TN 
 24 
 N8 
 A15 
 
A 
 
 
 Cornell University Library 
 TN 24.N8A15 
 
 The minerals and mineral localities of N 
 
 3 1924 004 112 227 
 
 CORNELL 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 ^N§INiiRiNG Library 
 
THE MINERALS 
 
 MINERAL LOCALITIES 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA, 
 
 BEING CHAPTER I, OP THE SECOND VOLUME OF THE 
 
 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Reprinted by Order of the Board of Agriculture. 
 
 KALEIGH; 
 
 P. M. HALE, State Pkinteb and Bindbb. 
 
 1885. 
 

 njm<i>jLn.f 
 
 PRESSES OF 
 
 E. M. UZZELL 
 
 RALEIGH, N. C. 
 
GEOLOGY OF NORTH CHROLINS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 MINERALOGY. 
 
 BY F. A. GENTH AND W. C. KERR. 
 
 It has seemed desirable to give in this, as in the previous vol- 
 ume, a compendious account of the mineralogy of the State; and 
 the Survey has been fortunate in getting Dr. Genth, as before, to 
 prepare the body of the chapter on this subject. 
 
 The scope of the paper has been enlarged as compared with 
 the former "appendix," so as to include much new materials. 
 
 And in addition to the general synopsis, he has, by request, 
 thrown his accessible materials and mineral localities into the 
 form of a Catalogue of the minerals by counties. This brings 
 out and emphasizes the important fact of the very wide distribu- 
 tion of the mineral wealth of the State. 
 
 The mineralogical map which accompanies the volume will 
 make this feature of the subject still more impressive. 
 
 In 1871 (before the preparation of the appendix on minerals 
 for the report of 1875), Dr. Genth went over the entire collec- 
 tion in the State Museum, specimen by specimen, besides being 
 taken to visit many of the most interesting mineral localities of 
 the State. He was thus enabled to bring into view the latest 
 discoveries in this field, and to give a complete exposition of the 
 subject up to date. Since that time much new material has been 
 added to the State collection, which he has not had an opportu- 
 nity to examine, except in occasional instances, for the investiga- 
 tion of new species; and the range of occurrence of many known 
 species, and the number of localities yielding them have been 
 greatly extended; all these new data have been embodied. Sev- 
 
4 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 eral causes have been operative in giving a very considerable 
 impulse to the mineral development of the State, and the addi- 
 tion of many new species to the list of its known minerals, some 
 of them of great interest, and a number of them not hitherto or, 
 elsewhere discovered iu America. The Mica mining industry, 
 for example, has brought to light a great many new and rare 
 species. The Mica veins carry a larger number of rare and com- 
 plex combinations than those of any other description. Among 
 the minerals of this character which a number of these mines 
 have yielded, may be noted the following: 
 
 RARE MINERALS FOUND IN THE MICA MINES. 
 
 Samarskite, Urinite, Pyrochlore, 
 
 Hatchettolite, Allanite, Fergusonite, 
 
 Columbite, Gumraite, Phosphuranylite, 
 
 Beryl, Uranotil, Rogersite, 
 
 iEschinile, Uranochre, Tantalite, 
 
 Autunite, Euxenite, Yttrotantalite. 
 
 As an illustration of complexity of some of these mineral 
 combinations and the variety of rare elements entering into their 
 composition, one of the most common, Samarskite, contains 
 columbium, wolframium, tin, uranium, yttrium, zirconium, thorium, 
 and cerium; and Euxenite contains columbium, tantalum, tita- 
 nium, uranium, cerium, lanthanum and yttrium. 
 
 The corundum mines, iu the chrysolite ledges of the mountain 
 region, have also added to the catalogue a number of rare min- 
 erals, and some new to science. Among these are maconite, les- 
 leyite, wilcoxite, kerrite, culsagerite (all new), chromite, kokscha- 
 roflite, smaragdite, genthite, dudleyite, arfvedsonite, penninite, 
 bronzite, enstatite, picrolite, spinel, deweylite, prochlorite, cerolite, 
 fibrolite, margarite, damourite. 
 
 And the discovery of so many mineral rarities has attracted 
 scientific and amateur explorers and collectors from all quarters, 
 with the result of wider and more minute and systematic explo- 
 ration and search for new and rare minerals. ' Several parties 
 
MINERALOGY. 
 
 have spent moDths and years in this sort (if exploration, and 
 have added not only many new localities of known minerals, but 
 a number of species of rare occurrence and great scientific (and 
 occasionally economic) interest. Prof. John T. Humphreys, 
 for example, has spent four years in a systematic exploration of 
 half a dozen counties in the middle and piedmont sections of the 
 State, and has discovered, among other things, a great many very 
 interesting and unique forms of (juartz crystals and rutiles, and 
 has added a great number to the list of new mineral localities; 
 all of which he has kindly communicated to me for this report. 
 A large part of the valuable list of localities in the catalogues 
 of Catawba and Burke, we owe to him, as well as a number in 
 Alexander and elsewhere. In his extraordinary collection of 
 quartzes, he has "one group of 13 smoky crystals, having 52 
 moveable bubbles and 9 basal planes, and one crystal with a 
 basal plane and enclosing a gas, a liquid, and a solid." 
 
 Mr. J. A. D. Stevenson, of Statesville, has also discovered 
 during the last few years a great many new and most interesting 
 mineral localities and minerals in Iredell and Alexander, and 
 much of the interest and value of the mineral lists for those 
 counties is due directly or indirectly to him. 
 
 And his discoveries, and those of Prof. Humphreys, which 
 they have generously and freely made public, for the benefit of 
 all who might be interested, and the new discoveries in the 
 mountains, have attracted to these fields amateurs and students, 
 who are continuing the search with much success. Among these, 
 Mr. W. E. Hidden, of New York, has spent many months in 
 explorations and mining for these mineral rarities, and has him- 
 self added a number of very interesting discoveries, which are 
 noted in the proper place. He has furnished some valual)le 
 notes of his observations and discoveries in several counties, 
 which are inserted at the end of this chapter. Of especial 
 interest is his investigation of the supposed diopside of Alex- 
 ander, which turns out to be a new variety of spodumeiie, and 
 is likely to prove a matter of commercial interest. 
 
6 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Dr. C. L. Hunter has also kindly furnished a list of mineral 
 localities in Gaston, Lincoln and elsewhere. 
 
 From Mr. G. B. Hanna, of the U. S. Assay Office, Charlotte, 
 I have also obtained quite an extended list of mineral localities 
 of the neighboring gold region. And to Prof. A. A. Julien the 
 survey is indebted for notes of the occurrence of notable miner- 
 als at many points in the mica mining section of the State, and 
 elsewhere. 
 
 The present chapter includes, therefore, in addition to the 
 materials which Dr. Genth had embodied, all the information on 
 the subject that has been gathered from ail these and many other 
 sources, up to Dec. 16, J 880, several valuable items having been 
 received within a few days, so that the list of North Carolina 
 mineral species has been very considerably extended, and I have 
 been able to add several new ones within the last few weeks. 
 
 The number given in 1875 was 140; it has now reached 178, 
 an increase of more than 2.5 per cent. This is a greater number 
 of species than has been discovered in any other State; and if 
 there had been means to make a complete investigation of all the 
 materials in hand, the number would probably have fallen little 
 .short of 200. 
 
 The first part of this chapter stands substantially as Dr. Genth 
 prepared it, except as to about a dozen species, which I have 
 since added, and also except a large number of localities added 
 from the sources above mentioned, that were not accessible to 
 him. 
 
 The second part of the chapter, the catalogue, has been more 
 than doubled since it left his hands. Such has been the rapid 
 growth of our knowledge in this department in ten years; and 
 the indications are that the next decade will furnish the means 
 of a still greater advance. 
 
 It is deemed of sufficient practical interest, from an economic 
 point of view, to signalize for special note, the wide distribution 
 of some of the more valuable metallic ores — of gold, iron and 
 copper, and the a.ssociated ores of zinc, lead and silver. 
 
MINERALOGY. / 
 
 Gold occurs almost universally wherever the rocks are not 
 covered up by drifts, both free and in association with pysite 
 and chalcopyrite, &e., as will be seen by a glance at the cata- 
 logue. 
 
 Ieon is found in all the sections and in nearly all the counties 
 of the State, in some of its ores, magnetite {gray ore), hematite (spec- 
 ular), limonite {brown ore), siderite {ball ore and black band), &c. 
 
 Copper occurs in a majority of the counties in which the 
 rocks (and veins) are not concealed by superficial deposits, in the 
 common ores, chalcopyrite and barnhardtite {copper pyrites or yd- 
 low copper), ohalcocite {copper glance), melaconite {black copper), 
 malachite and chrysocolla {green coppe/r), azurite aiid covellite {blue 
 copper), bornite {purple copper), besides cuprite {red copper), and 
 many other less important ores. 
 
 Zinc occurs in many places in the ore sphalerite (blende), com- 
 monly associated with the more common ore of Lead, viz: 
 galenite (galena), which will be noted as of very frequent occur- 
 rence. 
 
 Silver is very commonly associated with gold, both the fi'ee 
 gold of the placers (or gravels) as a native alloy, and as argentite 
 (silver glance), in combination with galenite, above mentioned as 
 the leading ore of lead, and its frequent association with copper 
 will also be noted. 
 
 The wide distribution of many other useful minerals will be 
 also observed at a glance ; e. g., muscovite (mica), chromite, corun- 
 dum, caloite, in limestone beds in the piedmont and mountain 
 sections, and in marl beds in most of the eastern counties, barite, 
 kaolin, &c., &c. 
 
 The following is the list of mineral species hitherto found in 
 the State and described below : 
 
 Native Elements. Sulphids, &c. 
 
 1. Gold. 7. Lead. 12. Bismutliinite. 
 
 2. Silver. 8. Antimony. 13. Tetradyniile. 
 
 3. Platinum. 9. Sulphur. 14. Molybdenite. 
 
 4. Palladium. 10. Diamond. 15. Argentite. 
 
 5. Copper. 11. Graphite. 16. Galenite. 
 
 6. Iron. 17- Altaite. 
 
GEOLOGY OF NOETH CAROLINA. 
 
 18. Bornite. 
 19 Sphalerite. 
 
 20. Chalcocite. 
 
 21. Troilite. 
 
 22. Pyrrhotite. 
 
 23. Schreibersite. 
 
 24. Pyrite. 
 
 25. Chalcopyrite. 
 
 26. Barnhardtite. 
 
 27. Marcasite. 
 
 28. Leucopyrite. 
 
 29. Arsenopyrite. 
 
 30. Nagyagite. 
 
 31. Covellite. 
 
 Sulpharsenids, &c. 
 
 32. Proiistite. 
 
 33. Aikinite. 
 
 34. Tetrahedrite. 
 
 Chlorids, &c. 
 
 35. Halite. 
 
 36. Cerargyrite. 
 
 37. Ferrous chloride. 
 
 Fluorids. 
 
 38. Fluorite. 
 
 39. Yttrocerite. 
 
 Oxixles. 
 
 40. Cuprite. 
 
 41. Melaeonite. 
 
 42. Corundum. 
 
 43. Hematite. 
 
 44. Menaccanite. 
 
 45. Spinel. 
 
 46. Gahnite. 
 
 47. Magnetite. 
 
 48. Chromite. 
 
 49. Uraninite. 
 
 50. Rutile. 
 
 51. Anatase. 
 
 52. Brookite. 
 
 53. Pvroliisite. 
 
 54. Braunite. 
 
 55. Hausmannite. 
 
 56. Diaspore. 
 
 57. Goethite. 
 
 58. Limonite. 
 
 59. Gummite. 
 
 60. Pslilomelane. 
 
 61. Wad. 
 
 62. Senarmontite. 
 
 63. Bismite. 
 
 64. Molyhdite. 
 
 65. Quartz. 
 
 66. Opal. 
 
 Silicates. 
 
 67. Enstatite. 
 
 68. Pyroxene. 
 69.. Spodnmene. 
 
 70. Amphibole. 
 
 71. Smaragdite. 
 
 72. Arfvedsonite. 
 
 73. Crocodolite. 
 
 74. Beryl. 
 
 75. Chrysolite. 
 
 76. Garnet. 
 
 77. Zircon. 
 
 78. Vesuvianite. 
 
 79. Epidote. 
 
 80. Allanite. 
 
 81. Zoisite. 
 
 82. Phlogopite. 
 
 83. Biotite. 
 
 84. Muscovite. 
 
 85. Lahradorite. 
 
 86. Andesite. 
 
 87. Oligoclase. 
 
 88. Albite. 
 
 89. Orthoclase. 
 
 90. Tourmaline. 
 
 91. Fibrolite. 
 
 92. Cyanite. 
 
 93. Topaz. 
 
 94. Euclase. 
 
 95. Titanite. 
 
 96. Staurolite. 
 
 Hydrous Silicates. 
 
 97. Chrysocolla. 
 
 98. Calamine. 
 
 99. Talc. 
 
 100. Pyrophylite. 
 
 101. Stilpnomelane. 
 
 102. Glauconite. 
 
 103. Serpentine. 
 
 104. Deweylite. 
 
 105. Cerolite. 
 
 106. Genthite. 
 
 107. Kaolinite. 
 
 108. Saponite. 
 
 109. Halloysite. 
 
 110. Pinite. 
 
 111. Margarodite. 
 
 112. Paragonite. 
 
 113. Damonrite. 
 
 114. Culsageeite. 
 
 115. Kerrite. 
 
 116. Maconite. 
 
 117. Penninite. 
 
 118. Prochlorite. 
 
 119. Chloritoid. 
 
 120. Wilcoxite. 
 
 121. Margarite. 
 
 122. Dudleyite. 
 
 123. Uranotil. 
 
 124. Uranochre. 
 
 125. Zippeite. 
 
 Tantalates, &c. 
 
 126. Pyrochlore. 
 
 127. Platchettolite. 
 
 128. Tantalite. 
 
 129. Colnmbite. 
 
 130. Yttrotantalite. 
 
 131. Samarskite. 
 
 132. Euxenite. 
 
 133. ^schynite. 
 
 134. Rutherfordite. 
 
 135. Fergusonite. 
 
MINERALOGY. 
 
 136. Rogersite. 
 
 Phosphates, &c. 
 
 137. Xenotime. 
 
 138. Apatite. 
 
 139. Pyromorphite. 
 
 140. Monazite. 
 
 141. Vivianite. 
 
 142. Olivenite. 
 
 143. Pseudomalacliite. 
 
 144. Laziilite. 
 14-5. Scorodite. 
 
 146. Wavellite. 
 
 147. Pharmacosiderite. 
 
 148. Dufrenite. 
 
 149. Phospuranylite. 
 
 150. Antunite. 
 
 151. Nitre. 
 
 Tungstates, &c. 
 
 152. Wolframite. 
 
 153. Rhombic Tung- 
 state of Lime. 
 
 154. Scheelite. 
 
 155. Cuproscheelite. 
 
 156. Stolzite. 
 
 Sulphates, &c. 
 
 157. Barite. 
 
 158. Anglesite. 
 
 159. Crocoite. 
 
 160. Melanterite. 
 
 161. Goslarite.. 
 
 162. Chalcanthite. 
 
 163. Alunogen. 
 
 164. Jarosite. 
 
 165. Montanite. 
 
 Carbonates. 
 
 166. Oalcite. 
 
 167. Dolomite. 
 
 168. Magnesite. 
 
 169. Siderite. 
 
 170. Rliodochrosite. 
 
 171. Ceriissite. 
 
 172. Malaciiite. 
 
 173. Azurite. 
 
 174. Bismiitite. 
 
 Mineral Coal. 
 
 175. Anthracite. 
 
 176. Bituminous Coal. 
 
 177. Lignite. 
 
 Organic Compounds. 
 
 178. Succinite. 
 
 Prof. W. C. Kerr, 
 
 State Geologist of North Carolina : 
 
 Sir: — I beg to submit a revised list of tiie minerals found in 
 North Carolina, which I have prepared in compliance with your 
 request. 
 
 Since the publication of the first preliminary report, many 
 species have been added, and the true nature of others has been 
 established, but, for the want of an appropriation for this special 
 purpose, no systematic investigation of the whole domain of 
 mineralogy could be attempted. For this reason a great many 
 interesting occurrences have not been studied and doubts rest on 
 many as to their true nature, and it must be left to the future to 
 clear up obscurities yet existing. 
 
 Instead of giving, as in the first report, merely the names and 
 localities, I have added all the analyses of N. C. minerals which 
 I have been enabled to find in scientific periodicals, and I have 
 made, or had made in the Laboratory of the University of 
 
10 GEOLOGY OF KOETH CAEOLINA. 
 
 Pennsylvauia, a number of others which appeared to be of im- 
 portance, for the correct determination of many species. 
 
 As an appendix to the list of minerals, I have, as far as I have 
 been able to do so, arranged them by the counties in which they 
 are found. 
 
 The systematic arrangement is the same which was followed 
 in the first report. 
 
 I have received generous aid in the preparation of this report 
 by contributions of valuable specimens, and communications of 
 new localities and suggestions from Mrs. H. A. Burdiek, of 
 Franklin, Macon county, of Mr. J. A. D. Stevenson, of States- 
 ville, Prof. J. T. Humphreys, of Greensboro, and others, to 
 whom I am greatly indebted for their disinterested kindness.. 
 
 From this list of the North Carolina minerals it will be ob- 
 served that since the publication of the first report about eight 
 years ago, twenty-three* species have been added, which were 
 either new, or not yet distinguished. 
 
 All of which is respectfully submitted, 
 
 F. A. GENTH. 
 
 March 13th, 1880. 
 
 * As stated on a preceding page, this number has been increased to 38 at 
 the date of publication, in December, 1880. 
 
 W. C. KEER. 
 
MINERALOGY. 11 
 
 MINERALS. 
 
 I. NATIVE ELEMENTS. 
 1. GOLD. 
 
 Gold occurs in numerous localities throughout the State, gen- 
 erally in quartz veins of the gneissic, granitic and dioritic rocks, 
 also in those of the talcose, chloritic and argillaceous slates, and 
 in beds of the slates themselves, and in gravel deposits, the debris 
 of the decomposed rocks and veins. The principal counties in 
 which it has been found in sufficient quantity for exploitation 
 are: Franklin, Nash, Granville, Alamance, Chatham, Moore, 
 Guilford, Davidson, Randolph, Montgomery, Stanly, Union, 
 Cabarrus, Rowan, Mecklenburg, Lincoln, Gaston, Catawba, 
 Caldwell, Burke, McDowell, Rutherford, Polk, Cleveland, Cher- 
 okee, Jackson, Transylvania and Watauga. 
 
 It is generally more or less alloyed with silver, varying from 
 pure gold on the one side to pure silver on the other. Near the 
 surface it is usually associated with limonite and at a greater 
 depth of the deposits with pyrite, chalcopyrite, galenite, zinc- 
 blende, tetradymite, arsenopyrite. rarely with altaite and nagya- 
 gite. Specimens of gold, remarkable for their size, have been 
 found at the Reid Mine, in Cabarrus county, the Crump Mine 
 and the Swift Island Mine, in Montgomery county, (at the lat- 
 ter place in plates, covered with octahedral crystals), at the 
 Cansler & Shuford Mine, in Gaston county, and the Little John 
 Mine, in Caldwell county, and Pax Hill in Burke county. Very 
 beautiful arborescent gold has been obtained from the Shemwell 
 vein in Rutherford county. The variety, "electrum," contain- 
 ing from 36 to 40 per cent, of silver, has been met with in octa- 
 hedral crystals at Ward's Mine, in Davidson county ; also, in 
 Union county, at tiie Pewter Mine, and associated with galenite 
 and zincblende at the Stewart and Lemmond mines, and in the 
 neighborhood of Gold Hill, Rowan county. 
 
12 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 According to Dr. Asbury, very interesting specimens have 
 been found at Silver Hill, when the njine was first opened, con- 
 sisting of lumps of several inches in length, one end of which 
 was pure gold, while the other was pure silver. None of them 
 have been preserved. 
 
 2. SILVER. 
 
 This is, on tlie whole, a rare mineral in North Carolina. It 
 has been obtained in considerable quantities at Silver Hill, in its 
 native state, foliated and in plates in cerussite, also associated 
 with argentite, galenite, zincblende, in small lumns, and arbores- 
 cent and filiform masses; it has also been found in small plates 
 and reticulated masses, associated with tetrahedrite and zinc- 
 blende, at the McMakin Mine, in Cabarrus county; two speci- 
 mens of laminated silver have been observed by Dr. Asbury, at 
 the Asbury Mine, in Gaston county; it has also been found by 
 Hon. C. J. Cowles, of the Charlotte Mint, associated with chal- 
 cocite, at Gap Creek Mine, Ashe county, and rarely with the 
 gold ores of Scott's Hill, Burke county. 
 
 3. PLATINUM. 
 
 The occurrence of grains of platinum among the sands of 
 gold-washings of Rutherford and Burke counties, was first 
 brought to notice by General Clingmau, who sent half a dozen 
 grains from a mine near Jeanestown, to Prof. C. U. Shepard. 
 
 It has also been found on Brown Mountain, in Burke, north- 
 we,st of Morganton, on Gen. R. F. Hoke's land. It is reported 
 as having been found near Burnsville, Yancev county. 
 
 4. PALLADIUM, 
 General Clingman sent a specimen to Prof. C. U. Shepard, 
 which came probably from Burke or JRutherford counties, which 
 the latter pronounced "native palladium." 
 
 5. COPPER. 
 It has been found in small quantities in several mines, prin- 
 cipally near the surface, so in minute distorted crystals with 
 
MINERALOGY. 13 
 
 limonite at the McOuUoch Mine, in Guilford county, arbores- 
 cent and in crystalline plates at the Union Copper Mine, in 
 Cabarrus county, near Gold Hill; one lump of copper, about 
 two inches in size, much resembling that from the CliflF Mine, 
 Lake Superior, said to have been found in Stokes county, is in 
 the Museum at E,aleigh ; it also occurs in quartz and epidote- 
 rock at Harris mountain, one-half mile east of Gillis Mine, Per- 
 son county, and at Wolf Creek Mine, Jackson county, and Ore 
 Knob, Ashe county. A very interesting association is that of 
 native copper in quartz crystals from lower Mecklenburg county, 
 as observed by Mr. E. Bissell. 
 
 6. IRON. 
 
 No terrestrial native iron has been observed in North Caro- 
 lina, but a great number of highly interesting meteoric masses 
 have been found in the State; many of them have been pre- 
 served through the the industrious perseverance of General 
 Clingman, and were described by Prof. Shepard. The meteorites 
 found were both irons and stones. They are: 
 
 1. The Caswell county iron, which fell on January 7th, 1880; 
 it weighed three pounds, and was described by Madison. 
 
 2. The Guilford county iron was found in 1820: weighed 
 twenty-eight pounds, and was described by C. U. Shepard in 
 1841. 
 
 3. The Randolph county iron was found in 1822, and weighed 
 about two pounds; it was described by C. U. Shepard; it is 
 highly crystalline, distinctly foliated and presents thin, much 
 interlaced, laminae. When polished and etched it shows very 
 fine, almost invisible, feathery lines, much resembling hoar-frost 
 on a window pane. It is, according to Shepard, pure iron with 
 cobalt only in traces. It has a hardness like the best tempered 
 steel, and a spec, gravity := 7.618. 
 
 4. The Black Mountain iron, from the head of the Swannanoa 
 river, 15 miles east of Asheville. It weighed twenty-one 
 ounces and is evidently a fragment from a larger mass. It is 
 highly crystalline, laminated, the laminse being about one-tenth 
 
14 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 of an inch in thickness and arranged parallel to octahedral 
 planes. Sulphide of irou being inclosed between the laminae 
 renders it subject to rapid weathering. The analysis by C. U. 
 Shepard gave 
 
 Iron, 96.04 
 
 Nickel with trace of cobalt, 2.52 
 
 Insoluble, sulphur and loss, 1-44 
 
 Spec. Grav. 7.261. 
 
 It was discovered in 1835. 
 
 5. The Ashevilie iron, discovered in 1839 on Col. Baird's 
 plantation near the French Broad river, six miles north of Ashe- 
 vilie. It weighed about thirty pounds. It contains chloride 
 of iron. 
 
 6. The Buncombe county iron, found in 1845 and described 
 by C. U. Shepard in 1846, weighed about twenty-seven pounds. 
 
 7. The Hominy Creek iron, near the base of Pisgah Moun- 
 tain, ten tniles west of Ashevilie. It weighed between five and 
 six pounds. It is vesicular near the surface, and is said to con- 
 tain chrysolite, and becomes more compact towards the central 
 portion. The polished and etched poi'tions of the compact 
 meteorite show the most delicate Widmannstsedtean figures, con- 
 sisting of very minute and thickly interspersed triangular figures. 
 Spec. grav. 7.32. The analysis by Clark gave 
 
 Iron, 93.225 
 
 Nickel (cobalt) 0.236 
 
 Iron, Nickel, Phosphorus and Graphite 4.76-5 
 
 Copper and tin, 0.099 
 
 Sulphur, 0.543 
 
 Silicon, 0..501 
 
 Magnesium, Manganese, traces. 
 
 99.369 
 
 8. The Madison county iron, from Jewel Hill. Several 
 masses have been found; one in 1857, which weighed about 
 forty pounds, and which seems to have disappeared, if that de- 
 scribed by J. L. Smith, of eight pounds and thirteen ounces, of 
 which he says it had been discovered in 1856, is not a portion of 
 
MINEEALOGY. 15 
 
 it. The other, found in August, 1873, about one mile east of 
 the first, has been analyzed by B. S. Burton. It weighed when 
 found twenty-five pounds. It shows indistinct Widmannstaedtean 
 figures on etching, and has a spec. grav. of 7.46. Both masses 
 show constant deliquescence from chloride of iron. 
 The analyses gave: 
 
 J. L. Smith, B. 8. Burton. 
 
 Iron 91.12 94 24 
 
 Nickel, 7.82 5.17 
 
 Cobalt, 0.43 0.37 
 
 Phosphorus, 0.08 insoluble 0.15 (Silica, Iron, Nickel, Chrome and 
 
 Copper, trace. trace. Phosphorus.) 
 
 99.45 100.07 
 
 9. The Haywood county iron, described by Shepard, weighed 
 only J of an ounce. It is highly crystalline; when polished 
 and etched shows brilliant Widmannstsedtean figures; it is also 
 irregularly veined by a black mineral, which appears to be mag- 
 netite. Spec. grav. 7.419. Contains Iron, Nickel, Chrome and 
 Phosphorus. 
 
 10. The Rockingham county iron, from Smith's Mountain, two 
 miles north of Madison, found in an old field, grown up with 
 pines, but cultivated ten or fifteen years previously. It fell 
 probably in the interval. The original weight was 11 pounds, 
 the greater portion of which is preserved in the Museum at Ral- 
 eigh. It is highly crystalline and on etching gives fine Wid- 
 mannstsedtean figures, showing that it consists of probably three 
 different kinds of iron. Contains also Schreibersite, in short, 
 very minute quadratic crystals, and according to J. L. Smith, 
 solid chloride of iron. Spec. grav. 7.78. It has been analyzed 
 by me and J. L. Smith as follows: 
 
 Genih. Smith. 
 
 Iron 90.41 90.88 
 
 Nickel, \ 874 8.08 
 
 Cobalt, / "•'* 0.50 
 
 Copper, 0.11 0.03 
 
 rlron, 0.27 
 
 Insoluble Phosphide, \ Nickel (Cobalt) 0.33 
 
 (.Phosphorus, 0.14 0.03 
 
 100.00 99.46 
 
16 
 
 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 11. The Cabarrus county stone fell on Oct. 31st, 1849. It 
 weighed 18J pounds and was an irregularly shaped mass resem- 
 bling a truncated foursided pyramid on the base, a rounded uiidu- 
 latory surface, coated with a black coherent crust. Tough, 
 Color dark bluish grey, mottled with grains and crystals of 
 lighter color. In structure subporphyritic. Spec. grav. 3.60 — 
 3.66. 
 
 According to C. U. Shepard it contains: 
 
 Niccoliferous iron (with chrome), 6.320 
 
 Sulphide of iron, 3.807 
 
 Silicic acid, 56.168 
 
 Ferrous oxide, 18.108 
 
 Magnesia, 10.406 
 
 Alumina, 1.707 
 
 Lime, Soda, Potash and loss,.... 3.394 
 
 100.000 
 
 12. The Nash county stones fell May 14th, 1874, near Cas- 
 talia. Perhaps a dozen or more stones fell, of which three have 
 been found, one of over 12 pounds, the others of 2^ and 1^^ 
 pounds. They have a dull black coating and consist of darker 
 and lighter portions. Spec. grav. 2.601. The analysis by J. L. 
 Smith shows that it is composed of 
 
 Niccoliferous iron, 15.21 
 
 Stony mineral, 84.79 
 
 The niccoliferous iron contains: 
 Iron, 92.12 
 
 Nickel, 6.20 
 
 Cobalt 0.41 
 
 Copper and Phosphorus not de- 
 termined. 
 
 98.73 
 
 The stony portion is partly soluble in acids, leaving 47.2 p. c. 
 undissolved: 
 
 Insoluble part: 
 
 Silicic acid 52.61 
 
 Alumina, 4.80 
 
 Ferrous oxide, ' 13.21 
 
 Magnesia 27.31 
 
 Soda with traces of potash, 1.38 
 
 Sulphur, 
 
 99.31 
 
 Soluble part : 
 
 38.01 
 
 0.46 
 
 17.51 
 
 41.27 
 
 1.01 
 98.26 
 
 The insoluble portion is mostly bronzite; the soluble, chryso- 
 lite, with small particles of anorthite and enstatite. 
 
MINERALOGY. 17 
 
 13. A peculiar substance, consisting principally of iron and 
 silicon, supposed to be of meteoric origin, has been found near 
 Rutherford ton. 'Shepard described it and called it "ferrosilicine." 
 
 14. The Davidson county iron was recently identified by W. 
 E. Hidden. The following is his description : "On the I9th 
 of July, 1879, while Mr. Gray W. Harris was prospecting for 
 gold on his plantation near Lick Creek, Davidson county, he 
 found in a ditch, a nugget of what appeared to him to be silver. 
 It was covered with a thick, scaly crust of iron oxide; weighed 
 two and three-fourths pounds (2f lbs.); was pear shaped, mea- 
 sured 4|- by 2J inches over its broadest surface, and about one 
 in thickness. Wherever cut or hammered it showed a white 
 metallic mass underlaying the red crust. 
 
 "This iron has been analyzed by Dr. J. Lawrence Smith and 
 J. B. Mackintosh, E. M. I here give the average of four closely 
 agreeing analyses : 
 
 Iron 93.00 per cent. 
 
 Nickel 5.74 " " 
 
 Cobalt 0.52 " " 
 
 Phosphorus, 0.36" " 
 
 Total percent 99.62 
 
 Traces of sulphur, chlorine and copper; carbon not determined. 
 
 "This iron does not show the customary Widmannstsedtean 
 
 figures." 
 
 7. LEAD. 
 
 A few small irregular lumps of what has been alleged to be 
 " native lead," were received from Messrs. Bechtler, of Morgan- 
 ton. They were said to have been dug up four miles north of 
 Morganton, in making a road near the Catawba river. 
 
 8. ANTIMONY. 
 
 A small piece of native antimony was received from Dr. Hun- 
 ter. It is quite pure and free from arsenic, but coated with a 
 crust of antimonic oxide. From a small vein in Burke county. 
 
18 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAEOLINA. 
 
 9. SULPHUE. 
 
 It is frequently met with in minute crystals in cellular quartz,, 
 filling the cavities formerly occupied by pyrite, in Cabarrus, 
 Mecklenburg, Gaston, Caldwell, Surry and Stokes counties; it 
 also occurs diffused through the interstices of a white quartzose 
 sandrock in Lincoln county. 
 
 10. DIAMOND. 
 
 This rare gem has been repeatedly found in North Carolina, 
 and the following occurrences have been well established. In 
 every instance it was found associated with gold and zircons, 
 sometimes with monazite and other rare minerals in gravel beds, 
 resulting from giieissic rocks, but it has never been observed in 
 the North Carolina etacolumite or any debris resulting from its 
 disintegration. The first diamond was found in 1843 by Dr. M. 
 F. Stephenson, of Gainesville, Georgia, at the ford of Brindle- 
 town creek. It was an octahedron, valued at about one hundred 
 dollars. Another from the same neighborhood came into posses- 
 sion of Prof Featherstonehough, while acting as United States 
 Geologist. 
 
 The third diamond, at Twitty's Mine, Rutherford county, was 
 observed in 1846, by General Clingman, in D. J. Twitty's col- 
 lection, and has been described by Prof Shepard. Its form is a 
 distorted hexoctahedron, and its color yellowish. 
 
 The fourth came from near Cottage Home, in Lincoln county, 
 where it was discovered in the spring of 1852, and was recog- 
 nized by Dr. C. L. Hunter. It is greenish and in form similar 
 to the last, but more elongated. 
 
 A very beautiful diamond was found in the summer of 1852 
 in Todd's branch, Mecklenl)urg county. It was nearly of the 
 first water and a perfect crystal. It was in possession of the late 
 Dr. Andrews, of Charlotte. Dr. Andrews informed me that a 
 very beautiful diamond of considerable size, like a small chinka- 
 pin, and of black color, had been found at the same locality, by 
 three persons, while washing for gold. In their ignorance, be- 
 
MINERALOGY. 19 
 
 lieving that it could not be broken, they smashed it to pieces. 
 Dr. Andrews tested the hardness of a fragment, which scratched 
 corundum with facility, proving it to be a diamond. 
 
 A very beautiful octahedral diamond of first water has been 
 found many years ago at the Portis' Mine, Franklin county. 
 There is a report that a second one has been found at the same 
 locality. 
 
 A small diamond was found a few years ago in McDowell 
 county, on the head waters of Muddy Creek. 
 
 11. GRAPHITE. 
 
 Graphite has been found at numerous localities. It forms 
 large beds in the gneissoid and micaceous schists; sometimes 
 very minute scales are disseminated through the gneissic and 
 micaceous, and occasionally the Hmestone rocks. In most places 
 it is impure and gritty; at others, purer and better varieties have 
 been obtained. The largest beds occur in Wake county, others 
 in Lincoln, Cleveland, Catawba, Alexander, Stokes, Surry, 
 Wilkes, Person, Alleghany, Johnston and Yancey counties. 
 
 II. COMPOUNDS. 
 
 I. SULPHIDS AND TeLLURIDS OF MeTALS OF THE SULPHUR 
 
 AND Arsenic Groups. 
 12. BISMDTHINITE. 
 
 In very minute crystals and specks in the chloritic slate asso- 
 ciated with gold, chalcopyrite and pyrite at the Earnhardt vein 
 of Gold Hill, Rowan county. 
 
 13. TETRADYMITE. VAE. 2. SULPHU.EOUS. 
 
 This rare mineral has been found associated with gold in 
 quartz at David Beck's Mine, five miles west of Silver Hill, and 
 at the Allen Mine, in Davidson county; also in minute scales in 
 Cabarrus county, at the Phoenix Mine, Boger Mine, Cullen's 
 Mine, at the Asbury vein, in Gaston county, at Capt. Mills' 
 Mine, in Burke county, and Capt. Kirksey's, McDowell county. 
 
20 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 I have analyzed the tedradymite from Davidson county, and 
 that from the Phoenix Mine, Cabarrus county, after deducting 
 quartz and gold, and found 
 
 Davidson Co. Phanix Mine. 
 
 Tellurium 33.84 36.28 
 
 Sulphur 5.27 5.01 
 
 Selenium, trace. 
 
 Bismuth 61.35 57.70 
 
 Copper, 0'^^ 
 
 Iron, 0-54 
 
 100.46 99.94 
 
 14. MOLYBDENITE. 
 
 In granite and quartz veins, in fine scales in the neighborhood 
 of the Pioneer Mills Mine, Cabarrus county; also, in Guilford 
 county, and at Peach Bottom M., Alleghany county, at Haskett's 
 Macon county, and in many other places west of the Blue Eidge. 
 
 II. SuLPHiDS, &c., OF Metals of the Iron, Gold and 
 Tin Groups. 
 
 15. ARGENTITE. 
 
 In small grains, associated with native silver, in the ores of 
 Silver Hill, David.son county, and the McMakin Mine, in Cabar- 
 rus county, also in slates of Montgomery county. (Emmons). 
 Found also at the Cheek M., Moore county, and at Higdon's M., 
 in the Cowee Mts., and in Swain county. 
 
 16. GALENITE. 
 
 At Silver Hill, sometimes in highly argentiferous, crystalline, 
 bluish grey masses, also coarsely and finely granular. In coarse 
 grained masses at the Hoover Mine and Boss Mine, in Randolph 
 county, and the McMakin Mine, Cabarrus county, in small 
 quantities at Miller's Mine, Baker Mine and Little John Mine, 
 in Caldwell county, at Pax Hill, in Burke county, in Alexander 
 county, at Cansler & Shuford Mine, the Asbury Mine and King's 
 
MINERALOGY. 21 
 
 Mountain Mine, and at Crowder's Mountain Barite Mine, and at 
 the Oliver M., in Gaston county; highly auriferous and argenti- 
 ferous galenite occurs at the Stewart Mine, Lemmond M., Phifer 
 M., Smart M., Moore M., and at the Crowell M., and elsewhere 
 in Cabarrus, and at Long Mine in Union county, at the Cheek 
 M., Moore county; with copper ores it is found at the Clegg's 
 and Williams' Mines, in Chatham county; the Peach Bottom 
 Mine, in Alleghany county; at Marshall, in Madison county, with 
 gold at Murphy, Cherokee county, and in Lincoln, Macon, 
 Swain and Surry. Specimens of fine grained galenite have also 
 been obtained from Beech Mountain, in Watauga, and on Elk 
 creek, Wilkes county, at the Steele Mine, Montgomery county, 
 and at the Crowell M. and elsewhere in Cabarrus county. 
 
 17. ALTAITE. 
 
 This exceedingly rare mineral occurs associated with gold, 
 nagyagite, galenite, &c., at King's Mountain Mine, Gaston 
 county. 
 
 18. BORNITE OR VARIEGATED COPPER ORE. 
 
 I have crystalline specimens of Bornite from Guilford county, 
 probably from the Gardner Hill Mine; it is of somewhat rare 
 occurrence in North Carolina, but has been found with other 
 copper ores at Clegg's Mine, in Chatham County, Marshall, in 
 Madison county. Peach Bottom, Alleghany county, and the Gap 
 Creek Mine, Ashe county, and near Concord, Cabarrus county, 
 and at Wells' farm in Gaston. 
 
 19. SPHALERITE OR ZINCBLENDE. 
 
 This mineral occurs in quantities sufficient for exploitation 
 only at a few mines. The principal localities are Silver Hill and 
 Silver Valley, in Davidson county, and the McMakin Mine, in 
 Cabarrus county, where it is found associated with silver ores; 
 associated with gold ores at Stewart, Lemmond, Long and Moore 
 Mines, and rarely at the Union Mine, in Union county; in lime- 
 stone at Dobson's Mine, Cedar Cove, McDoM'ell county, and in 
 
22 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Macon county; in small quantities with other ores at King's 
 Mountain Mine, in Gaston county; at Clayton, in Johnston 
 county, near Marshall, in Madison county, and on Uwharrie river, 
 Davidson county, at the Steele Mine, Montgomery county, at 
 Peach Bottom M., Alleghany county, Crowder's Mountain, Gas- 
 ton county, and the Smart M., Union county. 
 
 20. CHALGOCITE. 
 
 This is also a copper ore, but rarely met v^ith in the State. 
 The massive variety has been found at the Ore Knob Mine, in 
 Ashe county; also, associated with bornite at Gap Creek Mine, 
 Ashe county, the Waryhnt and Wolf Creek Mines, in Jackson 
 county, the Gillis Mine, and Mill Creek M., in Person county; 
 also, at the Pioneer Mills Mine in Cabarrus, at A. Nichols', in 
 Swain, and in Guilford county, as a product of the alteration of 
 other copper ores, and rarely with silver ores at Silver Hill. 
 
 21. TKOILITE. 
 
 Interlaminated with the meteoric iron from the Black Moun- 
 tain, Buncombe county. 
 
 32. PYRRHOTITE. 
 
 Compact pyrrhotite is found at the bottom of the Asbury shaft 
 in Gaston county, also associated with chalcopyrite at the Elk 
 Knob Mine, Ashe county, and on E. Fork and W. Fork of 
 Pigeon river, Haywood county, and in Transylvania couiity, and 
 near Hickory in Catawba county, and at Thorn Mtn. M., Macon 
 county, and in Surry and Wilkes (Trap Hill). 
 
 23. SCHREIBER8ITE. (Rhabdite). 
 
 This mineral, of meteoric origin, has been observed in minute 
 quadratic prisms of great brilliancy in the meteoric iron of 
 Smith's Mountain, Rockingham county, and in less distinct par- 
 ticles in all the meteoric irons. 
 
MINERALOGY. 23 
 
 24. PYEITE. 
 
 Pyrite is one of the most common minerals of North Caro- 
 lina. It is not only found in globular and irregularly shaped 
 crystalline masses in many of the marl beds of the eastern coun- 
 ties, but many of the gneissoid rocks and slates and the traps 
 contain it in considerable quantities, and besides, it is found in 
 almost every mine of the State. In Cleveland and Rutherford 
 it is a common constituent of the feldspathic, slated gneisses, 
 disseminated in minute grains, and its ready oxidation rapidly 
 disintegrates the rocks, so that during the late war, copperas was 
 extensively and cheaply manufactured here l\v simply breaking 
 and heaping the half decomposed fragments of rock in hoppers, 
 leaching and crystallizing. In the gold mines the associated pyrite 
 is generally auriferous. Cubical crystals appear at Hickory, Ca- 
 tawba county, Asbury Mine, Gaston county, Soapstone Quarry, 
 twelve miles northeast of Statesville, Silver Hill, Gold Hill and 
 many other localities. Combinations of cubes and octahedra are 
 found in Clegg's Mine, Chatham county, and in the Guilford 
 county gold and copper mines; the pyritohedron, often in combi- 
 nation with cubical and octahedral planes, is found at the Stewart 
 Mine, in Union county, Cambridge Mine, Guilford county. Long 
 Creek Mine, Gaston county, Rudisiil Mine, Mecklenburg county, 
 etc. Large veins of compact pyrite occur in Gaston county. 
 
 25. CH A LCO PYRITE. 
 
 This is very abundant, and, indeed, is the only reliable copper 
 ore in North Carolina. It has been found in fine crystals at the 
 Gardner Hill Mine, probably also at other copper mines of 
 Guilford county. It is very abundant and largely rained atOrfe 
 Kiiob, Ashe county, and promised to be the ore of all the gold 
 mines, which in depth change into copper mines in Guilford, 
 Cabarrus and Mecklenburg counties; also at the Clegg Mine, in 
 Chatham county, the Conrad Hill and the Emmons and other 
 mines in Davidson county; Peach Bottom and elsewhere, Alle- 
 ghany county, and at Gap creek, Ashe county, Newliu's Mine, 
 Alamance county, in Alexander, in the gold mines of Union, 
 
24 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Rowan anci Gaston counties, and at Macpelah church, in Lincoln 
 county, in Granville and Chatham counties, near Hillsboro and 
 near Chapel Hill, Orange county, near Ealeigh, in Wake county, 
 in Surry, Wilkes (Trap Hill), Yadkin, Watauga and Swain 
 counties,, and some of the mica mines of Mitchell county — the 
 copper mines of Macon and Jackson counties; in more than 
 thirty counties, and hundreds of localities; at many of thera it 
 is found associated with other ores. 
 
 26. BARNHARDTITE. 
 
 A peculiar and rich copper ore, first noticed on Daniel Earn- 
 hardt's land, and then at the Pioneer Mills Mine, in Cabarrus 
 county. It also occurs at the Cambridge Mine, in Guilford 
 county, and at the Wilson Mine and the McGinn Mine, Meck- 
 lenburg county, and at Elk Knob, Watauga county. The true 
 barnhardtite occurs in compact masses, having, on a fresh frac- 
 ture, a very pale bronze yellow color, but rapidly tarnishing with 
 brownish pinchbeck, also with rose-red and purplish colors. That 
 from Dan. Earnhardt's land has been analyzed by W. J. Taylor 
 — that from Pioneer Mills by me and P. Keyser. 
 
 Taylor. Oenth. Keyser. 
 
 Copper 47.61 46.69 48.40 
 
 Iron 22.23 22.41 21.08 
 
 Sulphur 29.40 29.76 30.50 
 
 Silver trace. 
 
 99.24 98.86 99.98 
 
 There occurs at the Pioneer Mills, associated with the barn- 
 hardtite, another copper ore, which appears to be uniform in 
 composition and does not look like a mixture. It is paler than 
 copper pyrites and, contains, according to the analyses of J. W. 
 Taylor and Charles Froebel, 
 
 Taylor. Froebel. 
 
 t'opper 40.2 40.5 
 
 Iron 28.4 28.3 
 
 Sulphur 32.9 31.1 
 
 101.5 99.9 
 
MINERALOGY. 25 
 
 27. MAECASITE. 
 
 According to the information received from Dr. Asbury, of 
 Charlotte, this mineral occurs in Iredell county. 
 
 28. LEUCOPYRITE. 
 
 It has been observed by Dr. Asbury, at the Asbury Mine, in 
 Gaston county, in nodular masses almost completely altered into 
 scorodite at Dr. Halyhurton's, in Iredell county, and Drum's 
 farm on White Plains, Ali^xander county. 
 
 29. AESENOPYRITE OR MISPICKEL. 
 
 It occurs sparingly in North Carolina, and has been ohserved 
 in minute crystals, associated with gold ores, at the Lemmond 
 and Stewart Mines, Union county, and at the Barringer Mine, 
 and George Ludwick's Mine, in Cabarrus county. It has been 
 found by General Clingman, in Cleveland county, and by Dr. 
 Asbury, at Ore Knob Mine, in Ashe county, the Honeycutt vein 
 at Gold Hill, and highly auriferous at the Asbury Mine, in Gas- 
 ton county. It also occurs near Cooke's Gap, Watauga county, 
 in fine crystalline particles, disseminated through siliceous rock. 
 
 30. NAGYAGITE. 
 
 This exceedingly rare mineral, which heretofore has been 
 known only from Transylvania, in Hungary, occurs sparingly in 
 minute crystals and foliated particles at the King's Mountain 
 Mine, where it is associated with altaite, gold, etc. 
 
 31. COVELLITE. 
 
 Resulting from the decomposition of chalcopyrite and associ- 
 ated with it, covellite occurs at several of tiie North Carolina 
 copper mines, for instance at the Phoenix Mine, &c', in Cabarrus 
 county; in fine scales at the Gillis Mine, and Mill Creek Mine, 
 in Person county. 
 
26 GEOLOGY or NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 III. SULPHARSENIDS, SULPHANTIMONIDS, ETC. 
 
 32. PBOUSTITE(?). 
 
 Microscopic crystals of a bright aurora red color occur with 
 talc, rhf)dochrosite, etc., at the McMakin Mine. As they are 
 rich in silver, they are probably proustite. 
 
 32. AIKINITE(?). 
 
 A mineral containing sulphur, l)ismuth, lead and copper, and 
 therefore probably aikinite, has been observed in small particles 
 in quartz associated with chalcopyrite at Col. White's Mine, 
 Cabarrus county. 
 
 34. TETR A H EDEITE. 
 
 Two varieties of Tetrahedrite are found in North Carolina; 
 the highly argentiferous (Freibergite), in small compact patches 
 of subeonchoidal fracture and a dark, grey color, associated with 
 silver, sphalerite, galenite, talc, magnesite, &c., at the McMakin 
 Mine, Cabarrus county, and the other in the same county at 
 Geo. Ludwick's Mine, fourteen miles northeast of Concord, 
 rarely crystallized but mostly massive and of a dark lead grey 
 to iron color. It is associated with chalcopyrite, scorodite, arse- 
 niosiderite, &c., in a quartz vein. I have analyzed the tetrahe- 
 drite from the McMakin Mine, which contains 
 
 Sulphur, 25.48 
 
 Antimony, 17.76 
 
 Arsenic, 11.55 
 
 Copper, 30.73 
 
 Iron, 1.42 
 
 Zinc, 2.53 
 
 Silver, 10.53 
 
 100.00 
 
 There is probably an occasional small admixture of argentifer- 
 ous tetrahedrite with the minerals associated with the native sil- 
 ver of Silver Hill, as they sometimes give before the blowpipe 
 incrustations of antimony. 
 
MINERALOGY. 27 
 
 III. COMPOUNDS OF CHLORINE, ETC, 
 
 35. HALITE OB COMMON SALT. 
 
 Found in the waters of the Atlantic Ocean, from which it can 
 be obtained by evaporation, and in wells and springs at several 
 points in the Triassic bed.s, e. g. in Chatham, Orange and Rock- 
 ingham counties. 
 
 36. CERARGYRITE. 
 
 In some of the gold ores of Scott's Hill, in Burke county, sil- 
 ver is found after roasting; a specimen, which I had an oppor- 
 tunity to examine, makes it probable that it is present as chloride 
 of silver or cerargyrite. 
 
 37. FERROUS CHLORIDE. 
 
 It has been observed in the meteoric irons from Asheville, from 
 Jewel Hill, Madison county, which are wet from the deliques- 
 cence of this salt. In the Rockingham county iron it has been 
 found in the solid state. 
 
 IT. FLUORINE COMPOUNDS. 
 
 38. FLUORITE. 
 
 According to General Clingman, fliiorite occurs at Brown 
 Mountain, Burke county, also in Watauga, and with barite 
 below Marshall, Madison county, and at King's Mountain, Gas- 
 ton county. In pseudomorphs after apatite rarely at Ray's 
 Mine, Yancey county. 
 
 39. YTTR0CER1TE{?). 
 
 A few minute deep violet blue spots were observed in associa- 
 tion with pyroehlore, black tourmaline, orthociase, quartz, etc., 
 at Ray's Mica Mine, Hurricane Mountain, Yancey county, which 
 are probably yttrocerite. 
 
28 GEOLOGY OF NOKTII CAROLINA. 
 
 T. OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 
 
 I. Oxides. 
 
 40. CUPEITE. 
 
 Cuprite or the red oxide of copper occurs in some of the cop- 
 per mines near the surface. It is rarely found in small cubical 
 crystals atCullen's Mine and in octahedra upon native copper at 
 the Union Company Copper Mine, in Cabarrus t;ounty. It has 
 been observed at Clegg's Mine, Chatham county, at Silver Hill, 
 at the Harris Mine, in Person county, in Caldwell, Lincoln, 
 Alleghany and Ashe counties, and upon the gossan of the Wary- 
 hut Mine, Jackson county. At the McGinn Mine, in Mecklen- 
 burg county, and several of the Guilford county copper mines, 
 cuprite in acicular and capillary crystals (so-called chalcotrichite) 
 was formerly found in beautiful specimens. 
 
 41. MEL ACONITE. 
 
 It is found occasionally as a black coating or a powder associ- 
 ated with cuprite at the McGinn Mine, and with zincblende, etc., 
 sparingly at Silver Hill; also at Cullowhee Mine, Jackson 
 county. 
 
 42. CORUNDUM. 
 
 One of the most interesting minerals which occurs in the State 
 of North Carolina in a great many varieties is corundum. It 
 ■was first noticed when, in the spring of 1847, a large mass of 
 dark blue, cleavable variety was found three miles below Mar- 
 shall, in Madison county. General Clingnian's attention having 
 been called to it, he searched for more and obtained, in 1848, a 
 second piece of about half the size. It has since been found two 
 and a half miles north of Marshall, at Haynie's, associated with 
 margarite and rutile. It was afterwards found by Dr. C. L. 
 Hunter, in small quantity, reddish and bluish masses, sometimes 
 crystallized at Crowder's Mountain, and afterwards at Clubb's 
 Mountain, and King's Mountain, Gaston county. About ten 
 years ago, large beds of corundum were discovered by Hiram 
 
MINERALOGY. 29 
 
 Crisp, near Franklin, ia Macon county, at Culsagee or Corundum 
 Hill. Here it lies of a thickness from ten to fourteen feet, im- 
 beflded in prochlorite between chrysolite and hornblendic gneiss. 
 The corundum itself presents many varieties. Beautiful hexag- 
 onal pyramids; with the basal and rhomboliedral planes, and of 
 many shades of color, from almost colorless to yellow and deep 
 red, rarely to green, have been found. Some of the crystals are 
 very large; one, for instance, measured five feet, two inches in 
 length. Mostly it occurs massive, often in large, cleavage masses, 
 often of variable colors — some are red and semi-transparent, and 
 in small fragments even transparent, and form a fair ruby; other 
 specimens of reddish or grey coi'undum have disseminated through 
 the mass the most beautifully colored azure-blue sapphire. Un- 
 fortunately, the particles of the red and blue are too small to have 
 any value as gems. A very peculiar variety is that consisting of 
 white and blue bands. At this locality corundum is associated 
 with prochlorite, black and greenish, black spinel, tourmaline, 
 small quantities of rutile, &c., and where it occurs in the mica 
 schist, with damourite and margarite. 
 
 Other localities in Macon county, where corundum is rained, 
 are the Jacob's and Haskett's Mines, on Ellijay creek, and at 
 Robinson's Mine, on Sugartown Fork. It is also found at Hous- 
 ton's Mine, and at Moore & Higdon's. 
 
 At the Hogback Mine, in Jackson county, corundum, associated 
 with damourite, margarite and tourmaline, is imbedded in chlo- 
 rite. At the hanging wall, feldspar, with crystals of corundum, 
 is met with. A small quantity, not exceeding a few ounces, of 
 corundum has been found near the chrysolite outcrop at Web- 
 ster, Jackson county, and also on Scott's creek. At CuUakenee 
 Mine, in Clay county, a greyish white corundum is found asso- 
 ciated with margarite, zoisite, actinolite, &c., and a red variety, 
 sometimes of a deep ruby color, associated with zoisite, smarag- 
 dite, cyanite and a feldspar. 
 
 At Pendland's, on Shooting creek, in Clay county, corundum 
 is found associated with margarite and wilcoxite. It also occurs 
 in Cherokee, on Valley river. 
 
30 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 In Haywood county, two miles northeast of the Pigeon river, 
 where the Asheviile road crosses it, near a serpentine outcrop, a 
 small quantity of corundum has been found, also on West Fork 
 of Pigeon. About two miles north of this the Presley Mine is 
 located, which has furnished the most beautiful specimens of 
 blue and greyish-blue corundum, associated with damourite and 
 albite. 
 
 About twenty miles northeast of this mine, in Madison county, 
 is the Carter Mine, which yields a white and pink variety of 
 corundum, both in crystals and laminated masses. It is associ- 
 ated with greenish black spinel and prochlorite. 
 
 Corundum is found also in Mitchell county, near Bakersville, 
 in chrysolite. 
 
 In the broad-bladed cyanite of Wilkes county, corundum is 
 pet with in small reddish-brown particles, and in the cyanite of 
 the Swannanoa Gap, in Buncombe county, blue, bluish, white 
 and reddish corundum; also at N. P. Watkins's, in the same 
 county. 
 
 It is found in the gravel, two miles west of Statesville, in Ire- 
 c)ell county, associated with cyanite, but rarely imbedded in it. 
 Highly interesting crystals and crystalline masses of greyish- 
 white corundum, more or less altered into damourite and tour- 
 maline, have lately been found by Mr. J. A. D. Stevenson, at 
 Belts' Bridge, and beautiful hectagonal prisms of a pale-brownish 
 corundum, with a partial alteration into soda margarite, at Hen- 
 dricks' farm, near Belts' Bridge, Iredell county. Crystals of 
 corundum, surrounded by fibrolite, occur at Shoup's Ford, in 
 Burke county. It is also reported from Stokes county. In the 
 neighborhood of Morganton corundum is found in damourite 
 .schist, and in the gravel deposits of Burke, McDowell and Ruth- 
 erford counties small grains and crystals, often partially altered 
 into damourite, are frequently met with. The granular variety 
 of corundum, " Emery," has been observed at Crowder's Moun- 
 tain, and also in the titaniferous iron ore belt near Friendship, 
 Guilford county. The associated minerals of corundum are 
 mostly the result of the alteration of corundum, which latter has 
 furnished the alumina necessary for their formation. 
 
MINERALOGY. 31 
 
 43. HEMATITE. 
 
 Red oxide of iron or hematite is one of the most important 
 iron ores of North Carolina. The compact ore, sometimes more 
 or less mixed with the specular variety, forms large beds in Chat- 
 ham connty, at Evans' and Kelley's ore beds, Ore Hill, Buck- 
 horn, etc.; also in Moore county, twelve miles east of Carthage, 
 and in Orange county, at Chapel Hill, six miles south of Hills- 
 boro, and at J. Woods', Knapp of Reeds, and in Macon and 
 Swain, Buncombe and many other counties. Foliated and mica- 
 ceous hematite occurs at Buckliorn, Ore Hill, seven miles west 
 of Lockville, in Chatham county; Snow creek, Stokes county; 
 four miles South of Salem, in Forsyth county; at Mt. Tirzah, 
 in Person county; near Gudger's, nine miles below Marshall, on 
 the French Broad river, and near Franklinsville, Randolph county, 
 and elsewhere. A very fine variety of slaty hematite, with crys- 
 tals of magnetite, is found at Cooke's Gap, Watauga county, and 
 both here and at Richlands, in Caldwell county, and near Fisher's 
 Peak, in Surry county, martite occurs. Other localities are: 
 Smith's river, two miles east of Morehead's factory, in Rocking- 
 ham county; a granular variety one mile east of Gaston; at 
 House's mill, Cabarrus county; at Hickory, Catawba county; in 
 Lincoln, Gaston and Mecklenburg counties, etc. The ochreous 
 variety has been observed in Buncombe county, four or five miles 
 west of Asheville; at Valley Town, and on Peachtree creek, 
 Cherokee county, and in a great many gold mines. Hexagonal 
 scales of hematite, in crystals of quartz, occur at King's mill, 
 Iredell county. 
 
 44. MENACCANITE. 
 
 Many of the titaniferous iron ores are mixtures of true mag- 
 netite and meuaccanite; others belong to this species and others 
 again are really magnetites, in which a portion of the iron is 
 replaced by titanium. Our present knowledge of these ores is 
 too limited to put all the varieties occurring in the State, with 
 certainty, at the place where they belong. Those from the fol- 
 lowing localities appear to belong under this head : Franklin, 
 
32 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 in Macon county; Big Laurel, in Madison county; on Ivy, Yan- 
 cey county; Crab Orciiard, Cane creek, Flat Eock and Grassy 
 creek, in Mitchell county; Damascus, Iredell county; Old Har- 
 ris Mine, twelve miles southeast of Charlotte; south end of 
 Crowder's Mountain, and at Wilis', Gaston county; Yadkin 
 river, uear Patterson, in Caldwell county, and the neighborhood 
 of Raleigh. Menaccanite in quartz occurs at Fisher Hill, Guil- 
 ford county. Iserite is frequent in the gold sands of Rutherford, 
 Burke and McDowell counties, &c. Menaccanite also occurs at 
 Shoup's Ford, Burke county; at Huffman's, Catawba county; at 
 Cuisagee, Macon county; at Haynie's, Madison county, and in 
 Person, Watauga and Lincoln counties. I have recently analyzed 
 a variety of black, somewhat granular, menaccanite from near 
 Franklin, Macon county, arid found it to contain 
 
 Titanic Acid, 48.64 
 
 Ferri Oxide 9.76 
 
 Ferrous Oxide, 40.22 
 
 Magnesia, 1.38 
 
 100,00 
 45. SPINEL. 
 
 The only spinel which has been found in North Carolina, is 
 that which results from tlie alteration of corundum, and it is 
 usually a mixture, in variable proportions, of the varieties _p/eo- 
 ncLste and hercynite, sometimes with an admixture of that called 
 ptGotite. In the chlorites of the Cuisagee Mine it is found in 
 octahedral crystals with dodecaliedral planes, but usually mas- 
 sive, coarsely to finely granular. Its color is black, but by an 
 incipient alteration on the surface generally of a peculiar green- 
 ish grey color and satin-like lustre. Some varieties are blackish 
 green, but so dark that the green can only be observed in thin 
 splinters; it is rarely found at the Cullakenee Mine in Clay 
 county, but frequently met with at the Carter Mine in Madison < 
 county, where it is mostly of a very dark green color. Several 
 varieties from Cuisagee Mine have been analyzed. L A fine 
 grained -variety of 3.766 spec. gr. by G. A. Koenig; 2, a coarser 
 
MINERALOGY. 33 
 
 grained variety of 3.797 spec. gr. by the same; and 3, tiie coarse 
 grained crystallized dark green, of 3.695 spec. gr. by myself. 
 They contained, after deducting some mechanical admixtures, as 
 follows: 
 
 1. Koenig. 2. Koenig. 3. Oenth. 
 
 Alnmiiia, 54.32 56.58 06.63 
 
 Chromic Oxide, 3.96 2.28 trace 
 
 Ferric Oxide, 11.51 9.66 1.80 
 
 Ferrous Oxide 11.16 14.60 11.35 
 
 IMagnesia 19.05 16.88 19.86 
 
 Cupric Oxide, 0.11 
 
 Niccolous Oxide, 0.56 
 
 100.00 100.00 100.00 
 
 46. GAHNITE. 
 
 Gahuite, or Autoniolite is mentioned by General Cliugman as 
 occurring in Cleveland county; also in Mitchell county. 
 
 47. MAGNETITE. 
 
 This is the most abundant and most valuable iron ore in North 
 Carolina. It occurs in small octahedral crystals in the granite 
 at Dunn's Mountain, in Rowan, and in the granites and gneisses 
 and (especially) the syenites, very commonly, in many counties, 
 and in the slates at Fisher's Peak and Chestnut Mountain, in 
 Surry county, also at Bull's Head, in Alleghany county, in 
 quartzose sand rock and hematite at Cooke's Gap, Watauga 
 county, at Capp's Hill, in Mecklenburg county, and Fisher Hill, 
 in Guilford. It occurs in its granular variety, mixed with mus- 
 coviie, manganiferous garnet, etc., at Buckhorn, in Chatham 
 county, and mixed with menaccanite and occasionally with corun- 
 dum, in a succession of beds, passing through the gneissic rocks 
 of Davidson, Guilford, Forsyth and Rockingham counties. 
 There appear to be several isolated outcrops northwest of this 
 band and between it and the Dan river, and also in Randolph 
 and Montgomery counties. A band of granular magnetite, free 
 from titanic acid, mixed with actinolite, tremolite and a little 
 
34 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 epidote, passes from near Danbury in Stokes county, and also 
 from Surry county, through Yadkin, Forsyth, Davie, Lincoln 
 and Gaston counties. It contains some of the most valuable ore 
 beds. It is also found in large beds near Newton, in Catawba 
 county; at Comb's farm. Summers' farm, and Thomas Payne's 
 farm, in Iredell county; also in Orange, Mecklenburg and Ca- 
 barrus counties. Some very valuable ore beds of crystalline 
 magnetite occur in Swain, Madison, Macon, Haywood, Burke, 
 Alexander, Wilkes, Orange, Mitchell and other counties, the 
 most extensive probably at Cranberry. A granular ore, similar 
 to the ores of Surry county, has been worked at the north fork 
 of New river, near the mouth of Helton creek, and on Horse 
 creek, in Ashe county. There are many other localities in which 
 magnetite occurs, but they are of less importance than those 
 enumerated. 
 
 48. CHROMITE. 
 
 Occurs in the chrysolite beds, which form lenticular masses in 
 the hornblende slates, &c., in minute octahedral crystals and 
 granular masses at Culsagee; also at Higdon's, Ellijay's creek, 
 and at Moore's Mine in Macon county, near Webster, and Hog- 
 back, and at Ainslie's, and on Scott's creek, in Jackson county, 
 on Mining creek, near Hampton's, in Yancey county, at Culla- 
 kenee, in Clay county, Carter's Mine, in Madison county, in 
 small quantities near Bakersville, Mitchell county, and on South 
 Toe river, and on Rich Mountain, Watauga county, and lately 
 by Hidden in the gold sands of Brindletown, Burke county, and 
 in Ashe county. Where it is found in abundance, it may become 
 a valuable ore, when it can be brought to market at a low freight. 
 A small admixture of chromite is found in the titaniferous mag- 
 netite belt of Guilford, Rockingham and other counties. Crys- 
 tals of chromite are frequently met with in the gold sands of 
 Burke, McDowell, Rutherford, &c. 
 
 The analysis which I have made of a compact variety of 
 chromite from near Franklin, Macon county, gave: 
 
MINEEALOGY. 35 
 
 Spec. Grav., 4.319 
 
 Chromic oxide, 44.15 
 
 Alumina, 22.41 
 
 Ferric oxide, 5.78 
 
 Ferrous oxide, 11.76 
 
 Magnesia, 15.67 
 
 99.77 
 49. URANINITE. 
 
 It was found by Prof. Kerr, at the Flat Rock Mine, Mitchell 
 county, in 1877, in small nodules of gummite and uranotil, 
 forming the nucleus of these minerals, both of which are result- 
 ing from its decomposition. It has since been found at one or 
 two other mines in Mitchell. Color iron black, graduating into 
 brownish, according to the extent of its alteration. It has not 
 been analyzed. 
 
 50. RUTILE. 
 
 In beautiful crystals at Crowder's and Clubb's Mountains, 
 Gaston county; also granular at the same localities, rarely in 
 smajl grains or crystals with the corundum of the Culsagee 
 Mine, in Macon county, and the Hogback Mine, in Jackson 
 county; in acicular crystals, sometimes over one inch in length, 
 near Beattie's Ford, Mecklenburg county; in long crystals in 
 quartz on a hill near Buckhorn Falls, in Chatham county, and 
 at the head of Cane creek, Mitchell county; in beautiful acicu- 
 lar crystals at Mrs. Daniel's farm near Mt. Pisgah, at Mrs. Jor- 
 dan'.s, near King's mill, at Alex. Lackley's, Misses Bennett's, 
 Thomas Adams', and Mrs. Smith's farm, all in Iredell county. 
 Acicular crystals in limonite and quartz on John Lackey's farm 
 near Liberty church, and Wilson's near Poplar Springs, genicu- 
 lated crystals at White Plains, also fine crystals at Milholland's 
 mill, and at R. Johnston's, all in Alexander county. Acicular 
 cry.stals in brownish amethyst, at the head of Honey creek, 
 Wilkes county. In dark, almost black, crystals in Clay county. 
 In quartz in Yancey county. In .small grains and crystals in the 
 gold sands of Burke, McDowell, Rutherford and Polk counties. 
 Acicular crystals in quartz at Dietz's, Van Horn's, and Hilde- 
 
36 GEOI.OGY or NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 brand's, and in large ciystais also at the latter point, Burke 
 county; in large crystals at E. Balch's, H. Balch's, widow Balch's, 
 Huffman's, and D. Lutz's, and in anaethyat at the last two points 
 —all in Catawba county; in amethyst in Cabarrus near Concord; 
 and in Randolph, near Pilot mountain; penetrating corundum 
 near Bakersville, Mitchell county; at Ray's M., and elsewhere 
 in Yancey county; in reticulated acicular crystals in the north- 
 west corner of Lincoln county, (Hunter). 
 
 51. ANATASE. 
 
 Anatase is reported as occurring in the gold sands of Burke 
 county by Prof. Humphreys and Mr. Hidden, and by the latter 
 also in Alexander (in quartz), McDowell and Rutherford. 
 
 52. BROOK ITE. 
 
 In the gold sands of Rutherford, McDowell and Burke coun- 
 ties there seem to be two varieties of Brookite (if not distinct 
 species), the one in small short or slender rhombic prisms, the 
 other in monoclinic crystals of an almost black color, which, 
 however, in their fragments, are transparent and between blue 
 and colorless. 
 
 53. PYROLUSITE. 
 
 It is found near Murphy, Cherokee county, also two miles 
 north of Hickory, Catawba county, and with silver ores at the 
 McMakin mine, Cabarrus county, also in fine crystalline masses 
 at Beck's ore bank, three miles from Ellison's ore bank, Gaston 
 county, also near Danbury, Stokes county, near Webster, Jack- 
 son county, in Surry county near Dobson, and in Alexander, 
 Swain and Mitchell. No large deposits have yet been discov- 
 ered in North Carolina. 
 
 54. BRAUNITE. 
 Found in quartz near Hillsboro, Orange county. K. 
 
 55. HAUSMANNITE. 
 
 Recently reported from near Dobson, Surry county, by H. C. 
 Lewis; and it also occurs in Chatham. K. 
 
MINERALOGY. 37 
 
 56. DISAPORE. 
 
 General Clingman observed this rare mineral associated with 
 blue corundum from near Marshall, Madison county. I have 
 not been able to distinguish it with certainty from any other of 
 the corundum localities, but it was observed in very minute but 
 beautiful acicular crystals of the usual form in a cavity of mas- 
 sive corundum from Culsagee, by Johu C. Trautwine, of Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 57 and 58. GOETHITE AND LIMONITE. 
 
 I put these two species of hyd rated sesquioxideof iron together; 
 without fuller examination it is impossible to distinguish the 
 majority of the specimens. Large beds of hydrated sesquioxide of 
 iron are found at Ore Hill and elsewhere in Chatham county, and 
 in Johnston 5 miles W. and N. W. of Smithfield, near the High 
 Shoals, in Gaston county, in Lincoln and Catawba counties, and 
 near Murpliy and along Valley river and Notteley, in Cherokee, 
 and in Mitchell, Buncombe, Watauga, McDowell, Burke, Cald- 
 well, Alexander, Wilkes, Surry, Haywood, Macon, Henderson, 
 Transylvania, Davidson and Wake, and other counties: and super- 
 ficial beds of it are also frequently found in the eastern counties — 
 Nash,NewHanover, Pender, Jones, Duplin, &c. Brown hematites 
 accompany in small quantities many of the magnetite and hematite 
 beds, and form the upper part of many of the gold and copper 
 mines; they are often the result of the alteration of siderite and 
 pyrite, and show frequently the form of the original mineral, 
 for in.stance, at Conrad Hill, in Davidson county, Cabarrus 
 county, Guilford county, Gaston county, and at Beam's farm, 
 near Centre Point, Iredell county. 
 
 59. GUMMITE. 
 
 Discovered by Prof. Kerr in 1877, at Flat Eock, Mitchell 
 county. Often found in indistinct cubical crystals with octa- 
 hedral planes, usually in amorphous compact nodular masses of 
 a faint resinous lustre and of shades between reddish yellow and 
 deep orange red. Fracture uneven to suboonolioidal. Spec. 
 
38 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 grav. 4.840. The mean of three analyses which I have made 
 gives its composition as follows: 
 
 Silicic Acid 4.63 
 
 Alumina, 0.53 
 
 Baryta, 0-98 
 
 Strontia 0.05 
 
 Lime 2.05 
 
 Plumbic Oxide, 5.57 
 
 Uranic Oxide 75.20 
 
 Piiosphoric Acid 0.12 
 
 Water, 10.64 
 
 99.77 
 
 This analysis shows that the so-called gummite is Tiot a dis- 
 tinct mineral species but a mechanical mixture, the i^orth Caro- 
 lina variety being: 
 
 Uranic liydrate 40.10 per cent. 
 
 Uranotil, 33.38 " " 
 
 Lead-Uranate, 22.66 " " 
 
 Barium-Uranate, 4.26 " " 
 
 100.40 
 
 Results from the alteration of Uraninite. Found also at the 
 Deake and Lewis mines, Mitchell county. A similar mineral is 
 found in small quantity at Buchanan Mine, Mitchell county. 
 
 60. PSILOMELANE. 
 
 It is often an associate of gold and iron ores in coatings of the 
 quartz at Scott's Hill, Burke county, together with pyrolusite at 
 Beck's ore bank, on the High Shoals, Gaston county, and in 
 botryoidal masses in a vein, said to be four feet wide, near 
 Lenoir, in Caldwell county, near Bakersville, and at Gillespie's 
 Gap in Mitchell county, on Cove Creek, and Richland Creek, 
 Haywood county, and at Buokhorn in Chatham. In Gaston 
 county, at the Long Creek Mine, on Crosa Mountain, Ormond 
 ore bank, etc., a variety occurs which contains a small quantity 
 of cobalt and nickel. Also found in McDowell and Lincoln 
 counties. 
 
MINERALOGY. 39 
 
 61. WAD. 
 
 There is often an imperceptible change from pyroliisite into 
 psiloraelane and wad, that, without analysis, it is often diificult 
 to know to which a specimen may belong. The earthy varieties 
 are generally called wad. A brownish, black earthy wad occurs 
 near Murphy, Cherokee county, also near Franklin, in Macon 
 county, and Webster, in Jackson county, and at Gillespie Gap, 
 Mitchell, and in Burke, Catawba, Surry and Mecklenburg. 
 
 62. SENARMONTITE OR VALENTINTITE. 
 
 The incrustation of the native antimony of Burke county, 
 which does not show any crystalline planes, belongs to either one 
 or the other of these species. 
 
 63. BISMITE. 
 
 An earthy greenish yellow and straw yellow mineral has been 
 observed at the King's Mountain Mine, and the Asbury vein in 
 Gaston county. It is probably Bismite. 
 
 64. MOLYBOITE. 
 
 Found associated with Molybdenite as a yellow earthy powder, 
 near Pioneer Mills, Cabarrus county. 
 
 65. QUARTZ. 
 
 As a constituent of most of the rocks of North Carolina, and 
 the gangue-rock of almost every vein, it occurs nearly every- 
 where throughout the State. Several of its varieties, however, 
 are of more than usual interest. Roch crystal is found in 
 numerous most beautifully modified forms on the farms of Mrs. 
 Lackey and others near Mahoffey's Mill, Alexander county. 
 Good doubly terminated crystals occur at Sugar Mountain, Burke 
 county; rock crystals are also found in Rutherford county, near 
 Morganton, Burke county, near Hickory, Caldwell county, 
 Catawba county, Iredell county, Mountain Mine, in Cleveland 
 county, at Hampton's on Mining Creek, Yancey county, Stoke.s- 
 
40 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAEOLINA. 
 
 burg, in Stokes county, Macon county, Swain county, Rich 
 Mountain, head of Cove Creek, in Watauga county, Mitchell, 
 and Transylvania, in Wilkes, Guilford, Lincoln, Gastcin, Burke, 
 Anson, Granville, Wake, Moore, Warren, and other counties. 
 Quartz crystals, inclosing liquids, -(hydrolite, Humphreys), in 
 beautiful specimens, are found on Isaac Eice's farm. White 
 Plains, i^lexander county, also found by Prof. Humphreys, in 
 pockets and drift veins in Catawba county, and in the South 
 Mountains, Burke county, one with a bubble which moves 
 nearly two inches, ami a group of 13 crystals having 50 bubbles. 
 He also found crystals with basal plane in Burke, Catawba, and 
 Alexander counties. Rutilated quartz crystals of great beauty 
 are met with at several localities in Eandolph, Catawba, Burke, 
 Iredell and Alexander counties (enumerated under Rutile). 
 Quartz crystals with scaly crystals of hematite occur at King's 
 Mill, Iredell county. Quartz between laniinse of muscovite, 
 occurs at the Deake Mine, on Toe river, Mitchell county. 
 Radiated quartz K found at Dillahay's Gold Mine, in Person 
 county, and in Wake county; Amethyst, in very fine crystals, and 
 of a good violet or i)ink color, but mostly of a dark, smoky 
 color, is found at Randleman's, Lincoln county, also at the lead 
 mine, Alexander county, at Hickory, Catawba county, in Ruth- 
 erford, Chatham and Wake counties; Amethyst of a deep pur- 
 ple color with rutile, occurs in Catawba county, and a smoky 
 amethyst with rutile, at the head of Honey Creek, Wilkes county. 
 Rose quartz is found at Highlands, Macon, near Franklinsville, 
 Randolph (with acicular rutile). White Plains, Alexander 
 county, and near Concord, Cabarrus county, likewise penetrated 
 with rutile. Smoky quartz is found three miles from Taylors- 
 ville, Alexander county, on Gavin's and also on Pritchard's and 
 Patterson's farms; it also occurs in large crystals on Brush Cr., 
 Mitchell county, and in the drift of Brindletown, Burke county, 
 and at.the mouth of Beaver Dam Creek, Cherokee county; Milky 
 quartz is found at Roseman's farm, Alexander county, at the 
 forks of the Laurel, Madison county, and at War Hill, Surry 
 county; Opalescent quartz at Dan River, Stokes county; Quartz 
 
MINERALOGY. 4 1 
 
 pseudomorphous after calcite, both crystallyzed and fibrous, is 
 found 2 to 3 miles N. W. of Rutherfordton, Rutherford 
 county, the irregular fragments frequently contain water; simi- 
 lar pseudomorphs occur at Crawford's farm, 5 miles E. of States- 
 ville, in Iredell county; a peculiar variety of pseudomorphous 
 quartz, after feldspar, perhaps, occurs at Shooting Creek, Clay 
 county; Chalcedony is found near Franklin, Macon county, near 
 Webster, Jackson county, at Hampton's Mining Creek, Yancey 
 county, at Martin's limestone quarries, in Stokes county, on Ala- 
 mance Cr., Alamance county, and in Lincoln, Iredell and Chat- 
 ham counties. Hornstone occurs at Martin's Quarry, Stokes 
 county, near Asheville, Buncombe county, in Madison county 
 and Iredell county, and in Montgomery, Randolph and else- 
 where. Drusy quartz is frequently found upon the decomposed 
 outcrops of the chrysolite beds in Macon, Jackson, Clay, Bun- 
 combe and Madison counties. Itacolumite or flexible sandstone 
 forms a stratum in the quartzite at Linville, Burke county, 
 Sauratown Mountains, in Stokes county, and Bending Rock 
 Mountain, in Wilkes county. Fossil Wood is abundant in the 
 Triassic beds in Anson county, and near Germanton, in Stokes 
 county, near Cheek's Creek, in Montgomery county, and in 
 Johnston county, and in the quaternary gravels of Halifax, 
 Moore, Cumberland, Wayne and other counties. Agate is found 
 in many places, at D. Caldwell's, Mecklenburg county, near 
 Harrisburg, and near Concord, Cabarrus county, in Granville, 
 Orange and elsewhere. Jasper occurs, banded (red and black) 
 in Person county, in Granville (Kuapp of Reeds Cr.); in Madi- 
 son county (near Warm Springs, and on Shut In Cr.), in Moore 
 county, in Wake and elsewhere. 
 
 65. OPAL. 
 
 The only variety of opal which has come to my notice from 
 North Carolina is "hyalite," in bluish-white mamillary coatings 
 upon the quartz of gold veins, in Cabarrus county; at the Cul- 
 sagee Miue, Macon county. It is rarely found in beautiful, 
 colorless and white botryoidal incrustations upon foliated chlorite. 
 
42 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAEOLINA. 
 
 II. Ternary Oxygen Compounds. 
 
 1. Silicates. A. Anhydrous Silicates. 
 
 67. ENSTATITE. 
 
 Forn)s beds at the corundum mine of Culsagee, in Macon 
 county, in coarsely crystalline masses of a brownish-gray yel- 
 lowish color; in coarsely granular masses, with chrysolite, at 
 Webster, Jackson county; also in small crystalline particles, dis- 
 seminated through chrysolite, at Hampton's, Mining creek, Yan- 
 cey county, and two and a half miles south of Bakersville, in 
 Mitchell county. Bronzite fnund at Bald creek, Yancey county, 
 and near Kernersville, Forsyth county. I had this mineral from 
 the Culsagee mine analyzed in the Laboratory of the University 
 of Pennsylvania by Frank Julian, who found 
 
 Water, 1.21 
 
 Silicic, acid, 57 30 
 
 Alumina, trace. 
 
 Ferrous oxide, 7.45 
 
 Magnesia, 34.64 
 
 100.60 
 68. PYROXENE. 
 
 Black and brownish-black, cleavable masses, with magnetite, 
 at Cranberry, Mitchell county, and of pale greenish color, with 
 magnetite, on Ivy river, Madison county, and on Horse creek, 
 Ashe county, and in "traps" at Greensboro, Guilford county; 
 green coccolite, in calcite, two or three miles from the mouth of 
 Bear creek, and in marble at Walnut creek, one mile from French 
 Broad river, Madison county, and at Goshen, Macon county. 
 Dark brownish-black and black pyroxene is one of the constant 
 constituents of the numerous "trap" rocks found in North Car- 
 olina. 
 
 69. SPODUMENE. 
 
 The mineral found at J. W. Warren's, Alexander county, and 
 heretofore regarded as diopside, has been lately ascertained by 
 Dr. J. L. Smith to be a new variety of Spodumene. He says: 
 
MINERALOGY. 43 
 
 " It is one of the most beautiful varieties of Spodumene I have 
 ever seen, and I think its beautiful color (emerald green) entitles 
 it to a new name." His analysis is as follows : 
 
 Spec. Gr. 3.14. 
 
 Silica, 64.5 
 
 Alumina, .' 27.0 
 
 Ox. Iron, 1.9 
 
 Lithia, 7.5 
 
 (The above facts have just been furni.shed by Hidden). K. 
 
 70. AMPHIBOLE. 
 
 Amphibole is represented in North Carolina by numerous va- 
 rieties. We find white and gray tremolite, associated with talc, at 
 Marble creek and Murphy, Cherokee county, also on the Ten- 
 nessee creek, Jackson county, in talc and chrysolite, at Webster, 
 Jackson county, the Whiteside Mountains, Sugartown, eight and 
 a half miles from Franklin, at the Culsagee mine, Macon county, 
 two and a half miles south of Bakersville, in Mitchell county, 
 and at Hampton's, Mining creek, Yancey county, on Toe river, 
 at the Carter mine, Madison county, gap of Black Mountain, 
 and the southeast slope of the Three-Top Mountain in Ashe 
 county; grey and brownish grammatite occurs near the Tennes- 
 see creek; anthophyllite occurs at Culsagee mine and at Gregory 
 Hill in Macon county; actinolite has been observed in talc near 
 Belt's Bridge, Iredell county, at Shooting creek, Clay county, 
 Swannanoa river near A.sheville, and with chrysolite at Webster, 
 Jackson county, Hampton's, Mining creek, in Yancey county, 
 two and a half miles south of Bakersville, Mitchell county, in 
 talcose rocks, near Tenne.ssee creek, on the east fork of Tuckasege 
 one and a half miles from its mouth, Mecklenburg couuty. Rich 
 Mountain, Watauga county, Franklin, in Macon county, at Bole- 
 jack's limestone quarry in Stokes county, at Rogers' ore bank 
 near Danbury, in Stokes county, near Morganton, Burke county, 
 and Elli.son's, in Gaston county. AsbestoH has been found at 
 Wehster, and at the head of Cullowhee creek, Jackson county. 
 
44 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 OD Sugartown creek, near Franklin, at the Nantehaleh river in 
 Macou county, the Brushy Mountains, at Baker mine, and on 
 John's river and on King's creek, Caldwell county, and on 
 Smith's river, Rockingham county, and in Franklin and Wilkes 
 counties, at Hampton's, Mining creek, in Yancey county, at 
 Buchanan's, and Cane creek near Bakfersville, in Mitchell county, 
 also in quartz crystals at J. W. Warren's farm. White Plains, 
 Alexander county. Black and greenish black hornblende is abun- 
 dant throughout the State in the hornblende slates, hornblende 
 rocks, syenite and diorite. It has been found in rather large 
 cleavage pieces, twenty-three miles below Franklin, on the Swan- 
 nanoa river near Asheville, at the Cullowhee and Savannah 
 mines in Jackson county, at Jarrett's on the Nantehaleh in Cher- 
 okee county, at Polecat creek and near Greensboro, in Guilford 
 county. 
 
 71. SMARAGDITE (?i KOKSCHAROWITE. 
 
 A beautiful mineral, whicfi may be a variety of hornblende, 
 occurs at the Cullakenee mine. Clay county. It has a bright 
 color between emerald and grass green, gradually passing into 
 grayish green and greenish gray. Sp. gr. of the grass-green 
 variety, 3.120. It is associated with pink and ruby corundum 
 and a feldspathic mineral. The analysis of the pure material 
 gave Thomas M. Chatard: 
 
 Silicic acid, 45.14 
 
 Alumina, 17.59 
 
 Chromic oxide, 0.79 
 
 Ferrous oxide, 3.45 
 
 Niccolous oxide, 0.21 
 
 Magnefsia, 16.69 
 
 Lime, 12.51 
 
 Soda, 2.25 
 
 PotasI), 0.36 
 
 Ignition (water), 1.34 
 
 100.33 
 72. ARFVEDSONITE. 
 
 A black-brownish or greenish-black hornblende, like mineral, 
 is found associated with the andesite, zoisite and corundum of 
 
MINERALOGY. 45 
 
 the Cullowhee mine, aud Shooting creek, Clay county, and rarely 
 at Culsagee, Macon county. It is easily fusible and gives a 
 strong yellow flanxe, and is therefore probably arfvedsonite. An 
 analysis of a black variety by J. L. Smith places it rather under 
 the aluminous hornblende. He found 
 
 Silicic acid, 45.90 
 
 Aluinina 13.34 
 
 Ferric oxide 11.46 
 
 Lime 12.20 
 
 Magnesia, 12.53 
 
 Soda, 3.39 
 
 Water, 0.66 
 
 99.48 
 73. CROCIDOLITE (?). 
 
 I have received from Col. Joseph Wilcox, which is said to 
 come from one of the Western counties of North Carolina. The 
 physical properties and the chemical tests which I have made 
 indicate that it is crocidoiite. It consists of long, delicate fibres 
 of a blue color, is insoluble in acids, and fuses easily to a black 
 glass, coloring the flame yellow. 
 
 74. BEEYL. 
 
 Found in six-sided prisms, sometimes doubly terminated, from 
 about half an inch to four inclies in thickness, and fi'om one to 
 six inches in length; color, yellowish and bluish-green, small 
 pieces of the latter sometimes transparent enough to be cut for 
 gems (aquamarine), associated with orthoclase, muscovite, tour- 
 maline, etc., at Ray's Mine, on Hurricane Mountain, Yancey 
 county. Yellowish-green crystals have been found at Buchanan's 
 Mica Mine, and elsewhere in Mitchell county. Clear green crys- 
 tals occur at Balsam Gap M., Buncombe county; found also at 
 the Carter M., Madison county; Thorn Mountain M., Macon; 
 Casher's Valley, Jackson; on Green river, Henderson county; 
 at E. Balch's, Catawba; Fort Defiance, Caldwell; at Wells', 
 Gaston county. Some very large crystals were found (one 2 feet 
 long and 7 inches in diameter), 4 miles south of Bakersville, and 
 
46 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 at Grassy Creek M. of still larger size. Green crystals appear 
 at Point Pizzle M., and elsewhere in this county, and on Green 
 river, Henderson county. The most beautiful' varieties, similar 
 to occurrences in Siberia, are found at G. W. Warren's farm, 
 near Salem Church, at White Plains, Alexander county. The 
 deep-green crystals resemble emerald; also in pale-green or 
 bluish-green modified hexagonal prisms and pale-bluish crystals. 
 Beryl, in yellowish-green hexagonal prisms, is also found at John 
 Lackey's farm, near Liberty church, and Isaac Price's farm, 
 White Plains, Alexander county. It also occurs in yellowish- 
 green crystals in Catawba county. One bluish-green crystal, 
 implanted in quartz, has been found at Capt. Mills' Gold Mine, 
 in Burke county, and another of an inch diameter and 4 inches 
 length, with a tourmaline crystal of the same length, imbedded 
 in it. In greenish yellow and deep green crystals, similar to 
 Siberian, in the South Mountains, 9 miles S. E. of Morganton, 
 Burke county, and in the Sugar Mountains ; also at Shoup's 
 Ford, at Dietz's, Huffman's and Hildebrand's. In smaller crys- 
 tals it is found in Jackson 'county. 
 
 72. CHRYSOLITE. 
 
 This is one of the most interesting minerals of North Caro- 
 lina, where it forms large beds between the hornblende and 
 granitic rocks. It is generally of a yellowish green coloi-, but 
 also greenish white, grey and brownish green, mostly finely gran- 
 ular, rarely foliated, occasionally in larger grains disseminated 
 through the fine-grained mass; associated with chromite, ensta- 
 tite, actinolite, tremolite, asbestos, talc, chromite and corundum, 
 at Culsagee Mine, near Franklin, Macon county; in Haywood 
 county, near Webster, and Hogback, in Jackson county ; at Bald 
 creek and at Hampton's, Jack's creek and South Toe river, seven 
 miles from Burnsville, Yancey county; two and a half miles 
 south of Bakersville, in Mitchell county; Shooting Creek and 
 Cullakenee Mine, Clay county, and at Rich Mountain, Watauga 
 county, and at the Carter Mine, in Madison county; on Ivy, 
 Buncombe county; near the forks of New river, Ashe county; 
 
MINERALOGY. 47 
 
 on Little river, Alleghany county, and 4 miles S. of Morgan- 
 ton, Burke eoqnty. It is also found with bronzite, in hornblende 
 rock, in Guilford county, and near Raleigh, Wake county. I 
 have analyzed two specimens from Jackson county, one, (1) which 
 was finely granular and of pale greenish color, and a spec, grav., 
 3.280; the other (2) of a yellowish olive green color and 3.252 
 spec, gravity, and Thos. M. Chatard one from the Culsagee 
 Mine, (3). 
 
 12 3 
 
 Loss by ignition, 0.82 0.76 1.72 
 
 Chromite, 0.58 1.83 
 
 Silicic acid, 41.89 40.74 41.58 
 
 Alumina, trace trace 0.14 
 
 Ferrous Oxide,... 7.39 7.26 7.49 
 
 Niccolous, 0.35 0.39 0.34 
 
 Magnesia 49.13 49.18 49.28 
 
 Lime 0.06 0.02 O.U 
 
 100.22 100.18 100.66 
 
 The Chrysolite is subject to extensive alterations, forming ser- 
 pentine and talc with their usual associates. 
 
 76. GARNET. 
 
 Widely distributed through the State, and a constant constitu- 
 ent of many of the mica and hornblende slates, in which it oc- 
 curs in minute dodecahedral and trapezohedral crystals of a 
 brownish or brownish red color; it also occurs in many of the 
 talcose and chloritic slates; larger trapezohedral crystals of a 
 brownish red color are frequently met with in the mica mines of 
 Mitchell and Yancey counties; imperfect dodecahedral crystals 
 at Weaver's, Jeanstown, Rutherford county, and in talcose slate, 
 in Rockingham, Cherokee, Madison, Surry, and many other 
 counties. The mo.st beautiful and perfect crystals are large trap- 
 ezohedra, of a brownish red color, from Burke, Caldwell and 
 Catawba counties. A very excellent locality is about 8 miles S. 
 E. of Morganton, in Burke county, where very bright red crys- 
 tals are found, some weighing nearly 10 pounds. Another good 
 location is 4 miles from Marshall, where large crystals are found 
 
48 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA . 
 
 imbedded in chlorite slate. Some of these garDets are nearly 
 transparent, and wlien cut, show a peculiar play of colors. 
 
 In Alexander county, on Marshall's farm, garnets are found 
 which are two feet in diameter. Large crystals and crystalline 
 masses of a reddish brown garnet, are found near Franklin, 
 Macon county, and on Toe River, Mitchell county. Pyrope, of 
 good color has been observed in the sands from gold washings in 
 Burke, McDowell and Warren counties. The massWe manganese 
 garnet or spessartite, is abundant at Jeanfetown, Rutherford 
 county, at Buckhorn, Chatham county, near Moore's Mills, 
 Stokes county, near Gold Hill, in Cabarrus county, near Bre- 
 vard's Forge, one and a half miles from the Vesuvius Furnace, 
 and near Macpelah Church, Lincoln county, near the High 
 Shoals, and at Clubb's Mountain, and Crowder's Mountain, Gas- 
 ton county, and near Madison, Rockingham county, near Salem, 
 Forsyth county, on Horse creek, Ashe county, Linville Mts., 
 and Bridgewater, Burke county, in Guilford county, at Thorn 
 Mt. M., Macon county, near Marion, McDowell county, at 
 Buchanan M., Mitchell county, on Pacolet R., Polk county, at 
 Weaver's, Rutherford county, and near Dobson, Surry county. 
 
 Dr. G. A. Koenig has analyzed a variety of manganese garnet 
 or spessartite from Yancey county (1), and I that from near 
 Salem, Forsyth county (2), which contain 
 
 Spec. Grav. 4.14. 1. 2. 
 
 Silicic acid 35.80 36.74 
 
 Alumina 19.06 16.55 
 
 Ferric oxide, 6.25 not determined. 
 
 Manganous oxide 28.64 25.80 
 
 Ferrousoxide, 4.49 14.26 
 
 Magnesia, 0.60 2.56 
 
 Lime, 4.O9 
 
 94.84 100.00 
 
 77. ZIRCON. 
 
 Abundant with the gold sands of Burke, McDowell, Polk, 
 Rutherford, Caldwell, Mecklenburg, Nash, Warreu, and other 
 counties, in very minute yellowish brown and brownish white, 
 
MINERALOGY. 49 
 
 sometimes amethystine, pink and blue crystals with many planes; 
 large greyish hrown crystals of zircons are found so abundant 
 on the south side of tlie Blue Ridge near Green river, Henderson 
 county, that General Clingman easily obtained, in a few weeks, 
 in 1869, one thousand pounds of crystals. They are found here 
 imbedded in felspathic gneiss, and also in a similar association 
 near Coleman's Station. Found also by Dr. Hunter at Wells' 
 farm, Gaston county. It is rarely found at Ray's mine. Hurri- 
 cane Mountain, Yancey county, and the Flat Rock mine, Mitch- 
 ell county. It has been observed in dark red brown crystals in 
 the magnetite beds of the Unaka Mountains; an irregular large 
 crystal of about two inches in length and a pale brownish grey 
 color has been found by J. A. D. Stevenson near Statesville, 
 Iredell county, and by the same, small crystals imbedded in 
 allanite, near Bethany church. 
 
 78. VESUVIANITE. 
 
 A mineral, re.sembling vesuvianite, occurs in brownish green 
 indistinct crystalline masses, intermixed with quartz, and associa- 
 ted with reddish brown garnet, in Mac(m county. 
 
 79. EPIDOTE. 
 
 Epidote is found abundantly in North Carolina, although fine 
 crystals are exceedingly rare. The finest specimen, which I have 
 seen, is a crystal, in the cabinet of the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania, from the gold washings of Rutherford county; it is 
 strongly pleochroic, like the so-called "Puschkinite," from the 
 auriferous sands of Katharinenburg, in the Ural Mountains. 
 Fine crystals have been lately obtained by Hidden, at Hamp- 
 ton's, Yancey county. Yellowish and brownish green crystal- 
 line masses, sometim&s with indistinct crystals, have been found 
 near "White's mill, Gaston county, and near Franklin, in Macon 
 county. At the latter place occurs also a variety in short, stout 
 crystals of a dark brown or greenish brown color, (analysis be- 
 low). In Mitchell county it is found in dark brownish green 
 
 4 
 
60 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 crystals and radiating masses. Crystals and crystalline masses 
 in quartz at White Plains, Alexander county. Fragments of 
 epidote in greenish crystals, also a granular variety are fre- 
 quently met with in the gold sands of Burke, McDowell and 
 Rutherford counties. 
 
 Epidote of olive green or greyish and brownish green color 
 occurs massive as a frequent admixture of hornblende slate 
 (notably in Mitchell county), or diorite, sometimes forming pure 
 masses of epidosite, as at the foot of Grandfather Mountain, 
 head of Watauga river, Watauga county. It occurs also abund- 
 antly and conspicuously, as bright-green araygdules in the chlo- 
 ritic aniygdaloidal gneisses on Watauga river. It constitutes, 
 with a reddish feldspar, the so-called unakyte rock, which may 
 be seen at Marshall, Madison county, and down the French 
 Broad in occasional seams, and thin beds for several miles. It 
 has also been found in many 9f the magnetic iron ore beds, as 
 at Cranberry, Mitchell county, at Smith's ore bed on Ivy, Madi- 
 son county, in the beds on Horse Creek, Ashe county, at Buck- 
 horn, Chatham county, &c. 
 
 I have analyzed the brown epidote from Macon county, and 
 found the spec. grav. 3.269, and its composition: 
 
 Silicic acid, 36.95 
 
 Alumina, 25.82 
 
 Ferric Oxide, 9.97 
 
 Ferrous Oxide, 1.34 
 
 Manganoiis Oxide, 0.56 
 
 Magnesia, 0.56 
 
 Lime, 21.86 
 
 Ignition (water) 3.02 
 
 100.08 
 80. ALLANITE. 
 
 Allanite is found in jet black or brownish black slender crys- 
 tals, sometimes of six and twelve inches in length, and crystal- 
 line masses in a granite vein at Balsam Gap, Buncombe county, 
 and under similar circumstances at the Buchanan Mine, Mitchell 
 county. I have analyzed that from the Balsam Gap. Spec, 
 grav. 3.400. It contains : 
 
MINERALOGY. 51 
 
 Silicic acid, 32.79 
 
 Alumina, 18.16 
 
 Ferric oxide, 1.64 
 
 Ferrous oxide, •. 10.08 
 
 Manganous oxide, 1.23 
 
 Cerous oxide, 6.07 
 
 Didymous and Lanthanous oxides, 14.40 
 
 Yttria 1.84 
 
 Magnesia, 0.15 
 
 Lime, 10.95 
 
 Soda, 0.33 
 
 Potash 0.12 
 
 Ignition (water), 1.99 
 
 99.75 
 
 At both localities the allanite undergoes an alteration and 
 changes into a pale brownish or brownish yellow mineral which 
 has not been further examined. A mineral of an orange color 
 from the Buchanan Mine, resembling gummite, may be the so- 
 called yttro-gummite; the quantity at hand was too small and 
 impure for analysis, but it contains uranic oxide and some of the 
 rare earth of the cerium or yttrium groups. This mineral has 
 been recently found in massive form, like the Amherst county 
 (Va.) mineral, by J. A. D. Stevenson, near Bethany church, 
 Iredell county, with small crystals of zircon imbedded. 
 
 81. ZOISITE. 
 
 The beautiful variety of zoisite, "thulite," has been found in 
 slender rose-red crystals in the feldspars at the Flat Rock Mine, 
 Mitchell county. At the Cullakenee mine it is found as one of 
 the products of the alteration of corundum. Some of the pink 
 as well as the bluish grey corundum are changed into compact 
 and cleavable columnar masses of zoisite of a greyish, greenish 
 and brownish white color. G. A. Koenig has analyzed the 
 slightly greenish white cleavable variety, (1) which has resulted 
 from the alteration of pink corundum. I have made an analysis 
 of the white, slightly greyish zoisite, (2) containing still nuclei 
 of unaltered bluish corundum : 
 
52 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 1. 2. 
 
 Sp. Gr., 32.86 32.24 
 
 Silicic acid 40.70 39.86 
 
 Alumina 33.86 33.84 
 
 Ferric oxide, 0.81 1.62 
 
 Maoganous oxide trace. trace. 
 
 Magnesia 0.22 0.18 
 
 Lime, 24.05 23.82 
 
 Soda, (trace of lithia) notdet'd 0.22 
 
 Potash " " 0.09 
 
 Loss by ignition, 0.63 0.78 
 
 100.27 100.41 
 
 About half a mile southwest of Silver Hill, about thirty years 
 ago, a greyish white foliated and columnar mineral was found, 
 when searching for the continuation of the vein, which had the 
 appearance of zoisite. No further examination was made, and 
 there is now probably no specimen preserved. Dr. Hunter 
 reports it from Alleghany county. 
 
 82. PHLOGOPITE. 
 
 Small brownish scales of it have been found in the granular 
 limestone of Bolejack's quarry, near Germanton, and at Martin's 
 quarry on Snow creek, Stokes county, on Walnut creek, one 
 mile from the French Broad river, in Madison county, on Valley 
 river, in Cherokee county, and at Judge Pearson's, near the 
 Yadkin river, Yadkin county. It is found also near Coleman's 
 Station, in Henderson county. 
 
 83. BIOTITE. 
 
 Biotite is a constituent of many of the granites, gneisses and 
 mica-schists of North Carolina. It is found only in small black 
 or brownish black plates or scales. The localities are too numer- 
 ous for mentioning any particular one. It occurs in large plates 
 and in very regular crystals in the mica mines of Mitchell, Hay- 
 wood, Yancey and especially Macon, notably at Lytle & Thorn 
 Mountain mines. 
 
MINERALOGY. 53 
 
 84. MUSCOVITE. 
 
 The mica of the gneiss and micaschist is mostly muscovite, 
 hence it is one of the commonest minerals of North Carolina. 
 Id a few localities it is found in beautiful crystals, for instance, 
 with magnetite, at Buckhorn, in Chatham county, with quartz, 
 at Hickory, Catawba county, and with pyrite, in Stokes county. 
 Since the year 1868, it has been rained in many places and has 
 been obtained in large plates, at times over three feet in diame- 
 ter, generally of a brownish color, in masses or lai'ge crystals, 
 associated with grey, smoky, or yellowish brown quartz, ortho- 
 clase, albite, etc., in numerous localities in Macon, Jackson, Hay- 
 wood, Buncombe, Ashe, McDowell, Mitchell, Yancey, Alexan- 
 der, Cleveland and other counties. A pink colored museovite 
 in fine scales, much resembling lepidolite, for which it was mis- 
 taken, occurs with mica at Ray's, in Yancey county, and at the 
 Flat Rock Mine, in Mitchell county. 
 
 85. LABRADORITE. 
 
 A white, and in some portions colorless, very lustrous cleavable 
 variety with very few triclinic strise, occurs at the Cullakenee 
 mine, in Clay county. It has a spec. grav. of 2.62. I had it 
 analyzed in the Laboratory of the University of Pennsylvania 
 by Mr. W. H. Jarden, who found 
 
 Silicic acid, 55.61 
 
 Alumina 26.90 
 
 Lime, 9.60 
 
 Soda, 6.97 
 
 Potash, 0.55 
 
 Ignition (water), 0.35 
 
 It has been found in grey granular cleavable ma.*ses, but only 
 at a few localities. 
 
 Near the road, six miles north of Burnsville, in Yancey county, 
 it is associated with mica, garnet, etc., as one of the constituents 
 of a stratified rock; it occurs in a trap near the Tuckasegee ford, 
 
54 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 half a mile from the Catawba river, on the road to Charlotte, in 
 Mecklenburg county, also at Shiloh church in Granville county, 
 in large crystals in the heavy trap on Toe river below Bakers- 
 ville, Mitchell county. The latter locality furnishes specimens 
 which show slightly the play of bluish colors. It is one of the 
 constituents of the crypto-crystalline trap-rock found throughout 
 the State. 
 
 86. ANDESITE. 
 
 In stiow white and bluish white cleavable masses, showing fine 
 striae upon the cleavage planes, associated with black hornblende 
 or arfvedsonite at the Cullakenee mine, Clay county; and from 
 the same locality as very fine grained white feldspar associated 
 with zoisite and raargarite, and like the latter, resulting from the 
 alteration of corundum. Both have been analyzed — the first by 
 G. A. Koenig (1), the latter by Th. M. Chatard (2): 
 
 1 2 
 
 Spec. Qrav., 2.611 2.610 
 
 Silicic acid 57.29 58.41 
 
 Alumina 26.52 25.93 
 
 Ferric oxide, 0.21 0.38 
 
 Magnesia .' 0.15 0.18 
 
 Lime, 7.80 5.82 
 
 Soda, 6.75 6.45 
 
 Potash, 0.33 2.10 
 
 Loss by ignition, 1.43 0.93 
 
 100.48 100.20 
 
 There are .similar white feldspars at the Hogback mine in 
 Jackson county, Culsagee mine in Macon county, and the Carter 
 mine in Madison county, which may belong here. No others 
 have been analyzed. 
 
 87. OLIGOCLA8E. 
 
 A fine grained greyish white feldspar, through which minute 
 particles of black tourmaline are disseminated, occurs in consid- 
 erable quantities at Culsagee, Macon county. It has been analy- 
 zed by J. L. Smith (1), and also in the Laboratory of the Uni- 
 versity of Pennsylvania by Frank Julian (2), who found: 
 
MINERALOGY. 55 
 
 1 2 
 
 Silicic acid 64.12 72.60 
 
 Alumina 24.20 13.04 
 
 Ferric oxide, 0.14 1.76 
 
 Magnesia, 0.39 
 
 Lime, 2.80 2.54 
 
 Soda, 9.28 6.23 
 
 Potash, 2.39 
 
 Loss by ignition (water) 0.34 
 
 100.54 99.29 
 
 The material for the second analysis had evidently a consid- 
 erable admixture of quarte. 
 
 88. ALBITE. 
 
 It is found in large ciea.vable mas.ses of a white color, at Point 
 Pizzle, Mitchell county, showing upon the cleavage planes more 
 or less distinct striation. I had it analyzed in the Laboratory of 
 the University of Pennsylvania by Frank Julian (1), (see below). 
 Spec, grav., 2.638. There are probably many of the white and 
 greyish or brownish white striated feldspars from mica mines, 
 such as from Gibbs mine. South Toe river, Yancey county, the 
 Flat Rock mine and the Buchanan mine in Mitchell county, 
 Ainslie's in Jackson county, aud Thorn Mountain mine in Ma- 
 con, and many others, which belong to this species or to oligo- 
 elase, which can only be distinguished by analysis. An inter- 
 esting occurrence is that at the Presly mine, Haywood county, 
 where it, together with damourite, results from the alteration of 
 corundum. Small white granular cleavable, also con)pact masses 
 have been found at the Steele mine, Montgomery county, asso- 
 ciated with prochlorite, gold, pyrite, sphalerite, &c. 
 
 Some of the granitic rocks 3 miles west of Leasburg, Caswell 
 county, contain small grains of a triclinic feldspar, which may 
 be albite. 
 
 The compact greyish white variety from the Steele mine has 
 been analyzed by Geo. J. Popplein (2): 
 
56 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 1 2 
 
 Silidoacid 67.51 60.29 
 
 Alumina, 20.46 19.66 
 
 Ferric oxide, trace. 4.63 
 
 Manganous oxide trace. 
 
 Magnesia, 0.34 0.23 
 
 Lime, 3.08 1.83 
 
 Soda, 9.15 9.90 
 
 Potash trace. 1.71 
 
 Lo.s.s by ignition, 1.20 
 
 100..54 99.45 
 
 89. OKTHOCLASE. 
 
 This is one of the most widely distributed minerals in the 
 State, forming an essential constituent of all the granite, gneiss, 
 etc. It is found in beautiful crystals in a band of porphyritic 
 granite, near Salisbury, Rowan county, the High Shoals and 
 White's Mill, in Gaston county, and on Hitchcock's creek, and 
 elsewhere in Richmond county, also in the "Chesterlite" form 
 at Silver Hill, associated with pyromorphite and quartz. Cleava- 
 ble masses of orthoclase are found at Houp's farm near States- 
 ville, and near Belt's Bridge, Iredell county. A peculiar 
 variety, with satin lustre upon the cleavage planes, occurs in Clay 
 county, near CuUakenee. Large lamellar mas.ses of a white, 
 greyisii or reddish color, occur at Ray's Mine, Yancey county, 
 at Flat Rock, Blalock'.s, and near Bakersvilie, in Mitchell 
 county, also in Caldwell county, at Hatnpton's, Mining Creek, 
 Dear Burnsville, Yancey county, on Sugartown Turnpike, ten 
 miles from Franklin, and at the Whiteside Mountain, in Macon 
 county, and on French Broad river, in Madison county, and in 
 the Mica mines everywhere. The Burnett Mica Mine, Bun- 
 combe county, furnished the Museum with a crystal weighing 
 800 pounds. The peculiar compact variety of orthoclase which 
 is spotted with hydrated sesquioxide of manganese, the so-called 
 "leopardite," is found near Charlotte, Mecklenburg county, and 
 also in Gaston county. It is a variety of porphyry, with crys- 
 tals of quartz di.sseminated. I have made an analysis of the 
 fel.spathic constituent, which has a yellowish white color and a 
 
MINERALOGY. 57 
 
 cry ptociystal line Structure (1). Miss Mary T. Lewis has analyzed 
 in the Laboratory of the University of Pennsylvania, the ortho- 
 clase from Houp's farm, Iredell county (2). 
 
 1 2 
 
 Silicic acid 75.92 64.56 
 
 Alumina 14.47) 
 
 Ferric oxide, 0.88) 20.60 
 
 Magnesia, 0.09 
 
 Lime, 0.02 0.36 
 
 Soda, 4.98 trace. 
 
 Potash, 4.01 14.85 
 
 100.37 100.37 
 
 90. TOURMALINE. 
 
 The tourmalines, found in many localities in Xorth Carolina, 
 are mostly the black varieties. A small, well terminated trans- 
 parent green ci-ystal was found by Col. Mills on Silver Creek, 
 Burke county, also a black crystal 4 inches long imbedded in a 
 green beryl crystal. Crystals of from 1 to 2 inches in size, have 
 been found near Mountain Mine, Cleveland county, on Upper 
 Little river, Caldwell county, at Hanging Dog Creek, in Chero- 
 kee, and in Rutherford, Mecklenburg, Yancey, Miichell, Macon, 
 Haywood, Transylvania, Polk, Buncombe, Caldwell, Stokes, 
 Johnston, Wake, Granville, and other counties. In beautiful 
 well terminated crystals of 2 to 3 inches in length it is found in 
 the South Mountains, 16 miles S. E. of Morgantoii, in Burke 
 county, aLso near King's mill, Iredell county, and at Warren's 
 near Salem church, John Lackey's and Isaac Price's <>n the 
 White Plains, Alexander county. In slender black crystals, 
 often radiating, and of needle-like shape, frequently flattened 
 between tiie plates of muscovite, it is found at Ray's Mine, near 
 Burnsville, where also a greenish and yellowish green, fibrous 
 and finely columnar variety occurs. It is frequently and in 
 large masses associated with the corundum of Culsagee Mine, in 
 Macon county. At the Culiakenee Mine, Clay county, it is 
 found in small quantity, also at the Hogback Mine, Jackson 
 coimiy, and with the corundum and daraourite al Belt's Bridge, 
 
68 GEOLOGY or A'ORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 in Iredell county. A large outcrop of fibrous and granular 
 tourmaline, with quartz, is found about two hundred yards 
 northeast of the Ellison Mine, on the High Shoals property, in 
 Gaston county, and a peculiar finely striated variety, with quartz, 
 at Clubb's Mountain; similar finely fibrous wood-like masses 
 occur at Leasburg, Caswell county, and in Wake. It has also 
 been observed in the gold sands from Burke county. Tourma- 
 line rock and slate has been noticed at Kernersville, Guilford 
 county, at Bee Rock, head of Turkey creek, in McDowell 
 county, and at Jeanestown, Rutherford county, and six miles 
 south of Asheville, on the Hendersonville road, and in Cleve- 
 land county. 
 
 91. FIBEOLITE. 
 
 A reddish white, finely fibrous mineral, with silky lustre, from 
 Macon county, probably belongs to this species. 
 
 A very interesting occurrence of fibrolite has lately been dis- 
 covered near Shoup's ford, in Burke county, where' it is the re- 
 sult of the alteration of corundum and envelopes a core of the 
 original mineral. The fibrolite may, in part, have been changed 
 into damourite, as it occurs in the mica schist (damourite schist) 
 of the neighborhood in small needle-shaped crystals. A min- 
 eral resembling fibrolite is found in quartz in the gold gravel of 
 Burke and McDowell counties. 
 
 92. CYAjS^ITE. 
 
 This is one of the characteristic accessories in many of the 
 mica and hornblende schists of Macon, Haywood, Transylvania, 
 Yancey, Mitchell, Caldwell, Catawba, Gaston and other counties, 
 and is generally of a greyish white or grey color, and in imper- 
 fect crystals. Fine crystals occur at Clubb's and Crowder's 
 mountains, Gaston county; coarsely bladed masses of a blue and 
 greenish color at Swannanoa Gap, Buncombe county, also near 
 Ray's Mica mine, on Hurricane mountain, and elsewhere in 
 Yancey county, Mitchell, Cherokee, and Wilkes counties, six 
 miles east of Danbury, in Stokes county, near Davidson College, 
 
MINERALOGY. 59 
 
 in Mecklenburg county. In blue and white bladed crystals in 
 quartz at Hoover's farna, six miles S. W. of Statesville, also in 
 gravel, near Statesville, Iredell county. A greyish white, radi- 
 ating cyanite is found at Ararat river, four miles southeast of 
 Mount Airy, in Surry county, and a white cyanite at the foot of 
 Barnett's mountain, in Person county. Cyanite also occurs on 
 Valley river, in Cherokee, at Tipton's, in Clay county, in quartz 
 at the head of Jonathan's creek, in Haywood county, on Bear 
 creek, in Madison county, at the Buchanan mine, Mitchell 
 county, in the N. W. corner of Wake county, and in Moore and 
 elsewhere. 
 
 The white cyanite, associated with the lazulite of Clubb's 
 mountain has been analyzed by Smith and Brush, who found 
 
 Silicic acid, 37.60 
 
 Alumina, 60.40 
 
 Ferric oxide 1.60 
 
 99.60 
 93. TOPAZ. 
 
 Topaz is reported as occurring at Crowder's mountain, but it is 
 very doubtful ; crystals from there, which were considered topaz, 
 are cyanite. The variety, pycnite, occurs in finely columnar 
 aggregations of a yellowish and brownish yellow color, associated 
 with garnets, near White's Mill, Gaston county. 
 
 94. EUCLASE. 
 
 General Clingman mentions a very handsome crystal of this 
 rare mineral from the gold mine of the late Morril MilLs, in the 
 eastern part of Polk coiinty. 
 
 95. TITANITE. 
 
 General Clingman mentions titanite, or sphene, as occurring in 
 Buncombe county. I have observed it at Morganton Springs, 
 Burke county, in minute brown crystals, in hornblende slate and 
 in granite at White's Mills, in Gaston county, and at Rogers' 
 Ore Bank, near Dan bury in Stokes county, and on Hurricane 
 
60 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAEOLINA. 
 
 mountain, Yancey county. To this species probably belong two 
 of Prof. Sliepard's very doubtful species, the Xanthitane, from 
 Greene river, in Henderson county, and the Pyromdane, from 
 the gold washings of McDowell county. Hidden reports it 
 also in Alexander county. 
 
 96. STAUROLITE. 
 
 Very large, brownish red crystals, from two and a half to 
 three inches in length, and one to one and a half inches wide, 
 single individuals as well as twins, occur at the Parker mine, in 
 Cherokee county. There are many other localities in Cherokee 
 and Macon counties, where it occurs abundantly in argillaceous 
 and talcose slates, as on Persimmon Cr., and Hanging Dog Cr., 
 on BearCr,, Madison county, and Tusquittah Cr., in Clay county. 
 It is found in very small quantity with corundum and chlorite 
 in small reddish brown grains of vitreous lustre, but without 
 distinct form, at the Culsagee mine, Macon county. They have 
 a spec. gr. of 3.71,1. An analysis which I made gave 
 
 Silicic acid, 27.91 
 
 Alumina, 52.92 
 
 Ferric oxide, 6.87 
 
 Ferrous oxide, 7.80 
 
 Magnesia, 3.28 
 
 Lime and Manganous oxide traces. 
 
 Ignition (water) 1.59 
 
 100.37 
 B. Hydrous Silicates. 
 
 97. CHRYSOCOLLA. 
 
 Inferior specimens, generally much mixed with other copper 
 ores, have been observed at many of the copper mines; for 
 instance, at the Gardner Hill and Cambridge mines in Guilford 
 county, the Pioneer Mills in Cabarrus county, the Gillis mine 
 and at Mill Creek in Person county, Northington's dam 
 in Harnett county, Wolf Creek mine in Jackson county, at 
 Welch's in Moore county, at Grupy mine and elsewhere in Ro- 
 wan county, near Elkin in Surry county, the Hopewell in Meek- 
 
MINERALOGY. 61 
 
 lenl)urg county, at the Clegg mine and at Snipes' iron mine in 
 Chatham county, Gap Creek mine in Ashe county, and in many 
 other places. 
 
 98. CALAMINE. 
 
 The only specimen of calamine, which I have observed, came 
 from Silver Hill, Davidson county, where it occurs sparingly as 
 an incrustation of fibrous and radiating structure upon argenti- 
 ferous galenite. 
 
 99. TALC. 
 
 Resulting from the alteration of chrysolite, foliated talc, of a 
 white or greenish white color, is found in many of the chrysolite 
 beds, west of the Blue Ridge; at Shooting Creek, Clay county, 
 Culsagee, Macon county, Webster, Jackson county, Hampton's, 
 Mining Creek, and at Young's, on South Toe river, Yancey 
 county, near Bakersville, Mitchell county, and other localities; 
 in sheets of three-quarters to one-inch in thickness and of a some- 
 what columnar structure, near Pilot mountain, and near Dobson, 
 Surry county; fibrous talc with silky lustre, and of a white or 
 green color, also compact crystalline white talc, with a splintery 
 structure on Valley river, Cherokee county, and also in Macon 
 county. Talc slate and coarse soapstone is found in many local- 
 ities throughout the State; it has been noted in some thirty conn- 
 ties; for instance, near Belt's Bridge, Iredell county, in the South 
 mountains of Burke county, in Caldwell, in Haywood county 
 near Waynesvilie, in the north of Wake county, &c. I have 
 analyzed a specimen from Webster, Jackson county, and found 
 it to contain : 
 
 Water 0.34 
 
 Silicic acid, 64.44 
 
 Alumina, 0.48 
 
 Ferrous oxide, L39 
 
 Niccolous oxide 0.23 
 
 Magnesia 33.19 
 
 100,07 
 
62 GEOLOGY OP NOETH CAROLINA. 
 
 100. PYROPHYLLITE. 
 
 Id white, yellowish, greenish and brownish white, stellate 
 aggregations, fibrous and radiated masses at Cotton Stone Moun- 
 tain, Montgomery county, Pilot Knob, Randolph county, David- 
 son College, Mecklenburg county, Hillsboro, Orange county, 
 Crowder's and Clubb's mountains in Gaston county, a.nd on Lin- 
 ville mountain, McDowell county. The slaty variety forms 
 large beds of yellowish white or greenish color in Chatham, 
 Moore and Orange counties. 
 
 A schistose imperfectly lamellar variety from the Deep river 
 has been analyzed by Samuel T. Tyson (1), and a similar one, of 
 a somewhat whiter color, from Carbonton, by O. D. Allen (2): 
 
 1 2 
 
 Spec. Grav., 2.92 2.82 
 
 Silicic acid 65.93 66.25 
 
 Alumina, 1 oa !\a 27.91 
 
 Ferrous oxide, / '^^'^^ 1.08 
 
 Water, 5.40 5.25 
 
 100.87 100.49 
 
 101. STILPNOMELANE (?). 
 
 A mineral, similar to stilpnomelane, has been found in com- 
 pact greenish black masses at the Cosby Mine, Cabarrus county. 
 
 102. GLAUCONITE. 
 
 The green grains forming one of the constituents of many of 
 the so-called marl beds in the eastern part of the State, are glau- 
 conite. Occurs in most of the counties of that section south of 
 Tar river. 
 
 103. SERPENTINE. 
 
 The massive varieties are found in many localities. The best 
 appears to come from the neighborhood of Patterson, Caldwell 
 county. It has a dark greenish black color, and contains fine 
 veins of the yellowish green fibrous and silky ohrysotUe, and 
 admits of a fine polish; greenish grey massive serpentine, also 
 
MINEEALOGY. 63 
 
 •with seams of greenish and greyish white chrysotile is fouDd at 
 the Baker Mine, in Caldwell county, at which place is also found 
 the varieties marmolite and picrolite; this last also occurs abund- 
 antly in the Buck Creek Corundum Mine, Clay county. Dark 
 green serpentine has been observed in ti)e neighborhood of Ashe- 
 ville, in Buncombe county, in- Forsyth and Wake counties. A 
 greyish or yellowish grey serpentine occurs in Caldwell, Wilkes, 
 Surry, Yancey, Stokes, Orange and Wake Counties, in tiie 
 chrysolite beds of Macon, Jackson, Yancey, Mitchell, Watauga, 
 Burke, and other counties; it results from the decomposition of 
 the chrysolite, which, however, is not always complete and gives 
 rise to intermediate stages, in which we have- to deal with mix- 
 tures of both species. Such a mixture from the Cullakenee 
 Mine, Clay county, has been analyzed by me (1), also a compact 
 massive serpentine resembling the variety williamsite from the 
 chrysolite beds of Webster (2): 
 
 1 2 
 
 Silicic acid, 35.19 43.87 
 
 Alumina, 0.64 0.31 
 
 Ferrous oxide, 9.70 7.17 
 
 Niccolous oxide, 0.27 
 
 Manganous oxide, trace. 
 
 Magnesia, 40.99 38.62 
 
 Lime 0.02 
 
 Chromite 0.57 
 
 Water 13.48 9.55 
 
 100.00 100.38 
 
 104. DEWEYLITE. 
 
 This mineral is found in all the chrysolite beds of the West- 
 ern counties, in yellowish and greenish masses, in their veins or 
 seams, through the decomposed rocks. 
 
 105. CEKOLITE. 
 
 In small veins or seams in decomposed chrysolite at Culsagee 
 Mine, Macon county, forming white or yellowish massses. It 
 has not been analyzed. 
 
64 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 106. GENTHITE. 
 
 Ill amorphous apple-green coatiiig.s upon decomposing chryso- 
 lite, at Webster, Jacijson county, and .sparingly at the Culsagee 
 Mine, Macon county, and also on Ivy river, Buncombe county. 
 
 107. EAOtlNITE. 
 
 Snow white kaolinite is found as the result of the decomposi- 
 tion of orthoclase at most of the mica mines in Mitchell, Yan- 
 cey, Macon, and other counties. Good qualities are found six or 
 seven miles from Newton, Catavvba county, also in Lincoln, 
 Burke, and many other counties. Clay for firebricks and earth- 
 enware occurs in many localities throughout the State. 
 
 108. SAPONITE. 
 
 Found in Mitchell county, near Bakersville, in the cavities of 
 the cellular hornstone of the chrysolite; popularly known as 
 moimtain tallow. K. 
 
 109. HALLOYSITE. 
 
 Found near Salem, Forsyth county ; is of an olive green color, 
 and waxy lustre. The varieiy lithomarge occurs in Burke 
 county. K. 
 
 110. FINITE. 
 
 This mineral is found as a light grey to pale or dull greenish 
 coating in the joints and seams and between the laminse of the 
 conglomeratic and felsitic slates of the Huronian series in the mid- 
 dle counties, and also of the granulites of the Blue Ridge. K. 
 
 111. MARGAEODITE. 
 
 Occurs iu several, of the mica mines of Mitchell, Yancey, 
 Macon, &c, and also occurs in Wake county in association with 
 tourmaline. K. 
 
 112. PAR.\GONITE. 
 
 Is found in the so-called talcoid and talco-micaceous schists of 
 the Piedmont .section, especially in Burke, Caldwell and Catawba, 
 
MINERALOGY. 65 
 
 it enters as a common constituent of the soft brown and purple 
 schists so common as to be characteristic of the region. It is 
 also to be seen at Round Kimh, in McDowell, in the altered 
 schists and slates exposed in the railroad cuts, and in similar 
 rocks in Wake county, near Raleigh; and in many other local- 
 ities. K. 
 
 113. DAMOURITE. 
 
 Very fine white and yellowisli white pearly scales are found 
 with the cyanite at Crowder's and Clubb's mountains, which are 
 damourite, and result from alteration of the cyanite. Under 
 similar circumstances it is found in Yancey, Cherokee and Ire- 
 dell counties. A slaty damourite, much resembling the pyro- 
 phyliite slates of Chatham and Moore counties, occurs near Warm 
 Springs, Madison county. The most interesting occurrence of 
 damourite is that resulting from the alteration of corundum. In 
 this connection it is found in many varieties. It is sometimes 
 in compact masses, with a crystalline structure, and a yellowish 
 white color surrounding the corundum as at the Haskett mine, 
 Macon county, or it envelopes the nodules of corundum, as at 
 Beit's bridge, Iredell county, and has a very fine fibrous struc- 
 ture with delicate silky lustre — the fine particles gradually assum- 
 ing a scaly structure and large size. At Crowder's and Clubb's 
 mountains and the Culsagee mine, Macon county, the damourite, 
 surrounding corundum, occurs in the form of small silver white 
 scales, usually discolored by a thin coating of oxide of iron. At 
 the Hogback mine, in Jackson, and especially in Haywood county, 
 it occurs in a similar manner, but it frequently surrounds large 
 masses of corundum with a compact or semi-fibrous coating with 
 silky lustre, which towards the margin becomes more crystalline 
 and scaly; at the Presley mine, Haywood county, it is found 
 in very fine scales, gradually increasing to.plates of an inch in 
 diameter, and sometimes directly into large hexagonal crystals of 
 three to four inches in diameter, still inclosing nuclei of the ori- 
 ginal mineral. 
 
 The importance of this occurrence required numerous analyses 
 to support my view on this subject. 
 
66 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 The following have been analyzed in the Laboratory of the 
 University of Pennsylvania: 
 
 1. The finely fibrous from Belt's Bridge, by Miss Mary T. 
 Lewis. 
 
 2. The fine scales from Crowder's mountain, by Thomas M. 
 Cliatard. 
 
 3. The fine scales from Culsagee, by Geo. A. Koenig. 
 
 4. Plates of about one inch in diameter from the Presley mine, 
 by myself. 
 
 The following are the results: 
 
 ~1 2 3 4 
 Spec. Grav., 2.860 2.867 
 
 Silicic acid 45.93 43.51 45.62 44.89 
 
 Alumina, 38.221 „„ „^ 35.93 38.02 
 
 Ferric oxide, 0.61 / "^'-"^ 2.93 1.96 
 
 Magnesia, 0.31 0.34 0.14 
 
 Lime, 0.37 0.42 trace. 0.30 
 
 Litliia, trace. trace. 
 
 Soda, 0.74 1.04 0.71 0.60 
 
 Potash, 9.21 11.35 9.40 10.26 
 
 Water, 4.89 7.73 4.93 4.50 
 
 99.97 102.21 99.86 100.67 
 
 The soft pseudomorphous crystals in the form of staurolite 
 from Cherokee county, are probably damourite in composition. 
 
 114. CULSAGEEITE. 
 
 The mineral, which I had described as Jefferisite from Culsa- 
 gee, has been distinguished by Prof. Josiah P. Cooke, Jr., as 
 culsageeite. It occurs in broad lamina; or plated masses of a yel- 
 lowish brown color, sometimes 4 and 5 inches iu diameter, which, 
 when heated exfoliate in a remarkable manner. It is also found 
 at the same locality, in greenish, brownish, yellow scales, not 
 over one-eighth of an inch in diameter. Both varieties have 
 been analyzed, the former by Geo. A. Koenig (1), the latter by 
 Thos. A. Chatard (2). J. P. Cooke, Jr., has also analyzed the 
 large plates, but his analyses represent the mineral after having 
 been dried at 100° C, (212° F.) by which operation it lost from 
 10.19 to 10.27 per cent, of water. 
 
MINERALOGY. 67 
 
 12 3 (dried). 
 
 Spec. Gr., 2.225 
 
 Silicic acid, 33.93 34.00 37.58 
 
 Alumina, 17.38 20.36 19.73 
 
 Ferric oxide, 5.42 4.91 5.95 
 
 Ferrous oxide, 0.50 0.42 0.58 
 
 Niccolous oxide 0.35 0.57 
 
 Magnesia 23.43 21.71 25.13 
 
 Water, 19.17 18.50 11.09 
 
 100.18 100.47 100.06 
 
 It likewise occurs on Ivy river, near Carter's, Buncombe 
 county, and at Carter'.? Mine, Madison county, and in Hender- 
 son county at Coleman's Station. 
 
 115. KERRITE. 
 
 Consists of innumerable fine scales of pale greenish yellow 
 color and pearly lustre. Exfoliates when heated, but less so than 
 Culsageeite. From the Culsagee Mine. 
 
 It was analyzed by Thomas M. Chatard, who found as the 
 mean result of two analyses: 
 
 Spec. Gr., 2.303 
 
 Silicic acid 38.29 
 
 Alumina. 11.41 
 
 Ferric oxide 1.95 
 
 Ferrous oxide, 0.32 
 
 Niccolous oxide 0.25 
 
 Magnesia, 26.40 
 
 Water 21.25 
 
 99,87 
 116. MACONITE. 
 
 Closely resembles fine .scaly culsageeite. Dark brown, with 
 pearly lustre, inclining to submetallic. Largely exfoliating when 
 heated. Numerous fragments of bluish grey corundum are 
 imbedded in it. 
 
 The carefully selected pure scales were analyzed by Thos. M. 
 Chatard, who found as the mean result of two analyses: 
 
68 GEOLOGY OF NOETH CAROLINA. 
 
 Spec. Grav., 2.827 
 
 Silicic acid 3^.22 
 
 Alumina 21.53 
 
 Ferric oxide, 12.41 
 
 Ferrous oxide, ".32 
 
 Niccoloiis oxide, ^-^^ 
 
 Magnesia, '■ 14.46 
 
 Lithia face. 
 
 Soda, 0-51 
 
 Potash, 5 70 
 
 Water 11-85 
 
 101.12 
 117. PENNINITE. 
 
 The variety of ksemmererite, in violet and peach-blossom red 
 scales, is assssociated with chromite at Culsagee in Macon county, 
 Webster in Jackson county, Hampton's, Mining Creek, Yancey 
 county, Eich Mountain, Watauga county, etc.; three-sided and 
 six-sided plated crystals of a dark, greenisii and purpli.sh color, 
 associated with talc, etc., in the chrysolite beds at the same locali- 
 ties; also at Bakersville, Mitchell county, and Scott's Creek, 
 Jackson county. 
 
 118. PROCHLOEITE (AND CHLORITE). 
 
 Fine-grained scaly prochlorite, of a dark green color, rarely 
 in wormlike aggregations, is found associated with an albitic 
 rock, from an alteration of which it has resulted, at the Steele 
 Mine, Montgomery county. At the Culsagee Mine prochlorite 
 occurs as the re.«ult of the alteration of corundum, often showing 
 the form and containing yet a core of the original mineral. Fre- 
 quently the corundum has first changed into spinel and the lat- 
 ter has subsequently been altered into prochlorite, but in either 
 case, where it touches the original mineral, it is frequently of a 
 fine scaly pseudo-fibrous structure and becoming more laminated 
 at a greater distance. But this is not always the case, as very 
 often broadly foliated prochlorite is in immediate contact with 
 corundum. Both the laminated and fine scaly form beds of con- 
 siderable size. Under similar circumstances it is found at the 
 Hogback Mine in Jackson county, at Shooting Creek in Clay 
 county, near Marshall and at the Carter Mine in Madison county. 
 
MINERALOGY. 69 
 
 (The so-called corundophilite of Shepard, which was estab- 
 lished by him on the prochlorite of Marshall, has no existence 
 in North Carolina). Chlorite in scales and scaly aggregations 
 is found in many of the gold and copper mines in the State, and 
 chloritie slate at many localities throughout the whole slate belt, 
 and in many counties outside of it, both in the Huronian and 
 Montalban rock. 
 
 I have analyzed the broadly foliated dark green variety (1) 
 and the fine scaly variety diverging from corundum (2), both 
 from Culsagee; and the fine scaly prochlorite from the Steele 
 
 mine (.3). 
 
 1 2 3 
 
 Silicic acid, 27.56 29.48 24.90 
 
 Alumina .' 22.75 22.22 21.77 
 
 Ferricoxide, 2.56 0.70 4.60 
 
 Ferrous oxide, 5.43 5.30 24.21 
 
 Niccolous oxide, 1 „ on ^-^^ 
 
 Manganous oxide, / ' 0.17 1.15 
 
 Magnesia 28.47 30.99 12.78 
 
 Water 13.80 11.63 10.59 
 
 100.87 100.60 100.00 
 
 Analyses of other specimens from Culsagee, made by Thos. 
 M. Chatard and J. L. Smith, gave similar results. It will be 
 seen from these analyses that they are varieties in which a large 
 portion of the ferrous oxide is replaced by magnesia. 
 
 A massive chloritie mineral in aggregations of minute scales, 
 much resembling thuringite, has been found at Mt. Pisgah, Ire- 
 dell county. I have made an analysis of it, but as it was too 
 much oxidized, the amount of ferrous oxide could not be ascer- 
 tained with accuracy, and therefore a doubt exists as to the spe- 
 cies to which it belongs. The analysis gave: 
 
 Silicic Acid, 24.22 
 
 Alumina 19.34 
 
 Ferric oxide, 17.77 
 
 Ferrous oxide, 20.98 
 
 Manganous oxide 0.07 
 
 Magnesia, 5-72 
 
 Water 12.22 
 
 100.32 
 
70 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 119. CHLOEITOID. 
 
 In small scales of a greenish black color, disseminated through 
 the slaty pyrophillite, from Evans' Mill in Chatham ciounty. I 
 have made an analysis of the carefully purified scales: 
 
 Spec. Grav., 3.353 
 
 Silicic acid 26.13 
 
 Alumina 40.11 
 
 Ferric oxide, 3.44 
 
 Ferrous oxide, 23.01 
 
 Manganous oxide, trace. 
 
 Maguesia 0.94 
 
 Water, 6.91 
 
 100.54 
 120. WILCOXITE. 
 
 Greenish and greyish white fine scales of a pearly lustre, much 
 resembling talc, occur occasionally as the result of the altera- 
 tion of corundum. One specimen from Shooting Creek, Clay 
 county, is a fragment of a semi-globular mass with a core of 
 white corundum; also in small quantity at Cullakenee, Clay 
 county, and probably at Culsagee, Macon county. 
 
 Both, that from Shooting Creek (1), and that from Cullakenee 
 (2), have been analyzed by Geo. A. Koenig: 
 
 1 2 
 
 Silicic acid 28.96 29.50 
 
 Alumina 37.49 37.56 
 
 Ferric oxide, 1.26 1.40 
 
 Ferrous oxide, 2.44 2.38 
 
 Magnesia 17.35 17.20 
 
 Litliia, trace. trac*. 
 
 Soda, 6.73 6.24 
 
 Potash, 2.46 2.42 
 
 Water 4.00 3.32 
 
 100.69 100.02 
 
 121. MARGARITE. 
 
 In small foliated masses of silver white color and pearly lus- 
 tre, some of the folia showing planes of crystals, associated with 
 the corundum at the Culsagee mine (1); it has also been found 
 
MINERALOGY. 
 
 71 
 
 with the mass of blue corundum found at Marshall, Madison 
 county; but the most beautiful varieties are fuuiid at CuUakenee, 
 where it occurs in groups of laminated crystals, sometimes two 
 inches long, one and a half wide, and five-eighths inches thick, 
 of a slightly pinkish white color and pearly lustre (2). These 
 groups oontain sometimes a nucleus of corundum, from which 
 they are derived. The second variety from the same locality 
 occurs in the form of broad laminae, of a pinkish color, inter- 
 mixed with corundum and associated with zoisite, (3); a third 
 variety from CuUakenee is found in thin seams of a greyish 
 green color, which are an aggregate of minute pearly scales of a 
 greenish white and sea-green color (4). It is found rarely in 
 Hogback mine, Jackson county. The grey corundu'n from Pen- 
 land's, Clay county, is surrounded by a white and yellowish 
 white cryptiicrystalline and pseudofibrous margarite, and a simi- 
 lar incru.station is found upon the blue corundum at Crowder's 
 mountain. 
 
 A peculiar variety of soda margarite, of a compact and crypto- 
 crystalline structure, surrounds the hexagonal corundum crystals 
 from Hendricks' farm, near Belt's Bridge, Iredell county. It 
 has been analyzed in the Laboratory of the University of Penn- 
 sylvania by Frank Julian (5). I have analyzed the margarite 
 from Culsagee (1); Thos. M. Chatard the first variety (2), and 
 I the second (3) and third (4) varieties from CuUakenee: 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 Spec. Giav., 
 
 3.087 
 
 2.990 
 
 3.055 
 
 3.064 
 
 Silicicacid, 
 
 28.11 
 
 :?9.34 
 
 30.72 
 
 29.63 
 
 Alamina, 
 
 49.16 
 
 48.73 
 
 49.83 
 
 .il.l9 
 
 Chromic oxide 
 
 
 0.13 
 
 
 0.43 
 
 0.78 
 0.78 
 
 0.84 
 0.76 
 
 0.59 
 
 Magnesia, 
 
 0.45 
 
 1.09 
 
 Lime 
 
 11.08 
 
 11.32 
 
 10.84 
 
 11.28 
 
 Lithia 
 
 0.45 
 
 trace. 
 2.61 
 
 trace. 
 2.19 
 
 
 Soda, 
 
 0.67 
 
 1.22 
 
 Potash 
 
 0.22 
 
 0.10 
 
 0.26 
 
 0.20 
 
 Water, 
 
 6.43 
 
 6.55 
 
 6.21 
 
 4.73 
 
 Corundum, 
 
 3.31 
 
 
 
 
 100.31 
 
 100.21 
 
 101.65 
 
 100.06 
 
 33.10 
 52.20 
 
 trace. 
 
 8.44 
 2.59 
 4 85 
 
 101.18 
 
72 GEOI.OGY OF NOETH CAROLINA. 
 
 122. DUDLEYITE. 
 
 In small quantity in soft bronze colored or brownish yellow 
 scales with pearly lustre, slightly exfoliating when heated. They 
 are probably the result of the alteration of margarite, and are 
 found with it rarely at the Cullakenee mine, Clay county. 
 
 123. URANOTIL. 
 
 About (ine-third of the so-called "gummite," is an admixture 
 of uranotil, Init this mineral i.s also obtained in a'nearly pure 
 state by the farther decomposition of the uraninite or rather 
 gummite. It is then found in, apparently amorphous, compact 
 masses, without or with a waxy lustre, and a pale straw, or 
 lemon-yellow color; opaque and of uneven fracture: Sp. Gr. 
 3.834, incrusting the gummite, but sometimes the whole mass of 
 the nodules changed into uranotil. 
 
 The mear) result of two analyses which I made is: 
 
 Silicic acid, 13.72 
 
 Uranic oxide, 66.67 
 
 Plumbic nxide 0.60 
 
 Baryta 0.28 
 
 Strontia, 0.13 
 
 Lime, 6.67 
 
 Phosphoric acid, 0.29 
 
 Water, 12.02 
 
 100.38 
 
 From the Flat Rock mine, Mitchell county. Found also with 
 gummite, at the Deake, Lewis & McHone mines. 
 
 124. URANOCHKE. 
 
 This mineral, closely related to the preceding, is found as a 
 yellow to orange colored incrustation, in the Gibbs' mine, Yancey 
 county, and at Flat Rock and Buchanan mines in Mitchell. K. 
 
 125. ZIPPEITE. 
 
 This third related species of uranium mineral is reported by 
 Prof. Julien as occurring at the Higdon mine, Macon county. K. 
 
MINERALOGY. 
 
 73 
 
 2. Tantatates, Columbatets. 
 
 126. PYROCHLORE OR MICROLITE. 
 
 Microscopic brownish yellow or honey yellow grains and crys- 
 tals which appear to be octahedra, with dodecahedral planes, are 
 associated with orthoclase, tourmaline, etc., at Ray'.s mica mine, 
 on Hurricane mountain, Yancey county, and are probably pyro- 
 chlore or perhaps micro] ite. Larger octahedra are reported to 
 have been found at the Flat Rock mine in Mitchell county, and 
 were called microlite. I have never seen any; those sent to me 
 as such, were garnet. 
 
 127. HATCH ETTOLITE. 
 
 In octahedral crystals with cubical planes, a yellowish brown 
 color, with greyish opalescence, resinous lustre aiid .subconchoidal 
 fracture. Hardness, 5. Spec. Grav., 4.851. 
 
 Three analyses of it have been made by J. L. Smith, the mean 
 results of which I give (1), and one by O. D. Allen (2): 
 
 1 2 
 
 Tantalic acid, ) r7 m 29.83 
 
 Columbic acid, i "'■"* 34.24 
 
 Titanic acid, 1.61 
 
 Tungsticacid 1 q^^ q 30 
 
 btannic acid ) 
 
 Plumbic oxide trace. trace. 
 
 Uranic oxide, 15.61 15.50 
 
 Ferrous oxide '. 2.24 2.19 
 
 Cerous oxide, \ i ,7 
 
 Yttria, / '■' 
 
 Magnesia 0.15 
 
 Lime, 7.31 8.87 
 
 Soda 1-37 
 
 Potash 0.86 trace. 
 
 Los.s by ignition 4.87 4.49 
 
 99.85 98.55 
 
 Found with samarskite at Wiseman's mine, Mitchell county. 
 
 128. TANTALITE. 
 
 A massive variety of tantalite, weighing a few ounces, has been 
 collected by the late Prof. F. H. Bradley, in Yancey county. It 
 
74 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 had a black color, a specific gravity of 6.88; aurl has been ana- 
 lyzed by W. J. Comstock, who found: 
 
 Tantalioacid 59.92 
 
 Niobic acid, 23.63 
 
 Ferrous oxide, 12.86 
 
 Manganous oxide, 3.06 
 
 Magnesia 0.34 
 
 99.81 
 
 It is also described by Hidden as found "in Sharpe township, 
 Alexander county, in a well terminated crystal of four ouneeis \n 
 weight. This mineral has but one other American locality, i. e., 
 Coosa county, Alabama. It is a mineral remarkable for its high 
 specific gravity, being heavier than pure iron." 
 
 129. COLUMBITE. 
 
 It occurs iu crystals and crystalline masses of a black color 
 imbedded in the samarskite of Wiseman's mine, Mitchell county. 
 It has also been found at the Deake mine and other localitie.s in 
 the same county, and in Yancey county near Burnsville, and at 
 Balsam Gap mine in Buncombe, and near Franklin in Macon 
 county. One crystal of it was kindly sent me by Mr. J. A. D. 
 Stevenson of Statesville, which lie had found at Isaac Price's 
 farm, White Plains, Alexander county. I have a crystal of 
 about 2 inches in length, IJ in width and J in thickness, from 
 Capt. Mills' mine, Burke county, which appears to belong to 
 this species. 
 
 J. L. Smith has analyzed the crystals ( 1 ), and massive varieties 
 (2) from Wiseman's mine, and I, that from Isaac Price's farm 
 (3): 
 
 1 2 3 
 
 Spec. Grav., 5.562 5.485 0.758 
 
 Columbic and tantalic acids,.. 80.06 80.82 79.90 
 
 Tnngstic and stannic acids 1.21 1.02 0.56 
 
 Ferrousoxide 14.14 8.73 15.14 
 
 Manganous oxide, 5.21 8.60 5.09 
 
 Cupric oxide trace. 
 
 100.62 99.17 100.69 
 
MINERALOGY. 75 
 
 130. YTTROTANTALITE. 
 
 According to General Clingman, grains of this mineral have 
 been found in several localities in the Western counties. 
 
 131. SAMARSKITE, 
 
 It has been found in small black grains and pebbles, sometimes 
 weighing ^ of an ounce, in the gold sands of Rutherford county, 
 which, when broken, had a vitreous resinous lustre and a brown- 
 ish black color, and a spec. grav. of 5.69. It is found also in 
 the gold sands of Burke (at Capt. Mills') and McDowell counties. 
 It has been analyzed by T. S. Hunt (1). 
 
 About five years ago large masses, one of them weighing over 
 20 pounds, have been found at Wiseman's Mine, Mitchell county. 
 Usually in irregnlarly shaped masses, sometimes coarsely crys- 
 taliyzed, rarely in distinct modified rhombic prisms. The color 
 is deep velvet black, in their edges brown, the lustre resinous 
 and the fracture conchoiilal. Sfiec. grav., 5.72. 
 
 It has been analyzed by Miss Ellen H. Swallow (now Mrs. 
 Richards (2), J. L. Smith (3), O. D. Allen (4). 
 
 12 3 4 
 
 Columbic acid, 1.5481 54 gg 5513 37.20 
 
 Tantalic acid, ) l»oU 
 
 Timgstic and stannic acids, 0.16 0.31 0.08 
 
 Ur-anicoxide 17.03 9.91 10.96 12.46 
 
 Perrons oxide, 14.07 14.02 11.74 10.90 
 
 Manganous oxide 0.91 1.53 0.75 
 
 Cerons oxide, &c 3.95 5.17 4.24 4.25 
 
 Yttria, 11.11 12.84 14.49 14.45 
 
 Magnesia, 0.52 trace. 
 
 Lime, ( 0.55 
 
 Loss by ignition 0.24 0.66 0.72 1.12 
 
 Insoluble 1.25 
 
 101.21 100.40 99.12 100.36 
 
 Dr. Smith expresses his doubts about the true nature of the 
 
 cerous oxide, &c., separated from the Samarskite. Tiiis mineral 
 
 . has lately been the subject of investigation by numerous chemists 
 
 and several new elements, mosaudrum, philippiuni and decipium 
 
 have been discovered in it. The nature of these has not yet 
 
76 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 been sufficiently established to understand their exact relations. 
 Samarskite has also been found in small pieces of 1 to 3 ounces 
 at G-rassy Creek Mine, Mitchell county, and in McDowell county. 
 
 132. EUXENITE. 
 
 Associated with the Samarskite at Wiseman's Mine. In red- 
 dish brown and hairbrown masses, which are translucent in their 
 fragments, fracture irregular to subconchoidal, lustre resinous, 
 not crystallized. Spec, grav., 4.593 — 4.642. It has been analy- 
 zed by J. L. Smith, who found: 
 
 Coliiiiibic acid, 54.12 
 
 Tungstic and stannic acids, 0.21 
 
 Yttria and ceious oxide, 24.10 
 
 Lime, '. 5-53 
 
 Uranic oxide, 9.53 
 
 Manganous oxide, 0.08 
 
 Ferrous oxide, 0.31 
 
 Water, 5.70 
 
 99.58 
 
 133. ^SCHYNITE. 
 
 The most perfect crystals of the black minerals from Ray's 
 Mica Mine, Yancey county, which have been considered colum- 
 bite, agree in form and physical properties with seschynite, simi- 
 lar in appearance to that from Miask, Siberia. No analysis has 
 been made. It is reported also from Mitchell county. 
 
 134. RUTHERFOEDITE. 
 
 In monoelinic (Tystals and grains of a blackish brown color 
 and vitreo-resinous lustre and conch oidal fracture. Sp. gr., 
 5.65—5.69. 
 
 A partial analysis by T. S. Hunt gave 
 
 Titanic acid, 58.5 
 
 Lime 10.0 
 
 Not determined, 31.5 
 
 100.00 
 In the gravel depo.sils of Rutherford and Burke counties. 
 
MINERALOGY. 77 
 
 135. FERGUSONITE. 
 
 Found by Hidden in the gold sand at Capt. J. C. Mills', 
 Burke county. He sends the following analysis, made by Dr. 
 J. L. Smith: 
 
 Columbic acid, 48.12 percent. 
 
 Yttria, with traces of other earths, 40.20 
 
 Uranium oxide, 5.81 
 
 Iron oxide, 2.75 
 
 Water 1.50 
 
 98.38 
 
 "Any little tantalic acid with the columbic acid was not sepa- 
 rated." Hidden also reports it as found in Rutherford and 
 Mitchell. K. 
 
 136. ROGERSITE. 
 
 In white mammillary crusts and little pearly beads upon samar- 
 skite and euxenite at the Wiseman mine, Mitchell county. Spec. 
 Gr., 3.313. 
 , It has been analyzed by J. L. Smith, who found 
 
 Columbic acid 18.10 20.21 
 
 Yttria, &c., 60.12 
 
 Water 17.41 16.34 
 
 3. Phosphates, Arsenates, Etc. 
 137. XENOTIME. 
 
 In minute tetragonal pyramids, in the sands from gold wash- 
 ings in Polk, McDowell, Burke and Rutherford counties. In 
 some sands which I have lately received from Capt. Mills' gold 
 mine in Burke county, there were a few peculiar crystals of a 
 pale greyish, yellowish white color. They were tetragonal pyra- 
 mids, but were irregular and rough on the planes, and appeared 
 to inclose some foreign substance, perhaps zircons. One had a 
 nucleus of a greenish yellow color and resinous lustre, which 
 resembled monazite. A few tests which have been made with a 
 
78 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 fragment of a crystal, which appeared pretty uuiforni in compo- 
 sition, gave a substance resembling zircoiiia, yttria and phosphoric 
 acid, with a rainute trace of cerous oxide. 
 
 138. APATITE. 
 
 This is a rather rare mineral in this State. I have observed 
 it in imperfect crystals of a greyish and reddish green color in 
 orthoclase, etc., at Ray's mine, Hurricane mountain, Yancey 
 county, and in .small granular patches of a greenish color, in 
 granite; found three miles south of the Blue Ridge, sixteen to 
 seventeen miles from Jefferson, on the road to Wilkesboro; found 
 also in greenish white crystals, often inclosing quartz, sometimes 
 from 2 to 3 inches in length, and nearly one inch in thickness, 
 implanted in albite at Point Pizzle and at Cox's M., Mitchell 
 county, and at the Presnel and Gugenheim mines, Yancey county. 
 
 ■ 139. PYROMOEPHITE. 
 
 This is one of the most beautiful minerals found in North 
 Carolina, and formerly has been quite abundant at the Silver Hill 
 mine, which furnished very handsome specimens of hexagonal 
 prisms and crystalline aggregations of different shades from col- 
 orless almost to black, also honey and wax yellow, green, brown, 
 etc.; less abundant, and mostly of a yellowish green color, it is 
 found at Silver Valley, Davidson county. In green and yellow- 
 isi) green crystals, at the Troutmau and McMakin mines, in Ca- 
 barrus county; also, at the Stewart mine, in Union county, and 
 in minute green crystals in the gold veins of the Baker and Mil- 
 ler mines, Caldwell county. 
 
 140. MONAZITE. 
 
 It is found in considerable quantities in small brown, greeni.sh 
 or yellowish brown monoclinic crystals in the gold sands of Ruth- 
 erford, Polk, Alexander, Burke and McDowell counties; also in 
 the neighborhood of Crowder's mountain, Gaston county, and at 
 Todd's branch, in Mecklenburg county, where it occurs in asso- 
 ciation with diamond, zircon, etc. 
 
MINERALOGY. 79 
 
 Very fine perfect crystals over an inch long have been lately 
 found by Hidden in Mitchell county. He also found it in mica 
 schist at the Deake mine, Mitchell county, and in feldspar at 
 Ray's mine, Yancey county, and "in transparent crystals (var. 
 turnerite) at Miiholland's mill, Alexander county, some of the 
 crystals a quarter inch long, and splendent." 
 
 141. VIVIANITE. 
 
 Found in dark, bluish green slender crystals in a compact 
 nodule of tertiary marl, in Edgecombe county: analyzed by W. 
 B. Phillips, of the Agricultural Chemical Station. It is a new 
 and unnamed variety, resembling anglarite and ludlamite in its 
 percentages of water (14), and iron oxide (56), but diifering from 
 both, and occupying an intermediate position between them, in 
 containing equal percentages of both forms of the oxide — 
 protoxide 28.05, sesquioxide 28.35. K. 
 
 142. OLIVENITE. 
 
 Minute green crystals and brownish green fibrous masses, 
 associated with tetrahedrite, scorodite, etc., at George Ludwick's 
 Mine, in Cabarrus county, appear to belong to this species. 
 
 143. P8EUD0MALACHITE. 
 
 In reniform and fibrous masses, of a dark emerald green color, 
 at the McGinn and Wilson Mines, in Mecklenburg county, Cul- 
 len's Mine, in Cabarrus county, Fisher Hill Mine, in Guilford 
 county, at Clegg's Mine, in Chatham county, and about one mile 
 from the Soapstone quarry, in Moore county; also, at the Peach 
 Bottom Mine, in Alleghany county. 
 
 I have analyzed the pseudomalachite from the McGinn Mine, 
 which contains: 
 
 Phosphoric acid, 24.58 
 
 Ciipric oxide, 68.6 
 
 Water 6.86 
 
 144. LAZULITE. 
 In dark blue crystals and crystalline masses, in quartz, and 
 
80 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 associated with cyanite and damourite at Crowder's and Clubb's 
 mountains in Gaston county; also, in quartz, and with very lit- 
 tle damourite, at Cofiee Gap, in the Sauratown Mountains, 
 Stokes county. That from Clubij's mountain has been analyzed 
 by Smith and Brush, who found : 
 
 Spec. Grav., 3.122 
 
 Phosphoric acid, 43.18 44.15 
 
 Alumina 31.22 32.17 
 
 Ferrousoxide 8.29 8.05 
 
 Magnesia, 10.06 10.02 
 
 Water, 5.68 5.50 
 
 Silicic acid 1.07 1.07 
 
 99.50 100.96 
 
 145. SCORODITE. 
 
 In small leek-green and yellowish green crystals, associated 
 with tetrahedrite, quartz, etc., at George Ludwick's Mine, in 
 Cabarrus county. It is found in finely grannlar masses of a 
 brownish yellowish green color, associated with leucopyrite, from 
 the oxidation of which it is formed at Drum's farm on the White 
 Plains, Alexander county, and Dr. Halyburton's, in Iredell 
 county. 
 
 146. WAVELLITE. 
 
 Globular and hemispherical aggregations of white and grey- 
 ish white wavellite, associated with silver, galenite, pyrite, etc., 
 are rarely met with at Silver Hill, Davidson county. 
 
 147. PHAEM.ACOSIDERITE. 
 
 Exceedingly minute crystals of this mineral, of a brownish 
 green color, are associated with the seorodite of George Lud- 
 wick's mine, Cabarrus county. 
 
 148. DUFEENITE. 
 
 It is rarely met with in greyish green tufts of silky lustre, 
 with the so-called "black band" iron at Egypt, Chatham county. 
 
MINERALOGY. 81 
 
 149. PHOSPHURANYLITE. 
 
 In microscopic rectangular pearly scales or in pulverulent 
 incrustations upon quartz, muscovite ami feldspar. Deep lemon 
 yellow. 
 
 I have made an analysis of a specimen, which appears to have 
 been slightly contaminated with cerussite, and found the compo- 
 sition, after deducting the plumbic oxide, as follows: 
 
 Uranic oxide, 76.71 
 
 Phosphoric acid, 12.08 
 
 Wat&r, 11.21 
 
 Associated with autunite and other uranium minerals at the 
 Flat Rock Mine and Buchanan Mine, Mitchell county. 
 
 150. AUTUNITE. 
 
 In beautiful nearly square scales or small crystals of a greenish 
 yellow or yellowish green color, upon quartz and feldspar at the 
 Flat Rock and other mines, Mitchell county; Hidden also re- 
 ports it from Alexander county. 
 
 151. NITEE. 
 
 Crystalline crusts on mica slate at Nantehaleh river, in Chero- 
 kee county. 
 
 4. Tungstates, Molybdates, &o. 
 152. WOLFRAMITE. 
 
 In laminated masses with cuproscheelite and scheelite at the 
 Cosby Mine, with barite at the Flowe Mine, both in Cabarrus 
 county; also, according to General Clingmau, frequent in Ruth- 
 erford and Burke counties. 
 
 I have made an analysis of the wolfram, which forms the 
 nucleus in the rhombic tungstate of lime and found : 
 
82 GEOLOGY or NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Spec. Grav., 7.496 
 
 Ferrous oxide 19.80 
 
 Manganoiis oxide, 5.35 
 
 Lime, ■ 0.32 
 
 Stannic acid, trace. 
 
 Tungstic acid, 75.79 
 
 101.26 
 
 153. RHOMBIC TUNGSTATE OF LIME. 
 
 Associated with wolframite, in barite, at the Flowe Mine, in 
 Cabarrus county, in small crystals and laminated masses of a 
 yellowish and greyish color, which IVequently contain a nucleus 
 of wolfram. 
 
 154. SCHEELITE. 
 
 Orange colored tetragonal pyramids are found at the Flowe 
 Mine; yellowish brown and greyish, imperfect crystalline masses 
 at the Cosby mine, also at Cullen's Mine, Cabarrus county, in 
 rounded granular patches of a greyish yellow color, with auri- 
 ferous pyrite in quartz. I have analyzed the latter and found 
 them composed of 
 
 Stannic acid, 0.13 
 
 Tungstic acid, 79.52 
 
 Cupric oxide, 0.08 
 
 Ferric oxide, 0.18 
 
 Lime, 19.13 
 
 99.04 
 155. CUPROSCHEELITE. 
 
 In yellowish green and siskin green pulverulent coatings upon 
 scheelite at the Cosby Mine, Cabarrus county. 
 
 156. STOLZITE. 
 
 A few small tetragonal pyramids of a bluish grey, and one 
 small, somewhat barrel-.shaped crystal of a greyish yellow color 
 of this very rare mineral have been found in a lump of quartz, 
 associated with sphalerite at Silver Hill, Davidson county. 
 
MINERALOGY. 83 
 
 5. Sulphates, Chromates, &c. 
 
 157. BARITE. 
 
 In small white tabular crystals, with pyromorphite and man- 
 ganese ores at the McMakin mine, Phcenix mine, and White's 
 mine, Cabarrus county. The laminated and coarsely granular 
 white variety at the Flowe and Orchard vein, in Cabarrus county ; 
 a vein of the coarsely laminated, greyish white barite, at the 
 Latta mine, near Hillsboro, Orange county. It occurs coarsely 
 granular, and has the appearance of white marble, at Colonel 
 Walkup's, Union county. A vein of very white compact and 
 granular barite of from seven to eight feet in width, has been 
 found at Crowder's mountain, Gaston county; west of the Blue 
 Ridge, a vein of eight feet in width, exists At Chandler's, nine 
 miles below Marshall, in Madison county, where it is white and 
 greyish white in color, and of a granular structure, containing 
 small patches of laminated barite; also on Elkin creek, in Wilkes 
 county. 
 
 158. ANGLESITE. 
 
 In small tabular rhombic prisms, with very few additional 
 planes in the brown granular zincblende of Silver Hill, David- 
 son; also, according to General Clingman, at the Baker mine, in 
 Caldwell county. 
 
 159. CROCOITE. 
 
 I have observed this rare mineral in small cavities of saccha- 
 roidal quartz, from !Nash county, in very minute dark hyacinth 
 red crystals, associated with gold and small quantities of galenite. 
 
 160. MELANTERITE.. 
 
 As the result of the decomposition of pyrite, disseminated 
 through many of the mica slates, etc., of Rutherford, Cleveland 
 and other counties, melanterite or copperas is formed, but no 
 good crystallized specimens have come to my notice. 
 
84 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 161. GOSLARITE. 
 
 In the water of the Silver Hill mine, also in fine fibrous crys- 
 talline masses upon sjihalerite formerly at the McMakin mine, 
 
 Cabarrus county. 
 
 162. CHALCANTHITE. 
 
 Very fine cry.stals, granular and fibrous crystalline masses of 
 sulphate of copper, were formerly obtained from the upper works 
 of the Silver Hill mine, Davidson county, principally at the 
 sixty feet level. 
 
 163. ALUNOGEN. 
 
 I have once seen a beautiful specimen of fibrous, silky aluno- 
 gen of the western counties, but could not learn the exact local- 
 ity from which it came. It is found abundantly associated with 
 melanterite, in Rutherford, Cleveland and other counties, but 
 not in good specimens; also in Iredell and Catawba counties. 
 
 164. JAROSITE. 
 
 The impure variety generally called "Misy," has been ob- 
 served in association with galenite and pyrite, at Flint Knob, 
 Wilkes county. 
 
 165. MONTANITE. 
 
 This very rare teilurate of bismuth has been found with tetra- 
 dymite at David Beck's mine in Davidson county, and at Cap- 
 tain Mills', in Burke county. The yellow oxide of bismuth, 
 observed by Dr. Asbury, at the Asbury vein, in Gaston county, 
 may belong to this species. 
 
 An analysis, which I have made of that from Davidson county, 
 gave 
 
 Ferric oxide 1.26 
 
 Cupric oxide, 1.04 
 
 Bismuthic oxide, 68.78 
 
 Telluric acid, 25.45 
 
 Water, 3,47 
 
 100.00 
 
MINKRALOGY. 85 
 
 6. Carbonates. 
 
 166. CALCITE. 
 
 Perfect crystals are found at Whiteville, Columbus county, in 
 marl and in the Clegg mine, Chatham county. It occurs coarsely 
 granular in a vein at Hoover's mine, about six miles from Silver- 
 Hill, at Moore's mine, ten miles southeast of Lexington, in Ore 
 Knob mine, Ashe county, and rarely at Silver Hill, in Davidson 
 county, and the Steele mine, Montgomery county. Small quan- 
 tities of granular calcite were found in digging a well at Mor- 
 risville, Wake county. The granular varieties, which consti- 
 tute marble, are sometimes found associated with the compact 
 varieties of limestone in the band which passes through North 
 Carolina, from Stokes county, through Catawba, Lincoln and 
 Gaston counties, as, for instance, at the quarries of Martin on 
 Snow creek, of Boiejack, neiir Germanton, in Stokes county, 
 Pfaff, in Forsyth, Hooper in Catawba, and Stowe in Lincoln 
 counties, and in the Eocene limestone of New Hanover county. 
 A coarse granular limestone occurs also at Goshen, and at Has- 
 kett's, on Ellijay Cr., Macon county, and on CuUowhee Cr., 
 Jackson county, and again on Bear Cr., and Walnut Cr., and at 
 Marshall, in Madison county. A veined grey and white marble 
 is found at Powell's Quarry, near Catawba Station, Catawba ' 
 county. Very beautiful varieties of white, piuk and grey mar- 
 ble are found abundantly at the Nantehaleh river, Marble creek, 
 Valley river, aud other places in Clierokee county. A band of 
 compact limestone, sometimes finely granular, is found in Tur- 
 key Cove, and Cedar Cove, and on Linville mountain, and 
 Graveyard mountain in McDowell county, also in Jackson, 
 Transylvania and Henderson counties, and at Warm Springs, 
 and on Shut In Cr., and Laurel River, Madison county. It is 
 also found in small seams and ci ystalline grains, replacing in part, 
 the orthoclase of a massive granitic gneiss in Harnett county. 
 
 167. DOLOMITE, 
 
 Granular dolomite of a greyish white color, resembling mar- 
 
86 UEOLOGY OF NORTH CAKOLINA. 
 
 ble, is found on Valley river, ten miles from Murphy, Cherokee 
 
 county. 
 
 168. MAGNESITE. 
 
 The lamellar white and greyish variety, from which distinct 
 cleavage crystals can be obtained, is found at McMakin's mine, 
 Cabarrus county; also, with -jhrysolite at Webster, Jackson 
 county, and Hampton's, Mining Creek, Yancey county. At the 
 latter locality are also found the white compact, and at "Webster, 
 the white earthy and pulverulent varieties. Breunerite occurs 
 in serpentine, 4 miles S. of Morganton, Burke county, and near 
 Dobson, Surry county. 
 
 169. SIDERITE. 
 
 In fine rhombohedral crystals, formerly at the McCulloch, the 
 North Carolina, and .several other mines in Guilford county, 
 where it occurred in considerable masses in the vein. In the 
 same manner it is of frequent occurrence in many of the gold 
 veins of the State, especially in those which carry copper. It 
 often forms almost the wliole mass of the veins, frequently, how- 
 ever, decomposed into limonite, which still retaius its rhombohe- 
 dral form; for instance, at Conrad Hill in Davidson county, 
 and in Gaston county, at some of the mines in Randolph county, 
 and the Cosby naine in Cabarrus county. In smaller quantities 
 it has been observed in Stokes county, and some of the mines in 
 Mecklenburg and in Alexander county. A white cleavable 
 variety occurs at the Rudisill mine, near Charlotte. The earthy 
 and argillaceous varieties of siderite form large beds in the 
 Triassic coal strata and constitute the so-called black band or 
 ball ore at Farmville, Egypt, the Gulf, etc., in Chatham county. 
 It is al.so found in compact, greyish brown nodules in Halifax 
 and Granville counties. 
 
 170. EHODOCHROSITE. 
 
 In small globular pink and rose-red concretions, with earthy 
 manganese near Franklin in Macon county, also mixed with 
 magnesite, talc, etc., in compact and granular masses at the Mc- 
 Makin mine, Cabarrus county. 
 
MINERALOGY. 87 
 
 171. CERUSSITE. 
 
 The most beautiful crystal lizatious, single individuals as well 
 as twins, have been found, at Silver Hill, immediately after the 
 discovery ot the mine, also white, yellowish and greenish white, 
 compact varieties, frequently highly argentiferous. A very 
 interesting occurrence at the same mine is cerussite, pseudomor- 
 phous after pyrite. Yellowish white columnar cerussite occurs 
 in Gaston county. Rhombic prisms with pyramidal planes, 
 together with iaiperfeet crystallizations and earthy masses, are 
 found at Clegg's Mine, Chatham county. At Elk creek, in 
 Wilkes county, earthy cerussite has been observed, coating gal- 
 enite. It is also found at Baker Mine in Caldwell county, and 
 at Murphy, Cherokee county. 
 
 172. MALACHITE. 
 
 Malachite, in its varieties, fibrous, compact and earthy, be- 
 ing the result of the decomposition of other copper ores, is 
 found in association with tlie latter in almost every copper 
 mine in the State. The Guilford, Cabarrus and Mecklenburg 
 county copper mines contain it. I have observed the fibrous 
 variety at Silver Hill and Conrad Hill in Davidson county, the 
 Gillis Mine in Person county, the Cheek Mine in Moore county, 
 and both the fibrous and earthy malachite at Clegg's Mine in 
 Chatham county. It has been found in the Brushy Mountain.s, 
 Alexander county, the Peach Bottom Mine, Alleghany county, 
 the Ore Knob Mine in Ashe county, the Gap Creek Mine in 
 Watauga county, the Cullowhee, Savannah, and Waryhut Mines, 
 Jackson county, near Sassafras Fork in Granville county, and 
 many other localities too numerous to be mentioned. Pseudo- 
 morphs of malachite, after cul)ical cuprite, have been found at 
 Cullen's Mine, Cabarrus county. 
 
 173. AZURITE. 
 
 This variety of carbonate of copper is far le.ss frequently met 
 with. Small, but very beautiful and perfect crystals are founl 
 at Clegg's Mine and at Snipes' (iron) Mine in Chatham county, 
 
gg GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 and at the Cheek Mine in Moore county. It is rare at the Cul- 
 len and Bogei' Mine in Cabarrus county, and the Wilson Mine 
 in Mecklenburg county, and at Wells', Gaston county. 
 
 174. BISiMUTITE. 
 
 In yellowish white concretions, often of a pearly lustre or 
 ■white incrustations upon gold-bearing quartz, at the Asbury 
 Mine in Gaston county, where it has been discovered by Dr. 
 Asbury. 
 
 Mineral Coal. 
 
 175. ANTHBACITE. 
 
 A very interesting occurrence of anthracite is that of masses 
 with conchoidal fracture in the vein rock at the Clegg Mine in 
 Chatham county. The bituminous coal, both of the Deep and 
 Dan rivers is frequently, especially near trap-dykes, almost 
 deprived of its hydrocarbons, often approaching true anthracite. 
 
 176. BITUMINOUS COAL. 
 
 The greater portion of the coal in the Deep river beds is bitu- 
 minous coal, the volatile matter varying from about eight to 
 thirty-two per cent. The Dan river coal, which I have had 
 opportunity to examine, is so-called semi-bituminous coal, that 
 from near Stokesburg, Stokes county, containing about ten per 
 cent, of volatile matter. 
 
 177. LIGNITE OR BROWN COAL. 
 
 Frequently met with in the marl beds of the Eastern coumties, 
 and in the Trias of Granville county, on Tar river, and on 
 Brown's creek, Anson county. 
 
 Organic Compounds. 
 
 ]7S. SUCCINITE. 
 
 Found in lumps, of several ounces weight, in Pitt county 
 and elsewhere, in the Tertiary marl beds of the eastern coun- 
 ties. K. 
 
MINERALOGY. 
 
 ADDENDUM. 
 
 At ray request Mr. W. E. Hidden has prepared the follow- 
 ing account of some of the results of his recent explorations in 
 the State in search of valuable and rare minerals. 
 
 Stony Point, Alexander Co., N. C, 
 November 20th, 1 880. 
 Prof. W. C. Kerr, 
 
 State Geologist of North Carolina: 
 
 Sir: I herewith submit to you a few facts which were 
 noticed in my search for platinum in this State. My platinum 
 hunt was in the interest of the famous inventor, Thomas A. 
 Edison, who had given me "carte blanche" to visit and inspect 
 the Southern gold placers of the United States, with the sole idea 
 of testing them for platinum. 
 
 In regard to the success of my search, I will state that at the 
 many places where I operated I did not succeed in finding any 
 traces of its existence. The five reported localities in this State 
 were carefully examined without success. 
 
 While examining these auriferous gravels for platinum, I 
 would occasionally notice in my pannings some crystals of min- 
 erals of great interest to science. The Brindletown gold district 
 of Burke county proved to be the most interesting locality in 
 this connexion. No less than forty-five distinct mineral species 
 were selected from these gravels in my short stay there. I l)eg 
 leave to mention in detail the most interesting of them : 
 
 Octahedrite (Anatase) : 
 
 I discovered here in flat tubular crystals of unusual size and 
 having great brilliancy. A few transparent (!) glassy crystals 
 were found of a pale green color. Some were highly modified, 
 and splendent. The prismatic cleavage was often observed. 
 This mineral is one of the three occurring forms of titanic acid ; 
 its only other locality in the United States is Smithfield, R. I., 
 where the crystals are very small and rare. 
 
90 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Brookite : 
 
 Many beautiful crystals of this form of titanic acid were found 
 here also. Their color varied from dull yellow to brown, a few 
 being of a fine red with highly modified terminations. The 
 crystals are all small. 
 Fergusonite (A eolumbate of yttria and allied earths) : 
 
 This very rare mineral I found to exist here quite abundantly. 
 As many as three hundred crystals were found altogether in my 
 search. The occurring form is a very acute octahedron with the 
 basal plane. Heraihedral planes common, color brown black. 
 Crystals mostly covered with a gray crust. Thin splinters rerl- 
 dish brown. Fracture conchoidal, brilliant. Sp. grav., 6.87 
 (Dr. J. L. Smith). This is the only American locality where 
 this rare mineral can be readily obtained. It iias been found at 
 Rockjjort, Mass., (very sparingly) in granite. 
 Monazite (Phosphate of cerium, lanthanum, etc., with a trace 
 of tin): 
 
 This mineral is particularly abundant at Capt. J. C. Mills' 
 Mine, in Burke county. I sent Mr. Edison over fifty pounds of 
 gravel washings from this mine that was sixty per cent, mona- 
 zite. Fourteen ounces of ohemieaUy pure monazite were obtained 
 by sifting old tailings and picking out Uy hand the largest crys- 
 tals. Mr. Edison desired this mineral for the oxide of thorinum 
 which it sometimes contains ; he was successful in finding it in 
 this N. C monazite, for his experiments. 
 
 I was particularly struck by the very common occurrence of 
 this mineral in the gold gravels of this State. Burke county 
 seems to have it most abundantly, but I found it quite common 
 in McDowell, Yancey, Mitchell, Rutherford and Folk counties. 
 I believe that pannings from any of the branches in Burke, 
 Rutherford or Polk counties, will bring it to light. 
 
 The crystals are usually well formed and vary considerably in 
 habit; they are commonly very small, though some at Capt. 
 Mills' Mine were one quarter inch in width and length. 
 
MINERALOGY. 91 
 
 Xenotime (A phosphate yttria) : 
 
 I found somewhat abundant in Burke county, Brindletown. 
 The crystals were low octahedrons; color, light grey to light 
 brown; cleavage prismatic. Crystals minute to one- ^aZ/"mcA m 
 diameter. Rutherford, McDowell and Polk counties aiford 
 them. I obtained about 100 crystals in all. 
 
 I found on examination of the Burke xenotimes, that some of 
 Iheni had a central core of zircon, which was symmetrioally com- 
 pounded with them, like those from Hitteroe, in Norway. This 
 is the iirst discovery of this compound form outside of the Nor- 
 way locality. 
 
 A trip to Mitchell county resulted in the adding to my cabi- 
 net of some very remarkable mineral specimens from the mica 
 mines of that region. Of Hatchettolite, (the new variety of 
 microlite, by Dr. J. L. Smith,) I was able to obtain crystals from 
 an eighth to three-quarters of an inch in diameter, having the 
 planes 33, i, 1 and 0. 
 
 MONAZITE : 
 
 The crystals I discovered in Mitchell county were well formed 
 and of uncommon size. One measured one and a half inches 
 long by three-quarters wide, and was one of a group. The size 
 is exceptional for this country, or even this mineral. The Mitch- 
 ell monazite is "in situ" in mica-schist, at the Deake mine. The 
 Yancey county monazite I found at Ray mica mine, imbedded 
 in feldspar ; the crystals were very beautiful and complex in 
 form, with sp. grav. 5.243. 
 
 Ukaninitb, (PitGhblende) : 
 
 Pure and unaltered, in masses of several ounces weight. And 
 in cubes and cubo-octahedrons imbedded in feldspar, and often 
 coated with autunite or gummite. 
 
 ^SCHYNITE (?) : 
 
 In deeply striated prisms in feldspar, associated with Apatite 
 and Beryl. 
 
 Gummite : 
 
 Pseudomorphs (cubes and octahedrons) after uraninite were 
 quite common at the time of my visit. A mass weighinging 6 
 
92 GEOLOGY OF XORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 lbs. and 6 f)z., the largest yet discovered, came into my posses- 
 sion lately; it is partly unaltered uraninite. 
 
 The beauty of some of this N. C. gummite (hydrous oxide of 
 uranium) is especially worthy of note. It varies from the bright- 
 est lemon yellow to the richest shade of deep orange-red, and often 
 with a core of velvet black uraninite in the larger pieces. 
 
 The Flat-Rock, Deake and Lewis mines are the best mines fdr 
 procuring gummite from at the present writing. At the latter, 
 it can be had in the matrix. 
 
 Samarskite, columbite, zircon, garnet, autunite, beryl (one fine 
 blue crystal, doubly terminated, of ten pounds weight)! and 
 dark green tourmaline were also obtained. 
 
 In Yancey county, at Wm. Hampton's, fine epidote(!) in very 
 complex forms. Chromite, yielding upon analysis 41 per cent., 
 47 per cent., 48 per cent., 51 per cent., and 64 per cent., oxide 
 of chromium. An average analysis of 2,000 pounds of loose 
 chromite found on the surface, and shi])ped to New York by the 
 writer, yielded 47.63 per cent, chromic oxide. Consumers of 
 chromite require a 50 per cent ore. 
 Spodumene : 
 
 Has been occasionally found for some years past, on the J. W. 
 Warren plantation, loose in the soil. It has passed under the 
 name of diopside, so much did it resemble it and so unlike was 
 it from any previously discovered spodumene (!). The crystals 
 are small but beautifully transparent (!). Their color varies be- 
 tween a yellowish and a deep chrome green ! Form, long pris- 
 matic, with rounded terminations. Twins common. It is asso- 
 ciated with beryl (grass green), orthoclase, pyrite and quartz 
 crystals (which enclose the spodumene sometimes) in a very nar- 
 row vein. 
 
 I have sunk a shaft twenty-five feet on this vein. 
 
 This new variety of spodumene is to that species precisely 
 what emerald is to the species beryl. It possesses the character- 
 istics that are considered vital in a gem stone (!) i. e., beauty, 
 hardness, transparency and rarity (!) Strong hopes are enter- 
 tained of its being found of a sufficient size for cutting. 
 
MINERALOGY. 93 
 
 On the Warren plantation particularly, a few fine beryls of a 
 light chrome green color have been found loose in the soil, hav- 
 ing prisms of six and twelve sides, and perfect terminations; 
 they have a characteristic feature of apparently having been filed 
 across the prismatic faces. As yet they have not been found of 
 sufficient depth of color or transparency for gems, but as cabinet 
 specimens they are not surpassed in beauty by any beryls hereto- 
 fore found in this country. They are found implanted in cav- 
 ities and not imbedded in a matrix, as is the usual case with 
 beryls. Respectfully submitted, 
 
 "WM. EARL HIDDEN. 
 
SYNOPSIS 
 
 OF 
 MINERALS AND MINERAL LOCALITIES BY COUNTIES. 
 
 ALAMANCE. 
 
 Graham — McAden Mine, gold; pyrite. 
 
 Newlin's — Gold; pyrite; chalcopyrite. 
 
 Holt Mine — Gold ; also at Anthony Mine. 
 
 Dixon's Mine — On both sides of Haw river, in placers; Boyd 
 M., in placers. 
 
 Cane Creek Mountains — Gold; epidote; chalcedony; magne- 
 tite. 
 
 ALEXANDER. 
 
 White Plains — Scorodite; columbite; tourmaline, (Lackey's 
 and Price's); beryl (at Warren's, Lackey's and Price's); rose 
 quartz ; smoky quartz, also near Taylorsville ; rutile, genicnlated 
 crystals, and acictilar crystals in limonite and in quartz ; the latter 
 also near Poplar Springs; spodumene, grass green crystals, 
 at J. W. Warren's. 
 
 Price & Keever place — Beryl; tourmaline; columbite; autu- 
 nite; muscovite. 
 
 Lead Mine — Amethyst. 
 
 Roseman's farm — Milky quartz. 
 
 Stony Point — Monazite, in fine crystals; spodumene, fine trans- 
 parent green crystals. 
 
 Marshall's farm- — Garnets, two feet diameter. 
 
 Brushy Mts. — Malachite; chalcopyrite; graphite asbestos; 
 tabular quartz. 
 
 Elsevjhere — Green, brown and black tourmaline; graphite; 
 magnetite; tantalite; beryl, yellow, blue, green ; quartz crystals 
 
96 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 with basal plane, also with other singular modifications, also 
 smoky, yellow and milky; monazite var. turnerite; asbestos; 
 pyrite; magnetite; chalcopyrite ; pyrolusite; limonite, pseudo- 
 morplious after siderite ; siderite; kaolinite; orthoclase, large 
 crystals (one of forty pounds); biotite; museovite; rutile, very 
 fine at Milholland's Mill and at Robert Johnson's; tourmaline 
 at B. Lyons, with unusual terminal angles (Hidden). 
 Barrett ML — Graphite. 
 
 ALLEGHANY. 
 
 Peach Bottom Mine — Pyrite; chalcopyrite, malachite; gale- 
 uite ; cuprite ; sphalerite ; molybdenite. 
 
 Roaring Gap — At H. Harris', chalcopyrite (auriferous); 
 bornite. 
 
 T. Bryan's — Pyrite. 
 
 Bullhead ML — Cyanite ; magnetite ; garnet. 
 
 Elsewhere — Graphite; chrysolite; gold, in placers: martite; 
 pyrite ; ealcite ; zoisite. 
 
 ANSON. 
 
 Gold, in vein, 2 miles south of Wadesboro. 
 
 Quartz crystals, of considerable size, at several points. 
 
 Lignite at Boggan's Cut. 
 
 ASHE. 
 
 Blue Ridge, S. of Jefferson — Muscovite ; black tourmaline. 
 
 Horse Creek — At Hampton's, epidote ; magnetite ; manganese 
 garnet. At Graybill's: magnetite; epidote. 
 
 Helton Creek, near mouth — Magnetite at Ballou's. 
 
 Ore Knob Mine — Pyrite; ealcite; chalcocite ; arsenopyrite ; 
 malachite ; metallic copper. 
 
 Jefferson — Pyrite; chalcopyrite, 2 and 6 miles distant; 
 graphite in gneiss ; chlorite at Willis' Mine ; museovite, 6 miles, 
 large plates ; 3 miles east and at Mulatto Mountain, chalcopyrite. 
 
 Three Top Mountain — Tremoiite. 
 
MINEEALOGY. 97 
 
 New River, South Fork, near mouth— Chrysolite; chaleo- 
 pyrite; magnetite. 
 
 Gap Greek (Copper Knob Mine)— Gold ; silver; hematite; 
 epidote; bornite; chalcocite; chalcopyrite; chrysocolia; mala- 
 chite. 
 
 Ehewhere — Azurite; cuprite; aclinoiite; talc; chlorite; asbes- 
 tos; graphite. 
 
 BEAUFORT. 
 
 Siderite, in nodules; calcite in marl beds, and in Eocene, (bot- 
 tom of Pamlico river, and on Blount's farm). 
 
 BERTIE. 
 
 Calcite, in marl beds. 
 
 BLADEN. 
 
 Calcite, in marl beds. 
 
 BRUNSWICK. 
 
 Calcite, in marl beds; giauconite, in green sand. 
 
 BUNCOMBE. 
 
 Asheville — Meteoric iron (!); garnet; magnetite, at L. W. 
 Sams'; ferrous chloride (!), in the meteoric; ochreous hematite; 
 hornstone; serpentine; barite (!), granular, on Fox Branch, 10 
 miles below Asheville. 
 
 Balsam Gap mine — Allanite (!); beryl; musoovite; biotite; 
 albite; luargarodite; black garnet; columbite. 
 
 Cane Creek — Calcite; gold; hematite; liraonite. 
 
 Ivy Greek — Chrysolite; chromite; hornstone; genthite; talc; 
 asbestos; tremolite. 
 
 Brushy Mountain mine — Muscovite; kaolinite; orthoclase; 
 albite. 
 
 Reams' Greek — Garnet, large crystals. 
 
 Bunet mine — Muscovite; orthoclase crystals, large, (100 to 
 1,000 lbs.). 
 
 N. P. Watkins' — Corundum; cyanite; damourite; tourma- 
 line; garnet. 
 
98 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 French Broad River — 6 miles north of Asheville, meteoric 
 iron (!). 
 
 Hominy Q-eek — Biotite. 
 
 Pisgah llountain — 10 miles S. W. of Asheville, meteoric 
 iron (!). 
 
 Turkey Creek — Limonite; magnetite; chlorite; talc. 
 
 Svjcmnonoa Gap — Corundum in cyanite (!); damourite; 2 
 miles S. W. from Gap, limonite. 
 
 Swannanoa River — Near Asheville, meteoric iron (!) with 
 triolite; actinolite; black hornblende; 9 miles E. of Asheville, 
 serpentine. 
 
 Geo. Alexander's — At mica mine, beryl; muscovite; kaolinite. 
 
 Elsewhere — Gold; touimaline; massive, 6 miles S. of Ashe- 
 ville, and on French Broad, near Buck Shoal; garnet; hematite; 
 galenite, at L. Fortune's; muscovite in many mica mines; beryl, 
 blue; talc; columbite; garnet; menaccanite; bed of limonite, at 
 Biackwell's, 12 miles W. of Asheville. 
 
 BURKE. 
 
 Brindletown — At Col. J. C. Mills', gold ; tetradymite; brook- 
 ite; smoky quartz; chromite; anatase; beryl; tourmaline, black 
 and green ;py rope; zircon; epidote; fibrolite; columbite; samars- 
 kite; xenotime; monazite; montanite; fergusonite; rutherford- 
 ite; talc; tremolite; magnetite; limonite; mennaccanite; hema- 
 tite; tellurium; asbestos; cyanite; corundum; graphite; rutile; 
 actinolite. In the gold gravel and sands of the county occur: 
 gold; palladium (?); corundum; menaccanite; chromite; rutile; 
 anatase; brookite (!); pyrope; zircon (!) ; epidote; tourmaline, 
 black and green; fibrolite; xenotime (!); monazite (!); wolfram- 
 ite (?); limonite; magnetite; hematite. 
 
 Brown Mountain — Platinum, on Gen. Hoke's farm; fluorite; 
 limonite; magnetite; albite; kaolinite; gold, in placers. 
 
 Linville Mountain — Menaccanite; hematite; itacolumite (!); 
 radiated pyrophyllite; limonite; graphite. 
 
 Bridgewater — Manganese garnet; gold. 
 
MINERALOGY. 99 
 
 Morganton — Lead, 4 miles north ; corundum altered into da- 
 mourite; quartz crystals; titanite at Morganton Springs. 
 
 Pax Hill — Gold (!); galenite. 
 
 Scott's Hill — Gold; silver; cerargyrite; psilomelane; zircon; 
 pyrite. 
 
 Shoup's Ford — Beryl; garnet; corundum, in part altered to 
 fibrolite (!); gold; magnetite; menaccanite; cyanite; tourmaline. 
 
 South Mountains — Quartz crystals, inclosing liquid (!); garnet 
 in trapezohedral crystals (!); graphite, 8 miles S. E. of Morgan- 
 ton ; Col. Gaither's 12 miles S. of M., gold in veins and placers; 
 beryl (!) yellowish green and deep green (aquamarine) 9 miles 
 S. E. of Morganton ; tourmaline (!) 16 miles S. E. of Morgan- 
 ton ; 4-6 miles S. of Morganton, serpentine; talc; chlorite; 
 actinolite; hematite; magnetite; asbestos; magnesite; breuner- 
 ite; chrysolite; garnet; tremolite. 
 
 Sugar Mountains — Quartz crystals, double terminations, &c. ; 
 asbestos; gold; rutile; magnetite; beryl. 
 
 R. Havenar's farm — Tourmaline; muscovite. 
 
 J. Huffman's farm — Beryl; epidote; actinolite. 
 
 Laurel road — 9 miles from M., garnets, large. 
 
 J. London' s farm — Epidote; garnet; pyrite; gold. 
 
 Tat^s farm — Gold in placers. 
 
 G. Deitz'sfarm — Beryl; tourmaline; albite; sagenite. 
 
 Hildebrand's farm — Sagenite; beryl; asbestos; rutile. 
 Van Horn's farm — Quartz crystals, inclosing fluid; quartz 
 crystals, with baSal plane; quartz crystals, smoky; sagenite; 
 garnet. 
 
 [The last eight localities are furnished by Humphreys]. 
 
 Elsewhere — Electrum ; tellurium (Hidden); lithomarge; par- 
 agonite, common in the schists of the eastern section of county. 
 
 CABARRUS. 
 
 Gold in many veins and placers ; meteoric stone ; sulphur ; 
 chalcopyrite ; magnetite ; limonite. 
 
 Dan'l Earnhardts farm — Barnhardtite. 
 Barringer's mine — Gold ; arsenopyrite. 
 
100 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Soger's mine — Tetraf!ymite(!) ; chalcopyrite ; azurite. 
 
 Concord — Rose quartz; hyalite; agate (also at Harrisburg); 
 chalcopyritf ; malachite; gold; bornite; asbestos, in rose quartz; 
 tourmaline ; magnetite. 
 
 Cosby's mine — Stilpnomelane(?); wolfraniite; scheelit€(!); cu- 
 proscheelite; siderite. 
 
 OuUen's mine — Tetradymite(!) ; cuprite in cubes (!); pseudo- 
 malachite; scheelite (!) ; malachite, in part pseudomorphous after 
 cuprite (!); azurite. 
 
 Flowe's mine — Wolframite (!); rhombic tungstate of lime(!); 
 scheelite (!) ; barite. 
 
 Near Gold Hill — Manganese garnet ; magnetite. 
 
 House's mill — Hematite. 
 
 Geo. Ludwick's mine — Gold; arsenopyrite(!); tetrahedrite (!) ; 
 scored ite (!) ; pharmacosiderite ; olivenite; pyrite; chalcopyrite. 
 
 MoMakin's mine — Silver; argentite ; galenite; sphalerite; 
 proustite (?) ; tetrahedrite, var. freibergite(! !); pyrolusite; pyro- 
 morphite; barite; goslarite; rhodochrosite ; magnesite. 
 
 Phcenix mine — Gold ; tetradymite (!) ; in Orchard vein, barite; 
 pyrite; chalcopyrite. 
 
 Love mine, North Barrier, Furness, Elwood and No. 3, a group 
 of mines around Phcenix — Gold; pyrite; chalcopyrite. 
 
 Long's mine — Gold; pyrite; chalcopyrite; galenite. 
 
 Crowell's mine — -Gold ; pyrite ; galenite. 
 
 Newell mine — Gold ; pyrite ; chalcopyrite. 
 
 Pharr mine — Gold, in veins and placers; pyrite; chalcopyrite. 
 
 Fisher mine — Xear Concord : gold ; pyrite ; chalcopyrite. 
 
 Blackwelder mine — Gold. 
 
 Barrier mines — North, Middle and South B : gold ; pyrite. 
 
 California mine — Gold ; pyrite. 
 
 Pioneer milk — Molybdenite; chalcocite; chalcopyrite; barn- 
 hardtite; molybdite; chrysocolla. 
 
 Reed's mine — Gold (! !). 
 
 Troutman's mine — Sphalerite ; pyromorphite. 
 
 Union mine — Copper in arborescent crystals ! and plates ; chal- 
 cocite; chalcopyrite; cuprite (!), in octahedra; malachite, fibrous. 
 
 Whites mine — Chalcopyrite; aikinite(?). 
 
MINERALOGY. 101 
 
 Elsewhere — Gold; pyrite; agate; barite; galenite; sphalerite; 
 magnetite; steatite. 
 
 CALDWELL. 
 
 Bake)-' s mine — Galenite; serpentine; chrysDtile (!) ; pyromor- 
 phite; anglesite; cerussite; asbestos; raarnioJite. 
 
 Buffalo river — Patterson's mill, pyrite in quartz. 
 
 Lenoir — Magnetite; psilomelane, 4 miles west; 6 miles east, 
 asbestos; tremolite. 
 
 Little John mine — Gold(!); galenite; graphite. 
 
 Miller's mine — G6ld ; galenite; pyromorphite. 
 
 Fort Defiance — Tourmaline; beryl; graphite; garnet. 
 
 Patterson — Magnetite; hematite; menaccanite; compact ser- 
 pentine. 
 
 Wilson's creek — Near mouth, serpentine ; talc. 
 
 Upper creek — Gold; tourmaline; limonite. 
 
 Grandmother ML — Near, gold in placers; pyrite; quartz. 
 
 Tuttle's mine — Gold in placers. 
 
 Richlands — Magnetite; hematite; chlorite; serpentine; talc; 
 martite. 
 
 Middle Little river — Limonite ; paragonite ; damourite ; hem- 
 atite. 
 
 Lower Greek — Gold, in the gravel of most of its tributaries 
 below Lenoir. 
 
 Elsewhere — Gold, in placers and veins; sulphur; cuprite; 
 pyrite; quartz crystals; epidote; muscovite; orthoclase; cya- 
 nite; malachite; tourmaline; paragonite, common in schists; 
 damourite; hematite; limonite; chlorite;^ tremolite. 
 
 CAMDEN. 
 
 Calcite in marl beds. 
 
 CARTERET. 
 
 Calcite in marl beds. 
 
 CASWELL. 
 
 Meteoric iron (!); garnet; magnetite. 
 
102 GEOLOGY OF NOETH CAROLINA. 
 
 Leasburg — A] bite (?) 3 miles west of Leasburg; fibrous tour- 
 maline (!); chlorite; epidote. 
 
 CATAWBA. 
 
 Ball Creek Mine — Magnetite ; kaolinite. 
 
 Roberson Mine — Magnetite. 
 
 Abernaihy Mine — Magnetite. 
 
 Liitlejohn's Mine — Limonite; hematite. 
 
 Hickory — Graphite (crystallized); pyrite(!) in cubical crys- 
 tals; hematite; pyrolusite; limonite; quartz crystals; amethyst(!); 
 garnet (!) ; muscovite ; pyrrhotite ; magnetite ; chalcopyrite. 
 
 Hooper's Quarry — Calcite, granular; pyrite; gold; graphite. 
 
 Newton — Magnetite, at Barringer Mine, and Forney Mine. 
 
 Powell's Quarry — Calcite, granular (!); pyrite. 
 
 Shuford's Mine — Gold ; pyrite. 
 
 Shuford's Quarry — Calcite; magnetite; rose quartz. 
 
 South Mts. — Graphite; cyanite; garnet. 
 
 Anderson's Mt. — Magnetite ; calcite. 
 
 Forney's Mine — Magnetite. 
 
 Beard's Mine — Magnetite. 
 
 Powell's Factory — Manganese garnet. 
 
 Elsewhere — Gold, in placers and veins; graphite; rutile in 
 acicular crystals in amethyst (!); rock crystal ; (!) quartz crystals 
 inclosing liquid (!); beryl (!); garnet (!); cyanite; kaolinite; 
 alunogen ; wad; rutile (sagenite) at D. Lutz's; beryl; parago- 
 nite, common in the schistose rocks. 
 
 New Localities — (H u ni ph rey 's) : 
 
 E. Balch's /arm— ^Muscovite ; garnets ; amethyst ; smoky 
 quartz crystals containing liquid ; crystals of quai'tz with basal 
 plane; graphite; black and brown tourmaline ; rutile (acicular); 
 beryl (blue, green, yellow); feldspar. 
 
 H. Batch's farm — Liquid bearing quartz crystals ; gold ; sage- 
 nite. 
 
 Widow Balch's farm — Sagenite ; liquid bearing quartz crys- 
 tals, with basal plane ; tourmaline ; rose quartz. 
 
 Rev. Huffman's farm — Tessellated quartz crystals; do. liquid 
 bearing; menaccanite; sagenite. 
 
MINERALOGY. 103 
 
 Spencer's /arm— Quartz crystals doubly terminated ; do. liquid 
 bearing; do. enclosing mica; do. ashestos; do. pyrite; nitiie in 
 quartz crystals ; amethyst; cyanite; tourmaline; magnetite. 
 
 Near Canova — Smoky quartz crystals, large ; crystals of ame- 
 thyst, doubly terminated, enclosing rutile (yellow). 
 
 CHATHAM. 
 
 Buckliorn — Hematite, foliated, granular and micaceous; mag- 
 netite ; rutile m qiiavtz ■ manganese garnet; mnscovite; psilome- 
 lane; limonite; epidote. 
 
 Carbonton — Pyrophillite slate ! 
 
 Glegg's Mine — Galenite; bornite; chalcopyrite; pyiite in 
 cubo-octahedra; cuprite; chrysocolla; pseudomalachite (!); 
 cerus.site (!); malachite (!) fibrous and earthy; azurite; anthra- 
 cite ; caleite. 
 
 Deep Rixer — Pyrophillite slate (!); anthracite; bituminous 
 coal. 
 
 Egypt — Siderite (black band and ball ore); dufrenite (!). 
 
 Evans' Mine — Hematite; chloritoid in pyrophillite slate. 
 
 JJnthanks' Mine — Maguetite. 
 
 Farmville — Siderite (!) (black band and ball ore); bituminous 
 coal. 
 
 Gulf — Siderite (black band and ball ore); bituminous coal; 
 limonite. 
 
 LoekviUe — 7 ras. W. of Lo., foliated and micaceous hematite; 
 6 ms. S. E. of L., fine granular and compact hematite. 
 
 Kelley's Ore Bed — Hematite (!). 
 
 Glass' Mine — Magnetite. 
 
 Ore Hill — Hematite, compact, foliated and micaceous; limim- 
 ite (!) ; magnetite. 
 
 Cane creek — Gold, in veins; pyrite. 
 
 Williams's mine — Galenite; chalco|)yrite. 
 
 Battle's Dam — Rose quartz; hematite; manganese; garnet; 
 psilomelane. 
 
 Snipes' mine — Magnetite; epidote; chrysocolla; azurite. 
 
 Danelly's creek — Gold ; pyrite ; chlorite. 
 
104 GEOLOGY OF NOETH CAROLINA. 
 
 M^ewhei-e— Gold, in placers and veins ; chalcopyrite, mouth of 
 Eocky river; pinite; halite in brine; amethyst; kaolin. 
 
 CHEEOKEE. 
 
 Hanging Dog creek — Tourmaline ; limonite ; staurolite. 
 Marble creek— TremoUte; talc; calcite (granular), white, pink, 
 
 grey! 
 
 JfMr-p%— Galenite ; pyrolusite; limonite (!); wad; tremolite; 
 talc(!); cerussite; at No. Six ■mine, calcite; tremolite; gold; 
 galenite (argentiferous). 
 
 Nantehaleh river — Nitre in slates ; calcite (!), granular, white 
 and pink ; talc, massive white. 
 
 Parker mine — Staurolite (!) ; gold ; garnet. 
 
 Peac/i^ree eree^— Hematite ; garnet; biotite; limonite; asbes-. 
 tos; red ochre; tale. 
 
 Valley river — Hematite; phlogopite; talc; calcite (granular) ; 
 dolomite; yellow ochre; limonite; gold, in placers; staurolite; 
 corundum in cyanite, lialf way between Murphy and Valley- 
 town. 
 
 Brasstown creek — Gold, in veins and placers ; calcite ; limonite. 
 
 Notteley river — Limonite; calcite; talc; staurolite; garnet. 
 
 Elsewhere — Gold, \v placers; garnet, in talcose slates ; cyanite, 
 more or less altered into damourite; staurolite (!) ; also pseudo- 
 morphs of damourite (?) after staurolite. 
 
 CHOWAN. 
 
 Calcite, in marl beds. 
 
 CLAY. 
 
 Oullakenee mine — Corundum (!) white, grey, pink and ruby, 
 frequently altered into other minerals; spinel (!), rare; chromite! ; 
 drusy quartz; black hornblende or arfvedsonite (!); smarag- 
 dite (?) ; chrysolite (!) ; zoisite (!) ; andesite (!) ; labradorite (!) ; 
 orthoclase (!); tourmaline; serpentine, massive and variety pic- 
 rolite (!) ; wilcoxite ; margarite (! !) ; talc. 
 
MINERALOGY. " 105 
 
 Shooting ar-eek — Corundum (!) ; pseudomorphous quartz after 
 feldspar (?); actinolite; chrysolite; talc; prochlorite; wilcox- 
 ite(!); margarite; rock crystal ; magnetite; cyanite; daraourite; 
 gold in placers; rutile in black crystals. 
 
 Tusquittah creek — Gold in placers and veins ; staurolite. 
 
 Tipton's — Corundum ; cyanite (green) ; rauscovite. 
 
 CLEVELAND. 
 
 Whiteside mine — Gold in placers. 
 
 Mountain mine — Rook crystal (!) ; tourmaline (!) ; gold; gar- 
 nets; gold in placer.s ; graphite; arsenopyrite ; galenite; mus- 
 covite (!) ; melanterite ; alunogen ; pyrite, abundant in gneiss 
 and mica schists; tourmaline. 
 . Cleoeland mills — 2 miles distant, limonite. 
 
 Shelby — Within a few miles, muscovite in large plates; mag- 
 netite; actinolite; tourmaline. 
 
 COLUMBUS. 
 
 Calcite in marl beds; near Whiteville, in crystals. 
 
 CRAVEN. 
 
 Calcite, in marl beds ; glauconite, in greensand. 
 
 CUMBERLAND. 
 
 Petrified wood, Fayetteville; calcite, in marl bed; lignite; 
 limonite. 
 
 CURRITUCK. 
 
 Calcite, in marl beds. 
 
 DARE — (None). 
 
 DAVIDSON. 
 
 David B'eck's mine — Teti-adymite var. 2 (!) ; raontanite (!). 
 Boss' mine — Galenite, coarse grained. 
 
106 GrEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Conrad Hill — Chalcopyrite; hematite; limonite; siderite; 
 malachite. 
 
 Allen mine — Gold; pyrite; chalcopyrite; arsenical pyrite; 
 tetradymite. 
 
 Emmons' mine — Chalcopyrite; pyrite. 
 
 Loftin mine — Chalcopyrite; pyrite. 
 
 Miller's mine — Sphalerite ; chalcopyrite. 
 
 Harris' mine — Gold; pyrite; chalcopyrite. 
 
 Moore's mine — Galenite; pyrite; calcite. 
 
 Silver Hill — Silver (!); argentite; highly argentiferous galen- 
 ite (!); sphalerite (!) ; chalcocite; pyrite; chalcopyrite; cuprite; 
 melaconite; zoisite(?); orthoclase(!); calamine; pyromorpbite(!!); 
 green, yellow, brown, black and colorless wavel]ite(!); stolzite(!); 
 anglesite (!) ; goslarite; chalcanthite (!) ; calcite; cerussite (! !) in 
 fine crystals, massive and in pseudomorphs after pyrite; mala- 
 chite. 
 
 Silver Valley — Galenite; sphalerite; pyromorphite. 
 
 UvjhaiTie river — Sphalerite. 
 
 Russell mine — Gold ; pyrite. 
 
 Ward's mine — Gold ; electrum (!) ; pyrite ; chalcopyrite. 
 
 Delk mine — Gold; limonite; hematite; pyrite. 
 
 Laughlin mine — Gold ; limonite ; hematite ; pyrite. 
 
 Miller mine — Gold; pyrite; limonite; hematite. 
 
 Brown mine — Gold ; pyrite. 
 
 Midway — Gold; pyrite; chalcopyrite; chalcedony. 
 
 Inch creek — Meteorite. 
 
 Elsewhere — Gold, in veins and pincers ; titaniferous magnetite. 
 
 DA VIE. 
 
 Magnetite ; hematite, in several localities in beds ; calcite, 
 granular, on Yadkin river. 
 
 DUPLIJSr. 
 
 Calcite, in marl beds; limonite; glauconite; pyrite; lignite. 
 
MINERALOGY. 107 
 
 EDGECOMBE. 
 
 Vivianite, in marl ; limonite ; glauconite ; pyrite ; ligite ; kao- 
 linite, near Battleboro ; calcite in marl beds. 
 
 FORSYTH. 
 
 Pfqf's quarry — Calcite, granular. 
 
 Near Salem — Magnetite, 4 miles S; manganese garnet; lial- 
 loysite; hematite. 
 
 Near KernersviUe — Enstatite, var. bronzite; chrysolite; tour- ■ 
 maline; magnetite; hematite; chlorite. 
 
 Brookstown — Calcite ; tremolite. 
 
 Elsewhere — Titaniferous magnetite (!) ; gold; also pure mag- 
 netite (!); serpentine. 
 
 FRANKLIN. 
 
 Portis mine — Gold in placers (!); diamond (!) ; muscovite, in 
 large plates; magnetite; asbestos; tabular quartz. 
 
 GASTON. 
 
 Asbury's mine — Silver ; tetradymite ; galenite ; pyrrhotite ; 
 pyrite ; leucopyrite ; auriferous arsenopyrite ; bismite ; scorod- 
 ite; montanite; cerussite; bismutite(!). 
 
 Cansler & Shvfordmine — Go!d(!); galenite. 
 
 Clubb's Mountain — Corundum, red and blue(!), also mammil- 
 lary (Dr. Hunter) ; rutile(!!); tourmaline, granular and fibrous; 
 leopardite; cyanite(!); pyrophyllite(!); damourite(!); lazulite(!); 
 talc; quartz crystals; margarite; hematite; muscovite; man- 
 ganese garnet ; magnetite; gold. 
 
 Orowder's mountain — Corundum, red and blue(!), also variety 
 emery; rutile(!) in crystals and granular; gold; menaccanite ; 
 cyanite(!); topaz (?); pyrophyllite(!); damourite(!); monazite ; 
 lazulite(!); barite, with galenite (argentiferous); hematite; 
 limonite; sphalerite; tourmaline; pyrite; chalcopyrite ; man- 
 ganese garnet. 
 
 Yelloio Ridge — Magnetite. 
 
 Stowe's Factory — Magnetite. 
 
108 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Sloan mine — Gold; pyrite. 
 
 High Shoals — 1 mile above, granular calcite. 
 
 Beck's — Pyrolusite; manganese garnet. 
 
 Ellison ore bank — Hematite; magnetite; chlorite; orthoclase; 
 epidote. 
 
 Ormond ore bank — Limonite, compact and fibrous; psilome- 
 lane, niccoliferous. 
 
 Mountain mine — Hematite, mammillary and cellular; pyro- 
 lusite. 
 
 King's Mountain — Gold ; gaienite ; altaite ; chalcopyrite ; 
 sphalerite; tetrahedrite ; nagyagite ; magnetite; bismite; calcite; 
 dolomite; pyrrhotite; chalco[)yrite. 
 
 Long Oreek mine — Niccoliferous psilomelaiie (!) ; gold ; pyrite; 
 fluorite; sphalerite; mispickel ; gaienite. 
 
 Duffie mine — Gold; pyrite; chalcopyrite; also at B. Wells' 
 mine. 
 
 Oliver mine — Gold ; silver ; gaienite. 
 
 White's mills — Epidote; biotite; orthoclase!; pycnite; titanite. 
 
 Wells' farm — Magnetite; hematite; pyrite; rutile; garnet; 
 zircon (?); beryl; tourmaline; monazite ; asbestos; mennacca- 
 nite; azurite; bornite (?). 
 
 Rhodes mine — Gold ; also at Derr mine. Smith mine, Farrar 
 mine, Beattie mine, McLean mine, High Shoals mine. Cannon 
 mine. 
 
 Ferguson mine — Magnetite ; pyrite. 
 
 Elsewhere — Gold in placers and veins; sulphur; pyrite; 
 magnetite; calcite, compact and granular ; siderite. 
 
 GATES. 
 
 Calcite, in marl bfds. 
 
 GRAHAM, 
 
 Gold ; calcite, granular, white and flesh colored ; talc; pyrite. 
 
 GRANVILLE. 
 
 Near Henderson — Talc; chalcopyrite; pyrite. 
 
MINERALOGY. 109 
 
 Young's X Eoads— Gold ; pyrite. 
 
 Near Oxford — Magnetite; limonite; epidote; hematite; gold. 
 Lignite,, on Tar river near Crews'. 
 
 Knapp of Reeds — Joe Woods', hematite; magnetite; red jas- 
 per; steatite. 
 
 Sassafras Fork — Gold ; pyrite ; a few miles north, malachite ; 
 tourmaline ; quartz crystals ; agate. 
 
 Near Shiloh church — Epidote ; labradorite ; calcite. 
 
 GREENE. 
 
 Limonite; siderite; glauconite ; calcite, in marl. 
 
 GUILFORD. 
 
 Cambridge mine — Chalcocite; pyrite (!) ; chalcopyrite ; barn- 
 hardtite ; chrysocoUa ; malachite. 
 
 Fisher H'll — Gold ; pyrite ; chalcopyrite ;' magnetite ; hema- 
 tite ; menaccanite ; limonite ; pseudomalachite ; siderite. 
 
 Beard Jf.— Gold. 
 
 Friendship — Granular corundum (emery) ; titaniferous magne- 
 tite. 
 
 Gardner Hill — Bornite (?) ; chalcopyrite; chrysocoUa; mal- 
 achite. 
 
 Greensboro — Hornblende at Polecat creek ; pyroxene; pyrite; 
 5 miles west, gold; pyrite; chlorite; 9 miles south, kaolinite, 
 and 6 miles west. 
 
 Near Alamance church — Kaolinite. 
 
 McGulloch mine — Copper ; cuprite in acicular crystals (!) ; py- 
 rite; chalycopyrite ; siderite; malachite. 
 
 Near Jamestown — Gold; pyrite; steatite. 
 
 North Carolina (Fentress) mine — Cuprite in acicular crystals (!) ; 
 pyrite; chalcopyrite; siderite; malachite. 
 
 Phoenix mine — Chalcopyrite; covellite. 
 
 Elsewhere — Gold in veins; meteoric iron; molybdenite; limo- 
 nite; rock crystal; pyrite; manganese garnet; magnetite; as- 
 bestos in green quartz (!), (Humphrey's) ; titaniferous magnetite, 
 
110 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAEOLINA. 
 
 with hematite and limonite; chlorite, in a double range of out- 
 crops, of 20 miles length, across the n. w. section of the county, 
 from the head of Deep river, on the Forsyth line, to the Rock- 
 ingham line, near the Piedmont railroad at Haw river. 
 
 HALIFAX. 
 
 Near Ransom's Bridge — Gold in placers; pyrite. 
 
 Fishing Greek — Magnetite crystals and cubical pyrite in slate. 
 
 Gaston — Hematite, micaceous and granular; magnetite; chlo- 
 rite; limonite; 6 miles south, Hines' place, hematite; mag- 
 netite. 
 
 Elsewhere — Petrified wood ; epidote ; zircon and garnet, in 
 gold gravels; calcite and glanconite in marl. 
 
 HARNETT. 
 
 Han-ington — Calcite, granular. 
 
 Near Buchhorn — Hematite. 
 
 Northington's Dam — Chrysocolla; calcite, in gneiss rock. 
 
 Jjittle river — Magnetite, several places. 
 
 Elsewhere — Kaolinite ; talc ; magnetite. 
 
 HAY1V00D. 
 
 Big Ridge mine — Muscovite; biotite; tourmaline; apatite; 
 margarodite; menaccanite. 
 
 Waynesville — 2 miles above, talc; asbestos; tremolite ; on 
 Richland creek, 2 miles below, psilomelane ; garnet ; limonite ; 
 damourite. 
 
 Hall's mine — Chrysolite; corundum ; talc; chlorife; tremolite. 
 
 Presley mine — Corundum, blue and grey, altered into damou- 
 rite and albite ; albite ; damourite in large crystals, also in scales 
 crypto crystalline and compact. 
 
 Wilkins' creek — Magnetite with limonite; chalcopyrite ; pyrite. 
 
 Cove creek — Psilomelane; limonite. 
 
 Pigeon tiver, east fork — Corundum ; pyrrhotite. 
 
MINERALOGY. Ill 
 
 Pigeon river, west fork — At Sorrell's mine, niccoliferous (?) 
 pyrrhotite. 
 
 Jonathan's creek — Cyanite ; pyrrhotite ; graphite ; garnets. 
 
 HENDERSON. 
 
 Coleman's Station — Zircon ; phlogopite ; jefferisite. 
 
 Green river — On south side of Blue Ridge, at Freeman's, zir- 
 con ; xanthitane ; calcite, granular. 
 
 Elsewhere — Beryl; limonite; hematite; vermiculite; meteoric 
 iron. 
 
 HERTFORD. 
 
 Calcite, in marl beds. 
 
 HYDE — (None). 
 
 IREDELL. 
 
 Belt's Bridge — Pyrite in soapstone ; corundum ! in globular 
 masses, partly altered into damourite, &c.; at Hendricks' farm, 
 corundum in hexagonal crystals! partly altered into margarite ; 
 actinolite ; orthoclase ; tourmaline ; damourite ! soda-margarite 
 at Hendricks' farm. 
 
 Centre Point, at Beam's farm — Limonite (!) pseudomorphous 
 after nodular pyrite. 
 
 Orawford'sfarm — Quartz pseudomorphous after calcite. 
 
 Damascus — Menaecauite. 
 
 Dr. Halyburton's — Cucopyrite (!) ; scorodite. 
 
 King's mill — Graphite (!) ; hematite- in hexagonal plates in 
 quartz; rutile (!) in quartz, at Mrs. Jordan's, Alex. Lackey's, 
 Misses Bennett's, Thomas Adams' and Mrs. Smith's farms ; rock 
 crystal (!) ; quartz crystals inclosing liquid (!) ; chalcedony ; tour- 
 maline (!). 
 
 Mownt Pisgah — Rutilated quartz (!) at Mrs. Daniel's farm : 
 chloritic mineral resembling thuringite. 
 
 Spring Mmmtain — Graphite (!). 
 
 StatesviUe — 6 miles east, talc, with actinolite; 2 miles west, 
 corundum (!) rarely altered into cyanite ! orthoclase (!) on Houp's 
 
112 GEOLOGY OF NOETH CAROLINA. 
 
 farm; cyanite (!) 2 miles W. and 6 miles S. W. of Statesville, 
 on Hoover's farm, with damourite (!) ; 4 miles distant, goethite 
 in thin scales, in light red feldspar. 
 
 Bethany Church — Allanite, with small crystals of zircon. 
 
 Elsewhere — Mareasite ; magnetite near Comb's, and on South 
 Yadkin river. 
 
 JACKSON. 
 
 OuUowhee mine — Chalcocite; [lyrite; melaeonite ; chaJcopy- 
 rite(!); hornblende; malachite. 
 
 Hogbackmine — Corundum (!) ; rutile in corundum, rare; chro- 
 mite; drusy quartz; chrysolite (!) ; andesite (!) ; tourmaline ; da- 
 mourite (!) ; dudleyite ; margarite (!). 
 
 Savannah mine — Chalcopyrite ; hornblende; tourmaline; mal- 
 achite. 
 
 Horse Cove — Muscovite; beryl. 
 
 Tennessee Greek — Tremolite; grammatite; chlorite; actinolite. 
 
 Waryhut Mine — Chalcocite ; chalcopyrite ; cuprite ; mala- 
 chite. 
 
 Georgelovm and Fairfield — Gold in placers. 
 
 Webster — Corundum; chromite ; pyrolusite; wad; chalce- 
 dony; drusy quartz ; enstatite (!); tremolite (!); actinolite (!); 
 asbestos; chrysolite (!); talc(!); serpentine; marmolite; dewey- 
 lite; genthite; penninite (!); magnesite (!), crystalline and 
 earthy. 
 
 Wolf Creek Mine — Chalcocite; native copper; chrysocolla; 
 chalcopyrite ; malachite. 
 
 Ainslie's — Chrysolite; chromite; talc; chlorite; enstatite; 
 smaragdite(?); asbestos; tremolite; garnet; actinolite; albite. 
 
 Scott's Creek — Chrysolite; chromite; talc; penninite, (var. 
 ksemmeererite); enstatite; chlorite; corundutu (blue and pink). 
 
 Toxaway river — Calcite, granular. 
 
 Cosher' s Valley — Gold in placers; chalcopyrite; pyrite. 
 
 Elsewhere — Gold in placers; psilomelane ; calcite; asbestos; 
 talc; limonite; muscovite in many mica mines; galenite. 
 
MINERALOGY. 113 
 
 JOHNSTON. 
 
 Fossil wood ; limonite in many places near Smithtield ; chlo- 
 ritic talc slate near Clayton ; kaolinite ; magnetite ; pyrite ; 
 tourmaline; graphite; epidote; muscovite ; quartz crystals; 
 hematite. 
 
 JONES. 
 
 Calcite, in marl beds ; limonite. 
 
 LENOIR. 
 
 Calcite, in marl beds; glauconite, in greensand marl. 
 
 LINCOLN. 
 
 Lincolnton — Calcite ; 12 ms. N. W., reticulated acicular rutile; 
 kaolinite ; graphite ; limonite, 7 ms. N. W. and 2 ms. east. 
 
 Brevard's Forge — 1^ miles from Vesuvius furnace, magne- 
 tite (!) ; manganese garnet ; quartz crystals. 
 
 Cottage Home — Diamond (!); gold; chalcopyrite. 
 
 Maapelah Churoh — Manganese garnet; pyrite and chalcopy- 
 rite, 2 miles east. 
 
 Randleman's — Quartz crystals ; amethyst (I). 
 
 Stowe's Quarry — Calcite, granular and compact. 
 
 Elsewhere — Gold, in placers and veins; sulphur; graphite; 
 hematite ; magnetite ; limonite ; muscovite ; kaolinite ; epidote ; 
 pyrite; calcite, near Lincolnton (!); asbestos; chalcedony; gar- 
 net ; psilomelane ; talc ; cuprite ; cyanite, blue and red ; gale- 
 nite ; graphite ; limonite ; menaceauite ; actinolite. 
 
 MACON. 
 
 Houston's Mine — Muscovite; corundum; talc; treraolite; 
 chlorite ; tourmaline. 
 
 Lyle^s Mine — Muscovite; biotite; kaolinite. 
 
 /. Moore's — Chromite ; corundum. 
 
 Thorn Mt. Mine — Muscovite; biotite; margarodite; manga- 
 nese garnet ; albite ; uranochre ; zippeite ; beryl ; pyrrhotite ; 
 chalcopyrite. 
 
114 GEOLOGY OF XORTH CAEOLIXA. 
 
 Cuhagee Mine or Corundum Hill — Corundum (!) in beautiful 
 varieties in crystals and massive, and frequently in part altered 
 into other minerals ; ohrornite (!); spinel (!) in crystals and granu- 
 lar ; vutile(!), rare; diaspore (!) one specimen only known 
 drusy quartz (!) and quartz crystals; chalcedony; hyalite (!) 
 enstatite(!); tremolite; arfvedsonite(!); chrysolite (!); andesite(?); 
 oligoclase ; tourmaline (!) ; talc; serpentine (!); deweylite (!) 
 cerolite; genthite(!); culsageeite (!); kerrite(!); maconite(!) 
 penuinite(!); prochlorite (!); wilcoxite (!) ; margarite (!) ; antho- 
 phyllite ; actinolite ; magnetite. 
 
 Near Franklin — Sphalerite; chalcopyrite ; menaccanite(!); 
 wad; garnet (!); epidote(!); fihroiite (!); cyaniie(!); staurolite (!); 
 kaolinite (!); rhodochrosite. 
 
 Hasketfs — Limestone quarry; magnetite; corundum (!), in 
 part altered into damourite; tourmaline; calcite; garnet; mo- 
 lybdenite. 
 
 Jacob's Mine — Corundum ; asbestos ; tremolite ; chrysolite. 
 
 Sugartown Creek — Chrornite; tremolite; actinolite; asbestos; 
 chrysolite; garnet; biotite; orthoclase ; magnetite; hematite. 
 
 Nantehaleh river — Asbestos ; fibrous talc at Jarrett's ; black 
 hornblende; calcite. 
 
 Tennessee river, below Franklin — Garnet; staurolite; cyanite; 
 damourite; columbite. 
 
 Whiteside ML — Tremolite ; orthoclase ; actinolite ; garnet ; 
 chalcopyrite ; magnetite ; asbestos. 
 
 EUijay Creek — Near Higdon's ; corundum ; chlorite; asbestos; 
 chrornite ; magnetite ; hematite ; garnet ; chrysolite ; at Goshen, 
 calcite, granular ; coccolite ; graphite. 
 
 Highlands — Gold ; rose quartz. 
 
 Gatoogajay Creek — Magnetite, at Sloan's. 
 
 Elsewhere — Graphite; garnet; chalcopyrite; magnetite; horn- 
 blende, 23 miles below Franklin ; beryl ; rose quartz ; magnetite; 
 muscovite and biotite in numerous mica mines; gold and galenite 
 in Cowee mountains. 
 
MINERALOGY. 115 
 
 MADISON. 
 
 Bear creek — Magnetite (!), two miles from mouth ; green cocco- 
 lite, in granular calcite; chlorite; epidote; cyanite; staurolite ; 
 talc; garnet, (large crystals). 
 
 Big Laurel — Magnetite (!); menaceanite (!); milky quartz; 
 pyrite; calcite, granular and massive. 
 
 Carter's mine — Corundum (! !) in peculiar white and pink va- 
 rieties; spinel (!)•; chromite ; hornstone ; drusy quartz ; tremo- 
 lite; chrysolite (!) ; andesite (!); prochlorite (!) ; culsageeite ; 
 menacca n i te ; bery I ! 
 
 French Broad river — Orthoclase ; calcite, with coccoiite; limo- 
 nite, in heavy bed, near State line. 
 
 Jewell Hill — Meteoric iron (!) ; ferrous chlorite in meteorite ; 
 hematite. 
 
 Near Marshall — Calcite; galenite; bornite; chalcopyritc; epi- 
 dote ; fluorite ; hematite, near Gudger's 9 miles below M.; corun- 
 dum (!), 3 miles below M.; diasp'ore (?) ; prochlorite (!) ; mar- 
 garite; barite, at Chandler's, 9 miles below M.; 4 miles west of 
 M., smoky quartz, in doubly terminated crystals. 
 
 Walnut creek, near French Broad river — Green coccoiite, in 
 calcite; phlogopite. 
 
 Warm Springs — Slaty damourite (!); calcite; red jasper; 
 pyrite; psilomelane; gold, in veins and placers. 
 
 Shut In creek — Calcite ; jasper. 
 
 Spring Greek — Magnetite, in large bed, massive. 
 
 Ivy rive] — 2 miles from mouth, Smith mine, magnetite; py- 
 roxene ; at Radford's, hematite and magnetite. 
 
 Brush creek — Magnetite, at Freeman's and Sikes' ; coccoiite 
 in calcite. 
 
 Haynie mine — Blue corundum ; rutile ; margarite ; green crys- 
 tals of hornblende; magnetite; chlorite; menaceanite. 
 
 MARTIN. 
 
 Calcite, in marl beds. 
 
116 geology of north carolina. 
 
 Mcdowell. 
 
 Cedar Cove, at Dodson's mine — Sphalerite ; ealcite, granular 
 and compact. 
 
 Kirhsey's mine- Tetradymite. 
 
 lAnville Mountains — Itacolumite; radiated pyrophyllite ; limo- 
 nite, in many places; hematite; ealcite, granular and compact, 
 several places. 
 
 Turkey Cove — Calcite, granular and compact. 
 
 Turkey creek — Bee rock, epidote (!) ; tourmaline. 
 
 In the gold placers — Gold; corundum; menaccanite ; rutile; 
 chromite; brookite ; pyrope; zircon (!) ; epidote; fibrolite; py- 
 romelane ; xenotime (!) ; monazite (!) ; diamond ; anatase. 
 
 3farion — Within a few miles, limonite; manganese garnet; 
 psilomelane. 
 
 Round Knob — Cyanite; garnet; paragonite. 
 
 Grave Yard mountain — Hematite ; limonite ; calcite. 
 
 Head of Tom's Creek — Magnetite; muscovite; kaolinite. 
 
 Elsewhere — Limonite ; calcite ; sarmarskite. 
 
 MECKLENBURG. 
 
 Beattie's Ford — Rutile ! in acicular crystals. 
 
 Capp's Hill — Magnetite ; gold ; pyrite ; chalcopyrite. 
 
 Charlotte — Orthoclase var. leopardite (!) ; at the Rudisill mine, 
 gold pyrite; chalcopyrite; white siderite; 2 miles from Char- 
 lotte, pyriie; chalcopyrite; magnetite, fine granular. 
 
 Davidson College — Radiated cyanite; pyrophyllite; gold; 
 agate, 5 miles south at D. Caldwell's; hematite at Gibson's, 5 
 miles from D. College; 7 miles south, fine crystals of rutile; 12 
 miles southwest, granular hematite. 
 
 Hopewell mine — Chalcopyrite; chrysocolla; pyrite. 
 
 McGinn mine — Gold; pyrite; chalcopyrite; barnhardtite ; 
 cuprite in acicular crystals ; melaconite; pseudomalachite! 
 
 Old Harris mine — Hematite ; menaccanite. 
 
 Providence — 12 miles south of Charlotte, chalcopyrite; gold; 
 pyrite; magnetite. 
 
MINERALOGY. 117 
 
 Todd's Branch — Gold ; diamond (!) ; zircon (!) ; garnet ; raon- 
 azite ! 
 
 Tuekasegee Ford — Epidote ; labradorite near T. Ford. 
 
 Stephen Wilson's mijie — Gold; pyrite; chalcopyrite ; siderlte. 
 
 Gibson mine — Gold ; also at Jordan mine, Brown mine, Car- 
 son mine, Icyhour mine, Burnett mine, Neal mine, Brawiey's 
 mine. 
 
 Roswdl mine — Gold; pyrite; also at Stearne's mine, Rogers' 
 mine, Stinson mine, Crosby mine, Johnson mine. Juggernaut 
 mine, Frazer mine, Taylor mine. Maxwell mine, Nolen mine, 
 Crump mine, Bane mine, MeCorkle mine. Hunter mine, Hen- 
 derson mine, Alexander mine, J. Alexander's mine, Caldwell 
 mine, Davidson & Blake mine. 
 
 Sugar Greek — Magnetite. 
 
 Faire's mine — Gold ; py rite ; chalcopyrite. 
 
 Frederick mine — Gold; pyrite; chalcopyrite; chrysocolia; 
 malachite. 
 
 MaayweU mine — Gold ; pyrite ; chalcopyrite ; also at Clark's 
 mine, Ray mine, Hipp mine, Trotter mine, Harris mine, Hen- 
 derson mine, Kern mine, Cathey mine, G. C. Cathey's mine, Sloan 
 mine, McLean mine, Charlotte mine, and Queen mine. 
 
 Elsewhere — Gold, in placers and veins; copper in quartz crys- 
 tals; sulphur; magnetite, near Steele creek church; foliated 
 hematite at Sol. Reid's; tourmaline. 
 
 MITCHELL. 
 
 Toe River Ford — Actinolite, large crystals in talc ; muscovite. 
 
 Pvmpkin Patch Mt. — Labradorite. 
 
 BakersviUe—2l ms. S. of B., chromite(!); saponite; quartz 
 crystals ; chalcedony (!) ; enstatite (!) ; tremolite ; actinolite (!) ; 
 chrysolite (!) ; talc;" rutile, penetrating corundum ; serpentine; 
 deweylite; penninite(!); magnesite; IJ miles S. E., asbestos; 
 talc ; limonite ; corundum ; 2 miles S. E., limonite ; psilorae- 
 lane. 
 
 Blalock's—Gaxnei; muscovite (!) ; orthoclase (!) ; kaolinite. 
 
 Buchanan mine— Giimmite ; yttrogummite (?) ; asbestos ; 
 
118 GEOLOGY OP XORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 beryl; allanite(!); muscovite (!) ; albite(!); phosphuranylite (!) ; 
 cyanite ; graphite; manganese garnet ; black garnet. 
 
 Cane Creek — Menaccanite(!) ; actinolite; talc; asbestos; near 
 head, graphite ; rutile; garnet. 
 
 Crab Orchard — Menaccauite (!). 
 
 Autrey's — On Brush creek, quartz crystals, smoky; black 
 garnet ; kaolinite. 
 
 CraiiBerry — Magnetite (!); pyroxene; epidote. 
 
 Deake mine — Quartz, flattened out between muscovite; mus- 
 covite (!); columbite(!) ; gummite. 
 
 Flat Rock — Mena('eanite(!) ; uraninite(!) ; gummite (!); zir- 
 con; garnet; epidote; zoisite, var. thulite(!); muscovite (!) ; 
 pink muscovite(!); albite (!) ; orthoc]ase(!); uranotil(!); phos- 
 phuranylite(!); autunite(!). 
 
 Grassy Creek — Samarskiie ; menaecanite; kaolinite; beryl, 
 large; muscovite; autunite; margarodite; hyalite. 
 
 Point Fizzle — Albite (!) ; apatite (!) ; pyrophyllite ; actinolite; 
 beryl ; garnet ; manganese garnet. 
 
 Old Fields of Toe — Miller's Gap, epidote; talc; chlorite. 
 
 Unaka Jits. — Magnetite (!) ; zircon (!) ; epidote ; hematite. 
 
 Wiseman mine — Muscovite (!) ; kaolinite; hatchettolite (!) ; 
 co]umbite(!) ; samarskite (!) ; euxenite(!); rogersite (!). ' 
 
 Gillespie Gap — Psiloraelanc; monazite. 
 
 Fumpkin Patch Jit. — Magnetite; labradorite; garnets. 
 
 Burlison's — Asbestos ; actinolite ; talc. 
 
 Lick Ridge mine — Muscovite; albite; garnet, red and black; 
 biotite ; pyrite ; chalcopyrite. 
 
 Cox mine — Smoky quartz ; manganese garnet; albite; autu- 
 nite: muscovite; biotite; apatite; labradorite; pyrite. 
 
 Elsewhere — Galenite(!); rutile; garnet; epidote; fergu.sonite; 
 actinolite, [S. Blalock's]; seschyuite; rock crystal; muscovite; 
 kaolinite in numerous mica mines. 
 
 MOXTGOMEEY. 
 
 Cheek's creek — Fossil wood. 
 Cottonstone J/owntom-^— Pyrophyllite ! ! 
 
MIJNfEEALOGY. 119 
 
 Orump mine — Gold (!) in placers. 
 
 Christian mine — Gold in placers. 
 
 Steele mine — Gold(!!); gaienite; sphalerite; chalcopyrite; al- 
 bite; prochlorite; caleite. 
 
 Burnett Mountaui — Gold in placers. 
 
 Swift Island mine — Gold ! ! 
 
 Beaver Dam mint — Gold in placers. 
 
 Elseiohere — Gold in veins and placers; argentite in slates; 
 magnetite. 
 
 MOORE. 
 
 Carthage, 12 miles east — Hematite. 
 
 Creek mine — Chalcopyrite; malachite; azurite; galenite; red 
 jasper; epidote; talc; caleite; argentite. 
 
 Soapstone Quarry — Slaty pyrophyllite (!) ; pseudonialachite. 
 
 Upper Little river — Cyanite. 
 
 Welch's — Chrysocolla; chlorite. 
 
 Elsewhere — Gold in veins and placers ; pyrite ; fossil wood ; 
 at E. Kelly's, limonite; at P. Martin's, agate; at J. -Dun lap's, 
 quartz crystals ; at Johnson's Mill, acicular hornblende in quartz. 
 
 NASH. 
 
 Tom Arrington mine — Gol<l in placers. 
 Portis mine — Gold in placers. 
 Mann mine — Gold in Placers. 
 
 Elsewhere — Gold in placers ; meteoric stone ; crocoite (!) ; 
 hematite; limonite; caleite, in placers. 
 
 NEW HANOVER. 
 
 Caleite (!), granular and crystalline; lignite; glauconite; 
 limonite. 
 
 NORTHAMPTON. 
 
 Caleite, in marl beds. 
 
 ONSLOW. 
 
 Caleite, in marl beds. 
 
]20 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 ORANGE. 
 
 Chapel Hill — Hematite (!); linionite; epidote; near C. H., 
 chalcopyrite; |)yrite; magnetite; serpentine; hematite, pseudo- 
 morphous after pyrite. 
 
 Hillsboro — Pyrite in cubes; pyrophyllite (!) ; chlorite in fine 
 scales; epidote; barite (!), at Latta mine; braunite; hematite, 6 
 miles south ; [lyrite; chalcopyrite. 
 
 jSVio rivei — Serpentine ; steatite. 
 
 Ekewhere — Halite in brine; micaceous hematite at Flat river; 
 epidote; hematite, pseudomorphous after pyrite; serpentine; 
 moss agate ; slaty pyrophyllite. 
 
 PAMLICO. 
 
 Calcite, in marl beds. 
 
 PASQUOTANK — (None). 
 
 PENDER. 
 
 Calcite; glauconite ; liitioniie. 
 
 PERQUIMANS — (Xone). 
 
 PERSON. 
 
 Mt. Tirzah — Hematite, micaceous; menaccanite. 
 
 Barnett mountain — White cyanite (!). 
 
 Dillahay's mine — Gold ; radiated quartz. 
 
 Gnus' mine — Chalcoeite; pyrite; covellite; micaceous hema- 
 tite; chrysocolla; cuprite; malachite; calcite. 
 
 Mill creek — Chalcoeite ; chrysocolla. 
 
 Hart-is' mine — Copper in epidote. 
 
 Woodsdale — Gold in vein ; pyrite. 
 
 Elsewhere — Graphite, on Hico and on Cane creek ; limonite ; 
 steatite; talc; hematite; magnetite. 
 
 PITT. 
 
 Calcite; glauconite; siderite; limonite, in beds near Tranter's 
 creek; succinite. 
 
MINERALOGY. 121 
 
 POLK. 
 
 Sandy Plains — At Davis' mine, gold; limonite; pyrite. At 
 Morris' mine, gold; monazite; pyrite; epidote; asbestos; tour- 
 maline. At Prince mine, monazite; rutile; zircon. 
 
 Morrill Mills' gold mine — Euclase (!). 
 
 Hungary river — Gold in placers. 
 
 Paoolet river — Gold, in placers. 
 
 Elsewhere — Gold in placers; monazite; xenotime; rutile; 
 epidote; quartz crystals ; manganese garnet; turgite. 
 
 RANDOLPH. 
 
 Pilot Knob — Pyrophyllite (!) ; gold, in placers ; acicular rutile 
 in quartz. 
 
 Homer Hill mine — Gold; galenite; calcite. 
 
 Kinley mine — Gold ; pyrite. 
 
 Jones mine — Gold; pyrite; limonite. 
 
 Parish mine — Gold ; talc ; tremolite ; actinolite. 
 
 Elsewhere — Gold in veins and placers ; meteoric iron (!) ; 
 magnetite; siderite; hematite, (micaceous). 
 
 RICHMOND. 
 
 Hitchcock creek — Orthoclase (!) ; oligoclase. 
 
 Hamlet — Kaolinite. 
 
 Elsewhere — Pyrophyllite, in quartz schists; chlorite. 
 
 ROBESON. 
 
 Calcite, in marl beds; kaolinite. 
 
 ROCKINGHAM. 
 
 iJfndison.— Chalcopyrite at W. Lindsay's; manganese garnet. 
 Leaksville — Semi-bituminous coal. 
 
 Smith's river, 2 miles E. of Morehead's factory—Hematite ; 
 gold ; asbestos. 
 
 Troublesome creek — Magnetite ; hematite ; limonite. 
 
122 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Smith's mountain — Meteoric iron (! !) with schriebersite and 
 ferrous chloride. 
 
 Rddsville — Magnetite, 6 miles N. 
 
 Elsewhere — Halite in brine ; titaniferous magnetite (!) ; garnet; 
 cyanite. 
 
 ROWAN. 
 
 Gold Hill — Gold (!); bismuthinite ; pyrite; chaleopyrite ; 
 arsenopyrite (!) at Honeycutt's ; magnetite. 
 
 Salisbury — Orthoclase (!) 7 miles S., Gold Hill road, pyrite ; 
 chaleopyrite; chrysocolla ; talc. 
 
 Yadkin mine — Gold ; pyrite. 
 
 Dunn Mountain mine — Gold ; pyrite ; chlorite. 
 
 Snider mine — Gold ; pyrite. 
 
 Gh'upy mine — Chaleopyrite ; pyrite ; chrysocolla. 
 
 Cope mine — Gold ; also at Ryraer M., Haynes M., Cady M., 
 Bringle M., Trexler M., Yadkin M., Bane M., Roseman M., 
 Earnhardt M., Holtshauser M., in veins and placers. 
 
 Elsewhere — Orthoclase in large and twin crystals ; gold ; py- 
 rite. 
 
 RUTHERFORD. 
 
 Brindletown ereek — Diamond (!). 
 
 Jeanstown — Platinum; palladium (!) ; at Weaver's, garnet; 
 epidote ; pyrope ; tourmaline ; gold ; manganese garnet. 
 
 Mutherfordton — Quartz, pseudomorphous after calcite (!). 
 
 Shemwell mine — Arborescent gold ( !). 
 
 Second Broad river — Head of it, gold in veins and placers ; 
 pyrite. 
 
 Twitty's mine — Diamond (!). 
 
 At the Gold Placers generally — Gold ; corundum in grains 
 and crystals; menaccanite ; rutile; chromite; brookite; rock 
 crystal ; pyrope ; zircon (!) ; epidote ; samarskite ; rutherfordite ; 
 xenotime (!) ; monazite ; wolframite (?). 
 
 Elsewhere — Amethyst ; melanterite ; alunogen ; fergusouite ; 
 anatase; dark gray corundum; fibrolite; tourmaline; gold; 
 pyrite. 
 
MINERALOGY. 123 
 
 SAMPSON. 
 
 Calcite in marl beds ; lignite. 
 
 STANLY. 
 
 Hearne Mine — Gold; pyrite; chalcopyrite; calcite; chlorite; 
 serpentine. 
 
 Orowell Mine — Gold. 
 
 Elsev)her-e — Gold in veins and placers. 
 
 STOKES. 
 
 Coffee Gap — Lazulite (!) with damourite in quartz. 
 
 Danbury — Magnetite (!) ; pyrolusite; actinolite; cyanite (!) 6 
 ins. E. of D. ; titanite (Rogers' ore bank). 
 
 Dan river — Opalescent quartz; anthracite and bituminous 
 coal. 
 
 Germanton—Y ossW wood(!); at Bolejack's quarry, actino- 
 lite (!); phlogopite; granular calcite ; 2 miles E. of G., serpen- 
 tine ; calcite. 
 
 Maoris Mill — Manganese garnet. 
 
 Peter's Creek — Sulphur. 
 
 Sauratown Mountain — Itacolumite(!); asbestos. 
 
 SnAno Creek — Hematite, at Martin's quarry; chalcedony; 
 hornstone ; phlogopite ; granular calcite ; agate ; amethyst ; 
 hyalite ; jasper. 
 
 Stokesburg — Rock crystal ; anthracite and bituminous coal. 
 
 Elsewhere — Copper ; graphite ; chalcopyrite ; museovite in 
 pyrite; siderite ; tourmaline; talc; museovite (large plates); 
 epidote; limonite; calcite, granular, on Little Yadkin and Dan 
 rivers. 
 
 SURRY. 
 
 Dobson — 10 miles north, manganese garnet ; pyrolusite ; talc, 
 green crystals; serpentine; steatite; actinolite; breunerite; mag- 
 nesite; magnetite; chlorite; hausmannite; wad. 
 
 Ararat river — 4 ms. S. E. of Mt. Airy, pyrite (!); magne- 
 tite; garnet; white cyanite. 
 
124 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Chestnut Mountain — Octahedral magnetite (!). 
 
 Fisher's Peak — Octahedral magnetite. 
 
 Pilot Mowntain — Talc (!). 
 
 Tom's Creek — Magnetite. 
 
 Rockford — Steatite. 
 
 War Hill — Milky quartz. 
 
 Williams' Mine — Magnetite. 
 
 Elkin — 10 ms. north, limonite; hematite; 5 ms. northeast, 
 pyrite; chalcopyrite ; chrysocolla. 
 
 Elsewhere — Graphite; tourmaline; garnets; magnetite; limo- 
 nite; chalcopyrite; sulphur; galenite; pyrrhotite; pyrite; 
 psilomelaue ; asbestos. 
 
 SWAIN. 
 
 Oconaluftee river — Gold; galenite, argentiferous; pyrite; 
 chalcopyrite. 
 
 A. Nichols — Pyrolusite; chalcocite; tourmaline. 
 
 Quallatown — Gold, in placers. 
 
 Elsetohere — Itacolumite; magnetite; hematite; limonite; talc. 
 
 TRANSYLVANIA. 
 
 Boyston river — Gold, in placers ; granular calcite ; limonite. 
 Davidson river — Chalcopyrite ; pyrite. 
 Mills' river — Calcite. 
 Brevard — Chlorite ; graphite. 
 
 Elsetohere — Pyrite; chalcopyrite; rose quartz; pyrrhotite; 
 tourmaline; graphite. 
 
 TYRRELL — (None). 
 Union. 
 
 Lemmond Mine — Gold (!); electrum (!); galenite; sphalerite; 
 pyrite; arsenopyrite ; pyromorphite. 
 
 Long Mine — Gold ; galenite. 
 
 Moore's Mine — Gold; sphalerite; pyrite; chalcopyrite ; gale- 
 nite. 
 
 Pewter mine — Electrum. 
 
MINERALOGY. 125 
 
 Phifer mine — Gold; silver; galenite; also at Lewis M., and 
 Washington M. 
 
 Stewart mine — Gold (!); electrum (!) ; galenite; sphalerite; py- 
 rite; arseuopyrite; pyromorphite. 
 
 Union mine — Gold, also at Davis M., Dulin M., Fox Hill M., 
 Crump M., Cureton M. 
 
 Walkup's mine — Barite (!), granular. 
 
 Smart mine — Gold; pyrite; chalcopyrite ; galenite; sphalerite. 
 
 Elsewhere — Gold, in veins and placers. 
 
 WAKE. 
 
 Barton creek — Pyrite, large cubes; hematite, pseudomorphous 
 after pyrite; tourmaline; chlorite; margarodite. 
 
 Brassfields — Calcite ; chalcedony. 
 
 Witherspoon's — Granular calcite. 
 
 Wyatt's — Limonite. 
 
 Cary — Pyrite; hematite; martite. 
 
 N. W. owner of county — Serpentine; asbestos; actinolite; 
 steatite; cyanite. 
 
 Soapstone Church — Talc; asbestos; serpentine. 
 
 Morrisville — Granular calcite. 
 
 Baleigh — Menaccanite (!); epidote; hematite; magnetite; 
 muscovite; paragonite; near R., chalcopyrite; pyrite; graphite. 
 
 Elsewhere — Graphite (!); pyrite; magnetite; amethyst; tour- 
 maline; biotite; calcite. 
 
 WARREN. 
 
 Ransom's Bridge — Gold ; garnet. 
 
 Elsewhere — Quartz crystals; magnetite; epidote; gold, in 
 placers ; garnets. 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 Calcite, in marl beds. 
 
 WATAUGA. 
 
 Beech mountain — Fine grained galenite (!) ; pyrite ; at Pogie, 
 galenite. 
 
126 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Coolte's Gap— Arsenopyrite ; hematite (!) ; magnetite (!) ; ita- 
 columite(!); limouite; tnartite. 
 
 Cove Greek — Magnetite ; limonite. 
 
 Rich mountain, head of Cove creek — Chromite; quartz crys- 
 tals; actiuolite; chrysolite; epidote; penninite ; tremolite. 
 
 Beaver Dam creek — Magnetite. 
 
 Elk Knob — Pyrite; chalcopyrite ; pyrrhotite; epidote; limon- 
 ite ; garnet. 
 
 Miller mine — Pyrite ; chalcopyrite ; limonite. 
 Wataiiga river — Calcite ; epidote ; chlorite. 
 
 Elk river — Jasper; epidote; chlorite; calcite. 
 
 Hardin mine — Gold, in placers. 
 
 Boone Fork — Quartz crystals, (fine). 
 
 Elsewhere — Gold in placers ; galenite ; fluorite ; epidote ; 
 limonite; magnetite; cyanite; talc; chromite; chlorite; men- 
 acoanite ; asbestos. 
 
 WAYNE. 
 
 Fossil wood; lignite; pyrite; calcite, in marl beds. 
 
 WILKES. 
 
 Wilkesboro — 2 miles north, serpentine; talc; garnet. 
 
 Mulberry river — Magnetite, 
 
 Blue Ridge — 3 miles S. of, on road to Jefferson, garnet ; orth- 
 oclase ; apatite. 
 
 Bending Rock mountain — Itacolumite. 
 
 Roaring river — Magnetite. 
 
 Elk creek — Galenite ; cerussite. 
 
 Flint Knob — Galenite (argentiferous) ; pyrite. 
 
 Elkin creek — Barite ; limonite ; galenite ; cerussite. 
 
 Honey creek — Rutile (!) in acicular crystals in brownish ame- 
 thyst. 
 
 Elsewhere — Graphite ; corundum (!) mostly altered into cya- 
 nite ; pyrite; cyanite (!) ; mixture of damourite, margarite, &c. 
 resulting from the alteration of cyanite. 
 
MINEEALOGY. 1 27 
 
 Trap Hill mine — G^lenite; pyrrhotite; chalcopyrite (aurifer- 
 ous); pyrite; rutile; garnet; tourmaline; magnetite. 
 Reddie's river — Serpentine. 
 
 WILSON. 
 
 Calcite, in marl beds; limonite. 
 
 YADKIN. 
 
 Near Yadkinville — Gold. 
 
 Boyden's quarry — Calcite, compact and granular. 
 Campbell mine — Magnetite. 
 
 Hobson's mine — Magnetite; tremolite; magnetite (!) at East 
 Bend and elsewhere. 
 
 Near Forks of Yadkin river — Calcite. 
 
 Jonesboro — Pyrite in cubes in slates; chalcopyrite. 
 
 YANCEY. 
 
 Bald Mountain — Grayish green actinolite; magnetite. 
 
 Burnsville — Platinum (?); labradorite (!) 6 miles N. of B.; 
 tourmaline at Parrot's Ford, 3 miles from B.; tantalite (!). 
 
 Hampton's, Mining creek — Chromite (!); chalcedony; ensta- 
 tite; tremolite (!); actinolite; asbestos; chrysolite (!); orthoclase; 
 talc (I); serpentine; deweylite; penninite; magnesite; epidote, 
 in fine green crystals; bronzite. 
 
 Hurricane mountain — Cyanite (!); titanite; damourite. 
 
 Bald creek — Chrysolite; talc; asbestos; serpentine; tremolite; 
 chlorite; pyrite; actinolite; epidote. 
 
 Ivy rivei — Menaccanite. 
 
 Ray's Mica, mine — Fluorite (!), pseudomorphous after apatite; 
 yttrocerite (?); beryl (!); garnet; zircon; rutile; muscovite (!), 
 also a scaly pink variety; orthoclase; tourmaline (!), black and 
 yellowish green ; kaolinite; seschynite (I); columbite (?); apatite; 
 monazite, very rare; autunite; amazon stone; cyanite; albite; 
 smoky quartz. 
 
128 GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 MitohelPs Peak — Cyanite; fibrolite; garnet; tourmaline; bio- 
 tite. 
 
 Young's mine — Enstatite; chlorite; serpentine; chrysolite; 
 chromite; talc; asbestos; tremolite; pyrite; manganese garnet, 
 and garnet crystals ; bronzite; tourmaline; muscovite. 
 
 Presnell (Young's) mine — Muscovite; albite; apatite; autunite. 
 
 Gibbs' mine — Muscovite; albite; garnet; glassy feldspar. 
 
 Ouggenheim's mine — Muscovite; albite; manganese garnet; 
 apatite; margarodite; hyalite; tourmaline; autunite. 
 
 Rocky creek — Muscovite ; pyrite ; graphite. 
 
 Elsewhere — Graphite; allanite; cyanite; columbite; magne- 
 tite; on Crabtree creek, massive reddish garnet; rutile; mus- 
 covite ; in many mica mines, pyrite. 
 
DATE DUE 
 
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