 339, 294 
 3,56, 700 
 336, 013 
 328, 002 
 322, 117 
 3.56, 719 
 383, 429 
 372, 989 
 
 Quan- 
 tity 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 49, 72S 
 31,0.54 
 38, 107 
 28, 630 
 6i6, 663 
 .51, 478 
 60, 092 
 60, 984 
 103, 312 
 90, 350 
 112,115 
 114, 761 
 
 Val&K 
 
 ^32, 
 131, 
 162, 
 109, 
 270, 
 197, 
 171, 
 183, 
 256, 
 222, 
 292^; 
 261, 
 
 l-ittan- 
 
 
 titv 
 (short 
 
 Value. 
 
 tons). 
 
 
 47 
 
 S94 
 
 274 
 
 505 
 
 554 
 
 1,014 
 
 904 
 
 1,'235 
 
 1,085 
 
 1,939 
 
 870 
 
 1,,525 
 
 1,^231 
 
 2,156 
 
 l,s25 
 
 3,196 
 
 2, 604 
 
 4,605 
 
 2,801 
 
 4,964 
 
 4. 621 
 
 s, 632 
 
 4,361 
 
 8,137 
 
 ACSTRIA-Hr.N'- 
 CiARY. 
 
 Quan- 
 tity 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 43 
 
 48 
 
 97 
 
 2, 740 
 
 2, 963 
 3,449 
 
 3, 699 
 4, 1.52 
 6, 276 
 
 X 770 
 
 2SS 
 624 
 696 
 001 
 429 
 104 
 OIS 
 634 
 603 
 1.50 
 
 Quan- 
 tity 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 1.5. 471 
 20, 838 
 IS, 337 
 17,706 
 20, 699 
 20, 043 
 24, 4SS 
 13, '244 
 25,435 
 
 (1) 
 
 I') 
 
 8108, 000 
 118, 760 
 120, 000 
 176,400 
 144, 893 
 133,141 
 171,416, 
 1 '28, 176 
 170,300 
 
 VENE- 
 Zt'EL.Y 
 
 c^uan- 
 
 tity 
 ( short 
 tons I . 
 
 1,771 
 7, 7.51 
 3, 073 
 6. 197 
 11,. 52s 
 Nil. 
 12. 014 
 17,981 
 24, 378 
 
 1 Statistics not yet available. 
 
 The detailed statistics of the industry in the United 
 States for 1902 are shown in Table 5. 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE. 
 
 Asphaltum is the name applied to ditferent forms of. 
 bitumen. Its composition varies, and it is known by 
 many other names, bestowed on account of some special 
 characteristic resulting from its composition or the 
 locality from whence it has been obtained. The most 
 common of these names are: Natural mineral pitch, 
 Jews' pitch, Trinidad asphalt, Cuban asphalt. Dead sea 
 
 bitumen, numjak, maltha, lirea. chupapote, elaterite, 
 wurtzilite, nigrite, gilsonite, grahainite, and uintaite. 
 
 Asphaltum has been an article of commerce from re- 
 mote anti(|iiity, the supply having been obtained from 
 the deposits near the Dead Sea, where the material 
 tloat(Hl on the surface or was washed ashore by the 
 waves, the product ):»eing known to the Arabs by the 
 name of Htijiir ]Mousa, or INIoses's stone. 
 
 In Germany asphaltum was known as earlv tis 1620 
 under the name of "harzerde"' (pitch earth), which was 
 described in 1(192 by Doctor Amiest as asphaltum. 
 
980 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Bituminous lime.stone is mentioned hy Doctor Krynis 
 in several puljlieations prior to 17'2l. The deposits at 
 Se^'ssel, France, were discovered in ISO^, and the 
 asphaltum interests of France and Switzerland were 
 united in 1832 by Count de Sassenay. 
 
 PJiyxlcal tnitl clu'iiilivl eluivddi'r'ixticx. — Asphaltum 
 ranges in form from the li((uid maltha to the hard, 
 solid glance pitch, which graduidly merges into asphal- 
 tic coal. The specific gravity of pure asphaltum ranges 
 from 1 to l.H.and the hardness from 2 too. The solid 
 varieties have a black or dark-Drown color and a peculiar 
 characteristic pitch}- odor when rub))ed. 
 
 Asphaltum breaks with a more or less splintery frac- 
 ture and does not soil the lingers. It is very brittle at 
 low temperatures, but upon being warmed, although it 
 remains sutKciently hard to lie broken l)y a sharp lilow, 
 at the .same time it yields to a steady pressure or tread. 
 Asphaltums differ much in their properties, and all do 
 not possess the binding power so necessary for a lasting- 
 pavement; they shade by insensible gradations into 
 brittle asphaltic coals. The melting point of asphaltum 
 is usually low. It is \ery inflammable, burns with a 
 yellow, smoky tiiame, and when pure leaves very little 
 if any residue. It is insoluble in water, slightly soluble 
 in alcohol and fixed and essential oils, and readily soluble 
 for the greater part in ether, oil of turpentine, naphtha, 
 and carbon l)isulphide. With benzole it forms a solu- 
 tion of an intense black color, used as a varnish. When 
 subjected to destructiA'e distillation, asphaltum is decom- 
 posed into a distillate of oils and a tarry residue which 
 becomes solid when cold. 
 
 The chemical composition of asphaltum is so complex 
 that elementary analyses throw little light on the sul)- 
 ject. It still remains an open ([uestion whethei- impor- 
 tant groups of definite and characteristic hydrocai'bons 
 can be separated and recognized. 
 
 Many chemical analyses of asphaltum from various 
 localities have been published from time to time which, 
 however, are of scientific \'alue only. Of these analyses 
 the following are characteristic: 
 
 Aiwbjttex of purr fift/iliiiltniii, r.rrliixirr of rarllni iiinllr 
 ■meclixi'iiicul impiirUiex. 
 
 "nil iithri- 
 
 CHEMrST. 
 
 • Plafi-. 
 
 Totiil 
 [.er 
 cent. 
 
 100.00 
 100.00 
 100.00 
 100.00 
 100. 00 
 100. 00 
 
 Car- 
 bon . 
 
 pi; a 
 
 Oxy- 
 gen. 
 
 (:i-;nt oi 
 
 Hydro- 
 gen. 
 
 Nitro- 
 gen. 
 
 Sul- 
 phur. 
 
 
 . . ' Trinicliid . . . 
 
 KO. 34 
 H8.C7 
 »1 . M 
 »H. 31 
 80. 00 
 
 0. .% 
 10.09 
 l.ti.'") 
 0. 90 
 l.CS 
 0. 10 
 
 11.00 
 
 9 ttH 
 
 
 2. -19 
 
 Rogault 
 
 Bo.ssingault . .. 
 Bo.ysingault . .. 
 BoHsingault . .. 
 Kayser 
 
 . . Ml^xIco 
 
 . . Peru 
 
 .. Cuba 
 
 .. Colombia... 
 . . ' Palestine . . . 
 
 
 9. 1'.0 
 9. 6-1 
 9. 00 
 
 
 
 0.37 
 10.00 
 
 0.110 
 
 Means other than chemical analysis are generally 
 used to ascertain the commercial value of asphaltum. 
 The first of these is a solubility test of th(> sample dried 
 at 21'2''^ F. in various solvents, as carbon bi.sulphide, 
 alcohol, turpentine, ether, petroleum, naphtha, etc. 
 Distillation is often used and the ios.ses at various tem- 
 peratures are recorded. The quantity and qualitv of 
 mechanical impurities (water, clay, earthy matter) con- 
 tained in the .sample are also determined; finally, the 
 best test of its applicability for pavement purposes is 
 its viscosity at various tenijieratures. In some cases 
 the value of an asphaltum for use in pavement con- 
 struction is det(M-mined by an actual trial. 
 
 The substances clas.sed as bitumens are hydrocarbon 
 compounds, the more important of which, arranged in 
 the order of their specific gravities at TO" F., are 
 divided into six groups: 
 
 1. Natural "an. 
 
 • - r 
 
 2. Natural iiaplitlia. 
 
 .1. Petriileuni, i>r natural oil. 
 
 4. Maltha, iir.suft, sticky bitumen. 
 
 .'i. Asi>lialtuni, or stiff, sticky bitumen. 
 
 0. (flanre i)itcli, or dry, brittle liitunien I often called jrilsonite). 
 
 In addition to the substances comprising tlie above 
 list, there are other bitumens of chemical interest only, 
 which possess no commercial value. 
 
 In commerce there are four cliief classes into which 
 asphaltum is divided: (1) Th(> natural liiiuid form, called 
 liciuid asphaltimi or maltha; (2) asphaltum mixed with 
 more or less vegetal)le and earthy matter, which yields, 
 by the removal of the mechanically contained imptiri- 
 ties, the product called hard, retined, o.' gum asphal- 
 tum; (3) asphaltum contained in sand or sandstone, called 
 bituminous sandstone; (4) asphaltum contain(>d in lime- 
 stone, called bituminous limestone. 
 
 In addition to the natural products given in the above 
 list mention should be madi^ of "by-produi't asphal- 
 tum," which is obtained in th(> refining of crude petro- 
 leum having an asphaltic base to yield commercial illu- 
 minating luid lubricating oils. There is no strict line 
 of demarcation between oils classed as petroleum oils 
 and those considered as asphaltum oils. 
 
 The term bituminous rock is applied to botlt sand- 
 stones and lini(>stoncs impregnated with asphaltum. 
 Bituminous rock is sold and shipped without previous 
 refining, and is consumed chiefly for street pavements, 
 being generally mixed with other ingredients at the 
 place of use. An inconsiderable proportion, however, 
 is treated for its a.sphaltic content, the jiroduct being 
 sold as refined or gum asphaltum. 
 
 Asphaltic or bituminous limestone is a natural com- 
 pound of asphaltum and limestone, at times contaiuim>-. 
 
ASPHALTUAI AND BITUMINOUS R(XJK. 
 
 981 
 
 in addition, otiier bituminous substances, sand, and 
 sulptiur-bearing compounds. 'J'ho quantity of asphal- 
 tum present varies in ditierent deposits, and even in 
 diflerent portions of the same deposit, up to i)0 per ccMit. 
 The grain of asphaltie limestone is extremely tine, and 
 under the microscope each grain appears completely 
 coated with asyjiialtum. It is this property wliich ren- 
 ders the natural product of greater \alue than an arti- 
 ficial mixture of asphaltum, tine sand, and puhcrized 
 limestone. 
 
 Analyses of representative asphaltie limestones, show- 
 ing their general composition, are given below. 
 
 AnahiKfa of n:iiresciitatire (ixplmltir Uiiicstonex, xJioiviiKj llieir geiieriil 
 coiiipii.'<ifio'n. 
 
 
 Place. 
 
 Total 
 per 
 cent. 
 
 PER CENT OF— 
 
 CHEMIST. 
 
 As- 
 phal- 
 
 Cal- 
 cium 
 car- 
 
 Clay 
 and 
 iron 
 
 Sand. 
 
 Mag- 
 ne 
 sinm 
 
 In- 
 solu- 
 ble 
 
 Loss. 
 
 
 
 
 tum. 
 
 bon- 
 
 ox- 
 
 
 Ijon- 
 ate. 
 
 mat- 
 
 
 
 
 
 10.15 
 
 ate. 
 
 ide. 
 
 - 
 
 ter. 
 
 
 Fonts ft Chans . 
 
 Val de 
 
 100. 00 
 
 88.40 
 
 0. 2.5 
 
 0.30 
 
 0.45 
 
 0.45 
 
 
 Travers 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fonts et Ctiaus . 
 
 Sevssel . . 
 
 100. 00 
 
 8. IS 
 
 91.30 
 
 0.15 
 
 
 0.10 
 
 0.10 
 
 0.20 
 
 Fonts et Chims . 
 
 Ra^usa . . 
 
 100. 00 
 
 8.92 
 
 88.21 
 
 0.91 
 
 0.60 
 
 0.96 
 
 
 0.40 
 
 Vor. Lab 
 
 Limmer . 
 
 lUO. 00 
 
 14.30 
 
 67.00 
 
 
 117.52 
 
 
 
 l.LS 
 
 1 Includes clay and iron oxide and magnesium carbonate. 
 
 The formation of natural asphaltum is attributed by 
 some geologists to the slow decay and decomposition of 
 vegetable matter whereby tlie contained hydrocarbons 
 have been distilled and subsequent)}^ conden.sed in the 
 adjoining rocks, the product thus collected forming 
 asphaltum deposits. The formation of artificial tisphal- 
 tum in the manufacture of gas by the distillation of 
 coal in a retort is quoted as a proof of this theory. In 
 this process a consideraljle portion of tarry matter 
 ]jasses over and is collectedduring the distillation wliich 
 yields, by a .second distillation, ntiphtha and other vola- 
 tile products, leaving as a residue in the retort a tarry 
 substance possessing the properties of asphalt. 
 
 Other geologists claim that asphaltum is the result of 
 the decomposition of certain petroleums under the 
 influence of heat, accompanied by polymeric changes 
 not fully understood, whereby the more volatile con- 
 stituents of the oil are expelled, leaving the residue in 
 the form of solid asphaltum. 
 
 Occurrence. — Asphaltum is seldom found native or 
 pure, the principal known deposits containing it in ad- 
 mixture with other mtiterials, chiefly earthy matter, 
 sand, or sandstone and limestone. It occui's dissemi- 
 nated throughout many crystalline rocks, and is not re- 
 stricted to any one geologic formation. It is not known, 
 liowever, in the Archiean age. In many cases it has 
 been deprived of volatile matter, which has caused it to 
 
 resemlile anthracite. It occurs also in veins that have 
 been evidently injected into fissures, while in aplastic 
 condition, exemplified 1iy tlie minerals albertite and 
 gfiihamite. It exists as a liquid in bituminous lime- 
 stones and sandstones, from which it oozes, constituting 
 the so-called ''tar springs." 
 
 The most important of the litpiid asphalt deposits are 
 found in southern California, of which the Las Conchas 
 mine on the ocean near Carpentaria has been operated 
 successfully. The maltha impregnates a clean Quater- 
 nary lieach sand of from i4(J to 3(.t feet in thickness, 
 overlying a bituminous shale, from which the liquid 
 tisphalt exudes. The crude sand containing about 20 
 per cent of ))itumen is I'etined to a product of H.5 per 
 cent liitumen content. The refined licjuid is used to 
 soften solid asphaltum and to coat wood and masonry 
 for protection again.st the penetration of moisture. 
 
 Asphaltum is found also in beds resulting from the 
 oxidation either of mineral tar or, prioiarily, petro- 
 leum. This class includes the immense deposits at 
 Tamaulipas anil Moloacan. Mexico. There are many 
 and diversified occurrences of asphaltum in Europe, 
 the chief deposits lieing the bituminous limestones at 
 Seyssel, France; at Val de Travers, in Neuchatel, 
 Switzerland; in the Dinaric Alps, bordering the east- 
 ern coast of the Adriatic sea, and at Ragu.sa, Italj'. 
 In Asia it occurs at many localities in Syria, around the 
 Dead sea, the source of the early supply of asphaltum. 
 
 The largest producing asphaltum deposit of the world 
 is at Pitch Lake, on the island of Trinidad, where the 
 a.sphaltum occurs in the form of a basin-shaped deposit 
 IS feet thick at the edges and 80 feet thick at the middle, 
 with an estimated content of 6,000,000 tons of asphaltum. 
 The deposit is supposed to be supported by water, and 
 while solid enough to admit of the passage of wagon 
 and horse, it has a slow movement which tends to draw 
 in the traniwav used to convey the excavated material 
 to the shore of the lake, unless properly supported by 
 Ijraiiches of trees. In fact excavations of ;i depth of 20 
 feet have become tilled in six months. The asphaltum 
 is broken from the mass by nietins of picks, before daj'- 
 light while the material is brittle; it is then loaded on 
 cars and conveyed ))y the tramway to the shore, from 
 whence it is carried to the pier, 3,500 feet distant, by 
 an aerial wire-rope conveyor and dumped directlv into 
 the holds of the vessels. On the voyage it becomes 
 agglomerated into a solid mass, ivhich must be again 
 broken up l>y pick in order to remove it from the 
 vessel. The product is roughly rehned by heating in 
 tanks and straining the liquehed material through a 
 screen for the separtition of roots ;ind other vegetafile 
 matter with which if is contaminated. There is a simi- 
 lar lake deposit near San Timolis, V'enezuela. the prod- 
 uct being known commercially as Bermudez asphaltum. 
 
y82 
 
 MINE8 AND QUARRIES. 
 
 The principal deposits of natunil ;isplialtuni occur as 
 shown in tlie following- statement; 
 
 ASPHALTUM MIXED WITH 
 
 ASPHALTH' IJ^rKSTDNK. 
 
 asphaltk; sandstone. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Uniturl States: 
 
 T'nited States: 
 
 
 T'nitctl States: 
 
 California. 
 
 Calilornia. 
 
 
 t^ilifornia. 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 Indian Ti,'rriti 
 
 )V\. 
 
 Coloradu. 
 
 Indiiiii Territorv. 
 
 IMichi^'-an. 
 
 
 Indian Territory. 
 
 Mniitana. 
 
 New Mexico. 
 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 TL'xas. 
 
 Texas. 
 
 
 New Mexico. 
 
 Utah. 
 
 rtah. 
 
 
 Texas. 
 
 Colombia. 
 
 \\ash)nijton. 
 
 
 Utah. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 Austria. 
 
 
 Cuba. 
 
 Palestine. 
 
 France. 
 
 
 France, 
 
 Peru. 
 
 Cerinanv. 
 
 
 <iermany. 
 
 Triniflad. 
 
 Hunsarv. 
 
 
 Russia. 
 
 Turkt'V in Asia. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 
 Spain. 
 
 Venezuela. 
 
 Russia. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 Switzerland. 
 
 
 
 At the present time tlie chief prodMcino- localities are 
 Trinidad. Dalmatia. .Syria. Cuba, and the Sey.ssel, and 
 Val de Travers deposits (if l)ituminous limestones; 
 local supplies of more or less value are ol)tained from 
 other localities. 
 
 The following- is a review by states of the asphalt 
 industry in the United States during l'.H)2; 
 
 Arhinsr/y. — An asphaltum property near I'ike City, 
 Pike countv, consists of a stratum of sand fron) (i to 
 12 feet thick, containing various proportions of semi- 
 tluid asphaltum. The jjroduct is ol)tain<'d by sinking- 
 shallow pits, into which the material oozes from the 
 bed. Borings have proved that the asphaltum beds 
 extend over an area of several aci'cs. A pit ino feet 
 in diameter has been dug, and a spur has been ))uilt to 
 the i-ailroad a half mile distant. A special feature of 
 some portions of the bed is the occui-rence of limestone 
 with the sandstone, which yiehls a product a'\"aila))le 
 for paving purposes without the addition of other 
 material. 
 
 The utilization of the asphaltum deposits in tliis state 
 is solely a matter of cost of transportation. The a\-er- 
 ao-e grade product should easily control the markets of 
 Little Rock, T<'.\arkana, and Fort Smith, and the higher 
 grade material should compete arlvantageously with 
 other asphaltum in cities as fai- distant as Memj)liis anfl 
 St. Louis. It is also probable that pure asphaltinn 
 could ))e extracted from the asphaltic sandstone at a 
 profit greater than that obtained by the sale of the 
 crude product. 
 
 Analyses of samples of asphaltic nx-k from this dis- 
 trict have been reported by Mr. C. \\ . Hayes, 'as follows: 
 
 COMPONENTS. 
 
 ['CtrolclH' 
 
 Asphiilteiii' 
 
 Silifa 
 
 C.iilcilMII i-iirlioTl;ilr 
 
 , ""'/ , I Hrown ' Bliirk 
 '"""'>"' .-MpsalMl sall.l i-nrk 
 
 1 . T.', 
 X. II) 
 
 1 l.i:; 
 ■J. (0 
 
 Black 
 
 Kiiiimiy 
 
 rock 
 
 (per cent I 
 
 •I. -Jf) 
 
 Ta.rrf) 
 
 fi. u 
 
 (-alnirc- 
 
 llllS SJllll]- 
 
 .stolic 
 (percent). 
 
 ;',. 4i; 
 
 1.12 
 ■V.i. 4-2 
 
 4(;. (10 
 
 iMi.HiM-ciii.- ami AliiiiiiL' .Iniirnal, I >i-cciiil>ct- li;, lilllli. 
 
 (J(ilif(>riii<i.—0\\ the Sisquoc ranch, Santa Barbara 
 county, the principal asphaltum property is the mesa 
 deposit, l,3(jn l.)y 5,0(»0 feet in tirea and of a reported 
 minimum depth of 125 feet, which is estimated to contain 
 i!.5,( »()(),( )( HI tons of bituminous rock, equivalent to 
 ,0,OnO, (»()(! tons of aspludtum. The rock is mined, ele- 
 A'ated l)y ;ui electric crane, iind shipped in .steel cars to 
 the refinery works on the niounttun side, where gravity 
 is utilized to move the materials. The crude rock is 
 (•rushed )i\' steel rolls tind heated in revolving steel- 
 jacketed drums, ami as it liecomes softened bj- heat it 
 i.s treated with gasoline until thoroughly saturated. It 
 is then passed into a series of agitating- drums, which 
 st'partite the solution containing the asphaltum from the 
 tailings; the solution fif)ws bygravitj' to the stills, and 
 the giisoline is removed and ret-overed for repeated use. 
 The residue in the still, consisting of asphaltum of 99 
 per cent purity, is cooled ;ind barreled for sliipment. 
 
 The ])roduct of the comjianies operating these mines 
 is chiefly a bituminous sandstone, largeh* utilized for 
 ])aving purposes on the Pacific coast, where, owing to 
 the simple method of its iirej^iaration and the cheap 
 water freight i-ates, it competes successfully with other 
 asphaltum pa\'ing mixtures. There is no production 
 of iisplialtic limestone in California worthy of mention. 
 In addition to tln'. producers of asphidtum from natural 
 rock in this state, a large numlier of crude petroleum 
 refineries have been esttibljshed, which furnish a consid- 
 erable (puuitity of by-product tisphaltum ot)tained from 
 the crude petroleum oils of California. By-product 
 asphaltum possesses similar properties to that obtained 
 from the rock deposits, and replaces it to a considerable 
 extent in jitniiig and other uses. 
 
 1 11(1111 II Ti rritiiri/. —The known asphaltum deposits in 
 this territoi-y tire almost entirely within the reservation 
 of the Chickiistnv nation. Development woi'k has been 
 started at Ka\ia, Dougherty, tuid Ttir Springs, and at 
 the two former localities soft asphaltic sands and a 
 liitimiiiious limestone htive been mined, and at the last- 
 iKinied pliice tisphaltic sandstone is produced. Grahtuu- 
 ite is mined near Tar Springs, the product being hauled 
 to C'omanclie, is miles disttuit, and then shipped bj' the 
 Chicago, Kock Isliuid and Pacitic Riulrt)ad. Consider- 
 tible prospecting by drills has been ticcomplished in the 
 \icinity of Tar Springs, and other deposits of asphaltic 
 sands htive been found below the surface deposit, sepa- 
 rated therefrom by beds of red and blue clay and shale. 
 The thickness of the asphaltic sand Ijeds vai'ies from r> 
 to jjn feet, while the clay and the shale strata range from 
 ."i to 40 feet in thickness. The lower limit of the as- 
 phtdtic sand has been foinid at a <lepth of (idti feet from 
 the surftice. The present supply of asphaltum is ob- 
 ttiined by open-c\it working. The stuidstone capping- 
 is remo\'e(l by drilling tuifl blasting, iind the soft as- 
 phaltic sands ai'c broken up by bhisting tuid removed 
 
ASPHALTUM AND BITUMINOUS ROGK. 
 
 983 
 
 b}' plows and scrapers to the refiner}', where the sterile 
 sand is segregated In' mechanit'al concentT'ation witli 
 hot water. The asphaltit' material rises to the surface 
 and passes to the reducers, where it is brought to the 
 proper consistency b}' the a].)plication of heat and sub- 
 sequently strained and barreled for shipment. The 
 products vary with the demands of the market, and 
 range from a semiliquid on the one hand to a hard and 
 brittle form on the other. Very little of the latter is 
 made, however, on account of the large amount of time 
 and fuel I'equii'cd to produce it. 
 
 Kcntiirltij. — The principal bituminous sandstone de- 
 posits in Kentuck}' are in Logan, Wari'en, Edmonson, 
 Butler, Cxrayson, and Breckinridge counties, occupying 
 an area of 20 by .50 miles in the central part of the 
 state. The deposits are in fine-grained sandstone of the 
 Subcarboniferous formation, and from geological evi- 
 dence the asphaltum represents the residual matter 
 from preexisting beds of petroleum. The numerous 
 deposits in Grayson and Edmonson counties vary both 
 in richness and magnitude, the range in the thickness 
 of the beds being from 2 to 20 feet. But few of these 
 deposits, however, are of commercial value. The richer 
 deposits lie between strata of "black rock" from 1 to 
 2 feet thick, and the intervening asphaltum ledge varies 
 in thickness from 3 to 1.5 feet and contains from 5 to 15 
 per cent of bituminous matter; tielow 4 per cent as- 
 phaltum content the material merges into " black rock." 
 Up to the present time only those deposits lying con- 
 veniently near railroad or river have been developed, 
 and of such only those have been worked which offer 
 the least difficidty in the way of uncovering. No tun- 
 neling or drifting has yet been attempted. At Bowling 
 Green there is a 200-ton refining ])lant, equipped with 
 corrugated rolls. The moisture in the material as it 
 comes from the crushers is expelled by means of steam 
 i.>ts. 
 
 A property 1 miles northeast of Kussellville, Logan 
 county, has been developed quite extensively, the quarrv 
 face showing a 17-foot asphaltum ledge. The plant of 
 this company includes a 250-ton gyratory crusher and 
 plain 14 by 18 inch rolls. Quarries, mill, and tipple 
 are connected b_v li miles of narrow gauge track, and 
 at the end of the year the rolling stock equipment con- 
 sisted of 1:5 cars. At Louisville, the operating com- 
 pany has installed a plant for mixing and preparing 
 asphaltum for street paving work, which has a daily 
 capacity of preparing material to co\'er an area of 
 18,000 square feet. 
 
 An asphaltum company near (iarfield, Breckinridge 
 county, has a 100-ton pbmt. The asphaltic rcick is 
 broken in two sets of beaters re^'olving about hori- 
 zontal shafts, the first making (1(»<) and the second 
 1.200 revolutions per minute. The I'oarsely broken 
 
 material from the first beater is passed to a 2 -inch 
 screen, the oversize being returned for a second treat- 
 ment. The matei'ial ))assing through is treated in the 
 second beater, which delivers to a screen. Material ex- 
 ceeding one-sixteenth of an inch in size is I'eturned to 
 the second beater f(n- another treatment. 
 
 Tr.riix. — There has been comparatix'elj' no apjoreciable 
 production of asphaltum in this state in I'eccnt years. 
 That reported in 1002 was liquid asphaltum. 
 
 UtiiJi. — In recent vears a small (luantity of asphaltic 
 limestone has been produced from deposits in the. east- 
 ern part of the state, nearly the entire output being 
 consumed in the local marlcets. The chief asphaltum 
 product, however, is gilsonite (also called grahamite), 
 which is mined about (io miles from Vernal, Uinta 
 county. Gilsonite is a very high grade material, of 
 especial value for manufacture into varnishes, lacquers, 
 paints, and similar products. On account of the high 
 price it conunands. the product can stand a long- 
 distance freight rate to chemical works. 
 
 Zhes. — The principal use for asphaltum is in the con- 
 struction of pavements. In addition, a considerable 
 quantity is ronsumed for the manufacture of special 
 varnishes; for waterproofing buildings and other objects 
 as a protection against dampness; for coating vessels, 
 as a protection against the teredo, or ship-boring worm; 
 as an enamel for iron objects; for roofing purjjoses 
 in the form of asphaltum or tar paper; for electric 
 current insulation; and as an ingredient of cement. 
 
 Asphaltum sidewalks were fii'st used in Paris in 1838, 
 and to-day they extend to a distance exceeding in the 
 aggregate l,2(Hi miles. The introduction of asphaltum 
 pavements in the principal cities of the world is given 
 by.T. W. Howard' in the following chronological order: 
 Paris, 1851; London, 1869; Budapest, 1871: Dresden, 
 1872; Hamburg, 1872; Berlin. 1873; followed shortly 
 afterwards by Brussels, Geneva, Leipzig, Frankfort, 
 and others. Li the United States a so-called "tar- 
 poultice pavement," composed of coal or gas tar, sand, 
 etc.. was laid in several cities during the period from 
 187(1 to 1873, and in 1871 to 1873 successful expermients 
 were carried out with an artificial asphaltic sandstone 
 pavement in New York, N. Y., and in Newark, N. J. 
 In ls78 a pavement composed of Trinidad asphaltum, 
 sand, and powdered limestone was successfully intro- 
 duced in Washington, D. C. and has since been the 
 standard jjavement of that city. At the present time 
 more than a hundr(>d of the ]irincipal cities of the 
 United States have adopted some form of asphaltum 
 pavement. 
 
 In making asphaltum pavement the general procedure 
 is to grade the street to be pa\'ed, roll it with a steam 
 
 'The Minenil Industry, Vol. II, page 51, et seq. 
 
984 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIP:S. 
 
 roller, and then eover it with a layer cit' cenient coiirretc 
 5 or 6 inehes thick; or in case the street is macadam- 
 ized or paved with stone blocks, the concrete is unneces- 
 sar}'. In the latter cases a thin layer of asphaltum con- 
 crete from 1 to 1.0 inches thick is laid directly upon the 
 old surface. The foundation having been thus pre- 
 pared, the asphaltum paving- nijxture, called the " wear- 
 ing surface," is then spread over it with heated rakes to 
 the desired thickness, which \'aries from 1.5 to 3.5 
 inches, depending upon the traffic to pass over it. 
 
 The ordinary Trinidad asphaltum paving mixture is 
 made by adding and thoroughly mixing with hot rehned 
 asphalt about 15 per cent of its weight of residuum oil, 
 the mixture serving to cement together the sand and 
 powdered limestone which enter into the paving mix- 
 ture. The proportions of the ingredients vary accord- 
 ing to their physical and chemical quality, as well as to 
 the climate in which the pavement is to i)e used, hot 
 climates requiring less cement than cold. A typical 
 pavement is composed of from 15 to IS per cent of 
 asphaltic cement, from 7(i to 83 per cent of sand, and 
 from 5 to 15 per cent of limestone. 
 
 For use in making pavements, the mined asphaltic 
 limestone is crushed into pieces not exceeding 3 inches 
 in diameter, and then reduced to about Id-mesh size in 
 a ball or centrifugal pulverizer. The hue material is 
 heated to 275- F. in heaters, spread over the prepared 
 roadbed, and compressed b}- heated ranuiK'rs. or other- 
 wise, until it is of a thickness of from 2 to 3.5 inches. 
 This form of pavement is not popular in places subject 
 to fogs, rains, and low temperatures, for the reason 
 that it becomes polished and slippery when wet, or dry 
 in cold weather. In Paris and Berlin large supplies of 
 sand are kept near the streets paved with asphaltic 
 limestone for use during fog, slight rain, or snow. 
 
 Pavements made with Trinidad or other asplialtum 
 in which sand, in pi'oportions uj) to 80 per cent, is the 
 chief ingredient, do not become siippei'v except wdien 
 covered with ice; the sand makes tiiem gritty and not 
 susceptible to polish. 
 
 For the manufacture (jf lilack \arnish, used diietly 
 for coating ironwork, pure uspliaituui is disso]\ed in 
 benzole or iiciuids containing benzole. The asphaltum 
 from Syria is used foi' this pur|)ose. V>\ c(j\'ering lu>t 
 iron with asphaltum \'arnish tlic \"olatilr ingi'cdicnts of 
 the latter are driven off, leaving a residual costing in 
 the form of a smooth and polished enanicl. 
 
 For insulating and cementing purposes asphaltum 
 forms a very im])ortant ingredient on account of its 
 wonderfully adhesi\'e quality. 
 
 For waterproofing foundations of brick or stone, 
 asphaltum is dissolved in petroleum and laid in the 
 form of a cement or mortar, forming a very durable 
 -waterproof c( >ati ng. 
 
 For making cement, petroleum residue is added to 
 asphaltum in order to render it plastic, and from 5 to 
 1(1 per cent of sharp sand is mixed with it, according 
 to tiie purpose for which it is to be used. 
 
 For rooting purposes asphaltum is used to a \ery 
 large extent in admixture with coal tar. pitch, or 
 petroleum residue; the 'material being used to saturate 
 two or thi-ee thicknesses of felt, which are finally com- 
 pressed into one compact sheet. The tar or rooting 
 felt is held in place ))y nails driven through tin disks, 
 and the whole completely covered with cement similar 
 in composition to that used in making the felt; while 
 this is still soft a covering of sharj) sand, or screened 
 gravel, is spread ovei' the surface, forming a tight roof 
 of great durability. 
 
 Axplidltiiin rcfn'iiKj. — There are various methods used 
 for the retining of asphaltum. depending on the nature 
 of the crude material and the use to which it is to be 
 applied. In general, with high grade material, the 
 treatment has for its object the removal of water, vola- 
 tile hydrocarbons, and mechanically suspended uiineral 
 and vegetable matter, but with asphaltums to be used 
 in pavement construction it is essential to allow the 
 mineral matter to remain in the product, for the reason 
 that the asphaltum in this case is to serve solelv as a 
 binding and waterproofing material. In fact, asphaltic 
 rock of the propei- composition is not refined before 
 use, but mendy crushed, heated, and laid, in j)lace. 
 The simplest method of extracting asphaltum from its 
 compounds is l)y boiling in water, which causes the 
 lighter asphaltum to i-ise to the surface, from whence 
 it can be easily removed. Conunon salt or calcium 
 chloride may be substituted for water in the ti-eatment 
 of material requiring a higher temperature or a heavier 
 supporting li(|uid. In other cases asphaltuui is extracted 
 by means of a solvent, such as carbon bisulphide or 
 naphtha, and obtained fi'om the solution by heating in 
 stills, which causes the volatile solvent to ))e distilled 
 for re[)eatpd use and leaves the li(|uid asphaltum residue 
 in a practically pui'c condition. 
 
A«PHALTUM AND BITUMINOUS RUCK. 
 
 Table 5.— DETAII.ED SUMMARY: 1902. 
 
 985 
 
 Number of mines or qunrries 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Chrtraeter of ownership: 
 
 Individual 
 
 Firm 
 
 Incorporated etimpany 
 
 Salaried otlieials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Total number 
 
 Total salaries 
 
 General oftieers— 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Superintendents, managers, 
 foremen, surveyors, etc. — 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Foremen, below ground — 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Clerks — 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Aggregate average number 
 
 Aggregate wages 
 
 Above ground — 
 
 Total average number, . . 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Engineers, firemen, 
 and other meclian- 
 ies — 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miners or quarry- 
 men — 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 All other wage-earn- 
 ers— 2 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Below ground — 
 
 Total average nuiuber. , . 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Miners — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miners' helpers — 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at 
 specified daily rates of pay: 
 Engineers — 
 
 "S1.2.T to SI. til 
 
 S2.00 10*2.24 
 
 S2..=)0 to S2.74 
 
 Firemen — 
 
 il.2o to SI. 49 
 
 Sl.7.5 toSl.99 
 
 S2.00 toS2.24 
 
 Machinists, blacksmiths, carpen- 
 ters, and other mechanics — 
 
 J1.7,^>toSl,99 
 
 52.00 to J2.24 
 
 94.00 to?4.24 
 
 United 
 Slates. 
 
 S4,S, 233 
 
 23 
 
 $27, 700 
 
 Califor- 
 nia. 
 
 n^, 013 
 
 SI, 240 
 
 11 
 
 SI, 280 
 
 15(1 
 
 $79, 570 
 
 140 
 JOG, 709 
 
 101 
 
 $47,800 
 
 22 
 
 S.H, 065 
 
 16 
 
 S12, 861 
 
 l.T 
 
 $12,070 
 
 1 
 
 $791 
 
 S.S,2,H0 
 
 S4,S00 
 
 1 
 S2, 400 
 
 1 
 $1,080 
 
 32 
 
 $20, 031 
 
 32 
 $20, 031 
 
 28 
 $13, 185 
 
 26 
 Sll, 922 
 
 $18, 1,56 
 
 5 
 $1,875 
 
 Indian 
 Terri- 
 tory. 
 
 Ken- 
 
 tlickv. 
 
 32 
 $1,410 $17,420 
 
 $2, 400 
 
 3 
 $2, 010 
 
 14 
 
 S8, 300 
 
 10 
 
 $6, 370 
 
 8 
 S2, 750 
 
 65 
 $22,. 574 
 
 65 
 $22,574 
 
 $3,:e4 I $4,900 
 
 11 
 $4, 6.54 
 
 $3, 934 
 
 48 
 
 S15, 418 
 
 $2,2.56 
 
 $1,263 
 
 1 
 
 $472 1. 
 
 $791 \\ 
 
 All 
 other 
 slates. 1 
 
 12 
 $18,123 
 
 
 $12,200 
 
 3 
 
 $4,2:b 
 
 1 
 
 $1,240 
 
 31 
 
 $23, 780 
 
 17 
 $12,182 
 
 $2,6.50 
 
 15 
 
 $9, 632 
 
 Sll, 5£ 
 
 14 
 
 Sll, .598 
 
 Average number of wage-earners al 
 sjiecified daily rales of pay — Con. 
 .Miners or ijuarrymen — 
 
 $1.00 to $1.24 
 
 $1.25 to $1.49 
 
 $1..50 to $1.74 
 
 $1.75 to $1.99 
 
 $2.00 to $2.24 
 
 $2..50to S2.74 
 
 $2.75 t(. $2.99 
 
 JMiners' helpers — 
 
 $1.75 to $1.99 
 
 Timbermen and track hn'ers — 
 
 $2.00 to $2.24 ". 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 .S0.75 to $0.99 
 
 $1.00 to SI. 24 
 
 Sl.25toSl.49 
 
 $l..i0to$1.74 
 
 $1.75 to $1.99 
 
 Average number of wage-earners 
 emj-iloyed during each month; 
 Men 1(1 years and over — 
 
 .lanuary 
 
 February 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 .July 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 C)ctober 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 Contract work: 
 
 Amount 7)aid 
 
 Number nf employees 
 
 Jliscellaneous exjienses: 
 
 Total 
 
 Royalties and rent of mine 
 
 and mining plant 
 
 Rent of offices, taxes, insur- 
 ance, interest, and other 
 
 sundries 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 Product: 
 
 Quantity, short tons 
 
 Value 
 
 Power owned: 
 
 Total horsepower 
 
 Engines— 
 Steam — 
 
 Number 
 
 Hi irseftower 
 
 Gas or gasoline — 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Electric motors — 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 United 
 States. 
 
 140 
 139 
 146 
 140 
 
 132 
 129 
 144 
 157 
 164 
 199 
 202 
 180 
 
 $10, 0(iO 
 60 
 
 $19, 753 
 
 S2,8.56 
 
 $10, 897 
 $21,928 
 
 66, 238 
 
 S236, 728 
 
 11 
 ■660 
 
 Califor 
 nia. 
 
 Indian 
 Terri- 
 tory. 
 
 28 
 28 
 28 
 28 
 28 
 32 
 44 
 44 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 
 25 
 24 
 27 
 29 
 23 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 30 
 
 29 
 .50 
 
 Ken- 
 tucky 
 
 All 
 other 
 
 states.' 
 
 10 
 14 
 
 62 
 62 
 64 
 94 
 95 
 
 31,029 
 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 46 
 46 
 46 
 
 $9, 031 
 .54 
 
 $1, 185 
 $800 
 
 $:585 
 $1,350 
 
 35, 377 
 S101,:353 
 
 $2,213 '$11,948 $4,407 
 $796 i ' .$1,260 
 
 $1,417 
 $6, 299 
 
 2,566 
 ■11,754 
 
 7 
 305 
 
 $11 
 
 948 
 
 $7 
 
 3-53 
 
 22 
 
 498 
 
 $68 
 
 704 
 
 4 
 
 355 
 
 1 
 
 60 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 S3, 147 
 $6, 926 
 
 5, 797 
 
 $.54,917 
 
 1 Includes operators distributed as follows: Arkansas, 1: Texas, 1: Utah, 
 
 -Includes timbermen atid track layers 
 
BAUXITE 
 
 (987) 
 
BAUXITE. 
 
 Ey Joseph Stkuthers, Ph. D. 
 
 While the produetioii of bauxite in the United States 
 on a commercial scale dates from the opening of the 
 deposits in the state of Georgia during- 1S.S9, the min- 
 eral does not appear to have been produced in sufficient 
 quantities to be included in the reports of the Eleventh 
 Census. This report, therefore, contains the I'esults of 
 the first census of the mining of bauxite in the United 
 States. Table 1 is a sunnnary of the statistics for 19(12. 
 
 Table 1. — Siinnnary: 19(iJ. 
 
 Number of mines or quarries 38 
 
 N umber of operators 7 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number _ A'l 
 
 Salaries }33, 23U 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 150 
 
 Wages 859. 763 
 
 Contract work ¥.500 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses SH, 939 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials S40, 019 
 
 Product: 
 
 Quantity, long tons '^9, 222 
 
 Value . ; S12S, 201) 
 
 Of the 38 mines or ciuarries for which production was 
 reported, 3 were in Alabama, 19 in Arkansas, and 16 in 
 Georgia. The entire number was controlled l)y 7 oper- 
 atoi's, of whom .5 were incorporated companies and 2 
 individual owners. There were 31 mines operated by 3 
 incorporated companies, 1 company controlling 19, 
 another 10, and another ,5 mines. There were 2 com- 
 panies and 2 indi\'idual owners operating 1 mine each. 
 This centralization of the industry makes it impossible 
 to publish the .statistics for the different states without 
 disclosing the operations of individual companies; there- 
 fore, only the totals for the United States are presented. 
 One mine in Arkansas was reported idle in 1902. 
 
 Capital nfock of incorporated companii-x. — A consid- 
 erable portion of the total production of bauxite was 
 mined by establishments that were engaged in mining- 
 operations as incidental to the manufacture of alumi- 
 num, paint, and chemical products. The capitalization 
 of these companies represents both their mining and 
 manufacturing industries and, therefore, is not included 
 in this report. Of the 5 incorporated companies, 3 
 reported that the}' were engaged primarily in mining. 
 Their authorized capitalization consisted of 2,500 shares 
 of common stock with a par value of $22.''i,O00. Of this 
 amount, 1,730 shares, valued at $118,000, had been 
 
 issued at the close of the year covered by this investiga- 
 tion. No dividends appear to have been paid on this 
 stock during the y(>ar. 
 
 Employees and mu/i s. — The vai'iation in the number 
 of wage-earners employed during the different seasons 
 of the year and the speciffcd daily rates of pay are 
 shown in Table 1. The height of activity in the industry 
 appears to have been reached during the month of May, 
 when an average of 168 wage-earners was reported. 
 The smallest numl;)er, 132, was given for the month of 
 December. The slight variation in the number em- 
 ployed during the entire year indicates a unifoi-ni 
 production. 
 
 The mining of bauxite requires no particular skill on 
 the part of the miner, and the rates of pay should not 
 be compared with those reported for miner.s of other 
 minerals where skill and experience are necessary. Of 
 the total number of wage-earners, 77, or 51.3 per cent, 
 were classed as miners. Of this number the wages for 
 64 ranged from $1 to $1.21 i^er day. The rates for "all 
 other wage-earners," which includes those engaged in 
 assorting, grading, handling, loading, and hauling the 
 ore and in miscellaneous work in connection with the 
 mining or quarrying of bauxite, were considerablv 
 higher than the rates reported for miners. Of the 53 
 reported for this class, 10 received from $1.50 to SI. 71 
 per day. The rate of pay at which the greatest number 
 of wage-earners was employed is from §1 to §1.21 per 
 day, 69 having been paid at this rate. One hundred 
 and thirty-four, or 89.3 per cent of all wage-earners, 
 received from $1 to $1.71 per day. This uniformity in 
 the rates of pay is due largely to the fact that 69 wage- 
 earners, or 16 per cent of the total number, were 
 reported l:)y 2 operators working on a large scale. 
 
 The extraction of bauxite is from open cuts, no tun- 
 neling l)eing required, and all of the employees, there- 
 fore, were reported as engaged above ground. The 150 
 wage-earners give an average of 3.95 to each mine, but 
 it is probalile that all of the mines were not operated 
 during the entire year. In addition to these wage-earn- 
 ers, 10 others were reported as employed by contractors 
 to whom the sum of $500 was paid. 
 
 (989) 
 
990 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIP]S. 
 
 SuppI /< !<^ moti r/iiJ.s, (I lid iiiisciUcniiiniK e.rpnix, k. ~ The. 
 cost of supplies ujkI iiiiiterials constitutes \w iin])oi-tiint 
 item of expense in eoniiection with the ope ration of 
 bauxite mines. The total anmunt, |-K»,Uli», reported 
 for supplies and matei'ials pro))ably includes a consider- 
 able proportion of the expenses incident to development 
 work and the installation of new plants and machinery; 
 it includes also the amount spent for supplies used in 
 connection witii the calcination of the crude bauxite. 
 The total amount, ?14:.ii39, reported as miscellaneous 
 expenses, includes amoinits paid for leyal services and 
 other miscellaneous items, some of whit'h are not strictly 
 applicable to the operation of the mines. 
 
 2Iec]iari iciil jxni't'i'. — Of the 7 operators from whom 
 returns were received, 6 reported power, all of it 
 owned, for the operation of their mines. The total 
 primary power amounted to G-i-t horsepower, of which 
 575 horsepower was supplied liy 19 steam engines and 
 
 J:l» horsepower liv ^ gas or gasoline engines. Tliere 
 were also 4 electric motors with 64 horsepower 
 
 Pnidiictuni. — The total production for the calendar 
 year 1002, as shown by Table 1, was 29,222 long tons, 
 valued at $128,206. The ITnited States Geological 
 Survey has published annual statistics concerning the 
 quantity and value of bauxite. Table 2 shows the totals 
 foi' each year since 1889. Since the economic impor- 
 tance of bauxite is due almost exclusively to its use in 
 the manufacture of the metal aluminum, aluminum 
 sulphate, conunon alum, and artificial emery, this table 
 has been prepared so as to show the available figures 
 for the manufacture of these substances. Statistics for 
 the production of sodium aluminate and other salts that 
 contain aluminum can not be secured. 
 
 For all practical purposes tiie yearly supph' of 
 bauxite in the United States, including both domestic 
 production and imports less exports, may be taken 
 
 Table li.— PK()I)UCTI(.)X, niPORT.S, EXP(.iRTS, AND CUNSUMPTION OF JSAUXITE AND THE PKODUCTK.)^ AND VALUE 
 OF ALUMINUM, 1889 TO l!i(i2, AXD OF ALUM AXD ALT'MIXUM ST'LPPLiTE, lss9 TO \mi. 
 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Kesourees of the United States," ltl02.] 
 
 TOT.\L DOMESTIC 
 PRODUCTION. 
 
 1889 
 
 1890 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 lS9-i 
 
 18% 
 
 Is97 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 Quantitv 
 
 Vain.. 
 
 (longtons). 
 
 728 
 
 S2, 366 
 
 1,844 
 
 6,012 
 
 3,593 
 
 11,675 
 
 10,518 
 
 34,183 
 
 9,179 
 
 29, .507 
 
 11,066 
 
 35, 818 
 
 17, 069 
 
 44,000 
 
 IN, 364 
 
 47, .338 
 
 20, 690 
 
 .57,6.52 
 
 25, 149 
 
 75, 437 
 
 35, 280 
 
 125, .598 
 
 23, 184 
 
 89, 676 
 
 18,905 
 
 79,914 
 
 29, 222 
 
 128,206 
 
 BAUXITK, IMI'URTS. 
 
 ijiuintil\" 
 
 Va 
 
 
 (longtfjns). 
 
 
 12,922 
 
 «60 
 
 292 
 
 12,278 
 
 46 
 46 
 
 137 
 
 8,021 
 
 8,710 
 
 .57 
 
 948 
 
 6, 103 
 
 28 
 
 217 
 
 1,028 
 
 6 
 
 661 
 
 5, 797 
 
 34, 782 
 10,477 
 
 2,119 
 
 2, 645 
 
 in 
 
 .515 1 
 
 1,201 
 
 4 
 
 238 
 
 6, 666 
 
 23,768 l| 
 
 8, i;.56 
 
 32 
 
 907 
 
 18,313 
 
 67 
 
 107 
 
 15, 790 
 
 54 
 
 410 
 
 liuantity ., , 
 (long tons).: * 
 
 2. .537 
 1,000 
 2,030 
 1,000 1 
 1 . 000 
 Nil. 
 
 *5, 074 
 2, 000 
 4, .567 
 3, 000 
 3, 000 
 
 • NSUMI'TION. 
 
 .Al.CMINUM, PRODl'C. 
 
 ALUMINUM SULrH.\TE. 
 FRODU( TK)N. 
 
 Quanlitv 
 
 Value. 
 
 (long tons). 
 
 13, 650 
 
 S62,6.58 
 
 14,122 
 
 .52, 149 
 
 11,614 
 
 57, 927 
 
 16, 2.34 
 
 92.131 
 
 14,282 
 
 57, 724 
 
 12, 094 
 
 42, 479 
 
 22, 866 
 
 78, 782 
 
 20, 483 
 
 .57, 815 
 
 20, 698 
 
 63,093 
 
 25, 3.50 
 
 77, 675 
 
 39, 916 
 
 144, 799 
 
 30, 840 
 
 119,643 
 
 36,218 
 
 144,021 
 
 45,012 
 
 182, 016 
 
 Qnanlity 
 (pounds). 
 
 Quantity 
 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 47 
 
 61 
 
 1.50, 
 
 2.59, 
 
 333 
 
 .550, 
 
 920, 
 
 1,300, 
 
 4,000, 
 
 5, 200, 
 
 6, ,500, 
 7,150, 
 7, 1.50, 
 
 7, 300, 
 
 335 
 281 
 COO 
 ,824 
 903 
 2,50 
 600 
 000 
 000 
 
 000 ; 
 
 .500 I 
 
 COO 
 
 000 
 
 90 
 
 .56, 663 
 81,805 
 61,678 
 74.721 
 
 .so, 075 
 
 Sl,41i;,675 
 2, lOli, 479 
 1.4,80,272 
 1,793,304 
 1,938,671 
 
 AI.IM. PRODUCTION, 
 
 Quantity 
 
 (short 
 ton* t. 
 
 IS, 791 
 27, 276 
 20, 631 
 
 7, 776 
 
 8, .539 
 
 $563, 730 
 845, .556 
 615, 930 
 233,2.50 
 299, ,500 
 
 as the equivalent of yearly consumptitjii. The aggre- 
 gate value of the aluminum and alum aluminum 
 sulphate made from bauxite duiing 1'.h)2 amounted to 
 §4,522,761. 
 
 At the present time most of the btuixite in this 
 country is used as a source oi alumina from which the 
 metal aluminum is made. Th(>, (juantitv used in the 
 manufacture of chemical salts is i-elati\'ely small. Thus 
 the development of thi^ bauxite industry (lr|)ends to a 
 great extent on the manufactui-c of aluminum and on 
 the increased use of this metal Uiv purposes of con- 
 struction requiring lightness and no especial strength. 
 Aluminum is also used as ti substitute for copper as a 
 conductor of electricity. 
 
 The largest production of bauxite is in France. Next 
 to P"ranc(! ranks the United States, and tiiird conies the 
 United Kingdom, oi which Ireland furnishes the out- 
 put. Talde 8 shows the production of tht; three luitions 
 mentioned, ftu- 1900 tuid 1901, as reported by the United 
 States Geological Surve^y. 
 
 T.\i!i,E ."J. — l!'oi-/(?'.s- jii-whiii'iijii nfhdii.rili': I'.iiiO uml 1901. 
 
 ■il .^liiO's lu-olo^inil Sur\rv, "Mine. nil Ki'sourei's nf tin' United state 
 19112.1 
 
 11I01 
 
 Quantity 
 (metric" \ Vahu 
 tons). I 
 
 Total. 
 
 .87,9.59 ! SI .89,022 
 
 Quantity 
 (metric 
 tons). 
 
 United Slates 
 
 Kranee 
 
 Uniled Kingdom . 
 
 23, 586 
 
 .58, 530 
 
 5, 873 
 
 89, 676 
 
 92, .596 
 
 6, 760 
 
 19,207 
 76, 620 
 IC, 3.57 
 
 S218, .597 
 
 79, 914 
 
 124,168 
 
 14,. 516 
 
 The total quantity of bau.xite produced in the United 
 States since the beginning of operations in l.S.Slt amounts 
 to 224,f;!»l tons, or an average production of Ki.iilrli tons 
 per year. The greatest (piantity produced during one 
 year, ;^5,2.so tons, ^^•as reported" for 1899. There has 
 i>een considerable variation in the average price per ton 
 of bauxite, the range having been from $2.58 to 14.38. 
 According to the reports received for 1902, the price 
 varied from ip2.5o to $6.50 per ton. 
 
BAUXITE. 
 
 y'.)i 
 
 A detailed summary showing tlie statistics for tlie 
 production of bauxite during- 1902 is given in Table 4. 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE. 
 
 Occurrence. — The mineral bauxite was first di.scox- 
 ered in the year 1821 near Baux, France, i)y the well- 
 known French chemist, Berthier. He attempted to 
 utilize it in the manufacture of alum, but, because of 
 the large proportion of iron oxide it contained, h(> was 
 unsuccessful. Later a deposit of the white variety, of 
 greater puritj' than that of Baux, wa.s discovered at 
 Herault, also in France. The mineral did not, however, 
 become of commercial importance until IfSfiS or 18()9, 
 Avhen Sainte-Claire Deville, a French scientist, in the 
 course of his experiments in the manufacture of alum- 
 inum, discovered the value of bauxite as an ore of this 
 metal. 
 
 In 18S1 occurred the first ret'orded discovery of 
 bauxite in the United States. The find was made by 
 Edward Nichols, at Hermitage, Floyd county, Ga. 
 Afterwards deposits were found in Polk, Bartow, 
 Cxordon, and Chattooga counties. In l8iU R. S. Perry 
 reported the discovery of the mineral in Calhoun 
 county, Ala., although it had previously been found 
 in that state in Cherokee county, where it had been 
 known as iron-ore blossom and as Clinton fossiliferous 
 iron ore. Other deposits were afterwards found in 
 Cleliurne county. In isyl, too, the mineral was re- 
 ported by the Arkansas geologit-al surA-ey as having 
 ))een found in Saline and Pulaski counties of that 
 state. Other deposits have been found, notably in 
 North Carolina, South Carolina, and New jNIexico, but 
 they are too limited in extent, and are too far from 
 transportation facilities, or, else contain too many im- 
 purities to be of value commercially. Arranged in 
 the order of their outputs, Georgia, Alabama, and 
 Arkansas furnish the total production of the United 
 States. 
 
 The mining of the ore in this country is of compara- 
 tively recent inception, and, quite naturally, it has not 
 reached a high state of ethciency. The mines are irreg- 
 ular holes dug in the hillsides, with deep, open drainage 
 ditches leading from them. Below the surface the ore 
 is sufficiently soft to be removed with pick and gad, 
 which renders the extraction easy and lessens the t'ost of 
 production. For a high grade product, however, the 
 uneven quality of the ore makes necessary a sorting by 
 hand or by screens. Screen sorting is generally pre- 
 ferred to hand sorting when the character of the ore 
 will admit of the use of the screen. During the sort- 
 ing process, when clay is mixed with the Ijauxite, a 
 common log washer is occasionally used to sepai'ate it. 
 The sorted product is then dried in the air or in kilns 
 or furnaces prior to its shipment to market. In this 
 process very satisfactory results have recently been 
 secured from the use of furnaces of the revolving 
 cylindrical tj'pe. 
 
 Refining was formerlv done ahuost exdusiveh' in 
 Pennsylvania and New York, l)ut r(_'c('ntly new I'efining 
 plants have been erected at Bauxite, in Saline county. 
 Ark., and near East St. Louis, in St. Clair county. 111. 
 These plants are equipped with niodei'n machinery, 
 and hand labor has been supei-s(>,ded whei'cver prac- 
 ticai)le. 
 
 France produces three varieties of bauxite: The white 
 of Herault; the pale of Baux and othci' localities of 
 southern France; and the red, whidi contains a large 
 proportion of iron oxide, and whicli is also found in 
 several places in southern France. Of these, the white 
 variet}^ is the purest, containing from 65 to 71 per 
 cent of alumina, from 0.2.5 to 3 per cent of ferric oxide, 
 and from 12 to 18 per cent of silica. Thus it is com- 
 paratively free from iron oxide but contains a relatively 
 large amount of silica. The most impure is the red 
 variety, which contains from 5<i to 62 per cent of 
 alumina, from 21 to 28 per cent of fei-ric oxide, which 
 imparts the I'cd color, and from 1 to 7 per cent of 
 silica. French bauxite is used chiefly in the manu- 
 facture of alum and alumina — the white variety, con- 
 taining ))ut little iron oxide, for alum; and the red 
 variety containing but little silica, after purification, 
 for alumina. Because of the low cost of mining and the 
 low ocean freights of recent years, large quantities of 
 this mineral have been 1)rouglit to the United States 
 and consumed, mainly for the maiuifacture of alumina 
 from which metallic aluminum lias been made. At the 
 present time there is little, if any, French bauxiti^ used 
 for the manufacture of aluminum sulphate. 
 
 In the United Kingdom tliere are important deposits 
 at Strain, near Ballyclare. and at tJlenravel. both in 
 county Antrim, Ireland. Of the Fluropean deposits, 
 these are next in importance to those of France. An 
 extensive use of this mineral of county Antrim for the 
 manufacture of aluminum has been retarded, because 
 the high percentage of silica it contains renders it in- 
 ferior for this purpose to the bauxite of France. It is, 
 however, of excellent ((iiality and contains but little 
 iron oxide or titanic oxide. ^luch of the product of 
 the Irish mines is consumed in England, where it is 
 made into alum. 
 
 In (iermany there are several deposits of bauxite of 
 considerable extent, i)ut the (piality is inferior to that 
 of the French mineral. In one locality, however, the 
 mineral is quite pure, but the deposit is too small in 
 extent to be conmiercially valualjle. 
 
 Austria, Italy. Asia [Minor. French Guiana, and New 
 South Wales also possess deposits of the mineral, but 
 as vet none has been developed to the productive stage. 
 
 The following stat(Mnent shows the analyses of speci- 
 mens from various localities. This statement has been 
 compiled from a large number of anah'ses which have 
 produced results so varied that the extreme limits of 
 each constituent have been presented. The average 
 (juantity of alumina (Al.,0.j) contained in marketed 
 bauxite is practically 5>i per cent. 
 
^ty2 
 
 mixp:s and quarries. 
 
 AliitJ i/xr.s of upecniKiix <if' Bim.rifi frinii riiridiix rninitriex. ' 
 
 l-UCALITV. 
 
 Alumina, AI2O3 
 (per cent). 
 
 Ferric oxide, 
 FcoO;) (per centl. 
 
 Silica, SiOa (per 
 cent). 
 
 Calcium carbonate, 
 CaCO:, (per cent). 
 
 Titanium o.xide, Water, HjO (per 
 TiO., (percent). , cent). 
 
 France 
 
 30. 3 to 7n 
 43. 4 to 73 
 
 44.4 to 76. 3 
 .W to 67. S 
 47.4 to6R.9 
 39. 75 to 82. 38 
 
 0. 1 to 48. 8 
 
 1.91) to 4. a; 
 
 2 to 42. 9 
 0. 7 to 30 
 18. 62 to 36. 98 
 0. 21 to 13. ^ 
 
 0.3 to 2.2 
 2 15 to 16. 0."> 
 
 to 12.7 
 
 1.0 to 4 
 
 12 to 22. 1 
 
 
 18. 66 to 40. 33 
 
 
 1 to 44. 76 
 5.9 to 14. 4 
 2. 48 to 4.06 
 1.34 to 35. 83 
 
 
 
 9.7 to 32. 33 
 
 
 
 
 12.2 to23. 1 
 
 Italy 
 
 
 1.27 to 2. 86 
 0. 87 to 4. 18 
 
 10.17 to 22. 4 
 
 
 
 16. 14 to 32 
 
 
 
 
 'Compiled Irom "The MiiuTal Indn.stry." Vols. 1 to XT, inclusive. 
 
 Chemical jiroperf '<-'■•<■ — The ininoriil haiixitt^ i.s a liy- 
 drated aluminum oxide eontainiiii;- also \ arioiis (juaiiti- 
 tie.s of iron oxide (Fe.^Oj) and .silica (WiO.,). Tiirce 
 varieties are distinguLshed, the inonohydrate (Al./).,, 
 H.,0), the dihydrate (AL0,,.2H,,0). and the trihydrate 
 (AljOjiSHjO). Apart from impurities the composition 
 of these minerals varies from the monohydrate (dias- 
 pore), which contains 85.12 per cent of ALO., and l-l-.S,s 
 per cent of HjO, to the trihydrate (u'ihb.site), whicli 
 contains 65.61 per cent of Al.,03 and Sl.SK per cent of 
 H^O. More or less of the alumina in l)auxite is re- 
 placed by iron or manganese oxides. Silica occurs in 
 the mineral either free or in combination in clay. 
 Minor impurities are compounds of phosphoric acid, 
 suljihur, carbon dioxide, lime, and magnesia. In compo- 
 sition the French mineral appears to correspond to the 
 monohydrate while that of the United States approxi- 
 mates the trihydrate. The comjjosition of bauxite can 
 be determined only bj^ chemical analysis since it is not 
 indicated by the physical properties of the mineral. 
 According to Francis Laur.' the average composition is 
 from 66 to 69 per cent of AL.Oj; 27 j^er cent of HJ), 
 SiO^, and ¥S).,\ with from .3 to 4 per cent of TiO., and 
 other impurities. In general the value of the ore is 
 in direct proportion to the richness and purity of the 
 alumina content. In ore of good ((ualitv the percent- 
 age of alumina is high, while that of iron oxide and 
 silica is low. Bauxite has a strong affinity fur water, 
 which makes it necessary that the ore lie dried before 
 shipment. For the manufacture of aluminum the pr(>s- 
 ence of iron oxide and titanic oxide in the ore is not 
 objectionable, but for making alum these insoluble ma- 
 terials should not exceed 7 per cent, and the irnii oxide 
 should be less than 2.75 per cent. Th(> ti-ih\'dratc. on 
 account of its greater solubility, is best suiteil for the 
 manufacture of alum, and for this pnrjiose the liaiixite 
 of the United States is preferable to tliat of France. 
 
 I']iyKi<a/ prapertii'H. — Bauxite occurs in the earth's 
 crust in tlic^ form of veins, beds, or amorphous masses, 
 not crystallized, and without any constant organoleptic 
 characteristics. The hardness, color, texture, and den- 
 sity often chiinge in the same deposit. Fsualh' i\w, ore 
 occurs in concretionary or pisolitic masses, although 
 it is sometimes a hard, compact, homogeneous tine- 
 grained rock. Ill some cases the sti'iK.'tiire is oolitic, 
 and in othei-s it is earthy, resembling claw It ma\- 
 be hard or soft and conipad oi- ))orous. 'I'lie color 
 
 ' TransactiontJ nf tlic .\iiicrir-iii] liiHtitiilc 
 Vol. XXIV n.S!W), f.u-r L':i7. 
 
 .Milling,' lMi!.'ii]i 
 
 N'aries from almost pure white to a deep red or 
 i black, passing through shades of crt'am, gray, yellow, 
 I and jiink. The mineral is sometimes speckled or mot- 
 tled, and is more or less stained by iron oxide, manga- 
 nese minerals, or organic matter. The colors shade 
 into one another gradiuilly or abruptly, and seldom, if 
 ever, does a deposit possess a uniform color. The hard- 
 ness of a\(M'age good oi'c \aries from 1 to 8 and the 
 specilic gravit}' from ^.-t to 2.55. 
 
 When exposed to extreme heat bauxite liecomes so 
 hard that it is almost impossible to make any impres- 
 sion upon it with steel tot)ls. This property in connec- 
 tion with its infusibility makes it an excellent material 
 for crucibles and for furnace linings, since it resists 
 chemical and calorific actions. The chief reason why 
 bauxite is not used more extensively as a basic furnace 
 lining is due to the impurities that are usually present 
 in th(> mineral. 
 
 IMl'OKTANT I'ROiniCTS DKKINKl) FROM B.VUXITK. 
 
 Four princi])al sul)stances are prepared from bauxite, 
 \'iz. aluminum sulphate, alum, artificial emer\'. and 
 aluminum hydroxide. From the last-named substance 
 the metal aluminum is manufactured. 
 
 Ahi,„nim„ .>.v//7;//,^/,>-Al.,(S0J,.l.sIL0.— This is a 
 chemical salt technically known as "concentrated alum." 
 It is ])repared by decomposing bau.vite with suliihuric 
 acid. If the mineral is dissohcd directh' in the acid, 
 j the pn)duct will contain a large ((uantity of iron, forni- 
 I ing the so-called "aliimino-ferric cake," which is used 
 for many purposes where iron and free acid are not 
 objectionable, as in the precipitation of sewage and of 
 waste licpiors from dyeworks. Pure aluminum sul- 
 phate is now generally prepared by the Bayer process, 
 which consists in adding powdered alumina to the solu- 
 tion of sodium aluniinate, containing 1 part of Al^O., 
 to I.S parts of Xa,,(). The reaction causes a crystalline 
 [irecipitiite of alumininn hydroxide. The silica and the 
 iron jiresent r<'mairi dissohed in the solution. The 
 pr(>cipitated aluminum hydroxide is separated from the 
 solution and is thoroughly washed and later di.s.solved 
 in pure, hot, concentrat(^d sulphuric acid until the 
 frothing cea.ses. The .solution is then transferred to 
 shallow leaden ])ans and allowed to cool; thus the 
 pure aluminum sulphate is .separated out in the form of 
 M, .solid crystalline mass. Owing to its greater purity 
 and greater strength, aluminum sulphate has largely 
 replaced aJum in tile arts. Aluminum sulphate is 
 exteiisi\('ly used as a mordant in dyeing: in prejxirincr 
 
BAUXITE. 
 
 998 
 
 size for paper; for making alum and aluminum salts 
 (red liquor, etc.); in tawing skins; for precipitating 
 sewage or coloring matter in water; and, in general, 
 for all purposes in which alum was formerlj' used. 
 
 Potassium alum — K^SO^, AL(S04)3,24H20. — This 
 product is known also as "potash alum" and "common 
 alum." The manufacture of alum from bauxite in- 
 volves the preparation of a pure solution of aluminum 
 sulphate to which is added the proper proportion of 
 an alkali sulphate in order to foi'm the special alum 
 desired. Thus potassium sulphate is used to form 
 potassium alum and sodium sulphate for sodium alum. 
 All alums crj-stallize from solutions perfectly, forming- 
 very pure crystals even from impure solutions, and 
 it is because of this pi-operty that the alums are so 
 extensively used in the arts. The chief uses of com- 
 mon alum are as a mordant in dyeing; in preparing 
 size in paper making; in tawing skins; in making pig- 
 ment lakes; for clarifying turbid liquors; for precipi- 
 tating sewage waters; and for hardening plaster of 
 Paris casts and other forms. For these uses, however, 
 as mentioned above, aluminum sulphate is generallv 
 preferred Itecause of its greater strength and solubility. 
 
 Aliiiii in ii'iii Iiydrv.vide — A1„(0H)„. — The manufacture 
 of aluminum hydroxide from bauxite is of great im- 
 portance, because by a simple calcination it yields 
 aluminum oxide (alumina), which is the chief crude 
 material used for the manufacture of the metal alu- 
 minum. In making aluminum hydroxide, bauxite is 
 roasted, pulverized, and mixed with calcined soda ash 
 in the proportion of 1 part of AljO, to 1.1 parts of 
 Na^O, or greater if silica be present in the ore. The 
 mixture is calcined at a white heat for three or four 
 hours until all traces of carbon dioxide and water have 
 been expelled. The calcined product is then ground 
 and lixiviated with hot water; this process fields a solu- 
 tion of sodium aluminate from which the aluminum 
 hj'droxide is precipitated liy passing carbon dioxide 
 gas through it. The impurities, silica and iron oxide, 
 remain dissolved in the mother liquor. 
 
 In order to avoid the costly and tedious chemical 
 process of obtaining pure aluminum hydroxide, an 
 electric furnace method has been recently patented by 
 Mr. Charles M. Hall,' whereby the impurities in the 
 bauxite, mainly iron oxide and silica, are removed, 
 and the bauxite is thus purified for the aluminum 
 reduction process. . The process of purifying the baux- 
 ite consists in submitting it to a preliminary heating 
 for some hours in the presence of carbon and metallic 
 aluminum in an electric furnace, during which time the 
 iron oxide and the sdica become reduced to metallic 
 iron and silicon and combine with the aluminum to form 
 a heavy alloy, which can be detached easily from the 
 mass of purified bauxite after it has cooled. 
 
 Artificial emery. — Within the past year or so a com- 
 pany at Niagara Falls, N. Y., has consumed a consider- 
 
 1 United States patents Nos. 677,207, 677,208 (July, 1901), and 
 No. 706,553 (August, 1902). 
 30223—04 63 
 
 able quantitj^ of bauxite for the manufacture of abrasive 
 wheels. 
 
 Table 4. — ]>plailejl summari/: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines or quarries 38 
 
 Number of operators ■ 7 
 
 CliiLfaeter of ownership: 
 
 Individual 2 
 
 Ineorporated eonipany 5 
 
 Salaried oilieials, elerks, etc.: 
 
 Total number 12 
 
 Total salaries .}:i3, TiO 
 
 General oflieers — 
 
 Nnndjer o 
 
 Salaries slO, 000 
 
 Superintendents, managers, foremen, surveyors, ete, — 
 
 Number 32 
 
 Salaries S19, fi:iO 
 
 Clerks — 
 
 Number . 5 
 
 Salaries S3, 600 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Total a\'erage number above ground l.nO 
 
 Total wages S.i9, 763 
 
 Engineers, liremen, and other meelianies — 
 
 Average number 17 
 
 Wages f 10, 050 
 
 Miners or quarrymen — 
 
 Average number 77 
 
 Wages J24, 269 
 
 Boys under 16 years — 
 
 Average number 3 
 
 Wages sq.^o 
 
 All other wage-earners— 
 
 Average number 53 
 
 Wages J2-1, 991 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at specified daily rates of j>ay: 
 Engineers — 
 
 SI .110 to ?1 .24 - 1 
 
 SI. 25 to S1.J9 5 
 
 SI. 50 to S1.7J 1 
 
 $2.00 to S2.2J 1 
 
 S2.50 to S2.74 1 
 
 Firemen^ 
 
 SI .00 to $1.2J 1 
 
 SI .50 to SI .74 1 
 
 Macliioist-. lilack.smiths, carpenters, and other mei'hanics — 
 
 ;2 50 o, -2.74 3 
 
 Miners <ir quarrvmen — 
 
 S0.75 to S0.99 6 
 
 51.00 to S1.24 64 
 
 $1.25 to $1.49 8 
 
 Bovs under 16 years — 
 
 ' Li'ss than So. .50 1 
 
 SO 5(1 t M -1 1 , 7 I 2 
 
 All firlMi- \^;(-c-i'arners— 
 
 51. 1 KM II SI. 2 I 3 
 
 SI . 25 to $1 .49 10 
 
 S1..5U to S1.74 40 
 
 Average number of wage-earners employed during each month: 
 Men 16 years and over — 
 
 January ... i ] 15 
 
 February 147 
 
 March 4 47 
 
 April - 1 47 
 
 Way 1 61 
 
 June 147 
 
 July 143 
 
 August 113 
 
 September ] 15 
 
 Orlober 160 
 
 Xc.vemI .er ] 46 
 
 Deeemlier 130 
 
 BC'Vs inider 16 years — 
 
 .January ^ 2 
 
 February 2 
 
 March 3 
 
 April 3 
 
 May 4 
 
 June 4 
 
 July 4 
 
 August 4 
 
 ■September 3 
 
 October 3 
 
 November 2 
 
 December 2 
 
 Contract work: 
 
 Amount jiaid $.500 
 
 Number of employees 10 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses: 
 
 Total $14, 939 
 
 Royalties and rent of mine and mining plant $2, 090 
 
 Rent of offices, taxes, insurance, interest, and other sundries . . $12, ,^49 
 
 Co.st of supplies and materials $40, 019 
 
 Product: 
 
 Quantity, long tons 29, 222 
 
 Value $128, 206 
 
 Power owned : 
 
 Total horsepower 624 
 
 Engines- 
 Steam — 
 
 Number 19 
 
 Horsepower 57,=, 
 
 Gas or gasoline- 
 Number 2 
 
 Horsepower 49 
 
 Electric motors- 
 Number 4 
 
 Horsepower 54 
 
 Uncludes operators distributed as follows: Alabama, 1 (3 mines): Arkan.sas, 
 3 (19 mines); Georgia, 3 (16 mines). 
 
FLINT AND FELDSPAR 
 
 (995) 
 
FLINT AND FELDSPAR. 
 
 I\Y Stoky B. Ladi). 
 
 The chief consumption of both flint (or qnartz) and 
 feldspar i.s in the pottery industry', and as the mining 
 of these minei'als is in some cases associated, the general 
 statistics of the two industries are presented together, 
 as well as separately'. 
 
 Table 1 is a combined summary of the statistics for 
 the flint and feldspar industries for 1902. 
 
 Table 1. — :Sumiiiari/ : i:iOJ. 
 
 Number of mines or quarries 40 
 
 Number of operators 43 
 
 Salaried otRcials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 4.5 
 
 Salaries _ . 334. 42.5 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 371 
 
 Wages .- 81.54, 8a8 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses §33, ti9S 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials §08,920 
 
 Product: 
 
 Quantity, short tons si, (',.5'2 
 
 Value . ". 8394, 633 
 
 Flint- 
 Quantity, short tons 30, 3G5 
 
 Value 8144, 209 
 
 Feldspar — 
 
 Quantity, short tons 4:5, 287 
 
 . Value 82.50, 424 
 
 Of the 46 mines, 18 produced flint, 23 feldspar, and 
 5 both flint and feldspar. Of these 5 mines, 4 were in 
 Maine and 1 in Massachusetts. Feldspar was the chief 
 product of the 4 mines in Maine, which also produced 
 1,254 short tons of flint, valued at $2,593, as a by- 
 product; and flint was the chief product of the 1 mine in 
 Massachusetts, with 112 short tons of feldspar, valued 
 at f 1,000, as a by-product. One corporation operated a 
 feldspar and flint mine in Maine and a flint mine in 
 Penns^'lvania; 1 corporation operated a feldspar and 
 flint mine in Maine and a flint mine in Maryland; and 1 
 coi'poration operated feldspar mines in Pennsylvania 
 and Marj'land. 
 
 The details of the capital stock of 9 of the 11 incor- 
 porated companies are shown in the following ttible: 
 
 T.\BI,E iJ. — (_'itj>il(iIi:<ilioii (jf incorporated rompanlcs: 1903. 
 
 Number of incorporated cimpanies i u 
 
 Number reporting capitalization -9 
 
 Cajdtal stock: 
 
 Total authorized- 
 Number of shares 10fj,910 
 
 Par value Si;34, 000 
 
 Total issued— 
 
 Number of shares \ 46, 103 
 
 Par value 8493, 400 
 
 Dividends ji.aid 88,800 
 
 Common — 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number of shares 100, 710 
 
 Par value 8024, 000 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of shares 45, 903 
 
 Par value S4.s3,400 
 
 Dividends i)aid 8s, 800 
 
 Preferred — 
 
 Atithorized — 
 
 Number <.if shares 200 
 
 Par value 810,000 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of shares 200 
 
 I'ar value 810,000 
 
 -Assessments levied 8 118 
 
 1 Includes companies distrib\Ued as follows: Connecticut, 2; Maine, 3; ^lary- 
 land, 2; Massachusetts, 1; Pennsylvania, 3. 
 
 - Includes com['anies distributed as follows: Connecticut, 2; Maine, 2: 
 Maryland, 2; Massachusetts, 1; Pennsylvania, 2. 
 
 One of these 11 companies, mining feldspar in Penn- 
 sj'lvania, was not engaged chiefly in mining or quarry- 
 ing, and its capitalization was not reported. Also 1 
 of the companies mining feldspar and flint in Maine 
 was a large clay producer in Delaware, and its capitali- 
 zation appears under the clay statistics. Both flint and 
 feldspar were produced by 2 of the companies in Maine 
 and 1 in Massachusetts; 6 of the companies mined feld- 
 spar onlj', and 2 mined flint oidy. 
 
 FLINT. 
 
 The statistics for flint or quartz jjresented herewith 
 do not include those for crystalline ipiartz, which is 
 used principally as an abrasive, or as a wood finisher, 
 and which is separately considered in the class of abra- 
 sive materials. 
 
 The flint or i[uartz production of the United States 
 in 1902, that is, the flint mined or quarried as such, 
 
 (997) 
 
998 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 with the exception above noted, amounted to 36,365 
 short tons, valued at $144,209. In 1SS9 the production 
 of flint was 11,113 long- tons, or 12,4:4s short tons, 
 valued at $49,137. At the census of 1880 the produc- 
 tion of "quartz and feldspar" was reported as 21,571 
 long tons, valued at $103,878. 
 
 The crystalline quartz production for the yciH' 1902 
 was 15,104 short tons, valued at $43,085, which, added 
 to the flint production, makes a total of 51,469 tons, 
 valued at $187,294, for the combined production of 
 flint and cr3^stalline quartz for 1902. The production 
 of quartz as a whole has therefore increased from 
 12,448 short tons in 1889, to 51,469 short tons in 1902, 
 or over 300 per cent; and the value from $49,137 to 
 $187,294, or over 280 per cent. The average price 
 in 1889 was $3.95 per short ton; and in 1902, the average 
 price for the entire quartz production, flint and crystal- 
 line quartz combined, was $3.64 per short ton. 
 
 There were 19 active flint mines or quarries located — 
 4 in Connecticut, 6 in ^Maryland, 4 in Pennsyl\-ania, 2 
 in New York, and 1 each in Massachusetts, ^Montana, 
 and Virginia. These were controlled by 17 operators — 
 10 individuals, 4 Arms, and 3 incorporated companies. 
 
 There were 6 operators who reported no flint mined 
 during the year — 3 individual operators in Connecticut, 
 1 individual operator in Maryland, 1 individual opera- 
 tor in New York, and 1 incorporated company in Wis- 
 consin, which was engaged chiefly in the production of 
 clay, but in former years had produced a small amount 
 of flint as a by-product. 
 
 Eii'ij)h)yeiiii ai\(l VHiijcK. — The wage-earners constituted 
 8(>.9 per cent of the salaried employees and wage- 
 earners, and their wages were 76.8 per cent of the total 
 salaries and wages. 
 
 The average number of wage-earners employed dur- 
 ing each month is shown in Table 5. The least number 
 was employed during the winter months and the larg- 
 est number during the sununer months, though the 
 range was not large, the minimum being' 91 in Decem- 
 ber and the maxinuun 138 in July. 
 
 The average immlier of wage-earners employed at 
 specified dailj- rates of pay is also shown in Table 5. 
 The mines that produced flint or quartz as such, with 
 the exception of the mine in Montana, were located in 
 the Atlantic coast states and the product is chiefly used 
 bv the pottery industry, which is chiefl}' confined to the 
 states cast of the Mississippi. Of the wage-earners 71 
 per cent recei\'i'd less tiian $1.5n per day, 22 per cent 
 $1.50 to $1.99 per day, and but s p(>r cent $2 and over. 
 Of the 65 miners or ((uai'rymen 58 received from $1 to 
 $1.74 per day, and only 7 received $1.75 and o-\er. Of 
 the latter, 4, at $3 to $3.24, were in Montana. 
 
 Siippl/t.'K, hiiitcrialx^ and iiihcellaiK'dVH e.r/ii'ii.srx. -The 
 cost of supplies and materials was r. 'ported as $1.S,642, 
 and the misccdlaneous expenses as $14,291. Of the 
 latter, the. sum of $5,Sl3 wiis paid by 11 mines for roy- 
 alties and rent of mine and iniTiing plant, these mines 
 lieing located, 'Jj in Connecticut, y< in Mai'yland, 4 in 
 Pennsylvania, and 1 each in New York and \'irginia; 
 
 and the sum of $8,478 by 17 mines for rent of offices, 
 taxes, insurance, interest, and other sundries. 
 
 Mechanlval pomer. — Of the 23 mines or quarries, 8 
 employed power aggregating 740 horsepower, of which 
 155 horsepower was furnished b3' 4 steam engines, and 
 585 horsepower bj- 10 water wheels. The waterpower 
 was reported for 5 mines in Maryland and 1 mine in 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Production. — The total pi'oduction for the year 1902 
 was 36.365 short tons, valued at $144,2(.)9. This con- 
 sisted of 20,295 tons of crude flint, valued at $35,046, 
 an average of $1.73 per ton, and 16,070 tons of ground 
 flint, valued at $109,163, an a\'erage of $6.79 per ton. 
 Montana w'as the largest producer in quantity', with 
 10,640 short tons of crude flint, valued at $14,250. The 
 production of Maryland and Penns3dvania was approx- 
 imately the same, each 26.9 per cent of the total, liut 
 Maryland produced 49.2 per cent of the ground flint, 
 and Pennsylvania 34.5 per cent. The United States 
 Geological Survey has published annual statistics show- 
 ing the quantity and value of flint produced since 1892, 
 and in the following' talkie there is shown tne total pro- 
 duction and value for each year: 
 
 Table 3. — I'lrxluiHiim nfjiiiil: lS9:i In UiOi. 
 
 [United States Geological Surrey, "Minenil Resjiurces of the L'liiterl States," 
 
 I'JU'i] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Qtiantit.v 
 (short tons). 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 2-2.400 
 33,231 
 42, .51.10 
 13. 747 
 r2.4.SS 
 13, 4(;(i 
 21,42.=) 
 29, 8.52 
 32, 49.5 
 34. 420 
 36,365 
 
 S.SO, 000 
 
 
 1.H94 
 
 319i200 
 
 
 21,038 
 24 226 
 
 1R96 ... . 
 
 1897 -. 
 
 og o.»7 
 
 1S9S 
 
 
 1899 
 
 
 1900 . 
 
 86 351 
 
 1901 - 
 
 149, 297 
 144 '^09 
 
 1902 
 
 
 
 
 The average price of flint per ton is so variable, rang- 
 ing from a minimum of $1.53 in 1S95 to a maximum of 
 $7.50 in 1,S94. that no comparison can be made as to 
 values. The largest production was in 1894, when it 
 reached 42,5(;(i short tons, and the smallest was 12,458 
 short tons in 1896. Since 1896, the production shows 
 a steady increase year l)y year. The average price of 
 crude flint in 1900, 1901. and 1902 was practically sta- 
 tionary, varying- only from $1.73 to $1.86 per ton, 
 while the average price of ground flint increased from 
 $3.73 per ton in 1900 to$<',.72 per ton in 1901. and $6.79 
 per ton in 1901:!. 
 
 The value of the imports for consunq)tion of flint and 
 flint stones, unground, foi- the fiscal years ending June 
 30, 1900, 1901, and 1902. respectively, were $40,475, 
 $64,697, and $85,092. The imports were chiefly from 
 France, Denmark, and liejgium, in the order named, 
 with more than half the values coming from France, 
 and a small amount from (iermany. 
 
 A detailed summary of the statistics for flint is given 
 in Table 5. 
 
 0(viirri-ii<Y and as,: — Although silica or (luartz is 
 
FLINT AND FELDSPAR. 
 
 999 
 
 widely distributed in igneous and metamorphic rocks, 
 and constitutes the gangue of many metalliferous veins, 
 yet it is only the pui-e non-ore bearing quartz veins that 
 are chietij' drawn upon for the quartz production of 
 the United States. Many quartzites or sandstones are 
 of sufficient purity to be ground for potters' use. 
 
 The term flint, as properly used, refers to the crypto- 
 crystalline variety of silica octairring in nodular masses 
 in calcareous strata, particularly in chalk. This is 
 found in the United States in Texas and Arkansas and 
 Florida, but is not at present utilized. The mineral 
 worked throughout the entire Appalachian region, 
 either for pottery or imder the name of " flint," and 
 included in this report, is quartz. The imported flint, 
 on the other hand, is in part, if not wholly, the true 
 flint from the chalk clifl's. 
 
 Flints when calcined and ground to powder enter 
 into the composition of many kinds of flne pottery and 
 were formerly employed in the manufacture of the flner 
 varieties of glass, hence termed " flint glass.'' 
 
 The manufacture of gunflints was formerly an 
 important industry, and the use of flints in the "stone 
 age ■" and the later periods for the manufacture of axes, 
 knives, spearheads, arrowheads, and the like, forms 
 one of the most interesting fields of research for the 
 antiquary and archaeologist. 
 
 The flint j^roduct, like felds^Dar, is used chiefly in the 
 nottery and porcelain industrj', though some is con- 
 sumed in the manufacture of scouring soaps and wood 
 tillers. 
 
 FKLDSl'AK. 
 
 The feldspar product of the United States for the 
 3'ear 190:^ amounted to 4.5,287 short tons, of a value of 
 $25(1,424. In 1SS(> the production was included in 
 "quartz and feldspar," cited under "Flint" in this 
 . report. The onlj' statistics pertaining to the feldspar 
 production reported at the Eleventh Census, for the 3'ear 
 1SS9, with which comparison can be made are the quantit}^ 
 produced and its value. The production was 6,970 long- 
 tons, or 7,806 short tons, valued at $39,370. The aver- 
 age prices for all material, crude and ground, for the 
 census years 1889 and 1902, were §5.04 and $5.53 per 
 short ton, respective!}'. There has been a very consid- 
 erable increase in the production during the last decade, 
 with slight increase in average value. 
 
 As shown by Table 6, Pennsylvania had the largest 
 number of feldspar mines or quarries, 12 in numljer, 
 and produced one-third of the entire feldspar product 
 and approximately one-half of the ground feldspar. 
 
 There were 9 idle mines in 1902. Of the operators, 
 7 were individuals, 4 in Pennsylvania and 1 each in 
 Alabama, Connecticut, and New York; 1 was an incor- 
 porated company in New York, and 1 a firm (limited 
 partnership) in Connecticut. The capital stock of the 
 iiicorjjorated company- was 200,000 shares, all common 
 stock, of a par value of $200,000, authorized; of which 
 150,000 shares, of a par value of $150,000, had been 
 issued. The power of the idle establishments aggre- 
 
 gated 42 horsepower, repoi'ted by 1 operator in Con- 
 necticut and 1 in New York. 
 
 Eiii]>Ioyei'S and 'iikkjck. — The wage-earners constituted 
 90.3 per cent of the salaried employees and wage- 
 earners, and their wages were 84.2 per cent of the total 
 salaries and wages. The average number of wage- 
 earners employed by months is shown in Table 6. The 
 maxinuuu immber, 279, appears in July, and the mini- 
 mum, 227, in February, with an average of 252. Boys 
 under 16 years of age were employed in two cases; 1 
 mine in Pennsylvania emploj'ed an average of 2 for the 
 year, and 1 mine in Mar3'land an average of 1. 
 
 The average number of wage-earners employed at 
 specitied daily rates of pay is also shown in Table 6. 
 The mines producing feldspar were all located in the 
 Atlantic coast states, and, moreover, were all surface 
 mines, no underground working being reported; hence 
 the wages paid were comparatively low. Of the wage- 
 earners, 61 per cent received less than $1.50 per day; 
 32 percent from $1.50 to $1.74, and but 7 percent 
 $1.75 and over. Of the 183 miners or quarrymen, 
 who constituted 73 per cent of all wage-earners, 69 per 
 cent received not to exceed §1.49 per day and 3i) per 
 cent from $1.50 to $1.74; only 3 miners received $1.75 
 or more. 
 
 SuppJua^ materials, and nuiceUaneous expenses. — The 
 cost of supplies and materials was $50,278, and the 
 miscellaneous expenses, $19,407. Of the latter the sum 
 of $10,584 was paid by 14 mines for royalties and rent 
 of mine and mining plant, these mines being located — 4 
 in Connecticut, 2 in Maine, 2 in Mar3dand, and 6 in 
 Pennsylvania; and $8,823 by 19 mines for rent of offices, 
 taxes, insurance, interest, and other sundries. 
 
 MecJumical i>oa>er. — Of the 27 mines or quarries, 13 
 emploj'ed f)ower aggregating 1,204 horsepower, of 
 which 854 horsepower was furnished liy 15 steam en- 
 gines and 350 horsepower by 7 water wheels. The 
 waterpower was reported for 2 mines in Connecticut. 
 1 in Alaine, and 1 in Pennsylvania. 
 
 I'l'ddiict'ujn. — The total production for 19ti2 was 
 45,287 short tons, valued at $250,424. This consisted 
 of 21,87<t short tons of crude feldspar, valued at $55,501, 
 an average of $2.54 per ton, and 23.417 short tons of 
 ground or pi-epared feldspar, valued at $194,923. an 
 average of $8.32 per ton. 
 
 Of the several producing states Pennsylvania re- 
 ported the largest amount, constituting 33 per cent of 
 the total quantity, 29 per cent of the total crude prod- 
 uct, and 37 per cent of the total ground product. Con- 
 necticut was the next in rank, producing 31 percent of 
 the total ([uantity, 24 per cent of the total crude prod- 
 uct, and 37 per cent of the total ground product. 
 Maine produced 19 per cent of the total product, 21 per 
 cent of the total crude product, and K! per cent of the 
 total ground product. 
 
 The United States Geological Survey has pulflished 
 annual statistics of the quantity and value of feldspar 
 produced since 1892, and they are shown in Talde 4. 
 
1000 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 4:.— Production of feldspar: 1S92 to 1902. 
 
 [United 
 
 States Geological 
 
 Survey. 
 
 "Mineral Resources oi tbe United States," 
 1902.] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Quantity 
 (short tons). 
 
 Value. 
 
 1892 . 
 
 16, 800 
 20, 57S 
 19,264 
 8, .523 
 10, 203 
 12,516 
 13,440 
 24,202 
 24,821 
 34,741 
 45, 287 
 
 875,000 
 
 1893 
 
 68, 307 
 
 1894. 
 
 167,000 
 
 189,1 
 
 SO, 000 
 
 1896 
 
 35, 200 
 
 1897 . 
 
 43,100 
 
 1898 
 
 32, 395 
 
 1899.. . 
 
 211,. 545 
 
 1900 
 
 180, 971 
 
 1901 
 
 220, 422 
 
 1902 . . 
 
 250, 424 
 
 
 
 For the j'ears 189:^ to 1899, inclusive, the production 
 of the combined product of crude and ground feldspar 
 and the average price per ton was so variable, ranging 
 from a minimum of $2.41 per short ton for 1898 to a 
 maximum of $8.71 per short ton in 1899, that no com- 
 parisons can be made as to values. In 1893 the produc- 
 tion aggregated 2(1,578 short tons, succeeded by a drop 
 to 8,523 short tons in 1896. Since 1895 there has been 
 an increase, year by year, of the total quantities. The 
 average price of crude feldspar per ton was $1.06 in 
 1900, $2.18 in 1901, and $2.51 in 1902. The price of 
 ground feldspar per ton shows a slight increase, advanc- 
 ing from $7.51 in 1900 to $8.01 in 1901 and $8.32 in 1902. 
 
 There was some importation of feldsjiar from Can- 
 ada, but not being separately returned to the Treasurv 
 Department the statistics can not be given. 
 
 A detailed summary of the statistics for feldspar is 
 given in Table 6. 
 
 Occurrence and use. — The members of the group of 
 feld,spar, or feldspars, are anhydrous double silicates, 
 consisting of a silicate of alumina combined with a sili- 
 cate of potash, soda, or lime, or with two or all of these. 
 In all the members of the group there exists the simple 
 relation of one atom of the sesc|uioxide, alumina, to one 
 of the protoxide base or bases, but the proportion of 
 silica varies considerabh' in the difl'erent species. The 
 highly silicated species, as orthoclase, alliite. and oligo- 
 clase, occur in granite, trachytes, and other so-called 
 acid rocks, while the less silicated feldspars, as labra- 
 dorite, are confined to basalts and other basic rocks. 
 
 Orthoclase is the most ordinary species, and is the 
 one most commonly used in this country. It is a pot- 
 ash feldspar, of which a typical analysis from Bedford, 
 N. Y., is: Silica, 64.97; alumina, 20.85; alkalies, 13.72; 
 and water, 0.46 = 100. 
 
 Labradorite is a soda-lime feldspar, consisting of sil- 
 ica, 55.75; alumina, 26.50; lime, 11; soda, 4; peroxide 
 of iron, 1.25; water, 0.50 = 99. 
 
 The feldspars fuse, when exposed to a high tempera- 
 ture, to a vitreous enamel possessing considerable hard- 
 ness, a property which has led to their use in glazing 
 potterj'. The chief consumption of feldspar is in the 
 manufacture of pottery and tiles, although it is also 
 used in the manufacture of \vo<xl tillers, scouring soaps, 
 and in glass manufacture. 
 
 Table 5. — Flint, detailed summary: 190S. 
 
 Number of mines or quarries 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Character of ownership; 
 
 Individual 
 
 Firm 
 
 Incorporated company 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Total number 
 
 Total salaries 
 
 Genera] officers — 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Superintendents, managers, 
 ftiremen, surveyors, etc. — 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Clerks- 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 .\bove ground- 
 Total average number 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Engineers, firemen, and 
 other mechanics- 
 Average number 
 
 AVages 
 
 Miners or quarrymen — 
 
 .\verage number 
 
 Wages 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at 
 specified daily rates of pay: 
 Engineers — 
 
 fl..50 to SI. 74 
 
 *2.00toS2.24 
 
 $2, .50 toS2.74 
 
 Firemen — 
 
 S1..50toS1.74 
 
 Jlachinists, blacksmiths, carpen- 
 ters, and other mechanics — 
 
 $1.. 50 to SI. 74 
 
 S2.00toS2.24 
 
 Miners or quarrvmen — 
 
 Sl.OO to SI. 24 
 
 81.25 to SI. 49 
 
 SI. .50 to SI. 74 
 
 81.75 to 81. 99 
 
 S2.00 to S2.24 
 
 83.00 to S3.24 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 S0.50 to$0.74 
 
 Sl.00toSl.24 
 
 81 .25 to SI .49 
 
 S1..50 toSl.74 
 
 Average number of 
 employed during each month: 
 Men 16 years and over — 
 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses: 
 
 Total 
 
 Royalties and rent of mine 
 
 and mining plant 
 
 Rent of offices, taxes, insur- 
 ance, interest, and other 
 
 sundries 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 Product: 
 
 Quantity, short tons 
 
 Value 
 
 Crude — 
 
 Quantity, short tons 
 
 Value 
 
 Ground- 
 Quantity, short tons 
 
 Val ue 
 
 Power owned: 
 
 Total horsepower 
 
 Engines — 
 Steam — 
 
 Number 
 
 Horscfiou'er 
 
 Water wheels — 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 United 
 States. 
 
 wage-earners 
 
 814,330 
 
 3 
 
 83, 875 
 
 10 
 89, 105 
 
 5 
 81 , 3.50 
 
 119 
 
 S47,4.54 
 
 11 
 S5, 187 
 
 65 
 
 827, 648 
 
 43 
 814,619 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 20 
 15 
 2 
 1 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 31 
 
 99 
 95 
 103 
 119 
 131 
 1:57 
 
 i;is 
 i:i4 
 
 134 
 127 
 120 
 91 
 
 814, 291 
 
 S5, 813 
 
 88,478 
 S18, 642 
 
 36, 366 
 8144, 209 
 
 20, 295 
 836, 046 
 
 16, 070 
 8109, lf)3 
 
 4 
 1.55 
 
 10 
 ,5.S5 
 
 Con- 
 necti- 
 cut. 
 
 Mary- 
 land. 
 
 Penn- | All 
 sylva- other 
 "nia. states.' 
 
 24 
 3 
 
 2 14 
 
 81,200 811,080 
 
 3 ' 
 
 S3, 875 j 
 
 1 
 81,. 500 
 
 1 7 1 
 
 S900 $6,1.55 81,. 500 
 
 II 4 
 
 8300 I 81,0.50 , 
 
 10 65 I 27 
 
 ,835 321,383 1811,713 
 
 5 
 5 
 
 3 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 8.550 
 
 1 
 
 S5.50 
 
 17 
 89, .523 
 
 1 
 
 8737 
 
 $3,037 
 
 2 
 
 $1,248 
 
 1 
 8165 
 
 8 
 S3, 923 
 
 26 
 
 $8, 332 
 
 16 
 $6, 875 
 
 15 
 
 S«, 518 
 
 1 
 $175 
 
 32 
 SIO, 014 
 
 9 
 S3, .590 
 
 1 
 5840 
 
 1 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 23 
 '2 
 
 
 
 s' 
 
 16 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 1 
 31 
 
 
 
 9" 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 5 
 5 
 9 
 13 
 17 
 15 
 16 
 11 
 9 
 8 
 8 
 
 61 
 61 
 63 
 67 
 67 
 67 
 69 
 69 
 69 
 68 
 69 
 .50 
 
 23 
 28 
 28 
 30 
 
 :30 
 
 32 
 
 28 
 28 
 28 
 
 23 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 15 
 
 21 
 
 :.3 
 22 
 21 
 
 26 
 22 
 20 
 10 
 
 $675 
 
 $9, 572 
 
 83, 137 
 
 $907 
 
 $620 
 
 $3, 087 
 
 $2, 074 
 
 $132 
 
 $155 
 $1,966 
 
 $6,485 
 88,627 
 
 $1,063 
 $4, 425 
 
 $776 
 S3, 626 
 
 1,812 
 $11,576 
 
 9,798 
 866,651 
 
 9,786 
 $42, 721 
 
 14, 970 
 S33, 362 
 
 862 
 81,775 
 
 1,895 
 $5,300 
 
 4,238 
 87,721 
 
 13, 310 
 
 $20, 260 
 
 960 
 $9, 800 
 
 7,903 
 851,261 
 
 5,.547 
 $36, 030 
 
 1.660 
 $13, 112 
 
 15 
 
 525 
 
 40 
 
 160 
 
 1 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 100 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 425 
 
 
 2 
 160 
 
 1 Includes operators distributed as follows: Massachusetts, 1: Montana, 1; 
 Ne\yyork, 2; Virginia, 1. 
 
 if the operators mining feldspar 
 
 '' The addilioual mine was operated bv 
 and flint in Maine. 
 
FLINT AND FELDSPAR. 
 
 Table 6.— FELDSPAR, DETAILED SUMMARY; 1902. 
 
 1001 
 
 United 
 States. 
 
 Number of mines or quarries 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Character ()f ownership: 
 
 Individual 
 
 Firm 
 
 Incorporated company 
 
 Salaried ottieials, clerks, etc.; 
 
 Total number 
 
 Total salaries 
 
 General litlicers — 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Snperinlenilents, managers, 
 foremen, surveyors, etc. — 
 
 Nmnber 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Clerk.s— 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners; 
 
 Above ground — 
 
 Total average numlier 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Engineers, tiremen, and 
 other mechanics — 
 
 .\verage ntnnbcr 
 
 AVages 
 
 Miners or quarrymen — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Boys under 16 years — 
 
 Averagenumber 
 
 ^Vages 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 -Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at 
 speeitieii daily rates of pay; 
 Engineers — 
 
 Sl.25toSl.49.., 
 
 S1..50toS1.74 
 
 Sl.75toSl.99 
 
 $2.00 to S2. 24 
 
 S2..50toS2.7( 
 
 Firemen — 
 
 $2,00 to $2.24 
 
 Machinists, blacksmiths, car- 
 penters, and other mechanics — 
 
 $1.50toS1.74 
 
 81.75 to SI. 99 
 
 S2.00 to $2. 24 
 
 Miners or quarrymen — 
 
 81.00 to $1.24 
 
 81.25 to SI. 49 
 
 Sl.50toSl.74 
 
 S1.75to$1.99 
 
 82..50 to S2.74 
 
 Boys under Ifi years — 
 
 80.75 to SO.9'9 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 Sl.OO to81.24 
 
 S1.25 to SI. 49 
 
 27 
 I, 095 
 
 S4,: 
 
 $14 
 SI 
 
 Con- 
 necti- 
 cut. 
 
 Penn- , All 
 Maine, sylva- other 
 nia. states. 1 
 
 20 
 
 SOO 
 
 3 
 
 020 
 
 S4,7t5 
 
 1 
 
 SHOO 
 
 2.52 ; 71 
 
 ,444 rs;w,672 
 
 S8: 
 
 W 7 
 
 9.54 |l SI. 505 
 
 577, .541 IS17,(SC.9 
 
 3 
 S5;i2 
 
 S20 
 
 4S 
 417 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 125 
 54 
 1 
 2 
 
 S4,713 
 
 2 
 
 S775 
 
 4 
 
 S3, 938 
 
 to 
 
 $16,414 
 
 4 
 
 S1,S71 
 
 $10,.H71 
 
 -3 
 
 9 
 S.H,712 
 
 S3, .500 
 
 6 
 S5,092 
 
 SI2S 
 
 125 
 S.50,.S76 
 
 104 
 
 S42,s.sl 
 
 4 
 SI, 325 
 
 3 
 SI, 025 
 
 1 
 
 $300 
 
 16 
 S6, 4.S2 
 
 1 
 S450 
 
 14 
 
 $5,920 
 
 1 
 5112 
 
 26 
 SI 2, 29S 
 
 $3, 
 
 9 
 
 672 
 
 S4 
 
 13 
 147 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 37' 
 
 i' 
 
 16 
 10 
 1 
 
 102 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 Average numberof ^\iige-<'arnersat 
 
 specilled daily rales of pay — Cont'd. 
 
 AH other \vage-eKrners— Cont'd. 
 
 SI. 50 to $1.74 
 
 81.76 to $1.99 
 
 $2.00 to S2.24 
 
 Average number of wage-earners 
 employed during each month; 
 Men 16 years and over — 
 
 .lanuary 
 
 p-ebrnaVy 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 Sei'tember 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 I»eeember 
 
 Boys under 16 }"ears — 
 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 yiiscellaneous expenses; 
 
 Total 
 
 Royalties and rent of mine 
 
 and mining plant 
 
 Rent of offices, taxes, insur- 
 ance, interest, and other 
 
 stmdries 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 Product; 
 
 t^uantity, shitrt ton^ 
 
 Value 
 
 Crudf. — 
 
 Qttantity, shurt tons 
 
 Vallie 
 
 lironnd — 
 
 (Quantity, short tons 
 
 Value 
 
 Power i:i\vned; 
 
 Total horsepower 
 
 Engines — 
 Steam- 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Water wheels — 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 United 
 
 States. 
 
 Con- 
 necti- 
 cut. 
 
 226 
 226 
 229 
 248 
 249 
 256 
 276 
 269 
 272 
 2.52 
 2.54 
 212 
 
 S19,407 
 $10, 5,S4 
 
 S4, 564 
 $3,8.54 
 
 S8,,S23 ! $710 
 
 $.50,278 $10,677 
 
 45,287 I 13,949 
 
 $250,424 ;jS73,764 
 
 21,870 i 5,207 
 
 $.55, .501 ''814,122 
 
 23.417 I 8,742 
 $194,923 I '859, 642 
 
 I Penn- 
 Maine.' sylva- 
 
 21 
 1 
 
 15 
 s,54 
 
 $3,9,S3 
 $812 
 
 $3,171 
 
 8,495 
 838, 711 
 
 4,665 
 $12,206 
 
 3,830 
 $26,. 505 
 
 2 
 ■SO 
 
 123 
 1'22 
 
 lis 
 
 119 
 1'26 
 117 
 125 
 116 
 
 i;t2 
 
 124 
 1'29 
 r26 
 
 All 
 other 
 
 states.! 
 
 7 
 7 
 14 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 19 
 16 
 15 
 15 
 14 
 13 
 
 $9, 074 
 S4, .SIS 
 
 $4,256 
 832, 423 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 51.7.86 
 
 $1,100 
 
 $686 
 $1,790 
 
 15,121 
 
 5115, 699 
 
 7,722 
 $22, 2.50 
 
 6,388 
 S19, 9'23 
 
 5, 610 
 $9,250 
 
 8,733 
 ?95, 776 
 
 2, 112 
 $13,000 
 
 427 
 
 .50 
 
 5 
 327 
 
 1 
 
 50 
 
 2 
 100 
 
 
 1 Includes operators distributed as follows: Maryland, 2; New York, 
 
 2 One company operated 2 mines, 1 each in Pennsylvania and Maryland. 
 
FULLER-S EARTH 
 
 (1003) 
 
■Wfi 
 
FULLER'S EARTH, 
 
 By Story B. Ladd. 
 
 Fuller's earth was first discovered in the L^nited 
 States at Quiney, Fla., in 1S'J3, and the production is 
 now for the first time reported at a United States cen- 
 sus. Table 1 is a summary of the statistics for the 
 j^ear l!_»02. 
 
 Table 1. — Sununarij: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines 4 
 
 Number of operators 4 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number -.- H 
 
 Salaries Sln,OtO 
 
 Wage-earners; 
 
 Average number 114 
 
 Wages S33, 776 
 
 Contract work - . - S4, 021 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses S2, 057 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials - S2S, 96G 
 
 Product: 
 
 Quantity, short tons _ 11,492 
 
 Value ffiis, 144 
 
 There were only 4 mines in operation, 2 each in 
 Arkansas and Florida, the latter state producing 90.4 
 per cent of the total cpiantitj'. The production for 
 1902 was 11,492 short tons, valued at $98,144, or an 
 average of $8.54 per ton, the minimum being $8 and 
 the maximum $13.33. The 4 mines were controlled by 
 1 individual operator and 3 incorporated companies. 
 There were 2 idle mines in 1902 — 1 in Georgia and 1 in 
 New York. 
 
 C(i.p'dal stock (if riiC()rporated corajxinle.H. — The follow- 
 ing table presents the details of the capitalization of 
 the incorporated companies: 
 
 Table 2. — Capitalizcition ofiiicorporateil cfimpanies: 1902. 
 
 Number of incorporated companies ^ 3 
 
 Number reporting capitalization - 2 
 
 Capital stock: 
 
 Total authorized — 
 
 Number of shares 3, 200 
 
 Par value ?23n, 000 
 
 Total issued — 
 
 Number of shares 3, 200 
 
 Par value $230, 000 
 
 Common — 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number of sh.i res 2, 200 
 
 Par value S130, 000 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of shares 2, 200 
 
 Par value *130, 000 
 
 Preferred — 
 Authorized- 
 Number of shares 1,000 
 
 Par value *100, 000 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of shares 1,000 
 
 Par value SlOO, 000 
 
 1 Includes 1 company in Arkansas and 2 in Florida. 
 
 2 Includes 1 company in Arkansas and 1 in Florida. 
 
 All of the stock authorized — 3,200 shares, having a 
 par value of $230,000 — has been issued. No dividends 
 w^ere reported. 
 
 Employees and wages. — The average number of wage- 
 earners employed during each month, and their speci- 
 fied dail}' rates of pay according to occupations, are 
 shown in Table 4. The large increase in the number 
 of men employed for the last four months of the j'ear 
 was due to the beginning of operations liy a new pro- 
 ducer. Eliminating the men employed b^- this new 
 operator, it appears that the busiest month was Janu- 
 ary, while the industry was at its lowest ebb in July. 
 
 As the excavation of fuller's earth requires no skill, 
 the rates of paj' should not be compared with those in 
 mining industries requiring skill and experience. The 
 rates for miners are only those ordinarily received In- 
 unskilled day laborer;^. Of the 54 miners employed, 
 81.5 per cent received less tlian %\.'lh per day, and the 
 remaining 18.5 per cent from §1.25 to $1.99 per dav. 
 Eight emplo3'ees were engaged in contract work, for 
 which $4,021 was expended. 
 
 SujipUes. niatrriaJs, and miscellancoKS expenses. — The 
 cost of supplies and materials was $28,966; the miscel- 
 laneous expenses amounted to $2,057, all for rent of 
 offices, taxes, insurance, interest, and other sundries. 
 
 Mechanical pinrer. — For the 4 mines 460 horsepower 
 was reported, supplied 1)}- 7 steam engines with a 
 cajDacity of 430 horsepower, and 2 gas or gasoline 
 engines with a capacity of 30 horsepower. All of the 
 gas or gasoline power and So per cent of the steam 
 power were reported from Florida. 
 
 Production. — The production for the year 19n2 was 
 11,492 short tons, valued at $98,144. The United States 
 Geological Survey has published annual statistics show- 
 ing the quantity and value of fuller's earth produced. 
 In the following table these, together with the statistics 
 of imports of both the crude and manufactured article, 
 with the average value per ton, are shown from 1898 
 to 1902. Quantities are shown in short tons for pur- 
 poses of comparison. 
 
 (1005) 
 
1006 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Table 3.— PRODUCTION AND IMPORTS OF FULLER'S EARTH: 1898 TO 1902, 
 
 1S98 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 190--: 
 
 PRODUCTION. 
 
 Quantity 
 
 
 Average 
 
 (short 
 
 Valne. 
 
 value 
 
 tons) . 
 
 
 per ton. 
 
 14,X60 
 
 8106, 500 
 
 S7.17 
 
 1J,3H1 
 
 79, 644 
 
 6.43 
 
 9, 09S 
 
 67, f)S^ 
 
 6.96 
 
 14,112 
 
 96, 83.T 
 
 6.81) 
 
 11,492 
 
 98, 144 
 
 8.54 
 
 Total. 
 
 Quantity 
 (siiort 
 tons) . 
 
 9, 366 
 11,.5.')8 
 
 9, 1.54 
 12,061 
 16,134 
 
 Value. 
 
 Average 
 
 value 
 
 per ton. 
 
 $71,044 
 
 t7. 69 
 
 69, 640 
 
 6.03 
 
 64, 797 
 
 7.08 
 
 80, 697 
 
 6. 69 
 
 102, 580 
 
 6.7S 
 
 Crude. 
 
 Quantity 
 (short 
 ton.'*) . 
 
 2. 283 
 
 4,192 
 2, 723 
 3,268 
 4,239 
 
 Value. 
 
 $15, 921 
 23, 194 
 14, 7.50 
 17,230 
 26, 635 
 
 Average 
 
 value 
 per ton. 
 
 $6.97 
 5. 63 
 6.42 
 5.27 
 6.28 
 
 Wrought or manufactured. 
 
 Quantity Average 
 
 (short Value. value 
 tons). per ton. 
 
 7,073 
 
 $55, 123 
 
 7, 366 
 
 46,446 
 
 6,431 
 
 .50,047 1 
 
 8, 793 
 
 63,467 \ 
 
 10,896 
 
 75,915 
 
 S7.79 
 
 e. 31 
 
 7.78 
 7.22 
 6.97 
 
 ^ Quantitie.^ have been converted into 
 
 For each vear except 1902 the domestic production 
 .slightlj' exceeded tlie imports, the percentage of the 
 total consumption — production and imports — which 
 was produced in the United States l)eing fil in 1898, 52 
 in 1899, 51 in 1900, 51 in 1901, and 13 in 1902. 
 
 During the period from 1897 to 1902 the average value 
 of imports per short ton ranged from a minimum of 
 $6.03 in 1899 to a maximum of $7.59 in 1898; the aver- 
 age value of fuller's earth imported in a crude state — 
 umvrought or unmanufactured — ranged from a mini- 
 mum of §5.27 in 19nl to a maximum of $<i.97 in 1898, 
 while the average value of the wrought or manufactured 
 earth imported ranged from a minimum of >?(>.?A in 
 1899 to a maximum of $8.37 in 18'.t7. During the period 
 from 1867 to 1883 the average value per short ton of 
 imports of fuller's earth, hased upon the custom house 
 returns to the Treasury Department, ranged from a 
 minimum of §9.77 in 1870 to a maximum of i?11.25 in 
 1882, with an average of i81<i.59 for the entire period. 
 
 Table 1 is a detailed summary for the industry in 1902. 
 
 ■ DESCRIPTIVE. 
 
 Fuller's earth derives its name from having been 
 used in fulling cloth ttnd wool tind cleansing them of 
 grease; it was also used by furriers for cleansing furs. 
 It is a variety of clay resembling other clays in appear- 
 ance, but commonly lacking plasticity. It is hue 
 grained, of variable color, of a specific gravity of from 
 1.8 to 2.2, and hits strong absorbent properties. 
 
 The composition of fuller's (.'arth varies considerably, 
 but this variation mux be due in ptirt to impurities. 
 As a rule there is a high percentage of combined water; 
 this is most mark(.'d in the case of the foreign product. 
 The following anah'ses show the composition of sam- 
 ples, both domestic and foreign: 
 
 A'l'uilijses i)ffidli:r'« I'diili.' 
 
 Gadsden Decatur 
 CONSTITUENT. countv, county, 
 Fla. Ga. 
 
 Reigatc, 
 England. 
 
 Silica 
 
 Aliiiiiiiuj 
 
 Ferri'' 'ixidr. 
 
 Liiric 
 
 .MaKiicsin.... 
 
 I'otHsh.. 
 Water .. 
 Moisture 
 
 U'liited States 
 States," 1001, pa(,'ps'. 
 
 62 
 
 S3 
 
 10 
 
 35 
 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 43 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 II 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 71 
 
 67. ii; 
 
 10.08 
 
 2, 10 
 
 3. 14 
 1.09 
 
 5. 61 
 6.41 
 
 53. 00 
 10.00 
 
 Enid, Fairburn, 
 Okla. S. Dak 
 
 .50. 36 
 
 33.38 
 
 3.31 
 
 Sumter, 
 
 H. C, 
 
 58. 72 
 16.90 
 4.00 
 4. 06 
 2. ,56 
 
 2.11 
 
 8.10 
 2. 30 
 
 71.20 
 
 10.10 
 
 1.80 
 
 1.90 
 
 2.10 
 
 1 . 60 
 
 5. 70 
 
 2. ,50 
 
 '.MiniTiil IJesoiirces of llie rnilcd 
 
 short tons for purposes of comparison. 
 
 A variety of fuller's earth occurring in the island of 
 Argentiera, Greece, has been mined since ancient times. 
 In England there is ;ui argillaceous deposit 15n feet 
 thick, extending from Dorsetshire to Bath and Chelten- 
 ham. Fuller's earth is mined especially near Reigate, 
 in Surrey, and ;it one time was considered of such 
 importance that its exportation was prohibited under 
 severe penalties. 
 
 The discovery of fuller's earth in Florida in 18l»3 
 caused much extltement, and a search was made for 
 other deposits. The deposit at Quincy, Gadsden county, 
 in that state, extending through Leon county and into 
 Decatur countv, Ga., still ranks hrst in commercial 
 importance. But beds, varying widely in character, 
 have been found in Hillsboro, Manatee, and Marion 
 counties, Fla.; Columliia county, Ga. ; Sumter county, 
 S. C. ; Oneida county. >.'. Y.; Saline county. Ark.; Gar- 
 field county, Okla. ; Custer county, S. Dak. : Cherrv 
 count}', Nebr. ; Fremont countv, Colo. ; Kern county, 
 Cal. ; and in I'tah. The Florida and Georgia deposits, 
 which are very similar, do not resemble the English 
 product. The fuller's etirth of South Dakota, however, 
 is almost identical with the English earth, and mines 
 in that sttite will probably in time become important 
 producers. 
 
 The methods of mining fuller's earth and preparino- 
 it for the market are very simple. The overl)urden of 
 sand and worthless plastic clay is removed, and the wet 
 fuller's earth is chopped out in thin slices with mat- 
 tocks and dried in the sun. The wet. greenish clav 
 loses perhaps half of its weight, changes to a creamy 
 wliite color, and becomes very brittle, easily splitting 
 into thin layers. Artificial driers and an arrangement 
 for grinding the earth to the re(:[uisite degree of fine- 
 ness have been recently introduced. 
 
 The Florida earth, grtiund to •!() mesh or finer, is used 
 almost entirely as a substitute for Iwneblack in filter- 
 ing mineral lubricating oils. The common practice is 
 to run the earth into long cylinders, through which the 
 crude black mineral oils ai-e allowed to percolate vtny 
 slowly. The oil which comes out first is water white 
 in color and much thinner than that which follows. 
 
 While the Florida earth is superior to the English 
 variety for the refining of mineral oils, the English 
 product is nuich more desira1)le foi' the treatment of 
 animal and vegetable oils. The process is radically 
 ditlerent. The oil is heated in large tanks to a tem- 
 
FULLER'S EARTH. 
 
 1007 
 
 perature above the boiling point of water, and fi-om 5 
 to !(► per cent of its weight of fuller's earth, ground to 
 120 mesh, is added; the mixture is stirred vigorously for 
 twenty minutes and then filtered otf through bag filters. 
 Perhaps the most remarkable feature of filtration by 
 the use of fuller's earth is the fact that — even in the 
 mixture of oils present in crude petroleum— the oil 
 which first percolates through the earth is the lowest 
 in specific gravity. Indeed, the separation which can 
 be secured by this process is comparable with the 
 results of fractional distillation. 
 
 Table 4:,^Lki(illed xurnmary: 190J. 
 
 Number of mines 4 
 
 Number of operators '4 
 
 Character of ownership: 
 
 Individual 1 
 
 IiK-orporated eomp)any 3 
 
 Salaried ottieials. clerks, etc.: 
 
 Total number 1-1 
 
 Total salaries SIO, UOO 
 
 General otheers — 
 
 Number '1 
 
 Salaries &3, oOO 
 
 Superintendents, managers, foremen, surveyors, etc. — 
 
 Number 9 
 
 Salaries 9^5, uOO 
 
 Clerks- 
 Number 3 
 
 Salaries *1,500 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Total average number (above ground) 114 
 
 Total wages S33. 775 
 
 Engineers, firemen, and other mechanics — 
 
 Average number 12 
 
 Wages Jfi, 335 
 
 Miners- 
 Average number 54 
 
 Wages S17, 140 
 
 Boys under 16 years — 
 
 Average number 24 
 
 Wages §3, 725 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 Average number 24 
 
 Wages $^6, 575 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at specified daily rates of pay: 
 Engineers — 
 
 . 9^1 .50 to SI .74 1 
 
 S2.00 to S2.24 2 
 
 S3.00 to S3.24 1 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at specified daily rates of pay— Continued. 
 Firemen- 
 Si. 00 to 81.24 a 
 
 ffl.50 to »1.74 2 
 
 Machinists, blacksmiths, carpenters, and other mechanics— 
 
 §1,60 totl.74 3 
 
 Miners- 
 
 80.75 to 80.99 15 
 
 81.00 t.i 81.24 29 
 
 81.25 to 81. 19 2 
 
 81.50 to 81. 74 5 
 
 81 .75 10 81.99 3 
 
 Boys under Ul years — 
 
 "811.75 i(. «i).9'y 24 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 80.75 to 80.99 15 
 
 81.00 to 81.24 5 
 
 81 .25 to 81.49 4 
 
 Average number of wage-earners employed during each month: 
 Men 10 years and over- 
 January 8-s 
 
 February 63 
 
 Ma re h qq 
 
 April _ 6fJ 
 
 May fi6 
 
 June 55 
 
 July 4,s 
 
 August fio 
 
 September 130 
 
 October 15>^ 
 
 November hh 
 
 December _. . 13H 
 
 Boys under 16 year.s- 
 
 January 24 
 
 February _ 24 
 
 March 24 
 
 April 24 
 
 May , _ 24 
 
 June - 24 
 
 July 24 
 
 August 24 
 
 Sef)tember 24 
 
 October _ 24 
 
 November 24 
 
 December _ _ 24 
 
 ( 'ontract work: 
 
 Amount paid $4, 021 
 
 Number of employees 8 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses (rent of offices, taxes, insurance, interest, and 
 
 other sundries) $2,057 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials $2.s, 966 
 
 Product: 
 
 Quantity, short tons 11,492 
 
 Value S9H, 144 
 
 Power owned: 
 
 Total horsepower 460 
 
 Engines — 
 Steam- 
 Number 7 
 
 Horsepower 430 
 
 Gas or gasoline — 
 
 Number 2 
 
 Horsepower 30 
 
 1 Includes operators as follows: Arkans; 
 
 Florida, 2. 
 
GRAPHITE 
 
 (1009) 
 30223—04 -&i 
 
GRAPHITE, 
 
 By Joseph yxKUTiiER.s, Ph. D. 
 
 Statistics for the mining of graphite were first 
 reported separately at the census of 1880. Table 1 
 shows the comparative statistics of the mining opera- 
 tions for 18S(J, 188SI, and 1903. 
 
 Table 1. — i'ompanitire mmmarii: ISSO lu 190:'i. 
 
 ks, etc.: 
 
 Number of mines 
 
 Number of operators. 
 Salaried officials, clerks 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies anri materials 
 Product: ^ 
 
 Quantity, short tons 
 
 \'alue 
 
 19(li 
 
 SIS, 924 
 
 J76, 
 56, 
 S51, 
 
 164 
 729 
 0.39 
 840 
 
 ,438 
 
 , 508 
 
 (') 
 
 ( = ) 
 
 101 
 
 $38, 329 
 
 SO, 393 
 
 S7, 734 
 
 7,003 
 S72,802 
 
 I') 
 (=) 
 
 93 
 S29,600 
 (') 
 S2, 900 
 
 <940 
 S49, 800 
 
 ' Not reported. 
 
 2 Not reported separately. 
 
 3The United States Geological Survey reports 3,930,824 poundsof crystalline, 
 valued at S120,144, and 4.739 short tons of amorphous, valued at S5.1.964, these 
 representing the product marketed, while the Census figures represent the 
 product mined, 
 
 ^ Does not include the return for one large producer in New York, receive*! 
 too late for tabulation. 
 
 The states reporting production in 1880 were New 
 l^ork. North Carolina, and Pennsylvania. In 1889 there 
 is no record of production in North Carolina, but oper- 
 ations in Michigan, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode 
 Island, and "Wyoming were reported. In 1902 mining 
 operations were carried on in 13 states — Alabama, 
 Georgia, Massachusetts, Michigan, Montana, New Mex- 
 ico, New York, North Carolina, Penn.sylyaiiia, Rhode 
 Island, South Dakota, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. The 
 period between 1880 and 1889 does not show so great a 
 development of the industrj- as that between 1889 and 
 1902. the increasein the value of production being 213.1 
 per cent in the later period, as compared with 45.9 per 
 cent in the earlier one; this advance was due largely to 
 the increased demand for graphite in the arts. 
 
 There were 12 mines — h in New York, 3 each in 
 North Carolina and Pennsylvania, and 1 in Alabama — 
 reported as idle during 19()2, and 3 — 1 each in New 
 Hamijshire, New York, and Pennsylvania — at wdiich 
 development work was done. 
 
 Capital of Incorjjorati'd companieH. — Fifteen of the 
 19 active operators were organized as incorporated com- 
 panies. The details of the capitalization of these 
 companies are shown in the following tal)le: 
 
 Table 2. — Capitaliziition af iricnrporaled compftmeit: WO'2. 
 
 Number of incorp<iratcd companies M,5 
 
 Capital stock and bonds issued S2, 632, 800 
 
 Capital stock: 
 
 Tcttal authorized — 
 
 Number of shares 1, 571, 640 
 
 Par value 92, 914, 000 
 
 Total issued — 
 
 Number of shares 1, 299, 688 
 
 I'ar value S2, 614, 800 
 
 Dividends paid S8,750 
 
 Common — 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number (\i shares 1,470, 140 
 
 Parvalue 52,664,000 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of .shares 1,218,188 
 
 Par value S2, :384, 800 
 
 Dividends paid S8, 750 
 
 Preferred — 
 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number of shares 101,500 
 
 Par value S250, 000 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number of shares 81, .500 
 
 Par value S230, 000 
 
 Bonds: 
 
 .Authorized — 
 
 Number 40 
 
 Par value $20, 000 
 
 Issued — 
 
 Number 36 
 
 Par value $18, 000 
 
 Interest paid SI , 080 
 
 Assessments levied $1, 000 
 
 ^Includes companies distributed as fnllows: .\labama, 1: Georgia, 1: Massa- 
 chvisetts, 1: Michigan, 2: ^Montana,!; New Mexico, 1: New York, 3; Pennsylva- 
 nia, 2; Rhode Island, 1; South Dakota, 1: Wisconsin, 1. 
 
 The total par value of stock and bonds issued was 
 §2,632,800; of this amount 90.5 per cent represents the 
 value of common stock, 8.T per cent the value of pre- 
 ferred stock, and the remaining eight-tenths of 1 per 
 cent the value of the bonds. The dividends paid dur- 
 ing 1902 represent three-tenths of 1 per cent of the par 
 value of stock issued, and the Sl,((80 paid as interest on 
 bonds constitutes (3 per cent of the par value of all 
 bonds issued. 
 
 EinpJoyeea and axtges. — The average numlier of wage- 
 earners employed during each month of 1902, and their 
 daily rates of pay by occupations, are shown in Table 5. 
 The minimum number of wage-earners shown for any 
 month during the year was in January, 137 men and 1 
 boy; the maximum numlier in October, 185 men and 1 
 boy. Judging by the slight variation in the number 
 of employees, the production, although below the aver- 
 age during the winter and spring months, must have 
 been fairly steadj-. 
 
 Of the total number of wage-earners, 31.8 per cent 
 were paid at rates less than $1.5<t per diem, and 65.2 
 per cent at higher rates. Of the total number, engi- 
 neers formed i.S per cent; machinists, blacksmiths, car- 
 
 (1011) 
 
1012 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 penters, and other mechanics 11 per cent; and miners, 
 the largest claH.s, 53 per cent. 
 
 MecJianioaJ 2^ower.^A total of 76'.» horsepower was 
 reported for this industry; 749 liorsepower was fur- 
 nished ))y 18 steam engines and 10 horsepower l)y 1 
 water wheel, while 10 electric horsepower was rented. 
 
 Prod net I on. — Although the production of graphite 
 has had a very important bearing upon the develop- 
 ment of several of the metallic industries in the United 
 States, it was not until 1880 that authentic statistics of 
 production were collected. Since the quantities of 
 graphite which have been exported from the United 
 
 States are so small as to be negligil)le in this connec- 
 tion, for all practical purposes the total consumption of 
 graphite within the United States may be assumed as 
 equivalent to the production plus the importation. 
 Talile 3, compiled from the reports of the United 
 States Geological Surve3^ gives the marketed produc- 
 tion of natural graphite in the United States, together 
 with the imports, for the period 1880 to 1902, with the 
 production of artificial graphite since 1897. The sta- 
 tistics of production here shown differ from Census fig- 
 ures in that they represent only the marketed output 
 and not the actual quantity mined. 
 
 Tahle 3.— PRODrCTKtN AND IMPORTS OF GRAPHITE: 1880 TO 1902 
 [United States <Teological Survey, " Mineral Resources of tile United States," 1902.] 
 
 
 PROni'CTION.l 
 
 
 IMPORTS. - 
 
 
 YEAK. 
 
 Total 
 value. 
 
 Crystalline. 
 
 Amorphous. 
 
 Artifl 
 
 i-iiil. 
 
 Total 
 value. 
 
 Unmanufaetured. 
 
 Manufac- 
 tured, 
 value. 
 
 
 Quantity 
 (pounds). 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quantity 
 ( short 
 tons). 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quantity 
 
 (pounds). 
 
 \'alue. 
 
 Quantity 
 (long 
 ton.s). 
 
 Value. 
 
 1880 
 
 S49, 800 
 
 30,000 
 
 34,000 
 
 46,000 
 
 35, 000 
 
 26, 231 
 
 33,242 
 
 34,000 
 
 33, 000 
 
 72,662 
 
 77,. 500 
 
 110,000 
 
 87,902 
 
 63, 232 
 
 64,010 
 
 52, .582 
 
 48, 460 
 
 75, 879 
 
 86, 803 
 
 199,581 
 
 266, 439 
 
 286,714 
 
 292, .808 
 
 622, .500 
 400, 000 
 423, 000 
 575, 000 
 500, 000 
 327, 883 
 415, .525 
 416, 000 
 400, 000 
 
 (3) ■ 
 
 1,5.59,674 
 
 1,898,366 
 
 843, 103 
 
 918, 000 
 
 644, 700 
 
 535, 8.58 
 
 1,861,706 
 
 2,860,000 
 
 2, 900, 732 
 
 6,507,8.55 
 
 3,967,612 
 
 8, 930, 824 
 
 349,800 
 
 30, 000 
 
 34, 000 
 
 46, 000 
 
 35,000 
 
 26, 231 
 
 38, 242 
 
 34, 000 
 
 38,000 
 
 72, 662 
 
 77,. 500 
 
 110,000 
 
 87, 902 
 
 63,232 
 
 64, 010 
 
 1.52,. 582 
 
 1 48, 460 
 
 16.5,730 
 
 175,200 
 
 1 167, 106 
 
 1197,579 
 
 135,914 
 
 126, 144 
 
 
 
 
 
 3300, 963 
 413,640 
 889, .371 
 383,670 
 28.8, '2.56 
 207, 228 
 164,111 
 331,621 
 3.53, 990 
 378, 0.57 
 594, 746 
 5.56, 080 
 ■ 667, 775 
 865, 879 
 226, 720 
 260, 090 
 437, 1.59 
 270, 952 
 743, 820 
 1 , 990, 649 
 1,390,141 
 895, 010 
 1,168,5.54 
 
 5, 495 
 7, .546 
 7,521 
 
 7, 745 
 7,204 
 5, .523 
 4,168 
 8,442 
 9,200 
 8,869 
 
 12,798 
 10,118 
 11,677 
 14,437 
 5, 814 
 
 8, 814 
 1.5,230 
 
 8, 633 
 13, 482 
 20,793 
 14,417 
 14,325 
 18, 201 
 
 3278,022 
 881,966 
 863, 835 
 361, 949 
 286, 393 
 207,228 
 164,111 
 331,621 
 353, 990 
 878, 057 
 594, 746 
 555, 080 
 667, 775 
 865, 379 
 225, 720 
 260, 090 
 437, 1.59 
 270, 9.52 
 748, 820 
 1,990,649 
 1,390,141 
 895, 010 
 1 , 168, 5.54 
 
 822, 941 
 
 1881 
 
 
 
 
 
 81,674 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 25, .536 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 21,721 
 
 1884 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,863 
 
 1.8,85 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1888 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2,793 
 760 
 
 1,070 
 890 
 
 2,821 
 611 
 809 
 
 4,739 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 
 162, 382 
 186,647 
 405, 870 
 860, 750 
 2,500,000 
 2, 8.58, 828 
 
 310, 149 
 
 11,608 
 
 32, 475 
 
 68,860 
 
 119,000 
 
 110,700 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 "ssi.'Mo' 
 
 55, 964 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 For calendar years. 
 
 2Through 1887, for fiscal years; Iief^inniup with 1.888, for calendar years. 
 
 ^Quantity not reported. 
 
 1 1ncludes value of amorphous. 
 
 There were 10 long tons of graphite valued at $831, 
 exported from the United States during 1900 as com- 
 pared with 5 tons valued at $36.5, exported during 1901. 
 There were no exports during 19()2. 
 
 The following table shows the world's production of 
 graphite by years, from 1896 to. 1901: 
 
 Tadle 4. ^WORLD'S PKODFCTIOX OF (iRAPHITE: 1,S96 TO UtOl. 
 
 [United States (ieological Survey, " Mineral Resources of tile United States," 1902.] 
 
 [Quantity in ntctric tons.] 
 
 COtlNTRV. 
 
 United States 
 
 Austria 
 
 Canada 
 
 Ceylon 
 
 Germany . . . . 
 
 India 
 
 Italy 
 
 Japan 
 
 Mexico 
 
 Sweden 
 
 ISflG 
 
 Quantit)-. ValiU'. 
 
 933 i 
 35, 972 
 
 126 
 10,463 
 5, 248 
 
 3977,405 
 
 48, 460 
 
 410, 081 
 
 9, 4.55 
 
 414,406 
 
 72, 108 
 
 148 
 
 10,193 
 
 215 
 
 6, 925 
 
 6','l) 
 
 5, 287 
 
 14 
 
 191 
 
 1897 
 
 1S!)8 
 
 Quantity. Value. jQiumtity. A^ilue 
 
 , .5.89 
 
 ., 504 
 
 396 
 
 ', 275 
 
 , .861 
 
 61 
 
 .,650 
 
 201 
 
 907 
 
 99 
 
 31,787,185 
 
 65, 730 
 
 439,610 
 
 16,210 
 
 , 1 59, 885 
 
 66, 126 
 
 316 
 
 11,300 
 
 16,075 
 
 8,663 
 
 3, 240 
 
 1,878 
 33, 062 
 
 78, .509 
 
 4, 593 
 
 22 
 
 6,435 
 
 346 
 
 1,8.57 
 
 50 
 
 39,. 898, 790 
 
 75, 200 
 
 421 , 058 
 
 13, i;9S 
 
 9, 243, 263 
 
 97,916 
 
 110 
 
 17, 423 
 
 10,265 
 
 18, 237 
 
 1,620 
 
 ISO!) 
 
 jQnantity. Value 
 
 1 Latest available figures used in 
 'These viilm-s are inkcn from lie 
 
 up total. 
 
 \'earl)Ooks of the United Kingdom. 
 
 85, 2,82 
 
 3,774 
 31,819 
 
 1 , 025 
 29, 037 
 
 5, 196 
 
 1,518 
 
 9,990 
 
 53 
 
 2, 305 
 1.535 
 
 33,704,942 
 
 1 181,194 
 
 167,106 
 
 395, 280 
 
 24, 179 
 
 2,904,970 
 
 120,2.50 
 
 7,. 572 
 
 .55, 944 
 
 5, 120 
 
 22, 847 
 
 1,674 
 
 ISOO 
 
 Quantity. Value. 
 
 3,0.54 
 
 33, 663 
 
 1,711 
 
 19,168 
 
 9, 248 
 
 1,8.58 
 
 9, 720 
 
 ill 
 
 2, .561 
 
 81 
 
 31,761,113 
 
 1-97,579 
 
 118, 126 
 
 30, 910 
 
 2 875, 190 
 
 136,500 
 
 9,101 
 
 .55, 720 
 
 9,118 
 
 25, 650 
 
 3, 1,S6 
 
 1901 
 
 Quantity.' Value. 
 
 2, .533 
 29,992 
 
 2,005 
 22,707 
 
 1,435 
 
 2, .530 
 10,313 I 
 
 (■') 
 762 
 56 
 
 35, .575, 166 
 
 167,714 
 
 1,918, ,509 
 
 38, 7.S0 
 
 = 3,203,215 
 
 160,000 
 
 (•) 
 
 .59,211 
 
 (») 
 
 7,615 
 
 1,900 
 
 ^Slatistics imt available. 
 1 1ncludes crude. 
 
GRAPHITE. 
 
 1013 
 
 The detailed statistics of the industry for 1902 are 
 shown in Table 5. 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE. 
 
 The name graphite is derived from the Greek 
 ypa<j)£iv, "to write," and refers to the use of the min- 
 eral for that purpose. Graphite is sometimes called 
 "plumbago" or "black lead," because of its lead-like 
 appearance, although it contains no lead. Graphite 
 was known to the ancients. Up to the latter part of 
 the eighteenth century, however, the names plumbago 
 and molybdena seem to have been applied indiscrimi- 
 nately to graphite and to molybdenite (molybdenum 
 sulphide, MoS,), both of which leave a black mark when 
 rubbed on paper. Graphite appears to have been tirst 
 distinguished as early as 1565, by Conrad Geissner, but 
 the popular misconception as to the two substances 
 prevailed until 1779, when the famous chemist Scheele 
 showed them to be entirely distinct. 
 
 Physical and chemical characteristics. — Graphite oc- 
 curs as a form of carbon, and constitutes the last stage 
 in the mineralization of vegetable matter. In the tirst 
 stage of this process the woody tissue is converted into 
 peat; the peat to a lignite; the substance then passes 
 through the range of bituminous coals to semianthra- 
 cite, anthracite, graphitic anthracite, and tinally it is 
 converted into graphite, which is practically pure car- 
 bon. There is no strict line of demarcation between 
 these various forms of carbon, which merge gradually 
 into one another. In structure and puritj', specimens 
 from difl'erent deposits show a wide divergence. 
 
 The mineral occurs in two forms, the crystalline and 
 the amorphous. Crystalline graphite is usually found 
 in a compact foliated or granular mass. At times the 
 crj'stals are in the form of distinct hexagonal plates. 
 The amorphous varietj^ is, as its name implies, without 
 crystalline structure. The term has been used to in- 
 clude a wide range of natural carbonaceous products — 
 such as the graphitic anthracite of Rhode Island, which 
 is of a structure between scalv and granular, and se- 
 lected samples of which contain as much as 52 per cent 
 of carbon; and the so-called Baraga graphite of Michi- 
 gan, which in reality is a carbonaceous schist. The 
 crvstalline variety consists of finer grades, and hence is 
 used where softness and a smooth uniforinit_y of struc- 
 ture are desirable, as for lubricants or in the better 
 grades of pencils. 
 
 Graphite is iron-black or steel-gray in color and has 
 a metallic luster; to the touch it is smooth and soap-like. 
 Its specific gravity varies from 2.015 to 2.583, the vari- 
 ation being due to the impurities — such as iron oxide, 
 alumina, magnesia, lime, and silica — which are present 
 in all natural graphite. Usually, there is also from five- 
 tenths of 1 per cent to 1.3 per cent of hydrogen — a fact 
 which seems to point to an organic origin. Graphite is 
 
 infusible, and resists the corrosive action of many chem- 
 icals and molten metals. These properties render the 
 crystalline variety, with its flake-like form, of great value 
 in the manufacture of graphite crucibles for special x>'ir- 
 poses — for instance, to resist intense heat in the manu- 
 facture of crucible steel; to possess great density at a 
 high heat, as in the refining of gold and silver; and to 
 resist the coi'rosive action of easily oxidized metals and 
 alloys in a molten condition, as in melting brass, bronze, 
 etc. Although crystalline graphite will burn in oxy- 
 gen at and above a temperature of 575''-' C. , it is a good 
 conductor of heat and electricity; this property renders 
 it of special value for the manufacture of the conrnm- 
 tator brushes used in electrical machines, for use in 
 electroplating, and for electrodes in many electrolytic 
 chemical processes. 
 
 In its chemical relations, graphite occupies a position 
 distinct from that of anj' other form of carbon. The 
 most striking difference is the efi'ect of treatment with 
 fuming nitric acid and potassium chlorate; diamond is 
 unaltered, and amorphous carlion (charcoal) is com- 
 pletely dissolved, but graphite is converted into a com- 
 230und known as graphitic acid or graphitic oxide 
 (C„H,0,). 
 
 As a fact of mineralogical interest, but one which 
 has no industrial importance, it may be mentioned that 
 meteoric masses have been found containing graphite 
 which in its properties resembles the graphite formed 
 during the cooling of high carbon and pig iron. 
 
 Occurrence and mining cif crystalline graphite in the 
 United States. — Crvstalline graphite is widely distrib- 
 uted throughout the United States, but the known 
 deposits of sufficient extent and purity to warrant 
 working on a commercial scale are few in number. 
 During the past decade the domestic output of high- 
 grade crystalline graphite has been obtained chiefl}^ 
 from the mines near Tieonderoga, Essex county, N. Y. 
 The mines in Chester county. Pa., were reopened in 
 1897, after a long period of inactivity, and have been 
 in continuous operation since that time. In 1899 the 
 mines in Clay county, Ala., produced a small amount. 
 There has been considerable activity in the exploitation 
 of graphite properties in Bartow countJ^ Ga. ; near 
 Dillon, Beaverhead county, Mont.; in Merrimack 
 county, N. H. ; in McDowell county, X. C; at Bloom- 
 ington, in northern New Jersey; and in manj- localities 
 in California; but up to the present time the work has 
 been confined chiefly to determining the character and 
 extent of the deposits, and to ascertaining hy experi- 
 ment the best method of concentrating the ore so as to 
 convert it into a salable product. The limited number 
 of graphite mines now producing the crystalline variety 
 of the mineral bears witness to the difficulties encoun- 
 tered in the development of a prospect into a paying 
 property. 
 
1014 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 The priiu'ipal mines in New Yorlv are at Tieoiideroga, 
 Essex county. The g-raphite is of the foliated variety, 
 occurring in Tuinute scales in the cleavage planes of a 
 seam of gray cjuartzite. The ore contains an average 
 of 10 per cent of graphite, of which but little more 
 than one-half is extracted by the prevailing method of 
 working. The graphite-bearing bed lies between strata 
 of massive micaceous gneiss, garnetiferous gneiss, and 
 light-colored quartzite entirely free from graphite. 
 The gneiss dips about 2(»- south. The graphite lieds 
 do not confoi-m to this dip, l)ut have a low pitch to the 
 east. There are two mines in the same bed, on differ- 
 ent sides of a fault. The graphite-bearing ([uartzite is 
 from 1 to 5 feet thick in one mine, and from iJ to 1.5 
 feet thick in the othei-. This vein (known as the 
 Hague vein) seems to have been in a line of weakness 
 during the geologic uphea\a]s, for the ore and wall 
 rocks near the surface are very much pulverized, so 
 that, while the ore carries a good percentage of graph- 
 ite, the yield is small. It is probable that the deepen- 
 ing of the workings will result in finding the graphite 
 in coarse Hakes in the unaltered rocks, mdess the 
 faulting has occurred along the vein throughout its 
 course. The mines are opened ])y adit levels, and the 
 mined ore is treated for the separation of the graphite 
 by crushing and washing in a mill near the mines, fol- 
 lowed b}' a further refining at the works of the com- 
 pany at Ticonderoga. 
 
 There are numerous limestone deposits in Essex and 
 neighboring counties of New York which contain 
 graphite disseminated throughout the mass, or in small 
 lenses of very rich ore. While a number of these 
 deposits are being promoted and developed, the only 
 ones of apparent promise are on Lead Hill, back of 
 Ticonderoga, and on AVarner Hill, between Ticonderoga 
 and Crown Point. It is proba))le that if any more val- 
 uable mines are opened in this section they will be in 
 the graphitic quartzite, as the lenticular bodies in the 
 limestone have proN'cd uncertain. 
 
 In Pennsylvania the principal graphite mine is 1 
 mile east of Chester Springs, Chester county. The 
 mineral occurs in two layers of disintegrated mica schist, 
 one 4 feet and the other ('< feet in thickness. Adit lev- 
 els have been run in on the hillside, following the layei's, 
 and the rock is so disintegrated that most of the oi'e 
 can be removed by pick and sh(n'el without I'ccourse to 
 blasting. At the null the ore is crushed in rolls and 
 cleaned in a log washer of the type commonly used at 
 clay works. After being washed it is again ground, 
 refined by Y)neumatic concentration, and screened into 
 different grades. There are other graphite properties in 
 the state, notabl}' at Bycrs, several miles below Chester 
 Springs, and at Pikeland, Ijoth in Chester county, and 
 also at Mertztown and Boyertown, Berks county. 
 
 These properties have been productive at various times, 
 but for the most part are now inoperative. The exist- 
 ence of graphite throughout a large part of the ridge 
 extending from Phoenixville to the Brandywine river 
 seems very probable. Occasionally pockets are found 
 which yield nuggets and masses of nearly pure graph- 
 ite, such as formed the basis of the producing mines 
 in this region, but more often the mineral is associated 
 with iron oxides, quartz, and feldspar, so that the 
 extraction of the graphite involves consideraljle 
 difficulty. 
 
 Convoitrat'oKj cjijtttalline (jntph'de. — The increased 
 demand for crystalline graphite has led to a careful 
 study of the concenti-ation of low-grade graphite dis- 
 seminated in Hakes. Operative plants have changed 
 and improved their methods, and new concentrating 
 processes are being tested. 
 
 There are two conunon methods of concentrating 
 crystalline graphite from its ore — the wet and the dry. 
 The wet or water method has been developed to a 
 marked degree of efficiency, and is the one now gener- 
 alljr used. The mode of procedure is to crush the ore 
 wet, and separate coarselj' by stationary' buddies, the 
 concentrates being dried and further treated •with Inihr- 
 stones and screens. No mill, however, has adopted 
 either method in its entirety, because the specific gravi- 
 ties of the constituents of the ore vary so little. Sev- 
 eral pneumatic processes have lately proved a partial 
 success, but they have been of limited application, on 
 account of the impossibility of removing the small 
 scales of mica which occur in some of the deposits. 
 
 Two new features in concentration practice, in both 
 of which the older method of complete submersion be- 
 neath the surface is replaced l)y flotation, are worthy 
 of note — first, the use of petroleum vapor, which, being 
 readily absorbed by graphite, permits the flakes to be 
 more readily separated from the gangue material l)y 
 flotatif)n; and, second, the heating of the ground prod- 
 uct l:)ef(.)re separation, which makes the flakes of graph- 
 ite so light that they float on the surface of the water, 
 whence the}' are removed. 
 
 Occurrence and mining of aniorjdienix f/rii2>Jiite in the 
 Uniteil Sfdfcs. — Under this head are included also the 
 graphitic anthracite of Rhode Island and the so-called 
 Baraga grapliite of Michigan. The incentive to develop 
 properties containing amorphous gi-aphite is much less 
 than in the case of the crystalline variety. On account 
 of the limited use of the former, the value of the crude 
 product is only from one-eighth to one-tenth of that of 
 the latter. For the manufacture of graj)hite ci'ucibles 
 and for many electrical purposes no satisfactory substi- 
 tute for crystalline graphite has been discovered, while 
 in the ease of amorphous graphite there are many other 
 materials of equal suitability for its various uses. 
 
GRAPHITE. 
 
 1015 
 
 The mining of amorphous graphite in the United 
 States has been of comparatively recent development. 
 During 1902 the product was obtained chiefly from Wis- 
 consin, followed by Michigan, Rhode Island, South 
 Dakota, Wyoming, and New Mexico, in the order 
 named. There are numerous deposits in other states, 
 but none in sutBcient quantity or purity to l)e of com- 
 mercial value at the present time. 
 
 In ^^'isconsin, the mines near Stevens Point, Portage 
 county, produce graphite which is reported to contain, 
 at times, as much as 7-1 per cent of carbon. It is 
 utilized in the manufacture of paint, lubricants, and 
 greases. 
 
 In Michigan, there are several thousand acres in 
 Baraga county, composed of a carbonaceous schist 
 without a sign of a vein of graphite. This material is 
 ground for paint and is improperly called graphite. 
 
 In llhode Island, the mines near Cranston have been 
 operated for many vears. The graphite shows a struc- 
 ture between scaly and granular, and the grade of the 
 product has not until recently exceeded 55 per cent of 
 car])on, the remainder of the ore being silica and iron 
 oxide, with a trace of sulphur. The property was 
 originally a quarry, and in making the open cut the 
 vein has been exposed for a distance of 70 feet or more. 
 A shaft has been sunk, and most of the ore is now 
 obtained from pockets, although it is found also in a 
 few fissure veins. 
 
 In South Dakota, there are several graphite properties 
 in the vicinity of Custer containing promising veins of 
 graphite, one of which is reported to be i feet in width 
 and of high-grade mineral. At Castle Creek, in Pen- 
 nington county, 25 miles northwest of Custer, there is 
 a vein which is reported to contain iO per cent of carl)on 
 and to be in contact with a 10-foot layer of graphitized 
 slate. 
 
 In New Mexico, considerable exploratory work has 
 been done at the graphite properties 8 miles southwest 
 of Raton, Colfax county. 
 
 Occurrence and mining of graphite in foreign 
 coimtries. — In Ceylon, which is the chief producer of 
 high-grade crj'stalline graphite, the main deposits are 
 in the western and northwestern provinces. The 
 graphite, which is scaly or fibrous in structure, is found 
 in veins of irregular occurrence and extent, which break 
 through crystalline rocks of the character of granulite. 
 The minerals associated with graphite in the material 
 which forms the vein are feldspar, rutile, pyrite. biotitc, 
 and calcite. The country rock is often highly decom- 
 posed, and then consists mainl}' of kaolin and similar 
 decomposition products. The formation of graphite in 
 these deposits has been attributed by Dr. Ernst Wein- 
 schenk to the decomposition of vapors carr3dng carbonic 
 oxide and cyanogen compounds. 
 
 In one of the Ceylon mines near Caltura the graphite 
 occurs in a series of veins in gneiss which has become 
 converted, to a depth of 36 feet, into a mass resembling 
 laterite. The indications point to the deposition of the 
 carbon by the decomposition of hydrocarljon vapoi's, 
 forming a true \n'in. 
 
 The Ceylon mining industry, which is entirely in the 
 hands of the natives, has been profitable for many j^ears, 
 chiefly on account of the purity and consequent high 
 value of the product. The method of mining is ex- 
 tremely primitive. A shaft is sunk to the level of the 
 ground water (from 40 to 200 feet), and drifts are cut 
 from the bottom of the shaft until the air is so bad that 
 the lamps of the miners will no longer burn; the ground 
 is then stoped upward, the waste being dropped behind 
 until the shaft is filled. In some cases the veins are 
 followed ))y open cuts and galleries. The underground 
 workings are roughly timbered, and powder is used to 
 break the i-ock. The ore is hoisted by windlass and 
 bucket, or passed out by hand. A peculiar feature of 
 the industry is the opposition to the installation of 
 modern mining machinery and methods, on the ground 
 that the new conditions might be less satisfactory than 
 the older and fairlv profitable ones. The mined prod- 
 uct is famous for its purity, the analysis of several 
 samples showing a carbon content of from 99.283 to 
 99.792 percent. 
 
 In Austria, graphite occurs in the provinces of Bohe- 
 mia, Styria, Moravia, Carinthia, and lower Austria. 
 The chief producing mines are at Schwarzbach, in 
 Bohemia. The deposits, which are lenticular, occur 
 in gneiss, in parallel beds, extending over an area 11 
 miles long by 10 miles wide. 
 
 At Schwarzl>ach six beds have been exploited for a 
 length of 1,80(1 feet and to a depth of 300 feet. The 
 mines produce both hard and soft ore, the latter being 
 graded into three classes. The first and second are 
 hand picked, dried, and packed in barrels for the mar- 
 ket; the third class and the hard mineral are crushed 
 in water and dressed in tanks, the heavier impurities 
 sinking to the bottom, while the slime, containing the 
 graphite in a state of fine division, is collected in a filter 
 press, and the resultant cakes, containing about 50 per 
 cent of carbon, are dried and shipped to the market. 
 
 In Styria, which ranks second in importance, there is 
 found a highlj' metamorphosed system of carboniferous 
 shales, claj^-slates, limestones, and conglomerates with 
 coal seams, the coal of which has passed into graphite. 
 It is verv compact, very pure, and often extremely 
 hard, in some cases I'ctaining exactly the appearance of 
 the coal from which it has been derived. The graphite 
 region extends from Leoben to St. Lorenzen, a dis- 
 tance of 25 miles. The most important deposits are at 
 St. Michael, where five parallel beds, varying in thick- 
 
1016 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIF]S. 
 
 nes.s from a few inches to several feet, and occurring in 
 grayish-black schist, have been exploited for a length 
 of over 600 feet. The preparation for market consists 
 in simple screening. The product, which contains 
 nearly SO per cent of carbon, is used in making graphite 
 crucibles. 
 
 Other graphite deposits are found in lower Austria, 
 Moravia, and Carinthia; but the mineral, which is asso- 
 ciated with granular limestone in gneiss, and is usually 
 amorphous and friable, is too impure to warrant work- 
 ing commerciall}'. 
 
 The graphite deposits of Germany are confined to the 
 easternmost corner of Bavaria. In a region bounded 
 on the south by the Danube and on the east by the Aus- 
 trian frontier are gneisses and gneissose rocks impreg- 
 nated with scaly graphite. In some places — chiefly in 
 the immediate neighborhood of intercalations of gran- 
 ular limestone, altered by contact metamorphism — the 
 mineral occurs in lenticular masses, rich in carbon. 
 Both the graphite-bearing rock and its near neighbors 
 are highly decomposed, so that kaolin and other decom- 
 position products are found in intimate association with 
 the graphite deposits. The lenticular form of the de- 
 posits, their geological relationship with limestone inter- 
 calations, and their f recjuent association with kaolin and 
 other decomposition products, connect them closely 
 with the Bohemian type, from which the}- are differ- 
 entiated by the less compact and more crystalline char- 
 acter of the graphite. The genetic connection between 
 the Passau and Ceylon types is veiy close. 
 
 At Borrowdale, England, fine-scale graphite was at 
 one time found in veins in "greenstone porphyry." 
 The gangue material was chiefly calc-spar, brownspar, 
 and quartz, containing nests and lumps of very tine 
 graphite, especially suitable for the manufacture of 
 pencils. These mines, however, have been exhausted. 
 
 The mines at Batugol, province of Irkutsk, Siberia, 
 also are practicall}" exhausted. The graphite was finely 
 fibrous and purer than that at Borrowdale. The veins 
 run through a granitic or dioritic rock, while in th(> 
 closel\' adjoining limestone (altered by contact meta- 
 morphism) are great lumps of pure graphite, suitable 
 onlj' for pencils. 
 
 Artijielal <jraj>hite. — Graphite can be made artificially 
 in several ways, among which are the following: 
 
 (1) In the production of cast iron fi-om ore containing 
 a large proportion of carbon, l)y allowing the molten 
 nmss to cool slowl}?. As cast iron can retain in combi- 
 nation a much larger proportion of carbon when molten 
 than when solid, the cooling of the mass causes the car- 
 bon to separate out, forming scales of graphite dissemi- 
 nated throughout the iron. It is to the presence of the 
 scales of graphite that gray pig iron owes its peculiar 
 
 properties and its graj' color. When this form of pig 
 iron is dissolved in acid, the scales of graphite remain 
 as an insoluble residue. AVhen cast iron is kept in a 
 molten condition for a long time, as in the manufacture 
 of converter steel, scales of graphite collect on the sur- 
 face of the molten metal, forming so-called "kish." 
 This source of artificial graphite is of no commercial 
 importance. 
 
 (2) By the reaction or decomposition of various chem- 
 ical compounds containing carbon, notably the cj^anide 
 class of salts. Graphite can not be produced commer- 
 cially from chemicals on account of the excessiveh'high 
 cost. 
 
 (3) B3' the treatment of certain carbonaceous mate- 
 rials in the electric-arc furnace, which is the process 
 now used on a verj^ large scale. 
 
 Pure graphite has many valuable iDroperties, such as 
 high electrical conductivitv, great resistance to chemi- 
 cal action, and absence of the property of absorbing 
 gases, which is possessed more or less b}' all forms of 
 amorphous carbon. Natural graphites of the high 
 degree of purity required for delicate chemical and 
 electrical processes are so expensive that in most cases 
 the cost is prohibitive. The inception of the artificial 
 graphite industry is due to the efforts and experiments 
 of Mr. Edward G. Acheson,' who during 1897 manu- 
 factured more than 160,000 pounds of this product. In 
 1901 the output in the United States reached 2,500,000 
 pounds. At first the operations were confined to the 
 graphitization of carbon electrodes, but since 1899 very 
 large quantities of artificial graphite have been made, 
 to be utilized for purposes for which natural graphite 
 was formerly used. In graphitizing electrodes the 
 ordinary electrode, which is composed of a mixture of 
 petroleum, coke, pitch, and a carbide-forming material 
 (silica or iron oxide), is subjected to the intense heat of 
 an electric-arc furnace. The so-called " artificrial 
 graphite" is produced by subjecting anthracite coal, 
 coke, or charcoal, together with a small proportion of 
 some oxide or sulphate, to the intense heat of an electric- 
 arc furnace; the impurities are eliminated, the ash be- 
 ing reduced in some cases to as low as five-tenths of 1 per 
 cent. 
 
 The so-called artificial graphite, which is in the form 
 of grains or powders, is used chieHy in the manufacture 
 of jKiint, dry batteries, and commutator brushes, 
 although a considerable quantity is used in the manu- 
 facture of lul)ricants for high-grade work, in electro- 
 plating, and in certain chemical processes which require 
 a carlion of exceptional purity. Experiments have 
 been made with this material as a coating for the grains 
 of high explosives, to prevent the generation of the 
 
 1 United States patents Nos. 645284, 645285, 701758, and 711031. 
 
GRAPHITE. 
 
 1017 
 
 static charge of electricity, the spark from which is 
 supposed to cause the spontaneous ignition of the 
 powder. 
 
 Graphitized electrodes possess special qualities which 
 render them valuable in electrolytic processes for the 
 production of caustic soda and of chlorine and metals 
 in chloride solution, and in electro-metallurgical pro- 
 cesses, such as the production of calcium chloride, the 
 electric smelting of copper and iron ores, and the manu- 
 facture of various iron alloys. 
 
 In spite of the development of artiticial graphite, 
 however, in recent j'ears there has been a large increase 
 in the demand for natural graphite, due to the growth 
 of the iron and steel industries; the largelj" increased 
 use of copper and its allo3\s; the development of elec- 
 trical machinery, which calls for graphitized products; 
 and the increased need for special lubricants to be used 
 at comparatively high temperatures. 
 
 Uses of graphite. — Graphite is used for making ref rac- 
 torjT crucibles, stove polish, foundry facings, paint, and 
 lead pencils; as a lubricant; and in powder glazing, 
 electrotyping steam packing, etc. 
 
 For the making of crucibles crystalline graphite is 
 required; the fibrous or laminated variety is used, 
 because its superior binding qualities add to the strength 
 of the crucible. The ordinary mixture consists of 50 
 per cent of graphite, from 35 to 45 per cent of air-dried 
 claj% and from 5 to 15 per cent of sand. The graphite 
 is ground to a fineness of from 40-mesh to 100-raesh 
 size, according to the special use to which the crucible 
 is to be put; if coarse it will give a porous crucible, 
 while if too fine it will be apt to crack when heated, 
 because of its great densitjr. The clay is selected, not 
 on account of its refractoriness, but because of its plas- 
 ticity. The sand is free from fluxing impurities, such 
 as iron oxide, lime, magnesia, etc., and is sifted through 
 a 4rO-mesh screen. 
 
 In combining the constituents, the clay is made into 
 a thin paste with water, and the graphite and sand are 
 thoroughly mixed in by repeated treatments in an ordi- 
 nary pug mill. The mass is kept moist for several 
 
 weeks, in order to insure the expulsion of any air bub- 
 bles which may have f)eeii formed in the mixing'. This 
 stage of the work is called "tempering.'' A portion 
 of the tempered mixture of the proper weight for a 
 crucible of the desired size is molded into shape on an 
 ordinary potter's wheel. This method is superior to ma- 
 chine molding, l)ecause the rotary motion and external 
 pressure cause the flakes of graphite to become arranged 
 nearl}' parallel to the sides of the molded shape, thus 
 binding the mass together more strongly. The freshljr- 
 molded crucil>les are inclosed for several hours in a 
 close-fitting sectional mold of plaster, which absorbs a 
 portion of the moisture; they are then dried for a week 
 or ten days at a temperature of from 70'' to SO'-' F., and 
 finalh' are fired for several days in a common pottery 
 kiln. The use for graphite crucibles of a fusible clay 
 of great plasticity instead of one of high refractoriness 
 is based upon the fact that for the combination of two 
 substances l)y fusion mechanical contact is absolutely 
 essential, so that, whether the clav be refractor}^ or 
 not, the presence of an inert material between the par- 
 ticles of clay and sand prevents fusion. Furthermore, 
 as soon as the crucible is placed in the kiln the graphite 
 on the outer surface is burned away by the oxidizing 
 gases, permitting contact l>etween the particles of cla\' 
 and sand; these, reacting upon each other, fuse and 
 form on the outside of the crucible a glaze which pro- 
 tects from oxidation the graphite flakes beneath the 
 surface. 
 
 The quantit}' of the mineral used for making lead 
 pencils is comparatively small, but the qualit}' must be 
 of the best. For use as a lubricant a high grade of 
 the crystalline product is essential. But material of an 
 inferior grade is employed in the manufacture of stove 
 polish, of foundry facings, and of graphite paint, which 
 is used to protect ironwork (as in smokestacks, iron 
 roofs, elevated steel structures, etc.). While crystalline 
 graphite is used to some extent, its special properties 
 are not absolutely required, and hence the amorphous 
 variety, both natural and artificial, is largelj' employed 
 for these purposes. 
 
1018 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Tahlk 5.— DETAILKI) SUMMARY: 1902. 
 
 Number of mineR 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Charaeter of ownership: 
 
 Individual 
 
 Firm 
 
 Incorporated company 
 
 Salaried ofUciaLs, clerk.s, etc.: 
 
 Total number 
 
 Total salaries 
 
 General ofRcers — 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Superintendents, nuinaKers. foremen, survey, 
 ors, etc. — 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Foremen, below ground — 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Clerks- 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Aggregate averat^a' number 
 
 Aggregate wages 
 
 Above ground — 
 
 Total average number 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Engineers, firemen, and other me- 
 chanics — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miner.s — 
 
 Average numlier 
 
 Wages 
 
 Boys under 16 years — 
 
 Average number 
 
 W^ages 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Below ground — 
 
 Total average number • 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Miners — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miners' helpers — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at s[)eeitied daily 
 rates of pay: 
 Engineers — 
 
 $1.50 to Jl. 74 
 
 J2.00 to $2.24 
 
 S2.7.5 to 82.99 
 
 S3.00 to J3.24 
 
 Firemen — 
 
 $1.. 50 to $1.74 
 
 Machinists, blacksmiths 
 mechanic.s — 
 
 81.2.5 to $1.49 
 
 $1.50 to $1.74 
 
 S2.00to*2.24 
 
 $2.50 to $2.74 
 
 $2.75 to $2.99 
 
 Miners — 
 
 $0.75 to $0.99 
 
 $1.00 to $1.24 
 
 $1.25 to $1.49 
 
 $1..50to$1.74 
 
 $1.75 to $1.99 
 
 $2.00 to $2.24 
 
 $2.25 to $2,49 
 
 $2.50 to $2.74 
 
 carpenters, and other 
 
 United 
 States. 
 
 27 
 $1.H,924 
 
 4 
 , COO 
 
 11 
 $10,112 
 
 $4,4:15 
 
 iri4 
 
 $7fi, 729 
 
 101 
 
 $45, 2.s,S 
 
 New 
 York. 
 
 $B, I'l'- 
 
 27 '\ 12 
 
 $16,038 I $7, ,55,s 
 
 33 I' 
 
 $12, 0.S9 ,1 
 
 1 
 
 $1.50 j 
 
 40 24 
 
 $17,011 I $11, 495 
 
 I 
 63 ' 35 
 
 $31,441 $16,, 530 
 
 :54 33 
 
 ,$27,672 $15, 7.H0 
 
 $2,3.50 
 
 3 
 
 $1,419 
 
 $7.50 
 
 All 
 other 
 states 
 and 
 terri- 
 tories.! 
 
 3 
 $3, ,5110 
 
 $1,W5' 
 
 $1 , 252 
 
 71 
 
 $35, 5,S3 
 
 36 
 $19, {)5:i 
 
 25 
 16 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 12 
 
 20 
 $12,297 
 
 4 
 $2,600 
 
 11 
 $6, 6.52 
 
 3 
 
 $2,620 
 
 93 
 $11,146 
 
 $26, 235 
 
 15 
 S.S, 4S0 
 
 33 
 $]2,0.S9 
 
 1 
 $150 
 
 16 
 $5, ,516 
 
 28 
 $14,911 
 
 4 
 $1,600 
 
 3 
 
 $1,419 
 
 \' 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 2' 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 1" 
 
 30 
 
 2 
 
 24 
 5 
 7 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at specitied daily 
 rates of pa,\' — fontinued. 
 Miners' helpers — 
 
 $1.00 to $1.24 
 
 $1.'25 to $1 .49 
 
 Timbermen and track layers — 
 
 $1..50 to $1 .74 
 
 Boys under 16 vears — 
 
 ' .$0..50 to $0.74 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 $0.75 to W.99 
 
 $1.00 to $1 .'24 
 
 $1.25 to $1 .49 
 
 $1..50 to $1.74 
 
 $2.'25 to $2.49 
 
 Average number (A wage-earners emjilriyed durirjg 
 each month: 
 Men 16 years and o\'er — 
 
 .Tamiary 
 
 February 
 
 Mareli . .' 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 .lune 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 Octoljer 
 
 Novem ber 
 
 I)eceml:»er 
 
 Boys under 16 \ears — 
 
 .Tanuury 
 
 February 
 
 Marcli 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 .lune _ _ 
 
 .Inly 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 Cfintraet work: 
 
 Amount 7)aid 
 
 Number of employees 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses: 
 
 Total 
 
 Royalties and rent of mine and mining plant. 
 Rent of ofhees, taxes, insurance, interest, and 
 
 other sundries 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 Product : 
 
 Total t;iu)intit\', short tons 
 
 Total va 1 11 c 
 
 Crude — 
 
 tjiiantily 
 
 ^'a]ue 
 
 Refined — 
 
 t^nantity 
 
 A'alue 
 
 Power: 
 
 Total horsepower 
 
 Owned— 
 
 KngiuL's — 
 Steam- 
 Number 
 
 Horsel>o\\er 
 
 Water ^vhecls— 
 
 Number 
 
 Hf)rsepower 
 
 Rented— 
 
 Ei'-ctrir, horsepower 
 
 $147 
 
 $6, 
 
 , 4:w 
 , .50.S 
 
 24,: 
 
 $79.' 
 
 l.s 
 719 
 
 24 
 1 
 
 137 
 l:3s 
 1.52 
 149 
 167 
 171 
 163 
 169 
 174 
 1.S5 
 176 
 175 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 039 
 :520 
 
 519 
 
 .840 
 
 $1,124 
 $60 
 
 $1,064 
 $19, 543 
 
 
 
 All 
 other 
 
 United 
 
 New 
 
 states 
 
 States. 
 
 York. 
 
 and 
 terri- 
 tories.' 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 fi 
 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 77 
 
 77 
 
 89 
 
 81 
 
 97 
 
 93 
 
 87 
 
 93 
 
 94 
 
 111- 
 
 104 
 
 101 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 S900 
 2 
 
 $4,915 
 $460 
 
 $4, 455 
 
 $:32, 297 
 
 1,:375 26,063 
 $77,4:57 $1.50,071 
 
 .50 
 S200 
 
 1,325 
 
 $77,2:J7 
 
 1 
 10 
 
 24, 226 
 $79, 700 
 
 1,8.37 
 $70, 371 
 
 14 
 
 619 
 
 1 Includes ojierators distributed as follows: Alulauiui, 1: Georgia, 2: Massachusetts, 1: l\[ichigan, 2: Montana, 1 (8 Tnines)- New 
 I'erinsylvania, 2: Rhode Island, 1: South I>akota, 2: \\'isconsin, 1 (2 mines); Wyoming 1 1 mine: oy.iTator reportcil "in South Pako'ta) 
 
 Mexico, 1; Nortli Carolina, : 
 
LITHIUM ORE 
 
 (1019) 
 
LITHIUM ORE. 
 
 By JosEi'H Hyde Pratt. 
 
 The production of lithiimi ore has not been reported 
 at any prior censufs, and there are, therefore, no com- 
 parative statistics available. The mining- of lithium 
 minerals for their lithia contents has been erratic in the 
 United States, and it is onlv within the past few years 
 that these minerals have been mined in any quantit}'. 
 This is due to the small demand for lithium carbonate, 
 which is the j^rincipal compound of lithium that is sold. 
 The production for 1901 is stated by the United .States 
 Geological Surve}' to have been 1,75() tons, valued at 
 $1:3,200. According to the same autlioritj', 44(.) tons 
 wei'e mined in 1900 in San Diego county, Cal., and 
 probably between 75 and 1()0 tons were obtained else- 
 where for experimental purposes. 
 
 The following table is a summarj^ of the industry- for 
 1902: 
 
 Table 1. — Sinnmary: 1903. 
 
 Number of mines or quarries 3 
 
 Number of operators 3 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 1 
 
 Salaries S600 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 6 
 
 Wages J3, 744 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses - . 320D 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials SI, 2(j5 
 
 Product: 
 
 Quantity, short tons 1,245 
 
 Value . ." , S2o, 750 
 
 Detailed statistics by states can not be published 
 without disclosing the business of individual establish- 
 ments, 2 of which were located in California and 1 in 
 South Dakota. One mine, in South Dakota, was idle. 
 Of the 3 oj^erators 2 were individuals and 1 was a firm. 
 
 Eirqdoyees and vM(/e». — Of the total amount, $1,314:, 
 paid in salaries and wages, $3,711, or 86.2 per cent, wa^ 
 paid to the wage-earners. There were 2 wage-earners 
 on the average to a mine. The yearly average number 
 of wage-earners emplo_yed was 6, the greatest average 
 number, as shown by Table 2, being 23 for July and 
 August, and the least, .5 for September. Four of the 
 6 miners, or 66.7 per cent of the total, received from 
 $1.75 to $1.99 per day. 
 
 Production. — The production of lithium minerals in 
 the United States during 1902 was 1,215 short tons, 
 valued at $25,750. The world's annual production of 
 
 lithium carbonate, which is the principal salt used, has 
 been variousl}' estimated at from 50,000 to 15n,0n(.) 
 pounds. Most of this is manufactured in German^', 
 and a large proportion of the lithium minerals mined 
 in the United States have been shipped to Germany, 
 being returned in the form of lithium carbonate, quoted 
 in New York at $1.35 per pound; the minerals are 
 worth about $2(1 per ton f. o. b. at point of ship- 
 ment. A small amount of ore has been treated at some 
 of the chemical manufacturing plants in New Jersey, 
 but thus far the}' have been unal:)le to make it a protit- 
 al)le ]3roposition. A company in New York, which 
 controls the larger proportion of the deposits of lithium 
 )ninerals in San Diego county, Cal., expects to erect a 
 plant on the Pacific coast for the manufacture of lith- 
 ium salts from their own ores. 
 
 If the estimate of 55,000 ^xjunds of lithium salts, 
 reported as the annual consumption in the United States, 
 is correct, over one-third of this amount is imported. 
 To produce this amount of lithium salts would require 
 371 tons of mineral containing at least 3 per cent of 
 lithia (Li^O); this indicates the relatively small amount 
 of lithiiun minerals required to supply the home con- 
 sumption of lithium salts. 
 
 0<jeurrenee and iixex. — The minerals which have been 
 sources of lithium salts are lepidolite and spodumene, 
 which contain from 1 to 7.0 per cent of lithia (LiX)). 
 There is another mineral, amblygonite, which has re- 
 cently been found in quantity and will very prob- 
 al)ly be mined as a source of lithium salts. The first 
 two minerals are silicates of aluminum and lithium, 
 while the amblygonite is a phosphate of aluminum and 
 lithium with varying percentages of the other alkalies. 
 
 Lepidolite has been the chief source of lithia, al- 
 though theoretically spodumene contains a considera- 
 bly higher percentage of lithia. Two of the mines in 
 1902 i^roduced lepidolite and 1 spodumene, the value 
 of the lepidolite cf)nstituting over 70 per cent of the 
 total value of the product shown. 
 
 The principal occurrences of lepidolite in the United 
 States are in the vicinity of Pala, San Diego county. 
 Cal. Although it has been known for some j^ears that 
 
 (1021) 
 
1022 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 lepidolite deposits occurred there, it was not until about 
 ISl.t'J tiuitany special work l)cg-an, and regular shipments 
 were not made until the following ypar. Lepidolite has 
 also been found in some (|uantity at Heljron, Auburn, 
 Rumford, and Paris, Me., but thus far no work has been 
 done especially for this mineral at any of these places. 
 The mining has been confined to tourmaline, which is 
 found associated with it. In some cases the lepidolite 
 has been separated and a few barrels shipped. 
 
 Spoduraene has been found in (juantity at Branch- 
 ville, Conn., where it occurs in a pegmatitic dike in 
 crj^stals, often of very large size, and in the Black Hills 
 of South Dakota. The latter locality is the most noted 
 one commercially and is probal)ly the oidy one from 
 which spodumene has been shipped as a source of lithium 
 salts. In South Dakota the mineral occurs in pegma- 
 titic dikes, which were formerly worked for tin. 
 
 The only locality where ambl^'gonite has been reported 
 to occur in sufBcient quantity to make it a possiI)le com- 
 mercial source of lithium salts is near Pala, Cal., where 
 it has been found associated with lepidolite. 
 
 Although only a few large deposits of these lithium 
 minerals are known in the United States, it is not at all 
 improbable that if the demand for them should increase 
 to any considerable extent other deposits in ciuantity 
 would be found; but, on account of the present com- 
 paratively small demand for the minerals, there is now 
 practically no incentive f<jr investigation. 
 
 The demand for lithium minerals is not large, for the 
 
 reason that the uses of the salts of lithium are very 
 limited; it is these salts that are used in the arts, and 
 not the metal itself. The principal use of the salts is 
 in the preparation of mineral waters and effervescing 
 lithia tablets used for medicinal purposes. Another 
 use that might be made of lithium carbonate and of 
 lithium nitrate, if the price could be reduced sufficiently, 
 is in pyrotechnics for red lire, for which purposes 
 strontium salts are now used. 
 
 The following table is a detailed summary of the 
 lithium industrv for 1902: 
 
 Tablk 2.— Detailed svmmary: 1903. 
 
 Xuraber of mines or quarries 3 
 
 Number of operatf)rs ^'i 
 
 Character of owiierstiip: 
 
 Indiviiliial 2 
 
 Finn . 1 
 
 Salarieil oHii'ials, {'lerks, ete. (superintendents]; 
 
 Number 1 
 
 Salaries S'iOO 
 
 Wage-earners (miners orcjuarrymen): 
 
 Average number t^ 
 
 Wages «3, 744 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at specified daily rates of pay (miners 
 or c|uarrymen): 
 
 SI to $1.24 1 
 
 SI. 75 to SI. 99 4 
 
 S3.2.5 to S3.49 1 
 
 Average number of wage-earners emplr>yed during each month: 
 Men 16 years and over — 
 
 June 21 
 
 July 23 
 
 August 23 
 
 September h 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses: 
 
 Total (rent of offices, taxes, insurance, interest, etc) S200 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials SI. 2t'i-i 
 
 Product: 
 
 tjuantity, short tons 1, 24.5 
 
 \'alue S25, 7-50 
 
 1 Includes 2 operators in California and 1 in South Dakota. 
 
MARL 
 
 (1023) 
 
MARL. 
 
 By Stouy B. Ladd. 
 
 The statistics of marl presented herewith rehite to 
 the marl product mined and used as a fertilizer, and are 
 confined to the greensand deposits found in New Jersey, 
 Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia. At the Tenth 
 Census no statistics in regard to marl were published. 
 At the Eleventh Census the total production of marl 
 in the United States for the year 1SS9, was 139,522 
 short tons, valued at $63,956. The production was 
 limited to five states, viz. New Jersey, Virginia, North 
 Carolina, Alabama, and Arkansas. In four of the 
 states the production was very small. New Jersey alone 
 producing 99 per cent of the total. 
 
 During the period 1889 to 1902 there was a very 
 extensive development in the manufacture of Portland 
 cement from the marls of Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, and 
 New York, in the lake region, resulting in a consump- 
 tion of over a million cubic yards of the material, but 
 as this was all manufactured into cement it is considered 
 in connection with the statistics for cement. 
 
 Table 1 is a summary of the statistics for the marl 
 industry as reported for the year 1902: 
 
 Table 1. — Summary: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines or quarries H 
 
 Number of operators 11 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 2 
 
 Salaries S2, 100 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 13 
 
 Wages J4, 769 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses SI, 407 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials S2, 755 
 
 Product: 
 
 Quantity, short tons 12,4:59 
 
 Value .: S12.741 
 
 Of the 11 mines or quarries for which production was 
 reported, 10 were in New Jersey and 1 was in Virginia. 
 The Virginia mine was in Prince George county and 
 the New Jersey mines were distributed as follows: 1 
 in Burlington count}', 1 in Gloucester county, and 8 in \ 
 Monmouth county. One hundred and four properties 
 reported to the United States Geological Survey as in 
 operation in 1901 were idle during 19()2. All of these 
 were in the state of New Jersey, and were distributed 
 as follows: Burlington county, 52; Camden county, 1; 
 Gloucester county, 2; Monmouth county, 48; and Salem 
 county, 1. As but 1 producer outside the state of New 
 Jerse_y reported in 1902, the statistics are presented for 
 the United States as a whole. 
 
 Capital stock of incDi'pomted cimpavles. — Of the 11 
 producers, 2 were incorporated companies — 1 in New 
 Jersey and 1 in Virginia — but neither was engaged ex- 
 3022:3—04 ti.5 
 
 clusively in mining. Their authorized capitalization 
 consisted of 5,380 shares of common stock, of a par 
 value of 167,300. All of the stock was issued but no 
 dividends were paid on it. 
 
 EiiiphiygiiK (irid 'inKjes. — But 1 producer reported sal- 
 aried employees; these were 1 superintendent and 1 
 clerk. The small number of wage-earners employed — 
 13 by the 11 producers — shows that the work was done 
 largely by the owners themselves. The work is all 
 above ground, being mere excavation. Only one es- 
 tablishment reported the employment of power, with 
 2 employees classed under ''engineers, firemen, and 
 other mechanics." Of the total amount, $6,869, paid 
 for salaries and wages liy the 11 producers, the sum 
 of $4,769, or 69.4 per cent, was paid to the 13 wage- 
 earners, and $2,100, or 3(_).6 per cent, to the 2 salaried 
 employees. 
 
 The variation in the number of wage-earners employed 
 at different seasons of the j'ear is shown by Table 3, 
 which gives the average number of men and boys, 
 respectively, employed during each month. The small 
 number of wage-earners reported for each month will 
 not warrant any deductions. It mav be said, however, 
 that more laborers Hnd emplojnnent late in the autumn 
 and early^ in the .spring, when the farming operations of 
 the proprietors are practically suspended. Thus the 
 range in 1902 was from 10 wage-earners during Januarys 
 and Februar\'and during the summer to 17 in November. 
 
 In addition to asking the average number of employees 
 and the total amount paid as wages, the schedule called 
 for the number of wage-earners employed at the speci- 
 fied daily rates of pay, and these statistics are also 
 shown in Table 3. The excavation of marl requires no 
 skill and the rates of pay should not be compared with 
 those paid in other mining industries requiring skill 
 and experience. Thirty-eight and four-tenths per cent 
 received less than $1 per day; 30.8 per cent, from $1 to 
 $1.24; and 30.8 per cent, from $1.50 to $1.74. 
 
 Supplies, materials, and miseellanenns e.rpenses. — The 
 total amount expended for supplies and materials was 
 $2,755. Most of this is chargeable against 4,267 tons 
 of marl dried and ground. The amounts chargeable 
 against the 8,172 tons of crude marl reported is less 
 than 3 cents per ton. The total amount reported for 
 miscellaneous expenses, $1,407, is also for the most 
 part expense chargeable to the treated product. It 
 was paid for "rent of othces, taxes, insurance, interest, 
 
 (1025) 
 
1026 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 and other ,sundi'ie.s." iiiul no expense was reported for 
 " royaltie.s and rent of mine and mining plant." Of 
 the 11 producers, 7 reported no expense for supplies 
 and materials, and S, no miscellaneous expenses. 
 
 Production. — The United States Cxeolog-ieal Surve}' 
 publishes .statistics concerning the quantity and value 
 of the marl product of the country produced each 
 year, and Table 2 shows the totals for each year sint'e 
 18S0 and the average price per ton. 
 
 Table 2.—Fru(luct(0ii of mdrl: LSM'i hi 190..'. 
 
 [United States Geologjieal yur\"ev, "Mineral Kesources nf the Unitt.d States," 
 
 1902.1 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Quantity 
 
 (siiort tonsj. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Avera^^e 
 
 value per 
 
 t..n. 
 
 1880 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 1,0.S0,000 
 
 972. 000 
 
 875, 000 
 
 875, 000 
 
 800, 000 
 
 600, 000 
 
 300, 000 
 
 139. .522 
 
 1.53,620 
 
 135,000 
 
 125, 000 
 
 75, 000 
 
 75, 000 
 
 60, 000 
 
 6.0, 000 
 
 60, 000 
 
 60, 000 
 
 60,000 
 
 60, 000 
 
 1 09, S,SO 
 
 112,439 
 
 ¥.500, 000 
 
 500,000 
 
 .540,000 
 
 486.(101) 
 
 437, 50U 
 
 437, .500 
 
 400, 000 
 
 300, 000 
 
 150, 000 
 
 63,956 
 
 69, 8.S0 
 
 67, .500 
 
 65, 000 
 
 40, 000 
 
 40, OOO 
 
 30, 000 
 
 30, 000 
 
 30, 000 
 
 30, 000 
 
 30, 000 
 
 30, 000 
 
 124,810 
 
 12, 741 
 
 $0. .50 
 
 1881 . 
 
 0. .50 
 
 1882 
 
 0. 50 
 
 1883 ■ 
 
 0. 50 
 
 1884 
 
 
 1885 
 
 0.50 
 
 1886 
 
 0..50 
 
 1887 . . 
 
 0. .50 
 
 1888 
 
 0. .50 
 
 1889 . 
 
 0. 46 
 
 1890 - 
 
 0.45 
 
 1891 
 
 0..50 
 
 1892 
 
 0. 52 
 
 1893 
 
 0..53 
 
 1894 
 
 0. .53 
 
 1895 
 
 0..50 
 
 1896 
 
 0. .50 
 
 1897 
 
 0..50 
 
 
 0..50 
 
 1899 
 
 0.50 
 
 1900 
 
 0.60 
 
 
 1.25 
 
 1902 
 
 1.02 
 
 
 
 1 Inehides crude and manufacture.! [irodncts. 
 
 The production for l'M)2 was 12,l:3i:» tons, valued at 
 $12,741. Crude marl conti-il)uted .S,l72 short tons, 
 and the remaining 4,267 tons were treated by drying 
 and grinding. The former was valued at lii-l,^^.!) and 
 the hitter at $7,876. This shows an average value of 
 $1.02 per ton for both crude and treated marl. The 
 average value per ton for crude marl used as a ferti- 
 lizer without previous treatment was $0.59.5; the aver- 
 age for the treated product was $l..s45. 
 
 The detailed statistics of the marl industry for ll:t(.)2 
 are given in Table 3. 
 
 DESCKIPTIVE. 
 
 Marl in a general sense is a mixture of calcium car- 
 bonate and clay, occurring naturally with more or less 
 siliceous sand. It is sometimes ronipact and sometimes 
 pulverulent, and there is a wide range in the character 
 of the material to which the term is applied in difl'erent 
 localities. The term ""greensand" is given to marl 
 having a green color, liecause of the presence of grains 
 of green silicate of iron. Most of the A'arietics of marl 
 found in the United States conform to the general defi- 
 nition, and have calcium carbonate as their ])rincipal 
 constituent. The cretace(.)us marls of New .Jersey, as 
 a rule, contain lime in small and variable amounts, and 
 also considerable potash and plji.isplioric acid. The 
 fertilizing value is due chiefly to these hist two constitu- 
 ents. Potash constitutes from 3.5 ])er cent to 7 per 
 cent, and phosphoric acid from 1.25 per cent to !• ])er 
 
 cent of the whole. The marls of New Jersey have long 
 been used; in some 3'ears very extensivel}'. 
 
 Marl improves both the chemical and ph3^sicai con- 
 ditions of the soil, neutralizing acidity, making available 
 plant food otherwise insoluble, and promoting nitrifica- 
 tion. It is very lasting in its etl'ects, and has been used 
 from ancient times for restoring worn-out and improv- 
 ing barren lands. On account of its bulkiness and the 
 large amounts required to secure beneficial results, 
 marl can be used profitably only in close proximity to 
 the deposits. Mr. James C. Booth, in a report of the 
 geological survey of Delaware for l.S-H, recommends 
 the u.se of from 60 to 100 Inishels per acre on light soils 
 and from 100 to 200 bushels on cla}' soils, and states 
 that from 200 to 500 bushels may be used on soils of 
 good quality abundantly supplied with humus. The 
 addition of tO per cer.t of quicklime to the marl 
 ([uickens its action. 
 
 Table 3. — Detn'iled KumnKini: 190.?. 
 
 11 
 11 
 
 2 
 S2, 100 
 
 Number of mines nr quarries 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Cliaracter of ownership: 
 
 Individual 
 
 Incoryxirated company 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Total number 
 
 T(.ital salaries 
 
 Superintendents, managers, foremen, sur\eyors, etc. — 
 
 Number l 
 
 Salaries SI , SOO 
 
 Clerks- 
 Number 1 
 
 Salaries S300 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Total average number, above ground 13 
 
 Ti ital wages $4, 769 
 
 Engineers, firemen, and other mechanics — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miners f)r iinarrymen — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Boys under 16 years — 
 
 Average niimber 
 
 Wages 
 
 .\verage ntimber of wage-earTiers at s[te(.itied daily rates of pay: 
 
 Engineers, SI. 50 to SI. 74 
 
 Firemen, SI to SI. 21 
 
 Miners or ipiarrvmen — 
 
 80.75 to SO.99" 
 
 81 to Si .2 1 
 
 Sl.50toSl.74 
 
 Boys under 16 vear.s — 
 
 Less than S'O.oO 
 
 Average niimber of wage-earners employed during each niontli: 
 Men 16 years and over— 
 
 .January 
 
 Febrna rv 
 
 March . ' 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 .Tnlv.. 
 
 Angus! 
 
 Se|.t..lnlier 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 Boys under 16 years — 
 
 .bLnunry 
 
 Keliruary 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 .lune 
 
 .lulv 
 
 August 
 
 Sejttember 
 
 October 
 
 NovembiT 
 
 Ilcenibcr 
 
 Miseellaui.ous expenses: 
 
 KenI of otliccs, taxes, insurance, interest, and other sundries . . 
 
 Cost of sujipliesaud materials 
 
 Prodiieh 
 
 TotJil quautit.\-, .-bort tons \2. 439 
 
 Total \-iilue SP^'741 
 
 CrucU — 
 
 t^llafditv 
 
 Value . ; '.'.\\\\'.\ 
 
 1 trie.! and grramd — 
 
 Ifiiaidilv 
 
 Valui. 
 
 PowfT o\\ iicii: 
 
 Total liorscpi.wrr 
 
 l.:ngiiii.s, steam — 
 
 Niiluber 
 
 lloiscpi.w'cr 
 
 S7.50 
 
 10 
 
 S3, 919 
 
 1 
 SI 00 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 10 
 36 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 15 
 17 
 13 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 91.407 
 S2, 765 
 
 8, 172 
 ft,, 865 
 
 4,267 
 S7, 876 
 
 50 
 
MICA 
 
 (1027) 
 
MICA. 
 
 Bv Joseph Hyde Pratt. 
 
 The mica industry has probably seen as much A'aria- 
 tion in value and quantity of product as any other of 
 the nonmetallic mineral industries. 
 
 In Table 1 is given a comparative summary of the 
 statistics from l.sTO to 1902. 
 
 Table 1. — Coinparatin: summary: 1S70 to 1903. 
 
 Number of mines 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miscellaneot^s expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 Value of prodtict 
 
 21 
 913,444 
 
 98 
 W4,043 
 812,914 
 ?11,961 
 J118,849 I 
 
 (') 
 
 185 
 
 S42, 174 
 
 8«,763 
 
 87, 408 
 
 Sn2, 4.50 
 
 22 
 I') 
 
 
 272 
 S6o, 600 
 
 »6, 110 
 $127,825 
 
 (M 
 
 (') 
 
 24 
 J,5, 000 
 
 ;') 
 
 885 
 $7,000 
 
 1 Not reported. 
 
 - Establishment. 
 
 ^ Not reported separately. 
 
 The 49 mines reported in operation during 1902 were 
 located in the following states: North Carolina, 2S; Cali- 
 fornia, 1(1; South Dakota, 'A\ Maine, 2; New Hamp- 
 shire, 2; Virginia, 2; Georgia, 1; and New Mexico, 1. 
 Of the 3S operators, 20 were in North Carolina, 3 in 
 South Dakota, 2 each in Maine, New Hampshire, and 
 Virginia, and 1 each in California, Georgia, and New 
 Mexico. Of these operators, 18 were individuals, 11 
 were firms, and 9 were incorporated companies. North 
 Carolina was the main producer of mica in the United 
 States; in 1902 the value of its production was .59.8 
 per cent of the total. 
 
 The total amount of salaries and wages paid in 1902 
 was $1.5,313 more than the amount reported for 1889 and 
 §8,1 L3 le.ss than at the census of 1880. The production 
 reported in 1902 was 373,266 pounds of cut or sheet, 1,028 
 short tons of scrap or waste, and 372 short ton.s rough 
 as mined. This production of .sheet mica is about five 
 times that reported in 1880 and nearly eight times that 
 for 1889; but the total value, $118,849, of all the mica 
 produced in 1902, although much more than that shown 
 for 1870, is $8,976 less than the value of the production 
 reported at the census of 1880. This is due in part to 
 the somewhat higher prices received in 1880, and also 
 to the very large ciuantity of small disks and sheets cut 
 in 1902 for electrical purposes. 
 
 The decrease of $75,376 in value between 1.S80 antl 
 
 1889 reflects the decrease in production and fall in price 
 caused by the large amount of mica imported from 
 India. The reporting of 196 tons of scrap or waste in 
 1889 indicates the beginning of the use of mica in the 
 manufacture of wall papers, lubricants, etc. 
 
 The principal changes in the mica industry, since 
 the census of 1890, h'AXB resulted from the utilization 
 of the scrap mica, which was formerly thrown away 
 as valueless, and the cutting of large quantities of small 
 disks, 1 inch in diiuneter, and small sheets 1 \)\ 1\ inches 
 and 1 by 2 inches, for electrical purposes. This waste 
 having become of value it is possible to work properties 
 which would otherwise be unprofitable. Manj' new 
 uses for both .sheet and scrap mica have been devised 
 during the past few years, so that although there has 
 been a very large falling oS in the amount of sheet used 
 in stoves (which was formerly the princijjal use of 
 mica) the quantity of all mica used has greatl}' increased. 
 
 The mines that were idle in 1902 number 36, of which 
 l-t were in North Carolina, 5 each in New Hampshire 
 and Idaho, 3 in New Mexico, 2 each in Alabama and 
 South Dakota, and 1 each in Georgia, Nevada, Ohio, 
 Pennsylvania, and Vermont. They were owned by 34 
 operators, of whom 21 were individuals, 7 were firms, 
 5 were incorporated companies, and 1 was a cooperative 
 association. The authorized capital stock of the 5 incor- 
 porated companies was $1,100,000, of which shares to 
 the value of $229,500 were issued. The assessment 
 levied amounted to $1,600. 
 
 Capital stocl: of inairjxmited ronqxinies. — Table 2 
 gives the details of the capitalization of the 9 incorpo- 
 rated companies operating productive mines. 
 
 Table 'Z. — Capitalisation of incorporated companies: 1903. 
 
 Number of Incorporated com- 
 panies 
 
 Number reporting capitaliza- 
 tion 
 
 Capital stock (all common): 
 Total authorized — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Total issued — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 United 
 States. 
 
 5, 302, 000 
 $6, 450, 000 
 
 3,1.50,348 
 $3,2.54,248 
 
 North 
 Carolina. 
 
 South All other 
 
 Dakota. I states.! 
 
 .501,000 3,. 500, 000 1,301,000 
 
 $.5.50,000 $3,500,000 I $1,400,000 
 
 .50,100 1,908,248 , 1,192,000 
 
 $.55,000 $1,908,248 $1,291,000 
 
 Uncludescompaniesdistributcd asfollows: California, 1; Georgia, 1; Maine, 1: 
 New Hampshire, 1. 
 
 (IOL'9) 
 
1030 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Of the authorized capital .stock, all of which wa.s 
 coimnon, 59.7 per cent had been i.s.sued. South Dakota 
 reported 64.2 per cent of the whole amount authorized 
 and 68.6 per cent of the amount issued. 
 
 Eiiipli>yees and vxkji'S. — The total number of em- 
 ploj^ees reported for the mica industry in l'..t02was 119, 
 comprising 21 salaried emploj'ees and an average dur- 
 ing the j'ear of 98 wage-earners. The^^ received in 
 salaries and wages $.57,187, of which amount $13,111, 
 or 23.4 per cent, was paid out in salaries and $14,043, 
 or 76.6 per cent, was paid out in wages. 
 
 The month in which the greatest numljcr of wage- 
 earners was engaged, as shown in Table 6, was August, 
 when the number amounted to 112; the lowest was in 
 Januarv, with 75. The falling off during the winter 
 months of January, February, and March was in "all 
 other states." It is interesting to note that there were 
 no wage-earners under 16 years of age employed. 
 
 The average number of wage-earners at specihed 
 daily rates of pay is also given in Ta[)le 6. The wages 
 received varied from 75 cents to $3.71 per day, the 
 most usual rate, however, being from $1 to $1.24. 
 There were 62 wage-earners whose wages were less 
 than $1.25 per day, and of these 19 were classified as 
 miners. These low wages are accounted for by the 
 fact that most of the mining was carried on in North 
 Carolina, where there is a low scale of wages. The 
 miners in the Western states command higher wages 
 as indicated by the fact that the 12 miners wdio were 
 reported to have received from $2.5(» to $2.74 per day 
 were employed in western mines. 
 
 Of the 98 wage-earners, 81 worked above ground 
 and onlj' 17 below ground, indicating that most of the 
 mica mining was done in shallow pits and cuts. It was 
 not extensive enough to require much underground 
 work. The number of wage-earners classified as miners 
 was 70. Of these 58 worked above ground and 12 below 
 ground. One foreman was reported employed below 
 ground; therefore, the total number of underground 
 miners was 13, and of underground employees l.S. 
 
 Supplies, iiiiiterialu, mid m iscelhineous expenses. — The 
 total cost of supplies and materials and miscellaneous 
 expenses, reported at the census of 1902 for the mica 
 mining industry was $24,875, of which $11,961 was 
 paid for supplies and materials inquired in mining the 
 mica; $3,112 for royltiesand rent of mines and mining 
 plants; and $9,772 for rent of offices, taxes, insurance, 
 and oth(.'r sundries. 
 
 Mechanical potrrr. — The total horsepower utilized in 
 the mica industry was 201, generated by 8 steam 
 engines with 160 horsepower; 1 gasoline engine with 
 25 horsepower; and 1 electric motor of 16 horsepower. 
 Of this amount, only 10 horsepower, generated by 1 
 steam engine, was used in North Carolina. 
 
 Prodiictu'jii. — The production c)f mica in 1902 con- 
 
 sisted of 373,26(; pounds of cut, sheet, or plate, valued 
 at $83,813; of 1,028 short tons of scrap or waste, valued 
 at $13,081; and 372 tons rough as mined, valued at 
 $21,925, making the value of the total production 
 $118,849. The 372 tons of mica rough as mined would 
 yield approximatel}' 160,000 pounds of cut, leaving 297 
 tons of scrap. 
 
 The large increase in the production of sheet mica 
 during the past few j-ears has been accompanied by a 
 large decrease in the production of scrap mica. This 
 decrease is accounted for b}' the fact that most of the 
 scrap mica now produced is that obtained as waste in 
 the present mining or cutting of the sheet mica, where 
 formerly a veiy large percentage put on the market 
 was obtained from old dumps from former mining. 
 In the following table is shown the annual production 
 of mica in the United States since 1889, these figures 
 having been published by the United States Geological 
 Survey: 
 
 j T.VBLE :i.— Production of mica: 1889 to 1903. 
 
 j [United States (leolot^ical survey, "Mineral Resouroesof the United State.';, "1902.] 
 
 
 Total 
 valtie. 
 
 CUT OR SHEET. 
 
 SCRAP OR WASTE. 
 
 ROUGH AS MINED. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Quantity vnloe 
 (pounds), ^'^'"'^• 
 
 Quantity 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quantity 
 (Short' 
 tons). 
 
 Value. 
 
 18.S9 
 
 1.890 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 $.50, 000 
 75, 000 
 100, 000 
 100, 000 
 88, 929 
 52,388 
 
 49, .500 
 
 60, 000 
 
 75, 000 
 
 75,000 
 
 51,111 
 
 36,943 
 
 44, 325 
 
 49, 1.56 
 
 82,676 
 
 129, 520 
 
 108, 570 
 
 4.56. 283 
 
 360, 060 
 
 373, 266 
 
 8.50, 000 
 
 76,000 
 
 100, 000 
 
 100, 000 
 
 = . 88,929 
 
 2 52,388 
 
 = .55,831 
 
 65, 441 
 
 80, 774 
 
 103,534 
 
 70, 587 
 
 92, 7.58 
 
 98, 8,59 
 
 83, 843 
 
 (') 
 
 (') 
 
 (') 
 
 (') 
 1.56 
 191 
 
 b 
 (■) 
 
 SI 
 
 P 
 
 (■) 
 
 Hi 
 
 1.S96 
 
 1897 
 
 67, 191 
 95, 226 
 131,098 
 121,465 
 147, 960 
 118, .578 
 1 l.S, 8-19 
 
 222 1 81,760 
 
 740 14 45'> 
 
 (') 
 (') 
 (■) 
 (') 
 (■) 
 
 821,925 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 3,999 
 1,.505 
 5.497 
 2, 171 
 1,028 
 
 27, 664 
 .50,878 
 55, 202 
 19,719 
 13,081 
 
 (') 
 (1) 
 
 372 
 
 1 Not given. 
 
 - Includes value oi scrap. 
 
 ^ Included with \-alue of cut or sheet. 
 
 For comparison, Taltle.s 4 and 6, taken from the pub- 
 lished reports of the United States Geological Survey, 
 are given to show the value of imports of mica since 
 1880; Table 4 gives the value of imports from 1880 to 
 189(i, and Table 6, the quantity and value from 1897 to 
 1902. 
 
 Tahi.e -t. — Value of uiiiiKiimfactured mica imported and entered for 
 coHKianjtlio'ii in the United States: ISSO to 1896. 
 
 YEAR ENDING — 
 
 Value. 
 
 YEAR ENDING — 
 
 Value. 
 
 June 30— 
 
 1880 
 
 812,, 562 
 5,8.89 
 ft, 175 
 9, 8,84 
 28,284 
 28,685 
 
 1 56, ?M 
 149,085 
 
 December 31— 
 
 1888 
 
 '$57 541 
 
 1.S81 
 
 18.89 
 
 1890 
 
 1891 
 
 
 1882 . . 
 
 1.107 375 
 
 1883 
 
 96,242 
 218,938 
 147 927 
 
 1884 
 
 1892 
 
 1885 
 
 1893 
 
 Decern her 31 — 
 
 1894 
 
 126 184 
 
 1886 
 
 1895 
 
 174 886 
 
 1887 
 
 1896 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Including mica waste. 
 
MICA. 
 
 1031 
 
 On July 24, 1897, a new classification of imports of 
 mica was adopted, showing "unmanufactured" and 
 "cut or trimmed." The imports are given in Talkie 5. 
 
 Table 5. — J/ica imported and entered for conuunplion: 1S!'I7 to IHOJ. 
 
 1897. 
 
 Prior to .Tulv 21 
 
 After .Iiily 24: 
 Unmanufactured 
 Cut or trimmed.. 
 
 Total 
 
 1898. 
 
 Unmanufactured.. 
 Cut or trimmed. . . . 
 
 Total 
 
 1899. 
 
 Unmanufactured. . 
 Cut or trimmed 
 
 Total 
 
 Quantity 
 (pounds). 
 
 J140, 353 
 
 1,709, 
 '>7, 
 
 1,777, 
 
 981 
 068 
 
 Unmanufactured. 
 Cut or trimmed. .. 
 
 Total . 
 190',. 
 
 Quantity 
 (pounds). 
 
 1,892,000 
 15-1,391 
 
 S290, 872 
 28, 088 
 
 1,9.56,391 I 319,.5i;0 
 
 Unmanufactured.' 1, .598, 722 299,005 
 Cut or trimmed...! 78,843 35,989 
 
 Total . 
 1902. 
 
 Unmanufactured.: 2,149,.5o7 i 419,302 
 Cut or trimmed...' 102,299! 46,970 
 
 2,2,51,8.56 I 466,332 
 
 As is shown in the above table, the imports for mica 
 for 19i»2 amounted to 2,251,856 pounds, valued at 
 $466,332, which is an increase over the importation of 
 1901 of 574,291 pounds, valued at $131, 27s. The main 
 point to be noticed, however, is that this increase is 
 greater than the total value of the production of mica 
 in the United States during 1902, showing that the 
 increasing demand foi' mica in this country is l)eing 
 supplied largely by foreign countries. 
 
 The relatively small production of mica in the United 
 States as compared with the importation can be ac- 
 counted for partially b^' the low prices maintained for 
 plate mica, by the uncertainty of the occurrence of 
 mica in the veins, and by the large number of small 
 producers each depending upon one small mine. A\'hen 
 the mica in the mines of these small producers begins 
 to give out or becomes poor, they do not have the 
 means to carry the necessary amount of "'dead" work. 
 The importation of mica from Canada and India at a 
 low valuation tends also to curtail the production of 
 mica in the United States because t)f the influence it 
 has on the prices of the mica produced at home. This 
 is especially true of the mica imported from India, 
 which can be mined and landed in this country at a 
 price lower than the cost of production at some of the 
 mines in the United States. 
 
 The detailed statistics of the industry for 1902 are 
 given in Table (!. 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE. 
 
 Occurrence and u.^e. — Mica, in some form or other, is 
 probabl}' familiar to everybody because it is so very 
 
 widely distributed in nature, being a component part of ' 
 
 many of the crystalline and sedimentary rocks. " Its \ 
 
 commercial value is dependent upon its occurrence in 1 
 
 blocks or masses that are capable of being ,split into I 
 
 sheets a square inch or more in size. Deposits of com- 
 mercial mica occur for the most part in jDegmatitic dikes 
 or veins which arc found in granite and hornblende and 
 mica gneisses or schists. These dikes or veins vary in 
 thickness from a few inches to several hundred feet 
 and are often very irrcgidar, having arms or veinlets 
 branching off in many directions. In character, these 
 dikes are similar to granite, and sometimes they are 
 called "coarse granite,'' and if we could conceive of the 
 constituents of granite being magnified a hundred times 
 or more we would have an appearance similar to a peg- 
 matitic dike. 
 
 The mica in these pegmatitic dikes will seldom aver- 
 age ovrr 10 per cent of tlie contents of the dike and 
 sometimes will be as low as 1 per cent. Often a dike 
 will have the appearance of containing a verv high per- 
 centage of mica on account of a numlier of blocks })eing 
 clustered together in bunches almost touching each 
 other, while in another portion of this same dike the 
 mica will be almost entirelj- absent for a distance of 
 from 5 to 20 feet; thus the general average of mica in 
 the dike will be from 1 to 10 per cent only. Of the 
 mica obtained from these dikes, usually only from 5 to 
 25 per cent can l)e cut into sheet or plate mica. The 
 average is probably about 10 per cent. Occasionally 
 large quantities of mica are mined in which there is not 
 over 1 per cent that can be made into sheet mica. These 
 commercial occurrences of mica are not very abun- 
 dantly distributed throughout the United States, al- 
 though rocks in which mica is one of the chief constitu- 
 ents are very common. At the present time deposits 
 of commercial value are known to occur in Alabama, 
 Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut. Georgia. 
 Idaho, Maine, Missouri, Nevada, New Hampshii-e, New 
 Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island, South 
 Carolina, South Dakota, Vermont, Virginia, and Wj'o- 
 ming: and in Arkansas there are also deposits which 
 may become of commercial importance. In most of 
 these states the deposits were not worked in 1902. In 
 some of them the deposits were not available on account 
 of their distance from I'ailroads, this being especiallv 
 true of those in Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New ]\Ie.x- 
 ico, and Wyoming. In others little has been done 
 owing to the uncertaintv of the price and the demand. 
 Many of the dejiosits of Maine have onlv recently been 
 opened, and therefore have not been extensively devel- 
 oped. 
 
 INIicii was first produced in the Eastern states along the 
 Appalachian mountains, and twenty years ago mining 
 was carried on vigorously in Connecticut, New Hamp- 
 shire, North Carolina, and Virginia. In the eastern 
 field the principal mining is in North Carolina, which, 
 since the beginning of the mica industry in the United 
 States, has been the chief producer of the mineral. At 
 just what time the first work was done on the mica de- 
 posits of North Carolina is uncertain, and since there 
 
1032 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 is no record of the old mining- and none of the inhabi- 
 tants of this section have any information whatever re- 
 garding these old workings, they have been attri))uted 
 to the Indians. Trees 3 feet and over in diameter have 
 been observed growing from these cuts. Stone imple- 
 ments have been found in some of the old tiunieis, indi- 
 cating the antiquity of these workings. Most of these 
 old mines are located in Mitchell and Yancey counties. 
 
 Of the North Central states. South Dakota has been 
 and still is the state in which the largest ([uantity of 
 mica is produced; while of the Western states and ter- 
 ritories, New Mexico has for a number of years been the 
 largest producer, but is now likely to have to give way 
 to California. These California deposits have only lieen 
 opened up within the past few 3-ears, but the mining is 
 now being carried on quite extensivelj'. At the present 
 time the Nevada deposits are too isolated to warrant 
 mining on an extensive scale. The completion, however, 
 of the railroad, which is being constructed from Cali- 
 fornia across Nevada and Arizona to Utah, will make 
 these deposits more available for commercial purposes. 
 
 The uses of mica are somewhat varied; there are 
 two forms in which it is used, (1) sheet or plate mica 
 and (2) scrap mica. 
 
 Sheet or plate m tea. — Mica is cut into sheets of various 
 sizes which are used for stoves, lamp chimneys, incan- 
 descent lights, and in electrical apparatus for insulation 
 purposes. While the use of this sheet mica for stoves 
 has decreased very rapidly during the past ten years, 
 there has been a corresponding increase in its use for 
 electrical apparatus. It is also used in place of glass in 
 the manufacture of a great many novelties and in many 
 respects increases the usefulness of the articles made. 
 There was formerly a considerable demand for the 
 larger sheets of mica, but these have been replaced to 
 some extent at the present time by a manufactured 
 product known as micanite, which is made from very 
 small, perfect pieces of mica rearranged and cemented 
 together into larger sheets. For some purposes these 
 manufactured sheets are as satisfactory as the natural 
 ones and are, of course, much cheaper. 
 
 The value of sheet or plate mica varies with the size 
 of the sheet and is from 2 cents to $3 per pound. The 
 values of from 2 to .5 cents per pound are for the small 
 disks and rectangular sheets that are cut by machinery 
 and are used extensiveh' in electrical apparatus. The 
 larger sheets are cut by hand and considerable skill 
 is required to cut the largest pattern possible from the 
 crude block of mica. 
 
 Scrap mica. — The waste or scrap mica not suitaljic 
 for cutting into sheets of even the sniallest size has a 
 value when ground to a flour, which is used in the 
 manufacture of wall papers, lubricants, tireproofing 
 material, artificial snow, novelties, etc. Coverings for 
 
 boiler tubes and steam pipes are also manufactured 
 from particles of scrap mica which are not ground but 
 are broken into pieces of approximate! v the same gen- 
 eral dimensions, one-half by one-fourth of an inch. 
 These are then arranged with their longer dimension 
 and face parallel to the length of a wire net coil, pressed 
 into the shape of a pipe or tube, against which the 
 layer of scrap mica is kept tightly in place by means 
 of heavy canvas. A number of the states, especially 
 North Carolina, offer very favorable locations for the 
 erection of plants to manufacture products from scrap 
 mica, as there is usually a supply of available water- 
 power near the deposits. 
 
 The commercial value of scrap mica before it is 
 ground is from $8 to $10 per ton, delivered at the rail- 
 road, and it is this value that has made it possible to 
 work some of the mines that otherwise would have been 
 shut down, for in some cases this waste mica represents 
 from 7.5 to 95 per cent of the mica mined. After being 
 ground, the mica is worth from Sl<» to S6M per ton, 
 according to its mesh. 
 
 There are a number of minerals, especially quartz 
 and feldspar, associated with the mica, which in some 
 instances should prove of considerable commercial value 
 as by-products in mining the mica, provided water- 
 power for grinding these minerals can be secured near 
 the source of supply. Occasionally some of the gem 
 minerals, as beryl and tourmaline, are found associated 
 with the mica, and furnish some very handsome cut 
 stones. Some of the pegmatitic mica-bearing dikes are 
 rich in the variety of minerals that they contain, while 
 others have very few besides those typical of a peg- 
 matitic dike. Between forty-Hve and flfty difi'erent 
 minerals have been found associated with mica at the 
 difl'crent mines thi-oughout the country. 
 
 The small production of mica in the United States 
 as compared with the importation is not due to a defi- 
 ciency in the supply of the mineral in this country. 
 It is uiuloul:)tedly true that in the Appalachian region, 
 especially in the southern area, there are many good 
 deposits of mica yet to be discovered which will yield 
 as rich returns as many of those that have already Ijeen 
 unned. It is also true that many of the mines that 
 were worked so extensively twenty years ago, espe- 
 cially those in North Carolina, still contain good de- 
 posits of mica which the former owners were prevented 
 from taking out on account of the presence of water, 
 which they were unable to control with the means that 
 they had at hand. Any increase in the duty on mica or 
 any considi'rable decrease in the importation of mica 
 from India and Canada would cause an increase in the 
 pi'ice of mica, and would result undoubtedly in a large 
 and immediate increase in its production in the United 
 States. 
 
MICA. 
 
 ] (133 
 
 Table C— DETAILED SUMMARY: 1902. 
 
 
 United 
 states. 
 
 North 
 Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 28 
 20 
 
 15 
 X 
 3 
 
 ■1 
 81,411 
 
 ,Soulh 
 Dakota. 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 89, .5,S0 
 
 5 
 84,000 
 
 84, 200 
 
 All 
 other 
 states 
 
 and 
 terri- 
 tories,' 
 
 
 United 
 
 States. 
 
 North 
 Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 South 
 Dakota. 
 
 All 
 other 
 states 
 
 and 
 terri- 
 tories.' 
 
 Number of mint'.^ 
 
 Niimhur of operators 
 
 49 
 
 38 
 
 l.s 
 11 
 9 
 
 21 
 813,444 
 
 6 
 84, 30(1 
 
 12 
 $7,311 
 
 1 
 84.50 
 
 2 
 
 $l,:«0 
 
 98 
 $44,043 
 
 XI 
 $37,623 
 
 12 
 
 86, 673 
 
 .58 
 825, 312 
 
 U 
 
 86, .538 
 
 17 
 $6, .520 
 
 12 
 $4,600 
 
 3 
 81,2.80 
 
 $640 
 o 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 18 
 
 ti 
 
 ■) 
 3 
 4 
 
 a 
 
 $2,4.53 
 
 1 
 8300 
 
 7 
 82,153 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at speci- 
 fied daily rates of pay— Continued. 
 Miners or iiutirrymen— 
 
 X 
 41 
 2 
 3 
 3 
 12 
 ] 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 3 
 1 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 75 
 76 
 78 
 101 
 98 
 106 
 108 
 112 
 108 
 105 
 104 
 105 
 
 $12, 914 
 
 83,142 
 
 $9,772 
 811,961 
 
 8118,849 
 
 373,266 
 
 S«3,843 
 
 1,028 
 813,081 
 
 372 
 821,925 , 
 
 186 
 
 s 
 160 
 
 1 
 26 
 
 1 
 16 ^ 
 
 7 
 29 
 
 
 
 Character of ownership; 
 
 
 Firm 
 
 $1 00 to 81 ''1 
 
 12 
 
 Ineorporated company 
 
 $1 25 to*l 4't 
 
 2 
 
 Salaried offieials, clerks, ete.: 
 
 Total number 
 
 $1..50 toS1.71 
 
 $2.00 to 82.24 
 
 S2..50to82.7.1 
 
 $3.00 to $3.24 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 Total salaries 
 
 
 12 
 1 
 
 r 
 
 
 General officers — 
 
 
 
 
 Miners' helpeiv — 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 Superintendents, managers, fore- 
 
 3 
 
 8961 
 
 1 
 
 $460 
 
 83.00 to $3.24 
 
 All other wage-earners— 
 30 75 to 80 99 
 
 
 men, surveyors, ete. — 
 Number 
 
 4 
 2 
 
 
 
 81.00 to$1.24 
 
 81.25 to 81.49 . . 
 
 2 
 
 Foremen below ground — 
 
 1 
 
 Number 
 
 82. .50 til $2.74 
 
 $3 00to83.24 
 
 Average number of wage-earners employed 
 during each month: 
 Meii 16 years attd over— 
 
 .Tanuary 
 
 
 4 
 1 
 
 28 
 28 
 28 
 28 
 19 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 18 
 19 
 18 
 18 
 
 87,406 
 
 87,406 
 $4, 679 
 
 818,460 
 
 6,000 
 81, 200 
 
 205 
 817,260 
 
 115 
 
 3 
 115 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Clerks- 
 
 2 
 81,380 
 
 818, 288 
 
 19 
 815,900 
 
 3 
 83,. 540 
 
 12 
 89, 000 
 
 4 
 S3, 360 
 
 3 
 
 $2, 388 
 
 1 
 81, 308 
 
 1 
 8720 
 
 1 
 8360 
 
 26 
 810, ,595 
 
 24 
 $9, 895 
 
 4 
 
 81,609 
 
 18 
 87,620 
 
 2 
 $666 
 
 8700 
 
 2 
 8700 
 
 43 
 44 
 44 
 45 
 50 
 .53 
 .57 
 .54 
 .55 
 48 
 .53 
 .54 
 
 S2, 9.52 
 
 $2, .592 
 
 8360 
 $3, 121 
 
 871,148 
 
 303, 816 
 86.5,419 
 
 545 
 84,729 
 
 10 
 81,000 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 10 
 
 
 Salaries 
 
 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 .50 
 815,160 
 
 38 
 811,728 
 
 5 
 $1, .524 
 
 28 
 $8, 692 
 
 6 
 81, 512 
 
 12 
 
 83,432 
 
 9 
 
 82,692 
 
 $500 
 
 1 
 $280 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 Aggregate wages 
 
 March 
 
 6 
 
 Above ground- 
 
 .\pril 
 
 May 
 
 28 
 29 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 Engineers, llremen, and 
 other mechanics- 
 
 ,Tuly 
 
 31 
 38 
 
 Average number 
 
 September . 
 
 35 
 
 Wages 
 
 October 
 
 38 
 
 Miners or quarrvmen — 
 
 
 33 
 
 
 December 
 
 Jliscellaneous expenses: 
 
 Total 
 
 Royalties and rent of mine and 
 
 
 Wages 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 $2, .556 
 $550 
 
 Below ground — 
 
 Total average number 
 
 Rent of offices, taxes, insurance, in- 
 
 82,006 
 
 7'otal wages 
 
 Miner.s — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials 
 
 Product: 
 
 84,261 
 S29, 251 
 
 
 Cut or sheet mica — 
 
 Quantity, yiounds 
 
 Value 
 
 Scrait or waste mica — 
 Quantity short tons 
 
 
 Miners' helpers — 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 -All other wage-earners — 
 
 63, 4,50 
 $17,224 
 
 483 
 
 Average number 
 
 AVages 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at speci- 
 
 Value 
 
 Rough, as mined — 
 
 88, 352 
 1.57 
 
 fied daily rates of pay: 
 Engineers — 
 
 81.00 to 81.24 
 
 Value 
 
 Power owned: 
 
 Total horsepower 
 
 Engines- 
 Steam — 
 
 83,675 
 
 81.25 to 81.49 .. .. 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 S1..50 to 81.74 
 
 
 
 
 83.00 to 83.24 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Firemen — 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 35 
 
 80.75 to S0.99 
 
 Gas or gasoline- 
 Number 
 
 
 Machinists, blacksmiths, carpenters.and 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 other mechanics — 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 Electric motors — 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 
 1 
 16 
 
 
 81.25 to SI. 49 
 
 
 
 
 81.60 to 81. 74 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 82.00 to 82.24. 
 
 
 
 
 
 83 50 to 83 74 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Includes operators distributed as follows: California, 1 {10 mines); Georgia, 1; Maine, 2; New Hampshire, 2; New Mexico, 1; and Virginia, 2. 
 
MONAZITE 
 
 (1035) 
 
MONAZITE, 
 
 Bv -Joseph Hyde Pkatt. 
 
 There i,s no mention of the monazite indu.strv in any 
 previous census report, for the reason that the pro- 
 duction of this mineral for commercial purposes did 
 not reallj' begin until l.S9o. As earlj- as lisT9 the exist- 
 ence of monazite in commercial quantities in North 
 Carolina was proved l)y W. E. Hidden, but it was not 
 until 18.ST that the tirst shipment was made. During 
 that year 12 tons of monazite sand from the Brindle- 
 town district, in Burke county, N. C were shipped 
 for experimental purposes, and in the following two 
 years, 1888 and 1889, a few tons were shipped to a 
 northern companj'. The statistics for 1903 are sum- 
 marized in the following table: 
 
 Table 1. — Siimiiiurij: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines 23 
 
 Number of operators 22 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 3 
 
 Salaries $2, 100 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 88 
 
 Wages .S25, 318 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses S2, 083 
 
 Cost of supplies and materials ^256 
 
 Product: 
 
 Quantity, pounds S02, 000 
 
 Value S61, 160 
 
 One mine in North Carolina was reported idle during 
 1902. The industry is one of placer mining and is 
 irregularly carried on in many instances, the expenses 
 of some of the producers being advanced by the opera- 
 tors of a concentrating plant. It was deemed inadvis- 
 able to obtain separate statistics for these three or four 
 hundred small and irregular miners. Over half the 
 quantity of monazite produced during 1902 is credited 
 to them. This is accounted for in the report of the 
 concentrating plant which purchased the mineral, the 
 miners selling monazite to such plant being included in 
 its return as employees engaged in mining by the 
 pound, and the total amount paid foi' the mineral being 
 given as their wages. The nunilier of these irregular 
 contract miners was reduced to <)5 — the number com- 
 puted to have been working 300 days during the year — 
 and is included in the statistics here presented. 
 
 The number of placer deposits or mines for which 
 statistics were received at the census of 1902 was 23. 
 Of the 22 operators working these mines, 2(» were indi- 
 viduals, 1 was a firm, and 1 an incorporated company. 
 The incorporated company had a total authorized capital 
 
 stock of $500,000, divided into 10,000 shares, of which 20 
 shares, with a total par value of $1,000, had been issued. 
 
 Em j>Joyeeti andvKigi^H. — Of the total amount, 127,418, 
 reported as paid for salaries and wages, $25,318, 
 or 92.3 per cent, was paid to the wage-earners and 
 12,100, or 7.Y per cent, to the salaried employees. 
 On an average, there were 3.8 wage-earners to a mine. 
 The average num);)er of wage-earners by months and 
 their daily rates of pa}' by occupations are given in 
 Tal)le 3. The maximum, 130, was reached in August 
 and the minimum, 20, in November and December. 
 Of the 88 wage-earners, ^i'o were classed as miners. Of 
 these, 73 received from $1 to $1.21 per day, and 13 from 
 75 to 99 cents. 
 
 Supplies, mater iah, (uidinhceUaneom expenses. — Only 
 $25t] were reported to have been expended for supplies 
 and materials. Next to the amount paid for wages that 
 for miscellaneous expenses, $2,083, is the largest. Of 
 this $1,739, or 83.5 per cent, was paid for royalties and 
 rent of mine and mining plant. 
 
 Mecliaii'teaJ penrer. — Of the 22 operators only 1 re- 
 ported power. This was a firm in North Carolina, 
 which owned 2 steam engines with a total of 30 horse- 
 power. 
 
 Pr(i(Jii<:ti<m. — The United States Geological Survey 
 has published annual statistics of the production of 
 monazite, heo-inning with 1893. These statistics, to- 
 gether witii the average value per pound, are shown for 
 each year in the following table: 
 
 Table "Z. — Production uf monazite: 1893 to 1902. 
 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United States, ' ' 1902.] 
 
 YE.\R. 
 
 Quantity 
 1 pounds 1. 
 
 ^'alue. 
 
 Average 
 
 value per 
 
 ])ound. 
 
 I89:i 
 
 1:50,000 
 546, 8.56 
 1,. 573, 000 
 30, 000 
 44,000 
 250. 776 
 350, 000 
 908, 000 
 748, 736 
 802,000 
 
 ?7, 600 
 
 m, 193 
 
 137, 1.50 
 
 1,B00 
 
 1, 9.80 
 
 13, .542 
 
 20, 000 
 
 48, 805 
 
 59, 262 
 
 64, 160 
 
 SO. 058 
 0.066 
 087 
 
 1894 
 
 1895 . 
 
 1896 
 
 0.05 
 0. 045 
 0. 0.54 
 0. 057 
 0.0.54 
 0.079 
 0.08 
 
 1897 . 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 
 The total quantity produced during the ten years was 
 5,383,307 pounds, an average of 538,337 pounds per 
 
 (1037) 
 
1038 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 j^ear. By far the largest quantity was pvoduced in 1895, 
 the next largest in 190(1, and the third largest in 
 1902. The average price during the ten years was 7i 
 cents per pound. 
 
 The value of monazite has varied from 2.5 cents per 
 pound, the price received for the production of 1887, 
 to 3 cents per pound received for th(> less pure sand 
 sold hy the small producers who were able to eliminate 
 only a small percentage of the heavy minerals. At the 
 present time the sand mined ))y the small producer is 
 sold to the concentrators and is paid for on the basis of 
 its value after it has been concentrated as thoroughly 
 as possible, so that during the past year or two the 
 price reported by these small producers has increased 
 from 4 cents per pound for crude sand to 8 or 9 cents 
 per pound for the retined product. 
 
 The entire prodaction reported at the census of 1902 
 is credited to North Carolina. Since the beginning of 
 the industry monazite has been produced chiefly in 
 North Carolina, although at first a considerable quantity 
 was obtained from Spartanburg countv, South Carolina. 
 
 The production of monazite in commercial quantities 
 became a well established industry in 189.3. the output 
 for that year being 130, Ooo pounds, valued at §7,000; 
 during the next two years tlu^ production increased 
 verv rapidly, until, in 1895, it amounted to 1.573,000 
 pounds, valued at 1^137.150, or about 9 cents per pound. 
 It was at this time that the Brazilian deposits of 
 monazite, which occur in large quantity as beach sands 
 along the seashore in the extreme southern part of the 
 province of Bahia. Ijegan to be worked on a consider- 
 able scale; the production in the United States was 
 affected thereby to such an extent that by the end of 
 189fi it had decreased to 3(».ooO pounds. In 1S98 there 
 was again a considera})le demand for North Carolina 
 monazite, and the "|3roduction amounted in that year to 
 250,770 pounds, valued at $13,54:2. Since that time the 
 production of this mineral has increased, and at the 
 census of 19()2 it was 802,000 pounds, valued at ^JfU, lOo. 
 It sometimes happens that while the (juantity of monazite 
 sand produced in a particular year is moi'e than that for 
 the j'ear following, the value of the pi'oduction of the 
 latter year is considerabl3' more than tliat of the former, 
 because of the higher percentage of monazite obtained 
 by a more thorough cleaning of the sand. 
 
 The monazite industry is steadily increasing, and 
 there is now a consideral)le deinand for this mineral, 
 not onlj' in this country but also abroad. During 1902 
 a German company was organized and bouglit up 
 monazite lands in North Carolina. Tiiis company has 
 erected the most complete concentrating plant in the 
 district. Its production is to be shipped al)road. 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE. 
 
 Occurrence. — The connuercial deposits of monazite do 
 not occur in the original rocks, which are granitic mica 
 gneisses and hornblende gneisses, and contain only a 
 fraction of a per cent of this mineral; they are found 
 in the placers of the present streams and rivers, and in 
 the old sand and gravel deposits of former streams. 
 As these gnei.sses are constantly being decomposed and 
 disintegrated, the monazite is continually being washed 
 down and deposited so that in many cases the top soils 
 form workal)le deposits for monazite sand. The area 
 in which these deposits are located is in Burke, Cleve- 
 land, McDowell, Polk, and Rutherford counties, N. C, 
 and in the northern part of Spartanburg and York coun- 
 ties. S. C. They are found along the following streams: 
 Silver, South Muddy, and North Muddj' creeks, and 
 Henry and Jacob forks of the Catawba river, in 
 Burke and McDowell counties; the Second Broad river 
 and its tributaries in McDowell and Rutherford coun- 
 ties; and the Broad river and its tributaries in Cleve- 
 land and Rutherford counties, N. C, and Spartanburg 
 and York counties, S. C. All these streams have their 
 sources in the Soutli mountains of North Carolina. 
 
 Pracexs (if rlediiuiij. — The \'alue of monazite sand is 
 dependent principally upon the oxide of thorium, and 
 to a less extent on the oxides of cerium, lanthanum, and 
 didymium. As the thoi'ium oxide or thoria contents 
 are due to the jjresence of the mineral monazite, the 
 neai'er to a pure monazite that the sand can he cleaned, 
 the higher the percentage of thoria. Formerly a sand 
 containing from 05 to 7o per cent of monazite was con- 
 sidered of very good c[uality; now, with improved ma- 
 chinery and new methods a sand can be obtained that 
 is over 95 per cent monazite. In washing the sands, 
 the lighter material is readily floated otf, but magne- 
 tite, menaccanite (or ilmenite), rutile, brookite, garnet, 
 zircon, etc., remain with the monazite. The magnetic 
 minerals, such as magnetite and menaccanite are then re- 
 mo\'ed. Formerly the other minerals could be onlv 
 partially cliniinated. l)ut now, with the improved elec- 
 tro-magnetic separator, the other iron minerals are 
 readily picked out; the final operation is the picking 
 up of the monazite grains, leaving the zircon, corun- 
 dum, etc. In tliis way an almost pure monazite con- 
 centrate is obtained. 
 
 TJ.scx. — The principal use of the oxides of thorium, 
 lanthaiuun, and didjnnium is in the manufacture of the 
 cylindrical hoods of the Welsbach and other incandes- 
 cent gas lights. Small cjuantities of the cerium oxalate 
 obtained during the process of separating the other 
 oxides are used in pharmac}'. 
 
MONAZITE. 
 
 1039 
 
 Table 3 is a detailed summaiT of the nioiiiizitt^ industry toi- 11102. 
 
 Table :$.— DETAILED HI'MMARY: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Character of ownership: 
 
 Individual 
 
 Firm 
 
 Incorporated company 
 
 Salaried nfficials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Total number (superintendents, miinuKcrs, fnreniun, siir\i.'\"nrs, utc ). 
 
 T* ttal salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Total average number 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Miners- 
 Average number w; 
 
 Wages ^'24,72H 
 
 All other wage-earners— 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at specified daily rates of pay: 
 Miners— 
 
 S0.75 to 80.99 
 
 Sl.OO to SI. 24 
 
 All other wage-earners — 
 
 S0.7r> to §0.y9 
 
 Sl.OO to SI. 24 
 
 ■, -MS 
 
 S5yo 
 
 V.i 
 
 1 Operators all in North Carolina. 
 
 Averugt.' iinmber of wage-earners (.'niyiloy.-n during eofh mtiuth: 
 Men 10 >'ears and nwr — 
 
 .huiuury 27 
 
 Ffbruary 2'J 
 
 Miiri'li ]0« 
 
 April 1]« 
 
 M a V - - 1 2ti 
 
 -lime - U'J 
 
 .luly 127 
 
 August ]30 
 
 SeiitenilKT 319 
 
 October 113 
 
 November 20 
 
 December 20 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses: 
 
 Total S2, 0S3 
 
 Royalties and rent of mine and mining jjlant SI, 739 
 
 Kent of offices, taxes, insurance, interest, and other .sundries S344 
 
 Cost of supfilies and materials S2oG 
 
 Produrt: 
 
 Quan titv. pounrl.s .S02, 000 
 
 Value S64, IGO 
 
 Power owned: 
 
 Total horsepower 30 
 
 Engines- 
 Steam— 
 
 Number 2 
 
 Horsepower ::!0 
 
PRECIOUS STONES 
 
 (1041) 
 30223—04 66 
 
PRECIOUS STONES. 
 
 Bj' George F. Kunz. 
 
 In the United States precious stones have been j^en- 
 erallj' found by iiecident; in prospecting for, operatino-, 
 or developing- mines of other minerals; or in the work- 
 ing of gTavels containing gold, raonazite, etc. With 
 the exception of the tigures relating to the number of 
 operators and the value of production, the statistics 
 herewith presented are for properties operated by com- 
 panies which carry on the search for stones with some 
 approach to regularity. These companies produce sap- 
 phire, tourmaline, beryl, chrysoprase, opal, and tur- 
 quoise. In addition to these, certain quantities of em- 
 erald, peridot, several varieties of quartz, such as rock 
 crystal, smoky, rose, gold, and rutilated (|uartz, ame- 
 th3^st, agate and moss agate, and silicified wood; also 
 garnet (pj'rope and rhodonite), amazon stone, chloras- 
 trolite, niesolite, pyrite, anthracite, and catlinite, were 
 produced in this countr3' during 1902, but not on a 
 large scale, nor under conditions suitable to serve as a 
 basis for statistical treatment. 
 
 In discussing this subject, consideration of the pecul- 
 iar condition under which production is carried on, and 
 of the noncommercial uses of the product, is of impor- 
 tance. No comparison of the returns in 1902 with those 
 of the Eleventh Census is practicable, owing to the dif- 
 ferent methods by which these reports were made uj). 
 Moreover, it is difficult to present any careful analysis 
 of the tigures, and the results necessarily are uncertain. 
 The data in Table 1 are based upon trustworthy infor- 
 mation derived from the operators. 
 
 The value of the turquoise produced amounted to 
 .$130,000, or .39.6 per cent of the whole, and of sapphire. 
 
 $11.5,000, or 35 per cent. Much of the production of 
 precious stones was more or less accidental, picked up 
 by prospectors for other minerals, or by excursionists 
 along the beaches. This fact will explain the apparent 
 inconsistenc}^ between the small number of mines and 
 the large number of operators reported. It will be 
 readily understood that in such cases no items of 
 expense are properly chargeable. The statistics fol- 
 lowing, with the exception noted above, are for those 
 companies actively engaged in the s^^stematic exploita- 
 tion of precious stone deposits. The peculiar condition 
 existing, however, should not be lost sight of. 
 
 There were 3 mines, 1 each in California, NewMexico^ 
 and North Carolina, reported idle during 1902. 
 
 Taisle 1. — Sumiiiiirii: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines or quarries 46 
 
 Number of oyierators 460 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, ete.: 
 
 Number 22 
 
 Salaries S2S, 687 
 
 \\'age-euruers: 
 
 Average number 108 
 
 Wanes SS8, 017 
 
 Miseellaueous expenses S7,48i 
 
 ("'ost of supplies antl materials 817, 781 
 
 Value . .f product S32S, 4-50 
 
 Capital stocli of incorporated companies. — Of the 460 
 operators reported, 449 are classified as individuals, 1 as 
 a firm, and 10 as incorporated companies. Three of the 
 individuals only, however, are miners of precious stones 
 in the strict sense of the word. Of the 10 incorporated 
 companies 1 is located in Arizona, 3 in California, 2 in 
 Montana, 3 in New Mexico, and 1 in North Carolina. 
 The following table shows the details of their capitali- 
 zation : 
 
 Table 13. ^CAPITALIZATION OF INCORPORATED COMPANIES: 1902. 
 
 Number of incorporated comjianies 
 Capital stock issued (all common) . 
 Total authorized: 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Total issued: 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends paid 
 
 United States. 
 
 10 
 
 .lfl,.562,078 
 
 1,461,400 
 S2, 129, 000 
 
 1,042, 97.S 
 
 ^1, .562,078 
 
 J20, 000 
 
 S85, 000 
 
 100, 000 
 $100, 000 
 
 8.1, OUO 
 W5, 000 
 
 508, 500 
 S1,1.S2.000 
 
 10,5,078 
 *600, 078 
 
 $400, 000 
 
 400, 000 
 J400, 000 
 
 400, 000 
 
 S400, 000 
 
 S20, 000 
 
 New 
 Mexico. 
 
 S452.000 
 
 450,400 
 $452, 000 
 
 450, 400 
 S452, 000 
 
 North 
 Carolina. 
 
 (1043) 
 
 1 
 
 »25, 000 
 
 2, .500 
 $25, 000 
 
 2,500 
 %'&, 000 
 
1044 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 No bonds or preferred .stock iippcar to have been 
 issued by these companies. Of the 1,4(11,400 shares of 
 common stock authorized, there were l,04y.i»Ts siiares 
 issued. 
 
 Miiploi/ees and iiyi(/es. — Of the !tillt),704 reported as 
 paid for salaries and wages, $28,087, or iJ4.t) per cent, 
 was paid to salaried employees, and |S8,017, or 7.5.4 
 per cent, to wage-earners. In Tal)le 4 is gJA'cn the 
 average number of wage-cai'riers employed each month 
 during the year. One hundred and forty-one men were 
 given employment during June, while in March only 
 87 were reported. The average nuni))er for the year 
 was 108. Table 4 shoA\s also the average number of 
 wage-earners at specified daily rates of pay. There 
 were 79 wage-earners, or 78.1 per cent of the whole 
 number, classed as miners. Of these, 61, or 77.2 per 
 
 per cent, less than that amount. Of the total number 
 of employees, 82, or 7r).'.> pei- cent, received $2 or more 
 per day, and 26, or 24.1 per cent, less than $2. Four 
 machinists, or other mechanics, were em23lo3'ed, as were 
 also .5 miners' h(dpers, and 20 emploj^ees doing miscel- 
 laneous work. All th(> minei's' helpers earned from $3 
 to 13.24 per day. 
 
 iS'ujij)lten, 'iiuifei'idlx, (I'lid iii/ncclla/neonx e.vjKfiiKcK. — 
 Next to wages, the principal item of expense was for 
 supplies and materials, for which $17,781 was expended. 
 Of the $7,481 reported as miscellaneous expenses, $437 
 was for rents and royalties of mining plants, and $7,044 
 for office rent, taxes, insurance, and other sundries. 
 
 The yearly production of precious stones by kinds 
 and vahie, as reported ))y the United States Geological 
 Survey, is given in Table 3. 
 
 cent, received $2 or more per day, and oidy 18, or 22.8 
 
 Table 3.— PROUUCTIOX (.»F PRECIOUS STONES IN THE UNITED STATES: 1896 TO 1902. 
 [United States Geological Survey, " Mineral Resources of the United States," 1902.] 
 
 189« 
 
 1897 
 
 18«9 
 
 lfl02 
 
 Diamond . 
 Sapphire . 
 Ruby . 
 
 Topaz 
 
 Beryl (aquamarine, etc.). 
 
 Emerald 
 
 Tourmaline 
 
 Peridot . 
 
 Quartz, crystal . 
 Smoky quartz . . 
 
 Rose quartz 
 
 Amethyst 
 
 Prase . 
 
 Gold quartz 
 
 Rutilated quartz 
 
 Dumortierite In quartz. 
 Tourmalinated quartz . 
 Agate . 
 
 Moss agate 
 
 Chrysoprase 
 
 Silicified wood (sillcified and opalized). 
 Opal. 
 
 Garnet (almandite) 
 
 Garnet (rhodonite) 
 
 Garnet (pyrope ) 
 
 Garnet (topazolite) 
 
 Amazon stone 
 
 Oligoclase 
 
 Moonstone 
 
 Turquoise 
 
 Utahite (compact variscite) 
 
 Chlorastrolite 
 
 Mesolite (thomsonite, so called) . 
 
 Prehnite 
 
 Diopside 
 
 Epidote 
 
 Pyrlte 
 
 Malachite 
 
 Rutile . 
 
 Anthracite (ornaments) 
 
 Callinite (pipestone) 
 
 Fossil coral _ 
 
 Arrow points i 
 
 None. 
 
 10, 000 
 
 1,000 
 
 200 
 
 700 
 
 None. 
 
 3,000 
 
 .WO 
 
 7, 000 
 
 2, :i00 
 
 .f>00 
 
 600 
 
 100 
 
 10, 000 
 
 .500 
 
 50 
 
 None. 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 000 
 
 J, 000 
 
 200 
 
 .500 
 
 None. 
 
 2,000 
 
 100 
 
 1,000 
 
 500 
 
 2.50 
 
 40, 000 
 
 .500 
 
 .500 
 
 .500 
 
 100 
 
 200 
 
 2.50 
 
 1,000 
 
 None. 
 
 100 
 
 2,000 
 
 3,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 S130, 675 
 
 None. 
 
 25, 000 
 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 
 I,. 500 
 
 25 
 
 9, 126 
 
 .500 
 
 12,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 None. 
 
 200 
 
 None, 
 
 5, 000 
 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 None. 
 
 2,000 
 
 200 
 
 7,000 
 
 None. 
 
 2,000 
 
 None. 
 
 .500 
 
 25 
 
 None. 
 
 55, 000 
 
 100 
 
 .500 
 
 .500 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 None. 
 
 1,000 
 
 None. 
 
 800 
 
 1,000 
 
 2,000 
 
 500 
 
 1,000 
 
 8160, 920 
 
 None. 
 
 55, 000 
 
 2,000 
 
 100 
 
 2,200 
 
 50 
 
 4,000 
 
 .500 
 
 17, 000 
 
 1,000 
 
 100 
 
 2.50 
 
 None. 
 
 5, 000 
 
 100 
 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 100 
 
 2,000 
 
 200 
 
 6,000 
 
 None. 
 
 2,000 
 
 None. 
 
 500 
 
 10 
 
 None. 
 
 .50,000 
 
 100 
 
 5,000 
 
 1,000 i 
 
 100 
 
 None. 
 
 None, 
 
 1 , 000 
 
 None. 
 
 110 
 
 1,000 
 
 2,000 
 
 500 
 
 1,000 
 
 81H5, 770 
 
 300 
 
 6R, 000 
 
 3,000 
 
 None. 
 
 4, 000 
 
 50 
 
 2,000 
 
 .500 
 
 12,000 
 
 None. 
 
 100 
 
 250 
 
 None. 
 
 600 
 
 .50 
 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 100 
 
 3,000 
 
 None. 
 
 5, 000 
 
 None. 
 
 2,000 
 
 None. 
 
 2.50 
 
 20 
 
 None. 
 
 72, 000 
 
 100 
 
 3,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 50 
 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 
 1 , 000 
 2.50 
 200 
 
 2,000 
 
 2, 000 
 
 .50 
 1 , 000 
 
 8233, 170 
 
 1, 0.50 
 
 1.50 
 
 75,000 
 
 3,000 
 
 Js^oue. 
 
 11,000 
 
 4,000 
 
 2, 500 
 
 500 
 
 10, 000 
 
 1,000 
 
 100 
 
 500 
 
 None. 
 
 2,000 
 
 50 
 
 None, 
 
 None. 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 100 
 
 6. 000 
 
 None. 
 
 600 
 
 2P, 000 
 
 1,000 
 
 None. 
 
 2.50 
 
 20 
 
 None. 
 
 .S2, 000 
 
 100 
 
 3, 000 
 
 1,000 
 
 .50 
 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 
 2,000 
 
 200 
 
 100 
 
 2,000 
 
 2, 000 
 
 60 
 
 1,000 
 
 100 
 
 90, 000 
 
 .500 
 
 None. 
 
 6,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 16, 000 
 
 .500 
 
 10, 000 
 
 1,000 
 
 1.50 
 
 500 
 
 None. 
 
 2,000 
 
 50 
 
 None. 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 .500 
 
 1.600 
 
 7,000 
 
 None. 
 
 100 
 
 21,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 None. 
 
 200 
 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 
 118, 000 
 
 2.50 
 
 3,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 
 3, 000 
 
 100 
 
 None. 
 
 2,000 
 
 2, 000 
 
 100 
 
 .500 
 
 8328,460 
 
 None. 
 116, 000 
 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 4,000 
 1,000 
 
 30,000 
 500 
 
 12,000 
 
 2,000 
 
 200 
 
 2,000 
 
 None. 
 
 3,000 
 
 100 
 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 
 1,000 
 
 600 
 
 5,000 
 
 7,000 
 
 1.50 
 
 None. 
 1,.500 
 1,000 
 
 None. 
 500 
 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 130, 000 
 
 None. 
 4,000 
 1,000 
 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 3,000 
 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 2,000 
 2,000 
 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 
 A detailed summary of the statistics for the* mining 
 of precious stones in the United States during l'.t()2, 
 where the operations wer(>. followc^d on a commercial 
 basis and warranted statistical treatment, is given in 
 Table 4. 
 
 I)^:SCKIPTIVE. 
 
 Precious stones derive their value chiefly from their 
 rarity. Other (juaiities tliat influence their value are 
 beautjr of color, hai'dnrs.s, .■md Ihc caijricc of fashion. 
 Under this classiHcalion a, distinction coidd he made 
 
 between precious and semi|>reci()u.s stones, but it is not 
 obserA'cd in this discussion. Precious stones include 
 the diamond, the sapjihire, the ruby, and the emerald; 
 semiprecious stones include a wide variety of other gem 
 minerals. The opal and the [learl art^ sometimes classed 
 as precious stones, although the latter is not strictlv a 
 mineral jirodnct. In ordinary specM'li the precious or 
 semiprecious stonc^ signities a gcMu cut or polished for 
 ornamental purjioses. In minei'alogy the term is used 
 to designate a class of minerals of sufficient liardness 
 to scratch (|uart/. which ar<' without metallic luster. 
 
PRECIOUS STONES. 
 
 1045 
 
 although generally brilliant and beautiful. In archae- 
 ology the term is restricted to engraved stones, such 
 as intaglios and cameos. A jewel is a gem that has 
 been mounted. 
 
 In the report of the Eleventh Census upon "Mineral 
 Industries," page 609fl', an account is given of the occur- 
 rence and production of precious stones in this country 
 during the year 1889. The present discussion treats 
 only of the discovery and production of precious stones 
 in the United States since that time. 
 
 Diamond. — The diamond, the hardest of known sub- 
 stances, is pure carbon, which crystallizes in the iso- 
 metric system, generally in an octahedral foi-m. Its 
 specific gravity is 3.525. It occurs in a great variety 
 of colors, ranging through all the shades of the spec- 
 trum, occurring most frequently as write, yellow, or 
 
 brown, and rarely as red, rose-red, blue, , -^n. Bv 
 . , " 1 ,. T 1 ^artz oi ^ 
 
 tar the greatest number of diamonds coi „,, ■ .i bouth 
 
 Africa, but they are found also in Brazil, J , Borneo. 
 
 as I 
 and occasionally in North America. , , 
 
 In the United States diamonds have 1,;, .'ound at 
 various points, but they have been few in ^aiber, and 
 mostly of small size. Their occasional occurrence in 
 California and east of the southern ALlteghanies has l)een 
 known for fifty years. Since ISyO a few others have 
 been found in these regions, and some in the North- 
 western states, varying from one-third of a carat to 21 
 carats in weight. 
 
 The northwestern diamonds are very interesting as 
 being contained in the deposits of the glacial drift, 
 scattered along an irregular line of some (ioO miles, 
 from Wisconsin to the vicinitj' of Cincinnati, Ohio. All 
 the material distributed by this ancient glacial action 
 has been lirought down from the north, and tlierefore 
 the source of these diamonds is somewhere in the unex- 
 plored regions of Canada and not in the United States. 
 Geologists recognize two distinct drift deposits in the 
 Western states, called the older or lUinoian drift, and 
 the later or Wisconsin drift. Some of the diamonds 
 found in Indiana and in Wisconsin are referred to one 
 of these drifts and some to the other, though most of 
 them belong to the later. The whole number of 
 diamonds actual^ known from these glacial deposits 
 amounts to about 25, over half of which are from Wis- 
 consin and one-third from Indiana. 
 
 The localities of discoverjr during the period since 
 1890 are as follows: 
 
 Alahama. — Shelby county, one of 41 carats. Lee county, one of 
 3 carats. 
 
 Cidifoniia. — A number of localities, chiefly in the central portion 
 of the state, in connection with the hydraulic Kold washings of 
 Amador, Butte, Eldorado, and Nevada counties. A single dia- 
 mond is reported from Tulare county, and a number of very small 
 ones in the gold sands of streams in Del Norte and Trinity counties. 
 No large stones have been found in California, and nowhere are 
 they abundant enough to lead to any mining for them. Never- 
 theless some handsome ones have been casually obtained in the 
 central counties above named, chiefly in the ancient gold-ljearing 
 gravels overlaid by lava flows, and fragments of diamonds crushed 
 by the stamp mills are not uncommon in the flumes and sluices. 
 
 Most of the stones found within recent years have come from the 
 vicinity of Placerville, Eldorado county. 
 
 [ndiiinit. — Brown county, five — one of 2 carats, others very 
 small. Morgan county, three — one of 3| carats, others very small. 
 
 Kentucky. — Cabin Fiirk creek, Russell county, (jne. 
 
 Michigan. — Dowagiac, Cass county, one of lOJ carats. 
 
 Oil id. — Milford, Clermont county, one of 6 carats. 
 
 Tennessee. — Koko creek, Tellico I'iver, Monroe county, several 
 reported. Union Crossroads, Roane county, one of 3 carats. 
 Luttrell, Union county, one of IJ;! carats. 
 
 IViscimxin. — Plum creek, Rock Elm township. Pierce county, 
 several very small stones. Oregon, Dane county, one of 3};} carats. 
 Kohlsville, Washington county, one of 21 carats. Saukville, Ozau- 
 kee county, one of 65 carats. Eagle, Waukesha county, one of 
 15|3 carats. Burlington, Racine county, one of 2^\ carats. 
 
 The whole subject of the Indiana occurrence is fully 
 described b}' the state geologist. Prof. W. S. Blatc.Vley,' 
 in his annual report for 1902. The geological failures 
 of the region are first treated with special reference to 
 \Ctj distribution of the drift depo.sits in central Indiana. 
 liiese have been known since 1860 to contain gold, 
 and a large amount of local prospecting and panning 
 has been carried on along the streams for years. The 
 gold is found associate<:l with magnetic iron sand, menac- 
 canite, and other heavy luinerals. It is in these aurifer- 
 ous sands that diamonds have been found at intervals 
 for some twenty-five years, but especiallj' of late. 
 Some of the diamonds belong certainljr in the second, 
 or later, drift, like most of those in Wisconsin; others 
 found south of that line but within the margin of the 
 older drift belong, perhajjs, to the older deposits in- 
 stead of having l:)een washed out from the later beds 
 and carried south by streams, as formerly supposed. 
 The terms "earlier" and "later" are now frequentl}^ 
 replaced by "Illinoian" and " A\'isconsin," and desig- 
 nate the two glacial drifts, but these terms may be 
 nusconceived as to their gcograi^hical signification and 
 hence require explanation. The center of ice move- 
 ment in the glacial era was determined some years ago 
 by Canadian geologists as having traveled or shifted 
 toward the east from the west. Of the two ice inva- 
 sions that spread over the northern United States, the 
 earlier is called by some geologists the "Illinoian," as 
 having covered a large part of that state not reached 
 by the later one; while the name "Wisconsin" is ap- 
 plied to the later by Prof. T. C. Chamberlin, because 
 it extended westward to a portion of that state not cov- 
 ered by the earlier, and formed there what he terms 
 the Wisconsin boundary, although its source was far 
 east of the earlier drift, and it forms the main deposit 
 of the Eastern states. 
 
 Professor Blatchley's list comprises eight diamonds 
 that he himself has seen, and seven more of which he 
 has credible information. The earliest pul>lished men- 
 tion of the occurrence of diamonds in Indiana was 
 made by the late Prof. E. T. Cox, state geologist, in 
 his annual report for 1878, page 116, although the well- 
 known artist, Mr. Daniel Beard, of New York, owns a 
 
 ' Gold and Diamonds in Indiana, by W. S. Blatchley. Twenty- 
 seventh Annual Report of the Departinent of Geology and Natural 
 Resources of Indiana, Indianapolis, 1902. 
 
1046 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 fine diamond of about 2 carats found in Indiana be- 
 fore tliat year.' Professor Cox mentions several dia- 
 monds, of which this may be one. as found in the drift 
 of Brown and Morgan counties, and I'efers to them with 
 interest because of theii- evident transportation from a 
 far northern source. Of the ei^-ht stones seen ))y Pro- 
 fessor Blatchley, four are from the newer and four 
 from the older drift, or at least from the area covered 
 by it south of the margin of the newer. The list in 
 detail is as follows: 
 
 1. The Stanley diamond, found in 1900, by Calvin 
 Stanley, while panning for gold in Morgan county, on 
 a bi'anchof Gold creek. Smiles northwest of Centerton, 
 and 3 miles west of Brooklyn. It was found in the bed 
 of the stream at the base of a clifi' of shale. The stoiV) 
 was an octahedron weighing li carats, with a yellow 
 tinge and a small black spot. It was purchased first by 
 Mr. K. L. Eoyse. of Martinsville, Ind., and l:)y him 
 sold to C. E. Nordyke, of Indianapolis, who had it cut 
 into two stones in Cincinnati. These have a peculiar 
 greenish j'ellow tint, and weigh respectively 1^ and 
 lyV carats. 
 
 2. The Young diamond, found by a local gold hunter, 
 Mr. W. W. Young, in IS'.iS, on Lick creek in Brown 
 county, li miles south of Morgantown. It is an ob- 
 long dodecahedron of Ifi carats, white with a yellow 
 cast, and very clear and flawless. It is retained by the 
 finder. 
 
 3. An elongated hexoctahedron, of pink color, but 
 only one-eightli of a carat in weight. It was found, 
 like the last, on Lick creek, by Mr. John Merriman, and 
 now belongs to Mr. Nordyke, of Indianapolis. 
 
 4. A j-ellow hexoctahedron of three-sixteenths of a 
 carat, found l)y Mr. Merriman on Lick creek. It is 
 no^v owned by Mr. Royse. 
 
 5. A light brownish yellow hexoctahedron of five 
 thirtj^-seconds of a carat, found and owned by Mr. 
 Ko3^se. 
 
 6. A bluish rhombic dodecahedron, weighing eleven- 
 sixteenths of a carat, found by Mr. Merriman on Gold 
 creek, Morgan county, now also belonging to Mr. 
 Royse. 
 
 7 and 8. These are pinkish crystals, neither of which 
 exceeds one-eighth of a carat, found in Maj-, 1003, by 
 Mr. Royse. They were taken from the tailings of 
 sluice boxes on the farm of Doctor Cook, neai' Brey, in 
 Moi'gan country. 
 
 The first, and the last three, from Morgan county, are 
 from the newer or Wisconsin drift, the others, from 
 Brown county, are from the older or Illinoian area. 
 
 Hnppli'ire^ (iiid rvhicn. — The sapphire, ruby, oriental 
 topaz, oriental amethyst, and oileiital emerald are names 
 given respectively to tiie transparent blue, red, yellow, 
 purple, and green A'arieties of corundum, which is nearly 
 pure alumina, AL,0,,. The colors of these minerals are 
 
 ' This diamond, from facts that Mr. Heard lias y:iven the writer, 
 must have been found as early as 1H26. 
 
 ascribed to the presence of minute quantities of metallic 
 oxides. Their specific gravity ranges from 3.97 to 4.0.5, 
 and their hardness is 9. Rubies are found in Burma, 
 Ceylon, and Siam. Sapphire also occurs in those coun- 
 tries, as well as at the Simla pass in the Himalayas, 
 and in Australia. 
 
 The great hardness of corundum gives it a special 
 value for polishing purposes, and the amount produced 
 for such uses during 1903 has been treated under "Abra- 
 sive materials.'' Although corundum is found in the 
 crvstalline rocks along the Appalachian mountains 
 from Massachusetts to northern Georgia, few gems of 
 any special value ha^'c been found, except in the Cowee 
 valley in North Carolina, where true rubies are ob- 
 tained to some extent, although mining has ceased for 
 a few years past. 
 
 Other ts^'i^ which these gems are found exist 
 
 in Mont;,^ ^ ^pSj^phires of the finest quality are now 
 mined in *" '^ ^'''wtelch. and others of much beauty are 
 found at o''^'' ■'; points iu the .same state. 
 
 Until wttiTT'n^'S'few \'ears, these gems had been found 
 only occasion!tily in the United States — nearly all of 
 them in North Carolina — and were principally cut from 
 small transparent portions of the colored corundums 
 that were otherwise more or less opaque. Corun- 
 dum is rained in that state extensively as an abrasive 
 material, and ruby and sapphire are simply transparent 
 varieties of it. The ^Montana gems began to attract 
 notice about 1869, and for some j'ears they were col- 
 lected abundantly from the bars of the upper Missouri 
 east of Helena; these were of varied and often beau- 
 tiful tints of pink, blue, green, and intervening shades, 
 but rarely of the deep colors in favor for jewelry. The 
 latter, the rich blue sapphires equal to those of India, 
 have since been found at Yogo gulch, in Fergus county, 
 and active work in mining them from the rock has been 
 carried on for several years l)y the New Mine Sapphire 
 Syndicate and the Burke and Sweeney Company. Two 
 other important localities in Montana are at Rock creek, 
 in Granite county, and Dry Cottonwood creek, in 
 Deerlodge county, worked by the American Gem Syn- 
 dicate Company. The former of these yields a won- 
 derful variety of colors, often very beautiful, but few 
 that have the deep shades most valued in the gem mar- 
 ket. No locality in the world has shown such variety 
 of tints in sapphires — pink, reddish brown, brown, yel- 
 low, green, etc., with occasionally a ruby of the paler 
 typo of Ceylon. Gems of considerable value have been 
 annually mined at Yogo gulch for several years past. 
 Fine ,sapi:jjiires of the " cornflower" and " velvet" blue 
 of the best oriental stones have been obtained, weigh- 
 ing as much as 3 carats, and a few as high as 5 and 
 even 7 carats, after cutting. Besides those used for 
 setting, large (juantities of small ones from both these 
 localities have found ready sale for watch jewels and 
 liearings; indeed, more have been sold for this purpose 
 than for gems. 
 
PRECIOUS STONES. 
 
 1047 
 
 True rubies have been found, and to some extent, 
 mined, in the Cowee valley, Macon county, N. C. Some 
 of them have the rich and peculiar " pig-eon\s-blood " 
 color of the finest rubies from Burma, but the crystals 
 are small or imperfect, and the yield thus far has been 
 quite limited. The operations were conducted l)y the 
 American Prospecting- and ]\lining- Company. 
 
 Emerald. — True emeralds, suitable for cutting and set- 
 ting, can hardly be said to be found in the United States. 
 It is true that large and very tine crystals of emerald 
 were obtained at Stonj'point, Alexander count}', N. C, 
 in 1877; but these, although valuable and beautiful as 
 specimens, were not clear enough to cut into gems. 
 More recently a locality has been opened at Cral^troe, 
 Haj'wood county, in the same state, where small and 
 handsome emerald crystals, both translucent and opaque, 
 occur thickly in the white feldspar and quartz of a vein 
 of pegmatite (coarse feldspathic granite). This green 
 and white mixture is very pleasing, and as the three 
 minerals have nearly the same degree of hardness, the 
 whole can be cut and polished together, making a novel 
 and beautiful ornamental stone. Pieces are cut e)i 
 cahochon, i. e., rounded, not faceted, showing sections 
 of the emerald crj^stals in different directions in the 
 white mass. This material has been introduced into 
 ornamental and minor jewel work under the name of 
 "emerald matrix," b}^ the American Gem Company. 
 
 Beryl. — Ber}^ is essentiall}' the same mineral as 
 emerald, though of paler shades and much less esteemed. 
 Fine transparent beryls, however, are choice gem 
 stones, and several varieties of them are found in the 
 United States. Among these are emerald beryls, of 
 rich light-green shades; aquamarines, faintly tinged 
 with green; golden beryls, of a rich yellow; blue 
 beryls, sometimes almost as beautiful as pale sapphifes; 
 and rose beryls, of light-pink color. Some very fine 
 gems have been cut from crystals of these kinds, espe- 
 cially from Topsham, Me., in the quarries of the Tren- 
 ton Flint and Spar Company. Other line gems come 
 from Comiecticut, North Carolina, and Colorado. In 
 North Carolina, near Sprucepine post office, mauj' fine 
 beryls — some of the richest blue color ever found — 
 have been mined by the American Gem Company. The 
 finest and largest aquamarine known is from Stoneham, 
 Me. Golden beryls of much beauty have been cut from 
 material mined at Merryall, in Litchfield county. Conn. 
 Green and blue beryls have been found in North Caro- 
 lina, and aquamarines at Mt. Antero, Colo. The dis- 
 coveries of line gem material are, however, not frequent 
 nor in large amount, so that there is no systematic min- 
 ing or regular production. 
 
 Tcqjaz. — Topaz is a fluosilicate of alumina and crystal- 
 lizes in rhombic prisms with a hardness of S. The 
 true topaz occurs but sparingly in the United States, 
 although here and there it has been found fine enough 
 to yield choice cut gems. Still, as with man}' other 
 gem minerals, there is no locality that furnishes any 
 
 steady supply. Within recent years a few white 
 topazes have been obtained at the Stoneham, Me., and 
 Chatham, N. H., localities; also at Cheyenne mountain, 
 Pikes Peak, and at Nathrop, Colo. They are gener- 
 ally sherrjf-colored at the former localities, in crystals 
 weighing up to 3 ounces each; at Nathrop in smaller 
 l)rilliant cr5'stals. 
 
 Very recently a number of topaz crystals have been 
 obtained near Ramona, San Diego count}'^, Cal. The 
 crystals vary from quite small ones of great brilliancy 
 up to 1 or 2 inches long and half that diameter. Most 
 of them are perfectly colorless, but some have the pale 
 blue or greenish blue of the topazes from Sarapulka, 
 in the Urals. The larger crj'stals are somewhat dull 
 externally, but almost all are clear within and would 
 cut into handsome gems. 
 
 Garnet. — The name garnet is used for a well-defined 
 group of minerals very closely related in both chemical 
 and physical properties. Thej' are complex silicates 
 of alumina, with varying amounts of lime, magnesia, 
 iron, manganese, and other metallic oxides, which, by 
 their presence in different proportions and combina- 
 tions, impart various colors to the compound. All the 
 garnets crj'stallize in the isometric s\'stem. Several 
 of the varieties are richl}^ colored, and when transpar- 
 ent are favorite gem stones, though not of the highest 
 value. 
 
 The kinds chiefly used in jewelry are those known as 
 precious garnet, or almandine, Bohemian garnet, or 
 pyrope, and manganese garnet, or spessartite. The 
 two former present deep crimson shades, and the latter 
 is of an orange-red or light red-brown color. These are 
 all found in the United States, but there is no regular 
 production, save to some extent of pj-rope, in Arizona 
 and New Mexico, and of a beautiful light purple-red 
 garnet known as rhodonite, an intermediate variety 
 between pj'rope and almandine, in Macon count}', N. C. 
 This latter is among the discoveries of the last decade, 
 having attracted attention and been more or less mined 
 since 1897, and the stones produced have been cut and 
 sold as rather novel American gems. The locality is 
 in the Cowee valley, where the rubj' corundums be- 
 fore alluded to have been found. The garnets occur 
 chiefly in the valley of Masons branch, a small stream 
 flowing from Lisle Knob, a spur of the Cowee moun- 
 tains. All are found in rather small pieces, but their 
 color is a beautiful light red, and their luster when cut 
 is remarkably brilliant. Thej' were at tirst taken for 
 almandine, and so reported, but anal^^sis shows that 
 their composition lies between that varietj' and pj-rope, 
 and hence they were given the separate name of rhodo- 
 nite (from the Greek rluxlon, a rose). In the A'ears 1900 
 and 1 901 the output of these garnets amounted to $20,000 
 and $21,001), respectively. It has since fallen off' some- 
 what, but work is actively carried on, and large pieces 
 have been obtained, up to 43 and even .59 carats. 
 
 Pja-ope garnets of flue quality are found in several 
 
1048 
 
 MINKS AND QUARRIES. 
 
 localities in New Mexico and Arizona, and are fre- 
 quently miscalled Arizona rubies. The principal lo- 
 cality in New Mexico is on the Navajo Indian reserva- 
 tion, and the finest large specimen from there is the 
 property of Mr. W. T. Kaufman, of Marquette, Mich. 
 It is more than half an inch in diameter, weighs llA 
 carats, and has a magnificent red color, equal to any 
 garnet that the writer has seen from any locality. They 
 are also found at some places in northern Arizona, and 
 one of the finest, from near Fort Defiance, was figured 
 by the writer several 3'ears ago.' They occur loose in 
 the soil, on or near the surface, and are gathered by 
 Indians, soldiers, and cowboys, principally from around 
 ant hills and scorpion holes, where they are brought up 
 and thrown out by the insects. Their source is doubt- 
 less in peridotite rocks, from which they are weathered 
 out in the decomposition of the outcrops. In the j'ears 
 since 1S96 the annual sales have been estimated at from 
 $1,000 to 12,000. 
 
 Spessartite (manganese garnet) was found in mag- 
 nificent specimens twenty years ago in the albite ndne 
 at Amelia Court House, Va., and splendid gems were 
 cut from these. But unfortunately the mine has been 
 closed and abandoned for years past, and one of the 
 finest localities for American gems has thus ceased 
 j'ielding. Verj- recently beautiful crystals have been 
 found at Ramoua, in San Diego county, Cal. Some 
 are 15 millimeters in diameter or more, of a rich orange- 
 brown color, and the smaller crystals exceedingly clear 
 and brilliant. This may prove to be a source of choice 
 gem material, although as yet the amount of it present 
 has not been ascertained. 
 
 Many other varieties of garnet are known to exist in 
 various parts of the country, and some gems have been 
 cut from them at times, but there is no regidar pro- 
 duction. Several kinds are reported in Tulare countv, 
 Cal., and one of great rarity' and beauty at Carrville, 
 Trinity county, in the same state. This is the emerald- 
 green chrome garnet, known as uvarovite, whidi fur- 
 nishes beautiful gems when in crystals of anv size. 
 This was reported in V.KH) as found in small crystals, 
 lining cavities in chT'ome iron, very richly colored and 
 brilliant, but none of the crvstals was more than 3 mil- 
 limeters in diameter, and no further exploration seems 
 to have been made since. 
 
 To/mnal/'/ie. — Tourmaline belongs to the rhombolie- 
 dral system of crystallization, occurring in prishis, the 
 sides of which are generallv striated and channeled. 
 The transparent variety is of a hardness of 7.5, its spe- 
 cific gravity ranges from 3 to .3.25, and in composition 
 it is a very complex silicate of alumina. Many different 
 
 ' Gems and Precioua Stonua of North America, 1892, Plate III 
 fig. A. 
 
 colors are found, ranging all the way from a colorless 
 variety through red, green, blue, and brown, to black. 
 These difi'erences in color are chiefly due to the varying 
 amounts of manganese and iron present. The gem is 
 dichroitic; thus when viewed through the side it may 
 be a transparent green, but either opaque or j^ellow- 
 green when viewed endwise of the prism. 
 
 Tourmaline was but little known in jewelr^^ten years 
 ago, although some very beautiful gems had been cut 
 from the transparent red, green, and blue crystals ob- 
 tained at Paris Hill, Me., and Haddam Neck, Conn. 
 Some mining had been done at these places, and manj^ 
 splendid specimens obtained. But within a few years 
 past, wonderful discoveries of gem tourmaline have 
 been made in southern California, at Pala and Mesa 
 Grande, in San Diego county, and in the San Jacinto 
 mountains in Riverside county. The crj-sfcals found at 
 these localities are of great size and beauty, and gems 
 have been cut from them in abundance. A single col- 
 lection of these crystals has been valued at §510,000. 
 The prevailing colors are pink, salmon, and red, all in 
 very rich shades, also fine green and blue, though less 
 frequentl}' in, these colors than those found at Mt. 
 Mica and other localities near Paris, Me. Tourmaline 
 is peculiar in that it often presents two or three differ- 
 ent and even contrasting colors in the same crystal, 
 which sometimes shade into each other, but often pre- 
 sent a sharp line of contact. Advantage has been taken 
 of this feature, which is marked in the California crvs- 
 tals, to produce in jewelry the novelty of parti-colored 
 gems. Beautiful cut stones may now be seen that are 
 half red and half green, or showing other similar con- 
 trasts. Many of the larger stones arc somewhat flawed ; 
 these are often cut </i ciiljnclion (rounded), and many 
 also as oriental beads. Some present a fibrous texture, 
 and on cutting yield a cat's-eyc efl'ect. Many of the 
 larger and less pure pieces have been cut into regular 
 forms for ecclesiastical and other art work. Remark- 
 able crystals possessing the cat's-eye properties have 
 been found at the mine of the Himalaya Mining Com- 
 pany, at !Mesa Grande, California. 
 
 There are two mines at Pala, Cal., owned by the Pala 
 Lithia Company, one of which yields beautiful speci- 
 mens of rather small and opaque pink tourmaline crvs- 
 tals, in radiated groups, in lilac lepidolite (lithia mica), 
 none of which, however, is suitable for gem material. 
 The mine is worked for the lepidolite. as a source of 
 lithia compounds, and specimens find a ready sale to 
 collectors and museums. The other mine, which has 
 only recently been discovered, carries large and splen- 
 did crystals of toui'maline of mingled colors, and also 
 a new gem named Kunzite, a transparent lilac spodu- 
 mcne. 
 
PRECKJUS STONES. 
 
 1049 
 
 The localities of Mesa Grande and San Jacinto, which 
 have been furnishing beautiful tourmaline adapted for 
 use as gems, have been steadilj^ worked for several 
 3'ears. Meanwhile, tourmaline is coming to be gcner- 
 allj' known and esteemed in jewelry as it never has 
 been before. 
 
 The entire output of tourmaline in the country is 
 estimated in the reports of the United States Geological 
 Survey as amounting to $15,000 in 1901 and to $30,000 
 in 1902. 
 
 Kunzite {lilac spodumene). — Reference has been made 
 above, under tourmaline, to the discovery of this new 
 and interesting gem stone at Pala, Cal. This locality 
 is remarkable for its lithia compounds, among which 
 are the colored tourmalines and the spodumene, both 
 of which contain lithia in small amounts, combined 
 with silica, alumina, and other oxides. 
 
 The mineral spodumene is usually obtained in large, 
 opaque, whitish crystals, but from time to time 
 small specimens, often richly colored and transparent, 
 are found. The three characteristic varieties of the 
 latter are a clear j^ellow gem spodumene from Brazil,^ 
 the green "hiddenite" or "lithia emerald" of North 
 Carolina,* and small lilac specimens sometimes found in 
 Connecticut.^ These last are without doubt remnants 
 of large crystals, which must have been very beautiful. 
 Spodumene is particularly subject to alteration, and 
 when found has usually lost all its transparency and 
 beauty of tint. 
 
 Large and magnificent crystals of unaltered spodu- 
 mene, of rich lihxc color, have now been discovered near 
 Pala, San Diego county, Cal., in connection with other 
 lithia minerals.* This locality has yielded crystals 
 measuring 10 l)y 2(.) by -i centimeters, perfectly clear, of 
 a rose-lilac tint, varying with the syjodumene dichroism 
 from ?L very pale color when looked at across the prism 
 to a rich amethystine hue observed longitudinally. 
 No such spodumene has ever been seen before, and the 
 discover^' is of great mineralogical interest. The cr5's- 
 tals have been etched })y weathering like the hiddenite 
 variety. When cut and mounted parallel to the base, 
 they furnish gems of great beautj-, entirely new in jew- 
 elrj', and make a notable addition to American gem 
 stones. 
 
 An extended investigation into certain optical prop- 
 erties of the gem minerals in the Tiffany-Morgan and 
 Bement collections in the American Museum of Natural 
 History, New York, was conducted jointly by the 
 writer and Prof. Charles Baskerville, of the University 
 of North Carolina, during the autumn of 1903. These 
 experiments developed marked and interesting pecul- 
 
 ' Pigani, Comptes Eendus, 1877, Vol. 84, page 1509. 
 ^ .J. L. Smith, American Journal of Science, 1881, Vol. 21, page 128. 
 'Penfield, American Journal of Science, 1880, Vol. 20, page 259. 
 ■"American Journal of Science, September, 1903. 
 
 iarities of the new mineral.' Doctor Baskerville says 
 of it in the American Journal of Science, July, 1904: 
 
 I have fjubmitteil large crystal.- to the action of ultraviolet light 
 with very positive continued phosphorescence. When submitted 
 to bombardment of the Roentgen rays of high penetration for 
 several minutes, a fluorescence is observed, and on removal to a 
 dark chamber it exhibits a persistent, white luminosity not 
 observed with tliis class of minerals, as learned by experiments 
 with altered and unaltereil spodumene from the localities men- 
 tioned, including cut ."tones and such handsome crystals of 
 hiddenite as afforded by the collections mentioned. J have been 
 able to excite a crystal (2 by 4 by 10 centimeters) by the action of 
 the X rays for five minutes sufficiently to cause it to photograph 
 itself when subsequently placed directly upion a sensitive plate 
 (thin white paper being interposed) and allowed to remain in an 
 especially constructed padded black box in a dark room for a period 
 of ten minutes. Tlie materia! is penetrated by the rays, as shown 
 by a cathodegraph. The excitation is not superficial, but persists 
 throughout the mass. 
 
 Doctor Baskerville submitted crystals to the action 
 of emanations of radium bromide, 300,000 activity, 
 especially imported from the Societe Centrale des 
 Produits Chimiques at Paris. After a few minutes' 
 exposure the mineral began to glow, and its phosphor- 
 escence was most joronounced after the removal of the 
 radio-active body. A five-minute exposure to 125 
 milligrams of radimii bromide caused 600 grams of 
 the gem material to become luminescent in the dark 
 after removal of the radium preparations. This re- 
 markable proijcrty was not exhibited 1:>v hiddenite or 
 any other specimens of spodumene examined. Doctor 
 Baskerville proposed for it the name of "Kunzite.'" 
 
 Cal/forvitc. — Calif ornite (vesuvianite) ° a mineral 
 which i^romises to be a notable addition to the increas- 
 ing list of semiprecious or ornamental stones found in 
 the United States, has recently been discovered in Cali- 
 fornia. This is not a new mineral species, jjroperh', 
 but a compact massive variety of vesuvianite (idocrase). 
 It was first announced in the report of the United States 
 Geological Survey for 1901,' by the writer, as having 
 been found by Dr. A. E. Heighway, on the South Fork 
 of Indian creek, 12 miles from Happy Camp and 90 miles 
 
 ''The following articles treat of the new mineral: 
 
 Science, Vol. XVI, August 28, 190.3. On a New Lilac-Colored 
 Spodumene from Pala, Cal. By George Frederick Kunz. 
 
 The American Journal of Science, Vol. XVI, patres 264 to '67, 
 September, 1903. A New Lilac-Colored Siiodumene from Pala', 
 Cal. By George Frederick Kunz. 
 
 Science, N. S., Vol. 18, pages 303, 304, September 4, 1903. 
 Kunzite; a New Gem. By Charles Ba.skerYille. 
 
 Ed. note American Journal of Science, Vol. XVI, page 335, 
 October, 1903. The Lilac-Colored Spodumene (Kunzite) from 
 California. 
 
 Private reprint on Kunzite, October, 1903. Remarks on Action 
 of Radium on Kunzite. By Sir William Crookes. 
 
 Separate reprint from Report, ":\Iineral Resources of the United 
 States," United States Geological Survey, 1903, pages 53, .54. Spo- 
 dumene var Kunzite. By George Frederick Kunz. 
 
 "New York Academy of Sciences, October 19, 1903; New York 
 Min. Club, October 20, 1903. 
 
 'United States Geological Survey, "IMineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1901, page 747. 
 
1050 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 TiO 
 
 -. 0.10 
 
 PoC), 
 
 . . 0. 02 
 
 H.,0- (below 100° C. ) 
 H,0+ (above 100° G. ) 
 
 . . 0. 29 
 .. 4.18 
 
 Total 
 
 .. 99.84 
 
 from Yreka, in Si.skiyou county, Cal. Here a hard 
 and liandsome stone, varying in color from olive to 
 almo.st grass-g-reen, and taliiug a tine polish, outcrops 
 for some 200 feet along a hillside about 100 feet above 
 the creek, and large masses have fallen into the bed of 
 the creek. At first it was supposed to be jade (neph- 
 rite), but upon analysis proved to be vesuvianite. The 
 fallen pieces were in some cases as much as 5 feet square 
 and 2 feet thick, of excellent cpiality for polishing, and 
 of varying shades of light to dark green. The associ- 
 ated rock is precious serpentine. 
 
 A very similar mineral was discovered some years 
 ago at one or two places in the Alps, and, like this, was 
 at tirst described as jade, but on analysis proved to he 
 massive vesuvianite. The likeness to green jade is 
 very marked in both these and the California mineral, 
 and the mistake is not sui'prising. 
 
 The following analysis was made through Prof. F. W. 
 Clarke, chief chemist of the United States Geological 
 Survey, by Mr. George Steigei-, in the spring of 1903: 
 
 Aaalysi,? of resurkuiite from Sifkii/ou county, Ciilifoniin. 
 
 SiO, .S.5. 8.5 
 
 ALO3 18.35 
 
 Cab - .33. .51 
 
 FeA 1-67 
 
 FeO 0. 39 
 
 MgO - 5. 43 
 
 MnO 0. 05 
 
 The anal3'sis is essentially that of a normal vesuvian- 
 ite, though the percentage of water is unusually high. 
 The lime and the iron are below the average, and the 
 titanium and phosphorus are exceptional occurrences. 
 
 The mineral is compact, extremely tough, and readily 
 takes a high polish, quite as beautiful as that of neph- 
 rite (jade), with which it was at first confounded. The 
 hardness is 6.5 and the speciiic gravity (from two 
 determinations) is 3.286. The luster is vitreous, often 
 inclining to resinous, and the streak is white. The 
 color is a yellow leek-green, with inclusions of a darker 
 green, which are generallj' more translucent than the 
 surrounding mass. 
 
 This interesting mineral exists in large quantity, and 
 could be cut into a variety of ornaments, in the same 
 way as jade, nephrite, and chrysoprase. It is a form of 
 vesuvianite distinctive enough to receive a special vari- 
 ety name, which, if appropriate and euphonious, would 
 undoubtedly aid the sale of the stone in the arts. The 
 name of ' ' Calif ornite '' has been proposed for it. 
 
 The discovery of what appears to be the same min- 
 eral has I'ccently been announced from two other local- 
 ities in California quite r(^mote from the tirst. One of 
 these was reported by that indefatigable prospector, 
 Mr. M. Braverman, of V^isalia, as existing in Burrough, 
 in Fresno count}', a mile and a half from Hawkins 
 scho<dhouse and 32 miles east of Fresno cit}'. The 
 material is pale oli\'e green, translucent, with darker 
 
 spots in a paler mass. It breaks with an uneven frac- 
 ture, slightly splintery and partly crystalline, and 
 hence much resembles the material from Siskiyou 
 count}^ The other locality is apparentlv not very far 
 from the last mentioned. It is said to be in Tulare 
 county, near the town of Selma, which, though in Fresno 
 county, is near the Tulare line. Here the mineral is of 
 richer color, at times resembling the tint of apple-green 
 chrysoprase, for which it was at tirst mistaken. 
 
 An analysis was made of the green mineral (No. 1) 
 lielow. through the courtesy of Prof. F. W. Clarke, 
 chief chemist United States Geological Survey, b}' Mr. 
 George Steiger. In comparison is shown also the analy- 
 sis of a remarkable associated mineral (No. 2), which 
 proved to he a peculiar variety of garnet. 
 
 Analysis of two minerals from CaUfornm. 
 
 SiO, . . 
 ALoOs 
 FeoOj . 
 Feb . . 
 MgO . . 
 CaO... 
 Nii„0.. 
 K',,0... 
 
 H..0- (bel(iwlOO°C.) . 
 H.,0-F (above 100° C.) , 
 
 TiOj 
 
 CO., 
 
 F . 
 
 MnO. 
 BaO.- 
 SrO .. 
 B..O3 . 
 
 No. 1, Cali- 
 fornite, 
 green. 
 
 No. 2, Gar- 
 net, white. 
 
 36. .5.5 
 
 38.59 
 
 18. S9 
 
 22.24 
 
 0.74 
 
 0.4.5 
 
 0.74 
 
 0.36 
 
 2. 33 
 
 0.64 
 
 3.5.97 
 
 35. 97 
 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 
 0. .5S 
 
 0.31 
 
 3.42 
 
 0.80 
 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 
 0.91 
 
 0.39 
 
 0.13 
 
 0.17 
 
 None. 
 
 0.10 
 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 
 100. 26 
 
 100.02 
 
 0.05 
 
 0.07 
 
 99.95 
 
 CliloraairoHtv (did mesolite. — In the region about 
 Lake Superior occur two or three peculiar little 
 minerals that have attained some value as "local" 
 gem stones. These, in the order of their importance, 
 are chlorastrolite, thomsonite (properly mesolite), and 
 lintonite; besides one or two other varieties, rarer and 
 of less account. These are all nearly related in com- 
 position, being silicates of alumina with varying 
 amounts of lime and oxide of iron. They are all found 
 as rounded nodules, not from wear, however, but nat- 
 ural, as being the tilling of small ovate cavities (origi- 
 nally bubble holes) in the trap rocks of the region. As 
 the rocks decompose these harder nodules fall out, and 
 are rolled on the lake beaches or by streams, and are 
 often supposed to be pel)bles, but they are not such in 
 reality. They seldom exceed half an inch in diameter, 
 ))ut when polished they make quite pretty stones, and 
 arc in considerable demand for local jewelry, as rings, 
 studs, and the like. 
 
 Chloi'astrolite is found only at Isle Royale, Lake 
 Superior, where it abounds in the trap and on the 
 beaches. It has a characteristic color, from bluish to 
 
PRECIOUS STONES. 
 
 1051 
 
 olive green, and a peculiar radiated mosaic-like struc- 
 ture or pattern. Prof. N. H. Winciiell, of tlie Univer- 
 sitj' of ilinnesota, lias studied these minerals carefully, 
 and shown that the chlorastrolite passes into a substance 
 identical with the so-called thomsonite, the two forming- 
 the extremities of a series of closel^y-related minerals 
 that till such cavities in igneous rocks of this character. 
 As the proportion of iron diminishes the chlorastrolite 
 loses its color and its pretty little stellate structure, 
 becon:es pale and even whitish, and graduates into a 
 white or pinkish body like the mesolite. The best 
 mesolite comes from Grand Marais, JNIinn., and is in 
 similar nodules, ranging from white to reddish and 
 brown, in concentric zones or bands. This mineral 
 Professor Winchell shows to be not thomsonite, as sup- 
 posed, but the related species, mesolite, and this latter 
 name should be substituted in these cases for the other, 
 which is erroneoush' applied. Lintonite is a green 
 mineral with something of the radiated pattern of 
 chlorastrolite, but belongs really to thomsonite proper. 
 
 The demand for these little semigems is pretty steady, 
 and the value of the output is considerable. They are 
 not mined, but simply gathered along the beaches, etc., 
 and the production for several years past is estimated 
 to amount to $1,000 annually for thomsonite (i. e., meso- 
 lite) and from $3,000 to $5,000 for chlorastrolite.' 
 
 Opal. — Prior to 188'j no precious opal had been found 
 in the United States. At about that time, however, 
 and during the subseciuent decade, several occurrences 
 of it were discovered, and mining operations were 
 undertaken at some points with apparent promise of 
 successful j'ield. But for various reasons no important 
 or continuous production has been developed as yet, 
 although the igneous rocks of Washington, Idaho, 
 Oregon, California, Nevada, and Utah, undoubtedlj' 
 contain much handsome opal. 
 
 The first important opening was in 1890, near Mos- 
 cow, Latah county, Idaho, close to tlie Washington 
 line. Buildings were ei'ected and a post office called 
 Gem City was established. Fine opal was present in 
 the trachyte rock, and for a j'ear or two there was con- 
 siderable production. In 1891 the value of the output 
 was estimated at $.5,000. For some time past, however, 
 little has been heard of this formerly promising locality. 
 
 Other occurrences were noted at about the same time. 
 One of these was in Morrow county, Oreg. , where sev- 
 eral thousand dollars' worth of specimens were said to 
 have been obtained in 1892, and many were exhibited 
 at the Spokane fair. Another was at Opaline, in Owy- 
 hee county, Idaho, and exhibits of these were made in 
 the Idaho section of the Mining Building at the Colum- 
 bian Exposition of 1893. Another occurrence was 
 reported in 1895, near Salmon city, Lemhi county, 
 Idaho, where beautiful opal was found in bowlders of 
 
 'United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1898 to 1902; table of production of precious stones. 
 
 trachyte, and finally ti'accd to the ledge whence it had 
 come. Many \ery handsome pieces were obtained, and 
 the mineral was present in great •s'ariety of color and 
 quality, Init no detinitc work seems to have been 
 undertaken. 
 
 In the same year Mr. Don Maguire, of Ogden, Utah, 
 described an occurrence in Lemlii county, Idaho, on 
 Panther creek. This has been recently opened, and 
 will be referred to again. 
 
 In 1894 banded opal in large sheets, with hj^alite, was 
 reported from Beaver valley, Utah, near Granite Peak, 
 apparently in connection with an ancient geyser, but 
 no work seems to have been attempted there. 
 
 In 1897 other localities of precious opal were described 
 at Durkee, Oreg., and at Uunsmuir, Siskiyou county, 
 Cal. Work was undertaken at the former place, but 
 practically nothing has been heard of it since. 
 
 Recently, in 1902, one or n:ore promising occurrences 
 have been announced in southern California, in the 
 region of the Mojave desert. One of these is in San 
 Bernardino county, about 25 miles north of Barstow, 
 the junction of the Santa Fe and California Southern 
 railroads. Here opal occurs in veins and pockets in a 
 porphj'ritic dike about 2 miles in length. Much of it 
 is semiopal, of various colors, some a beautiful amber- 
 j'ellow, and with these occur precious and tire opal. 
 The locality' is promising, but needs to be explored and 
 developed. In Tulare county, also, are found some 
 beautiful semiopals that might be valuable in ornamental 
 art work. One of these, from near Yokohl, is trans- 
 parent yellow^ and amber-like; another is from the 
 chrvsoprase mine near Visalia. It is translucent green, 
 and has been called chrysoprase opal, or chrysopal, by 
 the discoverei-, Mr. M. Braverman. The Idaho locality 
 at Panther creek, Lemhi county, before alluded to, has 
 been rediscovered and described during 1903. Opal of 
 many varieties and colors is abundant here, in a porphy- 
 ritic dike, traced for a mile and a half, parallel to the 
 creek, and at times as much as 150 feet wide. Much of 
 it is very beautiful, but it is also very brittle, and goes 
 to pieces in extracting it, so that stones of any size are 
 difficult to procure. This locality, however, when more 
 full}' examined, may yet prove to be valuable. 
 
 There are man\' minor occurrences that have been 
 noted and many varieties of semiopal that ma_y here- 
 after yield material of some value in the arts. Gem 
 opals, however, are not yet produced to any extent or 
 with any regularity in the United States, although there 
 is considerable promise at several points. 
 
 Turquoixe. — Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of 
 alumina, containing small quantities of copper, iron, 
 or manganese. The mineral varies in color from a 
 tine sky blue to many shades of bluish green, and to 
 apple green and dark green, which show no blue what- 
 ever. The hardness of the mineral is 6, and its specific 
 gravity is 2.75. 
 
1052 
 
 minp:s and quarries. 
 
 Turquoise was almost unknown in the United States 
 when the census of 1890 was taken. A few specimens 
 in collections of minerals attested its existence at some 
 points in Arizona and Nevada, and objects worked by 
 the Indians of the Southwest were known to be abun- 
 dant, but there was no production of it, and all the 
 turquoise used in jeweby came, as it had for centuries 
 past, from the mines in Khorassan, in eastern Persia. 
 Since then a remarkable change has taken place, and 
 the Southwestern states and territories are now fur- 
 nishing the main supph' for the world. Turquoise has 
 been discovered at a number of points in large quanti- 
 ties and of tine quality. It is known to exist in Ari- 
 zona, New Mexico, Nevada, and southern California, 
 while some localities are reported in Texas and south- 
 ern Colorado. The main production is in New Mexico, 
 in Santa Fe and Grant counties, and at Turquoise moun- 
 tain in Arizona. The California localities operated by 
 the Himalaya and the Toltec companies are northeast 
 of Manvel, in San Bernardino county. At almost ever}- 
 point where the mineral is found there are interesting 
 and conspicuous evidences of ancient workings in pre- 
 Columbian times: in many cases these were plainlv 
 both extensive and long continued; stone tools and 
 similar objects are abundant, and at some points re- 
 markable rock carvings are to be seen, especially about 
 the California localities. The Toltec Turquoise Com- 
 pany has also operated other mines near Manvel. Cal., 
 over tlie line in Lint'oln county, Nevada. 
 
 Turquoise is now being regularly mined in New Mex- 
 ico, at perhaps a dozen places, by the Azure Turquoise 
 Company, the American Tui'quoise Company, the Gem 
 Turquoise Comi:)any, and by ]Mr. A. C. Young; and 
 in Arizona by six companies, among them the Aztec 
 Turquoise Company. In V,n)-2 turquoise was discov- 
 ered in Alabama, on property of the Otero Company, 
 near Idaho, Clay county, about 95 miles east of Birm- 
 ingham, in the region of the Talladega mountains. 
 This mineral sometimes loses or changes its color, and 
 for this reason several of the above-named companies 
 engrave a trade-mark upon the back of every stone that 
 the}' sell as a guarantee that the company will replace 
 it with anothei' stone in case of anv failure of qualitv 
 appearing within six months after its sale to the retail 
 purchaser. Thus, all stones from the American Tur- 
 quoise Company are marked with an "A," from the 
 Azure Company with a circle, from the Toltec Com- 
 pany with a "T," etc. This assurance to the l)uyer is 
 a marked improvement on the methods of the Persian 
 dealers, who were wont to decamp for parts unknown 
 dui'iiig the night after a sale. Some of the companies 
 claim, indeed, that their stones never change color, hut 
 they fui-nish a guarantee, notwithstanding. 
 
 In 190U, according to official reports, the output from 
 the oldest and largest mine, at Los Cerrillos, N. Mex. 
 (now called Turquesa), had amounted to a total of over 
 12,000,000 since 1890. The production from all the 
 
 American mines was estimated at $118,000 in 1901, and 
 at $166,500 in 1902. A single stone has been sold for 
 as much as $3,000. 
 
 Utahite (Old prosopite. — Several handsome and in- 
 teresting minerals, related to or resembling turquoise, 
 have been identified in Utah dui'ing the last decade. 
 Some of these have been largelv sold as specimens, 
 though as yet they have not been found in sufficient 
 quantity to be mined for use in the arts. They would, 
 however, be beautiful ornamental or semijirecious 
 stones. Two of these minerals are utahite and proso- 
 pite. The former resembles turquoise in composition, 
 being a hydrous phosphate of alumina; the latter is a 
 fluoride of alumina and lime. Both occur in choice 
 shades of green, due usually to a small amount of 
 copper compounds, and both are hard enough to take a 
 handsome polish. 
 
 Utahite, so named by the writer in 1895, was discov- 
 ered in Cedar valley, in a spur of the Oquirrh moun- 
 tains, near Camp Floyd. Utah, in the previous 3'ear, by 
 Mr. Don Maguire. It belongs to the mineral species 
 variscite, but i:)resents a new and peculiar form. Var- 
 iscite usuiUly occurs in crystals or incrust;itiotis; utah- 
 ite forms compact nodular masses, ranging from the 
 size of a Avalnut to that of a cocoanut. These occur in 
 slaty laj'ers in a crystalline limestone, and are generally 
 surrounded with a brown ferruginous crust. In color, 
 the interior mass is of various shades of bright green, 
 generally a very vivid golden green or light emerald; 
 and the notiules, cut across and polished, have been 
 mucli admired and sought by collectors. The mineral 
 is not very abundant at the locality, and can only be 
 removed from the rock with care by the hands. Pieces 
 coukl be easily cut for small objects, and would be ex- 
 tremely handsome for such uses, owing to the brilliant 
 and delicate coloring. It has been used to some extent 
 for ring stones, cufl' buttons, seal rings, and other pur- 
 poses as jewelry with consideralile success. 
 
 Pi'osopite at first was supposed to be identical with 
 utahite, but an analysis made l.)y Mr. W. ,T. Hille- 
 brand proved it to he a fluoride of alumina, known 
 already as a rare species of mineral from Saxony. Ger- 
 many, and from Pikes Peak, Colo., where it occurs, 
 ))ut without the rich lilue-green color of that found in 
 Utah. Here it was obtained by ^Nir. Josiah Beck in 
 181(5 in the Dugway mining district, in Tooele county, 
 in a region of low and desert hills. The mineral was 
 not fully identified until 1899, when the analysis was 
 made and the result published.' The prosopite is a 
 beautiful stone, but whethei- it exists in suflicient 
 amount to be of practical use has not yet Ijeen deter- 
 mined. 
 
 Aiithnudtc. -There is a small but fairlv constant 
 sale in the coal region of eastern Penns\-lvania of arti- 
 ch?^.f ornament carved from anthracite coal, such as 
 
 'American J(jumal of Science, January, 1899, pa.ses 53, 54. 
 
PRECIOUS STONES. 
 
 1053 
 
 inkstands, paper weights, etc. These are usually made 
 partly polished and partly roug-h, so as to show a con- 
 trast between the two difl'erent kinds of hlack surfaces. 
 They are sold almost entirely sis local souvenirs to per- 
 sons visiting- that part of the countr3^ The sale of such 
 articles has been estimated for some _ycars past at a total 
 varying from $l,0(»o to ij;i',000. 
 
 Catlinitc {pijhstiini'). — This material, celebi-ated in 
 Indian history and immortalized liy Longfellow in 
 "Hiawatha," is used to some (>\tent for making orna- 
 ments and souvenirs that are sold to \'isitors in the 
 region of its occurrence — Pipestone county, in south- 
 western Minnesota. It is not really a detinite mineral 
 species, but essentially an indurated red clay. Among 
 the Indians it has long been held almost sacred as the 
 material for making "pipes of peace." The principal 
 locality Avhere it is found was, and still is. visited by 
 Indians from all parts of the country to obtain it for 
 that purpose, and is still regarded by them as a kind of 
 inviolable spot, where all have the right to come. The 
 United States Government has very properly set apart 
 the land on which the Cjuarry exists as a small reserva- 
 tion, to secure this free right of access to all Indians 
 forever. It is jealously guarded by the native tribes, 
 and it is seldom that large pieces can Ije secured by 
 white men; hence the supply is rather limited and is 
 likely to remain so. The only large object ever made 
 from this material was a mantelpiece, carved by an In- 
 dian artist, with designs from Hiawatha, which was ex- 
 hiljited in the Minnesota building at the Pan-American 
 Exposition of 1901. It had been shown previously at 
 the Columbian Exposition in 1803, and is now in the 
 courthouse at Pipestone, ]Minn., in the room occupied 
 by the Women's Historical Society, to which organiza- 
 tion it belongs. The sale of ornaments and souvenirs 
 made of catlinite is estimated at about $2,000 annually, 
 for some years past. 
 
 Fluorspar {IJIinoia). — The old and celebrated "Shaw- 
 neetown" region in southern Illinois has lately been 
 jaelding fluorite of remarkable beauty. In a lot of 
 specimens recentU' sent to the writer for examination 
 were cleavage pieces of much beauty from sevei-al of 
 these localities, notably the Emjiire mines and Cave- 
 in-Rock. From the former were large cleavages of 
 rich reddish purple, and of the peculiar sea-blue of 
 that region; in one case the general color was of the 
 latter kind, clouded at points with the former— like 
 the tint of a lilue Alabashka topaz with included clouds 
 of Uralian amethyst. Both the purple and the sea- 
 blue varieties at times pass into almost colorless tluor. 
 That received from Cave-in-Rock presents an octahedral 
 cleavage, perfectly transparent and of amber yellow. A 
 cubical crystal received from Rosiclare was pale bluish, 
 becoming nearly colorless. 
 
 QUARTZ MINERALS. 
 
 Iiocl-cri/KfdI. — Rock crystal is a \'ariety of transparent 
 colorless quartz, composed of nearly pure silica. While 
 it is not rare as a mineral, yet it is sddom found in masses 
 of large size. When so found, i]owe\<'r, it is \'aluable 
 for use in the ornamental arts. (_)iie oi- two localities 
 in the Al))s, that have been known and worked from 
 Roman times, tliough vei'y di Hicult and perilous of access, 
 ha\'e furnished material for all the oljjects in European 
 palaces and nmseums which ha\'e been carvc^d fi'om this 
 suljstauce. In Japan, too, large crystals were formerly 
 obtained, from which were made the polished balls, so 
 nuich i)rized Ijy the natives, and afterwards by foreign- 
 ers, who have now almost drained the country of them 
 by purchase. The main supply in recent years has 
 been derived from Madagascar and Brazil. 
 
 Within the last decade very tine rock-crystal masses 
 have been detained in the United States, especially in 
 California. An important discovery was made in 
 1891-1)2 by Mr. James lUackiston, near Placeryille, 
 Eldorado county. Here, in a partly decomposed quartz 
 vein, were found crystals ranging from small sizes up to 
 masses of 80 or 90 pounds in weight. Some are clear 
 and Hawless, while others have the peculiar and lieauti- 
 ful marking known as " included phantoms." This fea- 
 ture has been caused by successive deposits, and is shown 
 by the appearance of several crystals of identical form, 
 one within another, each being outlined by a thin coat- 
 ing of some other mineral, which delicately colors the 
 otherwise transparent quartz. These coatings in the 
 I California crystals are of rich green chlorite. Similar 
 chlorite phantoms in clear quartz have since been found 
 also in San Bernardino county, in the mountains of 
 that name. 
 
 The most remarkable discover}' of quartz in Califor- 
 nia, however, was made in 1897, in Calaveras countj', 
 at the old (Treen Mountain mine, in Chile gulch, near 
 Mokelumne Hill. Here, in one of the ancient ri\-er 
 channels tilled with auriferous gravel and covered by 
 an overflow of lava — a formation characteristic of that 
 ' region of the state — was found a quantity of enormous 
 I quartz crystals, embedded in the old gravel. It is 
 j claimed that 12 tons were taken out in the years 1897 
 and 1898. One giant crj'stal, surrounded by an attached 
 cluster of smaller ones, weighed over a ton. A num- 
 ber of the finest specimens were sent to New York, and 
 splendid balls wei-e cut from them hj machinery espe- 
 cially constructed for the purpose. Two of these balls 
 were a little over 7 inches across, but they are not 
 absolutely flawless. A third, 5i- inches in diameter, 
 without a blemish, was valued at $3,000. The latter, 
 and one of the other two, are in the Tifi'any-Morgau 
 collection at the American Museum of Natural Historj' 
 in New York; the other is in the Museum of the Jardin 
 
1054 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 des Plantes at Paris, with the collection of American 
 gem minerals that was prepared for the Pan-American 
 Exposition of 1901. 
 
 So far as the gravel deposit was explored, the crystals 
 appeared to 1)6 strewn through it, and it would seem 
 to contain a large amount of valuable material, although 
 no work has been done there since 1898. Other local- 
 ities in California where cr3'stals weighing several 
 pounds have been found are Drum valle}-. Three- 
 rivers, and Yokohl. in the neighborhood of Visalia, in 
 Tulare countJ^ 
 
 In Oregon, large transparent masses have been found 
 near Bay City, but no particulars of their occurrence 
 are given. 
 
 Some tine rock crystal occurs in North Carolina, in 
 Chestnut Hill township, Ashe county, on a spur of 
 Phoenix mountain, near Long Shoal creek. Here, at 
 two or three spots not far apart, were found pieces up 
 to 5(» pounds in weight, and two very large crystals, of 
 188 and 285 pounds, respectively. A crystal ball, 5 
 inches in diameter, and a number of art olijects, all of 
 American workmanship, made frona this material, were 
 shown at the Columbian Exposition at Chicago in 1898. 
 Another find in North Carolina was reported in 1896, 
 from Elkin, in Surry countv, hy Mr. R. M. Chatham, 
 who described crystals up to 10 pounds in weight. 
 Some large crystals are also known to have been found 
 in South C'arolina, and it is probable that much rock 
 crystal adapted for use in the arts, exists in the moun- 
 tain regions of the South. 
 
 Colorado has furnished some fine material, especiallj' 
 that from ]Mt. Antero, Chafl'ee county. A polished 
 ball, 6 inches in diameter, from the summit of this 
 mountain was exhibited at the Columbian Exposition. 
 
 A find of considerable (juantity was reported in 1896, 
 at Cheyenne pass, Wyoming, about IS miles west of 
 Cheyenne city, but no development at that point ap- 
 pears to have been undertaken. 
 
 The quartz crystals of Hot Springs, Ark., have been 
 known for many years and furnish a constant source 
 of business to the farmers of the surnnuiding country, 
 who collect them and bring them in by the wagon load 
 to sell to local dealers and to tourists. Th(>se crystals 
 are not large enough to yield art material, but they are 
 beautiful as specimens, eithei' as single crystals or more 
 frequently- in groups. It is (estimated that in the 3'ear 
 1896 no less than 15,000 pounds were gathered in Mont- 
 gomerv. Saline, and Garland counties and sold in the 
 city of Hot Springs for $5,000. 
 
 i'lilorcd viirietieK. — Among the colored varieties, 
 Vjesides amethyst, of cr3'stalline quartz suitable for use 
 as precious or semiprecious stones, two are important — 
 smoky quartz and rose quartz. Both are fcjund at 
 various points in thr United States and have been 
 mined more f)r less during the past ten vears, although 
 there is no laig'c or contiMUf)Us suj)i)ly. 
 
 Siiwky quartz. — The most noted place in which smoky 
 fiuartz occurs is at and near Pikes Peak, Colo., where 
 it is abundant in fine crvstals, in a coarse granite, as- 
 sociated with the beautiful crystals of green feldspar 
 (amazon stone), for which that locality is famous. It is 
 found also at Mt. Antero, in Colorado, where the smoky 
 quartz obtained in 1891 yielded one of the finest faceted 
 stones in the world, measuring 3^ inches in length. It 
 was cut and exhibited at the Columbian Exposition. 
 Much of the material from Pikes Peak is sent abroad 
 for cutting, and returned to be sold at Denver and 
 Colorado Springs, Colo., at Hot Springs, Ark., and 
 other interior resorts, as jewelry to tourists. The 
 annual sales amount to about |10,0O0, three-fourths of 
 which is for cut stones and one-fourth for specimens. 
 
 Large crystals, up to 4 and 5 inches in diameter, have 
 been collected at Brandy creek, in Lemlii county, Idaho. 
 They have been found, too, at Three Mile Gulch, near 
 Helena, ]\lont., and a gigantic cr3'stal, nearly 2 feet long 
 and weighing 93J- pounds, was found in 190(J. on Clear 
 creek, Jeft'erson county, Mont., by Mr. E. P. Chisolm. 
 Crvstals have also been reported at points in South 
 Dakota. A considerable quantitv occurs in connection 
 with the colored tourmalines in southern California, 
 both at the San Jacinto mine in Riverside county and 
 those at ^lesa Grande in San Diego county. 
 
 In the East very fine smoky quartz has been found in 
 Maine and in North Carolina, as well as at some other 
 points. I'he specimens from Maine are particularly 
 beautiful. Ciystals of 40 pounds in weight were re- 
 ported in 1896, b3' IMr. R. M. Chatham, from a locality 
 near Elkin, in Surrv county, N. C. , and it was alread v well 
 known in the neighboring counties of Alexander. Burke, 
 and Iredell. In Connecticut, at New Milford, some 200 
 pounds of smokv (juartz, worth over §100, was taken 
 out in 1898. But the most valuable yield has been in 
 Oxford comity, Me., where as much as 3 tons of crvs- 
 tals were reported by Mr. T. E. Lamb, of Portland, as 
 mined in 1897, on Mt. Apatite. Much has been taken 
 out since, including one perfect crystal 12 pounds in 
 weight, and a polished ball 3 inches in diameter has been 
 cut from material obtained here. 
 
 BtiHi' quartz. — The delicate pink variety of quartz 
 known as rose quartz has long been obtained at several 
 ]K)ints in New England, especially at Albany, Stow, and 
 Paris, in ^Maine; at Southbury, in Conni-cticut; also at 
 Bedford, in AVestchester county, N. Y. Though a 
 beautiful material, it had been little used in the arts or 
 as a gem until ((uite recently, when it was tried with 
 some success. In general, and particularly in the case 
 of the specimens from the localities in ^Maine, the tint 
 vari(>s gnnitly from an almost colorless varietv. some- 
 times opalescent, to pale pink, salmon, and deej) rose. 
 "W hen cut into dou)il(> ciilinrlioiis. or balls, it sometimes 
 shows the asteria efiect, 1 i ke a star sapph ire. Very fine, 
 rich-colored ])ieces, partly opalescent and in size up to 
 
PRECIOUS STONES. 
 
 1055 
 
 4 or 5 inches in diameter, liave ))een obtained at Kound 
 mountain, near Albany, Me., and a ball of 2i incheK 
 across, with other cut objects from this locality, wore 
 shown at the Columbian Exposition. 
 
 Rose quartz occurs also at Acworth, N. II., in the 
 celebrated beryl locality, and a large lilock of tliis mate- 
 rial, some live feet square by half that thickness, has 
 been set up as a monument in Franklin, N. II. , to the late 
 Walter Aiken, of that place. The mass is somewhat 
 fissured, however, and rose quartz is liable to fade in 
 the sunlight, so that neither in texture nor in color is it 
 adapted for monuments or other use out of doors. 
 
 In 18i:>4: the occurrence of rose quartz in Iredell and 
 Cabarrus counties, N. C, was amiounced b}^ Prof. T. K. 
 Brunner. In 1896, 50 tons of it were mined at Theresa, 
 in Jefl'erson count}', N. Y., and its presence was noted 
 in Colorado by Mr. E. H. Saltiel, at the headwaters of 
 Currant creek, in Park county. In the same ye&v 
 Messrs. M. Braverman and W. H. Smith described 
 several places where it occurred in the neighborhood 
 of Visalia, in Tulare county, Cal., especiallj' on the 
 Yokohl river, where about $1.!)0 worth was then taken 
 out. It exists in some quantity, and of excellent color, 
 at Yokohl and Threerivers, in the same county, and 
 probaldy at other points in that section. 
 
 By far the most extensive occurrence, however, is in 
 the Black Hills of South Dakota. Specimens were first 
 brought in by Prof. W. P. Jenncy on his exploring ex- 
 pedition in 1876, and a fine display of it was made in 
 the South Dakota building at the Columbian Exjiosition 
 of 1893. The exact locality is near French creek, 6 
 miles east of Custer, in the county of that name. Here 
 it exists in great quantity and of fine quality, outcrop- 
 ping along a ledge for 5(M> feet in a vein varying in 
 thickness from a few feet up to 00. The color, as usual, 
 ranges through many shades, from faint jjink or e\en 
 white, to the tint of a ripe watermelon, and in places 
 alters completely" within a few inches. Contrary to the 
 general opinion, there is no evidence of its fading by 
 exposure to light, for outside portions, and even rolled 
 bowlders, show in some cases a fine deep coloring. 
 Thus far the mining has fjeen carried on mainly by hand, 
 much in the nature of quarrying. About three-fourths 
 of the stone removed is rejected as lacking color; the 
 rest is sorted and sold according to size and color, chieflj^ 
 to dealers and collectors, at prices ranging from 5 to 25 
 cents a pound. One mass weighing over a ton was re- 
 cently sold to be cut into table tops, 30 by 36 inches in 
 size, which were sent to Paris to fill an order. The 
 production reported to the United States Geological 
 SurvcA' amounted to 4 tons in 1902. 
 
 Amdhyxt. — Amethyst is a variety of quartz of a 
 deep purple or bluish violet color, shading almost to 
 pink. Like ordinar}- quartz, it is composed of silica, 
 and the coloring is due to the presence of oxides of 
 mano-anese and iron. Its hardness is about 7, and its 
 specific gravity is slightly above 2.65. 
 
 Fine gem material has been found in the United 
 States, though nowhere is it mined with any regularity. 
 The localities from which the finest specimens come 
 are in Maine, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, southern 
 Virginia, and northeastern Georgia, and several disco\'- 
 eries have been made recenlly in the West. The main 
 develojjments within the last ten years are the following: 
 
 Deer Hill and Stow, in Maine, were noted localities 
 some time ago, but have not jdelded much lately. At 
 Denmark, however, in the same state, Mr. G. R. Howe 
 obtained many fine crystals in 1894, and had a number 
 of gems cut that were very richly colored — equal to any 
 from the Ural mountains. 
 
 Another old locality was Upper Providence town- 
 ship, in Delaware countj'. Pa. Here, in 1894, a large 
 amount of ameth^-st w'as obtained that j'ielded gems of 
 the finest quality, one of which was of 33 carats; and 
 another, still larger, is in the Lea collection in the 
 National Museum at Washington. 
 
 Virginia has only recently come into notice as a pos- 
 sible source of amethyst production. In 1896 its occur- 
 rence, in beautiful cr3'stals, was announced at two points 
 in Goochland county, bj- Mr. G. L. Chase, and also near 
 Lovingston, Nelson count}', by Mr. Benjamin Dillon. 
 In 1902 a promising locality was discovered and opened 
 in Amherst county, near Lowesville. 
 
 North Carolina has for years yielded more or less 
 ameth3'st at various points in Burke, Catawba, Iredell, 
 Lincoln, Wake, and other counties. In 19<»1 mining 
 was begun in Macon county, on Tesanty creek, where 
 a large vein traversing a decomposed granite had been 
 exposed b}' a landslide. Several thousand dollars' 
 worth of material was taken out, as rich and fine in 
 quality as any ever found in the United States. 
 
 Amethyst of excellent quality has been occasionally 
 found in Anderson county, S. C. , in Hall and Rabun 
 counties, Ga., and at Amethyst mountain, in Gillespie 
 county, Texas. 
 
 The western sources of production are chiefly in 
 Montana. In 1895 a cr3'stal weighing 12 pounds was 
 found at Granite, and in 1900 remarkable discoveries 
 were made in Jefl'erson county, some 22 miles south- 
 east of Butte, by Mr. A. P. Pohndorf . Here amethyst 
 occurs in fine crystals, curiousU mingled with quartz 
 both colorless and smokv. Crystals of black tourma- 
 Ime so penetrate the quartz as to render it opaque. 
 The amethj^st itself is free from these inclusions, though 
 sometimes it forms parts even of the same crystals. 
 
 In Colorado, amethyst is reported from Cripple Creek 
 and from localities in Park and Mineral counties, but 
 no special data have been given as to these occurrences. 
 
 Good material has been brought from two or three 
 points in Alaska, but there has been no development 
 as j'et. 
 
 Quarts pchhjrx. — Natural rolled pebbles of quartz, 
 of various colors, are often beautiful, sufliciently so 
 at times to lie iipplied to some uses in the arts or 
 
1056 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 for cheap jewelry. At many points alony- the A thin- 
 tic coast, visitors to the seaside resorts o-ather peb- 
 bles of attractive aspect, especially those of colorless 
 transparent quartz, and sometimes have them cut as 
 souvenirs. These are the so-t'alled (Jape May dia- 
 monds, and there is quite an industry at many resorts 
 in g-atherintr pelibles to cut for u-ems, seals, etc. A 
 good deal of fraud is also practiced upon visitors. 
 all manner of ornaments being- sold as material 
 found in the vicinity. At Narragansett Pier, K. I., 
 some local dealers and lapidaries have been known to 
 sell foreign-cut quartz, cairngorm stone, topaz, erocid- 
 olite, Ceyloneso moonstone, and e^en glass as stones 
 from the beach. In some cases pebltles foiuid ])v visi- 
 tors and entrusted to lapidaries for cutting have been 
 replaced l)v cut stones import(>d from Bohemia, Olden- 
 burg, and the Jura, where cutting is done on such a 
 large scale and at such low wages that the stones can be 
 brought here at one-tenth of the cost of cutting, the 
 material itself, in the case of quartz, having l.)ut small 
 value. The annual proceeds from the sale of cut stones, 
 and the money expended in cutting them at these and 
 other resorts throughout the country, may amount to 
 $20,000 or more a vear, and the sale of specimens to a 
 like sum. 
 
 Another ingenious fraud has been practiced at Hot 
 Springs, Ark. , where clear, rolled pebbles of colorless 
 quartz, found on the 1)anks of the Ouachita river, are 
 in special demand, being more valued for cutting than 
 the crystals of the vicinity, because of a mistaken idea 
 that they will cut into clearer gems. Fine pebbles of 
 this kind are scarce, and so they have been artificially 
 imitated liy putting a number of crystals into a box, 
 which is kept revolving by waterpower. In a few 
 daj's mutual attrition has rolled and roughened the 
 crystals into beautiful pelibles — so beautiful, indeed, 
 that an expert can distinguish them from tiie real ones 
 by their more perfect whiteness of surface. 
 
 Along the coast of California and Oregon there are 
 various localities where many verv attractive pi'bbles 
 of chalcedony, agate, etc., are found. The principal 
 beaches are at Crescent City, at the northern extremity 
 of California; Pescadero, some 28 miles west of San 
 Jose; and Kedondo, a few miles south of Los Angeles. 
 These pebT)les are very abundant and in great variety, 
 and are much sought by visitors. Many are put up 
 and sold in bottles of water, to preserve their bright 
 colors and markings and their transluconcy; and many 
 are drilled and strung to make chains and similar fancy 
 ornaments. Some of those at Pescadero are little hol- 
 low geodes of chalcedony, occasionally an inch long, 
 inclosing a liquid with a mo\'ing bubble. These little 
 natural-sealed flasks are found also on the beach at 
 Tampa, Florida. 
 
 There are likewise many inland localities — several in 
 California, cspeciallv on the shoi'c of Lake Tahoe; also 
 
 in Colorado, and the beaches of Lake Superior — long 
 famous for their agate pebbles, chlorastrolites, etc. 
 
 One special use of quartz pebbles in ornamental art 
 work should lie here alluded to. On Plum Island, in 
 Long Island sound, there are quantities of pebbles of 
 colored quartz — amethystine, smoky, yellow, etc. — 
 brought down )iy glacial action from the crystalline 
 rocks of Connecticut and rolled and rounded on the 
 island beach. These have been used in a very ettecti\'e 
 manner, in the same way as rounded pieces of colored 
 glass, Ijy leading them for screens, shades, etc., to show 
 their tints by transmitted light. This application was 
 introduced about ISHT, by Mr. Louis C. Tiflfany, of New 
 York.' 
 
 A(i<itr and chdlci-ildinj. — These minerals are forms of 
 (juartz (silica), lint difier from those previously noted 
 in being noncrystalline, or at least the crystalline struc- 
 ture, if present at all, is only discernible by the micro- 
 scope. They are also never transparent, but vary from 
 translucent to nearlv opaque, '\^'ith the exception of 
 colorless chalcedony or white carnelian, they are vari- 
 ously and often richly colored Ijy metallic oxides, prin- 
 cipally those of iron and manganese, and furnish a 
 number of semiprecious stones that have long been 
 favorites in jewelry and art work. 
 
 There are many localities in the United States where 
 handsome agates and chalcedonies occur, and some of 
 these may hereafter be conmiercially developed. But 
 with the exception of the little local trade in agate and 
 chalcedony pebbles, already mentioned as carried on at 
 certain of the beach resorts on the Pacific coast (see 
 quartz pebbles, above), and likewise to some extent 
 with the agate pebbles of Lake Superior, there is hardl}' 
 anjr continuous production or sale. At one point, how- 
 ever, a deposit of agate occurs that is unequaled in the 
 world, and deserves special mention. This is the aga- 
 tized forest, or Chalcedony Park, of Arizona, where an 
 area of many square miles is strewn with logs and 
 trunks of an ancient growth of trees, now completely 
 altered to silica, and stained with the richest and most 
 varied hues by the oxides above named. Silicified 
 wood is by no means unconuuon, })ut it rarely presents 
 such beauty of coloring as here, where fallen and broken 
 trunks many feet in length and ranging up to as nmch as 
 4 feet in diameter, with the Avoody structure pei'fectly 
 visible, are converted into agate and chalcedony of 
 every mingled shade of red, brown, and purple. When 
 polished this makes one of the most beautiful and inter- 
 esting ornamental stones in the world, and has attracted 
 great admiration abroad as well as in this country. 
 Splendid exhiliits of it in the form of table tops, clock 
 bases, pedestals for statuary, and many kinds of minor 
 articles, have been made at the Columbian and Pan- 
 American Expositions and at the Paris Exposition of 
 
 ' Uniteif States (Teologieal Survey, "Mineral Resources of the 
 United States," 1887, pa^ije 14. 
 
PRECIOUS STONES. 
 
 1057 
 
 1900. These hiive been shown by the Drake Company, 
 of Sioux Falls, S. Dak., who obtained a large amount of 
 the mateiial, and erected machineiy ancl polishini;- works 
 at that place, operated by waterpower, and succeeded 
 in producing- l)eautiful results. Previously there had 
 been no polishing works in this country that could deal 
 with large pieces of a material as hard as quartz. 
 
 The locality is in Apache county, Ariz., a few miles 
 south of the Southern Pacitic Railroad from Adainana 
 station, not far from the town of Holbrook. It con- 
 sists of three open valleys or eroded areas among a wil- 
 derness of mesas and buttes. The logs, more or less 
 shattered into pieces and fragments or cylindrical cross 
 sections, lie along these valleys by thousands, having 
 been washed out of the rather soft sandstone that for- 
 merly covered the whole region, and which still remains 
 in the intervening hills and buttes. At some points the 
 logs may be seen in place in the sandstone, especially at 
 the celebrated "chalcedony bridge," where a large 
 trunk spans a gully worn in the side of a small hill. 
 Geologically these beds belong to the Triassic forma- 
 tion, equivalent to the brown and red sandstones of 
 New Jersey and the Connecticut valley. But the trees 
 grew at a somewhat earlier time, and were overthrown 
 and buried in the sandstone when that was laid down by 
 an invasion of the Triassic sea. These points have been 
 fully determined by Prof. Lester F. Ward, of the 
 United States Geological Survey, in two visits to the 
 region in 1S99 and 1901. 
 
 This beautiful material exists in very large quanti- 
 ties, but since access has been made more easy from 
 the railroad, tourists, vandals, and speculators have 
 been coming in and there has been danger of seriously 
 despoiling one of the most remarkable natural curiosi- 
 ties in the country. Some years ago the legislature of 
 Arizona petitioned Congress to set apart the Chalced- 
 ony Park as a reservation, and this course was strongly 
 recommended by Prof. Lester F. Ward, after his recent 
 visits. Of course, under Government control, a judi- 
 cious and reasonable removal of material for use in the 
 arts is now permitted; and under such supervision a 
 permanent supply for legitimate purposes will be 
 assured, but spoliation and speculation will be properly 
 prevented. 
 
 The yield reported in the last five years has risen 
 steadily; it was H3,000 in 1898, $3,000 in 1899, $6,000 
 in 1900, and $7,000 in 1901 and also in 1902. 
 
 CIin/soi>ras<'. — Another semiprecious stone which has 
 been developed in the United States within the past 
 decade is chrysoprase, a chalcedony of a light green 
 color, caused l.)y the presence of oxide of nickel. This 
 stone has been highly valued for centuries, but is of 
 rare occurrence, and most of that used in jewelry and in 
 the arts has been obtained from Silesia. Its existence 
 in North America had been recognized at some points 
 before, but the onl}- promising locality was at Riddles, 
 30223—04 67 
 
 Douglas county, Oreg. Mr. George W. Smith, a sur- 
 veyor, obtained specimens in Tulare county, Cal., as 
 far back as 1878. These he sul)mitted to experts, who 
 pronounced them to lie true chrysoprase. The first 
 who positively identihed them as such, by actual deter- 
 mination of the nickel oxide, was Mr. M. Braverman, 
 of Visalia, Tulare county, who is well known for his 
 enthusiasm in locating and collecting California min- 
 erals. From that time specimens were gathered and 
 sent quite widely to nuiseums and cabinets; but not for 
 some 3'ears was its commercial value appreciated. 
 When that became known, systematic development was 
 attempted, the neighborhood was prospected, and other 
 occurrences discovered, so that now there are not fewer 
 than five localities in Tulare county where chrysojirase 
 is known to occur. The first of these to be discovered 
 was the one at Venice Hill, 12 miles northeast of 
 Visalia; the others are on Stokes mountain, on the 
 Tule river, on Deer creek, and at Lindsay, 16 miles 
 south of Visalia. Mr. Braverman has been active in 
 the search for these localities, and has presented to the 
 California State Mining Bureau a very fine specimen 
 from the last-named place. The veins which it forms 
 are of no great thickness, and much of the material is 
 flawed and cracked, or too pale to be valuable. Still 
 a large quantity of fine chrysoprase has been obtained 
 and cut, from these several localities, especially the last 
 two and the first. The total production for several 
 years did not much exceed $100 annually, but since a new 
 company took up systematic work two years ago the 
 yield rose to $1,500 in 1901, and $1,5.000 in 1902. 
 Most of the material is cut into squares, ovals, etc., for 
 rings and studs, and into small pieces of various shapes 
 for inlaying as mosaic. 
 
 Within the past year a promising locality has been 
 discovered in North Carolina, at Morganhill, in Bun- 
 combe country, some 16 miles from Asheville. Here it 
 occurs in several parallel seams or veins quite near to 
 each other; the color is pale at the surface, but becomes 
 deeper below. No extensive work has j'et been done 
 here, although some very rich green material has been 
 cut and placed on the market, and the outlook is favor- 
 able. 
 
 2fosn iigate. — The name "moss agate" is applied to 
 a variety of translucent chalcedony, usually nearlj- col- 
 orless, that is penetrated by minute branching or 
 "dendritic" (tree-like) crystallizations of oxide of 
 manganese or of iron, the former black, the latter 
 brown or reddish. It has long lieen a favorite semi- 
 precious stone in Europe and the East, but large pieces 
 are rai'e. Small rounded nodules of it are abundant at 
 various places in the West, particularly in Wyoming. 
 In 1893 large masses were found near Hartville,Wyo., 
 occurring in a vein 8 or 10 inches thick in limestone. 
 Slabs of 2 or 3 feet in length could be taken out, accord- 
 
1058 
 
 MINKS AND QUARRIES. 
 
 ing to Mr. H. A. Crane, of Hartville, who described 
 its occurrence, and tal)le tops made of it were shown in 
 the AVyomino- section of the World's Colun]])ian Expo- 
 sition at Chicago. The translucent white slalis. with 
 moss-like markings in black, are verv beautiful. 
 
 Two other localities in which fine moss agate has been 
 found are reported in Wj'oming, one 47 miles and the 
 other 75 miles northwest of Chej^enne. No important 
 developments, however, appear to have been made at 
 these points. 
 
 Table 4.— DETAILED SUMMARY: 1902. 
 
 Number of mines or quarries 
 
 Number of operators 
 
 Chanu'ter of ownership: 
 
 Individual 
 
 Firm 
 
 Incorporated company 
 
 Salaried officials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Total number 
 
 Total salaries 
 
 General officers- 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Superintendents, managers, 
 foremen, surveyors, etc.— 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Foremen below ground — 
 
 Numljer 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Clerks- 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Aggregate average number 
 
 Aggregate wages 
 
 Above ground- 
 Total average number. . . 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Engineers, firemen, 
 and other me- 
 chanics — 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miners or quarry- 
 men- 
 Average number 
 
 AVages 
 
 All other wage- 
 earners — 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Below ground- 
 
 Total average number. . . 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Miners- 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miners' helpers- 
 Average number. 
 
 Wages 
 
 All other wage- 
 earners- 
 Average number. 
 Wages 
 
 United 
 States. 
 
 46 
 460 
 
 449 
 1 
 10 
 
 S;2.S, 687 
 
 3 
 S2, 500 
 
 13 
 
 ^"21 247 
 
 2 
 
 S2, 760 
 
 4 
 S2, ISO 
 
 108 
 S^.'<8,017 
 
 72 
 &o6, 058 
 
 ^3, 867 
 
 50 
 
 S39, OSS 
 
 18 
 
 S13, 103 
 
 36 
 S31.959 
 
 29 
 §25, 295 
 
 5 
 
 So, 445 , 
 
 SI, 219 
 
 Cali- Mon- 
 fornia. tana. 
 
 81 
 
 ,, 
 
 47 
 
 3 
 
 44 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 SI, 800 
 
 1 
 
 S500 
 
 19 
 
 S12, 591 
 
 12 
 -56,937 
 
 12 
 
 S6, 937 
 
 S5, B54 
 
 5 
 34, 435 
 
 2 
 SI, 219 
 
 1 
 $1,250 
 
 1 
 
 S4S0 
 
 39 
 S43, Bin 
 
 24 
 
 S25,.514 
 
 14 
 
 New 
 
 Jlt'X- 
 
 ico. 
 
 3 
 S6, 160 
 
 S4,200 
 
 1 
 SSCiO 
 
 36 
 
 S22, m- 
 
 S13, 932 
 
 1 
 
 S600 
 
 14 
 
 J14,760 ,S10,056 
 
 S7, 187 S3, 276 
 
 15 I 14 
 
 518,150 I S8, 155 
 
 10 
 S12, 705 
 
 S5, 446 
 
 14 
 S8, 165 
 
 All 
 other 
 states 
 and 
 terri- 
 tories.^ 
 
 4 
 3.50 
 
 10 
 
 S12,710 
 
 3 
 
 J2,.500 
 
 6 
 $9,010 
 
 14 
 
 $9, 675 
 
 14 
 
 S9, 676 
 
 10 
 
 S7, 335 
 
 4 
 
 $2, 340 
 
 Average number of wage-earners at 
 specified daily rates of ymy: 
 Macliinists.' blacksmitiis. car- 
 penters.anii otiiermeehanios — 
 
 82.00 to $2.24 
 
 $3.00toS3.24 
 
 Miners or quarrvmen — 
 
 ¥1.00 10 SI. 24 
 
 S1..50toS1.7i 
 
 $1.75 toSl.Oil 
 
 $2,00 toS2.24 
 
 82.25 to $2. 49 
 
 $2..5U to $2.74 
 
 82.75 to $2. 99 
 
 83.00 to S3. 24 
 
 $3. .50 to S3. 74 
 
 $3. 75 to $3. 99 
 
 Miners' helpers — 
 
 .$3.00 to .$3.24 
 
 .A.11 other \\ age-earner.s — 
 
 SI. 511 to SI. 74 
 
 SJ.OII Iii «2 21 
 
 Dnited 
 States. 
 
 71 . 
 
 Average ihidiOii uf wage-earners 
 employed during each nionth: 
 ]\Ien 16 years and over — 
 
 .January 
 
 February 
 
 Wari-h 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 ,Tuly 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 Novemljer 
 
 December 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses: 
 
 Total 
 
 Royalties and rent of mini' 
 
 and mining plant 
 
 Rent of ("iHiees, taxes, insur- 
 ance, interest, and other 
 
 sundries 
 
 Cost of supiilics and materials 
 
 Value nf product 
 
 Power owned: 
 
 Total borsepowcr 
 
 Engines, steam — 
 
 Xumlicr 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 92 
 90 
 87 
 112 
 109 
 141 
 140 
 120 
 lis 
 94 
 
 7,481 
 S437 
 
 S7,044 
 
 17,781 
 
 !$328, 450 
 
 4 
 1.50 
 
 Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 30 
 27 
 23 
 18 
 16 
 17 
 17 
 8 
 15 
 17 
 25 
 15 
 
 SI, .568 
 
 81,568 
 
 87,113 
 
 865, 000 
 
 8830 81,900 
 
 85,920 82,480 
 
 8116,000 851,600 
 
 Mon- 
 tana. 
 
 New 
 Mex- 
 ico. 
 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 41 
 51 
 82 
 SI 
 69 
 61 
 26 
 12 
 9 I 
 
 7 
 11 
 5 
 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 42 
 31 
 31 
 31 
 32 
 31 
 34 
 36 
 44 
 
 8830 ' $1,900 
 
 All 
 other 
 states 
 and 
 terri- 
 tories.! 
 
 H 
 H 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 17 
 26 
 26 
 
 SB, 183 
 
 8437 
 
 82, 746 
 
 $2, 268 
 
 896, 850 
 
 2 
 
 50 
 
 1 Includes operators distributed as folio 
 
 - ^, „.,.,...,... .-J,..,,*., ^1., .,..,,. i.v,.. ^ v^ ,^.- ....Hows: Arkansas, .50: Arizona, 46 (1 mine): Colorado. 25: Idali 
 Hampshire, 10; North Carolina, 18 (1 mine); Pennsylvania, 55; South Carolina, 5; ^■-"*^ T^.-1-,i, .^. i.; 
 
 . ,_.,.-jv.,.ti.i,.. _.-. iv,uii>,, 1: Maine, 13; Minnes 
 South Dakota, 3: \'irginia, 3; ^Vyoming, 3. 
 
 >ta, 110; Nevada, 8 (1 mine); Xe 
 
TALC AND SOAPSTONE 
 
 (1059) 
 
TALC AND SOAPSTONE. 
 
 Bv .I08EPH Hyde Pkatt. 
 
 Talc and .soapstoiie havo assumed a very important 
 place amono- the minor mineral.s, and iu respect to the 
 value of the production are near the head. This is 
 due not so much to the variety of uses to Avhich they 
 are put as to the very remarkable growth in the utiliza- 
 tion of talc in the manufacture of paper, for nearly 
 two-thirds of the value of the production in i'..l()2 was 
 used for this purpose. Statistics for talc and soapstone 
 include a small production of serpentine and the pro- 
 duction of pyrophyllite, lioth of which are mined and 
 used for the same piu'poses as those for which talc 
 is emploved. 
 
 In treating the statistics of the talc and soapstone 
 mining industry it is necessary to include aiso the 
 statistics of the. manufacturing processes wdiich are 
 conducted at the mines under the same management, as 
 the financial and other details are inseparable. This 
 method has been customary since the census of bSGO, 
 which was the first census to give statistics for this 
 industrv. 
 
 Table 1. 
 
 _'ninparaiirf .■niiniiinry: ISOO tu 1903. 
 
 Number of mines or quar- 
 ries 
 
 Number of operaters 
 
 Salaried otSoials, clerks, etc.: 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Average number 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 
 Cost of supplies and materi- 
 als 
 
 Product:^ 
 
 Quantity, short tons 
 
 Value 
 
 iflOi 
 
 $279, 083 
 880,136 
 
 8125, 932 
 
 97, 563 
 81,138,167 
 
 1889 
 
 (°) 
 
 »280 
 '8116, 621 
 
 i-) 
 
 835, 454 
 
 1880 
 
 18701 
 
 (■-) , (=) 
 
 74 27 
 
 838,444 ' 810,824 
 
 818,201 ■ 898,325 810,425 
 
 (') 
 
 178 
 857, .545 
 1=) 
 
 36,461 I 12,6.51 
 $475, 878 8121, 395 
 
 (=) 1=) 
 
 8189,116 I 827,600 
 
 1 Classification was "soapstone stoves, tireplaees. sinks, and cisterns." 
 
 2 Not reported. 
 
 3 Establishments. 
 
 ^ Not reported separately. 
 
 ^Salaries included in wages. 
 
 ^ Foremen included in wage-earners. 
 
 ^The United States Geological Survey reports 97,9.54 short tons, valued at 
 81. 140, .507, which includes 391 short tons of soapstone, valued at 82,340, used as 
 a mineral pigment and so reported by the Census. 
 
 The industrv, as will be seen by the table, increased 
 from a product in 1860 valued at $27,60(1 to one in 
 1902 valued at !?1,1S,S,167. From 1870 to 1880 there 
 was a falling otf in value of $67,720, although there 
 were 5 more mines or establishments in operation and 
 lO-i more emploj-ees engaged in the work. This prol)- 
 abh" can be accounted for by the fact that a number of 
 new properties were being opened and developed, and 
 
 this development required a large increase in the num- 
 Ijer of enii)loj'ees without resulting iu production for 
 the current year. 
 
 Only the statistics for New York and North Carolina 
 can be given separately, as there were not more than 2 
 producers in any of the other states. There were 20 
 mines in operation in the United States during 1902, of 
 which 6 were in North Carolina; -1 in New York; 2 each 
 in Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia; and 1 each 
 in California, Georgia, Alassachusetts, and New Jer.sey. 
 Thirteen mines were rei:)orted idle — 1 each in California, 
 Maryland, Massachusetts, North Carolina, and Ohio; 2 
 each in New Hampshire and Virginia; and i in Georgia. 
 
 CajiltaJ stocli' of incorjxjrated companies. — Of the 20 
 mines reported, 13 were operated b}' incorporated com- 
 panies, 4 by indi\-iduals, and 3 by firms. The details 
 of the capital stock and funded debt authorized and 
 issued by the 13 incorporated companies are shown in 
 the following table: 
 
 T.VBLE 2. — Ccqiitdlhatifin of ■incorporaied companies:: 1902. 
 
 
 United 
 States. 
 
 New 
 York. 
 
 North 
 Carolina. 
 
 All 
 other 
 states.i 
 
 Number of incorporated companies 
 
 Capital stock and bonds i.ssued 
 
 Capital stock: 
 
 Total authorized — 
 
 Number of shares 
 
 13 
 87,097,925 
 
 98, 877 
 87,768,425 
 
 91,802 
 
 87,050,925 
 
 891,300 
 
 78,577 
 86, 728, 426 
 
 76, 977 
 
 85, 568, 425 
 
 S;:12, 000 
 
 20, 300 
 82,030,000 
 
 14,.S25 
 
 81.482,500 
 
 8.59, 300 
 
 1,900 
 8730, 000 
 
 1.817 
 8647. 000 
 812, 660 
 
 4 
 86, 119, .500 
 
 61,300 
 86, 130, 000 
 
 55, 725 
 
 85, 672, .500 
 
 867, 300 
 
 41,000 
 84, 100, 000 
 
 40, 900 
 
 84,090,000 
 
 Ss.OOO 
 
 20, 300 
 82, 030. 000 
 
 14,825 
 
 5 
 
 8768,425 
 
 13, 377 
 
 8918,425 
 
 11,877 
 $768, 425 
 
 4 
 
 8810, 000 
 
 24, 200 
 8710,000 
 
 Total issued— 
 
 
 8710, 000 
 
 
 
 Common- 
 Authorized — 
 
 Number o f 
 
 13, 377 
 
 8918, 426 
 
 n,,S77 
 8768,426 
 
 24, 200 
 8710,000 
 
 24, 200 
 8710,000 
 824,000 
 
 Par \'alue 
 
 Issued— 
 
 Number of 
 
 shares 
 
 Par value 
 
 Dividends yiaid. 
 Preferretl — 
 
 .Authorized- 
 
 Number o f 
 shares 
 
 
 
 Issued — 
 
 N u m h e r o f 
 
 
 
 Par value 
 
 181,482, ,500 
 869,300 
 
 900 
 8630, 000 
 
 817 
 
 8,547,000 
 
 86, 660 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bonds: 
 
 ..Vuthoiizcd— 
 
 
 1 000 
 
 Par value 
 
 
 8100 000 
 
 Issued— 
 
 
 1 000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 iliu'ludes opLTators distribntud a.s follow^: ("'alifornia, 1: Pennsylvania, 1; 
 -,i;inia, i'. 
 
 (1061) 
 
1062 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Five of the incorporated companies were in North 
 Carolina, -i in New York, 2 in Viro-jnia, and 1 each in 
 California and Pennsylvania. The capital stock and 
 funded debt of the i New York companies constituted 
 
 79.5 per cent of the total. The par value of the 
 capital stock issued was 90.9 per cent of the total par 
 value authorized. The bonded indebtedness was s.4 
 per cent of the capital stock and funded debt. The 
 dividends paid amounted to 1.3 per cent of the total 
 stock issued and 5.1 per cent of the total stock on which 
 they were declared. Sixty-five per cent of the total 
 amount paid in dividends was declared on preferred 
 stock and 35 per cent on common. Of the total divi- 
 dends 73.7 per cent was paid on the stock of the New 
 York mines and 26.3 per cent on that of the mines in 
 Virginia. 
 
 Employee^ and wages. — In considering the question 
 of employees and wages, it is to be observed that the 
 talc and soapstone industry is a composite one of min- 
 ing and manufacturing. There arc two principal kinds 
 of manufacture: (1) The grinding of talc into tiour, 
 after which it is packed in bags preparatory to ship- 
 ment, and (2) the sawing and finishing of soapstone into 
 slabs, mantelpieces, laundrj' tubs, etc. Thus it can 
 readilj' be seen that more emplo^-ees are required, in 
 proportion to the tonnage of the mineral rained, in an 
 establishment where the higher grades of manufactured 
 articles are made than in a plant where the mined talc 
 is merely ground. This will explain the large number 
 of employees in proportion to the tonnage in "'all other 
 states," because in these the soapstone mined is largely 
 converted into manufactured articles, this being espe- 
 cially true of Virginia. 
 
 The number of salaried employees was 75, or 8.9 per 
 cent of the aggregate average number of all employees, 
 which was 846, and the}- received in salaries $03,713, or 
 
 18.6 per cent of the total salaries and wages, which 
 amounted to $312,796. The number of wage-earners 
 was 771, who received $279,083 in wages, which were 
 91.1 and 81.1 per cent, respectively, of the total num- 
 ber of emplo3'ees and total wages. There were on an 
 average 38.5 wage-earners to a mine. Of the states, 
 the statistics of which are shown in detail, New York 
 had 21.1 per cent of the wage-earners, and they re- 
 ceived 30 per cent of the wages paid. North Caro- 
 lina had 8 per cent, and they received 7.7 per cent of 
 the wages. 
 
 Of the 771 wage-earners, onlj' 9S, or Vl.l per cent, 
 worked below gr-ound, the remaining 673, or 87.3 jier 
 cent, being enjphjycd above ground. >Some of these, 
 however, were employed in cleaning and preparing the 
 talc and soapstone for market, while all the under- 
 ground wage-earners were directly emploj'cd in min- 
 ing the talc. Besides tlie number of wage-earners 
 mentioned above, tli<'re were 9 foremen included among 
 the salaried employees, who worked below ground. 
 
 Of the 771 wage-eai'iiei's, 411, oi- 53.3 per cent, are 
 classitied as "'miners or quaiTymen and stonecutters;" 
 
 of these 73, or 17.7 per cent, were employed in New 
 York; 57, or 13.9 per cent, in North Carolina; and 281, 
 or 68.4 per cent, in "all other states." In New York, 
 69 miners were emiolo3'ed underground and only 4 were 
 reported as working above ground. In North Carolina, 
 8 miners were report(Kl as working underground, and 
 in "all other states" only 3 were so reported. 
 
 The daily rat(>s of ])ay of the wage-earners, as given 
 in Table 5, varied from 5(> cents to $3.49 per day. 
 Nearly one-half of the total lumiber of all classes of 
 wage-earners, or 46. S per cent, received from %\ to 
 $1.24 per day; 13i!, or 17.1 per cent, were paid from 
 $1.25 to §1.49 per day. The highest rate of pay was 
 received by those classitied as "all other wage-earners," 
 16 of whom were paid fi-om $3.25 to $3.49 per day, 
 these being emploj-ed in the mamifacture of the more 
 intricate articles made from soapstone. 
 
 Of the 411 miners or quarrymen, 249, or 60.6 per 
 cent, received only from $1 to $l.i4 per daj', this being 
 due largely to the fact that mtist of these workmen 
 were employed in the southern mines, where the rate 
 of wages was nuich lower than it was for the same class 
 of labor cith(>r in the North or East. 
 
 The average luunber of wage-earners employed dur- 
 ing each month is also shown in Table 5. The liusiest 
 months for the industrj' were August, when an average 
 of 826 eniploj-ees were at work, and September, when 
 the average reached 841. The month with the smallest 
 average was November, with 705. In New York the 
 greatest average number employed was 168, that num- 
 ber working in January and December. In North 
 Carolina the greatest average was 85, employed in July, 
 xVugust. and Septen:ber. 
 
 Sv,pplle><., ii>at<rialx^ and iiusctllanr(_inx c.tpcnsis. — The 
 amount, $125,93;i, reported as j'aid for supplies and 
 materials was the principal item of expense, next to 
 wages. Of the amount, $80,136, reported for miscel- 
 laneous expenses, $31,364, or 39.1 per cent, was ex- 
 pended for royalties and rent of mine and mining plant, 
 and $4S,77i!, or 60.9 per cent, for rent of otfiees. taxes, 
 insui'ance, interest, and other sundries. 
 
 Meclaniical piiini r. — Of the 20 operators, 16 reported 
 primary power aggregating 3,945 horsepower. Of 
 this, 2,700 horsepower, or 6S.4 per cent, was supplied 
 by water wheels; 1,235, or 31.3 per cent, bv steam 
 engines; and 10, or three-tenths of 1 per cent, bv gas 
 or gasoline engines. There were reported in addition 
 3 electric motors having a capacity of 225 horsepower. 
 Of the 2,7(10 horsepower furnished by water wheels, 
 1,650, or (il.I per cent, was used in New York; (;30, or 
 23.3 per cent, in North Carolina; and 420, or 15.6 per 
 cent, in "all other states." Of the 1,235 horsepower 
 generated by steam, 53(i, or 42.9 per cent, was emploved 
 in New York; 7o, or 5.7 per cent, in North Carolina; 
 and 635, or 51.4 per cent, in "all other states." Tno 
 10 horse-power generated by gas or gasoliiu^ engines was 
 used in California. The electric motors were reported 
 from Viro-inia.. 
 
TAJX! AND SOAPSq^ONE. 
 
 ior,8 
 
 l^roducthn. — The. total production of talc and .soap- 
 stone in 1903 was 97,56:^ short tons, valued at $1,1HS, ItiT, 
 of which the state of New York, with 4 estahlishnients, 
 produced 71,1(X» tons, or 73.9 per cent, .ind North Car- 
 olina 5,238 tons, or 5.4 per cent, leavini;- 31,335 tons, 
 or 31.7 per cent, for the 7 other .states. In tlie \ahLe of 
 the production New York is credited with 54. 1 [)er cent 
 of the total value. North t'arolina with 7..S per cent, 
 and the 7 other states, collecti\'ely, with :iS. I per cent. 
 In order to show the growth of tiie talc and soapstone 
 industry in the I'nited States since 18S(i, there is yiven 
 in Table 3 the production of these minerals as reported 
 by the United States Geoloy-ical Survey since tliatyear: 
 
 T.-VHLE 3. — Prinhiclliin nf laic and nadiixtniic: /S.SO In IHOJ. 
 [Uiiitcil Stall's Oc'<.)lotiioal Siirwy, "Mineral Ucsiiun'os of Llir Cnitud States."] 
 
 YEAE. 
 
 Quantity 
 
 (short tons). 
 
 Value. 
 
 Average 
 
 value 
 per ton. 
 
 1880 
 
 1881 
 
 12, (SI 
 12,000 
 12,000 
 14,000 
 20, 000 
 20, 000 
 24,000 
 27, 000 
 3.5, 000 
 36, 461 
 .5.5, 024 
 69, 568 
 65, 833 
 .50, 932 
 63,050 
 60 7:'.5 
 OS, 272 
 
 78, 932 
 76, 587 
 
 79, 420 
 91,413 
 97, .843 
 97, 951 
 
 S121,395 
 135, 000 
 165,000 
 225, 000 
 310,000 
 310, (100 
 350.000 
 3S5, 000 
 4liO, 000 
 175, 87.K 
 611,505 
 737,019 
 909, 931 
 6.58, 503 
 Kit), 385 
 637, 392 
 753, 50S 
 762, 665 
 (i98, .512 
 7().s, 955 
 8«3,011 
 908,48.K 
 
 1,140, .507 
 
 S9. 60 
 ) ] . 25 
 
 1882 
 
 1883 
 
 1S84 
 
 1S8S 
 
 1886 
 
 13. 75 
 16.07 
 15. .50 
 15. .50 
 11. 5.S 
 
 1887 
 
 1888 
 
 1889 
 
 1890 
 
 14. 26, 
 13.11 
 13.05 
 11.66 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 10. 59 
 13.82 
 11.. 57 
 
 1894 
 
 13.27 
 
 
 10.49 
 
 i.sai; 
 
 1,S97 
 
 11. 04 
 9. 66 
 
 1S9.S 
 
 9.12 
 
 1899 
 
 9. OS 
 
 1900 
 
 9. 60 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 9.29 
 11. (il 
 
 Since 1880 the averao-e prici> per ton has rtmi^ed from 
 $9.13 in 1898 to $lti.o7 in 1883. In 1903 the prices re- 
 ported as I'eceived for the talc and soapstone products 
 varied from $3.35 for material sold in the rough as 
 cpiarried, to $31,035 received for manufactured articles. 
 This'wide variation in price is readily explained ^3y the 
 various uses to which talc and soapstone are put, and to 
 the amount of work that is required in preparing the 
 manufactured articles for market. 
 
 The imports of talc, 1880 to 1903, inclusive, princi- 
 pally from France and Italy, as published by the United 
 States Geological Survey, are shown in the following 
 table: 
 
 T.\BLE 4:.— Talr Imported intii the United States: ISSO to 190J. 
 [rniteil State.s Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the I'nitcd States."] 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Quantity 
 (short 
 tonsj. 
 
 Value. 
 
 YKAR. 
 
 Cjuantitv 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Value. 
 
 ism 
 
 ly.Sl 
 
 24, ] 65 
 
 19, 229 
 
 1,044 
 
 81 
 
 8;22,807 
 7,331 
 25,641 
 11,607 
 11,165 
 24,3.56i 
 24,514 
 49, 250 
 22, 446 
 30, 993 
 1,560 
 1, 121 
 
 1,892 
 
 531 
 1, 360 
 
 622 
 3, 165 
 
 1, 966 
 796 
 761 
 251 
 
 2, 3S0 
 2,.S59 
 
 .f5,546 
 
 1893 
 
 1K91 
 
 1.S95 
 
 1S90 
 
 1 .S97 
 
 1 .S9K 
 
 12,.S25 
 
 1.S8-J 
 
 18K5 
 
 ISH-I 
 
 0, 816 
 26, .H43 
 18, i'i93 
 
 I8wr> 
 
 1886 
 
 1S87 
 
 8,423 
 9 338 
 
 1899 
 
 3, .614 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 1 , 070 
 
 ] ,SMQ 
 
 27,015 
 
 ISMO 
 
 35, KOO 
 
 
 
 
 
 'Not reported. 
 
 44ie detailed statistics of the industry for 1903 are 
 gi\cn in Table 5. 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE. 
 
 'i'lic name laic lias been used \ery coimnonl\', and yet 
 eri-oneously, for ii number of minerals which are simi- 
 lar to it in physicid proyjerties, but distinct nn'nei'tilogic- 
 ally. Coimnereially, the. name talc is usually applied 
 to the hbrons tind I'oliated \arieties, which arc the 
 purer foi'iiis, and the ntime soapston(^ confined to the 
 massive \'arieties. MinertUogically, the name talc re- 
 fers not only to the foliated and fibrous varieties, but 
 also to those which are compact, and soapstone oi- stea- 
 tite is simply a variety of this miiiei-al. Talc may be 
 considered as occurring in tlie \arieties, foliated and 
 massive, with a third division known as fibrous talc, 
 which is usually called pseudoniorphous, as it has gen- 
 er.dly resulted from the alteration of the mineral ensta- 
 tite. The foliated talc is the most valuable, being pure 
 and very free from grit, so that it is suitable for use in 
 the mtuuifacture of ttilcum powders, etc. Occasionallv 
 this variety is so compact that it can lie used in the 
 manufacture of tailors' pencils, when it commands the 
 highest price paid for anj' talc. Certain varieties of 
 the massive talc are also pure enough to be ground into 
 a flour talc, 1)ut the greater portion is used in the man- 
 ufacture of soapstone articles. 
 
 The propeifies of talc (exclusive of soapstone) that 
 make it suitable for the purposes for which it is used 
 are its extreme softness, its purity or freedom from 
 grit, its stability, and its smooth, slipperv surface. 
 Since the minerals serpentine and pyroiDhyllite closely 
 approximate manv of these properties, they are used 
 to some extent for the same purposes. This is true 
 especiiilly of the latter, which can lie used for many of 
 the purposes for wdiich flour talc is employed. 
 
 <Jcciirr<'i'ice. — Talc is found very commonly through- 
 out many of the states, tuid in small quantities it is very 
 widely distributed. The steatite variet}- occurs more 
 frecpiently in commercial (quantities, but it can be 
 worked protttably only when it is located most favorably 
 with regard to transportation facilities and in proxim- 
 ity to a market for the manufactured articles. In a 
 uumlier of states this variety is quarried and used for 
 chimney's and flreplaces I)}' the inhabitants of the district 
 in which it occurs, but it is impossible to tell exactly 
 how' mu(di is used in this way. It has been roughly 
 estimated that in the mountains of North Carolina from 
 35 to 50 short tons jier year are so used. 
 
 Large deposits of foliated talc have thus far been 
 found onl}'" in North Carolina and New York, and in 
 both cases they are associtited with limestone. Small 
 amounts of this variety of talc are found associated with 
 the basic magncsian rocks extending from Alabama to 
 Canada, but in no case has it been found in commercial 
 quantity. AVhere. however, the pyroxenite variety of 
 these l)asic magnesian rocks has been converted into 
 the secondary rock composed almost entirely of the 
 
lOG-t 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 steatite vai-ietj- of talc, it makes a deposit of commer- 
 cial value if favorably located, as mentioned above. 
 
 Talc has been mined in (California, (leorg-ia, Mary- 
 land, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New 
 York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Vermont, and 
 Virginia. In l',)i);i it was mined in all these states 
 except New Hampshire and Vermont. The California 
 ''talc product" that was put on the market in l'.HJ2 was 
 not talc, ])ut a variety of serpentine obtained fi'om 
 Santa Catalina Island, Los Angeles county. Recently, 
 however, a deposit of talc was discovered in Tulare 
 county, near Lindsay, about -!.t miles east of the rail- 
 road, where it occurs in lenses of from ti to S feet in 
 width and 1()0 or more feet in length. Since no good 
 talc deposits are being worked on the Pacific coast, this 
 deposit is worthy of investigation as to its connneri'ial 
 possibilities. 
 
 The deposits of Georgia and North Carolina are 
 somewhat similar in their occurrence, and are probably 
 parts of the same belt, although the Cieorgia talc is 
 more compact and not so fine in ([uality. In Georgia 
 the principal mining has been done in Murray countv. 
 At least one-half of the talc rained in this state is put 
 on the market in the form of ground talc. 
 
 The deposits of North Carolina are found in Swain 
 and Cherokee counties, and that portion of the belt in 
 Swain county furnishes the most valuable talc that is 
 produced in the United States, and in many respects is 
 a unique occurrence of this mineral. The (juality of 
 this talc is such as is used in the manufacture of tailors' 
 pencils, etc.. and for which there is a larger demand 
 than can be met. All the rest f)f the North Carolina 
 talc is ground to Hour, and most of it is used in the 
 manufacture of toilet j^owders. In IVIoorc cfiuntv occur 
 the pvrophyllite (soapstone) deposits, whidi ha\-e been 
 mined quite extensively, the product being used for 
 various purposes. None of it is as good quality as the 
 genuine talc, nor does it connnand as high a price. For 
 foundry purpose's, howevei', as far as can be judged, it 
 ought to be as satisfactory as the other. 
 
 The Massachusetts talc deposits are not very numer- 
 ous, and the only one worked in 1!)0^ was near Dalton, 
 Berkshire county. The talc is of the foliated variety, 
 and all that was mined was gi'ound to flour talc. j 
 
 The deposits of talc in Maryland and Viig'inia are of 
 the steatite variety, and nearly all mined in these states 
 is used for manufactured articles. A \'ery small amount 
 has been ground to a flour (ale. A Hbrous talc has been 
 obtained in some ipumtity in the viciiiity of ^Viehle, 
 Fairfax county, Viiginia. 
 
 Soa})stone deposits occur on l)oth sides of the Dela- 
 ware ri\er. being found in Warren countN'. X. J., and 
 in N<)rtham])ton county. Pa., in the \-icinitv of Easton. 
 The general width of this soapstone belt is from yOO to 
 GOO feet, and the mineral is obtained usually l>y quar- 
 rying. Practicidly all of the Pennsyhania and New 
 Jersey talc oi- soa])stone is ])ut on the market in the 
 
 form of a ground product, most of which is used in the 
 manufacture of paper. 
 
 St. Lawrence c(uuity, N. Y., is the scene of the 
 largest talc industries in this country. The talc is of 
 the hbrous variety, and is used almost entirel}^ in the 
 manufacture of pa])er. There are about twelve mines 
 in this talc region, and they are located near Talcville, 
 St. Lawrence county, and Littleyork, Cortland county. 
 Since the consolidation of a number of the smaller 
 properties the mining and manufacture of ground talc 
 has been carried on moi'e systematically and on a larger 
 scale, thus increasing the production of talc in this state 
 and decreasing the cost. 
 
 About 3 miles southeast of the \'illage of Kochester, 
 Vt. , are old talc mines which were worked rather ex- 
 tensively during LS65-(J(3. These are now l>eing re- 
 opened and tleveloped, and the material will be put on 
 the market as ground talc. 
 
 There were no new deposits that produced talc during 
 l'.t()2, although some work was done in investigating 
 dejoosits. most of the deposits imestigated. however, 
 proved to be of little or no eonunercial value, being for 
 the most part of the steatite variety. 
 
 J/ithoiIs iif III I II ing . iiii'ui i{f(ictii I'l IK/, and ilt'iiii ini'i. — 
 The mining of talc is either (1) l)y means of open cuts 
 and pits, (2) by a system of shafts or tunnels and 
 drifts, or (3) occasionally by a comliination of lioth cuts 
 and shafts. The mining of the soapstone (steatite) is 
 largely liy the first method. Mining l)y shafts, tunnels, 
 and drifts is confined to the foliated and fibrous \'arie- 
 ties of talc. In N(>w York the method of mining is 
 practically the same at all of the mines. Inclined shafts 
 arc sunk, following the dip of the country rock, which 
 is first gneiss, and then massive white dolomite, as the 
 beds of talc are approached. These rocks stand very 
 well, so that tindiering is required only occasionally. 
 When the shafts reach the beds of talc, drifts are run 
 along the strike of the deposit. On account of the com- 
 pactness of this talc, blasting is usually necessarv in re- 
 moving it. .Vs the talc comes from the mine it varies 
 in si/e from particles no larger than dust to masses two 
 feet (ir more in length, and it is conveyed in hand cars 
 to the mills, where it is puherized. The larger masses 
 ai-e broken with sledges and then passed through Blake 
 crushers and conveyed by a Ixdt to a pair of slightly 
 corrugated steel rolls, which reduce the talc to small 
 pieces, one-foui'th inch oi' l(>ss in length. From the rolls 
 the crushed talc is carried by an endless belt conveyor to 
 bins on the top floors of the mills, ar, '. tlien it is con- 
 veyed automatically into Griffin mills on the floor below. 
 A draft of air is forced through the mill, and as tlie 
 talc becomes fairly fine it is l:)lown through an opening 
 and falls to th(> flooi- lielow. It is returned to the 
 second floor and coin'cyed into large hopper shaped bin 
 cars, From which it is (Iroi)ped into Alsing c\-|inders, 
 in which is a ([uantity of watei'worn ([uart/ pebbles, 
 2.2 inches or less in diameter. As the cxdinder revolves 
 
TALC AND SOAPSTONE. 
 
 1065 
 
 the constant pounding and rubbing of tliesc quartz peb- 
 bles on the talc completely pulverize it. Fi-oni this 
 cylinder the talc passes through a grating, thus Ijecom- 
 ing separated from the (juartz pebbles, and is conveyed 
 automaticall}^ into a bag hlling machine, M'here it is 
 bagged and weighed, read}' for shipment. 
 
 Talc mining in North Carolina does not present any 
 serious difficulties, as the deposits do not iwtend to any 
 great depth. The presence of water in the mines in 
 the lowlands occasionally causes considerable expense 
 and loss of time. Most of the mines thus located have 
 been worked by means of open pits, which during a 
 period of lieavy rain have to be aljandoned on account 
 of being flooded. Although some of the deposits, 
 especially those on the hillsides, can be worked advan- 
 tageously by means of open pits, the majority of them 
 arc worked to the best advantage when shafts or tun- 
 nels and drifts are used. Little lilasting is necessary 
 at any of the mines, as the talc can usually be removed 
 readily by pick and gad. As the rough blocks of 
 talc are taken from the mine the\' are hand cobbed if 
 necessary and sorted into three grades. The larger 
 pieces are cleaned by rubbing them with steel l)rushes, 
 and the smaller ones by a founder's scouring machine. 
 They are then dried by being spread over a floor of 
 steam pipes, which are kept at a temperature of •21'2''' F. 
 When these jjieces are drv thej' are crushed and ground 
 by means of crushers, rolls, and pulverizers, and the 
 foreign material removed l)y screening. It is then 
 further ground in buhrstone mills, similar to those 
 used in grinding wheat, and passed through bolting 
 cloth, which makes the flnal product nearly uniform in 
 grain. This ground product is handled very nmcb 
 like flour, and in iilling the liags with the flour talc, an 
 ordinary flour packer is often used. 
 
 In Maryland, New Jersey, Tennsylvania, and Vir- 
 
 ginia, whore it is principally the steatite variet}' of talc 
 that is produced, the mining operations are carried 
 on almost entirely in ver^^ large (jpen cuts and pits. 
 The preparation of the ground talc from the New 
 Jersey and Pennsylvania mines or (juarries is a process 
 similar to that described abo\'e. In Virginia, where 
 the soapstone is used almost exclusively for maimfac- 
 tured articles, the tonnage mined is of course very 
 miU'h larger than the weight of the articles manufac- 
 tured and put on the market. 
 
 f'titv. — Talc is employed in the arts in two distinct 
 foi'ms, as powder, or flour talc, and as pieces sawed 
 into various sizes and shapes. The flour talc is now 
 used as a base for fireproof paints, lubricants, and 
 many of the cheaper soaps, for electric insulators, for 
 Ijoiler and steam pipe coverings, for foundry facings, 
 for the dressing of skins and in the manufacture of 
 dynamite, of the various toilet powders and of paper. 
 Formerly certain varieties of clay were used as a filling 
 in the manufacture of paper, but with the discovery of 
 large deposits of talc, especially of the fibrou.s variety, 
 in New York, talc has largely replaced them, its fibrous 
 and pliable character giving additional strength as well 
 as weight. The introduction of talc in the manufac- 
 ture of toilet powders put on the market under the 
 name of talcum powders gave a new use for the more 
 valuable talc. 
 
 The soapstone, or steatite varieties of talc, are used 
 for the most part in the manufacture of hearthstones, 
 linings of furnaces, for cupola and converter linings 
 in many steel works, for laboratory tables and ovens, 
 for laundry tubs and slate pencils, and, to a limited 
 extent, in Ijuilding. It is also used quite extensively 
 in the manufacture of soapstone griddles, foot 
 warmers, boot driers, and for man_v other articles of 
 evervdav use. 
 
lOfin 
 
 minp:8 and quarries. 
 
 Table 5.— 1;)ETAILKD SUMMARY: ]1>02. 
 
 iS umber of mines or quarries 
 
 Numhfr of operators 
 
 Cbaraeter of ownership: 
 
 ludividual j 
 
 Firm ! 
 
 lui'orpomteclcnmpjiny | 
 
 Salaricil nrticiuls, olerKs, etc.: 
 
 Total numlier 
 
 Total salaries 
 
 General (ifliccrs— 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Superintendents, mauagfrs, 
 foremen, surveyors, vU-. — | 
 
 Number 
 
 Salaries ; 
 
 Foremen below groumi— 
 
 Nnralier 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Clerks— 
 
 Nnmlter 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Wage-earners: 
 
 Aggregate average nninbi-r 
 
 Aggregate wages 
 
 Above ground- 
 Total average nnmlirr — 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Engineers, firemen, ! 
 and other me- 
 chanics — 
 Average number.. 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miners or quarrymen 
 and stonecutters- 
 Average number,. 
 
 Wages 
 
 All other wage-earn- 
 ers— 
 Average number,. 
 
 Wages 
 
 Below ground- 
 Total average number 
 
 Total wages 
 
 Miners- 
 Average number.. 
 
 Wages 
 
 Miners' helpers — 
 
 Average number.. 
 
 Wage^ 
 
 All other wage-earn- 
 ers — 
 Average number . . 
 
 Wages 
 
 Average number ot \vagc-earners at 
 specified daily rates of pay: 
 Engineers — 
 
 Sl.00toSl.2-l 
 
 Sl.25toSl.49 
 
 51.50 to SI. 74 
 
 Sl.75toSi.99 
 
 S2.00toS2.24 
 
 82.25 to S2.49 
 
 Firemen— 
 
 S1.00toSl.-24 
 
 Sl.25toSl.49 
 
 Sl.50toSl.74 
 
 Sfi3,713 
 12 
 
 US 
 
 S2S, 039 
 
 16 ' 
 $S. (.100 I 
 
 SI 35 
 
 I 
 
 Nl-w 
 York. 
 
 Nurlli 
 (JnmliiiH. 
 
 All "ther 
 states.' 
 
 4 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 "1 
 
 1 
 
 S19, IIM 
 
 V2 
 S7,71ll 
 
 34 
 S3H, 319 
 
 ,a 
 
 3 
 
 ils,,-,oo 
 
 17 
 1 ^'^''^ 
 
 ?:!, '.190 
 
 14 
 
 «1I,,SS9 
 
 9 
 
 S1.H4 
 
 
 ?2i;o 
 
 Sl.lliO 
 
 51,200 
 
 $•'), 7U0 
 
 2S2 
 J95. 047 
 
 CO 
 
 S3fi.71.s 
 
 9S 
 ? J 1.037 
 
 $32,402 
 
 103 
 SS3. OSO 
 
 13 
 ,,H00 
 
 l'.9 
 S28, 902 
 
 17 
 SS,.'.00 
 
 f 21, 410 : S173,9,S7 
 
 .>J .142 
 
 $1S,711) I S173,062 
 
 204 
 $^4, 720 
 
 4 49 278 
 
 Sl,7f;0 Sli;,I89 ?,s,S, 332 
 
 00 
 
 S3i;.7is 
 
 s 
 
 700 
 
 ?2, 700 
 
 4 
 $93.'j 
 
 S.soo 
 
 1 
 S135 
 
 AveriiK'-' number of wage-earners at 
 sj-teeilieil diiily rjitesnf jtay — Cont'fl. 
 Maeliiilists, l.laeksmiths, carpen- 
 ters, anil other nieehanies — 
 
 SU.75 t()$0.99 
 
 SI. 00 to ?1. 24 
 
 S1.2.TtoS1.49 
 
 S1..50toS1.74 
 
 Sl.75toSl.99 
 
 S2.00toS2.24 
 
 S2.50toS2.74 
 
 S2.7.5 to S2.99 
 
 S3.00tof3.24 
 
 Miners or quarryinen are! stone- 
 cutters — 
 
 W..50toS0.74 
 
 S0.75toS0.»9 
 
 Sl.OO to 81.24 
 
 Sl.25to81.49 
 
 Sl.60tojl.74 
 
 S1.7.5toS1.09 
 
 82.00 tn 82. 24 
 
 Miners' lu'lju'rs — 
 
 81. .50 to 81.74 
 
 All other ^vage-carners — 
 
 81 .'2.5 to 81 .49 
 
 81 .50 to 81.74 
 
 81.75 to SI .99 
 
 82.00 to 82.24 
 
 82.75 to 82.99 
 
 S3.'25 to S3. 49 
 
 Average number of wage-earners 
 employed during caeli niontli: 
 
 .lainrary 
 
 Febniar\- 
 
 March 
 
 Ai)ril 
 
 Mav 
 
 .hine 
 
 .IliU 
 
 .\UgUSt 
 
 Septeluber 
 
 (letober 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses: 
 
 Total 
 
 Royalties and rent of mine 
 
 and mining plant 
 
 Rent of otlice.s, ta.xes, insur- 
 ance, interest, and other 
 
 sundries 
 
 Cost of supplies and nuUcrials 
 
 Product: 
 
 Quantitv, short tons 
 
 Value..' 
 
 Power owned: 
 
 Total horsepower 
 
 Engines — 
 8team — 
 
 NiimlaT 
 
 H()rsepower 
 
 Gas or gasoline— 
 
 Nuiuber 
 
 Horsejio^\'er 
 
 AVater wheels — 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 Electric inolors — 
 
 Number 
 
 Horsepower 
 
 United 
 
 States. 
 
 110 
 105 
 
 3 ! 
 
 717 
 709 
 7.S3 
 813 
 764 
 791 
 826 
 841 
 766 
 705 
 711 
 
 880,136 
 S.31,364 
 
 848, 772 
 S125, 932 
 
 97., 563 
 81,1*8,167 
 
 3, 945 
 
 1,235 
 
 33 
 2, 700 
 
 New 
 York. 
 
 North 
 Carolina. 
 
 14 
 
 23 
 
 •') 
 
 3 
 2 
 16 
 
 168 
 163 
 161 
 162 
 164 
 163 
 156 
 164 
 166 
 164 
 157 
 168 
 
 838, 786 
 828, 220 
 
 810, .51 ;o 
 815, 2,53 
 
 71,100 
 Slil5, 350 
 
 Another 
 states.! 
 
 110 
 
 105 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 234 
 29 
 11 
 1 
 2 
 
 .5.50 
 506 
 660 
 667 
 686 
 536 
 550 
 577 
 690 
 837 
 498 
 495 
 
 17.981 813,369 
 S7'20 82,418 
 
 827, 2i;i $10, 951 
 812,447 , S9S,'232 
 
 5,238 I 21,225 
 888,962 i 8433,855 
 
 7 
 635 
 
 6 
 630 
 
 1 
 10 
 
 6 
 4'20 
 
 'Includes operators distributed as follows: r'alifornia, 1 ; ';ef.rgia,l: Maryland, 2; Massacbusctts, 1 ; New .Jersey, 1; Pennsylvania, 2; and A'irginia, 2. 
 
MAGNESITE 
 
 (1067) 
 
MAGNESITE. 
 
 By JosEi'ii Stkuthees, Ph. D. 
 
 The output of mag-nesite in the United States is ob- 
 tained solel}' from California. The mineral occurs in 
 other states, but the deposits are not of sufficient extent 
 or purity to render their exploitation a connnercial pos- 
 sibility. The deposits of this mineral occur in several 
 localities in California, but a mine located in Tulare 
 county was the only one in active operation during 
 1902. It is impossible, therefore, without disclosing 
 individual operations, to publish the complete statistics 
 for this branch of the mining- industry, and they are 
 included in the group of ''all other minerals" in the 
 general tables. Of the magnesite mines which were 
 idle during 1903, 2 are located in Alameda county, 2 in 
 Napa county, and 1 each in Santa (^lara, Sonoma, and 
 Stanislaus counties, a total of 7. The mineral has also 
 been found in San Bernardino county. 
 
 Production. — During 1902 the production of magne- 
 site in California amounted to 3,086 short tons of crude 
 ore. Of this product 2,236 short tons were calcined, 
 the result being 1,050 short tons of the calcined product, 
 valued at $15,780. The remaining 850 short tons of 
 crude ore were valued at $3,859. The value of the 
 entire product was therefore $19,639. 
 
 The quantity and value of crude magnesite marketed 
 in the United States during the years 1891 to 1902, in- 
 clusive, including the value of the calcined product, is 
 given in the following table from the reixn-t of the 
 United vStates Geological Survey: 
 
 Table 1. — Frodvctioii of magnesite: 1S91 to 190-1. 
 [United States Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the United States, "19(12.] 
 
 Quantity 
 (short tons). 
 
 Value. 
 
 1891 
 1892 
 1893 
 1894 
 189.5 
 1896 
 1897 
 1898 
 1899 
 1900 
 1901 
 1902 
 
 ?-l,390 
 10,010 
 7,040 
 10,240 
 17,000 
 11,000 
 13,671 
 19,07,r. 
 IS, 4.S0 
 19, 333 
 43, (B7 
 21,362 
 
 The census figures for 1902, as given in the text, are 
 for the quantity mined that j'ear, while those of the 
 Survey include 38<» tons, valued at $1,723, mined 
 previouslv but sold in 1902. 
 
 The production of crude magnesite is practically 
 under the control of one tirm in California, which ships 
 much of the output to two manufacturers of carbon 
 dioxide gas for use in the production of the gas bj' cal- 
 cination. The calcined product, essentially magnesium 
 oxide, or magnesia, is returned to the shipper and is 
 subsequently utilized by paper mills in California and 
 Oregon. The demand for calcined magnesite for this 
 purpose in the West is limited, and only a small por- 
 tion of the available supply is utilized — a trade condi- 
 tion which is reflected by the difl'erent unit value of the 
 cidcined product from j-ear to j-ear when considered in 
 connection with the quantities produced. Thus in 19()0 
 the supply of calcined magnesite amounted to 1,013 
 short tons, and the average value per ton was $15.70; 
 in 1901 the output, 1,726 short tons, far exceeded the 
 demand, and the average value decreased to $5.57 per 
 ton; in 1902 the quantity produced, 1,050 short tons, 
 was again just sufficient to satisf j' the normal consump- 
 tion, and the average value per ton rose to $15.03. 
 
 Consinnjjtion. — It is impracticable to furnish accurate 
 statistics of the consumption of magnesite and of magne- 
 site products in the United States, owing to the fact that 
 ill the official reports no distinction is made between the 
 imports of crude and of calcined magnesite : furthermore, 
 the statistics of the quantity and value of imported mag- 
 nesite bricks are not separately reported. During 1902 
 the imports of crude and calcined magnesite (which were 
 chiefly from Greece and Austria) amounted to -±9,786 
 short tons, valued at $373,928, as compared with 33,461 
 short tons in I'.tOl. There was also a very large impor- 
 tation of magnesite bricks, ))ut no statistics of their 
 quantity or value are available. By adding the figures 
 for imports to the figures for the marketed production, 
 as given bj- the Geological Survey, an estimate may, 
 however, be made of the consumption exclusive of the 
 quantity contained in brick form; on this basis the 
 
 (1069) 
 
1070 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 quantity of crude and calcined nuignesite consumed 
 in the United States during V,H)'2 was 53,252 short tons, 
 as compared with -if^tiSS short tons in 1901 and 31,070 
 short tons in 1900. These statistics show the increas- 
 ing importance of magnesite in the industrial arts in 
 the United States; they also show that only a very 
 small fraction of the supply is of domestic origin. 
 
 The industry intJie United States. — Magnesite is found 
 in many localities in the United States — in California 
 and in Massachusetts; at Bare Hill, near Baltimore, Md. ; 
 near Rj-e and at Stonypoint, N. Y. ; near Hoboken, 
 N. J. ; in Yancey and Cabarrus counties, N. C. ; in Ches- 
 ter and Lancaster counties, Pa.; in Arizona and in 
 Texas. But the deposits have been worked with com- 
 mercial success only in the first-named state. The 
 deposits in California are quite widespread, occurring 
 in the following counties: Alametla, Colusa, Fresno, 
 Kern, Mariposa, Monterey, Napa, Placer, San Luis 
 Obispo, Santa Clara, Stanislaus, Tulare, and Tuolunuie. 
 The only producing property during the year Mas in 
 Tulare county, near Portersville, where the mineral 
 occurs in a series of vertical and flat veins, in some 
 cases 10 feet in width, and has wall rocks of serpentine 
 and granite. Some of these veins outcrop boldly, and 
 a few of them have been traced on the surface for sev- 
 eral thousand feet. A large (juantity of mineral has 
 been disclosed l)y open cuts and a tunnel. A lo-ton 
 kiln, using crude petroleum as fu(d, serves to calcine 
 the product, which is then shipped to paper mills, 
 and a second kiln will be erected as soon as the 
 demand warrants it. The calcining treatment, Avhich 
 is carried on at a temperature of 2,50(1''' F. , occupies 
 from three to three and one-half hours; the carbon 
 dioxide gas expelled is allowed to escajjo into the 
 air. Li the calcination of magnesite, 4s to l<-2 [ler 
 cent of its weight is lost by the expulsion of the 
 carbon dioxide. The cost of the cah'incd product 
 at the kiln is from $12 to §14 per ton. Tlic deinaiul 
 for magnesite has increased rapidly east of the Kock\- 
 mountains, Ijut owing to the high cost of transporta- 
 tion from the Pacific coast, most of the mineral used 
 is imported, mainly from (rreece. An important i)rol)- 
 lem of the industry in California is t(j reduce the cost 
 of calcination to a point which will admit of the ship- 
 ment of the calcined pi-oduct to Pittsburg, ^\■here it 
 might be used for the manufacture of magnesite brick 
 and other refractory products, an industry in which at 
 present magnesite imported from the,' island of Euboca, 
 in Greece, and from Styria, in Austria, is used. An- 
 other important feature is the development of tlie iron 
 and steel industiy on the Pacific coast, which will give 
 a strong impetus to the mining of magnesite and its 
 manufacture into bricks and concrete for use as a basic 
 lining of furnaces oi- convcrtei-s, for treating phos- 
 phoric pig iron to make basic open-hearth or basic 
 Bessemer steel. 
 
 The industry in foreign crjuntries. — The greater por- 
 tion of the world's production of magnesite at the 
 present time comes from the deposits in Austria and 
 Greece. During 1901 the exports of calcined magne- 
 site from Austria amounted to 40,236 metric tons, 
 valued at $321,800. The deposits in Austria have 
 attained their greatest development near Vietsch. 
 The formation is of the Silurian age and consists 
 of argillaceous shales, quartzite, dolomite, and gneiss. 
 The magnesite occurs in beds conformable with the 
 strata and is usually seamed with calcite, dolomite, 
 and quartz, with occasionalh' segregations of dolo- 
 mite crystals; it is necessary, therefore, to cob and 
 pick tlie mineral. The sorted ore, which usually 
 contains from 90 to 9G per cent of magnesium car- 
 bonate, is calcined at a wdiite heat in kilns lined 
 with magnesite bricks at those sections where the 
 temperature is the highest, in order to prevent the 
 introduction of impurities into the material. The 
 small amounts of silica and ferric oxide contained in 
 the ore are sufticient only to sinter it. The kilns are 
 continuous in action and yield SO tons of calcined ore 
 daih^ This product is sorted mechanically for the 
 removal of the fine dust, as well as quartz and other 
 impurities, that may not have been separated in the 
 preliminary cobl)ing process. The sorted calcined 
 material is then crushed, formed into bricks in steel 
 molds ])y hydraulic pressure of about4,50o pounds per 
 square inch, and finally burned in kilns at a high tem- 
 perature, thus producing the solid and compact magne- 
 site ))rick as it appears in the trade. 
 
 Li Greece the magnesite mines are near Mantudi and 
 Limni in the northern part of the island of Euboea. 
 The mineral is in cryjjto-c'ry stall ine form and occurs in 
 large \-eins m serpentine; picked samples contain as 
 high as KS per cent of magnesium carbonate, but 
 tiie a\'erage composition appro.ximates 1>5 per cent 
 Foi'inerly the sorted ore was calcined in kilns fired 
 by wood, but this process has been cheapened by 
 j the introduction of modern shaft calciners using a 
 local lignite fVir fmd. Ordinarily the completely cal- 
 1 cined t)re falls to powder when moved and causes the 
 i lower ami cooler portion of the ordinary kiln to 
 become dioked with finc^ material, thereby preventing 
 the access of air which is necessary for the combustion 
 of the fuel. The modern furnace is constructed espe- 
 cially to overcome this defect. The magnesite from 
 Euboea is exceptionally pure and on account of the 
 absence of impurities, it sinters only at a verv high 
 temperature. As this magnesite is so highly refrac- 
 tory, it is nt'cessary in the manufacture of bricks to 
 add a suitable l)inding material. At the brickworks 
 at Mantudi, a small proportion of serpentine is added 
 to the mixture which is molded and burned at a tem- 
 ]>erature of 1,400'^ C. in a. i'egenerati\'e furnace of the 
 Siemens type, yielding a very hard and dense brick. 
 
MAGNESITE. 
 
 1071 
 
 Deposits of magnesito have been found at Sutton and 
 Bolton, Ontario, Canada; near Frankenstein, (Terniany; 
 in tlie Department of Ufa, southein Urals, Russia; in 
 India; and at several localities in Hungary. A few of 
 these deposits have been worked, but the output fi-oni 
 them at the present time is very small, when coini)ared 
 with the total production of the w.orld. 
 
 Oceiirre)>ei_' and vharacterivficv. — Maynesi te. magne- 
 sium t'arl)onate (MgCO.,), corresponds chemically to 
 calcite, calcium carbonate (CaCOj). In the pure state, 
 it contains 47. (> per cent of magnesium oxide, and 
 52.4 per cent of carbon dioxide. When impure, mag- 
 nesium silicate is present and at times iron oxide. 
 Pure magnesite occurs in transparent, rhomboliedral 
 crystals; in the massive form it is compact and granu- 
 lar, resembling unglazed porcelain in appearance. In 
 color it is generally white, but often of a yellowish, 
 grayish, or even brt)wnish tinge. The brownish color 
 is imparted to the mineral by the impurity, iron oxide, 
 which if present to the extent of several jjer cent forms 
 the variety "lireunnerite," or "brown spar," as it is 
 sometimes called. In hardness magnesite varies from 
 3.5 to 4.5, and though brittle, it is exceedingly difficult 
 to drill. Its specific gravity varies from ?> to 3.12. 
 
 The formation of magnesite, which is usually asso- 
 ciated with serpentine, is attributed to the action of 
 carbonated waters uj^on eruptive magnesium rocks, 
 such as olivine (chrysolite); when this action has been 
 carried nearer to completion, the serpentine also is 
 decomposed, yielding as final products magnesite and 
 quartz. While magnesite generally occurs associated 
 with serpentine, it is found also with other niagnesian 
 minerals, as talc, brucite, dolomite, etc. It is some- 
 times found in gypsum, and when the veins are irreg- 
 ularly mixed witli the gypsum the mass forms the 
 variety of marlile known as "verd anticpie."" 
 
 Usefi. — In the crude condition magnesite is used 
 largely for making carbon dioxide gas, either by the 
 ai)plication of heat alone or b}' treatment with sul- 
 phuric acid. The carbon dioxide so produced is util- 
 ized largely either in the gaseous or licjfuefied state to 
 
 "charge" or carbonate mineral waters and other be\'- 
 ei'ages, and its use in mechanical refrigei'ation in warm 
 countries and on shipboard is inci'easing. When crude 
 magnesite is dccomi)osed by sulphuric acid, magnesium 
 sulphate is obtained as a by-product, whidi, being 
 dissolved in water, filtered, and crystallized, yields 
 Epsom salts (MgSO,,, 7II,,0). During 1H02 it is esti- 
 mated that at least 17,5(H),()(MJ j^ounds of this salt were 
 produced in the United States. At least 90 per cent 
 of the domestic output of Epsom salts produced during 
 l'.H)2 was consumed in the manufacture of dyes, laun- 
 dry soaps, and paints, and in tanning leather; the 
 remaining 10 per cent was used in the preparation of 
 medicinal salts. Early in 190,3 a covjibination was 
 efi'ected of the various concerns engaged in making 
 Epsom salts in the United States. Crude magnesite is 
 used to a minor extent in the manufacture of the mag- 
 nesia alba of pharmac}". This preparation is a mixture 
 of magnesium carbonate and hydrate. 
 
 The consumption of magnesite in its calcined state 
 (which corresponds to magnesia, MgO) has increased 
 very largely since l.s99, owing to its uses in the form 
 of bridvs or concrete as a refractory lining for o^DCn- 
 hearth furnaces and Bessemer converters in the steel 
 industry, and for special parts of furnaces used in the 
 smelting of copper and lead ores; as a lining for rotary 
 kilns used in the manufacture of Portland cement; as a 
 nonconducting covering for boilers, steam pipes, etc., 
 to prevent loss of heat: and more recentlj' in electric 
 furnace construction as a refractory material. It is 
 used also in the manufacture of paper stock by the sul- 
 phite process, the wood pulp being digested luider 
 pressure in calcium-magnesium acid sulphite, whereby 
 the lignin which forms the coloring matter of the wood, 
 as well as other incrusting material of the fiber, is con- 
 verted into solul)le products, which are subsequently 
 removed by washing. The general adoption of the 
 basic process of making steel has also largely increased 
 the use of magnesite for furnace linings, especially in 
 the form of bricks. 
 
MINERAL INDUSTRIES OF PORTO RICO 
 
 (1073) 
 30223—04 68 
 
o 
 
 Ok 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 Hi 
 
 o 
 
 Pi 
 
 -a 
 
 ^ Q 
 
 fi J Q O 03 M 
 
 
MINERAL INDUSTRIES OF PORTO RICO. 
 
 By William F. Willoughbt. 
 
 The investigation of the mineral industries of Porto 
 Rico for the year ending December 31, 1902, report of 
 which is given in the pages that follow, representing, 
 as it did, the first attempt to present a comprehensive 
 exliibit of the character and importance of the mineral 
 resources of the island and of their exploitation, had to 
 contend with the difficulties usually attendant upon 
 initial statistical or census work in any field. These 
 difficulties consisted not so much in securing data con- 
 cerning mineral deposits and tlieir wortcing, after their 
 existence was known, as in securing information con- 
 cerning such existence and worlving itself. In the 
 present case this difficulty was especially acute oAving 
 to the lack of official data and the fact that in no case 
 were mining operations being conducted as a regular 
 industrial enterprise. Such work as was done during 
 the year was almost wholly of a prospecting and experi- 
 mental character. Even brickmaking and stone quar- 
 r3'ing were carried on in an intermittent manner, 
 bricks being made as demand arose for them and quar- 
 ries being worked here and there by contractors in need 
 of material for roadmaking. 
 
 In view of these conditions it was deemed that the 
 most important work that could be done by the investi- 
 gation would consist of presenting (1) such historical 
 data as could be obtained regarding the search for, and 
 discovery of, minerals in the past, and efi'orts that had 
 been made for their utilization; (2) a statement of the 
 laws in force regarding the location and exploitation of 
 mining claims; (3) a list of all mineral deposits of which 
 information could be secured by making the most thor- 
 ough investigation possible; and (-i) an account, with 
 such statistical data as could be obtained, of work actu- 
 ally done during the year in the utilization or manipu- 
 lation of such mineral resources. 
 
 In these efforts it is believed that, thanks to the co- 
 operation of the different insular and local officials, a" 
 large measure of success has been attained. The 
 thoroughness of the canvass may be seen from the fol- 
 lowing statement of the means employed in securing 
 information. In addition to the personal researches of 
 the author and his assistants, information was sought 
 and secured from each of the sixty collectors and 
 
 deputy collectors of taxes attached to the Treasury 
 Department of the island, whose duties are such as to 
 make them personally acquainted with eveiy important 
 taxpa3'er or industrial enterprise in their respective 
 districts, from the twenty-odd internal revenue agents 
 whose duties take them to every part of the island, no 
 matter how difficult of access, and finally from all the 
 contractors and superintendents engaged in the con- 
 struction or maintenance of the highwa3^s. The com- 
 missioner of the district of Porto Rico and the chief of 
 the Bureau of Mines under his jurisdiction likewise 
 rendered everv possible assistance in the wav of fur- 
 nishing data taken from official records and in directing 
 all of their emplo_yees to furnish any information in 
 their power. 
 
 Mining, as generally understood in the United States, 
 has not up to the present time been a stable industry in 
 Porto Rico. Certain minerals were known to exist by 
 Ponce de Leon and his followers in the early part of 
 the sixteenth century, but no svstematic or scientific 
 methods were then, or have been since, employed in 
 their extraction. The absence of any relics pertaining 
 to the period antedating the discoverj- of the island \)y 
 the Spaniards would tend to show that metals were 
 not used in the manufacture of warlike implements or 
 domestic utensils, neither has there been unearthed any 
 metal adornments, such as anklets, arm rings, or similar 
 decorations with which primitive tribes conversant with 
 the use of metals were wont to adorn their women folk. 
 The complete absence also of shafts, tunnels, and other 
 evidences of ore mining, such as are being constantly 
 uncovered in other Spanish- American countries, would 
 further tend to confirm the opinion that neither the 
 Borinquenos nor their Spanish conquerors practiced 
 mining except in a desultorj' manner, and the lack of 
 historical mention of such industry likewise strengthens 
 this belief. Fray Ifiigo Abad, in his " Ilistorj^ of Porto 
 Rico" (1788), makes reference to early remittances of 
 gold to the Spanish peninsula, but all the gold extracted 
 was undoubtedljf olttained from river washings bj' en- 
 forced native labor. In his description of the effects of 
 the great hurricane of 1530 the same historian says: 
 "Se volvian los ojos a las minas, las veian todas sumer- 
 
 (1075) 
 
1076 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 gidas por las crecientes de los rios" (They turned their 
 e3^es to the mines, but found them all submerged by 
 the overflow of the rivers). 
 
 Otficial or other reliable data relative to the geolog- 
 ical formation of the island is also practically nonexist- 
 ent. Some attempt to compile a report on the subject 
 was made by Angel Vasconi, a Spanish engineer, and 
 the result of his labors was laid befor(^ the directors of 
 the Exposition of Mineralogy held at Madrid in 1883. 
 The monograph comprising the report is not extant in 
 Porto Rico, but a portion of the rough draft was found 
 among the archives of the insular Bureau of Mines by 
 its present chief and was large h' drawn upon liy the 
 Governor of Porto Rico in his second annual report to 
 the President of the United States. The information 
 therein contained is considered worthy of reproduction 
 as presenting in succinct and precise form what little is 
 known of the mineral bearing formations which go to 
 make up the soil and subsoil of this new possession of 
 the United States. 
 
 [Extract from the second annual report of the Governor of Porto Rico to the 
 President of the United States.] 
 
 Gold placers were worked for some years by the Spaniards in 
 the first century of the conquest, and, according to official statistics, 
 2,700 pounds of gold were sent to Spain from the year 1509 to the 
 year 1536. It is believed that that figure only represents the part 
 belonging to the Crown of Spain— that is to say, the fifth of the 
 total production during that period of time. 
 
 The Sierra de Luquillo, the more abrupt and the highest of all the 
 mountains in Porto Rico, belongs to the main <'ordillera, or chain, 
 which cuts tlie island from east to west, with a prolongation to tlie 
 Windward Islands, by the east, and to the little island of Desecheo, 
 situated opposite to Mayaguez and Aiiasco, by the west. That 
 mountain, or sierra, is in the northeastern part of the island, and 
 owing to its situation and the elevation of its hills — the highest 
 being El Yunque, 1,200 meters [3,937 feet] above sea level — is the 
 first vessels can distinguish in coming to Porto Rico. From VA 
 Yunque and the hills named Cuchilla Firme, Meseta, PefiaParada, 
 and others, various rivers flow in which gold has lieen found. The 
 Mameyes, one of the richer in gold, has as tributaries the rivulets 
 known as Filipina, Cajones, Guaraguao, La Mina, La Maquina, 
 Tabonuco, and Anon. In this last named, the Anon, soirie thirty- 
 eight years ago, a riili concern did some work in the washing of sands 
 or auriferous alluvia, obtaining from one to two pounds of fine 
 gold per day. The rocks more abundantly found in the watershed 
 of Mameyes River are eurite and porphyry, crossed with veins of 
 quartz and iron pyrites. The alluvial lands occupy a good exten- 
 sion of the middle and lower pjarts of these watersheds, and are 
 composed of clay, sand, and bowlders, forming deposits of analo- 
 gous nature. Their depth is variable. In the valley of the Anon 
 there are .some cuts, from si.x to eight meters (20 to 2() feet) deep, 
 made in such alluvial deposits with the view of exploiting the 
 auriferous strata. 
 
 It is known that the watershed of the rivers Corozal, Negros, 
 Congos, Cibuco, Mavilla, and Manati c(jntaiii auriferous sands. 
 The idea which occurs to one examining the vicinity of t'orozal 
 is that that valley was enqitied, through a process of erosion, by 
 the diluvial waters, which produced in the calcareous soil cuts more 
 than 130 meters [427 feet] deep, through which ran a stream. It 
 is believed that the waters of that stream deposited the (luaternary 
 alluvia. The calcareous soil, said to be of thi' Tertiary formation, 
 occupies the right shore of the river and exlends itself bv the 
 north toward the sea. On the left sl](jrc, and in the lied of the 
 
 river, the limestone has disappeareil, giving place to potent strata 
 of sandstone, on \vhich the auriferous (|uaternary alluvia lay. The 
 alluvial deposits are more potent the lower they are, and golil is 
 found very near the surface in the higher and hilly iiarts, while, 
 on the contrary, in the great .deposits of the lower parts of the 
 valley the auriferous strata are covered by sterile masses. Xear 
 the source of the Congos River, in the bed of it, and 25 centi- 
 meters (9.8 inches) deep, some jjieces of quartz have been found 
 containing from 8 to 10 grams [123 to 154 grains] of pure gold. In 
 the jurisdiction of Corozal some washing machinery was estab- 
 lished, and the result was from $2.17 to $4.30 for each ton of sand. 
 
 There are also, according to otficial information, some gold 
 placers in Mayaguez, San German, Y'auco, and Coamb. The gold 
 is found in grains or nuggets of $2 or $3 value, and, rarely, nuggets 
 of even higher value. In the Fajardo River a piece was found 
 which weighed 4 ounces, and in the Congos another piece of 1 
 pound was also found; but the biggest jiiece of pure native gold 
 was discovered in the lands belonging to .Mr. Bou, in tlic jurisdic- 
 tion of Corozal. That piece was sold to Mr. Bou by the finder for 
 $200 in monev and some other valuable things. In the bed of 
 the Filipina rivulet there were obtained from 60 kilograms [132 
 pounds] of sand six -tenths of a gram [9 grains] of pure gold, which 
 makes 10 grams [154 grains] for 1 ton of sand. The enterprises 
 mentioned were abandoned, and the only work on the mines was 
 done bv the "lavadores," washmen. They use an instrument 
 called "gaveta," made of wood, shaped like a ]ilate, of 40 centi- 
 meters [16 inches] in diameter and 12 centimeters [5 inches] deep. 
 In the watersheds of Mameyes River and in all the rivers crossing 
 the jurisdiction of Corozal numbers ..f peasants can be seen engaged 
 in the wcjrk of washing auriferous sand, from which they obtain 
 gold in amount sufficient to pay for their support. 
 
 Since the American occupation, work on the mines has had 
 renewed life, and the number of applications for mining conces- 
 sions filed in the Bureau of Agriculture and Mines has increased. 
 LTp to .July concessions have been granted for 107 hectares (264 
 acres) of land. 
 
 The minerals of copper obtained are: Ferriferous motley copper, 
 native copper, green and blue carbonates, yellow copper sulphide, 
 often accompanied with iron pyrites and iron oxides. Spanish 
 explorers of the island paid little or no attention to copper. It is 
 general!}' found along the main chain of mountains dividing the 
 island from east to west, from the neighboring island of Vieques, 
 and then following through Rio Blanco, Gurabo, Corozal, Ciales, 
 Jayuya, Maricao, and some other jilaces which belong to the south- 
 ern chain of mountains, such as Las Piedras, Ilumacao, Ponce, 
 Piilalejo, and also in the vicinity of the road from Caguas to San 
 Juan, the richest place being the tiarrio of Rio Blanco, in the 
 municipality of Naguabo. The first works for the exiiloitation of 
 cojiper began in 1869. In the mine named "La Aliundancia" some 
 small excavations were made, and the superficial carbonate was 
 gathered, and many tons of rich mineral were thus obtained. Like 
 results were reached in the mines named Santa AmaMa, La Cas- 
 tellana, and Santa Tere-sa, all located in the barrio of Rio Blanco. 
 In the last-named mine copimr indications were noted from the 
 surface to a depth of 25 meters [82 feet], first as green carbonate 
 \\;ith 23 per cent of copper, then as ferriferous motley coppei', and, 
 in some parts, yellow sulphide, very pure. In 1879, 10 tons of 
 copjier sulphide were obtained from the mine Santa Teresa, and 
 60 tons of carbonate of copper from the Santa Amalia. Owing to 
 the difficulties and high prices of transportation, work ceased. 
 
 The existence of silver in the island has been oflScially recog- 
 nized. OnJuly 19, 1.538, the "oficiales reales" wrote to the King of 
 Spain that " veins of lead containing some silver have been found," 
 and on March 29 of the following year they wrote, 'M\'ith respect 
 to the silver mines here discovered we arranged that that mineral 
 be fused here, but there is no person v ho knows how to do it. In 
 some jilaces veins of that metal have been found, but nothing has 
 Ijcen done, waiting the arrival of some one who knows how to fuse 
 
PORTO RICO. 
 
 1077 
 
 and work it." In the History of Porto Rico, by Fray Ijligo A))ad, 
 witli notes by Don Jos6 Julian Acosta, tlio .statement is made that 
 in the Serrania de Anasco tliere was a mine containing silvei-; and, 
 in a report prepared in 1879 by the chief engineer of tlie buieau of 
 mines, reference is made to certain samples of silver found in the 
 barrio Llamos, of the municipality of Isabela. In other olhcial 
 documents the existence of silver iu the northwestern part of the 
 island is athrmed. Concessions have been made of silver mines in 
 Naguabo, Corozal, Rio Grande, Fajardo, Lajas, and Las Piedras. 
 
 In the subsoil of the eastern part of the island there is felds]>athic 
 rock. Tliis section is confined on tlie north by the Sierra de 
 Luquillo, and < )n the south by the Pandura, parallel ranges of hills, 
 and distant one from the other from 25 to 30 kilometers (16 to 1(1 
 miles). It is stated that the surface lodes occupy a large area, tlie 
 depth not having been determined as yet. Iron is found, accord- 
 ing to tests made, at the rate of 61 per cent of the nnneral. Iron 
 of excellent quality has been found in the barrios Mameyes and 
 Jayuya, municipality of Utuado, and in Luquillo, Piedras, Naguabo, 
 Humacao, Gurabo, Patillas, San Lorenzo, and Arroyo. The con- 
 cessions of iron mines are numerous. Some efforts are being made 
 now with the view of organizing enterprises for the exploitation of 
 iron in the eastern part of the island. 
 
 There are in the island, according to official information, some 
 deposits of lead minerals. Good samples of galena have been found 
 in Arroyo, Mayaguez, and Naranjito. There are two concessions 
 granteil in the municipality of Guayama, one being for the exjiloita- 
 tion of lead and the other for argentiferous galena. Minerals con- 
 taining some amount of peroxide of manganese have been gathered 
 in the vicinity of Corozal. Native bismuth has been discovered in 
 Ponce. Samples of platinum, tin, and mercury have been obtained 
 in the jurisdiction of Corozal. 
 
 All other official reports touch but lig'htlj' on the 
 mineral resources of the island and do not convey any 
 information not embodied in the foreo-oing- extract. 
 Mr. Robert T. Hill, of the United States Geological 
 Survey, in his accurate and interesting work entitled 
 "Cuba and Porto Rico," devotes but ten lines to the 
 subject, saying: 
 
 A little placer gold is found in the rivers of the Sierra Luijuillo 
 and Corozal, and mercury in the Rio Grande. Gold was formerly 
 mined by the early Spanish settlers and is still taken out in small 
 quantities by the natives. Molybdena, magnetic pyrite, man- 
 ganite, limonite, chrysocolla, epidote, and garnet are the minor 
 minerals found. Specular iron is reported in several places, notably 
 in the river Cuyul. Magnetic iron is also reported from Gurabo 
 and Ciales. Crystals of (juartz are found in the Rio Prieto, agate 
 of good quality at Caja de iluertos, and malachite at Rio Blanco. 
 
 MINING LAWS. 
 
 Notwithstanding the absence of anything approaching 
 an organized mining industiy in Porto Rico there is, 
 nevertheless, a complete system of lav/s and regulations 
 governing the right to exploit both precious and base 
 metals in the island. 
 
 This is substantially contained in the law of July 6, 
 1S.5!), and the ministerial order of December ii9, IStlS, 
 enacted originally for application in the Spanisli pen- 
 insula only, but subsequently extended to Porto Rico 
 by the law of May 3, 1895. j^Iany of the provisions of 
 these statutes have by reason of the ch.mge of sover- 
 eignty become inapplicable, and it is understood that 
 a new mining law is being drafted and will ))c presented 
 at the next session of the insular legislature. In so far 
 
 as possible, however, the principles and procedure of 
 the existing laws are being observed, and deficiencies 
 arising from changed political conditions treated by 
 analogy. 
 
 Minerals subject to mining claims are divided by the 
 law into three classes, as follows: 
 
 Class I: Minerals of an earth}^ nature, minerals of a 
 siliceous natuix', slates, minerals of a sandj^ nature, 
 granites, basalts, limestones, gypsums, sands, marls, 
 clayey earths, construction materials in quarry forma- 
 tion. 
 
 Class II: Placers, metallic sands or alluvia, bogs, 
 emery, ochers and almagras, scoria and mineral tailings, 
 peats, pyritic earths, aluminous earths, magnesium 
 earths, salt deposits, lime phosphates, barytes, fluor- 
 spars, steatites, ravolins, clays. 
 
 Class HI: Metallic veins, anthracites, pit coals, lig- 
 nites, asphalts, bitumens, petroleum and mineral oils, 
 graphites, saline substances, including alkaline and ter- 
 raceous salts, either solid or in solution, copperas, sul- 
 phur, precious stones, iron ores. 
 
 In order to obtain legal title to a mining claim the 
 claimant must submit a petition to the C'ommissioner of 
 the Interior of Porto Rico setting forth the area of the 
 desired claim, the class of mineral to be worked, and 
 the name of the owner of the pi'operty wherein the 
 claim is situated. He must also furnish a survej' of 
 the claim and, within ten daj's from date of tiling 
 his petition, must deposit the sum of $36 if the claim 
 does not exceed in area V2 pcrtenencias (30 acres), and 
 $1.20 for each additional pertenencia. No claim can be 
 tiled for less than -1 pcrtenencias, but there is no limit 
 to the number of pertenencias that may be included in 
 one claim. Each pertenencia nmst, however, be con- 
 tiguous along the whole of one of its sides to some 
 other pertenencia of the same claim, and must consist 
 of a regular square, each side measuring 100 meters 
 (328 feet). The aforesaid dejJosit is to cover the ex- 
 pense of an ofiicial survey made later by the Govern- 
 ment. The first conditions being complied with, the 
 petition is advertised for sixty days to enable protests 
 to be tiled, which protests are submitted to the claimant 
 for reply within twent_y days. The complete brief is 
 then passed upon bj^ the Commissioner of the Interior 
 of Porto Rico, and his decision, if favorable to the 
 claimant, is followed by the appointment of a surveyor 
 to lay out the claim and the payment of a further fee by 
 the claimant, amounting to tio cents per pertenencia (2^ 
 acres), to cover expeusi>s of title. A title signed liy the 
 Governor is then issued, and is valid forever, subject to 
 an annual rental (canon de miuas) of $'2A0 per pertenen- 
 cia for precious metals, or 96 cents per pertenencia for 
 base metals. This title does not carry any obligation 
 to work the mine, and lapses only on failure to pay the 
 annual rental. 
 
 Pending legislation relative to the disposition of pub- 
 lic lands (terrenos baldios), no mining claims are being- 
 allowed on public property. 
 
1078 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 PRECIOUS METALft. 
 
 There are at present twenty niinino- claims registered on the books of the Bureau of Mines, none of which, 
 however, is in operation. 
 
 Registered iiiinhuj clamis of2}recious 'metals. 
 
 NAME OF OWNER. 
 
 Ntimt' of miin 
 
 Henry D. Savre San Luis 
 
 Do O'Reylly 
 
 Do Sayro 
 
 Josef Zervas Augusta 
 
 Wm. B. Crawford i La Palma 
 
 Henry D. Sayre ; Rachel 
 
 Do '■ Lena 
 
 Do ' Henr\" 
 
 Do ; The World 
 
 Do Huyler 
 
 Do Dunham 
 
 Do ; Mrtte 
 
 M. Lancastej" ' Palmare] o 
 
 D. McLean Florine 
 
 Do I Edwin 
 
 Henry D. Sayre Ethel 
 
 C. Bernstein ! Catinesterliin 
 
 Argueso & Miner ■ Ernestita 
 
 D. McLean ' Yanderbilt 
 
 Hogan &. Piercf Relna del Cobre. 
 
 Dii'partnicnt. 
 
 Bayamoti. 
 ...'.do.... 
 
 do.... 
 
 Ponce 
 
 Bayamon. 
 
 .do.... 
 
 .do.... 
 
 .do.... 
 
 .do.... 
 
 .do .... 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do . 
 .do. 
 
 .do.... 
 Huinaeao. 
 
 do.... 
 
 Bavamnn. 
 
 ....".do.... 
 
 LOCATION OF MINE. 
 
 ^[u^icipal i.listrict.' 
 
 Corozal 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Guavaiiilla . 
 
 ToaAlta.... 
 
 Corozal 
 
 do 
 
 do.--. 
 
 do.... 
 
 do... 
 
 do..., 
 
 dn .... 
 
 do .... 
 
 do.... 
 
 do 
 
 do..., 
 
 Luqulllo. . 
 Naguabo . 
 Corozal . . . 
 do.... 
 
 Kegros 
 
 Padilla 
 
 Palos Blancos . 
 
 Paste 
 
 Palniarejo 
 
 Cuchillas 
 
 Negrus 
 
 Cuchillas 
 
 Palos Blaneos . 
 
 Cuchillas 
 
 do 
 
 Negros 
 
 Palmarejo 
 
 Palos Blancos . 
 
 Dos Bocas 
 
 do 
 
 Mameyes 
 
 Rio Blanco 
 
 Dos Bocas 
 
 dr. 
 
 I 
 
 AKEA 
 
 ' MINE — 
 
 
 
 tares. 
 
 
 l.S 
 
 ■14 
 
 2.0 
 
 62 
 
 14 
 
 35 
 
 24 
 
 .59 
 
 12 
 
 30 
 
 32 
 
 79 
 
 12 
 
 30 
 
 3.5 
 
 86 
 
 148 
 
 366 
 
 12 
 
 30 ' 
 
 12 
 
 30 
 
 12 
 
 30 
 
 24 
 
 69 
 
 2.5 
 
 62 
 
 12 
 
 80 
 
 17 
 
 42 
 
 12 
 
 30 
 
 100 
 
 247 
 
 12 
 
 30 
 
 12 
 
 30 
 
 Clas.s of mineral said 
 to exist. 
 
 Gold. 
 
 Gold and other. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do, 
 
 Do, 
 
 Do, 
 
 Do, 
 
 Do, 
 
 Do, 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do, 
 
 Do, 
 Auriferous sand. 
 Silver and nickel. 
 Silver and other. 
 
 Do, 
 
 All of these claims have been tiled since the American 
 occupation of the island, and some little exploration work 
 has been done in the case of a few of the claims situated 
 in the Corozal district. The owners of each of the 
 above-enumerated claims have been interrogated by 
 letter as to whether their respective claims were in oper- 
 ation, but except from the owners of two of these claims 
 (Augusta and La Palma) no response has been elicited. 
 The owners of the other mines are not to be found at 
 present in the island. It may, therefore, truthfully 
 be said that ore mining of precious metals is entirely 
 prospective and confined to the tiling and registration 
 of the above-mentioned claims, none of which is being- 
 exploited. 
 
 PLACER GOLD MINING. 
 
 Such gold mining as is actually engaged in at present 
 in Porto Kico is entirely of the placer type, unimpor- 
 tant in scope and confined to the Corozal district of the 
 island. There are some twenty or more miners of the 
 peon class engaged steadily in the work of extracting 
 gold from the sands of the river by means of an oscil- 
 lating movement of the hands applied to a wooden disk 
 in which the sands are washed. From the best informa- 
 tion obtainable, the value of the gold thus secur(xl daily 
 will aggregate, approximately, $25. It is understood that 
 Mr. Henry D. Sa^'re, who is the cdVju'KsvDinifr of eleven 
 mining claims in the Corozal district, intends shortly to 
 operate on an extensive scale, Mr. Sayre is an expe- 
 rienced miner, who has invested a considerable sum of 
 
 monej' in (exploration, surveys, and assays in Porto 
 Rico, and is said to be very favorablv impressed with 
 the mineral wealth of the Corozal district. He has 
 recently applied to the executive council of Porto Rico 
 for a franchise authorizing him to divert the waters of 
 the Mabille rivrr from their natural course with a view- 
 to obtaining the de2:)osits of gold in the river lied. 
 Whether any attempt at ore mining will be made bj- 
 Mr. Sayre is not at present known, but it is understood 
 that he claims to have discovered the original veins from 
 which the deposits in the river bed are derived. Al- 
 though there is evidence of placer mining ha\'ing been 
 practiced in other parts of the island as well as in the 
 Corozal district, particularly in the vicinity of San 
 German, no mining for gold is at present carried on 
 outside of the Corozal region. This failure to operate 
 elsewhere in the island is doubtless due to the belief 
 that the gold dejjosits in other sections have become so 
 nearly exhausted as to preclude their extraction in 
 quantities prolitable even for the peon class. 
 
 BASK MKTALS. 
 
 The foregoing description of the situation relative 
 to precious metals applies almost in its entirety to 
 the baser metals. The following mining claims have 
 been tiled and are registered in the office of the Com- 
 missioner of the Interior of Porto Rico, l)ut no single 
 one of the min(>s appearing in the list is actuallj' being 
 operated. 
 
PORTO RICO. 
 
 Megistered mining claims ofhme vietah. 
 
 1079 
 
 NAME OF OWNER. 
 
 Arturo H. Noble 
 
 John W. Conner 
 
 Pedro Santisteban 
 
 Do 
 
 l»o -. 
 
 Angel Maltey 
 
 Henry I). Sfiyre 
 
 Miguel I'lirratti 
 
 Alejandro Fernandez. 
 
 Manuel Ugalde 
 
 Arguest 1 it Miner 
 
 Pedro Santisteban 
 
 Miguel Planellas 
 
 Arturo Aponte 
 
 Pedro Santisteban 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 Do - 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 Do - 
 
 Jose Santiyteban 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 Tomas R, Nido 
 
 Carlos McCormick 
 
 Guillermo McCormick ' 
 
 Cayetano Kangel | 
 
 Pedro Santisteban , 
 
 M. Porrata Doria 
 
 Argueso &. Miner i 
 
 J. Cobian Valdes ! 
 
 Carlos IMcCormick I 
 
 Tomas R. Nido i 
 
 Carlos McCormick 
 
 Do I 
 
 Raimundo Uriarte i 
 
 Pedro Gandia 
 
 Pedro Santisteban I 
 
 Do ; 
 
 Kamon Latimer 
 
 Name of mine. 
 
 Corcega 
 
 Freddie 
 
 Soledad 
 
 Eli'uaand Kugenia. 
 
 Capron 
 
 MtTcedes 
 
 Ananintbi- No. 2 
 
 Maria JcsL'lina 
 
 Pers(.'\'(.'raueia 
 
 Ksjiuranza 
 
 Santa. Amalia 
 
 Santa Agueda. 
 
 LOCATION OF MINE. 
 
 Department. 
 
 Ponce 
 
 Mayaguez . 
 Bayamon. . 
 Mayaguez . 
 
 do 
 
 Areciho 
 
 Ma>aguez . 
 
 Ponce 
 
 Humacao. . 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 Mayaguez . 
 
 Guavama. 
 -...do.... 
 ....do.-.. 
 Humacao. 
 Guayama. 
 Humaoao- 
 
 do . . . . 
 
 do.... 
 
 do.... 
 
 Estrella 
 
 Rosita 
 
 Esperanza 
 
 Eloisa 
 
 Carranzana 
 
 Palonia 
 
 San Miguel 
 
 San Anton 
 
 Be^gona 
 
 Luisa II do 
 
 Buen Suceso , Guayama 
 
 Providencia ' Humacao 
 
 San Pedro , do ... 
 
 San Ramon ' do . . . 
 
 San Jose I do .. . 
 
 Asuncion | Guayama. 
 
 Valentina Humacao 
 
 Santo Tomas 'I do ... 
 
 Fort una || Guayama 
 
 Idalia do... 
 
 El Broiice i' do ... 
 
 La Vi(.'toria ii Ponce ... 
 
 Sabina 'I Humacao 
 
 Celina ' | do . . , 
 
 Maria || do ..- 
 
 Casualidad ' Guayama 
 
 Scguridad ' do . - - 
 
 Mereeditas do . . . 
 
 Palmira ilo . .. 
 
 Margarita do . . . 
 
 Aurora Ponce . . . 
 
 Natividad '; Humacao 
 
 Caridad : i Guayama 
 
 La Fe do . . . 
 
 Pilar '1 Bayamon 
 
 Municipal district, 
 
 Adjuntas 
 
 San (iernian. 
 
 Corozal 
 
 Eajas 
 
 do 
 
 Utuado 
 
 San German. 
 
 Ponce 
 
 Naguabo 
 
 ....do 
 Lajas. 
 
 Guilarte 
 
 Hoconuco Bajo . . . 
 
 Padilla 
 
 Lajas Arriba 
 
 do 
 
 Jaynva 
 
 CaniAlt... 
 
 Tibes 
 
 Kio Blanco 
 
 d(. 
 
 do 
 
 Lajas Arriba 
 
 Guayama Carmrn 
 
 do 
 
 JlHKins 
 
 Picdras . . . 
 
 June(,>s 
 
 Piedras... 
 do.... 
 
 Humacao. 
 
 Piedras . . . 
 do.... 
 
 Gurabo . . . 
 
 Patillas- . . 
 
 Piedras... 
 
 do .... 
 
 do.... 
 
 Gurabo . . . 
 
 Piedras... 
 do.... 
 
 Arroyo . . . 
 
 do .... 
 
 do.--- 
 
 Poncu .... 
 
 Hvmiaeao. 
 
 Fajardo . . 
 
 Humacao. 
 
 Arrovo .. . 
 
 do.... 
 
 do.... 
 
 do.... 
 
 do.... 
 
 Ponce 
 
 Patillas... 
 
 Gurabo ... 
 
 Juncos 
 
 Corozal... 
 
 La Ceiba 
 
 Colores 
 
 do 
 
 Boqueron 
 
 Colores 
 
 Collores 
 
 Colores 
 
 do 
 
 Mamey 
 
 Mariana 
 
 Boqueron 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Jagual 
 
 Colores 
 
 do 
 
 Ancones 
 
 Laurel 
 
 do 
 
 Portugues .. . 
 
 Collores 
 
 Cliupacallos . 
 
 Marianao 
 
 Ancones 
 
 Laurel 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Tibes 
 
 Real 
 
 MamL^v 
 
 Ceiba Norte . 
 Palmarejo... 
 
 AREA OF MINE— 
 
 In hec- 
 tares. 
 
 In acres. , 
 
 VI 
 
 30 
 
 IS 
 
 44 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 37 
 
 1.5 
 
 37 
 
 12 
 
 30 
 
 40 
 
 99 
 
 2.5 
 
 62 i 
 
 12 
 
 30 
 
 12 
 
 30 
 
 100 
 
 247 
 
 16 
 
 37 
 
 12 
 
 30 
 
 12 
 
 30 
 
 96 
 
 237 
 
 25 
 
 62 
 
 20 
 
 49 
 
 40 
 
 99 
 
 21 
 
 .52 
 
 12 
 
 30 
 
 21 
 
 62 
 
 13 
 
 32 
 
 71 
 
 175 i 
 
 50 
 
 124 
 
 39 
 
 96 
 
 47 
 
 116 
 
 28 
 
 69 
 
 30 
 
 74 
 
 15 
 
 37 
 
 12 
 
 30 
 
 24 
 
 59 
 
 77 
 
 190 1 
 
 31 
 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 36 
 
 89 
 
 24 
 
 .59 
 
 8 
 
 20 ' 
 
 18 
 
 44 
 
 54 
 
 133 
 
 93 
 
 230 
 
 62 
 
 153 1 
 
 53 
 
 131 1 
 
 24 
 
 59 ! 
 
 54 
 
 138 j 
 
 21 
 
 .52 
 
 14 
 
 35 
 
 12 
 
 30 
 
 Class of mineral said 
 to exist. 
 
 Copper. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 Copper and otlier. 
 
 Do. 
 Copper and iron. 
 Copper and other. 
 
 Do. 
 Copper carbonate. 
 
 Do. 
 Copper snlphate. 
 Chopper siUpliate and 
 
 carbonate. 
 Lead. 
 Galena. 
 Iron. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 Iron and other. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 Oxide of iron. 
 
 Do. / 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 Sesquioxide of iron. 
 Pirolusita. 
 
 A letter of incjuiry was sent to each of the owners of 
 the above claims. The replies received maj' be classi- 
 fied as follows: 
 
 N(jI opercded. — Pilar, Natividad, Aurora, Fortnna, Mereeditas, 
 Soledad, Eugenia, Caprun, Santa Agueda, Eloisa, Esperanza, Car- 
 ranzana, San Miguel, San Anton, Begona, Luisa, Buen Suceso, 
 Providencia, Sabina, Caridad, La Fe, San Ramon, San Jose, Asun- 
 cion, Valentina, San Pedro, Palonia, Santo Tomas, Mercedes. 
 
 Ojjerations suspended. — Estrella, Rosita. 
 
 Operations confined to exploration and assay. — ]MariaJosetina, Celina. 
 
 Not reported. — Corcega, Freddie, Anaconda No. 2, Perseverancia, 
 Santa Amalia, Idalia, El Bronce, La Victoria, Maria, Casualidad, 
 Seguridad, Palmira, Margarita. 
 
 It is understood that some of the iron ore deposits 
 are of an exceptionality rich character, fully etiual in 
 percentage of mineral to the famous Daiquiri mines 
 near Santiago de Cuba. These deposits are situated 
 inland some five or six miles from the eastern seacoast 
 town of Naguabo, and can not be operated with profit 
 until means of transportation is furnished to tidewater. 
 
 SALT. 
 
 The production of salt in Porto Rico is confined ex- 
 clusively to the southern coast. The process of solar 
 evaporation is the onlj- one employed, and that in its 
 most primitive form. Tlie consumption of this article, 
 estimated from the be.st data obtainable, is about 300,000 
 quintals (15,000 tons) per 3'ear. All salt required for 
 home consumption, as well as a large amount in excess 
 for export purposes, could readilj^ be produced in the 
 island, but owing to insuflicient capital (as alleged by 
 persons engaged in the industry), want of skill in oper- 
 ating, or inclemencj' of the elements, and notwithstand- 
 ing the fact that a protective duty of 13 cents per 
 hundredweight has been imposed on foreign salt intro- 
 duced into Porto Kico, thousands of tons of this com- 
 modity are annually imported from Curasao. The 
 Curafao salt meets with read}- sale here at prices rang- 
 ing from 20 to .5i> cents per quintal, whereas it is 
 claimed that witli proper management salt can be pro- 
 
1080 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 duced in Porto Rico at a maximum cost of KJ cents per 
 quintal. 
 
 Production of salt: 190'3 
 
 The production of salt in 1902 was almost nil. 
 canvass SJ^ave the following results: 
 
 
 Address of operatur. 
 
 LOCATION OF "WORKS. 
 
 Salt pro- 
 duced. 
 
 Package. 
 
 Value of 
 package. 
 
 Net value 
 of salt. 
 
 Process 
 
 
 Ltcpartment. 
 
 Municipal district. 
 
 
 
 
 Ponce 
 
 Yauco 
 
 Salinas 
 
 Cabo Rojo 
 
 1.0,000 
 
 1 2, 000 
 
 1^6.50 
 
 Sack 
 
 do.... 
 
 SO. 03 
 
 «1,2.50 
 800 
 ,540 
 
 Solar. 
 
 Anecto Caballen.) 
 
 Salinas 
 
 
 Do. 
 
 Mavafjuez 
 
 do.... 
 
 do .... 
 
 .63' 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 San German 
 
 .....'do 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Hundredweight. 
 
 In view of the abnormally small production of salt 
 in Porto Rico in 1902, shown in the above statement, 
 it is of interest to reproduce here the reasons advanced 
 therefor h\ some of the operators: 
 
 The reason of the production of the extremely small quantity 
 of 650 bushels is the heavy rains which fell during the year 1902. 
 In other years six, eight, or ten times the amount was produced. 
 
 The insignificant duties paid by foreign salts give rise to the 
 anomalous condition in Porto Bico of importations from Curac^ao 
 and other places of a larger amount of salt than is manufactured 
 in the islainl. 
 
 During the year 1902 no gait was produced from the deposit 
 (Fortuna), the hurricane of 1899 having completely destroyed its 
 utility to its former owners, and the whole of said year (1902) 
 being employed by its present lessees in getting it into shape again. 
 
 Said deposits (Carmen and Monserrate) have in former years 
 produced 2.5,000 to 30,000 quintals. The small production in 1902 
 was owing to the early rains along this coast. 
 
 The salt industry of Porto Rico does not produce the fifth of 
 what it should, owing to the lack of capital on the part of the 
 operators. With an initial expenditure of $.5,000 the deposit I 
 own should produce 100,000 quintals of salt. 
 
 CLAY PRODUCTS. 
 
 No attempt has heretofore been made in Porto Rico 
 to canvass this industrj^, consequently there were no 
 initial data available to aid in the present study. It 
 
 ^Bu.shels. 
 
 was known, in a general way, that bricks were made in 
 the island, also that no modern machinery was utilized 
 in their manufacture. 
 
 That the industry was not extensive or important 
 was quite evident from the absence of brick editices 
 and the almost universal use of lumber in the construc- 
 tion of dwelling houses, except in the cities of San Juan, 
 Ponce, and ]\Iayaguez. This first inquiry, therefore, 
 could not be other than crude and incomplete, bj' rea- 
 ,son of the following facts: (1) No previous statistics 
 existed showing establishments engaged in the indus- 
 try; (2) brickmaking was not engaged in continuously 
 by anj^ one establishment, ovens being baked, from 
 time to time, as the necessity demanded; (:3) lack of 
 precise information on the part of the operators them- 
 selves as to number of bricks made, their actual cost, 
 average .selling price, etc. For the foregoing reasons it 
 is apparent that many persons who engage in the manu- 
 facture of brick as occasion therefor arises could not 
 be reached at all. In the brief period at the disposal 
 of the writer it was not possible to ascertain the loca- 
 tion of more than .']•'> operators. Of these, .30 were suc- 
 cessfull}' interrogated, with the results shown in the 
 following- table: 
 
 Clay products: 1902. 
 
 
 LOCATION OF OFFICE ANI> FACTftRY. 
 
 COMMON BRICK. 
 
 KILNS. 
 
 NAME OF OWNER. 
 
 Department. Municipal district. 
 
 1 
 
 Number. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Process used in 
 making. 
 
 Kind use<l. 
 
 Number 
 used. 
 
 Luis A Bonnet 
 
 Vieques 
 
 Vieques 
 
 San German 
 
 Carolina 
 
 1.50, 000 
 
 »1 .500 
 
 Hand labor 
 
 . do 
 
 Brick oven 
 
 do 
 
 1 
 
 Gaviuo Garces.' 
 
 Mayaguez 
 
 60,000 ':^()0 
 
 2 
 
 Mariano Gonzalez 
 
 Bayamou 
 
 120, 000 
 
 l.iO, 000 
 
 TiO, 000 
 
 20, 700 
 
 100, 000 
 
 1.50, 000 
 
 2-10, 000 
 
 100, 000 
 
 60, 000 
 
 200, 000 
 
 SOO, 000 
 
 36, 000 
 
 120,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 17,000 
 
 .SO, 000 
 
 HO, 000 
 
 2511,000 
 
 IMO, 000 
 
 20.000 
 
 1.50,000 
 
 OC, 350 
 
 ■Ki, 700 
 
 50 000 
 
 250 
 
 7,50 
 
 300 
 
 Ml 
 
 500 
 
 7.50 
 
 1,(W0 
 
 720 
 
 400 
 
 1,200 
 
 5, 200 
 
 324 
 
 720 
 
 350 
 
 130 
 
 04O 
 
 4,so 
 
 2, 000 
 
 1,200 
 
 110 
 
 750 
 
 520 
 
 3-10 
 
 300 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 Ponce 
 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 llO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 do 
 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 
 Hacienda Florida 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 
 Vilella Hermanos 
 
 Agujidilla 
 
 Ljircs 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 
 Police 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 N. Arabia 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 ....do 
 
 
 
 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 
 Sucn, 0. Velawquez 
 
 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 I . ..do 
 
 
 Gumersindo Liiicli 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 
 Cayey 
 
 " do 
 
 
 do 
 
 
 M. MunitJz 
 
 do 
 
 
 do 
 
 
 Soc. A(,'rirola "Tuna" 
 
 
 
 d,, 
 
 
 
 Allredo Cristv 
 
 Mfiyiigui.'Z 
 
 AguadilJa 
 
 ponce 
 
 Mjiya^iirz 
 
 
 do 
 
 
 Balbino Rodriguez 
 
 do 
 
 d.) . 
 
 
 Fco. Aiitoiit^iorgi 
 
 
 do 
 
 
 Mariana Sierra 
 
 Agnjidillii 
 
 Agiiadilla 
 
 Mayjigucz 
 
 Siiiita InmIh'I 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 
 Viuda du Jiattle 
 
 MuvMgucz 
 
 I'OIHC 
 
 Miiyagnr/ 
 
 
 do 
 
 
 F. A. Vendrell 
 
 ...ilo 
 
 do ... 
 
 FedericoGatell 
 
 Muyn^nirz 
 
 100,000 700 
 1.50,000 1,2.50 
 l;-!5, 000 1,0,S0 
 115,,505: 1,155 
 
 (i,, 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 
 do 
 
 
 Juan Perez 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 ..do 
 
 do 
 
 Ca. Azucarera del Este '' Hoinactui. 
 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 
 [ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 1 
 
 ;i,,S37,2.55 25,,S!)<J 
 
 45 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
PORTO RICO— OX-POWER WHEEL FOR MIXING CLAY. 
 
 PORTO RICO— MOLDING BRICKS BY HAND. 
 
PORTO RICO. 
 
 1081 
 
 The foregoing- table shows that in 45 kihis 3,837,25.5 
 common bricks, valued at |25,899, were produced in 
 1902, or an average price of $6.75 per thousand. It is 
 not believed, however, that this actually represents the 
 total number of l)ricks manui'actureil in one year in 
 Porto Rico; pr()l)ably three times the above number 
 would more nearly approach a correct estimate. The 
 process employed i.s absolutely and literally the hand 
 process, and consists in mixing the clay with water 
 in a wooden trough until the requisite consistency is 
 obtained. The mass is then molded into bricks by hand, 
 the operator employing a wooden mold for that pur- 
 pose. The crude bricks are afterwards placed in a brick 
 oven and baked, when they ai'e ready for market. 
 Bricks made in this manner are not nearly so durable 
 as those manufactured in the United States by means 
 of approved modern machinery. Clay roofing tiles were 
 extensively manufactured in Porto Rico at one time, 
 but since the introduction of cheap iron rooting have 
 entirely disappeared from use. 
 
 LIMESTONE. 
 
 With the exception of the fringe of tiat lands lying 
 between the coast line and the mountainous formations 
 in the interior, the island of Porto Rico is practically 
 one vast limestone deposit. Owing to its abundance 
 and accessibility, and to the fact that its conversion 
 into the proper form for use in building and kin- 
 dred purposes requires no large outlay of capital, the 
 industries having to do with lime rock, while quite 
 numerous, are too scattered and unimportant to admit 
 of the compilation of statistics on any elaliorate scale. 
 It is by reason of the foregoing considerations, also, 
 that limestone and its products command no stable price 
 in Porto Rico. Owing to the propinquity of certain 
 quarries to points at which the material is needed, own- 
 ers of such quarries can at times find a market for lim- 
 ited quantities of the stone at prices ranging from 3 to 
 10 cents per cubic meter. In such cases, however, the 
 actual work of the extraction of the stone and its subse- 
 quent delivery to the place where required is generally 
 attended to liy the purchaser of the stone rather than by 
 the owner of the quarry, and on account of the insig- 
 niticant value 'of the material no attempt is made to 
 keep an accurate record of the quantity used. By far 
 the most important item of expense in connection with 
 the use of the stone is that of transportation. The 
 following table of quarries adjacent to the principal 
 public highways already' constructed or in course of con- 
 struction in Porto Rico, many of which are themselves 
 constructed of and upon limestone formations, will 
 serve to illustrate the bountifulness of the supplv of 
 lime rock in the island. A list is given of the quarries 
 that have been opened up and from which limestone has 
 
 been actually extracted. These quarries are grouped 
 accordinj^ to the highway near which they are located, 
 and their exact location is shown in the first column, 
 which gi\'es the numiter of kilometers and meters with 
 the etjuivalent in miles and yards they are distant from 
 the town first mentioned after name of the road at the 
 head of the respective groupings: 
 
 lioad from San. Jiutn to Ponce. 
 
 1,0CATI0N. 
 
 Kind of .stone. 
 
 Owner. 
 
 
 In kiloiue- 
 tCT.s aiul 
 meters. 
 
 In miles 
 and yard.s. 
 
 
 7.700 
 20. 300 
 
 4-1,381 
 12-1,080 
 15-1,1.59 
 15-1,1,59 
 34-199 
 34-1,184 
 37-1, 700 
 38-268 
 41-1,112 
 4.5-852 
 48-1,040 
 .52-343 
 52-1,. 546 
 .51-870 
 .56-849 
 .58-938 
 61-1, 454 
 62-569 
 64-1, 205 
 6^5-757 
 60-419 
 66-1, 403 
 67-409 
 09-935 
 69-60 
 71-40 
 74-1, 103 
 
 77-1, 619 
 
 7IW,171 
 
 7,8-624 
 
 79-1,0.52 
 
 80-495 
 
 White ]ime.stone 
 
 P. Ubarry. 
 
 Public works. 
 Do. 
 1 P. Larrosu, 
 1 L. Rodriguez. 
 
 N. Nunez. 
 1 J. Fernandez. 
 
 F. Fernandez. 
 
 Heraclio Mendoza. 
 
 Public works. 
 
 Gavino Rodriguez. 
 
 Public works. 
 
 — . Taboada. 
 
 Public works. 
 
 Dona Paz. 
 
 Domingo Emanuelli. 
 
 Teodoro Santiago. 
 
 Julio M. Larrauri. 
 
 Jorge Velez. 
 
 Pedro Quevedo. 
 
 C.Caratini. 
 Do. 
 
 Remigio IMateo. 
 
 Jose Esbri. 
 
 Julian Plaza. 
 
 Sucesores Gallart. 
 
 Manuel Cristian, 
 
 Sucesores Serralles. 
 Manuel Leon Parra. 
 Joaquin Arce. 
 Jose S. Valdes. 
 Jose Usera. 
 
 
 25. 200 
 
 Calearedus 
 
 
 25. 200 
 54. 900 
 .55. 800 
 61.100 
 61.400 
 07. 000 
 73. 200 
 78. 200 
 84.000 
 85. 100 
 87.700 
 90.900 
 94. 200 
 99. 500 
 100. 300 
 104.100 
 105. 300 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Limestone 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do . 
 
 
 106. 600 
 107. 500 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 
 108. 200 
 111.900 
 
 do 
 
 Blue limestone .... 
 
 
 111.100 
 
 do 
 
 
 114.300 
 
 do 
 
 
 120.100 
 
 125. 400 
 126. 600 
 
 White and yellow lime- 
 stone. 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 
 126.100 
 
 Blue limestone 
 
 
 128. 100 
 129. 200 
 
 do 
 
 White and yellow lime- 
 stone. 
 
 
 lioad from Catano to Vega Alta. 
 
 6.900 
 7. 900 
 11.000 
 
 4-506 
 
 4-1, 600 
 
 7-366 
 
 7-694 
 
 8^65 
 
 9-455 
 
 9-674 . 
 
 9-674 
 
 9-674 
 10-445 
 10-1,210 
 12-971 
 14-841 
 14-1,279 
 1.5-65 
 
 White lime.stone 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 P. Lavandero. 
 A. Santos. 
 A. Acevedo. 
 S. Olivo. 
 
 I. Sanchez. 
 J.Pert-z. 
 
 N. Roman. 
 L. La Cruz. 
 S.Martinez. 
 I. Sanchez. 
 A. Echeveste. 
 Mr. Miner. 
 Mr. Lothrop. 
 
 
 11.900 
 
 13. 300 
 
 14. 900 
 1.5. 100 
 1.5.100 
 15. 100 
 16. 500 
 17.200 
 20. 200 
 23. 300 
 23. 700 
 24.200 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do...- 
 
 do - 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Boad from Caguas to Hun 
 
 laciio. 
 
 ^ 
 
 6.700 
 
 7.200 
 
 9.700 
 
 11. 500 
 
 13. 200 
 
 14. .500 
 14 700 
 
 4-287 
 4-834 
 6^8 
 7-257 
 8-366 
 9-17 
 
 9-236 1 
 9 1 658 
 
 Blue limestone 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Wllite limestone ■ 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 M. Portela. 
 r. Eelievarria. 
 T. Hernandez. 
 R. .Jimenez. 
 M. Mendez. 
 Sucesores Farnia. 
 
 
 16 000 
 
 do 1 
 
 C. Serrano 
 
 
 17. 4.50 
 
 1 0-1 ! 484 
 12-205 
 14-294 
 1.5-1, 378 
 1.5-1, 487 
 17-810 
 17-810 
 20-233 
 21-770 ' 
 
 do 
 
 do ... 
 
 Sucesores Rodriguez. 
 Julio Gay. 
 S. Rivera. 
 F. Lopez. 
 
 Do. 
 Luis Cells. 
 F. Arroyo. 
 S. Rocafort. 
 D.Carmona. 
 
 
 '2'> ,^00 
 
 
 
 25. 400 
 25. 500 
 28. 100 
 28. 100 
 32.400 
 34 500 
 
 do 1 
 
 ....do 1 
 
 ....do 
 
 ...-do 
 
 Dark limestone 
 
 ..do 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1082 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Road from Rio Piedran to Fajardo. 
 
 LOCATION. 
 
 Kind of stone. 
 
 
 In kilome- 
 ters and. 
 meters. 
 
 In miles 
 and yards. 
 
 Owner. 
 
 2.200 
 
 1-646 
 
 1-1,193 
 
 2-636 
 
 3-188 
 
 3-735 
 
 5-386 
 
 6-1,679 
 
 9-674 
 10-117 
 10-554 
 11-663 
 
 Blue limestone 
 
 J.Gonzalez. 
 
 
 do 
 
 
 5.000 
 5 500 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 E. Van Rhyn. 
 .Jose Ubarrv. 
 
 8.400 
 11.100 
 15. 100 
 
 Blue limestone 
 
 do 
 
 M.Perez. 
 
 s de Ezquiaga. 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Frane'isco .Jimenez. 
 
 16 600 
 
 do 
 
 R. H. Delgado. 
 
 18. 300 
 
 Yellow limestone 
 
 Factoria Central. 
 
 3.700 
 5.006 
 8.000 
 
 1.100 1 
 2.800 
 
 
 Riiadfroin Eeijes Catolko^ Bridge to CorozaL 
 
 '^ 300 
 
 1-755 
 
 White limestone . .. 
 
 I.Sanchez. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Road from Manati to dales. 
 
 1.400 
 8.900 
 10.110 
 11. .500 
 
 0-1,531 
 5-933 
 6-496 
 7-2.57 
 
 White limestone '■ F. Calaf . 
 
 do i V. Cortes. 
 
 do.. F.Caso. 
 
 do ' Fernsindez * Co. 
 
 Mororis Bninrli. 
 
 2-.526 
 3-195 
 4-1,709 
 
 Wtiite limestone 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 F.Fuxench. 
 
 E.Caetio. 
 
 J.Cordero. 
 
 Comerio Rood. 
 
 0-1,203 
 1-1,302 
 
 Wiiite limestone. 
 do 
 
 .1. R. Carmona 
 il. Ponton. 
 
 Road from Cayey to Arroyo. 
 
 LOCATION. 
 
 Kind of stone. 
 
 
 In kilome- 
 ters and 
 meters. 
 
 In miles 
 and yards. 
 
 Owner. 
 
 1.420 
 
 4.000 
 
 5. 000 
 
 8.000 
 
 12.000 
 
 14.800 
 
 23.. 500 
 
 28. 800 
 
 0-1,5.53 
 2-,';54 
 3-188 
 4-1,709 
 7-803 
 9-345 
 14-1, 060 
 17-1, .576 
 
 Limestone 
 
 White limestfine 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Limestone 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 .Joaquin Fernandez. 
 Public works. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 C. Cruet. 
 F. Ortiz. 
 Guayama municipality. 
 
 
 
 Road from. Ponce to Adjtnda.'i. 
 
 1.500 
 2.800 
 3.200 
 3. 200 
 3.300 
 
 0-1,640 
 1-1,302 
 1-1,740 
 1-1,740 
 2-89 
 
 Limestone Jos^ Irizarry. 
 
 do Julio N. Chardon. 
 
 do Do. 
 
 do Tomis Armstrong. 
 
 do Sucesores Chardon. 
 
 I 
 
 The statements in regard to limestone preceding tiie 
 above table applj' with equal force to lime in its com- 
 mercial forms. Practically everv farmer in the interior 
 of the island can, and does, produce lime in greater or 
 less quantities, according to his needs, of which no 
 account is kept. A canvass of such persons as could be 
 ascertained to be engaged in the sale of lime in any of 
 its forms gave the results appearing in the following 
 table: 
 
 Production ofliiiiedone: 1902. 
 
 
 LOCATION 
 
 OF QUARRY, 
 
 LIMESTONE QUARHIEIJ. 
 
 CRUSHED STONE FOR 
 EOADMAKING. 
 
 Total 
 value. 
 
 
 
 
 For building purposes. 
 
 Stone burned into lime. 
 
 Quantity— 
 
 Value. 
 
 Condition of trade in 
 1901 compared with 
 1902. 
 
 NAME or OWNER. 
 
 Department. 
 
 Municipal 
 
 district. 
 
 (Quantity — 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quantity— 
 
 Value. 
 
 In 
 
 cubic 
 meters. 
 
 In 
 cubic 
 yards. 
 
 
 In 
 cubic 
 meters. 
 
 In 
 cubic 
 yards. 
 
 In 
 cubic 
 meters. 
 
 In 
 cubic 
 yards. 
 
 
 Tomiis Armstrong 
 
 Ponce 
 
 do 
 
 Ponce 
 
 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 105 
 
 «60 
 
 »60 
 437 
 
 95 
 16 
 
 16 
 150 
 
 25 
 
 tiOO 
 
 210 
 
 60 
 
 25 
 
 2,177 
 
 2,096 
 
 243 
 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 .50 
 
 65 
 1,S0 
 100 
 240 
 22,5 
 
 10 
 
 About the same. 
 In 1901 better than in 
 1902. 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 39 
 
 $90 
 
 116 
 
 1,51 
 
 S547 
 
 Francisco Fiol 
 
 do do 
 
 950 
 
 1 , 243 
 
 95 
 
 Narciso Manescau 
 
 do do 
 
 33 
 50 
 
 43 
 65 
 
 16 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 In 1901, flourishing; in 
 1902, dull. 
 
 .lose B.Ortiz 
 
 d.. 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Trujillo & M. Mercado. . . 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 400 
 
 .50 
 200 
 170 
 
 20 
 
 ,523 
 
 65 
 262 
 92 
 26 
 
 150 
 
 25 
 600 
 210 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 In 1901 better than in 
 1902. 
 
 Esteban de Leon 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jose F. Vails 
 
 do 
 
 do .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Much better in 1901. 
 1901 the same as 1902. 
 Much better in 1902. 
 
 Clavell HermanoK 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ram6n Ortiz Quintana . . 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jaime Bas Garcia 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 50 
 
 65 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 Esteban Ortiz 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 
 9,50 
 915 
 90 
 60 
 40 
 500 
 
 1,2-13 
 
 1,197 
 
 lis 
 
 78 
 
 52 
 
 664 
 
 
 
 2,177 
 
 2, 096 
 
 243 
 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 25 
 
 
 Carlos Gilot 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Monserrate Ramos 
 
 Mayaguez 
 
 .....Vlo 
 
 Cabo Rojo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Not operated. 
 
 Not operated in 1901. 
 
 Jose Villa 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Josi5 Ortiz 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Seba.stito Ba»s4 
 
 Bayamon 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Juan B. Cesarco 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 
 65 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 Vilella U. Hermanos 
 
 Aguadilla 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 
 
 131 1 .50 
 
 Quarried only 65 cubic 
 
 \'ardN in 1901. 
 Not operated in 1901. 
 
 1)0 
 
 Emllio Torres 
 
 .... do 
 
 50 
 
 65 
 
 25 
 
 .SO 
 
 105 
 
 40 
 
 E.B.IYtcz 
 
 .Mayaguez 
 
 Ponce 
 
 do .... 
 
 Las Marias . .. 
 
 77 
 25 
 60 
 00 
 20 
 .50 
 15 
 14 
 
 101 1*^0 
 
 F.Philippi 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 
 33 
 78 
 78 
 26 
 65 
 20 
 IS 
 
 100 
 
 240 
 
 180 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 1901 the same as 1902 
 
 Marcos Ortiz 
 
 Juana Diaz 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Do 
 
 CristinoSiiiro 
 
 do 
 
 115 
 
 20 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 
 C. Dejardins 
 
 Mavaguez 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 
 Nicaiior San tana 
 
 do.... 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 t;uavania 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 
 
 !;■ 
 
 
 
 75 
 
 1901 the same as 1902. 
 Do. 
 
 Vicente Vazquez Mar- 
 
 do . 1 
 
 
 
 
 tinez. 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ' For llasgilig. 
 
^%^a 
 
 PORTO RICO— DRYING BR.CKS PREVIOUS TO FIRING. 
 
 PORTO RICO— FIRING A BRICK-LOADED OVEN. 
 
PORTO RICO. 
 
 Prodveti'in of Jhaentoru',: lOO'Ii — Continued. 
 
 10S3 
 
 
 LOCATION OF QrAHHY. 
 
 M.MESTOXE CJUAKEIlil). 
 
 ORtTSHED STONE FOR 
 ROAUMAKING. ^ 
 
 Total 
 value. 
 
 
 
 For building purposes. 
 
 stone burned in 
 
 to lime. 
 
 Quantity — 
 
 Value. 
 
 Condition of trade in 
 
 NAME OP OWNER. 
 
 Department. 
 
 Municipal 
 district. 
 
 Quantity — 
 
 \'alne. 
 
 Quantity — 
 
 Value. 
 
 In 
 cubic 
 meters. 
 
 111 
 
 culiic 
 yards. 
 
 1901 comi>ared with 
 1902. 
 
 
 In 
 
 cubic 
 meters. 
 
 In 
 
 cutiic 
 yards. 
 
 In 
 
 cubic 
 meters. 
 
 In 
 cubic 
 yards. 
 
 
 
 Bavamon 
 
 .....rto 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 100 
 
 131 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 31 
 
 S58 
 
 
 ■ $.58 
 
 3 
 
 100 
 
 
 Eladio Murqiiez 
 
 . ...do 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 
 2.50 
 
 327 
 
 S3 
 
 
 Sobriiios de Ezqniaga . . . 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 CO 
 
 3.50 
 
 60 
 
 33 
 
 78 
 
 158 
 
 78 
 
 100 
 
 Nrit operated. 
 
 Maya^uez 
 
 Guiiyama 
 
 Police 
 
 Jlaynguez 
 
 Guayama 
 
 Humacao 
 
 Guayama 
 
 Bayamon 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 500 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 .500 
 30 
 
 358 
 20 
 
 .519 
 
 16 
 
 1,650 
 
 90 
 
 1.50 
 45 
 42 
 70 
 35 
 
 980 
 30 
 
 IJO 
 
 Rafael Uiaz 
 
 Yauco 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Se^undo Castill6 
 
 
 
 239 
 
 313 
 
 358 
 
 1901 better than 190^ 
 
 
 
 
 80 
 25 
 
 80 
 
 105 
 33 
 
 105 
 
 20 
 400 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 Fajardo 
 
 las 
 
 265 
 
 fll9 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 trade in ]y02 about 
 the same a« 1901. 
 1901 the same as 1902 
 
 
 8an ,luan 
 
 100 
 
 131 1 1.50 
 
 1,200 
 
 1, 570 
 
 1,.500 
 
 
 
 72 
 200 
 
 91 
 2C2 
 196 
 183 
 392 
 
 13 
 
 1.57 
 
 131 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 52 
 
 26 
 
 90 
 150 
 45 
 42 
 70 
 
 940 
 30 
 
 
 
 Ponce 
 
 Bavamon 
 
 'do 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bettor iu 190'^ 
 
 Bonifacio Oqueiu'lo 
 
 
 
 150 
 
 140 
 
 300 
 
 10 
 
 120 
 
 100 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 40 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 'do i 
 
 
 
 
 
 Do 
 
 
 Arecibo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Do 
 
 Julio N. Chardon 
 
 Ulises Garcia Salgado . . . 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 131 
 
 10 
 
 Do, 
 
 Bayamon 
 
 Rio PiedraR... 
 
 20 
 
 26 40 
 
 Do 
 
 
 
 Dull in 1902. 
 
 Segundo T. Fradera 
 
 F A VPTidrpll 
 
 Mayaguez — 
 
 Ponce 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 80 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 80 
 
 40 
 
 103 
 
 8 
 
 20 
 
 10, 500 
 
 1901 better than 1902 
 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 
 Not operated in 1901. 
 1901 the same as 1902. 
 
 
 Arecibo 
 
 do 
 
 Utuado 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ei 
 
 100 
 
 80 
 131 
 
 103 
 7 
 
 Not operated in 1901. 
 1901 the same as 1902. 
 
 
 Bayamon 
 
 Mayaguez 
 
 Police 
 
 Rio Piedras i 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 .500 
 
 26 
 
 26 
 
 654 
 
 1 
 20 
 500 
 
 
 
 
 Guanica Centrali? 
 
 Yauco 
 
 5, .=>00 
 
 7,104 5, .500 
 
 14, .500 
 
 5, 886 
 
 4,600 
 
 
 Total 
 
 6,043 
 
 7,903 
 
 = e, 025 
 
 3,744 
 
 4, 896 
 
 .5,414 
 
 10,215 
 
 13, 364 
 
 ni,237 
 
 1 22, .586 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 For railroad ballast. 
 
 ~ Includes 15 cubic meters (20 cubic yards), valued at S45, used for flaggin;^^ 
 
 3 Includes 4,500 cul>ie meters (5,886 cubic yards), valued at $4,500, used for railroad ballast. 
 
 Whenever the demand is such as to make the produc- 
 tion of an oven of lime sufficiently lucrative the farmer 
 will prepare one and take it to the nearest market. The 
 production of lime in Porto Rico, therefore, is impor- 
 tant rather by reason of the large number of persons 
 engaged therein on a small scale than on account of 
 commercial importance. A certain amount of lime 
 is used bj' the sugar factories to clarify sirup. In 
 response to interrogatories as to quantity and cost of 
 the lime thus used at the more important factories in 
 
 the course of a year, the owners stated that where the 
 lime was not to be had on their own premises it was 
 usually obtained from some neighboring deposit gratis. 
 The limestone formations may be divided into two 
 classes, white and yellow. There are also deposits, 
 few in number, of a blue limestone, somewhat resem- 
 bling granite formation, and of nuich harder composi- 
 tion than either the white or yellow varieties mentioned 
 above. 
 
 PHOSPHATE ROCK. 
 
 There are four phosphate rock mining claims regis- 
 tered in the office of the Commissioner of the Interior 
 
 of Porto Rico, none of which is being operated at 
 present, viz: 
 
 ReqiKtered iiriviriij di'iiiiix of j)Ji(_mj>}iaU rocJ^. 
 
 
 
 locj\-tion of mine. 
 
 AREA OF .MINE — 
 
 
 NAME OF OWNER. 
 
 Name of mine. 
 
 Department. 
 
 Municipal district. 
 
 Ward, 
 
 In hoc- In 
 tares. acres. 
 
 Class of mineral. 
 
 
 
 
 Cabo Rojo 
 
 Monte (rrantlc 
 
 bas Bn.iuillas 
 
 .Irciialcs Bajos 
 
 6 15 
 
 6 15 I 
 i2 ' 30 
 12 30 
 
 Phosphate rock. 
 
 
 La Confianza 
 
 Trabaio 
 
 Joachin and San Jose. 
 
 
 
 Do. 
 
 Joaquin de Alarcou 
 
 Aguadilla 
 
 Pouie 
 
 Isabela 
 
 Ponce 
 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1084 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 There are other deposits of phosphate rock not registered, as shown in the following table, one of which it 
 is claimed produced 50 tons during the year 19()i!: 
 
 ZTnregistered riviniiig claims of j)]wHp]ud.e rock. 
 
 NAME OF OWNER. 
 
 Address of owner. 
 
 LOCATION OP' MINE. 
 
 TOTAL AMOUNT IN 
 TONS. 
 
 Value of 
 sales. 
 
 
 
 Department. 
 
 Municipal district. 
 
 Ward. 
 
 Produced. 
 
 Sold. 
 
 
 
 
 Ponce 
 
 Coamo . 
 
 Palmarejo 
 
 50 
 
 35 
 
 3105 
 
 
 
 do 
 
 Ponce 
 
 Coamo 
 
 Manati 
 
 Ponce 
 
 Isabela 
 
 Caja de Muertos 
 
 
 
 
 do 
 
 San Ildefonso 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Arecibo 
 
 Ponce 
 
 Affuadilla 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jos^ Sanchez Valdes 
 
 Feline Alftiro 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Arenales Bajos 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The insular government is the owner of the largest 
 known deposit of phosphate rock, which is situated in the 
 island of Caja de Muertos. This deposit was formerl^r 
 operated on an extensive scale and the product shipped 
 to Germany. It is idle at the present time, however, 
 pending action hj the executive council of Porto Rico 
 upon a franchise to work the deposit, for which appli- 
 cation has been made. In statistics previously compiled 
 on this subject, deposits of bat guano have been con- 
 fused with phosphate rock in consequence of such guano 
 being found upon rocks or in caves of a phosphatic 
 character. 
 
 GRANITE. 
 
 It is not believed that any real granite isto be found 
 in Porto Eico. Two residents of the central section of 
 
 the island claiming to have discovered granite on their 
 premises gave the information that only 18 cubic meters 
 (24 cubic yards) had been sold in the rough for curbing 
 purposes and 81 cubic meters (106 cubic yards) crushed 
 for roadmaking purposes. It is probable, however, 
 that the stone in question is of dioritic formation and 
 not granite, as they allege. 
 
 MINERAL SPRINGS. 
 
 There are four widely known mineral springs in 
 Porto Rico, the waters of which contain medicinal 
 properties of no mean value. They are: 
 
 Mineral springs in Porto Rico. 
 
 
 Re.sidence of 
 owner. 
 
 Date of report. 
 
 Name of spring. 
 
 LOCATION OP SPRING. 
 
 
 NAME OF OWNER. 
 
 Department. 
 
 Municipal 
 district. 
 
 1 
 Ward. I 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Suce.'il6n Usera 
 
 Coamo 
 
 Arroyo 
 
 June 4,1903 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Coamo, Maria 
 
 CarmeUj Dolores.. 
 
 Florencio 
 
 Quintana 
 
 Ponce 
 
 Gaavama 
 
 do 
 
 Ponce 
 
 
 
 Used onlv as baths. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 
 
 Arroyt.) 
 
 Cag-nas 
 
 Ponce 
 
 Algarrobo | 
 
 Bairoa 
 
 Portugues 
 
 
 
 Ponce 
 
 Way -J-JJUUS 
 
 
 The first-named spring is famous locally as a health 
 resort, there being a well-appointed hotel furnishing 
 accommodations for llOguests. The waters are supplied 
 to visitoi's in the form of hot and cold baths and for 
 drinking purposes, but have never been bottled, nor 
 has any attempt been made to put them on the market. 
 The springs run from a soft red sandstone, at an alti- 
 tude of 196.85 feet above sea level, witli a temperature, 
 at point of exit, of -k?/-" C. An analysis by Quintanilhi 
 in 1891 gave: 
 
 Gases in solution, per liter of water at 0° C. teiuperatiire aiul 7(iO 
 njillinieters pressure: 
 
 Fixed elements, per liter: Gntms. 
 
 Free carbonic aciil . 0. 01296 
 
 Sulphate of lime 0. 79903 
 
 Sulpliate of soda 0. 525:31 
 
 Chloride of potash 0. 000:i!l 
 
 Chloride of sodium 0. 22054 
 
 Silicate of soda O. 08127 
 
 Carbonate of soda 0. 0:!50;i 
 
 Ferrous carbonate 0. 01114 
 
 Grains. 
 
 0, 20000 
 
 12. ;3:3063 
 
 8. 10658 
 
 0. 00478 
 3. 40337 
 
 1. 25416 
 0. 54058 
 0. 17191 
 
 Nitrogen. 
 
 Oxygen 
 
 Hydrogen sulphide. 
 
 Cubic cen- 
 timeterw. 
 
 Cubic 
 inches. 
 
 13. 740 
 
 0.84 
 
 1.761 
 
 0. 11 
 
 1.967 
 
 0.12 
 
 Traces of tannic, nitric, and lioric acids and bromine and lithia. 
 
 The Florencio springs are not operated for the benefit 
 of the public. There is a private bath house used by 
 the faiuily of the proprietor and by other persons by 
 special piM'mission. The waters have nevm- been bot- 
 tled nor put on the market. The proprietor states that 
 local ph_ysicians prescribe the waters foi- -skin diseases 
 and stomach troubles, but that a scientific analysis has 
 never been made. 
 

 
 PORTU RICO— LIMESTONE QUARRIES. 
 
POIITO RICO. 
 
 1085 
 
 The Quintana springs, near the town of Ponce, are 
 also quite extensively known locally as possessing excel- 
 lent medicinal virtues. The waters are administered in 
 the form of baths, but within recent months, owing to 
 the bad state of the road leading to the baths and tlie 
 abandoned condition of the establishment itself, the 
 springs have ceased to be a public resort. An analysis 
 made in San Juan iti 1894 classities the water as color- 
 less, odorless, transparent, salty, and somewhat l)itter 
 in taste; no matter in suspension; density, 1.00.57. 
 
 Gases in solution: '^^^:^: ^^Z 
 
 Ozone _ 0. 0191 0. 0012 
 
 Oxygen 0. OlOO 0. 0000 
 
 Carbonic acid 0. 0025 0. 0002 
 
 Fixed elements, per liter: Grams. Grains. 
 
 Chloride of sodium 0.510 8.009 
 
 Chloride of magnesia 0.015 0.231 
 
 Sulphate of soda 0. 12;! 1. 898 
 
 Sulphate of potash _ 0. 021 0. 324 
 
 Sulphate of lime 0. 081 1. 250 
 
 Carbonate of lime 0. 122 1. 883 
 
 Ferrous carbonate ., 0.012 0.185 
 
 Silica _ 0. 032 0. 494 
 
 Organic matter 0. 050 0. 772 
 
 Traces of manganese and bromine. 
 
 The Arro3'o springs are not operated by the j^roprie- 
 tors, who state that no trustworthy analysis of the 
 waters has as j'ct been made. 
 
 Accompan3dng this report is a map showing approxi- 
 mately the location of mining claims, salt deposits, and 
 mineral springs in Porto Rico. Owing to the fact that 
 no scientific triangulation or survey of the island has 
 ever been made, it has been impossible to indicate on 
 the map with exactness the geographical position of 
 these claims. It is believed, however, that the general 
 purpose of showing the approximate location of the 
 mining deposits of Porto Rico is sufliciently well served. 
 The reason given above with respect to the want of 
 exactness in the location of mining claims applies to 
 the boundaries separating municipalities as well. 
 
 Ever\f effort was made to obtain data showing the 
 number of persons emplo3'ed during the year in the 
 exploitation of the mineral resources of the island. For 
 obvious reasons such an efl'ort could not meet with anj- 
 great degree of success. As has been stated, in no case 
 were mines or quarries operated during the year as a 
 continuous industrial enterprise. Even in respect to 
 
 such woi'k as brickmaking, lime burning, or quarrv- 
 ing, operations were of an intermittent character. An 
 regards (juarrying, the rock was usually taken out by 
 the contractor's cmgaged upon road construction or 
 repair in connection with their other work. No amount 
 of research, therefoi-e, would have permitted a definite 
 statement either of the total output or of the number 
 of persons employed. 'Jlio best that can be done is to 
 make a rough estimate, based upon the general informa- 
 tion soeurod, in obtaining the data for the report of the 
 probable average number of persons that ma}' be said 
 to have gained a livelihood in some capacit}' in connec- 
 tion with the exploitation of the mineral resources of 
 the island. 
 
 In respect to the extraction of precious metals, a fair 
 estimate would put the average number of men con- 
 stantlj' employed during the year in exj^loitation work 
 for gold mines and the la_ying out of claims and similar 
 work at twenty-five. Thirty additional men were prob- 
 ablj' employed in placer mining, chiefly in the Corozal 
 district. Exploitation and field work in connection 
 with copper mines probably did not engage more than 
 ten men. About one hundred and fiftv men ma}' be 
 said to have been constantly employed in the operation 
 of salt mines. Brickmaking probably gave employ- 
 ment to an equivalent of two hundred men working all 
 the year. Estimating from the amount of limestone 
 extracted for the purpose of roadmaking and repairs 
 and for burning, an exceedingh' rough approximation 
 would place the amount of labor expended in limestone 
 rjuarrying operations at five hundred men. As only 
 50 tons of phosphate rock were mined during 1902, 
 probably not more than two or three men had constant 
 eniploj'ment during tlie year. 
 
 That Porto Rico possesses mineral resources that 
 will be of great value to the island in future 3'ears theie 
 can be no doubt. In their utilization the stage as yet 
 has only been reached where efforts are being made to 
 determine more exactly' their character and extent. 
 Authorization for water rights and concessions of 
 various characters are being constantly sought of the 
 insular government, and it is certain that when another 
 investigation along the lines of the present one is made 
 the phase of industrial exploitation in respect to a num- 
 ber of minerals will have been definitely entered upon. 
 
APPENDICES 
 
 Appendix A.— SCHEDULES 
 
 Appendix B.— INSTRUCTIONS TO SPECIAL AGENTS 
 
 Appendix C— INSTRUCTIONS FOR EDITING AND REVISING THE SCHEDULES 
 
 (1087 
 
APPENDIX A. 
 
 SCHEDULES. 
 
 Scheduh: No. 6. — Intended for all mineral industries for which 
 no special schedule is provided. [Niunhrr jirintei^, 100,000.) 
 
 United States Census Office. 
 Special Schedule No. 6. 
 
 DIVISIOX OF MANUFACTURES. 
 
 S. N. D. North, Chief Statistician. 
 
 MIXES AXD QUARRIES. 
 
 Name of mine or quarry 
 
 Character of mineral 
 
 Name of company, firm, or individual ^^^vner 
 
 Location of mine or quarry: State : County 
 
 Nearest city or town ; Prist office 
 
 General office at 
 
 United States Census Officb, 
 Waafiington, D. C, January l', 1903. 
 By section 7 of the act of Congress for the establi.shment of a permanent Cen- 
 sus Office, approved March 6, 1902, the Director of the Census is required to 
 prepare a report on mines, mining, quarries, and minerals and the productioTi 
 and value thereof, including gold in divisions of placer and vein, and silver 
 mines, of the United States, and the following schedule has been formulated 
 for that purpose. 
 
 For the convenience of producers, the United States Geological Survey will 
 distribute and receive these schedules in connection with the returns for its 
 annual report. 
 
 The information returned on this schedule should cover the business year of 
 the establishment most nearly conforming to the year ending December 31, 1902. 
 " All answers will be held absolutely confidential. No publication will be 
 made in the census reports disclosing the names or operations of individual 
 establishments in any particular. Special agents and enumerators of the cen- 
 sus are liable to a penalty of §500 if they disclose any information obtained in 
 their official capacitv. 
 
 William R. Merriam, 
 
 Director of the Census. 
 
 Extract from act of Congress, March 3, 1S99: 
 
 Section 22. * * * "And every president, treasurer, secretary, director, 
 agent, or other officer of every corporation, and every establishment of produc- 
 tive industry, whether conducted as a corporate body, limited liability com- 
 pany, or by private individuals, from which answers to any of the schedules, 
 inquiries, or statistical interrogatories provided for by this act are herein re- 
 quired, who shall, if thereto requested by the Director, supervisor, enumerator, 
 or special agent, willfully neglect or refuse to give true and complete answers 
 toanv inquiries authorized bv this act, or shall willfully give false information, 
 shall' be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined 
 not exceeding ten thousand dollars, to which may be added imprisonment for 
 a period not exceeding one year." 
 
 CERTIP'JC.ATE. 
 
 This is to certify that the information contained in this schedule U complete 
 and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief. 
 
 (Signature and official designation of the 
 person furnishing the information.) 
 
 (Signature of special agent.) 
 80223— 04 (39 
 
 1. Character of present organization, whether individual, firm, limited partner- 
 
 ship, cooperative a.^sociation, or incorporated company: 
 
 2. Capital stock, bonds, dividends, and assessments (if an incorporated com- 
 
 pany): 
 
 
 BONDS. 
 
 PREFERRED 
 STOCK. 
 
 COMMON STOCK. 
 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Total 
 
 par 
 
 value. 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 shares. 
 
 Total 
 
 par 
 
 value. 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 shares. 
 
 Total 
 
 par 
 value. 
 
 
 
 4 1 
 
 « 
 
 
 % 
 
 Issued to the end of the year 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Dividends and interest, if any, paid during the year: 
 
 Common stock, rate ; amount, S. 
 
 Preferred stock, rate ; amount, S. 
 
 Bonds, rate ; amount, S. 
 
 Assessments: Total amount levied, if any. since organization of 
 company S- 
 
 3. Persons employed: 
 
 Above ground: 
 General officer; 
 
 Superintendents, managers, foremen, survey- 
 ors, etc 
 
 Clerks 
 
 Engineers, firemen, machinists, blacksmiths, 
 carpenters, and other mechanics 
 
 Miners or quarrymen and stonecutters 
 
 Boys under 16 years 
 
 All other employees 
 
 Below ground (not for (juarries or surface mines) : 
 Foremen 
 
 Miners 
 
 Miners' helpers 
 
 Boys under 16 years . 
 
 All other employees. 
 
 Total 
 
 (Account for all persons employed at the mine or quarry. Give the total sal- 
 aries and wages paid, which should include board or rent furnished as part 
 compensation. The wages reported for miners or quarrymen and stonecutters 
 should be their net wages, and should not include the costof supplies furnished 
 by the company and charged to them, such as explosives, lamp oil, etc., and 
 
 (1089) 
 
1090 
 
 MINP]S AND QUARRIES. 
 
 blaoksmithing charges. Care should be taken that those employed "above 
 ground" and those "below ground" be reported separately. Stockholders of 
 corporations are not to be reported unless they are salaried officials. Amounts 
 paid for contract work, not done by employees hired directly, and the number 
 employed in such work, must not be inclndcd in this inquiry, but be reported 
 in answer to Inquiry 6. The average number employed during the year is the 
 number that would' be required, at coutinuous employment for the twelve 
 months, to produce the quantity of product reported.) 
 
 AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE-EARNERS AT SPECIFIED DAILY RATES 
 
 OF PAY. 
 
 H. Miscellaneous expenses: 
 
 OCCUPATIONS. 
 
 s 
 
 d 
 
 1=1 
 J3 
 
 d 
 a* 
 
 2 
 
 O 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 d 
 
 o 
 
 i 
 
 d 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 i 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 d 
 
 1 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 d 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 i 
 
 k 
 
 ?3 
 
 O 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Firemen 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Machinists, black- 
 smiths, carpenter.si. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Miners or quarrymen 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Miners' helpers 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 Timbermenand track 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 All other employees, 
 not including those 
 
 on salaries . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE-EARXERS EMPLOYED DURING EACH 
 
 MONT?I. 
 
 MONTH. 
 
 Men 16 
 
 years and 
 over. 
 
 Boys 
 
 under 16 
 
 years. 
 
 MONTH. 
 
 1 
 
 Men 10 
 
 years and 
 
 over. 
 
 Boys 
 under 16 
 
 years. 
 
 Januarv 
 
 
 
 1 July 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 April 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mav 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 December 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Only wage-earners should be reported, including miners working (.n ton- 
 nage and other pieceworkers. Do not include firm members, general (.tiicers, 
 superintendents, managers, foremen, clerks, and other salaried employees.) 
 
 4. If mining or quarrying is paid for by ton, car, yard, or other unit, trive rate 
 paid and character of unit, 
 
 Average number of employees engaged in this class of minint--, 
 
 Total amount paid for such work. ^ 
 
 (The rate paid for mining or quarrying not done bv the day should be 
 reported, and the average number of employees engaged in sueh work and the 
 total amount paid.) 
 
 Royalties and rent of mine and mining plant 
 
 Amount paid for rent of offiees, taxes, in.surance, intere.'it, adver- 
 tising, office supplies, law expenses, injuries and damages, 
 telegraph and telephone service, gas, and all other sundries 
 not reported elsewhere 
 
 Total . 
 
 (All items of expense incident to the operation of the mine or quarry, not 
 •(^counted for under Inquiries 3 and 7, must be reported. here. Do not include- 
 any portion of the freight reported under Inquiry 7 as paid on supplies and 
 materials.) 
 
 9. Product: 
 
 Total quantity of mineral or stone mined during the year, 
 
 Total value at mine or quarry, $ 
 
 (Under this inquiry should be reported the quantity and value of all mineral 
 or stone mined during the year, f. o. b. at mine or quarry, as reported to the 
 United States Geological Survey.) 
 
 10. Power: 
 
 a. Power owned — 
 
 Engines: Steam 
 
 Gas and gasoline . . 
 
 Water wheels 
 
 Electric motors. 
 
 Other power (specify kind) . 
 
 Total 
 
 horse- 
 power. 
 
 b. Power suppUrd to other establishments, if any— horsepower, 
 
 c. Power 8i//^p^/rf//^// other establishments, if any— kind of power, ; 
 
 horsepower ; name and address of establishment .supplying 
 
 same, 
 
 (Under this inquiry should be reported all mechanical power employed, 
 either owned or rented, including the number and horsepower of all engines, 
 motors, water wheels, etc., used for hoisting, derricks, surface machinery, ven- 
 tilating, pumping, and all other purposes. ) 
 
 Special ScJieduleXo. S. — For coal minen. 
 First pa^'e same as Schedule No. 6. 
 Inquirien 1 and 2 same as f^rhednle Ni 
 3. Persons employed: 
 
 {dumber priuferl, S.i,f/00. )- 
 
 Averaee iTotalamount 
 nur^ber^m- P"^d"i"'^^&e«- 
 ' Dloved dur '^^ salaries 
 
 Aljove ground: 
 
 General officers 
 
 Superintenrlents, managers, furcmen, survey- 
 ors, etc ■ , . 
 
 5. Time in operation: 
 
 Total number of days in operation during the year, Number of 
 
 hours in operation per day, Number of shifts of workmen. 
 
 Number of hours to shift, 
 
 6. Contract work: 
 
 Amount x>aid, if any, for tunneling, shaft sinking, boring test holes, etc., if 
 not done by employees hired directly by this establishment, ff. ...'.... 
 
 Average number of men employed on .such work, 
 
 Number of days employed, 
 
 of nil kinds used during the 
 
 7. Supplies and materials: 
 
 Total cost of supplies and materials 
 including freight paid on the .same, :f 
 (The actual costof all supplies and materials used fluring the year includinir 
 freightpaidonthesame,mu.st be reported. The cost of tin- loNowiiiLT luiiteri-ils 
 should be reported underthis inquiry: Lumber and timber unci for reoHirs 
 mine supports, track tics, cars, and all other piirposes; iron and sieel f,.r bbick' 
 smithing, rails, frogs, sleepers, etc., for tracks and repairs t.urts of niHchiuerv 
 find tools used for renewals and repairs: explosives. wiiteV tV)r boilers nii.l for 
 other pur7joses,fr, el, illuminating and bibricating oils, machinery supplies etc 
 
 ( 'lerks 
 
 Engineers, firemen, machinists, blacksmiths 
 carpenters, and other mechanics 
 
 J-ioys under Ul years . 
 
 All oilier emphivei 
 Below ground: 
 
 Foremen 
 
 Miners 
 
 Miners' lu'li>ers 
 
 Boys under 16 years . 
 
 All other employees. 
 
 Total 
 
 ^I'count for all persons employed at the mine. Give the total sahiriesand 
 ;es paid, which should include board or rent furnislied as part c<unpensation. 
 
 (Ai' 
 wages paid, wuich sbouid iiicJude l)oara or rent lurmsnea as par 
 The wages reported for miners should be their net wages, and should not include 
 the co.st of supplies furnLshed by the corn^tany and charged to them, such as 
 explosives, lamp oil, etc., and blacksmithing charges. Care should bi' taken 
 that those employed "above ground"and tho^c '• lielow grouml " be reporter! 
 se]iMralely. Slockholdcrs of corporations are not to be reported unh^-s they are- 
 
APPENDIX A. 
 
 1091 
 
 salaried officials. Amounts paid for contract work, not done by omploveos 
 niita aireetty, and the number emplo\'ed in sneli work, must not be included 
 mis inquiry, but be reported in answer 1o Inquiry ti. The ayerage uumlier 
 employed during the year is the number that would be required, at contiuu- 
 re ^'1°?'?^'™''"* ™'' tJie twelye months, to produce the quantity of product 
 
 AVERAGE NUMBER ClF WAGE-EAliNERS AT SPECIFIED DAILY RATES 
 
 OP PAY. 
 
 OCCUPATIONS. 
 
 s 
 
 i i 
 5 g 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 k 
 
 1 
 
 -a- oi 
 
 O ■ lO 
 O CN 
 
 i 
 
 O 
 lO 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 si 
 
 I"- 
 
 ?1 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 i 
 
 CI 
 
 85 
 
 i 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 O 
 
 S 
 
 0) 
 
 > 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 Engineers 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Firemen 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Machinists, black- 
 smiths, carpenter.s, 
 andother mechanics 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Miners 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Miners' helpers 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Timbermen and track 
 layers 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Boys under 16 years . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 All other employees, 
 not including those 
 on salaries 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE-EARNERS EMPLOYED DURING EACH 
 
 MONTH. 
 
 MONTH. 
 
 Men 16 
 
 years and 
 over. 
 
 Boys 
 
 under 16 
 year;;. 
 
 MONTH. 
 
 Men 16 
 years and 
 
 (tyer. 
 
 Boys 
 
 under 16 
 
 years. 
 
 January 
 
 
 
 July 
 
 
 
 February 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 March 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 April 
 
 
 1 
 
 Octo)>er. 
 
 
 
 May 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 June 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Only wage-earners should be reported, incUiding miners working on tonnage 
 and iither pieceworkers. Do not inelnde rirm members, general officers, super- 
 intendents, managers, foremen, clerks, and utht^r salaried emjiloyees.) 
 
 4. If mining is paid for by ton, car, yard, or other unit, give rate paid and char- 
 acter of unit, 
 
 Average number of employees engaged in this class of mining, 
 
 Total amount paid for such work, S 
 
 Amount paid as yardage or other allowances to miners, if any, $ 
 
 (The rate paidforminingnot done by the day should be reported, and the num- 
 ber of employees engaged in such work and the total amount paid. If yardage 
 or other allowances are made to miners in consideration of dithcult mining, nar- 
 row w.ork, or for other causes, the total amount paid as such during the year 
 should be reported under this inquiry.) 
 
 Inquiries 5, 6, 7, and 8, same a;^ Schedule No. 6. 
 9. Product: 
 
 Total quantity of marketable coal mined during the year, 
 
 Total value at mine, S 
 
 Number of mine cars of coal, run of mine, hoisted during the year, 
 
 Average capacity of mine cars, in pounds 
 
 (Under this inquiry should Ije reported the quantity and value of all e^.-al 
 mined during the year. f. o. b. at mine, as reported to the United States Geologic- 
 al Survey. The number of cars loadediu the mine with their average capacity, 
 m pounds, should also be reported.) 
 
 Inquiry 10, same as Schedule No. 6. 
 
 11. What mechanical system of haulage is employed, if any— tail rope, endless 
 
 rope, electric locomotive, compressed air, or other kind? 
 
 12. Are automatic slate pickers or coal cleaners used in the breaker? 
 
 (Does not apply to bituminous coal mines.) 
 
 la. Number of washeries at this colliery, if any, , and price per ton 
 
 charged to washeries for culm, 
 
 (Does not apply to bituminous coal mines.) 
 
 14. Nature of openings to the work.s— shaft, slope, drift or level, open cutting or 
 stripping, or other method, and depth or length in feet of each, 
 
 15. System of ventilation in use— fan, furnace, fire basket, exhaust steam, nat- 
 
 ural, or other kind, 
 
 16. If<'*>'il wasmined on royalty during theyear, give the rate per ton paid, 
 
 In addition to Special Schedule No. 8 for coal mines of a com- 
 mercial character, there was provided for nmall country coal banks 
 to which Special Schedule No. 8 could not be applied a simpler form 
 of combined letter and schedule. 
 
 Schedule for Kinall cixd hauls. 
 
 Department of the Interior, 
 United States Geological Survey, 
 
 Washington, I). C., June 3, 1903. 
 Dear Sir: In accordance with the act of Congress of March 6, 1902, requiring 
 the Director of the Census to prepare a report on mines and quarries, and pur- 
 suant to an agreement between the Director (.f the Census and the Director of 
 the United States Geological Survey, the Geological Survey will collect the data 
 for the mining census, in addition to the usual information collected for the trn- 
 nual report, "Mineral Resources of the United States." The schedule below 
 has been prepared for the purpose of obtaining the statistics of the production 
 of small coal banks which are engaged in mining coal for immediate local con- 
 sumption. Please fill out the replies to all the inquiries and return this sched- 
 ule in the accompanying envelope, which requires no postage. 
 
 In order that reports from all local banks may be secured, and the canva.s8 
 thus be made as complete as possible, you are requested to add the names of the 
 owners of any other mines in your immediate vicinity. 
 
 Your prompt compliance with this request will greatly facilitate the work of 
 both the Geological Survey and the Census Office, and will be highly appreciated. 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 Chas. D. Walcott, IHrec'tor. 
 
 Name 
 
 Post office 
 
 County 
 
 State 
 
 Quantity of coal produced in 1902: 
 
 Tons 
 
 Bushels _ . _ _ 
 
 Total value of the same at the mine S 
 
 Total cost of supplies and materials used at the mine in 1902 S 
 
 Total amount paid in wages during the year % 
 
 Total number of men employed at the mine during the year 
 
 Total number of days the mine was worked during the year 
 
 Please give below the names of owners of other small coal mines in your 
 vicinity. Other names may be added on the back of this sheet. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 . Post oflice. 
 
 state. 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 /Special Schedule Xo. 9. — For petroleum and natural gas wells. 
 ( Number printed, 20,000. ) 
 First page same as Schedule No. 6. 
 Inquiries 1 and 2 same as Schedule No. 6. 
 
 3. Persons employed: 
 
 General officers 
 
 Superintendents, managers, foremen, etc. 
 
 Average 
 number em- 
 ployed 
 during the 
 year. 
 
 Clerks 
 
 Engineers, tiremet., machinists, blacksmiths, drill- 
 ers, rig builders, pumpmen, and other mechanics 
 
 Boys under 16 years 
 
 All other employees 
 
 Total 
 
 Total amount 
 
 paid in wages 
 
 or salaries 
 
 during the 
 
 {Account for all persons employed at the wells. Give the total .salaries and 
 wages paid, which should include board or rent furnished as part compensa- 
 
1092 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIP^S. 
 
 tion. Stockholders of corporations are not to be ruportcrl unless they are sal- 
 aried officials. Amounts paid for contract work, not done by employees hired 
 directly, and the number employed in such work, must not be included in this 
 inquiry, but be reported in answer to Inquiry 5. The average number employed 
 during the year is the number that would be required, at continuous cmitloy- 
 ment tor the twelve months, to produce the quantity of product reported.) 
 
 AVERAGE Nl^MBER OF WAGE-EARNERS AT srEClFIED DAILY RATES 
 
 OF PAY. 
 
 OCCUPATIONS. 
 
 1 
 
 ■f- 
 
 3 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 m 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 -S 
 
 8 
 
 
 -V 
 
 O 
 o 
 
 
 'i 
 
 o 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 o 
 
 i 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 8 
 
 c 
 
 eft 
 
 Engineers and pump- 
 men 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Machinists, blac k- 
 gmiths, drillers, rig 
 builders, and other 
 mechanics 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 All other employees, 
 not including those 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE-EARNERS EMPLOYED DURING EACH 
 
 MONTH. 
 
 MONTH. 
 
 Men 16 , Boys , 
 years and under 16 i 
 over. years. 
 
 MONTH. 
 
 Men It; 
 
 years and 
 over. 
 
 Boys 
 
 under 16 
 
 years. 
 
 
 
 .Tulv 
 
 
 
 February 
 
 March 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 
 
 May 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 (Only wage-earners should be reported. Do not include firm members, gen- 
 eral officers, superintendents, managers, foremen, clerks, and other salaried 
 employees.) 
 
 Inquiry 4 same as Inquiry 5 on Schedule No. 6. 
 
 5. Contract work: 
 
 Amount paid, if any, for well drilling, rig building, etc., if not done by 
 employees hired directly by this establishment, S 
 
 Average number of men employed on such work 
 
 Number of days employed 
 
 6. Supplies and materials: 
 
 Total cost of supplies and materials of all kinds used during the year, includ- 
 ing freight paid on the same, S 
 
 (The actual cost of all supplies and materials used during the year, including 
 freight paid on the same, must be reported. The cost of the following materials 
 should be reported under this inquiry: Lumber and timber used for repairs, rig 
 building, and all other purposes; iron and steel for blacksraithing; parts of 
 machinery and tools used for renewals and repairs; explosives, water for 
 boilers and for other purposes, fuel, machinery supplies, etc.) 
 
 7. Miscellaneous expenses: 
 
 Royalties and rent of wells 
 
 Amount paid for rent of offices, taxes, insurance, interest, ad- 
 vertising, office supplies, law expenses, telegraph and tele- 
 phone service, and all other sundries not reported elsewhere. 
 
 Total 
 
 f All items of expense incident to the operation of the wells not accounted for 
 under Inquiries 3, 5, and (i, must be reported here. Oo not includi.: jiny portion 
 of the freight reported under Inquiry 6 us paid on supplies and materials. ) 
 
 H. Product: ' 
 
 Total quantity of petroleum produced during the year (barrels of 42 gal- 
 lons) 
 
 Total value, at wells, of petroleum produced during the year $ 
 
 Total value, at wells, of natural gas produced during the year ff 
 
 (Under this inquiry should be reported the quantity and value of petroleum 
 and the value of natural gas produced during the year, at the wells, as reported 
 to the United States Geological Survey.) 
 
 Inquiry 9 same as Inquiry 10 on Schedule No, 6. 
 
 10. Tankage: 
 
 Number of tanks at wells ; total capacity, in barrels of 42 gal- 
 lons 
 
 11. Wells: 
 
 Total number of wells drilled during the year ; number of producing 
 
 wells drilled during the year ; number of dry holes drilled during 
 
 the year 
 
 Of the total number of wells reported on this schedule, state the number 
 
 flowing ; number pumping ; and the number abandoned 
 
 during the year, 
 
 What diminution of pressure has occurred during the year? (Describe 
 fully. I 
 
 Special Schedule No. 10. — For gold, silver, lead, and copper 
 mines. (Number printed, 78,000. ) 
 
 First page same as Schedule No. 6, except that the following 
 note of instructions is printed after the location and post office 
 address of the mine: 
 
 Where a mine and reduction wrirks are operated under the same manage- 
 ment, separate reports should be made on each Schedule No. 10 and No. 11, 
 respectively. If this is not possible, a full report .should be made on thi>i 
 schedule (with the exception of Inqxiiry 10), covering both the mine and reduc- 
 tion works, and answers should also be given to Inquiries 4, 5, 9, 10, and 12 on 
 Schedule No. 11. 
 
 Inquiry 1 same as Schedule No. 6. 
 
 2. If this mine was ever abandoned, state year when last abandoned 
 
 and when last reopened 
 
 Inquiries 3, 4, 5, and 6, same as Inquiries 
 Schedule No. 8. 
 
 o, 4, and 5, on 
 
 7. Contract work: 
 
 a. Amount paid, if any, for work not done by employees hired directly by 
 this establishment, S 
 
 State whether drainage, pumping, tunneling, shaft sinking, ])oring test 
 holes, etc 
 
 Average number of men employed on such work 
 
 ' Number of days employed 
 
 h. Total amount received for cmtract work done for other establishments, 
 S State whether tunneling, drainage, pumping, etc 
 
 (Do not include charges for treatment of ores, tailings, etc., at custom mills.) 
 
 Inquiry 8 same as Inquiry 7 on Schedule No. 6. 
 
 9. Miscellaneous expenses: 
 
 ITEMS. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Amount expended in development work 
 
 Rent and royalties of mine and mineral land . , ■ 
 
 S 
 
 Rent of mining plant and improvements 
 
 
 Rent or rovaltv for tunnel privileges 
 
 
 Water rent 
 
 
 Other rent or royalties (specirfv kind) 
 
 
 Amount paid for taxes, insurance, interest, advertising, office 
 supplies, law eifpenses, injuries and damages, telegraph and 
 telephone service, gas, and all other sundries not reported 
 elsewhere 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 (All Items of expense incident ti) tlie operation of the mine, not nreounted 
 for under Inquiries 4, 5, 7, and 8, must be reported liere. Do not include anv 
 portion of the treitiht reported under Inquiry s as paid on supplies and mate- 
 rials. The Items ot rent should be stated separately only in cases where they 
 
AP1M^]N1)IX A. 
 
 1093 
 
 are paid separately; if any two or more of them are paid in one snm, I'or in- 
 stanx-e royalties for mine and mining plant, the fact should ho staled and the 
 one amount paid should be given, without attempting lo nnike ii diyisioa.) 
 
 10. Product: 
 
 Gross value of metallic contents, as repdrtL-d to the United 
 
 Statey Geological Survey . 
 
 Deductions; 
 
 Charges for treatment, per Ion, S^ : total. 
 
 Freight, per ton, g ; total 
 
 Net value of mining product S 
 
 11. Name and address oi mill nr w^irks at which the ore is treated 
 
 By what method is the ore conveyed from the mine to the mill? 
 
 12. Mineral lands: 
 
 Total acreage — owned ; held nn lease ; leased to other i)art.ies . 
 
 If worked by dredges, state total area treated in 1902. acres 
 
 13. Water plant: 
 
 Total length of ditches owned (including tlunies, pipes, etc.), miles, . . 
 feet, 
 
 14. Length of railroad tracks owned: 
 
 On the surhice 
 
 Underground 
 
 Inquiry 15 saiue as Iiujuiry 10 on Schedule No. 6. 
 16. Machinery: 
 
 CLASS OF MACHINE. 
 
 Hoisting engines 
 
 Pumping engines 
 
 Locomotives for outside or inside haulage . 
 
 Power drills 
 
 Steam shovels or derricks 
 
 Dredges 
 
 Kind of 
 power. 
 
 Special Schedule No. 11. — For reduction worka (othtr tluin smelt- 
 ers). {Number printed, 11,500.) 
 First page same as Schedule No. 6. 
 Inquiries 1 and 2 same as Schedule No. 6. 
 
 3. Persons employed: 
 
 AVERAGE NUMBER <JF WA<iE-EA UN i:i;s AT SPECIFIED DAILY RATES 
 
 OK J'AV. 
 
 CLASSES. 
 
 1 
 
 Average .Total amount 
 number em- paid in wages 
 
 ploved or salaries 
 during the , during the 
 
 year. year. 
 
 
 Is 
 
 Clerks 
 
 Engineers, firemen, machinists, blacksmiths, car- 
 penters, and other mechanics 
 
 Boys under 16 years 
 
 All other emplt.)yees 
 
 Total ■ 
 
 (Account for all persons employed at the works. Giye the total salaries and 
 ivaees paid which should include board or rent furnished as part compen.sation. 
 ■stockholders of corporations are not to be reported unless they are salaried 
 officials The averaKe number employed during the year is the number that 
 would be required, at continuous employment for the twelve months, to pro- 
 duce the quantity of product reported.) 
 
 orcx:i'ATiONs. 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 k 
 
 c 
 
 i 
 
 
 CI 
 
 c 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 -I" 
 o 
 
 </> 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 2' 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 CI 
 
 f 
 s 
 
 5 
 
 
 c a 
 o ! lO 
 
 O -M 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Firemen 
 
 Machinists, h lac k - 
 smiths, carpenters, 
 and other mechan- 
 ics 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 ..-l... 
 
 Boys under 16 years 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 All other employees, 
 not including those 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 j'"" 
 
 1 
 
 AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE-EARNERS EMPLOYED DURING EACH 
 
 MONTH. 
 
 January . . 
 February . 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 Men 16 
 
 years and 
 over. 
 
 Boys 
 
 under 10 
 
 years. 
 
 July 
 
 Augu-st 
 
 September. 
 October . .. 
 November. 
 December . 
 
 Men 16 Boys 
 
 years and i under 16 
 
 over. I years. 
 
 (Only wage-earners should be reported. Do not include firm members, gen- 
 eral officers, superintendents, managers, foremen, clerks, and other salaried em- 
 ployees.) 
 
 Inquiry 4 same as Inquiry o on Schedule No. 6. 
 
 5. Amount paid, if any, for treatment of bLdlinn, concentrates, tailings, or other 
 
 products at custom smelters, refineries, or other custom works, $ 
 
 Total freight paid on the same, 8 
 
 6. Materials: 
 
 State character of materials used, whether ore, tailings, or other mate- 
 
 rials 
 
 Total assay contents and value of all materials bought in 1902: 
 
 
 Total US- 
 say con- j Value, 
 tents, j 
 
 
 Value. 
 
 Gold, ounces fine 
 
 ' 
 
 Total gross value 
 ( brought forward ) 
 
 g 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Totiil working charges 
 Total freight 
 
 -2; 
 
 
 1 
 
 « 
 
 Other metals, pounds. . 
 
 
 Total deductions 
 
 s 
 
 Total gross value S 
 
 Net paid 
 
 s 
 
 (Under this inquiry should be giyen the cost of all materials bought for the 
 mill State the metallic contents of the ore, etc., as per sample or assay; the 
 value allowed for gold, silver, lead, copper, and other metals contained in the 
 materials; the deductions made to coverworking charges and freight; and give 
 the total net amount paid. Do not give under this inquiry the yield m gold, 
 silver, and other metals resulting from the treatment of the materials at the 
 works and reported to the Geological Survey.) 
 
1094 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 . Supplies: 
 
 Total cost of mill supplies of all kinds used duriug the year, iiiclurting 
 
 freight paid on the same, S 
 
 (The cost of the following supplies should be reported under this inquiry: 
 Shoes, dies, screens, plates, and other parts of machinery and tools used for 
 renewals and repairs; quicksilver, cyanide of potassium, lumber, iron, steel, oil, 
 fuel, water, etc.) 
 
 8. Miscellaneous expenses: 
 
 Amount paid for rentof offices, plant, and land, taxes, in.^urance, interest, 
 advertising, office supplies, law expenses, injuries and damages, telegraph 
 and telephone service, gas, and all other sundries not reported elsewhere. 
 
 (All item^s of expense incident to the operation of the works, not accounted 
 for under Inquiries 3, 5, 6, and 7, must be reported here. Do not include freight. ) 
 
 9. Product: 
 
 Gross value of metallic contents, as reported to the United States 
 Geological Survey _S 
 
 Deductions on product sold (not including product of this estab- 
 lishment treated at custom works): 
 
 Total smelter charges S 
 
 Total freight _S -^^. - - - - 
 
 Net value of milling product at the mill S 
 
 10. Custom work done by this establishment: 
 
 
 Ore. 
 
 Concen- 
 trates or 
 
 other 
 material. 
 
 Tailings. 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Amount received, not including freight . 
 
 $ 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 « 
 
 « 
 
 $ 
 
 
 
 
 Inquiry 11 .same as Inquiry 10 on Schedule No. B. 
 
 12. Name, location, and character of establishment to which the product was 
 sold or shipped for final treatment: 
 Gold bullion 
 
 Silver bullion . 
 
 Concentrates . 
 
 Other jjroducts (specify kind) 
 
 In addition to the foregoing schedules, Nos. 10 and 11, for minen 
 and reduction works, a schedule was printed for smelters and re- 
 fineries. Smelters and refineries were included iii the Census of 
 Manufactures taken in 1900 and did not come within the scope of 
 the Census of Mines and Quarries of 1902. This schedule M-as pro- 
 vided for the purpose of merely A^erifying the reports of the metallic 
 contents of the ores mined and the cost of reduction, and of ascer- 
 taining the terms upon which ores were treated by custom smelters, 
 the cost of smelting and refining, and the percentage of metals re- 
 covered in the process. 
 
 Special schedule No. !.■;. — For smelters and refineries. {Number 
 printed 1,000.) 
 
 United States Census Office. 
 Special Schedule No. 12. 
 
 DIVISION OF MANUFACTURES. 
 ' S. N. D. North, Chief Statistician. 
 
 .SMET/TKKS AND RT:1 I NKRIK.S. 
 
 Name of works 
 
 Character of works 
 
 Name of company, firm, or individual owner 
 
 Location of works: Cityortown ; County ; Stati.- 
 
 General office at 
 
 Isaac A, Hourwich, Ph. D., of Washington, D. C, has bem appointed expert 
 special agent of the Census Othce for this branch of the inquiry. 
 
 1. Date of establishment of works: 
 
 2. If a corporation, in which slate incftrporated? 
 
 Year of organization 
 
 3. Schedule of prices paid formaterials treated in 1902: 
 
 Gold, per ounce 
 
 Silver, percentage paid 
 
 Lead, per unit (state what unit). 
 
 Lead , percentage paid 
 
 Copper, yierunit (state wliat unit) 
 
 Other metals (specify each kind) 
 Deductions: 
 
 Working costs, per ton 
 
 Freight, per tnn. 
 
 S 
 
 Concen- 
 trates. 
 
 $ 
 
 % 
 
 Bullion. 
 
 Miscel la- 
 
 Specify classes of materials embraced under the head of "Miscellaneous": 
 
 (State separately prices paid per ounce of gold contained in ores, concen- 
 trates, matte, bullion, or other materials; likewise state separately yjercentage 
 of silver contents paid for in each class of materials, give the unit of lead and 
 copper paid for, whether pound or percentage, contained in ore, concentrates, 
 etc. If working costs per ton vary with the character of ore, give all rates in 
 detail.) 
 
 -I. If the smelter is in a mining district, state by what method the ore is con- 
 veved from the mine ti.i the smelter: 
 
 5. Total daily capacity of jilant, tons per 24 hours: 
 
 6. Time in operation: 
 
 Total number of days in operatimi during the ywir 1902, ; nunibrr 
 
 of hours in operation per day 
 
 7. Total amount paid in salaries and wages during the year 1902, % 
 
 8. Cost of supplies used during the year, including freight paid on the 
 
 same, % 
 
 (The cost of the following supplies should be given under this inquiry: Parts 
 of machinery and tools used for renewals and repairs, fuel, fluxes, zinc, oil. and 
 all <:ither supplies consumed in the running of machinery'.) 
 
 9. Miscellaneous expen.ses, § 
 
 (Amount paid for rent of land, buildings, rsachinery, offices, taxes, insur- 
 ance, interest, advertising, office supplies, law expenses, injuries and damages, 
 telegraph and telephone service, gas, and all other sundries not reported 
 elsewhere.) 
 
 10. Production of smelter, not including custom ^vo^k: 
 
 MATERIALS TRE.\.TEI>. 
 
 Ores. 
 
 '^Zet"- M-«- 
 
 1 
 
 Quantitv, tons or pounds 
 
 
 
 
 Total contents as per assay before 
 smelting: 
 Gold, ounces fine ' 
 
 1 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 Copi»er, pounds ■ . . . . 1 
 
 
 
 Othermetals, pounds (specify i 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 BLM.LInN" RECOVERED. 
 
 From 
 ores. 
 
 From 
 concen- 
 trates. 
 
 From 
 matte. 
 
 — .^|"S- 
 
 Gold, ounces fine 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Silver, ounces tine 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lead, pounds ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 Copper, pounds ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 Other metals, pounds (specify 
 each kind ) ". . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sfiecdfy clauses of materials enibraeeil uuder the head of " Miscellaneous " : 
 
 (Qive the total qiiaTitity, in tons or pounds, of each class of materials treated 
 and the assay cmitents of ores, concentrates, matte, bullion etc separately 
 also the bnlli.jn recovered from cai'h class of materials— that is the'ffold silver' 
 lead, copper, or other metallic contents of the smelted product aa shown bv 
 
APPENDIX A. 
 
 1095 
 
 11. Prnrtnotion of refinery, not inrluding custom work: 
 
 
 CEUDR BULLION 
 TREATED. 
 
 Rciiner] 
 
 
 Gross 
 weight. 
 
 Fine 
 
 weight as 
 
 shown by 
 
 assay. 
 
 bullion pro- 
 
 fliK'ed, tiiir 
 
 Wright. 
 
 A. Materials from smelting department: 
 
 
 
 Silver, ounces . . . 
 
 
 
 Lead, pounds 
 
 il 
 
 Copper, pounds. 
 
 
 Other products, pounds (specifv eaoii 
 kind) 
 
 
 B. Materials bought: 
 Gold, ounces . 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Lead, pounds 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 Other products, pounds (specify each 
 kind) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12. Custom smelting: (See instructions under Inquiry 10.) 
 
 MATERIALS TREATED. 
 
 Ores. 
 
 Concen- 
 trates. 
 
 Matte. 
 
 B-"ion. ^\;-el>"- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total contents as per assay before 
 smelting: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 Lead, pounds I 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Other metals, pounds (spe- 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 BUy,LIOX RETURNED. 
 
 From 
 
 ores. 
 
 From 
 concen- 
 trates. 
 
 From 
 matte. 
 
 ^^■l'^- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lead pounds .. . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Other metals, pounds (specify 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total smelting charges 
 
 $ 
 
 8 
 
 S 
 
 8 ^8 
 
 Total freight charges 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Is freight charged to the customer? 
 
 Specify classes of materials embraced under the head of " Miscellaneous" 
 13. Custom refining: 
 
 Gold, ounces . . 
 Silver, ounces . 
 Lead, pounds. . 
 
 Copper, pounds 
 
 Other metals, pounds (spec- 
 ify each kind) 
 
 CRUDE BULLION 
 TREATED. 
 
 Gross 
 weight. 
 
 Fine 
 weight 
 as per 
 
 assav. 
 
 Refined 
 
 bullion 
 
 returned 
 
 (fine 
 
 weight). 
 
 Total 
 tolls re- 
 ceived. 
 
 Total 
 freight 
 charged. 
 
 M. Crude Imlliou tn-affd at (.tlicr relinorif 
 
 
 CRUDE BULLION 
 SHIPPED. 
 
 Fine 
 Gross weight 
 weight. as per 
 assay. 
 
 Refined 
 
 ! bullion 
 reeeiveil 
 
 (tiru^ 
 weight). 
 
 Total 
 
 tolls 
 paid. 
 
 Total 
 freight 
 paid. 
 
 Gold, ounc.'s 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 Silver, ounces 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 Lead, [.uuiids i 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ('opyter, pounds 
 
 
 
 
 other metals, pounds (spec- 
 ifv each kind) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 V't. Crude bullion sold: 
 
 
 Gross 
 weight. 
 
 Fine 
 
 contents, 
 
 Total 
 
 gross 
 value. 
 
 1 
 
 Refining Freight 
 eharge.^. charges. 
 
 '"[old, (luuces 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 S ' «; 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lead, yiounds 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Ulier nu'tiils, pound.s (spec- 
 ify each kind) 
 
 
 
 
 ' 1 
 
 IG. Nitnie and location of mint, assay office, or refinery towliicii 
 sliipttcd dtiring the year: 
 
 Gold.,. 
 Silver . 
 Lead . . 
 
 t'opper . 
 
 Before commencing the mining census it was considered neces- 
 sary to prepare a schedule for corporations, firms, or individuals 
 operating more than one mine or quarry with a central office for 
 all of them. 
 
 Special srhednk, No. iln. — Supplemental schedule fnr administra- 
 tive and general offices. {Ahimher printed, 12,000.) 
 
 (Jnited Stati.;s Censi's Office. 
 Speri'il Sfitednle, No. f^io. 
 
 DIVISION OF MANUFACTURES. 
 S. N. D. North; Chief Statistician. 
 
 MINES* AND QUARRIi:S. 
 
 StTPPLE.MENTAL SCHEDULE FOR ADMINISTEATIVE ,XND i 
 
 Name of company, firm, or individual oM-ncr 
 
 RNERAL DFFtCES. 
 
 General office: State. 
 
 Con.nty 
 
 . : Citv or tinvn . 
 
 Corporations, firms, or individuals operating more than one mine, quarry, or 
 reduction works, with a central office tor all of them, are requested to report on 
 this schedule the employees of stich central office, with their salaries or wages, 
 and all other employees whose work is not confined to one particular mine, 
 quarry, or reduction works, such as general superintendents, machinists, sur- 
 veyor's, etc. All general expenses are also to be reporterl on tliis schedule, and 
 the data relating to capital stock, honds, dividends, and assessments of incorpo- 
 rated companies. Nodata reported on this schedule should appearon the sepa- 
 rate reports for the individual minc^. qu;irri.>.<. or reduction works. Separate 
 schedules are supplied for these individual plaut.^. 
 
1096 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 CKRTIFirATE. 
 
 This is to certify that the information enntained in this scliLMhile is complete 
 and correct to the best of my knowledge and behef. 
 
 (Signature and official designation of the person 
 furnishing the information.) 
 
 (Signature of special agent.) 
 
 1. Character of present organization, whether individual, lirni, limited partner- 
 
 ship, cooperative association, or incorporated company: 
 
 2. Capital stock, bonds, dividends, and assessments (if an incorporated com- 
 
 pany) : 
 
 
 BONDS. 
 
 PREFERRED 
 STOCK. 
 
 COMMON STOCK. 
 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Total 
 
 par 
 
 value. 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 shares. 
 
 Total 
 
 par 
 
 value. 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 shares. 
 
 Total 
 
 par 
 
 value. 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 « 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 Issued to end of the year 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 Dividends and interest, if any, paid during the year: 
 
 Common stock, rate ; amount, S . 
 
 Preferred stock, rate ; amount, S. 
 
 Bonds, rate ; amount, $. 
 
 Assessments; Total amountlevied since organization of company.. ^- 
 
 3. Persons employed: 
 
 1 
 
 1 Average 
 „. .^,„„o i number em- 
 ^^^^^^'- 1 r-'loyed dur- 
 
 ] ing the year. 
 
 Total amount 
 
 paid in sala- 
 ries or wages 
 during the 
 year. 
 
 
 S 
 
 Other officers (managers, general superintendents, 
 etc ) 
 
 
 Clerks 
 
 
 Surveyors, machinists, laborers, and all others not , 
 employed at particular mines, quarries, or redac- 
 tion wbrks .... 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 (Account for all persons not included in the separate returns for mine.s quar- 
 ries, or reduction works. Give the total salaries and wages paid, which should 
 include board or rent furnished as part compensa.tion. Stockholders of corpo- 
 rations are not to be reported, unless they are salaried officials. Amounts paid 
 for contract work, not done by employees hired directly, and the number 
 employed iji such work, mu.stnot be included in this inquiry, but be reported 
 in answer to Inquiry 4. The average number employed during the year is the 
 number that would have continuous employment for the twelve months.) 
 
 4. Contract work: 
 
 Amount paid, if any, for tunneling, shaft sinking, boring test 
 holes, etc., not chargeable to a particular mine or quarry, 
 if not done by employees hired directly by this establish- 
 ment $ 
 
 Average number of men employed on such work 
 
 Number of days employed 
 
 5. Miscellaneous expenses: 
 
 Amount ijaid for rent of offices, taxes, insurancCj interest, ad- 
 vertising, office supplies, law expenses, injuries and dam- 
 ages, telegraph and telephone service, gas, and all other 
 
 sundries not reported elsewhere ^- 
 
 (All items of general expense not accounted for under Inquiries 3 and l must 
 be reported here.) 
 
 6. Names and locations of mines, quarries, or reductifjn works owned or leased: 
 (If not sufficient space, use separate sheet of paper.) 
 
 LOCATION. 
 
 NA.ME OF MINE, qi.'A ItRY, OK REDUCTION ^VOKKS,' 
 
 State. 
 
 Nearest 
 
 city or 
 lo\vn. 
 
 Special Schedule No. 6b. — For stone quarries in addition to Special 
 Schedule No. 6, as supplementary thereto. {Number printed, 35,000. ) 
 
 United States Censuh Office. 
 Special Schedule No. 6b. 
 
 (To be filled out and returned in connection with and in addition to Special 
 Schedule No. 6, as supplementary thereto.) 
 
 DIVISION OF MANUFACTURES. 
 
 S. N. D. North, Chief Statistician. 
 
 STONE QUARRIES. 
 
 Name of quarry 
 
 Kind of stone 
 
 Name rif company, firm, or individual owner 
 
 Location of quarry; State ; County . 
 
 Nearest city or town ; Post office 
 
 Dr. G. P. Merrill, of the United States National Museum, has been appointed 
 expert special agent of the Census Office for the collection of statistics relating 
 to stone quarries. 
 
 QUARRYING AND STONE-DRESSING MACHINES. 
 
 (Please state the kinds of drills, channellers, gadders, and quarry bars used, 
 and if other machines than those specified below are used, please report them 
 and give full description in the blank spaces provided.) 
 
 KIND. 
 
 Trade name and make. 
 
 Number 
 used. 
 
 Year 
 
 when 
 
 adopted. 
 
 Drills 
 
 
 
 
 Channellers 
 
 
 
 
 Gadders 
 
 
 
 
 Quarry bars 
 
 
 
 
 Helicoidal saws 
 
 Reciprocating saws used 
 with sand, chilled iron, or 
 
 
 ; 
 
 Reciprocating saws -with dia- 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Lathes 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Ruljbing beds 
 
 j 1 
 
 PolisljLTS 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sand-blast mai^hines 
 
 i 
 
 
 All otliers 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 Then^ were provided in addition to the schedules of the Census 
 Othce, copies of the schedules of the Geological Surve)' which 
 were used for transcribing the information reported to that office. 
 
 United States (Census Office. 
 
 Division of Manufactures. 
 
 MINES ANI> QUARRIES. 
 
 SLATl-:. (Ninnhcr printed, SOO.) 
 
 Sjiccidl Schedule Xo. 6. 
 
 Name <tf quarry 
 
 Name uf company, firm, or individual owner 
 
 ("ieneral <.ifli(.-c 
 
 Location of quarry: State ; C!ouiity . 
 
 Nearest city <.>r town 
 
APPENDIX A. 
 
 1097 
 
 1. Please give quantity of slate sold and selling value at the quarry for IIm- yt 
 1902. MS follows: 
 [Give your usual unit of measurement, but state definitely what it is.] 
 
 Routing slate (squares) 
 
 Milling stock and all other purposes. 
 Total value 
 
 Quantity, 
 
 S. 
 
 2. How was the demand and what was thu general eondition of trade in 1902 as 
 compared with the preceding year? 
 
 Note carefully the following: 
 
 Unless statements of tests or analyses of your slate have been given with 
 previous replies, you are earnestly requested to give the results of any such 
 analyses or tests, with the name of the expert who made the analysis or test. 
 
 Please give the names and addresses of any new quarry operators in your 
 vicinity. 
 
 If you have retired permanently fmm the business, or <ti(l not operate last 
 year, please so state, 
 
 MARBLE. (Nnmbcr priiUaJ, 500.) 
 
 Special Schedule No. 6. 
 
 Name of quarry 
 
 Name of company, firm, or individual owner _.. 
 
 General office 
 
 Location of quarry: State ; ('ouiity 
 
 Nearest city or town 
 
 1. Please give quantity of marble quarried and the value at tlie quarry for (he 
 year 1902, as follows: 
 [Give your usual unit of measurement, but state definitely what it is.] 
 
 Quantity. Value. 
 
 Sold rough for — 
 
 Building purposes S- 
 
 Monumental work . 
 
 Other purposes 
 
 Dressed for— 
 
 Building purposes. 
 
 ^Monumental work ... 
 Ornamental purposes. 
 Interior decoration. . . 
 Other purposes 
 
 [State use, if possible.] 
 
 Total value. 
 
 2. How was the demand and what was the general eondition of trade in 1902 as 
 compared with 1901? 
 
 Note carefully the following: 
 
 Unless statements of tests or analyses of your marble have been given with 
 previous replies, you are earnestly requested to inclose the results of any such 
 analyses or tests, with the name of tlie expert who made the analysis or test. 
 
 If you have retired permanently from the l)Usiness, or have not operated in 
 1902, please so .state. 
 
 If you have disposed of your quarry, please give the iiume and a<ldri'ss of your 
 successor and the date on which you sld. 
 
 If you have recently acquired your quarry, please give tlie name of ils ir)ritRT 
 owner and the date on which you took po.sses.sion. 
 
 Please give the names and addresses of any new quarry opent tors in your 
 vicinity. 
 
 TRAP ROCK. iNii,i/brr]<riNli'i, r,an.) 
 Sp'cial Srhc'lide No. 6. 
 
 Name of quarry - 
 
 Name of company, firm, or individual i'-\vner 
 
 General office 
 
 Location of quarry: Slate : (Jounty 
 
 Nearest city or town 
 
 ]. Please give (pianlily of trap rock <jimrrie(l hikI Djc value at the <|uarry for 
 the year 19irj. lis follows: 
 
 [Give your usual niiit of measurement, Iml stale (ieiinitely what it is.] 
 
 Quantity, I Value. 
 
 Sold rougli for building ])nrposcs \ %_ 
 
 Dressed for huilding purposes i ' 
 
 Made into paving l^loeks , 
 
 Crushed stone for— 
 
 Roadmaking (macadam, etc.) 
 
 Hailroarl ballast . 
 Concrete, I'lc 
 
 Rubt 
 
 Riprap . 
 
 Other I'urposes . 
 
 [State purpose, if j.os-ible.] 
 Total value 
 
 2. How was the demand and what was the general condition of trade in 1902 as 
 Cf)mpareil with 1901? 
 
 Note carefully the following: 
 
 Unless statements of tests or analyses of \"our trap rock liave been given with 
 previous replies, you are earnestly requested to inclose the results of any such 
 analyses or tests, with the name of the expert who made the analysis or test. 
 
 If you have retired permanently from the business, or have not operated in 
 1902, please so state. 
 
 If you liave disposed of your quarry, please give tlie name and address of your 
 successor, and the date on which you sold. 
 
 If you have recently acquired your quarry, please give the name of its former 
 owner and the date on which you took possession. 
 
 I'lease give the names ami addresses of any new quarry operators in your 
 vicinity. 
 
 GRANITE. {Ninnhrr ini,d.<l 2,000.) 
 Sprrial Srhrdlilf No. 0. 
 
 Name of quarry 
 
 Name <jn'on]pany, firm, or individual mvner 
 
 General office 
 
 Location of ijuarry: Statn ; County 
 
 Nearest citv or town. 
 
 1. I'lease give quantity of granite ijuarrietl ami the value at the quarry for the 
 year 1902. as follows: 
 
 [(iive your usual iniit of measurement. Tjut state definitely what it is.] 
 
 Quantity. Value. 
 
 Sold rough for- 
 
 Building purfioses. 
 
 ^Monumental ^vo^k 
 
 Other yairposes 
 
 Dressed for Imilding pnrpost/s.. 
 Iiresseil for inoTuunental work. 
 Drcssfd for interior decoration . 
 
 Made into paving blocks 
 
 I 'urljing 
 
 Flagging 
 
 Cruslied st<aic for— 
 Koadrnaking (nia 
 
 Railroad l.iallast. 
 
 Concrelc, etc 
 
 Rnblilc 
 
 Riprap .- 
 
 Other jMir]>oses 
 
 [State jairpose, if ]iussible.] 
 Total value 
 
1098 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 2. How was the demand and what was the general condition of trade in 1902 as 
 compared with 190r,' 
 
 Note carefully the following: 
 
 Unless statements of tests or analyses of your granite have been given with 
 j)revious replies", yon are earnestly requested to inclose the results of any such 
 analyses or tests with the name of the expert who made the analysis or test. 
 
 If you have retired permanently from the business, or have not operated in 
 1902, please so state. 
 
 If you have disposed of your quarry, please give the name and address of your 
 successor and the date on which you sold. 
 
 If you have recently acquired your quarry, please give the name of its former 
 owner and the date on which you took possession. 
 
 Please give the names and addresses of any new quarry operators in your 
 vicinitv. 
 
 SANDSTONE. (Natuber printed, l,75u.) 
 
 Special Schcfhile No. 6. 
 
 Name of quarry 
 
 Name of company, firm, or individual owner. 
 General office , 
 
 Location of quarry: State. 
 Nearest citv or town 
 
 ; Connty. 
 
 1. Please give quantity of sandstone quarried and the value at the quarry for 
 the year 1902, as follows; 
 
 [Give your usual unit of measurement, but state definitely what it is.] 
 
 Quantity. I Vflluc. 
 
 Sold rough for building purposos. 
 
 Dressed for building purposes 
 
 'Crushed stone for — 
 
 Roadmaking {macadam, etc.; 
 
 Railroad ballast . 
 
 Concrete, etc 
 
 ■Ganlster rock 
 
 Riprap 
 
 Rubble 
 
 Paving 
 
 Flagging 
 
 Curbing 
 
 ■Grindstones 
 
 Whetstones 
 
 Sand mined; 
 Glass sand . 
 
 Engine sand... 
 Furnace sand . . 
 Building sand . 
 
 Other uses 
 
 'Other purposes . 
 
 [State purpose, if possible.] 
 Total value 
 
 2. How was the demand and what was the general condition of trade in 1902 as 
 compared with 1901? 
 
 Note carefully the following; 
 
 Unless statements of tests or analyses of your sandstone have been given with 
 previous replies, you are earnestly requested to inclose the results of any such 
 Analyses or tests, with the name of the expert who made (he analysis or test. 
 
 If you have retired permanently from the business or have not operated in 
 1902, please so state. 
 
 If you have disposed of your quarry, please give the name and address of your 
 successor, and the date on which you sold. 
 
 If you have recently acquired your quarry, please give the name of its former 
 owner and the date on which you took possession. 
 
 Please give the names and addresses of any new quarry operators in your 
 vicinitv. 
 
 BLUESTOX K. ( Nil mher j>ri„tnl, 501). ) 
 
 Special SchediiJc No. 0. 
 
 Name of quarry 
 
 Name of company, firm, or iudividnul owuit 
 
 Genera] office 
 
 Location of quarry; State ; Counly. 
 
 Nearest city or town 
 
 1. Please give quantity of bluestone quarried and the value at the quarry for 
 the year 1902, as follows: 
 [Give your usual unit of measurement, but state definitely what it is,] 
 
 Sold rough for building purposes !$ 
 
 Dressed for building purposes 
 
 Crushed stone for— 
 
 Roadmaking ( macadam, etc. ) 
 
 Quantity. ' Value. 
 
 Railroad ballast . 
 Concrete, etc 
 
 Riprap 
 
 Rubble ... 
 Paving . . . 
 Flagging , 
 
 Other purposes 
 
 [State purpose, if possible.] 
 Total value 
 
 2. How was the demand and what was the general condition of trade in 1902 as 
 compared with 1901? 
 
 Note carefully the following: 
 
 Unless statements of tests or analyses of your bluestone have been given with 
 previous replies, you are earnestly requested to inclose the results of any such 
 analyses or tests, with the name of the expert who made the analysis or test. 
 
 If yon have retired permanently from the business, or have not operated in 
 1902, please so state. 
 
 If you have disposed of your quarry, please give the name and address of yi:iur 
 successor and the date on which you wjld. 
 
 If you have recently acquired your quarry, please give the name of its former 
 owner and the date on which you took possession. 
 
 Please give the names and addresses of any new quarry operators in your 
 vicinity. 
 
 LIMESTONE. {Numbrr printed, 7,600.) 
 
 Special Schedule No. 6. 
 
 Name of quarry 
 
 Name of company, firm, or individual owner 
 
 General ofhee 
 
 Location of quarry: Stale ; County. 
 
 Nearest city or town 
 
 1. Please give quantity of limestone quarried and the value at the quarry for 
 the year 1902, as follows: 
 [(!ive your usual unit of measurement, but state detinitely what it is.] 
 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Building purposes 
 
 
 
 Flagging 
 
 
 
 Curbing 
 
 ,, 
 
 Stone burned into limi.' 
 
 
 
 Lime made 
 
 
 [Give quantity and value of lime in bulk.] 
 
 Stone sold as such to lime burners 
 
 1 
 
 Crushed stone for— 
 
 Roadmaking (macadam, etc.) 
 
 
 
 Rail n tad ballast 
 
 
 
 
 f!oncrete, etc ... 
 
 
 
 Rubble 
 
 
 
 Riprap 
 
 
 
 Blast-furnace flux 
 
 
 
 Quarried for cement 
 
 
 
 Other purposes 
 
 
 
 [State purpose, if possible.'] 
 Total value 
 
 
 S ^ 
 
 
 
 
 2. What was the lU'tTage price of lime i.er biislicl or barrel in your locality ilur- 
 
 ing 19027 
 
 3. How was tlie demaiiii and wluit was the tceneral ci.ndili..n of trndr in 1302 as 
 
 compared with 1901: 
 
APPENDIX A. 
 
 1099 
 
 Note carefully the following: 
 
 Uiilof^s statements of testH or analyses of yonr limestone, or the litne niadu 
 from it, have been given with previous replies, you are eurnestly requested to 
 inclose the results of any such tests or analyses, with the name of the experl- 
 who made the analysis or test. 
 
 If you have retired permanently from the business or have not nperaleil in 
 1902, please so state. 
 
 If you have disposed of your quarrv, please give the nameaiid address ot . uiir 
 successor, and the date on which you sold. 
 
 If you have recently acquired your quarry, please give the name of lis former 
 owner and the date on which you took possession. 
 
 Please give the names and addresses of any new quarry (.piTulors in vonr 
 vicinity. 
 
 BA.RYTES. {Number pr/utnl. SO(i.) 
 Special Schedule N<i, 0. 
 
 Name of mine 
 
 Name of company, firm, or individual owner 
 
 General office 
 
 Location of mine; State ; County 
 
 Nearest city or town 
 
 Inquires for miners. 
 Quantity of erude barytes produced in 1902, short tons . 
 Total value at the mine 
 
 [If any part of the above product was purchased from other parties, please 
 
 state under "Remarks" the names of such parties and the quantitv obtained 
 from each.] 
 
 Inquiries f'lr manufacturers. 
 Quantity of barytes treated by you in 1902, short tons 
 
 Quantity of refined product, as follows; 
 
 Floated for pigment, short tons 
 
 For canvasing hams, etc., short tons 
 
 For other purposes, short tons 
 
 Value of refined product $ 
 
 Please state from what locality your crude material was obtained; 
 
 What was the tendency of trade as compared with preceding year? 
 
 Please note the names and addresses of any new operators in your vicinity. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 MINERAL PAINTS. (Number printed, 1,000.) 
 Speeial Sehed^ile No. 6. 
 
 Name of mine or works 
 
 Name of company, firm, or individual owner 
 
 General office 
 
 Location of mine or works: State ; County 
 
 Nearest city or town 
 
 Please fill out the following blanks with the quantity and value of your pro- 
 duction in 1902. It is preferred to have returns made for " dry ground " paint. 
 If you sell in any other condition, please state what it is. 
 
 Quantitv 
 
 (short 
 tons). 
 
 Metallic paint §.. 
 
 i 
 Mortar colors 
 
 Ocher 
 
 Umber 
 
 Sienna •. . . 
 
 Soapstone 
 
 Barytes 
 
 Slate 
 
 Venetian redn . . 
 
 Zinc white 
 
 Other pigments 
 
 Please note any changes in the condition of trade ns compared with the pre- 
 rceding year. 
 
 Please give the names and addresses of any new riperators in your vicinity. 
 
 MTCA, ( Number ]rr ivied, t'-O.) 
 
 Special Schedule No. i!. 
 
 Name of mine 
 
 Name of company, firm, or individual owner 
 
 General office 
 
 Location of mine: State., ; County 
 
 Nearest city or town 
 
 What was your production in 1902? 
 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cut or sheet mica 
 
 
 
 $ 
 
 Scrap or waste ... 
 
 ohnrt tnna 
 
 
 
 
 What were the uses for which it was sold? Please make an estimate if vou 
 have no exact figures. 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Stove pounds 
 
 Electrical pounds. 
 
 Ground for — 
 
 Lubricants short tons. 
 
 Wall papers short tons . 
 
 Other purposes short tons. 
 
 How many days was your mine worked in 1902? 
 
 Please note the names and addresses of any new operators in your vicinity. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 PHOSPHATE ROCK. [Ninuher printed, 1,U0.) 
 Special Schedule iVo. 6. 
 
 Name of mine , 
 
 Name of company, firm, tir individual owner. 
 
 General office 
 
 Location of mine: State 
 
 Nearest city or town 
 
 What was the quantity and value of your product in 1902? 
 
 [Please state definitely whether long or short ton is used ] 
 
 County. 
 
 
 Total quantitv ' Total quantitv 
 produced in 1902. , sold in ]902. 
 
 tons. tons. 
 
 Value of 
 
 sales. 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 Hard rock 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 Plate rock 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 White rock 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 s. 
 
 
 
 
 REiMARKS. 
 
 Answers to above queries are requested from producers of phosphate rock only. 
 If the person addressed is a merchant or agent, buying and selling phosphates 
 or phosphate lands, and not engaged in mining, please return this card with 
 a statement to that effect. 
 
 Please give the names and addresses of any new operators in your vicinity. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 GYPSUM AND GYPSUM PRODUCTS. (Number printed, 1,00.) 
 Special Schedule No. 6. 
 
 Name of quarry 
 
 Name of company, firm, or indi^'idnal owner _ 
 
 General office 
 
 Location of quarry: State : County 
 
 Nearest citv or town 
 
1100 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Source of s/i/psum. 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quantity quarriecl j i 3- 
 
 Quantity purchased locally 
 
 Quantity imported _ ■ ' . . . 
 
 Total value '. S- 
 
 Disposal of yypaum. 
 
 Quantity sold crude 
 
 Quantity sold as land plaster 
 
 Quantity sold as wall or cement plaster. 
 
 Quantity sold as plaster of Paris 
 
 Total value 
 
 Value. 
 
 What was the condition of trade as compared with that of the preceding- year? 
 Please note the names and addresses uf any new operators in your vicinity, 
 and add any other information which the blank does not furnish space for. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 EMERY AND CORUNDUM. (Number print fd, 100.) 
 Special Schedule No. 6. 
 
 Name of mine 
 
 Name of company, firm, or individual i:iwner 
 
 General office 
 
 Location of mine: State ; County 
 
 Nearest city or town 
 
 Emery. 
 
 1. Total quantity of emery mined in 1902. 
 
 2. Total quantity of emery sold in 1902... 
 
 3. Total value of emery sold 
 
 Sliort tons. 
 
 4. Total quantity mined in 1902 
 
 6. Total quantity sold in 1902 _ 
 
 6. Total value of corundum sold S. 
 
 NEW ADDRESSES. 
 
 Please give the names of any other operators in your vicinity. 
 
 RKMARKS. 
 
 MILLSTONES. {Number printed, U>o.) 
 Special Sc/u/flide No. H. 
 
 Name of quarry 
 
 Name of company, firm, or individual owner 
 
 General office 
 
 Location nf quarry: State ; ritiunty 
 
 Nearest city or town _ 
 
 1. Total number of millstones laade. by yiMi in 1902 
 
 2. T'ttal number sold in 1902 _ 
 
 3. Total value of millstones snld in 1902 S. .. 
 
 
 Number 
 made. 
 
 Price per 
 pair. 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^. What was the condition of trade as compared with the previous year'.' 
 
 Please give the name and address of any new manufacturer of millstones in 
 your vicinity. 
 
 GRINDSTONES. {Nitiiibn- prirdcd, 150.) 
 Special Srhedu/e No. 6. 
 
 Name of quarry 
 
 Name of company, firm, or individual owner 
 
 General office 
 
 Location nf quarry: Stale ; County 
 
 Nearest city or t<.>^vn 
 
 Short tons. 
 
 1. Total approximate quantity of crude rock quarried in 1902 
 
 [This question applies only to stone quarried for the manu- 
 facture of grindstones.] 
 
 2. Total number of grindstones made in 1902 
 
 3. Total number of grindstones of your own make sold bv vou in 
 
 1 902 ■. ; 
 
 [In replying to questions 2 and 3, please state definitely 
 whether your product is sold by weight or otherwise.] 
 
 4. Total value of grindstones sold in 1902 j 
 
 5. Please give average prices for difTerent sizes of grindstones during the year.. 
 Please note the names of any other manufacturers in your vicinity. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 SOAPSTONE AND TALC. {Number printed, 250.) 
 
 Special Schedule No. 6. 
 
 Name of quarry 
 
 Name of company, firm, or individual owner 
 
 General otfiec 
 
 Location of quarry: State ; ('ountj' 
 
 Nearest city or town 
 
 Total quantity of | jj^jf^.^^^'^'^^l produced by you in 1902 (short tons) 
 
 ■Quantity sold in rough state as quarried (short tons) 
 
 Total value of same $ 
 
 Quantity sawed into slabs and sold (shi.rt tons) 
 
 Total value of slabs sold $ 
 
 Quantity made by you into washtubs, laboratory or kitchen 
 sinks, .stove bricks, griddles, or other mill stock (short tons) 
 
 Total value of manufactured articles # 
 
 Quantity ground for paint, paper filling, citmplexion p<nvders, 
 lubricants, etc. (short tons} 
 
 4. Plea.se state how many of each size ynu made and wluit was Ihcaveriige price 
 per y>air. 
 
 Viiliie after grinding § 
 
 Information regarding any further uses to which your product is put, the con- 
 dition of tnide. new rIevelo[imeiits, etc., will be grcativ iippreeiated. 
 
 Please note tlie causes of any notable fluctuations, citlier in amount or value, 
 of your prodiiclioTi as compared with the preceding year. This should include- 
 fires or other accidents, strikes, new advantages in transportation facilities, 
 favorable freight rates, etc. 
 
 BITUMINOUS (.!<)AL. {Number printed 10,000.) 
 Special Schedule No. S. 
 
 Name of mine _ 
 
 Name of rinnj-iany, firm, or iudiviilual owner 
 
 (feneral oilier 
 
 Location of mine: State ; (.'uuiily 
 
 Nearest city or dnvn 
 
 Chanieler of coal produced 
 
APPENDIX A. 
 
 1101 
 
 Disposition of product: [Include nil marketahle sizes of coal. 
 Exclude only alack coal wasted.] 
 
 Loaded at mines for shipment 
 
 Sold to local trade or used by employees 
 
 Used at mines for steam and heat 
 
 Made into coke at mines 
 
 Total production in 190'^ 
 
 Please state definitely whether " long" or "short" 10*0 is u?^cd 
 by you 
 
 Total selling value of product 
 
 Average price per ton 
 
 Average number of full days made by each employee (exclu- 
 sive of coke workers) during the year, {Parts of days should 
 be reduced to equivalent in full days) 
 
 Average number of employees during the year, including all 
 persons connected directly with the mine, but excluding 
 coke workers 
 
 If the mine reported hereon was idle because of strikes in 1902. please state 
 how many men were affected and how many days they were idle. 
 
 Ans.: Number of men on strike 
 
 Number of days idle 
 
 Date of strike: From to 
 
 Mtning machines. 
 
 Do you vise any machines for mining coal? Ans.: 
 
 How many were in use in 1902? Ans.: 
 
 How many tons of your product were mined by machines in 1902'.' Ans.: 
 
 Kinrl'^ of machines used. 
 Pick machines: 
 
 Harrison 
 
 Sullivan 
 
 Ingersoll-Sargeant 
 
 Other kinds 
 
 Chain-breast machines: 
 
 Jeffrey air 
 
 Jeffrey electric 
 
 Independent or Link-Belt 
 
 Morgan-Gardner 
 
 Morgan-Standard 
 
 Other kinds 
 
 Long wall: 
 
 Jeffrey 
 
 Sperry 
 
 Lee 
 
 Other kinds 
 
 ANTHRACITE COAL. {Number printed, 500.) 
 Special Schedule No. 8. 
 
 Name of mine 
 
 Name of company, firm, or individual owner 
 
 General office 
 
 Location of mine: State ; County 
 
 Nearest city or town 
 
 Disposition of product: Long tons. 
 
 Loaded at mine for shipment 
 
 Sold to local trade or used by employees 
 
 Used at mine for steam and heat 
 
 Total production in 1902 
 
 Total selling value of product S. 
 
 Average price per ton ^• 
 
 Railways over which product was shipped . 
 
 Average number of full days made by each employee during the 
 year. (Parts of days should be reduced to equivalent in full 
 days. ) : ■■%":: \\ 
 
 Average number of employees during the year, including all 
 persons connected directly with the mine 
 
 If the mine reported hereon was idle because of strikes in 1902. please state 
 how many men were affected and hnw many days they were idle. 
 
 Ans,; Number of men on strike 
 
 Number of days idle 
 
 Date of strike; From to 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 CLAY. ( NuTtiher privted, 750.) 
 
 Special Schedule No. 6. 
 
 Name < if mine 
 
 Name of company, firm, or individual owner 
 
 <ieneral office 
 
 Location of mine: State ; Countv 
 
 Nearest city or town 
 
 ^Fg^In compiling these statistics the amount of sales during the year 1902 is 
 what is desired, not including clay burned by yourself. By "value " is meant 
 the net price at the mine f. 0. b. cars, wagons, or boats. 
 
 Clay mined and sold- in 1902. 
 
 Kaolin: 
 Raw. 
 
 Ground, washed, or prepared in any way. 
 Ball clay: 
 
 Raw 
 
 Ground, washed, or prepared in any way. 
 Fire clay: 
 
 Raw 
 
 Ground, washed, or prepared in any way. 
 Stoneware clay: 
 
 Ra ^v 
 
 Ground, washed, or prepared in any way. 
 Pipeclay: 
 
 Raw 
 
 Quantity 
 
 (tons of 2,000 
 
 pounds). 
 
 Value. 
 
 Ground, washed, or prepared in any way. 
 Terra cotta clav: 
 
 Rnw 
 
 Ground, washed, or prepared in any way. 
 Miscellaneous clay (please give variety): 
 
 Raw 
 
 Ground, washed, or prepared in any way. 
 Total mined and sold by you in 1902 
 
 [If there have been any analyses made of your clay which you have not 
 already sent to this office, please inclose copies with this slip.] 
 
 Please give the color to which your clay bums. 
 
 If you are also engaged in the burning of clay, please so state. 
 
 If you have retired permanently from the business, or made no sales of clay 
 in 1902, please so state. 
 
 If you have disposed of your mine, please give the name and address of your 
 successor, and the date on which you gave possession. 
 
 If you have recently acquired your mine, please give the name of its former 
 owner and the date on which you took possession. 
 
 Please give the names and addresses of the operators of any new clay mines 
 in your neighborhood. 
 
 CEMENT. {Number printed , 250.) 
 Special Schedule No. 6. 
 
 Name of quarry 
 
 Name of company, firm, or individual owner 
 
 General office 
 
 Location of quarry: Slate ; County. 
 
 Nearest city or town 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Natural cement made in 1902 ( barrels) . . 
 Portland cement made in 1902 (barrels) 
 
 Limestone quarried in 1902 
 
 LiraestDue purchased in 1902 
 
 Marl mined in 1902 
 
 Marl purchased in 1902 
 
 Slag cement made in 1902 (barrels) 
 
 Please state how many kilns yi.u use: 
 
 Numl:»er. 
 
 Vertical . 
 
1102 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Please give the location oi your office. 
 
 Please give the location of your factory. 
 
 If your plant ^vas idle during the past year, please state that fact. 
 
 If you have disposed of your business, or retired, please state such facts and 
 give the name of yoxir successor, if any. 
 
 Please give the names of any new rement works established or projected in 
 your neighborhood. 
 
 PRECIOUS METALS AND DEEP MINES. {Numher prliiUd. S5/J00.) 
 Special Schedule No. 10a. 
 
 Name of mine 
 
 Name of company, firm, or individual owner 
 
 General office 
 
 Lncation of mine: State : County 
 
 Nearest city or town 
 
 Mining district or region 
 
 Name and address of superintendent 
 
 Tons of 2,U00 pounds. 
 
 1. Total quantity of ure mined in 1902 
 
 2. Total quantity of ore sold or treated in 1902 
 
 3. Stock of ore on hand December 31,1901 
 
 Stock of ore on hand December 31 , 1902 
 
 4. Total bullion contents of above ore sold or treated in 1902: 
 
 I Fine ounces.] Value. 
 
 Gold.. 
 
 Silver. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Copper 
 
 Lead 
 
 Other metals 
 
 Total value 
 
 5. What is the prevailing mineralogical character of your ore? [For instance, 
 
 auriferous pyrite, argentiferous galena, copper glance passing into chaleo- 
 
 pyrite, etc.] 
 fi. What is the geo'ogical character of your deposit? [For instance, lissure vein 
 
 in granite, blanket deposit in limestone, contact deposit between limestone 
 
 and porphyry', etc.] 
 7. How is your mine opened, and what Is the extent of the workings? [Fur 
 
 instance, by vertical shaft feet deep, by tunnel feet long, cte.] 
 
 S. By what process or processes is your ore reduced to the metallic statu? 
 
 [Smelting, amalgamation, chlorination, cyaniding, etc.] 
 
 9. If returns are from a number of mines or mining claims operated under one 
 
 direction or management, please give names and localities of the same. 
 
 10. If ores are treated at reduction works owned or operated by the company, 
 
 please state the process: 
 
 a. Concentration only 
 
 h. Stamp mill and concentration 
 
 c. Chlorination. 
 
 d. Cyanide 
 
 c. Give any peculiarities in your process or mode of treatment 
 
 11. Bullion contents and gross value per ton of ore sold or treated: 
 
 Gold, fine ounces 
 
 Silver, fine oiini.'es 
 
 Copper, per cent 
 
 Lead, per cent 
 
 Other metals, per cent 
 
 Aggregate gross value 3. 
 
 12. Increase or de(.'rease of ^toc'k nf ore on hand: 
 
 C^uantity Tons. 
 
 Estimated value I 
 
 Ini.Teasc. 
 
 Decrease. 
 
 PRECIOUS METALS— REDUCTION WORKS AT MINES. (Number printed, 
 
 ^5,000.) 
 
 Special Schrxlvle No. 71a. 
 
 Name of mine 
 
 Name of company, firm, or individual owner 
 
 General office 
 
 Location of mine: State : (.'ounty 
 
 Nearest city or town 
 
 ^lining district or region 
 
 Name and address of superintendent 
 
 Bullion produced or contained in concentrates from ore or tailings trejiterl in 
 1902: 
 
 I Fine ounces. ! Value. 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Copper . 
 Lead . . . 
 
 Other metals (designate them). 
 
 Total quantity of products other than bullion . 
 Total value 
 
 State general character and capacity of mill. [For instjince, 20-stamp wet 
 crushing, amalgamation with plates, 2 Frue vanners, and settling tanks. Ca- 
 pacity, 30 ton.s per 24 hours.] 
 
 (jive any peculiarities in your process or mode of treatment. 
 
 S()ii,fCf:t< of material treated in 190'2. 
 
 If any or all of the ore or other material treated by you in 1902 was custom 
 material <ir was ^mrchased from other parties, please give below the sources of 
 such ores imd the average assay or total bullion value of each. 
 
 STATE. 
 
 County. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 VALUE. 
 
 Gold. 
 
 SilvtT. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \. Bullion rontents and gross value per ton of ore mined and milled: 
 
 Gold, tine ounces 
 
 Silver, tine ounces 
 
 Copper, per cent 
 
 Lead, per cent 
 
 Other melals, per cent 
 
 Aggregate gross value S 
 
 If;. Tottil estimaled value oi" tin; mining f^rodnd , 
 
 2. Bullion contents, total and per ton, and \'Mlne of produi-t from yiurcliased 
 materials: 
 
 
 
 
 PRODUCT. 
 
 
 
 Average assay 
 contents before 
 
 
 Total quantity. 
 
 Per ton. 
 
 Total 
 
 value. 
 
 treatment, per 
 ton. 
 
 Gold 
 
 Fine ounces. 
 
 Fine minceti. 
 
 $ 
 
 
 f Finr ounces. 
 
 Silver 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Piuind^. 
 
 Percent. 
 
 1 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Is 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ge \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 S- 
 
 
 ! k 
 
 XxiiXi 
 
 able ]>cr ton... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
APPENDIX A. 
 
 1103 
 
 8, Bullion 0(5nti'ntH ol the procluot of nustom matoriala: 
 
 
 PKUDUCT. 
 
 
 Total quantity. 
 
 Per ton. 
 
 Total value. 
 
 Gold 
 
 Fine nancin. 
 
 Fhtf otnircs. 
 
 ^i; 
 
 Silver 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pfniitds. 
 
 Pt'v n,d. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Other metals. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total gross vah 
 Averati^e value 
 
 IV 
 
 per ton . 
 
 $ 
 
 
 
 
 4. Average cost of smelting per ton ()f ore mined anrl milled: 
 
 Smelter charges iff . 
 
 Freight 
 
 Total $. 
 
 5. Total estimated value of the mining and milling product. 
 
 6. Sources of material treated: 
 
 
 County. 
 
 1 
 
 TOTAL BULLION VAU'E. 
 
 
 Gobi. 
 
 Silver. 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total don 
 
 Total fore 
 ^ 
 
 Gra 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 8 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 PRECIOUS METALS— PLACER AND SURFACE MINES. {Xumhrr printed, 
 
 7,500.) 
 
 Special Sehedidr No. 10b. 
 
 Narae of mine 
 
 Name of company, firm, or individual owner -- 
 
 General office 
 
 Location of mine: State ; (.'ounty 
 
 Nearest city or town 
 
 1. State character of deposit. [Whether stream sand, bench gravels, beach 
 
 sands, ancient river beds, old tailings, etc.] 
 
 2. How is the deposit worked? [Whether by sluicing, drift mining, hydraulic 
 
 mining, dredging, etc.] 
 
 3. Production: 
 
 a. Gold, crude weight 
 
 h. Fineness of gold produced 
 
 hh. Total fine ounces - 
 
 c. Average yield per ton or cubic yard of material 
 
 handled 
 
 d. State what accessory metals or gems arc found, 
 
 and the value of such in 1902 
 
 f. State any values obtained from black sand or tail- 
 ings 
 
 Total value. 
 
 Ounces. 
 
 Value. 
 
 PKE(TOUS METALS— LOCAL OR CUSTOM MILLS OK SMELTING WORKS. 
 
 {Nuiuber ju-lntcd, f^.OOO.) 
 
 ^prriiU Srliidiilr Xo. Uh. 
 
 Name of works 
 
 Nanu- of {'ompany, linn, or individniil owner 
 
 General oHm-c 
 
 T-^ocution of works: State ; roiuity 
 
 Nuiirest city or town 
 
 Name of superintendent 
 
 Address 
 
 J'rodnrtlui,. 
 
 Total quantity of ore, tailings, nr other muterial treated in 1902: 
 
 (tons of 2,000 pounds) 
 
 Total yield in gold .. 
 Total vield in silver . 
 
 Copper 
 
 Lead 
 
 Other metals (designate them): 
 
 Ounces, fine. ; Value. 
 
 Ciistuni mill}<. 
 
 1. State general character and capacity of mill. [For instance, 20-stamp, wet 
 
 crushing, amalgamation with plates, 2 Frue vanners, and settling tanks. 
 Capacity, 30 tons per 24 hours.] 
 
 2. Give any peculiarities in your pror-ess or mode <>f treatment. 
 
 Local III- custom smrltii-if/ irork-'i. 
 
 1. Stute general eharacter of process. [As "roasting in kilns," "smelting in. 
 
 stack furnrtre," etc.] 
 
 2. Give character and capacity of plant. 
 
 , Superintendent. 
 
 Sources of laoterial tr>_ntf.d. 
 
 In order that tlie producing districts may be properly credited, please furnish 
 below an approximate statement of the sources from which your ores were 
 obtained and the average assay or total bullion value. (Precious metals only.)- 
 
 
 County. 
 
 VALUE. 
 
 
 Gold. 
 
 Silver. 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 $ 
 
 
 
 
 
 A. Bullion contents, assay contents before treatment, and average value per- 
 ton of product from purchased materials: 
 
 Contents of 
 product. 
 
 Assay contents before 
 
 treatment. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 Gold, fine ounces 
 
 Silver, fine ounces 
 
 Lead, per cent 
 
 Copper, per cent 
 
 Other metals, per cent 
 
 Average value per ton. 
 
1104 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIf:S. 
 
 B. Sources of material treatefi: 
 
 Produrtian hi/ months. 
 
 
 County. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 TOT.U. BliLLIOX VALUE. 
 
 
 Gold. 
 
 Silver. 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 $ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total dom 
 
 Total forei 
 
 Gran 
 
 
 
 
 
 d total 
 
 
 
 » 
 
 
 « 
 
 NATURAL GAS. (Number prhitrd, 3,000.) 
 Special Schedule No. 9. 
 
 Name of company, firm, or individual owner 
 
 General office 
 
 Number and group of wells reported on this schedule 
 
 Location of wells: State ; County 
 
 Nearest city or town 
 
 Production. 
 1. Total value of gas produced and sold by you in 1902 
 
 [If possible, please give exact amount charged consumers. When this can 
 not be done, as in the case where gas is consumed by those producing it, please 
 
 estimate value by the amount of wood or coal necessary to do the same work. J 
 
 2. How much coal or wood would have been required to do the same work? 
 
 Tons : Cord.s 
 
 3. What would have been the value of this coal or wood? — S 
 
 4. Uses: 
 
 Number of domestic consumers supplied 
 
 Number of rolling mills supplied 
 
 Number of steel works supplied 
 
 Number of glassworks supplied 
 
 Other establishments supplied 
 
 5. Number of wells producing gas December 31, 1901 
 
 Number of producing wells drilled in 1902 
 
 Number of wells abandoned in 1902 
 
 Number of wells producing gas December 31. 1902 
 
 Number of nonproducing holes drilled in 190'2 
 
 6. Number of feet of gas pipe in use December 31, 1902 
 
 7. What cities or towns are supplied by you wholly or in jiart'.' 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 CRUDE PETROLEUM. [Number printed, 5,000.) 
 Special Schedule No. 9. 
 
 Name of group of wells 
 
 Name of company, firm, or individiuil owner 
 
 General office 
 
 Location of wells: State ; County 
 
 Nearest city or town 
 
 Total amount of crude petroleum i>roduccd and sold by you in 1902 lljbls. of 
 
 42 gals.) 
 
 Value of same at wells S 
 
 Slock.-^ of veils. 
 [Merchantable crude; bbls. of 42 gals.] 
 
 Illuminating. Lnliricating. 
 
 Fue 
 
 Dpcernber 31, 1901 ' 
 
 December 31, 1902 ' ' 
 
 I I 
 
 Well records. 
 
 Total number of producing wells Dcrem))er 31, 1901 \ns 
 
 Total number of producing wells drilled in 1902 Ans 
 
 Total number of dry holes drilled in r.i02 Aum 
 
 Toial number of wells abandoned in 1902 Ann 
 
 Total number of producing wells December 31, 1902 Ans 
 
 1902. 
 
 January , 
 
 Crude, for illu- 
 minating. 
 
 Bbls. 0//43 gals. 
 
 February . . . 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September. . 
 
 October 
 
 November, . 
 
 December . . 
 
 Total . 
 
 Crude, for lu- 
 bricating. 
 
 Fuel oil. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Bhls.ofh^gah. 
 
 Bbls. qf/,2 gals. Bbh. of 1,9. gals. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 Please give any statement as to character, analysis, markets, etc., of your 
 petroleum that may be of interest to the general public and that you are willing 
 .should be published, such as the well record. What is the character of the oil? 
 Can you gi^-e analysis? What is its color? What is the character of strata in 
 which it is found? What does it yield in illuminants? Etc. 
 
 IRON ORE. {Nuraber print' il, Ijoo.) 
 Speciri/ Schedule No. 6. 
 
 Name of mine 
 
 Name rif cnmpany, firm, or individual owner 
 
 '.ieiiernl iiflii'C 
 
 Location of mine: State ; County. .. 
 
 Nearest city or town 
 
 A. Underscore character of iron ore produced, and if mure thun one of t!ie fol- 
 
 lowing classes is mined give quantity of each: 
 
 Limonitc. brown hematite, or bog ore 
 
 Red hematite, specular or fossil ore 
 
 Magnetic ore 
 
 Carbonate or black band ore 
 
 B. State total quantity of marketable iron ore mined or produced during the year 
 
 ending December 31, 1902. 
 
 gross tons. 
 
 [If none, so state.] 
 
 Also stock of iron ore on hand at mine December 31, 1902. 
 
 gross ton s 
 
 (If none, so .state.] 
 
 C. Give total value on cars or carts at the mine of the iron ore produced during 
 the year ending Deceral>er 31, 1902. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 MANGANESE ORE. {Number printed, 250.) 
 Sj>rriat Schedule Nk e,. 
 
 Name of mine 
 
 Nami.' of company, firm, or individual owner 
 
 General olTx'e 
 
 Location of mine: Stiite ; County 
 
 Ne;irest eitv or town 
 
 A. State total quantity of marketable manganese ore rained or jirrnluccd during 
 
 the year ending December 31, 1902. 
 
 gross tons. 
 
 [If none, so state.] 
 
 B. Also stock c'i manganese ore on hantl at mine Iiecember 31, 1902. 
 
 gross tons. 
 
 [If none, so state.] 
 
 C. Give total vnlue on cars or carts at the mine of the manganese ore produced 
 
 during llie year ending December 31, 1902. 
 
APPENDIX A. 
 
 1105 
 
 MINOK MIXKKAI.S. (XiiiHlin- i>riiilfil, ■■^..VHl.j 
 .Siuciiil S,-I„i1i{lr No. i:. 
 
 Name of mine 
 
 Name of company, firm, oi- iiuUviilmil owniT 
 
 General office 
 
 Location of mine: State ; Covmty. 
 
 Nearest city or town 
 
 Total quantity (approximately) of criide mineral ore prodnceil 
 in 1902 ' 
 
 [Please state whether long ton of 'J,'^4U pounds orshort ton of 
 2,000 pounds is used as the unit.] 
 
 If the product (or any part of it) is sold in the crude state, 
 please say how mueli was sold crude in 1^102 
 
 Total value of same 3; 
 
 If the product (or any part of It) Is subject to any process of concentration, re- 
 duction, or refining before being sold, please state briefly what the jTrticess is. 
 
 How much of the product in lytl- ^vas so treated? 
 
 Tons or [n.)unds. 
 
 Totitl quantity of concentrated or rciined product obtained in 
 1902 
 
 Total value of refined product >^ 
 
 Any further information regarding the condition of trade andprosjtect-^of the 
 future "will be appreciated. 
 Please give the names of any new operators in your vicinity. 
 
 KEXARKS. 
 
 Answers to the following inquiries on minea ami quarries silied- 
 ules do not appear in the detailed tables: 
 Schedule No. 6. 
 
 Inquiry 4- — C!ontract mining: Method of payment, by ton, car, 
 yard, etc. Number employed. Amount paid. 
 
 Inqiijnj f). — Tiiiie in "peration: Xuuilter of hours in ojjeration 
 during the year. Nuiidjer of hours per day. Number of shifts 
 of workmen. Number of hours to shift. 
 
 fiit/iiiri/ 9. — Product: (Quantity of stone quarried. ((.Quantities 
 were variously reported in perches, coids, tons, cubic yards, culjic 
 feet, etc. ) 
 Sclii'diilc N<j. .V. — (hill. 
 
 Iiiijiiirif .}. — (Sainc as in Schedule No. (i. ) 
 
 Inipurij ,-). — (Sanjc as in Schedule No. C>.) 
 
 Ivqiiiry !i. — Product: Nundjer of mine cars of coal hoisted ihir- 
 ing the year. Averagi' capacity of nniu' cars in pound.s. 
 
 Iiiij'iiiry 11. — Mechanical system fjf haulage, whether tail rope, 
 endless rope, electric locomotive, compressed air, or other kind. 
 ( Aiilhracilr ovhj. ) 
 
 rurjiiiiij /,?. — Are automatic slate jiickers or coal cleaners used'.' 
 ( ,1 iithracite only. ) 
 
 Inquiry IS. — Number of washeries at colliery, and price per ton 
 charged to washeries f(.)r culm. 
 
 Inquiry 14. — Nature of openings to works, whether .shaft, slope, 
 drift, or level, etc., and depth or length in feet of each. 
 
 Inquiry 1.5. — Sy.stem of ventilation in use — fan, furnace, tire 
 basket, exhaust steam, natural, or/ither kind. 
 
 Inquiry 111. — Rate per ton paid for coal mined on royalty. 
 Schedule Xo. 9. — Petroleum and natural gas. 
 
 Inquiry 10. — Tankage: Number of tanks at wells and their total 
 capacity in barrels of 42 gallons. 
 
 hiqniry 11. — Wells; NumVier of wells drilled during the year. 
 Xuinber ]iroducing. Number of dry holes. Of total number of 
 wells rei)orted, state number flowing. Of total number of wells 
 reported, state number pjumping. Number aViandoned during 
 the year. What dimimition of pressure occurred during the year? 
 
 30223— U4- 
 
 -70 
 
APPENDIX B. 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS TO SPECIAL AGENTS. 
 
 MINES, QUARRIES, AND REDUCTION WORKS. 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS. 
 
 1. By an agreement between the Director of the United States 
 Ceiis^us and the Director of the United States Geological Survey, 
 made to avoid a duplicate canvass of the mining and quarrying in- 
 dustry, and for other purposes, the Geological Survey will have 
 supervision of the field work of the Census of Mines and Quarries. 
 In accordance with this agreement, reports will be secured on both 
 the Census Office schedules and the schedules of the Geological 
 Survey for all mines, quarries, and reduction works in existence 
 during the year 1902. The schedules for the two offices must be 
 forwarded in the same envelope. 
 
 2. The agents will transmit all schedules promptly to the Geo- 
 logical Survey at Washington, D. C, unless specially instructed, as 
 will sometimes be the case, to send them to the office of special 
 agents of the Geological Survey in other places. 
 
 3. Agents are required to comply with all the regulations of the 
 Census Office governing field work and to submit daily reports on 
 the blanks prepared for that purpose. The names of establish- 
 ments for which returns were secured, and also of those visited 
 but for which reports were not obtained, nmst appear im the re- 
 port for each day. The agents must, also, under "Remarks," 
 state the character of the mineral for whicli they are securing re- 
 ports and keep the office advised of the probable date on which 
 they will complete their present assignment. Daily reports will 
 be promptly transmitted to the Census Office through the Geolog- 
 ical Survey and the relative efficiency of each agent determined 
 therefrom. 
 
 4. Each agent will be furnished with a list giving the names, 
 locations, and addresses of all mines, quarries, etc., assigned to 
 him, which were in existence during the year ending December 
 31, 1902, together with a list of tliose for which returns have been 
 obtained by correspondence. This list has been prepared from 
 reports made to the United States Geological Survey in previous 
 canvasses, amended by information received from other sources. 
 The list, however, may not be entirely complete, and the agent, 
 therefore, must be constantly on the alert to discover other mines 
 or quarries. They must make careful inquiry at each city and 
 town they visit for mines and quarries located in that vicinity. If 
 such plants are discovered, and they are Icjcated in the territory 
 assigned the agent, he should proceed to secure returns for them m 
 the same manner that rei)orts are secured from establishments on 
 the lists. In forwarding the rer>orts for unlisted mines <ir quar- 
 ries, the agent must call attentiijn to the fact that the establish- 
 ments do not appear on the list furnished him. 
 
 ,5. The agent is required to visit the different localities in the 
 order in which they are named on the list, unle.ss he finds that 
 railroad connections and local conditions make a change necessary. 
 In such cases the condition and character of the change must be 
 stated on the agent's daily report. 
 
 6. In all cases where an annual report of the establishment is 
 printed, a copy of the latest report should l^e secured and forwarded 
 with the schedule. Copies should also be returned of any other 
 printed matter that will add to the information contained in the 
 schedule. 
 
 7. In case a mine or quarry is owned by a company with an office 
 in another localitj', outside the territory of the agent, and it is im- 
 possilile to secure a complete rejjort at the plant, the agent must 
 complete the schedule as far as possible from the data obtainable 
 at the mine, and forward it to the (ieological Survey with a full 
 statement of the facts, giving also the names and addresses of the 
 persons from whom further infcjrmation may be obtained. 
 
 8. It is important that a separate return be made for each mine 
 or quarry and that the statistics of employees, wages, expenses, 
 and supplies entered on the schedule pertain only to the mine or 
 quarry reported. This rule should be observed in all branches of 
 mining and quarrying, except petroleum and natural-gas wella, 
 where all the wells located in a certain group or district under one 
 ownership should be reported upon the same schedule. 
 
 9. However, if more than one mine or quarry in the same county 
 is owned by the .same company or firm, and it is impracticable to 
 make a separate report for each, a combined report may be made 
 which will include the operations of all. Mines or quarries under 
 the same ownership in different counties must be reported on 
 separate schedules. If a schedule includes the operations of more 
 than one mine or quarry, a memorandum giving the name and 
 post office address of each udne or quarry included should be 
 attached to the schedule. 
 
 10. All entries in the schedule must be made clearly and neatly 
 in ink. Quantities and valuesnmst beobtained from book accounts, 
 if such accounts are available. Each question is to be atisuered. If 
 any question is found not applicable, and no amcmnts are reported, 
 write the word " None." 
 
 11. An e.xact answer to each item enumerated in the several 
 questions is what is required, and is what should be given if it can 
 be secured with a reasonable amount of labor. In all cases where 
 the answers are estimated the amounts must be preceded by the 
 word "Estimate." 
 
 Censcs Schedules. 
 
 12. Reports must be secured for all mines and quarries and for 
 reduction works engaged in reducing the ores containing the pre- 
 cious metals. The schedules on which these reports are to be made 
 are seven in nundjer, as follows: 
 
 13. Special Schedule No. 6. All mines and quarries must be 
 reported on this schedule except those for which special schedules 
 are provided. Mines and quarries of the following minerals are to 
 be reported on this schedule: Bluestone, granite, limestone, mar- 
 ble, sandstone, slate, trap rock, grindstones, millstones, soapstc^ne 
 and talc, cement rock, clay, barytes, emery and c(jrundum, gypsum, 
 
 (1107) 
 
1108 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 mica, mineral paints, phosphate rock, iron ore, and manganese 
 ore. Special attention is called to the fact that on this schedule 
 also (Special Schedule No. 6) should be reported the nonargen- 
 tiferous or soft-lead mines located east of the Rocky mountains, 
 the copper mines of the Lake Superior region, and zinc mines. 
 Other minerals, mined as such, to be reported on this schedule 
 except wliere they accompany minerals of more importance, as 
 platinum in gold x'lacers, are the following: Antimony, asbestos, 
 asphaltum, bauxite, borax, chrome ore, cobalt, feldspar, fibrous 
 talc, flint, fluorspar, fuller's earth, garnet, graphite, infusorial earth 
 and tripoli, magnesite, marls, molybdenum, monazite, oilstones, 
 platinum, precious stones, pyrite, crystalline quartz, quicksilver, 
 rutile, sulphur, tungsten, uranium, and vanadium. 
 
 14. Special Schedule No. 8, for Coal Mines, both anthracite and 
 bituminous, and anthracite coal washeries. 
 
 15. Special Schedule No. 9, for Petroleum and Natural-Gas Wells. 
 
 16. Special Schedule No. 10, for Gold and Silver, and argentif- 
 erous and auriferous Lead and Copper Mines. 
 
 17. Special Schedule No. 11, for Reduction Works of the precious 
 metals (other than Smelters and Refineries). 
 
 18. Special Schedule No. 6a, a supplemental schedule for ad- 
 ministrative and general offices. This schedule is intendeil for 
 corporations, firms, or individuals operating more than one mine, 
 quarry, or reduction works, with a central office for all of them. 
 ITpon this .schedule should be reported the employees of such cen- 
 tral office with their salaries or wages, and all other employees 
 whose work is not confined to one particular mine, quarry, or re- 
 duction works, such as general superintendents, machinists, sur- 
 vej'ors, etc. All general expenses are also to be reported on this 
 schedule and the data relating to capital stock, bonds, dividends, 
 and assessments of incorporated companies. No data reported on 
 this schedule should appear on the separate reports for the indi- 
 vidual mines, quarries, or reduction works. Separate schedules 
 are supplied for these individual plants. 
 
 19. Special Schedule No. 6b, a supplemental schedule for V)lue- 
 stone, granite, limestone, marble, sandstone, slate, and trap rock 
 quarries, upon which a full description of the quarrying and stone- 
 dressing machines in use should be given. This schedule is to be 
 filled out in addition to and supplementary to Special Schedule No. 
 6 for all stone quarries. 
 
 Geological Survey Schedules. 
 
 20. There are, in addition to the schedules of the Census Office, 
 schedules of the Geological Survey, and upon these are to he re- 
 ported in detail the statistics of production of the various minerals, 
 with other information as indicated on each. They are enumerated 
 as follows: 
 
 Slate. 
 
 Marble. 
 
 Trap rock. 
 
 Granite. 
 
 Sandstone. 
 
 Bluestone. 
 
 Limestone. 
 
 Sulphuric acid. 
 
 Barytes. 
 
 Mineral paint-i. 
 
 Mica. 
 
 Salt. 
 
 Phosphate rock. 
 
 Gypsum. 
 
 Emery and corundum. 
 
 Millstones. 
 
 Grindstones. 
 
 Soapstone and talc. 
 
 Bituminou.s coal. 
 
 Anthracite coal. 
 
 Coke. 
 
 Coke, by-product plants. 
 
 Brick and tile. 
 
 Pottery. 
 
 Clay mined. 
 
 Mineral waters. 
 
 Cement. 
 
 Deep mine (precious metals). 
 
 Reduction works at mines. 
 
 Placer and surface mines (precious 
 
 metals). 
 Local or custom mills uv smelting works 
 
 (precious metals). 
 Natural gas. 
 Crude petroleum. 
 Iron ore. 
 Manganese ore. 
 Gas, tar, and ammonia. 
 Precious stones. 
 Minor minerals (a gcnerid schedule for 
 
 the production of all other miiuTals 
 
 not included in the foregoing list). 
 
 Lstju.stkies Klimi,n'.\tI':ii fro.m Census C,\n'V.\ss. 
 
 21. Of the above minerals and stilijects of inquiry by the (ieo- 
 logical Survey it has been decided to eliminate from the Census 
 
 inquiry the following: Brick and tile, coke, coke in Vjy-product 
 plants, gas, tar, and ammonia, mineral waters, pottery, salt, and 
 suljihuric acid. Small placer gold mines at which less than two 
 wage-earners are employed are also to be eliminated from the Cen- 
 sus inquiry. Special agents are in.structed not to obtain returns 
 for these industries upon the Census schedule. 
 
 22. It is very essential that the Geological Survey and the Cen- 
 sus Office schedides be transmitted together. 
 
 Mining .\nd M.\nufactuking Lvnu.sTRiES. 
 
 2.3. There are several branches of mining in which the mineral 
 products do not reach the market in the crude condition, liut are 
 subjected to certain processes at the mine or quarry before being 
 regarded as marketable commodities. These may be processes of 
 milling, separating, washing, burning, calcining, or other forms of 
 manufacture. In some industries these processes are performed 
 entirely at the mine or quarry, and in such cases the special agents 
 are instructed that the census schedule should include the statis- 
 tics of employees and wages, miscellaneous expenses, and supplies 
 anil materials involved in the entire work of mining the crude 
 material and preparing the same for market. For example, the 
 following branches of mining and quarrying are of this character: 
 Emery and corundum mines, where finished emery wheels are 
 frequently manufactured; mica mines, sheet and crushed mica 
 being the finished product; graphite mines, where the crude 
 graphite is refined; grindstone and millstone quarries, where grind- 
 stones and millstones are the finished products; mines or quarries 
 of kaolin, flint, ocher, barytes, manganese, chalk, talc, mica, umber, 
 sienna, and other iron-oxide colors, where the crude mineral is 
 ground or otherwise prepared; marble, granite, and other stone quar- 
 ries, where the stone is cut and dressed, and monuments and tomb- 
 stones are manufactured; slate quarries, where roofing slate, slate 
 blackboards, school slates, and sanitary plumbing slate slabs are 
 manufactured. In all such cases as the foregoing and others where 
 any form tif manufacturing is necessary at the mine or quarry 
 before the i)roduct is placed on the market the census schedule , 
 should cover the entire work of the establishment. 
 
 I.N'STRUCTIONS FOR FlI.LING OUT SCHEDULES. 
 
 24. The Census Office schedules must be carefully prepared in 
 conformity with the general practice of the division of manufac- 
 tures in gathering statistics concerning manufactures, street rail- 
 ways, electric light, etc. The agents who have been detailed from 
 the Census Office are familiar with these methods. All questions 
 n}ust be carefully answered, and amounts reported in answer to 
 each inquiry should be tested individually and with the totals. 
 The following general instructions for filling out Special Schedule 
 No. 6 will apply to the similar general features and inquiries of 
 each of the .several cen.sus schedules. 
 
 25. Give on the first page of the schedule the name of the mine 
 or quarry; the character of the mineral; the name of the company, 
 firm, or individual owner; the location of the mine or quarry 
 (state, county, nearest city or town, and post office); and the ad- 
 dress of the general office, if different from that of the mine or 
 quarry. Obtain, also, the signature and official designation of the 
 person furnishing the information. The signature of the special 
 agent should be written on each schedule returned. 
 
 Inquiry 1. — Character of Organization. 
 
 26. Under this inquiry slnuild be reported the character of the 
 organization under which the mine or quarry is owned and 
 operated. 
 
 iNtH'iRY 2. — C!apital Stock, Bonds, Dividends, and Assessments 
 OF 1ncori'o]!.\ted Companies. 
 
 27. This question does not apply to any other forms of mining 
 and quarrying organizations than incorporated companies. Account 
 
APPENDIX B. 
 
 1109 
 
 for the entire amount of common and preferred stock ami bonds, 
 respectively, authorized, tlie amount of eacli issue<l up to the end 
 of tlie year tor which the report was made, giviu}; tlie number ni 
 each class, the par value, and the full amount of dividends paid 
 during the year on each class of stock and on bonds. The total 
 aniouut of assessments levied by organizations known as "assess- 
 ment companies," whether incorporated or uninccjrporated, should 
 also be reported. 
 
 Inuuiev 
 
 -Empi,ovees, Salaries, Wac 
 
 28. Account for all persons employed at tlu' mine or cjuarry, 
 both in the management and in the operation of the plant. Give 
 the number of officers who receive salaries (not the number of 
 stockholders) , and the gross amount of their salaries. Report 
 separately the number and \vages of each class of employees speci- 
 tied. The salaries and wages should include board or rent fur- 
 nished as part compensation. 
 
 29. The wages reported for miners or quarrynien and stonecut- 
 ters should be their net wages, and should not include the cost of 
 supplies furnished l)y the i.'ompany and charged to them, such as 
 explosives, lamp oil, etc., and blacksmithing charges. 
 
 30. Care should be taken that those employed "above ground" 
 and those "below ground " be reported sejiarately, 
 
 31. Amounts paid for contract work not done by employees 
 hired directly, ami the number employed in such work, must 
 not be included in this inquiry, but be reported in answer to 
 Inquiry 6. 
 
 32. The average number employed during the year is the num- 
 ber that would be required at continuous employment for the 
 twelve months to produce the quantity of product reported. There 
 should be no difficulty in securing this information for the plant 
 of ordinary size, but it may be that the large companies keep an 
 itemized pay roll, the total only being carried forward from each 
 week or month. In such cases it will be necessary to add on a 
 separate sheet the pay roll of eacfi week or month for each class 
 of employees. 
 
 33. Average number of wage-earners at xperified daily rales of pay. — 
 This inquiry is designed to ascertain the average number of 
 employees for eacli of the eight classes enumerated that receive 
 the daily rates of pay specKied. 
 
 34. Average number of wage-earners employed during each mviilli. — 
 The object of this inquiry is to obtain the average number of wage- 
 earners employed during each month as distinguished from the 
 average number employed during the entire year. If properly 
 answered, it shows the variation in the number employed at differ- 
 ent seasons of the year. 
 
 Inquiry 4. — Method of Payment for Mininc or (.2uaerying. 
 
 35. This inquiry is intended to elicit information regarding the 
 manner in which payment is made for mining or quarrying when 
 not done by the day. It has an important bearing upon labor and 
 wages in certain branches of the mining industry, particularly in 
 coal mining, and should be very carefully answered. The manner 
 of payment for the class of work referred to is sometimes iliffeieut 
 at the same mine. This should be reported if not done by the 
 dav, with the average number of men engaged and the total 
 amount paid for such work, also any allowances that may be made 
 in addition to the regular schedule of wages for difficult mining or 
 other considerations. 
 
 Inquiry o. — Ti.me in Operation. 
 
 36. The object of this inquiry is to ascertain the time that the 
 mine or quarry was in operation during the year. 
 
 IncJUIRY 6. CO.NTRACT WORK. 
 
 37. Extensive improvements or development work, such as tun- 
 neling, shaft sinking, boring test holes, etc., are fre(juently let nut 
 
 by i-ontract, and are not done by regular employees of the mine or 
 (juarry. The anjount paid f(jr such work, the average number of 
 men engaged and the numberof days enqiloyed, should be reported. 
 Although the book accounts of such work, except the amount 
 paid for it, are not kept by the mine operatoi-, it is thought that a 
 correct estimate of the average number of men engaged and the 
 number of days employed can be furnished. 
 
 Inqi'ihy 
 
 -SrrppLjEs ANjj Materials. 
 
 38. The actual cost of all supplies and materials used during tfie 
 year, including freight ])aid on the sajne, must be reported. The 
 cost of the following materials should be reported under this 
 inquiry: lAimber and timber used for repairs, mine supports, track 
 ties, cars, and for all other purposes; iron and steel for Vjlacksmith- 
 ing, rails, frogs, sleepers, etc., for tracks and repairs, parts of 
 machinery and tools u.sed for renewals and repairs; explosives, 
 water for boilers and for other purposes, fuel, illuminating and 
 lubricating oils, macliinery supplies, etc. 
 
 39. It is frequently the case when the crude mineral is put 
 through a process of milling, refining, calcining, or other manu- 
 facturing at the mine or quarry, as at gypsum, lime.stone, and 
 cement quarries, that crude material is purchased from other 
 mines or quarries that are not equipped for such work. The quan- 
 tity and cost of material so purchased should be separately reported 
 under this inquiry. 
 
 Ixta'iHY 
 
 -MlSCELLANEOrs EXPENSES. 
 
 40. All items of expense incident to the operation of the mine 
 or quarry, not accounted for under Inquiries 3, 4, 6, and 7, must 
 be reported under this inquiry. Care should be taken that royal- 
 ties paid for mineral taken out from leased land an<l otfier forms 
 of rent for the mine or quarr}' be reported separately under the 
 finst item of this inquiry. Under the second item should be re- 
 j)orted all other miscellaneous expenses, such as taxes on real and 
 personal property, insurance on buildings, interest on borrowed 
 money, etc. Do not include any portion of the freight reported 
 under Inquiry 7 as paid on supplies and materials. 
 
 Inquiry 9. — Product. 
 
 41. As stated in a preceding paragraph, tlje statistics of produc- 
 tion will be reported in detail on the schedules of the Geological 
 Survey, and only the total quantity and total value will be reported 
 on the Census schedule. The figures on both schedules must 
 agree. The value reported should be the spot value f. o. b. at 
 mine or quarry, except in the returns of natural gas wells, where 
 the price to the consumer should be given, as obtained from the 
 books of the company. 
 
 Inquiry 10. — Power. 
 
 42. Under this inquiry should be reported all mechanical power 
 employed, either owned or rented, including the number and 
 horsepower of all engines, motors, water wheels, etc., used for 
 ventilating, pumping, hoisting, derricks, surface machinery, and 
 all other purposes. 
 
 43. Care should be taken to report correctly "Power owned" 
 and "Power rented." When an entire plant, including engine or 
 water wheel, is rented, the power thus controlled is to be regarded 
 as "Power owned" and entered under 10a. "Power supplied by 
 other establishments" (10c) should include only cases where the 
 mechanism generating the power is in the control of another party. 
 
 44. The foregoing instructions will apply to all inquiries in the 
 Census schedules, except several special and additional inquiries 
 peculiar to certain branches of the mining industry. 
 
 Instructions for answering those special inquiries are given in the 
 following: ' 
 
1110 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 SPECIAL SCHEDULE NO. 8.— COAL MINES. 
 
 45. In addition to ttie detailed infunnation relating to tlie prod- 
 uct of coal mines provide<l for in the schedules of the Geological 
 Survey, under Inquiry 9, on the Census schedule the numher of 
 ears of run of mine coal taken from the mine during the year, and 
 the average capacity of the mine cars, in pounds, should be re- 
 ported. This information is easily accessible, and can be given in 
 all cases with little trouble by the foreman at the colliery. 
 
 46. The information called for in Inquiries 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15 
 relates to the equipment of the mine and can be readily given by 
 the foreman. It is important that complete information be given 
 in reply to these inquiries. The rate of royalty per ton should be 
 given under Inquiry 16, if paid on all or part of the output of the 
 mine during the year. The total amount so paid should be re- 
 ported under Inquiry 8. 
 
 SPECIAL SCHEDULE NO. 9.— PETROLEUM AND NATURAL- 
 GAS WELLS. 
 
 47. It is important that complete statistical information regard- 
 ing the storage capacity for cruile petroleum at the wells and the 
 development and exploration work done during the j'ear and the 
 results of that work, as evidenced by the number and condition of 
 wells drilled during the year, be reported in reply to Inquiries 10 
 and 11. DescriVie fully, also, the diminution of pressure, if any, 
 that has occurred during the vear. 
 
 SPECIAL SCHEDULE NO. 10.— GOLD, SILVER, LEAD, AND 
 COPPER MINES. 
 
 Inquiry 2. 
 
 48. This inquiry should he answered in all cases when the work- 
 ing of a mine was discontinued for a number of years and subse- 
 quently resumed. 
 
 Inquiey 
 
 -MiscELL.\NEors Expenses. 
 
 49. The four items of rent specified under this inquiry should 
 be reported separately in case the owner of the mine and mineral 
 lands, the party who erected the mining plant and developed the 
 mine, and the operator are different persons, and the lessee is 
 required to make separate payments to the patentee, to the devel- 
 opment company, to the tunneling company, etc. 
 
 50. The answers should in all cases be obtained from the mine 
 operator, but the addresses of the owner and lessor from whom 
 the operator holds his lease should be obtained for reference, like- 
 wise the address of the tunneling company. 
 
 51. In case the mine is worked by the hydraulic method, the 
 address of the owner of the water plant should also be ol)tained 
 for reference. 
 
 52. If, in addition to the four items of rent, offices or any other 
 facilities are rented, specify eacli kind and state tlie total amount 
 paid in the column reserved for the same. 
 
 6?>. If two or more items of rent are paid in one sum to the same 
 party, give the amount paid and state for what it is paid. 
 
 L^'(^^■IRY 10. — Proihct, 
 
 Gross value ofmelaUic roiitents, <ix rejioried to the United IStales Geo- 
 logical Survetj. 
 
 Deductions: Charges for treatment and freight, per ton and total. 
 
 Net value of mining product. 
 
 54. The gross value of the metallic contents of the product is to 
 be tran.sferred to this schedule from the schedules of the United 
 States Geological Survey. In order jiropcrly to answer this inquiry, 
 it must therefore be read in conjun(tion witli the scliedules of the 
 Geological Survey; there is one schedule relating to " Deep mines" 
 and another relating to "Placer and surface mines." 
 
 55. Deep mines. — The product of deep mines is ore. Ore is either 
 sold, treated at a mill connected with the mine, or treated at a 
 custom mill. 
 
 56. The customary method of settlement for ore purchased by 
 samplers, smelters, etc., is the following: The ores are sampled 
 and the contents of each metal are determined by assay. All the 
 gold contained in the ore is paid for at a stated rate, usually very 
 near the rate paid by the United States mints or assay offices for 
 unrefined bullion — that is, about §20 per ounce fine. The silver 
 contents are paid tor at the current New York price per ounce fine, 
 with a discount of a few per eent for losses in smelting, etc. Base 
 metals contained in the ore are paid tor at a stated price per unit 
 (per pound, or percentage contained in the ore). 
 
 57. From the gross value of the metallic contents thus computed 
 deduction is made for working costs aijd freight at a stated rate per 
 ton of ore. The balance, after making these deductions, is the net 
 value of the ore t. o. b. at mine, for wduch payment is made by the 
 purchaser. 
 
 58. The Cxeological Survey schedule for "Deep mines" contains 
 the following inquiry: 
 
 "4. Total bullion contents of above ore sold or treated in 1902." 
 
 59. If the ore was sold, the special agent, after entering on the 
 Geological Survey schedule for "Deep mines" the quantities and 
 gross values of the precious and base metals contained in the ore, 
 will transfer the ' ' Total value ' ' from that schedule to Special Sched- 
 ule No. 10, entering it in the blank space against "Gross value of 
 metallic contents, as reported to the tfnited States Geological 
 Survey." 
 
 60. Next enter under "Deductions" the charges for treatment, 
 per ton and total, and freight, per ton and total. ITnless the rates 
 per ton underwent a change during the j'ear 1902, the total must 
 be equal to the rate per ton multiplied by the total amount of ore 
 sold in 1902, reported in answer to Inquiry 2 on the schedule of 
 the Geijlogical Survey. 
 
 61. The "Net value of mining product" is equal to the total 
 amount realized by the mining company for all ores sold during 
 the year 1902. The amount should be furnished by the manager 
 of the mine. It must be equal to the gross value reported to the 
 Geological Survey less charges for treatment and freight reported 
 under this inquiry. If the balance does not agree with the answer, 
 the discrepancy will indicate that some of the answers are incom- 
 plete or incorrect. The mistake shouM be corrected before leaving 
 the establishment. 
 
 62. If the ore is treated at a mill operated under the same man- 
 agement, a report similar to the foregoing should be made when- 
 ever separate accounts are kept for the mine and the mill. If this 
 is not possible this ini|uiry need not be answered, and an answer 
 will be given, covering Iioth the mine and the mill, on Special 
 Schedule No. 11, under Inquiry 9. 
 
 63. If the ore is treated at a custom mill and the bullion, con- 
 centrates, or other proiluct, after being returned to the mine 
 operator, are sold to a smelter, the total charges for treatment 
 should be reported, including both the cost of milling and the 
 smelting charges; the freight should in such case likewise include 
 both the cost of carriage to the custom mill and the freight charges 
 made by the smelter. 
 
 64. Placer and surface mines. — Most of the placer gold finds its 
 way into the United States mints and assay offices, and is paid for 
 according to weight and fineness at the legal rate, a small charge 
 being made for refining. The crude gold or dust which goes to 
 private smelters and refineries is paid for at a fixed rate per crude 
 ounce for every producing district. Accordingly, if the gold dust 
 is deposited at a United States mint or assay office, the value on 
 the schedule of the United States Geological Survey should be 
 given at the full legal rate of $20.67 per ounce fine, and the mint 
 charges should be entered on Special Schedule No. 10, under 
 "Deductions, charges for treatment." 
 
 65. If any values are obtained from tailings, the same should be 
 added to the value of the gold product, and the total should be 
 transferred to Special Schedule No. 10. 
 
APPKXDIX r,. 
 
 1111 
 
 66. If the gold dust is sold to a private smelter, the value given 
 will lie that tixed i)er ouiue crude, as explained above; the special 
 agent, after transferring the same from the schedule of the (reo- 
 logical Survey to this schedule, should write in the Ijlanlv spaces 
 under "Deductions" the word "None"; the gross value of metal- 
 lic contents transferred from the schedule of the Geological Survey 
 should Ije repeated in the blank space reserved for "Net value of 
 mining product." 
 
 iNCiUiRY 11. — Name and Address of Mill or Works at Which 
 THE Ore is Treated. 
 
 67. If the mill at which the ore is treated is operated by tlie same 
 mining company, state the fact in answer to this inquiry. 
 
 68. If the ore is treated at a custom mill, state "Treated at a 
 custom mill," and give the name and address of the same. 
 
 69. If the ore is sold, state "Sold to (giving name and address of 
 buyer)." 
 
 70. If it is deposited at a United States mint or assay office, state 
 at which. 
 
 71. Bii irliiit method is the ore convened front the mine to the mill? 
 The method should be described only when the mill ia located in 
 
 the vicinity of the mine, for example; By wagon, by tram, by 
 steam or electric railroad connecting the mine with the mill, etc. 
 If the ore is shipped by freight or express, state the fact. 
 
 Inquiry 12. — Mineral Lands. 
 
 72. This inquiry is intended only for "Mineral lands" which are 
 held under a patent from the United States Land Office, or under 
 a location certificate, and not for any other real estate. 
 
 Inquiry 13. — Water Plant. 
 
 73. This inquiry relates only to hydraulic mines, or such as were 
 formerly worked by the hydraulic method and have since turned 
 their water plant into a source of motive power. 
 
 Inquiry 14. — Leni;th of Railroad Tracks Owned. 
 
 74. All tracks should be reported; those owned by the mining 
 company itself, or by a railroad company whose stock is held by 
 the mining company. State separately the length of tracks on the 
 surface and underground. If no tracks are owned, answer ' ' None. 
 
 Inquiry 16.— Machinery. 
 
 75. State number of machines of each class and kind of power 
 by which they are operated. Bo not give horsepower, which must 
 be reported under Inquiry 15. 
 
 SPECIAL SCHEDULE NO. 11.— REDUCTION WORKS 
 (OTHER THAN SMELTERS). 
 
 76. A separate report must be made on this schedule for every 
 reduction works, whether operated independently or jointly with 
 a mine. In case, however, no separate accounts are kept for the 
 mine and the works, a full report covering both should be made 
 on Special Schedule No. 10, leaving Inquiry 10 on that schedule 
 unanswered, and answers should also be given to Inquiries 4, 5, it, 
 10, and 12 on this schedule. 
 
 Inquiry 5. 
 
 77. This inquiry should ))e answered only where the product 
 of the reduction works is shipped for further treatment to some 
 other custom mill (for example, where concentrates are treated at 
 a cyaniding mill), or where the product of the mill is treated at a 
 custom smelter. 
 
 Inquiry 6. — Materials. 
 
 78. State character, iif nniteriiils used, wliether ore, tailings, rjr other 
 ■nmteridt.i. — The answer should enumerate all materials, those com- 
 ing from tlie conqiany's own mines as well as those bought or 
 treated for customers. 
 
 71). Total oKsaij contents and ralue of all materieUs houghl in 1902. — 
 Tlie answer to tliis incjuiry should Ije confined to such materials 
 liuly as were bought fr(.im other persons. 
 
 The method of settlement for purchased ores is fully described 
 in the instructions to Special Schedule No. 10, Inquiry 10, to which 
 reference is here made. 
 
 Inquiry 9. — Product. 
 
 SO. (iross raluc of metallic contents as reported to the Geological Sur- 
 reij. — The answer to this inciuiry must be transferred from the 
 schedule of the Geological Survey relating to "Reduction works 
 at mines," or from that relating to "Local or custom mills or 
 smelting works," as the case may be. It should be remembered, 
 however, that Special Schedule No. 11 appjlies only to "Reduction 
 works other than smelters." Special schedules relating to smelt- 
 ers will be placed in the hands of special agents in particular cases 
 only. 
 
 81. In order that the information wanted by this office be prop- 
 erly transferred from the schedules of the Geological Survey, the 
 following instructions should be carefully noted. The method of 
 settlement for concentrates, amalgam, cyanides, crude bullion, 
 etc., is similar to that described in the instructions to Special 
 Schedule No. 10, Inquiry 10, to which reference is made. 
 
 82. Rednrtion tvorks at mines. — In this case the product will be 
 reported on the following four schedules; (1) Schedule of the 
 Geological Survey relating to "Deep mines." (2) Schedule of 
 the Geological Survey relating to " Reduction works at mines." 
 (3) Census Schedule No. 10. (4) CensusScheduleNo.il. 
 
 83. If, in addition to the ores mined and milled by the same 
 company a part of the product of the reduction works is from pur- 
 chased ores, then the bullion contents, reported on the iirst of the 
 above-enumerated schedules, will give only the product of the 
 company's own mines, and the bullion contents reported on the 
 second schedule the whole product of the reduction works. The 
 former should be transferred to Special Schedule No. 10, and the 
 latter to Special Schedule No. 11. 
 
 84. Custom material. — What has been said in reference to pur- 
 chased ores likewise applies in the event, in addition to the ores 
 mined by the same company, custom ores were treated by the re- 
 duction works. In many cases, however, the management of the 
 reduction works has no information as to the metallic contents of 
 custom ores treated, beyond their tonnage. Whenever custom 
 ores were among the materials treated at the reduction works, the 
 special agent should ascertain wdiether the bullion contents of the 
 same are or are not included in the amounts and values given in 
 the schedule for " Reduction works at mines;" and in transferring 
 the value to Special Schedule No. 11, Inquiry 9, he should write 
 immediately after "Product" the following words; "including 
 product of custom ores," or "not including product of custom 
 ores," as the case may be. 
 
 85. Geological Survey schedule relating to "locator custom mills or 
 smelting ivories." — As stated above, reports from smelters are not to 
 be transferred to Bpecial Schedule No. 11. The instructions given 
 above in relation to "Custom materials" likewise apply to mills 
 not connected with mines. 
 
 Inquiry 10. — Custom Work Done by' this Est.ablishment. 
 
 86. Report separately the quantity treated of (1) ore, (2) con- 
 centrates or other material previously treated at other reduction 
 W(jrks, (3) tailings; state the total amount received for the treat- 
 ment of each, exclusive of freight, and the total freight paid on each. 
 
1112 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Inquiry 12. 
 
 87. Give the addresses and character of estahlishments to which 
 tlie products were sold or shijiped for treatment, for example: 
 Gold, to the United States mint at (location ) ; silver, to the smelter 
 of (name) at (location); concentrates from tailings, to cyaniding 
 plant of (name) at (location), etc. 
 
 SPECIAL SCHEDULE NO. 6a, ADMINISTRATIVE AND GEN- 
 ERAL OFFICES. 
 
 88. As previously explained, this schedule is intended for the 
 general office reports of establishments operating more than one 
 plant. In such cases great care should be taken that no data in- 
 cluded in this schedule be included in any of the reports for the 
 individual mines or quarries, and all data chargeable to a particular 
 mine or c^uarry should be included in the report of that plant and 
 nfit in the administrative or general office report. 
 
 SPECIAL SCHEDULE NO. 6b, STOXE QUARRIES. 
 
 89. This si'heclule is supplemental to Special Schedule No. 6, for 
 tlie reports of stone quarries, and should in all cases be returned 
 witli the complete report of stone quarries. It should contain a 
 full description, as provided on the blank, of all (juarrying and 
 stone-dressing machines in use. If such machines are not used. 
 Special Schedule No. 6b should lie returned containing a statement 
 to that effect. 
 
 90. In order to insure the success of the cooperation between 
 the Geological Survey and the Census Office, in taking the census 
 of mines and quarries, there mast he perfect agreement between 
 the published reports of the two bureaus. To secure this, and to 
 luinimize the work of correspondence, correction, and revision, 
 tlie utmost pains should be taken to obtain, for all branches of the 
 investigation, correct returns in whiiOi the answers to the various 
 inquiries will conform to each other and harmonize throughout. 
 Careful study should lie given to all instructions relating to the 
 work of the special agents. 
 
APPENDIX C. 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS FOR EDITING AND REVISING THE SCHEDULES. 
 
 GENERA J. INSTRUCTIONS. 
 
 All corrections or additions to schedules should lie made neatly 
 and plainly in red ink. 
 
 No change or correction of importance should l)e made except 
 on the advice of the clerk in charge. 
 
 Whenever cents are reported on a schedule, if 50 cents or over, 
 a dollar should be added to the amount and the cents striken out; 
 if less than 50 cents, they should be stricken off the schedule. 
 
 The Instructions to Special Agents giving directions for lilling 
 out the schedules should be carefully studied ill so far as they 
 affect the census schedules. As shown therein each mineral should 
 be reported upon a specified schedule. This question should 
 receive primary consideration. The instructions relating to the 
 various industries to be reported on the several schedules are as 
 follows: 
 
 Reports should be secured for all mines and quarries and for 
 reduction works engaged in reducing and concentrating the ores of 
 the precious metals. The schedules on which these reports are to 
 lie made are seven in number; Special Schedule No. 6, for mines 
 and quarries in general, for which no other special schedule is 
 jirovided. Mines and quarries of the following minerals are to be 
 I'eported on this schedule: Slate, marble, trap rock, granite, sand- 
 stone, bluestone, limestone, barytes, mineral paints, mica, phos- 
 phate rock, gypsum, emery and corundum, millstones, grindstones, 
 soapstone and talc, clay, cement rock, iron ore, manganese ore. 
 Special attention is called to the fact that tin this schedule, also 
 (Special Schedule No. 6), should lie reported the nonargentiferous 
 or soft-lead mines located east of the Rocky mountains, the copper 
 mines of the Lake Superior region, and zinc mines. Other min- 
 erals, mined as such, to be reported on this schedule, except where 
 they accompany minerals of more importance, as platinum in gold 
 placers, are the following: Antimony, asbestos, asphaltum, borax, 
 bauxite, chrome ore, cobalt, feldspar, fibrous talc, flint, fluorspar, 
 fuller's earth, garnet, graphite, infusorial earth and tripoli, mag- 
 nesite, marls, molybdenum, monazite, oilstones, platinum, precious 
 stones, pyrite, crystalline quartz, quicksilver, rutile, sulphur, tung- 
 sten, uranium, and vanadium. Special Schedule No. 8, for coal 
 mines, both anthracite and bituminous, and anthracite coal wash- 
 eries. Special Schedule No. 9, for petroleum and natural-gas wells. 
 Special Schedule No. 10, for gold and silver, and argentiferous and 
 auriferous lead and copper mines. Special Schedule No. 11, for 
 reduction works of the precious metals (other than smelters and 
 refineries). Special Schedule No. 6a, a supplemental schedule for 
 administrative and general ottices. This schedule is intended for 
 corporations, firms, or individuals operating more than one mine, 
 quarry, or reduction works, with a central office for all of them. 
 Upon this schedule should be reported the employees of such cen- 
 tral offices, with their salaries or wages, and all other employees 
 whose work is not confined to one particular mine, quarry, or 
 reduction works, such as general superintendents, machinists, sur- 
 veyors, etc. All general expenses are also to be reported on this 
 schedule and the data relating to capital stock, bonds, dividends, 
 
 and assessments of incorporated companies. No data reported on 
 this schedule should appear on separate reports for the individual 
 mines, i|uarries, or reduction works. Separate schedules are sup- 
 plied for these individual plants. Special Schedule No. 6b, a 
 supplemental schedule for .sandstone, granite, marble, trap rock, 
 hluestone, limestone, and slate quarries, upon wliich a full descrip- 
 tion of the quarrying and stone-dressing machines in use should be 
 given. This schedule is to be filled out in addition to and supple- 
 mentary to Special Schedule No. 6 for all stone quarries. 
 
 CLASSIFIC.-tTION. 
 
 The schedules may be separated into three main groups — those 
 representing establishments that w ere active and engaged in pro- 
 duction during 1902, idle or nonproductive establishments, and 
 schedules that in no manner represent active or idle mines or 
 quarries but are from men who have retired permanently from 
 business, from mines or quarries that have been worked out or 
 abandoned, or from establishments that may be eliminated from 
 the Census of Mines and Quarries, or for other reasons. Reports 
 from mines or quarries that were in process of development — no 
 production being reported during 1902 — should be classified as 
 "Idle" unless there are special reasons for omitting them pre- 
 sented in the information accompanying the schedule. These 
 three classes of schedules should be filed separately and the two 
 latter should be stamped "Idle" or "Omit," respectively, on the 
 right of the center of the top margin of the schedule. 
 
 Each schedule should be classified with the name of the mineral 
 of chief importance produced, as reported on the production card 
 of the Geological Survey, the classification to be written in red ink 
 on the upper left-hand margin of the schedule. The number 
 placed on the upper left-hand corner of the schedule, which cor- 
 responds to the number on the schedule of the Geological Survey, 
 should not be obliterated or in any manner obscured in writing 
 the classification. 
 
 It sometimes occurs that two classes of mineral, or two products 
 which require different classifications, are produced in the same 
 quarry, and only one report has been made covering the entire 
 operations. In such cases it is frequently impossible to make any 
 separation of the data reported under the several inquiries so as to 
 present a separate report for each branch of the busine.ss. In- 
 stances of this kind are when limestone quarrying and cement 
 manufacturing are done at a quarry and a part of the product of 
 the quarry is sold in its crude state for building and other pur- 
 poses, or when grindstones are made at a sandstone quarry and a 
 certain proportion of the quarried stone is sold for building and 
 other purposes, this condition in both of these instances necessi- 
 tating two reports of the product to the Geological Survey. 
 
 It is impossible or impracticable in such eases to make a report 
 for each branch of the business, therefore the combined report 
 will lie accepted and should receive the classification of the pre- 
 dominating products as shown by the production slips. A Census 
 schedule should be made out for the less important product, con- 
 
 (1113) 
 
1114 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 taining only such information as is necessary for tiling purpose?, 
 sueli as tiie classification, name, and location, tmt no statistical 
 data except tlie product. This schedule should be made out in 
 red ink. Cross references should be marie in each schedule and 
 Survey slip, one to the other. In the Census schedule which con- 
 tains the complete report the cross reference should be about as 
 follows: ''See also Cement No. 86, Jones and Smith, Pageville, 
 Ohio, for additional cement product." On the blank Census 
 schedule for the less important product the cross reference should 
 be in about the following terms: "See also Limestone No. 72, 
 Jones and Smith, Pageville, Ohio, for all data other than cement 
 product." Corresponding references shmild be written on the 
 Survey slips. 
 
 The following instructions are intended to apply to Special 
 Schedule No 6 and to the similar general features and inquiries of 
 the other Census schedules: 
 
 The classification should be verified by comparing with the copy 
 of the Geological Survey schedule which accompanies each Census 
 schedule. The schedule should receive close examination to ascer- 
 tain if it includes more than one mine or quarry, and if so, that 
 fact should be clearly stated in red ink in the space below the 
 classification at the top of the schedule on the left-hand side as 
 follows: 3 mines or 5 quarries, as the case may be. 
 
 Title page. — The information called for on the first page of the 
 schedule should be reported in full, each item of information being 
 written plainly in the space provided. 
 
 Inquiry 1 — Character of organization. — It is probable that the 
 character of the organization under which mines and quarries are 
 operated will be in all cases one of the five classes specified. This 
 information should appear on all schedules. 
 
 Inquiry 3 — Capital stock, etc. — If the character of organization as 
 reported under Inquiry 1 is that of an "incorporated company," 
 the necessary information relating to the same should appear 
 under this inquiry. The number of shares of each kind of stock 
 and the number of bonds, with the total par value of the same, 
 should be reported. The total par value should be that of the 
 entire amount of bonds or stock, and not that of a single share. 
 It is not necessary that all incorporated companies report Ijomls 
 and both classes of stock. Bonds and preferred stock will very 
 frequently not appear, as this class of liabilities in the cases of 
 many corporations is solely common stock. 
 
 The amount reported as issued should not he in excess of the 
 amount reported as authorized, and the number of shares of stock 
 and the number of bonds should not be inconsistent with the i>ar 
 value. 
 
 The "authorized" and "issued" stock should be reported in all 
 instances. 
 
 The amount of dividends, if any, paid during the year on com- 
 mon and preferred stock should be the result obtained by multi- 
 plying the par value of common and preferred stock issued to 
 the end of the year by the "rate" reported. If the amount is 
 reported and no rate, the rate shouW Vie calculated and supjilied, 
 and vice versa. 
 
 A report showing bonds should show the rate of interest on the 
 same, although no interest is reported as paid. 
 
 In cases where an incorporated conjpany owns more than one 
 mine or quarry and a Special Schedule No. 6a has or has not been 
 filled out, it frequently occurs that the details of capital stock and 
 the general officers are included in each of the individual sched- 
 ules, thus duplicating and triplicating, etc., this information. In 
 all cases of this kind, after being assured that an ajiportionmcnt of 
 the capital stock, etc., has not been made among the individual 
 schedules, the duplicated data should be stricken off all schedules 
 except one and a note substituted to the effect that the informa- 
 tion is reported on Schedule (giving the name of the mine 
 
 and location). 
 
 Inquiry .? — Personit eniployrd. — The information reported uniler 
 this inquiry should be very carefully examined, and the three sec- 
 
 tions of the inquiry should agree with each other and with other 
 inquiries that have the least bearing upon the question of employees 
 and wages. 
 
 The numbers of the several classes of employees reported should 
 not be out of proportion with each other, nor with the character 
 and extent of the mine or quarry reported on the schedule. No 
 employees should be reported "below ground" for quarries or 
 surface mines. 
 
 The average number of "wage-earners," which includes all 
 classes of employees other than general officers, superintendents, 
 managers, etc., and clerks reported in the first section of the 
 inquiry, should agree in number with those reported under "Wage- 
 earners at specified daily rates." The total average numljer of 
 wage-earners under these two sections of the inquiry should accord- 
 ingly be written in the margin of the schedule. The total wages 
 reported for all employees after clerks, e.xcept foremen "below 
 ground" is the amount of wages to be used in comparison with the 
 second section of the inquiry. This amount should be written in 
 red ink in the margin of the schedule. The wages that would be 
 earned by the employees reported at specified daily rates, at the 
 rates given, the mean rate being used in the calculation, and for the 
 time in operation as reported under Inquiry .5, should agree 
 approximately with the amount reported under the first section of 
 the inquiry. This comparison should l)e made for the entire 
 number of wage-earners and for each corresponding class of wage- 
 earners. To obtain the average number of wage-earners during 
 the year, reported under "'Average number of wage-earners 
 employed during each month," add the numbers reported for each 
 month and divide the total by 12, the numljer of months in the 
 year. This calculation should be made on the left-hand margin of 
 the schedule in red ink. 
 
 The average number employed during the year, under the first 
 and second sections of Inquiry 'i, must be the number that would 
 be required to produce the quantity oi product reported, working 
 continuou.«ly for twelve months. Therefore, if a mine or quarry 
 had suspended operations for any protracted length of time during 
 the year, the average number of wage-earners, under the first and 
 second sections of Inquiry 3, must be reduceil by that proportion 
 of the number reported that the period of iilleness is to twelve 
 months, providing the average number as reported in answer to 
 these sections is approximately the same as the average number 
 employed during each month the mine or quarry wa,s in operation. 
 When necessary to make such reduction, the amounts paid in 
 wages to the several classes of employees must be approximately 
 the amounts they would receive if employed the full number of 
 working days in the year at the specified daily rates of pav, and 
 not the amounts they would receive for the actual number of davs 
 employed at the rates reported. The reduction of the average 
 numl)er of emjiloyees that may be necessary should not always 
 be applied to "Sui>erintendents, managers, etc.," "Clerks," and 
 "Engineers, firemen, etc.," as these employees generally work 
 full time whether the mine is idle or in operation. However, if 
 the computation shows that they were employed only while the 
 nune was operated, the reduction should be applied to them the 
 same as to the other employees. 
 
 There should be a substantial agreement in the rates of wages 
 shown on the different schedules from establishments engaged in 
 the same branch of industry in the same localitv. 
 
 Inqviry 4. — The information reported under this inquiry should 
 be reported also under Inquiry 3. The number of employees and 
 amount paid should be included in Inquiry 3, under "Miners or 
 i|uarrymen and stonecutters" for surface mines or quarries, and 
 under "Miners" and "Miners' helpers" for underground mining. 
 The inquiry is intended to develop the manner of pa3-ment for the 
 actual work of mining or quarrying when not done by the day. 
 As there is not frecjucntly a diversity in the method of payment 
 for identical work in the same mine or quarry, it is thought that 
 the data reporteil as to the average nund.)er of emplovees and total 
 
APPENDIX C. 
 
 1115 
 
 amount paid in this inquiry will, in moat cases, l)e the same as 
 that reported under the heads provided^ for this iiiforniation in 
 Inquiry 3. 
 
 Inquiry 5 — Time in operation. — The information reported under 
 this inquiry should be considered in connection with the answers 
 to Inquiries 3 and 9, and in verifying the amount reported as paid 
 in wages by the specified daily rates and the number of wage-earners 
 reported at each, the number of days in operation, and the numlier 
 of shifts of workmen reported under this inquiry should be taken 
 into account. The number of shifts of workmen reported will be 
 one in the large majority of t'ases, and sometimes two or three. A 
 larger number of shifts is open to question. In quarrying and sur- 
 face mining if more than one shift is reported it is questionable. 
 This is also true of certain other branches of nuning. The number 
 of hours to a shift will in most cases be 10, frequently 8, and some- 
 times 12. 
 
 Inquiry 6 — Contract tvork. — The information reported under this 
 inquiry is entirely separate from any data given under Inquiry 3, 
 and should not be included therein. It is frequently the custom 
 to let such work as tunneling, shaft sinking, boring, etc., out by 
 contract, and no record is kept by the officers of the mine or 
 quarry of the wage-earners employed and the wages pairl, and as 
 it is in most cases impossible to obtain the information from the 
 contractor, it will be estimated and given by the mine or quarry 
 operator. Contract miners or quarrymen who work by the ton, 
 car, yard, etc., should not be reported under this inquiry but 
 under Inquiries 3 and 4. 
 
 Inquiry 7 — Supplies and materials. — The character of the expendi- 
 tures to be reported under this inquiry is shown on the schedule. 
 It should always be considered in connection and compared with 
 the product reported and answers to other inquiries. Except 
 under extraordinary circumstances, the amount reported will not 
 be in proportion to the value of the product. It will frequently 
 be found to be the case that no amount is reported under this 
 head, particularly in very small mines or quarries, and in such 
 cases it should be accepted as correct. 
 
 It is frequently the case when the crude mineral is put through 
 a process of milling, refining, calcining, or other manufacturing at 
 the mine or quarry, as gypsum, limestone, and cement quarries, 
 that crude material is purchased from other mines or quarries that 
 are not equipped for such work. The quantity and cost of mate- 
 rial so purchased should be separately reported under this imjuiry. 
 
 Inquiry 8 — Miscellaneous expenses. — All items of expense incident 
 to the operation of the mine or quarry, not accounted for under 
 Inquiries 3, 4, 6, and 7 must be reported under this inquiry. Care 
 should be taken that the royalties for mineral taken out from leased 
 land and other forms of rent for the mine or quarry be reported 
 separately under the first item of this inquiry. It will be frequently 
 found to be the case that no amount is reported under this head, 
 particularly in very small mines or quarries, and in such cases it 
 should be accepted as correct. 
 
 Inquiry 9 — Proc/?/rf.— Inclosed with each schedule will be found 
 a copy of the card of the Geological Survey containing a detailed 
 report of the product. The product as reported on this card, and 
 not as entered on the schedule, will be tabulated and included in 
 the published reports. It will, therefore, be taken as the product 
 in editing the schedules when considering its relation to the data 
 reported in reply to the other inquiries. 
 
 This question should receive very careful exammation and be 
 carefully compared with the replies to other imiuiries. The quan- 
 tity reported should be consistent with the number of employees 
 and the time in operation; the kind of mineral, and the conditions 
 of mining it should also be considered in this connection. The 
 value per unit of the product should be examined to see that there 
 is not a very great difference between the average value shown in 
 the schedule and the average ruling price of the article under lon- 
 sideration during 1902. 
 
 As it is necessary that the quantity and value nf tlie product 
 pubhshed in the reports of the Census Office and in tliose of the 
 
 (Tcological Survey agree, under no circumstances should any change 
 he mailc in this information without the permission of the section 
 chief. 
 
 Inquiry 10 — l'oirei\ — The first consideration in examining this 
 question is as to whether or not the use of mechanical power is 
 required. This question is determined by the size of the mine or 
 quarry, and by the character or method of mining. In a very 
 large mmiber of quarries and open mines generally, no power is 
 used, lint if they an? of considerable magnitude some equipment 
 for power purposes is necessary. In a large majority of cases the 
 power reported will be steampower. 
 
 Before closing any branch of the mineral industry, and taljulat- 
 ing the schedules, the files should be searched and all No. 6a 
 schedules withdrawn. The information reported under Inquiry 
 6 siiould then be carefully checked against the individual mine 
 and quarry schedules to see that all the schedules are on file. 
 
 If the mines or quarries are all located in the same county, the 
 data reported on the No. 6a schedule should be added to any one 
 of the individual schedules and an examination made of the others, 
 for the purpose of eliminating this data, if duplicated on such 
 schedules. Care should be taken that all information under 
 Inquiries 1 and 2 be stricken off all schedules, except one, and a 
 suitable cross reference made to the schedule containing the infor- 
 mation. If the mines or quarries are located in different states or 
 counties, or if there is more than one branch of mining, the data 
 on the No. 6a schedule should be apportioned among the different 
 states and counties, or branches of mining, as the case may be, the 
 apportionment Ijeing based on the value of the product. 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS FOE EDITING SPECIAL SCHEDULES. 
 
 The foregoing instructions are intended for general application 
 in editing the returns of mines and quarries of all kinds. In addi- 
 tion, there are certain special schedules which contain peculiar 
 features and require further explanation. 
 
 Special Schedule No. 8 — Coal Mixes. 
 
 Inquiry 3 — Persons employed. — Care should be taken that the 
 employees are correctly reported "above ground" and "below 
 ground." Only an insignificant proportion of coal mines are sur- 
 face mines, and in such cases the mines should be reported under. 
 Inquiry 14 as "Open cutting or stripping." Eoughly stated, in 
 bituminous coal mining, about nine-tenths of the entire force of 
 employees work underground, but in anthracite mining, on account 
 of the large plants on the surface for screening and cleaning the 
 coal, the proportion underground is less than in soft coal mines, 
 being about two-thirds. 
 
 The timl^ermen and track layers separately stated under the sec- 
 ond section of this inquiry should be included among "All other 
 employees" below ground, in the first section of the inquiry. 
 
 Inquiry 4 — Average number of employees and rates paid. — As the 
 actual work of coal mining is seldom done by the day, the number 
 of miners and miners' helpers, with their earnings, should be re- 
 ported here. This information should also be reported under the 
 first section of Inquiry 3. Under the second section of Inquiry 3, 
 where miners are paid by the ton, car, or yard, the specified daily 
 rate under which those contract miners are reported should be the 
 same for the entire number of this class of workmen. This rate 
 should be estimated by the examiner from the total number of 
 days in ojieration and total amount of wages paid, and should he 
 the average daily earnings for the period that they are employed. 
 
 The "Total amount paid for such work" should agree with the 
 amount reported as paid to miners and miners' helpers under 
 Inquiry 3, and this amount should include the amount reported as 
 paid for vardage or other allowances. As reported on this sched- 
 ule, these all(5wances are frequently not included in the amount paid 
 for mining. This may be verified by calculating the amount that 
 would he received on the product reported, under Inquiry 9, at the 
 
1116 
 
 M1NP]S AND QUARKIEB. 
 
 rate given under Inquiry 4, and if it is found that the auK lunt is udt 
 included it should be added, the correction l)eing made in red ink. 
 
 Inquiry IS — Contract n'orl;. — Care should be talvcn that the infor- 
 mation given under this inquiry is not duplicateil under Inquiries 
 3 and 4. It is probable that in only a small proportion of the 
 schedules will information be given under tiiis question, l)Ut, when 
 reported, it should lie treated as separate information not included 
 under any of the other inquiries. In calculating the expense of 
 operating the mine foi' the purpose of comparison witli the value 
 of the product, the amount reported as paid f(ir contract work 
 should be added to tlie other expenses for wages, supplies and 
 materials, and miscellaneous exiienses. When an amount is 
 reported as paid, tlie "Average number of men employed" and 
 the "Number of days" should also be reported. 
 
 Inquiry 8 — Royalli/ and rent of mine. — In examining this inquiry, 
 reference should also be made to Inquiry 16, and if any rate is 
 given, an amount should be reported under Inquiry 8 as paid fcjr 
 royalties. This amount need not necessarily be the amount 
 obtained from calculating the royalty on the number of tons 
 reported mined under Inquiry 9, by the rate given under Inquiry 
 16. It can in no case be more, but may be less. Royalty is fre- 
 quently paid on only a part of the product of the mine. It should 
 be borne in mind that while the product is reported under Inquiry 
 9 in short tons, royalty is frequently paid in long tons. This is 
 also true of Inquiry 4, the miners being paid for long tons and the 
 product marketed in short tons. The general instructions apply to 
 other features of Inquiry 8. 
 
 Inquiry 9 — Product. — The data reported under tins inquiry should 
 not be inconsistent witli information given under the other (jues- 
 tions on the schedule. In bituminous coal ndning the quantity of 
 coal taken from the mine will ggree in most cases w-ith the market- 
 able coal reported. If no information is given as to the number of 
 cars of coal taken from the mine and the average capacity of such 
 cars, the information should be supplied on the basis of the infor- 
 mation given in other reports of mines in the game locality. 
 
 There will sometimes be a difference shown in the reports of 
 bituminous coal mines between the quantity of coal hoisted and 
 the quantity of marketable coal. In anthracite coal mining, owing 
 to the larger proportion of coal which can not be utilized, the differ- 
 ence between the coal taken from the mine and that marketed 
 will in many cases be considerable, the latter being less than tlie 
 former. This is the result of the crushnig, screening, and cleaning 
 processes by which the coal is prepared for shipment. 
 
 Inquiry 10 — Power. — In all large mines power in some f(jrni 
 should be shown. The purposes for which it is required are for 
 operating the crushing and screening machinery, for hoisting, 
 pumping, and ventilating, and sometimes for other subsidiary pur- 
 poses. A knowledge of the conditions found at coal mines is gen- 
 erally nece.ssary to properly edit this question. If the opening to 
 a vein is a shaft or slope, a hoisting engine will be re(iuired and in 
 all probability one or more pumping engines, and if fan ventila- 
 tion is employed, an engine will be necessary to operate the fan. 
 Other methods of ventilation do not require the use of power. 
 
 Inquiry 11 — System of haulage. — The information re(juired under 
 this inquiry is where a mechanical system of haulage has supplanted 
 to some extent the use of animal power, such as horses and mules. 
 It does not apply to the mechanical power used for hoisting coal 
 from a shaft or slope. 
 
 Inquiry 1.! — Slnle pickers or coal cleaners. — This inquiry is intended 
 to apply only to anthracite mines. In separating the slate from the 
 coal mechanical means have been substituted to a very large extent 
 for boys, and the object of the inquiry is to determine the magni- 
 tude of this change or improvement in anthracite mining. 
 
 Inquiry IS — Washeries. — This (juestion also is intended to apply 
 only to anthracite coal mines. The u.se of washeries for cleaning 
 coal, which formerly was allowed (o lie on waste dinnjis, is compara- 
 tively a recent development, and by the use of such washeries a 
 
 uiuch larger proportion of the coal mined is available for shipment. 
 Wherever awashery is reported under this inquiry there should he 
 a separate report in the files giving the operations of the washery. 
 
 Inquiry 14 — Openings to tlw works. — A\'henever a shaft, slope, (jr 
 tunnel is given as the nature of the opening to the vein, its depth 
 or length in feet should be given. This information is not reijuired 
 where the mining is by drift or open cutting or stripping. 
 
 Inquiry HI — < 'ikiI mined on royalty. — If any rate is reported under 
 this question, corresponding information should also be reported 
 under the first ilenj of Imjuiry 8. 
 
 -;f -/.- -;<- -X- * 
 
 Special attention sh(.iuld be jjaid In the reports of bituminous 
 coal mines where coke is manufactured. Tiiis information will be 
 found on the slip containing the (ieological Survey details of pro- 
 vluction. Oidy the capital stock, general officers, expenses, etc., 
 pertaining to coal mining should be included in the schedule. If 
 any of these data pertaining to I'oke manufacture are included, a 
 ■ieparation shoulil be made, based on the relative proportions of 
 the two branches of the business. 
 
 (iOLD, SILVER, LKAI), AND COPPER MINES. 
 
 In editing Special Sche<lnlcs Nos. 10, l(»a, 10b, U, 11a, and 111.., 
 the following instructions are tcj be followed and ajiplied to the 
 revision of the special features of the .schedules, in addition to the 
 application of the general instructions heretofore given to those 
 inquiries wdiich are identical in form in all the census schedules. 
 
 1. (;exeh.\i, Hclns. 
 1. By ichoni the report shoulit t/e nunje. 
 
 The report shoulil always be made liy the party oiierating the 
 mine; when a mine is leased, one report should lie i>)itained from 
 the lessee and another from the owner, and both .schedules should 
 be combined; one should be marked " fawner's report," the other 
 "Lessee's report." The owner should, in such cases, report <inly 
 his own iiroduction and expenditures exclusive of the production 
 of the lessees. An exception from this rule is made in the case of 
 "leasers" or "tributers," of which see further. 
 
 In some cases one report is made indiscriminately combining the 
 capitalization and some of the expenses cjf the owner with those 
 of the lessee. In such cases a segregation should be made at this 
 office; all items jiertaining to the owner should be transferred to a 
 separate schedule. 
 
 If a nnne has changed hands in the course (if the >i'ai- IHOli 
 separate reports are required from each owner or lessee for the 
 time he operated. These reports should be combined, but all 
 repetitious should be elinnnated from one of the schedules. (See 
 Inquiries 13, 14, 15, and 1(1) 
 
 2. Snndl and Cliinese mines. 
 
 There are a number of schedules marked " Small and Chinese" 
 with nothing but an estimated value of the jiroiluct. All such 
 schedules should be assorted into a ."eiiarate grcmp to be taliulated 
 on a separate sheet. 
 
 3. dene rid office. 
 
 The address of the general office nuist be given on the title page 
 of the Census sidiedule and also on the United States Geological 
 Survey transfer slip (Schedules Nos. lOa and 10b). Very fre- 
 quently the address is given on the I'nited States Geological Sur- 
 vey transfer slip alone; in such cases it should likewise be written 
 on the title page of the Census schedule. 
 
 If no general (jffice is maintained sejiarately from the mine, write 
 in red ink after the words "general olHce" the w(jrd "mine." 
 
APPENDIX C. 
 
 1117 
 
 4. — Preliininarif rlassificalion. i 
 
 All Schedules No. 10 should lir classitied under one of the fol- 
 lowing four groups; 
 First. Productive. 
 Second. I>evel<ipnient work. 
 Third. Assessment work. 
 Fourth. Idle. 
 (1 ) A jiroductive mine is one which produces ore or metal. 
 
 (2) If no ore or bullion is produced or the (luantily is out of all 
 proiiortion to the total amount invested in labor, the mine is classed 
 under the second subdivision (develojiment work). 
 
 (3) If a little work is done to comply M'ith the re(iuirements of 
 the law, the mine is cla.ssed under the tliinl subdivision (asses.^- 
 ment work). 
 
 (4) If no work of any description was done during the year 1902, 
 though some ore previously mined may have been sliippcd, the 
 mine is classed under subdivision 4 as " idle." 
 
 In assorting schedules for tabulation those showing only develop- 
 ment work without any production whatsoever must be segregated 
 from those where production is reported as incidental to develop- 
 ment. 
 
 Only schedules of the first and the second class must l)c edited; 
 those of the third and fourth class require no editing. 
 
 All schedules relating to productive mines are t(i be assorteil into 
 two groups, viz, (1) placers and (2) deep mines. In editing the 
 schedules these designations must be written in reil ink on the title 
 page of each schedule in the blank space after the words "Char- 
 acter of ore." The character of the mine is to l.)e determineil from 
 the annexed Geological Survey schedule attached to Schedule No. 
 10. A deep mine is reported on Schedule No. 10a, a placer on 
 Schedule No. 10b. 
 
 "Deep mines" are furtlier assorted into two groups, irilli nr iritli- 
 ijiil II mill comiecUon. When a mine has no reduction works, the 
 report is on Schedules Nos. 10 and 10a. Where a mine is con- 
 nected with a reduction works, there must Ije Schedules Nos. 10 
 and 10a, 11 and 11a. These again are to be assorted into two sub- 
 divisions: Those where complete reports are furnished for the 
 mine and the mill and those where the mine and reduction works 
 are covered by one combined report, in accordance with the note 
 on the title page of Schedule No. 10. 
 
 Placer nnnes as a rule require no mill; in some cases, however, 
 where the ground is cement, it nrast be crushed in a stamp mill. 
 In such cases a Schedule No. 11 is attached to Schedule No. 10, as 
 in the case of a deep mine. Such reports must be segregated into 
 a separate group. Reduction works without a mine connection 
 are reported on Schedules Nos. 11 and 11a, except those running 
 on old tailings, of which see further, 
 
 II. Mines Without Mill Connection. 
 1. Developrnerit ii'^n'k iiutJiout prodvrtion. 
 
 Where a report shows only development work without produc- 
 tion. Schedule No. 10 alone is to be edited and prepared for tabu- 
 lation; Schedules Nos. 10a and 10b should be disregarded. 
 
 Tiirpdrij 9. — The total value of development wi.>rk must in such 
 cases be equal to the total amount expended and need not be re- 
 ported separately. If it is so reported it should be erased. Very 
 frefiuently the amount reported under this inquiry is equal either 
 to the total wages and salaries or to the total wages alone, or to the 
 sum of wages, salaries, and suiiplies, or to the sum of wages and 
 •supplies, or to the amount paid for contract worli . All sucli an- 
 swers should be erased. If, however, tlie amount rejjorted is either 
 in excess or short of any of these quantities, the schedule should 
 be criticised; in the former case it may eventually disclose an 
 omission under Inquiries 4, 7, or s, or the amount may repri'sent 
 the expenditure of more than one ye;ir. Among the schedules of 
 this class a number will be found where nothing but the amount 
 expended in development work is rejiorted; they proliabl\" i-c]irc- 
 
 serit merely assessment work on more than one mining claim in 
 each case. All .such schedules should be segregated into a separate 
 gr( lU]). 
 
 In njany cases the work was done by the owner and his family 
 ajid till' amount reported is an estimate of the value of his labor. 
 Such schedules should likewise be segregated into a separate grouj). 
 (See further instructions to Inquiry 4.) 
 
 If the value of the development work done in such cases is esti- 
 mated, write in the blank space, after "Amount expendeil in de- 
 veloi>ment work," the words "Done by owners." 
 
 In case development work is done in consideration of a lease and 
 the amount is estimated, write similarly, "Done by lessees." 
 
 Aside from these instructions all schedules of this cla.-'S are to l>e 
 edited in accordance with the general rules applying to the Mining 
 Census. 
 
 2. PriidiirUri' lainen. 
 
 The f<illowing instructions apply to all schedules where produc- 
 tion is reported, including those where production is incidental to 
 development work: 
 
 Tnqiiirii 4- — In case the mine is worked by the owueror operator, 
 with tlie assistance of members of liis family, without hired labor, 
 the fact should be noted as follows: Write in red ink after the 
 words "persons employed," the wonls "no hired labor," erase 
 the words "general officers" and write "owners working," giving 
 the number, if known, in the first column. The same entry with 
 regard to "owners working" should likewise be made where hired 
 labor is employed, in addition to the owner's labor. By "owner" 
 is meant the party in actual possession of the mine, whether as 
 owner or lessee. The words "no hired lal)or" and "owners work- 
 ing" should also be written in red ink on the title page at the 
 upper end of the right margin. All such schedules should be 
 assorted into two separate groups. 
 
 Ini/nirii 5 — Lessees. — In case the mine is worked under the so- 
 called "leasing" or "tribute" system, i. e., when it is leased in 
 blocks t(j a number of miners, each paying a royalty to the owner, 
 no answers are required under Inquiry 4, but a report must be 
 made under Inquiry 5, as follows: 
 
 After the words "If mining is paid for by the ton, car, or other 
 unit, give the rate paid and character of unit," write: "Worked 
 
 by lessees on per cent of royalty;" insert the percentage 
 
 charged by the owner to the lessees, specifying whether "gross" 
 or "net." i. e., whether computed on the gross or on the net 
 product. In the next blank space insert the average number of 
 lessees employed. 
 
 After the words "Total amount paid for such work" insert the 
 amount received by the lessees out of the total product after deduct- 
 ing treatment and freight charges and royalties. For example, if 
 the gross product reported under Inquiry 10 is $10,000, the net 
 product is $6,000, the rate of royalty 25 per cent net, then the entry 
 in the first blank space should read as follows: ' ' AVorked by lessees 
 on 25 per cent royalty, net," and in the last blank space, " $4,500." 
 If the rate of royalty is varying or is not stated, compute the aver- 
 age net rate. For this purpose first obtain the amount of the roy- 
 alty by subtracting the amount received by the lessees from the 
 total net value of the mining product, and next compute the per- 
 centage of royalty to the total net value. In many cases the rate 
 of royalty reported represents the percentage of the lessee's share 
 to the total product; this is an error. If the value of the product 
 is $6,000 and the lessees received $4,500, the rate of royalty is not 
 75 per cent but 25 per cent, the ratio of the royalty, $1,500, to the 
 total proiluct. If any estimates of wages received by lessees are 
 given under Inquiry 4, they should be erased by drawing reil lines 
 through them. 
 
 (.)n all such schedules write on the title page in the right margin 
 after the words "Name of the company, etc.," the words "Block 
 lessees." For the sake of uniformity this term should likewise Be 
 used in the few cases of [ilacer mines worked on the tribute system, 
 but tln' words should be in (juotation marks. 
 
1118 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 Mines worked on. shares. — If the mine is worked (in shares no an- 
 swer is required to Imjuiry 4, but the report under Inquiry 5 must 
 read, ' ' Worked on shares, ' ' the number of men so employed should 
 be given in the next blank space. 
 
 Inquiry S. — The answer to this inquiry must ncjt include any ex- 
 penditures of a permanent nature which has no direct relation to 
 the mine, such as construction of buildings, mills, <hvelling houses, 
 etc. If any such expenditure is included, a request for correction 
 should be made, asking that the expense be eliminated. If no 
 answer is made to this inquiry, write the word " None." In some 
 cases the cost of supplies and materials is reported to include also 
 "Miscellaneous expenses," which ought to be reported under In- 
 quiry 9. No segregation should be attemyited, but after the words 
 "Miscellaneous expenses" write in reil ink "See Inc|niry 8." 
 
 hiqxiiry 9 — Derelopment tvork. — The amount reported under this 
 inquiry is, with very few exceptions, also included under In- 
 quiries 4, 7, an<l 8. In the absence of indications to the contrary, 
 this fact should be noted in red ink, a line should be drawn under 
 the amount expiended in development work, and the entire entry 
 should be included in brackets. The amount should not be added 
 with the other items reported under this inquiry, and if it is so 
 added it should be eliminated from the total. 
 
 If it appears that the amount reported fcjr development work is 
 not included in the operating expenses, information should lie 
 obtained by communicating with the operator for the purpose of 
 apportioning the expenditure under Inquiries 4, 7, and 8. If it is 
 not possible, a note should be made in red ink " Xot included in 
 operating expenses." If the amount reported for development 
 work is equal to the total wages and salaries, or total wages alone, 
 or to wages, salaries, and supplies, or wages and supplies, or any 
 of these items in connection with contract work, the item should 
 be erased. 
 
 If, however, the amount of development work is equal to the 
 amount paid for contract work alone it should stand. 
 
 Expenditures for construction cjf mills should not be included 
 under "Development work," and the amount so included, if any 
 should be eliminated. 
 
 Rent find roi/altles. — Whenever it appears from the answer to 
 Inquiry 12 that land is held on lease, some rent or royalty should, 
 as a rule, be reported under Inquiry 9. In some cases, however, 
 the consideration for the lease is a certain amount of development 
 work, so that if the report shows an expenditure for the same, but 
 no rent or royalties, the answer may be deemed con.sistent. 
 
 Payments on "bond and lease" are in the nature of payments 
 on a purchase-money mortgage and should be eliminated. 
 
 If the answer to Inquiry 1.5c shows that power was supplied to 
 the mine by another establishment, the rent paid for power should 
 be reported either under "Water rent," or, in case any other 
 power was suppilied, under "Other rent or royalties." 
 
 If water rent or rent of electric power is included among "Sup- 
 plies and materials" (Inquiry 8), or in the last item of lni|uiry!l 
 (amount paid for taxes, insurance, etc.), it should be eliminated. 
 If the report does not conform with these I'equirements, a re(|uest 
 lor correction must be sent. 
 
 Amount paid for taxes, insurance, etc. — If the cost of supjilies and 
 materials is included in this item and no report is made under In- 
 quiry 8, the amount so reported should be transferred to Incjuiry 8, 
 and a note in re<l ink should be made reading, "See Inquiry 8." 
 
 Total. — The total should always be inserted, even if there is (jiily 
 one item; such item should then be restated as the "Total." 
 
 III. I'liODUCT. 
 
 The product is reported on Schedules .\os. Ida and bib, as the 
 case may be, and on Scliednle No. 10, In(|niry 10. 
 
 .\. ei.ArEi{ MINES. 
 
 Schednle No. /Oli — /mjnirif ■!. — It is inlciided that the re|iort 
 shouM give fa) the exact crn.le weight ol' llic l'oI.I |,rudiict, the 
 
 total gross value allowed for it by the mint or private party buying 
 the same, and (b) the average fineness of the gold produced. The 
 crude weight niultiplied by the average fineness will furnish the 
 total number of tine ounces, (bb) There are very few schedules, 
 however, where this inquirj' has been properly answered. In 
 many cases the value alone is given in round figures, which is 
 usually an estimate; sometimes the average fineness is given with 
 it. In such cases a request for correction should be sent, asking 
 the number of crude ounces. In other cases the price paid per 
 crude ounce is given. The number of iTude ounces can be obtained 
 by dividing the value by the price per ounce. In such cases the 
 schedule should be criticised with a view to ascertaining the aver- 
 age fineness. I)i some cases the average fineness reported repre- 
 sents the ratio between the price per crude otince and the coining 
 value of a fine ounce, viz, $20.67. This is incorrect, as the price 
 paid per ounce is always less than the coining value of the gold; 
 such "fineness" should be disregarded. 
 
 In those cases where a complete I'eport is made and the value of 
 the product appears to be less than the coining value, i. e., than 
 the number of fine ounces multiplied Ijy ?20.67, the coining value 
 should be sulistituted for the value reported in answer to Inquiry .3 
 on Schedule No. 10b as "Gross value," while the amount reported 
 shoulil be erased from Schedule No. 10a and transferred to Schedule 
 No. 10, Inquiry 10, as "Net value of the mining product." 
 
 If the number of crude ounces is given and the amount is figured 
 at $20 per ounce, the ounces should be taken as fine and entered on 
 Schedule No. 10b at bh. The value should appear on Schedule No. 
 10, Inquiry 10, both as gross and net. 
 
 If no relialile data showing the numlier of fine ounces are avail- 
 able. Inquiry 3bti should be left blank. All such schedules should 
 be assorted into a separate group for tabulation. 
 
 Schedule No. 10 — huiviry 10. — The gross value of the metallic 
 contents must be equal to the total reported on Schedule No. 10b 
 under Inquiry .5. The "Charges for treatment" .should include 
 mint charges, commissions, etc. ; the "Freight" represents express- 
 age an<l insurance on bullion. These questions, however, are 
 hardly ever answered. 
 
 The "Net value of the mining product" is usually reported equal 
 to the "Gross value," which is incorrect. AVhenever the actual 
 gross value can be obtained, as explained above, the difference 
 between the gross value and the net value will represent the charges 
 for treatment and should be so entered. 
 
 In most cases either the gross or the net value alone is reported 
 under Inquiry 10, Schedule No. 10. If this missing item can not 
 be ol>tained, the amount reported on Schedule No. 10a should be 
 entered on Schedule No. 10 as ".Net value of the mining product." 
 
 B. IIEEP .MINES. 
 
 Srhedide Na. 10a — Inquiries I, 2, am! .1. — There should be a com- 
 plete answer to these three in(|uiries. If the total quantity of ore 
 mined in 1902 exceeds the tohil quantity sol<l or treated during the 
 same year, then the stock on hand December ?A, 1902, should 
 exceed by the same quantity the stock on hand December 31, 1901. 
 Con\er.sely, if the quantity sold or treated exceeds thi' quantity 
 mineil there must be a corresponding decrease of the stock on 
 hand. 
 
 If the quantity sold or treated is reported the same as the quan- 
 tity mined, the slock on hanil on both dates nmst be the ."ame. 
 
 Very often (lie stock on hand is not reported at all. In case the 
 quantily sold or treated is the same as the quantity mined, the 
 omission may be disregarded. In case those quantities are not 
 the same, the increase or decrease, as the case may be, should be 
 entered on the reverse sitteof Schedule No. 10a under Ini|uiry 12. 
 In order that the total net increase or decrease of the stock of ore 
 <jn hand sIkjuIcI agree with the total stock on hand December 31, 
 1901, and Dec'cmber 31, 1902, the increa.se of stoi'k should also be 
 entered under Incjuiry 3 as "stock of ore on hand Div'ember 31, 
 1902," while the ilecrease shoidd be entered mider the same in(|uiry 
 as "stock of oiv on hand Decendiei- 31 , 1901." 
 
APPENDIX C. 
 
 1119 
 
 Inquiry 4 — Bullion mnlentfi of the on:. — The answer to this iminiry 
 specifies each metal contained in the ore. Enter the name or 
 names of the metals on Schedule No. 10 in the upper corner of 
 the title pafje, viz, "Gold," or "Silver," or "Copper," or "Lead," 
 or "Gold and silver," or " Silver and lead," or "Gold, silver, and 
 lead," or "(Jold, silver, and copper," etc., as the case may be. 
 All schedules have heretofore been marked "Gold and silver;" 
 this designation should be allowed to stand only when it corre- 
 sponds with the actual contents of the ore, otherwise it should be 
 corrected as above indicated. 
 
 Qxuintitij. — Gold and silver must be given in tine ounces, copper 
 and lead in pounds. 
 
 If iron, zinc, or manganese is contained in the ore, the quantity 
 must be reported, even though no alUnvance may have been made 
 for it in the value of the ore. 
 
 In some cases the answer, instead of giving the total quantity (jf 
 each metal contained in the product reported, states only the con- 
 tents per ton. In such cases the contents so reported should be 
 multiplied by the number of tons sold or treated and the totals 
 inserted where they behing. 
 
 Base metals are sometimes given in percentages. In such cases 
 the quantity can easily be computed. Usually in adjusting the 
 price of the ore a discount or allowance is made for losses in smelt- 
 ing; as a result, in many cases the quantity reported is the net 
 quantity for which payment was received, instead of the total con- 
 tents of the ore as shown by assay. This is incorrect, and wherever 
 the fact is disclosed the schedule should be corrected by inserting 
 the actual contents of the ore instead of those for which jiayment 
 was received. If the actual contents can not be calculated, a 
 request for correction should be addressed to the operator. The 
 value of the product should, however, not be changed. 
 
 Value. — The value of each metal ought to be reported l)y the 
 operator. It should in every case be the value actually allowed 
 to him by the smelter or ore buyer. Only where it is impossible 
 to oljtain a report from the operator should the averages of the 
 United States Geological Survey be accepted as substitutes. 
 
 The United States Geological Survey, in its tabulation, discards 
 the values reported by the operators and substitutes, in lieu of 
 them, uniform average prices, viz, $20.67 per ounce of gold fine, 
 S0.-52 per ounce of silver, $0.11 per pound of copper, and l?0.04 per 
 pound of lead. 
 
 These averages represent the coining value of refined gold and 
 the annual average New York quotation of all other metals. AVlule 
 the New York quotation of silver is often taken as a basis of settle- 
 ment for ores, yet there are few schedules, if any, where the value 
 reported by the operator for copper and lead approximates the 
 New York quotation. Copper is usually reported at 5 and 6 cents 
 per pound, instead of 11 cents, as accepted by the United States 
 Geological Survey. Lead is usually reported at 1^ to 2 t:ents per 
 pound instead of 4 cents. Some of the largest bu\-ers in the Laiited 
 States allow a uniform price of 3| cents per pound from which 2 
 cents per pound are deducted for freight from Salt Lake City to 
 New York. Thus actually the net price paid is 11 cents per 
 pound. 
 
 Whenever the average value per ounce of gold is less than SI 9 
 the presumption is that the ounces are not fine, liut crude; in such 
 case the schedule should be criticised. 
 
 The price for silver in 1902 was subject to ci-insideraljle fluctua- 
 tions; the highest price did not exceed oti cents. If the price re- 
 ported by the operator is in exce.ss of this rate, the schedule should 
 be criticised. 
 
 Value alone reported. — When the values alone uf the bullion con- 
 tents are reported but not the quantities, a request for correction 
 should be made. If it is impossible to obtain these data directly 
 from the operator, tlie (.[uantity should be estimated at this office. 
 In such cases Schedule No. 10, Inquiry 11, should be consulted. If 
 the address of the reduction works is given to which the ore was 
 sold, the rate at which each metal was jiaid for should be obtained 
 
 from the report of the respective mill or smelter. If such informa- 
 tion is not available, then the quantities should be estimated on 
 
 I the basis of the United States Geological Survey averages. 
 
 j iSdiediiJe Xo. 10, Impiinj 10 — Gross ralue of the metallic contents as 
 reported to the T'ruted States Geological Siiri-eu.—This value should 
 be equal to the total value on Schedule No. 10a. 
 
 DEIIUCTIONS. 
 
 The deductions consist of the following items: 
 
 Discounts. — As has been explained al)Ove, very frequently a dis- 
 count is made for losses in smelting. Thus the price per ounce of 
 gold is made $20, but 5 per cent is deducted as a discount, bringing 
 the actual price down to ?19. Some operators will report the value 
 of gold at $20 and charge off a corresponding amount under " Dis- 
 counts." Similarly, some will report discounts on silver and lead. 
 "Whenever such discounts are reported .separately, they should be 
 preserved under "Deductions," to be subsequently tabulated. 
 
 Very frequently only one amount is reported for discounts. No 
 segregation of the discounts need be made in such cases. 
 
 Charges for treatment. — This item ought to include charges for 
 sampling, assaying, and milling or smelting. If these several 
 charges are reported separately, they should be condjined into one 
 item. In such cases a niemoraudiiiii. giring the name of the wine and 
 mining conij>ang, the state and county, should tje made and delivered to 
 the e.rpert special agent in charge. Usually the treatment charges 
 include also discounts. If the latter are not reported separately 
 no segregation should be attempted, but the amount should stand 
 as reported. 
 
 In some cases the treatment charges include freight charges. 
 The amount reported should be allowed to stand; no segregation 
 need be made. 
 
 Freight ctiurges. — These include the cost of packing and haulage 
 by team and railroad freight. 
 
 When the two items are reported separately, they should be 
 allowed to stand. 
 
 Charges and freight per ton. — Besides the total charges, the inquiry 
 calls also for charges and freight per ton. The latter can be given 
 only when everjf shipment of ore was treated at one establishment. 
 
 It freijuently happens, however, that the ore is first concentrated 
 at a custom mill and the concentrates are then shipped to a smelter. 
 The tonnage shipped to the mill is then quite different from that 
 shipped to the smelter; average rates per ton would in such cases 
 be misleading and should be erased. All such schedules should, be 
 referred to the expert specicd agent in charge. 
 
 No charges. — In many cases the full value of the gold and silver 
 contents of the ore is jiaid to the operator, no charges whatever 
 being made fijr treatment and freight; this is when the ore contains 
 a high percentage of iron and manganese, which are not paid for. 
 Sometimes the percentages of iron and manganese are so high that 
 a bonus is paid to the mine operator, besides free treatment and 
 freight. The amount of the bonus should be entered on Schedule 
 Xo. 10a, Inquiry 4, as the value of the iron or manganese. 
 
 NET VALUE OF TJIE MINING rRODUCT. 
 
 The net value of the mining product is equal to the gross value 
 less the deduction for treatment charges and freight. 
 
 In some cases the question was misunderstood, and the net profits 
 were reported instead of the net value of the product. The amount 
 should he properly corrected. 
 
 In many cases nothing but the net value of the mining product 
 is reported liy the operator; it is when the ore was sold "at a 
 flat price per ti.m." In such cases, if the metallic contents are 
 reporteil on Schedule No. 10a, Inquiry 4, the total value, as calcu- 
 lated by the United States Geological Survey, should be accepted 
 as the "gross value," the net amount received by the operator 
 as the "net value," and the difference should be entered under 
 "Dedu(.'tions." 
 
1120 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 niGII-ciUADE AXI> LOU-GRADE ORES. 
 
 Scliedule No. 10a, hiquinj 11. — Divide the total contents of i;old 
 and silver given umler Inquiry 4 by the total quantity given un<ler 
 Inquiry 2; enter the results under gold and .silver. Compute in 
 the same manner the number of pounds of copper, lead, and other 
 metals per ton, and, further, divide each ijuotient by the numlier 
 20, which will give the percentage of copper, lead, etc. ; enter the 
 same in the proper places. 
 
 Divide the total value given under Inquiry 4 by the amount of 
 ore sold or treated given under Inquiry 2. Enter the result under 
 "aggregate gross value." 
 
 If the "aggregate gross value" is less than $10, it is "low-grade 
 ore," if more than SIC, it is "high grade." The designations 
 "high grade" or "low grade," as the case may be, must be written 
 on the title page of Schedule No. 10 in the blank space after "char- 
 acter of ore." 
 
 INCREASE OR DECREASE OF THE STOCK OF ORE. 
 
 Schedule Xo. lOa, Inqiimj J-'.— Deduct the stock on hand Decem- 
 ber .31, 1901, from that of December 31, 1902, or vice versa, and 
 enter the difference under increase or decrease. 
 
 Divide the ' ' net value of the mining product, ' ' given on Schedule 
 No. 10, Inquiry 10, by the number of tons sold or treated and mul- 
 tiply the difference by the increase or decrease of the stock of ore 
 on hand. 
 
 TOT.AL ESTIMATED VALUE OF THE MIXIXG PRODUCT. 
 
 Schedule No. 10a, Inquiry 13. — Add the estimated value of the 
 increase of stock, entered under Inquiry 12, to the net value of the 
 mining product, as given under Inquiry 10 on Schedule No. 10, or 
 deduct the estimated value of the decrease of stock from the net 
 value of the mining product. Enter the result as the "total esti- 
 mated value of the Tuining product." 
 
 IV. Name and Address of Mill ok Works at wiiicir the Ore 
 IS Treated. 
 
 Schedule No. 10, Inquiry 11. — The answer to this inquiry should 
 indicate the disposition made of the ore, whether it was sold, or 
 treated at tlie company's reduction imrks, or treated at a custom iiiill. 
 When the ore is treated for the account of the mine operator at a 
 mill directly connected with the mine, the fact should be stated; 
 if not stated, it will appear from the accompanying Schedule No. 
 11, and the answer should be supplied at this office in terms iden- 
 tical with the underlined phrases above. 
 
 If the address of a mill or smelter is given, but the report fails to 
 state whether the ore was sold or treated on tolls, the character of 
 the mill should be ascertained by references to the schedule whereon 
 it is reported. If it proves to be one which both buys ores and 
 treats them for the customer's account, the answer to Inquiry 4, 
 on Schedule No. 10a, will ordinarily tie reported in (-rude ounces, 
 which will api)ear from the low valuation of the gold. /// cases of 
 uncertainty the schedule sh/mld here/erred to the e.rpert special orient. 
 
 V. Process of Tkeat.ment. 
 
 Schedule No. 10, Inquiry 11; Schedule No. Ida, Inquiries S and 
 10. — All ores are classified according to process of treatment into 
 milling and smelting ores. The process of treatment will appear 
 from the answers to Inquiries K and 10, on f^chedule No. 10a, or 
 Inquiry 11, on Schedule No. 10. 
 
 If the ore is concentrated and then smelted, it should bi- claHsed 
 as a milling ore. 
 
 The designation "milling" or "suiclting" should be written on 
 the title-page of Schedule No. 10, in the line reserved fnr "chai- 
 acter of ore." 
 
 Ari-astrnof mine. — No Sclic<lule No. 11 isre(|uired fur "arrustras," 
 but all i-eports for mines connected witli arrastnis should he segre- 
 gated into a separate grou).. 
 
 Reduction of ores by hand. — In a number of small mines the ore 
 is reduced Vjy hand in a mortar. All reports for such mines should 
 be assorted into a separate group. 
 
 VI. Mineral Lands. 
 
 If the dimensions of the claim are reported instead of the acre- 
 age, the latter should V>e computed. If the number of mineral 
 claims is reported, the acreage should likewise be computed l)y 
 multiplying the number of claims by the average size of the idaini 
 as determined by law. If the rejiort shows no land owned and 
 some held on lease, a note should be made on the title-page, in the 
 upper right-hand margin, reading "lessee's report." 
 
 VII. Reduction Works. 
 
 Reducti(jn works have been ilivided for census purposes into 
 smelters and reduction works other than smelters, or mills, the 
 former being reported on Schedule No. 12, the latter on Schedule 
 No. 11 and 11a or lib. 
 
 All smelter reports must be referred to the expert special agent 
 in charge. In some cases smelters were erroneously reported on 
 Schedule No. 11. Such schedules should likewise be referred to 
 the expert special agent, together with all Schedules No. 10 relating 
 to mines connected with smelters. 
 
 All mills are t( i be divided for tabulation purposes into two clas.ses, 
 (1) mills without mine connection, commonly designated as " cus- 
 tom mills," and (2) mills connected with mines. 
 
 A. custo.m mills. 
 
 Reduction works, other than smelters, without a mine connection 
 are reported on Schedules No. 11 and No. lib. 
 
 Inquiries 1, 2, 3, 7, and 11 are substantially iilentical with In- 
 quiries 1, 3, 6, 8, and l.^, respectively, on Schedule No. 10. (See 
 instructions above. ) 
 
 Inquiry .? on Schedule No. 11 corresponds to Inquiry 4 on Sched- 
 ule No. 10, except that the division " below ground " is absent. 
 
 Inquiry S on Schedule No. 11 corresponds to Inquiry 9 on Sched- 
 ule No. 10, with the omission of " development work," and of the 
 detailed inquiry into rent or royalties. 
 
 Inquiry IS serves the same purpose as Inquiry 11 <in Schedule 
 No. 10. 
 
 Inquiry 6 — Materials bought in 190J. — This inquiry is in form a 
 combination of Inquiry 4 on Schedule No. 10a and Inquiry 10 on 
 Schedule No. 10, and is intended to bring out the same informa- 
 tion, but from the standpoint of the mill owner. ( See instructions 
 above. ) 
 
 Nothing but materials bought should be reporterl under this in- 
 ijuiry. The \'alues to be reported under this inquiry are those con- 
 tained in the ore before treatment and are not identical with the 
 values extracted, which are reported on Schedule No. 11a; with 
 the best methods known a portion of the contents is lost in the 
 residue, or "tailings." If, therefore, the assay contents reported 
 appear to be identical with the tinal product reported, a request 
 for correction should be made. 
 
 The "working charges" are those made by the owner of the 
 reduction works on the ore bought by him, and not those deducted 
 from the value of his bullion or concentrates by the mint, smelter, 
 or sampler buying the same. The charges on the final mill product 
 must be reported under Inquiries 5 or 9. In case the answer to 
 Incpiiry 6 duplicates in this particular the answer to Inquiry 5 or 
 IiKjuiry 9, a request for correction should be made. Nor are these 
 charges identical with those \iniler Inquiry 10, which relate to 
 "custom work," i. e. , to the treatment of ores for patrons' ac- 
 count, and nut ti> ores bought bv tlie null. 
 
 The gross value of the mill product is reported on Schedule No. 
 lib, under the head of " Proilnctiou," and transferred therefrom to 
 
AI'PENDIX C. 
 
 1121 
 
 '^'iniry 9 on Schedule No. 11, as " Rross value of metallic coiitcnlH 
 •IS re]i,,r^g^^ iQ ^\^^. (Jeological Survey." The incjuiry is S(i wnrdcil 
 SIS to inchide both the product of j/urr/Mi.sci? orr.sand of (hose Ireiilnl 
 for riisfoiaa-.i' accouni. In actual practice, however, few iiiillH re- 
 ported the product of custoui ores, stating; tluit the liullinii or cdii- 
 centrat.es were returned to owners and no record thereof \v;is l;ept 
 at the works, except the tonnage treated and the amount received 
 for treatment. In those few cashes where the contents of custom 
 ores are given they are confessedly more or less loose estimates, 
 with hardly any excejitions. For the sake of uniformity of re- 
 sults nothing but the product of purchased ores should be allowed 
 to stand under the head of production. 
 
 In case no ores were purchased the fact will appear from the an- 
 swer to Inquiry 6 on Schedule No. 11. In all such cases the total 
 quantity under " Production" on Schedule No. lib iimst be iden- 
 tical with that reported under Inquiry 10 on Schedule No. 11. 
 The "total yield in gold," "total yield in silver," copjier, lead, 
 and other metals, if reported, should be crossed out and the word 
 "None" should be inserted; likewise should the word "None" be 
 inserted under Inquiry 9 on Schedule No. 11. But the same 
 amounts under "sources of materials treated" should not be 
 disturbed. 
 
 In case the mill handled both purchased and custom ores, a 
 comparison of Inquiries 6, 9, and 10 on Schedule No. 11, and "pro- 
 duction" and "sources of materials treated" on Schedule No. 11a 
 will assist in determining the product of purchased ores alone. In 
 case of uncertainty a request for correction should be sent. 
 
 For particulars in relation to the several items of the yield frf)m 
 purchased ores (gold, silver, lead, copper, etc.), see instruction 
 above for mining product. 
 
 Treatment and freight chargex. — The milling product rei|uires fur- 
 ther treatment at a mint, refinery, or smelter. Usually the pro- 
 duct is sold, sometimes it is treated on tolls for the account of the 
 mill owner. In the former case the deductions from the gross 
 value of the product should be reported under Inquiry 9, in the 
 latter case under Inquiry 5. 
 
 Sometimes the same amounts are duplicated under Imjuiries 5 
 and 9. In such cases it may be safely assumed that the product 
 was sold, and the answer to Inquiry 5 should be erased. When 
 no purchased ores were treated at the mill, the answer to Inquiries 
 5 and 9 should be "None." For further particulars see above in- 
 structions for " Mines." 
 
 CUSTOM WORK. 
 
 Schedule No. 11, Inqulri/ 10.— The "amount received" should 
 represent the mill charges for the work of the null, not the value 
 realized by the customer from the sale of his bullion. 
 
 Sources of material treated— Schedule No. llh.—ln a very fen- 
 schedules this inquiry has been answered. Tlie answer should be 
 supplied at this office. Transfer the tonnage and values given un- 
 der "Productions" to Inquiry B, on the reverse side of Schedule 
 No. lib, entering the same under "Total domestic." 
 
 If the inquiry is answered, transfer likewise the values to In- 
 quiry B, entering them under "Total domestic" or "Total for- 
 eign," as the case may be; for the tonnage repeat that given under 
 "Production." 
 
 Schedule No. llh, TuquJr;/ A— Bullion contents, assay contents before 
 Ireatuieut, and average value per ton of 'product from purchased mate- 
 ^,j„/s _Divide the amounts given under "Production" by the 
 quantity of ore treated given under the same inquiry; further 
 divide the quotients for the base metals by the number 20; enter 
 the results in the first column. 
 
 pivide the "gross value of the metallic contents, etc.," given on 
 Schedule No. 11, under Inquiry 9, by the same quantity of ore, as 
 above, and enter in the space below for "average value per ton." 
 
 pivide hkewise the assay contents and total gross value of all 
 jjiaterials reported on Schedule No. 11, under Inquiry 6, and enter 
 tjje results in the second column. 
 30223—04 71 
 
 11. MI.NIOS COXNlOfTHI) WI'I'II REDIK TION W(]|tKS. 
 
 In accordance with tbc^ classilication of reduction works into 
 ".Hnicltcrs" and "other than smelters" (mills), mines will be 
 found ciinnected willi smelters or mills. 
 
 The iiiiiiilicr of juiiirx converted irilli. suirlters is rery limited. The 
 reports fcjr sucli mines should be attached to the smelter reports 
 ami leferred to the expert special agent for separate treatment. 
 
 Where a mine and reduction works are r)perated under the 
 same manageuient, separate reports were requested for each on 
 Schedules Nos. 10 and 11. But where this was not possiVjle (be- 
 cause the accounts for the mine and the mill were not kept sepa- 
 rately) one report was requested covering iioth the mine and mill. 
 Inquiries on Schedule No. 10 were to be answered, except Inquiry 
 10, an<l answers were also to be given to Inquiries 4, 5, 9, 10, and 
 12 on Schedule No. 11. 
 
 Most of the schedules which have been received report both the 
 mine and the mill together; there are, however, a considerable 
 number of schedules where the mine and mill are reported sepa- 
 rately; a further number of separate schedules for reduction 
 works have been prepared at this office from printed annual 
 reports furnished by the mining companies. Accordingly, all 
 schedules should be assorted into two classes: (1) Those where 
 the mine and the reduction works are reported separately, (2) 
 those wliere they are reported together. 
 
 1. Separate rep(jrts from mine and mill. 
 
 In examining the former, the instructions should be followed 
 which havt' been laid down for separate mine and mill reports, 
 except that Inquiries 1 and 2 on Schedule No. 11 should be left 
 blank. 
 
 Similar to these reports are those where all inquiries relating to 
 the mine and reduction irorks are ansvjered .separately, except tJtose 
 relating to prorlurtion, riz. Inquiry 10 on Schedule No. 10 and In- 
 i|uiry 9 on Schedule No. 11, which are duplicated. The answerto 
 Inquiry 10 on Schedule No. 10 should in such cases be crossed out. 
 
 Hauling from mine to mill. — If the mill is at a considerable dis- 
 tance from the mine, the cost of hauling the ore from the mine to 
 the mill is very frequently reported on Schedule No. 10 under In- 
 quiry 10. In all such cases this item should be allowed to stand, 
 and should not be transferred to In(]uiry 9 on Schedule No. 11. 
 
 Power. — In some cases Inquiry 11 on Schedule No. 11 is answered. 
 It must be ast'ertained whether it contains no duplication of the 
 power reported on Schedule No. 10. If there is no duplication, 
 the answer should be allowed to stand. 
 
 2. One report for liotJi m;ine and mill. 
 
 Where only one report is made for the juine and reduction works, 
 all instructions relating to each schedule should be followed as far 
 as applicable. 
 
 Mill sup)plies. — Where one report only is maile for the mine and 
 the mill. Inquiry 7 on Schedule No. 11 is sometimes answered. In 
 such cases the cost of mill supplies so reported should he trans- 
 ferred to Inquiry 8 on Schedule No. 10. 
 
 Schedules Nos. 10a and 11a. — If the mill is confined to the treat- 
 ment of the product of the mine, the report on Schedule No. 11a 
 will ie a duplication of that on Schedule No. 10a. The former 
 shall, in all such cases, be crossed out, with a note reading "See 
 Schedule No. 10a." 
 
 ConcentriihK. — If the process of treatment includes concentration, 
 the number of tons of concentrates produced should be entered on 
 Schedule No. Ha, in the blank space reserved for " total quantity 
 of ) in iducts other than bullion. ' ' The M'ord ' ' concentrates ' ' should 
 he inserted in red ink. 
 
 3. Milling and^ smelting ores. 
 
 It is a common practice to assort tlie ores into " first class" ores, 
 which are shipped to the smelter, and low-grade ores, which will not 
 
1122 
 
 MINES AND QUARRIES. 
 
 stand the expfii(<e of transportation and rnnst be treated at tlie 
 mine. In such cases the product should lie reported as follows: 
 
 Schedule Xo. 10a, Tarjuiry S. — The "total quantity of ore sold or 
 treated in 1902 ' ' must Vje divided into ' ' ore sold ' ' and ' ' ore treated ' ' 
 and each quantity stated separately on the right margin. 
 
 Inquiry 4- — The answer to this inquiry should give nothing but 
 the ore sold; the words "or treated" should be erased. 
 
 Schedule No. lln. — The bullion contents of the ore treated at the 
 mill must be reported on this schedule. The quantity of concen- 
 trates, if any, should be reported in the manner explained above. 
 
 Schedrde Xo. 10, Inquiry 10. — The gross value, deductions, and 
 net value of the mining product under this inquiry should be con- 
 fined to the product sold. A note should be made in each case, 
 reading "see also Schedule No. 11, Inquiry 9." 
 
 Si'hedide No. 11, Inquiry 9. — The gross value, deductions, and 
 net value of milling product under this inquiry should l>e confined 
 to the product treated at the mill. 
 
 All such schedules must be segregated into a separate group 
 
 4. Calculations. 
 
 The answers to the following inquiries on the back of Schedule 
 No. 11a must be supplied at this office: 
 
 Inquiry 1. — Bullion contents and gross value per ton of ore 
 mined and milled. 
 
 If the bullion is all from ores mined by the same company, divide 
 the bullion contents of the precious metals, given on Schedule No. 
 10a under Inquiry 4, by the total amount of ore treated, given on 
 Schedule No. 10a under Inquiry 2; the result will give the nundier 
 of fine ounces of gold and .silver per ton. Divide the total copper, 
 lead, and other base metallic contents by the same tonnage treated, 
 and further divide the result by 20; the quotients will give the 
 percentages of lead, copper, etc., in the ore. Divide the total 
 value given under the .same head by the same tonnage; enter the 
 quotient under aggregate gross value. 
 
 Inquiry S. — It the IjuUion is partly from ore ujincd by the com- 
 pany, partly from purchased ores, the quantities and values given 
 on Schedule No. 11a must exceed those on Schedule No. 10a under 
 Inquiry 4. Deduct the latter fnjm the former; enter the differences 
 in the first and third columns, respectively. 
 
 Divide the amounts entered in the fir.st coluuin by the total ton- 
 nage reported on Schedule No. 11a under Inquiry 6; divide fur- 
 ther the figures for base metals by the number 20; enter the resuhs 
 in the second column. 
 
 Divide the total gross value of tlie third column by the same 
 tonnage and enter in the same column on the line intended for 
 ' ' average per ton. ' ' 
 
 Similarly, divide the "total assay contents" and "total gross 
 value" reported on Schedule No. 11 under Inquiry 6 and enter the 
 results in the fourth colunm. 
 
 Inquiry 6. — Copy the items entered on the face of this schedule 
 under "Sources of materials treated in 1902." Add separately all 
 domestic and all foreign material and enter the totals on this 
 schedule. 
 
 All schedules reporting foreign ores treated must be brouglit to 
 the attention of the expert special agent. 
 
 .5. Flnrers villi siamp mills. 
 
 As a rule, only the product of deep mines requires further treat- 
 ment at reduction works. The product of placer mines is gold dust 
 or amalgam, which can be sold to a United States mint or assay 
 office, or to a private refinery. In some cases, however, the placer 
 ground is cement, which must be crushed in order to wash out the 
 gold. This is done in a stamp mill. Accordingly, there are a few 
 reports on jilacer mines with reduction works. These should also 
 be segregated into a sejjarate group. 
 
 6. Old urine dumps and old mill tailings. 
 
 A separate class is formed by those mills which treat low grade 
 ore from old mine dumps or old mill tailings, which could not be 
 profitably treated with the old methods. In every case of this kind 
 the report on Schedule No. 11 and lib should be supplemented by 
 one on Schedule No. 10, giving the rent or royalties under Inquiry 
 10. These supplemental schedules must be prepared at this oflice. 
 Where the method of treatment is concentration, a Schedule No. 
 Ua should also be prepared in the manner indicated on a subse- 
 (|uent page. 
 
 The reports tor old dumps and old tailings should be assorted 
 into two separate groups. 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS FOR VERIFY! N(j AND (J0RREC:TING 
 THE LABOR AND WAciE INQUIRY ON THE MINING 
 SCHEDULE. 
 
 An a general rule, the amount of wages and the specified daily 
 rates reported should be accepted as correct. The main object of 
 the revision of this inquiry should be to harmonize the average 
 number of wage-earners, as returned in the several classes under 
 No. .3, employed during the year and the average number of wage- 
 earners at specified daily rates of pay with the amounts reported 
 for each class of employees, the rates of pay, and the time employed. 
 
 In revising the number of wage-earners of the several classes the 
 following rules should be followed; 
 
 Multiply separately the minimum and maximum of each daily 
 rate under which employees are reported by the number of em- 
 ployees; then multiply each product obtained by the number of 
 days in operation. The results will show the lowest and the high- 
 est amounts that could be received as wages. The results obtained 
 by this calculation should be compared wiih the amount of wages 
 reported for each class of emjiloyees under the first section of the 
 inquiry. 
 
 It the computation shows that the amount of wages reported tor 
 the different classes is within the maximum and minimum, the 
 number of each class of employees .should l)e considered as the 
 cfirrect average number for the time in operation. 
 
 If the schedule is properly filled out, the nuninmm amount (aa 
 derived from the above computations) can not be more, nor the 
 maximum amount less, than the actual amount of wages as reported 
 in the first section of the inquiry. Frequent exceptions to this 
 will be found in the class of engineers, firemen, machinists, etc. 
 These employees usually work full time, and there should be no 
 revision of the average number if the amount of wages reported is 
 equal to the amount obtained by the computations of the mini- 
 mum daily rates multi|ilied by 300 daj's. If the amount of wages 
 reported is less than the result oljtained by this computation, the 
 revisirm should be made in the usual manner. 
 
 The average number of miners, quarrymen, boj'S, and all other 
 classes of wage-earners, however, should in all cases be revised to 
 agree with4he daily rates and the number of days in operation, 
 gi^•ing due consideration, of course, to the fact that certain classes 
 of employees, as a rule, work a larger number of days than others, 
 jiarticularly if the mine does not work tlie entire number of days 
 in the year. 
 
 In reducing the average number of each class of workmen to the 
 average by the year, the liasis on which the reduction should be 
 made is the number of days in operation. Having ascertained the 
 average number of each class of workmen for the number of days in 
 opteratioii, llris number should he reduced in the proportion that the num- 
 ber of days in operation is of the entire number of working days in the 
 year, which siiould be considered as 300. The following is an exam- 
 ])le: Number of quarrymen and stonecutters reported, 6, which is 
 the average for the number of days in operation, 2.50: ^'^ x 6 = 5, 
 which is the average of employees for the entire year. Should 
 there be any fractional remainder, the following will serve as an 
 example of the method of revision: Number of miners reported 
 
APPP]NUIX C. 
 
 1123 
 
 98, which is the average fur the number of days in uperaliun, 178: 
 JoJj X 98 = 58.14, or cutting off the second decimal place, 58.1. 
 In all cases where the average number of wage-earners is less than 
 one, the fraction should be preceded by a cipher, as for instance, 
 "0.9." 
 
 Both in the fir.st and second sections of the wage inquiry the 
 average number of wage-earners should be carried out to one deci- 
 mal place and the corrected figures entered plainly (jn the sched- 
 ule in red ink, the old figures laeing crossed out. This reduction 
 should not be made in the salaried employees. 
 
 Where the mininunn wages is greater tlian tlie actual wages 
 paid, the average number should be reduced to the nuinlier that, 
 would earn the wages given at the minimum rate; (ir, slmuld the 
 maximum wages be less than the actual wages paid, the average 
 number should be increased to the number that would earn the 
 wages given at the maximum rate. 
 
 In reducing or increasing the numlier of hands iu tlie second 
 section of the inquiry, specified daily rates, the number to be de- 
 ducted or ailded should be taken from the different daily rates, in 
 the same proportion as the original number at each rate is to the 
 total number of the class under consideration. 
 
 Another question that should be considered in this connection is 
 the average number of wage-earners employed during each month. 
 As the schedules are originally reported, the number of each class 
 under the first section of the inquiry is usually the actual number 
 employed while the mine was in operation. The average number 
 
 of all classes of wage-earners for census purposes is the result ob- 
 tained by dividing the total of the numbers reported for each month 
 by 12. 
 
 An apparent contradiction will sometimes be noted between the 
 numlier of days in operation and the third section of the wage in- 
 (|uiry, showing the average number employed during each month. 
 For example, the full number of employees may be reported for 12 
 months, while the number of days in operation may be 250. This 
 may be explained by the fact that the idle days were distributed 
 throughout the 12 months, and in such cases the number of days 
 should be accepted as correct, if consistent with the average num- 
 ber of wage-earners and the amount paid. 
 
 If the number of ilays in operation is in excess of the working days 
 ill tin; number of months reported in the third section, the number 
 of mfinths should be revised to equal as nearly as possible the days 
 in operation. For example, the number of months may have been 
 reported as 7, or 175 days, while the nundier of days is reported as 
 240. In this case the numlser of months should be increased to 9, 
 or 225 days at 25 days per month. 
 
 Having revised and corrected the average number of wage-earners 
 in the first and second sections of the inquiry, the average number 
 repfirted each month should be added and the total divided by 12; 
 if the result is different from the total average number of wage- 
 earners, as revised, in the first and second sections, it should be 
 made to agree by changing the average number for each month in 
 the proportion that each is of the total. 
 
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