E225 ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY New York State Colleges OF Agriculture and Home Economics AT Cornell University Cornell University Library S 61.E223 The bulletin of the Iowa Agricultural Co 3 1924 001 142 425 Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924001142425 THE BULLETIN OF THE Iowa Agricultural College DEVOTED TO INDUSTRIAL SCIENCES. ^DNdlES, XO-V^J^. CBDAH EAPIDS, IOWA : DilLY BEPPBLICAN PEINTING .AND bIndInQ ESTABLISHMENT, 1884. i T^Mirn-tia'CoH'Y- Iowa Agricultural College.— i, chemical and physical hall, with work-shop in the background; 2, North Hall i 3, Horticultural Hall ; 4-5, Boardino Halls. ANNOUNCEMENT. The Bulletin of the Iowa Agricultural College will be pub- lished quarterly, and will contain such original papers, from the several departments of the College, as are included in their lines of investigation, and are of a scientific or an economic value. The regular College announcements will be made through its columns. TERMS. All applicants will receive a single copy of the Bulletin free, but any person desiring it regularly should remit twentt-eive CENTS, to cover postage, mailing and the incidental expenses of pub- lication, which will entitle the sender to one copy — four numbers — for the year. Address, "COLLEGE BULLETIN-," Ames, Iowa. EEPOET OF EXPEEIMENTS UPON TIIE IOWA AGKI- CULTURAL COLLEGE FAEM. The object ot Experiment Stations is to substitute facts for theory in farm operations, and thus do away with many of the un- certainties in Agriculture. Experiments, to be in any uense au- thoritative, must have all the conditions carefully determined, that the inequalities may be noted, and must be conducted in a most painstaking manner to the close. It has required time to fit the Farm for such work, and more time and patience to secure careful men to assist in conducting the details. This is stated in reply to parties who may be disappointed at the number of our exact ex- periments here presented. It must also be remembered that the general duties of the Farm and School make constant and heavy demands upon our time., The experience to be derived from carefully noting the pro- cesses and results of ordinary farm operations is far more valuable to the general farmer than speculative lines of investigation, the economic value of which is exceedingly problematical. Many things are, therefore,' here submitted, which should be regarded as simple statements of fact as a basis tor further investigation. REPORT OW GRASSES. ITALIAN EYE GEASS, {LoUum Italioum.) Italian rye grass comes to us from Great Britain, where it occupies the same place as timothy in the United States, though considered somewhat more valuable. Its name is derived from the fact that its native habitat is on the plains of Lombardy, where broad expanses of pasture land, occupied by it, are frequently inun- dated by mountain streams. For irrigated meadows it has been found in England superior to any other grass. Meadows set with this grass and flooded with the sewage of London have produced almost fabulous crops of hay annually. The culms (stems) are two to three feet high, very leafy, and terminate in a spike-like panicle, six inches or more in length, some- what resembling couch grass. In abundance of leaf, in rapid growth, and in nutritive value it is superior to timothy. As hay it has 1.5 more albuminoids, 0.2 more fats and 1.7 more ash than timothy. AS PEACTICALLY TESTED UPON THE COLLEGE EXPEEIMENT GEOUNDS. April 25, 1882 — Selected a patch of rich, black loam, protected on all sides by forestry conditions; prepared and sowed it to Italian rye grass. The set was excellent; it grew with amazing vigor. July 22 — Cut at the rate of 4 tons and 1386 lbs. of well cured hay per acre; the after growth was luxuriant. It was not cut the second time, but went into winter with its after-growth for mulching. The snow drifted and covered it about two feet deep the entire winter; in the spring it was so dead that only an occasional blade ap- peared (May 8). Blue grass, orchard grass, and other grasses beside it wintered finely. Luxuriant and rapid growth, and high nutritive qualities must, therefore, yield to the practical fact that it is not hardy in Iowa, and cannot be depended upon for permanent meadow. Upon the other hand the rapidity with which it produced a crop after the seed was sown, would indicate that it might be profitably used as an annual crop upon land highly manured. 6 COLLEGE BULLETIN, OEOHAKD GBASS {Dactylis Olomerata). This grass came to us from Europe with the prestige of two hundred years bi general popularity, and with such strong letters of introduction from high authority that it was accepted at once in the older States. It was pronounced the very best of our forage plaints, and recommended for general cultivation. "It is abundant in the rich old pastures of England, where an acre of land can be re- lied upon to fatten a bullock and four sheep." It is indorsed as an excellent grass for the shade. It is perennial, of strong, rank growth, about three feet high, the culm and leaves roughish, the leaves broadly linear and abundant. The chemical analysis shows it to be of high nutritive value for pasture; nutritive ratio, 3.4 to 4.7 for timothy; thus showing 30 per cent, in favor of orchard grass. When cut for hay there is little advantage in the nutritive ratio, 8.3 to 8.6 for timothy. AS PRACTICALLY TESTED UPON THE COLLEGE EXPERIMENT GEOUNDS. April 25, 1882 — Sowed upon rich, black loam, near the Italian rye grass, orchard grass, at the rate of three bushels to the acre. The set of grass was very good. All tests, made upon the grounds, have shown that seeding to orchard grass is surer to make a set than in the case of timothy. It was cut July 24th, and produced at the rate of 1 ton 537 pounds of hay per acre; in 1883, the first cutting was 5.7-10, tons green, and 2.7-10 tons, cured; flavor not equal to timothy; after growth a})undant and was allowed to stand; little af- fected by drouth. The leaves to within three or four inches of the ground were affected by the frost like prairie grass, becoming dry and tasteless early in the fall. Observation for three years upon the pastures, where there were occasional bunches of orchard grass, shows that cattle rejected them upon an average after the 15th of October. April 10, 1883, commenced growing; April 17, 4 inches high; May 4th, 10 inches high, and very vigorous. It ceased to grow September 1st; October 20 the leaves were very much frosted and dry. Mention should be made that the growth was more than double on well packed soil that under prairie conditions. The indications are that orchard grass is valuable for early and summer use, but not superior for late fall pasture upon the open prairie. Further trial will be made to determine whether' the loose conditions of prairie soil is unfavorable; second, to determine STATE AGRICULTtJllAL COLLEGE. 7 whether it is the lack of special fertilizers, or climatic conditions that prevents results claimed for it in Europe. KENTUCKY BLUE &EASS {Poa Prateuis .) This grass is widely grown in this country and in Europe[and has been justly appreciated for its abundant leaves, the vigor with which it withstands the frost, its early and late growth and its excellent flavor. April 25th, 1882 — Upon a plat with soil similar to that upon which the other grasses were sown, and with like preparation, Blue Grass was sown. It failed to come and was resown, June 1st. This time the stand was fair, but it did not half cover the ground during the entire season. April 1 7th, 1883, it was two inches high; May 22d, it commenced to blossom; it was cut, June 7th, and produced 600 lbs,, per acre; October 20th most of the aftermoth was con- siderably wilted but a tall growth was starting; the soil was nearly covered. It will be seen, by this, that it requires three years to fully es- tablish a blue grass pasture and that the product for the first two years is inconsiderable. For this reason it is doubtless better to sow it with some grass that produces a crop the first year. The indica- tions from this test are that it is better to sow blue grass in June than in April — a verification of the principle that the time of the ripening of the grass seed is a safe index to the best time for sow- ing. In the month of May, 1881, some 80 acres of open timber lands were sown, broadcast, to blue grass; but little of it was noticed dur- ing that year, but in the following season considerable appeared; and, during the summer of 1883, it formed a dense sod and afforded" abundant pasturage. The blue grass in the open timber started one week earlier in the spring than upon the prairie. The stock grazed it well till the first of June. From this time till the 15th day of September they rarely entered the wood lands, but mainly grazed upon the open range, and during the middle of the day occupied the Jiigher places, though exposed to the sun. Both cattle and horses invariably occupied the exposed high lands at night. This was to secure a better circulation of air and to avoid insects. After the middle of September the stock gradually returned to the woodland pasture and grazed upon it till the 10th of December. In flavor, blue grass is preferred by stock to most grasses. When in the same field with 8 COLLEGE BULLETIN, timothy, white clover and red clover, the blue grass patches are grazed closer than any otter. Some letters have been written, asking how blue grass would answer for bottom lands subject to overflow. In the year 1881, more than 100 acres of such land upon the College Farm, set more or less with blue grass, was covered with water, at intervals, for nearly two weeks, leaving a deposit upon the surface from one to three inches deep. This, accompanied by a hot sun for three days after the water subsided, effectually killed the blue grass, as far as could be de- termined by examination; but in less than two years, without re- seeding, there was a better blue grass sod than before. Where the deposit was one-half inch or less, the damage to the blue grass was merely nominal. TALL OAT GEASS {Arrhauatherum, Avehrlaceum.) All reports of this grass from Europe and America mention it in very high terms (in many cases preferring it to orchard grass); singularly, however, it does not appear to have come into general use in England or the United States. As early as 1823, Judge Buel, of Albany, N. Y., wrote of it: "It possesses the advantage of early, quick and late growth, tillers well and is admirably calculated for a pasture grass. I measured some on the 20th of June, (when it should be cut for hay) and tound it four and a half feet liight." Reports from Virginia and Alabama are equally favorable, showing a wide range of adaptation. It is peculiar in other respects; it thrives upon sandy soil, but is even better adapted to tenacious clays; it' makes a comparatively sure stand whether sown in the fall or in the spring. It is both earlier and later than orchard grass and when cut for hay produces an abundant aftermath. For hay it is much superior to timothy and produces twice as many pounds per acre. The report of the Chemist in the United States Agricultural Eeport for 1880, makes the nutritive rato of tall oat grass, in hay, 2.8, when cut under the most favorable conditions; while the best result on timothy was 4.7, showing that tall oat grass is decidedly superior to timothy for hay. In the South it is sometimes called ever-green grass. As grown upon the College Experiment grounds this grass is somewhat coarse, bearing a striking resemblance to oats; leaves STATE AGRICtJLTtJEAL COLLEGE. 9 abundant; lieighth of culms (stems) 4 feet, with four or five leaves; entire stem very green and remaining thus after the seed has fallen. It excelled all the grasses under trial in early growth. April 3d, 1883, it started well. On the 4th day of May it stood 11 inches high; orchard grass 10 inches, at same date, and timothy 3^ inches. On the 13th day of June it was cut for hay and weighed, green, 9.3-5 tons per acre; dry, 3.9-10 tons. It was cut a second time, August 12th, and made 1.7-10 tons of hay per acre. The seed weighs 7 lbs. per bushel, and hence the production of the seed is but a light tax upon the soil. Packing the soil is not so necessary for best results as in case of orchard grass and timothy; it. matures about the same time as red clover and hence would make an excel- lent mixture for hay; while its early and late growth give it great value as a pasture grass. On being sown it springs up at once and grows as rapidly as wheat, making a crop the first season. Grant- ing that it ie perfectly hardy as against our extrems of temperature and moisture, which would appear to be the case, it is an extremely valuable grass for Iowa. Two slight objections should be noted: 1st. It grows in bunches and thus will require heavier seeding, (two bushels to the acre,) to make a compact body. 2nd. It is more difficult to cure than many meadow grasses and hence would compare at a disadvantage in wet seasons. In fiavor, it is one of the best of grasses, at least for sheep. "When they were let into the inclosure they selected this in prefer- ence to the others.' It is a late grower and stands frost well. Octo- ber 20th, it was as green and soft, apparently, as in. July; December 13th it was in fair grazing condition — leaves mostly green. TiMOTi-iT {Phleum Protense^ This is one of the best known and in most general use of the cultivated grasses. For more than one hundred and fifty years it has been popular in New England and the leading grass for mead- ows. As early as 1720, Timothy Hanson, (hence named timothy) in- troduced it into Maryland and Virginia, where it was favorably re- ceived. It was not till the Woburn experiments, made by Geo. Sin- clair, in 1824, that much prominence was given to timothy in Eng- land. There are several reasons why timothy has been held in high favor in JSTew England : 1st. Its neat, clean appearance, when placed upon the market, has made it very merchantable. 10 COLLEGE BULLETIN, 2d. It grows luxuriantly upon moist land, highly manured. 3d. It is easily cured and therefore makes a safe crop, even in wet weather. There are, however, serious objections to it as a standard crop: 1st. It is a great irapoverisher of the soil. Its fine net work of fibrous roots soon exhausts the surface soil, especially when the seed be allowed to mature. 2d. After cutting for hay the sun has such an effect upon the roots, which lie near the surface, that they are frequently seriously injured. 3d. Mixed grasses for meadow afford the variety of food rel- ished by stock; timothy does not mature at the time of clover, orch- ard grass or oat grass, which are the main dependence for the meadow and hence should not be mixed with them. AS TESTED UPON THE COLLEGE GROUNDS. The piece selected was a moist, Ijlack loam, which had received in previous years considerable barn-yard manure; seed sown in July, 1882; stand good; cut in September. The aftergrowth was then allowed to remain. It wintered well and commenced to grow April 5th; June 15th it stood two feet hight; July 6th it was cut and made 3.8-5 tons of hay. The growth from this date till A ugust 25th was 8 inches, after which is did not appear to make any growth; Octo- ber 20th it was somewhat dry and shriveled from frost. The character of the fall must be considered in determining the value of this grass. PEEEENiAL EYE GEA8S (LoUum PeTrenue.) I This grass has an established record of more than two hundred years. Prior to the introduction of timothy, which seems largely to have supplanted it, it was extensively cultivated. In 1824, it was in high repute upon both sides of the Atlantic. April 10, 1882— A plafe ot rich, black loam was sown to this grass; April 25, it was up and stood thickly upon the ground; August 2d, it was cut for hay and made a medium amount; the aftergrowth was rank. In 1883, it started April 9th but was weak and uneven ; April 17th it stood from two to three inches high; In May the growth was slow; in June it shot up rapidly; June 15th, partially in blossom ; height 22 inches ; July 6th, cut for hay and made STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 11 1800 lbs. per acre; aftergrowth slow; September 3d, ceased to grow; October 20th, four inches hight — ^partly frost-bitten — sod quite good. This grass has been recommended on account of its abundance of leaves, its adaptation to a wide range of soils and climates, and its supposed hardiness. Our notes indicate that it is reliable for seeding, that the seeds germinate at a low temperature and that it forms a good sod ; but that it is not entirely hardy upon the prairie; it is a slow grower; the product of hay is small; the flavor is not superior for grazing and, ' when made into hay, it is decidedly inferior, allowing animals to be the judges. Top dressing with fine manure decidedly imp,roved the quan- tity and slightly the flavor. EE*D TOP {Agrostis Yulgaris.) For several reasons an exact test, in the plat, cannot be given of this grass at this time, and our observations are confined to field notes, which are so decidedly against its use, whether for pasture or hay, that more careful observations will be submitted at an early date. It is suflicient to state here that every observation taken in four years upon the College Farm shows that red top hay is deficient in flavor and hence is not acceptable to stock. On wet bottom land? it has given the best results, producing an abundant crop and, when cut early, fairly palatable. That is, it is an improvement on coarse slough grass. TALL FESCUE [Festuca Elatior.) This grass bears considerable resemblance to rye grass; grows from three to four feet high ; lias an abundance of leaves and thrives well in moist ground. Henderson says of it: "No plant, what- ever, deserves more the attention of the farmer than this, it being of certain growth, easy culture, productive and remarkably sweet.'' In the "Woburn experiments it stands highest of any the fiescues, in quantity of nutritive matter afforded by the whole crop, cut at time of flowering. April 13, 1882 — A plat of rich, moist loam was sown to this grass; May 1, stand good ; cut August 8, and produced four tons and 118 lbs. of hay per acre. 12 COLLEGE BULLETIN, The aftergrowth was allowed to remain for a mulch. The turf was dense; the leaves abundant, and it gave great promise. In the spring of 1883, it showed considerable injury from the winter, but started fairly April 5; May 4, it stood eight inches; May 27, it com- menced to blossom; June 16, it was cut and produced two tons of hay per acre. Two days after mowing a perceptible growth was ob- served; August 20, it stood nine inches high, after which it did not grow much; October 20, it was considerably frosted and harsh to the touch. The indications are unfavorable to this grass for general use upon the prairies. It appears .to be diffident in hardiness and flavor. FiOEiN {Agrostis 8tolonife7u.) Fiorin was first introduced to the notice of the British public by Eev. l)octor Richardson, of Ireland, about eighty years ago. In Scotland it received several pi-emiums from the Highland society for excellence. It is reported as an abundant grower, especially in low, moist soil, producing large quantities of excellent hay. In 1882, a suitable plat of land was sown to this grass. During that season it was of such slow growth that it was not cut for hay; in the spring of 1883, it started early; April 6, stood thickly and evenly upon the ground; June 18, was twenty inches high; was cut for hay July 6, and produced 2.7-10 tons per acre, of fair quality hay; October 20, grass badly damaged by frost; sod dense; December 1, entirely worthless for late pasture. This is undoubtedly a good grass in countries where the temperature rarely falls to 20 => above zero, but in Iowa compares unfavorably with blue grass. LUCERNE, ALFALFA {Medicago Sativa). This is one ot the oldest and best known forage plants of Europe. "Flint states that it was introduced from Media to Greece about five hundred years bsfore the Christian eara, whence its cult- ure extended through the Roman empire to the south of France. Its prolific and rapid growth and the great deoth to which it ex- tends its carrot shaped tap root adapt it to a dry climate. It pre- fers a rich, sandy loam, well drained, with a. permeable subsoil. It answers a good purpose, especially in the production of milk. This STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 13 forage plant possess characteristics which make it one of the most desirable of all its kind, for the general Iowa farmer, provided it proves perfectly hardy under our climatic conditions. April 13, 1882 — A plat of deep, rich, prairie soil was sown to Alfalfa; April 25, it was up and a good set. The growth during that year was slow and the plant gave little promise. In 1883, tiles were laid to secure better dra,inage of the plat. It wintered well and started vigorously, April 6; June 16, it stood twenty-four inches high; blossomed June 17; cut tor hay June 23; weighed, green, TJ tons per acre; well dried made 3f tons of hay. It was cut again August 18, and made IJ tons of hay; Septem- ber 22, it stood ten inches high; October 20, strong and rich — not touched by frost and in the best condition of all the clovers; Novem- ber 1, very slightly touched by frost; December 13, frosted some, but in fair fodder condition. If it shall prove hardy this winter, 1883-4, and continue to improve I 'shall be prepared to say some things in favor of alfalfa. It requires a dry, rich, deep-soiled loam, well drained; soil deeply plowed; surface well pulverized; seed thirty pounds per acre and slightly covered; then lightly rolled. The ground should be free from weeds, or kept so the first year, as the plant, in its early growth, appears delicate. COMMON KED CLOVER {TrifoUum Pratense). The value of red clover, as a forage plant, as a fertilizer in the rotation of crops, as a mulch for the soil and as a renovator of partially worn out lands, is too well and widely known to require dis- cussion here. The object of our test was mainly, to use it as a standard for comparison. Upon a plat similar to that upon which the grasses were sown; red clover seed was sown broad cast, April 22, 1882, and raked in with a hand rake. It came up in ten days and soon covered the ground . It was cut for hay the 1st of August, but was not saved on account of the rank growth of foxtail mixed with it. April 6, 1883, it started vigorously; May 10, it was ten inches high; blossomed June 7; cut for hay June 13; weighed, green, eleven tons and 200 lbs. per acre; dry, two tons and 938 pounds. July 13, cut a second time for hay; weighed, green, six and one-fourth tons; dry, two tons and 100 pounds; September 4, cut a third time for hay; weio'hed, green, five and one-fourth tons; dry, one ton and 1400 pounds; total hay at three cuttings, six tons and 438 pounds. The 14 COLLEGE BULLETIN, aftergrowth was very little. October 20, not injured by frost; November 1, slightly browned ; December 11, leaves well frosted and brown. This shows the great value of clover as a crop. It produced, up to the 4th day of September, twenty-two tons and 1200 pounds of green fodder. Sweet corn drilled at usual distance apart for lodder produces, upon an average, from eighteen to twenty-two tons, green. Some of the problems involved in the curing of clover hay will be reported upon next year. The vitality of clover seed in the soil may be illustrated by the tollowing test: In the fall of 1880, a piece of land was manured with barn-yard manure containing considerable clover seed; in 1881, it was planted to potatoes; in 1882, it produced a crop of oats; in 1883, it was left uncultivated and came into clover — red, white and alsike— the same as the seed in the manure scattered in 1880, — and produced a good crop of hay, cut July 17, 1883. For preservation of clover hay in silo see ensilage. ALSTKE CLOVER {TrifoUum Hyhridum). This clover was introduced from Sweden and may be called Giant, White clover, as it partakes more of the nature of the white than of the red clover. It may be distinguished by its abundance of flesh colored heads. It grows with wonderful luxuriance; is not so tall ; has finer stalks and more abundant branches and heads than red clover; it is not liable to heave out of the ground and holds in bloom many weeks, thus enabling the farmer to secure his crop. April 12, 1882 — A plat of 'deep, rich, black loam was sown to alsyke clover and raked; April 25, it was up thickly, soon cover- ing the ground; July 24, cut for hay; weight, dry, two tons and 212 pounds per acre. It wintered well and started vigorously April 7, 1883; June 8, in blossom; stood twenty inches high; cut for hay June 13; weighed, green, thirteen and three-fourth tons per acre; dry, three and three-fourth tons. About one-half the plants seemed to be killed or greatly injured by the cutting; it started very slowly and did but little the re- mainder of the year. In the meadows, where it was mixed with other clovers and grasses, it did not appear to be injured by cutting. There are a number of points to be settled before recommending alsyke clover for general use. To require some of these will require the test of another year. STATE AGRICULTUEAL COLLEGE. 15 WHITE CLOVER {TrifoUum Repens). This clover requires no introduction to the farmers of Iowa. It has come to stay. It requires no test to prove its hardiness; it refuses to die, when upon all ordinary principles it ought to; it creeps onto a farm, spreads over it rapidly and refuses to vacate- Upon the pastures it was eaten apparently as well as other clovers till the first of June, then all kinds of stock rejected it for six or eight weeks, after which they ate it again, and for late pasture it answered a good purpose. April 10, 1882 — Upon a plat, near the alsyke clover, white clover was sown; April 25, it was visible; July 10, it covered the ground; August, 15 a light cutting was made. It went into winter fully occupying the ground; wintered well; started to grow April 6; May 25, stood eleven inches high; blossomed Ma}' 31; cut for hay June 7; weighed, green, six tons and 800 lbs. per acre; dry, one ton and 1150 lbs. It was cut a second time September 4; green weighty two tons and 600 lbs.; dry, 1350 lbs. It will be observed that the green product of white clover to September 4, was eight tons and 1400 lbs., while that of red clover was, during the same time, twenty-two tons and 1200 lbs.; the dry product of white clover was two tons and 500 lbs., and of red clover six tons and 438 lbs. ITALIAN OLOVEE {Trifolvum Incarnatvm). This clover i^a plant of great luxuriance and beauty, and for a single crop is worthy of consideration. It was tested in 1882, and gave most excellent promise, growing more luxuriantly than any of the clovers, till cutting. On the first cutting every plant, excepting a few upon the border, were killed. 16 COLLEGE BULLETIN, .EEPOBT . ON GRASSES. Italian Kye Grass . . . . Orchard Grass Kentucky Blue Grass. Tall Oat Grass Timothy ' Perennial Rye Grass. . Eed Top Tall Fescue Fiorin Alfalfa Red Clover. . . . Alsyke Clover. White Clover. . Italian Clover.. Wt. of seed per bushel lbs. 18 to 20 15 13 7 44 18 to 30 12 14 60 64 64 65 64 Time of Flowering, June June May 22 June 15 July 1 June 15 July May 27 June 17 June 7. June May 31 June Green pro't per acre. 5.7-10 9-10 " 14 4i 9.7-10 22 tons 1200 lbs 13f 8 tons 1400 lbs Dry produ't pet acre 4-1386 2.7-10 600 lbs. 5.3-5 t's 3.3-5 t's 9-10 t's 2 tons 2.7-lOt's 5 tons 6 tons 438 lbs. 3| tons 2i tons IMPORTED GRASSES. > In the spring of 1883 quite an invoice of seed was received from Moscow, Russia, and, among them, live varieties of grass seeds — timothy, red clover, tall fescue, tall meadow oat grass and broom grass (bromus inermis). Five plats were prepared, each one rod square, and sown April 16. The following table gives the result for the first season: Timothy Red Clover _ Tall Fescue Tall meadow oat) grass ) Broom Grass When sown April 16 April 16 April 16 April 16 April 16 When up. May 1 April 20 May 1 May 1 May 1 Height June 15 3 inches ^4 inches 5 inches 7 inches 5 inches First cutting. August '18 August 18 August 18 August 13 August 12 Height October 20 i inches 5 inches 6 ii^ches 6 inches 4 inches Condit'n Oct. 20 fSome frosted iFair sod. (Good stand. I Not frosted. (Sod dense; not ' inj'd by frost. [Best condit'n Ifor fall past're (Good stand. ISlighlty frs'td The object in placing the above in beds one rod square was to graze sheep upon them by means of a temporary fence and thus test their flavor and nutritive value, in pasture. GENERAL SUGGESTIONS. By comparing a large number of analyses of grasses it has been determined that as a grass grows older there is a decrease in STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 17 the water, fat and aluminoids (flesh forming material) and an in- crease in oarhhy drates and crude fiber. About the time ot the formation of the seed there is an ap- parent conversion of albuminoids into corbhydrates; hence it would seem advisable to cut the grass before this takes place. The flavor, also, in early cut hay is higher, other conditions being equal, than in late cut. Considering that the water is decreasing and the weigh of fodder increasing till full bloom, while the change ot albuminoids to the seed has not commenced, to a material extent, this would in general be the most profitable time for cutting hay. If cut earlier, thougli the albumin and the palatability are greater &nd the crude fiber less, the shrinkage is larger; the total nutriment to the acre is less, and the damage to palatability by im- proper curing liable to be considerable. Musty hay is generally the outcome of too early cut grass. In later cutting there is a laft-ge increase in crude fiber and a decrease in palatability, digestibility and nitrogen, for which there is no compensation by a larger crop. DIGESTIBILITY OF THE CONSTITTJENTS OF GRASSES. There is a wide difference between the amount of the nutrients present in the grasses, as shown by chemical analysis, and the amount the digestive organs can make available. How much will be assimilated can be found by practical experiment only. This has been done at the German experiment stations and the results as given by Kuhn are here tabulated. In giving the value of the different grasses comparison is made with meadow hay, at $1.00 per 100 lbs. 18 COLLEGE BULLETIN, •X— jtlSH MO S I n,spt!(iinoo' •spunod 001 jed sxenoa oji'BjaATaT-ilTiK OCOOi— ti— lOSOr- *i— (OiOSCO -nj sai-Bjp ■S8PI0 -uinmciiv -; r-i '.H 'rJrJ ' rJ W rH -I rt r^ IM C^ IM o6^-^o'aJiXodu3t^a5dl>i'^c4c4cgNco-^w-d.-iddddddw^'HrHFH--(OrH(McocqcooiW'r>oocc ClCO^OOmOCDiHt-WCOTPOS-t^C-l ROCOCO O^l-i;^ mcDCqTH-^i-tCOi-lOOOC^OTlO-^-^COQOQOiMi-l&^rHOC^ ^ ococi wrH-^ ^ ^ cJcr: d CO c: g^ d acq rj c « 253 '^;]5 "^"^ •n^ OCCC0WC^'HiH.Mr-I0SOO>0OOp-^rHC^CqC0lCOI>'-H»C«5?0 --Ho'i-Hdddddd^cDcic^'c^i-Jdcqcococc-^'cicoQoooco "^ t"; "^ ^ ■^ "^ °9 °^" "^ '^ '^ "^ ■^C0ClI>00i-llCC0-^lCI>"*CiL00Sl0i-|CCO(M-^rHO(MO»t'OCqNSO c MSa'GAi. cocQCOoooiocc^cocom ■*T}iT)'ioddd-*cdT)''^oc5 ■MrHTH-i-n-iT-iTHi-tT-lrHT-H> oocooooooiOTpcocococciCii-ii-HOi'-iiOLOiONr-ocom dd^-^lri^^oo^^c4.-4■*rHTJ^Tl^■r^-^ddoicOl-^c4d■-^^Hc^c<^r> l>COOlJ>OOCDOOOiaOr-fi— (i-(i-(.-(i-IOOi-(r-(^^.-(r-.>^ 0-'3 J' ^1 -^^ = C8 b- 03 w 55 •:; '^•" 5 > S g g llll|s2||P|ppig|Plp£Sii|||||?ilill|d STATE AGEICULTURAL COLLEGE. 19 EFFECT OF GEASSKS (IX THE TEMPEEAEUEE OF THE SOIL. Au accurate test of the temperature of the air, the bare soil and the soil under the grasses was commenced August 2, 1S83, to determine the effect of the grasses on soil temperature. The temperature was taken every morning at 8 o'clock with the followins; result given in the extremes from lowest to highest: August [Temperature of the atmospliere August Temperature of the bare soil August [Temperature of tlie soil under grass August Temperature of the soil six Inches under grass August Temperature of the soil under Alfalfa. September [Temperature of the atmosphere September ' ' S eptembe r Sep tem her Sep tembe r. Lowest 67 deg. Highest 76 deg. Temperature of the bare soil Temperature of the sou under grass Temperature of the soil slxtoches under grass I Lowest 48 deg. Te mperature of the soil under Alfalfa [Lowest 47 deg. Lowest Lowest 61 deg. Lowest 63 deg. Lowest 61 deg. Lowest 42 deg. Lowest 39 deg. Lowest 45 deg. Highest 71 deg. Highest 72 deg. Highest 72 deg. Highest Ti deg. Highest 71 deg. Highest 71 deg. Highest 72 deg. Highest 7SX dg Highest 72 deg. The atmospheric variation of temperature in August wiis 19*^; bare soil 1'2'^ ; soil under grass ll"-^ ; soil six inches utider grass 9''; soil under alfalfa 10'^ ; in the mouth of September the corresponding > variations were 29'', 32^, 27'\ 2i-?r-" and 25°. This is sufficient to show that tlie effect of grass is to equalize the temperature, prevent- ing extreme and sudden variations and thus afford more healthful conditions to the roots, enabling them to carry on vital pro- cesses with greater uniformity. In September, it will be observed that the variation in the temperature of bare soil was greater than in the atmosphere. This occurred on the morning of the 26. A severe frost the night preceding held the exposed soil down to 39°; while the atmosphere had risen to i2^, measuring the effect of the sun. At the same time the temperature of the soil under alfalfa clover was 47", indicating a protection of 8°; which in this case prevented any frost from touching the roots. It should be noted, also, that the protection on that morning afforded by ten inches of alfalfa was equal to close cut sod and six inches of soil, lacking 1°. This interesting problem will be continued with fuller observations the ensuing year. EXSILAGE. A silo was built upon the College Farm, by removing the floor in one of the rooms in the hrst story and studding the sides; upon which was put tar paper and ship-lap. The room, when com- pleted, was 11.9 feet wide, 16.6(5 teet long and 20 feet high. July 16, 20 COLLEGE BULLETIN, and 17, it was filled. Eed clover, white clover, blue grass and timothy were cut, immediately raked by hand, pitched upon a wagon and then thrown into the silo, without passing through a cutter. The average length of the grass varied from four to fourteen inches. The grass, as it was put in, was tramped around the sides by one man. It required twenty-three loads, weighing twenty-one tons and 400 lbs. to fill fifteen feet of the silo; weight per cubic foot, July 17, 14i pounds. At 6 p. m., July 17, the top was closely covered with two inch plank, running lengthwise; then planks were laid transversely not so closely, upon which boxes of sand were placed for weights. July 19, the temperature on the surface was 110° to 120° F; considerable steam was emitted at apertures along the sides of the covering; temperature on the sides of the silo, determined by boar- in through, ll0° F. July 22, the temperature had fallen 10°, and July 31, the aver- age was 90°. July 23, at 8 a. m., the ensilage had settled 6 feet and 3f inches and weighed, per cubic foot, 28J pounds. On the 10th ot December the weights were removed and the silo opened. On the sides the mould extended into the pit 1 foot; the top appeared perfectly good in the centre; temperature of the ensilage 65°; of the atmosphere 15°. The ensilage was of dark brown color and emitted a peculiar odor, not, however, offensive. On being fed to the cattle all, except one, out of twenty-four cows, to which it was offered, ate of it at once. It was placed before eight calves and all ate of it. December 28th the cattle, at this time, had became so found of it that they would eat it in preference to grain. Place grain and ensilage before th^m at the same time and they took the ensilage. Calves too young to eat hay ate^ ensilage greedily; when first thrown to hogs they ate it as ravenously as if it were corn. The ensilage was moist, but not as sour as in of corn fod- der. It was taken out of the silo with a common hay fork. It is our duty to record facts and, because of such a favorable showino', we must not be understood as advising every farmer to build a silo. The extent to which we are at present willing to be committed upon the storing of clover in the silo is that it has many arguments in its favor. STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 21 EXPERIMENTS IN FEEDING PIGS. PIGS NO. 1 The object of experiment No. 1 was to determine the loss of the farmer in feeding store pigs barely sufficient to maintain flesh, but not enough to promote growth. January 15th, 1883, from a lot of fifty shotes, which had been kept for some time in one yard, and fed upon ear corn, corn meal and slops, selected twelve medium pigs, and divided them into three lots, having four in each pen. The food given, at first, was designed simply to be sufficient for maintenance; food given twice a day. FOOD CONSUMED PBE DAT FIRST WEEK. Lot No. 1. Seven and one-half pounds of shelled corn, two quarts of wheat bran, and four quarts of skim milk. Lot No. 2. Six ponnds of corn meal, two quarts of wheat bran, and four quarts of skim milk. Lot No. 3. Three pounds of corn meal, one pound of oil meal, two quarts of bran and four quarts of skim milk. Weights were taken and the test commenced January 19; weights taken at 4 p. m,, six hours after feeding; weights were again taken under similar con'ditions January 26. The average noon temperature for the week was 3-J- degrees F. In the second week's trial the food of each lot was as follows: No. I, 10 lbs. of shelled corn. No. 3, 8 lbs. of corn meal. No. 3, 4 lbs. of corn meal and 3 lbs. of oil meal; bran and milk as before. Average daily noon temperature lOJ degrees F. In the third week the ration was again increased. First lot, 12i lbs. shelled corn. Second lot, 10 lbs. corn meal. Third lot, 6 lbs. corn meal and 3 lbs. oil meal; bran and skim milk as in the first week. Average noon temperature 9f degrees Fourth week the rations were: First lot, 15 lbs shelled corn. Second lot, 12 lbs. corn meal. Third lot, 8 lbs. corn meal and 3 lbs. oil meal; bran and skim milk as defore. AAerage noon temperature 22J- degrees. 22 COLLEGE BULLETIN, The following table shows the result in detail: TABLE NO. 1 LOT NO. 1. January 19-26. 1 FeDruary 8. | February 9. | February 16. PENS. $1 1^ 1"^ it O No. 1 No 3 150 120 134 132 154% 119 133 133 AH 1 1 161 i24jf; 137K 136K 6'4 3M 176X 133 142 147 i5jr itl 10J< 1841^ 139% 181,V 155^ 8 No. 8 No 4 8X Total 536 539% SH 5591^ 19X 5983^ 39 630% 32^ LOT NO. 2. " I— 1 23 .0* 1 ^S ■ O ^2 O No. 1 1.34 117 152 107 132j(f 118 133X « i 135 121 163>^ H5X 8 2 139 127J^ 178X 121 4 6» 14% 5)i 30% 134K 192 127H 5>4 No. 3 6X No. 3 — 13^ No. 4 6!4 507 519% 9>i 535 15J.J 565% 598ir SZVi LOT NO. 3. ^2' $h: Is ^2 ^1 C3 m 1 d No. 1. . 128 174 148 129 l.SO 171 147J^ 186 2 3 7 125H 174/2 148 186Si 3'/j Si 131 184-i 155 147 5V4 03i 7 10^ 137'/a 190 160 157 6i4 NO. 2 No. 3 5^ No. 4 10- Total 570 dSiU 5X 584 Ji '/= 6173^ 32'/, 644"^ 273^ Table No. 2 shows the cost of making a pound of pork in pens 1, 2, 3 and 4 during the period noted in table 1. The estimate was made upon the prices paid for the articles consumed: Corn, 85 cents per bu. Bran, 60 cents per 100 lbs. Milk, 25 cents per 100 lbs. Oil Meal, $1.25 per 100 lbs. TABLE NO. 2. CO. CO o o o ^ +3^8econd. — No portion of said fund nor the interest thereon, shall be applied directly or indirectly, under any pretense whatever, STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. iii to the purchase, erection, preservation, or repair of any building or buildings." '■'■Third. — Any State which may take and claim the benefit ot the provisions of this act nwust provide, within five years at least, not less than one college, as described in the fourth section of this act, or the grant to such States shall cease;, and said State shall be bound to pay the United States the amount received of any lands previously sold, and that the title to purchasers under the State shall be valid." '■'■Fourth. — An annual report shall be made regarding the pro- gress of each college, recording any improvements and expenments made, with their.cost and result, and such other matters, including State industrial and economical statistics, as may be supposed use- ful; one copy of which shall be transmitted by mail free by each to all the other colleges which may be endowed under the provisions of this act, and also one copy to the Secretary of the Interior." The remainder of Section 5 refers to location of scrip. At a special session of the Ninth General Assembly of Iowa, an act was passed — approved September 11th, 1S62, — entitled, "An act to accept the grant, and carry into execution the trust conferred upon the State of Iowa by an act of Congress," entitled, (reciting the act of 1862). Provision was also made for the location of said lands. "At the next regular meeting of the Legislature, 1864, these lands were confirmed to the Iowa Agricultural College as a perpetual endow- ment." This grant of congressional lands to the Iowa Agricultural Col- lege, in no wise changed its original character, any more than the original character of Dartmouth College, or Vermont University, was changed by receiving a similar grant; but it did imply that the enactment of Congress should be faithfully carried out by the Col- lege. And, further, in as much as the State provided no endow- ment, the College practically can give instruction under the con- gressional law only. What were the educational features of this congressional act? The language of the bill is of necessity quite general, but the intent'can be readily determined: 1st. The act specifies a College for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts. 2d. Section 4 limits the endowment to the support of a Col- iv COLLEGE BULLETIN, lege, where the leading object shall be to teach such .branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions of life. 3d. Section 5 permits tne use of a portion of the endowment fund for the Durchase of experimental farms; and also, requires an annual report on experiments made, with their cost, result, etc. It is di;fScult to iinderstand how there can be any misapprehen- sion of the design and scope of this act. It certainly was not the intention to establish a second university for the sons and daughters of the industrial classes. Provision had been made for one great university at Iowa Citj. If the two were not to" differ in the kind of education they should give, then ' there was neither justice nor sense in founding a second. The State University is open to all classes, and there is no rea- son why the industrial classes should not attend there as well as other classes, provided only one general line of instruction is to be given. The law, however, does not say the sons and daughters of industrial classes, but the industrial classes themselves — those who intend to continue in such occupation. It was the intention to promote the liberal and the practical education of such persons, and to widen their knowledge of men and things by making their education comprehensive. A wide range then of branches of learning is admissible, but not to the exclusion of the leading object, which is to teach the branches of learning related to agriculture and the mechanic arts; and further, all branches must be taugh in a practical way to com- ply with the law. The only way to instruct practically is to teach with the prac- tice. A professor, with books, may give the general theories of science; but to make them practical, the student must examine each tree and shrub, and plant, and note the conditions of its growth; he must inspect the animals, learn their habits and healthful develop- ments; he must acquaint himself with chemistry and physics, by application of these to the farm. To the school that gives practice, the laboratories, the work shops, the nursery, the forestry and the farm, are as necessary as the text book and the recitation room to the school that gives out- lines. STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. v Another point should be noted, that the things to be taught are branches of learning, and not the arts. It must not be expected, that a student, who devotes his whole time to acquire knowledge, can add much to his skill. Upon this broad interpretation of the law, the courses of study in the Iowa Agricultural College are founded, and no radical change can be made in them, without doing violence to the law founding the Agricultural College and Farm, and to the original contract, ac- cepting the congressional grant of land. Our course in agriculture, in civil and mechanical engineering, in veternary science, and in the sciences relating to the industries, are recognized among all well informed men as among the best, pro- vided for the instruction of the industrial classes, in the several pur- suits and professions of life. What the College needs is support, and a strengthening of hands to carry out its work, and not constant assault. No College in the land can stand under such malignant vituperation, and such false and outrageous charges, as have been hurled, for the past two years, against the men and the things con- nected with the Iowa Agricultural College. HIGHER INDtrSTEIAL EDUCATION. It has been quite a problem to determine to what extent and how the Iowa Agricultural College could aid the farmers and me- chanics of Iowa, who are unable, for various reasons, to enter upon a college course. The publication of the Quaeteelt College Bulletin will, doubtless, in part, meet the demand for such information as the Col- lege can impart. It is claimed, also, that there are many men and women in Iowa, who would like to visit the College for two weeks, each year, to take notes upon the museums, library, apparatus, farm, stock, nurseries, etc., and to take practical lectures upon agriculture, horticulture and forestry, veternary science, botany, zoology^ physics, chemistry, and cooking. Such persons might take up a regular course of study and read- ing in some special line of industry; to be continued throughout the year. The lectures would correctly outline such work, the various collections would furnish ample illustration and the library would provide the necessary books. vi COLLEGE BULLETIN, There is no valid reason why the benefits to be derived from a college education, should be limited to the youth, and not open to the toiling millions. An industrial school, or institute of this character, might be held at the College in December, of each year. If parties, who desire such a school, will correspond, it can be determined whether the demand will I'ustify the College authorities in making more definite announcement. THE MILITARY DEPAETMENT. A.t the January meeting of the Board of Trustees, J. R. Lin- coln, of Boone, Iowa, Captain ot Company A., 1st Regiment, Iowa National Guards, was appointed Professor of Military Science and Tactics, at the Iowa Agricultural College. Captain Lincoln is in- dorsed by Adjutant General Alexander and the JSTational Guards throughout the State. . He was educated at the Military Academy, at Chester, Pa. As the Military Department occupies but a small proportion of his time, he will act also as College Steward. The Steward's Department has been greatly enlarged during the past two years, by the addition of the two Boarding Halls, by the fires and lights and water supply department, and by the work ot the general supervision of the College buildings. Capt. Lincoln brings to these varied duties a superior military education and a thorough business training. DOMESTIC ECONOMY. The College has been exceedingly fortunate in securing the ser- vices of Mrs. Emma P. Ewing, as lecturer in the department of Domestic Economy. Mrs. Ewing is in charge of the College of Cooking, in Chicago, and a similar school at Chatauque, N. Y., and is one of the most widely known of the eminent women engaged in this noble work. THE COLLEGE AND THE FAEM. About fifty per cent, of all, the pupils attending the Iowa Agri- culture College, are the sons and daughters of farmers. A large pro- portion of these return to the farm and make agriciilture their permanent occupation. Some have been disposed to censure the College because so few of the graduates become farmers. It must STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. vii be borne in mind that only about twenty-five per cent, of the pupils remain for four years and graduate, and these have entered such occupations as ofi"ered the greater inducements to educated young men with but little means. Hitherto such as intended to return to the farm have, in most cases, taken less than a full course. Of such, the College has hundreds throughout the State. The time has now arrived, when there is a large body of well- to-do farmers in Iowa, who are sending their sons to the Agricul- tural College to take a full course, and then return to the home- stead. This number has increased more than four-fold in four years. The increased facilities for the study of agriculture, horti- culture and veterinary science, have unquestionably added to this number. Until recently the appliances in these department were not sufficient to induce the prospective farmer to remain four years. ^THEf Iowa Agricultural College, ^^3VCES, lO^W^-A.. ANNOUNCEMENTS FOR 1884. CALENDAR FOR 1884. First Term opens Entrance Examinations Recitations begin Term Examinations Junior Exhibition Summer Recess begins Second Term begins Recitations begin Term Examinations Address before the Trustess Commencement Exercises Wednesday, February 27. /Wednesday, February 27,'' 1 Thursday, February 2S. Friday, February 29. June 19 to 25. f Wednesday, 7;30 p. m. , I June 2o. Thursday, June 26. Tuesday, July 22. Wednesday, July 23. November 5 to 12. Tuesday evening, November 11. Wednesday, November 12. Winter Vacation trom NDvemter 13, 1BB4, to February 2G, 1BB5, LOCATION. The College occupies a pleasant anfl healtlitul location, one ana a halt miles west ol the town ol Ames, on the Chicago « Northwestern Hallway, In the central county of the state (Story), and thirty-seven miles north ol the city of Des Moines. The rallroaa facilities for reaching Ames from any part of the state are very gooa. Eegular conveyances for passengers and haggage run hetween the station anrl College, three times each day. CEDAR BAPIDS, IOWA: DAILY BEPOBLICAN PRINTING HOUSE. MEANS OF ILLUSTRATION: The Farm, consisting of a great variety of soil and aspect, and including the woodlands and meadows of Montgomery and Clear creek bottoms, and the adjacent high rolling, gravelly, and loamy prairie lands. The ExPEEiMENTAL Plats of Geaiks and Geasses. The Barns for horses, cattle and sheep, also piggery with ample yards attached. The Stock, consisting of improved breeds of horses, cattle, sheep and swine. The Experimental Sorghum- Works. The Ceeameet. The Tools and Implements of the farm. The Ageicultural Cabinet of seeds and grasses. The Gardens and^ORCHARDs. The Experimental]Nue8eries including many rare trees and shrubs recently introduced from Europe and Asia. The Forestry Plantations. The Propagating Pits, including many green-house plants. The Collection of Wood Specimens. The Collection of Wax Fruit-Models. The Work-Shops, supplied with tools and machines. The Instruments used by the Civil Engineer. The Veterinary Cabinet. The Experimental Kitchen, The Physical Cabinet, containing $8,000 worth of apparatus. The Chemical Laboratory with^its apparatus, accommodating 100 students. Tlie Herbarium, consisting of 10,000 to 12,000 specimens. The Microscopical Laboratory, supplied with twenty-three microscopes and a full set of apparatus. The Geological and Zoological IMuseum. The Zoological Laboratory, supplied with twenty-two microscopes. The Entomological Cabinet, including the largest collection of insects in the Btate. The College Library and Reading Room, of about 5,000 bound volumes, and a large list of magazihes and other periodicals. The College Pianos, a Large Pipe Organ, and other instruments. The Guns and Accoutrements of the military_departraent. BOARD OF TRUSTEES: Hon. G. H WRIGHT, Chaikman, Hon. H. G. GRATT.4N Hon. C. 3. STRYKER Hon. S. R. WILLAKl) Hon. S. J. KIRKWOOD Sioux City. Waukon. Creston. Fort Madison. Iowa City. OFFICERS OF INSTRUCTION: S. A. KNAPP, LL. D., President, Agriculture. C. E. BESSEY, M. So., Ph. D., Vice-Pkesibent, Botany. W. H. WYNN, A. M., Ph. D., English Literature. ' A. THOMPSON, 0. E., Mechanical Engineering. T. E POPE, A. M., Chemistry. M. STALKER, B. So., V. S., Veterinary Science. J. L. BUDD, M- H.. Horticulture. E. W. STANTON, B. Sc, Mathematics and Political Economy. D. S. FAIRCHILD, M. D., Coileoe Phybician, Physiology. C. F. MOUNT, C. E., Civil Engineering. MARTHA SINCLAIR, Pkeceptress, English, French, German. HERBERT OSBORN, M. Sc, Zoology and Entomology. J. C. HAINER, B. Sc, PnoCTOR. Physics. T. W. SHEARER, M. Sc, Chemistry. ERMINA ATHEARN, Music. MARY W. McDonald, B. Sc, Librarian, Mathematics and Book-keeping. MRS. EMMA P. EWING, Domestic Economy. ETTA M. BUDD, B. Sc, Drawing. FREMONT TURNER, B. M. E., Practical Mechanics. Capt. J. R. LINCOLN, Steward. BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS. The Main College Btjilding is loui- stories high above the basement, and Is 158 leet long hy 113 leet deep through the wings. In the basement are the dining- rooms, MtGhens, laundry, postofflce and armory. On the first floor are the presi- dent's office, treasurer's offlce, chapel and library. The second floor contains seve- ral recitation rooms, and rooms lor students. The third and fourth floors contain student's rooms and the zoological and geological museum. About two hundred persons can be accommodated in this building. All the rooms are heated by steam and lighted with gas. Water Is supplied in all the stories. The BOABDiNG Halls are two brick buildings, affording rooms for ninety stu- dents, with kitchens, store-rooms and dining-rooms. The Chemical and Physical Hall is a large, two-story brick building, 70 by 44 feet, with a wing 61 by 33 feet. The first floor contains the chemical laboi-ato- ries, the ;second the physical laboratoiy, apparatus and lecture-room, while two draughting rooms occupy the attic. In the basement are the machine shops and a laiige recitation room. This building is wanned by steam and supplied with water and gas. North Hall is a two-story brick building, 40 by 70 feet. On the first floor It affords room for the departments of Agriculture and Veterinary Science. On the second floor are the Microscopical Laboratoiy and the rooms for the Botanical de- partment. HOBTicuLTUKAL HALL Is a wooden structure, containing on the flrst floor a large lecture room, and a tool room. On the second floor is the Horticultural mu- seum. The cellar has two large rooms, one for the storage of garden products, the other for the use of the nuraery propagating department. A grafting room and propagating house are attaehed, heated with hot- water pipes. 35NGINEEKING HALL, recently completed, contains the workshop, mechanical museum, draughting rooms, and recitation and lecture rooms for the departments of Mechanical and Civil engineering. The FAKK BUILDINGS conslst of the creamery, supplied with steam power for churnmg ; the sorghum works, also supplied with steam power ; the barns for horses and cattle ; a large piggery, besides sheds and outhouses. The Wokk-shop, Laundry and Gas-works are some distance back of the Main College Building. The work-shop is a two-story frame building, fltted up with machinery and tools for the pi-osecution of repaii-s and for iustructlou in mechani- cal worlc The Farm House is a plain, substantial brick building, occupied by the Presi- dent of the College. Five other dwelling houses on the college grounds are occu- pied by professors' families. THE COLLEGE GROUNDS. The College pomaln includes 700 acres, and of this about 80 acres are set apart for College grounds. These occupy the high land of the south-west part of the farm, and Include the campus, shi-ubbery, young forestry plantations, the flower borders and garden, with the surroundings of the professors' dwelling houses. Excellent gravel walks and drives have been laid down, leading to all parts of the grounds and to the various buildlugs. DIRECTIONS TO CANDIDATES AND STUDENTS. EBQUIEBMENTS FOR BNTEANCE. 1. Age.— T)ie age ol stuflents seeking admission to the Agrloultural College must tie sixteen years or over. 2. Entrance Examinations.— Candiaates lor admission to the Freshman class must give evidence ol a thorough knowledge o£ English Grammar, BngUsh analysis, Arithmetic, Human Physiology and (except to enter the Veteilnary course ) Algebra through simple equations. 3. Cektifioates.— Proficiency In the loregolug studies may tie proved hy ac- tual examinations hy either the principal ol a high school or a county superinten- dent. A list o£ the questions asked must accompany each certificate, whlsh should be of the following form : Ikavethis day examined M. in the following studies, with the results appended : Arithmetic Algebra (through equations of the first degree) » English Grammar Analysis Human Physiology Spelling . (Place). (Date).. [^"Teacher's ceitlflcates will not he ^ccepted. S^-Hereafter there mil be no Sub-FVeshman Class. EXPENSES, ETC. 1. Tuition.— No charge Is made lor tuition. 2. BOARD, WASHING, ETC.— Por board, washing, heating, lighting and clean, Ing the College building, students pay what the Items actually cost the Institution. Injury to College property, of whatever sort, will be charged to the author when known; otherwise to the section or to the entire body ol students. Students boarding in the College buildings furnish their own bedding and all furniture for their rooms, excepting bedsteads washstands, tables and wardrobes. 3. Current Expenses.— The current expenses of students during the year 1884 win be as follows : In the Mam College building :— Board per week 1 3.25 Lighting and beating, per week - — .40 Incidentals,, per week -SI Room-rent, per term S1.50 to 3.00 In the Boarding HaUs :— Board per week, includmg fuel and Ughtmg $ 2.10 Janitor's fee, per term , — 3.00 yor day students: Janitor's lee, per term 4.00 Students can, by paying for board by the term, secure a reduction of 10 cents per week. This applies to all the boarding departments. 4. Deposits.— As securilyior the payment 01 all bffls against him, each stu- dent, at the openlQg ot the term, makes deposits with the steward as loUows : On hoai-a account In main building _$ 20.00 On hoard account In hoarding halls 15.00 On room and lurnlture account 6.00 On general breakage and damage account 1.00 These deposits will be returned on nnal settlement at the close ol the term. 6. Monthly Settlements.— All bills tor each month must, without lall, he settled at the Steward's office on the first Saturday ol each month loUowlng. Those who neglect this settlement cannot be permitted to remain in the college. 6. The Dining Eoom.— The duilng room will be opened on the evening pre- • ceding the respective days on which the spring and lall terms commence. No al- lowance on board bills Is made lor absences o£ less than one week's duration. Students and others bringing friends are required to pay lor such twenty-five cents lor each meal. 7. Text Books.— Textbooks and stationery may be purchased at the College Book-store at ten per cent, advance on cost. Our stock Is bought at publishers' prices. Cake of Money.— Students are advised to Ijeep their money and other valua- bles in the College sale. While doing all in their power to prevent loss and punish thelt, the officers will not be responsible lor money or articles lost or stolen Irom the persons or rooms oJ students. Manual Labor.— The manual labor reriulred by law ol students hi the College is divided into two kinds, viz : uninstructive labor, which shall be compensated by the payment ol wages ; and Instructive labor which shall be compensated by the Instruction given and the skill acquired. COURSES OF STUDY. The branches ol learning, taUght In the College, are arranged under several courses ot study, which are distinguished as General and Technical. Under the first, the Course in the Sciences related to the Industries, aims to give a Uberal culture in the sciences and other branches o£ learning which underUe the great industries ol the country, without especially confining it to any particular pursuit or prolesslon. The Technical courses, while giving a liberal culture, aim to direct that cul- ture so as to meet the requirements ol a special pursuit or prolesslon. The technical courses, which have been lully estabhshed, are the loUowlng : 1. The Cowrse in Agriculture, which requires lour years ol study and leads to the degree ol Bachelor ot Scientific Agrtculture, (B. S. A.) : ' 2. The Course in Meehanh-al Engineering, o£ lour years, and leading to the degree ol Bachelor ol Mechanical Engineering, (B. M. E.) : S. The Course in Civil Engineering, ol lour years, leading to the degree ot Bachelor ol Civil Engineering, (B. C. B.) : 4. The Course in Veterinary Science, two yeara in length, leading to the degree- ol Doctor of "Veterinary Medicine, (D. V. M.) : COIIRSB IN THE SCIENCES RELATED TO THE INDUSTRIES. The purpose of this course Is to give a scientific training In the branches which are related to the industries, and to furnish a Uberal and practical education for young men and women in the several pursuits and professions ot life. AS this course is talcen by students ot both sexes it is given a considerable degree of flexibiUty to meet the wants of each. This la accompUshed by certain " additional studies," which have been carefully selected lor their value to the student This course thus provides lor the young women of the College, opportu- nities lor devoting more time to Domestic Economy and Mndred subjects, while the young men are permitted to give greater attention to tliose applications of science which are ot more especial value to them. COUESB IN AGEICULTUEB. The design of tile coui-se In Agriculture Is to lurnlsh a Uroad and thoroughly practical education, gWng It such a direction as will he especially appUoable to the lite and duties ot the larmer. The course has heen framed to comhlne that knowledge and skill which wlU hest prepare the pupil for the highest demands ol Agrloultm-al industry, and to meet the requirements ot an educated citizenship. COUESB IN MECHANICAL ENGINBEEING. The object ot this course is to Impart such scientific knowledge and practical skill as are essential to success In Mechanical Engineering. This demands a thor- ough mastery ot the principles ot mathematics and a diligent study ot their appli- cation to the construction ot machines. In addition to the teclinlcal Instruction given, it alms to lurnlsh the means lor ohtalning a liberal and practical education. COUESB IN CIVIL ENGINEEEING. It Is the object ot this course to educate and thoroughly train the student tor the work ot the Civil Engineer. It furnishes a thorough and practical course ot Instruction in the appUcatlon ot the mathematical and physical sciences to the prolesslon of cmi Engineering. It furnishes a systematic drill in pui-e mathe- matics and includes, in common ynvh the other courses, the studies necessary to a liberal education. THE COUESE IN VETERINARY SCIENCE. The purpose ot this course is to furnish a thorough, practical and theoretical training In the veteilnary specialty of medicine and surgery. It aims, furthermore, to prepare young men for the practical work of the N'eterlnary profession. The course of study Includes two years, and embraces a portion of the studies ot the Course in Sciences related to the Industries, together with the lectures on the technical and special topics, of the course, and practice in the Microscopical and Anatomical Laboratories, and the Veterinaiy Hospital. LIST OF STUDIES. Instractlon in the following studies Is given each year in the several courses: Eeeshman Yeae— Algebra, Geometry, Book-keeping, Enghsh Analysis, Ehet- orlc, Latin, Gei-man, Drawing, Composition, rractioal Agriculture, Military Drill, Domestic Economy, Jlechauical Drawing, Elementary Botany, Elementary Zoology, Practical Horticulture, Dairying, Model Drawing. SoPHOMOKE Year— Botany, Chemistry, Zoology, Entomology, Physics, Plane and Spherical Trigonometry, Land Suiweylng, History, Domestic 'Economy, Stock Breeding, Horticulture, Vegetable Anatomy, Principles ot Mechanism, Analytical and Descriptive Geometry, Eallroad Surveying. Junior Year— Vegetable Anatomy and Physiology, Physics, English Liter- ature, Quantitative and Organic Chemistry, Dilferential and Integral Calculus, Farm Economy, Horticulture, Principles ot .Mechanism, Analytical Mechanics, Stereotomy, Eallroad Surveying, Draughting, Anatomy of Domestic Animals, Jla- terla Medica, comparative Anatomy, Political Bcononfy, Commercial Law, Land- scape Gardening, Domestic Economy, Domestic Chemistry, French, How Crops Peed and Grow, Machine Construction, Veterinary Medicine, Writing of Disserta- tions. Senior Year— Geology, Psychology, Agricultural Chemistry, Anatomy of Domestic Animals, French, Grasses and Forage Plants, Mechanical Engineering, Mechanical Drawing and designing, Eoof and Bridge Structures, A'eterinary Med- icine and Surgery, Medical Botany, Therapeutics, Chemistry and Toxicology, His- tology and Physiology, Literary Criticism, Ethics, Sociology, Experimental Agri- culture, Prime Movers, Lectures on Fungi and Insects, Astronomy, Docks ami Ee- talnlng Walls, Sanitary Engineering, Comparative and General Pathology, Veteri- nary Obstetrics, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Veterinary Sanitary Science, Writing of Dissertations and Thesis. VOCAL AND INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC. Music is not, by law, a regular study in the College curriculum. Opportuni- ties are given, however, to such as desire it, to take lessons upon the piano, reed or- gan and pipe organ, or In vocal training. Ifilp' il ■ill' I'll nil ^'' ltd § lli •mm li 1 lli 11^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 1 '' '' H JL ±±1_J -J^ J 1 H J ^'A R' M YOUNG STOCK, (principally -IIALES), For Sale at Reasonable Prices, • It has never been deemed advisable to charge fall price for articles sent out to farmers. CATTLE: FRISIANS, SHORT-HORNS, (holsteins.) JERSEYS, HORSES. CLYDESDALES, NORMANS, HAMBLETONIANS, SHEEP. SHROPSHIRE DOWNS. SOUTHDOWNS, Pure trecl from Imported stock. SWINE. POLAND CHINAS, CHESTER WHITES. ]S'EWER VARIETIES OF POTATOES. Per peck, In clotli sacks, .5 J | Per bushel, Addi'i'sp, Sqpt. Collkg]'; Farm, Ames, Iowa. $1.00