LIBRARY NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE ITHACA, N. Y. Cornell University Library SF 751.W32 1912 The practical stock doctor:a reliable, c 3 1924 000 350 466 5\" The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924000350466 THE . SIDE-LINE. See page SBO. CASTINO, OR THROWING. See page S60. THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR A RELIABLE. COMMON -SENSE READY-REFERENCE BOOK, FOR THE FARMER AND STOCK OWNER Compiled from the most successful Veterinarians in the world, and also containing nearly Three Hundred Tried and Tested Remedies and Receipts of many of the most successful Farmers and Stock Owners in the United States and Canada never before printed Edited by DR. GEORGE A. WATERMAN For many years Professor of Veterinary Science Michigan State Agricultural College, and a practical Stock grower Revised and Enlarged Completely and Practically Illustrated PUBLISHED BY F. B. DICKERSON COMPANY Detroit, Michigan, and Windsor, Ontario ^^ v.s ^^3^ 751 k'. CONTENTS Horse Departmbnt. History of the Horse q Best Methods of Training 14 Anatomy of the Horse 27 Anatomy of Man and Horse Compared, 54 Proportions of the Horse 55 Water and Watering 56 Food and Feeding 57 Antiseptics 64 Disinfection 66 Fomentations 68 Nursing and Feeding Sick Animals 68 Forms of Medicine and Ways of Giving 69 How Often to Give Medicines 73 Some Points in Determining Nature of Disease 74 Pulse 74 Temperature...; 74 Diseases of the Respiratory, or Breathing Organs 75 Diseases of the Mouth, Teeth, Salivary Glands and Gullet 97 Diseases of the Stomach and Bowels 109 Diseases of the Liver and Spleen 130 Diseases of the Urinary Organs 132 Diseases of the Genital Organs of the Horse 143 Diseases of the Genital Organs of the Mare 149 Foaling ( Parturition) and Attendant Diseases 152 Diseases and Care of Young Foals 169 Castration; Diseases and Troubles Following 172 Rupture (Hernias) and Methods of Treatment 182 Diseases and Injuries of the Ear 185 Diseases and Injuries of the Eye 186 Contagious Diseases and Fevers of the Horse 193 Diseases of the Skin 203 Diseases of the Brain and Nervous System 215 Diseasesof the Lymphatic System 230 Diseases of the Heart, Arteries, and Blood- Vessels 233 General Diseases of the Blood 240 Diseasesof the Bones 248 Woundsand their Treatment 262 Diseases and Injuries of Head, Neck, Shoulders, Body, and Hips. 266 Diseases of Front and Hind Legs 281 Diseases of the Feet 303 How to Break of Vices 327 Poisons and their Antidotes 329 Miscellaneous Information 336 Operations 347 Catti,b Department. Anatomy of Cattle 358 Action of Remedies in Cattle 363 Pulse, Respiration and Temperature 364 Diseases of the Respiratory Organs 365 Diseases of the Digestive Organs 373 Rupture, or Hernia 399 Diseases of the Heart and Blood Vessels 403 Diseases of the Liver and Spleen 405 CONTENTS Diseases of the Urinary Organs 408 Calving (Parturition) and Diseases Attendant.; 414 Diseases of Young Calves 447 Diseases of the Generative Organs of the Bull 454 Diseases of the Eye 459 Diseases of the Ear 468 Fractured Bones; Wounds; Sprains of Joints and Tendons 47i Diseases of the Skin 478 Diseases of the Feet 49° Diseases of the Nervous System 494 Contagious Diseases of Cattle..' 505 General Diseases of the Blood 528 Poisons and Their Antidotes 53^ Operations 5.^6 Shbep Department. Diseases and Their Treatment 543 Diseases of Young Lambs 57i Swine Department. Ways of Giving Medicine 573 Disinfection and Disinfectants 573 Hog Cholera and Swine Plague 574 Common Diseases of Swine 578 Poultry Department. Diseases and Their Treatment 598 Poultry Houses 610 Poultry Pointers 624 Articles of Poultry Diet 625 Dog Department. Diseases and Their Treatment 627 MiscEi,LANEous Department. Instruments 645 Apparatus 647 Medicines — Action and Dose 653 Prescriptions 670 Practicai, Remedies and recipes From Farmers and Stock Owners. Remedies for Horses 675 Remedies for Cattle 705 Remedies for Sheep 720 Remedies for Swine 725 Remedies for Chickens 733 Profitable Breeding of Live Stock. Principles of Breeding 736 Relation of Breeder to Farmer 738 The Farm Horse 740 Cattle 745 Sheep , 451 Hogs 456 Chickens 46^. Dictionary of Technical and Other Terms in Common Use 768 Addenda 782 Index 784 Helpful Illustrations (following Index) 809 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Page Castrating or Throwing Frontispiece Skeleton of the Horse facing 27 Superficial Layer of Muscles (colored plate) " 31 Interior of Chest Showing Heart and Diaphragm " 38 Anatomy of the Foot (colored plate — s cuts) " 46 Proportions of the Horse 55 Giving a Drench facing 64 Position of the Left Lung " 75 Digestive Apparatus (colored plate) " 109 Bots (4 cuts) ". 113 Intestinal Worms (S cuts) " 129 The Nervous System " 215 Circulatory Apparatus (colored plate) " 233 Ring Bone (colored plate — 2 cuts) " 256 Bone Spavin (4 cuts) " 259 Sling in Use " 282 Anatomy of the foot (colored plate — 4 cuts) " 303 Teeth at Eight Days 342 Teeth at Two to Three Months 342 Teeth at Eight to Ten Months , 342 Teeth at One Year 342 Teeth at Two Years 343 Teeth at Two and One-Half to Three Years ' 343 Teeth at Three and One-Half to Four Years 343 Teeth at Four and One-Half to Five Years 343 Teeth at Five Years 344 Teeth at Six Years 341 Teeth at Seven Years - 344 Teeth at Eight Years 344 The Thrifty Farmer 350 Peace and Plenty facing 358 Skeleton of the Cow " 363 Lungs of the Ox (colored) " 363 Bronchitis (colored) " 369 Broncho Pneumonia (colored) " 370 Position of the Rumen " 382 Correct Position of the Calf in the Utero " 414 Udder, Tuberculosis of Cow (colored) " 43S Giving the Cow Medicine " 478 Pneumonia, Contagious (colored) " 505 Pneumonia, Pluro (colored) " 5°? Black Leg (colored) " Si7 Liver, Tuberculosis of (colored) "^ 523 Lump- Jaw, Actinomycosis of the Jaw " S24 Lump- Jaw, Skull Showing Bony Enlargements "^ 524 Giving the Sheep Medicine , " 543 Poultry Yard ■ • • ■ " 598 A Lean-to Poultry House 610 Simple Form of Poultry House 611 Ground Plan of same 611 Poultry House with Scratching Shed on Ground Plan of same ■ 611 Construction of Roosts 012 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Page Sectional View of Platform and Nests 612 Sectional View of Concealed, or Darkened, Nest 613 Concealed, or Darkened, Nest 613 Scratching Room Under Poultry House 614 Double Poultry House with Scratching Sheds 61S Ground Plan of same 615 Common A-Shaped Coop with Sliding Slat 616 Chicken Coop with Enclosed Run 616 Chicken Coop with Hawk-proof and Cat-proof Run 617 Coop with Glass-covered Run 617 Two forms of Feed Troughs 618 A Drinking Fountain made of a Can 618 Colony House 619 Colony House . : 620 Colony House with Scratching Shed 620 End Plan of Ten Dollar Poultry House 622 Front Plan of Ten Dollar RouUry House 622 A Ten Dollar Poultry House, Complete 623 The Children's Friend— A Good Dog facing 627 Clinical Thermometer 649 Hypodermic Syringe and Aspirator ' 649 Graduate -649 Repeller 649 Needles 650 Seton Needle 650 Parturition Hook 650 Pig Forceps 650 Artery Forceps 650 Milking Tube 650 Teat Slitter, or Bistoury 650 Tracheotomy Tube, Self-Retaining . . : 651 Trachea Tube Oval 65 1 Trocar and Canula Horse .' 65: Hobbles, Throwing or Casting 652 Emasculator : 652 Ecraseur 652 Various Types of Spavin (3 cuts) facing 671 Splint (colored plate — 4 cuts) " 675 Bone Spavin, Hocks with Skin Removed (colored plate — 3 cuts) " 698 Position of the Lung " 705 General Purpose Horse Team r " 740 "Josephine," Champion Cow of the World " 745 Champion Cow of AustraUa " 747 Proper Type of Beef Animal , " 749 Dorset Ram " 751 Chester White Pigs " 756 Tamworth Sow " 760 White Wyandotte Chickens " 761 Apparatus used in Sterilized Air Treatment for Milk Fever " 782 Photograph Symptoms, Horses (56 cuts) . . . , 810 to 824 Photographic Symptoms, Cattle (9 cuts) 825 to 828 Foaling ( Parturition) , 16 cuts 831 to 836 Calving (Parturition) , o cuts 837 to 840 Total Number of Illustrations, 213 INTRODUCTION IN editing this work, it has not been with the intention of giving the stockman something that will take the place of the veterinarian; no book can do that; no amount of reading can take the place of his experience. The object has been to give those who wish to better acquaint themselves with the diseases of animals, an opportunity to do so; and especially is it for the stockman who is not within reach of a qualified veterinarian. There are many such, even in the richest, most thrifty parts of our country, and there are others so far from a veterinarian, that it would reqtiire many hours of valuable time to get him. It has been the endeavor throughout the text, to use such expressions as can be understood by those who have not had a scientific training. A plain description of the anatomy of animals has been given for the benefit of those who may desire to better understand their structure, and points have been col- lected with reference to the training of the horse, which may prove of benefit to the inexperienced along that line. Nothing new is claimed for the work, unless it be that an effort has been made to make the treatment of the diseases dis- cussed a strong feature, by telling in a simple, plain way, just what to do, and how to do it; what medicines to use, how to use them, and how often to repeat them. So often, when asked by the farmer to recommend to him a book treating of the diseases of animals, have I felt that the works intended for him do not give the treatment of the diseases in such a way, that he may know what drug or drugs to use and how often to use them, that in this work I have tried to make the treatment especially plain. While the work is in part a compilation, as editor I have woven into it, especially with reference to the treatments, the lectures as I have given them to our college students. 8 INTRODUCTION The diseases of the different animals have been treated under different departments, and while such an arrangement has caused some repeating, it has been so arranged, because it will be easier to follow the instructions. While nearly all the diseases of animals have been touched upon, especial attention has been given to the more common ones. In giving this work to the public, I trust that it may prove a benefit to those into whose hands it may fall. GEO. A WATERMAN. Agricultural College, Michigan, Juts I, 1904. HISTORY OF THE HORSE FROM earliest ages the horse has been the friend and compan- ion of man. Prized for his beauty, loved for his docility, and valued for his strength, he has ever been regarded as the highest in value and importance of all domesticated animals. In the re- motest ages, as far back as authentic history discloses anything of the life and pursuits of man, we find that the horse occupied a prominent position in his service. Painters have pictured on their canvas the majesty and grace of the spirited animal. Poets have celebrated his strength and beauty in their verses, and the inspired writers have introduced amongst their most glowing descriptions the horsemen and chariots which formed a chief feature in the pomp and magnificence of those early days. In the most ancient hieroglyphics we find him present, and always so represented as to show that, even in the remote antiquity from which they date, he has been brought into complete and serviceable subjection. In the oldest Egyptian paintings the horse is seen only, in the war chariot, and in the descriptions of the siege of Troy only the charioteer appears, from which it has been supposed that the first horses used by the Greeks were too small to be conveniently ridden. But in the painting in the palace of Nimrod at Nineveh, disinterred by I^ayard and supposed to be more than three thousand years old, horsemen are exhibited both in the chase and in war. But farther back than even those distant times, in the ages where authentic history merges into the shadowy light, amidst which myth and fable mingle with the real, we find this noble animal figuring, but then exalted into a semi-human sphere. The Centaurs, who inhabited the passes of Mount Pelion and Ossa and the great plains of Thessaly in Upper Greece, were probably a race resembling in many respects the Tartars of this age, and are supposed to be the first who brought the horse into subjection 9 lo THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR to man. They were fabled as being half horse and half man. They are represented as perfect horses in all respects below and behind the withers and the chest; there, at the intersection of the neck, began a human body, the hip joints articulating into the shoulders of the lower animal and the abdomen of the man pass- ing gradually into the chest of the horse. Above this the human form was perfect, with the erect bearing, chest, shoulders, arms, neck and head of a complete man. They were reputed to be pos- sessed of extraordinary mental as well as physical powers, and to be as superior to ordinary men in wisdom and art as they were in fieetness and strength. They were evidently a tribe of horsemen whom the ignorance and superstition of that early age elevated into a superior race, in the supposition that the horse and man were united in one. Everything points to them as being the first who succeeded in breaking and using the horse. Coming down to the time of authentic history, we find the Parthians to have been among the most renowned for their skill in training and using the horse. Their feats of horsemanship in battle showed a complete mastery of the animal, which in their battle with the Romans rendered them so efficient as mounted archers. Frequently in ancient paintings the mounted steed is repre- sented without a bridle, and the Numidian cavalry are said to have guided and restrained their horses without it," an assertion by no means improbable, as a Comanche Indian of the present day will frequently jump on the back of a wild and untrained horse, and guide him by the simple expedient of covering with his hand the eye of the animal on the opposite side to that in which he wishes to direct him. In sacred history the first mention of the horse is in the time of Joseph, when in Egypt, at which period the horse had been broken and subjected to the harness, thus corroborating the already mentioned records of the monuments. Thus we find that as civilization advances, and historic records multiply, that the use of the horse becomes more universal. Where the original country of the horse was matters little, except as an interesting fact, whether in Asia or on the soil of Africa, to which his near relations, the Zebra and the Quagga are certainly indigenous. HISTORY OF THE HORSE ii In modern times the horse has been so closely associated with man that he appears in every phase of society, and it is only when his numerous uses are considered that we realize how greatly the human family is his debtor. The knight of the days of chivalry would have been impossible but for the trusty steed which bore him so gallantly in the lists of the tourney and amid the deadlier strife of battle. Before the plow and at the harrow he has multiplied the productions of the earth a hundredfold beyond what human strength alone could have secured. Labor- iiig before the loaded wagon, he has been the steady drudge of man. Harnessed to the elegant equipage or the humbler "cab," or bearing along the dusty highway the stage coach, he has per- formed a thousand ofl&ces indispensable to human comfort and advancement. It is not too much to claim for him that civiliza- tion itself would have been shorn of something of its fair propor- tions but for the valuable services rendered by this noble animal. Yet, with all his acknowledged value, the horse has been too frequently the victim of neglect and cruelty; often ill- fed, poorly sheltered and harshly treated, until in many cases the innate nobleness of his nature has been obscured by vicious habits, contracted by the mismanagement and abuse to which he has been subjected and perpetuated by ignorance and prejudice. Naturally the horse is gentle and confiding; he is quick to per- ceive, and possesses an excellent memory, which qualities render him capable of being educated easily, and to an extent far greater than is generally supposed. Added to this he is capable of deep and lasting attachment. What the horse may have been in his native state is not known, as none at present exist in that condition. The horses which at the present day are found in a wild state in Asia and America are known to be descendants of individuals formerly domesticated. They are generally smaller, yet stronger than the domesticated animal, with rougher coats, stronger limbs and larger heads. Kven when adult, the wild horse is easily domesti- cated, and may be broken to any use without great difficulty, thus proving the natural gentleness and docility of his nature. They are captured by the lasso, bitted, mounted, and broken within an hour by the daring and skillful Gauchos. 12 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR The Arabians, long renowned for their attachment to the horse, early showed the extent to which intelligent training could develop his finer qualities, and render him the most docile and obedient of animals. Something in that country or its climate is especially suited to the development of the horse, and although introduced there long after his domestication in other eastern countries, he rapidly attained a degree of excellence which sur- passed all others, until the horses of Arabia and the adjacent portions of Asia and Africa became the most celebrated for speed, courage, intelligence, and docility of any of the equine race. Small in size, he has a beautiful, lean, bony head, with a very broad forehead, a tapering muzzle, and large well-opened nostrils; his mane is long, thin, and silky. The Arabian has entered into the early history of the best stock of Kngland and America. Although much of the superiority of these horses is attributable to peculiarly favorable conditions of the country where they originated, yet many of their excellent qualities may be traced to kindness and intelligent training by which those qualities were first developed, and through which they have been transmitted until they have become characteristics of the race. The Arabian understands the value of his horse, appreciates the nobility of his nature, and treats him accordingly. They kiss and caress him, adorn him with jewels and amulets formed out of sentences of the Koran, as a preventive against evil and acci- dents. "In short," says a modern author, "they treat them almost like rational beings, which are ready to sacrifice their lives for their master's benefit." In the desert he is the familiar com- rade, tentmate and playmate of his master, as docile and intelli- gent as a dog. The Rev. V. Monroe relates an anecdote of an Arab, "the net value of whose dress and accoutrements might be calculated at something under seventeen pence half-penny," who refused all offers made to purchase a beautiful mare on which he rode, declaring that he loved the animal better than his own life. The French author, Dr. St. Pierre, quotes a remarkable instance of the attachment an Arabian feels for his horse: "The whole stock of a poor Arabian of the Desert consisted of a most beauti- ful mare. The French Consul at Said offered to purchase her with the intention of sending her to his master, I4 to 18 56 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR WATER AND WATERING IT is generally held, at least in practice, that any water that stock can be induced to drink, is suiEciently pure for their use. This practice occasions losses that would startle us if statistics were at hand. Water that is impure from the presence of decomposing organic matter, such as is found in wells and ponds in close proximity to manure heaps and cess-pools, is frequently the cause of diarrhea, dysentery, and many other diseases of stock, while water that is im- pregnated with different poisons, and contaminated with specific bacteria, produces death in very many instances. Smith, in his "Veterinary Hygiene," classes spring, deep-well water and upland surface water, as "wholesome;" stored rain water and surface water from cultivated land, as "suspicious;" and river water to which sewerage gains access, and shallow wells, as ' 'dangerous. ' ' The practice of depending on scooped out water holes, to be supplied with rainwater, as is the case in some states, is decidedly objectionable. Pure water is clear and without taste or smell; much beyond that the ordinary individual cannot go in deter- mining water qualities, but he can use all ordinary safeguards to insure his animals getting water such as he would wish to drink. Considering the quantity that may be required by the horse, it may be said that when animals have access to water continually, they never drink to excess. When the horse is placed where he has to depend upon his attendant for his water supply, it may be stated, in a rough way, that he requires about eight gallons of water daily, the amount varying with the character of the food given, the weather and the work. The time of watering should be carefully studied. The horse should be watered at least three times a day; when at work, oftener, if conditions are such as to make it possible. There is a popular fallacy that if a horse is warm he should not be allowed any water, many claiming that the first swallow of water ' 'founders' ' the animal or produces colic. This is erroneous. No matter how warm a horse may be, it is always safe to allow FOOD AND FEEDING 57 him from six to ten swallows of water, but a large quantity at this time is harmful. If this is given on going into the stable, he should be given at once a pound or two of hay and allowed to rest about one-half hour before watering more and feeding grain. When water is now ofEered him, it will in many cases be refused, or at least he will drink sparingly. The danger is not in the "first swallow," but in the excessive quantity the animal will drink when heated, if not restrained. Water should not be given ice-cold. In winter the water- troughs should stand in sheltered places and where the sun can shine on the water, or the chill removed with tank heaters. Water should always be given before feeding, unless the animal is too warm, in which case a little hay may be given, and then watered as soon as rested. If watered after a full feed the stomach is distended, and digestion interfered with. Water needs no digestion and if given before feeding passes rapidly from the stomach; this organ, being small, its entire capacity is needed for the proper digesting of the food. FOOD AND FEEDING HAY. — The best hay for horses is mixed clover and timothy, from one-half to two-thirds clover. It should be of a greenish color, crisp, clean, fresh, and possessing a pleasant aroma. Even this, if kept too long, loses part of its nourish- ment and becomes hard, dry, and indigestible, New hay should be fed with care, as it is difficult to digest, and produces much slavering, and occasionally purging and irritation of the skin. At first it is well to mix it with old hay. The second crop, or aftermath, is not considered good hay for horses, but prized by some as a food for milch cows, they claiming that it increases the flow of milk. Hay should be cut when in full flower, before the seeds fall; it becomes dry and woody, lacking S8 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR nutrition, if left longer. It should remain in the field the shortest possible time, for if left too long in the sun, it loses color, flavor, and wastes. There can be no fixed time for curing, as conditions of weather govern, but, in order to preserve the color, aroma and best quality, it should be gathered as quickly as is possible. On the other hand, hay will spoil in the mow if not sufiRciently cured, and the last state is worse than the first, for, as before stated, musty and moldy hay is productive of many disorders. The average horse, getting grain, should be allowed from ten to fifteen pounds of hay daily, but it is an error to think that horses at light work can subsist entirely on hay, for such animals will become pot-bellied, fall off in flesh, and will not thrive. Colts will grow up on a hay diet solely, into long, lean, gawky creatures, never making as good horses as those accustomed to grain in addition to hay. STRAW, if used at all, should be cut and mixed with hay, and ground or crushed grain. Wheat, rye, and oat straw are the ones most used, and of these the oat straw is the best. Pea and bean straw are sometimes fed to horses, the pea being preferred. CHAFF. — Wheat and rye chaff should never be used for horse feed. The beards get lodged in the mouth and throat, and produce more or less serious trouble. In the stomach and bowels they often serve as the nucleus for "soft concretions," as spoken of in diseases of those organs. Oat chaff, if fed in small quan- tities and mixed with cut hay, or corn fodder, is much liked by horses. Troublesome and sometimes fatal diarrhea follows, in some instances, the practice of allowing horses and cattle free access to a pile of oat chaff. GRAINS. — Oats take the precedence of all single grains as a food for horses, as the ingredients necessary for the nourishment of the body exist in them in the right proportions. They are, besides, more easily digested, and a larger proportion absorbed and converted into body tissue. The best oats are six to twelve months old, plump, hard, clean, bright and sweet. New oats are indi- gestible; kiln dried oats are to be refused as a rule, for the FOOD AND FEEDING 59 drying process injures them. Sprouted or fermented oats should never be fed. Crushed oats are the best for old horses and those having bad teeth. Horses that "bolt" their food are best fed on crushed oats, and out of a manger large enough to allow spreading the grain in a thin layer. A mixed grain ration, composed of a mixture of oats, corn and bran is better than any single grain; a mixture of two parts each of corn and oats and one part bran, by weight, is good, or equal parts of each. During very hard work the addition of from one-half to one potmd of linseed meal or gluten feed to each ration is of great value. The average horse requires, in addition to his hay ration, from four to twelve pounds of grain daily, depending upon the amount of work being done. The best oats are cut about one week be- fore being fully ripe. Not only is the grain richer in nutritive properties, but there is less waste from scattering than if left to become dead ripe. Moldy oats, like hay and straw, are productive of digestive diseases. Wheat and ryeare not to be used as food for horses except in small quantities, bruised or crushed, and fed with other grains or hay. If fed alone in any considerable amounts, they are almost sure to produce digestive diseases, founder and like troubles. They should never constitute more than one- fourth of the grain allowance, and best be ground. Bran of wheat is an excellent food for horses. It should not be depended upon and given alone, but should be fed with other grains. It keeps the bowels free. If sour, it should not be used, as it will disorder the stomach and intestines and may produce serious re- sults. It is better to make it a part of each day's ration than to feed it once or twice a week as is so often done. Corn is not a suitable grain as exclusive food for young horses especially, as it is deficient in mineral salts. It may be fed either whole or ground. If fed whole, feed on the cob. Horses unaccustomed to corn should be fed in small amount at first, gradually increasing the amount; otherwise an attack of indigestion ma)- result. Linseed, ground, is occasionally fed with other food to keep the bowels open and improve skin conditions. It is particularly 6o THK PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR good during convalescence, when bowels are sluggish in action. Ivinseed tea is very often given in irritable condit'.ons of the digestive tract. ROOTS.— Potatoes are used for horse food in many sections, If fed raw and in large quantities they are apt to produce indi- gestion. Their digestibility is favored by steaming or boiling. In common with other roots they are slightly laxative. Beets are not much used for horses. Carrots make excellent food, especially during sickness. They improve the appetite and slightly increase action of bowels and kidneys; improve the coat, and some claim that chronic cough has been cured by their use. They may be considered as an adjunct to other foods, and fed in small quanti- ties with benefit. GRASSES. — Grass is the natural food of horses. It is com- posed of a great variety of plants, differing widely in amount of nourishment contained, some being almost without food value, and others eaten only when nothing else is obtainable. Some are injurious and even poisonous. None of the grasses are sufiElcient to keep a horse in work. Horses thus fed are "soft"' sweat easily, purge, and soon tire on the road. To growing stock it is indis- pensable, and it acts as an alterative to horses that are fed on hay and grain. It must be fed to grain and hay fed animals in small amounts at the outset. The stomach and bowels undergo rest, and recuperate, if the horse is turned to grass for a time each year. During febrile diseases grass acts almost as a medicine, lessening fever and favoring recovery; wounds heal more rapidly than when on grain, and some chronic diseases disappear entirely when at grass. If fed to him it should be fresh cut, but where possible he should be allowed to crop it himself; thus enjoying not only the herbage in its native condition, but the air, and sense of freedom as well. PREPARATION OF FOODS.— Foods are prepared for feeding for any of the following reasons: To render it more easily eaten; to make it more digestible; to economize in amount; to give it some new quality; to preserve it. FOOD AND FEEDING 6i The different grains are more easily eaten when ground, crushed, or even boiled. Rye or wheat should never be given whole, and there is less waste when corn is ground; and again, corn in common with other grains is easier digested than when fed whole. Hay and fodder are economized when cut in short pieces. Not only will the horse eat the necessary amount in less time, but it will be found that there is less waste, and the mastication of grains — whole or ground — fed with them is assured. Feeding the grain mixed with cut hay or fodder is a good way to feed horses that bolt their food. One objection to feeding cut hay mixed with ground or crushed grain and wetted, during the hot months, must not be overlooked. Such food is apt to undergo fermentation unless fed at once, and the mixing trough even, unless often scalded and cleaned, becomes sour, and enough of its scrapings are given with the food to produce wind colic. A small amount of salt should always be mixed with such food. Improper feeding and watering doubtless accounts for over one-half the digestive disorders met with in the horse, hence the reader cannot fail to see the importance of having some proper ideas concerning these subjects. In this land, horses are fed chiefly on hay, grass, roots, oats, corn, wheat and rye, and many think they could subsist on nothing else. We are told, by authority, that in some sterile countries horses live on dried fish, and even vegetable mold. In Arabia they are fed on milk, flesh-balls, eggs and broth; while in some of the countries of the far east, salt, pepper, and other spices are made into balls with flour and butter, and these are supposed to produce animation and to make a fine coat. In the selection of food for horses, we should remember the arrangement of the digestive organs, as well as the functions of each. Food must be wholesome, clean and sweet; the hours of feeding regular; the best methods of preparing adhered to; and cleanliness observed in both the preparation and the feeding. The length of stomach digestion varies with different foods. Hay and straw pass out of the stomach quicker than oats. For this reason oats should be given after hay, for if reversed, the hay will carry the oats out of the stomach before being fully acted 62 THK PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR upon, and indigestion is the result. Another reason why hay is best first, especially if hungry, is that it requires more time for mastication and cannot be bolted as are the grains. Water should never be given soon after eating, as it washes the food from the Stomach, before it is ready for intestinal indigestion. The stomach begins to empty itself very soon after beginning to eat, and continues rapidly during the meal. Afterward the passage is slower and several hours are required for the stomach to empty itself. The work to be done, should direct in food selection. Rapid or severe labor cannot be done on a full stomach. Horses doing work of an exhausting character, should be fed small quantities, and about two hours before going to their work. Even slow work horses should not be fed bulky, innutri- tions foods in large measure, just before going to work. The small stomach of the horse would seem to lead us to the con- clusion that he should be fed in small quantities and often, which in reality should be done. The disproportion between size of stomach and amount of water drank tells us that the horse should be watered before feeding. Feeding too soon after a hard day's work is one of the common errors of feeding, and one that produces more digestive disorders than any other. A small quantity of hay may be given, but grain should not be given for one-half hour or more. The same rule holds for horses that have fasted for a long time; for if allowed to eat too much the stomach becomes engorged, its walls paralyzed and colic is sure to follow. Horses should be fed three or four times a day; nor will it do to feed concentrated food alone. Bulky foods must be given to detain the grains in their passage through the bowels; bulk also favors distension, and thus mechanically aids absorp- tion. To horses doing slow work, chopped or cut hay fed with crushed oats, ground corn, etc., is the best manner of feeding, as it gives the required bulk, saves time and half the labor of feeding. Sudden changes in diet are always dangerous — when making a change of food, do so gradually. A sudden change from oats to a full meal of corn will most likely sicken him. An increase in the usual food must be done gradually. Quantity must be in proportion to work. If a horse is to do less work, or rests FOOD AND FKEDING 63 entirely for a few days, give less food. Were this done from Saturday night to Monday, there would be fewer cases of "Mon- day .morning sickness," such as lymphangitis and colic. Foods should also be more laxative in nature when a horse is idle. Don't feed musty or moldy foods; they are the cause of several diseases. Musty hay is thought to produce disorder of the kidneys; and the effect of smutted grasses and grains on pregnant mares is pretty well known. Do not exercise a horse violently immediately after feeding. The digestive organs require time for digesting the food before the blood is called away to nourish the muscles. How to Make Mashes. — Take 4 quarts of good bran, moisten it gradually with hot water, then add boiling water to the desired consistency. Cover with a cloth and give to animal when cool enough. A little salt may be added if wished. Another good mash is made by boiling 2 quarts of ground oats and i pint flaxseed and a little salt with plenty of water for three hours. Then mix with it bran enough to be of desired consistency. This is enough for a horse, and when a team has been on dry feed, is good for a Sunday morning meal. How to Make Gruel. — Stir i pint or more of oatmeal gradu- ally into 4 quarts of cold water. Fine cornmeal and flour in equal parts may be substituted when oatmeal is not available. Then fill up the pail in which it is mixed, with water, and give to animal at once. Good for a tired horse. How to Make Hay Tea.— Fill up a bucket with the best of hay. Pour over it boiling water to fill the pail. Cover and let stand, pressing the hay down occasionally, or set on the stove to keep hot while pressing. In fifteen minutes it will be steeped. Pour off water into another bucket, and add enough cold water to make 6 or 7 quarts. Give to the horse when cool enough to drink. Excellent for tired horses. THE HORSE DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT ANTISEPTICS. — Antiseptics are substances applied to wotinds or sores to assist in the process of healing by destroying the germs which materially interfere with the process. They are used in solutions, are mixed with some fatty medium, as an oint- ment, or are dusted on dry in the form of powder. Though commonly called "healing remedies," antiseptics possess no true healing properties; the healing process being accomplished only by the living cells of the tissues. They, however, destroy or prevent the growth of germs, which by gaining entrance to sores and wounds, grow and multiply, irritating the wounds, injuring and destroying the living cells of the animal tissues, and often form poisons that may be taken up by the blood and cause injury or death from blood poisoning. Were it not for germs, no wound would be fatal unless some vital organ was mechanically crippled, and all wounds would heal without complications. Ordinarily, wounds, abscesses, and sores, afford ideal conditions for the growth of germs, and unless carefully treated are swarming with them. The office of antiseptics is to destroy these germs. Practically all antiseptics are poisonous if used in concen- trated form, and would burn and destroy the tissues, consequently they are used in such a strength as will destroy the bacterja without injuring the living cells of the body. To wounds, anti- septics are usually applied in solution, as in this form they penetrate deeper into the wound, and their strength is easily estimated; besides, they often possess other properties than as germicides. They are applied as washes by saturating cotton or other material and placing in or on the wound, and by injecting it, in the case of deep wounds, with a syringe. In general it is more satisfactory to use antiseptics freely and often without disturbing the wound. If they do not prove satisfactory either 64 GIVING A DRENCH. Set pages 70 and 366. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 65 increase strength or try a different antiseptic. Again, all anti- septics do not work equally well in all cases. In apparently similar wounds the results will not be the same with one kind of antiseptic — one will heal finely and the other make no progress. In unfavorable cases, change the antiseptic. Corrosive Sublimate, or Bichloride of Mercury, is probably the leading antiseptic. It comes in tablet form, with directions for amount of water in which to be dissolved. The principal objec- tion to this drug is its corrosive effect on metals, and the fact that it is a powerful poison. It should always be plainly labeled, and kept where children cannot get to it. It is generally used in the strength of i part Corrosive Sublimate to 1,000 parts of water (i drachm to 4 quarts) for external application. Carbolic Acid is one of the most frequently used antiseptics. It is dissolved in water, and used in strengths varying from 2% to 5 per cent. One part of acid to 30 parts of water is one of the frequently used proportions. For a strong antiseptic or a disin- fectant, I part of Carbolic Acid to 20 parts of water or a 5 per cent, solution, is used. Pure Carbolic Acid is ckustic, and will destroy tissue by burning. Carbolic Acid is poisonous. Sulphate of Copper, also called "Blue-Stone" and "Blue- Vitriol," is a mild antiseptic and in addition is astringent — tends to pucker the tissues. It can be used in solution in the strength of from 2 to 4 drachms to the pint of water. For certain pur- poses, as old wounds, it can be made much stronger. When powdered and dusted on a wound, it acts as a caustic; a crystal of it rubbed on a surface acts as a caustic, and is useful to check bleeding. An ointment, to dress old sores, can be made by mix- ing I part finely powdered Blue-Stone and i part of Sulphur, with 4 parts of fresh lard or vaseline. This drug is the principal ingredient in the Bordeaux mixture, so much used for spraying. Sulphate of Zinc, also called "White Vitriol," is an antiseptic and an astringent, and is used in the strength of one part of the Zinc Sulphate to 30 to 60 parts of water, or 2 to 4 drachms to a pint of water. Six drachms of Sulphate of Zinc and i ounce Acetate of I^ead (Sugar of Lead) dissolved in a pint of water, is a fine remedy and one that is much used in veterinary practice. 66 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR It is called "White I^otion." Should be well shaken before applying. Internally it is a poison. An excellent antiseptic ointment for use on sores or irritated conditions of the skin, is made by combining i part of Oxide of Zinc and a little Carbolic Acid with 5 parts fresh Lard or Vaseline. The Benzoated Oxide of Zinc Ointment, in the back part of this book, is also a very fine preparation. Creolin is a good, cheap and popular antiseptic and deodor- izer, and is referred to in many places in this work. It is mixed with water in the proportions of i to 3 parts to 100 parts of water. Powdered antiseptics, as already noted, are much used. Of these. Iodoform is much used for dusting on wounds and sores, but is somewhat barred because of odor and expense. Boric Acid is another good antiseptic that is used in powder form. It may also be used in solution of 20 grains of acid to i ounce of water, and in this form it makes an excellent wash for the eye, for the mouth, and for other cavities, as it is practically non-poisonous. I^ime, finely pulverized and air-slaked, is extensively used for dusting on sores, harness-galls, and suppurating surfaces, and when so used gives good results. Antiseptics are applied in ointment form, when the part is hard, dry, and irritated; the combination of fat and medicine seeming to soften and soothe the part. In powdered form, dusted over the surface of a sore, antiseptics are valuable in drying up discharges and keeping the sores dry and free from odor. Some- times the antiseptic is mixed with some sticky substance, such as pitch or tar, and may be valuable in keeping dirt out of wound; but care must be taken that such applications do not prevent the free escape of pus. The coal-tar preparations put out by different firms are very good antiseptics. Among these are Zenoleum, Kreso, and others. They are used in the strength of i part to 20 to 50 parts of water. DISINFECTION. — This consists in destroying the germs or virus of a disease. When an animal has been suffering from a contagious disease, it is necessary to disinfect the quarters and DISEASES OF THE HORSE 67 all utensils, instruments, harness and equipment that may have become infected with the disease germs. First, remove all litter, rubbish, and loose material of little value from the stable and burn them. Then thoroughly scrub the walls, floors, ceilings, mangers, pails, and other utensils with a solution made by mix- ing I part of Carbolic Acid with 30 parts of water — about a 3 per cent, solution. When this is dry, walls and mangers may be whitewashed, using the whitewash hot. Corrosive Sublimate, or Bichloride of Mercury, i part to 1,000 parts of water (i drachm to 4 quarts) can be used instead of the Carbolic solution, but must not be used on metal, as it is very corroding. One part of Creolin in 30 parts of water is also a good disinfectant, and has the added good quality of not being poisonous. Don't let Corrosive Sublimate or Carbolic Acid get on food which animals may eat. Bright sun- light is an excellent disinfectant and should be admitted wherever possible. All infected materials, and especially bodies of animals that have died of disease, should be either burned or buried deep, covering with I^ime before the dirt is thrown on, to prevent further spread of disease. Dogs, crows, and other animals fre- quently dig up and carry off parts of carcasses, where burying is not properly done. Infection is also carried by streams of water, by stock cars, and by litter that has been used in the cars. Fumigating a stable is also a good method of disinfection, and can be used in connection with the foregoing. To have the fumigating effectual, the room must be fairly tight. Sulphur is perhaps the most convenient substance to use for fumigating; Formalin is also used, and is very effectual, but needs a special appliance in order to use it. To fumigate with Sulphur, fill an ordinary galvanized iron pail half full of ashes or dirt, making the top of the material saucer-shaped; place the pail in a tub of water, having the water come up as high on the side of the pail as possible; put the Sul- phur in the pail; when everything is ready, pour over the Sulphur a little wood alcohol, or have under it a few rags saturated with kerosene, the alcohol is better and safer; light the alcohol and leave the stable, closing the door. Burn three pounds of Sul- phur to each thousand cubic feet of space; if more than three pounds are required, burn in separate dishes. I4 ounces. Saltpeter , J-Vz " Alcohol 4 " Water to make i pint. Dose: 2 ounces from four to six times a day (24 hours). If the fever is high and foregoing does not lower it, give i drachm of Acetanilid in i}^ ounces of Alcohol, twice or three times a day, if the case requires; % drachm doses of Quinine three times a day is also good. If it is hard for the animal to elevate the head to be drenched, throw the medicine, a small amount at a time, into the back part of the mouth with a hard rubber syringe, or give in the form of a paste as in "Sore Throat." Give the animal a good brushing each day, throwing back only one-half of the blanket at a time for the purpose. As the animal commences to improve give a tonic in the form of a teaspoonful of Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica and 2 88 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR teaspoonfuls of Fluid Extract of Gentian in a little water three times a day; after a few days substitute for this tonic the ones recommended in "Chronic Indigestion." I/Ct the animal thoroughly recover before giving exercise and start in very gradually. If cough persists give Iodide of Potash as in treatment for "Chronic Cough." If during the course of the disease the heart becomes very weak give 2 grains of Strychnine three times a day in addition to the other medicines. CHRONIC BRONCHITIS.— Causes. — May follow acute bronchitis, or be due to same causes. In most cases it is attended with thickening of the walls of the tubes. Symptoms. — Its course is slower and is not attended with as much fever as in acute form. Animal's breathing becomes quickened and he shows signs of exhaustion if exerted. May keep up fairly well in strength and appearance, but may gradually run down. Cough may be husky, smothered or muffled, or be hard and clear; whitish discharge from nose. The ear at the side of the chest hears rattling of air through the mucus; or a tubular sound. Trbjatment. — Generally the horse is kept at work, as owner says "he has a deep cold. ' ' This is wrong, for rest must be had if a cure is desired. Exertion may bring on an acute attack. Give same care and treatment as in acute form, giving the medicine, however, less frequently; give the tonics, and treat the cough as recommended for "Chronic Cough." CONGESTION OF THE LUNGS.— An abnormal accu- mulation of blood in the lungs. Inflammation of the lungs is always preceded by congestion, or to make it plainer, congestion may be considered as the first stage of inflammation, but in this connection we will consider it as an independent disorder. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 89 Causes. — When it exists as an independent affection, it is generally caused by over exertion when animal is not in fit con- dition to undergo more than moderate exercise; over-fat animals, or very old hard worked animals. More apt to occur in hot weather. Symptoms. — Horse suddenly stops, all out of breath; nostrils distended ; flanks heaving ; countenance has an anxious look; head down, ears forward, legs braced, __elbows turned out ; he looks around as if in search of more air; may paw the ground in efEort to breathe, and acts as though suffocation were near. Pulse 100 or more; heart beating tumultuously at times, and then again may be scarcely perceptible. If ear is placed against side of chest, a loud murmur is heard, and perhaps a crackling sound. There may be a frothy discharge from the nostrils, sometimes tinged with blood; if much blood the condition is serious. Treatment. — If on road, let him stop; do not attempt to return to stable; blanket, turn his head to the wind and loosen harness where it may interfere with breathing. By no means have horse walked, as is sometimes done. Rub vigorously with cloths, hay or straw, to stimulate circulation; get legs warm if possible and use lini- ment as recommended in "Bronchitis' ' on cold part of legs. When circulation is better, bandage from hoofs as far as possible. Blanket, and have rubbing done under blanket. Give Spirits of Nitrous Ether and Alcohol, of each 2 ounces, in i pint of water as a drench; repeat in an hour and then every two hours until relieved. Also give 10 to 15 drops Fluid Extract of Aconite and 1 teaspoonful Fluid Extract of Belladonna ; repeat every two hours. If it takes too long to get this, give J^ pint of Whiskey in I pint of water, or the same amount of Brandy as often; or i ounce Tincture of Arnica in a pint of water every hour until five or six doses have been given. If none of these are at hand give 2 tablespoonfuls of Turpentine shaken in J^ pint of milk. This will be good until something else can be had. A tablespoonful of Aqua Ammonia in a pint of water is also good. Active meas- ures may cease with alarming symptoms, but good care must be given for several days, for this may be followed by pneumonia. QO THE PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR Keep in comfortable stall, have legs and body well covered, give pure air without drafts, plenty of fresh water and bran mashes, scalded oats and grass, if in season, and use tonics as recom- mended in "Bronchitis." After animal has thoroughly recovered, work in gradually. INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS— PNEU- MONIA. — This is an inflammation of the lung tissues; it may attack both lungs, but usually but one, perhaps most often it is the right one that is affected. It may be complicated with bron- chitis, pletirisy, or both. Causes. — It may be directly due to any of the causes for dis- eases of the air passages, as those causing bronchitis, but in many instances it is due to either wilful neglect or ignorance. A com- mon cold may run into pneumonia if neglected or improperly attended. Allowing an animal which is over heated to cool too quickly, especially if in a draft, over exertion, bad quarters, and many other things may tend, directly or indirectly, to bring on an attack. Symptoms. — The first stage is a shivering fit, more or less prolonged, breathing is accelerated; horse hangs his head and has a dull look; mouth is hot and sticky to touch; fever 103 or higher; pulse very frequent, 70 to 80 or even 100 a minute, but varying much in character; may be hard or feeble, large or small, intermitting, etc. There is usually a dry cough from first, but changing as disease advances; sometimes nasal discharge is tinged with blood, and at other times seems like matter; little or no appetite; desire for water is increasing; legs cold; bowels more or less costive; dung usually covered with mucus: urine scanty and dark in color. Will not lie down; if complicated with pleurisy will lie down, but rises soon. In pneumonia, breathing is rapid and difficult, but when pleurisy is present, the ribs are kept as still as possible and the breathing abdominal. There is no pain unless pleurisy is present. A healthy lung if tapped on, produces a resonant sound, but when inflamed a dull one. If pleurisy is present, animal will flinch, as blow causes pain. Placing ear to chest, a respiratory murmur is heard if horse is healthy. In first stage of pneumonia, the murmur is loud and hoarse, with a fine DISEASES OF THE HORSE 91 crackling sound; when lung is solid, no sound is heard. The symptoms resemble very closely those of bronchitis, except in listening at the chest, we notice the crackling sound instead of the tubular; the cough is not as painful as in bronchitis. Treatment. — The general outline of treatment is as in' 'Bronchitis." Best of quarters, and plenty of pure air. It is better to blanket warmly than to warm by stopping ventilation . Give water and feed and same general care as in "Bronchitis." Treat chill as in "Bronchitis." Rub legs until warm and then bandage from hoofs up; if hand rubbing is not sufficient, use liniment as in "Bronchitis, "and repeat once or twice a day the rubbing and liniment. Apply to the chest the same applications as in "Bronchitis;" the hot applications are especially valuable. If constipation exists, give laxative food, such as scalded oats, bran, and linseed mashes, and to these add grass or clover hay if not the season for grass. If no desire is evinced for food of above kinds, allow anything thaf the horse will eat. Also give injections per rectum. Hay tea may be given as much as animal will drink, and this may create a desire for other food; a little corn on the cob, apples, carrots, or sweet milk with three or four eggs to the gallon, if he will drink it, three or four gallons may be given a day. Internally give the same treatment as for "Bronchitis," taking the same care in drenching. During convalescence use the same tonics as in "Bronchitis." The treat- ments for the two diseases are so similar it makes but little differ- ence whether we differentiate between them or not. PLEURISY.— This is an inflammation of the pleura or serous membrane lining the chest cavity, and also investing the lungs. Of itself it is not necessarily fatal, but inflammation of serous membranes is inclined to abundant effusions of serum— a watery fluid. This condition, called "hydrothorax," is serious. Catises.—M.a.y be due to any of the causes that lead up to other diseases of the breathing organs; by wounds that puncture the chest; or fractured ribs; and may accompany other diseases of the breathing organs. 92 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Symptoms. — We get the chill followed by a high fever; at first the animal is apt to show more or less pain by uneasiness and looking around at the chest, acts a little as with mild colic. The breathing is hurried, temperature elevated, 104 to 107; pulse accelerated, 60 to 90, or even higher, rather hard and small; elbows turned out; the chest is held rigid, breathing is carried on by the abdominal muscles, causing a line to extend along the lower border of ribs up to hip bone — the pleuritic line; flanks tucked up, animal dislikes to turn around. If the chest is tapped with the knuckles the horse shows pain, more noticeable if the fingers are pushed in between the ribs. If the chest is slapped with the hand the animal is apt to grunt or groan. In the early stages, by placing the ear to the chest a grating or frictional sound is heard, caused by the dry pleura covering the lungs rubbing against that lining the chest; later on the effusion is thrown out and this sound ceases. If the effusion is profuse, the serum begins to collect in the bottom of the chest and float the' lungs up toward the top; as this progresses we notice there is no sound below the "water line," and an increased murmur above. If the chest does not fill more than one- third full, and the inflammation subsides, the effusion may be reab- sorbed and recovery take place; if it fills more than one-third, the serum will need to be drawn off mechanically. Treatment.— This varies but little from that in "Bronchitis" and "Pneu- monia." Adhere to the general management as in "Bronchitis" and "Pneumonia," and give the same medicines internally; the disease needs rather vigorous treatment, so repeat medicines full number of times. If the heart is at all weak use the Strychnine. The external applications to the chest are very important — use the hot water bottles. If the chest fills more than one-third full it should be tapped with a trocar and canula and the fluid drawn off; this would require a veterinarian. Sometimes the lung affected will grow fast to the chest wall. During convalescence give the tonics, WATER IN THE CHEST — HYDROTHORAX.— This is the filling of the chest with water following pleurisy. " DISEASES OF THE HORSE 93 Causes. — At first after active inflammation, the effusion re- lieves pain and the horse brightens up, begins to eat and is more comfortable until water floats the lungs and interferes with breathing. The countenance becomes anxious and haggard; animal is dull and weak, and shows little appetite for food; breathing more difficult and rapid, and pulse high. Tapping the sides of chest will produce sound like the solid sound on a barrel of water, and the ear detects no respiratory murmur in the lower part of the chest. Treatment. — Rub liniment, as in "Bronchitis" and "Pneumonia," over lower part of both sides and bottom of chest. Continue the treatment as given in "Pleurisy," and use the tonics. Also give I drachm Iodide Potassium in a pint of drinking water one hour before feeding every night and morning for a week or two. Hydrothorax is sometimes difficult to overcome by medicine and tapping is then resorted to (see Operations) . BROKEN WIND, OR HEAVES. — Much confusion exists as to the nature of this trouble, and though veterinarians are well acquainted with the phenomena and locality of the disease, there is some diversity of opinion as to the exact cause. An after-death examination in recent cases — those that have had the disease but a short time — shows no marked changes, but old cases show well-marked lesions, walls of bronchial tubes thickened, right side of heart enlarged and cavities dilated; stomach enlarged, and in many cases, intestinal walls changed. The lungs are changed in two ways — by dilation and rupture of walls of the cells, and by air finding its way into the tissue between the cells. Symptoms. — The peculiar double motion of the flanks in ex- pelling the air, points to the ailment at once. The nostrils are inflated, and the accompanying cough is short and something like a grunt. When excited, a wheezing noise accompanies breathing. This may be heard to a less extent when at rest by placing the ear to the chest. The animal is much worse during close, "muggy" weather. Animal has a depraved appetite and will eat 94 THK PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR soiled bedding rather than good food, and the abdomen may be- come what is called "pot-bellied;" passes wind frequently, which has an offensive odor. If a horse has been ' 'doped' ' by sharpers so that symptoms are suppressed, he can be tested by giving him as much water as he will drink, and then drive him up a stiff hill or on a heavy road. This will bring out the characteristics of the disease. The cough, which is not at all regular, is usually one of the first symptoms. Treatment. — When once well seated there is no cure for it, but judicious feeding and remedies will help to allay its severity. In recent cases more may be accomplished. Feed a small quantity of the best hay and more grain, and slightly dampen to allay dust. Water before feeding, not after. Do not work immediately after eating. Carrots, turnips and potatoes chopped and mixed with oats or corn are good. Pasturing gives relief. One of the best remedies is solution of Arsenic in Hydrochloric Acid (Liquor Arsenici Hydrochloricus). Give i tablespoonful with bran or ground oats three times daily for two weeks; then twice a day for two weeks longer; then once a day for several weeks, is a good way to give it. Fowler's Solution of Arsenic is also used in the same manner, the dose being the same. Do not use an animal suffering from heaves for breeding purposes. SPASMS OF THE DIAPHRAGM— THUMPS OR HICCOUGHS. — This is like hiccoughs in man. Is generally thought to be palpitation of the heart, and while that trouble is sometimes called "thumps" it must not be confounded with this disease, which is a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm. Causes. — Same as congestion of the lungs. Symptoms. — The jerky motion affects the whole body and is not confined to the region of the heart. If one places the hand on the body at about the middle of the last rib while the other is placed over heart behind the left elbow, it will be seen that there is no connection between the jerking of one and the beating of the other. The ear placed to the side will discover that the sound is DISEASES OF THE HORSE ^ back of the heart. In fact the heart is usually weaker and less perceptible than natural. If not relieved, death usually results from congestion of the lungs. Treatment. — The treatment should be precisely the same as for "Conges- tion of the lyungs." Or, in ordinary cases give the following: Sweet Spirits of Niter i ounce. Laudanum i " Fluid Extract Digitalis 20 drops. Water i pint. Mix and give as a drench, every two hours until relieved. If warm weather, apply a woolen blanket wrung out of hot water to the chest, with a dry one outside it; if cold weather, apply Mustard paste around back part of chest and cover body well. In some cases, after giving a few doses of mixture, if not relieved it would be well to give: Turpentine i ounce. Raw Linseed Oil i pint. Mix and give as a drench. After animal is better, feed well, give exercise, and bring gradually to regular work. WOUNDS PENETRATING THE WALLS OF THE CHEST. — In theory, according to some teachers of physiology, when an opening is made in the wall of the chest, sufficient to allow air to enter, a collapse of the lung should occur. This is not always the case, as horses have been known to be in this condition for several hours without above result occurring. Dr. W. H. Harbaugh tells of a case he attended twelve hours after the accident, and he states, that though he found the breathing considerably altered, no bad effect followed the admission of air into the thoracic cavity. The wound was closed and treated by general methods of treating wounds, and a speedy and perfect recovery followed. If the pleura is not penetrated, no bad result is likely to follow, but if it is, pleurisy is likely to result, and even pneumonia if the wound involves the lung. The condition called "pneumo-thorax," means air in the chest. This mav bo duo to a wound in the wall of the chest, or 96 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR it may be due to a broken rib, the sharp edges of which wound the lung sufficiently to allow air to escape into the space about the lung, which is naturally a vacuum. Air gaining access to the chest cavity may have a peculiar effect. The wound may be so made that when the walls of the chest are dilating, a little air is sucked in, but during contraction, the contained air presses against the torn part, so as to close the wound; a little air gets in at each breath, but none escapes until the lung is compressed in small space, and forced into anterior part of chest. A broken rib may cause same condition, but in this case the air gains access from the lung, and there may not even be an opening in the walls of the chest. In hydro-thorax (water on the chest), the gases caused by decomposition of fluid, are said to have caused the same condition. In such cases the air is generally absorbed, and a spontaneous cure is the result. But when the symptoms are urgent, it is recommended that the air be removed by a trocar and canula, or by an aspirator. Treatment. — The treatment of wounds of above kind should, for' reasons stated, be prompt. Find out by careful examination if any foreign body remain in the wound; if so, it should be removed and the wound thoroughly cleaned with a solution of: Carbolic Acid - i part. Water 30 parts. Mix. The wound should then be closed immediately. If an incised wound it should be closed with sutures; if torn or lacerated, a bandage around the chest over the dressing is the best plan. At all events, air must be prevented getting into the chest as soon and effectually as possible. The after treatment should consist in keeping the parts clean with the Carbolic solution and applying fresh dressing as often as needed to keep the wound in a healthy condition. Care should be taken that the discharges from the wound have an outlet in the most dependent part. If the wound causes much pain, it should be allayed by a dose of Tincture of Opium (L,audanum) . Pleurisy and other complications must be treated as directed under their headings. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 97 DISEASES OF THE MOUTH, TEETH, SAU= VARY GLANDS AND GULLET SORE MOUTH — STOMATITIS.— This is an inflam- mation of the mucous membrane lining the mouth. Causes. — Irritat'ng medicines, foods, or other substances. Symptoms. — Swelling of the mouth, which is hot and painful to the touch; copious discharge of saliva; mucous membrane is reddened, and in some cases there are ulcers or blisters observed. Treatment. — Feed soft food, and in many cases this is all that is necessary. If this is not sufficient use a wash of Chlorate of Potash, Borax or Alum, from J^ to i ounce of either, to i pint of water. Hay, straw or oats should be steamed or boiled, if used. Internally give a laxative, i quart of raw I^inseed Oil, or ^ pound of Epsom Salts, or I ounce of Aloes; also give large teaspoonful of Salt- peter three times a day for a fev/ days in the moistened grain. If ulcers form, touch them with Nitrate of Silver,. Tincture of Iodine, or other caustic. LAMPAS. — This is the name given to the swelling of the mucous membrane covering the bars in the roof of the mouth and projecting in a more or less prominent ridge immediately behind the upper incisor teeth. Not nearly so common as imagined. Causes. — From any of the causes of sore mouth, or in the case of colts from teething. Symptoms. — The bars in the roof of the mouth are swollen, red and sensitive to the touch. The bars just back of the front teeth are often on a level or below the grinding surface of the teeth in health, and unless red and sensitive, indicates nothing wrong. More or less slobbering, sometimes difficult eating. Treatment.— Give the same treatment, both local and internal, as in "Sore Mouth." Burning is both cruel and unnecessary. 7 98 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR IRRITATION FROM SHEDDING MILK TEETH.— A trouble of young horses. Symptoms. — Horse eats with difficulty, sometimes not at all; slobbers; sweats easily; hair looks rough; is gaunt and thin; bowels costive or affected with diarrhea, and oats come through whole. Treatment.— lyook at teeth, back and front, for shells or caps, and remove if any are found. Give soft food, and as a tonic the treatment recommended for "Chronic Indigestion." WOLF TEETH.— These are small teeth that come just in front of the upper and sometimes the lower molars. They sometimes wound the cheek, by its being pulled against the wolf teeth by the bit. They do no good, but do not, as is sometimes supposed, cause blindness. Treatment.— Take a pair of pincers or forceps and pull them. They are usually only attached lightly and come easily. Never break them off by punching them out. In pulling, twist back and forth a little, so as not to break them off. IRREGULARITIES OF THE TEETH.— From the nature of a horse's food, it is necessary that the grinding or rub- bing surface of the tooth should be rough. The upper jaw is somewhat wider than the lower, and from the fact of not being perfectly opposed, a sharp edge is left on inside of lower molars and on outside of upper ones, which may injure the lips and tongue. This can be readily felt by the hand, and when so found, should be rasped down. Sometimes the first or last molar may be abnormally long, owing to the absence of its opposite. Should it be the last, an expert would undoubtedly be needed, but the front one can be rasped down. Teeth opposite absent ones from other jaw are much elongated, and such must be short- ened. When horses "quid" their food, or when they show cfistress in chewing, by holding the head to on6 side, the teeth should be examined carefully, and all sharp corners and projec- tions removed with a rasp. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 99 TOOTHACHE; DECAYED TEETH. - Toothache is rare, aud when found is usually from decayed teeth. Causes. — Usually from biting hard substances that split and break the teeth, inducing decay. Symptoms. — Horse will suddenly stop chewing, throw his head to one side and slightly open the mouth. Will act as though something had punctured the mouth . Will hold the head side- wise when eating, and sometimes in drinking. Apt to be an offensive odor from nostril or mouth; sometimes a discharge from nostril. Treatmbnt. — If, on examination, no foreign substance is found in the mouth, carefully try each tooth by gently tapping with a small hammer with a long handle; the horse will flinch when the sore tooth is touched. A twitch may be put on the upper lip to control, if desired or necessary. When found, the offending tooth should be removed either with the forceps or by punching out. For this operation a veterinarian will be required. CRIBBING AND WIND-SUCKING. —This is not a disease in itself, but an exceeding bad habit, though it may result from some disease. The manger, post, fence, or other object is caught with the teeth, and horse bears down until neck is altered in position so as to form a temporary vacuum in the pharynx, when air rushes in to fill it. Causes. — By some is considered as the result of indigestion; by others from pain in the teeth while teething; while still othera as a result of idleness. Old horses will sometimes becom? cribbers if tied beside one that cribs. Treatment. — Put horse in a box stall and feed him from the floor, giving feed from a pail that is removed as soon as empty; leaving nothing which he can get hold of. Examine teeth to see that there are no defects in them; if so, correct. A strap buckled tight around the throat— tight enough to prevent the action— is another means employed. Putting Red Pepper, Aloes, and other THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR such ingredients on edges of manger where horse can crib is also resorted to; covering the edge of the manger with metal may prevent. Another way is to put a muzzle on with bars across the nose that will allow eating, but will prevent grasping the manger in his teeth. For wind-suckers who do not crib, a strap studded with sharp spikes opposite the lower jaw is the best preventive. If the animal is unthrifty, indicating indigestion, give the treatment recommended for "Chronic Indigestion." With young horses having a tendency to the trouble, give regular exercise. FOREIGN SUBSTANCES IN THE MOUTH.-Some- times a piece of stick becomes lodged in the roof of the mouth, and it may be noticed by animal not feeding, and he will be try- ing to dislodge same continually with his tongue, by working it around in his mouth. If obstruction is not removed, he will fall off in condition. When observed, examine and remove any such obstruction with the hand or pincers. Barley or wheat beards, when horses get straw for food, may get so lodged in the mouth that the animal cannot dislodge them with his tongue. The horse will not feed well, and will fall off in condition. If the mouth be examined the cause of the trouble will probably be found, and should be removed, washing any irritated spot with Borax and Alum water. PARALYSIS OF LIPS AND CHEEKS.— Not a com- mon disease, but met with occasionally. Causes. — An injury to the nerves of motion in the lips and cheeks. Symptoms. — Animal is not able to use his lips in eating or drinking; they hang flabby and loose, and have the appearance of being swollen, but this is only from the looseness that makes them appear so. When drinking, animal puts his head deep in the water, as this is the only way he can drink. If one side only is affected, lips may be drawn toward the other side. Treatment. — Keep up strength by giving soft food, and give him rest. Stimulating liniments or blisters may be applied to the cheeks to DISEASES OF THE HORSE loi , ~- stimulate a return to normal conditions. Internally give i drachm doses Nux Vomica, or 2 grain doses Sulphate Strychnia three times a day, until twitching of some of the voluntary muscles occurs; then discontinue for several days; beginriing with a smaller dose and increasing until the twitching occurs, is also recom- mended. The trouble may be incurable. APHTHA, OR THRUSH. — At certain times, a common disease and seems to be somewhat contagious. Symptoms. — Animal is dull and does not eat well; has slight cough; is running down. On examination, the mouth, lips, and tongue will be found covered with little blisters, and they may extend down into the throat, stomach, and in some cases into the intestines. The animal may be feverish. Treatment. — Give the same treatment as with "Stomatitis;" touching the sores with the caustics. Flushing out the mouth with a Carbolic Acid solution — Carbolic Acid, Yz ounce, water, i quart — is of value. In flushing out, be careful that the animal does not swallow much of the solution. INFLAMMATION OF THE TONGUE — GLOS- SITIS.— Causes. — From irritating medicines and foods; or from too rough handling in giving medicines, injury from bit, or from rope put in the mouth, etc. Symptoms.— Co^ions discharge of saliva, and on examination the tongue will be found red, swollen and tender to touch, and in some cases protrudes from the mouth, with laceration, abscesses, etc., and if not relieved animal would die of starvation. Treatment. — In simple cases follow out the treatment as in ' 'Sore Mouth' ' 01 ' 'Stomatitis. ' ' Severe cases might require the services of a veterin- arian. If tongue is cut, the wound should be stitched. In bad cases pump ice-cold water into the mouth continuously with a force pump. I02 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR TONGUE HANGING FROM THE MOUTH.— Causes. — Primarily from projection or sharp edges on the teeth; or from neglected injuries to the tongue, or from a para- lyzed condition of the tongue. Symptoms . — Are obvious . Treatment. — Examine the teeth and rasp away all sharp edges and pro- jections if any are found. Should the tongue be sore, use remedies as in ' 'Sore Mouth. ' ' If tongue is paralyzed, give drachm doses of Nux Vomica three times a day. When it hangs from the mouth as a habit, there is no known remedy. The use of certain bits will sometimes prevent. If it hangs from the side, large, circular leathers attached to the sides of the bit may help. SLAVERING OR FROTHING— PTYALISM.- This is an excessive or abnormal secretion of saliva. Causes. — Irregular teeth; something in the food; clover, especially second crop; foreign substances lodged in the mouth; inflammation of mouth or tongue; or the use of some kinds of medicine. Treatment. — Discover and remove the cause and usually nothing more will be necessary. Astringent washes, as Alum water or Borax water, may be used sometimes to an advantage, applying with a sponge or syringe. A dose of the following is recommended where simple means fail: Aloes 8 drachms. Bicarbonate Soda i drachm. Ginger I " Dissolve in i pint of water or gruel, and give as a drench; or, give in the form of a ball. INFLAMMATION OF THE PAROTID GLAND.— This is the salivary gland situated below the ear and between the back part of the jaw bone and neck. Causes. — They become inflamed occasionally from cold settling in them, or from injury. Disease also accompanies distemper, laryngitis, and pharyngitis. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 103 Treatment. — Bathe in hot water, or apply woolen cloths wrung from hot water, or apply lyinseed Meal poultices. If there is fever, give internal treatment recommended for "Laryngitis " If gland sup- purates and comes to a point in any spot, open and flush out once a day with Carbolic Acid water: Carbolic Acid % ounce. Water i pint. Continue poulticing as before for a day or two and then stop poulticing. THICKENING OF THE PAROTID GLAND.— This is usually called "thick gland." Causes. — Tight reining; from distemper; or from inflamma- tion of the glands. Symptoms. — A pronounced thickening behind the jaw bone and below the ear. Treatment. — Blistering is the best way to get rid of this. Use the following; Powdered Cantharides i drachm, Biniodide of Mercury }i " Lard or Vaseline i ounce. Mix thoroughly and apply to the affected gland. For applying, see "To Apply a Blister," under "Ring Bone." In mild cases Iodine Ointment can be used in place of blister; the ointment is made as follows. Iodine 2 drachms. Iodide of Potash % " Biniodide of Mercury 20 grains. Vaseline I ounce. Apply a little once a day and rub vigorously with a rub cloth. Keep slightly irritated. .FISTULA OF THE PAROTID DUCT.— Generally from an injury to the duct where it rounds the lower jaw on th,= under side, just in front of the angle. 104 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR Causes. — A tumor, or piece of food may obstruct the duct, cause inflammation, and as a result the duct breaks through in a new place, and as there is a constant flow of saliva, the opening becomes fistulous. Symptoms. — If, from an obstruction, there is a sore on the cheek, usually on the outside, but sometimes on the inside, the inner one does little harm, as the saliva is not wasted. The saliva flows more freely during mastication, but is continuous. If from an injury at the underside of jaw, saliva flows from the injury. Treatment. Clip hair off around the opening, and remove any obstruc- tion or irritation on the inside; see that the natural opening is clear. Scratch edges of external opening to make a fresh wound of it; then apply the following: Carbolic Acid i drachm. Glycerine 2 drachms. Flour to make a paste. Make into a paste and apply to the wound, and put a cold Linseed Meal poultice directly over it. Dress twice a day, and the fistulous opening will soon close if the natural passage is kept open. A little Tincture of Iodine, or the Iodine Ointment applied to the opening repeatedly may close it. If possible, get a veterinarian to treat the trouble. INFLAMMATION OF THE PHARYNX — PHAR- YNGITIS. — The pharynx is that part of the tract that lies in the throat just back of the mouth. It rarely exists unless accom- panied with sore mouth, glossitis, or laryngitis. Causes. — Are from extension of above diseases, or from foreign substances getting lodged there. Same causes as for laryngitis. Symptoms. — When confined mostly to the pharynx, there is difficulty in swallowing; but little cough unless in trying to swallow; and there is no soreness on pressure over the larynx (large ring of the windpipe. ) Increased flow of saliva; difficulty of swallowing liquids in particular, and cough when trying to swallow only, water comes back through the nose, and more or iess discharge from the nose. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 105 Treatmknt. — Same as for "Laryngitis." PARALYSIS OF THE PHARYNX, OR GULLET.— Commonly called "Paralysis of the Throat." This is a stubborn disease, but fortunately not very common. Symptoms. — Animal will take food in his mouth and chew it, but cannot swallow; will try to drink, but there is no diminution of water in the pail, and this he will try to do by the hour. Any water getting into the back of the mouth will be returned through the nose. An examination reveals no abnormal conditions, except perhaps parts are flabby to touch. General conditions of animal otherwise at first are good, only as owner would say: "He can't eat." Treatment. — Blister, or apply stimulating Turpentine and Ammonia lini- ment behind and under the jaw. Swab the mouth frequently with Chlorate of Potash or Alum, i ounce to a pint of water, with a sponge on end of a stick. Give Strychnine in i grain doses three or four times a day. If possible give the Strychnine hypoder- mically. This treatment is recommended by high authority. Another recommends feeding animal with stomach pump, hay tea and making gruels out of chopped oats, new milk and eggs, and pumping it down into the stomach, or giving through a hose with funnel in one end, passed into the stomach; in this way keeping animal alive until the muscles have regained their tone and horse can swallow again. CHOKING.— Choking is not so common among horses as cattle, but it sometimes occurs. C««5«.— Animal is suddenly startled when eating apples or roots; or, in feeding oats in a narrow, deep manger, a greedy feeder may,' by bolting his oats, get choked. Giving eggs without breaking, or balls that are too large or improper shape, are also causes. It may lodge in the pharynx, in middle or neck portion, or in the chest portion near the stomach, each giving different symptoms. .To6 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Symptoms. — When in the pharynx, the horse will present symptoms of distress, such as hurried breathing, frequent cough, excessive flow of saliva, sweating, trembling, or stamping of the forefeet, and there may be bloating. Manipulating upper part of throat and examination by hand, will discover obstruction. If farther down, the object will form a tumor on left side of neck, which may be both seen and felt. Symptoms are not so severe; horse will draw himself up, arch his neck, and sometimes utter a loud grunt; has anxious look and tries to vomit; saliva and mucus flowing from the nose. If choke is close to the stomach, the symptoms are still less severe. Horse will eject food or water through nose or mouth, after a few swallows are taken. There are some distress symptoms, cough, and occasionally attempts at vomiting in this form of choke. The probang would determine the question if an obstruction were present. Treatment. — If in the pharynx or the beginning of the gullet, try and remove through the mouth, putting a gag in the mouth to pro- tect the hand. While one is trying to grasp object, have another press upward on object from below. Give a little oil carefully to lubricate obstruction and gullet. Persevere, as continued effort may get obstacle farther toward the mouth or cause it to be car- ried on to the stomach. If all means fail, then use the probang in endeavor to push it down. A half-inch hose answers ver-y well for a probang. It can be stiffened, if necessary, by putting twisted wire in it, being sure the wire, does not project beyond the lower end. To pass the probang, back the horse into a corner, have a man on each side take an ear in one hand, and one place the other hand on his nose, the other place his hand under the lower jaw. Straighten the head on the neck as much as pos- sible; oil the hose well, pass it into the mouth over the back of the tongue into the gullet; press gently until it enters the gullet, then pass rapidly until it strikes the obstruction; then by gentle but firm pressure try and dislodge it and push it into the stomach. It is some seven or eight feet from the front of the mouth to the stomach. The horse is apt to "choke down" in using a probang; if it occurs withdraw the probang at once. If the obstruction DISEASES OF THE HORSE 107 will not dislodge, mix i Y^ teaspoonf uls Fluid Extract of Bella- donna with Yt. teacupful melted lard, place a funnel in one end of the hose, pass it down onto the obstruction, then elevate the fun- nel and pour the lard mixture into it; after giving the mixture time to run down onto the obstruction, remove the probang and wait from one-half to one hour, and then try again to dislodge it with the probang. Never use any hard, stiff body for a pro- bang. If lower in the throat give a little oil carefully, and then manipulate with the hand. If oats, begin at lower part and squeeze oS a little at a time. Continue trying for an hour at least before resorting to more dangerous modes of treatment. If the manipulations fail, then the probang may be resorted to. The lower form of choke can only be treated by the careful use of the probang. As a last resort, if in the neck region, the substance is cut down onto, and removed through an opening. Avoiding large blood vessels and nerves, an incision is made down onto the top of the obstruction, the opening being as small as possible and accomplish the object. When done, draw the cut together with catgut or silk and dress it twice a day with Carbolic lotion. Carbolic Acid 4 drachms. Water i pint. Feed on sloppy diet for a week or more. A veterinarian should be called for the operation and in all severe cases where possible. DILATATION OR ENLARGEMENT OF THE ESOPHAGUS, OR GULLET.— CaM5«.— Mostly from choking, and is due to a rupture or stretching of the muscular coat of the gullet, allowing the internal or mucous coat to form a pouch. Symptoms. — Horse will be able to eat a few mouthfuls with- out apparent distress; then he will suddenly paw, contract the muscles of his neck, and eject a portion of the food through nose or mouth. As the dilatation thus empties itself the symptoms subside, only to reappear as he again takes solid food; or each bolus as it is swallowed may lodge in the enlargement, to be I I ! I I io8 THE P RACTlCAIy STOCK DOCTOR pushed out by the one following; in this case a little pressure or a swallow of water causes the bolus to pasfe on. Treatment. — Is not very satisfactory; a drachm of Fluid Extract of Bella- donna and 2 drachms of Alum, two or three times a day, may help. GOITRE, OR ENLARGEMENT OF THE THYROID GLAND. — This gland is situated on the under side of the neck, about five to eight inches below the angle of the lower jaw, on each side of the windpipe. Cause. — The cause is not known. Symptoms. — Gland is enlarged; it is movable, insensitive, and grows slowly. Treatment.— Wash once a day with hot water and soap; then when dry, apply the Iodine Ointment, as recommended in ' ' Thickening of the Parotid Gland." One-half drachm of Tincture of Iodine can be injected into the enlarged gland with a hypodermic syringe. Treatment should begin early. SWELLING AROUND HEAD AND THROAT.- This is sometimes noticed when a horse is first turned out to pasture for a few days, and might be thought something serious. Cause. — It is caused by a flow of blood to the head when horse has his head to the ground, induced by the change of feed- ing from a manger to the ground. Symptoms. — There is apparent swelling around jaws and throat. When examined there is no tenderness, and animal is sound in every other way. If brought in and fed where he will hold his head higher, the enlargement disappears. Treatment. — In many cases no treatment is needed, but if the blood is not in the right condition, give him a few doses of the following; Nitrate of Potash 4 ounces. Sulphur 4 " Mix and give i tablespoonful every night and morning; a light laxative may also be of value. in H < Pi < CM PL, <; > w W ^- 0/- .-.,- -jf >^^ <> K <€ o; ^ ii Sf i5 ^' !Q !S -fci DISEASES OF THE HORSK 109 DISEASES OF THE STOMACH AND BOWELS IMPACTION OF THE STOMACH — STOMACH STAGGERS — GORGED STOMACH.— These are terms given to tjie stomach when it is so distended with food as to lose the power of contracting on its contents. Causes. — Overfeeding, especially after a long fast; getting access to the grain bin and eating ravenously; getting into grain field. Symptoms. — Horse becomes dull and drowsy; slight colicky symptoms; rarely lies down; carries his head extended and low, nearly to the ground. Dullness increases, eyes partially closed; vision impaired; presses his head against the manger and sides of stall; paws or even climbs with his forefeet. Respiration less frequent than in health,, and pulse slow and sluggish. Symptoms increase in severity; he becomes delirious; covered with cold sweat; trembles violently; slobbers or vomits a sour, fermenting mass; staggers from side to side when moved, or plunges violently about until he drops dead. Symptoms resemble somewhat "mad staggers," but if one gets the cause — ravenous eating after a fast, etc. — there need be no confounding of diseases. Treatment. — • Those drugs should be given which will stimulate the stom- ach to activity. Give the mixture recommended for "Colic;" repeat in from one-half to one hour, and again in two hours, and then once in three hours. If suffering is intense, give from 3 to 5 grains of Morphine and repeat as conditions indicate. Drachm doses of the Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica once in two or three hours, in addition to the colic mixture, is good. If bloating is present, give the drugs as recommended in "Tympanites of the Stomach. ' ' After recovery, give for a week or two the tonics recommended under "Chronic Indigestion." A purgative of Barbadoes Aloes or ^ pound of Epsom Salts should be given after the acute symptoms have passed. If colic no THE PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR mixture is not at hand, stimulate the stomach to action by giving y^ ounce doses Cayenne Pepper or Jamaica Ginger. Injections into the rectum of: Turpentine .. 2 ounces. Linseed Oil 8 " may stimulate the bowels to act, and thus in a measure relieve the stomach. Cold applications to the head for the cerebral symptoms may be of benefit in some cases. When an animal overeats, give treatment at once; do not wait for symptoms to appear. TYMPANITES OF THE STOMACH — ACUTE INDIGESTION. — This disease corresponds to "hoven" or blown in cattle. Causes. — Overloading the stomach with young, succulent, growing food; overfeeding, particularly if given immediately before or after hard work. Some think to fit their horse for a hard journey by giving an extra allowance of oats or other food just before starting. A violation of any of the correct principles of feeding. Symptoms. — Horse grows dull and listless; sweats profusely; attempts to lie down; head is carried forward and downward; if checked up, is heavy on the reins; stumbles or blunders forward, and sometimes falls. If looked at carefully, is seen to be unusually full over the posterior ribs; flanks may also be distended. On placing the ear to the horse's windpipe a distinct metallic sound can be heard, as of air rushing through the windpipe; it is gas coming up through the gullet. Such cases are rapid in their course and often fatal. Treatment. — Must be prompt and energetic. Give the mixture recom- mended for "Colic" and in addition to stop the bloating give: Hyposulphite of Soda.. 4 ounces. Water ^ pint. Or: Salicylic Acid 4 drachms. Raw Linseed Oil 4 ounces. Repeat in one-half hour. DISEASES OF THE HORSE i-ii An ounce of Turpentine in a pint of Oil is helpful in case of bloating. If medicines fail, pass one-half inch hose into the stomach as described under "Choking." Charcoal in large doses is good. After the acute symptoms have passed, give Aloes or Salts as in preceding disorder, and also follow with the digestive tonic. RUPTURE OF THE STOMACH.— This mostly occurs as the result of engorged or tympanitic stomach; and from the horse throwing himself violently when so afEected. It may result from disease of the coats of the stomach, gastritis, stones or calculi, tumors, or anything closing the opening of the stomach into the intestines, and from very violent pulling, or jumping, after animal has eaten heartily of bulky food. Symptoms. — Are not constant or reliable. Horse will sit on haunches, and turn up his nose, as in "Colic" or "Enteritis;" will try to vomit, and this is a characteristic symptom. As case pro- gresses horse will often stretch forward the fore legs, lean back- wards and downwards until the belly nearly touches the ground, and then rise up again with a groan, after which the fluid from his nostrils is issued in increased quantity. Pulse fast and weak; breathing hurried; body bathed in clammy sweat; limbs tremble violently; horse reels and staggers from side to side, and ulti- mately dies. Treatment. — The postmortem reveals the exact condition. There is no treatment that is any use whatever. There is a possibility, how- ever, of a mistake in diagnosis, and Powdered Opium in i drachm doses, or i ounce doses of Laudanum may be given every two or three hours, to keep the stomach as quiet as possible. INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH— GASTRI- TIS. — This is an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the stomach. Causes. — Generally due to mechanical irritation, or to giving irritant or corrosive poisons in too large doses, or without sufii- cient dilution. 112 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Symptoms. — Are not well marked; there are febrile symp- toms, the temperature ranging from 104 to 106 degrees; the pulse is rapid, small and hard; colicky pains; attempts at vomiting; intense thirst. When produced by poisons there -will be symp- toms referable to that particular poison. If due to salts of Lead, there is difficult or labored breathing, abdominal pains, partial paralysis of extensor muscles, tottering gait, convulsions and death. Gradual lead poisoning would differ somewhat. Out of condition; loss of appetite; staring coat; constipation; watery swellings under the jaws; gray or blue line along the margin of the gums; progressive paralysis, noted at first in anterior extremities; colicky pains. Chronic poisoning may be expected where horses are pastured near paint works, or around newly painted buildings, where paint kegs are left in the fields, where horses may get small particles of lead in the food, where soft water runs through lead pipes, or where drinking water is drawn from cisterns or wells containing lead. Treatment. — If from acute lead poisoning, give 30 to 60 drops Sulphuric Acid, well diluted with water, milk, white of eggs, oils, and Linseed gruel or tea If chronic from gradual lead poisoning, give Epsom Salts in from l4 to i pound doses. Iodide Potassium in I drachm doses, two or three times a day is good. If not due to lead, give the following: Morphine 3 to 5 grains. Subnitrate of Bismuth 2 drachms. Linseed Meal Gruel 1 pint. Give as one dose; repeat three to five times a day. Eggs in milk are also good. For the fever give: Fluid Extract Belladonna i drachm. Fluid Extract Aconite 10 drops. Saltpeter 2 drachms. Give in the gruel three or four times a day. Give water in small quantities frequetitly. Follow recovery with the tonics as in preceding disorders. The. cutalt. BOTS. (I) BOTS IN THE STOMACH. 12, BOTS IN THE DUODENUM. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 113 BOTS. — The common gad-fly (gastrophilus equi) attacks horses in summer, its purpose being not to get food but to deposit its eggs. The parts selected being the shoulder, base of neck, and fore legs, especially about the knees, for in these places the horse will have no difi&culty in reaching the eggs with his tongue. When the animal licks the spots where the eggs have been deposited, the heat and moisture hatches them out, and the little bots are transferred to the stomach, where they attach themselves to the coat of the stomach by two little booklets on the head, and there remain for several months until they reach their growth as bots; they sometimes attach themselves at other points along the digestive tract, as in the pharynx, or in the intestines. When this time arrives, generally in the early spring, they let go their hold and are carried out in the feces. They then bury them- selves in the earth for a period of six or seven weeks, and finally emerge as perfect winged insects to carry forward the work of depositing eggs. They have no mouth parts and do not bite the horse, and yet they cause a great deal of annoyance. The opinion that is commonly entertained that bots cause colicky pains is erroneous. All kinds of treatment, varied and heroic has been resorted to by horsemen to cure the animal of the so-called ailment, such as slapping the horse on the belly to make the bots let go, etc. , but the universal verdict of ve'.crinarians is, that it is rare that bots produce any appreciable disturbance whatever. The opinion has been sometimes given out in a case where the stomach has been ruptured through distension by gases, bots being present, that "bots have eaten through the stomach." Bots never do this. They might be in such numbers as to slightly interfere with digestion, or might at once let go in such a mass as to clog the opening of the bowels, or be attached in such numbers around the opening as to partially clog it, but such instances would be rare indeed. Treatment. — Prevention is the best treatment . Keep the legs and shoulders free from the eggs during summer and autumn. Medicines will not loosen them from the stomach. In May and June when the bots loosen their hold and come away in large numbers, remember 114 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR it is the natural course of events, and that the animal will soon be free from them. Ordinarily it is not necessary to even remove the eggs, but when present in large numbers it would be well to wash the parts once or twice a week with warm soap suds. The warm water will hatch the bots and they will be washed off. By examining the eggs with a hand lens, those that have hatched can be recognized, as the little cap at one end is off. CHRONIC INDIGESTION.— The disturbances of diges- tion included under this head are not so pronounced as to produce colic, yet as this is one of the most common troubles of the alimentary tract, it deserves more than passing attention. Causes. — Improper food and feeding at improper times; irregular or decayed teeth ; bolting the food ; overeating ; too much rough food; defective secretions, etc., are causes of this disorder. Symptoms. — Irregular appetite, refusing food at times, and eating ravenously at others — eating everything within reach . Appetite is also depraved, eating unusual things, as soiled bedding, wood, his own feces; bowels irregular; food passing with but little change — grain whole and hay in impacted masses; frequent passing of wind with a sour odor; light attacks of colic. Animal loses flesh; sweats easily, tires easily, loses spirits. Skin presents a dry, hard appearance, and is tight (hide-bound). Hair is long, harsh and rough. If all or a part of these symptoms are present, the trouble is without doubt indigestion. Treatment. — First look to the cause and remove it. Give water to drink before feeding. Gradually change the feed to another kind, and give the best of food — feed a balanced ration; do not overfeed, and do not allow animal to eat bedding or dirty food of any kind. If in season, turn out to grass for three or four months. Examine the teeth carefully, rasping down or extracting if case requires. If due to bolting food, feed in a large manger, where the grain can be spread so thin as to compel horse to eat slowly. Carrots, turnips, or apples are good. A physic given at the outset is of benefit — an ounce of Aloes, or a pint of DISEASES OF THE HORSE 115 Ivinseed Oil. Give regular exercise, but do not overwork. Use a mixture of oats, bran and linseed meal, instead of corn, for a grain ration; clover instead of timothy hay. Medicinally, use the following: Gentian Bounces. Bicarbonate Soda 8 " Nux Vomica 4 " Arsenic j drachm. Mix thoroughly; dose, tablespoon level full morning and night in moistened grain. At noon give the following: Sulphate of Iron 4 ounces. Saltpeter 4 " Mix thoroughly; dose, tablespoon level full, given in moistened grain at noon. In some cases the following will give better results than the Iron and Saltpeter mixture, and can be used instead: Nitrohydrochloric Acid i'/^ ounces. Liquid Chloride of Iron xy^ " Water to make 1 pint. Dose: i ounce in 4 ounces of water; give in grain. Give the medicine for two or three weeks, withhold a week and then give again, continuing in this manner until cured. These cases often require treatment for six months or a year. SPASMODIC, OR CRAMP COLIC— The name given to that form of colic produced by contraction or spasm of a portion of the small intestines. Causes. — Indigestible food; sudden changes in feeding, or feeding at improper times; foreign bodies, as nails or stones; large drinks of cold water; driving horse through deep streams in heated condition; cold rains; drafts of air; worms, etc. Symptoms. — These should be studied carefully in order to distinguish from other forms of colic requiring quite different treatment. Spasmodic colic begins suddenly; if feeding, horse will stop abruptly, stamp impatiently, and look backwards. Soon shows pain by pawing, suddenly lying down, rolling, and getting up. Then an interval in which he resumes feeding. In a little while pains return and are increased, only to pass off for a ii6 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR time. As attack progresses the intervals of ease become shorter, and pain more intense. Animal will throw himself down, roll over and over, jump up, whirl about, drop down again, paw, or strike with the front feet, steam and swe^t, make frequent attempts to pass water, and penis partially erected. Only a small amount of water is passed, as bladder is so frequently emptied. The pulse is about normal in the intervals, but runs up during the attacks. The temperature remains normal, or nearly so. Pressure on the bowels seem to relieve, which is not the case in inflammation. Treatment. — Give a roomy box stall, bedded, and let animal maneuver at will. Do not run the animal; a little walking exercise is not hurtful. Anti-spasmotics ^re indicated. Give i ounce Chloral Hydrate as a drench in J^ pint of water. Another good remedy is: Sulphuric Ether i ounce. Laudanum 2 " Ivinseed Oil ^ pint. Still another is: Alcohol 2 ounces. Sulphuric Bther l ounce. Fluid Extract Belladonna I drachm. Water J^ pint. A favorite remedy with many is: Sweet Spirits Niter i ounce. Laudanum i " Ginger i tablespoonful. Baking Soda i " Water i pint. Mix, and give as a drench. The following is also a good colic mixture: Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia ^ ounce. Sulphuric Ether ^ " Fluid Extract Jaborandi 2 drachms. Fluid Extract Calibar Bean ^drachm. Fluid Extract Belladonna i drachm. Water to make j4 pint. Give as one dose; repeat in one-half to one hour if necessary, and again in an hour if cir- cumstances require. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 117 If any bloating is present, give in addition the remedies recommended in the next disorder. One-half pint Whiskey in hot water is good when nothing else is at hand. Cloths wrung out in hot water to which a little Turpentine has been added and applied to the abdomen if animal is quiet enough, will be of use in severe cases, or the belly may be rubbed with stimulating liniments, or Mustard paste. In- jection per rectum of warm, soapy water, or salt and water, lukewarm, and from 3 to 6 quarts in amount, will aid in the cure. Repeat in one-half hour if necessary. Always follow a recovery from colic with from a pint to a quart dose of Raw Lin- seed Oil. And give the tonics as in "Chronic Indigestion" for a week or two. FLATULENT COLIC— TYMPANITES— WIND COLIC— BLOAT.— Causes. — Sudden changes in food; too long fasting, and food given while horse is exhausted; large quantities of green food; sour, indigestible food; irregular teeth; or anything that produces indigestion Symptoms. — Are not so suddenly developed, nor so severe as in "Spasmodic or Cramp Colic." Resembles "Acute Indigestion," only the seat of the trouble is in the bowels instead of the stom- ach. At first horse is dull, paws slightly, and may or may not lie down. Pains are continuous from the start; belly enlarges, and by striking it in front of haunches, a drum-like sound is heard, most noticeable on the right side. Symptoms are aggravated if not relieved, and in addition there is difficult breathing; profuse sweat; trembling of front limbs; sighing respiration; staggering and death. Treatment. — Give the "Colic" mixture the same as in "Spasmodic Colic," and in addition the following to correct the bloating: Hyposulphite of Soda 4 ounces. Water Vi pint. Or-. Salicylic Acid 4 drachms. Raw Linseed Oil 'A pint. ii8 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR If neither of these are at hand, i ounce of Turpentine in a pint of Oil is of value; repeat these in about half an hour, and again in an hour if necessary. Give injections per rectum and use applications to abdomen as in "Spasmodic Colic." Give a roomy place, but do not allow horse to throw himself violently; if he lies down carefully, let him do so and roll. If the medicines do not stop the bloating, resort to tapping, using the horse trocar and canula. Tap in the right flank in the center of the triangular space between the point of the hip and the last rib. Wash the place first with Carbolic Acid solution: Carbolic Acid Yz ounce. Water i pint. Also wash the instrument in the same; have the point of the trocar sharp; standing well forward, place the point of the trocar at the right place, direct it downward and forward and press it in nearly the whole length; withdraw the trocar and the gas will escape through the canula; if the gas does not come out, with- draw the canula part way, change the direction and insert again. Leave the canula in until all the gas escapes. If necessary to tap a second time, do so a little to one side of the other place. After removing the canula, wash the place with the Carbolic solution. Give the same after-treatment as with "Spasmodic Colic." INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS— ENTERI- TIS. — This is an inflammation of the lining of the bowels, and may extend to, and involve the muscular and even serous coats. Causes. — Food that has sand or clay in it; continuation of colic; corrosive poisons; exposure to cold after an exhaustive drive; driving through deep streams of cold water when heated; musty, bad food; and over-feeding. Symptoms. — The early symptoms resemble those of "Colic," but in the course of an hour or two the following will be noticed: Membranes of nose, mouth, and eyes are congested and red- dened; mouth hot and dry; respirations are increased; sweating; pulse hard and rapid; temperature 103 to 106 F. This distin- guishes it from "Colic." Colic pains are continuous. Horse DISEASES OF THE HORSE 119 walks about the stall, paws, lies down carefully, may start to lie down, get down part way, but get up again, and when down, frequently turns himself upon his back by side of stall and re- mains for sometime. Bowels are usually sluggish and inactive, unless caused by irritant food or medicines, in which case purg- ing or bloating may be present. The high pulse, fever, con- tinuous pain, which is increased on pressure, position of horse when down, coldness of ears and legs, etc. , are characteristics of the disease. Duration of complaint is usually from ten to fifteen hours, but may extend over a longer time. Very frequently fatal. Treatment. — Give every three to four hours: Powdered Opium i to 2 drachms. Fluid Extract Belladonna i drachm. Fluid Extract Aconite lo drops. Saltpeter 2 drachms. Water \i pint Mix and give as one dose. Or, the following may be used: Laudanimi 2 ounces. Fluid Extract Aconite Root.... 10 to 15 drops. Baking Soda i tablespoouful. Fluid Extract Belladonna i drachm. Mix and give as a drench in yi pint of water, repeating every two or three hours until relieved. As a rule, purgatives and injections should not be given, as the bowels should be kept quiet. Blankets wrung out in hot water and applied to the belly, and covered with a dry blanket, changing to keep hot, are good; or stimulating liniments, or Mustard paste, rubbed over the abdomen, with hot salt in a bag applied over the kidneys, will be of benefit. During convales- cence give linseed tea, oatmeal gruel, bran mashes, grass if in season, avoiding all hard indigestible foods; if the bowels do not act, encourage by walking exercise and injections of soapy water in rectum. If these fail, give a pint of I^inseed Oil and repeat every six to eight hours until bowels respond. Use the tonic as for "Chronic Indigestion" for a week or two. I20 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR PERITONITIS. — This is an inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity, and of the outer covering of the bowels. Duration, a week or more, but may kill in a few hours. Causes. — Wounds in the abdomen; severe blows or kicks; castration; tapping and other operations; exposures of various kinds; and extension of inflammation from organs covered by the peritoneum. Symptoms. — Generally preceded by a chill; not disposed to move; seems stiff and sore; paws with front feet, and strikes at belly with hind ones; lies down carefully, but as pain is increased, remains standing most of time; constipated; pressure on belly gives pain; horse will bite, strike or kick, if so disturbed. Temperature is higher than normal — 103 to 104 F.; pulse quickened — 70 to 90 a minute, and is hard and wiry. The symp- toms resemble quite closely those of "Inflammation of Bowels." If extensive is generally fatal; if death does not occur soon, disease may assume a chronic form, and there is an effusion of water in the belly cavity, constituting what is known as ascites or dropsy of the abdomen, in which case a baggy condition of the abdomen is produced. Treatment. — Give from i to 2 ounces of I,audanum every two to four hours to allay the pain, and also the following to control the in- flammation: Alcohol 4 ounces. Fluid Extract of Aconite I draclini. Fluid Extract of Belladonna i ounce. Saltpeter 2 ounces. Water to make I pint. Shake; dose, 2 ounces three to five times a day. If the temperature gets high, give one drachm of Acetanilid and I }i ounces of Alcohol in J^ pint of water twice a day. Use hot applications to the abdomen, as in "Inflammation of the Bowels, ' ' also the liniment or Mustard paste; these are very im- portant in this disorder. If the animal shows a desire for food, give a Uttle that will be easily digested. After two or three days give 20 to 30 drops of Fluid Extract of Digitalis with each dose DISEASES OF THE HORSE of the above mixture. If the disease follows castration, flush out the wound well two or three times a day with a Carbolic Acid solution: Carbolic Acid i^ ounce. Water i pint. Use a syringe in flushing out. If a yearling colt, use about one-fourth the above dose of medicine internally. Use injections to unload the bowels and oil to move them during convalescence. The treatment in case the serum collects in the cavity will be found under "Ascites." IMPACTION OF THE LARGE INTESTINE.— This is a very common trouble and one which if not promptly recognized and treated, results in death. Symptoms. — There are at first slight abdominal pains, resem- bling mild case of "Colic," which may disappear for a time, to reappear with more violence; feces are passed in the early stages, but in smaller quantities and more dry; abdomen feels full, but not distended with gas; horse paws and looks at his sides. A striking symptom is that he will lie flat on his side, head and legs extended, but raises head to look at flanks, and remaining in this position from five to fifteen minutes at a time, seemingly in this shape easiest. Gets up, walks about the stall, paws, looks at his sides, backs up against stall, pressing it with his tail, or rubs his tail, (a very characteristic symptom), but soon lies down again. Bowels cease to move after twenty-four hours; at first temperature is normal, but rises as inflammation sets in; pulse is accelerated and gets harder as disease advances. If not relieved horse may live a week, or even two weeks, but may not live over four or five days, dying as the result of inflammation. Treatment. — Consists of moving the bowels and preventing inflammation. Give the following: Aloes I ounce. Calomel i drachm. Give in form of a pill, or in a pint of Linseed Meal gruel. 122 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR Also give the "Colic" mixture three or four times a day, adding to it each time i drachm of Fluid Extract Nux Vomica. Also give two or three times a day a pint of raw Linseed Oil. If the dose of Aloes does not act in the course of thirty-six hours, re- peat, using three-fourths of the dose, or give three-fourths pound of Epsom Salts, and repeat again if no movement is produced in thirty-six hours more. Give injections per rectum, as in "Colic," repeating four or five times a day; the following can be substi- tuted for the water injection once or twice a day. Turpentine i ounce. Glycerine 2 ounces. Raw Linseed Oil i pint. Rubbing or kneading the belly, and the application of stimulating liniments, or strong mustard" water, will also favor expulsion of feces. If pain is intense, give from 3 to 5 grains of Morphine three or four times a day. Give occasional walking exercise; give all the water the animal will drink; scalded oats or bran mash, if food is desired. If recovery does not take place in the course of four to six days, death is apt to result, but not necessarily so. As a last resort, 20 to 30 drops of Croton Oil may be given in a pint of Linseed Oil. Follow recovery with digestive tonics. DIARRHEA, OR SUPERPURGATION.— This is the opposite of constipation. Causers. — Eating musty or moldy food; drinking stagnant water; bad condition of teeth; eating irritating substances; being kept in low marshy pastures; exposure during cold nights; low, damp stables; or to some diseased or inflammatory condition of the intestinal canal, or some of the internal organs attached. Some horses are predisposed to it. Superpurgation is from an overdose of physic. Symptoms. — Frequent evacuations of liquid manure, with or without pain; loss of appetite; emaciation, etc. Trbatmbnt. — At times this is simple, but requires care and judgment. If from bad food or conditions, change them. If from some irri- tation in the intestines, give a pint to a quart dose of Oil, and DISEASES OF THE HORSE 123 the trouble will generally disappear with the operation. If, however, it continues, give scorched wheat flour in water, starch water, white oak bark tea, a teaspoonful of Copperas, or yi. drachm doses of Sulphuric Acid in J^ pint of water twice or thrice daily. A dose of i drachm of Opium, or i or 2 ounces of Laudanum, and ^ ounce Subnitrate Bismuth, repeated three times a day, is very good. Where there is no reason to suspect irritation the following will be found beneficial: Tincture Catechu i ounce. Ginger i tablespoonful. Baking Soda i " Mix and give in i pint coffee about as used at the table, repeating every four and five hours until relieved. If other remedies fail give one ounce of the following: Corrosive Sublimate 5 grains. Water ^ pint. Repeat every two hours until relieved. Give water to drink, but in small quantities, and in the water put a handful of wheat flour. Follow with digestive tonic as in "Chronic Indigestion." If from superpurgation, give flour and water to drink, and if this does not check, then give the same as in diarrhea. In addition to this give Brandy in 2 to 4 ounce doses with milk and eggs four or five times a day. BLOODY FLUX, OR DYSENTERY.— This disease is characterized by coffee-colored or bloody discharges, tha't are very offensive in odor, and are passed with much straining. Causes. — Most common cause is keeping young horses in par- ticular, for a long time on low, wet marshy pastures without other feed; exposure during wet weather; decomposed foods; stagnant water; and as a sequel of a severe attack of diarrhea. Symptoms. — A chill is the initial symptom, but this may pass unnoticed. Discharges are offensive and liquid, with shreds of membrane and blood; much straining; horse lies down a great deal; pulse and temperature higher than normal; may or may not eat, but rapidly loses flesh and becomes a sorry looking object, Thirst is a prominent symptom. 124 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Treatment. — Care and feed are most important in this disease. First put in dry, warm, well-ventilated stable. Give frequent rubbings of the surface of the body, and blanket, with bandage on legs. Water must be given in small quantities, and food that is light and easily digested. First give 35^ to i pint of Castor or I^inseed Oil and 2 ounces I,audanum. Follow this with the same treatment as for " Diarrhea." If animal becomes weak, give: Alcohol 1 ounce. Fluid Extract of Belladonna i drachm. Water %, pint. Give as one dose; repeat three times a day. Follow recovery with the digestive tonics as in "Chronic In- digestion." TWIST IN THE BO WELS — GUT-TIE— VOLVU- LUS. — These are terms applied to the bowels when twisted or knotted. Cause. — An uncommon accident, and results from the way a horse throws himself about when attacked with spasmodic colic, or sometimes, perhaps, in rolling. Symptoms. — It is very hard to be sure of this disease, as symptoms are similar at first to impaction of the bowels, and then to inflammation of the bowels. There are no passages; animal sits on liis haunches, sweats and seems in great distress; pulse grows weaker and weaker; there is slight bloating; bowels be- come inflamed where twist is, and death results. Treatment. — If sure of the case, little can be done but to make animal easy by giving Powdered Opium in i to 2 drachm doses every three or four hours, or in place of this, i ounce of Laudanum every hour or two. In rare instances bowel rights itself and animal recovers. INTUSSUSCEPTION, OR INVAGINATION.— This is the slipping of a portion of the intestine into another, like a DISEASES OF THE HORSE 125 partially turned glove finger. It may occur at any part of the bowel, but is most common in the small intestines, or where the small' intestine empties into the large intestine. Causes. -^Most likely to occur in horses that are suffering frord spasm of the bowels, or where a small portion of gut is paralyzed. May also occur in any abdominal trouble, as "Diarrhea," "In- flammation of the Bowels," etc. Symptoms. — There are no characteristic symptoms; in some cases none except constipation. Colic pains, more or less severe, with no passages of dung, are observed. Severe straining is some- times noted; as disease advances, profuse sweat, sighing, anxious countenance, and cold ears and legs are attendant. In some cases the part slipped into the other sloughs ofE and is passed out in the dung. The parts make a new union and horse recovers. Treatment. — As the case cannot be definitely diagnosed, the same treat- ment as for "Impaction of the Intestines," or "Inflammation" is used, but the treatment is unsuccessful, the animal dying, and a postmortem reveals the true condition. BALLS FOUND IN THE BOWELS— INTESTINAL CALCULI. — These are generally found in the large bowels, though they may be found sometimes in the small intestines. May weigh from i to 10 pounds; be single or multiple, and differ much in make-up and appearance. Some are soft, some porous, and some hard and stone-like. Hair balls, so common in cattle, are rare in horses. Causes. — Feeding sweepings of a mill floor; swallowing nails, pieces of wood, or something of that kind. On some of these foreign bodies, as a nucleus, layers are formed around until, in some instances they reach very large sizes, and obstruct the bowels, causing inflammation and death. Symptoms. — Are those of obstruction of the bowels. There are no characteristic symptoms, but some weight is given to symptom of sitting on the haunches, like a dog, though this occurs in other diseases. 126 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR Treatment. — In first symptoms, give a good dose of physic, and follow with treatment as for ' ' Impaction of the Intestines, ' ' and in cases where the disease is suspected, oil hand and pass it into the rec- tum, and if ball is found, remove it with the hand. Postmortem reveals the true condition. TUMORS OR ABSCESSES IN THE RECTUM, OR BACK BOWEL.— Causes. — From constipation; or from injury to parts in treat- njent. Symptoms. — Are most marked when passing manure. There is severe pain in passing, and in some cases horse will lie down on account of distress. If tumor or abscess is large, there will be straining, but no passages. Treatment. — If there is an abscess, and examination shows it is ready to open, do so, using a small knife or lance, allowing matter to escape. If a tumor, and can be reached, remove by cutting it off. The after-treatment is to give raw Linseed Oil, and feeding boiled flaxseed in the feed to keep the bowels loose. A veteri- narian best be employed for the operations. PROTRUSION OF THE RECTUM, OR BACK BOWEL.— Causes. — Jumping fences and getting half way over; from excessive bloating in "Wind Colic;" from "Diarrhea;" and straining in "Constipation." Also occurs in foaling and in cas- tration of an old stallion. Symptoms. — Are obvious; large red tumor at anus. Treatment. Wash bowel with cold water; place a twitch on the horse's nose, and have front leg held up so he cannot kick; oil the bowel with: Olive Oil 3 ounces. Lauaanum , i ounce. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 127 Commence returning the bowel at the anus, and gently re- turn it; shove the parts well back in with hand and arm, and have some one hold his tail down tight for an hour or more, or until he stops straining, after the bowel is replaced. It is well, also, to have hind parts raised by straw or boards under the hind feet. Give the following to move bowels and relieve pain: Raw Linseed Oil i quart. Laudanum i ounce. Shake together. Feed soft food, with boiled lyinseed Meal in it to keep bowels loose. Give 3 to 5 grains of Morphine and i drachm Fluid Ex- tract Belladonna three or four times a day to stop straining. Also prepare the following: Alum Yz ounce, Laudanum i " Warm water i pint, And inject into the rectum three times a day. If caused by con- stipation, treat as for that disease. PILES— HEMORRHOIDS.— Not a common condition, but sometimes occurs. Causes. — Constipation, irritation or injuries, or from severe straining in dysentery. Symptoms. — After manuring, bright red irregular tumors are seen in rectum. They may be visible at all times, or be seen when horse is down. Treatment. — Attention should be paid to bowels; they should be soft, but purging should be avoided. If tumors protrude, wash them with warm water i pint. Alum 2 ounces, and then return them. Inject the same solution into the rectum. Give the animal the digestive tonics as recommended for "Chronic Indigestion." DROPSY OF THE BELLY — ASCITES.— This is a collection of liquid in the belly cavity. It may be clear, but gen- erally is yellowish or reddish in color. Caw.f.?5.— Generally a result of other diseases, as acute or chronic peritonitis, and diseases of liver and kidneys. i2S THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Symptoms. — Slight tenderness on pressure; awkward gait in hind legs. Horse is dull and may have slight colic pains, shown hy looking back and striking belly with hind feet. Bowels alternately constipated and loose, but diarrhea at last. By tap- ping on the belly and sides, there is a dull sound, and it extends to same height on both sides. By suddenly striking or pushing the belly, the sound of liquid can be heard. In advanced cases the horse becomes pot-bellied, and dropsical swellings are seen on belly and legs. Treatment. — Encourage appetite by giving the best of food to eat, and gentle exercise. Then give the following: Fluid Extract of Digitalis 6 drachms. Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica i^ ounces. Iodide of Potash i ounce. Nitrate of Potash 3 ounces. Water to make i pint. Shake. Dose, i ounce three times a daj. In severe cases tapping is resorted to by puncturing the floor of the abdominal wall with a small trocar and canula and allow- ing the fluid to flow off; but this calls for the services of a veter- inarian, if one can possibly be secured. LONG ROUND WORMS (LUMBRICI).— This is a worm that infests chiefly the small intestines, and is much like the common earth or angle worm in appearance, except it is white to reddish in color, and in length varies from four to twelve inches. Symptoms. — Colic pains are noted at times, or there may be switching of the tail, frequent manuring, slight straining, itching of the anus, and rubbing tail or rump against stall or fence; evi- dences of indigestion; is in poor condition; does not shed his coat; is hide-bound and pot-bellied; appetite is depraved and horse is licking walls, eating earth, and is particularly fond of salt. Bowels irregular; rubs nose against walls or stall as though it itched; a characteristic ^whitish mold-like substance below the anus. The best evidence is worms in the manure that is passed. Only part of these symptoms will be present, except in bad cases. Oxyiais carvida,. ScUrostoma. armaAurw AscarLs megnZocephaZOy. INTESTINAL WORMS. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 129 Teeatmsnt. — Give the following: Turpentine i ounce. Raw Linseed Oil i pint. Shake together. Repeat Oil and Turpentine every second day for a week. Give, in addition, i teaspoonful of a mixture of equal parts of Sulphate of Iron and Sulphate of Copper in feed twice a day. After a week or two of above treatment withhold and give the digestive tonics recommended for "Chronic Indigestion," contin- uing them as case requires, or returning to above treatment after two' weeks. PIN WORMS. — These are transparent, thread-like worms, measuring about one to two inches in length, found mostly in the large intestines. Symptoms. — Are about the same as with long round worms, except the size of worm passed. Treatment. — The samt as in the previous disorder. Also inject into the rectum the following: Copperas i ounce. Water 3 quarts. Repeat every second or third day. TAPE WORMS. — These are white, tape-like worms, six inches to afoot in length, made up of a large number of segments. They rarely infest the horse, but are occasionally present. They take up their abode in the small intestines. Symptoms— Kx^ the same as those produced by other worms, except the small, flat segments of the worm are found in the droppings. Treatment. — In addition to the treatment given for the other worms, give the following, after fasting the horse for from twelve to eighteen hours: ArecaNut (powdered) Yz ounce. Oil MaleFem 2 drachms. Raw Linseed Oil - Vi pint. Follow this in two or three hours with three-fourths of a pound of Epsom Salts, after which feed as usual. Repeat treat- ment in a week if necessary. 9 I30 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND SPLEEN CONGESTION AND INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER. — These two diseases are so nearly alike, having same causes, symptoms and treatment, that they are included under one head. Causes. — Usually from the stimulating effects of overfeeding, particularly during hot weather, with too little exercise. May also be caused by injuries over the liver; from foreign substances, or from worms in the liver; or from extension of inflammation from neighboring parts. Symptoms. — Dullness; horse suffers from internal pain, but not of severe type; constipation and clay-colored dung-balls, scanty and high-colored urine, with general fever symptoms; when lying down is usually on left side; looks occasionally at the right side; there may be slight enlargement over the liver, and pain is evinced on pressure; horse may be lame in his off front leg; lining of eyes and mouth are yellow as in "Jaundice." Treatment. — If animal is in good condition give: Aloes 8 drachms. Sweet Spirits Niter i ounce. Laudanum i " Mix and give in i pint of water as a drench. Apply a Mustard plaster well rubbed in on the under part of the belly, and clothe body well according to the season of the year. Follow drench with the following: Fluid Extract of Belladonna I ounce. Iodide of Potash i ounce. Saltpeter 2 ounces. Water to make i pint. Dose: 2 ounces in ^ pint of water three or four times a day. After using for two days withhold for two days and then give again if necessary. Give a teaspoonful of Saltpeter three times each day the prescription is with- held. IHSEASES OF THE HORSE 131 Feed very sparingly on light feed, and keep bowels active by use of oil. Exercise as soon as acute symptoms are over. YELLOWS— JAUNDICE— ICTERUS.— This is caused by the absorption of the bile into the blood. It is one of the most common diseases of the liver. Causes. — From inflammation of the liver; from gall stones stopping passage leading from liver to the bowels. Sympioms. — Lining membrane of mouth, nose and eyes are yellowish instead of pale pink; urine is saffron-colored; dung is a dirty gray color, and constipation generally present. In white or light-colored horses the yellow color shows in the skin; also symptoms of indigestion. Treatmknt. — In springtime turn out to grass, and that will usually effect a cure. If this is not feasible, or not in season, give Calomel 2 drachms, and Aloes 7 drachms, as a drench, or in the form of a ball. Then follow this treatment with the mixttire as recom- mended for "Inflammation of the I^iver;" also give a teaspoon- ful of Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica three times a day. Glauber Salts, in handful doses, once or twice a day for a week is said to be an effective remedy for jaundice. Keep the bowels open with soft foods and pint doses of raw I^inseed Oil. OTHER LIVER DISORDERS.— While there are other than these three disorders affecting the liver, the symptoms are so similar that diagnosis is more or less uncertain, and the treat- ment for all is practically the same as for the three already given. All liver disorders need to be followed for some time with the digestive tonics. DISEASE OF THE SPLEEN.— While the spleen is sometimes diseased, the symptoms are so obscure and so like those of other disorders that it is impossible to diagnose the troubles with any degree of certainty. Occasionally, upon postmortem, we find the organ greatly enlarged and otherwise affected; but aside from this, scientific knowledge is too meager to attempt any popular discussion. 132 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS The urinary organs of the horse are not nearly as often affected with disease as most people think. The remark, "The water- works are wrong," is nearly always wrong; and yet the organs are sometimes diseased, the following disorders being the most common: ACUTE INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS- NEPHRITIS.— Causes. — Exposure to cold, or cold rain storms; lying on the ground when cold and damp; giving large quantities of medicines that act on the kidneys; from carrying too great weight on the back; from violent efforts in racing; or very severe strains of the back. Not a common disorder. Symptoms. — More or less fever, pulse accelerated, temperature elevated; manifest stiffness of the back; straddling gait with the hind legs; diiSculty in lying down and rising, or walking in a circle, the animal sometimes groans in the effort; arching of loins and tucking up of flanks; looking back at the abdomen, as in "Colic;" tenderness of loin when pinched, especially just beneath ihe bony processes six inches to one side the median line. Urin- ates frequently, but small quantity and of a high color, some- times mixed v^ith blood or even pus. I^ ounce. Water to make i pint. Give as one dose, and repeat four times a day for two or three days, if conditions require; alternate with this >^ ounce Tincture of Iron, in j^ pint of water. Hot blankets to the loins would be valuable in some cases. STRICTURE OF THE URETHRA.— This is a per- manent narrowing of the urethra at a given point. Causes. — Irritating ingredients in the urine; by strong injec- tions used in gleet; or by the healing of ulcers in neglected gleet. Symptoms. — The urine is passed in a very fine stream with straining, pain and groaning, and by frequent painful erections. Treatment. — Consists of mechanical dilitation, with catheters just large enough to pass with gentle force. Insert once a day, increasing the size as passage will admit them. The catheter should be kept perfectly clean and washed in a solution of Borax and water and well oiled before it is introduced. A teaspoonful of Fluid Extract of Belladonna in an ounce or two of water injecteu through the catheter into the urethra may help in dilating. To inject, see "Inflammation of Bladder." DISEASES OF THE HORSE 14) OBSTRUCTION OF URETHRA WITH A CAL- CULUS. — Occasionally the urethra is obstructed by a limy deposit which forms either in the urethra or in the bladder and then flows down into the urethra and obstructs it. Symptoms. — The symptoms will be the same as those for "Spasm of the Neck of the Bladder." The urine will be retained. Treatment. — Medicinal treatment will fail; the catheter must be passed and the deposit pushed back into the bladder and then treated as described under "Calculi." If the obstruction cannot be dis- lodged with the catheter, it must be cut down into and removed. This would require a veterinarian. AZOTURIA. — The exact nature of this disease is not well understood, and while it is not a disease of the urinary organs, it is described in this connection, as these organs are affected by the disease to a greater or less extent. It always occurs with over- fed and under-exercised horses. Causes. — From allowing the horse to stand in the stable and feeding too well. Horses that are being liberally fed upon grain should be out for exercise at least every other day. If for any reason the horse cannot get out for exercise, cut down on the grain ration. Symptoms. — The disease always develops during exercise. The horse is taken out for work after a period of rest, with high feeding. He starts out feeling extra active and playful, but after going from a few rods to three or four miles, the driver notices something wrong; the horse slacks up, commences to sweat pro- fusely, breathes heavily, shows lameness or irregularity in action of hind Hmbs, seems stiff, the ankles throw forward, and back is apt to be arched; if not stopped, the weakness gets worse, the horse reels and goes down, and is unable to get up with the hind limbs; may rise up with the front limbs. The hind limbs are paralyzed. The muscles of the loins are swollen and hard. If he goes down, he shows great nervousness; if stopped before ht goes down, he braces himself, trembles, and continues to sweat 142 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR for some time; the urine, when passed, or if drawn, is of a dark, cofEee color, and apt to be thick. If down, he is unable to pass the urine. Treatment. — As soon as the first symptoms appear, stop the animal, unhitch and blanket warmly right where he is; do not try to get to a barn, unless the weather makes it absolutely necessary, in which case get to the nearest. If stopped at once, the attack will probably be light, but a little extra exercise may turn the scales. Frequently the driver goes a little further, to see what develops, and this often changes a mild, into a fatal case. Get a veterinarian to treat the case, if possible. If not, give the follow- ing: A teaspoonful of the Fluid Extract of Belladonna and ^ ounce of Bromide of Potash, in ^ pint of water, repeat in two or three hours, and afterwards repeat every four or five hours; also give i drachm doses of Iodide of Potash, in yi, pint of water, repeat four times the first day, afterwards three times a day for two days; also give twice a day, i ounce of Sweet Spirits of Niter. Aside from these, the horse should have a purgative; give I ounce of Aloes in form of a pill, or in a pint of thin Ein- seed gruel; ?^ pound of Epsom Salts can be substituted for the Aloes; if the bowels do not move freely in twenty-four hours, give a pint of Oil, and repeat every six or eight hours until they do. Aside from this internal treatment, apply hot blankets to the loins as in "Nephritis." If the animal is down, he must be kept bolstered up on his chest, and rolled over five or six times a day; if down, the urine must be drawn with a catheter, four or five times a day. (See Operations.) If for any reason it is not best to use hot blankets, hot bags of salt may be substituted. If horse is treated where attacked, after six to ten hours he can probably be very slowly worked to the nearest barn, where he should be kept three or four days. If he goes down on the street, remove to a barn on a large stone-boat. The disease can always be prevented by exercising, at least every other day, horses which are being liberally fed. Allow the animal to become thoroughly convalescent before exercising again, and begin by exercising gradually. DISSASKS OF THE HORSE 143 DISEASES OP THE GENITAL ORGANS OF THE HORSE INFLAMMATION OF THE TESTICLES— ORCH- ITIS. — ^When in vigorous health and on stimulating food, stallions are subject to congestion of the testicles, which become swollen, hot and tender, but without any active inflammation. The reduction of the grain in the feed, and by giving ^ pound of Epsom Salts, repeating in two or three days, also a teaspoonful of Saltpeter three times a day and bathing affected parts with hot water, or Alum water — Alum i ounce, water i pint — will usually restore him. From frequent copulation, heavy grain feeding, hot weather and lack of exercise, if not relieved, congestion may run into inflammation. Causes. — Besides as noted, this may arise from blows and penetrating wounds, implicating testicles; abrasions of the scro- tum by a chain or rope passing inside of thigh; from abrasion by rubbing against the inside of thighs in trotting stallions; from sympathetic disturbance in diseases of the kidneys, bladder, or urethra. Symptoms. — Apart from wounds of the parts, there is a swelling, heat, and tenderness of the testicles, straddling of the hind legs, alike in standing or walking; stiffness and dragging of the hind limbs or limb on affected side, arching of loins, abdom- inal pain, as shown by looking back at flanks; more or less fever, rise of temperature, quicker pulse and breathing, lack of appetite and dullness. Generally symptoms abate about second or third day, and if it lasts longer abscesses are apt to form. Improve- ment may go on slowly or malady subside into a subacute or chronic form. Treatment. — Give perfect rest and quiet, and administer a purgative of ^A to I pound of Epsom Salts or, instead, an ounce of Aloes. Apply an astringent lotion of: Acetate of Lead I ounce, Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... I " Water • •••• I quart, 144 THS PRA CTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR to the affected parts with soft rags or cotton wool, and keep in place with a bandage. Foment freely with hot water. When abscess threatens apply warm poultices of half I^inseed meal and half bran to favor formation of pus, and when ready the knife must be employed to give free escape of pus. The resulting cavity may be injected with a weak Carbolic lotion: CarbolicAcid 2 drachms. Water i pint. This will keep wound clean and favor healing. Also give internally the following. Fluid Extract of Belladonna i ounce. Fluid Extract of Aconite i drachm. Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed Y^ ouuce. Saltpeter 2 ounces. Water to make 1 pint. Shake. Dose: Two ounces four times a day. Feed very sparingly on laxative diet. DROPSY OF THE SCROTUM, OR BAG-HYDRO- CELE. — The scrotum is the bag or pouch that contains the testicles-. Causes. — This may be an accompaniment to dropsy of the belly, the cavity of which is continuous with that of the scrotum in the horse. It may result from local disease of the testicles, the spermatic cord, or the walls of the pouch. Symptoms. — There is enlargement of the scrotum, with a fluctuation under the fingers; the testicle will be recognized as floating in water. By pressure the liquid is forced in a slow stream, and with a perceptible thrill, into the abdomen. Some- times the cord or scrotum is thickened, and "pits" on pressure. Treatment. — Give a laxative in the form of one-half pound of Epsom Salts, or 6 drachms of Aloes. Also give the following: Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed 6 drachms. Saltpeter 2 ounces. Iodide of Potash l ounce. Water to make I pint. Dose; 2 ounces three times a day; give three days, withhold a day or two, and give again. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 145 If there is any inflammation of testicles or cord, give local treatment, as in previous disorder. Painting the scrotum with Tincture of Iodine once a day is also good. One-half ounce doses of Tincture of Iron given three times a day in Y^ pint of water, alternating with the previous mixture, will be helpful. If this line of treatment fails it will be necessary to draw off the water with a small trocar and canula, repeating if the scrotum fills up again, Feed nourishing but laxative diet. GONORRHEA OR GLEET.— Causes. — This is an inflammation of the urethra from irritat- ing substances in the urine; excessive work in the stud; mastur- bation; connection with a newly delivered mare; or with one that has an irritating discharge from the womb; injury to penis; or from stone or gravel. Mostly confined to stallions. Symptoms. — The urine will be passed in jets, with frequent interruptions and manifestations of pain; there is swelling and soreness of sheath; later, there will be more or less discharge of pus which will be seen around the head of the penis. There is tendency to erection of penis, and in cases contracted from the mare, the outer surface of organ will show more or less of sores and ulcers. Stallion, in such cases, will refuse to mount, or in case he does, will not complete act of coition. If entrance is effected, mares are liable to infection. Treatment. — Give in early stages 6 drachms of Aloes and apply cloths wrung out in hot water to sheath and penis. If infection is sus- pected, inject into the urethra, through the penis, twice daily, a solution made as follows: Boracic Acid i drachm. Fluid Extract of Belladonna i ounce. Water (tepid) i quart. Mix. Inject by passing catheter a little distance and injecting through it as in "Inflammation of the Bladder." Where a dis- charge shows later in the disease, inject: Nitrate of Silver 30 grains. Water i quart. 10 146 THK PRACTICAlv STOCK DOCTOR And the same may be applied to the surface of penis and inside of sheath. One drachm doses of Copaiba may be given once daily after the discharge has appeared. One ounce doses of Sweet Spirits of Niter morning and night may also be given. Stallions suffering from this disease should be withheld from service, as also should mares with leucorrhea. Feed a laxative diet and give regular exercise. PHIMOSIS, AND PARAPHIMOSIS.— These are swollen or otherwise diseased conditions of the penis. In the first, the penis is swollen and confined within the sheath, and in the sec- ond, the penis swollen or otherwise affected without the sheath, and cannot be drawn back. Causes. — From castration, or from injury by blows or kicks; from rough handling, or from too much service. Treatment. — When the penis is swollen and confined, bathe the sheath in cold water, enlarge, if necessary, the external portion of sheath so as to liberate the penis, and then bathe penis with cold water, and apply a lotion made of: SugarofLead % ounce. Water......... i pint. Mix, and apply to affected parts three times daily. When penis protrudes and is swollen outside of sheath, bathe with cold water and apply the I^ead lotion as in "Phimosis," and support the penis by a bandage passed around the loins. This should not be omitted, as weight of swollen organ is sufficient alone to keep up irritation and inflammation. As a last resort, the rim of the sheath may be slit up a little and penis manipu- lated and pushed back, treating wound with lotion as before. Paralysis of the penis wiU also cause it to hang from the sheath; in this case it is not swollen, but hangs in a flabby con- dition, otherwise looking normal. Treatment in this case is to give, internally, a teaspoonful Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica three or four times a day; give exercise; bathe penis with hot water. DISEASES OF T HE HORSE 147 Growths upon the penis may also prevent its being with- drawn. These would need to be treated according to their nature. If conditions cannot be overcome, the penis can be amputated. The operation would require a veterinarian. FOUL SHEATH.— As a general thing the sheath of a horse needs no cleaning. The glands ordinarily secrete a fluid to lubricate the parts in the proper amount, but at times there is a larger secretion, or a diseased secretion, and it accumulates as a gummy, black substance in the sheath, and irritates the parts, causing "Foul Sheath." Treatment. — Wash out carefully with a little soap and warm, soft water, being careful not to use any violence in drawing down the yard, and particularly be careful not to scratch parts with the finger nails, using a soft sponge or cloth. After cleaning, dry by prf>ss- ing gently with a dry cloth and apply melted vaseline. SWELLING OF THE SHEATH.— Causes. — This may arise from a bad condition of the blood; from disordered kidneys; from a foul sheath, following castration, and in disease of the kidneys. If sheath is foul, treat as pre- viously described. Give the horse a physic of 6 to 8 drachms of Aloes to clear the bowels, and when this has operated, give the following powders: Equal parts, by weight, of Saltpeter and Sulphur; mix thoroughly and give a tablespoonful three times daily in the feed. Give a little exercise each day and the swell- ing will soon go down. If after castration, treat as described under that operation. GROWTHS ON END OF PENIS.— These are of various kinds and ofttimes prove very troublesome and painful when animal is urinating. Causes.— Kro. varied. Sometimes from neglect in treating a slight injury, the sore will throw out a growth. At other times the growths are of ftmgoid nature. 148 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Treatment. — If not very large, wash off with warm water and soap, then touch the effected part with a stick of lunar caustic, which will burn it. When scab falls off, wash and burn again, repeating until growth is removed. Dress every day with a carbolic lotion. Bad cases require treatment by a veterinarian. WARTS AROUND THE SHEATH.— These are often seen on the sheath, and in some cases may be seized between the thumb and finger and twisted off. Or they may be removed by tying a cord around them tightly, which will stop circulation, and they will drop off. When it can be done this is probably the best manner of removal. Still another way of removing it is to cut them off with a knife or scissors, and touch the wound with a stick of lunar caustic. MASTURBATION.— This is a bad habit of abusing nature that some stallions get into. Causes. — From weakness in consequence of having too much work in the stud, or from superfluous passion attending want of work and being fed too highly. Treatment. If from the weakness from overwork, reduce work, and give the digestive tonics. Give walking exercise daily. If from lack of work, give a purgative of 6 to 8 drachms of Aloes, reduce the grain and increase exercise, and give a teaspoonful of Saltpeter two or three times a day. Sometimes the only remedy is a mechanical one — the fixing of a net under the penis in such a way as to prevent extension of the organ. It is well to use this in connection with the other treatment. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 149 DISEASES OF THE GENITAL ORGANS OF THE MARE INFLAMMATION OF THE OVARIES.— This disease, though rare, is occasionally met with in the mare. Causes. — It usually occurs at the time of heat, and passes away when that is over; it aggravates the passions excited at that time. Symptoms. — There is a slight fever, aiid soreness on pressure in the region of the loins. The periods of heat are irregular; at times almost continuous. Treatment. — Give a teaspoonful of Saltpeter and a teaspoonful of Fluid Extract of Belladonna in a bran mash three times a day for a few days. Feed laxative food. ENLARGEMENT OF THE OVAI^IES. — This is another disease that is met with in connection with the ovaries. Causes. — Results from inflammation sometimes obscure. Symptoms. — Mare is more or less irritable; falls off in con- dition; if put to horse does not get with foal; is more or less con- tinuously in season. Symptoms not diagnostic. Examination per rectum might reveal condition in some cases. Treatment. — If in good condition give her a physic— Aloes 8 drachms, in form of a pill or in thin gruel. Give a teaspoonful of Saltpeter three times a day for a week; withhold a week and give again. Dissolve an ounce of Iodide of Potash in a pint of water; give i ounce of the solution three times a day; give for a week, with- hold a week and give again; alternate with the Saltpeter. Where possible, an examination by a veterinarian would be advisable. ISO THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR WHITES— LEUCORRHEA.— This is a catarrh of the vagina, or the womb, or of both. Causes. — Originally, by a slight attack of inflammation, a dis- charge from the irritated surfaces is set up and soon becomes chronic. It often follows foaling, in which the parts have been torn or injured. It invariably follows retention of the afterbirth. Also found in old mares that are out of condition, and have ceased to breed. Symptoms. — There is a discharge of whitish, slimy substance from the vulva, of a disagreeable odor; in fact, when following retention of the afterbirth, it is purulent and very offensive. Animal loses flesh; the coat becomes rough, coarse and staring, and the milk dries up, or nearly so. Where the womb is involved, the discharge is thrown off after urination, or when pulling severely, oftentimes in large quantities. Treatmb;nt. — ■ Wash out the womb and vagina, using a soft, rubber tube with a funnel attached, through which pass warm water at a temperature of 1 15 degrees, until it comes away clear. To make sure the treatment reaches the womb, oil the hand and tube, introduce them into the vagina, and insert the tube through the mouth of the womb. Elevate the funnel and pour the water into it. Close the lips of the vulva by clasping them, thus filling the organs full, then let it flush out. After flushing out thoroughly with the water, pour in the following lotion: Sugarof Lead 3 drachms Warm water i quart. Use enough to fill organs full, holding the vulva to retain it a few minutes. Carbolic Acid, 2 teaspoonfuls to a quart of water, can be used part of the time in place of the I^ ounce. Fluid Extract of Belladonna yi " Alcohol 6 ounces. Saltpeter i>^ " Water to make i pint. Dose: 2 ounces, four times a day. If heart shows weakness, give i or 2 grains of Strychnine three or four times a day in addition to the above. If complica- tions ensue, treat as for that disease. After animal commences to recover, give tonics as for "Chronic Indigestion," and put to work gradually after thoroughly recovered. If eyes are badly inflamed, treat as for "Ophthalmia." If there is constipation, give one pint doses of raw I^inseed Oil daily, and injections per rectum. Three or 4-ounce doses of Epsom Salts may be used in place of the oil. S CALM A.— This is an infectious disease of the horse, attended with fever and complications of the bronchial tubes^ the windpipe, and the larynx, which are shown by the cough 202 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOC TOR attending. It is similar to "Whooping Cough" in man. It occurs often as a stable plague. It is rarely fatal, except from complication of pleurisy or excessive spasms of coughing. The period of incubation is six to seven days, but may develop in two or run on to ten days. Contagion may spread by actual contact, as standing in stall where a horse with disease has stood, or it may be taken in the air, several stalls distant. One attack is usually protective. Symptoms. — The disease is ushered in by fever, which reaches a high temperature, but not corresponding acceleration of breathing and pulse. With fever there is developed a diffuse bronchitis, which is sub-acute in character and course. The windpipe, larnyx, pharynx and even nasal passages may be involved. In two or three days, a grayish discharge occurs from the nostrils, which, in variable quantity, may last for from eight to fourteen days, or even twenty-one days. The cough is short, rough and painful, spasmodic in its occurrence and in character. The slight watery or slimy nasal discharge may become more profuse, purulent, or even "rusty," if the bronchitis has extended to the neighboring structure. Pulse and breathing, usually but little quickened, unless from complication or coughing. Tem- perature rises rapidly and attains sometimes loyj^, but not often. In two or three days after cough sets in, temperature usually drops. The hide is dry and rough, but horse looks "out of con- dition ' ' rather than sick; emaciation is rapid; mucous membranes are reddened; appetite diminishes, but animal chews constantly; eating or drinking cause frequent fits of coughing. Percussion on chest shows no changes, but mucus rales are heard, and at times tubular breathing. Throughout the course of the disease we have one constant symptom — neivous irritability. Horse flinches when touched on the loins, even at high fever tempera- tures, stands with head up from entrance of anyone in the stall; will bite and strike at first touch, rear, back, and sometimes break his halter. Course of disease is five to eight days, but cough may continue two or three weeks with variable temperature. In recovery the temperature drops, cough becomes less frequent, less spasmodic, and appetite returns. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 203 Treatment. — The treatment where there are a number of horses should be first, preventive. Infected animal should be removed and com- plete disinfection follow. The individual treatment should be simple. Put horse in large, clean stall, with fresh air without drafts, give frequent rubbings and blanket warmly, and tempting food to keep up appetite. Regulate the digestive tract with small doses of raw I surrounding parts. When the swellings run together, they form large patches of thickened skin. These may appear on any part of the body, most common on neck, shoulders and sides; the eye- lids may be closed; lips immovable, or nostrils so thickened that breathing is difficult, and snuffling; there may be constipation-, or diarrhea, or colicky pains. Eruption is sudden, the whole skin being covered in a few hours, and it may disappear as quickly, or persist for six to eight days. Treatment. — Clear the bowels by an 8-drachm dose of Barbadoes Aloes, or by ^/i poimd of Epsom Salts, and follow the operation with daily doses of % pint of raw Linseed Oil, and an ounce or two of Epsom Salts. Follow with the same treatment as for "Eczema." WARTS. — Warts are thickenings, or growths of the skin. They are mostly seen in young horses, about the lips, eyelids, cheeks, ears, beneath the belly, and on the sheath, but may appear anywhere. Treatment. — The smaller ones may be cut off with scissors and the raw spot cauterized with a little Eunar Caustic. The larger ones may be cut off with a sharp knife, or if with a narrow neck, they may be twisted off and the wound cauterized. Another way is tc strangle them by a cord tied around the neck, at least three turns being made around, and the ends fixed by passing them beneath the last preceding turn of cord, so that they can be tightened daily, as they slack by shrinking of the tissues. If neck is loo broad, they may be transfixed by a double-threaded needle and then tied in sections. Very broad warts that cannot be treated in this way, best be removed by applying a caustic. Strong Acetic Acid is as good as anything. Moisten the wart freely with the acid, which will kill the outer portion and after a few days the scab can be removed; apply the acid again and another layer is destroyed. In this manner the entire wart can eventually be removed. MELANOSIS — BLACK PIGMENT TUMORS. - These are common in gray or white horses, on the naturally black DISKASES OF THK HORSE 209 parts of the skin, at the roots of the tail, around the anus, vulva, udder, sheath, eyelids, and Ups. They may also form in the lungs, liver, and the muscular tissues, but these latter are not discoverable during life. They may appear as pea-Hke masses, or as multiple tumors, aggregating many potmds, especially around the tail. Causes . — Unknown . Symptoms. — Are the presence of black tumors that form under the skin but show through quite distinctly. Usually flat and irregularly round, varying greatly in size as above stated. Nasty disagreeable sores often form around them. They commence to appear as animal commences to get whiter; are made up of the coloring matter of the skin. Treatmbnt. — As long as they do not interfere with animal, the best way, perhaps, is to let them alone. Some, however, recommend to cut them out when they first make their appearance, as it can then be done with perfect safety. Monsell's Solution of Iron can be used to prevent bleeding. Sometimes they may be corded the same as directed to remove warts. If sores form, clean them out and dress with the Carbolic Acid lotion as for "Abscesses." Use Tincture of Iodine in the sores. Sometimes the tumors develop rapidly and render the animal of little value in the course of three or four years, and again they will grow very slowly, never caus- ing any serious inconvenience. MANGE. — This is a disease that is due to a class of insects called mites, of which there are three kinds that trouble the horse. One of them burrows in the deeper layers and cracks of the skin, while the others live on the surface under the scabs, where, of course, they are more easily got at than the former, and hence less difiicult to treat. Mange is contagious by actual contact. Symptoms. — There is incessant, intolerable, and increasing itching of some part of the skin— head, tail, back, etc.— the horse 2IO THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR inclining himself toward the hand that scratches him, and mov- ing his lips, as if himself scratching. The hairs may be broken and rubbed off, and some come out, but the part is never bald, as in ringworm. Scabs of any thickness may form, but the special features are the intense itching, and the discovery of the mites. In fields, posts, trees, and fences will show the industry in scratching of the horse that has the disease, and as the mites pos- sess considerable vitality, other horses, by contact, may contract the disease sometime after. To detect the mites, scrape off some of the scales and examine with a small magnifying glass. Treatment. — Remove scabs with soap-suds, using a brush if necessary. Then apply thoroughly a wash, made by boiling i ounce of tobacco, and i ounce of Sulphur, in i quart of water. This may be applied more than once, and should always be repeated after ten to twelve days, to destroy new brood that may have hatched in the interval. All harness, and stable utensils should be treated the same; blankets may be boiled, and the stalls treated with a whitewash of quicklime, containing li pound of Chloride of I,ime to the gallon. Solutions of various coal - tar products on the market are good, as Zenoleum, Kreso, etc. Use i part to 30 parts of water. The same applications as are used for "Scab" in sheep will be effectual with the horse. If animal is unthrifty, follow treat- ment with the digestive tonic. See "Chronic Indigestion." RING-WORM. — This is a fungus, vegetable, parasite, being especially common in young horses coming into training and work; in low-conditioned colts in winter and spring after confinement indoors, and during the shedding of the coat. Horses of lymphatic temperament are more subject to it than nervous ones. Causes. — Contagion is the direct cause usually, but it some- times seems to arise spontaneously from horses being poorly kept, and from filth. Symptoms. — There is a formation of a circular, scurvy patch,- where the fungus has established itself, the hairs of the affected DISKASES OF THK HORSE 211 spot being erect, bristly, twisted, broken, or split up and dropping off. I^ater the spot first affected becomes entirely bald, and a circular row of hairs around this are bristly, broken, and split. These in turn are shed and a new row outside passes through the same process, so that extension is made in a more or less circular form. The central bald spot, covered with a grayish scurf and surrounded by a circle of broken and split hairs, is characteristic. There is another kind of ring- worm called "favus, or honeycomb" ring- worm. It shows the same general appearance as the other, except that a scab forms in the center after the ring has receded. Treatment is the same. Treatment. — Clip off the hair around the affected part and paint with Tincture of Iodine twice a day for two weeks, or apply crude petroleum in the same way. Or, wash with soap and water and apply: Corrosive Sublimate 20 grains. Water i pint. Mix. Repeat once a day until cured. Clean and whitewash stalls, wash harness, and then apply a solution of Carbolic Acid. Brushes and horse clothing must also be thoroughly cleansed by Carbolic Acid solution, or by boiling. HIDE-BOUND.— This is not a disease of itself, but rather an effect of some derangement of the system that interferes with the general health and gives rise to a generally unthrifty condition. Causes. — Indigestion, which in turn maybe caused by any of the causes which produce it. Symptoms. — The skin is as tight on the body as a glove is on the hand, and the hair all stands the wrong way — a staring coat, as it is termed. Horse is usually thin; hair is dry, and skin is harsh and dirty. Treatment. — Give the digestive tonics as for ' ' Chronic Indigestion . ' ' Give better caie and feed. If from "Worms," treat accordingly. Give a run at grass if in season. Case may require prolonged treatment. 212 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR ITCHY SKIN— PRURIGO.-This is an itchy condition of the skin, all over the body or in patches, that sometimes, almost makes a horse frantic. He rubs, scratches, and bites himself continually. Causes. — It is one form of surfeit, and is caused by a sur- feited, heated condition of the body that manifests itself in that way; an extreme sensitiveness of the nerves of the skin. Treatment. — Give the same treatment as for "Eczema," including 'the purgative and other internal treatment, and the washes. If the other lotion fails, prepare the following: Carbonate of Potasli 2 drachms. Cyanide of Potasli 2 grains. Water i quart. Mix. Apply once daily. Or, put an ounce of Fluid Extract of Belladonna or 2 ounces of I^audanum in a quart of water and wash the itchy parts. ITCHY TAIL.— This is an itchy condition of the tail at its origin or dock. Causes. — Filth, surfeit, worms in the rectum, or some other parasitic disease. Symptoms. — Horse continually rubs Ms tail against posts, fences, or anything that he can reach. Treatment. — Wash the tail well with soap and water once a day, and at each washing, saturate the hair with a strong solution of salt and water, or with cooking Soda and water. If that does not cure, give injections of salt and water, and apply the following lotion to the tail three times daily: Sugar of Lead i ounce. Water , i pint. Mix. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 213 If this does not cure, give a purgative of Aloes, or Salts, and apply: Tannic Acid yz ounce. Vinegar i ounce. Water i quart. Mix and apply three times daily. If worms are the cause, treat internally, as for "Worms," and also inject into the rectum: Sulphate of Iron i ounce. Water 2 quarts. Repeat once a day for a few days. If unthrifty, give digestive tonics, as in "Chronic Indiges- tion." LICE. — ^Two kinds of lice attack the horse, the skin-perfor- ating and blood-sucking kind, and the broad-headed kind with strong mandibles, that only bites the skin. Symptoms. — Poor condition ; itching ; loss of hair are the principal symptoms. Examination and the finding of the lice is the positive one. Treatment. — "Washing the horse with any of the Coal Tar products, as Zenoleum, Kreso, etc., using i part of the product to 50 parts of water, is effectual. Creolin lyOtion, made by mixing i ounce of Creolin with i quart of water, and used as a wash, is recommended; or sponge the horse with an infusion made by steeping for two hours I pound of tobacco in 6 gallons of water. Kerosene Emul- sion is also good. This is made by taking i quart of Kerosene Oil, I quart of soft water, and i pound of soap; dissolve the soap in the water and heat to boiling, remove from the stove and add the oil; mix violently by pumping with a force pump from one pail into another. When well mixed it will form a thick, milky- colored fluid with no particles of free oil. Then add 12 quarts more water, mix a little and it is ready for use. Bathe the horse with the mixture; also go over the harness and the stall. BOILS— FURUNCLES.— These may appear on any part of the skin, but are especially common on the lower part of the 214 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR limbs, and on the shoulders and back. When about the feet the latter name is applied. Causes. — May be constitutional; by irritation of the skin by parts of harness; or is attendant on unwholesome diet and over- work, with loss of general health and condition. May follow weakening diseases, such as strangles or distemper. When about the feet, filth acts as an exciting cause. Symptoms. — Boils difEer from simple pimples, which are indi- vidual elevations on the inflamed skin, in that they affect the deepest layers of the true skin, and even layers beneath, and in the death and sloughing out of the central part of the inflamed mass. Again, the depth of the hard, indurated swelling, and the formation of the core, which is bathed in pus and slowly sepa- rated from surrounding parts, serve to distinguish the boil from the pustule or pimple, from the farcy bud, and from the super- ficial abscess. Treatment. — The incision of very painful boils by a sharp knife or lancet in two directions, followed by a dressing with Y^ ounce of Car- bolic Acid in a pint of water, bound with cotton wool or lint, may cut them short. Or, apply warm poultices of lyinseed meal or wheat bran, and renew daily until the center of the boil softens, when it should be lanced and the core pressed out. Con- tinue poulticing for two or three days and dress with a Carbolic Acid solution. Remove the cause; if poor condition of the sys- tem, give tonics. If animal is in good condition, give purgative (an ounce of Aloes, or ^ pound of Epsom Salts) , and follow with smaller doses at intervals of two or three days. Also give a tea- spoonful of Saltpeter, and ^ teaspoonful of Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed, three times a day for a week or two; withhold a week and give again, if necessary; J^-ounce doses of Fowler's solution of Arsenic twice a day is excellent. 'til ^- '^ 1 1 i rv,' (V fO ^ to ^'' '--" 03 H ID a o > K z H M DISEASES OF THE HORSE 215 DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN— PHRENITIS —ENCEPHALITIS— MENINGITIS.— This is an infiamma- tion of the brain and its coverings. Causes. — Exposure to heat, injuries to the brain from concus- sion, and from fracture of the cranium, and sometimes as the sequel of other diseases. Symptoms. — These will vary at the outset, depending as to whether the brain itself or the coverings are more affected. If in coverings, there is a quick pulse, quick breathing, elevated tem- perature; visible mucous membranes are very red; delirium, horse sometimes being perfectly frantic, dangerous to be around. After a little the symptoms change and we get stupidity; horse places his head against the wall and pushes and braces himself against it, bruising his head more or less; he will eat occasionally, and then doze off into a fit of stupor with his mouth full and let the food drop; when aroused he will move around with an unsteady gait, put his head against the wall and then doze off again. The pulse is now slower than normal, and the breathing is heavy and slow. These symptoms may continue for several days and the animal gradually recovers, or he may die during the early symp- toms. Animals that do recover are likely to have recurrence of attack. Young horses are more likely to have the disease than older ones. TrbatmsnT. — It is dangerous in treating an animal during the delirious stage of this disease, and one must use care in going around him. If discovered at the first stage, and it is possible to give the ani- mal medicine, give a physic — i ounce of Aloes, or 5^ of a pound of Epsom Salts. Also, during the stage of excitement, give J^- ounce doses of Bromide of Potash in a little water; repeat every 2i6 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR two or three hours until quieter, and stop giving when he becomes stupid. Also give the following: Fluid Extract Aconite i% drachm. Fluid Extract Belladonna i ounce. Saltpeter 2 ounces. Water to make 1 pint. Dose: 2 ounces, given four times a day. After the stupor commences, change to the following: Fluid Extract of Colcliicum Seed...,. % ounce. Fluid Extract Digitalis % ounce. Fluid Extract of Belladonna % ounce. Alcohol 8 ounces. Saltpeter 2 " Water to make i pint Dose: 2 ounces, four times a day. In giving, be careful not to choke the animal; if very stupid give one-half the dose twice as often. Apply an ice poultice to the top of the head during the entire course of the disease. To make the poultice, pound up some ice fine, mix with a littla bran, put in a small bag and fasten on top of the head; cover with a light blanket and change as often as the ice melts. Give the horse all the water he wishes; and a light, laxative diet, if he wishes food. Keep in a roomy, cool, dark stall. If he gets down, help him up after he has been down a time. Continue treatment until thoroughly recovered. Guard against over- heating the animal after an attack of this disease. INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, AND THEIR COVERINGS — CEREBRO-SPINAL- MENINGITIS. — This may occur sporadically, but usually it occturs as an epidemic in a stable, city or farming district. Causes. — The cause is not well known, but it is supposed that bad sanitary surroundings and musty feed may act as a cause; and bacteria may at times play a part in causing the disease. Symptoms. — They vary according to parts most affected. There will be trembling noticed in different parts of the body; animal seems very dull and does not feed. As the disease goes on, there will be a peculiar jerking in the limbs, and then he will DISKASES OF THE HORSE .217 stagger, fall, and be unable to rise; the pulse will be quick and weak; the bowels usually costive, and the urine a dark brown color. At first he lies in a dull, stupid manner, breathing heavy, and sweats freely if it is very warm. After a time the dullness passes off and the horse becomes delirious. Will thrash about, keep the limbs going, especially the front ones, and pound the head in endeavoring to get up. If you offer him water to drink, he will try, but cannot, as there is paralysis of the gullet. These symptoms gradually grow worse until he dies. When one horse is affected with this disease, there are apt to be more, for the same cause which gave it to him will probably produce it in the others Treatment. — Give a cathartic of i ounce of Aloes; and give i to 2 drachms of Fluid Extract of Belladonna, alternated every three hours with 10 drops Fluid Extract of Aconite Root. Apply strong lini- ments or a Mustard paste to spine, neck, and throat. When the animal is unable to swallow, give one-half the dose on the tongue every hour. If animal can swallow during stage of excitement, give Yz ounce of Bromide of Potash every three or four hours. During early stage, while animal is Still able to swallow, give 2 ounces Sweet Spirits of Niter, three times a day. Apply an ice poultice to the head as in previous disorder. The disease is very apt to terminate fatally. As a preventive to the other horses, determine cause and remove it. CONCUSSION OF THE BRAIN.— Causes.— "thks is generally caused by the animal falling over backward and striking the back of his head, or perhaps falling forward and striking on his nose; by throwing the head up and striking against a beam, or by a blow on the head in some way. Symptoms. — There is giddiness, stupor, insensibility, or loss of power succeeding a severe blow on the cranium. Animal may rally soon, or not for hours, but when slight, soon recovers. If more severe, animal may be insensible and lay as in deep sleep; the pupils insensible to light, pulse fluttering or feeble, surface of body cold, muscles relaxed, and breathing scarcely perceptible. 2i8 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR After a variable interval, recovery takes place, which may be followed by paralysis of some parts of the body, often of a limb, the lips, ear, etc. Convalescence is usually tedious, and fre- quently impairment of some part remains. Treatment. — Dash cold water on the head and body to arouse heart action. Allow animal to inhale Ammonia vapor. Give frequent injections, by the rectum, of weak Ammonia water. Ginger tea, or Oil and Turpentine. In most cases these means will restore senses. In more severe cases apply Mustard plaster along the spine. When partly conscious give Whiskey in 3 or 4-ounce doses. Owing to severity of injury, or possible rupture of blood vessels, and effusion, inflammation of the brain may ensue, and, if so, must be treated accordingly. For this reason stimulants must not be given too freely, and must be stopped as soon as reaction is restored. As a preventive against inflammation, cold applica- tions can be made to the head for a few days; a physic in the form of ^/i pound of Epsom Salts may be given, and also a teaspoonful of Saltpeter three times a day. VERTIGO— CONGESTION OF THE BRAIN.— This is an accumulation of blood in the vessels of the brain. It may be either passive or active — active when there is an undue rush of blood to the head, or passive when the blood accumulates be- cause of some resistance to its return through the veins. Causes — Active congestion may be due to heart trouble, excessive exertion, influence of extreme heat, sudden and great <;xcitement, artificial stimulants, etc. Passive may be caused by mechanical obstruction to return of blood, such as a small or ill- fitting collar, tumors or abscesses pressing on the vein, or an organic heart trouble. Extremely fat animals are most subject to this disease. Sometimes induced by digestive disorders. Symptoms.— The animal stops suddenly, throws up his head, shivers all over, staggers, and may plunge, run a ways and fall, or may fall almost immediately. The eyes are staring, breath hurried and snoring, and nostrils dilated. He may stand with legs braced and not faU, and after a few minutes, shake himself DISEASKS OF THE HORSE 219 and go on as though nothing had occurred. Again, he may be giddy and weak for several days. If due to organic changes in the heart, or disease of the blood vessels of the brain, then the symptoms may be of slow development, and show drowsiness, dim or imperfect sight, difficulty of movement, loss of feeling and consciousness, stupor and death. Treatment. — If animal falls, loosen the collar if it is the cause, and then dash cold water on the head. The congestion will be relieved in a short time and consciousness will return. Endeavor to deter- mine cause and remove it, to prevent a recurrence. Some animals are subject to attacks, which cannot be prevented. If the animal is violent during the attacks he should be destroyed, as he is dangerous. If the attacks are infrequent and animal is not violent, he may be used with safety, but should be watched care- fully and stopped as soon as attack commences. APOPLEXY.— Apoplexy is often confounded with cerebral congestion, but true apoplexy always consists in rupture of blood vessels, with efEusion and formation of blood clot. Causes. — Two kinds of causes are involved in the production of apoplexy — the predisposing, and the exciting. Predisposing causes are those that cause a degeneration, or disease that weakens the blood vessels; the exciting ones are any that tend to induce cerebral congestion. Symptoms. — There is insensibility; the horse staggers and falls; he froths at the mouth; the muscles twitch; the breathing is stertorous and difficult. The heart's action is little disturbed at first, but becomes slower, then quicker and feebler, and after a little ceases. The extent of paralysis depends upon location within the brain, which is functionally deranged by the pressure of blood clot. Treatment. — Place the animal in a quiet, cool place, and avoid all stimu- lating food. Give, in his drinking water, or in the feed, i drachm of Iodide of Potash twice daily for a week. Cold 220 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR applications to the head, as in "Inflammation of the Brain," may be of value. Generally terminates fatally, or renders animal useless. PARALYSIS— PALSY.— Paralysis is a weakness or ces- sation of the power of motion and of feeling. There are two kinds — that in which both motion and feeling are affected, and the other in which only one or the other is lost or diminished. Paralysis may be general or partial. Causes. — They are varied. Acute affections of the brain and spinal cord may lead to paralysis. Injuries, tumors, and disease of the blood vessels of the brain, all have a tendency in that direction. Pressure upon, or the cutting in two of a nerve, causes a paralysis of the parts to which such a nerve is distributed. Apoplexy may be termed a general paralysis, and in non-fatal attacks is a frequent cause of the various forms of palsy. Symptoms. — If the paralysis is on one side only, the animal cannot walk straight, but goes roimd in a circle, and has not the proper use of that side. If in the hind quarters, the horse can raise himself forward, but is powerless in the hind parts. Prick him with a pin anywhere back of the injury and there is no sensation. If in the face and neck, the part will be twisted off toward the well side, and the diseased part will have no feel- ing. If general, and he cannot move at all, he soon dies. Treatment. — If horse can stand at all, put him in slings. Clip the hair close and apply a Spanish fly blister. See "To Blister," under "Ringbone." Apply the blister from the seat of the injury back to the croup. If it is paralysis of the face and neck, apply the blister at the base of the brain, over the poll. The applica- tion of Mustard pastes or strong liniments to the affected parts are recommended in place of the blister. Give internally, ij^ drachms of Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica, three times a day. If there is twitching of the muscles, reduce the dose. SUNSTROKE; HEAT EXHAUSTION.— This term is applied to affections occasioned not exclusively by exposure to the sun's rays, as the word signifies, but by the action of great DISEASES OF THE HORSE 221 heat combined generally with other causes, such as sultriness of the atmosphere and an unusual accumulation of electricity. Causes. — Exposure to direct rays of the sun; exhaustion pro- duced by long-continued heat and over- work; lack of proper care in watering, in allowing rest in shady places, and in proper feed, also contribute to the disease. Symptoms. — Sunstroke manifests itself suddenly. Animal stops, drops his head, begins to stagger, and soon falls uncon- scious. The breathing is stertorous or snoring, pulse slow and irregular, cold sweats break out in patches on surface of body, and horse often dies without recovering his senses again. In heat exhaustion, animal may become dull, and requires urging sometime before any marked symptoms; generally perspi- ration is checked, and then he becomes weak in gait, breath hurried or panting, eyes watery and bloodshot, nostrils dilated and highly reddened, assuming a dark purple color, pulse rapid and weak, the heart bounding, followed by unconsciousness and death. If recovery takes place, convalescence is slow. Trbatmbnt. — Shade the horse and roll him upon his chest and keep him there. Apply ice or very cold water to the head and along the spine, and give him a good stimulant — 2 ounces of Alcohol or 4 ounces of Whiskey in a J^ pint of water. Be cautious about choking; injection, by the rectum, of moderately strong Ginger tea, or weak Ammonia water, may be of benefit. Brisk friction of the limbs, and the appHcation of Spirits of Camphor is good. Repeat the stimulants in one-half hour, and after that every hour or two, if pulse has not grown stronger and slower. Sponge the body with cold water and then give brisk rubbing. For heat exhaustion give same treatment. In either case loosen all tight straps. Convalescence will take place slowly and the animal will need to be kept where it is cool for a number of days. If fat, give a 3^-pound dose of Epsom Salts; also a tea- spoonful of Saltpetre three times a day. If run down, give tonics, as for "Chronic Indigestion." Give tune for thorough recovery before putting to work again. 222 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR In hot weather, wet sponges or hght sun-shades on the head of the horse when at work, is a preventive. An animal that has suffered an attack is more liable to subsequent ones, when ex- posed to the necessary, exciting causes. EPILEPSY— FALLING FITS.— Causes. — Seldom due to any changes in the brain, although it may come from softening of that organ; violent derangement of the nervous system; constipation; worms; plethora; or it may arise from injuries about the head. Symptoms. — There are no premonitory symptoms. The animal suddenly staggers, the muscles become cramped, jaws spasmodically opened and closed; the tongue is lacerated by the teeth; he foams at the mouth and falls in a spasm. The urine passes away involuntarily, and breathing may be arrested. The paroxysm soon passes off, and horse gets on his feet in a few minutes after the return of consciousness. Not a common dis- ease with the horse. Treatment. — Dash cold water on the head during the paroxysm. After recovery, endeavor to find the cause and remove it; if from diges- tive disorders treat accordingly. In most cases a good purgative will not be out of place — i ounce of Aloes. If due to nervous derangement, give i drachm Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica and yi ounce Fowler' s Solution of Arsenic two or three times a day. Feed on an easily-digested, laxative diet. ELECTRIC SHOCK.— This may occur from a stroke of lightning, or from coming in contact with electric wires that have been broken. Electric railways and street lighting plants are now so common that it is not an uncommon occurrence for horses to be shocked. Symptoms. — In shocks which are not immediately fatal the animal is usually insensible, the respiration slow, feeble, and irregular, and pupils of the eyes dilated and not sensitive. The temperature is lowered. There may be a tendency to convulsions DISEASKS OF THE HORSE 223 or spasms. The predominating symptoms are the extreme depression of the action of the heart, and of the respiratory organs. Trbatmbnt — Sulphate of Atropia yi grain, or Strychnine i grain, in a very little water, should be given on the tongue, and repeated in an hour, and after that repeat once in two hours until the heart- beats are invigorated, the number and fullness of the respirations are increased, and consciousness returns. Stimulative injec- tions, by the rectum, may be useful in arousing the circulation; for this purpose Whiskey in doses of % pint in a pint of water, or Ammonia water in doses of 2 or 3 ounces in a pint of water, may be used. Inhalations of Ammonia fumes are also of value. Rub the legs. COMA — SLEEPY S TAGGERS— CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN.— Coma is not a disease, but merely a symptom of a variety of affections of the brain. We sometimes have a type of coma in horses that cannot be attributed to any special disease of the brain, unless it be a chronic inflam- mation of the organ. This condition is commonly called "Sleepy Staggers," or the animal is called a "dummy." Symptoms. — ' ' Sleepy Staggers ' ' is characterized by drowsi- ness, partial insensibility, sluggish and often staggering gait. Horse may drop his head in the manger and go to sleep with a clump of hay in his mouth, which is dropped when he wakens. Will stand for a long time with his legs in awkward positions. The bowels are more or less costive; the pulse is slow and soft; with no fever or pain. Animal may remain in this way for months without much change, or he may become gradually worse, until it is almost impossible to arouse him. Chronic cases are better in winter than in summer Treatmbnt.— There is no treatment for long-standing cases. The horse may as well be killed. In more recent cases give laxative foods; 224 THE PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR also I drachm Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica, three times a day, In addition give the following: Iodide of Potash i^ ounces. Water I pint. Dose: i ounce, morning and night. Give for a week, discontinue a week and then give again. Strong stimulating liniments maybe applied to the top of the head. CHOREA. — This disease is marked by involuntary contrac- tions of the voluntary muscles, especially of the hind limbs. Nervous horses are more subject to the trouble than sluggish ones. Causes. — Are not vs^ell known, but may be due to pressure upon a nerve; to some injury of the spinal cord, or to some change in the brain, or spinal cord. Symptoms. — The animal will seem to be all right after once started, but when first spoken to, the muscles of the hind limbs will tremble, there will be a jerking up of the limb, and then the animal will start and go off all right. Shows more in backing than in going ahead, also shows in stepping over in the stall, or in making a sudden turn when in motion. Resembles "String- Halt," except that the jerky action is not continuous. Treatment. — Treatment is not satisfactory. One drachm of Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica and V^. ounce of Fowler's Solution of Arsenic two or three times a day may be tried for a time. Iodide of Potash, as in the previous disease, may also be tried. Table- spoonful doses, twice a day, of a mixture of equal parts of Saltpeter and Sulphate of Iron may help. Unless the treatment benefits, the animal is apt to grow slowly worse. STRING-HALT.— This is an affection of the hind leg, and it is known from the peculiar way in which the hind leg or legs are raised from the ground — a quick, spasmodic jerk DISEASES OF THE HORSE 225 Causes. — There is not an entire agreement among veterinar- ians as to the nature of this afEection, but it is quite generally believed to be a purely nervous one. It is more often seen in highly nervous animals, and may be brought on by the applica- tion of severe blisters to the legs; or by clipping them and leav- ing the horse out in the cold. Castration has been noted as a cause, either from the irritation of the rope on the fetlock, or from the operation. May develop without assignable cause. Symptoms. — The leg is jerked toward the body at every step, sometimes so strongly as to strike the belly with the fetlock. It may be in one or in both legs. Sometimes it is so bad that the horse will stand and jerk up one foot and then the other, with no forward motion; but once started he will go along without hesi- tation. It is fatiguing and wearing, and horse seldom accumu- lates much flesh. Some horses show the trouble "only in cold weather, and then only for a time after first starting. Treatmbnt. — If taken at the very outset, treatment may be of benefit, but when well seated, no medicinal treatment has been found that affects a cure. Give the same treatment as is given in "Chorea." An extended run in the pasture is recommended for this afEec- tion. Sometimes the cutting of a tendon just below the hock will overcome the trouble; in other cases it will fail to have any benefit, or it may partially relieve. A veterinarian would be required for the operation LOCO DISEASE. — Loco is a disease attacking horses and other animals in the great plains of the west, and is caused by the eating of two weeds called "loco weeds," the botanical names of which are Astragalus MoUissimus and Oxytropis Lambertii, both belonging to the family of plants bearing pods. These plants attain a height of six to twelve inches; the leaves are compound, and leaves and stems covered with very fine, minute hairs, which give the plant a gray or silvery look. The Astrag- alus is found mostly in the southern part of the plains, and the Oxytropis predominates in the northern section. The word "Loco" is from the Spanish, meaning "crazy." 226 the; practicai, stock doctor Ivoco weeds remain somewhat green throughout the winter, and on account of their green appearance, when other food is scarce, animals usually begin to eat them in winter and spring, and though they do not seem palatable at first, yet after a time they acquire such a taste for them that they will leave other food to go in search for them. They will often stay by themselves where the weed is abundant, and may go days without water. They crop close to the ground, often getting a portion of the root. Symptoms. — Animal falls away rapidly in flesh, after getting a taste for the weed, and as the difiiculty advances, becomes so emaciated that in the last stages is unable to stand or move about, and unless otherwise destroyed, dies of starvation. In the early stages there is general sluggishness, difficult locomotion, stiff and stilted action of legs, with trembling of the voluntary muscles. If the animal lies down, and then tries to rise, several efforts are needed in order to succeed, and it may even turn a somersault in getting on its feet. Head trembles violently, and the beast may hold its mouth open for a time. Usually there is a peculiar, vacant look in the eyes. Will sometimes start at familiar objects, showing signs of fear, until nature of objects seems to dawn on the brain. Sometimes, though suffering for water, seems afraid to approach for fear of falling in. A straw, stick, or shadow across the path of a locoed horse, may cause him to shy, or jump high, in order to clear an imaginary obstacle. If allowed to stare at obstacle, it comprehends and will usually pass it freely. Locoed horses are subject to fits, or "crazy spells." These are apt to occur when at work on hot days. Becomes delirious, mry rear and plunge, often falling to the ground unconscious, the eyes rolling in their sockets, so as to show the whites. Fits do not usually last long. It is generally believed that though a horse is broken of the loco weed habit he is not of much value, as the fits are likely to stay with him. I/Ocoed cattle do not shed their hair good in the spring, and can be told by the patches of old liair that still cling in mid-sum- mer. As disease progresses the animal runs down and dropsical swellings appear on the head and legs, and other dependent parts. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 227 Treatment. — It was thought for a long time that loco was caused by poisonous ' properties in the plants, but chemical analysis has failed to find any such, and general symptoms indicate that ani- mals sufEer and die from starvation. The plant does not seem to contain enough nourishment, to sustain life. Animals that show a tendency to eat loco plants, should be shut away from all such, and be fed on nutritious and easily digested food. A good tonic powder in addition may be given them — the mixtures recom- mended for "Chronic Indigestion." Cattle and sheep should be fattened for the market, HYDROPHOBIA— RABIES— This is a specific disease caused by an organism; most frequently seen in dogs, but may be communicated to all animals, including man. The virus is in the saliva, and the bite is the most common mode of transmitting the disease, although the saliva getting into any wound will pro- duce it. The period of incubation varies in different animals. In the case of the horse it is from fifteen to ninety days. Symptoms. — The first manifestations may be increased excit- ability and viciousness; will strike, bite, or kick, at any object near him; often bites his own limbs and sides. Eyes are staring and bloodshot, ears alert to catch sounds, and head erect. Sometimes horse will bite himself in location where bitten, and this may be first symptom. The furious symptoms appear in paroxysms; at other times he may eat and drink, although swal- lowing may become painful toward the latter stages of disease, and may cause renewed paroxysms. Finally hind limbs become paralyzed, breathing difficult, and convulsions follow; then death. Treatment. — There is none that is of any avail. If suspected, shut the horse up, so he can do no harm, and when sure of the trouble, kill him. When a horse is known to have been bitten by a mad animal, cut away around the wotind with a sharp knife, and cauterize 228 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR the wound with Caustic Potash or I,unar Caustic; or, in the absence of these, use a red hot iron. Whatever is done must be done at once to be of use. The same preventive treatment as is used for man would probably be effectual. The expense, however, would perhaps render it impracticable in most cases. LOCK-JAW, OR TETANUS— This disease is charac- terized by spasms affecting the muscles of the face, neck, body, and limbs, and of all the muscles supplied by the cerebro-spinal- nerves. It is divided into two kinds — traumatic, when cause is evident; idiopathic, when not. Causes. — The disease is caused by a specific germ. The organism is found in certain soils, and gains entrance into the body, as a general thing, through a wound. Sometimes disease develops without a detectable wound; it is then supposed to enter through the digestive tract. Small punctured wounds, as nail pricks, are most favorable, and especially if about the feet. The germs will not produce disease except in absence of air. Symptoms. — The first symptoms noticed will be diflBculty in chewing and swallowing, and the protrusion of the haw over the eyeball; the nose is protruded; the neck straightened; the tail elevated and trembling; the legs straddle and are as stiff as the legs of a saw-horse; the hocks turn out and toes of hind feet tend to turn in; the belly is tucked up; nostrils dilated; ears erect and stiff; breathing is hurried; muscles hard; horse may sweat pro- fusely; the jaws are set and locked as disease advances. If head is raised, the haw is drawn completely over the eye; the tail is more elevated; he trembles all over, and if head is pushed a little farther up, he is likely to fall. Excitemant of any kind makes all the symptoms worse. He never lies down; cannot eat; drinks with great difficulty, and is in intense agony all the time. Death usually follows in from three to ten days. If he lives two weeks, may gradually recover. Treatment. — Treatment is of little avail, the majority of the cases termi- nating fatally. Place the animal away by himself, where it will DISEASES OF THE HORSE 229 be quiet, in a darkened stall. Do not let any one, except one person, go near him, and that one only three times a day. Keep thin gruel before him continually; he cannot eat, but he may sip a little of the gruel. If he will sip it, also give a little milk with eggs in it; give these fresh three times a day; also keep a pail of fresh water before him. In some cases the horse will be able to eat a little for some time after the disease appears; if so, give bran mash, scalded oats, and grass, if in season. The drugs used are those that quiet. One grain Atropine and 6 to 10 grains of Morphine, dissolved in a very little water, can be injected onto the tongue by placing a small syringe in between the front and back teeth. Repeat three times a day. Never try to give medicine from a bottle, or in any large amount. Or, in place of the foregoing: Fluid Extract of Bellaaonna 2 drachms, Bromide of Potash i ounce, Water yi. pint, May be injected into the rectum three times daily. It may be well . to alternate, using part of the time the Atropine and Morphine, and part of the time the Belladonna and Potash. Cannabis Indica, another quieting drug, can be used in 2-drachm doses, along with the Belladonna and Potash. If the animal has a wound, open it freely, so as to admit the air to the very bottom, and flush out freely with a strong solution of: Carbolic Acid T-Yz ounces. Water i quart. Inasmuch as punctured wounds, such as nail pricks, are fre- quently followed by this disease, they should always be kept well opened to the air while healing. If taken at the very start of the disease, large hypodermic injections of Antitoxic Serum may be of value. This is the serum, or watery portion of the blood, of an animal that has been rendered immune to the disease. This treatment would require a veterinarian. Sometimes the animal can be put in a sHng to advantage; at other times it excites and makes them worse. 230 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR DISEASES OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM WEED IN THE LEG— LYMPHANGITIS— WATER FARCY. — This is an inflammation of the lymphatic structures, usually affecting the hind legs, very seldom the fore legs. It is sometimes called "Monday morning sickness." Causes. — Horses of sluggish nature are predisposed to this affection. It usually attacks well-fed, lightly-exercised animals, and in such cases is due to the excess of nutritive elements in the blood. Sudden changes in the work or in the habits of the animal may bring it on. Horses that are well fed and worked hard, have it from standing in the barn over Sunday. Draft horses are more subject to it than road horses, and those with round, thick legs are predisposed to it. Symptoms.— IX. is usually ushered in by a chill, rise in tem- perature, and some uneasiness. In a short time this is followed by lameness in one leg and swelling on the inside of the thigh. Gradually this surrounds the limb and goes down to the feet. The leg is very tender to touch, especially on the inside, the horse throwing it away from the body. The horse sweats; breathing is quickened ; pulse hard, and quick, and temperature goes up to 104° to 106° F. Bowels become costive, urine scanty; symptoms usually increase for two days, then remain stationary for some time, then fever abates, the swelling recedes and becomes less painful. When once attacked with this disease, the animal is more apt to have it again, and the result of successive attacks is "Big Leg" or Elephantiasis. Quite often some of the lymphatic glands will suppurate and an abscess will form; this may take place anywhere from the body to the foot. Treatment. — Both local and internal. Locally, apply hot fomentations; wrap the leg from the foot to the body in a large woolen blanket, put a back-band and crupper on the horse and fasten blanket up to this. Keep the blanket as hot as the animal will stand, by pour- ing onto it, every fifteen to thirty minutes, hot water. Apply the DISEASES OF THE HORSE 231 fomentations for two or three hours at least twice a day; in bad cases, keep it up continuously during the day. Each time when the fomenting is discontinued, rub dry and apply the following liniment: Witch Hazel 2 ounces. Soap Liniment 3 " Laudanum 2 " Turpentine i ounce. Shake. Apply with liberal friction at least twice a day. If abscesses form, and not near a joint, open when they point and treat as "Abscesses;" if near a joint, poultice and let them break. Internally, give a purgative — i ounce of Aloes or \i pound of Epsom Salts — feeding sparingly on laxative food, bran mash, handful of lyinseed meal, little hay. Also give the following; Fluid Extract of Aconite 2^ drachms. Fluid Extract of Belladonna 2 ounces. Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed.... i ounce. Saltpeter 4 ounces. Water to make i quart. Shake. Dose: 2 ounces, four times a day. If temperature runs high and stays there, give: Acetanilid i drachm, Alcohol I ounce, Water yi pint. Once or twice a day, as occasion requires. As the disease has a great tendency to leave the leg enlarged, treatment should be begun early and continued vigorously. After having had one attack, the animal should receive special care to prevent a return. Feed rather light of a grain ration of bran, oats, and Linseed meal, (no corn), a few roots or potatoes; run at grass when in season. About every third or fourth week give a teaspoonf ul of Saltpeter two or three times a day for a week. One-half pound doses of Epsom Salts once m two or three weeks are also good. BIG LEG — ELEPHANTIASIS.— This is a thickened condition of the leg from repeated attacks of lymphangitis, or weed in the leg. When the disease becomes seated, a complete cure is not possible. 232 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Symptoms. — The leg is enlarged, sometimes all the way to the body, again only as far as the hock; the enlargement is some- times slight, then again, the leg will be two or three times its normal size. There is no lameness, but horse may carry leg a little stiff. Treatment. — If the condition has existed for any great length of time, treatment will do no good; if recent, feed on laxative diet, grass, if in season, if not, clover hay, bran, oats, I<.inseed meal. Give about 4 drachms of Aloes or ^ pound of Epsom Salts every third day, unless bowels become too loose; if so, not as often. Also give a teaspoonf ul of Saltpeter two or three times a day, skipping every other week. Exercise twice daily to remove all the swelling pos- sible, and when he comes in give liberal hand-rubbing, apply lini- ment as in "lyymphangitis," and then apply cold fomentations; wrap the leg with a blanket and keep it wet with cold water. SWELLING OF THE LIMBS— STOCKING.— The above are titles applied to a swelling of the leg, usually confined to the parts below the knees and hocks, although in bad cases it extends above these joints. Causes. — It is caused by sluggishness of the lymphatic glands and kidneys in performing their offices. Standing still is a com- mon cause; so much so that there is a great deal of it just from standing from night until morning. It is most common in badly drained and illy -ventilated stables: and in young horses more than in old ones. A horse which has stood in the stables during the winter months, and then is put to hard work at once, is apt to show it. After resting at night, his legs will be swollen the next morning. It is also often a symptom of some disease. Symptoms. — Swelling of the legs without any other sign of disease; the swelUng disappearing with exercise, but returning when standing any length of time. Treatment. — The same as for "Elephantiasis." _^ ,,*-^-- \j ^L -4 > ---^ •ii* ? 8 1 fe s: II s^ ; i. ■& |i .V ^■"^^.iOl^:s«S?$ >v =^ Aj 0^ <5 C^, to ■fe ^ > c o.s is~ "C ■S C^" <^' vj*" lo i^' DISEASES OF THE HORSE 233 DISEASES OF THE HEART, ARTERIES AND BLOOD= VESSELS INFLAMMATION OF THE ENDOCARDIUM- ENDOCARDITIS.— This is an inflammation of the serous membrane, lining the heart. It is not a common disease, and is one that is hard for the inexperienced to recognize. The disease may not be fatal in its early stages, but from incomplete recovery there is a permanent thickening of the valves, which is the begin- ning of valvular disease. Causes. — It is met with in general rheumatism, involving the serous membrane, in some of the specific fevers, in septic poison- ing and in influenza. Symptoms. — May be ushered in by a chill, with marked rise of temperature; pulse decreases in strength or becomes irregular, while heart beats more or less tumultuously. In early stages, soft, blowing sounds may be heard by placing ear over heart on left side, which correspond in number and rythm to heart's action. Excessive pain is manifested when animal is compelled to trot; often difiEculty in breathing is developed early in attack. When valves are involved, visible mucous membranes become either pale or very dark colored, and horse may faint if head is suddenly elevated. There may be marked lameness of the left shoulder, and if horse is turned to the left, he may groan with pain and the heart become violently excited, though pressure will not produce pai», unless roughly applied. There is no appe- tite, and animal does not drink much. Surface of body and extremities are cold, and frequently body is in a subdued tremor. There is usually suppression of urine. Symptoms may continue for from three to seven days without marked changes. If he shows signs of improvement, they will be slow and steady until tie seems all right, but when taken out and urged, the breathing may become like that in heaves, and all symptoms return in a modified form. 234 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Treatment. — In some respects disease of the heart is the most difficult of all conditions to treat. When any organ is inflamed, the treat- ment generally is to let that organ rest and stimulate others to do its work as far as possible; this cannot be done with the heart, and so perfect quiet is necessary, that in this way the heart may be relieved. Give clean, well ventilated stable and clothe warmly. If the animal shows any desire to eat, give grass, if in season, or bran, scalded oats, I^inseed meal, and a little hay. Internally, give the following: Fluid Extract of Belladonna l ounce. Fluid Extract Digitalis yi " Fluid Extract of Cdlchicum Seed }4 " Saltpeter 2 ounces. Water to make I pint. Shake. Dose: Two ounces, three or four times a day. In early stages, if heart beats rapidly and irregularly, give ID to 15 drops Fluid Extract of Aconite, four or five times a day. Later, if heart gets weak, give i grain of Strychnine, in a little water, three or four times a day. If animal improves, give one ounce of the following, three times a day: Iodide of Potash I ounce. Water i pint. Also give the Gentian and Nux Vomica mixture as for ' ' Chronic Indigestion . ' ' If there is any reason to believe that rheumatism is the cause, give 2-drachm doses of Salol, three times a day. INFLAMMATION OF THE SAC SURROUNDING THE HEART— PERICARDITIS.— The sac surrounding the heart is called the pericardium. Causes. — May be caused by cold or damp Stabling, exposure and fatigue, from wounds caused by broken ribs, etc. Generally it is associated with an attack of influenza, rheumatism, pleuritis, etc. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 235 Symptoms. — Usually there are chills, with pain in moving; a short, painful cough; rapid, short breathing; high temperature, and a rapid, hard pulse. The fever and pulse are highest in the evening and lowest in the morning. In early stages the pulse-beat is regular; later, when there is much effusion in the sac, the heart-beat becomes muffled, and may be of a redoubled, or rebounding, character. In the early stage, when the ear is placed at left side of chest, behind the elbow, a rasping sound is heard, corresponding to frequency of heart-beat. This is called "to and fro friction sound." Between the second and fourth days this sound may disappear on account of distension of the sac, by liquid exuded. When effusion partly fills the pericardium percussion will show an increased dullness over heart region, and the heart-beats become less marked than in health, and sometimes a splashing, or flapping, sound is heard. If effusion becomes absorbed, the "to and fro" sound usually recurs for a short time; this friction may often be felt with the hand on the side of chest. When the disease is associated with rheumatism, or influenza, some symptoms may be obscure, but careful examina- tion will reveal enough to diagnose the disease. Disease is usually fatal, especially when compHcated with other disorders. Treatment. — The treatment for this disease is quite like that for "Pleu- risy" — the arresting of the inflammation and the absorbing of the serous effusion. Give well-ventilated stall, clothe warmly, and feed laxative diet. Internally give the following: Fluid Extract of Aconite I^ drachms. Fluid Extract of Digitalis yi, ounce. Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed.... J4 " Fluid Extract of Belladonna .... i ounce. Saltpeter • 2 ounces. Water to make i pint. Shake. Dose: Two ounces, four times a day. After three or four days, drop out the Aconite. Give 2 or 3 ounces of I^iquor Ammonia Acetatis three times a day. If heart 236 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR gets weak, give i grain Strychnine four times a day. If animal improves, give i -ounce doses three times a day of: Iodide of Potash i ounce. Water i pint Apply a Strong Mustard paste to the left side of the chest. During convalescence, give the tonics, as for "Chronic Indiges- tion." ENLARGEMENT OF THE HEART. — HYPER- TROPHY. — This disease is an enlargement of the substance of the heart, with or without cavity changes. It may occur in various forms. Causes. — Diseased valves of the heart; determination of blood to that organ; from a latent form of inflammation of muscular structure; or from long-continued increase of action de- pendent upon nervous disease. It may occur in connection with other chronic disorders. Symptoms. — In addition to the usual symptoms manifested in organic diseases of the heart, there is a powerful and heaving pulse at each beat, which is apparent on left side, and even on the right sometimes. These beats are regular, and when strong and full at the jaw, there is a tendency to active congestion of the capillary vessels, which frequently gives rise to local inflam- mation, active hemorrhage, and the like. In case of enlargement with dilatation, the impulse is not only powerful and heaving, but it is diffused over the whole heart surface, and the normal sounds are increased in intensity. Percussion reveals an enlarged area of dullness, while the impulse is usually much stronger than normal. Dropsy of the pericardium will give same wide space of dullness, but the impulse and sound are lessened. An animal with moderate degree of enlargement may live a number of years, and be capable of ordinary work; it depends on accompanying disease. As a rule the disease is incurable. Treatment. — If the cause can be discovered and be removed, it should be done. Iodide of Potash may be of use if continued for a suffi- cient length of time. Give it in i drachm doses once daily for DISEASES OF THE HORSE 237 a month or more. General tonics, freedom from excitement, avoidance of bulky food, and good ventilation are indicated. ATROPHY OF THE HEART— WASTING OR SHRINKING. — This is a shrinking away of the heart sub- stance. The walls become soft and flabby, and fail to perform the work in a healthy manner. Symptoms. — Pulse is weak and irregular, often missing two or three beats at a time. There is emaciation, languor, and pallor of visible mucous membranes. Death is likely to occur at anj? time from formation of blood clot. Treatment. — Give good food and i drachm Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica three or four times a day. After two weeks, give the tonics as for "Chronic Indigestion." FATTY DEGENERATION OF THE HEART.— This may involve the whole organ, or be circumscribed to patches. When general, the substance is flabby or flaccid, and in extreme cases, collapses when emptied or cut. Causes. — It is associated with other morbid conditions of the heart, as obesity, dilatation, rupture, aneurism, etc. It may be connected with fatty diseases of other organs, as the liver, kid- neys, etc. It may be due to condition of blood in wasting dis- eases, or to poisoning with arsenic and phosphorus. Symptoms. — The most prominent symptoms are feeble action of the heart, a remarkably slow pulse, general debility, and attacks of vertigo. It may exist for a long time, but is apt to terminate in death on the occurrence of other diseases, surgical operations, etc. It may involve a liability to sudden death from rupture of the ventricular walls. Treatment. — Is of little use; counteract weakness, as in previous disorder; give regular exercise. 238 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR PALPITATION OF THE HEART.— This is an excited spasmodic beating of the heart, and by some is termed "thumps," which term, in this book, is applied to a spasmodic action of the diaphragm. Causes. — It may be due to indigestion, to fright, increased nervousness, sudden excitement, over-exertion in speeding, or pulhng, or may follow weakening diseases. It is more likely to occur in hot weather. Most common cause is hard work when not accustomed to it. Symptoms. — The heart may act with such violence that each beat may jar the whole body of the horse; very, frequently it may be heard at a short distance away. The pulse will be rapid and tumultuous. The countenance has an anxious look, and usually the horse is bathed in perspiration. The nostrils are dilated, and breathing rapid. Treatment. — Stop and give the animal rest, blanket warmly and give stimulants: Two ounces of Alcohol, or 4 ounces of Whiskey, in a little water; repeat in half an hour, and again in one and one-half hours. Also give 12 drops of Fluid Extract of Aconite, and I drachm of Fluid Extract of Belladonna; repeat in an hour. After the acute symptoms have passed, give Fluid Extract of Digitalis, % drachm, three times a day for a few days, and the tonics as for "Chronic Indigestion." Condition for work care- fully. TUMOR (ANEURISM) OF AN ARTERY.— This is a diseased condition of the walls of an artery, in which the walls become enlarged, forming a tumor. Symptoms. — If the aneurism is in a superficial artery, it appears as a tumor in the course of the artery, and pulsating with it. It is round, soft, and compressible, yielding to pressure. The beating in unison with the heart is the characteristic symptom. Aneurism occurs in the abdominal and chest cavities, and creates obstruction and disturbance, but no characteristics can be given that would be of any use. They may rupture, causing sudden death. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 239 Treatment. — Nothing can be done by way of treatment, except if super- ficial, and located where it is possible, a gentle compress can be applied. RUPTURE OF AN ARTERY.— The inflammation of the wall is the primary cause of rupture in most cases. It will cause death when it involves a large vessel, especially if it is situated in one of the large cavities, permitting an excessive escape of blood. It may arise from mechanical violence, or as a result of accideni. Symptoms, — In fatal rupture with profuse bleeding, animal becomes weak, the visible membranes become blanched, breathing hurried or gasping, pupils dilated, staggering in gait, swooning, and death. When limited, the S5Tnptoms may not be noticeable. When near the surface of the body a tumor or swelling will form. As a secondary result of rupture of this kind, there may be formation of an abscess. Treatment. — When the ruptture of a deep-seated artery is suspected, give Fluid Extract of Ergot in i -ounce doses to produce contraction of the blood vessels. Tannin in 2-drachm doses, or Tincture of Iron in i -ounce doses are also useful. The animal should be allowed to have as much water as he desires. Afterward give stimulants and nourishing food. INFLAMMATION OF A VEIN— PHLEBITIS.— Inflammation may be simple, or diffuse. If the first, it is confined to a limited portion; if diffuse, it involves the vein for a long distance. Causes. — Contusions, or direct injuries; an extension of inflam- mation from the surrounding tissue, as in abscess, tumor, or malignant growth. It may be due to the presence of infective material, gangrenous matter, etc. When blood-letting from the jugular vein was practiced, a case of dangerous phlebitis was not unusual, being brought about by using rusty, or dirty instruments, or from improper care afterward. Not so common since bleeding has become a thing of the past. 240 THE P RACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Symptoms. — The vein swells, gets hot, sore, red, and painful; the inflammation spreads to surrounding parts, and much swelling is a result. A diffused swelling, with great tenderness, may- extend along the vein, and the animal will manifest all the symptoms as in an acute fever. The effect of this is quite often the obliteration of the vein, which becomes hard, filled, and ceases its function. In the case of the jugular vein this condition is serious, since the horse cannot graze, owing to the blood that is forced to remain in the vessels of the head and neck, causing congestion of those parts, they being in a pendant position Treatment. — Foment the part affected with cloths and hot water three times daily, and manipulate the vein to get obstruction to move on, if it will. If nothing, results, apply a smart blister along the course of the inflamed vessel, early opening any abscesses that may form. Give the horse complete rest, and feed bran mashes to keep the bowels free. If fever runs high, give ^ -ounce doses of Nitrate of Potash in drinking water three times daily, which may be changed in two or three days for i -drachm doses of Iodide of Potash twice daily. GENERAL DISEASES OF THE BLOOD BAD BLOOD. — This is an impure condition of the blood. Causes. — From heavy work and feeding highly nutritious food; or from exposure with very poor food — as for example, the run of the straw-stack. Symptmns. — In the latter case, the animal is weak and does not thrive, becoming hide-bound. The coat is rough, dry, ana scurfy. If the animal is warmed up, pimples are apt to form over the body; when horse stands in the stable over night, his legs swell; and if exposed to the weather, scratches ensue; ani- mal is dull and unfit for work. Feeding does not bring him up. DI SEASES OF THE HORSE 241 If from high feeding, animal may be in good condition, but the eruption of the skin and the swelling of the limbs indicate the disease. Treatment. — If in good condition give a purgative — an ounce of Aloes, or 5^ pound of Epsom Salts; if in poor condition, give raw lyinseed Oil, I quart, and repeat in two or three days; give a laxative diet and a teaspoonful of Saltpeter three times a day for a week, after which use the two mixtures as for "Chronic Indigestion." A teaspoonful of Sulphur once or twice a day is also good. If in the spring, give a run at grass. If he has to be kept in, give regular exercise. May have to continue treatment for some time. PURPURA HEMORRHAGICA.— Causes. — This disease usually occurs as a sequel to debilitat- ing diseases, such as strangles or distemper, influenza and other weakening ailments. It may arise from badlj' ventilated stables, and among poorly fed horses. Exposure to storms when in a run-down condition may also bring on an attack of the disease. It is apparently due to a deterioration of the blood, weakness of the capillary vessels, and general debility of exhaustion of the nervous system. Certain micro-organisms may play a part in its production. Sometimes develops as an independent disorder, with animal in good condition. Symptoms. — The disease generally comes on rather suddenly, and is shown by swellings on various parts of the body, on the head, or lips, limbs, abdomen, etc. They pit on pressure, and are but slightly painful to touch. Swellings are characterized by sudden termination and stop abruptly ; is not so noticeable below hocks and knees, as above ; also seen about head and on underside of abdomen. The mucous lining of the nose and mouth is covered with dark red or purple spots, at first small, but soon run together and form quite large patches; a bloody serum flows from nose, the tongue may be swollen so as to prevent eating. In two or three days bloody serum will exude from the pores of the skin over swollen places; later abscesses may form. The fever is moderately high, the pulse is frequent, and weak, and 242 THE PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR becomes weaker as strength fails. A cough is usually present. Urine is scanty and high colored, and if bowels are much affected a bloody diarrhea may set in, with colic pains. Some of the internal organs may become implicated in the disease. A few cases run a mild course, and begin to improve in three or four days. In severe cases, septic poisoning is apt to occur, which soon causes death. The appetite may remain fairly good, especially in the milder cases. Treatmbnt. — The treatment is to nourish the animal well and give tonics to build up the system. Give nourishing, laxative food, good hay, bran, I^inseed meal, scalded oats. Place in a clean, well ventilated stall. Give the following medicines: Tincture of Iron .". i ounce. Quinine i drachm. Water i pint. Give as one dose ; repeat three or four times a day. Iron is a very important drug in this disorder. Also give the following, having an hour or so elapse between doses of this and the foregoing: Fluid Extract Nux Vomica 2 ounces. Fluid Extract Colchicum Seed i oimce. Fluid Extract Gentian 3 ounces. Fluid Extract Digitalis i ounce. Saltpeter 2 ounces. Water to make I pint. Dose; 1 ounce, in a little water, three or four times a day. If heart shows weakness, give an ounce of Alcohol in J^ pint of water three times a day. Two-ounce doses Hyposulphite of Soda, in J^ pint of water, three times a day, are good. If tem- perature should run high, give as one dose : Acetanilid. ..., i drachm. Alcohol I ounce. Water ^ pint. Once or twice a day. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 243 If swellings become bad about the head, so as to interfere with breathing or eating, foment with hot water and keep the head up higher than the body. If abscesses form, open them and treat as described under "Abscesses." After horse improves somewhat, change treatment and use tonics as for "Chronic Indigestion." A veterinarian can give the Serum treatment. RHEUMATISM.— Causes. — This is supposed to be caused by an accumulation in the blood of a peculiar acid, or of some natural acid in excess. Upon the slighest provocation in the way of exposure, or derangements of the stomach and bowels, it is apt to assume the acute form, and to cause intense pain and lameness. Symptoms. — There is lameness, usually of a peculiar kind, flying from one joint to another, and from one leg to another; sometimes the parts swell, and sometimes not; the joints most commonly affected are the fetlocks, shoulders, and hips. There is usually more or less fever, elevation of temperature, high pulse, and sometimes suppuration of the affected parts. Some- times it attacks the muscles, causing them to contract, and changing the shape of the part; the contraction produces pain, and the animal moves the affected member frequently, swinging it, or pawing; if in a joint, it causes severe lameness, if in muscles stiffness. Treatment. — Place the animal in a dry, well ventilated, but warm box stall, blanketed warmly; give a mild purgative — 6 drachms of Aloes, or ^ pound Epsom Salts — and afterwards keep bowels active by giving from ^ to i pint of raw Linseed Oil daily; feed laxative diet, roots, bran, and a little hay. Give the following: Fluid Extract of Belladonna 2 ounces. Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed 6 drachms. Liquor Ammonia Acetatis i pint. Saltpeter 3 ounces. Water to make I quart. Dose: 2 ounces, three or four times a day. 244 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR Also give as one dose: Salol 1 to 2 drachms. Alcohol 1^ ounce. Water ^ pint. Three or four times a day. If the temperature runs high, give: Acetanilid i drachm. Alcohol I ounce. Water Yx pint. Once a day. Apply dry heat to the afEected part, in the form of hot woolen blankets, hot salt bags, or hot water bottles; also bathe the part with some good liniment, perhaps the following: Witch Hazel 2 ounces. Soap Liniment ^ 3 " Laudanum 2 " Turpentine i ounce. Shake. If a joint is afEected and the lameness remains after the actlte symptoms subside, apply a blister. See "To Blister,'' tmder "Ring Bone." ABSCESSES.— An abscess is a gathering of t>«s an a sac from a morbid process in the glands, muscular tisstieSj W even in the bones. There are two kinds, which may be dassed as acute, and cold or chronic abscesses. Acute abscesses may arise from distemper; from bruises; from cuts healing with foreign matter in them; or from impurities in the blood. They are apt to form in any part which becomes highly inflamed. A good example are those in the glands after distemper. There is an increase in size, glands becoming firm, hot, hard and painful At first swelling is uniformly hard over entire surface, but it soon becomes soft (fluctuating) at some por- tion, mostly at the center. From this time on the abscess is said to be ' 'pointing' ' or ' 'coming to a head, ' ' which is shown by the small elevation, which at first is dry, but soon becomes moist from the serum transuded. The hair over this part loosens and falls off, and in a short time the abscess opens, contents escape, and cavity gradually fills up. When in the muscular tissue, DISEASES OF THE HORSE 245 abscesses are usually the result of bruises or injuries. In all cases where abscesses are forming, the ripening should be encour- aged with hot, soft poultices — Linseed meal is the best — until it points or comes to a head. Then open with a knife, unless in the region of a joint or a large blood vessel, when it is imperative to let the abscess open of itself. When open, press gently with fingers to remove the clots of thick pus and flush out freely, first with water, then with a Carbolic Acid lotion; Carbolic Acid li ounce, Water i pint, Using a bulb syringe. Probe the abscess with the finger, and if opening is too high to allow of good drainage, enlarge it or make another. Be very careful in probing abscesses about joints. It is a good plan to inject into old abscesses, after they have been cleaned out, 2 or 3 drachms of the Tincture of Iodine, press- ing on the walls after the injection so as to paint the whole interior; repeat daily for three or four days. Do not let the opening into the abscess close too quickly; enlarge it if it closes too rapidly — as it will unless large in the first place. If walls of abscess are thick and hard, poultice for a few days after opening. Repeat the flushing out of the abscess daily for three or four days, then once in two or three days until well. "Cold Abscess" is the term applied to those large, indolent swellings that are the result of a low or chronic form of inflam- mation, in the center of which is a small collection of pus. They are mostly met with at the base of the neck and in front of the shoulder joint, and are caused by the irritation of a loose or badly-fitting collar. The swelling is diffuse, slightly hotter than the surrounding parts, and not very painful to touch. This swel- ling subsides gradually, and leaves the hardened mass fairly well defined. One of the characteristics of cold abscesses is their tendency to remain in the same condition for a long time. If, however, the horse is put to work, the surrounding tissues assume a tumor-like condition, which, after a few days' rest, disappear, leaving about as before. Sometimes, by careful examination , what appears to be a fluid may be discovered deep-seated in the center of the mass. It may be but little, not more than a tablespoonful, 246 THS P RACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR and is not easily detected. In such a case the treatment consists in exploring the tumor with a small trocar and canula, or hollow needle, for the presence of pus. When found, make an incision into the tumor and let the pus escape. After this, induce active inflammation of the tumor to promote the solution of the thick walls of the abscess. Insert well into the incision oakum or cotton saturated with Turpentine or Tincture of Iodine, or pack incision with Sulphate of Zinc and leave in for twenty-four hours. These agents set up a destructive inflammation of the walls. Matter is generated, and this is to be encouraged by poulticing as in an acute abscess. Orifice must be kept open, and if disposed to heal, again introduce some of the agents as above. If after the abscess heals, there is still a little enlargement, apply once or twice a day, with liberal rubbing, the following Iodine Ointment: Iodine Crystals 2 drachms. Iodide of Potash i drachm. Biniodide of Mercury 20 grains. Vaseline 2 ounces. Mix. Follow the application of a little of the ointment with ten to fifteen minutes' rubbing with a rub cloth. If the part gets sore after a few applications, withhold for a time and then apply again. ERYSIPELAS. — Not very common, except in certain sec- tions. It is an inflammation of the skin. It may be superficial and only involve the upper layers of the skin, or deeper seated and involve the under layers. The superficial does not suppurate, but the deep seated usually does. It is believed to be contagious, and to be due to a bacterial poison. It sometimes rages as an epidemic. It usually follows wounds, injuries, and sores, but may come on an apparently healthy skin. Causes. — It is, as above stated, due to a germ, but the fol- lowing are favorable conditions for the development: Damp, hot, and oppressive weather, especially if horses are kept in low, unsanitary places. The suppression of a chronic discharge; feed- ing on rich, heating food, when horse has been accustomed to DISRASES OF THE HORSE 247 poor, scanty food; keeping animals with open sores near decom- posing animal tissues, are also favorable conditions. The common means of contagion is by using same sponge on erysipelatous and healthy sores, and by use of harness, clothing, etc. Symptoms. — There is usually fever, with pulse and tempera- ture raised; urine scanty and high colored; bowels usually con- stipated; loss of spirits and appetite. This may be followed in the course of twelve hours by a diffuse swelling that is hot, red, and painful; if on a white skin, it will be found shining, tense and deep red. It spreads rapidly, terminating at edges in a well marked line. Swelling does not pit on pressure, but returns when finger is taken away. It may attack a wound in any part of the body, but aside from that, is most common in head and legs. There is a peculiar odor, like burnt hair. Treatmbnt. — Place in a very clean, well ventilated stall. Internally, give laxatives, as a pint to a quart of Oil, or 3^ pound of Epsom Salts, and give laxative, but nourishing; food, — bran, scalded oats, roots, hay. Also give internally: Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed.... jounce. Fluid Extract of Digitalis 3 draclitns. Saltpeter 2 ounces. Alcohol 4 ounces. Water to make i pint. Dose: 2 ounces three or four times a day. Also give, alternating with the foregoing: Tincture of Iron J^ ounce. Quinine % drachm. Water Yz pint. Three times a day. If the temperature runs high, give: Acetanilid i drachm. Alcohol I ounce. Water % pint. Morning and night. Locally apply to the diseased parts astringent and antiseptic lotions. 248 THE PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR For an antiseptic : Carbolic acid yi ounce. Water i quart. Apply two or three times a day. For an astringent use: Acetate of Lead i ounce. Water i pint. Or: Sulphate of Iron 2 ounces. Water i pint. Apply two or three times a day. Keep the affected part covered with cloths wrung out of a solution of Hyposulphite of Soda. Hyposulphite of Soda 4 to 6 ounces. Water , i pint. If possible get a vete. inarian to give serum treatment, as used in human family. If abscesses form, open and treat as described under "Abscesses." DISEASES OF THE BONES CARIES, OR ULCERATION OF A BONE. — This may affect any bone in the body. The bones most frequently affected are the teeth, the lower jaw, bones of the neck, spines of the back, bones of the tail, in fact any bone sustaining an injury severe enough to cause a sloughing of the bone substance. Causes. — Wounds of any kind, affecting the bone, are liable to be followed by inflammation and ulceration. Symptoms. — A peculiar, offensive odor of the pus from the wound is the first indication that the bone is affected — an odor like decayed teeth. The discharge that comes directly from the bone is small, but enough to give the odor to the pus from the DISEASES OF THB KO RSB 249 wound. The surface of the bone is rough. The surrounding parts swell considerably, and become in time hard and calloused. The discharge, if applied to silver, will tarnish it. Treatmbnt. — Wash the part and make an opening on the under side, if possible, to allow the free escape of pus. Scrape the diseased surface of bone with a dull-edged instrument, to remove the dis- eased portion, and dress twice daily with the following lotion : Hydrocliloric Acid 2 drachms. Water ^ pint. Mix. Apply with a swab directly to diseased spot on the bone. This will stop progress of disease and promote healthy growth. Continue with this until all disease of the bone is gone; then change to the following to heal the flesh wound: Sulphate of Zinc 6 drachms. Sugar of Ii " Alcohol 5 ounces. Saltpe'.er 2 ounces. Water to make i pint. Dose: Two ounces, three or four times a day. Also give, as one dose, three or four times a day : Tincture of Iron Yt. ounce. Quinine yi drachm. Water Vi pint. Alternate these doses with the doses of the foregoing mixture. Ounce doses of Hyposulphite of Soda in Y^ pint of water, three times a daj , are also of value. If abscesses form in other parts of the body, open and treat accordingly. 266 THE PRACTICAL, STOCK DOCTOR DISEASES AND INJURIES OF THE HEAD, NECK, SHOULDERS, BODY AND HIPS, FRACTURE OF THE SKULL.— Causes. — The skull is sometimes fractured by blows, bruises, kicks, collisions in runaways, etc. Symptoms. — Beside the external marks of injury, there will be either stupor or delirium from the pressure on the brain, and more or less fever may follow. Later, accumulation of serum in the brain cavities, with delirium, convulsions and death. Treatment. — Get a veterinarian if possible, to raise, or trephine, and remove the portion of bone that is broken, and likely to cause pressure on the brain. Keep wound clean and treat as a simple wound. As a preventive against inflammation of the brain, give the follow- ing: Fluid Extract Aconite Root i drachm. Fluid Extract Belladonna i ounce. Saltpeter 2 ounces. Water I pint, Mix, and give 2 ounces, three times a day. Apply chopped ice and bran poultices to the head continu- ously for several days and nights. If he gets better, it will be in three or four days, but if fever rises and delirium increases, it will probably terminate fatally in from three to six days. (See "Inflammation of Brain.") POLL-EVIL. — Poll-evil is a fistulous sore, affecting the bones of the neck near the top of the head or poll. Not so com- mon as formerly, when stable ceilings were lower. Causes. — Chafing by a heavy halter or bridle; blows on the head from the butt of a whip; from horse striking his head against a low ceiling, a low doorway, or on the roof of a car while in transit. Rearing and falling backward may cause it. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 267 Symptoms. — There is first swelling and soreness, and the horse carries his head stiffly, for it hurts him to move that part of the neck. Suppuration sets in; the pus breaks out on the top like any abscess, but burrows down toward the bones at the same time, which, when the disease is long-standing, become diseased. There is a flow of pus, which runs down the sides of the neck; if from the muscle, it has a strong, disagreeable odor, but when bones are involved, the odor is still more offensive, as in "Caries." The pus burrows, forming channels, sometimes in a number of directions. Treatment. — If taken at the outset, the treatment is comparatively simple. Remove the cause, and bathe the parts well with hot water twice a day, and after each bathing apply the "White lyOtion," and keep the horse quiet, feeding him out of a high manger, to keep parts as quiet as possible. In case there is an abscess, but no channels yet formed, open it at lowest point, so as to let all matter escape, using treatment as for "Abscesses." When channels or sinuses are formed, they must be opened up, and a free dependent opening made for the pus. It is more difficult to do this in poll-evil, than in other cases; but the sinuses usually run down into the muscles of the neck more or less. Follow and open them up freely; then, there being free connection be- tween the top and bottom of the sinuses, wash out thoroughly, and inject with Carbolic lotion, repeating twice a day. Inject a little Tincture of Iodine into the channels once in two or three days. If the bones are affected, treat as for " Caries." In addition to local treatment, the horse should have a physic given at the first, and be given i teaspoonful powdered Saltpeter three times a day in his feed. INJURIES TO THE MUSCLES OF THE NECK.- Causes. —^rom pulling back on the halter, from getting cast in the stall, or in some cases from having been bitten by another horse. Symptoms.— t\i'ix^ is stiffness of the neck, and swelling and soreness of parts. In some cases the neck is carried to one side. 268 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Treatment. — Bathe the parts with hot water three times a day, and after wiping dry apply White lyOtion, continuing treatment until all soreness and swelling is gone. In case an abscess forms, treat as for "Abscesses." FRACTURES OF THE BONES OF THE NECK.— Causes. — From falling on the head in a runaway, or from stumbling; jumping a high fence and striking on the head might cause it, or it might happen in throwing an animal. Symptoms. — If fracture causes the bones to press on spinal cord, death may occur at once by the stopping of the action of the heart. If there is only a piece from one of the bones, there will be soreness in the part and the horse will carry his head to the side the fracture is on. Any attempt to straighten the neck gives a spasm of pain. Treatment. — Keep the horse as quiet as possible, and feed him out of a high manger. Bathe the part well with hot water three times a day, wipe dry and apply a strong liniment each time after bathing, and the bones after a time will unite. If it does not heal, an abscess will form; then open, remove the broken bone and treat as an abscess. FISTULOUS WITHERS.— This disease resembles poll- evil and takes its name from the location on the withers. Causes. — Are often caused by bad fitting collars and saddles; by direct injuries from blows; from the horse rolling upon rough or sharp stones, or a bite from another horse. Fistulous withers are mostly seen in horses that have thick necks, and those that are very high in the withers; or, among saddle horses, those that are very low on the withers, the saddle riding forward and bruis- ing the parts. Under these conditions, simple abscesses, if not treated in time, may become fistulae. The pus burrows and finds lodgment deep down between the muscles, and only escapes when sinus becomes surcharged, or during motion of parts, when mat- ter is squeezed out. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 269 Symptoms. — At first we may notice soreness or stiffness of the front legs, and upon examination of the withers, we find small, crooked lines — superficial lymphatics — running from the point of irritation downward and backward over the shoulder region. In a day or so there is swelling on one' or both sides of the dorsal vertebrae; hot, painful and rapidly growing. Pain may now grow less, stifEness disappear, but swelling increases. It fluctu- ates on pressure, and either opens up, or its contents thickens, dries up, leaving a tumor that gradually develops the characteris- tics of a fibroid tumor. When enlargement is open, the cavity should be examined, as on its condition depends the treatment. Treatment. — In earliest stages, when sore, but with no marked swelling, the trouble may be frequently cut short. Give both general and local treatment. Give a physic of i ounce of Aloes or ^ pound of Epsom Salts; also give i teaspoonful of powdered Saltpeter three times daily in the feed. lyocally foment the parts with hot or cold water for an hour at a time, three times daily, and apply "White I^otion," or liniment as for "lyymphangitis." When formation of pus is evident, hasten it by the use of poul- tices, and as soon as fluctuation can be plainly felt, open the abscess wall at its lowest point, so that the pus will escape as fast as formed. Probe, to be sure that there are no pockets or sinuses to hold pus, or the work will not be well done. Then keep orifice open and treat as for " Poll-Evil." If the abscess has existed for some time and has not opened, the walls thickened, pus also thick, then, after opening has been made, contents washed and squeezed out, the thickened walls must be sloughed out with caustics. A very good and safe method is to tie together a number of small balls of cotton batting, leaving the string on the last from four to six inches long; saturate these with Tincture of Iodine and pack the sinuses with them, leaving the string hanging out. After twenty-four hours, remove by pulling on the string; keep flushed out with Carbolic Acid lotion and repeat the Iodine treatment as occasion requires. There must be a dependent opening for each sinns. This is sometimes best made by opening the sinus ap fiteKy, and again by passing a seton needle aad tape itom the 2 70 the; practicai. stock doctor botto-jn of the sinus to the outside, leaving the tape in. Good judgment is needed in treating these cases; as no two are just alike, no fixed rules can be given. If the spines of the vertebrae become affected, we get symptoms of "Caries," and treatment will be needed as for that trouble. If the sinuses work down back of the shoulder blade, the treatment is still more difficult. Whenever possible, this trouble should be treated by a veterinarian, as so many varying conditions arise, that experience is needed to know how to meet them. SWEENY— SHOULDER SLIP.-Sweeny is wasting of the muscles of the shoulder blade, leaving the spine on the blade exposed the whole length, with deep hollows on each side. It is often imagined and treated for, when the cause of lameness is very remote. It is most common among young horses. Causes. — In plowing, when the plow strikes stones or roots, causing sudden jerks on the shoulder; by a blow from the wagon tongue when passing over obstructions, by falling and bruising shoulder; and by ill-fitting, especially large, collars, and uneven draft. Symptoms. — Injury will be followed by a slight swelling and soreness of the part, and afterward by the wasting away of the injured muscles. In some cases the horse is not very lame, but goes a little stiff. The wasting may be confined to the muscle in front of the spine, or to the one back of it, or both may be affect-ed. The pain comes in lifting the limb, and so the animal swings it; it is difiicult for the horse to step over obstacles. To test: hold a foot plank on edge and lead the horse over it. Compare both shoulders carefully by standing directly iff front of the horse, close to his head, and casting the eyes quickly from one side to the other. Care must be taken not to mistake a poorly muscled condition of the shoulder for sweeny Treatment. — If there is lameness, give rest. In early stage, if shoulder is swollen, apply cold fomentations, fasten a folded blanket over the part and keep it wet with cold water; follow this with the application of a good liniment. If wasting of the mtiscles, liberal DISEASES OF THE HORSE 271 hand-rubbing with a good Hniment is needed. It is well to use a small piece of stick or a corn-cob for rubbing. A very good liniment is the following: Soap Liniment 4 ounces. Turpentine 2 " Strong Aqua Ammonia 2 " Stake. The part needs to be kept just slightly irritated with the rubbing and liniment; if it gets too sore, withhold liniment for a few days. If this fails to restore the muscles, a Spanish Fly blister can be applied. See "To Blister," page 257. A seton is also used to restore the muscles; this is a piece of tape, ^ inch wide, introduced with a large needle just underneath the skin, entering at the top, and coming out at the bottom of the wasted portion. The tape should be left long enough to be worked up and down each day, and a piece of leather tied in each end, so it cannot work out. Eeave the seton in a month or six weeks. The effect of all these treat- ments is the same, differing only in degree — setting up inflamma- tion, which stimulates the restoration of the muscles. SCALDED, OR GALLED SHOULDERS.— Causes.— Wounds of this kind are quite common during spring plowing, or from ill-fitting collars at any time of the year. Collars too large or too small may be the cause. The horse, on account of being fed scantily, and perhaps doing little, is soft and sweats easily, and if collar and shoulders are not attended to, galls and abrasions result. Prevention. — See that the collar fits well; that the draft is distributed evenly over the whole surface; that the shoulder sur- face of the collar is kept clean; to keep clean, wipe off when first removed from the horse. When horses are at work, raise the collars at resting spells and let the air under them; keep the mane out from under collar, and remove the collar at noon for the shoulders to dry off. At night bathe shoulders with cold water, and afterward bathe with White Oak Bark tea, or White Lotion (page 263), to toughen the skin. Treatment. — If the bruise is severe, with considerable inflammation and .swelling, give rest and foment with cold water by fastening a 272 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR folded blanket over the part and keeping it wet with cold water, re-applying the water every half hour; also bathe well three times a day with White Lotion. (See "Treatment of Wounds.") Keep up treatment until swelling is'all gone, and then when put to work, place a pad on the collar either above or below the injured part, so as to remove the pressure from it for a few days. Drop the pressure back gradually, by removing the pad by layers. If the bruised part does not swell, but forms a raw sore instead, remove the pressure with the pad and use the White Lotion freely. The shoulders should be examined carefully each time the collar is removed and treatment began at first indication of irritation. At times, dusting onto the sores of the shoulder, a powder composed of equal parts of Sulphur, Oxide of Zinc and Sub- nitrate of Bismuth, or one composed of equal parts of Sulphur, Oxide of Zinc, and air slaked Lime, will cause them to dry up and heal nicely. BRUISES OF THE SHOULDER.-Horses' shoulders are quite subject to bruises in various ways. A swelling appears around the bruised part soon after the injury, and on examina- tion it is found to contain water or serum. Treatmen'i\ — At first foment with cold water, as in preceding trouble, and when the serum forms, open and treat as an abscess. See "Abscesses." SHOULDER JOINT LAMENESS.— Not very common, but sometimes occurs, and the seat of the trouble is usually where the large muscle of the shoulder passes down through the pulley- shaped part of the bone on the front of the shoulder joint, or the joint itself may be affected. Causes. — A severe strain of the part, which is often caused by the horse being cast in the stall; from going through deep snow; from falling; from the kick of another horse, or any severe blow; and sometimes from rheumatism settling in the joint. Symptoms. —When horse is walking he will swing the leg and carry the toe close to the ground; very difficult for him to step DISEASES OF THE HORSE 273 ova: obstacles (see ' 'Sweeny" ) . Gets worse with exercise: worse on soft ground; stumbles. In standing he will bring the foot well under him, resting on the toe, and allowing the knee to bend forward; this is to give the shouldei a rest. Horse will flinch from soreness if shoulder point is pinched. Trkatment.— In all cases of shoulder joint lameness, long rest is needed, and where there is heat, swelling and soreness to touch, apply either hot or cold fomentations by applying a heavy folded blanket to the part and keeping it wet with hot or cold water, re-applying the water every half hour. Apply for three or four hours each day, or continuously, and rub well with some good liniment. After the acute inflammation subsides, discontinue the fomen- tations and use the liniment, or the- blister, if necessary, as in ' 'Sweeny. ' ' Ix)ng and perfect rest is very important in connection with the treatment. SORE BACK AND SADDLE GALLS.— Causes. — From badly-fitting saddles, when used any length of time; from saddle sitting too far forward; from wearing a saddle when not accustomed to it. The back gets bruised, scalded with sweat, chafed with saddle, and skin rubs ofE in places, leaving raw sores. This applies to breast plate, or to harness saddle, as well as to riding saddle. Treatment. — Remove cause and treat as "Scalded, or Galled Shoulders." CHRONIC SORES ON BACK OR SHOULDERS.— Causes. — From neglecting sores on shoulders and on back. The sores show no tendency to heal and keep raw. Treatment. — Keep the horse from work. Cauterize the sores with Lunar Caustic, Tincture of Iodine, or Sulphate of Zinc; afterwards using remedies as in "Scalded, or Galled Shoulders." 274 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR SIT-FASTS ON BACK AND SHOULDERS.— These are large, calloused, tumor-like lumps on the back, as the result of saddle galls; or on the points of the shoulders, from collar galls. Cause. — By continuing the horse at work after the parts are galled, without removing pressure or giving proper treatment. Treatment.— If small, they can sometimes be removed by the long-con- tinued use of Iodine Ointment. See "Abscesses." If larger, will have to be removed by cutting out. If possible, get a veteri- narian for the operation. To remove, make a vertical incision through the skin over the center of the tumor, then dissect the skin from the tumor, and the tumor from the muscles underneath. After the tumor is removed cut a narrow strip from each edge of the cut in the skin, so that when it is sewed up the skin will lie close to the muscles; then sew up the cut in the skin nearly to the bottom, leaving opening for drainage. See " Treatment of Wounds." The next day inject into the wound a little Tincture of Iodine, and repeat the injection every three or four days, treating as for "Abscesses." If, after the wound heals, there is a little thickening left, use the Iodine Ointment. By clipping the hair from over the tumor, and rubbing the skin well with a ten per cent, solution of Cocaine, using about V^ ounce, and waiting about fifteen minutes, most of the pain of the operation can be prevented. See "I/Ocal Anaesthetics," page 347. The horse must be given a long rest, the part thoroughly healed, and care used when put to work again, or the trouble will return. CRAMPS OF THE MUSCLES OF THE NECK AND LOINS— CHORDES.— This disease is of a rheumatic nature, and is most common in spring, fall, and winter. Causes. — Exposure to cold and damp by sleeping out on the ground in wet, cold weather. Symptoms. — There is swelling of the muscles of the neck and loins, tenderness on pressure, neck twisted around to one ___^ DISEASES OF THE HORSE 275 side, and is stiff, so that the horse cannot eat from the ground. The animal under these conditions is stiff and sore all over. Treatment. — Apply cloths wrung out in hot water, and laid on the sore muscles. Keep horse in a warm, dry place, blanket warmly. Give the following: Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed ^ ounce. Saltpeter 2 ounces. Water to make i pint. Shake. Dose, 2 ounces in grain, three times a day. Feed on a laxative diet, with small dose of Oil, or Epsom Salts. SPRAIN OF THE BACK.- Causes. — By slips, or falls, or by having heavy objects fall on the animal's back. The ligaments, and sometimes the cover- ings to the spinal cord are involved, and though these are amenable to treatment, the recovery is often slow. Symptoms. — Sprain of the back is diagnosed by pressing the thumb and finger along the spine, and by throwing the weight suddenly on the tender spot, when pain will be evinced. If, while in action, the animal is made suddenly to halt, pain is shown by back arching, or bending sidewise, and, perhaps, legs thrown under the body, as though unable to perform their office in stopping. Treatment. — Clip off the hair along the spine and apply a Fly blister, made by mixing y^ ounce of Cantharides in 2 ounces of lard. Smear the blister once daily with lard or vaseline, and repeat the treatment, if necessary. Give a long rest and run in pasture. BROKEN BACK.— The back is sometimes broken by the fall of heavy objects, as snow or ice falling from roofs; from falls through traps or holes; or from being cast for an operation. Symptoms.— li the spinous processes only are broken, there will not be much change in outward appearance; but the snap- ping or cracking that is noticed in fractures will be present, and 276 THK PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR there will probably be some change in the straight outline of the back. If the back is broken so as to press upon the: spinal cord, it will cut off all sensation and power of motion from all parts back of fracture. Prick the tail or any part back of injury with a pin; if there is no sensation, the back is injured and spinal cord pressed upon. When there is only muscular strain, while there is inability to move the hind legs, there will be sensation and ability to move the tail when pricked with a pin. Treatment. — If spinous processes only are fractured, horse will get well. Put him into slings if he can stand when raised. If not, leave him on the floor, for he will be more comfortable unless he can bear most of his weight when raised. Apply cold water cloths to fracture, and bathe with a good liniment. After active inflam- mation has subsided, stop the cold water and just give the horse time, allowing nature to mend the fracture. If any of the broken pieces do not reunite and continue to act as irritants, an abscess will form, and when it is soft and nearly ready to break, open enough to admit finger and take out pieces. Treat after- wards as for "Abscesses." If back is absolutely broken, so that there is displacement, loss of power in hind parts, and sensation, the horse should be killed to save suffering. BROKEN RIBS.— Causes. — By falling, colliding with trees, or walls while run- ning away; from kicks from another horse, etc. Symptoms. — If with no displacement, there will be no exter- nal change in appearance, and a diagnosis must be based on rapid breathing, breath being cool; and effort to raise the flanks to avoid working the ribs in breathing, forming a crease along the sides of the belly; unwillingness to move; and upon the horse persistently standing. If displacement takes place there will be either a bulging in or out according to whether the ends are tipped in or out, but usually in, leaving a hollow over the break, and puncturing the pleura, in which case the symptoms will be aggravated; more evidences of pain and perhaps some bleeding at the nose, loss of DISEASES OF THE HORSE 277 appetite for a day or two, and more or less fever, according to amount of injury done to chest and contents. The injury to the pleura will cause localized pleurisy, which may become general, and if the lining itself is injured, inflammation of it may occur. Treatment. — Put horse in a box stall and foment the injury with hot water by holding a blanket against it with a surcingle. Watch the symptoms for pleurisy, and if symptoms of it appear, treat as for that disorder. See "Pleurisy." Should there be bleeding, treat as prescribed for under that head. Give perfect rest until horse is able and willing to take gentle exercise, which will be in four or five weeks. Two months should elapse before horse is put to work. Feed on easily digested laxative diet, bran, scalded oats, I^inseed meal, hay or grass, if in season. INJURIES TO THE MUSCLES OF THE BELLY— Causes. — Sometimes from something that turns up and catches the muscles, from the hook of a cow, or from the kick of another horse. Treatment. — If a lacerated wound, treat as directed in "Wounds" of that class. If a puncture, examine to see that there is nothing remaining in the wound, then treat as for that class of wounds. If severe enough to allow the bowels to come out, the case is serious. If out so that horse, has trampled on them, there is nothing to do but destroy the horse, but if not out much, and are not injured or blackened, throw and secure animal, wash bowels gently by pouring tepid water over them, and then a weak Carbolic solution (Carbolic Acid, ^ ounce; water, i quart), and push them back in place; then stitch up wound and bathe, afterward applying lotions as for wounds. If opening is large, a bandage should be put around the body to help support the stitches. Keep horse quiet and feed on soft feed till wound heals. With some animals a twist on the upper lip may control so that it will not be necessary to throw them. 278 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR STAKED. — This is not an uncommon occurrence among horses. Causes. — From jumping fences and getting caught on stakes, from running against stakes in the field, or from injury by implement handles. Treatment.; — Pull the stake out, if Still sticking in the wound, and examine carefully to see that there are no pieces of wood left in the wound. There is not usually much bleeding in such cases unless the stake happens to strike a large vessel, but should there be, and the vessel cannot be tied, plug the hole with cotton batting and leave it in for twenty- four hours. Then remove and treat as for punctured wounds. Keep horse quiet until wound begins to heal, and feed soft food to keep bowels free. HIPPED. — This is a term applied where the point of the hip bone is knocked down. Causes. — From running through a narrow doorway and striking the sides; from falling on the hard ground, or from any injury that will break off a piece of the hip bone. Treatment. — Make the horse as comfortable as possible, and apply hot fomentations by means of blankets wrung out of hot water, and then use the following liniment: Tincture Arnica 2 ounces. Tincture Opium 2 " Aqua Ammonia 2 " Water to make t pint. Mix and apply twice or thrice daily until the swelling and soreness is gone. In case the hip swells and festers around a piece of bone that will not reunite, open and remove it, treating the same as for an abscess. Animal will remain one-sided, and will in some cases go that way, but will be as useful for common work. FRACTURE OF THE ILIUM.— The ilium is sometimes fractured at its small part, just in front of the hip joint. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 279 Causes. — Slipping, falling, sudden turning, etc. Symptoms. — There will be great lameness, animal scarcely touching the foot to the ground, and if fracture of this bone is the cause, by examining, through the rectum, the side of the pelvic cavity, the broken condition can be recognized, especially if bones are displaced. Trbatment. — If active and high-strung, keep the horse on ,his feet for a day or two, by tying his head up; then place in slings. If this is done at first, the struggles of the animal will be apt to displace the bones. If the animal is quiet, put him in a sling at once. The bones cannot be got at to set; so all that can be done is to let nature do the work. Feed soft food to keep bowels in order, and give a long rest, two to six months, to allow union of bones. The muscles of the hip will waste away more or less, but will fill up again when the horse is able to exercise. If they do not fill in, give treatment as for ' ' Sweeny. ' ' In the uniting of the bone, more or less bony material will be thrown out, forming a bony tumor, and if the animal is a mare, before breeding her an examination should be had to see that it will not interfere with parturition. FALLING AWAY OF THE MUSCLES OF HIPS AFTER FOALING.— Causes.— "Zy mare throwing herself ; by striking against some- thing, and bruising the muscles. Symptoms. — The animal will be noticed as stiff and sore after foaling, and in a few days there will be a falling away of the in- jured parts. Treatment. — Let the mare run out and treat the wasted muscles as for " Sweeny," using liniment first, and if this is not sufiicient, apply a blister. SORE TAIL FROM THE CRUPPER. Causes.— ^xova reining horse too high, drawing crupper too tight, or from accumulation of filth on the crupper, etc. 28o THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR Tetjatment. — I^eave off crupper for a few days, and if not dean, see that it is cleaned and kept so. Slack the rein if from that cause. Treat wound as in "Scalded, or Galled Shoulders." FRACTURE OF BONES OF THE TAIL.— Causes. — Usually from rearing up and falling back on the haunches. Not common. Treatment. — Keep animal quiet, and if in fly season, cover animal =o that the tail will not be kept in motion. If swollen, apply cold fomen- tations and White Lotion (page 263) until swelling is gone. Bandage moderately tight and leave it on a few days at a time while the bones are uniting. Keep horse quiet until the bones unite. HIP- JOINT LAMENESS.— This is a sprain of the round ligament of the hip joint. Causes. — From stepping on a rolling stone that turns and throws the leg forward; from slipping on the ice; or from falling and striking on the hip. Symptoms. — Horse steps short on affected side, and in trot- ting, every time the leg is raised the hip is also raised; he gets worse with exercise. When made to stand around with the hind limbs, keeping the front nearly stationary, the same as he steps over in the stall, he will be found to be much lamer when step- ping towards the side of the lame leg. The muscles of the hip waste away soon after the lameness appears. Treatment. — If a long-standing case and the joint is diseased, it is prob- ably incurable, but if taken in time, animal may be cured by keeping him quiet and fomenting the lame part with hot or cold water, by placing a folded blanket over the part and keeping it wet; also use the liniment as in "Shoulder Joint Lameness." When soreness and swelling are out, blister (see "To Blister," page 257). Repeat blister in a month or six weeks if necessary. Put the horse in a sling if he does not lie down. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 281 SPRAIN OF THE MUSCLES OF THE HIP.— This is, perhaps, more common than hip-joint lameness. Causes. — By slipping while pulHng a heavy load; from slip- ping by being pulled up too suddenly; by falling; by getting up, etc. Symptoms. — There is swelling and soreness of the muscles; great difficulty in bringing the leg forward if those on the front of the leg are strained; dislikes very much to pull if those on the top and back of the hip are strained. When standing, horse does not always rest the leg, and only shows the lameness when in action. If one stands directly behind the animal, the swelling is more noticeable. Treatment. — Keep animal quiet; bathe well with hot water, three times daily, or apply hot blanket; after bathing, wipe dry and rub the parts well with the liniment found in "Shoulder Joint Eameness," follow with blistering, if necessary. (See "To Blister," page 257.) Give rest until thoroughly recovered. DISEASES OF THE FRONT AND HIND LEGS CAPPED ELBOW— SHOE-BOIL.— This is an enlarge- ment at the point of the elbow. Causes. — From laying the point of the elbow on the hard floor, or from lying down, so that the elbow-point rests on the shoe; or from wearing a heavy belly-band on the harness that rubs the elbow; or by bruising the elbow against the floor in springing to get up. Symptoms.— PiX. first a scurfy wrinkled appearance indicates the danger, and if cause is not removed, it goes on growing day by day, until a large tumor is developed. Sometimes a large, hot swelling may form in a few days, very sore to touch, which is not 282 THE PRACTICAI , STOCK DOCTOR usually the case with those of a slow growth. The enlargement is generally covered with hair, but sometimes it is raw, and has a proud-flesh-like growth, hence the name "shoe- boil." Treatment. — If caused by the shoe, have him shod with a short-heeled shoe, and for a time put a large pad on the leg, so that shoe can- not strike the part. When hot, sore, and of short duration, give the horse a laxative oi ij4 to 2 pints I^inseed oil; bathe the parts with hot water, or apply a poultice until liquid collects; as soon as this is detected, open at lowest point and treat as for "Ab- scess." Inject with Tincture of Iodine, and if any enlargement is left, use the Iodine Ointment. If no pus forms, continue fomenting until inflammation subsides, and then use the Iodine Ointment. If the tumor is solid, like those that occur on the shoulders, it is best to dissect them out. See discussion under ' 'Sit- Fasts on Back and Shoulders. " If a blood-vessel should be cut during the operation, pick it up and ligate. See "Treatment of Wounds." After the tumor is removed, treat as an abscess, using the Iodine Ointment to remove the thickening that is left. Sometimes, if the tumor is not too large where it joins the leg — not over two or three inches through — a string may be tied tight around it, over skin and all, close to the leg; this cuts ofE the circu- lation, and the tumor sloughs in from two to three weeks. Tighten the string occasionally. After the tumor sloughs, treat the raw spot as an ordinary sore and it soon closes in. This method causes extensive swelling, and pain. With any of the treatments, the horse must be kept standing until wound has healed. Nailing a two-inch plank, which is from eight inches to a foot wide, across the stall a little back of where the front feet stand, will act as a preventive against the return of the trouble ; in lying down, the under side of the chest strikes against the plank and raises the body a little, preventing the bruising of the elbows. FRACTURES.— Causes. — Fractures with horses may arise from numberless ways, but the principal causes, perhaps, are those of running THE SLING IN USB. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 283 away and falling, or colliding ; being kicked by other animals ; getting a limb through a hole in the stable floor, or through a bridge, etc. Fractures are divided into the following classes: Simple, when nothing else is broken but the bone; compound, when the ends of the bones pierce through the flesh and skin; complex, when the bone is shattered in many pieces, and one or more prick through; transverse, when the bone breaks straight across; oblique, when bone is broken in a slanting direction; green-stick, when bone breaks as a green stick, splitting, bending, and twisting, without breaking directly off. Bones may be cracked or broken without displacement. Bones of old horses are much more subject to breaks than those of young ones. Symptoms. — When a fracture is suspected, manipulate with the hand and listen, and if grating of ends of bones is heard, the symptom is unmistakable. Great lameness always accompanies fracture, be it ever so slight. When the bone is only cracked, there will be great lameness, with few, if any, conclusive symp- toms to indicate a break, but by careful examination a sore place can be felt; horse will not bear weight on the limb, and lifts often as though in great pain. In all cases there wilLbe a rise in the pulse and respiration from the nervous shock and pain, more or less inflammation follows, and the temperature will be raised a little. In time, if not relieved, all symptoms increase, the nostrils dilate, the face looks haggard and anxious, the eyes sunken, the injured limb swells, becomes hot, and in all fatal cases, when inflammation reaches its height, mortification begins and extends toward the body, when death is only a question of hours. The part gets cold and clammy, a peculiar, offensive sweat appears, the skin, if white, gets purplish, but if black, discoloration can- not be seen. Pain ceases when mortification sets in. Treatment. — Treatment is rarely practical except with young, or valuable animals. If a fracture of the cannon, arm, thigh, femur, shoulder or back, it is fatal in most all cases, if displacement takes place, and especially so if a compound or complex fracture. If it is 2 fracture of the back, paralysis of all parts back of fracture will 284 THE PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR ensue. In many of the above instances the horse might as well be killed. If the horse could be kept quiet many of the cases might be successfully treated, but with the swinging of the leg, and moving about, the bones will not knit. If it is the shoulder or thigh, it is so deeply embedded in muscle that it is very dif- ficult to set the bones, especially if the fracture is oblique, for the muscles contract and draw the ends of the bones past their proper positions from two to six inches, and it is impossible to bring the ends together even with the aid of a pulley and tackle. But, if it is a fracture of the foot, pastern, fetlock, hip, or any other part where there is no displacement, a cure can usually be made. If it is desired to try treatment, put the horse in slings to take the weight from the injured leg, and to relieve the weight from the others. Bring the broken ends of the bone together in a natural position, then envelop for a distance of five or tep inches, with Plaster of Paris bandage, or if that is not handy, soak a piece of sole leather in water until soft, mold it to the form of the leg and bind it on, so as to keep it perfectly tight and solid, and in its place. Splints may be used with the leather, or a Starch bandage is good with splints. Have the starch very stiff, fill the hair with it and then begin to wind a long strip of cloth, not tight, but just so as to keep the parts in their places; put on a quantity of starch with each wind of the bandage; after making half a dozen turns, put on splints, one on each side, and one on the back, but none in front; then wind for four or five turns. If leg swells so as to make bandage too tight, slit bandage up a little way at either end. I^eave on five or six weeks, keeping horse in slings, just tight enough to give gentle pressure to the belly. Talk to him, if unruly at first, and he will soon get accustomed to the conditions. Should any pieces of bone become detached, they will act as foreign matter and must be removed. If leg is bandaged, the condition will be recognized by increased swelling in surrounding parts, and also in heat and soreness, uneasiness, and increase in temperature, pulse, and in respiration. When the hip is broken down — "hipped " — there is nothing to do except to give time, and what constitutional treatment is ^dicated. Fracture of the shoulder blade is treated in the same DISKASES OF T HE HORSE 285 way, except that it might be advisable to put the horse in slings. In all cases watch the symptoms, but it would be well to give the following: Fluid Extract Aconite Root i drachm. Spirits of Niter 4 ounces. Fluid Extract of Belladonna i ounce. Nitrate of Potash i^ ounces. Water to make i pint. Mix, and give 2 ounces, three or four times a day. Give as long as there is high fever. Give all the cold water to drink the horse wishes, and give it often. Give liberal, but laxa- tive, diet. Plaster of Paris Bandage.— When the broken bone is in the leg, where there is very little soft tissue covering it, and consequently very little swelling, a Plaster of Paris splint, or cast, can be applied directly over the flannel bandage. Pre- pared Plaster of Paris bandages may be bought at drug stores, or they can be made by using strips of cheese-cloth or thin cotton two and a half inches wide and six feet long. These bandages are liberally sprinkled with Plaster of Paris, which is worked into the meshes of the cloth and sprinkled on its surface. The band- age is then rolled up. When ready to apply, the bandages are placed in a dish of water until thoroughly saturated, which will be shown when bubbles cease to rise. Now apply bandage over the fracture, beginning below and winding upward until a jacket is formed at least one-half inch thick. The plaster cast should extend as far above and below the fracture as is possible. It is a good plan to start the plaster bandage at the foot or at a large joint, in order to prevent its slipping down, as it is likely to do if the swelling in the part should subside. The plaster soon sets, and a very firm jacket is formed, STRIKING THE KNEE (SPEEDY CUT).— This is a case where the animal strikes the inner, lower part of the knee with the opposite foot. 286 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Causes. — Faulty conformation is the most prolific cause. It may happen when the feet grow too long; from defective shoeing; swelling of the leg; high knee action; and because the chest is too narrow. Horse is more apt to strike when tired. Symptoms. — Generally the evidences of striking are easy of detection, for the parts are tender, swollen, and skin broken. There may be lameness and occasional tripping or unsteady gait, when the knee is hit. It only occurs with horses with high action, and when they trot. Treatment.— Give the horse rest; wrap a blanket around the knee, holding it in place with a strap around it above and below the knee; wet it dawn with fresh water every half hour, apply the whole of each day until inflammation and swelling are gone. Bathe well once a day with White lyOtion (page 263), and once a day with the following: Soap Liniment 3 ounces. Witch Hazel 3 Turpentine 2 " Shake; apply with liberal rubbing. If it is evident that an abscess is to form, change the fomen- tation to a poultice, and continue poulticing until abscess points, and when covering over pus gets thin, open; use extra precaution not to have knife go too deep; have an assistant hold foot straight out in front, clasp the knife so that only a little of the point extends beyond the thumb and finger, and make the opening at the bottom of the abscess; flush out with water, then inject a little Iodine and continue poultice for a few days, and then go back to the fomentations again; inject abscess once a day until it heals, with a Carbolic Acid solution. If there is any swelling or thickening afterwards, use Iodine Ointment. (See ' 'Abscesses." ) It is very important that there be no scar or thickening left. Do not give fast roading until wound is thoroughly healed, and use a knee boot for some time afterward. Also shoe to prevent striking. Shoe opposite foot very close on the inside and with a short heel, turning inside calk lengthwise of shoe, and slant off DISRASES OF THE HORSE 287 the inner border of the web. Spread the gait by making the outer web of the shoes much wider than the inner web, thus making the outside of the shoe heavier. During treatment give laxative diet and a teaspoonful of Saltpeter, three times a day. BROKEN KNEES. — This term is applied to any injury to the front of the knees. Cause. — From falling on the knees. Symptoms. — These will vary much, depending upon the speed at which the animal is going and the kind of ground fallen upon. Sometimes there is only a little bruise and the hair brushed off; at other times the skin is cut; and again, the skin and tendons are cut, or the joint may be opened, or the bones broken. With the milder forms there may be no lameness, with the more severe the lameness will be very great. Treatment. — If the skin is not broken, apply the fomentations and lotions as in "Speedy Cut," and if an abscess should form later, treat that as for "Speedy Cut." In opening, have the leg drawn well forward, with the foot held a foot or more from the ground, so that horse will jerk away from, instead of against the knife. If the skin is broken, clean off all dirt by syringing water into the wound; after the dirt is removed examine to see how deep the cuts are; if confined to the skin and quite long, put in a stitch or two, provided they can be put in and not stop drainage, and then follow with the treatment as above, and in addition flush out the wound daily with Carbolic Acid lotion: Carbolic Acid Vz ounce, Water i pint. And with the White Lotion (page 263). If, upon exami- nation, the cuts are seen to be deep, after cleaning apply a poul- tice and leave on twelve hours, and then remove carefully to see if there is any synovia (joint oil) on it where it contacted the wound; if joint oil is present it may be recognized by its looking much like the white of an egg. except that it is a light yellow in color. If there is no joint oil, treat as before described; if there is, treat as an open joint. See "Open Joint." 288 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR If the bones are broken, unless a, very valuable breeding animal, it may as well be destroyed, for if recovery took place the knee would be stiff. If the tendons are cut, the chances are that they will not unite, but treatment may be tried. Stiffen the knee, so as to keep the ends together, and treat the same as when the joint is not opened. In all cases the horse must be kept standing until cured; in the severer cases he should be given a sling. Give a laxative diet, and in the milder cases give a teaspoonful of Saltpeter two or three times a day. In the most severe cases use the following: Fluid Extract of Aconite i drachm. Fluid Extract of Belladonna i ounce. Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed.... ,54 " Saltpeter 2 ounces. Water to make i pint. Shake. Dose: Two ounces, two or three times a day. PUFFY ENLARGEMENTS AROUND KNEES AND FETLOCKS (BURSAL ENLARGEMENTS.) — Causes. — From striking the knees against the manger while pawing; from lying on the hard floor; or from any cause that will bruise the knees or fetlocks. Symptoms. — There is. a puffy enlargement, but not sore to handle, and it feels as if it was full of fluid. Treatment. — At first apply cold fomentations, as in "Speedy Cut;" follow this by using the Iodine Ointment, as recommended under "Abscesses." Continue the use of the ointment for a long time. Some of these enlargements can be opened the same as for "Speedy Cut," or "Broken Knees," but it best be left to the judgment of a veterinarian as to when this is practical. KNEE-SPRUNG — This isnot a disease, but the effect of one. Causes. — From hard and fast work; from standing in a stall that has too much slope; or from feeding out of a very high rack; or from a sprain of the back tendons of the leg. Being shod with high heels will also cause it. Horses with weak, small knees are most subject to this trouble. PISKASES OP THB HORSK 289 Symptoms — ^The appearance; the knees are partly bent; at first may have to stand at the side and examine carefully to detect it, but later it is very marked. Treatment. - If the animal is wanted for work, while being treated, first make the stall floor level, and feed horse from the floor. Bathe the legs with cold water twice a day; after drying, apply a good strong liniment at night and bandage for a few hours; shoe the horse with a flat shoe, if roads will allow. If horse can rest, turn him out and blister the back cords below the knee if the back tendons have been strained; above the knee, if not. Use the Spanish Fly blister. See "To Blister," under "Ring-Bone. " Blister but one leg at a time, treating the other two weeks later. With cases that have been in existence for some time, the treatment will be unsuccessful. In some cases the knees can be straightened by cutting some tendons on the back of the leg, above the knee. The operation would require a veterinarian. SPRAIN OF THE BACK TENDONS.— Causes. — Hard driving; too oblique pasterns; slipping; too small tendons; shoeing with shoes too short at the heels; shoeing with heels lower than toe calks; allowing the toe to grow too long or cutting the heels away too much. Symptoms. — There is more or less swelling and heat along the sprained tendons; horse will be lame in traveHng; and if the cords are pressed upon, the horse will flinch. Lameness gets worse with exercise; strikes toe to ground first. Heat and swell- ing may be close to the knee or down lower; a very little swelling is easily recognized here, as the parts should be very clean cut. Straightens the pastern, and points with the lame foot, or may stand with knee a little sprung. Treatment. — Apply cold fomentations as in * 'Speedy Cut;" use high-heeled shoe; apply a good strong liniment twice each day. Give long rest. If liniment fails, apply a Spanish Fly blister. (See "To Blister" under "Ring-Bone.") 290 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR SPRAIN OF THE FETLOCK JOINT.- Causes. — From horse stepping crooked, or turning over on his ankle. Symptoms. —The animal will be very lame; the joint will be swollen and sore to handle. Aside from the location of the swell- ing, the symptoms will be the same as for "Sprain of the Back Tendons. ' ' Treatment. Give the same treatment as in "Sprain of the Back Tendons." KNUCKLING, OR COCKED ANKLES.— The fetlocks are often knuckled forward, but this, like knee-sprung, is only a symptom of some other trouble. The fetlocks are often mistaken for the seat of trouble and are uselessly blistered and burned without benefit. Causes. — Colts are sometimes born with this condition, but usually it is only temporary. Horses with erect pasterns are subject to this condition, especially in the hind legs. Heavy work in hilly sections; fast work on the track or roads are exciting causes of knuckling. It may be caused by disease of the suspen- sory ligaments, or of the back tendons, whereby they are short- ened; or by disease of the fetlock joint itself. Sytnpioms. — The appearance of the fetlock; it is thrown forward, partly flexed. When first coming on, it may fly back when pulling, but be thrown forward when standing still. Treatment. — In colts no treatment is necessary, unless very bad deformity is present, and then a veterinarian is needed. When knuckling is begun, relieve the tendons and ligaments by proper shoeing. Prepare the foot by shortening the toe as much as possible, leav- ing the heels high; or if the foot is prepared in usual way make the shoe thin in front and with thick heels or high calks. A long-heeled shoe with high calks is best for the hind feet. In the early stages, as soon as the weakness shows, give rest and treat the fetlock or back tendons, in whichever the trouble lies, as for "Sprain of the Back Tendons." If the fomentations and liniments do not relieve, blister the parts. In cases of long- standing, treatment will fail to relieve. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 291 INTERFERING, OR STRIKING THE FET- LOCKS. — An animal is said to interfere when one foot strikes the opposite leg in passing, during locomotion. It is seen more often in the hind than in the fore legs. It causes a bruising of the skin and deeper tissues, and usually there is abrasion of the surface. Eameness, tripping, and thickening of the parts may result. Causes. — Are sometimes from shoeing with too heavy a shoe, and making a long trip before horse is used to it. Faulty con- formation is the most prolific cause, which shoeing will largely correct; too long feet; rough, slippery roads; weakness; ex- haustion; fast work; or from narrowness of hips. Symptoms. — The injury, and in severe cases, lameness. Treatment. Rest. Foment as in "Speedy Cut"; apply the White Eotion (page 263) freely. After sore is gone, use pad for some time when driving, and shoe as in Speedy Cut to spread action. WIND-GALLS. — Joints and tendons, where they rub against another part, are furnished with sacs containing a lubri- cating fluid called synovia (joint oil). When this sac is over- distended at the fetlock by reason of excessive secretion of the fluid, it puffs out on each side at the back upper part of the joint; the back tendons prevent it from projecting straight, and so get the double puff. The condition is commonly called "Wind-Galls." It may affect either front of rear limbs. Causes. — Are often seen in young, over-grown horses, seem- ingly from too much weight for limbs; from heavy work; exces> sive knee action; hard roading. Horses used to start heavy loads on slippery streets are apt to have wind-galls in the hind legs. Symptoms. — The lump is more or less tense when foot is on the ground, but soft when picked up. They generally come on slowly and cause no inconvenience. If caused bv excessive strain of the joint, they develop rapidly, are tense, hot, and cause more or less lameness; horse stands with joint flexed; walks with short steps, the toe coming to the ground first. 292 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Trbatment. — The trouble in colts generally disappears after a time without treatment. If due to severe strain, rest, and apply a high-heeled shoe. Foment with cold water, and rub well twice a day with a good liniment; after the acute stage, use the Iodine Ointment. In cases of long-standing, nothing can be done, unless there is lameness, in which case blister. See "To Blister" under "Ring- Bone." THICKENING AROUND THE FETLOCK.— Causes. — This is generally from hard work, and from strains of the joints, interfering, etc., and is often seen in livery horses. Treatment. — Apply cold fomentations and liniments, with liberal hand- rubbing; if these fail, use Iodine Ointment. See treatment for "Abscesses" for the ointment. BREAK - DOWN— RUPTURE OF THE SUSPEN- SORY LIGAMENT.— This ligament extends from the knee to the fetlock, between the back tendons and the large cannon bone. This may occur in both the fore and hind legs, and is seen in horses of all ages. In old animals, especially hunters, runners and trotters, the seat of trouble is nearly always in one or both front legs. In horses of heavy draught, the ligaments of the hind legs are the ones most affected. Symptoms. — When both branches are torn from their attach- ments to the sessamoids, or both are torn across, lameness comes on suddenly and is most intense ; the fetlock descends, the toe turns up, and as the animal attempts to walk, leg has the appear- ance of being broken off at the fetlock. These symptoms are followed by heat, pain, and swelling of the parts at point of injury. In milder cases, fetlock wiU descend only a little, and if simply a strain and not a complete rupture, will get symptoms as in "Sprain of the Fetlock Joint." Treatment. — When rupture has taken place, put the horse in a sling, put a large wad of cotton at the back of the pastern and bandage tightly DISEASES OF THE HORSE 293 to help keep the part in place; or, better, put a long-heeled shoe on, fasten an iron band between the heels, bent the right shape and extending up the back of the cannon and fasten it below the knee with a strap; put a pad under the end so it will not irri- tate the leg. Get the leg up into as nearly a natural position as possible. Foment and use liniments as in "Sprains of Back Ten- dons;" afterwards blister. I^ong rest will be necessary to effect a cure, and the animal will always be more or less weak. SPRAIN OF THE STIFLE JOINT.— A strain of the ligaments of the stifle joint. Causes. — Slipping is the most common cause, although the joint may be injured and inflammation set up in other ways. Symptoms. — Animal cannot bring the leg forward, and it is very sore when you press around the joint; also swollen the swel- ling being more or less puffy. Treatment. — Bathe twice a day for an hour or more with hot water and vinegar with a little salt in it; after bathing, wipe dry and apply any good strong liniment (see back part of book) . If this fails, blister (see "To Blister," under "Ring-Bone.") Give long rest, and in severe cases give the animal a sling, so he will not have to lie down and get up. Much inflammation in this joint is always serious. DISLOCATION OF THE PATELLA, OR STIFLED. — In this case the patella, or knee cap, slips out of the pulley-like process in the bone in the front part of the stifle joint, and as soon as this slips out, it locks the joint so the animal cannot move it. Causes. — Dislocation 'is caused by a slip and twist at the same time, the weight probably being upon that leg at the time. The horse recovers from the slip and finds himself with the leg as far back as it can be, having carried the body forward on it, and when ready to bring the leg forward he is unable to move it. The leg remains extended backwards until help comes to relieve the situation. 294 THE PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR Symptoms. — Are as above described. The other legs move all right, but the one remains with foot extending backward in one position, as though fastened to the ground. There will be an enlargement on the outside of the stifle, as the patella always goes outward . Trkatmrnt. — In most cases this is simple. Have the horse's head held and let some one pull forward on a rope fastened to the pastern of the afFected leg while the hand is placed against the enlarge- ment at the joint and shoved in toward the animal, and forward, as hard as possible, until the bone goes into its place, after which the animal is put in a single stall, tied so he cannot lie down, and the joint rubbed with some good strong liniment twice a day for a few days, and then it is generally best to blister the part, applying the blister to the outside and inside of the joint; the inside blisters easily, however, and does not need much rubbing. Use the Spanish Fly blister. See "To Blister," under "Ring- Bone." PARTIAL DISLOCATION OF THE STIFLE JOINT. — This usually occurs in young foals when running on rough grounds, or in colts in the spring, when they are weak, but sometimes later in life. Symptoms. — At first when noticed, the stifle will slip out and the leg will be locked for a few steps, then it will slip in with a snap, and he will be all right again. Sometimes there will be a catch, as it were, followed by the snap. If allowed to go on, the bones will become diseased and weakened, and the patella will get part way out and enlarge the groove. The joint will get larger than natural, and the horse will never have proper action again. Treatmbnt. — Put the animal in a single stall, tie so he cannot lie down; secure foot forward by fastening a strap around the pastern, and running a rope from it under a surcingle, and tying to a strap about the neck; tie so the leg is kept just a little ahead of the other one, and then blister as in the preceding. Keep standing DISEASES OF THE HORSE 295 for two or three weeks. A sling can be used to rest the animal. Follow with long rest in small enclosure. Long-standing cases are incurable. CRAMP OF THE MUSCLES OF THE THIGH.— These are sometimes affected with cramp in hard-worked horses, especially old ones. They are often incorrectly diagnosed, being mistaken for dislocations of the stifle, and in fact are rarely recognized except by an expert. Causes. — Very severe exertion, especially if prolonged; mus- cles become fatigued, and the nerves in them irritated; then, if forced to continue work, cramp is very likely to take place. Sometimes horses, when swimming, are seized with cramps. Symptoms. — Horse will seem all right, except that he is laboring from fatigue, when suddenly one or both legs will cramp, and muscles draw all into knots; a constriction will be seen in the hollow of the thigh; point of hock is drawn up, and horse crouches with hind parts. Horse is drawn up and unable to move. When both legs are affected, horse falls in agony, not being able to stand. When one is affected, it is usually drawn upward and backward; he is unable to extend it. May pass off soon, or last for several hours. Treatment.— Get hot water as quickly as possible and apply it, bathing the parts until muscles relax and leg is let down, when the horse walks as well as ever. Then rub dry and apply the following liniment: Tincture of Arnica 2 ounces. Tincture of Opium 2 " Aqua Ammonia 2 " Water to make i pint. Mix, and apply. In absence of liniment, Tincture of Camphor, Arnica, or hot vinegar, are good. Give patient a few days' rest. SPRAIN OF THE MUSCLE ON FRONT OF THE HIND LEG, BETWEEN THE HOCK AND STIFLE JOINT.— This is a sprain of the what is called the flexor metatarsi. 296 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR Symptoms— "fhe. muscle will be swollen and sore; in moving the horse forward, when he lifts the leg and attempts to bring it forward, instead of going forward, it will go backwards and upwards. Treatment. — Keep the horse quiet and treat as for "Sprain of the Back Tendons." SPRAIN OF THE MUSCLES OF THE INSIDE OF THE HIND LEG, RUNNING UP FROM THE HOCK.— Causes. — From a severe sprain of the leg, by slipping out- ward when pulling a heavy load. Symptoms. — There is a thickening of the muscles above the hock, and the horse will be stiff for a few days; the stiffness will soon disappear, but if not treated, there may be a permanent thickening. Treatment.^ Let the animal rest from work, and treat as in foregoing. BOG SPAVIN.— This is an enlargement, or distension, along with inflammation of the synovial membranes of the hock joint, partly on the inside and partly on the front. There is an excess of joint oil (synovial fluid) secreted, and this bulges out the capsular ligament at this part of the joint. Causes. — From severe sprain of the joint; from jumping, kicking or being kicked; from pricks by forks; or nails in stall when horse may be kicking. Symptoms. — ;There will be a large, soft swelling on the front and inner side of the hock, just a little above where the enlarge- ment for bone spavin occurs. It is of the same character as "wind-galls;" seems filled with air, but it is joint oil, or synovia. In mild cases there is little lameness, but in bad cases there is lameness, resembling that of bone spavin, the animal getting better with exercise. DISEASES OF THE HORSE ■ 297 Treatment. — First try fomentation, along with liniment and liberal hand rubbing as for "Sprain of the Back Tendons." If this, with rest, does not aSect a cure in three or four weeks, blister, using Spanish Fly and Biniodide of Mercury. (See "To Blister" under "Ring-Bone.") If blistering fails, firing may be tried. In many cases, treatment is unsuccessful. HYDRARTHROSIS.— A condition affecting the hocks of large, over-grown colts, the appearance of which is the same as bog spavin, except there is no lameness; there is the same puffy enlargement on the inner front aspect of the hock. The enlargement generally disappears as the animal reaches maturity; if treated at all, use only some mild liniment, as equal parts of Soap Liniment and Witch Hazel, with lots of hand rubbing. Do not break colt until fully matured. Never use more severe treat- ment unless lameness develops, and then treat as for "Bog Spavin." THOROUGHPIN.— This is of the same nature as bog spavin — a distension of the synovial bursa — but is found in the back part of the hock. Causes. — It is produced by many of the same causes that produce bog spavin; is most often seen in horses that do hard work, as draft, hack, and stage horses, and those of general utility. It is often seen in stallions, from weight thrown on hind legs, and in colts that are large and heavy for their age. Symptoms. — There are two puffs, one on each side of the hock, at the bottom of the depression in front of the point of the hock. If one is pressed against, the one on the other side becomes larger, and if there is bog spavin, as there frequently is, if the puff in front is pressed against, both the thoroughpia enlargements will increase in size, showing that a thoroughpin and bog spavin affect the same synovial sac, but at a different place. When lameness is present it is the same as in bog spavin. THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR Treatment. — The same as for "Bog Spavin." When the puffs appear in young, rapid-growing colts treat as for "Hydrarthrosis," under "Bog Spavin." CAPPED HOCK.— The point of the hock is liable to injury, giving rise to swellings of the nature of a tumor. It is filled with a watery fluid, slightly tinged with blood. If not emptied and properly treated they become calloused and changed into a solid, fibrous mass in a month or so. The callous on the hock never gets so large as on the elbow, but it is just as hard and unsightly, and far more noticable. Causes. — By kicking either in stall or in harness; by sitting on haunches in getting up; sometimes by runaways; or by being struck by timber falling on the hocks, or by the breaking of an evener. Symptoms. — The points of the hocks are found to be much swollen; hot and sore to the touch if examined soon after the injury; later the enlargement becomes puffy like a sac of water, caused by a serous fluid collecting under the skin; occasionally the fluid is synovia. Sometimes the enlargement is hard and firm. Treatment. — In the early stages fasten a folded blanket about the hock and keep wet with cold water; keep on throughout the day and bathe well night and morning with White l,otion (page 263); after the acute symptoms have abated, use the Iodine Ointment, as recommended under "Abscesses." If this treatment fails and a fluid collects, open at the bottom and treat as an "Abscess." Use the Cocaine solution in opening (see Operations). After opening, inject a little Tincture of Iodine, and flush out once a day with Carbolic lyOtion. If proud flesh forms at the opening, use Sulphate of Zinc on it. Use the cold fomentations after opening, to keep down the swelling, and afterward use the Iodine Ointment to remove any thickening. SPRAIN OF THE HOCK JOINT.— Causes. — Severe slipping, or by getting the foot caught. DISEASES OP THE HORSE 299 Symptoms. — Horse is very lame, and keeps the hock stiff in bringing the leg forward. There is swelling and heat around the joint. Treatment. — Foment the hock during the day with hot or cold water, by wrapping a folded blanket about the hock and keeping it wet. Night and morning apply some good liniment. I^ater, if lame- ness still continues, blister. Spavin is quite apt to develop; if so, treat as under "Spavin." FRACTURE OF THE BONES OF THE HOCK.— Fractures of the bones of the hock are not very common. Symptoms. — Horse will be very lame; will hold up leg with pain; joint will become swollen and sore to touch, and by manip- ulation the grating of the bones may be heard. Treatment. — If very bad, there is no remedy, and horse had better be killed. If horse is young and break is not bad, and confined to small bones in the lower part, put him in a sling, with just pres- sure enough on the belly to ease the weight on the legs, and apply a splint if necessary (see " Fractures"). If the splint is not necessary, use fomentations to keep down part of the inflam- mation; after five or six weeks, blister as for "Spavin," and repeat if necessary. BLOOD SPAVIN.— This is the enlargement of a vein which passes over the front of the hock. The symptom is the enlargement fading above and below into the vein. Do not attempt to treat. OPEN JOINT. — This is one of the serious injuries that horse-flesh is subject to, and it is not uncommon. Causes. — Cuts, bruises, pricks from nails, from a fork in handling manure and bedding, falling on the road, and kicks from other horses, are common causes. Symptoms.— Taex^ is the wound, lameness, swelling around the injured joint, and leaking from the puncture of an oily- looking fluid, which is the synovia, or joint oil. In some 300 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR cases the flow of synovia is so slight it cannot be detected; in such cases apply a poultice, leaving it on twelve hours, and upon taking it off the synovia can be seen on the poultice, if the joint was open. The synovia is yellowish, as thick as the white of an egg, and slippery feeling. Treatment.— Put the horse in a sling to help keep the joint quiet. If the wound is large, first clean by pouring water over it, and then pour over it Carbolic Acid solution, but do not inject into it; if stitches are necessary, put them in, but do not sew up tight; stiffen the join.t with a splint and apply a poultice at night, and keep on, during the day, heavy clean bandages wet with cold water; at night bathe the joint well with "White I^otion (page 263), and in the morning bathe well with a lotion composed of equal parts of Witch Hazel and Soap lyiniment. If the edges of the wound commence to look red and angry, dust on a little burned Alum. Continue treatment until after the opening closes and the discharge stops; after this, continue the cold fomentations and rub well with a strong liniment. If the lameness continues, blister, using the Spanish Flyand Mercury blister (see "To Blister," under "Ring- Bone"). Do not attempt to close the opening into the joint quickly; let it close gradually. Internally give the following: Fluid Extract of Aconite i drachm. Fluid Extract of Belladonna i ounce. Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed.... }4 ounce. Saltpeter 2 ounces. Water to make I pint. Shake. Dose: 2 ounces, two a three times a day. Depending upon the amount of fever; give for a week, dis- continue for a few days, and then give again if necessary. Feed on laxative diet, giving a handful or two of I^inseed meal three times a day, and grass if in season. If the appetite keeps good, temperature remains near normal, joint does not swell badly, and limb is held quiet, the symptoms are favorable; if, however, appetite is lost, fever high, limb badly swollen, and limb kept swinging, the symptoms are unfavorable, and treatment needs to be applied more vigorously, if possible; in the later case death is apt to follow. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 301 CURB. — This is a strain and an enlargement of a ligament on the back of the hock a little below the point. It is seen in the form of a bowed section, about four inches in length; some- times it is swollen up as thick as an inch from the healthy form, and at other times it is hardly noticeable. When in the inflam- matory stage the disease causes lameness, but when the swelling is once hardened it seldom does. It is most commonly seen in sickle or cow-hocked horses. Causes. — A sprain of the ligament at the back part of the hock; by getting the hind feet too far under the body; stopping suddenly and feet slipping under; rearing; backing heavy loads, etc. Symptoms. — Standing at the side of the horse and opposite the hind parts, and looking across the legs, you will notice a curve on the back and lower portion of the hock, instead of a straight line as in a healthy leg, from the point of the hock to the fetlock. In recent cases there is lameness, heat, soreness to touch, and, like all sprains, it grows worse with exercise. In moving, the horse strikes the toe to the ground first. Treatment. — If near a blacksmith shop, have a high-heeled shoe put on; then wrap the joint in a folded blanket and keep it wet with cold water, applying fresh water every half hour; once a day bathe freely with White Eotion (page 263), and once with a lotion composed of equal parts of Witch Hazel and Soap Liniment; continue until lameness subsides, and then use Iodine Ointment to help in removing the enlargement (see under "Abscesses"). If the above fails to effect a cure, blister, using the Spanish Fly and Mercury blister. (See "To Blister" under "Ring-Bone.") CUTTING THE BACK TENDONS.— The back ten- dons of the hind leg are sometimes cut by the horse backing up onto something sharp, as mower knives, scythe, corn-cutter, etc. Symptoms. — The appearance; a wound in the back of the leg between hock and fetlock, and if both tendons are cut the fetlock descends so that the horse walks on the back of the pastern; and upon examining the wound the separated ends of the cut tendon can be seen. 302 THE PRACTICAIv STOCK DOCTOR Treatment. — Bind a large wad of some material on the back of the pastern to keep it from going down so far, and get the animal to the stable; then put on the long-heeled shoe, and attach an iron to extend up the back of the leg, as with "Break Down." The leg must be supported in its natural position, so that the cut ends of the tendon will come close together, otherwise, when they unite, they will be too long, and the fetlock will go down too low; dress the wound with White lyOtion (page 263) and the Carbolic solution. Bandage it loosely, but in putting bandage on and taking it off, do so gently, so as not to. disturb the tendons. If proud flesh starts to form, keep it down with burned Alum or Sulphate of Zinc. Put the horse in a sling at once, and keep him there until the part is entirely healed and strong, which will take from six weeks to two months. Feed on light, laxative food. If the limb seems to be weak after the parts have healed, apply a mild blister. RUPTURE OF THE MUSCLES.— Causes. — Muscles are sometimes ruptured across the fibres by over exertion, severe sprains, etc. Symptoms. — Great lameness is noticed as an early symptom. Swelling, heat and soreness follow in from two to six hours after an injury. There is unwillingness, amounting to inability, to move the affected part. When inflammation has subsided and swelling is gone, there will be a depression in the muscle at the seat of injury. Treatment. — During the active inflammation, apply hot fomentations as continuously as possible, and also apply, three times a day, the following anodyne lotion: Soap Iviniment 4 ounces. Tincture of Arnica 3 " Tincture of Opium 3 " Witch Hazel to make i pint. When inflammation has gone and the muscle depression is formed, apply strong liniments or a blister, as for "Sweeny." DISEASES OF THE HORSE 303 ATROPHY OF THE MUSCLES.— This is a wasting away, or shrinking, of a muscle or gioup of muscles, leaving a flattened or hollow surface in the place of the normal fullness. Causes. — Sprains, strains, bruises, severe pressure, are prin- cipal causes. Inaction of a muscle will also produce it. Symptoms. — A flattened or hollow place will be found in the place of the muscle. Compare with corresponding muscle of the other side, and the difference is easily detected. Treatment. — Treat with strong, liniments, friction, blisters, and seton, if necessary, as recommended under "Sweeny." It is an atrophy of the muscles which has to be overcome in that disease. DISEASES OF THE FEET. QUITTOR. — This is the name given to a disease of the foot, when the festering of any sore works up through, and breaks out on top of the foot at the junction of the hair. Causes.— It is usually the result of a neglected corn, prick of a nail, gravel getting into nail-hole, or a severe, poorly cared for wound at the top of the hoof, working downward. Symptoms.— It usually occurs on the quarters, anywhere from the heels to two or three inches forward, but is oftener seen on the inner quarter, because most corns are found there. After horse has been lame some time, it makes its appearance by swel- ling at the coronet, which may reach the size of a hen's egg. In the course of a day or two it breaks and discharges matter, when horse will be relieved of some of the pain, which is intense during the formative period. Sometimes foot can scarcely be put on the floor, and may be paining most of the time. When the sore has been discharging two or three days, the flesh around opening will turn purple and soft, and the matter will spread, extending each 304 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR way, but more toward the front. In a couple of weeks, pipes will have formed, pointing downward in all directions, having one common center in the opening at the top. If let alone, the walls of the pipes will thicken and harden, and enlargement at the top increase in size. If allowed to run for three months, the foot be- comes so full of pipes and so large, hot, and painful, as to require very persistent treatment to stop disease, and it can never be re- duced to natural size again. In extreme cases lameness is per- manent, the toe turns up, and horse walks on his heel. Treatment. — If taken as soon as it breaks open at the top, poultice the foot for twenty-four hours to soften the parts. Then give the diseased part vent at the bottom to allow matter to run out if it will; but if none is found at the bottom, do not cut hoof to make it bleed, as that would only make another sore. Open freely at top and probe with a smooth probe to find depth and direction of hole. Then follow the probe with a knife, and open right out and down the hoof, as far as the hole goes, taking out a V-shaped piece of the wall to allow escape at the bottom, instead- of making it come out of the top. Then sponge out with warm water to cleanse it, and follow with a lotion made as follows. Sulphate of Copper 2 drachms. Water ^ pint. Mix, and inject well down into the wound. Also flush out twice a day with the Carbolic lotion. If after a week the wound does not appear to be doing well, change the Copper lotion to the following: Sulphate of Zinc 3 drachms. Water yi pint. Mix. See that the opening is down at the bottom all the time to let the matter out. Foment or tub the foot the most of each day, and poultice part of the time at night. Keep the shoe off until the foot is well enough to work; then put on a bar shoe to pro- tect the weak quarter. DISEASES OE THE HORSE 365 In very bad cases, where several pipes are running in as many directions, it is absolutely necessary to open each one fear- lessly. Then go on with lotions as above, and change occasion- ally to the following: Corrosive Sublimate 15 grains. Water I pint. Mix, and inject. In long continued treatment it is advisable to change the lotions every week. On account of inflammation, foot will grow faster, and it should be pared down occasionally. When discharge is dried up and disease cured, apply Iodine Ointment to the enlargement to reduce it (see "Abscesses"). It is also well in some cases to apply a blister. (See "To Blister," under "Ring- Bone.") SEEDY TOE. — This is a dry, mealy condition of the wall of the toe. Causes. — By bruising of the toe, by the clip of shoe being pounded into toe too tightly; the bruised parts take on a sort of dry rot, or gangrene, which extends up between the wall and the laminae. It may occur at other parts of the foot than the toe, from various causes. It is a separation of the two layers of horn which compose the crust of the hoof, resulting from disease due to bruises or faulty condition of the body. Symptoms. — When shoe is removed, a mealy, whitish-looking substance will be seen immediately under the wall, at the toe^ running up toward the hair, sometimes an inch or so, and may be picked or broken down easily with a nail, leaving a hollow beneath the shell. TR:eATMENT. — Pare away the wall at the toe, after removing the shoe, so as to take the bearing therefrom. Pick out all the mealy sub- stance that breaks down easily, and turn in warm tar and press in a little wad of tow. Replace the shoe, and apply a mild Spanish Fly blister to the coronet. (See "To Blister," under "Ring Bone.") 3o6 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR CONTRACTIONS OF THE FOOT.- This is most always the effect of some other disease, especially when bad, such as navicular disease, corns, sprains of the tendons, ligaments and muscles of the legs or shoulders. Any long-standing lameness is always attended with more or less contraction of that foot which is favored. It may also be the result of bad management in the stable or blacksmith shop. I,eaving shoes on for six, eight or twelve weeks is a prolific cause of the trouble, as is allowing the feet to become very dry by standing on a plank floor too much of the time. Symptoms. — The horse is lame; if it accompanies some other disease, the lameness will be characteristic of that disease, and there will also be a contraction of the foot, especially at the heels. The hoof will also be hard and dry. If the result of poor care of the feet, and both are affected, the action will be stilty, striking the toes to the ground first, and there will be the narrow heels and dry, hard hoofs. Treatment. — If the shoes have been on a long time, have them removed and the feet dressed as for shoeing, but do not cut them too much; then soften up the feet by fomenting, tubbing, or standing in a clay puddle (see Operations). The clay puddle is perhaps the best. After the feet are well softened, have the horse shod with bar shoes, giving quite a little frog pressure and leaving out the heel nails in nailing the shoe on; continue the fomenting, allow- ing him to stand in the water or puddle two or three hours each day. Turning in a low pasture is also good. After the bar shoes are put on, the animal may be given slow work. After the above treatment has been continued for two months, if there is still lameness that is not improving, apply a Spanish Fly blister to the pastern from hoof to fetlock. (See "To Blister," under "Ring-Bone.") GRAVEL IN THE FOOT.— Causes. — Gravel is apt to work up into any sore in the foot, and cause much trouble. It may get into a corn, or a nail hole made in shoeing, or by one picked up on the road getting under DISEASES OF T HE HORSE 307 the shoe and working up through the foot. It may get into the quarter crack, calks, or in other wounds, and it always causes increased inflammation, by aggravating existing affection. Symptoms. — There is lameness, oftentimes very severe, for which there seems to be no cause; by removing the shoe and examining the foot carefully, may find where gravel entered. After a time there appears a swelling at the coronet. It is very sore, gets larger and finally breaks, allowing gravel to escape. The lameness improves rapidly, often times entirely disappearing in a few days. Treatment. — As soon as gravel is suspected, poultice the foot, continuously, changing morning and night; this hastens the removal of the gravel; soon after the enlargement appears at the coronet it may be opened and the process hastened somewhat. After the gravel escapes treat the wound as for "Calking," continue the poultice for two or three days, and keep the hole well flushed out. If poorly cared for, a quittor is apt to form. CANKER IN THE FOOT.— Canker of the foot is a disease due to the rapid reproduction of a vegetable parasite. It not only destroys the sole and frog, but by setting up a chronic inflammation in the deeper tissues, prevents the growth of healthy horn by which the injury might be repaired. Heavy cart horses are more affected than any other class. Causes. — The essential element in the production of cankers is, of course, the presence of the parasite; consequently the dis- ease may be called contagious. But as in all diseases due to specific causes, a suitable soil must be found in which to grow, before they can be reproduced. Dampness is a favorable con- dition. Filthy stables; muddy roads; and injuries to the feet that expose the soft tissues, are predisposing causes. , Symptoms. — Usually canker attacks one foot; it may attack two, three, or all of the feet at once; or, as is more commonly seen, the disease attacks first one, and then another, until all may have been successively affected. When disease follows injury which has exposed the soft tissues of the foot, the wound does 3o8 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR not heal, but instead there is secreted a thin, watery discharge from inflamed part, which undermines and destroys the surround- ing horn, until a large part of sole and frog are diseased. The living tissues are swollen, dark-colored, and covered at points with new, soft, yellowish, thready horn, which is constantly soaked in the abundant secretions. As this secretion escapes to surrounding parts, it dries and forms small, cheesy masses, com- posed in part of the partly dried horny matter, exceedingly offensive to smell. When disease results independent of injury, the first evidences are the offensive smell, the liquid secretion from cleft and sides of the frog, and the rotting away of the horn of frog and sole. Treatment.— First clean the foot with warm water, and then apply a poultice containing either a handful of charcoal, or a tablespoon- ful of Carbolic Acid. The diseased portions of horn are now to be carefully removed with sharp instruments until only healthy horn borders the parts. Pare edges of sound horn thin, so that the swollen, soft tissues may not overlap their borders. Cut off all prominent points of the soft tissues, shorten the walls of the foot, and nail on a broad, plain shoe. Give the newly shod foot a bath for an hour or two a day in a solution made by adding 2 ounces of Sulphate of Iron to a gallon of water. Also use freely the Carbolic Acid lotion, .and White Lotion (page 263). Saturate cloths with the solutions and bind them onto the affected part. Change dressings once a day, or even twice a day at first. When they are removed, all pieces of horny matter, which are now firmly adherent, must be rubbed off with the finger, or a piece of cloth. As secretions diminish, dry powders may prove an advantage, such as Calomel, Sulphate of Iron, Sulphate of Copper, etc. The sulphates must not be used pure, but with animal charcoal in the proportion of i part of the sulphate to 8 parts of charcoal. When soft tissues are all horned over, the dressings should be continued for a time, weak solutions being used, to prevent recurrence of the disease. If patient is run down in condition, give the tonic as recommended for "Chronic Indigestion." DISEASE S OF THE HORSE 309 ACUTE FOUNDER.— This is an inflammation of the sensitive part of the foot, or what is commonly called the "quick." Causes. — It may be caused by overwork, in which the feet are pounded and bruised, causing inflammation of the laminae, or leaves; inflammation may leave some other part of the body and go to the feet by a peculiar transference called metastasis, as in congestion of the lungs, pleurisy, colic, inflammation of the bowels following parturition, etc. Drinking cold water when warm, or standing in a draft when heated, will cause it Some- times a feeding of wheat will cause indigestion and then turn to a bad case of founder. Over eating of wheat or corn is a very com- mon cause. Hard driving on dry roads when shoes are poor, or poor shoeing, may also cause it. Flat feet are predisposed to the disease. Symptoms. — The acute form is easily recognized by the horse being in great pain, persistently standing in one place, as if riveted there, it being almost impossible to make him move in any direc- tion, especially backward. He stands with front feet out in front throwing weight on heels, hind feet drawn well up under him. He absolutely cannot back, but will hang the body back, throwing most of the weight on the hind legs and stretching the fore legs as far forward as he can. If he tries to lift a foot it causes so much pain in the other one that he ceases trying, and acts as though the foot were fast on the floor. The pulse is quickened, temperature raised, mucous membranes become red and injected, breathing quickened, may sweat profusely,willnot lie down, and appetite is more or less lost. The striking symptom is inability to back; if an effort is made to force animal back, the body will incline back- ward without foot motion. When exhausted from standing, horse will drop, and will lie down most of time afterward, often- times absolutely refusing to get up. The inflammation is followed by an effusion of water which separates the leaves or laminae of the ' 'quick' ' from the horny part, forcing the toe of the foot downward, forming pumiced foot if it is not attended to (see "Pumiced Foot' ' ) . Sometimes the inflammation goes on to suppuration. Matter forms and extends around the hoofs, and may cause them to drop off in 3IO THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR very severe cases. If the case is not properly treated, it becomes incurable, forming what might be called chronic, acute founder. The animal presents a pitiable sight. He goes hobbling along with his front feet well out in front of him, keeping the weight on his heels, his hind feet drawn up under him; the sole of the hoof is pushed down, the toes become long and turn up, and there are rough ridges running crosswise of the wall. Acute founder is one of the most painful conditions the horse is subject to. Treatment. — The treatment should be prompt and vigorous, in which case the majority of the cases recover. It is both local and internal. Locally, wrap the feet in large blankets and keep wet with cold water, applying the water every fifteen to thirty minutes; where it is possible the feet may be tubbed (see Operations) , but it is often impossible to get the animal into the tub. Keep up the fomentation continuously throughout the day; at night can change to poultice if it is possible to get the feet up to apply the poultice; if not, keep up the fomentations well into the night, and continue them until all inflammation is gone and the lame- ness subsides. After he is somewhat improved, use the clay puddle part of the time. If the horse persists in standing, give him a sling, unless he should lie in it too heavily, in which case it will have to be taken away. If he lies down, keep the fomentations on the same, and roll him over three or four times a day, and keep him lying upon his chest part of the time at least. After being down for two or three days, best try to get him onto his feet for a little while. The local treatment is very important. Remove the shoes as soon as it is possible to do so. Internally, if from any of the causes except following colic or inflammation of the intestines, give a purgative (6 drachms of Aloes, or ^ pound of Epsom Salts) ; repeat the third day, using a smaller dose, if the bowels do not move freely. If following colic, give from a pint to a quart of raw Linseed Oil. Feed a light laxative diet, and grass if in season; if not, a little hay, scalded oats, bran mash, and a handful or two of Linseed meal at a feed. Give water frequently; also give the following: DISEASES OF THE HORSE 311 Fluid Extract of Aconite i drachm. Fluid Extract of Belladonna i ounce. Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed.... Yz ounce. Saltpeter 2 ounces. Water to make i pint. Shake. Dose: 2 ounces, five times between 5 o'clock A. M. and midnight. After improvement commences, give four times a day, and later three times a day. After two or three days, leave the Fluid Extract of Aconite out of the prescription and put into the prescription in its place, 3 drachms of the Fluid Extract of Digitalis. After im- provement is well started, withhold the internal treatment for two or three days, and then give again for a few days. After three or four weeks, if there is still some lameness, blister the pastern from hoof to fetlock, using Spanish Fly blister. (See ' 'To Blister" under "Ring-Bone.") Blister only one at a time. Where the case has been allowed to run, and this acute form becomes chronic, treat as for "Pumiced Foot." Also use the rubber cushion pad when shoeing. SORE FEET (CHRONIC FOUNDER.)— This is a form of founder, when it has been of long-standing; has become a part of the organized system, but is not attended with fever, other than slight local heat. Causes.— Ti2xd. work, especially driving on hard roads; bad shoeing, letting the shoe rest too much on the sole; standing on a dry floor, and letting feet become hard, dry, and contracted. Flat feet are predisposed to the affection. Symptoms. — Are a modification of the acute form. In bad cases there is difficult backing, lameness, pointing of the feet, first one and then the other; horse will go off with a shambHng gait, as though the legs were all stiff, Tseeping the feet well out in front, throwing the weight on the heels, giving chest the appearance of being drawn in. Some make the mistake of thinking the chest is foimdered. Shoes will be worn off at the heels, and when pointing them he will extend the feet and rest them on the heel, turning up toes as much as possible. Horses with this disease will choose the soft parts of the road. Hoofs 312 THE PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR will feel hot all the time, and there will. be uneven growth of hoof, forming rings. Foot becomes much contracted, and hoofs brittle. Is worse on hard ground, and much worse going down hill. Drags the front feet in backing, pulling the straw from the stall in backing out. While the horse will warm up some after starting, a long drive always makes him much worse for a few days afterward. In turning around short, horse steps one front foot over the other in a peculiar and awkward manner. Treatment. — If long-standing, the treatment is generally not very satisfac- tory. The first thing is to rest and soften the feet; to do this tub or stand in the clay puddle (see Operations). Keep the horse in these at least one-half t)f each day; if a mild case and horse is worked some, put him in an hour or two in -the morning, at noon, and again in the evening. Turning into a low pasture is good; avoid hard roads and keep on soft ground as much as possible. Keep off from dry, plank floors. Shoe with a bar shoe, and if flat-footed use a wide web, covering a good part of the sole, but have the upper surface of the web beveled so as not to press on the sole, or use the rubber cushion pad in shoeing. If this treatment fails, blister the pastern as in "Acute Founder." FLAT FEET AND LOW HEELS.— While this is not a disease it is a conformation which is very subject to disease, and in order to prevent the various diseases to which such feet are subject, careful shoeing is necessary. Do not leave the shoes on too long without setting; not over four weeks, and in some cases . they should be set oftener. Use a bar shoe, giving a good degree of frog pressure; have the upper surface of the web beveled so it will not press upon the sole. The rubber pad is good for this class of feet. SHOEING. — While whole books are written upon this subject, we simply wish to call attention to a few points. In preparing the foot for the shoe, do not cut too much. If a shoe has been removed, cut away what has been prevented from wear- ing away. Cut from the frog only the loose, ragged pieces. The sides of the bars should not be cut at all; the lower edge can be DISEASES OF THE HORSE 313 taken off a little if it has grown well down; from the sole remove only that which has scaled up and partially separated, and remove enough from the lower border of the wall to bring it even with the sole; be sure this border of the wall is level. Be careful about cutting down the heels too much, they need to be left strong. Never "open up the heels," as the blacksmith calls it, which is simply cutting away parts of the bars and frog-struct- ures that should be left strong. Do not keep a hot shoe against the hoof for any length of time. In summer, shoe road horses, especially in front, with plates— shoes without calks. Shoes should be set every month or six weeks, depending somewhat on the shape of the foot. It is a good plan to let farm horses which do not go on the road much, go barefooted for awhile each spring; and some horses with good feet, and on clay or sandy farms, can go without shoes all summer. The feet should be trimmed occa- sionally, however, and kept in good shape. In shoeing, tbe front of the hoof should never be rasped above the nail clinches, PUMICED FOOT.— This disease is generally the result of acute founder when disease has been allowed to run too long. When inflammation in the feet is allowed to run on several days before treatment is applied, the connection between the sensitive and insensitive laminae, or leaves, is destroyed by the effusion that soaks them apart, letting the toe of the bone tip onto the sole, pushing it down to the ground, and making the lower sur- face convex, instead of concave as it should be. In some cases the bone will punch quite through. Symptoms. — Take up the foot, and instead of seeing a nice, cup-shaped sole, it will be found bulged down toward the ground, making it oval the wrong way. If bone is punching through, it will be seen, and will leave no doubt as to what it is. Horse will be lame, with all characteristics of chronic founder. Treatment. — Nothing can be done to cure the disease. Horse will be worth nothing for road work, but he may be made to work pretty well on the farm, at slow work by blistering him around the tops of the hoofs as in chronic founder. Then turn him out for some time 314 THE PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR with a wide-webbed bar shoe, well calked up, and have it well beveled, so he will not have to bear any weight on the sole of the foot; have the whole weight come on the wall, and also have the shoes set regular about once a month. Keep the animal standing in a moist place. In very bad cases the animal should be destroyed. CORNS. — Corns generally aSect the front feet, but may be found on all; are also found most on inside heel of front feet, but may be on outside heel. Causes. — Horses with weak, flat heels are most subject to them, and they are usually brought on by bad shoeing, the shoe resting too heavy on the heel and bruising the sole between the bar and quarter of the wall. Driving on hard roads has a tendency to bring on corns; steady driving will also cause them; neglect on the part of the owner to have shoes set often enough is a com • mon cause, the foot growing out over the shoe. Symptoms. — I^ameness appears, slight perhaps at first, but growing worse. Horse will show inclination to favor sore quar- ter, and shoe is not worn as much on that heel; heat will some- times be noticed in sore quarter if hand is applied to foot. Tap- ping with a hammer will make horse flinch when sore part is reached, and he will thrust foot forward, resting on the toe and raising heel from the ground. If on both feet, he will point first one, then the other. If corns are small and not very sore, he will go better after getting warmed up, but after a rest will be as bad, or worse, than before. When festered there is great lame- ness, and he will hardly touch heel to the ground, moving only with great reluctance. When the shoe is removed and the horny sole at the quarter cut away, a purple spot is found just before reaching the sensitive sole, in the angle between the wall and bar, near the heel. Treatment. — Remove the shoe, pare out the sole of the quarter well, but do not cut quite through to sensitive sole unless there is pus, in which case let it out; the thinning of the sole relieves the pres- sure; then put foot in a lyinseed poultice made up soft with hot water. I.,eave it on twenty-four hours, then renew it, While DISEASES OF THE HORSE 315 poultice is off, examine to see if foot needs any more paring; if pus has formed a deep hole, you will need to cut hoof away to allow matter to escape freely; if not well done, it will work up through the top of the hoof. If cut through to allow escape of pus, before renewing poultice, pour into the opening a little Car- bolic Acid solution, and White I^otion (page 263). Repeat dres- sing once a day until all the soreness is gone, and the horse will stand on the foot as well as ever; then stop poulticing. If a proud-flesh-like growth starts to grow from wound, dust into it burned Alum or Sulphate of Zinc. The hoof pared away will soon grow again. The foot may be tubbed in place of the poultice (see ' ' Founder' ' ) . When dry, and horse walks sound on the foot, put a bar on the shoe to protect the weak quarter, giving frog a gentle pressure. Keep the wound clean until it fills in with horn. When shoeing afterward, avoid too heavy bearing on the heels. When quarter has grown out and is strong, the bar shoe may be. replaced with an open one. If the foot is much contracted, take the bearing off the quarters by reducing the walls a little, so as to have the appearance of the shoe having been sprung off the heels, but let the shoe be per- fectly level, and give quite heavy frog pressure. A foot that is inclined to have corns should be shod often — every three or four weeks — and the quarters cleaned out each time. The bar-shoe may have to be used continuously. Extra care will have to be taken of feet that have had corns, to keep them soft. Soak them in a tub of either cold or warm water, or pack the hoof with I^inseed meal or Oil Cake meal, wet up with warm water. If there is fever in the feet, put on swabs, made of felt or pieces of old blanket or woolen cloth, folded under the foot and tied around the pastern, wetting often with hot or cold water. THRUSH IN THE FEET.— Thrush is the name given to a disease of the frog. It is an inflammation and ulceration of the frog, attended with a very offensive discharge. In some cases the insensitive frog rots completely off, and the disease extends down into the cleft. 3i6 THE PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR Causes. — The most common cause is the filthy condition of stables in which animal is kept. Mares are more apt to contract the disease in the hind feet when from this cause, while geldings and stallions are most apt to have it in the fore feet. Hard work on rough, stony roads; change from dryness to excessive moist- ure; muddy streets where mineral substances are plentiful; and some diseases such as contracted heels, scratches, and navicular disease predispose to thrush. An unthrifty condition of the sys- tem predisposes to it. Symptoms. — At first there is simply increased moisture in the cleft of the frog, accompanied by an offensive smell. After a time a considerable discharge takes place — thin, watery, and highly offensive — changing gradually to a thicker, pus-like mat- ter, which rapidly destroys the horn of the frog. As the disease advances, the horse becomes lame and the inflammation may extend to- the back part of the heels. In bad cases the pus collects and separates the insensitive frog from the sensitive one underneath. Treatment. — Keep horse out of wet and dirt, and keep the stable clean. Trim off all the ragged parts of the frog, clean out holes and crev- ices and cut away any horny frog that has separated; then poultice a day or two with I^inseed meal, using a Carbolic Acid solution for making the poultice, and add a handful of charcoal. Then clean the cleft of frog and grooves on edges, and fill them with dry Calomel, using a case knife or some instrument to see that all places are well filled. If discharge is profuse, repeat daily, otherwise let a day intervene between application. Continue until all discharge ceases. If horny frog is removed, protect until a new one is formed by fastening cloth under the bottom of the foot. In bad cases give internally a laxative and also a tea- spoonful of Saltpeter three times a day. NAILS IN THE FEET ; PUNCTURES.— Causes. — May come from driving a nail against the quick when shoeing; or a nail may be picked up in the street. It is DISEASE S OF THE HORSE 317 often done by stepping on a board containing a nail, which often pulls out as horse steps off, or the nail may be broken and left inside. Symptoms. — Sudden lameness denotes that something is wrong. Examine the sole of the foot, and if necessary pull off the shoe. If a shoe nail has punctured the quick, it will be moist and black. If a nail is found anywhere in the foot, pull out care- fully so as not to break it off. Should it break off, pare away the hoof around it, get hold with nippers and pull it out. If the nail was in a board and pulled out when the foot was lifted, by care- fully examining the hole may be found. The lameness will accord with amount of injury; if the tendon that plays over the navicular joint is pierced, it will be great, long-continued and sometimes permanent. In many cases there is high fever, great pain, restlessness, blowing, redness of eyes, and horse will not lie down. Will paw or continuously raise the feet. Sometimes loss of appetite; flanks tucked up, and great pain is evidenced, especially if wound is in hind foot, and more so still if navicular joint is punctured. In latter case there will be a discharge of joint oil, which clots like blood after running out. "When dress- ing, amber-colored matter is found on poultice. In bad cases, leg swells even to body. There is great heat in foot and leg, and pain is shown if foot is tapped. There will be a swelling, hard and hot, in hollow of pastern and around heels, with much tend- erness to touch. Cases in which the joint is not wounded may become serious if wound is not properly treated. Treatment. — When shoe is taken off and puncture is found, pare away the horn for some distance around the opening, and at the point where the nail entered, open to the quick ; this will remove pressure when it swells. Then turn in a small quantity of strong Carbolic solution— i of Acid to 20 of water. Now put the foot in a poultice of Linseed meal; change once a day and examine the wound each time to see that any matter that forms can escape. Or, instead of the poultice, the foot may be tubbed, or they may be alternated. (See "Founder" for tubbing) . In mild cases, wounds will get well soon, lameness will 3i8 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR disappear, and horse can be shod and used. If a bad case and much matter forms, it will extend under the hoof and spread. In order to prevent this, it is best to remove that part of hoof which has matter under it. The same rule applies to frog; some- times matter works under the frog, and it has to be removed, but a new one forms quickly. A hot poultice is perhaps best, except when the joint is punctured, then put on a cold one instead. At each dressing put on Carbolic lotion, and poultice right over it. Should proud flesh come up, apply burned Alum or Sulphate of Zinc once a day; if it comes up suddenly, and large like one's thumb, cut it off with perfect safety, then when bleeding stops, apply the Alum or Zinc. When there is no more matter, and lameness is nearly gone, leave off poultice and dress once a day with the Carbolic lotion, also White lyOtion (page 263). If joint is opened, the accident becomes very serious; continue the poultice, and bathe the foot with White I^otion twice daily. Tub with cold water part of the time in place of the poultice. Do not try to stop the dis- charge suddenly. Put a sling under the animal if he will not lie down. Feed lightly on laxative diet, and give the following internally: Fluid Extract Aconite 2 drachms Fluid Extract Belladonna 2 ounces. Fluid Extract Colchicum Seed i ounce. Saltpeter 3 ounces. Water to make i quart. Shake. Dose: 2 ounces, three times a day. After giving for five days, discontinue for two or three days and give again. Neglected nail pricks are apt to be followed with lock-jaw, foi this reason nail pricks should always be opened freely to admit the air (see ' ' I^ock-jaw' ' ) . The outer opening of the puncture should never be allowed to close quickly, but keep freely open and use strong Carbolic Acid lotion freely. When a valu- able horse receives a nail prick, it is a good plan to have a veteri- narian give an injection of, the tetanus anti-toxin as a preventive against lock-jaw. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 319 QUARTER CRACKS AND SAND CRACKS.— These are cracks iu the hoof, usually extending lengthwise of the fibre, though sometimes they may break across the fibre for a distance of an inch or more. They sometimes extend through the hoof into the laminae, or quick, and cause lameness. Quarter cracks occur at the quarters, usually on the inside quarter, on account of that one being thinner and weaker than the outer one. Sand cracks may come on the hoof anywhere forward of the quarters, and are so called because more common in sandy sections. Causes. — A brittle condition of the hoof, from want of suf- ficient moisture. Sometimes the hoofs become cracked from the heating, drying influence of sandy roads, stony pavements in cities, and long continued want of moisture, A transfer from pasture to a dry stable floor may produce cracks. Small feet with hard hoofs, and feet that are excessively large, are more susceptible to sand cracks than those of better proportions. Heavy shoes, large nails, and nails set too far back toward the heels, with such diseases as canker and quittor, occasionally cause sand cracks, while fast work on hard roads, jumping, injuries to the coronet, and calk wounds of the feet, when they injure the coronet, are causes of quarter crack. Symptoms. — A crack or split in the hoof, which may be pnly at top or bottom, and very short, or in the center between top and bottom; or it may extend from top to bottom. It may extend in but a little way, or go in to the quick so that soft parts are pinched between edges of crack, causing great lameness. The lameness may come on gradually or at once, depending whether crack extends at once to quick or deepens by degrees. The quar- ter crack is generally more serious than the sand crack. Treatment. — Remove the shoe and reduce the wall of that quarter, to take off bearing, and apply a bar-shoe giving frog pressure. If broken through into the quick, take a sharp, shoeing knife and pare down the edges of the crack the whole length, enough to reheve the pinching, but not through to the quick, and for a half inch on each side the crack, to make it pliable. Then take a sharp knife, or a file, and cut across the crack at the top, nearly 320 THE PRACTICaI, STOCK DOCTOR to the quick. Make cut at least an inch long; this is to prevent the crack from continuing, and the new hoof will grow down sound and natural. If the crack does not extend to the quick, it is not necessary to pare away edges. This you may know by the horse not being lame. It is a good plan to cut across the crack at the top, and to take ofE bearing at the bottom, but not to cut as deep as in severe cases. Then have a plate of iron or copper, half inch wide, and an inch and one-half long, screwed on across the crack; have screws about one-fourth of an inch long, and screw them into the hoof, while the assistant draws the edges of the cidck together with a pair of pincers; the horse at the time standing on the other foot to take the weight off the one being treated. Or, in place of the plate, cut a little shoulder in the wall, three-quarters of ^n inch back from the crack on each side; bend a piece of stiff wire much the shape of a hog ring; fit the points of the wire against the shoulders and press together with pincers. If flesh grows up between the edges of the crack, burn it down with powdered blue vitrol, or burned alum, applied once a day. When it is dry and the soft parts healed by the vitriol, dress it with pine tar once a day. To hasten the growth of a new hoof, keep the feet moist by poulticing, or tubbing, and this should always be done if crack goes to the quick; or a Spanish Fly blister applied just above the coronet will hasten the growth of new horn (see "To Blister"). If a quarter crack is the result of an injured coronet, which, in healing, left a break in its substance, it will be very hard to overcome, as the wall will always be weak at that point. The continual use of a bar-shoe may support the weight without a crack forming. Great care should be taken in dressing an injured coronet to see that the torn edges contact each other perfectly. CALKS.— Horses wearing shoes with sharp calks are liable to wounds of the coronary region, either from tramping on them- selves, or on each other. These are common in draft horses, especially on rough roads and slippery streets, or where an animal gets into deep mud or snow. The fore feet are more liable than the hind ones, and seat of injury is commonly in the quarters. In the hind feet the wound often results from the animal resting with the heel of one foot set directly over the front of the other. PISEASKS OF THE HORSE 321 Treatment. — As a preventive measure, boots could be used to protect the coronet of the hind foot, if horse stands with one foot over on the other. If the wound is in the skin and of any length over an inch, take a stitch or more, putting them half an inch apart, but not in such a way as to prevent drainage. If an artery is cut so as to bleed a stream, pick up and ligate, or put on a dry sponge, and bandage it tightly with coarse cotton, and leave on twelve hours; then take off and dress with Carbolic lotion and bandage again, but only tight enough to keep parts in place; see "Treatment of Wounds." Remove bandage twice a day, and syringe out with warm water, and afterwards with the Carbolic lotion. I^ater apply White I^otion, as given in "Wounds," dressing with this twice a day, and washing as often as is needed to keep clear of pus. If wound is inclined to gape open, continue the bandage a few days. If the calk is on the coronet, running down under the hoof, it will fester; pus will accumulate and cause great lameness; part will sWell, and be red, hot, and tender to touch; in some cases horse is so lame as to prevent putting the foot on the ground at all. One of the principal points in treating this wound is to keep the torn ends of the coronet together, so as to have it heal without any break in it. Pare away all ragged edges of the skin and enough of the hoof, following the sore down, to allow escape of the pus; remove any hair or other foreign matter that may have gotten into it; then apply a poultice, after syringing with Carbolic lotion. Change poultice twice a day, using lotion each time, and examine wound carefully to see that there is no pocket containing pus. Cut away no more of the hoof than is necessary to keep the pus out of the wound, but enough for that. Con- tinue the poultice, or tub part of the time, till hole fills up and lameness is nearly or quite gone; then quit the poultice, and use White I^otion (page 263). I^ay horse up until wound is well enough not to be injured by sand getting into it. If proud flesh springs up, burn it down with burnt Alum, or Sulphate of Zinc. When hoof is growing down, apply a mild blister to the coronet, and trim new growth to keep it smooth. The flesh that fllls up 322 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR the hole must be kept down even with the deep edge of the old hoof, otherwise the edges press against the flesh and prevent it from healing. If the coronet is badly torn, unless carefully brought together, and the wound properly dressed, there will always be a weak place in the hoof below, which will bother about cracking. OVER-REACHING.— An over-reach is where the shoe of the hind foot strikes and injures the heel or quarter of the fore foot. Causes. — Is generally caused by fast driving, and is most common in trotting and running horses. In trotters it most commonly happens when the animals break from a trot to a run. Symptoms. — The coronet at the heel, or quarter, is bruised or cut, the injury involving the horn as well. When hind foot strikes well back on heel of the fore foot, catching the shoe — an accident known as "grabbing" — the shoe may be torn from the fore foot, or horse fall on his knees. Treatment. — The treatment is much the same as for calking, depending somewhat upon the nature of the wound. Sometimes the wound can be sewed, sometimes not. Cold fomentations, Carbolic lotion and White lyotion (page 263) are to be used. Keep wound clean by syringing. If part becomes inflamed and fomentations do not overcome it, poultice part of the time. When horse is known to be subject to over-reaching, he should never be driven fast without quarter boots, which are made for protecting the heels and quarters. If there is a dispo- sition to "grab," treat as for "Forging." FORGING. — Forging is the habit of clacking the fore and hind shoes together when trotting. The only real harm is the wearing off of the toe of the hind foot, but it is very annoying to the driver, and fatiguing to the horse. As the fore foot is being raised off the ground, with the heel already raised, and the foot in the act of rolling on the toe, the toe of the hind foot comes ilying in under the heel of the fore, and the two shoes come DISEASES OF THE HORSB 323 together, the toe of the hind against the underside of the web of the fore, making the clacking noise. It often wears off the toe of the hind foot badly. With some horses the hind shoe is apt to grab the front one and pull it off, or cause the horse to fall. Treatment. — Increase the action and activity of the fore leg, to get the foot out of the way of the hind foot. To do this, keep the toe of the front foot as short as possible, raise the heels a little by using longer tieel, than toe, calks; and with most forgers, shoe rather heavy in front. Slow up the hind feet by shoeing light, by letting the toe grow long, and by raising the toe just a little by using longer toe calks. "With some horses it is impossiole to overcome the difficulty, and they will need to be kept at slow work. If there is a tendency to grab the front shoe, keep its heels as short as possible so that the hind shoe cannot catch them. BRUISES OF THE SOLE OF THE FOOT; STONE BRUISES.— Causes. — Stepping on stones or other hard substances; or from wide- webbed shoe pressing on the sole. Symptoms. — The horse, in traveling, steps either long or short to keep on heel or toe of the affected foot; by tapping the sole of the foot with a hammer, he will flinch when the bruised spot is struck. If not attended to, symptoms will be more severe; horse will hardly be able to put foot to the ground, and it will be hot and swollen around the top. Treatment. — Remove the shoe and find affected spot by tapping on the sole with a hammer, and if there is no signs of festering, put on a poultice of bran and Linseed meal in equal parts, or tub the foot. Change poultice twice a day until the soreness is all out. Should there be signs of festering, pare a hole in through the sole to allow escape of matter; flush out with Carbolic lotion, then poultice as above directed until animal is better. Use Carbolic lotion and White Lotion (page 263) in treating wound each time, 324 THK PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR before applying poultice. If proud flesh starts, apply burned Alum or Sulphate of Zinc. Give laxative diet and a teaspoonful or Saltpeter three times a day in his feed. FRACTURES OF THE BONES OF THE FOOT.— Causes. — By striking the foot with great force against any substance, especially if the foot receives the blow on the quarter; by being run over by a loaded wagon; or by being stepped on by a heavy horse. Symptoms. — Extreme lameness comes on suddenly, soon after the accident, and increases with time. The foot swells around the coronet, and horse will not put any weight on it at all. Treatment. — All that can be done is to keep down the inflammation as much as possible by tubbing and poulticing. Give the horse a sling so be will not try to lie down. I«ong rest will be necessary, if recovery takes place at all. FALSE QUARTER.— This is a term applied when there is a more or less separation of the quarter from the toe by a bad quarter crack, or an irregular growing of the horn of the quarter. Causes. — ^An injury to the coronet, from which the hoof grows. Very apt to follow severe calking unless injury is properly treated. This causes an alteration of the horn of the hoof below, corresponding to the extent of the Injury. Symptoms. — There is a crack or depression in the hoof, vary- ing in widthj and depth with the extent of the injtiry. Animal may not be lame, but a misstep is apt to cause the thin hoof to crack and produce lameness. Treatment. — Apply a bar-shoe, giving frog presstire and removing pressure from the affected quarter; also strengthen, as recommended in treatment for "Quarter Crack," COFFIN JOINT LAMENESS— NAVICULAR DIS- EASE. — One of the back tendons passes down the back of the leg, enters the hoof ia frost of the frog, beneath the navicular DISEASES OF THE HORSE 325 bone, that lies directly above the frog, and attaches itself to a rough hollow on the sole of the coffin bone. Disease in that part of the tendon, which contacts the navicular bone, is navicular disease. The tendon becomes inflamed, inflammation extends to the navicular bone, which becomes rough and porous, the tendon and bone growing together in bad cases. In some cases disease begins with the bone. The disease is much oftener seen in the citv than in the country. Causes. — Severe sprains of the tendon in its lower portion; any severe bruise on the frog or heels; the prick of a nail entering the foot far enough to wound the tendon, or joint; and severe contraction of the foot might cause it by pressure on the navicular bone, interrupting nutrition, and thereby setting up disease. Hard driving on pavements, or hard dry roads, or by allowing feet to become hard and dry, also act as causes. Symptoms. — The lameness comes on gradually, and at first may be very slight when first starting, but later it becomes continuous, and is always worse when he first starts. It will improve as he gets warmed up, though not so as to go sound, for the tendon being inflamed, it is impossible for the lameness to dis- appear altogether. Horse will wear shoes out most at the toes, will point feet when standing, alternating if both are affected, and rest them on the toes. , As disease progresses the gait becomes short, horse is liable to stumble, going too much on his toes, forming lameness known as "groggy lameness." The horse keeps his feet well back under him, which distinguishes it from founder, in which the feet are kept out in front, and weight thrown onto the heels. The pastern will be straightened up nearer the perpendicular than is natural. The feet will become contracted, especially at the heels; the heels getting high, the frog small and dry. Trbatmknt. — As a general thing treatment is very unsatisfactory, and with cases that have existed for any length of time is alleviative only. As soon as the first symptoms of lameness are noticed— slight lameness, with inclination to stumble, going out a little lame and improving on warming up, with exercise — put on a high-heeled 326 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR shoe, give the horse long rest, and tub the feet, or allow the horse to stand in a clay puddle half of each day; the remainder of the day keep the horse in a low pasture, or in a box stall with a damp, dirt floor. Continue the treatment for a month or two, and if there is still some lameness, blister from hoof to fetlock with Spanish Fly blister (see "To Blister" under "Ring-Bone"); follow this with another month or two of the previous treatment. If taken at the very outset, this line of treatment may benefit materially, if it does not cure. If the disease is well seated all that can be done is to alleviate as much as possible. To do this, shoe with high-heel calks, or use a rolling-motion shoe — a shoe with the web extra thick at the heels, but commences a a little back of the center and tapers down until very thin at the toe. Keep the feet moist and soft by standing the horse in a clay puddle a portion of the time. Turn into low pastures when possible. Keep off of hard roads as much as possible and give slow work. With severe, confirmed cases the horse may be nerved; the operation consists in cutting the nerves which lead to the foot, thus destroying sensation. The operation would need be performed by a veterinarian. It does not cure the dis- ease, simply stops the lameness. The horse may do good work for a number of years after the operation, or he may go down in a short time; he will not save the feet as much as before opera- tion, and the extra strain may break the weakened tendon where it passes over the bone. The foot of the horse that has been nerved should be carefully watched to see that it is not injured in any way. DISKASBS OF THE HORSE 327 HOW TO BREAK OF VICES GNAWING THE MANGER AND CLOTHING.-This habit, especially gnawing the manger, indicates a derangement of the digestive organs, a want of salt, or is simply the product of idleness Blanket tearing sometimes results from horse being too warm, more particularly when horse is fat; the skin gets hot and itches, and he would be much moie comfortable without the blanket. In some cases he might need medical treatment Treatment. — ■ If animal is unthrifty, give treatment for "Chronic Indiges- tion" and for "Worms." If the result of idleness, give plenty of work and feed accordingly. If the habit is persisted in, smear manger with asafetida, or cover edge with sheet iron. If a blanket is a real necessity, the horse can be prevented from tear- ing it, by tying a stick from the check piece of the halter to the surcingle. If the skin shows disease of any kind, treat accord- ingly. KICKING WHILE EATING GRAIN.— This is an out- growth of idleness in connection with nervous disposition. The horse, while eating his grain, will kick the side of his stall four or five times a minute. This he may do with one foot, or he may alternate, using first one and then the other. Treatment. — Tie a piece of chain, a foot or two in length, to the pastern of the foot used; this will sometimes prove effectual. Another plan is to run a smaU rope from a collar under a surcingle to the foot. Or, place the feed box rather high, so that his head will be kept well up. WASTING GRAIR— This is a habit of taking up grain into the mouth and then, by swinging the head around, lose a large amount of it. In some cases is due to the animal holding his head gidewise from diseased teeth 328 THK PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Treatment. — If the teeth are at fault give treatment as is recommended in such cases. If not from this, spread the grain out in a thin layer over the bottom of a large manger, so that his time will be fully employed picking it up; or, if fed in a small feed box, place a few stones the size of a man's fist in the box; the grain will sift in among these and he can get but a small mouthful at a time PULLING BACK AND BREAKING HALTER.— This commonly originates from fright, when by suddenly jump- ing back the halter is broken. The animal knowing that what has been once done can be done again, repeats, and it finally becomes a vice. Treatment.— Have a very strong halter, and tie animal high on the manger; this will give the horse less power to pull than when tied low. Another way is to take a long rope, pass one end around the body just in front of the hips and tie in a slip-knot; pass the other end underneath a surcingle, between the front legs, through the ring in the halter, and tie to the manger. He will make only a very few attempts to break loose. CRIBBING AND WIND-SUCKINa— (See page 99.) BALKING. — -The best way to break a horse of balking is never to be in a hurry, but, rather let him stand to his heart's content; avoid hitching him to any load he cannot pull easily; coax and pat him; feed him apples, salt and sugar, etc., out of the hand; if checked, uncheck him; pull his ears; hold up one front foot for a time; try to divert his attention. If possible, let the same person drive him. If these fail, and he is with a trusty horse, back the trusty one as far as possible, and lead the balky one up; take a good sized rope, put it around the flank of the balky horse, and tie in a slip-knot, but so it cannot slip only so tight, but tight enough to pinch him in good shape; tie the other end to the hame of the other horse, and start him gently. This should not be resorted to if there is a heavy load behind the horses, or if he has any reasonable excuse for balking. Never DISEASES OF THE HORSE 329 get tlie horse that has a tendency to balk into a tight place. No two balky horses are exactly alike, so the disposition must be studied, and the animal treated accordingly. In aU cases, how- ever, use kindness. The habit is most often formed by over- loading young horses, or by asking them to pull when very tired. A disposition which tends toward balking may be inherited, and animals inheriting this disposition should be carefully handled when young. POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES Horses are frequently poisoned in various ways: by eating noxious plants; by getting poisons left in the stable; and some- times by overdoses of strong medicines. Malicious persons, from motives of revenge, may be the cause of horses being poisoned. Therefore it is well to know something of the nature of common poisons, and also the simpler antidotes. It might be a good investment to commit to memory these few general directions: When an animal is poisoned by an alkali, give him an acid, such as vinegar, etc. For poisoning by an acid, give an alkali, such as Bicarbonate of Soda (Baking Soda). These articles are nearly always at hand. POISONING BY DRUGS AND MINERALS.— Aconite is frequently given in an overdose, and causes profuse perspiration; spasm of the glottis, seen in the continual swallowing when there is nothing to swallow; congestion of the lungs, with difficult breathing; inflammation of the stomach and bowels; and quick pulse, gradually becoming imperceptible. Antidote— Grv& stimulants, Alcohol or Whiskey; if these are not at hand give strong Coffee in pint doses every fifteen minutes until relieved. One-half to i grain of Atropine dissolved in a little water and given by the mouth helps counteract the action on the hearv. 330 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Arsenic is at times the cause of poisoning. It is a cor- rosive irritant poison, causing diarrhea, mucus discharge from the eyes and nose, a quick, wiry pulse, and injected mucous membranes. Antidote — The best chemical antidote is Sesquioxide of Iron (iron rust). To prepare, dissolve Copperas and Bicarbon- ate of Soda separately in water and then mix the two solutions, when iron rust v,?ill fall to the bottom. Wash it with warm water, put in a bottle, and give 3 or 4 tablespoonfuls every ten to iifteen minutes. Being insoluble, it will have to be washed down the horse's throat with plenty of hot water from the bottle. When this remedy is absent, give eggs, milk, powdered charcoal, or blue clay. Also give an ounce of I^audanum to he^o counter- act irritation of digestive tract. Aloes in large doses is poisonous. It produces diarrhea and superpurgation; dryness of the mouth; yawning and straining; quick, hard pulse, gradually becoming imperceptible; injected mucous membranes, and sometimes irritation of the kidneys. Antidote— OivG powdered Ipecacuanha in ^-drachm doses every hour; starch gruel, internally, and cold injections of the same into the rectum, with i ounce of Laudanum in each injection, repeating gruel and injection every hour; Opium in i -drachm doses, or i-ounce doses of Laudanum every four to six hours; chalk, port wine, or any drugs used to counteract diarrhea, and hot fomentations to the belly. Give alcohol to stimulate the heart. Ammonia, Carbonate, is sometimes given in too large doses, or not sufficiently diluted, when mouth, throat, and stomach become blistered and burned, and salivation follows. Antidote — Give Olive Oil in doses of two to three tablespoonfuls, five or six times a day; also milk and eggs. Belladonna is a favorite remedy in some cases, but if given in too large doses is a poison. There is dilatation of the pupils of the eyes; stupor, swelling of the head, and delirium. On post- mortem the blood will be found fluid, and decomposition sets in early. Antidote — Give Alcohol, Whiskey, or strong Coffee, as with Aconite poisoning; apply Mustard to the chest and cold to DISEASKS OF THE HORSE 331 the head; give milk and I^inseed Oil — a pint of each, mixed — and gentle exercise, and also a tablespoonful of Saltpeter. Calomel is a corrosive, irritant poison, and causes a dis- charge of black, offensive manure, diarrhea, with great depres- sion. Antidote — Give Opium in i-drachm doses, or I,audanum, i-ounce doses three times a day; also use Flaxseed tea. Cantharides (Spanish Fly) is a narcotic, irritant poison, causing inflammation of the urino-genital organs; imperceptible pulse, and injected mucous membranes. Antidotes — Give i pint I^ ounce of Ether in Y^ pint of water three to four times a day. Iron Sulphate is a corrosive, irritant poison, causing the same symptoms as the Sulphate of Copper. Antidote — Tannic Acid, 2 drachms in Y^ pint of water, or Bicarbonate of Soda, i ounce. After a few minutes give large quantities of Flaxseed tea. Repeat the whole treatment every few hours. Nux Vomica is an irritant poison, and causes tetanic spasms and general convulsions; convulsions of the diaphragm, causing labored breathing, and sometimes asphyxia. Antidote — Give Chloral Hydrate in doses of J^ ounce every two hours, with an occasional dose of opium — i drachm; also i ounce of laudanum, repeated in an hour, or Fluid Extract of Belladonna i drachm. Avoid exciting animal in any way. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 333 Opium is a narcotic poison, producing partial or total paralysis, stupor, labored breathing, slow pulse, and contracted pupils. After death the blood is fluid, and decomposition sets in early. Antidote — Shower with cold water, give Tannic Acid 2 drachms, and an occasional dose of Sweet Spirits of Niter, y^ ounce at a time; also i -ounce doses of Alcohol, and a dose or two of Fluid Extract of Belladonna, i drachm at a time, and compel horse to take exercise. Lead, in all its forms, is a corrosive, irritant poison, which, in acute cases, produces violent constipation, delirium, colic pains, tremor of the muscles, and inflammation of the stomach and bowels. In chronic cases, where the symptoms develop slowly, there will be noticed what is called "Plumbism," bony deposits, solidifying of the joints, paralysis, staring coat, a blue line around the gums, emaciation, quick and wiry pulse; black feces that are glazed and fetid, the abdomen tucked up, and constant moaning. Antidote — Give Epsom Salts, 4 to 8 ounces; after an hour give Iodide of Potash, 2 to 3 drachms; accompany any of these with occasional doses of Opium, i drachm. Put Mustard paste on the belly, and use large quantities of Flaxseed tea. Nitrate of Potash — Saltpeter, in large doses, is an irritant poison, causing inflammation of the stomach, bowels and kidneys, injected membranes, inflammation of the gullet, colic, and the like, and it has a powerful sedative action on the heart. Anti- dote — Give Linseed Oil and follow it with Flaxseed tea and Whiskey; also give vinegar; put Mustard paste on the belly and over the gullet. Strychnine is to be treated the same as Nux Vomica. Turpentine is an irritant poison, causing inflammation of the intestinal tract, strangury of the kidneys, quick and hard pulse, diarrhea, and a violet odor and a high color to the urine. Anti- dote — Give a pint dose of Oil, with Starch gruel and Laudanum, both internally and as an injection; if these are not at hand, give milk; put hot cloths on the loins, White Hellebore is an irritant poison, causing intermittent pulse, inflammation of the stomach and bowels, diarrhea, spasms 334 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR of the superficial muscles, salivation and great prostration. It may be absorbed from the skin, as well as taken internally, doing damage in either case. Antidote — Give eggs and milk in large quantities, and small doses of Olive Oil and Sweet Spirits of Niter. POISONING WHILE GRAZING.— While animals, as a general thing, lefuse to eat plants which are poisonous, yet, under certain conditions, such as poor, short, or dry pasture, or where the poisonous plant is mixed with hay, they may eat sufficient quantities to produce poisoning. Prevention is the principal treatment. Do not allow animals to pasture where the poisonous plants grow, and especially so if the pasture is short and dry, and the plant green. The medicinal treatment is to counteract symptoms; if weak heart, with prostra- tion, give Alcohol or other stimulants, with a little Strychnine or Nux Vomica; if convulsions, give quieting drugs, as Chloral Hydrate, Belladonna, Opium. Oil or I^inseed gruel is always good, as it counteracts the irritation to the digestive tract, if present. Permanganate of Potash in J^ drachm doses in a quart of water, for the horse, is of great value. The following are plants that have the reputation of being more or less poisonous: The Larkspurs — Some species being more poisonous than others. The Black Cherry — The leaves or fruit, when taken in sufficient quantities, have been known to poison. Loco Weed poisoning is treated in connection with the nervous disorder (see "Loco Disease"). Water Hemlock, a plant growing in damp, marshy places, one of the most poisonous plants growing in the United States; the roots seem to possess the greatest amount of the poisonous principle, and animals have been poisoned by eating them. Poison Hemlock, another species of hemlock, also called spotted parsley and by a number of other names, is also poisonous. The poison is found in the seeds and leaves. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 335 Laurels. — There are a number of species which possess poisonous properties, and deaths have been reported where animals have eaten the leaves and smaller stems. Horsetail is also claimed to be poisonous to horses when fed in their hay for any length of time. The weed should be removed from the hay before it is fed. Millet has been proved by experience to be a slow poison when fed as a fodder alone. The term "Millet Disease" has been adopted as a name in some parts. Principal symptoms are those of increased action of the kidneys, with lameness and swel- ling of the joints. There is infusion of blood into the joints, the bone texture is destroyed, rendering it soft and less tenacious, so that ligaments and muscles are easily torn loose. Antidote — Dis- continue the feeding of millet, give other foods, and use tonics as for "Chronic Indigestion." VEGETABLE POISONING BY CONTACT.— Poisoning by the skin, the same as with people, is not an uncommon occurrence, from the nose or lips coming in contact with poisonous plants in grazing, such as poison oak, poison ivy, poison sumac, St. John's wort, etc. The symptoms of such poison ing are about those manifested by man from the same cause. Antidotes — Are both constitutional and local. Internally give a laxative of Oil; and a teaspoonful of Saltpeter three times a day. Locally wash the affected parts with the following; Sugarof Lead i>^ ounces. Alcohol......... I pint. Water 1 pint. Shake. Apply as a wash, two or three times a day. POISONING e-r STINGS OR SNAKE BITE.— In many sections the farmer is liable to have his team severely stttag, by hornets, bumble-bees, or the like; while in the Southwest the torture inflicted on stock by swarms of gnats and poisonous flies is quite as serious. Horses are also bitten some- imes by venomous snakes. 336 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR For stings, any of the following remedies may be used: A strong solution of salt and water. Onion juice is another good remedy. In severe cases bathe with Ammonia water (strong Ammonia, two or three ounces to a pint of water, or the weak Ammonia with an equal part of water.) Sponging the parts with lime water, or with a weak solution of soda and water, and following this by smearing over with lyinseed oil is very good. To protect against gad-flies, wash the flanks and parts most likely to be attacked, with a strong infusion of the green bark of the common elder. As a protection against buffalo gnats, that are very troublesome in some parts, smear the parts they most attack with a mixture of lard, 2 parts; tar, i part; or equal parts of petroleum, lard oil, or bacon drippings, and tar. For the bite of a rattlesnake, or other venomous serpent, give as quickly as possible: Hartshorn i teaspoonf ul Whiskey ^2 pint or, 3 ounces Alcohol. Warm water i pint. Mix, and give. Repeat the mixture in half an hour, and again in one hour after, as symp- toms indicate. Cauterize the wound at once with a hot iron at white heat, and keep the adjoining parts wet with Ammonia for some hours with a sponge. Stings of centipedes, scorpions, and tarantulas, should be treated as for snake bite, except it is not customary to cauterize the wound. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION A CHILL.— Cause. — From taking a cold drink of water after working hard; or from being allowed to stand in the cold afterward; or it may develop as the early symptom of some internal disorder. Symptoms. — Horse will refuse to eat ; shivers ; looks dull ; back arched; respiration heavy; the pulse is accelerated, and the temperature rises. This is not a disease in and of itself, but is DISEASES OF THE HORSE 337 rather the symptoms of one, and the animal should be carefully watched afterwards to see what disease is to follow, and treat accordingly; sometimes it is nothing but a mild fever, but many times something more serious may ensue. Trbatmbnt.— As soon as noticed put the horse in a warm stall and put on an extra blanket or two to get him warmed up. If his legs are cold, rub them to arouse the circulation, and give as a drench: Sweet Spirits of Niter i ounce. Alcohol I " Fluid Extract Aconite 5 to 10 drops. Fluid Extract of Belladonna i draclim. Ginger 2 tablespoonfuls. MiJtr, and give in a pint of lukewarm water, repeating the Alcohol and Ginger in an hour, and the entire dose an hour later if the chill is not over. If the above is not at hand give any stimulant, as Alcohol or Ammonia. A chill should always be overcome as soon as pos- sible, as the longer it runs the more serious the fever that follows. After the chill is over, give a fever mixture, as the one recom- mended in early stages of "Inflammation of the lyUngs," and watch for complications. HOW TO EXAMINE FOR SOUNDNESS.— The great thing to remember in examining a horse for soundness is to be systematic; and while we can commence at any point, it is perhaps best to commence at the left side of the head. In examining any part, think of that part only, and of all the diseases which might afEect it. If possible, see the horse while standing in his stall, undisturbed, to see if he has any stable vices; watch him carefully as he is backed from the stall, because some sUght lame- nesses only show at this time. After taking the horse from the stall, have him jogged at the halter, past you, away from you, and toward you; have him turned both ways. Having satisfied yourself that he is free from lameness, stand him squarely on all four feet and commence your systematic examination. Commence by examining nostrils and mouth, looking at his teeth in order to 23 338 THE PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR tell his age; then look close into the eyes to see that there is nothing wrong; pass the hand up around the ears and the top of his head, to see that they are all right; then examine the neck, by starting at the top, running the hand over it to the withers, then over the shoulder, down the outside and inside of the fore leg, and watch carefully for splints, side-bones, ring-bones, and like affections; then raise the foot and see if it is well formed, with good, strong heels; look back along the belly for warts and running sores as the result of castration; then pass the hand down the back of the hips and see that the hip bones are both the same size; then follow the hind leg over the hock and hind fetlock and look for spavins, wind-galls, curbs, splints, side-bones and ring- bones, and also at the stifles, and see that they are all right; examine the foot as you did in front, then go over the other side in same detail. Go slowly, dwelling on each part a sufficient time to think of all its diseases. After this, stand back and see how he stands on his legs, if hips are symmetrical, and also how he holds his head and neck; then pass to the front and notice if he stands with his front feet well under him, for this is a good sign; at the same time see if he is inclined to be weak in knees or fetlocks. Beware of calf-kneed horses, for they are always stumblers; see that horse stands neither too straight nor too crooked on his hind legs; see that he has a well-formed breast, and that he does not toe in nor toe out too much; then make an effort as though you would strike him with a whip over the side; if he grunts as he jumps, examine to see that he is not a roarer; to do this have him run for one-eighth of a mile, stop him suddenly and place ear quickly to the throat; there should be no whistling. Then hitch him up and drive him, to see that he carries his front and hind legs well and that he has good action, also noticing whether he carries his tail straight or not. If for draft, hitch him to a load of some kind to see how he pulls. Now put him in the stable for an hour or two, giving him a pail of water and a feed, for in some cases of lameness, the animal will not show it until he has stood for awhile. After this, go into the stall and take the horse out yourself, noting how he steps over and how he backs out, for fear of string-halt and chorea. After this give him another trot to test for lameness and soundness of wind. A person DISEASES OF tHE HORS^ 339 cannot be too careful in examining a horse, as there are so many troubles, it is easy to overlook some conditions that may prove more cr less serious. FORMS OF GUARANTY OR WARRANT OF SOUNDNESS.— When a horse is bought on a guaranty, the language should be concise and comprehensive. Equivocal language and verbiage is the resort of tricksters, who wish by this means to deceive, and honest men should avoid the appearance of evil. The follow- ing are good: Received of Mr. .._ , ...Dollars. for , warranted _.years old, and under. years, sound, free from vice, and quiet to ride or drive. Signature The place, date of purchase, the name of the person who pays, the amount paid, the description of the animal with pedi- gree, if any, and reference to the proper stud book, and the age, should be filled out and signed by the seller. A form fully filled out might read as follows: DSTROIT, Mich., June 15, 1904. Received of John Adair, seven hundred and fifty (175°) dollars, for the dark bay imported stallion Imperial; black mane and tail, and one -white hind fetlock. Sire, Alexander; dam, Alicia, etc., as contained in the stud book. Said stallion is warranted five years old, and under six 3'ears old, sound, free from physical defect, and safe and quiet to ride or drive. (Signed) Arthur Q. McKenzih. This covers the ground, and may be changed to suit any transaction in the buying of a horse. A bill of sale might read as follows: DETROIT, Mich., June 15, 1904. For and in consideration of the sum of Dollars (or, if note is given for the whole or part, state this fact) . I have this day sold to John Adair, the horse etc , etc. (as in the other form ). a 340 THK PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR TO TELL THE AGE OF HORSES BY O. R GLBASON To tell the age of any horse, Inspect the lower jaw, of course; The sixth front tooth the tale will tell. And every doubt and fear dispel. Two middle "nippers" you behold Before the colt is two weeks old. Before eight weeks two more will come; Eight months, the "corners" cut the gums. Two outside grooves will disappear From middle two in just one year. In two years from the second pair; In three the comers, too, are bare. At three the middle "nippers" drop; At four the second pair can't stop. When five years old, the third pair goes. And then a full new set he shows. The deep black spots will pass from view, At six years from the middle two. The second pair at seven years; At eight the spot each ' 'comer' ' clears. From middle nippers, upper jaw. At nine the black spots will withdraw. The second pair at ten are white; Eleven finds the "comers" light. As time goes on, the horsemen know The oval teeth three-sided grow; They longer get, project before, Till twenty, when we know no more. DISKASES OF TH E HORSE 341 HOW TO TELL A HORSE'S AGE BY HIS TEETH. — In buying horses it is often desirable to be able to judge of the approximate age of the animals. With a little experience this can be done quite accurately by examining the teeth. In judging, we may confine ourselves almost entirely to the lower front teeth, called the lower incisors. In the horse there are six of these, and they are named as follows: The two middle ones are called the central incisors, the ones on each side of the centrals are called the laterals, and the ones next to these, or the outer ones on each side, are called the corners. Those on the upper jaw are named the same, but we need not study them in judging age. The back teeth are called the molars, or grinders, but these do not aid in judging of the age, except at one period, which will be mentioned later. In structure, the teeth are made up for the most part of a hard, bone-like substance called dentine, the outside being covered over with a still harder substance, the hardest in the body, known as enamel. The enamel not only covers the outside of the tooth, but dips down into the tooth at various places. In the molars it dips down in a number of places, and being harder than the surrounding dentine wears away more slowly, and hence keeps the grinding surface of the tooth rough. In the incisor teeth the enamel surrounds the cups, which are in the grinding surface of these teeth. This enamel, which dips down into the substance of the tooth, is called the internal enamel to distinguish it from that on the outside of the tooth, called the external enamel. The horse has two sets of teeth; the first, which are called the temporary, or milk teeth, are twenty-four in number, twelve in each jaw; six incisors and six molars, three molars on each side. The second set, which are called the permanent teeth, are forty in number, six incisors, twelve molars, and two canines, in each jaw. The canines are generally absent in the mare; they are the sharp-pointed teeth in the space between the incisors and molars. The canines and the fourth, fifth and sixth molars are not present in the temporary set, and hence the horse has only one set of these teeth. At birth the colt generally has the central incisors in both lower and upper jaws, four front teeth; sometimes these do laot 342 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR come through for a week or ten days after birth. At eight to ten weeks the lateral incisors on each jaw come through, and at about ten months the corner incisors come in. The colt now has a full colt's mouth, all his temporary, or milk teeth, as they are called. The temporary back teeth, or grinders, are in at birth. Eight Days. Two to Three Months. The fourth molars, the first permanent teeth, come in at about ten months of age, but they need not be considered for judging age, as the corner incisors come in at that time, and the age can be judged by them. At from twenty months to two years the fifth molars come in, and as there are no very marked changes in the incisors at this age, the presence or absence of the fifth molars helps us in judging at this time. This is the only time when it is necessary to refer to the molars in judging age. Eight to Ten Months, The next change noticed in the teeth is the shedding of the temporary, and the appearance of the permanent teeth. Th? permanent teeth are formed down in the jaw underneath the DISKASES OF THE HORSE 343 Two Years. Two and One- Half to Three Years. roots of the temporary ones, push up against the roiats of the temporary, absorbing a large part of the root, and pushing out the remainder of the tooth. The first of these changes takes place with the teeth at from two years nine months to three years, when the temporary central incisors are shed, and the permanent ones take their place; it is about three months from the time the permanent teeth appear, until they are in wear. The permanent teeffl are much larger than the temporary, so there is no danger of mistaking them. The next change is at Irom three years nine months to four years, when the lateral incisors change. The four-year-old colt then has four large permanent incisors in each jaw and the two small temporary corners. Three and One-Half to Four Years. Four and One-Half to Five Years. At five the corner incisors change; the colt now becomes a horse, having all his permanent teeth, the permanent grinders having replaced the temporary ones during the last two years, and the sixth molars and the canines having come in during the last year. Technically speaking, the male animal under five 344 THB PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR years of age is called a colt; past five, a horse. The female under five is called a filly; past five, a mare. After five the age is judged by the way the teeth wear away. When the tooth first comes in wear, there is in the grinding sur- Five Years. face, a cone-shaped cavity, commonly spoken of as the "cup," and as the tooth wears away this cup becomes shallower and smaller; as the teeth come in wear at different periods the cups in the dif- ferent teeth wear away at different ages. Surrounding the cup is a thin laj'er of a very hard substance called the internal enamel; being harder than the rest of the tooth, it wears away more slowly and projects above the rest of the surface. At six the cups in the lower central incisors are becoming small and shallow, but not entirely gone, the cups still being fair size in the laterals. Seven Years. At seven the cups are gone from the central incisors and becoming shallow in the lateral incisors. DISEASKS OF THE HORSE 345 At eight the cups are gone from the lateral aud getting shal- low in the corner incisors. At nine the cups are gone from the corner incisors, and from this time on we cannot judge the age with the same degree of accuracy. We referred above to the internal enamel surrounding the cups; when the cup is gone this internal enamel will be recognized as a thin, whitish layer, forming an oblong ring in the center of the grinding surface; it shows more plainly when the mouth is so held that the sun shines on the tooth, or it can be felt by passing the finger over the surface. As we have said, when the cup is first worn away, the ring is oblong and quite large, but as age advances it becomes smaller and rounder, and finally disappears entirely; then the surface will feel smooth to the touch. After the animal is nine yeas old we note the shape and size of this ring of internal enamel in judging the age. At ten the ring of internal enamel in the lower central incisors is becoming quite small and round, but not entirely gone. At about twelve the enamel is gone, or nearly so, from the centrals, and small in the laterals. At about fourteen the enamel is gone from the lateral incisors, and small in the corners. At about sixteen the enamel is gone, or nearly gone, from the corner incisors; and after this we can judge the age only by the general shape of the teeth. The foregoing rules are more reliable when the upper and lower teeth oppose each other perfectly. Sometimes the upper teeth project beyond the lower; if the defect is only sUght it will not cause much variation; if bad, however, it will prevent judging the age, as the lower teeth will not wear away. We also some- times find that one side wears faster than the other; upon looking at the corner tooth on one side we might judge the animal fifteen or sixteen, while the other corner might indicate only twelve. So in judging age consider all the points; do not form an opinion from one or two teeth. In addition to the specific changes in the teeth already mentioned there are certain other general changes, which help to determine whether a horse is old or young. 346 THE PRACTICAIv STOCK DOCTOR As an animal grows older the shape of the arch and also the shape of the teeth change. In the young horse, one seven or eight, the upper teeth extend nearly straight down and the lower up, meeting each other in such a way that the front surface of the upper and lower teeth form nearly a straight line; as the ani- mal grows older, both upper and lower teeth project forward and from an angle with each other, this angle becoming sharper as the animal advances in age. In the young horse the teeth are broad from side to side, and narrow from before back; as the animal grows older the teeth get narrower from side to side and wider from before backward. In endeavoring to judge the age of a horse, then, first see if the upper and lower incisors oppose each other perfectly, and also if those on one side of the centrals are wearing the same as those on the other; if these conditions exist the age can be judged with a good degree of certainty; if they do not, allowance must be made for any irregularity. Anyone by using the foregoing rules can, with a little experience, become quite proficient in judging the age of horses. Independent of the teeth, the general indication of old age are: Deepening of the hollows over the eyes; gray hairs over the eyes and about the muzzle; pendulous lips with a wrinkled appearance; sharpness of the withers, sinking of the back, etc. The value of an old horse so far as his teeth are concerned, will depend very largely upon the condition of the molars, as these are really the working teeth. If these teeth are still fairly large, their grinding surfaces rough, and the grinding surfaces on the same straight line, they are in condition to grind the food in good shape; if, on the other hand, they are getting small, the grinding surfaces are smooth and some are longer than others, not much can be expected of them by way of preparing the food, and the animal will be of little value, DISEASES OF THE HORSE 347 OPERATIONS Whenever it is possible, all operations, except a few simple ones, should be left to the veterinarian, but for the benefit of those who cannot secure a veterinarian, a few of the operations will be considered. SOME IMPORTANT POINTS.— Whenever possible, deaden the pain of an operation by using either local or general anaesthetics. Never inflict unnecessary pain. Secure the animal so he cannot hurt himself, or those assisting. Have all instru- ments used, perfectly clean, placing them, a little while before operating, and keeping them, when not in use during the opera- tion, in a solution of Carbolic Acid, J^ ounce, water, i pint. Have the hands clean, and operate in a place free from dirt and dust. LOCAL ANAESTHETICS are those preparations which destroy sensation in the part to which they are applied; one of the best is a solution of Cocaine; an eight per cent, solution is generally used, except when applied to mucous membranes, then a five per cent, solution is used. Have a druggist make up the solution. In sewing up wounds about the head it is sometimes difficult to hold the head still; by rubbing the edges of the wound with a little of the solution, all the pain is deadened; in opening an abscess, if the skin is rubbed well with a little of the solution for five minutes, then wait a few minutes, it can be opened with- out pain; very valuable in those places where a little movement of the animal is apt to interfere, as about the knee or hock. In cutting out tumors, by injecting a drachm under the skin with a hypodermic syringe in three or four places around the base of the tumor, and then rubbing around the tumor, it can be removed with very little pain. Much of the pain can be destroyed by rubbing the surface of the tumor as in opening abscesses. A few drops of a five per cent, solution dropped into the eye, will destroy the pain in operation upon that organ. Never use more than an ounce of the solution during an operation, and not much more than one-half ounce if injected under the skin. 348 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR GENERAL ANiESTHETICS.— These are the drugs which produce unconsciousness and loss of sensation . Those most used are Chloroform and Sulphuric Ether, and are given by inhal- ing the vapor. There is danger, in using them, of their causing death by stopping respiration and the heart's action, and so they should only be used b)- the experienced, except in extreme cases. Anaesthetics should, however, be used in all the severe operations. Chloroform is most used with horses and cattle; Ether with dogs. The animal is thrown and secured, a sponge is then saturated with the drug to be used, and put into a bag one-half the size of a grain sack, the nose put into the bag, and the bag held fairly tight around the face, below the eyes; sometimes a paper flour sack is put inside the other sack, and the sponge put into this; with this there is some danger of giving chloroform too fast, as some air should always be given with it. Another way is to cover the cloth sack with a rubber blanket, and this can be held down to prevent the chloroform from wasting, and yet kept open enough to admit sufficient air. If the chloro- form sack is made of thick canvas it need not be covered at all. In case of death, respiration stops a little before the pulse, and so this act should be carefully watched, but the finger should also be kept on the pulse, and if either of these acts show indications of stopping, remove the sack at once and let the animal inhale the fumes of Ammonia. To tell when the animal is under the influence of the drug, the eyeball is touched with the finger; when unconscious, he wiU not wink. The sack is then removed and a few breaths of pure air are given, and then the sponge is so fixed that he will get a little chloroform with each breath, the larger part being air; if he commences to become conscious, more chloroform is given for a few seconds, or until he goes under its influence again. These drugs affect different animals differently, and so each case needs careful attention. From three to four ounces of chloroform is required to put a horse under its influence, and keep him there an hour. THE KNIFE. — Almost any knife will answer for operat- ing, if not too large to be awkward to handle. A medium sized, one-bladed jack-knife, with a blade some two and one-half inches DISEASES OF THE HORSE 349 long and half an inch wide, answers very well. It should be per- fectly clean and very sharp. A dull knife inflicts much more pain than a sharp one. The knife is held in different ways; when doing careful dissecting, much as a pen is held in writing. When a firmer grasp is needed, and the tissue is to be cut down onto, hold as follows: open the knife and lay it on the table, sharp edge of blade down; now pick it up, clasping the blade between the thumb and first finger, a little back of its middle. If the cut is to be made by an upward stroke, or where there is to be simply an inward thrust and an immediate withdrawal, as in opening an abscess, hold the knife as follows: open it and place it on the table with back of blade down; now pick it up, clasping the blade between the thumb and first finger, just far enough from the point to cut the required depth; holding in this way, the thumb and finger acts as a shield and prevent too deep cutting. Make a cut with as quick a movement as it is safe to make, as the pain is less than with a slow movement; also make as few strokes as possible, as a cut two inches long made with two strokes causes twice the pain it would if made with one stroke. METHODS OF CONTROLLING ANIMALS.— A Twist. — To make a twist, take a piece of fork handle about two feet long, and one inch from one end, bore a three- eighths-inch hole; through this put a one-fourth-inch soft rope, about one and one-half feet long, and tie the two ends together, forming a loop. To apply it, take hold of the stick with the right hand, slip the left hand through the loop and clasp the upper lip well up towards the nostrils; slip the loop off the hand onto the lip, and twist the stick until the loop is so small it will not slip off. The upper lip is very sensitive and a horse can be held in this way and allow operations he would not allow without it. Do not turn the twist tighter than is necessary, as it can be made a very inhumane instrument, and if twisted too tight, or kept on too long, may paralyze the lip. Blindfolding.— By blindfolding a horse, he will submit to operations he would not submit to, if not deprived of his eye- sight. It is always well to blindfold in throwing a horse: he will not resist so much. 350 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR The Side-Line. — This is a means of holding one hind foot off the ground, and prevents serious kicking when working about the hind legs (see cut). Apply the side-line to the leg that is not being operated upon. Holding Up One Front Foot is also a means of controlling a horse; the foot on the side the operator is working, if about the hind legs, is the one to pick up. Stocks. — Animals can also be confined in stocks. Tempo- rary stocks can be made by setting two posts about three feet from the side of a building and eight feet apart; nail on the in- side of the posts, up some three feet from the ground, a good, strong plank; also nail across from one post to the building a strong plank; have one or two rings securely fastened to the building opposite the side plank; lead the horse into the stocks and pass over the back, and securel}^ fasten to the rings and the side plank, a rope, much as a kicking strap is put on a colt. This is a good way to secure animals for dressing wounds when they are inclined to be vicious. Casting. — The most effectual way to secure a horse is to lay him down, but as there is a little danger in this, especially with an aged animal, it is not done when other means will answer, but in some cases it has to be resorted to. There are many ways of casting a horse. The chief point is to throw him carefully so as to not injure him in any way. A very good way is to put hobbles on the feet, and run a chain through the D's and draw the feet all together, having a rope running from one arm over the back, to make him fall on desired side. A good man should be at the horse's head to prevent him throwing it around and falling on it, and thus breaking his neck, or lunging forward onto his head. Have a good bed for him to fall on. Another good plan, without hobbles, is Rarey's. Tie up the fore leg, then tie a strap to the pastern of the other fore leg and pass it over the horse's back; standing at the shoulder, push him over a step, at the same time pulling up the foot and bring- ing him to his knees. He will do some rearing and jumping about, but when he gets tired he will lie quietly down, when his *4. 'ly t M H DISEASES OF THE HORSE 351 legs can be tied and held down. To prevent him pounding his head, have a good man there, who should put one knee on his neck, and turn his nose up at an angle of forty- five degrees. As a safeguard against too severe straining, tie a rope from just above one knee to above the hock of the leg on the same side, and draw the legs as closely together as possible, and confine them there. This lessens ability to struggle. The double side-line is also used, as per "cut," and as described under Castration. OPENING AN ABSCESS.— This is not a difficult opera- tion, but if not done properly it is of little use, and is apt to retard a cure. When ready to open, ascertain as near as possible where the bottom is, and insert the knife at that point, making an open- ing quite to the bottom for the escape of the pus. If this is not possible, open at the top, and evacuate with a sponge or syringe. The main point to bear in mind is to open as near as possible to the bottom. A twist on the nose is usually sufficient to keep the animal quiet. After opening, flush out well with water, using a bulb syringe, and then inject a little Carbolic Acid lotion — Yi ounce of the acid to a pint of water. Flush out each day for four or five days and then once in two days until healed. If the opening gets small before the abscess heals, as it will if the abscess is large, enlarge it; if it closes before the abscess heals from the bottom, it will form again. In treating old abscesses having an inside lining, it is well to inject a drachm or two of Iodine into them every other day for a few days. Or, tie together, along on a String, a few small wads of cotton batting; saturate these with the Tincture of Iodine, and press them into the abscess, leaving the ends of the string hanging out. I^eave in twenty-four hours and then remove by pulling on the string. In some cases it is well to poultice an abscess a few days after opening; this is especially good if the abscess has just formed. BLISTERING— (See under "Ring- Bone)." PUTTING IN STITCHES.— Following operations, and also where the skin and muscles are cut accidently, it is often desirable to draw the edges of the wound together with stitches, or 352 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR sutures. Of these there are four kinds: The interrupted, the unin- terrupted, quilled, and twisted sutures. The interrupted suture is the one generally used. For this, needle and silk, or silver wire, or cat-gut, are needed. Clip the hair from the edges of the wound, and be sure that everything is clean. Draw the edges of the wound together with a slightly curved needle and silk, and when tying the knot give the ends an extra turn in making the first part of the knot, which will keep it from slip- ping back (the surgeon's knot); then go on and make a hard knot in the usual manner, and cut off the silk. Then another, and so on. The continuous or uninterrupted suture sews up the wound by continuing right along, as in sewing cloth, and in tying the ends. The quilled suture is when two quills, or pieces of wood, are used as skewers, and the end of the silk caught over them, the quills being placed one on each side the wound, to prevent tearing out. The twisted suture is simply a pin inserted through the edges, and a hair, or silk thread, wound around its ends in the form of a figure 8- Before sewing up a ragged wound, cut off all ragged pieces of tissue from within the wound before drawing the edges together; draw the edges so they just nicely touch, and leave a little opening at the bottom for drainage. It is hard to pass an ordinary needle through the skin, and so it is much easier to use a surgeon's needle, or in the absencs of this, the old-fashioned buckskin needle will answer. BANDAGES. — In the treatment of lameness, especially strains, when in the legs, and also in the stopping of hemorrhages and dressing of wounds, bandages are often used. For lameness and dressing wounds, stopping bleeding, etc. , coarse, unbleached muslin answers very well. For moderate pressure, as in the case of wind-galls and stocked legs, the Derby bandage, sold by harness makers, is good. Elastic bandages are good when tension is required, but need careful attention to avoid irritating the skin. Three or four inches is a convenient width for a bandage. To apply it, first roll the bandage up into a snug roll, and, com- mencing at the bottom of the part to be bandaged, wind it around the part, unwinding the roll as it is applied. Keep the bandage DISEASES OF THE HORSE 353 smoothed out, and overlap about half each time around; about every second or third round, turn the bandage half way over, or this can be done at each round; this keeps it tight and in place. Secure the upper end of the bandage by tying with a string. Bandages should be applied tight when used with strains; loosely when used to cover wounds. PASSING THE CATHETER.— The catheter is a tube for drawing the urine from the bladder. With the horse it needs to be a little more than two feet long, and is a tube made especially for the purpose. With the mare any small, rubber tube six or eight inches long will answer. To pass it into the horse, stand at the left side, pass the left hand up into the sheath, get hold of the penis and gently draw it down so the end shows below the sheath; near the center of the penis will be seen the opening. Have the catheter clean, warm, and well oiled with melted lard; take it in the right hand, insert the end into the opening in the penis and keep gently pushing it in; have an assistant raise the tail and watch the skin just below the anus, and when the catheter is about two-thirds passed, he will notice the skin bulge outward; have him press upward and forward and the catheter will round the arch, and can be pushed on into the bladder. In the mare the operation is much simpler; the opening into the bladder will be found on the floor of the vulva about five inches from the posterior opening. The first finger of the right hand can be passed into the passage and the opening located, and then the tube can be passed with the left hand underneath the right, and directed into the opening and pushed on into the bladder, which will be only two or three inches. FOMENTING. — By fomenting is meant the continual bath- ing of a part with hot or cold water. It can be done with a sponge, but this is more work and not so effectual as when the part to be fomented is wrapped with a heavy blanket and this kept wet with hot or cold water; the water should be re-applied at least every half hour . For inflamed glands , or where there is great pain , use hot water; at other times cold can be used. The effect is about the same with either. I^ukewarm water is no good. In towns, 354 I'HE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR or in the country where the farm has waterworks, a hose can be fastened under the blanket and a stream of water allowed to run continuously. Another way to foment the fetlock, or below, is to TUB. — This is allowing the horse to stand in a tub of water. The end of a kerosene barrel makes a fairly good tub, only it is a little small; but if placed in one corner of the stall the horse can be made to step into the tub, and tied so he will statid there. Must be careful in getting him into it the first time, not to frighten him. A tank some eight inches high and three feet square, can be made out of plank, that answers nicely for tubbing. The water should be changed twice a day, or ice can be added to it and the water kept cold in this way. Another way to foment the feet, or rather to poultice them — for the two operations are prac- tically the same — is to stand the horse in a puddle of blue clay. Any box large enough, and six or eight inches high, can be used to puddle the clay in. TAPPING THE CHEST.— In hydrothorax the chest fills with water; it is the stage of effusion in pleurisy. The lungs are floated up, and suffocation results. The presence of water is detected by the solid sound — the sound of fullness — when tapped with the hand, and by the absence of the respiratory murmur; and often, the splashing of the water by the action of the heart can also be heard. Clip the hair from a spot about three inches back of the elbow, and five or six inches from the bottom of the chest. Ascertain the exact location where a puncture can be made without striking a rib, keeping in the middle between two; cut through the skin with a knife, then insert the trocar and canula and withdraw the trocar, leaving the canula to act as a spout; hold a pail to catch the water. Should pieces of lymph clog the canula, pass a small probe and push them off the end. Drain off all the water and withdraw the canula. It is often necessary to repeat the operation, in which case, use a new opening. Have the instrument very clean. TAPPING THE BELLY.— In peritonitis the belly often fills with water, which can be evacuated by inserting the trocai DISEASES OF THE HORSE 355 and canula on the median line, a couple of inches back of the navel, following general lines as to care and operation, as in "Tapping the Chest." The operation may be repeated, if necessary, but make a fresh incision, rather than to insert again in the former wound. TAPPING THE FLANK FOR FLATULENCE.— See "Flatulent Colic." THE HYPODERMIC SYRINGE. — This is a small syringe, with a hollow needle attached, for injecting medicines underneath the skin. To use it, first wash it out with the Carbolic lotion, by drawing the syringe full and then forcing it out; then draw into the syringe the dose of the medicine, take the syringe in the right hand, clasping the needle between the thumb and first finger, about an inch from the tip; grasp it firmly, pick up a fold of the skin with the left hand, and with a quick thrust, push the needle through the skin, and force out the fluid.' Medicines can only be given in this way when the dose is small and the drugs non-irritating. The syringe is used for injecting Cocaine solu- tions in operations. GIVING A DRENCH.— For holding the horse to give medicine from a -bottle (see cut) . The twist is put on only moder- ately tight, simply to hold the head still and make the horse swallow better. Hold the head up with the rope, not with the twist. If the ceiling of the barn is high enough, fasten the ring in the ceiling well towards the front end of one of the stalls; and when giving medicine, back the horse into the stall. The looped strap is passed under the noseband of the halter and into the mouth, around the upper jaw; see that it does not press the edges of the lips in against the teeth. This leaves the tongue and lower jaw free for the act of swallowing. If the horse refuses to swallow, remove the bottle and tickle the roof of the mouth with the finger. Medicine can also be given, when the dose is small, by throwing it into the back part of the mouth with a hard rubber syringe. TUMORS AND THEIR REMOVAL.— -Tumors may be described as any unnatural enlargement upon the body. They 356 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR differ very mucli in nature and structure, some being composed of the same kind of tissue as that in which they are found, others being made up of an entirely different tissue than that which surrounds them. The tendency with some is to keep on growing; others remain the same size after once formed. Some tumors can be removed; others, on account of their location, or structure, cannot be removed. To remove tumors, some, if not too large, can be absorbed by using Iodine Ointment, see treatment for "Abscesses." Others have to be dissected out. To dissect out, large blood vessels must be guarded against. Control the animal by some of the methods, a twist is frequently enough; use Cocaine to deaden pain, see "Local Anaesthetics" in this section. With a sharp knife make a cut up and down through the skin, over the center of the tumor; then dissect the tumor from the skin, first on one side, then on the other, and then dissect the tumor from the tissues underneath it. If any large blood vessels are cut, twist them, or take up and ligate, see "General Treatment of Wounds." After the tumor is out, remove a little of the skin from each edge of the cut, so it will lie close and not form a pouch when sewed up. Sew up the upper part of the skin wound, leaving the lower open for drainage; follow with treatment as for an ordinary wound. If there is some thickening left after wound has healed use the Iodine Ointment. TRACHEOTOMY.— This is opening the trachea, or wind- pipe, and inserting a tube into it, to prevent death from threatened suffocation. The tube should be three-quarters of an inch in diam- eter, curved so as to slip into the windpipe easily, with a plate at the end, of like material, to tie to the neck to keep it in place; silver or hard rubber tubes are generally used. Open the skin by an incision about two inches long, at a point about eight inches below the throat, where the windpipe is close to the surface; divide the muscles, and lay bare the windpipe; then cut out a circular piece, including tvro rings, making a hole large enough to insert the tube. Once a day take out the tube, clean it with Carbolic lotion and replace as soon as possible. The tube may be removed for good when the cause of suffocation is removed. DISKASES OF THE HORSE 357 The wound will soon heal. While the operation seems somewhat dangerous, it is simple; the principal point is to have instruments clean and not to drop the circular piece cut out, down into the trachea. The operation becomes necessary sometimes in bad cases of distemper or laryngitis. SPAYING. — This operation is rarely ever performed on mares, except in case of disease, and as it is a dangerous opera- tion, should only be performed by a skilled man. It consists in removing the ovaries. FIRING (ACTUAL CAUTERY).— This is burning with a red-hot iron to set up a great amount of counter-irritation or inflammation. It is mostly used for ring-bones, spavins, curbs, and sprains of the back tendons. It should never be performed except by a veterinarian. There are a large number of other operations performed upon the lower animals, but they are of such a nature that only the veterinarian should perform them. CATTLE THEIR DISEASES AND TREATMENT ANATOMY OF CATTLE Each of the bones and joints of the ox receive the same name as the corresponding ones in the horse, but there are a few important points of diiierence in the structure of the skeleton. The ox has thirteen pairs of ribs, while the horse has eighteen pairs. The breast-bone or sternum is much larger and flatter than in the horse, and the cartilages of the ribs Attach to it with true joints; this is important to keep in mind, tor when there is any disease of lungs or chest in cattle, they always lie down, as when they take that position, the chest is expanded and animal gets more relief than when standing. In the horse the case is reversed, the ribs and the breast-bone being so formed that the chest is contracted when lying down, hence in diseases of the lungs, the horse stands instead of lying down. The bones of the head in the ox differ from those of .the horse in being very heavy and wide at the upper part of the skull, and the skull has a bony projection at each side, called the "core of the horn." This is important to know in dehorning, and all interested in that work should become familiar with the fact. This projection, or core of the horn, is hollow, which is a continuation of the sinuses or cavities of the bones of the head. Attached to the core of the horn and covering it, is the horn itself. Another point of difference between the ox and the horse, is that there are in the heart of the ox two small bones, called cardiac, or heart bones. There are no such bones in the horse. One more point of difference is that the bones of the feet of the ox are divided into two parts, while in the horse they are without division - 3S» DISEASES OF CATTI.E 359 THE ORGANS OF DIGESTION.— The Upper Lip of the ox is thick, hard, and hairless, the color varying with the color of the animal, and when in good health this part is always moist; it is called the muzzle. The Cheeks on the inside are covered by numerous little processes, which give them a very rough appearance. The Tongue of the ox is stronger than that of the horse, is more prehensile, and is very thick and heavy at the base; it is pointed at the front end, and the upper surface is very rough. It is by means of the tongue that food is gathered and taken into the mouth. The Salivary Glands are similar to those of the horse. The Teeth are much differently arranged from those of the horse; the ox has no front teeth in the upper jaw, their place being taken by a pad of cartilage or gristle. The lower row of teeth presses against this pad in grazing, and its function is that of teeth, but it may be easily seen that cattle cannot thrive on as short pasture as though they had both lower and upper incisors. The front teeth of the lower jaw are eight in number, chisel shaped, and set loosely in the gum. The molars are similar to those of the horse, but are smaller, and not so smooth on upper surfaces. These are twenty-four in number, which, added to the eight front teeth, give a total of thirty-two teeth The Soft Palate of the ox is small, and does not close the opening from the mouth to the pharynx as in the horse. The Pharynx in the ox is much larger than in the horse. The esophagus, or tube of the throat, which conveys the food to the stomach, is well developed; the fibres in it are very strong and have a double action. When the animal is eating they carry the food from the mouth down into the stomach, but during the time of ruminating, they act in a reverse manner, conveying the food from the stomach to the mouth, and returning- it again to the stomach when sufiSciently masticated. 36o THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR The Stomach is a very important organ to study, for cattle suffer much from diseases of the stomach. The stomach of the ox has a capacity of about sixty gallons, and has four compartments. The first is the paunch, or rumen; the second is the reticulum, or honey-comb; the third is the omasum, or manyplies; and the fourth is the abomasum, or true stomach. The first thre? prepare the food for the fourth, where the real process of digestion is carried on. The paunch, or rumen, is very large, and in an old animal it fills up nearly three- fourths of the belly cavity; it lies up against the left side of the belly, where it is attached and held in place by ligaments. Its situation is important to remember, for in many of the diseases of the paunch, or rumen, it is first noticed on the left side, and in tapping the paunch for bloating, the entrance is always made on the left side, on account of its position. The paunch has two openings, an entrance and an exit, both of which are in front; the food passing from here into the reticulum, or honey-comb, which is the smallest division of the stomach. In this the entrance is at the front, and exit is at the rear; its office does not seem marked in food preparation, but may help in preparing the food to return to the mouth for remastication. From the retic- ulum the food passes into the third part, or omasum, which is the second largest division of the stomach. When full, it is ovoid in shape, and placed just behind the reticulum and at the right side of the paunch. This, if examined, is found to be full of folds or layers of membrane. The function of this part is, while food is passing through, to draw into its folds all the coarser parts of the food and to roll the same about until finely divided and well prepared to pass on into the abomasum, or true division of the stomach, where it is digested. When this part becomes deranged and the food becomes dry and hard between the folds, it then sets up the disease called "impaction of the omasum, or manypHes," or dry murrain. The food passing from here, as stated, goes into the fourth or true stomach. Here the food is digested. The walls of this part are redder than those of the preceding three, and they contain the glands that secrete the acids and gastric juices of the stomach, to aid in the work of preparing food for assimilation; this stomach corresponds to the stomach of the horse. From here the food passes into the small intestines. DISEASES OF CATTLE 361 The Bowels, or Intestines, of the ox are divided into large and small, the same as those of the horse, being similar in struc- ture and in action. The small bowels are not quite as large as those of the horse, but about twice as long, being about 150 feet in length. The large bowels are very much smaller than those of the horse, being only two to three inches in diameter, and are about thirty-six feet in length. When the fourth stomach has completed its work in the process of digestion of the food, it passes into the small intes- tines, and is acted on by the bile from the liver, and the pancreatic juice from the pancreas — these juices being emptied into the first part of the intestines through little ducts or tubes which lead down to the bowels the same as in the horse. After this, through- out the rest of the bowels, the nourishment of the food is taken up by little villi which are situated in the coats of the bowels, and the nourishment, when once in the blood, is carried out to all parts of the body, while the part that is not taken up, passes on and out in the form of manure. THE LIVER.— The liver of the ox resembles that of the horse, but differs in that it has a gall-bladder resembling a pear in shape, and acting as a vessel to store up the gall during the time there is no digestion going on. During time of digestion, the walls of this vessel contract and the bile is forced down into the intestine. THE PANCREAS. — The pancreas resembles that of the horse ; the juice secreted by it having the same office to perform as in the case of the horse. THE SPLEEN. — The spleen is the same in structure and use, but different in shape; it is oblong, and attached to the rumen. THE RESPIRATORY, OR BREATHING OR- GANS.— The organs of respiration in the ox are similar in structure and office to those of the horse, but in general are not so Hable to disease, except tuberculosis, perhaps, which is some- what common with cattle and rarely affects horses. 362 THK PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR THE URINARY ORGANS.— The chief point of differ- ence in these organs is in the kidneys, which in the ox are larger than in the horse, and instead of being smooth as in that animal, are rough, resembling a bunch of grapes. The bladder and passages resemble those of the horse, except that in the cow just back of where the urethra opens into the vulva, is a little bliad depression which bothers in passing the catheter. THE GENITAL ORGANS OF THE COW.— The Ovaries of the cow are smaller than those of the mare, but are much the same in structure. The Womb of the cow is somewhat like that of the mare, but the inside surface is different, being covered with button-like processes, very small when the animal is not pregnant, but increasing with gestation until, at the time of calving, they are nearly as large as a man's fist. These are called " cotyledons". The placenta, or after-birth, is attached to these, and some study should be given to them and their office by every stockman, since they are associated with some of the troubles attending calving. The passage, or vagina, is formed on the same principle as in the mare, but is not so long. The vulva is much the same, but the clitoris is very small. The Udder, Mammary Glands, or Bag, should be pretty well understood. The bag is divided into halves, and these halves again divided, each part being known as a quarter of the bag, each quarter having a mammary, or milk' gland, and a sinus, or pouch, to hold the secreted milk until the cow is milked. The sinus is situated just above the passage of the teat. THE GENITAL ORGANS OF THE BULL.— The Testicles. — The testicles are ovoid and well developed, lying vertical instead of horizontal as in the horse. The sper- matic cord and artery are small, when compared with the horse. The Penis. — The penis is long and pointed, and has an S-shaped curve in it, when not projected, just below the pubis or hip-bones; this curve may be felt with the fingers (if the buji don't object) , just in the rear of the scrotum. The sheath is long I o H n h O z o DISEASES OF CATTLE 363 and runs farther forward on the belly than with the horse, and has a tuft of hair on the point. When the penis is extended forward, as in serving a cow, the S-shaped curve of the penis straightens. The S-shaped curve prevents the passage of the catheter through from the end of the penis, as in the horse. The urethra has to be cut into just below the anus, where it rounds forward. ACTION OF REMEDIES IN CATTLE On account of a different make-up, remedies work quite dif- ferently in cattle than in the horse. Medicines should, as far as possible, be given them in liquid form, and in more bulky form than for the horse. The medicine should also be given slowly, as the chances are better for it passing into the fourth stomach. Cattle also take from one and a half to two times the dose taken by horses. Aloes, though so excellent a purgative for horses, is not a good remedy for cattle, while Epsom Salts, that are cold and drastic for horses, on cattle work like a charm. Calomel and other forms of mercury act violently on cattle, salivating them soon, and in milch cows is excreted through the milk, affecting sucking calves seriously. Oils, used as purgatives, do not work very well on cattle; melted lard is perhaps the best. Mustard, as a blister, acts with more vigor on cattle than on the horse, but Turpentine acts with less. 364 the; practical, stock doctor PULSE, RESPIRATION AND TEMPERATURE The normal pulse in cattle varies from fifty to fifty-five beats per minute; in old animals, and in calves especially, it is more rapid. The pulse is the most conveniently taken on the under border of the lower jaw, just in front of the angle, the same as with the horse. In health it is softer and less tense than it is in the horse. The respiration requires no special skill to diagnose; this will come with practice. The soft, rustling sound of the healthy "respiratory murmur," when the ear is placed to the chest, is altogether changed when there is any disease affecting the lungs or air passages. The number of respirations in cattle per minute (usually twelve to eighteen) can be easily counted by the heav- ing of the chest. Some practice is required to make one a good judge of sound as obtained by percussion, which in health is always clear and resonant. Percussion consists in placing the forefinger of the left hand upon the chest, and striking it smartly with the ends of the first three fingers of the right hand. The temperature in cattle — as in all animals — is an index of great value. It can only be arrived at, with any degree of satis- faction, with what is called a "clinical thermometer," which is so shaped that when taken from the body the reading remains the same until shaken down. It is inserted into the rectum and left two or three minutes and then removed and read. The normal temperature of cattle is about loi degrees, a little higher than the horse. A rise of temperature above the normal is called a fever. OTHER INDICATIONS OF DISEASE.-A "staring coat," as it is termed, in. which the hairs stand like bristles, is an obvious symptom, and sometimes the only one, of a low state of health. Shivering, when animal is only exposed to moderate cold, or none at all, should receive prompt attention; for it is infallibly the ushering in of an attack of disease that is usually severe. Cold sweat coming out on the skin of an animal severely Diseases of Cattle UPPER, OR DORSAL, SURFACE OF THE LUNGS OF THE OX Upper surface of the lungs of an ox reduced to one-sixth of the natural size : (a, fl')_the right and left upper lobes; (h. i') the ventral lobes, situated between the principal lobes; (c. c', c") the most anterior or cephalic, lobes. The right anterior is divided into two lobes (c, c'); the left is single (c"); (d) trachea, or windpipe. Those portions lying outside of the dotted lines are the ones most commonly affected in the ordinary types of pneumonia. In the majority of cases examined by the government, which were affected with contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia, the principal lobes were primarily affected. DISEASES OF CATTIvE 365 ill, indicates a desperate if not a fatal condition. The posture wlien standing, the method of lying down or getting up, the action in moving around — all these are significant, and should be noted carefully. The countenance, and especially the eye, will betray the dis- tress and pain which the dumb sufferer is unable to express in words. The muzzle, which in health is moist — covered with "dew" — in fevers especially, becomes unnaturally hot and dry, or cold, and sometimes changed in color — sometimes paler but more commonly injected with blood. One of the earliest signs of constitutional disturbances, as well as of special disorders, is the suspension of rumination — ceasing to chew the cud. In the case of milch cows, a nearly coincident symptom is the drying up of the milk. Inasmuch as cattle are not subject to the same conditions as the horse in many respects, diseases of some parts of the body are very much less common, although exclusive of lameness, nearly all the diseases of the horse are met with in cattle. In this work, where the treatment is the same, the reader will be referred to the treatment as given for the disease with the horse. To find the page in which the disease is described, unless • given at the time, refer to the index. DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS CATARRH, OR COLD IN THE HEAD.— Simple cold, or catarrh, is inflammation, more or less acute, of the membrane lining the nose and passages of the head, generally implicating the eyes and throat. Neglect in attending the early symptoms frequently occasions diseases of a more serious nature. Causes.— Damp, drafty, badly drained stables; but generally from exposure to storms, and sudden changes in the weather. 366 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Symptoms. — There will be more or less fever, as indicated by the thermometer; sneezing; cough sometimes accompanies; mouth is hot and nose dry; horns hot at the base and cold at tips; ears and extremities are cold. Discharge from the nose is at first watery, but in a day or two becomes purulent. Eyes are red and swollen, and inclined to weep. If not relieved, symptoms become aggravated; pulse rapid and hard; no appetite; urine scanty and high colored; bowels very apt to be constipated. Treatment. — Put animal in a comfortable, dry place, and give a small dose of Epsom salts (%^ to i pound); repeat in two days if bowels do not respond; give light, laxative food, and also the treatment as for the disease in horses, remembering that the dose is one and a half to two times as large. Steaming the head is as valuable as with the horse, and is done in the same way (see page 75). MALIGNANT CATARRH.— This is a malignant disease affecting the chambers of the head, and causing offensive discharges from the nose. These at first are watery, but later on they become purulent, and in last stages are accompanied with exten- sive sloughing. It is contagious. Catises. — Are not very well known, but thought to be due to minute organisms, perhaps belonging to the bacteria. Symptoms. — It is ushered in with a chill, with all the attend- ing symptoms of fever; the muzzle is hot and dry; animal hangs his head and isolates himself in the pasture ; membranes are of a bluish color; eyes are closed and swollen ; soon nose and eyes begin to run a watery fluid, and saliva drools from the mouth. Pulse is quick and not very strong; a dry, hard cough ensues; bowels are usually costive, feces being black and hard, but diarrhea may set in at any time. There is great thirst, but no appetite, and urine is scanty and high colored. In the course of twenty-four hours discharges become purulent, taking off the hair wherever they touch; passages of the head become so much inflamed and filled with matter, that when head is tapped on the outside with the fingers, a dull, heavy sound is heard. Breath becomes fetid, and temperature rises to 105 to 107 degrees. There is extensive DISRASES OF CATTI. B 367 sloughing in last stage. Prostration is great; pulse becomes faint; convulsions follow, and a great fall in temperature; in some cases ulceration of the cornea takes place, letting out the humors of the eye. Death follows in from nine to eleven days. Treatment. — Put the animal in an isolated place, and have it cool in summer and warm in winter. Give a purgative to clear the bowels (i to i}( pounds of Epsom Salts); also use the following to try and check the fever: Fluid Extract Aconite i}4 drachms. Fluid Extract of Belladonna i ounce. Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed i " Saltpeter 2 ounces. Water to make i pint. Shake. Dose: i ounces, three to five times a day. If fever runs very high give 2 drachms of Acetanilid and 2 ounces of Alcohol in half a pint of water, twice a day. After two days, drop the Aconite from the foregoing pre- scription and put in the prescription in its place J^ ounce of Digitalis. Also steam the head, as in simple "Catarrh." Put 2 teaspoonfuls of Carbolic Acid in the water from which the steam is generated; also put in a little Camphor. The steaming is very important, and can be kept up most of the day. If the eyes become badly affected, treat as for ' ' Inflammation of the Eyes.' ' After the animal commences to improve, use tonics, as with "Chronic Indigestion." To prevent the spread, thoroughly dis- infect where the animal is kept. SORE THROAT— LARYNGITIS.— This is an inflain- mation of the larynx, or upper part of the windpipe. Causes. — Are usually those of a common cold, but some ani- mals seem predisposed to it, a slight exposure bringing on an attack. Symptoms. — Animal may appear htmgry, but does not eat, owing to inability to swallow; respiration becomes quick, painful and hurried; pulse is rapid; there is more or less fever, and if 368 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR water is taken, some of it is likely to return through the nostrils, owing to inflamed throat. Head hangs; ears droop; and saliva runs from the mouth. Treatment. — Give the same treatment as'Xaryngitis" in the horse, remem- bering that the dose for cattle is one and a half to two times that for the horse. Also remember that the medicine is to be given in the form of a paste. Steam the head and apply liniments and fomentations to the throat as for the horse (see page 80). MALIGNANT SORE THROAT.— This is a disease that centers itself in the throat in form of acute inflammation, followed by an effusion that is apt to cause suffocation by closure of the larynx. It is fatal to cattle; also to swine, in which it is known as "Quinsy." Causes. — Probably due to some infection. Symptoms. — It starts "like a common cold-fever — injected mucous membranes, cough, etc.; throat swells enormously; tongue becomes spotted with purple and is protruded; animal gasps for breath, until at last he falls suffocated, struggles a little and dies. Disease usually attains its height in three or four days. Treatment. Use the same treatment as for simple "I,aryngitis." Give the medicines in the form of a paste. Steam the head, using Carbolic Acid in the steam as for "Malignant Catarrh." Also use: Chlorate of Potasli , i ounce. Chloride of Iron 6 drachms. Water i pint. Mix. Inject 2 ounces -well back into the mouth and throat, four or five times a day. If speedy suffocation is threatened, the operation of trache- otomy must be performed (see Operations) . Apply liniments and fomentations to outside of the throat. The animals that die should be buried deeply. Diseases of Cattle ,-^_^ / l.^-'/s .N.lK WSff-***'*' VERMINOUS BRONCHITIS Bronchitis, sometimes called Verminous Bronchitis as it is caused by vermin which lodge in large numbers in the trachea and bronchial tubes— also called Filaria Bronchitis. (See page 369). DISEASES OF CATTI.E 369 BRONCHITIS. — This is an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the bronchial tubes, which extend from the lowei- end of the windpipe into the lungs. Causes. — Exposure accompanying a common cold; or from the extension of inflammation in cases of catarrh and laryngitis. Symptoms. — I,6ss of appetite; a peculiarly anxious expression oi countenance; the respiration is painful and a slight grunt is noticed at each breath; a husky, wheezy and painful cough; on placing an ear to the windpipe, in the early stage, you get the tubular sound as with the horse, and later you get the rale. The temperature is elevated and pulse rapid and soft. Disease reaches its height in two to four days, and in favorable cases begins to abate in from five to eight days. Treatment. — Put in a dry, warm, and well-ventilated place, but avoid drafts. Apply Mustard paste mixed up with water, or water 2 parts and Ammonia i part* and rub well in at the base of the neck, over the windpipe, and on the sides. Keep body warm by blanketing. Use injections per rectum, to keep the bowels soft; avoid violent purgatives, but % pound of Epsom Salts may be given every second or third day. Aside from above, give treatment as for the disease in the horse (page 85), giving nearly twice the dose given to the horse. FILARIA BRONCHITIS; HOOSE OR HUSK.— This is a disease that afflicts young cattle and sheep, more than older animals, for the reason, perhaps, that they graze closer than older animals, or else the parasites affect them more. It is caused by a parasite (strongylus micruris), the eggs of which are swal- lowed in feeding. Symptoms. — There is a slight husky cough; the coat soon becomes staring; and the breathing more and more embarrassed. Cough becomes more frequent, and in character more suffocating and more mucus ; worms, either single or in greater number, will be coughed up. 370 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Treatment. — Feed liberally with nutritious diet, including Wnseed meal and roots, giving in the food; Turpentine iji ounces. Raw Ivinseed Oil i pint. Give as a dose night and morning for two or three days, then discontinue for two or three days, then give again. For yearling calves give one-fourth the dose. Burn turpentine on pine shavings in the pen with the calves, and let them inhale the fumes, or burn a little sulphur; care must be taken not to suffocate. The following is perhaps the most effectual treatment: Turpentine 15 drops. Carbolic Acid 5 drops. Chloroform 8 drops. Olive Oil I drachm. Give as one dose by injecting into the wind pipe with a hypodermic syringe; insert the needle of the syringe in between two of the rings and in j ect slowly. The dose is for a good sized calf; it can be doubled for adult animals. Prevention is better than cure. Stock should be kept off affected pasture, and cattle must not be allowed to drink from stagnant ponds. The drainage of low pastures should be looked after. INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS — PNEU- MONIA. — This is an inflammation of the lung tissue. Causes — May come from a cold, exposure, etc., but oftener from the inflammatory conditions of bronchitis, or laryngitis extending into the lungs. Symptoms. — This disease is preceded with a chill, staring coat, loss of appetite, cessation of ruminating, and if a milch cow, loss of milk. The pulse is soft, full, and quick; respiration rapid and heavy; temperature, 104 to 107. When the sides are tapped, a dull, heavy, full sound is heard, and on listening with ear to side, a crackling sound is heard, but in later stages there Diseases of Cattle BRONCHO- PNEUMONfA The middle lobe of the right lung affected with collapse and beginning of Broncho- Pneumonia. The light yellowish portions represent healthy lung tissue. The red represents disease. The healthy lung tissue is seen to be raised above the level of the diseased portion in contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia ; the exact reverse is the case, the diseased portions being very much larger than the healthy. DISKASES OF CATTLE 371 will be no murmur in affected parts; in early stages expired air is hot; later is cold; ribs are fixed, breathing being done by the abdominal muscles; flanks heave, nostrils are dilated, and coun- tenance has anxious appearance. In second stage, temperature generally drops i to 2 degrees; respiration difficult; cough painful and frequent; animal lies down most of the time; when standing fore legs are wide apart and elbows turned out; looks haggard; extremities alternately hot and cold; crackling sound no longer heard; and percussion gives dull sound. If one side only is affected, well side will show increased murmur. Treatment. — Place in a light, well ventilated box stall, and give the best of care and nursing. Feed laxative foods, and give small doses of Epsom Salts, 3 or 4 ounces daily; keep fresh water before the animal. Aside from the foregoing give the animal the same medicinal treatment as was recommended for the horse (see page 90) ; remembering that the dose is i ^ to 2 times as large. Use the Mustard or liniment applications to the chest freely. In some instances hot applications in the form of hot water bottles could be used to advantage. Blanket warmly. If seen during the chill, stop it as soon as possible, as recommended for the horse. PLEURISY. — This is an inflammation of the pleura, or serous membrane which lines the chest cavity, and which is reflected over the lungs. If this disease is not attended at an early stage, its usual termination is hydrothorax, or water in the chest. Causes. — The same causes which bring on inflammation of the lungs, bronchitis, and other diseases of the respiratory organs. Also external injuries to the chest, broken ribs, etc. Symptoms — There is more or less fever; quick pulse, but small and hard, inclining to be wiry; breathing is quick and pain- ful; elbows turned out; ribs are fixed, and breathing is done by abdominal muscles; a crease is seen extending from the elbows along toward the flanks, where ribs join the cartilages of the chest. Inspirations are short and imperfect, while the expirations 372 1*HK PRACl^ICAL ST^OCK DOCfOR are prolonged and more easily affected. Pressure between the ribs causes pain, and a rasping sound is heard when the ear is applied to the sides; head hangs low; ears droop; nose is dry; and though eyes are partly shut, the countenance has an anxious look. There is no appetite; flanks are tucked up; hacking, pain- ful cough; pains in chest cause animal to turn the head around to his sides. Unlike pneumonia, tapping on the ribs produces a clear, resonant sound, and causes pain; the expired breath is not hot, and there is no mucus rale as in bronchitis. Treatment. — Give the same general care as recommended in "Bronchitis" or "Pneumonia." Give 3 or 4 ounces of Epsom Salts daily, unless bowels act freely. Apply strong Mustard paste or Turpentine liniment to the chest and the internal treatment as for the horse (see page 91), giving nearly double the dose. If water collects in the chest, it is recognized and treated as given under ' 'Hydro- thorax." HYDROTHORAX-WATER IN THE CHEST.— This is not a disease in itself, but is simply a condition where an excessive effusion of water takes place into the chest cavity in pleurisy. Symptoms. — As soon as an effusion commences to take place, pain cease?, respiration is deeper, longer, and less painful; elbows no longer turn in; appetite returns; eyes get bright; and to a causal observer, animal appears to have taken a decided turn for the better. After a short time, however, there are unfavorable symptoms, as flapping of the nostrils, quick labored breathing, heaving of the flanks. The legs and chest become dropsical; eyes sparkle and countenance has an anxious look. No respira- tory murmur is heard at the bottom of the chest, but increased at upper part, and later, a splashing may be heard when water reaches the heart. Percussion on ribs produces a full, dull sound at the lower part of the chest; pulse rapid, but small, and gradu- ally fades away. Death comes from suffocation, the water crowding the lungs into too small a space in the upper part of the chest. DISEASES OF CATTLE 373 Treatment. — If the drugs recommended for pleurisy have been given liberally, and yet the fluid has collected, medicinal treatment will fail; if the drugs have not been given, and the chest is not more than one-third full, by giving them, the fluid may be absorbed. If it cannot be removed in this way the chest will have to be tapped (see Operations) . Continue treatment, as chest is apt to refill. See the disease in the horse (page 92 ) . DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. WOUNDS AND CONTUSIONS OF THE LIPS,— Causes. — From a blow by the horns of other cattle; from the whip of a driver of oxen; or from the bite of a snake. Symptoms. — As a result of a bruise the lips are thick and swollen, and if neglected become hard and indurated, so much so that it is difficult to eat. In such cases the tongue is made use of to endeavor to gather and bring into the mouth the desired food. In case of snake-bite the swelling limits are not well defined; and it is soft and comparatively painless. If the skin is broken it will at once suggest the trouble. Treatment. — For a bruise, bathe the affected parts steadily three or four hours, twice a day with hot or cold water. Also bathe well with White Lotion, and the Turpentine, Witch Hazel, and Soap Liniment (see Prescriptions, back part of book). If the skin is broken, treat as for "Wounds" in the horse (page 262). If from a snake-bite, make a cut through the center of the wound and then another at right angles to the first. Press a wad of cotton against the wound until the bleeding is nearly stopped, and then apply the following lotion several times a day: Permanganate of Potash 2 draclims. Water i pint. 374 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR As snake-bites are likely to result in depression, and later stupor, it is advisable to give yi, pint of Whiskey in a pint of water, repeating only often enough to prevent sinking into a stupor. SLAVERING, OR SALIVATION.— This is a dribbling of saliva from the mouth. Causes. — From a wound or the presence of any foreign matter in the mouth or teeth; from eating irritating plants, such as wild mustard; from the use of mercurial ointment; or as a symptom of other disease. Treatment. — This will depend on the nature of the cause. Examine to see if any foreign body is in the mouth. If from eating irritating plants, dissolve an ounce of powdered Alum in a quart of water, and syringe out the mouth with the mixture twice a day, using a half pint each time. If from the presence of a thorn, splinter of wood, or any foreign substance imbedded in the cheek or tongue, remove the offending object and wash the mouth occasion- ally with a weak solution of Carbolic Acid and water, ^ ounce to the quart; do not allow the animal to swallow much; also use the Alum solution. When the condition is produced by some disease, as by "Foot and Mouth Disease," follow the treatment given under the disease causing the trouble. IRREGULARITIES OF THE TEETH.— This may be occasioned by the unequal wearing of some of the teeth or by some of the incisors being broken, which occasionally happens in cattle pastured on sandy or gravelly soil. The molars may also show irregularity from similar causes. Their edges may become sharp, or it may happen that a molar tooth has been accidentally fractured. In shedding, the loosened teeth get partially dislodged and cause trouble. Treatment..— Examine the animal's mouth by grasping the tongue with one hand and partially drawing it out of the mouth, so as to expose the incisors and molar teeth for inspection. When it is desired DISEASES OF CATTLE 375 to examine the molars with the fingers, an instrument like the balling-iron which is used for horses, or a large clevis held up edgewise, should be put into the mouth to separate and keep the jaws apart. Any sharp edges must be removed with a rasp. Any chance tooth that interferes with mastication, or any frac- tured or loose one should be taken out. In performing such operation it is advisable to have animal cast and to hold the head securely, so the operator can do what is necessary without diffi- culty. Whenever possible secure a veterinarian to operate if it becomes necessary to remove sound teeth. CAPS ON THE TEETH— This sometimes occurs in cattle between the ages of 2 and 4 years, when they are shedding their milk grinders. Instead of teeth dropping out as they should, caps hang on the new teeth, causing them to fester at the roots, and causing a lump on the jaw-bone. Symptoms. — Animal will hold its head to one side; has diffi- culty in eating, and sometimes spits the food out; will fall off in condition, and in time a lump will form on the jaw-bone opposite the festered tooth. Treatment. — Examine the mouth carefully until the capped tooth is found. This will be known by the tooth projecting above its neighbors. When found, remove with pincers, or even a ham- mer, and a long, somewhat blunted, chisel, by tapping gently until cap is knocked off. DECAYED TEETH (CARIES) IN CATTLE.— Symptoms. — The presence of decayed teeth may be suspected by the bad odor of the breath, and by the animal occasionally stopping while eating, and perhaps spitting out the food, and holding the head sidewise. If the mouth be examined, as directed in "Irregularities of the Teeth," and then explored with the hand, the bad tooth will be found. Treatment. — Have animal tied short and have the tongue pulled out and held. Then remove the tooth with a pair of large pincers, or by 376 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR forceps for that purpose. Wlien the crown of the tooth has been destroyed, and only a stump, or root, is left, it cannot be drawn, but can be punched out; in such cases, if animal can be fattened, it is best to sell it to the butcher. If ugly, animal will have to be cast. Get a veterinarian to operate, if possible. LUMPS ON THE JAW-BONES FROM TEETH OR FROM INJURY.— Causes. — As stated in heading. Treatment. — If caused from a cap staying too long on the tooth, causing the roots to fester, remove the cap; do not pull the tooth at first, but try a blister on the lump. Use the Spanish Fly and Mercury blister (see "To Blister," page 257); or the Iodine Ointment, as used in "Abscesses," can be used. If the blister is used, repeat the treatment in four or five weeks, if necessary. If this treat- ment does not stop the lump from growing, throw the animal and pull the tooth with forceps. If the cause is from injury, treat as above. For other information as to lumps on the jaw, see "Actinomycosis of the Jaw-Bones." INFLAMMATION OF THE TONGUE. — GLOSSI- TIS.— Causes. — From eating irritating substances; from eating acid plants; or little blisters may form in the mouth of calves when having indigestion, constituting what is termed "Aphtha;" also from injuries from various kinds. Symptoms. — The saliva dribbles from the mouth, and when examined, the surface of the tongue and other parts of the mouth will appear red and inflamed. In the case of calves, in the form of disease called "Aphtha," small, red elevations are seen on tongue and other parts of mouth, having little white points on their centers. These white patches are succeeded by ulcerated surfaces, which are exposed by the shedding of the white patches. In some cases the tongue is so badly swollen as to protrude from the mouth. DISEASBS OF CATTLE 377 Treatment.-^ When there is merely a reddened and inflamed condition of the mucous membrane of the mouth and tongue, syringe the mouth several times a day, using about 4 ounces at a time of the following: Alum 2 ounces. Water I quart. When the edges of the tongue and other parts of the mouth are studded over with ulcers, these should be rubbed over once a day with the Nitrate of Silver, using the Nitrate of Silver pencil, or by holding a large crystal in a pair of forceps. When indigestion is associated with an ulcerated condition of the mouth, the disorder should be treated as indicated under that heading. GANGRENE OF THE MOUTH IN YOUNG CALVES— GANGRENOUS STOMATITIS.— This afEec- tion usually appears in young calves about the time they are cutting their teeth. Causes. — Insufficient nourishment; debility resulting from diarrhea, and from inflammation of the navel, predisposes animals to this disease, and its development is associated with disorder of the digestive system resulting from the cutting of teeth. Adult animals have been known to be affected with the disease, but the cause is not well understood. Symptoms. — In early stage there is redness of the mouth, from which the saliva dribbles, but in two or three days a whitish point appears on some part of the mucous membrane of the mouth. It gradually extends in size and depth, and a red, inflamed zone surrounds the affected part, which begins to present a yellowish, cheesy appearance, and then, as it begins to break up and decom- pose, exhales a fetid, disagreeable odor. Sometimes the entire thickness of a portion of the tissues composing the cheek become gangrenous. If decayed part is not removed with a knife, it is gradually separated from surrounding living tissue by the process of ulceration. In some cases a hole will be made through the cheek through which the saliva is ejected in process of mastication. 378 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR It may be complicated with diarrhea and consequent weakness. Malady often terminates in death, and runs its course in from seven to ten days. In adult cattle, recovery does not take place under three to four weeks. Treatment. — For the calf, give 5 to 10 grains of Quinine, according to size and age of animal, and repeat dose four times a day. If diarrhea is present, give lyime-water in %-ovLnce doses. When animals show signs of debility, or diarrhea is present, Whiskey or Brandy, in i-ounce doses, should be given three or four times a day. Mix with two or three parts of water. It may also be given when appetite is poor, two or three times a day. To cleanse the mouth and remove odor, syringe several times daily with the following solution: Permanganate of Potash 2 drachms. Water i quart. When the gangrenous part has sloughed, then use White lyOtion (page 263), and a Carbolic Acid lotion (Carbolic Acid, 5^ ounce to a pint of water) . Swab the raw surface several times a day to promote healing. The diet should be nutritious, and for calves the cow's milk is to be preferred. When the gangrenous tissue assumes a yellow, cheesy look, the animal's recovery will be hastened by removing the dead tissue with the knife. During the convalescent stage, give, in combination with the Quinine, Sulphate of Iron. For calves, give it in 10 to 20-grain doses, and to cows in 2-drachm doses. CHOKING. — This is a rather common occurrence on the farm. Causes. — From attempting to swallow too large an object, such as a turnip, potato, beet, or an apple or pear, though in rare cases it may occur from bran, chaff, or some other finely divided food lodging in and filling up a portion of the gullet. The latter form is most likely to occur in animals which are greedy feeders. Symptoms. — Animal will stop eating, slaver at the mouth, cough, breathe heavily, and after a time become bloated in DISEASKS OF CATTI^E 379 paunch, which is noticed on left side. Will also keep chewing, poking out the nose, and swallowing, and when it drinks water it is soon ejected, and there is seen an anxious expression on the countenance. If the choke takes place in the neck region, the enlargement will be seen on the left side. Treatment. — If the obstruction is in the back part of the mouth, or upper part of throat, put a clevis in the animal's mouth, so the hand can be inserted, then while the head is held in a horizontal position by two assistants, pass the hand into the mouth and take out the offending object. An assistant to manipulate the obstruc- tion on the outside, and push it up against you, will help in the removal. If the object cannot be reached, give carefully a swallow of melted lard, then try by manipulation on the outside, until the lard works around it, to move it downward to the stomach. If this fails, pass the probang (see "Choking," in the horse, page 1 05 ) . The one-half inch hose answers very nicely— making it stiff er, if necessary, with the wire. Two assistants, by taking hold of the horns and nose, can straighten the head out nearly straight. The probang does not bother cattle in breathing as much as it does horses, and is easier to pass in cattle. Where the animal is badly bloated, and efforts to press the object down fail, tap on the left side with a trocar and canula, or even with a knife (see "Tympanites " for tapping.) If the obstruction is very firmly lodged, use the Belladonna along with the lard, as recommended for the horse. Never use a rake-handle, or anything rigid, for a probang, as is so often done; if you do the esophagus is almost sure to be injured. LOSING THE CUD — REMASTICATION. — It was once thought, and perhaps still supposed by some, that the ox sometimes loses his cud, and that something must be given him to take its place, and so old rags, pieces of pork, and various other substances were pushed into his throat to act as a new cud. In order that such a ridiculous practice may be discontinued by those who refer to this book, an explanation of the cud and how it is disposed of will be given 38o THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR All those animals which remasticate their food, when fed, eat hastily, very imperfectly chewing the food and swallowing it in a very poorly masticated condition; food swallowed in this condition passes into the large paunch, and when this organ is opened the food in it is always found to be very coarse. After eating up its feed the animal goes and lies down and commences to chew its cud, or remasticate the food, and appears perfectly happy. In order to get the food back to the mouth a small portion of this coarse food from the paunch is thrown, by an action very much like vomiting, into the lower end of the esophagus, and this organ, by reversing its action, commences to contract at the lower end first, and forces the food back into the mouth. This portion of food constitutes the cud, or bolus. The animal now chews this very thoroughly, putting it into excellent shape for digestion; when the chewing is completed the bolus is swallowed, not stopping in the paunch, but, by a peculiar struc- ture of the parts, passes directly into the third, and from that into the true stomach and on into the intestines, never again to return to the mouth. Almost as soon as the bolus has been swallowed, another portion of the food from the paunch is thrown into the esophagus and carried back to the mouth, constituting a new cud. The process is repeated over and over again, until the animal is satisfied; then the process of remastication is suspended for a time, to be continued again when the sense of hunger returns. Each cud is a new one. Not all the food is remasti- cated; some of it passes from the paunch on into the second and third stomachs without going back into the mouth. Almost any disease will cause an animal to stop chewing its cud, simply because it has lost the desire for food; when the disease is over- come and the appetite returns, the animal will again commence to remasticate without being given any artificial cud. BLOATING— HOVEN— TYMPANITES— This disease is characterized by swelling of the left flank, and is caused by the formation of gas in the rumen, or paunch, as the result of fer- nenting food. Causes. — Choking, sudden changes in food, wet clover, or eating frozen roots of any kind. An5'thing which will cause acute indigestion. Very often caused by turning cattle into luxuriant pasture when not used to green feed. Symptoms. — The abdomen is very much enlarged, and espe- cially the left flank; by tapping with the fingers on left side over the paunch, a hollow, drum-like sound is emitted. Animal has an anxious expression of countenance, moves uneasily, and is evi- dently distressed. If flank is pressed in with fingers, it springs back quickly. If relief is not obtained in time, the animal breathes with difiiculty, reels in walking or standing, and in a short time falls and dies from suffocation. The distension may become so great in some cases as to cause rupture of the stomach. Treatment. — In mild cases medicinal treatment may be of value, but in severe cases tapping should be resorted to at once, as the danger of the operation is very slight, and it relieves the suffering to a great extent almost immediately. For medicines give the following: Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia i ounce. Fluid Extract of Jaborandi 4 drachms. Fluid Extract of Calibar Bean i drachm. Fluid Extract of Belladonna i drachm. Hyposulphite of Soda 4 ounces. Water, to make i pint. Shake. Give as one dose, and repeat in one-half hour if necessary. If these drugs are not at hand, give a good dose of Ginger, or an ounce of Turpentine in a pint of Oil. A piece of fork handle held in the mouth as a bit will some- times help in getting rid of the gas. If the bloating continues, tap the animal. Cattle are tapped in the left flank, in the center of the triangle, or where the bloat is most prominent. Use the horse trocar and canula, as it is smaller, and yet answers every purpose. To tap, wash the instrument first in the Carbolic lotion (see Operations), and have the point of the trocar sharp; also wash place of tapping with Carbolic lotion; place the point of the trocar against the flank, direct it downwards and forwards, and push it in nearly the 382 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR whole length ; withdraw the trocar and the gas will escape. If it is necessary to tap a second time, do so in a slightly different place. In absence of a trocar and canula, a knife and a quill can be used; insert the small blade of a knife, and when it is withdrawn, put in the quill. Every stock owner should have a trocar and canula, as this disease so frequently occurs, and it generally develops so rapidly that there is no time to send for help. The gas can be removed by passing the hollow probang (see "Choking"). Even if the animal is tapped, the medicines should be used to pass the fermenting mass onward, and after the acute symp- toms have passed off, give a good physic — 1% pounds of Epsom Salts, and 2 tablespoonfuls of Ginger, in 2 quarts of water. Give for a week or two the digestive tonics, as recommended under "Chronic Indigestion, "and see that the cause producing the dis- ease does not again occur. IMPACTION OF THE RUMEN, OR PAUNCH.— This is a case where the animal's paunch is so filled with food that it causes temporary paralysis, and the whole mass lies like so much soggy material in a leather bag. Causes.- — From taking a large feed of straw, or bulky food — engorging itself; from getting loose and eating too largely of grain; or eating freely of food that animal is unaccustomed to. Getting into a grain field, or at a bin of grain, is most common cause. Symptoms. — In some cases there is slight bloating, while in others there is no bloating at all; animal is uneasy, makes a grunt, or groan, every time it breathes. If a milch cow, the milk flow will fall off in one night. The nose will be dry; breathing and pulse will be quickened, and animal will keep getting up and down, and will not take much food or water. On pressing the flank with the closed fist the indent of the hand remains for a short time in the flank, as if the rumen were filled with a soft, doughy mass. Tapping over the stomach gives off a dull, heavy sound. Bowels are costive, and the passages are dry and slimy-looking, with a bad odor. If the animal has eaten a very large amount, the left flank will be distended; the history of the case helps diagnose. « B K H &. O % O DISEASES OF CATTI.E Trbatment. — Give a dose of physic as follows: Epsom Salts ij^ to 2 pounds. Bicarbonate of Soda i ounce. Ginger 1 " Dissolve in 2 quarts of lukewarm water and give as a drench. Also give the following to assist in passing the mass along; Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia 1 ounce. Sulphuric Ether }i Fluid Extract of Jaborandi 2 drachms. Fluid Extract of Calibar Bean % drachm. Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica \% drachms. Fluid Extract of Belladonna i drachm. Water to make i pint. Shake. Give as one dose and repeat three or four times a day until the animal is relieved. If there is great pain, also give 5 grains of Morphine three times a day. If the bowels do not move freely in thirty-six hours, repeat the dose of Epsom Salts, and if, after thirty-six hours longer, the mass is still unmoved, give i pound of Epsom Salts along with 2 to 4 drachms of Gamboge, or ^ to i drachm of Croton Oil; if the oil is used, give it in a pint of raw I^inseed Oil. It is also good to give a quart of melted lard a day from the beginning of the attack. Give the animal all the water it wishes, but not too large an amount at one time. Give only a little sloppy food. If the medicine fails to have the desired effect, rumenotomy may be performed. This is opening the rumen through the flank and taking out the material. It requires a veterinarian. Where an animal has eaten a very large amount it might be best to have the operation performed at once, as the chances would be less than those taken by trying to get rid of the mass by the use of medicines. After the mass moves on out of the stomach, feed carefully and use the tonics as for "Chronic Indigestion," continuing their use for a week or two. If, during the course of the disease, there is bloating, give 4-ounce doses of Hyposulphite of Soda in i pint of water, three or four times a day, or tap (see "Tympanites"). 384 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR IMPACTION OF THE MANYPLIES, OR THIRD PART OF STOMACH.— MAW-BOUND.— The omasum, or third stomach, is the stomach with a great number of leaves, arranged so as to rub constantly on one another, keeping up a grinding action on the food, as it passes between them. Sometimes this part becomes firmly packed with food, which does not pass on, and. the disease is produced. Causes. — From eating dry and over-ripe food that has little nourishment. In the spring, when cattle are turned out early, in trying to get at the new grass, they fill themselves with the old dry grass, and this lodging in the omasum, sets up an impaction of it. Is also caused by eating dry, dead grass late in the fall, or by keeping largely on straw or corn-stalks during the winter. Symptmns. — It comes on gradually as an ordinary case of constipation, with abdominal pain, a looking around to the right side, and disinclination to move. Kicking at belly with hind feet, grunting at nearly every breath; later fever sets in, and slowly increases as the disease makes progress; there may be some tenderness in the right side, just below the ribs. The pulse becomes more rapid and at the last, weak. The colic pains and fever grow more intense; animal makes attempts to manure, but only a few hard pieces are passed; delirium and vertigo set in, and death follows if not relieved. The symptoms resemble closely those of impaction of rumen, except that the left flank is normal, and there is no bloatmg. Treatment. — The treatment is the same as for "Impaction of the Rumen;" use the melted lard freely; give water freely. Injections of warm, soapy water per rectum may be used as in "Impaction of the Large Intestines' ' in the horse (page 121). This disease cannot be relieved by an operation, as can impaction of the rumen. Upon examining the omasum after death, it is found to be filled in between the leaves with layers of very hard, dry food, and when the food is removed, the covering of the leaves comes off. VOMITING. — This is not a very common affection in cattle, but it sometimes occurs. DISEASES OF CATTlvE 385 Caztses. — From some irritation of the first or fourth stomach; eating indigestible material, as old clothes, or a boot, or it may result from indigestion. Symptoms. — Animals that vomit are usually in poor condi- tion. After eating tranquilly for some time, the beast becomes suddenly uneasy, arches the back, stretches the head and neck, and suddenly ejects a greater or less amount of the contents of the rumen. In a little while after this, uneasiness subsides, and the eating is resumed as though nothing had happened. Treatment. — Give easily digested food and plenty of water. In order to allay the irritation of the stomach the following should be given: Chloral Hydrate l4 ounce. Subnitrate of Bismutli 3 drachms . Thin Linseed Gruel i pint. Repeat dose as conditions seem to require. If there is reason to suspect that something indigestible has been eaten and does not pass on, give the following physic: Epsom Salts i pound. Salt 2 tablespoonfuls. Mix in a quart of lukewarm -water and give as a drench. Also give the stimulating mixture as is recommended for ' ' Im- paction of the Rumen," repeating two or three times a day for two or three days, and then give the tonics as for "Chronic Indi- gestion." SUB-ACUTE INDIGESTION-OFF-FEED.— This is a disease in which the digestive function is more or less imper- fect. Causes.— The condition is most often caused by high feeding, especially with grain. Quite frequently seen in fattening ani- mals, and also in dairy cows. Poor food may also cause the con- dition, as 386 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Symptoms. — The first thing noticed, the animal leaves a part or all of its grain, and takes but little coarse feed; animal also shows some dullness; after a day or two bowels are sluggish. The symptoms resemble, somewhat, impaction of the rumen, but are milder. If not relieved, the more severe symptoms of im- paction may present themselves. Treatment. — As soon as an animal is seen to leave a part of its grain, cut down the feed at once, or let them go without for a feed or two. Give a dose of Epsom salts — i J^ pounds — and an ounce or two of Ginger, in 2 quarts of water; also use the following: Fluid Extract Nux Vomica ij^ drachms. Fluid Extract Jaborandi 3 drachms. Fluid Extract Calibar Bean 1 drachm. Aromatic Spirits Ammonia i ounce. Water, to make i pint. Shake. Give as one dose, and repeat three or four times a day, until animal is eating again. Give a little sloppy diet if he will eat. After commencing to eat be careful about overfeeding again, and give the tonics as for "Chronic Indigestion" for two or three weeks. CHRONIC INDIGESTION.— This is a condition in which the digestive organs are only partly performing their function, the condition having existed for some time. Causes. — The cause is generally due to poor feed, or to too long continued high feed. Cattle are not so subject to the disease as horses, yet it is not infrequent. Symptoms. — The animal is unthrifty, is not doing well, hair is harsh, skin harsh and dry; animal is dull; the appetite may remain good, or be capricious, one day eating well, another day eating but little; increase of feed produces little or no improve- ment in the animal's condition; if a cow, milk secretion is small. The feces are dry and hard. TXEATMENT. — -Sive the animal the best of feed, roots, or silage, if possible, along with clover hay and bran, oats and corn, and a little I^inseed DISEASES OF CATTLE 387 meal. If bowels are costive, give a i -pound dose of Epsom Salts, repeating once a week; also use the following tonics: Gentian }i pound. Bicarbonate of Soda yi " Nux Vomica }( " Arsenic i drachm. Mix. Dose : Tablespoonful morning and night in moistened grain. At noon give a tablespoonful of the following: Sulphate of Iron 4 ounces. Saltpeter 4 " Mix. Or the following iron mixture may be used: Liquid Chloride of Iron 2 ounces. Nitro-hydochloric Acid 2 " Water to make i pint. Shake. Dose: i ounce, diluted in 8 ounces of water. HAIR, OR BINDER TWINE BALLS, OR CON- CRETIONS. — These may be found in rumen or paunch, or in the reticulum or second stomach. In calves, foreign substances are sometimes found in the fourth stomach. Causes. — Hair balls are caused by animals licking each other in spring, when the hair is loose, and this hair collects in a ball in the stomach. In the case of binder twine, the cattle get the twine from eating straw which has been bound with twine, and this collects and forms into balls. Symptoms. — The symptoms of these foreign bodies are not at all characteristic; if in the first or second stomach they produce but little trouble, the animal acting normal; when in the fourth stomach, substances are apt to cause more irritation, and produce symptoms similar to inflammation of the stomach, or impaction. Upon opening the stomach of cattle which have been slaughtered for meat, foreign bodies of various kinds are frequently found, having produced no apparent disturbance. 388 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Treatment. — Inasmuch as the exact condition can not be recognized, symptoms only can be treated; if they are like those of inflam- mation of the stomach, treat as for that; if there is impaction, treat that. If there is good reason to believe that there is some- thing in the rumen, rumenotomy could be performed. See "Im- paction of Rumen." INFLAMMATION OF THE ABOMASUM, OR FOURTH PART OF THE STOMACH.— This disease is more common in calves than in older cattle. Causes. — It is caused by eating frozen roots, or grass, and also by eating over-ripe food. In calves it is caused from chang- ing too suddenly from sweet to sour milk; in the case of young calves, especially, this change irritates the stomach and sets up disease. Symptoms. — First there is diarrhea, then constipation, chang- ing from one to the other every day or two; animal breathes quickly and groans with pain; nose is hot and dry; belly has a tucked up look and is sore to pressure; the legs and ears are cold. The pulse is rapid and hard, the temperature elevated; animal refuses all feed. Treatment. — To calves give the following drench: Raw Linseed Oil ^ pint. Fluid Extract of Belladonna lo drops. Laudanum i drachm. Mix and give as a drench. Give the belly a good rubbing with Mustard and vinegar; blanket to keep warm, and place some hot salt in a bag over the back, and after this give a teaspoonf ul of lyaudanum and lo drops of Fluid Extract of Belladonna in % cup of milk three or four times a day, until it gets relief; i drachm of Subnitrate of Bismuth, divided into three powders, and one given in a little thin gruel three times a day is also good. If it will drink, give it small quantities of new milk, and every time it is fed, put a teaspoonful of baking soda in the milk. DISEASES OF CATTI.E 389 To old cattle give the following: Raw Linseed Oil i pint. Fluid Extract of Belladonna i drachm. Laudanum i ounce. Mix and give as a drench. Afterward give the following: Laudanum i ounce. Fluid Extract of Belladonna i drachm. Fluid Extract of Aconite Root 15 drops; Mix in a pint of water and give as a drench three times a day until relieved. Subnitrate of Bismuth in 2-drachm doses, in a little thin gruel, three times a day, is also good. Clothe the body well and put hot salt in a bag to the back. Feed soft food and give luke- warm water to drink. DIARRHEA, OR SCOURS. — Diarrhea results either from increased action of the muscular coat of the intestines, or an increased secretion of the juices, or from both of those con- ditions combined. Causes. — Food taken in excess, or of improper quality; ex- cessive secretions, especially bile; impure water, and water drunk in excess; mechanical congestion of the intestinal vessels; acute or chronic inflammation of the bowels; sudden change in feed. Exposure to changes of temperature, either of heat or cold, may produce it. May be a symptom of other diseases. Symptoms. — In severe cases, the animal is dull, places its feet well under its body, arches its back, and shows thirst. Pas- sages from the bowels are frequent, at first consisting of thin dung, but as disease advances they become watery and offensive smelling, and may even be streaked with blood. Frequently the malady is accompanied by fever, great depression, loss of strength, rapid loss of flesh, and it may terminate in death. Mild cases simply show a too fluid condition of the droppings. Treatment. — When the disease is from irritating properties of food, give a mild purgative, as a pint of either Linseed or Castor Oil. 390 THE PRACTlGAIv STOCK DOCTOR And also give the following: Laudanun ij^ ounces. Bicarbonate of Soda i ounce. Water i pint. Shake. Give as one dose; repeat three or foiu- times a day until condition stops. Alternate with the above, in bad cases: Copperas Yz ounce. Water i pint. Shake. Give as one dose, and repeat three times a day. If these fail to check, use the following: Corrosive Sublimate 7 grains. Water i pint. Shake. Dose: ^ to i ounce, repeated three or four times a day. This is very poisonous, and care should be taken to use it as directed. Give dry feed, limit the water, giving I^inseed meal, starch, or flour gruel. If the animal will eat, give dry, burned flour. The doses given are for the adult; give calves about ^V ^^ dose. See "White Scours" for the disease in calves. If there is great prostration, blood in passages, and pain, see " Dysentery." When the condition is a symptom of some other disease, that dis- ease must also be treated. DYSENTERY— BLOODY FLUX. — Dysentery begins with inflammation of the mucous membrane of the colon, but may extend until all the bowels are involved. Causes. — Feeding musty hay and grain, or other forage in like condition ; acid, poisonous plants ; bad water ; sequel of neglected diarrhea; or following almost any debilitating disease. Symptoms. — Animal eats slowly, ruminates less frequently, and walks slowly. There are sometimes colic pains. As dis- ease advances, animal ceases to eat and chew the cud, the muzzle is dry, eyes sunken, coat rough, and the skin dry and hide-bound; stands with the back arched. At first, bowels act irregularly. DISEASES OF CATTI.E 391 passages are thin, then become fetid, and are streaked with blood; pulse rapid and weak, temperature elevated. Disease may or may not run a rapid course, and, when fatal, the lining of the bowels will be found thickened and reddened at some points, showing ulceration at others, and on some portions of its surface covered with a layer of mucus. There is more or less mucus passed along with the droppings during the course of the disease, giving them a slimy appearance. Trbatment. — The disease is treated much the same as "Diarrhea," starting in with the Oil; also use the I,audanum, but the astringents more especially are needed in this disease; use the Copperas solution part of the time and part of the time, in its place, use the following: Acetate of Lead i drachm. Water i pint. Shake. Give as one dose, and repeat two or three times a day. The Corrosive Sublimate solution can also be used, as with ' 'Diarrhea. ' ' Also use the gruels and burned flour. Blood flour is also excellent for this trouble; give an adult animal from 2 to 4 tablespoonfuls in a pint of warm water. With this disorder also use the following as a stimulant, and also to allay the fever: Fluid Extract of Aconite I'A drachms. Fluid Extract of Belladonna i ounce. Alcohol 5 ounces. Saltpeter 2 ounces Water to make i pint- Shake. Dose: 2 ounces, three or four times a day, in yi pint of -water. If necessary to continue for more than two or three days, leave the Aconite out of the prescription, and put J^ ounce of Fluid Extract of Digitalis into the prescription in its place. After recovery, use for a couple of weeks the tonics as fot "Chronic Indigestion." 392 THK PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR COLIC— Causes. — From drinking copiously of cold water, which pro- duces cramps of stomach and bowels; or from a change of food, especially if green or frozen. Not as common a disease with cattle as with horses. Symptoms. — There is some distension of the abdomen, but no accumulation of gas. As distension and pain occur immediately after drinking, there can be no question as to cause. The animal is uneasy; lies down and gets up; stretches out and strikes the feet against the belly; moans, and looks around at the side, show- ing distress. Treatment. — Walk the animal about for ten minutes. In some cases the walking exercise will result in a diarrhea, which will bring about a cure for the disorder. In case the pain persists, give the fol- lowing: Sulphuric Ether i ounce. Laudanum I " Warm water i pint. Give as one dose, and repeat in an hour if not relieved, and again in two hours if necessary. In an emergency, when the medicine is not to be had, give 4 ounces of Whiskey mixed with a pint of warm water, or a tablespoonful of Ginger may be given in the same way as the remedies already mentioned. Do not exercise beyond a walk. Give one of the colic mixtures as recommended for the horse under ' ' Colic' ' (page 115). Hot applications to the loins or abdo- men, if possible, will be of great value. DEPRAVED APPETITE — PICA. — Cattle suffering from this disease have a capricious and variable appetite as regards their ordinary food, but show a strong liking to lick and eat substances that healthy cattle show no inclination for, such as lime, earth, coal, gravel, or even the dung of other cattle. Causes. — Bad food, especially food that has undergone changes, which lessens its digestibility and nutritive qualities, is DISEASES OF CATTI.E 393 a common cause. Cattle pastured on low, swampy land are pre- disposed to it. It occasionally happens that one individual suf- fers, though all are fed alike; in such case the trouble must arise from a lack of assimilation. Symptoms. — In addition to licking and eating strange things as above noted, animals affected with this ailment fall off in con- dition, their coats become staring, the gait slow. Treatment.— Give treatment as for "Chronic Indigestion." INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS— ENTER- ITIS. — This is an inflammation of the lining and also the muscular wall of the bowels, and is quite different from the inflammatory stage of dysentery. Causes. — From eating various poisonous substances, either animal, vegetable, or mineral; it may follow a too sudden checking of the diarrhea; drinking of ice-cold water may produce it; or exposure to a cold, damp wind, or any influence that sud- denly chills the svirface of the body may act as a cause. Symptoms. — There is constipation, such feces as are passed being hard, dry, and mucus coaled, and sometimes offensive and bloody; high fever with quick, hard pulse; dry mouth, with fur over tongue and cheeks; great thirst; appetite fails, and' in cows, the milk; rumination is stopped; colic pains may occur, although pain is more apt to be constant; more or less pain is produced by pressing against the right flank; breathing is labored, and more or less bloating may be noticed; urine is scanty and high colored; back is arched, animal moans, grinds his teeth, and refuses to move; pulse gradually becomes imperceptible, and extremities are cold; and in fatal cases, death follows in a day or two. The high temperature and rapid, hard pulse helps distinguish this from the other diseases of the digestive organs. Treatment. — If the inflammation is caused by irritating poisons, either vegetable or mineral, give thin I^inseed gruel freely ; and from whatever cause, a liberal amount of the gruel is good ; it helps to unload the bowels without irritating them. Give water in small 394 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR quantities very frequently. Give i -ounce doses of laudanum five to seven times a day, and also the following : Fluid Extract Belladonna i ounce. Fluid Extract Aconite I'/i drachms. Saltpeter 2 ounces. lyiquor Ammonia Acetatis Bounces. Water to make i pint. Shake. Dose: 2 ounces, four times a day in a half pint of water. The Ammonia Acetate solution may be left out if not at hand. Apply hot blankets to the loins and right flank ; apply as hot as the animal will stand, ^nd change every half hour. If the weather will not permit of using hot water, rub on a little Turpentine liniment or Mustard plaster and apply hot salt bag. If animal recovers, feed carefully for some time, and give half doses of tonics as for "Chronic Indigestion." INFLAMMATION OF THE LINING OF THE BELLY CAVITY— PERITONITIS.— This is an inflamma- tion of the membrane lining the cavity of the belly, and covering the bowels and other abdominal viscera. Causes. — From standing in a cold rain, or wind, after being warmed up and sweating; or from being wet and afterward lying out on the cold ground. It may also be caused by wounds pene- trating the abdomen. Sometimes follows castration or spaying; sometimes follows parturition. Symptoms. — Continuous or occasional shivering; animal lies down, but acts uneasy; often turns the head toward the flanks and lows plaintively; pressure on flanks produces pain; no appe- tite; muzzle dry, and no rumination; while standing, legs are placed well under body; pulse small and hard; temperature ele- vated; dung small and hard. If disease is complicated with in- flammation of the bowels, pain is more severe and animal more restless. The skin is cold and dry in early stage, but when more advanced, this condition may be succeeded by heat of skin and quick breathing. The fits of trembling, uneasiness, small and hard pulse, elevated temperature, and tension of left flank with pain upon pressure, are symptoms the presence of which are DISEASES OF CATTI.E 395 indicative of the disease. Symptoms are very much like inflamma- tion of the bowels, only not quite so severe, and disease runs a slower course. If from wounds, the presence of these help to diagnose. Treatment. — When from injury by the horn of another animal being thrust through the abdominal walls, or when resulting from castration, give special treatment, as indicated under the title of injury, and follow general treatment as here given: The body should be warmly clothed, and it is advisable when practicable, to have a blanket, which has been wrung out in hot water, placed over the abdomen, then covered with several dry blankets, which are kept in place by straps or ropes passed arotmd the body. If the animal is lying down the straps are not necessary. The wet blanket must be changed as often as it cools (every half hour), the object being to draw the blood to the surface of the body, and relieve internal parts. If for any reason the wet blanket had best not be used, as in a cold stable, apply Tur- pentine liniment or Mustard paste to the abdomen, and put hot salt bags under the woolen blankets. Internally, use the same treatment as recommended under "Inflammation of the Bowels," the disease first preceding this, for the first two or three days, then change the prescription and give the following: Muid Extract of Belladonna i o ance . Fluid Extract of Digitalis 6 drachms. Iodide of Potash 6 " Saltpeter ,.. 3 ounces. Water to make i pint. Shake. Dose: 2 ounces, three times a day. If a large amount of fluid should collect in the abdominal cavity, treat as recommended under the next disease. DROPSY OF THE BELLY— ASCITES.— In this disease there is a watery effusion into the cavity of the abdomen. Causes. — From peritonitis, or acute, or chronic diseases of the liver. Also from a run-down condition, resulting from poor feed. 396 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Symptoms. — A gradual increase in the size of the belly at its lower part, while the ilanks become hollow; pallor of the mucous membrane of the mouth and eye; weak, sluggish gait; want of appetite, and irregularity of ruminating. On percussion, or tapping of the surface of the abdomen with the fingers, a dull sound is produced. If hand and arm are oiled and passed into the rectum as far as possible, on moving hand from side to side, the fluctuation caused by the presence of fluid in the abdomen may be felt. The fluctuation may also sometimes be felt by pressing in suddenly in the lower part of the right flank. Treatment. — Give nutritious food, and use the Gentian and Nux Vomica tonic, as recommended under ' ' Chronic Indigestion, ' ' along with the last preparation as given under ' ' Peritonitis. ' ' But give the tonic in thin gruel, so as not to throw the animal oS its feed. If the bowels are sluggish, give >^-pound doses of Epsom Salts every three or four days. If this treatment fails to reduce the amount of fluid, the abdomen will have to be tapped. This is done the same as for Tympanites (see that disease) , except that the trocar and canula is introduced a few inches back of the navel, on the underside of the abdomen. Push the instrument in only far enough to go through the wall, withdraw the trocar and the fluid will flow out through the canula. Continue the internal treatment after tapping. CONSTIPATION. — This is a condition which exists when there is not sufficient moisture in the stomach and bowels, and the feces are passed tardily and in hard, dry lumps. Causes. — From the too free use of dry, over-ripe feed ; from insuf&cient or impure water ; from too little exercise. It is often symptomatic of other disease, especially that of the liver. Calves sometimes suifer from constipation immediately after birth. Symptoms. — It is recognized by the hard, dry manure, which is also sometimes glazed. Animal may not care to eat or drink, and the muzzle is dry. It is apt to run into inflammation of the bowels, colic or impaction if not overcome. If a symptom of other disease, the symptoms of chat disease will be present. DISEASES OF CATTIvE 397 Treatment.— Give the same internal treatment as recommended under "Sub- Acute Indigestion; Off-Feed." Also give laxative food, and plenty of pure water to drink. If a mild case, laxative food, with a handful of salt and plenty of water may be all that is required. Injections into the rectum of warm water and soap are of much benefit in aiding either laxatives or purgatives. "When a symptom of a disease, treat as indicated under the affection. In the case of calves suffering from constipation immediately following birth, give an ounce or two of Castor Oil shaken up in an ounce of new milk. The dam' s milk is the best preventive of this trouble, as it contains laxative substances which help in unloading the bowels. Inject a little warm, soapy water into the rectum. If the oil fails, give i or 2 ounces of Epsom Salts in 4 ounces of warm water, and also a little of the mixture as recommended above. INTESTINAL WORMS IN CATTLE.— Cattle are less infested with worms than any other species of domestic ainmals, and it is rarely necessary to apply treatment for the removal of these parasites. Tapeworms and round worms are, however, sometimes found in the intestines of cattle. Tapeworms more often than the round ones. Symptoms. — An examination of the manure is the only cer- tain method of making sure that there are worms in the bowels, and if present the worms will be found to some extent in the droppings. In some cases the animal may fall off in condition, though the appetite may be very good. Treatment. — For tapeworms, feed lightly for a day or two and then give J^ ounce of Oil of Male Fern twice a day in a pint of milk for three days in succession, and follow the last dose with i>^ pounds of Epsom Salts. For round worms give 2 drachms of Sulphate of Iron, three times a day, mixed in moistened grain, and after three days' treatment with this, give the Epsom Salts as above. Oil of Tur- pentine may be given in doses of i ounce with a pint of milk or 398 THE PRACTICAI^ STOCK DOCTOR raw I^ ounces. Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed 1 ounce. Saltpeter 3 ounces. Water to make i pint. Shake. Dose: 2 ounces three or four times a day. If she shows great weakness, give 2 ounces of Alcohol with each dose of the above in ]4 pint of water ; and if the fever runs high, 428 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR give 2 drachms of Acetanilid twice a day with the Alcohol. After two or three days take the Aconite out of the above pre- scription and put 3 drachms of Fluid Extract of Digitalis into the prescription in its place. Apply to the loins, continuously, blankets wrung from hot water ; change every half hour and keep the hot blankets covered with a rubber blanket and dry woolen blankets. Have the water as hot as the animal will stand. It is also well to flush out the womb, part of the time, with a mild antiseptic lotion, as Carbolic Acid 2 drachms, water i quart ; and part of the time with an astringent lotion, as Acetate of I,ead 3 drachms, water i quart; or Hyposulphite of Soda, 2 ounces to a quart of water, is good. Use each lotion about twice a day. Flushing with large quan- tities of water at a temperature of 115 degrees, just before injecting the above lotions, is a good practice. For injecting, use a soft rubber tube with a funnel in one end. After flushing, if the cow strains, watch to see that the womb is not everted. In using the injections and in flushing, be sure the solutions enter the womb. The tube best be carried through the vagina with the hand and inserted into the womb ; have the hand and tube well oiled with Carbolized lard, and insert it carefully. If the animal lies down, roll her gently from one side to the other two or three times a day ; keep her lying on her chest. Give her all the fresh water she wants to drink, but in small quantities at a time, and a very little laxative feed if she desires to eat. PUERPERAL FEVER.— This is a simple fever occur- ring at the time of parturition. Causes. — Undue exposure to cold, or wet, or to hot sun. Also occurs when the animal is unthrifty; with animals that have been highly fed for a time before parturition, or fed too quickly after parturition. Young animals are more susceptible than older ones. Symptoms. — It may develop any time within two or three days after parturition. There is a slight dullness, partial loss of appetite, a rise of temperature, 103 to 106; pulse more rapid than normal, 60 to 90 beats per minute; the mucous membranes of the DISEASES OF CATTI^K 429 eyes and nose are red; the milk secretion is partially stopped, and the udder is apt to be inflamed. These same symptoms are met with in other disorders at this time, and so we have to recognize this disease by the absence of the symptoms characteristic of other diseases. Treatment. — The disease generally runs a mild course, but complications sometimes arise, and so treatment should be given — even in mild cases. Give the cow a laxative — from i to i J^ pounds of Epsom Salts, dissolved in two quarts of water. Feed lightly on laxative food for a few days, and also give the following: Fluid Extract of Aconite 2 drachms. Fluid Extract of Belladonna i ounce. Saltpeter 4 ounces. Water to make I pint. Shake. Dose: i ounce, three or four times a day. Watch for complications, and if any should develop, treat as for that disease. WHITES — LEUCORRHEA.— This is due to a con- tinued or chronic inflammation of the womb, the vagina, or of both these organs. Causes. — ■ Usually results from injuries sustained in calv- ing as the result of rough handling, or from irritation by putrid matters in connection with retained after-birth, or from the use of some object in the vagina, as a pessary, to prevent eversion of the womb. Very apt to follow abortion. The disease will also develop when it is hard to assign a direct cause. Symptoms. — The principal symptom is the glairy white dis- charge flowing more or less constantly from the vulva (sometimes more when the cow lies down), soiling the tail, matting its hairs and those of the vulva. When lips of vulva are drawn apart, the mucous membrane is seen to be redder than normal, if vagina is affected. The discharge has more or less of an offensive odor. Health may not suffer at first, but if discharge continues and is putrid, the health fails, milk shrinks, and flesh is lost. If womb 430 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR is involved the hand passed into the vagina may detect mouth of womb slightly open and some of the liquid collected within its cavity. With oiled hand in rectum, the outline of womb beneath may be detected, somewhat enlarged. In some cases cow may be in heat oftener than normal, and it may be more intense, but she rarely conceives, and if so, generally aborts. In other cases she does not come in heat at all. Treatment. — In mild or recent cases, give injections as in "Inflammation of the Vagina." In more obstinate ones stronger solutions may be used after the womb has been washed out by a stream of hot water at a temperature of 1 15 degrees, until it runs clear. To do this, insert a rubber tube into the womb, carrying it through the vagina with the hand; oil hand and tube; place a funnel in its raised end, and pour the water and afterward the solution through this. Hold the lips of the vulva together until the womb and vagina fills, and hold the solution in for a few minutes. If neck of womb is so closed that the liquid will not flow out, with- draw the tube and let it flush out and then refill. As injections, use: Acetate of Lead 3 drachms. Water 1 quart. Mix and inject as above directed. Or, instead of this, use: Sulphate of Iron 3 drachms. Water i quart. Or, another good injection is: Hyposulphite of Soda i to 2 ounces. Water I quart. It is also well to use, part of the time, the following antiseptic injection: Carbolic Acid 2 drachms. Water i quart. At the beginning of the treatment, flush out with "the water and use one of the injections every day; later, once in two days, and as improvement takes place, once in three days. DISEASES OF CATTLE 431 Internally, give the following: Sulphate of Iron y^ pound. Saltpeter ^ " Mix. Dose : Tablespoonful in moistened grain, twice daily. If the animal is unthrifty, alternate with the foregoing the Nux Vomica and Gentian tonic, as recommended for "Chronic Indigestion." 'MILK FEVER— PARTURIENT APOPLEXY— The term "milk fever" is not a correct name for this disease, as there is rarely any fever associated with it; in fact, the temperature is usually below normal. Neither is the latter name entirely correct. It does not follow difficult or protracted labor, flooding, nor retention of the placenta, as is the case with puerperal fever, with which it is sometimes confounded, but is a disease of well- fed, large, milk-producing cows, and when it occurs, it nearly always follows an easy parturition. Causes. — The exact cause of the disease is not known, but certain things seem to predispose to it. High feeding before parturition, getting the animal into what would be called an excellent condition, is a well-recognized predisposing cause. This is dangerous, however, only with mature cows, and good milkers; heifers with first, or second, calf do not have the disease, neither jlo light milkers. It is a disease of the dairy cow. Symptoms. — In many cases the cow is down and partially, or entirely, unconscious, when disease is first noticed. If the attack is seen early, the first symptom is uneasiness. The cow keeps stepping with the hind feet, is dull, appetite gone, and milk secretion is lessened, or stopped. If the cow is forced to walk, there is a reeling of the hind limbs; there is also a sort of vacant Stare to the eyes. These symptoms increase until the cow is unable to stand, and falls, or lies down. After going down the head is usually turned toward the side, with the nose against the side of the chest, just back of the elbow. In severe cases the cow is totally unconscious, but in mild cases only partially so. If the head is straightened out in front, a sort of kink will be * See new treatment in Addenda, page 782. 432 THE PRACTICAI . STOCK DOCTOR seen in the neck. Often there is a slight moan with the breath- ing, due to the stupor. Sometimes, instead of lying as above, the cow is delirious, thrashing about almost continuously. The temperature is about normal, or a little below, pulse some- what rapid. The feces collects in the rectum, but is seldom passed off, and the urine remains in the bladder. With this disease the cow is to a great extent unconscious, or delirious, and so it need not be mistaken for other conditions. The fact that there is no fever, unless there is some complication, also helps distinguish it from inflammation of the womb, for which it is sometimes mistaken by the inexperienced. Treatment. — It is very important, in treating this disease, that the cow be kept lying upon her brisket. Keep her bolstered in this position with bags of straw if necessary ; let the head lie around against the side. See that her front and hind feet are under her natu- rally for lying in this position. She should be rolled from one side to the other, three or four times a day. Blanket the cow warmly ; it is a good plan to put bottles of hot water or bags of hot salt under the blanket. Clean the feces from the rectum two or three times a day with the hand; also draw the urine with a catheter three times a day. To draw the urine, see "Suppression of the Urine, ' ' under DISEASES of the Urinary Organs. Internal treatment must be very carefully given, as the animal will not swallow, and the medicines will pass into the lungs and cause inflammation of them. Never drench a cow after she goes down, and very carefully after the first symptoms show, and before she goes down. The following may be given, by giving very slowly: Fluid Extract Belladonna yi, teaspoonf ul - Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica ^ " Fluid Extract Digitalis 15 drops. Water 2 tablespoonfuls Mix, and give as one dose every two hours. Elevate the nose a little and give a tablespoon- ful slowly into the back of the mouth; after a few minutes give another, and so on, until the dose is given. DISEASES OF CATTI.E 433 Along with the foregoing, give the treatment into the udder, known as the Schmidt treatment. Great care is necessary in using this treatment, or the udder will be inflamed ; everything must be very clean. The necessary equipment is a milking tube, a piece of rubber tubing about two feet long, a small funnel, a luart bottle, and a quantity of 3 per cent. Carbolic Acid solution — Carbolic Acid i ounce, water i quart — and 2^ drachms ot Iodide of Potash-j-the drug to be injected. First clean the quart bottle with hot water, and then put into it i ounce of the Car- bolic Acid solution and shake it; now put into it the 2;^ drachms of Iodide of Potash. After this fill up the bottle with water that has been recently boiled, pouring directly from the teakettle into the bottle; set the bottle into a dish of water nearly as hot, to prevent its breaking. After the bottle is filled, cork it, and we know the bottle is free from germs. Cool the solution until it is the temperature of milk, by setting it in a pail of warm water and then gradually cooling the water by pouring cold water into the pail. The solution is now ready to inject into the udder. Fasten the milking tube into one end of the rubber tube, and put the funnel in the other end, and place in a dish containing some of the Carbolic Acid solution — enough to cover the tube and rubber ; dip up some of the solution and let it run through the tube. These instruments should be clean. Place the rest of the Carbolic Acid solution into another dish. To inject, milk all the milk from the udder, then pick up one of the teats and wash it off with the Carbolic Acid solution, especially the end of the duct. Have the assistant pick up the funnel, taking hold of the outside of it, and raise it up so the solution all runs out ; take hold of the milking tube and insert it into the teat, taking care that it does not touch anything after it leaves the solution until it enters the teat; elevate the funnel, dash a little of the Carbolic Acid solution over the mouth of the bottle, remove the cork and pour one-fourth of the amount into the funnel. lyCt the funnel empty two or three times so that some air will be forced into the udder. Remove the tube from the teat and place it in the Car- bolic Acid solution ; cork the Potash solution; clean another teat, and inject in the same manner. Repeat with each of the oeats. The principal point in the injection is to see that everything if 434 THE FRACTICAI . STOCK DOCTOR clean, and use the Carbolic solution freely on instruments, hands and teats. After injecting the solution, knead the udder gently for ten to fifteen minutes. If the animal shows no improvement after eight or ten hours, strip out the udder and repeat the injection : it may be repeated again in ten or twelve hours later if required, using only 2 drachms of the Potash. A cow often recovers from the disease very rapidly, being on her feet and showing a desire for food in three or four hours after improve- ment commences ; on the other hand, they often die very quickly. It is very hard to tell which way the disease is going to turn from the appearance of the animal; some cases which seem to be light, terminate fatally, while what seem to be very severe cases, get well. Another treatment which is coming into use, and seems to be even more successful than the Schmidt treatment, is the Oxygen treatment, which consists in filling the udder with Oxygen gas. This treatment requires a veterinarian, and in small places they cannot get the gas. After the cow gets up, give her from 1 to 1% pounds of Epsom Salts, if she did not have any before parturition; and also give a tablespoonful of Saltpeter, three times a day for a few days. If she has required three or four doses of the Iodine treatment, she will come to her feed slowly and also to her milk slowly. Prevention. — As this disease can in many cases be pre- vented, the preventive treatment is important. Do not give heavy milkers, rich, milk-producing food for a time before calving. If the cow is in good pasture, put her into poorer, or in the stable and feed hay. Do not feed silage after a cow goes dry, until after calving. Keep the bowels loose by giving occasional pound-doses of Epsom Salts, commencing two weeks before, and give every three or four days, giving the last dose, if possible, just before she calves, or immediately after. Also give Saltpeter, a table- spoonful once or twice a day, commencing two weeks before parturition should take place. Another preventive measure which some consider very valuable, is not to milk the cow dry after delivery; taking only what the calf wants for a couple of Diseases of Cattle TUBERCULOUS UDDER OF COW Tuberculosis of a cow's udder which appeared uniformly swollen and quite firm. Small cheesy foci and yellowish lines of tuberculous material follow the course of the milk ducts. The mucous membrane of the milk cistern (a) is ulcerated and covered with yellowish cheesy particles. The lymphatic (b) is greativ enlarged and contains many miliary tubercular foci. ^ DISSASES OF CATTI.E 435 days, and then gradually taking a little more, until the fifth or sixth day she can be milked dry. Many things go to indicate that this is a valuable preventive measure, and is perfectly safe. Do not commence to feed milk-producing food for four or five days after parturition. The fact that an animal has the disease once is no indication that she will have it again. INFLAMMATION OF THE MILK-BAG OR UD- DER—MAMMITIS— GARGET.— This is an inflammation of the mammary gland. Sometimes the term "caked bag" is applied to it. The term "garget " is used more when the milk secretion is changed, and appears as a thick or stringy fluid. This disease usually occurs at the time of parturition, but it may appear any time during the period of lactation. Causes. — May arise from irritation or injury, as kicks, blows, or another animal stepping on the udder; from the retention of the milk too long without being drawn; by germs entering the udder; by exposure, being out in cold rains or lying on wet ground. It often follows the careless use of the milking tube. Symptoms. — Adverse type of mammitis that takes on the active inflammatory character may be ushered in by a shivering fit, which is succeeded in a short time by fever and dullness. In the milder forms these symptoms are absent, and only the local symptoms in the udder are present. The udder becomes hot, and hard, red, swollen, and sore. In bad cases, it being so painful to touch, the cow is averse to being milked. Milk is often curdled, and sometimes bloody. The trouble may stop here, and terminate by a change for the better, or it may go on to suppuration, the pus, in some cases, discharging inside and coming away with the milk, and in others, through an opening on the outside. Again It may not fester at all, but become hardened, and remain permanently enlarged, or it may become gangrenous and slough off. The inflammation may attack one quarter only, or all the udder. Sometimes the only symptom indicating that there is inflammation present, is a little thick or bloody milk. Some cows are quite susceptible to this condition. 436 THK PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR Treatment. — If dependent on calving, and the cow is fat and feverish, give a good laxative: Epsom Salts i to 2 pounds. Ginger i ounce. Water 2 quarts. And follow this with J^ -ounce doses of Saltpeter two or three times a day, and in very bad cases, along with this, 15 or 20 drops Fluid Kxtract of Aconite, and i drachm Fluid Extract of Bella- donna. Foment the udder with hot water several times a day, and after each fomenting rub the udder well with one of the fol- lowing: Camphorated Oil, or: Campliorated Oil 4 ounces. Turpentine i ounce. Shake. The following is also good: Witch Hazel 3 ounces. Soap Liniment 3 " Fluid Extract of Belladonna 2 ounces. A very good method is to alternate the lotions. In bad cases, the fomenting should be kept up almost continuously; this can be done by suspending the udder in a shallow bag; to sus- pend, pass straps, or strings, from the front corners of the bag over the loins and tie, and from the back corners of the bag between the hind legs and up, and tie to the front strings where they pass over the loins. Place a folded grain bag on the loins under the strings; pack in the bag, around the inflamed part of the udder, woolen cloths, and pour over these, every fifteen minutes, water as hot as the animal will stand. If an abscess forms, continue fomenting until it points and then open and treat as given for "Abscesses." If it becomes hard, use Iodine Oint- ment (see Prescriptions, back of book). If the milk in the udder is thick and difficult to get out, inject into the udder a little recently boiled water that has cooled doY«i in I'he ;ieakettle; inject, as in "Milk Fever." After injecting, gently knead the udder for a few minutes to break up DISRASKS OF CATTI.E 437 the thick milk, and then milk out; repeat the process, if neces- sary. If there is reason to believe that the inflammation is due to the action of germs within the udder, inject into it a mild antiseptic lotion, as: Ivysol 2 drachms. Water I quart. Shake. Inject from 4 to 6 ounces into each affected quarter; knead gently for ten minutes, and then milk out; repeat three times a day. In mild cases, where there is simply a little thick or bloody milk, the dose of Epsom Salts and the use of the Saltpeter for a few days will generally correct; if not, use the lotions. In the more- severe attacks, feed lightly, withholding the milk-producing foods. This disease should always receive prompt attention, for if severe it is apt to destroy a portion of the udder. When the udder shows inflammation before parturition, as it so frequently does, first try the Epsom Salts and Saltpeter, and if this does not check it, commence milking the cow and use the local applications. SMALL ROUND LUMPS IN THE MILK PAS- SAGE. — lyittle pea-like tumors sometimes grow in the milk passage, in the teat, resulting in some cases in its complete obstruction and the subsequent loss of the quarter. Symptoms. — The presence in the duct of a small body which prevents to a greater or less extent the flow of the milk. Treatment. — This is oftentimes quite unsatisfactory. At first try applying to the outside of the teat, over the obstruction, Tincture of Iodine; apply two or three times a day and rub in well. If this does not relieve, a little weak tincture may be injected directly into the duct; dilute a little Tincture of Iodine with equal parts of water, close the duct above the obstruction, so the solution cannot go into the udder, by pinching the teat between the thumb and finger, then inject into the duct through a milking tube the Iodine solution; repeat once a day. If this fails, it is sometimes 438 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR possible to pass a fine-looped wire into the duct, hook it over the obstruction and remove it. Everything else failing, the obstruc- tion can be cut down upon and removed; this best be done when the cow is dry, but can be done when giving milk. Whenever possible, leave the operation to a veterinarian. To operate, use the Cocaine solution, injecting a little of it inside the duct as well as rubbing on the outside (see Operations, page 347). Pass a milking tube, and then cut down onto the duct, just a little to one side of the growth, and with a pair of scissors remove the obstruc- tion. Sew up the wound. If giving milk, use the milking tube until the wound heals; if dry, pass the tube twice each day until healed, to prevent duct from closing up. (See "Passing the Milking Tube.") PASSING THE MILKING TUBE.— The milking tube is a small tube of silver or hard rubber, for introducing into the duct of the teat to draw the milk, when, for any reason, it can not be got in the normal way. It is very simple to pass the tube up into the teat, but in order to prevent inflammation of the udder as the result of the irritation produced, great care should be taken in using the tube. The tube should be perfectly clean and, before being used, placed in a Carbolic Acid solution; a convenient way to do this, is to tie a small string around the end which does not go into the teat, and then drop the tube into a small bottle of the solution; by leaving the string outside, the tube can be readily taken out for use; put it into the solution a few minutes before using it; in introducing it, take hold of it be- low the part which enters the teat, shake a little, to remove the Carbolic lotion, apply a little clean Carbolized lard— lard, i teacupful. Carbolic Acid, i teaspoonful — and gently push it into the duct, introducing it only far enough to pass the obstruction. Unless carefully used, the tube will cause inflammation, and destroy the quarter. BLOODY MILK.— Causes. — Blood may escape with the milk from injury to the bag; when it is congested or inflamed; when the circulation through the udder is, for some reason, suddenly increased, and the small blood vessels rupture. DISEASES OF CATTLE 439 Treatment. — The treatment will vary with the cause. If due to injury, or inflammation, treat as under "Inflammation of the Udder." If simply due to a congestion, and there seems to be no inflam- mation, give a tablespoonful of Saltpeter three times a day; if this fails to correct the trouble, give with the Saltpeter a tea- spoonful of Fluid Extract of Belladonna, and apply to the udder the Witch Hazel and Belladonna liniment, as for ' ' Inflammation of the Udder." A dose of Epsom Salts will sometimes prove effectual. BLUE MILK.— Cause. — From the presence in the milk of germs (bacillus cyanogenus), milk takes on a skyblue color; these germs gener- ally enter the milk after it leaves the udder, but in some cases the germs may get into the ducts of the teat and enter the milk as it passes out. If the germs are thought to be in the udder, flush it out with the Lysol solution, as recommended under ' ' Inflammation of the Udder. ' ' Use : I^ysol 2 drachms. Water i quart. - After injecting it into the udder and kneading the gland, place a finger over the end of the duct, force some of the solution into the duct and hold it there for a few minutes, and then milk out. Repeat, if necessary. Also give all milking utensils a good scalding. STRINGY MILK.— Stringy milk is another condition of the milk which is produced by certain germs getting into it. The germs may get into the udder by cows being allowed access to stagnant ponds, where they can get the udder covered with mud and slime. Cows giving milk should not be allowed access to stagnant ponds, or be forced to drink water from such places. The water they drink should be pure. Treatment. — Same as for " Blue Milk," 440 THE PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR CHAPPED OR SORE TEATS.— Causes. — From anything that irritates them. The sudden chilling of the teat in winter after the calf has let go, or after the completion of milking with wet hands; contact with cold water or putrid water, or with filth in lying down; from cows running through the wet grass; or, flies may be the cause. Treatment. — Kach time, after milking, rub the teats with some healing ointment, as the following: Vaseline 2 ounces. Oxide of Zinc I drachm. Carbolic Acid 25 drops. Mix well together, and apply as directed. Or: Vaseline 2 ounces. Subnitrate of Bismutli % ounce. Carbolic Acid 25 drops. Mix. Or. Glycerine _. 1 ounce. Witch Hazel i ounce. Carbolic Acid Yz drachm. Shake. "White Lotion" (page 263), is also good to apply to the teats. In some cases a tablespoonf ul of Saltpeter, given internally twice a day, will prove of value. WARTS ON THE TEATS.— These are often trouble- some, yet they may be greatly benefited or entirely removed by smearing them thickly after each milking with pure Olive Oil. If they persist, they may be cut off with a sharp pair of scissors and the sore touched with a stick of Lunar Caustic. They may then be oiled and the caustic repeated if necessary, to prevent their return. Applying a little Acetic Acid to the warts once in three or four days will remove them. If there are a large number on the teat, treat only a few of them at a time. DISEASES OF CATTI.E 441 CUTS AND INJURIES TO THE TEATS.— Causes. — The teats of cows are often injured by barb wire; from other animals stepping on them, etc. Treatment. — The treatment will depend upon the injury. If a cut, and it extends into the duct, it should be sewed up; if the teat is torn, the edges must be brought together in such a way as not to leave the duct open. To sew up, first apply to the edges of the wound ' a little of the Cocaine solution (see Operations, page 347) , then bring the edges together and hold them there with stitches. Be sure the wound is clean before sewing up (see Wounds). Draw the milk with a milking tube until healed, and keep the cow quiet and well bedded. Injuries which do not open the duct maybe treated with oint- ment as under " Chapped or Sore Teats." When the end of the teat is injured, care must be taken or the duct will close and make milking difficult. To prevent this, keep in the end of the teat a little plug, shaped something like a bone collar button, a button with a rather small round head answers fairly well if the neck of the button is large enough to keep the duct from closing too much. Keep this in the end of the duct all the time, except when milking, and use a tube for drawing the milk until the injury is healed. FISTULA, OR EXTRA DUCTS OF THE TEAT. — Sometimes an extra duct will lead from the main duct out on the side of the teat, or at one side of the end, the extra duct eading into the main duct before it reaches the udder; sometimes the extra duct will lead into a small, extra gland near the base of the teat. Causes. — ^The condition is present at birth, except where it results from an improperly treated wotmd. Treatment. — If the two ducts unite before reaching the udder, close the one which is out of place as follows: Rub the end of the duct for a few minutes with the Cocaine solution (see Operations, page 347), then make a little cut -about half an inch long through the center of 442 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR the opening and lengthwise of the teat — cut in about one-half way to the main duct ; then scrape the duct where it is cut open until it is raw, and put in a stitch and draw the edges of the wound close together. The best time to operate is when the cow is dry. If giving milk, use the milking tube until the wound heals. If the extra duct leads into a small gland, the little gland can be destroyed by injecting into it a little diluted Tincture of Iodine ; dilute a little Tincture of Iodine with an equal amount , of water and inject a little of it into the part to be destroyed. This will set up inflammation, which will destroy the part. Before doing this, be sure the extra duct does not lead into the main gland ; in such a case do not inject, but close the end as described above. STRICTURE OF THE DUCT AT THE BASE OF THE TEAT. — Sometimes it is found, when a cow freshens, that the milk will not come down into the teat — it is closed where it joins the udder. The closure is due to a membrane forming across the duct, where it unites with the cavity in the udder. Treatment.— The treatment is to break the membrane; this can be done by pushing a milking tube through it, but the hole thus made is so small that the milk will not come down, except through the tube, and by passing the tube at each milking, the quarter soon becomes inflamed, and so the teat bistoury has to be used and the Stricture cut. To use the instrument, the little knife is drawn within the tube, it is then passed the same as a milking tube until the knife is beyond the stricture, the knife is then pushed out and the instrument drawn down past the stricture, cutting it; when below the stricture, the knife is again concealed and the instrument withdrawn from the teat. It may be necessary to cut the stricture in two directions. The milk flowing through at milking time will keep the cut from closing up. ABORTION AND PREMATURE BIRTH.— Prema- ture expulsion of the foetus is called abortion in the earlier periods of gestation, and premature birth in the latter part of DISEASES OF CATTlvE 443 gestation. It not infrequently takes on a contagious character, which will be treated under "Contagious Abortion." Causes. — Poor condition; weakness and too watery a state of the blood; being hooked or pushed about by other cattle, or kicked or clubbed by brutal attendants; jumping, leaping or fall- ing; irritant poisons; and any severe sickness may act as causes. Symptoms. — In the first two or three months of pregnancy no symptoms may have been observed, and unless the aborted product is seen, the fact of abortion may escape notice. The cow coming in heat later on, suggests that the accident happened. Some soiling of the tail with mucus, blood, and the waters, may be seen, or udder show firmness, and in virgin heifer or dry cow a few drops of milk noted, or the foetus with membranes found. In advanced pregnancy, abortion is much the same as parturition with like symptoms. The important thing is to distinguish the early symptoms in order to apply treatment, and try to arrest the progress of the trouble. A cow is dull, sluggish, separate from the herd, chewing cud languidly, or there may be frequent lying down and rising; uneasy motions of hind feet or tail; back arched and tail carried well back from the body, and slightly accelerated pulse and breathing. If these conditions exist in a pregnant cow, examine for any increase in mucus in vagina, or for blood or liquid there or on root of the tail; for enlargement, or firmness of the udder, or in dry cows for milk, and for any slight straining like labor pains. Although the first symptoms of trouble may have appeared, in some cases, further progress can be checked. So long as the foetus has not perished, or water discharged, nor water-bag pre- sented, progress of disease should be stayed, if possible;, and as it is impossible to tell whether these conditions do exist or not, the treatment is given to all cases. If any of the foregoing con- ditions have taken place, the treatment will be unsuccessful, and abortion will take place. Treatment. — Place the animal in a quiet place, and give quieting drugs; Chloral Hydrate in 1 5^ -ounce doses, or I^audanum in 2 -ounce doses, giving either one with a drachm of Fluid Extract of 444 THE PRACTlCAIy STOCK DOCTOR Belladonna in Yz pint of water; repeat in two hours; again in three or four hours; and then three or four times a day. Also give from I to 2-ounce doses of Black Haw ( Viburnum Prunifoliurn) , repeated three times a day. This drug has a special quieting action on the uterus. If treatment fails, the labor will increase and the foetus be expelled. Where it takes place late in the period of gestation, assistance may be needed as with normal parturition, and the same principles, with regard to making an examination, should be carried out. The after treatment is important; if there is any reason to suspect contagious abortion, treat as under "Contagious Abortion" in Contagious Diseases oe Cattle. If thought to be due to other causes than contagion, keep the cow by herself for a week or two, feed laxative foods, or, if these cannot be had, give J^ -pound doses of Epsom Salts every second or third day; also give a table- Spoonful of Saltpeter and a teaspoonful of Fluid Extract of Belladonna three times a day for a week. It is also well to flush out the womb once a day with an antiseptic, or an astringent, lotion, as for " Inflammation of the Womb." Do not breed the cow again for two or three months. Abortion is quite apt to be followed with leucorrhea, and so the after-treatment is important. If the after-birth does not coine away, it should be removed the same as with normal parturition. BARRENNESS IN COWS AND BULLS— STER- ILITY. — This is an inability to reproduce the species. Such an animal is called a "non-breeder." The trouble is more common among pure bred, highly-fed cattle than with the so-called ' ' scrubs. ' ' Causes. — In cows, from their being kept in a high condition ; from diseased ovaries ; contracted or diseased neck of the womb ; from womb being deformed in some way, as twisted to one side; being one of twins, the other of which is a bull — a free-martin; from altered mucus secretions ; leucorrhea, etc. In bulls, it may be from fatty degeneration of the testicles, seen most in old bulls ; from malformation or disease of the genital organs ; from high feeding and too little exercise ; from poor feeding ; the using too freely, especially when young. DISEASES OF CATTLE 445 In both bulls and cows, it may come from being too closely inbred for several generations. Treatment. — In cows, if from high condition, restrict feed, give opportun- ities for liberal exercise, and give her a physic oi il4 pounds of Epsom Salts in a quart of tepid water, as a drench ; also give a tablespoonful of Saltpeter twice a day for two or three weeks. Examine the cow and if the mouth of the womb is closed, try to open it by gently inserting the finger. If this is difiicult, tie a string to a small wad of cotton batting, saturate with the Fluid Extract of Belladonna and press this into the mouth of the womb and leave it there for an hour ; also give a teaspoonful of the Belladonna internally and apply hot applications to the loins. After an hour or two, again try to open the womb and, if success- ful, breed the cow. Cone-shaped structures made of sponge, called "tents," are also used to press into the mouth of the womb, which, when moistened, soften and enlarge the mouth. These can be procured of instrument dealers. If there is leucorrhea or any disease of that nature present, treat by flushing out the womb as described under " Eeucorrhea," using the same lotions. If everything seems to be normal, and yet the cow fails to conceive, give for one month the tonics as recommended for "Chronic Indigestion," and follow this for two weeks with the following : Fluid Extract of Belladonna i draclim. Camplior I draclim. Asafetida I draclim. Thin Linseed gruel i pint. Give as one dose, twice daily. In case of the bull, if he has been closely confined, and rather highly fed, reduce the feed and give exercise; to do this, stretch a large wire between two posts or trees which are some distance apart, and high enough so the bull can pass under it; have a ring on the wire, and near the ends fasten something to the wire so the ring will not slip up close to the tree (keep it far enough away so the bull cannot pass around the tree and get tangled up) and fasten the bull to the ring on the wire by means of a rope four to six feet long, fastened to the ring in his nose. If he does not h6 THK PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR exercise much, make him, by taking a whip and driving him back and forth at a good, sharp pace for half an hour, three times a day. After he gets quite poor, gradually bring him back into condition again by good feed, and the use of the tonics as for "Chronic Indigestion," and continue the exercise. During treat- ment, do not allow him to cover any cows. Working in a tread power is excellent exercise for a bull. If there is any disease of the generative organs, treat accordingly. NYMPHOMANIA.— This is an excess of desire for sexual intercourse on the part of the cow. Such cows will take the bull at any time, but rarely ever conceive, and when they do, nearly always abort. In some sections they are called " bullers." Causes. — Usually from chronic inflammation of some of the generative organs. It may also be excited by an excess of highly nitrogenous food, as beans, peas, vetches, wheat bran, middlings, etc.; especially if there is a lack of exercise, and subject to the constant association of a vigorous young bull. Symptoms. — The animal is in a state of continual sexual excitement, and is constantly riding, or being ridden, by other cattle; in bad cases, the excitement and actions are such as to keep the animal in poor flesh. Treatment. — This will vary with the cause. Overfeeding on rich food should be stopped, and exercise given in an open field by herself. Diseased ovaries may be removed by spaying (see in Opera- tions) . Catarrh of the womb and passages may be treated as called for in " IvCticorrhea." Internally give i -pound doses of Epsom Salts every four or five days, and also use the following: Fluid Extract of Belladonna i drachm. Camphor 2 drachms. Saltpeter >^ ounce. Thin gruel >^ pint. Give as one dose, twice a day. Continue for two weeks, withhold, and then give again if necessary. DISEASES OF CATTI.E 447 DISEASES OF YOUNQ CALVES SUSPENDED BREATHING IN NEW BORN CALVES. — The moment the circulation through the navel string is stopped, death promptly follows unless breathing is established. Fortunately the desire to breathe, aroused by the circulation of the venous blood and the reflex action from the wet and chilling skin, usually at once starts the contractions of the diaphragm and other respiratory muscles, and life is insured. Causes. — Among the causes of suspended breathing before and during birth are: compression of the navel cord stopping circulation, while foetus is still in such a position that respiration cannot commence; the detachment of fetal membranes from the womb too early in the act of parturition; a run-down, weakened condition in the calf from starvation or disease in the cow; faint- ing in a debilitated calf, when calving has been prolonged; when the calf is born with head so wrapped in membranes that it can- not breathe; and tenacious phlegm in mouth and nose acting in like manner. Treatment. — Give attention to calf at once and relieve it of its investing membranes, and of any mucus that has accumulated in nose and mouth. Wiping out the nose deeply with the finger or a feather excites to sneezing, and in this way to breathing. Blowing into the nose has a similar effect. Sucking the nostril through a tube applied to it is even more effective. Slapping the chest with palm of hand or with a towel dipped in cold water, compression and relaxation alternately of walls of the chest, by carrying the front legs forward and apart, and then back, and crowded together, at the rate of about twenty movements per minute, may start the action, and ammonia fumes or tobacco smoke blown into the nose may suffice. Every second is precious, how- ever, and if possible the lungs should be dilated by forcing air into them from a bellows or from human lungs. As the air is blown in through bellows or tube, the upper end of the windpipe 448 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR must be pressed back against the gullet, or otherwise the air will go to the stomach. In a large dairy, a piece of elastic tubing one-third inch in bore, should be kept at hand for sucking or blowing in such cases. BLEEDING FROM THE NAVEL.— This may happen in two ways — when the cord is cut off too close to the navel and left untied, and when it tears off at the navel. It may also bleed when torn across naturally, if it is sucked by the dam or another calf. In an animal that has but little plasticity to its blood, it will flow under almost any circumstances. Treatment.— Where any cord is left it is always safe to tie it, and it is only when swollen and when it may contain a loop of the bowel, that there is an}- danger of doing so. By pressing upward any bulky contents, such danger is avoided. If torn or cut too close to be tied, the bleeding may be checked by applying powdered Alum or Copperas, holding in place with compress and tight bandage around the body, or by holding against it, for a fraction of a second, the end of a rod at dull-red heat. Before tying the cord or applying the astringents, wash with Carbolic Acid lotion and also wet the string, which is used to tie around the cord, in the same solution. URINE DISCHARGED THROUGH THE NAVEL. — Before birth the urine passes from the bladder by a special tube, the urachus, through the navel and string into the outer water- bag. This at birth closes, and in the calf the tube is drawn in toward the bladder. It is more likely to remain open in the bull- calf. The urethra is sometimes abnormally narrow, or even closed, in the male. Treatment. — If part of the cord remains, tie it, as for "Bleeding from the Navel," and allow it to wither up naturally. If the end is too short to tie, apply the astringents as for bleeding. A blister of Spanish Fly, causing swelling of the skin, will often close the orifice. A hot iron may also be used. If the urethra of the male is closed, and cannot be opened, and the urachus is closed. DISEASES OF CATTLK 449 the urine will collect in the bladder and cause death, but often- times after the urachus is closed the urine will pass out through the natural channel. INFLAMMATION OF THE NAVEL URINE- DUCT.— Causes. — Inflammation of the urachus, or navel urine-duct, may arise from direct injury to navel in calving or shortly after, with or without irritant or septic matter on its cut or lacerated end. Symptoms. — There is redness and swelling at the posterior part of the navel and an escape of urine and a whitish serous pus from the orifice of the urachus. Where the urine is not dis- charged there is a tender swelling, like a thick cord, that extends upward and backward from navel to abdomen. Navel enlarge- ment may be considerable, but it is solid, and cannot be pressed back into abdomen as in hernia. In cases at first closed, the pus may burst out later from back part of navel and swelling extend backward. In some cases whitish pus may pass in urine by ordinary channel, showing that it has opened back into bladder. In other cases the umbilical veins are involved, and swelling extends forward as well as backward. Disease may result in destructive disorders of the liver, lungs, and above all, of the joints. Treatment. — Disease may be warded off, or made comparatively harmless, by applying antiseptics to the navel string at birth, as : Carbolic Acid I teaspoonful. Glycerine 2 ounces. Water 2 ounces. Mix and apply. After a day or two, if discharge continues, apply White Lotion (see Prescriptions, in back of book) . If inflammation is extensive, apply hot fomentations or a poultice, holding in place by a bandage about the body. If joints become affected, treat as under the next disorder. In bad cases, also give inter- nally 5 drops of Fluid Extract of Belladonna and a tablespoonful of Sweet Spirits of Niter in a little water, three or four times a day. 2<» 450 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR INFLAMMATION OF THE JOINTS IN CALVES —JOINT-ILL. — This occurs in young calves within the first months after birth. It may attack any of the joints, quite often the hocks or knees, and is usually connected with inflammation of the navel. Symptoms — Are swelling in one or more joints, which are very hot and tender. Calf is stiff and lame, lies down constantly, and does not suck; there is very high fever, and quickened breathing and pulse; and there is inflammation, swelling, and pus-like discharge — often fetid — from the navel. There may also be symptoms of disease of liver, lungs, heart, or bowels, but the important point is to look to condition of the navel in all such cases of diseased and swollen joints beginning in the first month of life. Treatment. — Treat navel as in preceding disorder. Foment the joints with hot water, by putting a heavy woolen bandage about them and wetting this with hot water, as hot as the animal can stand; cover the wet bandages with a dry blanket; re-apply the water every half hour; also bathe the joints well, two or three times a day, with the following liniment: Soap Liniment 3 ounces. Witch Hazel 2 ounces. Turpentine i ounce. Laudanum 2 ounces. Shake. White Lotion (page 263), is also good to bathe the joints with. Internally give the following: Fluid Extract of Belladonna 2 drachms. Fluid Extract of Aconite ^ drachm. Fluid Extract Colchicum Seed i^ drachms. Sweet Spirits of Niter 4 ounces. Water, to make i pint. Shake. Dose: i ounce, three or four times s day. DISEASES OF CATTLE 451 Also give: Hyposulphite of Soda 2 drachms. Quinine 10 grains. Three times a day in a little thin gruel. If abscesses form about joint, treat as recommended under "Abscesses." CONSTIPATION IN CALVES— RETENTION OF THE MECONIUM. — At birth the bowels of a calf contain the "meconium," a tenacious, gluey, brownish-yellow material largely derived from the liver, which should be expelled within a short time after birth, that they may go on with their natural function. The first milk of the cow — colostrum — rich in albumen and salts, is nature's laxative to expel the meconium, and it should never be withheld from the calf. If for lack of this, from the dry feeding of the cow, or from any other cause, the calf is costive, straining violently without passage, lying down and rising as in colic, and failing in appetite, no time should be lost in giving relief; give an ounce or two of Castor Oil and i drachm Cascara Sagrada, assisting the action by injections of warm soap- suds or oil into the rectum. Whatever meconium is within reach of the finger should be carefully removed. It is also important to give the cow a sloppy, laxative diet. If the oil fails to move the bowels, give from i to 2 ounces of Epsom Salts in a little warm water. The following may also be given in obstinate cases; Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica 10 drops. Fluid Extract of Jaborandi 20 " Aromatic Spirits Ammonia i teaspoonful. Water to make 2 ounces. Shake. Give as one dose; repeat three times a day if necessary. Restrict the feed until the bowels move. INDIGESTION IN YOUNG CALVES.— Causes. — This may occur from different causes, as costive- ness, a too liberal milk supply; too rich milk; the furnishing of 452 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR the milk of a cow long after calving, to a very young calf; allow- ing a calf to suck the first milk from a cow that h'as, in any v/ay, been violently excited; too long intervals between feeding; dirty, fermented milk; from feeding the mother unwholesome food; bad quarters; feeding starchy, artificial food; or overfeeding on artificial food. I^icking hair off themselves, or others, and the formation of same into balls in the stomach, causes obstinate indi- gestion. Symptoms. — Are dullness, indisposition to move, uneasiness, eructations of gas from the stomach, sour breath, more or less loss of appetite, lying down and rising as if in pain, fullness of the abdomen, which gives out a drum-like sound when tapped with the fingers. The costiveness may be marked at first, but it soon gives place to diarrhea, by which offensive matters may be carried off, and health restored. In other cases it runs into inflammation of the bowels, fever sets in, and calf ultimately dies. Treatment.— To clear the bowels, give i to 2 ounces Castor Oil, and also use the prescription as recommended in the preceding disorder, adding 10 drops Fluid Extract of Belladonna in case of much pain; and if sour eructations of gas from stomach are marked, give 2 tablespoonfuls of Eime water, or i teaspoonful Cooking Soda two or three times a day. If disorder continues after bowels are moved, give a large tablespoonful of Rennet, or 30 grains of Pepsin at each meal, along with the above mixture. If constipation recurs, give injections of warm water and soap, and treat diarrhea as in that disease. See next article. Feed good, wholesome milk, giving in it a teaspoonful of Blood Flour, and a little I/inseed meal gruel. WHITE SCOURS IN CALVES. — GASTRIC CATARRH — DIARRHEA.— Hand raised calves are sub- ject to a form of diarrhea to which several names have been applied. Causes. — Not common with calves which suck, though may be occasioned by their sucking at long intervals, thus overloading DISEASES OF CATTLE 453 the stomach and bringing on indigestion. Calves separated from their dams and given considerable quantites of cold milk at long intervals are liable to this form of trouble. Calves fed on milk substitutes frequently contract it, as do also those fed on milk from creameries, or from filthy pails. Symptoms. — The passages have a thin, yellowish- white appearance, are quite offensive, and become very frequent. The calf becomes dull, whisks its tail as though in pain every time there is a passage from the bowels, loses its appetite, becomes weak, and unless disease is checked it is apt to run into dysen- tery, when the passages become bloody and very thin; calf shows more or less pain by grating the teeth, and depressed countenance. Treatment. — Give I to 2 ounces Castor Oil with a tablespoonful of Lauda- num. This will clear the bowels. Then follow with teaspoonful doses of Laudanum three or four times a day. Dissolve a table- spoonful of Copperas in a pint of water and give 2 ounces of this solution in a little milk, three times a day. Give at different times than the Laudanum. Also give a teaspoonful of Cooking Soda or an ounce or two of Lime water. From a teaspoonful to a tablespoonful of Blood Flour is excellent for Scours, often check- ing severe cases without other treatment. In bad cases, where there is dysentery, use the following: Corrosive Sublimate 7 grains. Water i pint. Shake. Dose: i to 3 tablespoonfuls, three or four times a day. Give a small amount of milk, three times a day, with i or 2 well-beaten, raw eggs. Give clean, dry bedding frequently and cover calf with a blanket. INFECTIOUS SCOURS.— There is a form of scours which attacks calves two or three days after birth, and which terminates fatally in a short time. The disease is due to germs entering through the umbilical cord. Other organs as well as the bowels are affected, but the scouring is very characteristic. 454 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR Symptoms. — The scouring, great weakness, and death in a da3' or two. Treatment. — The treatment is preventive, as curative treatment fails. The prevention is to have everything very clean where the cow calves. The stall should be very clean; if other animals have used the same stall and their calves have died of the disease, the stall must be thoroughly disinfected and whitewashed before using again (see "Disinfection," page 66). As soon as the calf is bom, remove it from the stall, wash the navel cord thoroughly with a Carbolic Acid solution — Carbolic Acid, Vz ounce; water, I pint — ligate the cord close to the body with a string that has been soaked in the same solution, and then cut the cord off one- half inch below the string. Apply to the cord four or five times a day, or until it dries up, the Carbolic lotion and also the White lyOtion (see Prescriptions, in. back of book). DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS OF THE BULL INFLAMMATION OF THE TESTICLES — ORCHITIS.— Causes. — Usually the result of blows, or other direct injuries, but may result from excessive service, or from some growth in the gland tissue. Symptoms. — Bull moves stifBy, with straddling gait, and the right or left half of the scrotum in which the affected testicle lies is swollen, red, and tender, and the gland is drawn up in the sac and dropped down again at frequent intervals. Treatment. — Give the following as a drench: Epsom Salts i^ pounds. Ginger 2 drachms. Water, tepid i quart. DISEASES OF CATTI.K 455 Foment the testicles well with hot water, the same as was recommended for fomenting the udder in inflammation of that gland (page 435) , and use the same lotions on the scrotum, especially the one containing the Belladonna. When not fomenting, apply a Linseed poultice. While treating, feed on soft food, and give a tablespoonful of Saltpeter three times a day; if th bull is a large fellow, heap the spoon. Should a soft point appear, indi- cating formation of matter, open and treat wound daily, with a solution made by adding 2 teaspoonfuls of Carbolic Acid to a pint of water. Usually, when inflammation has gone to point of sup- puration, the testicle is ruined for service, and must be removed by castration. A test, by putting bull to cows after he is well, will determine whether he will be of any more use in that line. INJURIES TO SHEATH AND PENIS.— Causes. — From jumping fence and being caught so as to injure parts; or in case of work oxen, from pressure and friction of the sling, when held in stock for shoeing. Symptoms. — If there is severe crushing of both sheath and penis, it leads, some hours later, to the development of a hard, hot, and painful swelling, reaching from scrotum to sheath. There is fever, dry muzzle, red eyes, hard, full, rapid pulse, and quickened breathing. Animal stands with hind legs apart and urine drop- ping from sheath. Appetite and rumination suspended. I^ater, unless promptly treated, mortification may result, the swelling getting cold and doughy. Treatment. — In severe cases must be prompt and judicious. Put straps around the patient, with soft pads in contact with affected parts, constantly soaked in cold water for at least twenty-four hours. Give I to 2 pounds of Epsom Salts in 2 quarts of hot water, and a tablespoonful of Saltpeter three times a day if the penis is not badly injured. The second day the parts may be bathed with: Extract of Witch Hazel J^ pint. Sugar of Lead i ounce. Laudanum 3 ounces. Water to make i pint 456 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR If active inflammation persists, the cold water application should be continued. If suppuration occurs, open at point of fluctuation when ready, letting out pus, and afterward syringe cavity with Carbolic lotion as for dressing wounds. Careful antiseptic treatment is also necessary in case of extensive slough- ing, as sometimes happens with severe inflammation. In mild cases simply bathing parts three times daily with hot or cold water and applying the White Lotion (see Prescriptions, in back of book) after wiping dry, continuing the treatment until well, will be found suflicient. INFLAMMATION OF THE URETHRA — GON- ORRHEA. — This is an inflammation of the urethra — the canal which conveys the urine through the penis from the bladder. Causes. — It may originate in gravel, the excitement of too frequent service, infection from a cow with leucorrhea, or from extension of inflammation from the sheath. Symptoms. — There is an oozing of whitish liquid from the end of the penis and sheath, tenderness and pain when handled, and while there is no actual arrest of the urine, its flow is subject to voluntary checks, as it irritates the tender surface. Treatment. — Give I ]4 pounds of Epsom Salts in a quart of tepid water as a drench; bathe the sheath well with hot water twice a day, and inject into the urethra a little of the following lotion: Acetate of Lead 2 drachms. Water I quart. Or: Permanganate of Potash 20 grains. Water i pint. Mix and shake well before using. Inject part of the time with: Lysol 1 drachm. Water I pint. To inject the solution, use a milking tube, a rubber tube and funnel, as for injecting into the udder in "Milk Fever." Put DISEASES OF CATTI.E 457 the milking tube into the urethra at the end of the penis, elevate the funnel and pour the solution into it; the funnel should be held as high as the back. Keep bull away from cows until he is cured, as some varieties of the disease are contagious. CASTRATIONS OF BULLS AND CALVES.— This consists in removing the testicles, the essential organs of gener- ation in the male. The best position for castrating bovines is standing, but they can be cast the same as the colt; the same kind of a throwing harness will answer. Use the Carbolic lotion the same as operating upon colts, or pigs; have the knife sharp. Before operating wash off the scrotum with the Carbolic lotion. To operate standing, place animal with his right side against a partition, and tie his head short, so he cannot push forward; have an assistant stand against his left flank and hold him against the partition; the operator, with the knife in his right hand, stands with his left side against the left hip of the animal, facing to the rear; reach in between the legs from the rear with the left hand and grasp around the scrotum, just above the testicles, crowding the testicles to the very bottom of the sacs; make the cut in the center of the back side of each sac, commencing well towards the top of the testicle and carrying it down to the very bottom, so as to be sure of good drainage; try and make the cut onto the testicle with one stroke of the knife. When the testicle is cut onto, the pressure produced by the hand clasping the scrotum above will cause it to pop out of the cut; cut down onto both testicles before letting go of the scrotum. After the testicles pop out, take hold of one and draw it out a little and it will be seen to be attached at its front surface by a thin attach- ment to the front of the scrotum. Cut this attachment quite close to the testicle, and then it can be drawn down, being held simply by the spermatic cord; if a young calf, draw the cord down five or six inches, and cut it off; a dull pair of shears is a good thing to cut it off with, or it can be cut, or scraped, off with the knife; if scraped, or cut, with the dull shears, which mash close, there is less apt to be bleeding. If a larger animal, and danger of bleeding, draw the cord down and tie a string 458 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR around it, about three inches from the testicle, and then cut the cord ofE about an inch below the string; a catgut string is best; if silk is used, leave the ends long enough to hang from the cut, so that they will be pulled out later when they slough. Have the string lying in the Carbolic solution for a few minutes before using it. After both testicles are removed, dash a little of the Carbolic lotion into each wound. Place the animal in a clean stall. The day following the operation, wet the fingers in the Carbolic lotion and open the cuts. If there is undue swelling or bleeding after the operation, treat as is recommended for same condition under Castration, Horse Department. The best time to castrate calves is when they are about a month old; the pain is much less when they are small and there is less tendency to bleeding. If there is a scrotal hernia, castrate by the covered operation, the same as with colts. If the animal is cast, make the cuts in the sides of the scrotum; it is handier than to make them on the back side; otherwise the operation is the same as when performed with the animal standing. "RIGS" OR RIDGLING BULLS.— These are animals in which the testicles, one or both, have never come down into the scrotum. They cannot be castrated like horses, and after attain- ing some age, become nuisances. When castrating a calf and only one or neither testicle is down, fatten and get rid of it, for they rarely come down later. It will save much trouble to get rid of such when young. SWELLING OF THE POINT OF THE SHEATH IN STEERS— STONE IN THE SHEATH.— Causes. — From grazing in pastures where limestone abounds, or from drinking water impregnated with limestone, by which it is taken into the system, and this, together with the fact that the steer, in making water, does not protrude the penis, but lets it dribble out of the sheath; causes the lime in the urine to collect and form a concretion, or ball, which soon gets large and sets up irritation and swelling. DISEASES OF CATTI.B 459 Symptoms. — The end of the sheath is enlarged, and it may obstruct the flow of urine, when animal will show uneasiness, pain, etc., as in "Suppression of Urine." An examination reveals the presence in the sheath of the limy deposit. Treatment. — If the animal is quiet, let him stand, and have him held by the horns and nose, while operator with oiled fingers passes one of them up into the sheath, and by manipulation and working the stone about, it can soon be removed, when the sheath should be oiled both inside and outside. In case animal will not stand to have this done, he can be cast and secured as in "Castration," or strap his hind legs together, putting the strap around above the hocks, crossing it between the legs like a figure 8, which prevents its slipping down. DISEASES OF THE EYE INFLAMMATION OF THE EYES — SIMPLE OPHTHALMIA.— This is an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the eyelids and covering the eyeball. In severe cases the deeper coats of the eye may be involved. Causes. — It may result from a bruise of the eyelid; from chaff, hayseed, dust, gnats, or such matter in the eye; from exposure to cold; from irritating or poisonous vapors arising from filthiness of the stable. Symptoms. — A profuse flow of tears; closure of eyelids from intolerance of light, retraction of the eyeball, and protrusion of the haw; disinclination to move, and in milch cows diminution of milk. In parting the lid, the lining membrane is found injected with an excess of blood, giving it a red and swollen appearance; the white of the eye is bloodshot, and the cornea may be cloudy. If disease advances, inflammation of the cornea may ensue. 46o THE PRACTICAIv STOCK DOCTOR Treatmknt. — Carefully examine the eye for the presence of chafE, dust, doder, and the like, and remove same when found. Do this b^' flushing the eye with warm water, by means of a syringe, or, if substance adheres to eyeball or lid, it may be scooped out by the handle of a teaspoon or some other blunt instrument. If it removes with difficulty, drop a few drops of the Cocaine solution into the eye (see Operations, Horse Department). To relieve congestion and irritation, use a wash composed of: Nitrate of Silver 3 grains. iviorphine i grain. Water i ounce. Keep in the dark. Mix, and put a few drops of this in the eye with a medicine dropper, a small, pointed glass tube with rubber bulb, three or four times a day. Put animal in a cool, darkened stable, and fasten a woolen cloth, folded several times, over the eye, or eyes if both are affected. Keep wet with cold water, re-wetting every half hour during the day, but remove it at night. If there is much fever and consti- tutional disturbance, give i % pounds Epsom Salts dissolved in i quart of water. Also give a tablespoonful of Saltpeter three times a day, and feed a laxative diet. SPECIFIC OPHTHALMIA — CATARRHAL CON- JUNCTIVITIS. — This form of inflammation of the membrane of the eye generally appears in epidemic form and affects quite a number of the herd. Causes. — It is usually attributed to some irritant material car- ried in the air or coming from the soil, but is probably due to bacteria. It is most prevalent on low grounds and is seldom seen in winter months. It affects old and young alike, but one attack is believed to make the animal immune. Symptoms. ~Th\s disease is characterized chiefly by a mucous, matter- like discharge from the eyes, an intense degree of inflam- mation of the mucous membrane, accompanied by swelling of the eyelids and an early darkening of the cornea. The flow of tears ^ DISEASES OF CATTI.B 461 IS mixed with pus which gathers in large masses on the cheek. The eyes are kept closed. When the cornea is affected, the animal is frequently blind for a time, and sometimes other diseases of the eye follow. Treatment. — Animal should be placed in a cool, dark stable, supplied with soft, succulent food and plenty of fresh water to drink. Give i to I ^ pounds Epsom Salts in 2 to 3 pints of water. Also give a tablespoonful of Saltpeter, three times a day, and in bad cases give with the Saltpeter, i drachm Fluid Extract of Belladonna and 15 drops Fluid Extract of Aconite. Foment the eye with the cold water, as in the previous disorder, and also use the same solution in the eye. A powder composed of equal parts of finely pulverized Boracic Acid and Calomel is good to dust into the eye — blow a little into the eye twice a day from a quill or small, paper cylinder. INFLAMMATION OF THE CORNEA — CORNEI- TIS. — This is an inflammation of the strong membrane, which forms the front part of the eyeball. The sclerotic, or white coat bordering on the cornea, becomes involved to some extent. Causes. — As the cornea is the most prominent part of the ball of the eye, it is subject to injury in a variety of ways, such as scratches, pricks, contusions, lacerations and the like. It may occur from the extension of inflammation from ophthalmia, or from some internal inflammation, or may occasionally occur with- out any known cause. Symptoms. — There is a severe inflammation of the part, causing a cloudiness of the cornea. The swelling on front part of eyeball may be in bladder-like points, or it may begin at outer border, abruptly thickening, and diminish to center. If whole cornea is affected, it has a gray or grayish-white appearance. The tears do not flow as freely, neither is the suffering so great as in ophthalmia. One or both eyes may be affected. In favor- able cases conditions should begin to improve in a week. In unfavorable cases the sight is lost and the opacity remains. In what is called suppurative corneitis— where there is a formation of matter — the symptoms are somewhat different, but 462 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR it may follow the above form. More commonly it develops rapidly by a raised swelling on or near the center of the cornea, that soon becomes yellow, while the edge of the swelling fades into an opaque (clouded) ring. Disease is seldom noticed until matter formation has occurred. When it is the result of diffuse corneitis, ulceration and escape of confined pus is inevitable; otherwise matter may be absorbed. When deep membranes are involved, the sight of the eye may be permanently lost. It will sometimes attack a number of animals, being more or less con- tagious. Treatment. — Place the animal in a darkened stable, give green or sloppy food, and 6 ounces of Epsom Salts, dissolved in a quart of water once a day. Also give tbe following: Fluid Extract of Aconite i% drachms. Fluid Extract of Belladonna i ounce. Saltpeter 3 ounces. Water to make I pint. Shake. Dose: 2 ounces, three or four times a day. As an application to the eye use the following : Nitrate of Silver 3 grains. Sulphate of Morphia i grain. Soft water I ounce. Keep in the dark. Drop 15 to 20 drops into the eyes, three times a day, with a medicine dropper. If ulceration occurs, use Nitrate of Silver, 5 grains, to an ounce of water. Apply directly to the ulcers with a camel's hair brush. (See "Ulcers of the Cornea)." To remove opacity after inflammation has subsided, continue the Nitrate of Silver solution. ULCER OF THE CORNEA.— Causes. — In consequence of the bursting of a small abscess in the delicate membrane over the cornea ; or, in the cornea itself, DISEASES OF CATTLE 463 after violent corneitis, or specific ophthalmia ; or ulcer may be caused by bruises, scratches, and other direct injury to the cornea. Symptoms. — At first the ulcer is a pale, gray color, with edges high and irregular, and discharges, instead of pus, an acrid, watery substance, and has a tendency to spread super- ficially and also to extend deeper. If it spreads superficially, the transparency of the cornea is lost ; if it goes deeply, and reaches the anterior chamber of the eye, the aqueous humor escapes and the eye is destroyed. Treatment. — Give internal treatment as with "Inflammation of Cornea," if it has not already been used, in which case continue it. Endeavor, as soon as the ulcer appears, to prevent its growth. Convert corroding process into a healthy one. For this purpose nothing is better than a strong solution of Nitrate of Silver. Drop a few drops of the Cocaine solution into the eye (see "Opera- tions, ' ' Horse Department) . The animal's head is then firmly secured, and an assistant should part eyelids ; then all parts of the ulcer are touched, using a camel's hair brush, with a solution of 10 grains of Nitrate of Silver to an ounce of water. Repeat treatment once a day until ulcer looks healthy. When healthy action succeeds, ulcer assumes a delicate fleshy tint, and former redness around ulcer gradually disappears. In abrasions where there are ho holes or cavities made, caustic treatment is not needed ; simply treat as for ' ' Inflammation of the Cornea. ' ' Excessive ulceration may cause fungus growth upon the cornea, which appears to be nourished by loops of blood vessels in the mucous membrane covering same. This growth must be cut away and wound cauterized with Nitrate of Silver, or eye will be destroyed. STAPHYLOMA. — This is a disease of the eyeball in which the cornea loses its transparency, rises above the level of the eye, and even projects beyond the eyelids, in the form of an elongated whitish, or pearl-colored tumor, which may be either smooth or uneven. ^64 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Causes. — Inflammation is the only known cause, although it may not occur immediately. It often follows catarrhal ophthalmia and comeitis. Treatment. — In a few cases restoration of sight may be affected by punct- uring the projecting tumor and treating it afterward with Nitrate of Silver, as given in "Ulceration of the Cornea." Cases have been known in which spontaneous rupture of the tumor occurred and healing resulted without treatment. CATARACT OF THE EYE.— This is a disease in which the crystalline lens becomes opaque and loses its trans- parency; power of refraction is lost and animal is blind. Causes. — Generally it is the result of deep inflammation of the eye, but sometimes seems to be due to an improper nourish- ment of the lens. Symptoms. — It is known by the whiteness of the lens, as seen through the pupil ; the cornea is clear and healthy. Sight is totally lost when the cataract is fully formed. Formation is usually slow. Treatment. — There is no treatment with the lower animals. The lens could be removed the same as it is in the human, but it would not benefit, as animals cannot wear glasses, as is necessary in order that its removal may benefit. AMAUROSIS.— This is blindness from paralysis of the optic nerve, and retina. The retina is the expansion of the optic nerve over the back of the chamber of the eye. Causes. — Concussion from a blow on forehead, fracture of bone over eye causing downward pressure, rheumatic inflamma- tion of optic nerves, or from extension of deep inflammation involving retina. It sometimes occurs from excessive loss of blood, or of great debility. Symptoms. — This disease is seldom noticed until animal shows, by gait and actions, that it is blind. Generally both eyes DISEASES OF CATTlvE 465 are affected. The eyeball remains clear, and the pupil perma- nently dilated. No response to light is manifested. Treatmknt. — If due to debility, or loss of blood, give tonics as for " Chronic Indigestion," but the treatment will probably be of no value. INJURIES TO THE EYELIDS.— This accident is not uncommon where cattle are fenced in by barbed wire; an animal may be caught under the eyelid by the horn of another; may occur in the stable from projecting splinters of wood or from nails. Tre;atmbnt. — If there is much laceration, the edges of the wound should be brought together closely and correctly, and held, either by sutures of silk or even linen thread (see ' ' Sutures ' ' in Hoese Department) . Use the Cocaine solution (see Operations, page 347). Keep the parts dressed with the Carbolic Acid lotion, and if there is much swelling, or the inflammation extends to eye, use the cold fomentations, as for " Inflammation of the Eye." INVERSION AND EVERSION OF THE EYE- LIDS. — See Horse Department. FOREIGN SUBSTANCES IN THE EYE.— Some- times chaff, barley-beards, or splinters of wood, hedge-thorns, pieces of cornstalk, or leaves, stems of hay or straw, twigs, or weeds may penetrate the eye, break off, and remain, causing inflammation, blindness, abscesses, and the like. The eyeball sometimes is penetrated, but in most cases substances get between the eye and lids. Symptotns. — Vary according to extent of injury, but in ordinary cases, animal will show evident suffering, or annoyance, by keeping eye closed, and, perhaps, by turning head slightly awry, and tears will run down over the cheek. 466 THK PEACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Trbatment. — Catch the animal and examine the eye and remove offending substance. Drop 15 to 20 drops of the Cocaine solution into the eye and the examination and removal of the object is quite easj- (see Operations, page 347). When substance is removed, apply treatment as case seems to require; cold fomentations and the lotion as recommended for "Inflammation of the Eye" will generally bring about recovery. If the eyeball is punctured nothing can be done other than the fomentations and lotions. This generally means loss of the eye, but a very small puncture might not destroy the organ. CANCER IN THE EYE— FUNGUS HAEMATODES. — This is the same as a cancerous growth that may develop on any part of the body; it is not common, and yet may appear in the eye. Causes . — Unknown Symptoms. — It frequently commences in the eyeball as a small, red mass, eventually bursts through, and pushes its way outside the orbit of the eye, as a large, spongy, fungus-like excrescence that bleeds upon the slightest injury, in fact upon the mere touch. Treatment. — When the exact nature of the case is known, the eye should be taken out. For removing the eye, the animal should be given an anaesthetic (see Operations, page 347) . The after-treatment would be the same as for "Dislocation of the Eyeball." The operation should be left to the veterinarian. As these growths often return, unless the animal is valuable as a breeder, it best be fitted for the butcher. DISLOCATION OF THE EYEBALL.— The eyeball may be torn out by the horns of another animal in a fight, or it may be crowded out with the blunt end of a club, cane, or probe, in the hands of some brutal person. Treatment. — When the optic nerve is not lacerated and the retractor muscles at the back of the eye are intact, an attempt to replace DISBASKS OF CATTl^E 467 the eye is advisable. This, however, must take place immedi- ately after injury and before swelling takes place. Divide the outer corner of the eyelid to enlarge the orifice, then by pressure, with the fingers of both hands placed upon the sides of the eye, the ball may be put back in its place. Apply a firm compress over the injured eye and keep it constantly wet with cold water, containing i drachm of Sugar of I,ead to each quart of water. If the attempt to replace is not a success, tie the artery at the back of the eye with strong cord, and then cut off the whole mass as deep within the orbit as possible. The cavity should be packed daily with fresh absorbent cotton, after washing it out with a 3 per cent, solution of Carbolic Acid. INFLAMMATION AND ENLARGEMENT OF THE HAW. — The haw or membrana nictitans, that small structure at the inner angle of the eye, is subject to inflammation and swelling from the extension of conjunctivitis or ophthalmia, or direct injury by foreign substances. It presents a red, swollen appearance, accompanied by considerable pain and a profuse flow of tears. Treatment. — The application of cold fomentations and the lotions as used in "Ophthalmia" will generally reduce the swelling and restore it to its normal function. There is, however, a tendency for an inflammation of this membrane to take on a chronic character, which may result in a permanent enlargement, resembling a tumor. When it attains sufficient size to protude itself permanently over the eye, or pro- ject between the lids so as to obstruct the sight, its removal may become necessary. A threaded needle is passed through the body of the enlarged mass by which the membrane is drawn out as far as possible, then with a blunt pair of scissors, it may be cut away from its attachments. Use the Cocaine solution to destroy the pain, by dropping 15 to 20 drops of it into the eye ten or fifteen minutes before operating (see Operations, page 347). 468 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR DISEASES OF THE EAR INFLAMMATION OF THE INTERNAL EAR — OTITIS. — Inflammation of the deep part of the ear is often difficult to recognize in cattle. Causes. — May be caused by the disease of the bone of that region, from blows inflicted by drivers, or from injury by other cattle. Occasionally it may arise from extension in "lump jaw," or be the result of tuberculous affection. Symptoms. — Animal will hold its head to one side, or shake it, while the ear is held immovable. The movement of the jaws in eating gives evident pain; the base of the ear may be feverish and swollen, and very sensitive to the touch. If the inflamma- tion has advanced to a suppurative stage, matter will flow from the ear, and the discharge will generally be offensive in odor. Treatment. — At first apply hot fomentations to reduce pain and fever, and follow with a sharp blister applied below the ear. To relieve pain and soften secretions, the following may be injected into the ear: Laudanum I part. Olive Oil lo parts. If there is a discharge from the ear, it should be thoroughly washed out by injections of warm soapsuds until clean, then inject a little of the following mixture twice a day: Sulphate of Morphia 20 grains. Water I pint. Glycerine 4 ounces. Injections of a solution of Acetate of Lead, % ounce; water, [ pint, may help in some cases. ABSCESS OF THE EAR.— Abscesses sometimes form about the base of the ear, either inside or outside, caused by con- tusions. Cysts or pouches, containing a watery fluid, are found occasionally between the cartilage and the skin on the base of the ear, which may be due to similar cause. DI3EASKS OF CATTLE 469 Treatmbnt. — Make a free incision with the knife into the most prominent part of the abscess or cyst, then wash out the sac with the Car- bolic Acid lotion, using a syringe for the purpose. If the abscess recurs, open it again, wash it out, and inject a little Tincture of Iodine. FOREIGN BODIES IN THE EAR.— Bugs have been known to gain access to the ear of an animal. Foreign bodies of various sorts may become lodged in the ear. Symptoms. — A continuous uneasiness or frequent shaking of of the head; occasionally manifestations of severe pain. Animal may rub head and ear against trees and other objects, in endeavor to get rid of offending body. Treatment. — When suspected, catch the animal and examine the ear, and when object is found, remove the same with forceps, a hair pin, or with a piece of wire bent at one end. If inflammation exists and ear is swollen, so substance is hidden from sight, insert a probe to feel for object, and when found remove, even if neces- sary to split the ear at the base to do so. Afterward treat the ear with hot water fomentations, and injections of mild astringents, as Acetate of Lead, l4 ounce; water, i quart. FROSTBITE— GELATIO.— This is not an uncommon occurrence among young cattle which are poorly fed and exposed outdoors to storms and extremes of cold; a condition, however, which ought never to occur. Symptoms. — -This affection naturally presents every degree of severity from the mere chilling of the tip of the ear to positive freezing and death of a portion. In a day or two the ear will become swollen and painful; the dead part will remain cold and begin to shrivel; a line of separation forms between the inflamed and dead, or dying, portion; and finally the dead piece drops off, leaving a raw surface. When only slightly chilled, there will be a peeling off of the superficial skin, accompanied by some pain and itching. 470 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Treatment. — A good liniment for frozen ears is : Turpentine I ounce. Ammonia i ounce. Chloroform I " Olive Oil 6 ounces. Mix and rub the ears several times daily. It will relieve pain, and stimulate circulation, thus favoring a recovery of the injured structures. If a portion of the ear sloughs, treat the resultant wound as an ordinary wound. TORN OR LACERATED EARS.— Dogs are the most frequent cause of lacerated ears, generally leaving a torn, ragged edged and bruised cartilage. Treatment.^- If the wound is extensive it will be necessary to trim off the ragged edges; then fasten the edges together with stitches of cat-gut, silk, or strong, thick, linen thread, taking a deep hold. Secure the animal so it cannot rub the part, and dress daily with the Carbolic Acid lotion. DISEASE OF THE CARTILAGE OF THE EAR.— Sometimes the cartilages of the ear become affected, usually from a deep bruise ; pus forms, which burrows under the skin, and may find outlet at some point more or less distant from seat of trouble. When cartilage has been extensively injured, pieces of it become dead and dissolve, and are carried away in the pus, or it may lead to sloughing and the formation of many running sores. In this affection there is seldom much swelling or great pain. Discharge is usually offensive and often blood-streaked. Whenever there is long-continued discharge from one or more openings in the ear, this disease may be suspected. Treatment. — The sinus formed by the passage of matter should be probed and searched to the bottom for the presence of foreign substance or evidences of decaying cartilage. When probe touches decaying cartilage it will feel like a piece of dry leather DISEASES OF CATTI^E 471 or partially softened wood. A counter-opening must then be made at this place and all diseased cartilage cut away with a knife. After this keep wound open for the pus to discharge, and inject into it once or twice a day, until the wound is healed, the following solution : Acetate of Lead i ounce. Sulphate of Zinc ^ ounce. Carbolic Acid yi, ounce. Water to make i pint. Shake. FRACTURED BONES; WOUNDS; SPRAINS OF JOINTS AND TENDONS FRACTURED BONES.— A fracture is a break in a bone. It may occur in a variety of ways; the kick of a horse, getting caught in the fence while jumping, falling, being chased by dogs, by being hit by anything hard enough to cause a fracture. As a rule, fractures are more easily repaired in cattle than in horses, owing to their being more quiet. Fractures are classed as trans- verse, oblique, "green-stick," simple, compound and complex. In transverse fracture the bone is broken across; in oblique, slanting; in "green-stick," it is bent and split but not broken entirely off. In simple fracture, only the bone is broken without complications; in compound, the ends of the bones punch through the flesh and protrude; in complex, the bone is shattered into many small pieces. As a rule, when the fracture is so bad that the bone is shattered, or a piece of the bone protrudes through the skin, it is best to slaughter the animal. If the condition of the animal is otherwise healthy, if slaughtered at once, the meat is fit for food, and the loss is not so great. When the care and expense of treatment is considered, this is probably the best dis- position of these cases, except, perhaps, where the animal is valuable for breeding purposes. 472 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR FRACTURE OF THE LOWER JAW.— This is a fracture that generally occurs from a kick or a blow of some kind, and is first noticed by the animal not being able to eat, the mouth seeming crooked, and by the bloody discharges from the mouth. Treatment.— If any other than a simple, transverse fracture of one side only, the animal may as well be destroyed; if simple, put the ends of the bone together, and hold them there if possible, by passing copper wire around the teeth; in order to do this it may be necessary to cut through the cheek, opposite the fracture. Feed on soft and sloppy food until recovery takes place. Flush out the mouth freely after each feeding to remove any particles of food which might interfere with the uniting of the bones. Later, the wire can be removed through the mouth, or the cheek again opened FRACTURE OF THE BONES OF THE NECK AND BACK.— If the fracture should be through the body of the bone, there is likely to be pressure on, or laceration of the spinal cord, causing paralysis to parts back of the injury. Frac- ture of the spines of the vertebrae occur, without interfering with the canal containing the spinal cord. Such accidents may pass unnoticed, for though animal may suffer pain, it is not likely to be shown in a way to attract attention, and the deep muscular covering hides the injury. "When a fracture occurs in the upper part of neck, the muscles of breathing are paralyzed, and death by suffocation soon follows. The more common seat of fracture is in the loins, and when a fracture of the body of the vertebrae occurs here, paralysis of the hind legs and quarters results. Diagnosis of such an accident is more difficult than in the case of other fractures. The parts can not be moved one upon another, so that crepitation (grinding) is not noticable. The heavy coating of muscles conceals changes that might other- wise attract attention. About the only symptom is paralysis of nerves of motion and sensation, back of the seat of the injury, which careful examination may reveal. If the result of a blow, there is apt to be abrasion of the skin. If paralysis is present, and the irregularity of the spinal column is so marked as to leave no DISKASKS OF CATTI^E 473 room for doubt, the only thing to do is to destroy the animal. If, on the other and, the paralysis is incomplete, with no evidence of irregularity in spinal colum, or other evidence of fracture, put the animal in a well-bedded box stall, and allow a few days to pass before the case is abandoned. The symptoms last described might result from a strain of the muscles of the loins, in which case an improvement will soon be noticed. In which case treat as for strains. FRACTURE OF THE BONES OF THE HIP- HIPPED. — This accident is likely to occur as the result of crowding when running through a narrow door, falling violently on the point of the hip, or from a blow directed downward and forward against it. The fracture is not dangerous, but it dis- figures the animal. The animal is lame at first, but this symptom will disappear. Treatment. — • If sore after being "knocked down," bathe twice a day in hot water, and apply the White I,otion (see page 263) until the soreness is out. If the bones heal all right there is nothing more to be done. Sometimes the bones do not unite, and it will soon begin to fester around the broken piece and an abscess will form. When the abscess is formed, open and remove the piece of bone, and treat as under "Abscesses." Fracture of the under part of the hip bones, the floor of the pelvis, generally occur from the animal slipping on the ice with legs spread apart. As soon as it gets up, it walks off stiffly and the legs are kept out apart while either walking or standing. The treatment for this is to keep animal very quiet, by tying it in a stall until the bones unite — from four to five weeks. FRACTURE OF THE RIBS.— This is always the result of a kick or a blow of some kind. The ribs farthest back are the most liable to injury. Symptoms. — Pain in moving, slight swelling over seat of injury, and difficult breathing are evident symptoms. If the fracture be complete the grinding of the bones may be noticed by placing the hand flat over the injury, noting carefully the 474 the; practicai . stock doctor motion as chest contracts and expands in breathing. This symptom is more noticeable when animal coughs. In slight cases the animal can get up and down, but in severe cases may remain lying. Treatment.— Unless the point of the broken bone penetrates the chest cavity, no treatment is required other than quiet, good care and food. For a few days the animal should be restricted in the amount of food and water, the stomach being kept as nearly empty as possible. Sloppy food should be given, to encourage as much as possible the free action of the diaphragm in breath- ing, If breathing is labored and attended with much pain, motion may be limited by applying a wide bandage firmly around the chest. If the animal remains down, turn it over from side to side three times a day. If point of rib penetrates the lung and sets up inflammation, there is little chance of recovery. FRACTURE OF THE SHOULDER BLADE OR SHOULDER BONE.— Fracture of these bones is indicated by the extreme lameness it produces, and on moving the leg the grating of the bones may be heard. In a case of this kind it is best to destroy the animal, unless a very simple fracture and the animal is a young one, in which case keep it very quiet and give good care ; time will do the rest. The less the fracture is worked over, the better. FRACTURE OF THE BONES BELOW THE KNEE AND HOCK.— Symptoms. — There will be crookedness of the leg, lameness and extreme pain, and when leg is moved the grating of the bones on one another will be heard. Treatment. — Put the animal in a quiet, roomy, well-bedded place, set the leg in shape, and have it held while bandaging it with a starched bandage, which is a long strip of cloth dipped in starch used for starching clothes. When drawing strip from the starch, draw it between the fingers to get off as much as possible, then wrap DISEASES OF CATTI.E 475 it moderately tight around the leg, using plenty of bandage, and have leg and bandage held in one position for an hour or more for bandage to harden. Thin wooden splints, or thick leather ones, can be used in connection with the starch bandage. After this, the bandage will hold leg in shape. I,eave it on four or five weeks until the bones heal. Keep animal quiet until the bones are well knit together. If leg should swell with the band- age, take it ofE and put on a looser one. The Plaster Paris bandage may be used in place of the starch (see Horsb DBPARTM:eNT) . Fractures above the knee are sometimes treated by this method but it is not nearly so successful. Cattle cannot be put in a sling as can horses. They are less nervous and will keep quieter than the horse, however, and treatment is fairly successful if the fracture is a simple one. FRACTURE OF THE BONES ABOVE AND BELOW THE STIFLE JOINT.— Symptoms. — Animal may not be able to stand, but if so, the leg will be hanging loose. By moving the leg one can hear the broken bones grate upon each other. Treatment. — In severe cases it is best to destroy the animal; if fat, kill it for beef. When above the stifle, the only thing that can well be done is to keep the animal quiet, and leave lying down or stand- ing, as it prefers. If below the stifle, down quite close to the hock, the bone can be set the same as when below the hock. STIFLE OUT IN CATTLE. — For this disease the reader is referred to article in the Horse Department, the causes, symptoms, and treatment being the same. SPAVIN IN CATTLE.— This is generally seen in work- ing oxen, or cows. There is lameness and enlargement on the inner side of the lower part of the hock joint, similar to spavin in horses. Treatment. — Blister the same as recommended for "Spavin" in the horse. 476 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR SPRAINS. — A sprain is an injury to the joint, caused by violence, which produces more or less injury to the ligaments binding the joints together and to the soft tissues of the joints. It is usually caused by twisting or bending the joint in an unusual direction. Symptoms. — If severe, lameness usually comes on at once; joint becomes inflamed, swollen, and tender, and is moved with much difficulty. Treatment. — Animal should be kept quiet. If there is severe pain, apply fomentations of hot water to soothe and relax the, parts. When there is severe and persistent inflammation, cold applications in the form of water or ice bags are beneficial. When inflammation subsides, if lameness and swelling persists, apply the White I^ini- ment (see Prescriptions, in the back of book), well rubbed in, three times a day. In some cases a light blister will hasten recovery. If sprain is in the joint of the legs, the legs may be bandaged each time after bathing; this will relieve pain and sup- port the joint. A part that has been severely sprained should have a long period of rest, as recovery from sprain is slow. For sprains of any particular region, see discussion for the same In HoRSB Department. WOUNDS OF ALL KINDS.— For treatment of wounds, see Horse Department (page 262). Causes and treatment are essentially the same. AIR UNDER THE SKIN CAUSED BY A WOUND. — Sometimes from a very small wound in cattle, air gets under the skin into the tissues which connect the skin to the body. The amount of air varies greatly; sometimes only a small amount works in just around the wound, while in other cases quite large amounts may be drawn in, enlarging the part very much. In order to make sure that it is air, rub the hand over the skin and it will make a peculiar crackling noise. Tapping on the skin with the fingers produces a drum-like sound. DISEASES OF CATTLE 477 Trbatkjbnt. — Puncture the distended skin with a broad-bladed knife and let out the air. Treat the wound thus inflicted as an ordinary wound; or, if possible, work the air out through the opening through which it entered. Keep the animal quiet, to prevent its collecting again, as movements have much to do with the air working in. MAGGOTS IN NEGLECTED WOUNDS ; SCREW- WORMS IN WOUNDS.— No thrifty farmer, or stockman, should, if possible, allow such a condition to occur. But if from oversight, or other circumstance, such a case exists, the wound should be thoroughly cleansed with soapy water, and maggots removed; then apply a Carbolic Acid lotion — Carbolic Acid, 6 drachms; water, i pint; or, Creolin, i ounce; water, i pint. If case is so bad that this does not effect a cure, give the wound a good application of Spirits of Turpentine, and follow as at first twice a day. In some sections screw-worms, the larva of the screw-fly, are a great pest, causing serious loss to live stock. They attack even the smallest wounds, as tick bites, wire cuts, and the like. For these, inject into the wound with a machinist's oil can, a strong Creolin solution, or Kerosene, or Turpentine. Oil of Tar is also good. Protect fresh wounds with Tar. WENS RESULTING FROM WOUNDS AND BLOWS. — These are hard, fibrous bunches, or tumors, fre- quently seen on the ribs, legs, and jaws. Are seen mostly on oxen. Treatment. — If noticed when first started, foment them with hot water several times a day; after a few days, the soreness being partly out, use Iodine Ointment (see Prescriptions, in back of book) once a day. If, however, they have become large and hard, nothing will be of any use short of cutting them off. This may be done without danger. (See "Tumors," in Horse Depart- ment) . Afterward dress the wound with a 3 per cent, solution of Carbolic Acid. 478 THK PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR DISEASES OF THE SKIN ECZEMA, ACUTE AND CHRONIC — Kczema is an inflammation of the skin, associated with small blisters. The disease may run an acute course and disappear, or it may become chronic. Causes. — Filthiness and lousiness, over-feeding, excessively damp or too warm quarters are conducive to this disease. Cattle fed on sour substances, distillery slops, house or garden garbage, may develop the affection. Symptoms. — There is swelling and heat of the skin; little blisters form, containing a watery fluid ; these break and dis- charge, dry up and heal, but while these are healing, a new crop breaks out in another place. From the beginning, animal will rub the affected parts, and disease is not always easy to recog- nize, as the rubbing will abrade the skin and leave surface raw — sometimes bleeding. In some cases the discharge will be profuse and disease will be spread over a large surface. At other times the formation of crust or rawness of skin will be a striking feature. Treatment. — If animal is fed too high, give an active purgative once a week — I to i^ pounds of Epsom Salts — and give in the feed, twice a day, V2, ounce of Saltpeter. If the animal is in poor con- dition, give the tonics as recommended for ' 'Chronic Indigestion," along with occasional doses of Epsom Salts. If animal is lousy, lice must be destroyed before eczema can be cured. Much washing is harmful, yet crusts and scales must be removed to make external applications effective. In the blister stage, when skin is hot and outer part peeling off, exposing raw surface, apply the following solution: Boracic Acid :... ^ ounce. Water 8 ounces. Or: Acetate of Lead ^ ounce. Water , I pint. a O 'o O DISEASES OF CATTI^E 479 This will often relieve the smarting or itching, and serve to stop exudation and dry the surface. Alternating with the fore- going can be used: Creolin i ounce. Water i quart. These may be used several times a day until a healthy scab is well established. Then use: Creolin i ounce. Sweet Oil i pint. Or the Benzoated Oxide of Zinc Ointment (see PrBSCEip- TiONS in back of book), giving afEected surfaces a thorough application once a day. Remove cause and feed moderately on such as green food, bran mashes, ground oats, clean hay, and plenty of salt. In chronic cases the treatment will need be prolonged and the internal treatment given especial emphasis, along with appli- cations to the diseased parts of some softening ointment, as the one mentioned above. ERYSIPELAS.— This is a diffuse inflammation of the skin, sometimes spreading to the deeper tissues and causing much pain and irritative fever. It may be transmitted to other animals or to man, by direct inoculation through a wound, or by infected instruments, but it is not contagious in the true sense of the term. Cause. — The cause- is due to a certain class of germs that gain entrance through a wound, though this wound may be so minute as to escape notice. Symptoms. — The skin is hot, tender and swollen, and if normally white, turns intensely red. Color does not disappear under pressure. The inflammation and swelling affect the deeper tissues, which have a "doughy" feeling and "pit" under press- ure ; there is a well-defined line between the healthy and diseased parts. In severe cases there is a tendency toward the formation of a brownish, bad-smelling pus under the skin, and extensive sloughing of the diseased tissues. 48o THE PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR Trbatmbnt.— If there is fever and the animal is fat, give a physic of i to I Yi pounds of Epsom Salts, and also use the following : Fluid Extract Aconite i^ drachms. Fluid Extract Belladonna i>^ ounces. Fluid Extract Colchicum Seed i ounce. Saltpeter 3 ounces. Water to make i pint. Shake. Dose: 2 ounces, three times a day. But, if, on the other hand, the animal is run down, withhold the Salts and give the following : Tincture of Iron 6 drachms. Quinine i ounce. Water to make i pint. Dose : 2 ounces, in % pint of water, three times a day. In connection with the constitutional treatment, the affected parts should be wet frequently with one of the following mix- tures, and covered with a cloth wet with the same : Chloride of Iron 1 ounce. Alcohol }4 pint. Water yi pint. Or: Sugar of Lead i ounce. Water i pint. Or: Hyposulphite of Soda 4 to 6 ounces. Water i pint. When pus forms, the cavity should be opened and washed out twice daily with the following solution : Corrosive Sublimate 15 grains. Water i quart. Or, with a 5 per cent, solution of Carbolic Acid : Carbolic Acid ~: 6 drachms. Water I pint. The serum treatment, as used with the human, could be tried in severe cases and where the value of the animal would warrant the expense. A veterinarian or a physician would be required to administer the serum. DISEASES OF CATTI^E 481 LICE. — The lice of cattle are of two kinds — the blood- sucking lice and the biting lice. There are two varieties of the first, known as the long-nosed ox louse and the short-nosed ox louse. The short-nosed louse is the hardest to exterminate. It infests, almost exclusively, the neck and shoulders. The long- nosed louse is the most common. The biting louse, or bird louse, generally called "the little red louse," is very commonly found on cattle. Symptoms. — I^ousiness generally shows itself in winter and toward spring, when animal is found tc rub infected parts of the body, sometimes so much so as to abrade the skin. It becomes thin in flesh and run down. A close examination will reveal the true condition, and prompt treatment should be given. Trbatment. — This does not vary in the different species, though the short- nosed fellow is the hardest to kill. The following is recom- mended by Dr. W. H. I^ow: Take V^, pound of Cocculus Indicus for each animal, then add 2 quarts of vinegar, and set on the stove to simmer for one hour. Apply this by rubbing well into the hair over affected part. This will not affect the skin, nor sicken animal, and it remains effective long enough to kill all the young lice as they are hatched from the "nits." Kerosene Emulsion is very effective and is made as follows: Kerosene Oil 2 gallons. Common or Whale Oil Soap I pound. Soft water i gallon. Dissolve soap in water and add solution boiling hot to the Oil: then churn mixture from five to ten minutes, or until it is white and creamy-like and no free oil can be seen. Dilute Emul- sion in 9 parts of water and apply it to the animal with a sponge or brush. Be careful that the animal does not catch cold. The various Coai Tar products are also very effectual, as: Creolin i ounce. Water i quart. Or: Zenoleum. or Kreso I part. Water 5° parts. Apply the same as the Kerosene Emulsion. 31 482 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR With any of . these a second application should be made in ten days or two weeks, as the applications do not destroy the eggs and these will have all hatched by that time, and none of the lice hatched will have matured and deposited eggs. The mangers and stalls where the animals are kept, should receive an application with the same preparations as used on the cattle. If the weather is such that the washes cannot be used, some benefit will be derived from liberally dusting Pyrethrum powder into the hair. If the animal is run down, give tonics as for "Chronic Indi- gestion." RING- WORM.— This is an affection of the skin due to a vegetable parasite, and is rather a common one in cattle. It is most frequent toward spring, after cattle have been confined in stable during the winter. It is sometimes called "barn-itch." It is not readily transmitted from one animal to another, but, under favorable conditions, it may be done. Sytnptoms. — The disease may be recognized by circular patches, varying from one-half to several inches in diameter, from which the hair is fallen. These patches usually occur about the head, neck, or back. The skin from which the hair has fallen is slightly thickened and scaly, and patches, when incrusted, are of a silvery-gray color. Very early in disease the hairs split, twist, and break off close to the skin. There is more or less itching. Treatment. — Wash off crusts with soap and water, and apply Tincture of Iodine once a day for a few days to destroy the parasite. Tur- pentine, Kerosene, and a solution of i part of Carbolic Acid in 20 parts of Sweet Oil are all very good. Acetic Acid, Sulphur Ointment, or Nitrate of Mercury Ointment are also recommended. Cleanse stable, and whitewa,sh, to destroy spores scattered by the crusts. DISKASES OF CATTLE 483 MANGE, OR SCAB, IN CATTLE.— Cattle scab, or itch, is caused by a mite very closely resembling that of the sheep scab. It is most common on the great cattle ranges of the west and southwest, and is commonly known there as the "cattle itch." This disease is not troublesome during the grazing season, but when cattle are on dry feed in winter, or when first turned to grass in the spring, the trouble exhibits itself, and may cause considerable loss. It is mostly confined to young cattle, and to those out of condition. Symptoms. — The first symptom is an intense itching, usually in the region of the neck and shoulders, and at root of tail; animals lick themselves, bite and rub, using even barbed-wire fences for scratching, and tearing skin till it bleeds. From these localities disease gradually extends along back, sides, and down the outside of legs. In early stages tlie coat looks rough, and hair stands on end. The skin becomes scurfy, and a gummy exudation from it forms a crust in the hair sometimes a half inch in thickness. The hair then comes off, or is rubbed off, leaving patches of calloused, thickened and wrinkled skin. When the hair comes off, the mites leave, bald places heal, and hair Starts again. Animals fall away rapidly in flesh, and have a dejected, debilitated look; appetite is poor. The disease spreads rapidly, especially so if the general con- dition of the stock is not good, and in from six to eight weeks after the appearance of complaint, the herd will generally be affected. Thrifty animals resist disease longer, and recover more quickly when attacked. Disease is spread by direct contact, either from one to another, or through rubbing places. It is easy to confound this disease with eczema, and assurance depends on the discovery of the parasite. It may be seen on the hair, and scales from the skin, by the aid of an ordinary magnifying glass, or by the unaided eye, as minute, white points moving about, when.animal stands in the full glare of sunlight on a warm day. TrHATmBnT. — As soon as disease is discovered, remove all animals not affected, to new places not occupied by diseased stock. If this is 484 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR not feasible, separate all animals and thoroughly disinfect all places where animals may have rubbed, by scrubbing with a solu- tion made by dissolving i part of Carbolic Acid in 20 parts of water. Watch animals that appear healthy, and if any show signs of disease, separate from others at once. As an internal remedy, give Sulphur, in combination with salt, and place where animals can lick it at will. Mix in the proportion of: Sulpliur I pound. Salt 8 pounds. If cattle are not accustomed to eating salt, limit quantity to a small handful at first, and increase amount gradually. The external treatment consists of application of remedies to destroy parasites and eggs without injuring the animal. If many cattle are affected, the most satisfactory means of treating is by a dip- ping vat or swimming tank, in which the submerging of the stock destroys the parasites. Efficient remedies for external application are some of the Coal Tar products, such as Zenoleum or Kreso, which are used in the proportion of i part of the pro- duct to 50 parts of water. A very cheap and efEective dip is the Lime and Sulphur dip, as recommended by the Department of Agriculture: Flowers of Sulphur 21 pounds. Unslaked Lime 16^ " Water 100 gallons. Slake the I/ime with water enough to form a thick paste, sift in the Sulphur and stir well. Put this mixture in a kettle with 25 to 30 gallons of water and boil two hours, or until the Sulphur disappears; then put in a barrel, with bunghole some four inches from the bottom, and allow the chocolate-looking mass to settle; draw off the clear liquid, adding enough water to make 100 gallons. All dips should be used warm — 100 to no degrees. Keep animals in the dip about two minutes, or until the scabs are thoroughly saturated. A second dipping in about two weeks will kill any mites that may have hatched after the first dipping. If only a few animals are diseased, hand treatment may be resorted to, but it must be thoroughly done. The remedies may be DISEASKS OF CATTI.E 485 applied with scrubbing brushes, cloths, or sponges. All scabs and crusts must be thoroughly saturated, and remedy should be applied warm, as in dipping. Warm, sunny days should be chosen for treatment. HORN FLY.— The horn fly— also called "Austrian fly" — is a small, black fly, about one-half the size of the common house fly, and of the same general shape. It was imported into America about 1887, and since then has spread all over the country. It causes considerable irritation and a consequent loss of milk. The name arises from the fact of their habit of collect- ing in numbers at the base of the horns to rest. They do not bother cattle when in this position, but by biting the skin of the back, sides, and flank. They appear with the first warm weather of spring and disappear with the first severe frost. Treatment. — Almost any greasy substance applied to the skin and horns will keep the flies away for several days, and must then be repeated. Common axle grease, Whale Oil, Carbolized Oil, or Tar may be used. A mixture of equal parts of Pine Tar and Kerosene Oil, and two parts of Fish Oil, or crude Cotton Seed Oil, is good; first "cut" the Tar with the Kerosene and then add the Fish Oil. The crude Kerosene is as good, or better, than the refined. Brush mixture over hair surface as often as is necessary . A wash of Creolin applied twice a week is also good. Make it by mixing and shaking together: Creolin 2 ounces. Water i gallon. BUFFALO GNAT.— This is a small fly, common in the lower Mississippi Valley, that proves a great scourge to the cattle of that region. In color they are black, but are covered with grayish-brown, short, silken hairs. They are migratory, or are driven in swarms by the wind, and are found in localities remote from breeding places; in some instances as far north as Jackson County, 111., and Daviess County, Ind. They appear each year with warm weather of spring, and duration in infested region 486 THE PRACTICAL, STOCK DOCTOR lasts, from a few days to five or six weeks. They are most lively in early morning, and when very numerous, cover cattle without regard to position. The bites of a few gnats will not afEect an animal seriously, but when attacked by swarms, he weakens rapid- ly from loss of blood and shock, and may later die from exhaustion or blood-poisoning. When attacked, the animal "puts for the brush," or jumps into the water to get rid of them. The fatality is even greater among mules then cattle. Treatment. — Preventive treatment counts for much with the buffalo gnat. Smoke from fires built of wet wood, burniiig leather, Tar, rags, and the like, will keep them at a distance. As soon as gnats appear, build fire as above, making as much smoke as possible, drive cattle up to it, and they will stay while gnats are about. Stabling during the day and turning out late in the evening until early morning, is a reasonably safe measure to adopt. Cotton- seed Oil, mixed with Tar, Fish Oil, Kerosene, or Carbolic Acid, as for "Horn Fly," applied to cattle twice a day, will protect them to a great extent. When animal has been weakened by attack of gnats, give from ^ to i drachm of Carbonate of Ammo- nia, and 4 ounces of Whiskey, in J^ pint of water, every four hours and keep him in a dark, cool place. Occasional immersion in cold water has been beneficial. GRUB IN THE SKIN — WARBLES.— Ivittle round lumps or tumors will often be found along the backs of cattle during late winter and spring. These are called warbles and are lairs of the larvae of the ox gad-fly. When cattle are attacked by this fly it is easily known by the stir and commotion made. The unfortunate object of attack runs bellowing to some distant part of field or nearest water. Other animals scatter out of fear. The eggs of this fly are laid in the region of the heel, and are taken by licking, into the mouth, where they hatch, and the larvae, after remaining some time in the gullet, finally work their way into the cellular tissue beneath the skin of the back. Here they remain until early spring, forming the lumps called " warbles." The loss from discomfort to cattle, and in consequence of "grub- by' ' hides, is great. DISEASES OF CATTI.B ^487 Treatment. — Whenever cattle have these tumors, every warble should be treated from January on, by applying Turpentine, or even some thick grease, or a mixture of the two, to the opening directly over the lump. This will kill most of the warbles. The few that remain should be squeezed or picked out to prevent the develop- ment of a fly. To squeeze out, enlarge the opening leading through the skin, to them, with a small, blunt stick. If this plan were generally .carried out, the fly could be exterminated. The gad fly does not travel far, so that a person by this means could rid his cattle of the pest. SNAKE BITES. — There are several varieties of snakes in this country whose bite is poisonous, among the number being the rattlesnake, the cotton mouth, and a small snake of the south. On cattle, the bites are generally about the head, feet or limbs. Close inspection will generally reveal the marks where the fangs pierced the skin. When the poison has been freely injected into the wound, excessive pain is soon manifested, quickly followed by swelling; extreme prostration sets in and the animal may soon become partly unconscious; body gets cold, and pulse-beats faint; finally heart fails and death results. Usually, however, poison does not cause pain, but recovery from effects of it is slow. Abscesses and sloughs may form, requiring a long time to heal, or death from exhaustion may result. Treatment. — Give Whiskey in J^-pint doses every thirty minutes to an hour, until it arouses sinking vitality. Aqua Ammonia in i- ounce doses, diluted in 2 quarts of water, may be used instead of Whiskey. External treatment should consist in cauterization of wound by plunging a red-hot iron into the wound as deeply as the location of the wound will permit. Cut gashes in the skin over the swollen part, to drain the blood away and lessen the danger of sloughing. Afterwards keep parts well painted with Tincture of lonine. BITES AND STINGS OF INSECTS.— These may be inflicted by tarantulas, scorpions, wasps, bats, hornets, and the 488 THK PRACTlCAIy STOCK DOCTOR like. Occasionally an animal may be stung by wasp or bumble- bee, and, owing to condition of the blood, the injured skin will swell and form a painful enlargement. If stung by a swarm of bees, prostration and sickness may follow. Treatment. — Apply a lotion made by dissolving 2 drachms Sugar of I^ead in a pint of water, which will usually relieve the pain and swel- ling. An ounce or two of lyaudanum may be added if pain is severe. L,otions of Cooking Soda, or Ammonia, or of Carbolic Acid, will also be found good. The White Liniment (see Pre- scriptions, in the back of book) will also be found beneficial in drawing out the poison. If there is prostration, give i or 2- ounce doses of Alcohol in Y^ pint of water, repeating as occasion requires. BURNS AND SCALDS.— For burns, an excellent remedy for cattle and all domestic animals— man included — is what is called Carron Oil, being composed of Linseed Oil and Lime water in equal parts. Shake, and apply. Common white paint is also a good remedy. If not convenient to get this. Cooking Soda, Flour, or Starch may be spread on the wound dry, and covered with cotton batting and a light bandage, if possible. For scalds, the surface may be bathed with a solution of Baking Soda, or a weak solution of Sugar of Lead — i drachm to a pint of water — may be used. The dry treatment, or Lime water, as in burns, may also be used; or instead, Oil of Turpentine may be applied over the scalded skin. For either burns or scalds, a dressing may be used as follows. Carbolic Acid ^ teaspoonful. Sweet Oil 4 otinces. Blisters should be opened to let fluid escape, but the thin cuticle raised by blister should be allowed to remain. WARTS AND SMALL GROWTHS ON THE SKIN. — Warts are tumors of the skin. They may be found on any domestic animal, but are more common in horses and cattle than among other animals. The cause of warts is not clearly known, though an abnormal nutrition of the skin is the explanation gen- erally given. DISEASES OF CATTI.E 489 Treatment. — In their early stages, warts can be destroyed by an applica- tion of pure Acetic Acid, applying it drop by drop until the wart is saturated and soft. In a week or ten days the wart will come off. Should it not come "by the roots," make another applica- tion. A good way, in case warts have a neck, is to tie a string firmly around the base of the wart, which will soon slough off. If there is no neck, cut off with a sharp knife and cauterize the wound with a stick of Lunar Caustic or a hot iron. Small lumps and tumors in the skin are somewhat common to cattle, but are easy to get rid of. Have the cow held securely, then cut a hole in the skin over the lump, dissect it out and cut it off at the bot- tom. There is not much danger of bleeding so long as no large veins are cut, which can be seen in the skin. After removing, apply White Lotion twice a day. (See Prescriptions, in the back of book.) TUMORS. — Tumors are abnormal growths of tissue. There are many kinds, named usually according to the kind of tissue of which they are composed. Warts are tumors of the skin. Sore tumors that tend to spread and do not yield to treatment are known as malignant tumors. The cause of many tumors is not known. Fibrous tumors are sometimes caused by irritation, such as a repeated hitting of the part. Tumors may sometimes follow surgical operations, or wounds. Treatment. — The only satisfactory treatment for tumors is their removal. For doing this there are several methods employed. The best one for most tumors, and for some the only one, is to cut them out with the knife. Care should be taken to guard against hemorrhage, as the supply of blood to some tumors is large. (See "Tumors," HoRSE Department.) Another method that can be used to advantage when the growth has a small base or neck, is to tie a strong cord tightly around the neck, or wind a rubber band several times around it, thus shutting off the blood supply. In a few days the tumor will slough off and the result- ing sore can be treated as a simple wound. Still another way is 490 THE PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR to use caustics. Arsenic, or Corrosive Sublimate, are commonly used, both singly or combined. A pellet of the caustic about the size of a small pea, wrapped in tissue paper, or muslin, is pushed into a small incision made in the base of the tumor. If the tumor is large, two or three pellets are often used. In a few days the tumor will begin to separate, and will finally slough off. The difficulty in using caustics is to confine their action to the diseased tissue. The least painful and most satisfactory way is to remove by dissecting, using the Cocaine solution as a local anaesthetic. (See Opsrations, Horse Department). With small tumors, the repeated use of Iodine Ointment may remove them. (See Prescriptions, in the back of book.) DISEASES OF THE FEET FOUNDER— LAMINITIS.— This is an inflammation of the sensitive structures of the foot, or what is commonly called the "quick." Owing to the simplicity of the structure of the foot of the ox, as compared with that of the horse, the disease is rarely seen in an acute form, but a mild form, commonly called "soreness," is a more common occurrence. Causes. — Overfeeding, overheating, or being driven for long distances over rough, stony soil. In the cow it sometimes follows parturition. Symptoms. — Animal persists in lying down most of the time, but when standing, front feet are well out in front of her, hind feet drawn forward under her ; the feet are hot and sometimes swollen around the top of the hoof and sore to touch ; there is more or less fever, the pulse is accelerated, and breathing is quick- ened ; will drink greedily, but there is not much appetite. When forced to move, excessive tenderness of the feet is manifest by the short, stilty steps. The disease is most apt to affect the front feet, but may affect all four, When all four are affected, the front ones will not be put out forward to the same extent. DISEASES OF CATTEE 491 Treatment. — Keep animal as quiet as possible and foment the feet with cold water, by tying blankets about them and keeping these wet with cold water, re-applying the water every half hour, or, have the animal stand in a shallow tank of water. Give animal a dose of Epsom Salts — i to i J^ pounds in a quart or two of water, and also give a tablespoonful of Saltpeter three times a day, and in bad cases give with this a teaspoonful of Fluid Extract of Bella- donna and 10 drops of Fluid Extract of Aconite. If the animal can stand in a stream of running water having a soft bottom a few hours a day, this will take the place of the fomentations. Soreness of the Feet from any Cause may be treated the same as "Founder," and by keeping the animal quiet. If toes are too long, cut ofE with mallet and chisel. LOSS OF HOOF.— Cattle sometimes become fastened between planks, or otherwise, in such a way as to puUofE one or both claws in the effort to extricate themselves; or the claws of one or more feet may be shed as the result of founder. Treatment. — Apply a thick coating of Pine Tar over the bleeding surface, then cover with a layer of oakum or absorbent cotton; apply another coat of Tar over this, and then bandage closely and firmly. This may remain without redressing till new wall is strong enough to bear weight of animal. If at any time pus should form under dressing, as increased pain, and an oozing, or a bad odor will indicate, remove bandage and redress all the unhealthy surfaces with White Eotion (see page 263), and a Carbolic Acid lotion, and then apply a light dressing of Tar and cotton batting, and bandage. Repeat every day as long as there is pus formation. If loss of hoof is due to suppurative laminitis, the raw surface must be thoroughly cleansed, and disinfected with the foregoing lotions. Then apply a moderately thick layer of cotton and apply the Tar, and bandage over this. After this, the solutions may be poured in at the top of the bandage daily. It may be necessary sometimes to remove whole dressing once a 492 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR week, to give the parts a fresh cleaning, and then to re-apply it. In all cases, where it can be avoided, the first dressing should not be removed entirely, but holes may be made through it for the escape of the pus, and the application of the lotions. FOUL IN THE FOOT— FOOT ROT.— This is inflam- mation of the foot between the claws or toes, and in some cases the inflammation extends around the bulb of the heels and also around the coronet. Causes. — From overgrowth of the claws and inward pressure of the same, as in ingrowing nail in man; from the irritation of stable filth; or to foreign substances becoming wedged in between the toes. This disease is most commonly seen on the hind feet, though all four maybe affected. It is not contagious, as in sheep, although a number of animals exposed to the same conditions may develop the disease. Symptoms. — The animal is observed to limp in walking. On examining the feet, there is found fever and swelling above the hoof, and of the soft parts between the claws, which fre- quently s;:reads the toes apart to a considerable extent, or the inflammation may have advanced to softening and sloughing of the soft parts between the toes. If disease is neglected at this stage, deep abscesses may form and the pus burrow under the homy wall, or the joint within the foot may become inflamed, in which case the treatment is difiicult and recovery tedious. Treatment. — In the early stages, before the pus burrows beneath the horn, thoroughly cleanse the part and apply a 3 per cent. Carbolic Acid lotion and also the White Lotion (see Prescrep- TiONS, in back of book), and then foment in cold water, as in "Founder," also treat internally as for "Founder." Feed on laxative diet, and give clean, dry stable. If deep sloughing has taken place, the Carbolic solution should be used the same, and a wad of oakum or cotton, smeared with Pine Tar, should be firmly secured in the cleft. This can be done by taking a strip of strong cloth, two inches wide, passing the middle between the toes, then tying the ends, after winding them in opposite directions, above DISEASES OF CATTlvE 493 the hoof. Sometimes warm poulticiug with I^inseed meal, boiled carrots, or boiled, mashed potatoes, can be used in place of fomenting. If pus burrows under the horn, its channel must be followed by paring away the horn,, until the bottom is reached. Then treat as already recommended. If the joint has become inflamed, the animal should be placed in a shallow tank of water and the other treatment continued. If the animal does not take kindly to the fomenting or poulticing, stand him with theaffected feet in a shallow tank of water, containing 4 ounces of Acetate of L,ead and 4 ounces of Carbolic Acid to each pailful of water used. Keep the water cold by adding a little ice occasionally. PRICKS AND WOUNDS; FISTULA OF THE FOOT. — If an animal suffers from a penetrating wound from prick of fork or nail, the orifice of the wound should be enlarged to allow a free discharge of pus; then apply a I^inseed meal poul- tice, changing it three time a day until the fever has abated, and flush out the wound with the Carbolic Acid lotion. Keep animal on a clean -floor until all lameness has gone. If an animal is cut in the foot with barbed wire, glass, or any other substance, dress the wound, after careful cleansing with Carbolic solution: Carbolic Acid 6 drachms. Water i pint. If any uneven edges of horn or skin, or of torn flesh project, trim them off and apply, where possible, a tarred bandage. This will hold parts in place, keep out flies, and exclude dirt. When the wound has extended into a joint, surgical treatment may be needed, and a veterinarian should be called. Sometimes, by foot getting caught in a crevice, it gets bruised, wrenched, or some part of the foot is fractured. In such a case apply cold-water blankets to the part until the fever and swelling disappear; after which allow the animal rest until the foot is strong. Unless com- plications arise, this will be all the treatment needed. In case the wound becomes fistulous, which will be known by lameness, and discharge from a small opening, which shows no tendency to heal; pare out the horn around the sore spot, so 494 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR as to allow a free discharge of contents, and inject the Carbolic Acid lotion; then poultice with hot Linseed meal until the offend- ing substance is removed. After this is out, the wound will heal without further trouble. With these wounds, standing in the shal- low tank, as for "Founder" or "Foul," may prove a very effectual treatment. DISEASES OF 7HE NERVOUS SYSTEM APOPLEXY; CONGESTION OF THE BRAIN.— Apoplexy is the rupture of a blood vessel in the brain; congestion is the abnormal flow of blood to the vessels of the brain. Causes. — It may be due to degeneration and consequent rup- ture of a blood vessel in the brain, the alarming symptoms being due to the pressure of blood upon the nerve substance. Fat, full-blooded cattle are most likely to be affected with disease. Symptoms. — Attack is sudden, animal generally falls as though hit with an ax; convulsions similar to those described in encephalitis may ensue, or may be both unconscious and motion- less; the eyes are open and blindly staring, mouth frothy, and body cold; breathing is loud or snoring, pulse frequent and small. Symptoms may moderate, but continued escape of blood causes death. In the case of plethoric cattle, in hot weather, symptoms are similar but milder; animal may at first be dull, staggering, and fall only to the knees, the muzzle resting on the ground. Treatment. — Cold applications should be applied to the head, in the form of cold, wet blankets, or better, ice poultices, and the general treatment, as in "Encephalitis, or Inflammation of the Brain," is indicated. If simple congestion, the animal will recover in a comparatively short time; if apoplexy, it is more serious, and treatment may fail. DISEASES OF CATTI^E 495 CONCUSSION OF THE BRAIN.— Causes. — From striking the head on some hard object while running, or from falling on the head. The injury may fracture the cranium and cause compression (pressing together) of the brain. Symptoms. — -These vary with severity of injury. Animal may lie prostrate and unconscious, with loss of sensation and power; if there are slight convulsive movements, they are without effort of the will. Death may follow injury; or if blow was not serious, recovery follow in a short time; or animal may remain uncon- scious, or may partially recover and encephalitis result in a few days. The injury may not only cause concussion, but at the same time may fracture one or more bones of the cranium; this may be simple — a crack in the bone without depression, or broken bone may be depressed, pressing on the brain, producing what is called compression of the brain. Compression of the brain may also follow injury without fracture, where there is a ruptured blood vessel, the escaped blood pressing on the brain substance. Or the injury may cause inflammation, and compression be due to pus formation. Compression, when due to escape of blood, may be suspected when insensibility continues. When from pus formation, the animal partially recovers, but after three or four days becomes unconscious again. Treatment. — If there is fracture with depression of bone, the part must be elevated, which in some cases may be done with a strong piece of steel, like a knife-blade. In many cases it is, necessary to remove a portion of the bone in order to be able to raise the depressed part, but such cases call for expert treatment, and if a veterinarian is not immediately at hand, and the animal not a very valuable one, it should be butchered as soon as possible after accident, before the meat is unfit for use. In concussion of the brain, during the first stages, when the surface of the body is cold, cover body and legs with warm blankets. It is useless to try to give medicine while animal is insensible. Cold water, or crushed ice, should be applied to the head, and when consciousness returns give the purgative drench, 496 THK PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR as in " Kncephalitis." Assist the animal to its feet, put in a comfortable place, free- from noise and light. Only small amounts of food, in the form of bran slops, or freshly cut grass, should be given for some time. As a preventive against "Encephalitis," which is very apt to result from injuries of this kind, give the general treatment for that disorder. INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN— ENCEPHA- LITIS. — Inflammation of the brain and its membranes, is tech- nically called " Kncephalitis, " but owing to various symptoms, which, no doubt, depend on the particular part affected, disease is known by a variety of names, as "staggers," "stomach staggers," " mad staggers, " " sleepy staggers, " and the like. Inflammation of the brain without involving membranes, is so rare, and the possibility of distinguishing it by symptoms so remote, that it will be included in this treatment. Causes. — May be caused by blows, or injuries to the head ; by irritation from tumors of the brain ; or, food containing ergot or other fungus growth, may cause the affection. In some local- ities certain plants have the reputation of causing the affection, as, for example, the Atamasco lily is called " stagger grass." Symptoms. — These vary much ; but a careful observer will notice trouble with nervous system. First signs may be those of frenzy, but generally at the start the animal is dull and sleepy, and may stand with head pressed against a wall or fence with legs kept moving as though animal were trying to walk through an obstruction ; or the body, especially the hind part, may be leaned against side of stall or stable, as if for support. Bowels are constipated and urine scanty and dark colored. There may be trembling and spasms of muscles in different parts. In dull stage, breathing is slower than normal, and there may be snoring; pulse large and less "frequent. If aroused, animal acts startled and stares wildly. The gait is staggering. When delirium ensues animal is said to be mad ; it bellows, stamps the feet, runs about wildly, grates the teeth and froths at the mouth. If con- fined, it rears and plunges, and fits are so violent that it is often dangerous to offer aid. May be wet with sweat ; fall ; muscles DISEASE;S Oi^ CATTl^B 497 twitch and jerk ; often head is raised and dashed to ground until nose and mouth bleed. Eyes may be blood-shot ; limbs straight and stiff, or may be kicked about recklessly ; head may be drawn back, or to one side ; urine may come in jets ; often the haw is drawn over the eye. Convulsions may be succeeded by a more or less prolonged stupor, and animal regains senses, gets on its feet and perhaps eats, while at other times it gets up with difficulty and staggers blindly about the stall or field. The above symptoms are not all present in one case. In those cases called ' 'sleepy Staggers," the general symptoms of drowsiness are shown, while in other cases the frenzy symptoms cause affection to be called ' ' mad staggers.' ' In other cases, when the spinal cord and its membranes are involved, there are, in addition, symptoms of paralysis, swaying of hindquarters, inability to rise, etc. The various symptoms increase in frequency and violence until they end in death, which usually results from an attack of Encephalitis in cattle. When disease follows injury to head, symptoms usually do not follow for two or three days. Trkatment. — ■ To be of any use, treatment must be prompt. Give a good purgative; to a cow of average size the following: Epsom Salts i]4 pounds. Pulverized Gamboge J^ ounce. Warm water 3 quarts. Mix all together and give as a drench. In addition, inject into the rectum about two quarts of warm water, or warm soapsuds, every three or four hours. Keep animal quiet; give plenty of cold water, but no food except bran slops in small quantities, and freshly cut grass, if in season. During convulsions, give quieting drugs — i-ounce doses oi Bromide of Potash, along with i -drachm doses of Fluid Extract of Belladonna, every three or four hours, and a tablespoonful of Saltpeter three times a day; keep animal from injuring itself; hold head to the ground and have plenty of straw under it. Cold water should be continuously applied to the head, or ice-bags used on the head. 498 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR If the animal is dull instead of delirious, do not give the Bromide of Potash, but instead give the following. Fluid Extract of Belladonna 2 ounces. Fluid Extract Colchicum Seed Jl^ " Alcohol 8 Saltpeter 3 " Water, to make i pint. Dose: i ounce, five or six times a day. Give very carefully, or animal will choke. Continue the ice poultices to the head. Mustard paste is sometimes applied along the spine and may be of some value. After two or three days, if the animal shows sorne improvement, give the following, alternating the doses with those of the fore- going: Iodide of Potash 6 drachms. Fluid Extract of Digitalis % ounce. Water to make I pint. Dose: i ounces, three times a day. PARALYSIS. — Paralysis is a loss of voluntary motion. Its most common forms are better known under the names of paraplegia and hemiplegia. In the former, the whole fore or hind parts are affected; in the latter case, one side of the body only is affected. Causes. — May be due to concussion of the spine; fracture of a bone of the spinal column; concussion of the brain; compression of the brain. An injury to one side of the brain may produce paralysis of that side of the head and of the opposite side of the body. May occur in connection with parturient apoplexy, lead poisoning, ergotism and the like. It may be associated with indigestion, or affect cows heavy with calf. Treatment. — Find out the cause of trouble and give treatmetit as directed under the same. If the cause is not well understood, the follow- ing treatment may be beneficial. Give a mild purgative, as fol- lows: Epsom Salts i pound. Gmger i ounce. Water '. 2 quarts. Mix and give as one dose. DISEASES OF CATTI^E ^499 Give also the following as one dose and repeat it night and morning for a month. Nux Vomica 2 drams. Saltpeter ^ ounce. Mix. If muscular twitchings should occur, discontinue for a few days. EPILEPSY— FITS.- Causes. — The exact cause of epilepsy, in a majority of cases, is not known. Diseases of the brain in some cases are causes; and in other instances the trouble has been shown in connection with a diseased condition of the blood. Teething, worms, and chronic indigestion are also causes of the affection. Symptoms. — This disease is characterized by the onset of sudden convulsions. Animal may seem in fair condition, but at any time may have an attack, manifested by staggering, falling, and violent convulsive actions of the muscles of the body. Urine or dung may be passed, during fit, involuntarily, and breathing is stertorous or snoring. Treatment. — If there are symptoms of worms or indigestion, follow the general treatment as indicated under their proper heads. If due to irritation caused by teething, the inflamed gums must be lanced. ' If unshed temporary teeth are the cause, they must be extracted. When the cause cannot be discovered, there is little prospect of a cure. Some benefit may be derived, however, by an occasional dose of purgative medicine, as a pound of Epsom Salts dissolved in a quart of warm water. In addition to the pur- gative, 4 drachms of Bromide of Potash dissolved in drinking water, three times a day, has sometimes been found efficacious. CORNSTALK DISEASE.— Throughout the corn-grow- ing regions of the Western and Central States it is a common practice to turn cattle into the fields after the corn has been gathered to eat the stalks and leaves that would otherwise be wasted. From these conditions occurs the disease as above named. 50O THK PRACTICAIv STOCK DOCTOR — ■ ■^ Causes. — The real cause is not known, but is probably either acute indigestion or poisoning by some substance in the stalks. It is most common in years when there is a heavy growth of stalks, and after the same are thoroughly' dried. Attacks seem to be associated with cold, wet storms. Young cattle are more sub- ject to the disease than old ones, and the trouble is most frequent when the cattle are first turned into the fields, or are changed from one field to another. Symptoms. — Disease comes on with few premonitory symp- toms. The first usually noticed is that animal stands "humped up" and apart from his fellows. If made to move, he does so reluctantly and with a peculiar, wabbling gait. There is twitch- ing of the tail and kicking at the belly. Usually there are indi- cations of delirium, and as disease advances these become more marked and associated with signs of severe pain, such as bellow- ing and moaning. Death usually follows in 24 hours. Treatment. — There is no medicinal treatment that has proved of any bene- fit, but preventive measures will greatly reduce the loss. Cattle should be well fed and watered before turning them into the fields, and some laxative food, such as alfalfa or millet, fed every day. At first, a half hour a day in the field is enough, then gradually increase until they have become accustomed to the change in food. SUNSTROKE. — This is not a very common occurrence among cattle. Working oxen, stall-fed cattle that have been driven some distance on the road in hot weather, and cattle shut up in pens, or cars in transit, are the most subject to attack. Symptoms. — The first are those of exhaustion — dullness, panting, frothing at the mouth, tongue hanging out, irregular gait, uneasiness, palpitation of the heart, when, if conditions are not mitigated, animal staggers, falls, struggles, and then becomes quiet, or he may continue struggling and try to get up again. In serious cases unconsciousness may come without premonitory symptoms. DISEASES OF CATTLE 501 Treatment. — When not severe, remove to a quiet place for a few days, and keep on a reduced diet. This, in most instances, is all that will be needed. When animal has fallen, apply cold water, or ice, to the head; rub the body and limbs with cloths wet with cold water, or wisp of straw, and keep up the rubbing for some time. If power of swallowing is not lost— which can be found out by trying with a little water — give: Liquor Ammonia fortis 3 drachms. Water, cold i quart. Be careful in drenching. Repeat in one-half hour, and again in one hour. Instead of Ammonia, the following may be given: Spirits of Nitrous Ether 3 ounces. Water, cold i pint. Or: 4 to 6 ounces of Whiskey, or 2 to 3 ounces of Alcohol, in one-half pint of water. The Ammonia is preferable, however. If unconsciousness continues so that the remedy cannot be given by mouth, give same amount of Ammonia and water as an injection. The com- mon Aqua Ammonia, or Hartshorn, may be used, if other is not at hand, but it is much weaker, and i V2, ounces would be required for a dbse, witb amount of water as above. When Ammonia is not at hand, shake 2 ounces of Turpentine in a pint of milk and inject in the rectum, and this will be beneficial until Ammonia is procured. As soon as the animal can rise, get to a shelter. Give all the cold water it will drink, and give the Ammonia, or Alcohol, drench as long as there is much failure of strength. Sloppy food and a little freshly cut grass, in limited quantity only, should be allowed for several days. When signs of returning strength are shown, give 12 ounces of Epsom Salts in a quart of water— in those cases that have been down and unconscious; give slowly. Never resort to bleeding in this trouble. LOCK-JAW— TETANUS.— Cattle are subject to this disease, but it is not common. Horses and muleg are much more subject to it. It is serious, but not always fatal. 502 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR Causes. — It arises from operations or wounds of any kind and in any part of the body. The cause is a germ, or bacterium, that enters the system through a wound. Symptoms. — The first symptom is usually a stiffness in the manner of carrying the head; the muzzle is elevated, "poked out " ; ears are also carried stifQy, and moved little, if any. The haw or "washer" is forced over the eye, as though there were some eye trouble; animal walks stiffly, as if the legs were sticks; when turned, body is kept straight, as though a log. Animal stands with legs propped, and tail is elevated. Jaws at first are moved stiffly, and there may be grating and champing of the teeth, but if an attempt is made to open the mouth wider, rigidity will be shown. Animal will eat as long as jaws are not set; pulse at first is hard but not much changed, but later is quicker; urine and dung are passed with difficulty. As disease advances, all symp- toms are more pronounced. Haw extends farther over eye^ breathing is more rapid and difficult, jaws become more set and locked, and swallowing, which was difficult, becomes nearly or quite impossible. At times, and especially if annoyed, the inten- sity of the spasm or contraction is so great as to amount to paroxyms. Trbatmknt.— At appearance of first Symptoms, if the animal is still able to swallow, give the following drench; give carefully, as effort of giving may cause spasms and jaws will set: Epsom Salts lo ounces. Common Salt lo ounces. Calomel 2 drachms. Pulverized Gentian '. i ounce. Warm water 2 quarts. Mix, and give as one dose. Not to be repeated. Examine closely for wounds on every part of the body. Don't neglect the slightest scratch. Put animal in a dark, quiet stall, away from noise and excitement. Wash all wounds with hot soap-suds, so that a nice clean sore is presented. Then use. Bichloride of Mercury 30 grains. Or, Pure Carbolic Acid i)^ ounces. Water 1 quart. Mix. DISEASKS OF CATTI.E 503 Pour some of this solution on each wound, and sop it with a wad of cotton or a piece of cloth, so that the wound is well satu- rated with the medicine. Then wet a pad of absorbent cotton with the solution, and bind on the wound. Repeat treatment once a day thoroughly on every scratch you can find, until well healed. If in the foot, cut away hoof to expose injury before dressing. Painful wounds of the feet should be poulticed twice daily for three or four days, with I/inseed meal poultices, but at each change of poultice, wash wound with solution, and when this is discontinued, dress with cotton and medicine once a day. Feed regular food as long as it can be eaten, and then give sloppy feeds of bran, corn meal and small quantities of Ivinseed meal. Give cold water freely. Arrange so animal can get food and water with little reaching. The excitement of drenching does more harm than medicine does good, so do not attempt it. Dis- solve _i ounce of Bromide of Potash in every 2 gallons of water the patient will drink. Three times a day inject into the rectum the following: Fluid Extract of Belladonna 2 dracluns. Fluid Extract of Cannabis Indica.... 2 " Warm water i pint. Do everything in a quiet, orderly manner, and don't allow visitors to see animal. Excitement must be avoided. When improvement is seen, drop off remedies gradually, at first give two-thirds, then one-half, finally stop; but at any time return to original amount if unfavorable symptoms are shown. LIGHTNING STROKE-ELECTRIC SHOCK.- When an animal is struck by lightning, the shock is immediately expended on the nervous system, and as a rule death occurs at once; but when not fatal, animation is suspended to a greater or less degree. Symptoms.— ^\^fa. not fatal, symptoms vary according to severity of the shock. Animal generally falls as from an apoplec- tic attack, and symptoms are shown as in concussion of the brain. Muscular system may be completely relaxed; legs limber; muscles soft and flabby to touch, or there may be convulsions, spasms, 504 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOC TOR and twitclimg of the muscles. Breathing is generally labored, irregular, or interrupted, and slower than normal. In most cases the electric fluid leaves its mark by singeing the hair, or by inflicting wounds, burns, or blisters. Treatment. — So long as the heart beats, efforts to restore the animal should be made. Dash cold water over the head and body; rub the body and legs; smartly whip the body with wet towels or switches. Rub Mustard paste over the legs, back of the head, and on each side of the neck. Inject into the rectum as follows: Liquor Ammonia fortis 4 drachms. Warm water i quart. One and one-half ounces of Ammonia may be used instead of Liquor Ammonia, if former is not to be had. Cautiously, and not too suddenly, hold an uncorked bottle of Ammonia to the nostrils to be inhaled. In desperate cases, artificial respiration should be tried. With both hands spread out, press down alter- nately on abdomen behind ribs, and on chest back of shoulder, in regular order, so that chest and abdomen are pressed on alternately about twenty times a minute. Press slow and steady, imitating the motions of breathing. To aid in work, a hand-bellows may be used each time after chest is pressed on, by inserting the noz- zle into the nostril and gently forcing in air. When animal is revived enough to be able to swallow, give the Ammonia remedy above, as a drench, and repeat the dose in an hour. Be careful in drenching not to strangle animal. Where shock does not produce insensibility, give the Am- monia and water remedy at once as a drench, or instead: Brandy, 4 ounces; or Whiskey Bounces. Water I quart. These doses may be repeated every three or four hours if necessary. When serious symptoms are gone, give Sulphate of Quinine in 2-drachm doses twice a day until well. If any paraly- sis remains, give ij^ drachms of pulverized Nux Vomica with the Quinine. Burns or blisters should be treated with antisep- tics as in treating wotmds. Treatment applies to electric shock in every form. Diseases of Cattle FIG. 2 CONTAGIOUS PLEURO-PNEUMONIA Appearance of a cow's lung affected with Contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia when sections or slices are made of it and cut surfaces examined. Fig. 1. — Transverse section through the right principal lobe in a case of acute Pleuro-Pneumonia. (a) Air tube cut obliquely ; (a') air tube cut directly across ; (b) arteries cut across ; (c) large vein. Fig. 2 — Transverse section of the principal lobe in a case of acute Pleuro-Pneumonia, illustrating the different kinds of hepatization or consolidation of the lung. DISEASES OF CATTI.E 505 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE CONTAGIOUS ABORTION.— In some regions, this is one of the most serious diseases that stockmen have to contend with, and when once estabUshed, it is difficult to eradicate. Causes. — The cause of this disease is thought to be a germ, or a number of kinds of germs. It is transmitted from a cow that has aborted by the discharges from the vagina, or by the fCEtus, or its membranes. It is also thought probable that a bull that has served a cow that has aborted, may communicate the disease to other cows. Symptoms.— Cows may abort at any stage of pregnancy, but most commonly after the fourth month; if at an earlier period, there are few symptoms. There may be a discharge of mucus from the vagina, and the vulva may be slightly swollen; small yellow ulcers may sometimes be seen on examination, in the membrane lining the vagina. At a later period the signs are those of approaching parturition — there may be a rope of mucus hanging from vulva, milk secretion may start, and the cow be "down in her hips." The finding of the foetus and envelopes, or the hanging of the envelopes from the vulva, is a sure indica- tion that the accident has occurred. It is impossible to tell whether an abortion is of a contagious nature, or from other causes, and so it is safest to treat each case as if contagious. If a number of animals abort, it indicates a contagious condition. Treatment. — When a cow has aborted, or shows signs of aborting, she should at once be isolated from other cows, and the place where she stood be thoroughly disinfected by a 5 per cent, solution of Carbolic Acid, or a i to 1000 solution of Corrosive Sublimate — about I drachm dissolved in a gallon of water is a rough propor- tion — after the stall has been scraped and all loose Utter burned. After using the antiseptic, give the stall a good coating of white- wash. Burn or bury deeply the aborted calf and membranes, and flush out the vagina and uterus with a I^ysol solution, using 5o6 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR 2 drachms of Lysol to each quart of water; 2 drachms or Carbolic Acid can be used in place of the I^ysol, but the I^ysol is better. The tail and hinder parts should also be washed with a 3 per cent, solution. Continue treatment of vagina and womb as long as discharge is observed, and the adjoining parts wash daily for ten days longer. A cow that has aborted should not be bred for sometime after all discharges have ceased. If the discharges continue, or any other indications of leucorrhea, treat as for that disease. Two days before breeding, wash out the vagina with the I^ -pound doses of Epsom Salts every other day. In order to stamp out the disease with the recent outbreak, all diseased and exposed animals were killed. As the disease does not now exist in this country, this discussion is given simply for general information. ANTHRAX— CHARBON.— This is a malignant, infec- tious disease, attacking all animals, and even man, when infected from animals. In some parts of the west, and much more so in the south, it causes great losses in cattle, sheep, and mules. Severe losses result from it in some parts of the old world. It is most common near tanneries, the infection being brought in with the hides; or in localities where the disease has existed before, and the virus still remains; or where it has been scattered from S3 514 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR infected localities, either by diseased animals, or contaminated materials, that may be carried by dogs or other animals, or washed by streams. Cat'se. — Anthrax is caused by the anthrax bacillus, a slender rod-shajed germ that can be easily found by a microscopical examination of the blood or tissues of a diseased animal, by mak- ing cultures, or by inoculating a small animal. Symptoms. — The symptoms of the disease vary greatly. In some cases there are no premonitory symptoms, the animal being found dead in the morning. This is often called the ' 'apoplectic' ' form, seen at the beginning of an outbreak. Other cases show high fever, weakened, accelerated pulse, with discharges of bloody mucus from the bowels and other natural openings of the body. Mucous membranes are of a bluish color, and there is great weak- ness and prostration, as is shown by the trembling of the muscles. Toward the last, the animal may be too weak to get up, but will lie convulsively kicking, pawing and champing the jaws. Death generally occurs in two or three days, although sub-acute cases may run longer, and a few cases may recover. Dropsical swel- lings frequently appear on the body; also tumors, called car- buncles, which at first are hot, tender swellings, but later become cold and painless, as the result of mortification. After-death examinations show bloody spots in the muscles and on internal organs; the spleen is greatly enlarged, the interior being very dark and thick; the blood is dark, thick and tarry in appearance, and does not clot readily; the veins are distended with dark blood, and there are bloody fluids escaping from the openings of the body. After death, the animal bloats badly and decomposi- tion takes place rapidly. While the foregoing are characteristic symptoms of the dis- ease, a certain diagnosis is made by having the blood and tissues examined by a bacteriologist for the germ which causes it. As the disease is communicated to man, great care must be exercised in post-mortems, or in handling animals dying of the disease; the skin should never be removed. Unless necessary to post-mortem, to determine the nature of the disease, the dead body should be disposed of intact, with as little flow of blood or DISEASES OF CATTIvE 515 discharges as possible, as these contain the germs in great num- bers. The body should be burned, or buried deeply, covering it with lime. This best be done where it dies, if possible; if impos- sible, move carefully, so as to spread the infection as little as possible, and disinfect place where animal died, thoroughly, by soaking with strong disinfectants and covering with lime. After the germs escape from the body, they take on a form which will retain its vitality for years under favorable conditions, hence dis- infection cannot be too thorough. Pastures becoming once infected, retain the infection for a long time. Low, damp, black soils remain infected much longer than higher, dryer soils. Animal become infested by the germs entering through wounds or with feed or water. In man, the disease is often called "Malignant Pustule," because it appears as a sore which is hard to cure; also known as "Wool-Sorters" disease, by being contracted by people handling wool and hides from animals dying of the disease. Treatment. — Medicinal treatment is of little use; in the milder attacks, the treatment as recommended for "Texas Fever" might help to tide the animal over, but the important thing is prevention. If it should break out, remove all animals at once to high, dry pas- tures, and keep all animals away from where the sick die or are disposed of. A very effectual preventive is vaccination, and all animals in districts where the disease is apt to occur should be vaccinated. This is much like vaccinating against small-pox. The animal is vaccinated with material containing the germs in a very much weakened form, and contracts a very mild form of the disease. In about two weeks it is vaccinated a second time, using a stronger vaccine, and this produces immunity. The vaccine is manufactured by different firms, and is given by inject- ing the required dose underneath the skin with a hypodermic syringe. When this disease breaks out, a veterinarian should supervise the care of the sick, the disposal of the dead, the dis- infection, and the vaccination. 5i6 THK PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR BLACK-LEG— BLACK QUARTER— Q U A R T E R ILL.— This is a rapidly fatal infectious disease of yoting cattle, from six months to four years of age (rarely after three years of age), associated with external swellings, which emit a crackling sound when handled, and an offensive odor when cut into; formerly regarded as a form of anthrax, but investigations have proved that it is a specific disease, produced by a germ quite different from that of anthrax. The disease is spread over quite a large part of the west, and some parts of the east and south. Cause. — By a germ that the cattle get through wounds at pasture, or in food or drinking water. This germ will resist destructive agents for a considerable length of time, and may produce disease when inoculated, after several years of drying. Some regard moist, undrained, and swampy pastures as favorable to this trouble, but in high, dry prairies of the west it is quite as common as on lower lands. It is also thought that the disease germ does not belong naturally within the animal body, as it will develop outside the body, but being taken into the body of young animals, it finds conditions favorable and disease is produced. It sometimes breaks out in new localities where the disease has not been known before, the germs having been introduced in some manner. Infected localities are quite well known and there is no great tendency for the infection to spread any great dis- tance. Symptoms. — They are of both a general and a local nature. In from one to three days after infection takes place, there will be loss of appetite and rumination, with dullness, debility, and a high fever. To these will be added lameness or stiffness of one or more limbs, due to the tumor, or swelling, that invariably attends the disease. After a few days of illness the animal usually dies ; toward the last becoming very weak ; labored breathing; weak pulse; lowering of the temperature, and more or less distress. The tumor, or swelling, is the marked feattire of the affection; in some cases it may be the first noted symptom. It may be located on the thighs — hence the name— or on the neck, shoulder, breast, flanks, or rump, but not below hock or knee; sometimes in the vicinity of throat. At first, tumor is Diseases of Cattle a ■ SECTION OF MUSCLE FROM A BLACK LEG SWELLING The muscular tissue beneath a swelling may be brownish or black shaded into a dark red as represented in this plate. It is soft and eas.ly to n and broken up. The muscular tissue is distended with numerous smaller or larger gas filled cavities, often to such an extent as to produce a resem- blance of lung tissue. U) Gas Bubbles. («) Cavifes due to gas formation. ^ DISEASES OF CATTI .E 517 small, but it spreads and deepens rapidly, and when stroked or handled, a peculiar crackling sound is heard under the skin. This is due to a collection of gas formed by the germs, as they multi- ply. At this stage the skin becomes dry, parchment-like, cool and insensitive to touch in the center of the tumor, due to the decomposition that has taken place. If cut into, a dark red, frothy, and ill-smelling fluid is discharged. Animal shows little or no pain during operation. An after-death examination shows that the tissues under the skin are filled with blood, a yellow, jelly-like material, and gas bubbles; these, with the unchanged spleen, the clotting of the blood, and the crackling sound noted, will readily distinguish the disease from anthrax, in which the spleen is much enlarged, blood is tarry, does not easily clot, and the tumor, if present, does not crackle, and no gas is present. Treatment. — Remove well calves and young animals to uninfected pastures or quarters, and give them uncontaminated water. Medical treatment has thus far been of little avail. Exercise and purging with Salts are recommended, the latter given as a drench in ^ to i-pound doses, depending on the size of the animal. As a pre- vention, all susceptible animals should be vaccinated with black- leg virus, which is a. safe and reliable preventive. In regions where this trouble prevails, the young cattle should be vaccinated a month or so before it is time for the trouble to occur, and as it occurs at slightly different times in different localities, the time for vaccinating will vary some — some time during the spring or early summer. Black-leg vaccine is made from the diseased flesh of a calf that has died of the disease, by heating it to a temperature that weakens the germs. Two forms of the vaccine are prepared — the "single," which requires but one injection, and the "double," which requires two injections, ten days apart. The double vaccine makes more trouble, and in some cases the expense of vaccinating the second time precludes its use, but it is safer to use, and unless the disease has broken out in the herd, it is recommended as giv- ing better protection; and besides, in the case of very fat calves, which seem to be more susceptible to the disease, the single is not 5i8 THK PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR entirely efEectual. The vaccine is put up in various forms; some firms send it out in the form of a little pill, others in the form of a string saturated with the virus, these to be inserted under the skin — the pills with special instrument, the string with a needle—' and it also comes in powder, to be mixed with water and injected under the skin with a hypodermic syringe, following directions carefully. Vaccine and instruments can be purchased through any reliable druggist. The experiment stations in many of the states where the disease is prevalent, prepare the vaccine and send it to those applying for it, with full directions for its use. While one vaccination may carry an animal through its susceptible period, it is safer to vaccinate at least once each year until the animal is two years old. Calves need not be vaccinated until they approach six months of age. Some recommend vaccinating fat calves oftener than once a year. Inasmuch as vaccination is such an effectual preventive, it is not wise 'to rely upon other preventives, although the following is said to have some preventive value : Sulphur 10 pounds. Saltpeter 3 pounds. Sulphate of Iron 6 pounds. Air-slaked Ivinie 3 pounds. Mix thoroughly, and use I pound of the mixture in 1 gallon of salt ; this to be given to the animal in place of common salt. HEMORRHAGIC SEPTIC-^EMIA.— While, perhaps, this disease is not entirely confined to cattle, it is much more common with them than with the other animals. At the present time there is not much known about the disease, except that it generally runs to a fatal termination. Just how widely distrib- uted it is, is hard to say, as in many cases it may have been diagnosed as some other disorder, as anthrax, black leg, corn stalk disease, etc. Causes. — The disease is caused by germs, and hence is con- tagious ; but, just how it is spread, or how the organisms gain entrance into the body is not known, but it has been demon- strated that the disease is caused by at least one specific organism, and perhaps others may cause closely related conditions. DISEASES OF CATTI.E 519 Symptoms. — The symptoms presented with the disease are not very characteristic, and may vary somewhat ; it generally runs a rapid course, and terminates fatally within thirty-six hours; it may, however, take on a somewhat chronic form. In the acute form, towards the last, at least, the animal shows great weakness or paralysis; the temperature remaining about normal. The conditions found in an after-death examination are quite characteristic, the most noticeable being the hemor- rhages, or blood-stained areas which have distinct borders, and may be small red spots, or large blood-stained surfaces. These are seen just under the skin, the muscles looking as though they had been slightly bruised ; they may be found on the pleura covering the ribs, lungs or diaphragm; or on the intestines, or the peri- toneum lining the abdominal cavity, or on the mesentery which supports the intestines. The spleen is not enlarged, which distinguishes it from anthrax, and there is not the external swelling, filled with offensive gas, which distinguishes it from black-leg. Treatment. — As yet nothing has been found to be of value along this line, and the only practical suggestions that can be given is to separate the healthy from the sick, and use disinfectants freely, disposing of the dead the same as with those dying of anthrax or black-leg. The foregoing is a short summary of a bulletin by Dr. Reynolds, published by the Minnesota Experiment Station, which gave the result of Dr. Reynolds' study of a number of outbreaks of the disease in Minnesota during the past three years. TUBERCULOSIS.— Tuberculosis is a contagious disease that may attack any animal, though it is found mostly in cattle. It is distinguished by the formation, in the various organs of the body, of nodules or tubercles having a characteristic appearance, which contain the germ called Bacillus Tuberculosis, or Tubercle Bacillus. Cause. — ^The cause is a germ, or bacterium, as above noted. The germs are always present in an animal having the disease. Any condition which weakens the animal's system lessens the 520 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR power of resistance to the disease. As a result of the drain due to the production of large quantities of milk, tuberculosis is per- haps more common among dairy cows, but any animal is apt to contract the disease if exposed to the contagion. The disease is important, not only on account of the loss of the cattle, but because of its relation to the health of the general public who use milk. The milk from cows that are badly affected with tuberculosis, and especially if the udder is affected, is con- sidered a dangerous food, as it may be the means of conveying the disease to people using it, unless it is pasteurized by heating to a temperature of 1 85 degrees F. At present there is a difference of opinion among bacteriologists as to whether tuberculosis in cattle and consumption in man are exactly the same — that is, caused by exactly the same germ or not. But until it is positively proven that they are not, it is safest to consider them as the same, and as communicable to each other. Symptoms. — Owing to the fact that the disease may attack almost any part of the body, there are a great variety of symp- toms; the severity of the attack is also a great modifying factor. The lungs are attacked the most frequently; the liver, spleen, diaphragm or midriff, lymphatic glands, bones or joints, may also be the seat of the disease. In case the lungs are attacked, and become badly diseased, the animal is out of condition and falls away in flesh; appetite is capricious; coat is rough and staring; eyes are sunken and dull. There is usually a cough, that is especially noticeable when animal is first disturbed in the morning, or when turned out to exercise. There is often a discharge from nose and eyes, that from the latter drying at the inner corners. These symptoms are by no means diagnostic, as other diseases cause them. In fact, there are no diagnostic symptoms; some- times an animal will be badly affected with the disease and give no indication of it in its general appearance. The only means of diagnosing the disease with any degree of certainty, is to test with tuberculin. The disease is contracted by the germs of this disease entering the system of a healthy animal through wounds; by being taken in with the food or water, or by being inhaled and taken in through the lungs; mainly by the last two methods. Sucking calves may get the germs in the milk from a tuberculous DISEASES OF CATTI.E 521 cow, in addition to the above methods. The discharges from the nose which contain the germs, being dried, are inhaled by healthy animals in the form of dust, thus producing the disease. In rare cases the disease is congenital, the calf contracting it before birth. In after-death examination, the diseased tissue appears as lumps, or nodules, in or on the organs affected. If these lumps, which are rather hard, are cut open, they will be found to contain a yellow, granular substance, which, when cut into, seems to be gritty. In some cases it has turned to pus, with lumps of cheesy material in it. In some cases the disease appears as a fibrous growth, in reddish bunches, on the outside of the organ or part affected, giving the characteristic appearance when cut into. These tubercles vary in size from that of a pinhead, to the size of a man's double fist, or even larger. They may be scattered quite freely throughout the body, or there may be only a few. The tubercular deposit is often found in some of the lymphatic glands, the ones just back and above the pharynx, or in those between the lungs, or along the border of the intestines, or in the udder. These glands, when healthy, vary in size from a bean to that of a man's thumb, and when cut open, are solid and of a brownish color — when affected with disease they are enlarged, sometimes very much so, and show the characteristic, granular, yellow material when cut open. The tubercles are often found attached to the pleura lining the ribs, or masses of the material may be found in the liver, spleen, lungs, or any other organ of the body. In some cases the womb is literally lined with small tubercles. Treatment. — There is no known treatment that cures the disease, but there are preventive measures that are of value. The best method of preventing the disease, is to keep healthy cattle from coming in contact with affected ones, or with stalls, food, feed boxes, and drinking places that are infected. If, for any reason, an animal is suspected of having the disease, or the symptoms are plainly manifest, it should be isolated from the others and the quarters thoroughly cleaned and disinfected with strong disinfectants, and whitewashed. 522 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR As^de from protecting cattle from disease germs, the best means of prevention is the keeping of animals healthy and vigorous. While the disease will never develop without the presence of the infection, weakened animals will contract the infection quicker. Quarters that are dark, damp, filthy, and badly ventilated, are hotbeds for the propagation of the disease when it is once introduced, and in such stables the disease spreads much more rapidly than in a stable that is dry, well lighted ana well ventilated. Sunlight is known to be a great disinfectant, and germs of this disease are killed when exposed to the direct rays of the sun for a few hours. An abundance of fresh air is also very important in the preservation of the health of animals, as it brings oxygen, carries away waste, and keeps stables dry. With cattle in good health, and well cared for in good stables, the disease will spread rather slowly, if by chance it is introduced. The Tuberculin Test. — The most accurate means of detect- ing tuberculosis is by testing cattle with tuberculin, called the tuberculin test. Tuberculin is a liquid which represents the poison which is produced by the tubercle bacilli, but as prepared it contains no germs, so is incapable of producing the disease. The test depends upon the fact that if the animal has the disease, in from six to twelve hours after injecting the tuberculin, a rise in temperature, or fever, follows, which lasts a few hours and then subsides. The test is applied as follows : The temperature of the animal to be tested is taken every two hours throughout the day to determine its normal temperature; at about lo o'clock in the evening the required amount of tuberculin is injected under the skin, generally in the region of the neck; six or seven hours after the injection is made, the taking of the temperature should again be commenced, and taken every hour or two throughout the day. If the animal has the disease, some time between six and twenty hours after the injection, the temperature will commence to rise, will gradually increase for a few hours, and then gradually go back to normal, generally getting back to normal toward evening. The rise of temperature may be from 2 to 6 degrees. If the temperature rises 2 or more degrees higher after the injection than it was before, it is considered a sign of tuberculosis; a rise of i ^ degrees is looked upon as being Diseases of Cattle TUBERCULOUS LIVER OF A COW A large portion of the lobe represented in the plate has undergone 'uberc"lous changes Numerous nodules are shown m various stages of the d.^e^se, the majority of which contain the yellowish partly cheesy, Pf''/, «""L/J'=!,^ Characteristic of advanced tuberculosis. This large mass involves the surface of the liver, and also extends into the liver substance. DISEASES OF CATTLE 523 suspicious. If the animal is free from the disease, the temper- ature" should not rise higher after the injectioa than the highest before the injection. Besides the rise of temperature, the affected animal often has a chill just as the temperature commences to rise. Points to be Observed in Making the Test. — Keep the animal under her accustomed conditions during the test; on this account, a time of year when the animal is accustomed to being in the stable, is better than a time when she is at pasture and has to be taken up. Do not give a large amount of water or feed at any one time during the test; give a little, more frequently; especially is this true of cold water, after the injection. If a reaction takes place, be sure nothing else has entered in to cause it. Do not test an animal while in heat, or for a month before or after par- turition. The test does no harm at these times, but is not reliable. The test is not infallible, but it is by far the best means of diagnosing the disease that we have. Badly diseased animals will sometimes not respond, but in such cases their condition is such as to warrant their destruction. Occasionally an animal will respond that is not diseased, but this is rare if due care has been exercised. One test destroys the effect of subsequent tests for a year, hence, in suspicious cases,^ a re- testing cannot be given inside of nine months. The test in no way injures a healthy animal; it may cause one that has the disease to break down more rapidly, but this is not always true. The test should always be applied by a veterinarian, or by some one having experience with the use of the thermometer and hypodermic syringe. The dose of tuberculin depends upon its strength — different firms prepare different strengths. All animals having the disease best be destroyed, as no cura- tive treatment is known. The test in no way indicates the degree of the infection, and so the animal that responds may be very dangerous from a standpoint of spreading the disease, or it may not be so dangerous. While healthy calves can be got from affected animals by removing them from the cows as soon as 524 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR dropped, in but few cases will it pay, as the expense of keeping the diseased by themselves is too great, and then there is always some danger that the infection will in some way be carried to the healthy animals. If a herd is tested and some respond, the stable should be thoroughly cleaned, disinfected by solutions and by fumigating (see "Disinfection," page 66), and then whitewashed. After- wards the herd should be tested once a year for three or four years. No new animals should be introduced into the herd until after they are tested. While this disease is not very prevalent, taking the country at large, yet many herds are affected, and it is always safest, especially when high prices are paid for pure-bred cattle, to buy them siibject to the test. LUMP-JAW — B I G - J A W ; ACTINOMYCOSIS. - This disease is due to a vegetable organism that gains entrance to the tissues, and growing, produces a lump, or tumor, which may grow to a large size. The disease generally affects the upper or lower jaws, but may affect the tongue (when it is called "wooden tongue" ), or other parts of the body. The tumors are not infrequently found about the throat, just back of the lower jaw. The disease is also found in the lungs. Causes. — The disease is caused by the organism known as the actinomyces, or ray fungus. The fungus grows on plants and it is supposed that it gains entrance into the body by being taken in with the food, entering through some wound, a scratch, perhaps, inflicted by harsh food, or about the teeth at shedding time. The disease is rarely, if ever, transmitted directly from one animal to the other. While the pus from the tumors contains the fungus, yet for some reason it does not have the power to. produce the disease even when injected directly into another animal. The only way to transmit the disease directly from one animal to another, is to introduce a piece of the diseased tissue itself underneath the skin of another animal;, this course would never occur naturally. The disease cannot be strictly called contagious, and the only way that the diseased animal can be a ;v^;:|iS5y>:^Vv' \ \ \ \ .-/--;-' DISSASBS OF CATTI.E 525 means of spreading the disease, is by the fungus in the discharg- ing pus, when discharged upon grass, growing and regaining its vitality, and becoming a source of infection to others, through the food. On this account it would be best not to allow animals with running sores to run at pasture, where other animals are to be pastured. Symptoms. — The first symptom is a slight swelling, such as might come from an injury, usually appearing upon the upper or lower jaw, but as before stated, may form in other places. Where the bone is affected, the enlargement is due to the outward bulging of it, and when the soft tissues are affected, it is due to an increased growth of the tissue, as a result of the inflammation and irritation that the growing fungus produces. As the disease advances the tumor grows, and finally breaks, discharging a thick, sticky pus, but causing little diminution in the size of the growth; the wound may heal over, but it gradually becomes larger and breaks again. The only peculiarity about the pus is that it contains small, hard, yellow grain-like particles, not much larger than the point of a pin; these can best be seen by spreading a thin layer of pus on a piece of glass. If the jaw is affected, the teeth, in affected part, may become sore and interfere more or less with eating. Sometimes the disease develops very slowly, sometimes rapidly. The case represented in the cut was six months developing. "When the bone is affected it becomes very porous. The only positive diagnosis of the disease is to have the pus examined with a microscope for the fungus. Treatment. — If the tumor is free from the bone and away from large blood vessels, the best treatment is to dissect it out, cutting well back so as to be sure and get it all, and after removing the tumor, apply a caustic around the inside of the sack to slough out any that may be left — Caustic Potash can be used, rubbing it around in the interior. I,eave the wound open, so if growth starts it can be sloughed out. After the slough comes out, apply to the sore, once a day, the Iodine Ointment. (See Prescriptions, in back part of book.) If the tumor has pus in it, open it and let the pus out, and then slough out the interior as above. There 526 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR are sloughing preparations in the market which, if used early, will kill the fungus and reduce the size of the tumor. Fleming Brothers, Union Stock Yards, Chicago, put out one of these preparations. Along with the external treatment, it is well to use Iodide of Potash internally. The drug is given until a condition known as "iodism" is produced; this is recognized by the animal going off its feed, eyes and nose discharging, hair becomes harsh and rough, skin harsh and wrinkled, especially on top of the neck, and a large amount of dandruff in the hair — large bran-like flakes. When these symptoms are plainly produced, the medi- cine is discontinued for a time. If symptoms are very marked, give a dose of Epsom Salts, and also a tablespoonful of Saltpeter twice a day for a few days. After two or three weeks repeat the treatment. To give the drug, dissolve 2 ounces of Iodide of Potash in a pint of water, and give i ounce of this solution in % pint of water twice a day for a few days, and then three times a day until the iodism symptoms are produced. As to using the meat of an animal affected with this disease: If the disease is localized about the head and does not produce any constitutional disturbance, there would be nothing unwhole- some about the meat, discarding quite a large portion in the vicinity of the tumor. There would be nothing unwholesome about the milk until the animal became constitutionally affected. In case of operations, if possible have a veterinarian perform them. HYDROPHOBIA— RABIES.— It seems unnecessary to repeat the general statements regarding this disease in the HoesE Department of this work (page 227). The disease is, of course, incurable, and from its dangerous nature, a suspected animal should be immediately confined, and as soon as the symptoms become pronounced, it should be killed, and the carcass buried, COW POX— VARIOLA VACCINNiE.— This is a con- tagious disease similar to, if not identical with, as is claimed by some, small pox of the human family. A heifer inoculated with small pox virus, will have a disease identical with cow pox, and DISE:ASES of CATTI.E: 527 when men are vaccinated with cow pox, the resulting disease is similar to a very mild form of small pox, and renders immunity to small pox. The question of identity does not seem well set- tled. The fluid from the pustules of cow pox is the material used to vaccinate people against small pox. Disease may be transmitted to man by sores on the hand when milking an affected cow. Symptoms. — Cow pox, or kine pox, is a specific disease, prob- ably produced by some kind of an organism, and develops in from three to nine days after inoculation, showing itself by a slight fever for a couple of days, which may be overlooked, then breaks out in pimples on the teats and udder, and may extend to the flanks, escutcheon, and around the vulva, nose, mouth and eyes. These pimples, red at first, enlarge from day to day, until they reach a diameter of one-half to one inch, and become yellow. A distinct blister forms, breaks, runs a yellowish lymph, which contains the active virus of the disease, dries up, a scab forms over it, which leaves a pit when it comes off. The only trouble to be had from the disease in cattle is in milch cows, from the teats getting sore. These are covered with small blisters, that may become confluent — run together — rendering milking a very painful operation. Treatment. — Disease runs its course in from ten to twenty days, and little treatment is necessary, except to keep the parts soft by some healing ointment.. Oxide of Zinc Ointment is good. After milking, apply a little White I^otion (see Prescriptions, in back of book), also Carbolic Acid lotion, and follow that with Zinc ointment, or some of the preparations recommended under ' ' Chapped or Sore Teats. ' ' The following solution is also recom- mended as a wash: Hyposulphite of Soda 2 ounces. Water i pint. Mix and wash frequently. When the udder is greatly inflamed, bathe with hot water, as for "Inflammation of the Udder," and give the same drugs internally as for that disease. In milking, animals affected with 528 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCT OR sow pox should always be milked last, in order that the disease may not be conveyed to the healthy cows. After milking, the hands of the milker should be carefully washed and disinfected. A milking tube may be used when the teats are sore and give very much pain. Milk from cows with cow pox should not be used for food. Sometimes when the disease breaks out in a herd, all the cows are vaccinated on some part of the body away from the udder, as the hips or neck, in which case the sores are not apt to form on the teats and udder, and do not interfere with the milk- ing process. GENERAL DISEASES OF THE BLOOD PLETHORA. — This may be defined as a very rich con- dition of the blood; it is conducive to very many serious results by interfering with the circulation, especially that through the vital organs, rendering them inert and unable to eliminate from the system the waste material which at such a time exists in increased amount. When left in the system, these impurities lead to blood poison, to congestion and inflammations in case of disease, thus greatly increasing dangers attending disorders of all kinds. Causes. — Are rich, stimulating food, such as oil-cake, corn, and other grains, rich pastures, in fact anything that fattens very fast, especially if the animal does not get exercise enough. Of course the condition is normal up to a certain point whenever animals are fattened; when pushed too far, however, the system becomes an easy prey to disease — rheumatism, inflammation of the feet, and other disorders are apt to occur. Symptoms. — Unusually rapid improvement, exuberant spirits, sleek hair, loose skin, and tendency to fatten rapidly. Occasion- ally slight fever may be seen, at first of short duration, but increasing with each attack, until violent congestion occurs, fol- lowed by inflammation of some part of the body. DISEASKS OF CATTI^E) 529 TREATMENT. — Deplete the animal by giving a good purgative, i^ to 2 pounds of Epsom Salts dissolved in 2 or 3 quarts of water. Also give a tablespoonf ul of Saltpeter three times a day, and cut down on the feed. Aside from this give treatment for the special dis- ease which develops. ANiEMIA. — This is a condition of the body when there is a deficiency of blood, or blood corpuscles, the reverse of plethora, seen in animals from a lack of sufficient or proper kinds of food, especially when this lack is accompanied by exposure to the weather, or impoverishment of lice or other parasites; also the result of wasting diseases. It is apt to lead to purpura hemor- rhagica, rheumatism, etc., and always predisposes to lice or other parasites. Symptcnns. — The animal is weak, unthrifty and dull, and the mucous membranes of the eye and nose are very pale. Treatment. — If infested with lice or other vermin, destroy by treating as directed under proper heading, and give the following Iron tonic: Liquid Chloride of Iron 3 ounces. Quinine i ounce. Water to make I pint. Shake. Dose: i ounce in %, pint of water, . mixed in the grain, three times a day. Use for two weeks, then discontinue and use tonics, as recom- mended for "Chronic Indigestion." Give a liberal amount of good feed. RHEUMATISM.— Causes. — The immediate cause of rheumatism is a peculiar kind of acid that has accumulated in the system, and which has a tendency to produce inflammation around the joints, along the sheaths of the tendons, and in the synovial membranes. The exciting causes are over-feeding, rendering the system too pre- thoric, or exposure to cold and dampness from want of shelter and poor stabling. 530 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR Forms. — In the acute form, which is the most common, the affected parts swell, and often suppurate, discharging quantities of pus and with it more or less synovial fluid. It often extends to the bones and the membranes covering them, when it takes on what is called a chronic form, and more or less bony growth is thrown out, which may stiffen the joint. The disease also often extends to the chest, and settles in pleura, heart, etc., and some- times causes fatal diseases of the latter organ. The disease may affect the muscles, causing them to be sore and stiff, and some- times to contract and distort a part. Symptoms. — There is lameness, stiffness and disinclination to move, and a staring coat. After this a joint — or perhaps more than one — begins to swell, and is found to be hot, hard and painful. A day later some other joint may be found swollen, or perhaps another leg is affected, the disease showing a tendency to go from one place to another. There is considerable fever, with high pulse, reddened mucous membranes, and an inclination to remain lying down. Bowels are apt to be constipated, and the urine scanty and high colored. Abscesses may form and discharge pus. Tre;atme;nt. — Keep animal in a dry, warm stable, with ample bedding. Apply dry heat to the affected parts in the form of hot water bottles, or hot salt bags, covering with woolen blanket. Also bathe affected parts with some soothing lotion, as: Soap Liniment 3 ounces. Witch Hazel 2 ounces. Turpentine i ounce. Ivaudanum 2 ounces. Shake. Apply twice a day with liberal rub- bing. Internally give the following: Muid Extract of Belladonna i oimce. Fluid Extract of Aconite lyi drachms. Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed i ounce. Saltpeter 3 ounces. Water to make i pint. Shake. - Dose: 2 ounces, three times a day. DISEASES OF CATTI.E 531 Also give I to 2 drachms of Salol three times a day, in a little thin gruel. Keep the bowels loose with occasional doses of Epsom Salts, and give a laxative diet. UR.^MIA. — This disease is the result of the kidneys and bladder not performing their functions in a right manner, and the urine is absorbed back into the system, causing a poisoning of the blood from an accumulation of urea. Symptoms. — There is loss of appetite, dullness, and a failure to secrete the urine; the nose and mouth are dry, and the former is fetid; rumination ceases, the coat stares, and a smell of urine is detected on the skin; the pulse and respiration become slow, and the former is soft; pupils of the eyes are dilated, and delirium, stupor, and death follow. Treatment. — Examine the urinary organs very carefully to discover, if possible, the cause, and then give treatment to remove same. Give large quantities of I^inseed tea to drink, and as a mild pur- gative the following: Epsom Salts i pound. Ginger r ounce. Water to make 2 quarts. Mix, and give as one dose. Also give 2 ounces of lyiquor Ammonia Acetatis, three times a day. Feed on a laxative diet. Study over the diseases of the urinary organs and try and find out which is operating to cause the trouble, and treat accordingly. PYiEMIA AND SEPTICAEMIA— (BLOOD POL SONING.)— This is a condition that results from absorbing int& the system, putrid, poisonous matter, or pus, especially that from an ulcer, or suppurating surface. Symptoms.— "^h&re is high fever, with increased temperature; the pulse is hard and fast, and the breathing is quickened; the breath is fetid; rumination is suspended a" jjpetite lost; coat is 532 THK PRACTICAI . STOCK DOCTOR staring; rapid loss of flesh, and in fatal cases delirium. There is also the abscess, or wound, from which the poison is absorbed, which, if situated externally, can be seen; if the abscess is internal it will be overlooked. Treatmeni-. — Find the cause, if possible, and if a sore of any kind con- taining confined pus, let it out and dress the wound with a 3 per cent, solution of Carbolic Acid, applying it two or three times a day, using a syringe; if on the surface, bind on a sponge wet with the solution; give internally the following: Liquid Chloride of Iron : 3 ounces. Quinine I ounce. Saltpeter 4 ounces. Water to make 1 quart. Shake. Dose: 2 ounces, in i pint of water, three or four times a day. Also give, alternating the doses with the foregoing, the following: Fluid Extract Digitalis 6 drachms. Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica 2 ounces. Fluid Extract Colchicum Seed i^ ounces. Alcohol 8 ounces. Water to make i pint. Dose: i ounce, three or four times a day. Give a mild purgative in the form of i pound of Epsom Salts and feed on a laxative but nourishing diet. PURPURA HEMORRHAGICA.— This is a specific blood disease, that is somewhat common in horses, but rare in cattle. Causes. — It is caused by an impoverished condition, more especially, of the blood, which becomes deficient in some of its elements, and oozes through the coats of the blood vessels, and produces swellings in the more dependent parts of the body, causing swelling of the legs, and belly, and also of the head. (See description of the disease in the Horse Department) . Treatment. — Give the same treatment as recommended for the horse, giving from one and one-half to twice the dose given to the horse. DISEASKS OF CATTI.E 533 HAEM ATURIA— RED WATER.— As the name implies, this is a disease in which the urine becomes red in color, due either to the presence of blood itself, or to the red coloring mat- ter of the blood, which is set free and thrown off by the kidneys, as a result of the breaking down of the red blood corpuscles from various causes. Causes.— li blood itself is present, this is due to inflamma- tion or some disease of the urinary organs themselves — injuries to the loins, strains, calculi in bladder or kidneys, etc. If the urine is simply colored by the coloring matter, it may be due to some specific disease, as Texas fever; or it may be due to an impoverished condition of the system, as the result of poor feed, especially the pasturing of cattle continuously on certain kinds of low, swampy lands. The condition may also be due to eating poisonous plants, which irritate the kidneys, or using medicines too freely, which act upon these organs. Symptoms. — There is the colored condition of the urine, which varies from a light red to a dark brown, and in some cases it is much increased in quantity. If blood itself is present, there will be the symptoms of the disease of the urinary organs, causing the trouble (see Diseases ok the Urinary Organs) . If the trouble is due to some specific disease, as Texas fever, the symp- toms of that disease will be present. If due to an impoverished condition, there will be unthriftiness; animal will become weak; pulse will be weak; anaemia will be present; the animal will become poor in flesh, and unless the condition is corrected, death will occur. Treatment. — If due to the blood, treat the disease causing it. If from a specific disease, treat that. If from an impoverished condition of the system, give first-class nourishing food; if from running on low pastures, change to higher and better. Also give tonics, especially the Iron tonics as recommended for "Chronic Indigestion." If animal is very low, give the following for a week or two, and then change to the tonics as recommended above: Liquid Chloride of Iron 3 ounces. Quinine i ounce. Water to make i pint. Sliake. Dose : i ounce, in a pint of water, three times a day. ' 534 THE PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR Alternate with these doses the following: Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica 2 ounces. Fluid Extract of Gentian 3 " Fowler's Solution of Arsenic 10 " Watertomake i pint. Shake. Dose : i ounce in a little water, ' three times day. If the heart is weak, give 2 ounces of Alcohol in ^ pint of water, two or three times a day. HOLLOW HORN AND WOLF IN THE TAIL.— These imaginary diseases, which in the past were supposed to be the cause of a great many deaths among cattle and which were treated by iDoring a hole into the horn and pouring in all sorts of irritating substances; or slitting open the tail and filling the cut with Ihe substances, are now known by nearly every one to be purely imaginary, but as we still occasionally hear them referred to, they are mentioned in this connection. The horns of nearly all cattle are hollow, and the fact that a horn is hot or cold indicates but little in diagnosing disease. If the tail shows anything wrong, salt and pepper will be of no value. Tone the animal up, or if an abscess forms, as of course it might from various causes, treat as any other abscess; some little irritation or disorder about the tail need not be looked upon as the cause of constitutional dis- turbances. Do not be guilty of such foolish and barbaric opera- tions as those referred to above. ABSCESSES. — Commonly these are called " gatherings." They are accumulations of ' ' matter, ' ' or pus, in cavities within the tissues of the body. There are two kinds, classed as " acute" and "cold." Acute abscesses form rapidly, and are accompanied by marked inflammation, with heat, pain, redness, and swelling. Cold abscesses are of a chronic nature, forming gradually without marked symptoms of inflammation until they are of considerable size. Abscesses are caused by some injury, by bacteria, foreign bodies, or irritants within the tissues. Treatment. — There are two methods used in the treatment of abscesses: The absorption, or "scattering" treatment, and the "drawing DISKASKS OF CATTI.E 535 to a head " method. In some cases it is a good plan to try and "scatter" the abscess by rubbing and by applying remedies to absorb the pus, or fluid. Rubbing with a stimulating liniment, or applying light blisters, is useful. Iodine, either as tincture or ointment (see Prescriptions, in back of book) may be applied daily until the skin gets sore, and then stop application for a few days, and then apply again. This is good in the removal of bunches and enlargements, but best be applied when there is no acute inflammation in the part. The second method, and the one generally used, is to encourage the formation of pus, as an abscess is usually an effort on the part of nature to rid the body of some injurious substance. Bathing, or fomenting, the affected part with hot water and the applying of poultices to soften and soothe the tissues, assist materially in ' ' drawing abscess to a head." As soon as pus, or matter, is detected in the tissues — • which is indicated by a soft fluctuating feeling when the part is manipulated under the fingers — the abscess should be opened. To do this use a sharp-pointed knife, taking the blade firmly between the thumb and forefinger about the distance from the point that it will be necessary to insert knife-point to reach the pus cavity. Insert quickly at the lowest part, so there will be no pocket, and the pus will all drain out. Make opening large enough to allow pus to escape freely and then wash out and treat cavity. Abscesses should always be thoroughly examined for foreign bodies, such as sticks, pieces of bone, and the like, and if found should be removed. When cavity is empty, wash out and treat with antiseptics freely. The incision should not be allowed to heal until cavity has healed from the bottom, or another abscess is likely to follow. Keep open by plugging with absorb- ent cotton, or tow. The hair below a wound should be well greased, and kept so, in order to prevent the discharges from irritating, or scalding, the skin. If an abscess is not opened, it will usually break and dis- charge of its own accord at last; but as the pus burrows into the tissues seeking an outlet, the early opening of the cavity greatly hastens the final recovery. In opening abscesses, care must be taken not to cut, by mistake, into a hernia or rupture, or into a joint or cavity containing synovial fluid or "joint oil." If the abscess 536 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR is in the vicinity of large blood vessels or important organs, pre- cautions must be taken to prevent injury to them. In such places it is generally best for the inexperienced to continue poulticing until the abscess breaks of its own accord, after which it should be treated as above. POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES.— For symp- toms and treatment, see Horse Department (page 329). In case of antidotes, the dose for cattle is one-and-one-half to double the dose given to a horse of the same age. OPERATIONS With operations upon cattle, the same general principles should be carried out as given, under Operations, in Horse Department. Anaesthetics are used the same way. The same antiseptics — Carbolic Acid and the like— should be used freely on instruments, hands, and place of operating. Cattle can be secured by holding with the snap-ring "bull-dog," in the nose, or by putting head in stanchion; if operating about the hind limbs, tie the legs together with a piece of rope just above the hocks, crossing the rope between the legs like a figure 8, so that it will not slip down ; or cattle may be cast the same as the horse; or secured in the stocks. HOW TO RING A BULL.— First secure the bull by throwing him, or put him in a narrow stall. To insert the ring, first whittle a piece of wood so it may be entered into the nostril to meet the blow given on the punch. Select a hollow punch to make a hole corresponding to the ring. See that the bull is tied securely, if not thrown and secured, and let the assistant hold the piece of wood. Set the punch in the opposite nostril, low enough so it will not cut the cartilage (gristle) of the nose, and strike a smart blow, forming the hole. Put in the ring, set the screws tight and the work is done. Some burn the hole through the partition by using a red-hot, pointed iron. Have an assistant, DISEASES OF CATTLE 537 ■with a glove on his hand, take hold of the nose and stretch it forward to open the nostrils, then push the iron through and jerk it back quickly. DEHORNING. — This consists in the application of some substance to the budding horns of calves that will prevent their growth, or in the removal of the horns by some surgical oper. ation. It is better to remove, or prevent the growth of, horns in calves than to wait until the animals have attained their growth. The best method of removing the horns is to apply Caustic Potash to the budding horn as soon as the button can be felt beneath the skin on the head of the calf; within a week after birth. The hair should be clipped off, the skin over the immature horn wet, and then well rubbed with the stick of Caustic Potash; the fingers being well protected from it by wrapping the stick with a paper. In applying the Caustic, use care to cover the whole button, for after the horn is started, it is difficult to remove with Caustic. Rub each button for about a quarter of a minute, let it dry, then wet the stick of Caustic a little and rub again the same length of time. Do not get too wet, or the Caustic may run down, making a large sore, or get into the eye. It is much better to use the Caustic than to gouge out the buttons, as is sometimes done. In removing the horns from the mature animal, the beast is confined in a stanchion, or chute, made for the purpose, a halter is put on the head, and the latter pulled well forward and to one side, and firmly held. The horn is then removed, either with a saw or with a dehorning shears made for that purpose. In removing the horn, a small ring of the hair is to be taken off with the base of the horn, or the horn will grow out as a stub. After the horn is removed, some Pine Tar with a little Carbolic Acid in it, may be applied, and a layer of clean cotton batting, which has been previously heated in an oven for a half hour or so, placed over the wound to stop the bleeding and keep out the dirt. If bleeding is bad, apply to the wound with a small brush a little Monsel's solution, or sear with a hot iron, or take hold the bleed- ing vessels with pincers and twist them. Cattle should not be 538 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR dehorned when flies are bad, and, after dehorning, should not be allowed access to straw stacks where they cah get chaff into the wounds. While dehorning causes pain at the time of the opera- tion, it does away with the inflicting of pain on other animals, as is also apt to be the case with some individuals. It is not necessary to apply the cotton to the stubs after the horns are removed, and it best not be done unless the cotton is kept very clean and treated as above. If it is applied, and after two or three days there is any indication of pus collecting under it, remove it and wash the wound with an antiseptic solution, turning the head up sidewise to let any pus run out that may have formed in the cavity. BLEEDING.— This once very common operation, in both the human family and the lower animals, is not now performed at all with the human, and is fast becoming an operation of the past with animals, and should be so entirely, as it has no virtue as a curative agent. TAPPING THE CHEST.— This operation has for its object the removal of water in ' ' Hydrothorax. ' ' Clip off the hair from a spot about three inches back of the elbow, and on a level with it. Make an incision through the skin and muscles to about the depth of two inches, being careful to locate it so it will pass between two ribs, and not too close to the posterior aspect of the front one of the two — as near midway as possible. Now pass in the trocar and canula, withdraw trocar, and leave canula to draw off the water. Should any substance clog the canula, push it away with a probe. The other side may be tapped in the same way. A horse trocar is about the right size. The antiseptics should be used freely during the operation. The operation should be left to the veterinarian, as it is not always easy to tell when it should be performed. The after-treatment is to apply the anti- septics to the wound, two or three times a day. TAPPING THE BELLY.— This operation is to empty the abdominal cavity in case of "Ascites." Make the incision through the skin in the center line of the belly, just back of the navel, and just large enough to admit the trocar and canula; then insert the instrument into the cavity and let the fluid flow off. The same principles apply as in "Tapping the Chest." DISEASES OF CATTI.E 539 TAPPING THE BLADDER OF OX OR BULL.— When it is necessary to draw the water of male cattle, an opening must be made at the point where the urethra turns over the angle of the pelvis, just below the anus, and the catheter introduced at this point. The incision should be made very carefully, and no larger than is really necessary to introduce the instrument. Dress the wound with a 3 per cent, solution of Carbolic Acid, twice daily. If it is desired that the opening . heal up at once, it is advisable to take a stitch in it. Sometimes, when the urethra is obstructed below, it is left open, the animal urinating at this point. The curve of the urethra canal, when penis is not protruded, is what makes this operation necessary, as it renders the introduction of the catheter by the penis impossible. The operation should be left to a veterinarian. TAPPING THE PAUNCH, OR RUMEN.— This is an operation performed to relieve animals in severe cases of ' 'Tympa- nites, or Hoven," when medical treatment is of no avail. Find the center of a triangle made by the last rib, the anterior point of the hip, and the transverse processes of the lumbar spines on the left side, or where the bloat is most prominent. Insert the trocar at this point, directing it downward and inward obliquely, and it will pass directly into the paunch. Pull the trocai out and the gas will escape through the canula. Puncturing is not a serious operation in cattle, and in cases of great distension should be performed without hesitancy or delay. Relief is almost instan- taneous. The horse trocar and canula is large enough for cattle (see cuts of instruments, Misc:eLi^ to i " Ginger (a draclim equals a teaspoonful) i drachm. Water I pint. Mix and give as one dose. If not relieved in one-half hour give: Turpentine ^ ounce. Raw Linseed Oil i teacupful. Mix and give as a drench. If not relieved in one-half hour give as a drench : Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia 2 teaspoonfuls. Hyposulphite of Soda >^ to i ounce. Ginger i drax;hm. Repeat every two hours until relieved. When animal is swelled almost to bursting and will not move, it is better to open the paunch at once. At the most pro- tuberant point of the distension, on the left side, half way between last rib and hip bone, after having removed the wool, plunge the trocar and canula forward and downward into the paunch. The gas and some of the contents will pass out through the canula when trocar is drawn, and if obstructed by solid mat- ter, push away with a probe. When gas is out withdraw canula. A flexible probang, or in default, a rattan or grape-vine with knot on end, may be gently forced down the gullet and the gas allowed to escape. IMPACTION OF THE RUMEN, OR PAUNCH.— Causes. — From the animal getting food that it is not accus- tomed to, such as grain; and eating an unusually full meal; from a change of pasture, going from a lean to a very good one; DISEASES OF SHEEP ^553 eating a poor quality of peas, straw, or clover hay, especially if musty or over ripe, is said to cause it. Symptoms. — No appetite; looks dull; grates its teeth; does not ruminate, and has a short, quick grunt in breathing, caused by the food in stomach pressing on the lungs; walks about stupidly; what passages there are, are hard and dry. By pressing the hand on the left side o-"er the stomach, it is found hard; tapping on the spot gives a dull, heavy sound, showing presence of a mass of food. Treatment. — Give the following to move the bowels: Epsom Salts 4 to 6 ounces. Ginger i drachm. Bicarbonate of Soda i " Sweet Spirits Niter ^ ounce. Water i pint. Give as a drench. In eighteen hours, if it does not operate, give: Turpentine. % ounce. Raw Linseed Oil ^ pint. Mix and give as a drench, and if no relief at the end of twelve hours more, repeat the first dose. Also give three or four times a day: Fluid Extract Nux Vomica 20 drops. Fluid Extract Jaborandi i teaspoonful. Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia 2 teaspoonfuls. And if much pain, 20 dropE Fluid Extract of Belladonna, in % pint of water. If much weakened give : Whiskey i ounce. Ginger 1 teaspoonful. Bicarbonate Soda i Mix and give in yi pint of gruel. Repeat three times a day until well. COLIC— STRETCHES.— CaM5«.— Improper food; from drinking cold water. 554 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Symptoms. — The animal will be seen lying down and rising every moment or two, and constantly stretches the fore and hind legs so far apart that the belly almost touches the ground. Sometimes when lying on the ground it will strike its feet up against the belly. Appears to be in pain, and will not eat. Treatmbnt. — The following is recommended in such cases: Epsom Salts >^ ounce. Jamaica Ginger i drachm. Essence Peppermint 60 drops. Or: Fluid Extract Jaborandi i teaspoonful. Fluid Extract Nux Vomica 20 drops. Fluid Extract Belladonna 15 " Aromatic Spirits Ammonia 2 teaspoonfuls. Water % pint. Repeat in one hour if necessary. The salts alone may effect a cure, or an equivalent dose of Linseed Oil may be given. INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. — Not an uncommon disease among young sheep. Causes. — From chill from over exposure; eating foul pea straw; from eai^.ing too much snow; or irritating food of any kind. Symptoms. — There is severe, continuous distress, causing the animal to lie down, and then immediately get up again, only to do the same over and over again; pawing with one foot and then with another. The ears and extremities are cold, and pressure on the belly causes the animal to moan as in pain. Temperature elevated, pulse hard and rapid. There are no cessations as in colic pains. Treatment. — Give the following drench: Laudanum % ounce. Tincture Aconite Root 3 drops. Fluid Extract Belladonna 15 " Raw Linseed Oil % pint. DISEASES OF SHEEP 555 Turn the animal on its back and rub in on its belly where the wool is short, % pound Mustard wet up with vinegar. Afterward grease where it is blistered. If a ram, be careful to not get the paste around the point of the sheath. Repeat remedy every two hours until relieved, but after first dose leave out the lyinseedOil. STOMACH WORMS.— That sheep are troubled with worms more than the ordinary grower imagines is beyond question, but unless present in large quantities they do not affect the animal enough to cause attention. I,ambs under one year old suffer most from this parasite. Symptoms. — The affected animal becomes unthrifty, runs down in flesh, does not grow, although the animal eats well; gets weak, hard for it to follow the flock, and at last is apt to have diarrhea. It is necessary to hold a post mortem to determine this disease for a certainty, and if these worms are present they will be found in the fourth stomach. They are small, only about % of an inch in length, and of a reddish color, so may be over- looked. If a number of animals in a flock are unthrifty it is always best to destroy one and hold a post mortem to determine which of these parasites are present, and treat the entire flock. The sooner treatment is commenced the more successful it will be. * Treatment. — As a preventive use in the salt, when salting the sheep, a mixture composed of equal parts of Sulphate of Iron and Sul- phate of Copper. Add about i ounce of the mixture to the salt required for each 40 sheep. A good worm drench that is simple is the following: Turpentine % ounce. Linseed Oil 4 ounces. Mix and give as one dose, after fasting the animal eighteen hours. 556 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR ^ — — 1 The following is also effective: Gasoline i tablespoonful. New Milk 4 ounces. Mix and give after fasting animal eighteen hours, and repeat each second day until three doses have been given. From 2 to 4-ounce doses of a i per cent, solution of Coal- Tar Creosote is also good. A i per cent, solution is : Coal-Tar Creosote, i ounce; water, 3 quarts. Sheep affected with this parasite should receive grain, and it is good to give with this a mixture of equal parts of Sulphate of Iron and Sulphate of Copper. The dose of the mixture is one ounce for each 30 to 40 sheep; dissolve in a pint of water and mix evenly with bran or oats. Give once or twice a day as case requires . Give two weeks , withhold a week , and give again . This may be used in connection with the foregoing. It is good to use occasionally with the flock as a preventive. TAPEWORMS. — The tapeworm is more common among sheep than -stock owners are generally aware, and their presence may not be suspected unless accidentally found, or the sheep fall off in condition, and the worm found by post mortem. It is most common among young sheep but may affect the older ones. The exact source from which sheep get tapeworm is not known. They are found in the small intestines. Symptoms. — Animal falls off in condition and the eyes have a peculiar, dull, look; has a good appetite but does not thrive; may be thrown into conyulsions and die in a short time. When these conditions are present, watch the droppings for the presence of tapeworms, and if flat joints j4 inch long come away, the trouble is probably found. The post mortem is important here, the same as in the preceding disease. Treatment. — Shut the affected sheep by themselves, where they can be watched, and let them fast eighteen hours. Then give each affected sheep the following drench: Oil Male Fern i teaspoonful. Areca Nut Powder 2 teaspoonfuls. Turpentine I teaspoonful. Raw Linseed Oil, or New Milk... 4 ounces, Shake while giving. DISEASES OF SHEEP 557 Feed lightly and watch results. Should there be no action, repeat in two or three days after another eighteen -hour fast. Give lambs Yz the above dose. NODULAR DISEASE.— This is another internal parasitic disease of sheep and lambs. It is characterized by the presence in the walls of the intestines of small nodules varying in size from a small to a large pea. When cut open the nodules are found to contain a greenish, cheesy pus. The nodules are caused by an immature worm. After remaining in the nodule for a time, they return into the intestine and develop into a mature worm about Y^^ of an inch long. When the nodules are few in number they cause no harm; but when present in large numbers they cause serious inflammation of the intestinal wall and inter- fere with digestion. Symptoms. — The outward symptoms will be the same as with stomach worms; it takes the post mortem to distinguish between them. Treatment. — The treatment is less satisfactory than with the others. The same as recommended for stomach worms may be used; also use the same preventive measmres. Sheep should not be kept on low pastures, or on the same pasture continuously — or year after year, but change pasture as often as possible during the summer, and upon different fields from year to year. Wean the lambs early, and place them on a pasture where the old sheep have not been kept. DIARRHEA. — Diarrhea or scours ordinarily manifests itself by the amount and watery condition of the discharges. Causes. — Are generally due to improper food, as bad hay or noxious weeds; or to a sudden change from dry food to green; to overfeeding, or to cold, wet weather; also to internal parasites. Symptoms. — In simple form the thin, watery discharge is about the only prominent feature. The appetite is usually good, though it may be poor; there is no apparent fever, and the gen- eral conditions remain unchanged. 558 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Treatment. — When light and not long-continued, no remedy is called for. and confinement to dry food for a day or two often cures. With lambs in the fall it is more serious. If severe, and if mucus is present in the feces, give a mild cathartic, as, Rhubarb ^ drachm; or I ounce I^inseed Oil; or yi, ounce Epsom Salts. Then give an astringait, as 15 to 30 grains Sulphate of Iron, and in most cases this will be enough. If not give: Prepared Chalk y^ ounce. Laudanum , 3 to 4 teaspoonfuls. Tepid Milk yi pint. Mix and give twice a day for two or three days, which in ordinary cases will suffice. Or, in more serious cases prepare the following: Castor Oil , % teacupful. Laudanum .. .. ^ ounce. Ginger....... i drachm. Bicarbonate of Soda.. i " Tepid Water... ^ teacupful. Mix and give as a drench. Repeat, omitting the Castor Oil, every three hours until relieved. In very bad cases, add to the drench % ounce Tincture of Catechu. DYSENTERY.— Causes. — This is caused by an inflammation of the mucous or inner coat of the intestines, causing an abnormal increase in the secretions and a morbid change in character. It is frequently a sequence to diarrhea and arises from the same cause. Symptoms. — There is fever; appetite is variable, but generally none; the discharges are thin and watery, but adhesive from presence of mucus. As disease advances the feces are tinged with blood and the odor is very offensive. Unless relieved the animal wastes away. Treatment. — Use the last preparation recommended for diarrhea, and alternate with it a teaspoon nearly half full of Sulphate of Iron (copperas) dissolved in J^ pint of water. DIS:SASES OF SHEEP 559 Give teaspoonful doses of Blood Flour, or Corrosive Sublimate 4 grains. Water y^ pint. Dose ^ to 1 teaspoonful every three or four hours. This last is very poisonous, and due care must be taken in its use. FLUKE DISEASE IN SHEEP; ROT, OR LIVER FLUKE.— Causes. — Small flat worms (Fasciola Hepatica and Distoneum Lanceolatum) in the liver, called the "liver fluke," are the cause of this disease. Symptoms. — There is tenderness and weakness about the loins; dropsical swellings come under the jaws, on throat, chest and belly; eyes are yellow as in jaundice, and if the skin be rubbed back and forth, when taken up between the thumb and fingers, it is soft and flabby, with a crackling sensation. Treatment. — If there is diarrhea, weak pulse and general stupor, remove to a high, dry pasture, or to a dry, well-ventilated place. Prepare and give the following: Sulphate of Magnesia Yz pound. Turpentine 6 drachms. Water l^ pints. Mix Magnesia vpith the Water and add the Turpentine. Give one-third of the amount for a dose every two days, shaking the bottle each time. Follow this with tonic: Oatmeal 4° pounds. Powdered Gentian 4 " Salt 4 " Sulphate of Iron i " Mix and give Yz pint to each sheep once a day for a week. Wait three weeks and repeat. High, dry pastures and salt marshes are destructive to the fluke, while low, wet pastures favor the perpetuation of the disease. This disease is uncommon, except in a very few sections of this country. 560 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR GRUBS IN THE HEAD.— What is known as "grub" is the larvae of the oestrus ovis, or gad-fly of the sheep. The young larvae is deposited by the fly about the nostrils, passes up the nasal cavities into the sinuses just below the eyes. This takes place in July, August and September. The larvae remain in the sinuses until the following spring, when they descend and pass from the nostrils and enter the ground, change their form, and in three or four weeks come forth as the adult fly. The grubs cause but little irritation unless a number are present in the sinuses, when their presence may be indicated by sneezing, discharge from nose, dullness. "When the flies are troubling the sheep, their presence may be known by the action of the animals. They will collect in clusters, with heads inward and noses thrust toward the ground, and into it if any loose earth is available. Treatment. — Preventive treatment is probably the best treatment that is available to the layman. Keep a portion of the fleld plowed — at least a furrow — so that sheep may have access to loose soil. Smear the noses once a day during the season with Tar and Fish Oil. An old remedy to dislodge grubs is: Scotch SnufiE ^ pound. Boiling Water 2 quarts. Stir and let cool. Inject a tablespoonful of tliis liquid into each nostril, and repeat three or four times from October to January. An easy and fairly effectual way to get the tar onto the nose is to bore a number of large auger holes in a log; put salt in the bottom of the holes. After the sheep get to going to the log for salt, put Tar and Fish Oil around the holes, and it will get onto their noses. SCAB.— Cause. — Scab is a cutaneous disease, analogous to mange in horses and itch in man. It is produced by a microscopic insect that burrows just beneath the cuticle, producing much irritation, and causing the exudation of a watery fluid, which in drying forms the scab that brings away the wool in larger or smaller patches. DISEASES OF SH KKP 561 Symptoms. — Sheep suffering from scab are exceedingly rest- less; rub themselves constantly against trees, stones, fences, etc.; will bite its fleece and scratch with its hoofs; the fleece becomes ragged and drops off. It is very contagious. ' Treatment. — A very cheap and effective remedy is: Creolin 2 teaspoonfuls. Rain Water i pint. Shake well and go all over the body of the animal -with a Brush. Repeat every second day until the disease stops and the wool begins to grow. Or the following, which is in great repute in Australia: Tobacco Leaves 10 pounds. Sulphur 10 " Water 60 gallons. Boil the Tobacco in the water and add the Sulphur while water is hot. Dip the sheep in liquor as hot as can be borne for five minutes. Lime and Sulphur Dip for Scab. — Take 8 to fl pounds unslaked l,ime, place in mortar box, kettle or pail, adding enough water to form a paste. Sift into this 3 times its weight of Sulphur (24 or 33 pounds) and stir mixture well. Weigh both; don't guess or measvure. Now place in a boiler or kettle with 25 to 30 gallons boiling water, and boil at least two hours, stirring well together. Pour all into a tub or vat that is provided with a bung-hole about 4 inches from bottom, and allow ample time to settle. Draw off the clear liquid and add enough water to make 100 gallons. As a precaution draw off through bagging, so there will be no sediment in clear liquid. The sedi- ment may be used for disinfecting purposes, but under no circum- stances should it be used for dipping. Use the smaller amounts of ingredients in fresh cases and the larger in severe cases. Dip sheep at a temperature of 100 to 1 10 F. , keeping them in two miuutes by the watch, ducking the head at least once. Rams are more apt to be overcome in the dip than ewes. Be careful about pregnant ewes, as injury may result. Repeat dip in ten days. — From U. S. Bulletin. 36 562 THK PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR The various coal-tar dipping products which are on the market are fairly effectual. All dips should be repeated in ten days. Affected sheep should be separated from the healthy and stables thoroughly cleaned and treated with the dipping fluids. WOOL FALLING FROM SHEEP.— Causes. — Feeding too much hot food, as pea or wheat meal, and keeping in too warm quarters. Symptoms. — In spring, wool becomes loose and falls off in patches; sheep will rub some, but shows little signs of irritation. Treatment . — Is largely in changed conditions. Put in cooler quarters and change the food to roots, such as mangels and grains of a lighter character, to cool the blood. In severe cases give the following powder once a day for a while in doses of one teaspoonful to each sheep: Saltpeter, Sulphur and ground Gentian Root, equal parts of each by weight. Mix and give as directed. TICKS. — The sheep tick is a winged insect, but has no wings developed. Are large, live on the surface and suck blood. They may be plainly seen by dividing the wool, or, at the time of shearing, at which time they will go to the lambs. Treatment. — The tobacco remedy in "Scab" may be used, or put 2 table- spoonfuls Creolin in a pint of water, and go over the animal with a brush. The Coal-Tar dipping preparations are very effectual here, dipping the sheep the same as in scab. One treatment is generally sufficient, but sometimes requires a second in about two weeks. MAGGOTS FROM BLOW FLIES.— Maggots are more common than they should be, both in neglected wounds and from the accumulation of filth about the thighs. DISEASKS OF SHEEP 563 Treatmbnt. — Cleanse parts thoroughly and touch wounds with the following lotion: Creosote i part. Alcohol 4 parts. Mix. Then bathe daily with Tincture of Myrrh. Or, remove all maggot? and dress wounds with following: Acetate of Lead i ounce. Sulphate Zinc yi Carbolic Acid }i Water i pint. Shake and apply freely. Keep sheep well tagged by shearing from under the tail, and thence diagonally down the thighs FOOT ROT.— Causes. — A contagious disease caused by a micro-organism. Symptoms. —Skin at the top of the clefts of the hoofs and over the heels, which normally is smooth, dry and pale, becomes red, moist, warm, and rough, as though chafed. Next, there is a discharge, and ulcers form extending down to the upper portion of the inner wall of the hoof. The walls become disorganized, and the disease penetrates between the fleshy sole and the bottom of the hoof, an offensive, purulent matter is thrown out, and the whole foot becomes a mass of corruption. Animal early becomes lame, and at length dies from exhaustion. Treatment. — Separate the affected sheep and put them in a dry, well- littered yard, or dry, short pasture. Cut away all diseased parts, cleaning knife from time to time in a solution of Carbolic Acid. Prepare a tank, and fill it to the depth of four inches with a saturated solution (all that will dissolve) of Blue Vitriol (Sulphate of Copper) . Keep this as hot as can be borne by putting in from time to time a piece of hot iron. I,et each sheep stand in this ten minutes. Then cover the hoof with Chloride of Lime and fill the cleft with a fillet of tow, long enough to twist and 564 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR tie ends about fetlock. Examine daily and renew lime if necessary. It is necessary sometimes to apply a caustic to the worst spots; Muriatic Acid is good for this; it can be used full strength, or diluted with one or two parts of water, as conditions require. It must be applied carefully with a swab. The disease is frequ'.ntly hard to overcome, and will reappear from time to time. Feed good nourishing food, and if a tonic is needed give the following powder once a day, as circumstances dictate: Common Salt 2 drachms. Sulphate of Iron ^ drachm. Nitrate of Potash y^ " Mix. FOUL IN THE FOOT.— This is not an uncommon diffi- culty, especially with sheep driven on the road or pastured on low, marshy pastures. Symptoms. — Much like previous disease, only not so severe. Treatment. — If inflammation is severe, poultice with Linseed poultice, changing twice a day. Apply the Sulphate of Copper solution, or: Acetate of Lead i ounce. Sulphate of Zinc 6 drachms. Carbolic Acid Yz ounce. Water i pint. Shake and apply freely after washing. The Muriatic Acid may need to be used in bad cases, as in "Foot Rot." SWOLLEN FOOT;— DISEASE OF THE BIPLEX CANAL.— Causes. — From the introduction of foreign bodies, or from other reasons. Symptoms. — The issue or biplex canal in the front and upper part of the hoof becomes inflamed; there is redness and enlarge- ment around the pastern, particularly about the orifice of the canal, and the toes are thrown wide apart. DISEASES OF SHEEP 565 Trbatmbnt.— Examine to see if there is any substance lodged therein; ii so, remove. If simply swollen and inflamed, treat as for "Foul;" if pus has formed, open and let it out. Wash out with: Carbolic Acid ^ ounce. Water I pint. And inject a little of the Tincture of Iodine. Continue poulticing and dressing each day. If it refuses to improve, use the Muriatic Acid in addition to the other treatment, and also the Lead and Zinc lotion, or the Copper solution. FRACTURES.— If there be no wound of the soft parts, the bone being simply broken, the treatment is not difficult, and in case of a valuable animal would pay trouble and care. Apply a piece of wet leather, taking care to ease the limb when swelling intervenes; or, after setting the bones, apply a long bandage saturated with starch, the same as for the laundry, but in taking out draw through the fingers to squeeze out a good portion to allow it to dry quicker; then wind it around the broken leg moderately tight, being sure to have the bones set straight; then have some one hold the animal and keep the leg in shape till the bandage hardens, and after this let remain for a month or more. Examine leg, and if it gets too tight or becomes sore, cut off and put on a new one. Remove when sheep is well Keep the sheep in a small enclosure by itself, where it will be disturbed as little as possible. SPRAINS, STRAINS AND BRUISES.— Treatment. — Treat precisely as advised in Horse Department. In simple cases hot fomentations and the subsequent application of Camphor or other good liniment is the rule generally followed. For a sprain, to immerse the limb in water as hot as can be borne for half an hour at a time, and repeated several times a day, will usually effect a quick cure. INFLAMMATION OF THE TESTICLES.— Causes. — A kick, or a bunt from some other animal. 566 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Symptoms. — The scrotum is swollen and tender; ram walks stifBy; does not eat much, and lies down most of the time to relieve the pain caused by standing. Treatment. — Separate the ram from the flock and put him in a quiet place. Apply hot poultices — half meal and half bran. Change every 3 hours, and each time before a new one is applied, bathe the part with hot vinegar, or with the Lead and Zinc lotion recommended for Foul in the Foot. Witch Hazel extract is also good to bathe with. Also give the animal the following drench: Epsom Salts 4 ounces. Fluid Extract Belladonna 30 drops. Saltpeter i small teaspoonful. Water yi pint. Repeat three times a day, omitting the Salts after the first dose. Wash the scrotum with Carbolic Acid solution: Carbolic Acid yi. ounce. Water i pint. In case the bag festers, lance when ready and let the matter come away, and wash out with Carbolic Acid water. Continue poulticing until all the matter is drawn out and the ram is better, but after the inflammation is well reduced, poultice only about one-half the time. CASTRATING RAMS.— Throw the ram and have him held firmly; take a sharp knife and make an incision lengthwise of the scrotum, on what would be the rear surface when ram is standing, near the bottom so that no pocket will form. Cut tlje hole large enough so that the testicle will slip out easily, and when out the place where the covering is attached to the testicle will be seen. Cut this attachment with the knife, pull the testicle up 3 or 4 inches and tie a pretty strong string around the cord, tying it tight enough to stop the blood, leaving the ends of the string 4 or 5 inches long so they will hang out of the incision, and not heal up in the scrotum. They will come away after a few days without assistance. As soon as this is done, cut DISBASBS OF SHEKP 567 the cord off J^ inch below the string; then operate on the other testicle in the same manner. Pour into the wound a little of the Carbolic Acid solution: Carbolic Acid j^ ounce. Water t pint. Have a dish of Carbolic solution to put the knife in before using and when not using it during operation; also for string. If there is swelling, open the incisions and flush out daily with the Carbolic solution. Do not allow the animal to get wet. CASTRATING LAMBS.— Umbs should be castrated at from 2 to 10 days of age. An assistant should hold the lamb, turning him on his back, holding rump between his knees with head toward himself, taking the fore and hind legs in each hand with fore legs outside of hind, and^ holding them firmly just above the knee joints. Take hold the pouch and pull gently so to get as much as possible of it, and then with a sharp knife and a single stroke, or better, with a pair of strong shears, take off the pouch close to the testicle. Then take firm hold of each testicle, separately, between thumb and finger and pull it out with all the cord that adheres to it, or pull out a ways and cut cord off. Perform in the morning so that lambs can go about, and this will in great measure prevent any disposition to swelling, which would be the case if allowed to lie around for a time afterward. Use the Carbolic Acid solution the same as with the ram. DOCKING. — Docking, like castration, should be performed when lambs are a few days old. Perform with a single stroke of a sharp knife and in the evening, being careful to sever the tail at a joint, the assistant drawing the skin of the tail to the body so that the end will cover the stub. Then allow the flock to lie down and keep quiet so that they may lose the least possible amount of blood. By morning the wound will have dried suffi- ciently that there will be little danger of bleeding. Never exert after docking. If much bleeding ensues apply a little Monsel's solution, or touch lightly with a hot iron. 568 THE PRACTICAI . STOCK DOCTOR LAMBING. — The ewe goes with young from 145 to 162 days, generally stated as five months. Ewes are usually coupled in the month of November in the north, but this is varied some- what by circumstance and purpose. A good way to tell whether a ewe has been served is to shake dry paint on the ram's breast, and when he has served the ewe the paint will be on her back. After about the third month in young ewes and fourth in old ones, the udder will begin to enlarge, and will continue to grow larger until a few days before she drops the lamb. The predispos- ing signs are, when the ewe stretches herself frequently; separating herself from the rest; showing restlessness by not remaining in any one place long; lying down and then getting up again; paw- ing ground with the foot; bleating as if in quest of a lamb, and appearing fond of the lambs of other ewes. Very soon after these symptoms is the immediate one of the expulsion of the water bag. When this is observed the ewe should be watched, for labor pains may be expected to come on at once. When these are felt by her the ewe presses or forces with earnestness, changing from one position to another as if desiring relief. TROUBLES MET WITH IN LAMBING.— The ewe does not often require assistance. Her labors will sometimes be protracted, and her moaning evince the extent of pain. In some cases will even go about several hours, and resume her grazing with the fore feet and nose of lamb protruding. If left alone, however, nature will generally relieve her. The objection to interfering, except in necessity, is that the ewe is frightened when caught, and her efforts to expel the lamb cease. Sometimes wrong presentations are made, and the attendant should be ready with Carbolized Lard, clean hand, oiled and warmed in warm water to render assistance, inserting his hand, pushing back, and changing as case requires. Sometimes the lamb comes with feet out but head turned back, in which case the head must be brought forward after pushing lamb back; then draw on head and legs and it will come right. If coming with only head and neck out and front legs turned back, push lamb back into womb, straighten the legs, drawing gently on them and the head. If coming with only head and one front leg out, push DISEASKS OF SHEEP 569 back into womb and straighten the other front leg; bring front legs and head gently forward. Sometimes there are twins, and a leg of each will come forward; in which case in straightening, be sure the two legs of one of the lambs are straightened out before assisting presentation, or injury may result. A case of breech presentation may occur, where the ewe will labor and nothing is accomplished — the tail and rump only are felt in passage, and the hind legs are turned forward along the lamb's body. Push lamb back into womb and hook a finger around one of the hind legs and bring it backward toward you until straight out in passage; then do the same with the other; then draw out backward. Don't try to turn a lamb. Be gentle and careful not to injure womb. In case of trouble from neck of womb remaining closed give; Fluid Extract Belladonna 15 drops. Tepid Water Vz pint. Repeating every two hours until tte neck re- laxes, and smear mouth of womb with a little Belladonna in Lard. If a lamb is dropped at night and gets chilled, put it in a warm bath, dry thoroughly after, and give it a few spoonfuls of milk, diluted a little and sweetened, with a speck of Red Pepper in it. THE CLEANING, OR PLACENTA, NOT COMING AWAY. — The cleaning, or placenta, generally drops from the ewe in the course of a very short time— sometimes in a few minutes— after lambing. In case it does not, give the ewe a warm drink, and leave her alone; then if it does not come away after a time, give a drench as follows: Epsom Salts 4 ounces. Sweet Spirits of Niter }i ounce. Fluid Extract Belladonna 15 drops. Mix and give in a pint of tepid water. The protruding mass may be gently pulled upon. EVERSION OF THE WOMB, OR LAMB BED TURNED OUT.— It sometimes happens that by reason' of violent after-pains, the womb is forced right out through the vagina, and is turned inside out. 570 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR As soon as this is known, if there is any cleaning attached to the button-like processes, remove, then bathe with cold water, having placed the womb on a sheet to keep it clean. "When thoroughly cleaned, pour over it a solution of Carbolic Acid: Carbolic Acid I teaspoonful. Water I pint. Have the hind part of the ewe elevated, and, having the hands well oiled, start returning by beginning at the vulva and keep working until all is in the passage; then push it back into normal position. Put three good, deep stitches in the vulva, to prevent eversion again, but leave suflScient space for animal to make water. Leave stitches in for from four days to a week. In case straining is severe and continues, give internally: Ivaudamim ^ ounce. Fluid Extract Belladonna 30 drops. Water % pint. Give 4 ounces Epsom Salts as a laxative; feed very lightly. Do not let lamb suck if he butts. Also give: Fluid Extract Aconite 3 drops. Fluid Extract Belladonna 20 " Saltpeter ^ teaspoonful. Water. yi pint. Mix and give three times a day for four or five days INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDER (GARGET.)- This is an inflammation of the udder, somtimes known as "caked bag," with or without general inflammation. Causes — Generally from too great an accumulation of milk prior to lambing, but may be in consequence of the death of the lamb, or from a cold. Trbatment. — Draw the milk from the udder so that the hungry lamb will butt and work at it an unusual time, in pursuit of food, and bathe it a few times vdth hot water. This will usually sufl5ce. If the lamb is dead, the milk should be drawn a few times at increasing intervals, bathing the udder for some time with hot water after each milking. In severe cases the udder should be anointed with: Strong Spirits Camphor 3 parts. Turpentine i part. DISEASES OF SHEEP 571 Witch Hazel is good or Camphorated Oil. Give 4 ounces Epsom Salts, also Vz teaspoonful Saltpeter two or three times a day. Should there be suppuration, the affected part should be opened and washed out with a Carbolic Acid solution. DISEASES OF YOUNG LAMBS WEAKNESS.— Causes. — Sometimes where the ewe is not properly fed and taken care of; or where there are twins; or from coming on a cold night and getting a chill, the lambs are weak and unable to stand. Treatment. — If from a chill, put it in a warm bath, dry thoroughly after- ward by warmth and rubbing; then give in a tablespoonf ul of the ewe's milk, a teaspoonful of Whiskey and repeat every hour until Strong enough to take the teat. CONSTIPATION.— Causes. — From being fed with cow's milk, especially when not diluted with water and sweetened, and from causes unknown. Symptoms. — The lamb is dull, and there is some distension of the sides; there is straining to move the bowels, but no passage. Treatment. — Very young lambs are subject to a disease that is sometimes called "pinning," the first passages being so adhesive and tenacious in their nature that the orifice to the anus is closed and subse- quent evacuations prevented. In such cases remove the adhering matter, rubbing with a little dry day to prevent further trouble. If from food or other causes, give Linseed Oil in teaspoon to tablespoonful doses two or three times a day until bowels are in condition. Epsom Salts in 5^ to i drachm doses may also be given. Injections of soapy, lukewarm water may also be given in % teacupful quantities one or more times a day. 572 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR DIARRHEA IN LAMBS.— " Causes. — From milk not agreeing, or from a chill. Treatment. — Put a teaspoonful of Whiskey and one of Castor Oil in a tablespoonful of the ewe's milk and give it from a small spoon, being careful in administration. In four hours if not better, give 5 drops I^audanum in a teaspoonful of Whiskey, together with a tablespoonful of the mother's milk. Repeat every four hours until relieved. Keep lamb warm and comfortable, and see that the ewe is kept milked out, to prevent garget. See also "Diarrhea" in other part of this department, which may be adapted to con- ditions. Part of a teaspoonful of Blood Flour in a little water is good. Part of a teaspoonful of cooking soda is also good. Note. — Sheep may be affected with other diseases not men- tioned here but described in the Horse or Cattle Department. In such cases they would be treated the same as there, except that the doses of medicine would be about i-6 that for cattle and 1-3 that for horse. SWINE DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT WAYS OF GIVING MEDICINE TO SWINE.— A common way is to put a noose on the upper jaw and draw up the head. Use horn or bottle in giving liquids. Sometimes the struggles do harm, and care must be used to not strangle by pouring too fast — take time. Another way which has high recommendation is: Pull the cheek away from the teeth so as to form a pouch, and pour the medicine into this slowly; the animal will quit" squealing when he finds out what it is, and will begin to swallow. Put the hog in a chute where he cannot turn around, and give him a shoe which has a hole in the toe to bite on. The medicine is poured in the shoe and taken while he is biting on it; or a short piece of hose with a funnel attached to one end. Still another plan is to take a board 8^ inches wide by lo to 12 inches long, which includes handle cut down at one end. About 3 inches from one end cut a notch i ^ inches deep and 3 inches wide. Opposite the middle and on the other edge, cut another notch an inch square; then cut away for a handle. I^et one hold while another drenches; catch by ears and set back on hind- quarters, place the board in mouth with small notch down, pour from a strong bottle, in the front of mouth, on the end of the tongue. Vary size of board to animal. Medicine in the form of small powders, pills, or paste, may be placed well back on the root of the tongue. DISINFECTION AND DISINFECTANTS. -The dis- infection of places where animals having malignant or contagious diseases have been kept should be rigorously carried out. Every part should be stopped tight, and Sulphur and Wood Tar, in the proportion of i of Sulphur to 2 quarts of Tar, mixed with tow, should be burned and allowed to smoke thoroughly until the building is thick with the smoke. Places where sick animals 573 574 the; practic aiv stock doctor are should be fumigated two or three times a week, but not so much as to set sick animals to coughing. All parts of the build- ing should be wet with Carbolic solution, either by sprinkling or washing, using in proportion of loo parts of soft water to 3 parts of Carbolic Acid. Discharges should be treated with Chloride of Zinc, using in the proportion of i ounce of Chloride of Zinc to i to 2 gallons of water. Chloralum is a disinfectant that is not poisonous and has no odor. It is made by dissolving 3 pounds Chloride of Aluminum in 2 gallons of water. A cheap and pow- erful disinfectant that is non-poisonous is made by dissolving 8 ounces Chloride of Zinc and 1 6 ounces of Sulphate of Iron in one gallon of water. Add i pint of this liquid to i gallon of water. Another cheap and very powerful disinfectant is Corrosive Subli- mate, one part to one-thousand parts of water, i drachm- of Cor- rosive Sublimate to i gallon of water. It corrodes metals and so must be made and used from wooden vessels. It is poisonous and must be used with due care. HOG CHOLERA AND SWINE PLAGUE.— These two diseases — which have caused such widespread devastation among the swine all over the country — resemble each other very closely both in their symptoms and in their effect on the bodies of animals; so much so in most cases that an after-death examina- tion by experts would be necessary to clearly distinguish them. The difficulty of distinguishing between the two diseases is of no great consequence from a practical standpoint, as in either case they must be combatted by measures to prevent exposure, or to destroy them when introduced, and sick animals must be treated by remedies that will reduce fever, stop multiplication of germs, and assist the affected organs in resuming their normal functions. Symptoms. — The symptoms of the serious diseases of swine are not so characteristic as in larger animals. Animals often die before sickness has been observed, or after a few hour's illness. Such cases are most frequent at the first appearance of the diseases, but in many cases the progress of disease is slower and ample opportunities are allowed for studying the symptoms. There are first seen signs of fever, shivering, unwillingness to move, more or less loss of appetite, elevation of temperature DISEASES OF SWINE 575 which may reach 105 to 106 F.; the animals appear stupid and dull, and have a tendency to hide in the litter or bedding or to remain covered by it. The bowels may be normal or constipated at first, but later there is generally liquid and fetid diarrhea, abundant and exhausting, that persists to the end. The eyes are at first congested and watery, but soon the secretion thickens, be- comes yellowish, accumulates in the angles and gums the lids to- gether. The breathing is more rapid than usual and may be op- pressed and labored in the later stages. There is a cough, which however is not very frequent and is generally heard when the animals are driven from their bed; it may be single and it may be paroxysmal. The skin is often congested and red over the abdomen, inner surface of the limbs, under surface of the neck, and on the ears. The color varies from a pinkish red to dark red or purple. An eruption is sometimes seen, which leaves crusts or scabs of various sizes over the skin. There is rapid loss of flesh; the animal grows weak; stands with an arched back and the abdomen drawn up, and walks with a tottering, uncer- tain gait; there is less and less inclination or ability to move, and the weakness and exhaustion increases until death results. The symptoms of swine plague in many instances are not noticeably different from those of hog cholera. Frequently the lungs are extensively inflamed in swine plague, and in that condition the breathing is more labored and the cough more frequent and painful. The course of these diseases varies from one or two days to two or three weeks. Treatment. — When the hogs are first found to be infected with either hog cholera or swine plague, the lots or pens where they have been confined should be disinfected by dusting plentifully with dry, air-slaked lime or by sprinkling with a 5 per cent, solution of crude Carbolic Acid. The animals should be moved into new quarters. If possible, the sick and well should be separated and put into different lots. They should be put into dry, clean places where there is no mud, and above all, no stagnant water. Keep well disinfected by the use of air-slaked I,ime or Carbolic Acid. 576 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR Give- Wood Charcoal I pound. Sulphur I Sodium Chloride 2 pounds. Sodium Bicarbonate 2 " Sodium Hyposulphate 2 " Sodium Sulphate i pound. Antimony Sulphide (Black Antimony) i " Pulverize and mix thoroughly. In case there is profuse diarrhea the Sodium Sulphate may be omitted. Dose: I large tablespoonful for each 200 pounds weight to be treated, once a day. Hogs affected with these diseases should be fed at least once a day with soft feed, such as bran and middlings, middlings and corn meal, or ground, soft oats and corn, or ground oats and corn, or crushed wheat with hot water, and then stir- ring in proper amount of medicine. If unable to eat, drench by pulling the cheek away from the teeth so as to form a pouch, into which the remedy may be slowly poured. It will flow into the mouth, and when the hog finds what it is, it will stop squealing. Apparently this remedy has been more eificacious in cholera than in plague. The best of care must be given in addition to this in order to secure the best results. As a preventive, put the remedy into the feed of the herd and see that each one gets his share. Notes. — Both hog cholera and swine plague are caused by bacteria, the hog cholera germs being slightly larger and more elongated than those of swine plague. They are provided with long thread-like appendages, which enable them to move rapidly through liquids, while bacteria of the swine plague have no such organs, and are unable to move except as carried by the liquid in which they float. The germs of cholera gain entrance through food and drink and the air as well, while those of the plague gain entrance through the lungs. Cholera germs are hardy and vigorous, living and multiplying for a long time in water or soil, while those of the plague are delicate and easily destroyed. DISEASES OP SWINE 577 When several animals are affected -with the symptoms in the neighborhood, we may decide that one or both diseases are pres- ent. It button-like ulcers are found on the intestines, the disease is no doubt cholera, though in acute cases they will not be pres- ent. If there be inflammation of the lungs, and particularly if cheese-like masses be found in the substance of these organs, the disease is probably swine plague. Small blood spots in the tissues or scattered over the internal organs indicates hog cholera, while inflammation of the serous membranes — the membranes lining the closed cavities of the body — indicates swine plague. In hog cholera there are hemorrhages in the tissues, in the lymphatic glands, and in the various organs of the body; ulceration of the large intestines, collapse of the lung tissue, and less frequently broncho-pneumonia. In swine plague there is inflammation of the lungs, numerous small necrotic points in these organs, or a few larger cheesy masses; inflammation of the serous membranes with fibrinous deposits; congestion of the mucous membrane of the intestines, or inflammation of the same with fibrinous deposits. In times of plague or cholera remember that non-intercourse is the safest rule. A particle of dirt carried on a shoe, by a dog or other animal, or on the wheel of a wagon, will be sufficient to start an outbreak. When there is reason to fear an outbreak, hogs should be shut in a small enclosure, kept as dry as possible— for it is certain that if filth is not the cause, it will greatly facihtate it — and dis- infect at least once a week as directed. Three to 15 drops of Carbolic Acid, according to age, in the drinking water will tend to prevent infection. Also keep hogs thrifty and vigorous by using the prescription recommended for Chronic Indigestion. Measures of Prevention. — Promptly destroy and bury deep all animals that are known to be sick of the plague, and disinfect the premises, or if impracticable, remove other animals to high dry ground — if fresh plowed so much the better. Give clean food and freshly drawn well water, and as a preven- tive give in the drinking water three times a day 10 drops Carbolic Acid for every 150 pounds live weight; or instead, i teaspoonfu] Hyposulphite of Soda for every 100 pounds live weight till danger 578 THE PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR is past. Separate healthy, sick and suspects, and treat accord- ing to class, allowing no communication in any way between the lots. If one person attends all, he should attend the well ones first in every case. Buckets used for the sick should not be used for the well. Dogs may carry contagion from one pen to another. The lot in which the healthy hogs are placed should never be on ground capable of taking drainage from the others, and contami- nation by rtmning streams must be scrupulously looked after in such times. Operations such as ringing, cutting ears and tails, spa3ang, castrating and the like should be delayed till epidemic is past, but if necessary, dress the wound daily with an effective disinfectant, as a solution of Carbolic Acid. — From U, S, Bulletin. COMMON DISEASES OF SWINE INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS; PNEUMONIA; LUNG FEVER.— Symptoms.— 'Qr^dXhing is rapid and labored; there is shiver- ing of body and limbs, more or less severe cough, no appetite, elevation of temperature. Treatmbnt. — Put the animal in a quiet, comfortable and well-ventilated place, free from drafts. Put a preparation of Mustard and water on the chest and side and give the following: Fluid Extract Aconite i6 drops. Fluid Extract Belladonna i teaspoonful . Saltpeter 2 drachms. Alcohol i^ ounces. Water to make J^ pint. Give one ounce of the solution four or five times a day. Give nourishing food such as the hog will eat and keep it covered with a blanket, and this with good nursing will probably effect a cure. DISEASES OF SWINE 579 QUINSY, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE TON- SILS. — This is a common and often fatal disease if prompt re- lief is not given. Symptoms. — Hog has difficulty in swallowing; there is slav- ering and the tongue sticks out; there is swelling and soreness under the lower jaw and neck. Treatment. — Apply to the swelling cloths wrung out in hot water, chang- ing them frequently to reduce the inflammation. As soon as pos- sible use the following: Sulphate Magnesia 4 ounces. Oil of Turpentine 2 drachms. Soap Suds yi pint. Mix and inject into the rectum with a syringe. If the animal eats give, mixed in a little gruel: Turpentine 2 teaspoonfuls. Lard Oil 4 tablespoonfuls. If he does not eat, swab the tonsils often with the mixture by means of a swab fastened on a small rod. Following is also good: Fluid Extract Belladonna i teaspoonful. Chlorate of Potash i Camphor i " Saltpeter 2 teaspoonfuls. Mix into paste with molasses and flour and place jij as a dose on back of tongue with a small paddle, three or four times a day. SORE THROAT. — Common among pigs, but may occur at any age. Ci2«5«.— Generally from catching cold, changing pens, or getting wet. Symptoms. — There is sneezing and coughing; water will run through the nose when drinking; throat will be swollen and sore to press upon; much like quinsy only no external swelling. It is liable to extend through the litter from common cause 58o THE PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR Treatment. — Have good dry quarters, with ample bedding. Feed soft, warm food, with a large tablespoonful Sulphur for each six pigs, twice a day. When they will not eat, take 2 ounces each of Sul- phur and Saltpeter, powder and mix, and throw a half teaspoon- f ul back on the tongue three times a day. Rub stimulating liniment on the throat: ^. good one is: Soap Liniment 4 ounces. Aqua Ammonia 2 " Txirpentine 2 " In severe cases use tlie hot cloths externally and the paste on the tongue as in Quinsy. APOPLEXY, OR CONGESTION OF THE BRAIN (STAGGERS; BLIND STAGGERS).— Cause. — Is usually filthy, ill-ventilated and poorly-drained quarters, with liberal feeding. Disease is most common among over-fat animals. Symptoms. — Animal will be stupid; stands in a corner with ears lopped over; will not eat. As disease advances, becomes partly or wholly blind, going in a circle and striking against objects; the ears, nose and about the head becomes purple, and at last it falls unconscious. Semetimes there is an effusion on the brain, without other symptoms being especially marked; the animal falls suddenly, limbs stiffen, froths at the mouth, and breathing is hard, with a snorting sound. Comes on sometimes when commencing to eat. Treatment. — Give plenty of air; let cold water fall from a height on the head, or apply pounded ice in a cloth sack to the head. Prepare and give the injection as in "Quinsy" to move the bowels. Where not convenient to give injection, the following is recom- mended: For a pig 3 months old, i tablespoonful Epsom Salts; for one from 3 to 6 months old, 2 tablespoonfuls Epsom Salts, and for from 6 to 12 months old, 3 to 4 tablespoonfuls Epsom Salts: add according to age to Salts : Sweet Spirits of Niter ito 2 tablespoonfuls. Ginger I teaspoonful. Dissolve in a half teacup of lukewarm water and pour down the pig after it becomes con- scious. DISEASKS OF SWINK 581 Feed sparingly for a few days, give exercise and clean quar- ters, and give in feed the powder recommended for Indigestion. COLDS.— Symptoms. — Those commonly attendant on catching cold. Treatment. — Keep animal warm and quiet; feed well with food easy to digest; rub Vinegar and Mustard on the chest. Should disease not yield readily to treatment, give the solution recommended for Pneumonia. SNUFFLES. — This is a common disease that usually gives way with warmth, good care and light, digestible food. Some- times it assumes a chronic form, as nasal gleet. In such cases the animal had better be killed at once and buried. Give solu- tion recommended for Pneumonia. Cause pig to inhale steam. CHOKING. — This sometimes occurs by the animal trying to swallow something hard and too large for the throat. Symptoms. — Animal coughs and saliva runs from its mouth. When it tries to eat or drink, the food or water will run back out of its mouth. Treatment. — Pour down a tablespoonful or two of melted lard with 10 drops Belladonna, and then if you can feel the obstruction in the neck passage, try and work it around so that it will go down. If in the back part of the mouth, open with a stick and remove obstruction with another stick or a pair of pincers. If these means do not succeed, use the probang as in cattle, pushing the obstruction down into the stomach. First tie a rope around the upper jaw and have the head held up; then place gag across the mouth, using as for cattle, but use a smaller probang. ACUTE INDIGESTION.— Ca«5«.^Usually from a change of food. A pig that is poorly fed, gets into a field of peas or grain and overfeeds; or it may occur from too sudden a change in shutting up a pig to fatten. 582 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Sy?n/>ioms.— Animal refuses to eat; seems bloated; very uneasy and in pain. If from causes as enumerated, the trouble is pretty sure to be indigestion. Treatment. — For a six months old pig to a yearling, give the following: Epsom Salts 3 tablespoonfuls Hyposulphite of Soda i teaspoonful. Ginger i tablespoonful. Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia i '• Fluid Extract of Belladonna 10 drops. Mix in a J^ pint of luke warm water and pour it down the pig. Give every three or four hours until animal is relieved. Follow for a few days with powder recommended for Chronic Indigestion. In giving drench do not pour down too fast for fear of choking the animal. Death may result at any time from rupture of the stomach . STUNTED, OR CHRONIC INDIGESTION.-A com- mon trouble with pigs that have been put to solid food too soon after weaning; or poorly kept animals of any age. Is apt to follow preceding disease. May be also caused by worms. Symptoms. — Good appetite, but no corresponding results in growth. Treatment. — If caused by worms, treat as under that heading. If the trouble be from feeding, change back to simpler and more liquid food, and let the change to heavy food be more gradual. Give with the soft food: Gentian impound. Bicarbonate of Soda i^ " NuxVomica J^ " Arsenic i drachm. iff z.ar thoroughly. Dose: One tablespoonful to each 6 to 12 pigs, according to age. Give in feed two or three times a day until they begin to thrive; also give twice a week a handful of hardwood ashes, charcoal and salt, in their feed. DISEASES OF SWINE 583 CONSTIPATION.— This is liable to afEect swine of any age, but more often those of the stunted class. Causes. — In old hogs from having too much food, and being penned up too closely. In young pigs from indigestion and worms. Treatment.— For young pigs give the following: Epsom Salts 2 teaspoonfuls. Ginger }i. teaspoonful. Bicarbonate of Soda yi, " Dissolve in a ^ cup of lukewarm water; give every day until the bowels get in good condi- tion. For yearlings the amount can be doubled, and proportionately more for older and larger hogs. Modify amount and repetition according to condition. From i to 4 ounces of raw Linseed Oil or Castor Oil may also be given. In bad cases give the following: Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia, 1 tea- spoonful to I tablespoonful. Fluid Extract Nux Vomica 5 to 10 drops. Water }i teacupful. Mix and give, repeating dose three times a day. DIARRHEA.— Causes. — Sudden change in kind of food; eating something frozen; excitement from being chased; or, in case of sucking pigs, from food or some disability in the sow. Symptoms. — Watery discharges; no appetite, but great thirst. Treatment. — In the case of sucking pigs, give the sow: Flour 1 teacupful. Bicarbonate of Soda i teaspoonful. Ginger ^ Laudanum i to 2 teaspoonfuls. Lukewarm Water I quart. Mix and give. Repeat three times a day. Also give the pigs a few teaspoonfuls of the same three times a day. If this does not control, give each pig a little Blood Flour in a little water. 584 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR In ordinary cases — not sucking pigs — change food and give: Flour I teacupful. Bicarbonate of Soda i teaspoonful. Ginger 2 teaspoonfuls. Laudanum i teaspoonful. Water I quart. Mix and give as a drink three times a day. Also give a teaspoonful of Blood Flour in a little water to each pig three times a day. Have a mixture of charcoal, hard- wood ashes and salt where the animals can get at it. TURNING OUT OF THE RECTUM OR BACK BOWEL.— Causes. — Generally caused in young swine by getting too much dry food. The bowels become costive, and while straining to pass manure the bowel is turned out. Or where pigs rise on their hind feet in the pen when fed; by being caught while trying to jump some low fence the same results follow. Symptoms. — The back bowel bulges out in size from a half hen's egg to double or more that dimension. Treatment. — Syringe the protruding part with lukewarm water, with i ounce Alum or Copperas in each quart. Thoroughly clean, then oil the bulging part with: Melted Lard 2 parts. Laudanum l part. And push it back to its normal place. If a small pig give it a drench of: Epsom Salts 2 teaspoonfuls. Lukewarm Water )^ teacupful And give: Fluid Extract Nux Vomica 3 to 5 drops. Castor Oil .... i to 3 ounces. Three times a day for a few days. Fasten the pig so that it cannot get up on its hind feet. Watch and oil and push back each time as soon as expelled. In case the bowel becomes blackened and will not remain in, let it DISKASES OF SWINE 585 tiloue and the piece of dead bowel will drop off of its own accord, and the pig may be all right in a week or so, but keep the bowels moving freely as directed. WORMS. — Mostly seen in young swine. Symptoms. — The animal eats plenty but does not thrive well; sometimes small or very large worms may be seen in the manure that passes. Treatment.— Give a handful of charcoal and hardwood ashes in the food twice a week. Give twice a day to each 6 to 8 pigs; one tea- spoonful of Copperas in their food. The following is also good: Turpentine Vz teaspoonful. Raw Linseed Oil 2 ounces. Mix. For Tapeworms, add to the oil and Turpentine: Oil Male Fern 15 to 30 drops. Areca Nut Powder I teaspoonful These are rarely present however. FITS IN YOUNG PIGS FROM WORMS.— Cause. — As stated in title. Symptoms.— .^t first pig will probably be noticed as not thriving. After a time it has fits. The legs begin jerking, the head and neck bend back, and it champs its teeth, and after a time, falls over as if dead. In a short time it gets up and seems well for a time, and then another fit ensues, until finally if not relieved it dies. Treatment. — For a pig two months old, mix and pour down the following drench: , ^ . . Turpentine Xz teaspoonful. Raw Linseed Oil 'A teacupful. Repeat once a day until bowels move and pig is relieved, after which feed once a day powder as recommended in treatment of "Stunted Pigs," and once a day Copperas as recommended for Worms. 586 THE PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR MANGE, OR SCAB.— Is the product of a parasite {Sar- copetes suis) and should not be tolerated any more than the itch on mankind. Symptoms. — Itching, with a scurvy condition of the skin Treatment. — Give at once and thereafter, once a day for two weeks, the following: Sulphur y^, ounce. Nitrate of Potash i drachm. Mix and give as one dose in the food. Wash the animals with same preparation as recommended for Scab in sheep; especially the Coal Tar products. Remove to clean quarters, with new bedding. Burn old bedding and white- wash with Quicklime, slaked with water in which Carbolic Acid has been added in the proportion of: Carbolic Acid 3 parts. Water 100 " Paint the floor cracks and all surfaces outside and in. Do the job well. LICE. — Swine that are infested with lice will not do' well; and there should be no reason for their having them. Treatment. — Put 2 t^aspoonfuls Creolin in a pint of water, and with this solution go over the pig carefully with a brush, rubbing it well over him. Make a second application in about one week, and the cure is usually complete. Clean pen thoroughly and sprinkle Ivime on the floor. Give them new and clean bedding. Wash pigs with some of the Coal Tar products or with Kerosene Emulsion: Kerosene Oil i gallon. Soft Water i " Hard Soap y^ pound. Cut the Soap into shavings and dissolve in the water by boiling; remove from the stove and add the oil while the suds is hot, and churn with a force pump until a thickish white cream is formed; then add about 12 gallons more of soft water and thoroughly mix, and the Emulsion is ready for 'ase. Apply warm. DISEASES OF SWINE 587 FOUNDER, OR SORE FEET.— This is not an un- common trouble in pigs that are fattening, when shut up in close quarters, with hajd floors. Driving on hard roads, or giving a feed of wheat when not used to it, will also cause the trouble. Symptoms. — The actions of the animal in trying to favor his front feet are obvious indications of this complaint; front feet kept out in front of him. Treatment. — If in summer, turn the affected animals out where they can have access to the soft ground. Pour water in the place where they lie every day, as the wet ground will be healing to the feet. Prepare the following: Sulphur : Yz pound. Saltpeter Vz Mix and give i teaspoonful to eacli, twice a day in soft or liquid food. In winter keep in dry, warm place, and keep bowels active with Epsom Salts, and give Saltpeter as above; feed light, sloppy food. In bad cases poultice the sore feet, and the animal will soon be well. WOUNDS. — Wounds may arise from various sources— the bite of a dog, or of other hogs; frojn a barbed wire fence, from nails or from other causes. Treatment. — If serious, it may be best to sew it up, using needle and thread as directed in HoRSE Department; put in stitches about 5^ of an inch apart; but first wash out with warm water and apply freely Carbolic Acid lotion: Carbolic Acid Vz ounce. Water i pi°t. And dress each day afterward with the same solution by inject- ing it into the wound. If wound swells and looks red inject daily with: Acetate of Lead i ounce. Sulphate of Zinc V^ Carbolic Acid V^ Water i pint- 588 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR CASTRATION.— Pigs should be castrated at from two to three weeks old; never delay longer than the age of four weeks, since it requires about three weeks to recovej from its effects before being weaned. In this operation with all animals use the Carbolic Acid solution freely: Carbolic Acid }i ounce. Water i pint. Have a dish of it, into which the knife and anything else to be used during the operation are placed a few minutes before commencing to operate, and when the knife is not being used during the operation, place it back in the solution, and not down on some dirty board. Before making the incision into the scrotum, dash a little of the solution onto it and wash it off; and after finishing the operation, just before letting the animal up, dash a little of the solution into each wound. If there is any undue swelling after a day or two, separate the edges of the wound and syringe out freely with this solution. Repeat daily if necessary. The operation with young pigs is very simple. I,et an assist- ant hold the pig on its back, with its head and shoulders between his knees and the legs spread apart. With a sharp knife cuf down into the scrotum, and onto the testicle; press it out from the scrotum and cut the thin attachment holding the testicle to front of scrotum, and with a jerk break the cord; or the cord may be cut with a dull pair of shears to prevent bleeding. Dash into the wounds a little of the Carbolic solution. If there is swelling the second day, inject with the Carbolic solution. To castrate a boar, catch and turn him on his back and tie him securely. Place the right hand under the testicle and press it up to what is the top of the scrotum as the hog lies on his . back; then take hold of the testicle with the left hand, and with a sharp knife in the right, make an incision in the scrotum large enough to allow the testicle to come out easily; commence the cut at the upper part so that there will be no pocket after hog is up As soon as testicle is out, separate the covering from the testicle, where it is attached on the front side, by cutting the thin attach- ment. Pull the testicle and cord out three or four inches and tie DISEASES OF SWINE 589 a strong cord tightly around th; cord to prevent bleeding; leave the ends of the string four or five inches long so they will hang out of the cut. If catgut string is used ends need not be left long. As soon as the cord is tied, cut the testicle off half inch below where it is tied, and proceed in same manner with other. In case of ruptured pigs or boars — which will be known by the enlarged scrotum, from the bowels coming out into it, and which can be recognized by the fact that on pressure they will go back to place, and immediately return when pressure is removed. Ruptured pigs should be castrated when young. If an old boar, starve him for twenty-four hours to empty the bowels, and they will go back to place easier. Have help enough to hold the hind end of the pig well up while you press the bowels back, and they will stay there while operating. Proceed as in other cases, except in making the incision be careful and do not cut through the last covering next to the testicle, but separate this from the outer covering and press it out along with the testicle; draw them down two or three inches and tie the string tightly around the cord and covering, and then cut off both testicle and covering one inch below the string. As a safeguard against the bowel coming out, in case the string slips off, the incision in the scrotum can be sewed up. After a couple of days, if the bowels do not come down, cut out the stitches and syringe out the wound with the Carbolic Acid solution. If ruptured on one side only, remove the other testicle first. If a small pig, let him run with others; if a large one, keep him in a quiet place, and feed him very lightly for a few days. PARALYSIS. — Sometimes a pig will become paralysed in its rear limbs, being unable to use these members. Causes. — Sometimes obscure, at other times perhaps due to a blow or other injury to the back. Symptoms. — The animal has lost all use of the rear limbs, and when it moves drags the rear parts. These parts have also lost their feeling to a very great extent. In other respects animal may appear quite normal. S90 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Treatment. — Rather unsatisfactory; feed on laxative food and give three times a day in the feed 5 to 10 drops of Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica. Apply to the loins once a day with liberal rubbing a good liniment, as: Strong Aqua Ammonia 2 ounces. Turpentine 2 " Raw Linseed Oil 4 " RHEUMATISM. — Pigs sometimes seem to be affected with this trouble. While the exact cause is not known, animals kept in dark, damp quarters without opportunity for exercise are most subject to disorder. Symptofns. — These vary somewhat; the animal may be dull, partially off feed, and when it moves does so as if sore and stiff all over; in a more severe case, animal may refuse to get up, and cries with pain when forced to move; limbs may be swelled. Treatment. — Place in a warm, dry place, well littered, and feed sloppy food. For medium sized animal give 3 ounces of Epsom Salts. Also the following: Sweet Spirits of Niter 1% ounces. Fluid Extract Colchicum Seed }i drachm. Fluid Extract Belladonna 1 " Water 8 ounces. Dose: l ounce four times a day. Also give J^ drachm of Salicylic Acid in a little milk three or four times a day. Keep covered with woolen blankets. Bottles of hot water placed around the animal under the blanket would be good. BLACK TEETH IN YOUNG PIGS.— These are small, black teeth that are found in the mouth of young, new born pigs, and which continue to grow for some time after; but after a time they may drop out of their own accord. Sometimes, however, they grow in such a manner as to cut the tongue or cheek, and unless attended to cause the pig considerable annoyance. DISEASES OF SWINE 591 Treatment. — When a pig is not thriving, examine his mouth to see that he is not suffering from laceration caused by such teeth, and if so, pull at once. If no laceration look elsewhere for cause of unthriftiness. FRACTURE OF A LEG.— Ca«.S(f5. — May be from various sources. A kick; getting the foot through a hole in the floor; being struck with a stone, and the like. Treatment. — If it is a fat animal and about ready to kill, butcher it at once. If a valuable animal and one you wish to keep, and the bones do not come through the skin, it may be worth the trial of saving. Take a long bandage of cotton, soak it in a thick starch, as for starching clothes, draw it between the fingers, and scrape with a knife to get out a portion of the starch so it will dry quicker, then roll it up so it will be in shape to handle. Set the broken bone in place and wind the bandage on moderately tight. After it is on keep the leg and bandage straight until the bandage hardens. Keep the animal quiet, feeding it so it will not have to stir around. In three or four weeks, when the leg is healed, remove bandage by cutting it off. If break is in hip or where it cannot be set and bandaged, leave pig in quiet place, and sometimes the broken bone will knit together. Read article in HoRSE Department for fuller details. FARROWING, OR PIGGING. -The average time of gestation for sows is three months, three weeks and three days. There is, however, a variation of from twenty to thirty days. Young and weak sows carry their young a shorter time than older and stronger ones. In about a month and a half the sow begins to get large, and continues doing so until farrowing time. When the time comes, see that there is abundant short material for a bed, and in good warm quarters if in winter. Nothing is more susceptible to cold than a newly born pig. A temperature of not lower than 65 is necessary until properly dried off and the 502 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR teat is taken; then a temperature of not under 50—60 would be better — is necessary for their doing well. Just before the time approaches, the sow becomes uneasy and starts to make her bed. If disturbed she makes a fuss and seems excited. When the bed is made she seems sick and lies down; the labor pains come on; she will strain and the water bag will appear and break. If all is right she will soon be delivered of one; the front feet and head should come first, but sometimes the hind feet come first. In a few minutes she will strain again and another will soon be deliv- ered, and so on until the litter is complete. After this there is usually no trouble, unless there is too much bedding and she smothers or lies on the pig's. Sometimes in farrowing a pig will come crooked and get lodged in the passage, in which case the sow must be assisted. The pig may be coming head first with the front feet turned back, or coming breech first with the legs turned in under it, and in examination all you can feel is the tail and rump. If the sow is large enough, oil with Carbolized I^ard and pass your hand into the passage; if the front legs are turned back, shove it back into the womb; catch the legs with your finger and bring them up even with the head, then pull legs and it will come right. If coming backward and the hind legs are turned under, shove the pig back into the womb and straighten out the legs so that the hind feet will come first. In doing this kind of work always have the hand well oiled and try and not bruise the passage, for it will swell and make the work still more difficult. If the pig is crowded well back in the passage- way with the front feet bent back, it may be possible to extract it without correcting the position by catching hold of the head with a pair of pig forceps, or by slipping a looped string into the mouth and slipping it down tight onto one of the jaws, or by crowding the looped end beyond the head and twisting down tight. A hooked wire may be used to advantage at times, especially if the pig is dead. A pig should not be allowed to block the passageway for any great length of time, as those un- born are apt to die if the straining is kept up. Gentleness is required in all this work, and everything used should be clean and well oiled. Read discussion of subject in Horse and Cattle Departments. DISEASES OF SWINE 593 FEVER IN SOWS. — This disease is occasionally met with in sows, from varying causes. Symptoms. — When the pigs are farrowed and go to the teat they can get no milk, and on examination it will be found that the teats are soft instead of being full and hard, showing that no milk is being secreted. The sow seems sick and is feverish; takes but little or no notice of the little ones; will not eat, but is very thirsty and will drink a great deal if where she can get it. Treatment. — To a good sized sow give 4 ounces of Epsom Salts. Also give ; Sweet Spirits of Niter yi ounce. Fluid Extract of Belladonna 5 to lo drops. Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica 10 " Water 4 ounces. Repeat four times a day. Give soft feed, bathe milk glands three times a day with hot water, rubbing dry after each bathing and rubbing freely with: Spirits of Camphor 3 parts. Turpentine i part. Wipe off any excess of liniment so it will not irritate the pig's mouth. Keep the pigs sucking to encourage a flow of milk. Feed the pigs milk from a new milch cow, reducing the milk one-third with water and sweetening it with sugar. Feed with a spoon or let them suck from a bottle. By keeping up treatment, not forgetting to keep pigs at the teat as much as possible for a few days, the sow will probably come round to normal condition. INFLAMMATION OF THE MILK GLANDS IN A SOW.— C«M5^5.— Catching cold; losing part of the litter, and not having enough pigs to keep the milk glands properly drained out, for which reason they get so full of milk as to swell, become sore and inflamed. Symptoms.— ^o^ is dull, feverish, may refuse to eat; when pigs suck it causes pain, and they do not get much milk; milk glands are found on examination to be swollen, hard and tender to touch. 38 594 the; practical, stock doctor Treatment. — Give the sow 4 ounces of Epsom Salts. Also give the fol- lowmg: Saltpeter 3 drachms. Fluid Extract Belladonna i drachm. Water 8 ounces. Dose: i ounce of the solution three times a day. Bathe the glands for an hour three times a day with hot water, rub dry after each bathing and apply with liberal rubbing Camphorated Oil, or: Spirits Camphor 3 ounces. Witch Hazel 3 " Turpentine i ounce. Fluid Extract Belladonna i " Shake. If any abscesses form open and wash out with a Carbolic Acid solution. In severe cases wean the pigs. EVERSION OF THE WOMB, OR PIG BED TURNED OUT. — This is sometimes a result of farrowing where the sow lies in a place where her hind quarters are lower than the front; the womb works back in the passage, causing her pain; she strains and forces the womb inside out. Symptoms. — Are obvious. The womb, or pig bed, which is turned out behind, is larger than a man's head, and in a short time becomes very red and swollen. Treatment. — As soon as seen, bathe the womb by pouring cold water over it to reduce swelling, and cleanse it. Apply the water for fifteen to thirty minutes, and then pour over it a little Carbolic Acid solution— Carbolic Acid, 2 teaspoonfuls; water, i pint. Have a couple of men raise the sow's hind parts straight up while you return the womb, beginning at the passage. Keep turning in until all is in the passage. Now oil hand and wrist with Carbol- ized I,ard — Carbolic Acid, i teaspoonful; Melted I^ drachm. Mix and make into 30 doses, and give i two or three times a day. Steam head as in Catarrh. If affected fowls continue to grow worse, kill and burn them. Kerosene Oil is also recommended, injected into the nostrils, as is Camphorated Sweet Oil; and also Sulphate of Copper, i to DISEASES OP POUIvTRY 6oi 2 teaspoonf uls to a pint of water. All dishes used should be disin- fected -with a solution of Carbolic Acid or some equally good dis- infecting fluid. The house where the sick fowls have been kept must also be thoroughly disinfected and not used for other poul- try for a time. (See "Disinfection" under PIoG Department.) DIPHTHERIA. — This disease by some is considered the same as Roup or Contagious Catarrh; by others it is considered to be a different disease. It is a contagious disease and is intro- duced and spread the same as other contagious disorders. Symptoms. — The symptoms are very similar to those of Roup, about the only difference being that in this disease there form on the tongue, in the mouth, throat, and perhaps in the windpipe, what are called false membranes, a grayish or yellow colored layer. If removed the tissues underneath are left raw and bleed- ing. For other symptoms see "Roup." Treatment. — The treatment is about the same as Roup, especially the washing of the affected parts with Carbolic Acid, 2 teaspoonfuls; Water, i pint. Paint the false membranes with Tincture of Iodine. Glycerine is also good to apply to them. As some cases are recorded where children seem to have con- tracted this disease from poultry, keep them away from the affected fowls. It is not, however, the same as the ordinary diphtheria affecting people. DIARRHEA.— Causes. — Inadequate shelter; cold, wet weather; filth, or from reaction after constipation caused by too little green food; also accompanies various diseases. Symptoms. — Are obvious. Treatment. — Remove the cause as far as possible, and feed on warm barley meal liberally sprinkled with powdered chalk; and give four times a day : Spirits of Camplior 3 drops. Laudanum 5 Tincture Catechu 5 " 6o2 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR In a pill of meal, or a little water. It is sometimes well to give a teaspoonful of Castor Oil at first. Give from i to 2 teaspoonfuls Copperas in each pint of drinking water. One drachm Subnitrate of Bismuth in a little Ivinseed Meal gruel, divided into 30 doses, is oftentimes valuable. CHICKEN CHOLERA.— Causes. — A contagious disease caused by a micro-organism, predisposed by overcrowded, dirty quarters, unwholesome food and the like. Symptoms. — Fowl has a sleepy, droopy look; the feathers roughen, wings droop, head drawn toward the body, giving the fowl a ball-shaped form; is very thirsty and has slow gait; some- times staggering and falls from weakness. Comb and wattles lose their normal color, generally turning pale, though sometimes dark. The crop fills with gas and mucus, and at the last food is not digested. There is diarrhea with greenish, or sulphur-like discharge; passages frequent; breathing heavy and fast, eyes close, and after a few hours the fowl dies. Treatment. — First separate healthy from diseased and renovate the coops thoroughly; saturating the roosts, floor and sides with a so- lution of: Carbolic Acid ^ ounce. Water i pint. While different remedies have been recommended from time to time in the treatment of this disease, it is doubtful if any of them has much value. Isolation and careful disinfection will have to be relied on to check the spread of the disease. It is often best to kill and burn the first affected. All the droppings about the yard having the characteristic color of the disease should be gathered and burned and the ground wet with the Carbolic Acid solution. The following solution is sometimes used: Carbolic Acid i teaspoonful. Water i quart. Give I teaspoonful of tte solution three times a day. DISEASES OF POUI^TRY 603 A solution of Hyposulphite of Soda is also used; a tea- spoonful three or four times a day of the solution made by dissolving i to 2 ounces in a quart of water. One teaspoonful of Copperas dissolved in ^ pint water, and a teaspoonful of the solution given twice a day, may be of value. As a preventive with the unaffected, keep them strong and vigorous by the use of good feed and the following tonic- Gentian 2 ounces. Cooking Soda 2 " Nux Vomica r ounce. Charcoal , 2 ounces. Give a tablespoonful in the feed twice a day for each 40 to 60 fowls. Thorough and continuous disinfection, and the isolation of the sick as soon as they show symptoms of sickness, must be the principal reliance in fighting this disease. PIP. — It is not a disease, but rather the result of one. A scale or crust forms on the tip of the tongue, as the result of inflammation of the mouth from various causes, perhaps breath- ing through the mouth when nostrils are closed. Treatment. — Do not tear the scale off, but rather soften it and thus hasten its coming off. If result of breathing through the mouth, remove this cause. Moisten the, tongue with a mixture of equal parts of Glycerine and Witch Hazel. Syringe out mouth with the fol- lowing: Chlorate of Potash % ounce. Water i pint. Or with Boracic Acid same strength. Give teaspoonful Castor Oil and feed on soft food. GAPES.— Causes. — The cause is a parasitic worm, and occurs usually in chickens from two to four months of age. The worms are found in the windpipe attached to its lining. The female is about one-half inch in length; the male only about one-half this length; they are frequently attached to each other. 6o4 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR Symptoms.— Th.Q affected birds are seen to gape frequently, hence the name. In bad cases, become weak, wings droop, cough, and if one of the afiected is destroyed and windpipe opened and examined, the worms may be seen. Treatment. — To cure the gapes strip a stiff feather almost to the tip, dip this in Spirits of Turpentine, and insert it into the opening to the windpipe at the base of the tongue; turn it around once or twice and withdraw; be gentle in this or it may kill the chick' Insert feather when entrance to windpipe opens in breathing. Give warm, dry shelter, good, soft food well mixed with black pepper, with skim milk to drink. A bit of Camphor the size of a grain of wheat, daily, is recommended; also 5 grain doses of Asafetida. In the case of very young chicks, who suffer most, the only remedial treatment that seems to be successful is rubbing the neck from time to time with I,ard or Vaseline, thoroughly mixed with a little Turpentine (3 parts of the I^ard or Vaseline to i part of Turpentine). This treatment should begin before the disease makes its appearance. It will not help a chick in the last Stages of the disease. Pure Turpentine will very quickly kill a chick when rubbed on the neck over the trachea. All the healthy should be separated at once from the diseased and put where the diseased have not been. Thoroughly disinfect the houses, runs and coops of those affected (see under "Roup") to destroy worms or eggs which may be in these places. The birds become affected by taking the worms or eggs with their food. CROP-BOUND.— Causes. — "Usually irregular feeding. The hungry bird stuffs his crop to such a degree that the whole when moistened becomes a hard, compact mass. Sometimes a bone will serve as a nucleus for other material to gather round. Symptoms. — The bird is dull, refuses feed, appears drowsy, and the crop is enlarged and hard. DISEASES OF POUIvTRY 605 Treatment. — Give a little Castor Oil, i teaspoonful. After giving the Oil work the end of the crop nearest the throat and try and break up the mass and work it back out of the mouth; hold the head down as it is worked out. By a little patience and the occasional use of Oil the mass can generally be removed; afterward feed lightly on soft feed for a few days. CANKER.— Causes. — Unsanitary quarters and musty or unwholesome food. Symptoms. — Running sores on the head and in the mouth or throat, accompanied with a watery discharge from the eyes. Tkeatment. — Wash head and swab out the mouth and throat with: Boracic Acid Yz ounce. ■ Water 1 pint. Swab ulcers with: Carbolic Acid Yz ounce. Water i pint. And then apply a little burnt Alum. Feed on soft food. RHEUMATISM.— C«M5«.— Damp, unwholesome premises, and from chickens running about in the dew or wet in early season. Cramp is pro- duced by the same causes. Symptoms.— ^os\. apt to affect feet or joint above, swell and and become painful; bird is lame, dislikes to stand and may re- fuse to walk. Treatment. — Prevention is very important. Good, clean, dry quarters, with plenty of nutritious food, varied as much as possible, is neces- sary in the treatment. The affected bird may also be given a 6o6 THE PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR laxative: Epsom Salts, ^ teaspoonful. Also give three times a day a solution of: Salicylic Acid I drachm. Water 3 oirnces. Dose: \ teaspoonful. Apply Spirits Camphor and Laudanum, equal parts, to the swellings. INFLAMMATION OF THE EGG PASSAGE.— The disease is rare, but sometimes occurs. Symptoms. — If the inflammation is at the lower end of the passage, the egg is without shell; if at the middle portion, the membrane is misshapen or incomplete; if the whole passage is in- flamed, the yolk is passed out without any covering; also get misshapened eggs and eggs without yolk, or eggs with more or less blood. The laying of soft shelled eggs is not an evidence of inflammation; it may be from being driven about, or from lack of lime material. In inflammation there will be fever, and the feathers, over the back especially, will be ruffled, the hen moping and at times trying to discharge contents of the passage. Treatment. — The following is good: Calomel 1 grain. Tartar Emetic ^ " Give in a little Gelatine. Or: Epsom Salts, >^ teaspoonful; give in a little water. Keep the hen on nourishing but not stimulating food, and give I teaspoonful of the following three times a day: Cooking Soda I teaspoonful. Tincture of Aconite 10 drops. Tincture of Belladonna 20 " Water 3 ounces. If the fowl is not a valuable one, the best thing is to kill it. LICE.— There are two varieties, one the common hen louse and the "hen spider," the latter being almost microscopic. DISEASES OF POUIvTRY 607 Treatment. — For the first, Scotch Snuff or the Flowers of Sulphur is said to be efficacious, using it to sprinkle both the breeders and nests. The little lice are best exterminated by fumigation and insecti- cides. A good plan is to drive the fowls from the hen house, and close it tight, then put a pound or more of Sulphur in a pot, and set it on fire with coals, and keep it burning for several hours. Be ca;reful about inhaling the fumes- Then open doors and clean the place thoroughly, for no half way measures will count. Put in plenty of hardwood ashes and coal dust for the hens to roll in. Cover the floor and roosts and sprinkle into all cracks road dust. This will kill the lice. After about a week repeat the fumigation and the ashes and coal dust. Whitewash everything in the hen house, and change the straw in the nests. If your building cannot be closed tight enough to fumigate, then clean and scrub every part of the building, and cover every surface and fill every crack with whitewash, to which a little Carbolic Acid, 3 ounces to a gallon, has been added. Wash the perches, nests, etc., with a solution made by adding i pound of Potash to a quart of water; or spray house thoroughly with Kerosene Oil. Make an application of Flowers of Sulphur or Pyrethrum Powder to the fowls themselves. The fowls them- selves may be dipped in: Creolin 2% ounces. Water i gallon. Or some of the Coal-Tar products may be used for dipping, as Zenoleum or Kreso. In case of small chicks grease with pure 'ard. WORMS. — Poultry, like other animals, are apt to be affected with worms in the intestines, both the round worms and tapeworms; especially is this true where they are kept upon the same, and rather small, runs year after year. Symptoms. — There is nothing very characteristic about the symptoms; the birds appear dull, are poor, may have diarrhea; but upon opening the intestines of one which had died or been killed, the worm will be found. 6o8 THK PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR Treatment. — For the round worms Turpentine is good, lo to 15 drops in a teaspoonful of Castor Oil. Sulphate of Iron given in the feed is good, ^ teaspoonful for 60 birds. Santonin, i drachm to each 20 fowls, is also good. For tapeworms: Areca Kiit 20 grains. Oil Male Fern 5 to 10 drops. Turpentine 10 " Castor Oil i teaspoonful. Give after keeping bird away from food eighteen hours. LEG WEAKNESS.— Causes. — A disease of young fowls, and more generally of young males. It sometimes arises from inbreeding, or breeding the same strain of fowls too long. The larger breeds are most subject to it; also improper feeding and too close confinement. Symptoms. — The bird is unable to stand, and walks, if at all, with great difficulty. Upon examination, legs are found to be free from swellings or soreness. Treatment. — The remedy is a nourishing diet, with a due proportion of insect or animal food. From 3 to 8 grains of Citrate of Iron may be given daily as a tonic. A mixture composed of: Sulphate of Iron 2 ounces. Phosphate of Ivime 2 " May be used as a tonic. Give an amount as large as two peas on the tongue twice a day, or mix in the feed. Give an opportunity for exercise. SCALY LEGS.— Causes. — A contagious disease which is caused by a small parasite that burrows under the skin. Treatment. — The most effective remedy is to dip the fowl's legs up to the feathers in Kerosene Oil. This is said by authority to be very effective and not harsh. Or, clean the houses thoroughly and DISEASES OF POUI.TRY 609 especially use Kerosene freely on the roosts, and also paint the legs of the fowl with Kerosene Oil three times a week until the scales drop off; then scrub the legs with soap and water and rub every other day with Vaseline. This will cure the trouble if it is not too bad. The diseased should be separated from the healthy and the house thoroughly treated, as recommended with "Lice." Before applying treatment soak the legs in warm water and remove all loose scales. Dip or soak legs in Creolin Solution, as recommended in treatment for "Lice." BLACK HEAD; CONTAGIOUS INFLAMMATION OF INTESTINE AND LIVER.— This is a disease which has been reported from various parts of the country for the past twelve to fifteen years. It is especially prevalent in New England. The disease afEects turkeys. It is caused by a micro- organism belonging to a class known as the Protozoa. These parasites are taken along with the food or drink, and upon reach- ing the caeca, the two bUnd portions of the intestinal tract, they multiply, set up inflammation, enlarging these organs and thickening their walls. They also pass to the liver and produce in this organ discolored spots of a grayish or a yellowish color; the liver is also very much enlarged. Symptoms.— The: disease generally runs a slow course, and at first the symptoms are hardly noticeable; a little dullness, hanging behind the flock or not, going with them, and sooner or later diarrhea and unthriftiness. Very often the comb, wattles and perhaps the skin about the head becomes black or dark colored; hence the common name. The post mortem shows the internal symptoms already given. Young fowls are more apt to contract the disease, but it often runs a lingering course, so that death may not occur until fall. On the other hand, they may die in a few weeks. Treatment. — Medicinal treatment is entirely unsatisfactory, except, per- haps, keeping the turkeys vigorous by the use of the tonics as 6io THE PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR recommended for "Chicken Cholera." The Copperas or Hypo- sulphite of Soda may also be added to the drinking water. The disease having once made its appearance, all the flock which survive should be killed and the raising of turkeys discon- tinued for a year or two at least. All runs and houses thoroughly disinfected, and when the raising of turkeys is again tried, start by getting eggs, and keep the birds out of the old houses and ofi the old runs if possible. POULTRY HOUSES Fig. I— A I,eaa-to Poultry House DISEASES OF POUI^TRY 6ii POULTRY HOUSES.— It is very desirable that poultry should be provided with a house somewhat separated from the other farm buildings, but near enough to the barnyard so that they can spend a part of their time in scratching for, and gather- ing up, the many seeds and grains which otherwise would not be utilized. On farms where no poultry house is provided the hens are compelled to seek roosting places wherever they can find them — sometimes in fruit trees, sometimes on feed racks Fig. 2— Simple Form of Poultry House Fig. 3— Ground Plan of Simple Form of Poultry House sometimes on the farm machinery, or even the wagons and car- riages. The result is not only untidiness, but fruit, feed, imple- ments and wagons are soiled and injured by the droppings, and sometimes vermin swarm in the roosting places to such a degree that the hens are voted a nuisance rather than a desirable part of a farm stock. If these vermin-infested places are near the Fig. 4— Poultry House with Scratching Shed eRouNO PLAN 1 i ortN 3HCD OBBfl noo^imtsri wtuoaw. Fig. 5— Ground Plan of Poultry House with Scratching Shed horse stable, the mites may attack the horses, causing itching and a mangy condition of the skin, the origin of which is not always suspected. PREFERABLE CONDITIONS.— Poultry houses need not be elaborate in their fixings nor expensive in construction. 6l2 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR There are certain conditions, however, which should be insisted upon in all cases. In the first place, the house should be located Upon soil which is well drained and dry. A gravelly knoll is best, but failing this, the site should be raised by the use of the plow or scraper until there is a gentle slope in all directions suflScient to prevent any standing water even at the wettest times. Construction of Roosts A few inches of sand or gravel on the surface will be very useful in preventing the formation of mud. If the house is sheltered from the north and northwest winds by a group of evergreens, this will be a decided advantage in the colder parts of the country. UNUSED BUILDINGS.— Sometimes there is already on the farm a small building which has been used for implements or POLt PLATFORU NESTS HESTS MISTS Fig. 7— Sectional View of riatform and Nests animals, and which is no longer needed for those purposes. Such a building may be easily fitted for poultry by cutting a small door in one side and placing roosts and nests in the interior. DISEASES OF POUI.TRY 613 INEXPENSIVE STRUCTURES.— In case there is no building suitable for remodeling into a poultry house, an inexpensive lean-to may be built (Fig. i), or a new building Fig. 8— Sectional View of Concealed or Darkened Nest constructed. A house for this purpose should be planned with a view to simplicity, economy and convenience, while supplying the conditions proper for successful poultry keeping. One of the simplest forms of poultry house is shown in Fig. 2, and the ground Fig. 9— Concealed or Darkened Nest 6i4 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR plan of the same, Fig. 3. A scratching shed may be attached to the side of this house, as in Figs. 4 and 5, which, if desired, may be inclosed in front with poultry wire, so as to keep the birds confined. FITTINGS.— Roosts. — The details of construction of roosts are seen in ■ Fig. 6. The important points are nearly flat or rounded surface on the upper side and as few cracks and crevices as possible in Fig. 10— Scratching Room Under Poultry House which vermin may hide. The roosts may be made of 2 x 3 inch scantling, and should be put in so that they can be easily removed at any time for cleaning and disinfection. A platform is often placed under the roosts to catch the droppings, and the nests are placed under this platform. In the house, such as Fig. 7, the manure platform may be dispensed with and the nest boxes placed along the front or sides of the building. Nests. — The simplest form of nest is a box placed upon the floor of the poultry house. With heavy fowls, which are apt to break their eggs in fighting away other hens that try to enter DISEASES OF POUETRY 615 their nests when they are laying, and thus acquire the habit of egg-eating, a more concealed or dark nest may be necessary. See Figs. 8 and 9. Floor.— One of the most troublesome parts of the poultry house to make satisfactory is the floor. Many use earth floors, but these are often damp, especially, and induce rheumatism, colds, roup, digestive disorders, and various other diseases. Some have put in cement floors, but have found these cold and also more or less damp. . Probably a good cement floor laid on Fig. II— Double Poultry House with Scratching Sheds broken stone and covered with a few inches of earth, would be satisfactory if not too expensive. A board floor 6 or 8 inches above the earth, with a good ventilation under it, is dry but too cold except in the South. A good double flooring, laid tightly with building paper between, or a good single flooring covered eRouMC PLAN. -msaTTNisr a OPCN sneo D00» OPCN SHtD DOOR DOOH. mosriNlSfi vtimim tYimorf. Fig_ 12 Ground Plan of Double Poultry House with Scratching Sheds with a few inches of dry earth, is probably the best. In all cases of board floors there should be sufficient space beneath for venti- lation and to guard against the lodgment of rats. GOOD PLANS. — A good style of poultry house, with scratching room under it, is shown in Fig. 10. In case more than one flock is to be kept, the plan shown in Figs. 11 and 12 have been found satisfactory, and may be mutiplied to any extent by 6i6 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR adding to the ends. With such houses there may be fenced runs at the back or front, or on both sides, so that the birds may be kept confined. SPACE TO BE ALLOWED.— The amount of space to be allowed to each bird depends upon the size of each bird, whether a shed is attached to the house or whether the fowls Fig. 13— Common A-shaped Coop with Sliding Slat have a free run of the open fields. For birds in confinement there should be from 6 to 15 square feet for each adult bird in case there is no shed attached to the house, and with a shed this space may be reduced about one-half. The yards should be large enough to allow exercise in the open air, and to furnish more grass than the birds will eat. This will vary from 60 to 150 square feet per adult fowl. The open shed facing the south, where the birds can be induced to hunt for their food and take Fig. 14 — chicken Coop "with Inclosed Run exercise at all seasons of the year, and where they can enjoy the pleasure of scratching and dusting themselves in the sunshine, even in winter months, is of great assistance in maintaining the DISEASKS OF POUI.TRY 617 health and productiveness of the flock. The roosting space allowed should be 6 to 8 inches for the smaller breeds, 8 to 10 inches for the medium breeds, and 10 to 12 inches for the larger breeds, Fi-. 15- -Chicken Coop with X,arge and Inclosed Hawk-proof and Cat-proof Run VENTILATION.— Poultry houses should be well ven- tilated, but so arranged that drafts will not strike the birds. Windows and doors should be provided in such locations that the sun may shine into the building a considerable part of the day. Sunshine is required both to keep the house dry and to destroy the various forms of infection. Fig'. 16 — Coop with Glass-covered Run POULTRY COOPS.— A liberal supply of coops should be provided for the confinement of hens with broods of small chicks, and for those hens which insist upon setting at inconvenient times. A few days in solitary retirement will usually break up the desire to set, and the hens will soon after resume laying. 6i8 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR A common A-shaped coop is one of the easily constructed and convenient forms in use. The one disadvantage connected with it is the difficulty of removing the feeding and drinking vessels for cleaning, or of catching a bird in it without danger of some other bird escaping. To obviate this, one of the slats may be made to slide, as in Fig. 13. The opening made by sliding this slat is sufficient to admit the hand and arm so that any part of the coop may be reached without leaving an avenue of escape unguarded. Other forms of coops for the same purpose are shown at Figs. 1 4 and 1 5 . For early hatched chicks, which come out when the atmospheric temperature is so low as to be injurious to them, a combination of coop and glass-covered run, as shown in Fig. 16, has been found very useful. FEED TROUGHS AND DRINKING FOUNTAINS.— Two forms of feed troughs are represented in Fig. 17. For the small chicks the troughs must be very shallow, or for the few Fig. 17 Two Forms of Feed Troughs Fig. 18 A Drinking Fountain Made of a Can days the feed may be placed upon a square piece of board. Numerous forms of drinking fountains have been devised. A good fountain is easily made by cutting a small hole in a tin can, as shown in Fig. 18, filling the can with water, covering with a shallow pan or vessel of any kind, and then inverting the whole, The shallow vessel will remain filled with water as high as the top of the aperture until the can is exhausted. It is important DISEASES OF POUI.TRY 6ig that fresh, pure water should always be accessible to fowls, and the drinking fountains should be cleaned and filled two or three times a day, if possible, and under no circumstances less frequently than once a day. RANGING OF FOWLS.— Poultry may be raised with the greatest economy on the large farm? of the country, where there is unlimited range, and exhaustless supply of insects and worms, and an abundance of seeds and grains going to waste Fig. 19 — Colony House which poultry alone can utilize. Under such circumstances fowls take care of themselves so well and are so energetic in seeking their food that they are either forgotten and allowed to shift for themselves when they really need attention and assistance, or they are regarded as a nuisance because they do a little damage. 620 the; practicai. stock doctor Fig. 20— Colony House Fig. 21— Colony House DISEASES OF POUI.TRY 621 When fenced away from the gardens and flower beds, fowls do little damage and cause scarcely any annoyance on a farm. On the other hand they do an immense amount of good in the protection of crops by the destruction of injurious insects, larvae and worms. COLONIES. — Sometimes it is advisable to divide the farm flock into colonies, and place these at different points on the farm, in order to secure additional range; to remove the birds tem- porarily to a distance from certain crops, or for other purposes. In this case cheap, light and easily handled colony houses (Figs. 19, 20 and 21) may be constructed and placed where the fowls are desired to range. After being confined in these houses a few nights the birds will adopt them as their habitations and return to them. — U. S. Bulletin. A TEN DOLLAR POULTRY HOUSE.— A cheap and at the same time substantial poultry house, containing 100 square feet of floor space, can be built for ten dollars by any man or boy of ordinary ingenuity. All the tools needed are a saw, hatchet, square and screw driver. These are usually the property of any householder. The materials used are: 200 feet of 8-foot fencing, ?t ^14.50 $ 3 48 200 feet of lo-foot flooring (2d quality), J16 2 96 4 ten-foot boards, 12 inches wide, at Jji8 72 3 two-by-four scantling, 10 feet long 21 2 bundles lath 30 2 second-hand sashes i 00 20 pounds tar paper, at 3c 60 1 pair half-strap hinges 15 Nails, etc., and paint 5^ Total |io 00 The fencing comes 6 inches wide, and the flooring about the same width. No posts are used in this plan, and the house is none the less strong. To construct it, first saw twenty of the fencing boards to 6 feet long for the back of the house, and saw the waste ends of these to 2 feet long. Rip one of the 12 inch boards into two 6 inch boards, one of which is for the base of the 623 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR back of house, and the other is to be again ripped into two 3 inch strips, upon which nail the 2 feet fencing pieces, leaving two pieces loose near each end of the doors. This forms the base of the front. The base of the whole house can now be nailed to- gether, using two of the wide boards for the sides. The front base slants outward (see Fig. i). The frame is then constructed by erecting a long fencing board at three feet from the front end of each side base and a shorter one at rear end of each, as Fig. i, which shows these boards trimmed to fit -i-J Hg. 2 Ui. der the roof. These two sets of uprights are then connected by scantling for the roof; under the ends of these scantling fenc- ing boards are nailed, which hold the third scantling in place to support the center of the roof. The top of the longest board is DISEASES OF POUI.TRY 623 then connected with the front base by a fencing board, and two boards nailed across the front to support the sash. The whole frame is then complete. Figs. I and 2 show the full details of the frame. The boards for back, sides and roof can then be nailed on, flooring boards being used for roof. When the sashes are adjusted in their proper places on the front, with strips of tin above them to turn water, flooring boards are sawed to proper length and fitted on. The ventilator is made with four flooring boards- its lower end is near the floor at center of house. The remaining 12 inch board is for base of the partition, a narrower board for top and lath nailed on close, divides the house into two compartments for two pens for fowls, or a pen of fowls and room for young chicks, or two rooms for young chicks of Fig. 3 diiierent'ages. The cracks on sides and back of house are stripped with lath; the inside of house is lined with tar paper, and the roof and front painted with a cheap mineral paint, which renders the house waterproof, as the boards are tongued and grooved. This makes it warm enough for almost any latitude. For the south the strips and tar paper might be dispensed with. The slant of sash is sufficient to shut out the perpendicular rays of the sun in summer and flood the whole floor with warmth in winter. An outside door and a gate in the partition makes the whole house of easy access. The small doors for fowls are made on the trap door principle, and open and close by a cord attached to 624 THE PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR the fastening bolt, which is heavy enough to fall into place when the cord is slackened. Sufficient scrap pieces will be left to make feed, dust and nest boxes, and the inside arrangements can be made to suit the owner. The floor is earth, packed hard and covered with gravei; on top of which for young chicks scatter grass. It will readily be seen this plan can be extended an indefinite length by the addition of three posts every lo feet to support the roof. — American Poultry Journal. POULTRY POINTERS.— A successful raiser of poultry gives the following pointers in the Standard American Poultry Book: In raising poultry or stock of any kind it should be the aim of everyone to keep it healthy and improve it. You can do it very easily by adopting some systematic rules. These may be summed up as follows: I. — Construct your house good and warm, so as to avoid damp floors and afford a flood of sunshine. Sunshine is better than medicine. 2. — Provide a dusting and scratching place where you can bury wheat and corn, and thus induce the fowls to take a needful exercise. 3. — Provide yourself with some good healthy chickens, never to be over three or foxur years old, giving one cock to every twelve hens. 4. — Give plenty of fresh air at all times, especially in summer. 5. — Give plenty of water daily, and never allow the fowls to go thirsty. 6. — Feed them systematically two or three times a day. Scatter the food so they can't eat it too fast or without proper exercise. Do not feed more than they will eat up clean, or they will get tired of that kind of feed. 7. — Give them a variety of both dry and cooked feed. A mixture of cooked meat and vegetables is an excellent thing for their morning meal. DISEASES OF POUI.TRY 625 8. — Give soft feed in the morning and the whole grain at night, except a little wheat and cracked corn placed in the scratching places to give them exercise during the day. 9. — Above all things, keep the house clean and well venti- lated. 10. — Do not crowd too many into one house; if you do, look out for disease. 1 1 . — Use Carbolic Powder occasionally in the dusting bins to destroy lice. 12. — Wash your roosts and bottom of laying nests, and whitewash once a week in summer and once a month in winter. 13. — Let the old and young have as large a range as possible, the larger the better. 14.— Don't breed too many kinds of fowls at the same time, unless you are going into the business. Three or four kinds will more than keep your hands full. 15. — Introduce new blood into your stock every year or so, by either buying a cockerel or a setting of eggs from some reliable breeder. 16. — In buying birds or cages, go to some reliable breeder who has his reputation at stake. You may have to pay a little more for birds, but you can depend on what you get. Culls are not cheap at any price. 17. — Save the best birds for next year's breed, and send the others to market. In shipping fancy poultry to market send it dressed. ARTICLES OF POULTRY DIET.— Potatoes are rather poor food used alone, contributing almost nothing to the fatty tissues, and very little, if anything, to the growth of bone. They are, however, quite useful, if boiled and mashed up with other things which can supply that which they lack. Indian com or oatmeal are good things to mix with them. Broom-corn seed is sometimes fed. It will not be eaten whole, at least not with great relish, but must be ground. 626 THK PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Green-cut bone is excellent for the fowls, as they enjoy it, but care should be taken to see that the bones are fresh. Scalded curd may sometimes make up a part of the poultry bill of fare. Brewers' grains, if fed alone, cause diarrhea. If kept on hand they are liable to ferment. To prevent this, put them into a hogshead two-thirds full, and fill up with cold water. The grain was waterlogged before, and a little more water does no harm. Fine hay, or rowen, or clover, or alfalfa chopped, and then soaked or scalded, is excellent for winter use. Cocoanut meats — namely, the outer part of the kernel — dried (ground), are prepared at the factories, and sold at a rate not much higher per pound than pork scraps. Fowls are said to relish them highly. Hemp seed, in limited quantities, is used to give a gloss to the plumage. It makes the plumage of quails black. If fed daily it is injurious to poultry. Millet is excellent for small chickens, being easily swallowed by them. Sunflower seed may be fed freely. It promotes laying, increases the gloss of the plumage, and the general health. Charcoal must be furnished in small pieces. In some cir- cumstances fowls crave it and will devour it with avidity. Fowls enjoying a free range seldom care for it, however, which indicates of course that they do not need it. — Poultry World, THE CHILDREN'S FBIEND — A GOOD DOQ. THE DOG DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT Much of the sickness occurring among dogs is due to ignorance as to cleanliness and the proper method of feeding. One of the most important things to be considered in the care of a dog is his feeding. The same general rule may be observed in the feeding of dogs, no matter what breed they may belong to, though the character and quantity of the food should differ somewhat, according to the breed of the dog and the use to which he is put. Small house or pet dogs certainly do not require the same amount of nutrition that hunting dogs do, as in the former there is little waste of tissue, while in the latter, from the violent character of the exercise he undergoes while at work, there is great waste of tissue, which must necessarily be supplied through the diet. One general rule may be observed in the feeding of all puppies, no matter what may be their breed, from the time of their weaning until they reach the age of maturity, which varies somewhat according to breed. For instance, the smaller breeds, such as toy terriers and pet dogs, mature at the age of about fifteen months, whereas the larger breeds, such as mastiffs and St. Bernards, are hardly thoroughly matured at the age of two years. THE PROPER FOOD FOR PUPPIES.— Puppies are usually weaned at the age of five or six weeks. For about three weeks after that time it is advisable to keep them almost ex- clusively on a milk diet, allowing a little stale bread which may be broken in the milk, which should always be well boiled, as sweet milk unboiled not only engenders worms, but also is liable to cause serious looseness in the bowels, owing to the marked 627 628 THK PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR difference between the cow's milk and that furnished by the puppy's mother. The former lacks the sugar of milk which strongly predominates in the mother's milk. After the third week soup may be allowed, also a small quantity of well cooked meat, chopped fine. As the character of the puppy's stomach changes, so must his food. The best soup is beef or mutton broth. From this time on vegetable diet may be gradually introduced. The old, fallacious idea of feeding puppies on milk and meal has long since been abandoned by the best informed breeders. For as the dog is by nature carniverous I consider he requires some meat diet to enable him to enjoy perfect health and strength, and it is especially requisite that while a puppy is growing he should be provided with such food as will make bone and muscle. We frequently find defective nutrition in the bone structure, causing what. is generally termed Rickets, which is made evident by crooked limbs and enlarged joints. This malady may be pre- vented by giving in the food Carbonate and Phosphate of I^ime, which are bone making materials. From the age of six months to one year puppies should be fed not less than three times daily. Thereafter twice a day is sufficient, feeding lightly in the morning and making their even- ing meal the chief one, as digestion goes on much better in a dog while at rest than in action. FOOD FOR GROWN DOGS.— No dog in health can be fed better than from the scrapings from the table, whereby he gets a variety of diet, consisting of meat, bread and well cooked vegetables of all kinds. Potatoes are not so easily digested by dogs as other kinds of vegetables, and consequently should be well mashed. From the fact that a dog's stomach closely approaches in character that of a human being, one may say that what is good for a man is good for a dog. The old idea of keeping dogs on corn meal to a great extent is a very erroneous one, as it not only is deficient in nutrition, but is also very heating to the blood. Dogs require some cooling food, which is only obtained through a vegetable diet. DISEASES OF THE DOG 629 A pet dog of course requires a small amount of food com- pared with that needed by a hunting dog. The latter may be allowed all the meat they can consume while they are at work, for in no animal is the waste of tissue so rapid as in this dog. A dog taken into the field in the morning comparatively fat will return at night after a hard day's work showing a loss in weight of between three and five pounds, enough to make the animal appear thin. HINTS ABOUT KENNELS.— To begin with, kennels should be kept scrupulously clean and disinfected as frequently as is necessary, which is probably once or twice a week. I con- sider the most effective germicide to be a solution of Bichloride of Mercury — Bichloride of Mercury, i part; Water, 1,000 parts; use with caution; or Creolin — sufficient is used to turn water white. The Creolin solution is non-poisonous and is very good. Kennels should be located on high, dry ground having proper drainage, as dampness is apt to cause rheumatism. Dogs should at all times have access to fresh, cool water. As a summer bedding, nothing is better than cedar or pine shavings, as fleas do not take kindly to the odors of these woods. Regular exercise of at least two hours a day is almost im- perative to a dog's well-being. Few if any dogs kept in the city get this amount of exercise, and are in consequence more liable to sickness than dogs kept in the country, especially those that are at liberty at all times. No dog should have a chain put on him before he is'one year of age, except sufficiently to chain-break him. A dog raised from puppyhood on the chain, which is a direct contradiction to nature, will, by pulling on the chain, combined with a lack of exercise, become ill-shapen in limbs and body. It is exercise and good feeding which develop our most perfect specimens. EXERCISE AND GROOMING.— Once a week is quite often enough for a dog to be washed, first using tepid and rinsing with cold water. He should then be rubbed as dry as possible and encouraged to play or exercise until he is thoroughly dry. 630 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR In order to keep a dog's coat in nice condition he should be groomed daily, using a stiff bristle brush, which is far preferable to the wire brushes sometimes used for that purpose, as it does not irritate the skin, but improves the capillary or surface circu- lation. The above rules apply generally to all dogs. H. Clay Glover, D. V. S. DISTEMPER.— This is the bane of the canine. It is very common in dogs from three to six months of age, but afflicts them at all ages, especially during the fall, winter and spring months. It is contagious. Causes. — It is caused by a parasite or germ getting into the blood. Symptoms.— Thex^ is langor, loss of appetite and redness of eyes; nose hot and dry; urine high colored; bowels sometimes constipated and sometimes loose, but discharges always offensive; there is much disinclination to move. In a few days hair becomes dry; there is discharge from nose, eyes, and sometimes from penis. Symptoms become more aggravated. If bowels are the seat of complications there will be black, offensive feces, streaked with mucus. If skin is affected there will be pustules inside the thighs, arms and along the belly; these fill and discharge a dark watery matter. If in the brain, there is great heat; a desire to raise head up against hand when stroking, and fits usually follow. Treatment. — The treatment is simple. Isolate dog from all companions in a dry, warm room with good ventilation, and encourage appe- tite by nourishing foods, such as broths, new milk, etc. At the outset of the disease give a teaspoonful of the following mixture: Tincture of Aconite i^ drachms. Spirits of Niter 2 ounces. Muriate of Ammonia i^ drachms. Chlorate of Potash 3 " Syrup of Orange Water to make. 4 ounces. Give as above every two hours until 6 doses have been given; then four times a day until fever subsides. DISEASES OF THE DOG 631 ■Follow this with equal parts Saltpeter, Sulphur and Powdered Gentian, by weight; mix thoroughly; give a large dog yi, teaspoon- ful three times a day in milk or on tongue, and allow him plenty of fresh water to drink; wash discharges from his nose and eyes and afterward dry them with a soft cloth. If bowels are costive, give from a teaspoonful to a tablespoonful of the Syrup of Buck- thorn, according to size, once a day until the bowels move freely; then once or twice a week to keep them in condition, but never use drastic purgatives. Treat complications which may arise, as Chorea, Fits, or Lung troubles, as directed under those headings. COLDS, COUGHS AND LUNG DISEASES.— Dogs often catch cold, cough, run at the nose, sneeze and have consid- erable fever, which condition, if neglected, may run into pneu- monia. If taken at the start, give: Tincture of Aconite Root Yz drachm. Water 4 ounces. Mix and give i teaspoonful together with 2 or 3 grains of Quinine three times a day. If the affection has run on into a cough and discharge from the nose, rub Mustard paste well into the throat and give: Tincture of Aconite Root yi drachm. Syrup of Squills i " S3rrupof Ipecac 2 drachms. Spirits of Niter 3 " ■Water to make 4 ounces. Mix and give i teaspoonful three times a day. If the lungs are affected and there is a short, distressing cough and rapid, painful breathing, accompanied with a sUght grunt at each expiration, apply Mustard paste to the sides, rub- bing it well into the hair and covering to retain the fumes. After an hour sponge it off with tepid water and repeat the application. Give the following until the fever is broken: Tincture of Aconite Root 3° drops. Sweet Spirits of Niter >^ ounce. Tincture r f Gentian Vi Syrup of Tolu 2 ounces. Water to make 4 Mix and give i teaspoonful every two hours. 632 the; practicaIv stock doctor When fever is gone, give: Elixir of Calisaya, Iron and Bismutli 2 ounces. Syrup of Tolu 2 " Chlorate of Potash 3 drachms. Water to make 6 ounces. Mix and give i tablespoonful every three or four hours. Continue the Quinine right through. Feed lightly and see that there is good ventilation, but avoid drafts and have a tem- perature of about 60 to 62. FITS. — This is a common ailment in a dog, owing to a highly developed nervous system. Causes. — "Worms; indigestion, overeating, etc. Symptoms. — There is champing of jaws; frothing at the mouth; delirium; the dog falls, works his legs violently, and after a minute or so gets quiet; very soon gets up, shakes himself, looks around rather wildly as though bewildered for the moment, and in a few moments is as well as ever until another comes on. Each fit weakens him more and more, and he may finally die from exhaustion. TreatmbnT. — Nothing can be done until the fit is over. Then give a dose of Castor Oil — i to 3 tablespoonfuls, according to size of dog — and inject into rectum the following: Sulphuric Ether 1 ounce. Laudanum i " Water 2 ounces. Mix and inject i teaspoonful into the rectum occasionally. After one-half hour begin on the following: Bromide of Potash 2 drachms. Water 6 " Mix and give i tablespoonful until the Oil operates. Should there be more fits, continue for twelve hours longer. If fits do not return, give three times a day for a couple of days. If worms are suspected treat for them. DISEASES OF THE DOG 633 GOITRE, OR SWELLED NECK.— This is an enlarge- ment of the thyroid gland, situated at the side of the neck, two or three inches from the throat. It has been known to grow as large as the fist, and frequently interferes with the breathing by pressing on the windpipe. May be on both sides. Treatment. — Paint it once a day with the Tincture of Iodine, or instead of that: Iodide of Potash 2 drachms. l,ard 2 ounces. Mix and rub it on once a day. Will usually yield to treatment in a few weeks. DIARRHEA. — This is not a very common disease in dogs, but is sometimes produced by a change of food. Treatment. — Keep the dog quiet and give him boiled milk with a little dry flour in it, and in many cases this will be sufficient. If this is not sufficient give a large dog: Laudanum % drachm. Whiskey i tablespoonful. Boiled Milk and Flour '/i cup. Repeat three times a day until well. Sometimes a dose of Castor Oil at the outset will be effectual without treatment. Proper care and surroundings should sup- plement the treatment. CONSTIPATION.— This is quite a common disease among dogs. Symptoms.— "Th-exQ is little or no action of the bowels; dog strains, and what little is passed is hard and dry. Is dull and will not eat. Treatment. — Give a large dog a dose of Castor Oil, % ounce, repeating in ten hours if bowels do not move. Soapy water injections may also be used to assist action. Or, give to a large dog J4 ounce 634 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR Syrup Buckthorn, night and morning, until bowels move. Give new milk for food and see that he has moderate exercise. En- courage dog to eat Oat Meal, well cooked, and vegetables; well cooked lyiver is also beneficial. INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS.— Causes. — Eating caustic substances; from poisons, or from lying too long on cold, icy ground. Symptoms. — There will be whining; uneasiness; frequent getting up and down; pain on pressure of the belly; high fever; rapid pulse; hurried breathing and constipation. Treatment. — First, give % ounce Castor Oil with a tablespoonful Olive Oil in it to a large dog. In a half hour give the following: Tincture Aconite Root ^ drachm. Water 4 ounces. Mix, give i tablespoonful of mixture and repeat every half hour. Give sV to J/ grain of Morphine every three to four hours to allay pain, and apply a Linseed Meal poultice, with a table- spoonful of Mustard in it, wet up with hot water, to the bowels. Injections of warm water are helpful. WORMS. — The two principal kinds of worms that trouble the dog are tapeworms and round worms, and we give treatment for those. Symptoms. — The general symptoms of worms are: Generally a good appetite, but does not thrive; dry, staring coat; cough, with a desire to vomit; sometimes vomit worms; diarrhea or constipation; sometimes worms seen in manure; if badly affected or reduced, fits are apt to follow. In some instances there may be bloody passages and a pot-bellied look. Treatment. — For round worms give every morning for a week before feeding the following: Santonine 4 grains. Sulphuret of Iron 2 " Sugar of Milk 20 " Powder and mix and give as one dose. DISEASES OF THE DOG 635 Follow the last dose with a dose of Castor Oil, 2 tablespoon- fuls, with 10 drops Turpentine in it. Repeat the treatment at the end of three weeks. Or, give Y2, drachm Oil of Male Shield Fern in 4 tablespoonfuls Milk every third day until bowels move well and animal is free of worms. Put well back in his mouth and hold his head until swallowed. For Tapeworm have the dog fast for 24 hours, and then give him i drachm Areca Nut, coarsely powdered, and made into a pill with syrup. In four or five hours give 2 tablespoon- fuls Castor Oil, and when it has operated give: Male Shield Fern 20 drops. Olive Oil I tablespoonful. Mixed together. Examine passages carefully to find head of tapeworm, and if this does not come away, repeat after two weeks. This dose is for large dogs; give small or young dogs proportionately less. MANGE.— Mange is caused by a mite-like organism that burrows into the skin. It spreads all over the body, but mostly affects the skin on the back, head and neck. It will spread by contagion, even to human beings. Symptoms— 'X:h&x& is intense itching, and the dog will scratch, rub and bite himself until the hair falls off, and in some cases the skin gets so sore and irritated that it will bleed. It usually appears first on elbows, fore legs, around eyes, on belly, in the flanks, and down inside the thighs, but soon spreads to all parts of the body, being characterized by a reddish, pimply eruption, with scaly patches between pimples, and by loss of hair. There is also a disagreeable odor. Treatment. — Clip off hair and wash thoroughly with soapy water; rub dry and apply the following wash, rubbing into the skin all over the body: Creolin • ^ tablespoonfuls. Water i P'nt. Repeat once a day until the dog stops scratch- ing himself, skia heals and hair starts out. 636 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR In addition give a large dog i teaspoonf ul of Sulphur in mil ^ twice a day. Or, instead of Creolin, make an ointment of: Sulphur 2 ounces. Lard 2 Mi^ and apply once a day; but -waslung need not be repeated unless more than four applications are required. In case of prolonged treatment, wash every fourth day. Use discretion about washing and clipping when weather is cold. The kennel must be thoroughly renovated and disinfected, using boiling water and soap, and solution of Carbolic Acid, or one part Corrosive Sublimate to 1,000 parts water, to destroy germs. RINGWORM.— Cause. — A parasite that causes considerable local irritation. Symptoms. — The elevation of the skin in the form of a ring, which spreads by the ring increasing in size, the skin becoming scaly and rough, and soon the hair drops off. Treatment. — Wash with soapy water and apply the following: Oil of Tar i ounce. Whale Oil 20 ounces. Mix and rub in well. This remedy is also good for Mange. FLEAS. — These are very troublesome to dogs, and occasion him arid others a great deal of regret. Treatment. — Clean, the kennel and put in clean bedding. Use Persian Insect Powder liberally, dusting down into the roots of the hair, around on carpets if dog is kept in the house, and on places where he is accustomed to lie. Or use the Creolin wash, as in Mange — 2 tablespoonfuls Creolin in a pint of water, repeating every three or four days. The following ointment is also recommended: Oil of Anise i ounce. Olive Oil .' 10 ounces. Mix_ and rub well into the hair, washing off after six hours. DISEASES OF THE DOG 637 LICE. — There are two kinds of lice that sometimes trouble dogs — the blood-sucking and the bird lice. Treatment. — These may be eradicated with the Creolin wash, as in Mange and Fleas, or by sifting wood ashes into the hair; by oiling the dog with Whale Oil and washing it off a few hours afterward, or washing him in an infusion of tobacco. SORE EYES.— This is an inflammation of the eye and its covering. Causes. — From something getting into eyes; or from a bite or scratch, or any other irritant. Symptoms. — Eyes are red and inflamed, and after a time a aim will come over the sight; sometimes the eyelids are swollen and tears run from the corners. Treatment. — Examine eye for the presence of foreign matter and remove it if found; then apply the following eye water: Boracic Acid 20 grains. Distilled Water 2 ounces. Mix and apply hot to eye twice each day after bathing with hot water. Or: Sulphate of Zinc M drachm. Sugar of Ivead X Fluid Extract of Belladonna 15 drops. Water 4 ounces. Mix and apply to the eyes after bathing with new milk. CANKER OF THE EAR.— This is a common disease of dogs. C««5^5.— Improper and high feeding; and also said to be common in dogs that run through long, wet grass. 6>»?//^w5.— Shaking the head and scratching the ear; there is a discharge from the ear that has a bad odor; dog holds his head to one side. 638 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR Treatment. — Give a vegetable diet for a time. Thoroughly syringe ear with warm water and apply Oxide of Zinc Ointment, or apply a lotion of: Sugar of I,ead I part. Water i5 parts. I,et one hold the dog's head in one hand, having the root of the ear between the thumb and first finger of the other hand. Pour ^ teaspoonful into ear and close it, working it with fingers so that the liquid penetrates thoroughly. It gives no pain. DEAFNESS. — A common trouble with old dogs, but may occur from accumulation of wax. Treatment. — If an old dog, little can be done, but if it be a young one, syringe out the ear with soapy water and drop into the ear a few drops of Olive Oil. Repeat every other day for a few days. CHOREA. — This is a disease of the nervous system. Causes. — It may follow an attack of Distemper or arise from an injury. Symptoms. — There is a quick, nervous jerking of the affected part, which is most commonly the head, neck and fore parts. It. may be so bad as to make the animal utterly useless. Treatment. — When once seated it is incurable, but if taken in time Bromide of Potash in J^ to ^ drachm doses, twice a day in milk, or on the tongue with a spoon, will be found a good remedy. Or give; Sulphate of Iron 3 grains. Saltpeter 4 " Brown Sugar y^ drachm. Powdered and mixed. Repeat night and morning for a couple of weeks. RHEUMATISM.— This disease occurs in the dog in both the acute and chronic form. DISEASES OF THK DOG 639 Causes. — Exposure to bad weather; remaining idle and wet after being in the water; damp kennels; high living, etc. Symptoms. — The attack comes on rather suddenly, the joints swell, the pulse becomes full and tense, the eyes blood-shot, stomach deranged and bowels costive. Severe pains run through the joints, tongue is coated, the muzzle hot and dry, and animal whines or howls from pain. Chronic rheumatism is known as gout. There is pain in the parts, the muscles are tender and joints stiff, with but little inflammation. Pain seems to be eased by exercise. Treatment. — For acute forms give the following: Extract of Colocynth i scruple. Calomel lo grains. Powdered Gamboge 2 " Aloes 10 " Mix and make into four pills and give two at night and two in the morning. The dog should be wrapped in warm blankets, and a warm bath may be used. Keep the bowels in condition by using purga- tives. Plasters may be applied to the spine. The treatment for the chronic form is similar to the acute. It consists of warm baths, warm, dry quarters, strict attention to food and in keeping the bowels in proper condition. Stimulants may be applied to parts. Spirits of Camphor is excellent, but other stimulating liniments may be used instead. PARALYSIS.— This disease is rather common, but yields to treatment. Causes. — Generally as a sequel to distemper, but may follow a bad cold. Symptoms.— There, is at first a staggering gait in the hind parts, which grows rapidly worse until dog has no power over them. Treatment. — Clip the hair off over the loins and apply the following to back along the spine: Lunar Caustic I stick. ^ater I teaspoonful. Mix and apply with a camel's hair pencil. 640 THK PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR Prepare the following: Nux Vomica I drachm. Gentian 2 draciims. Iodide of Potash 2 " Simple Syrup q. s. Mix and make into 30 pills. Give J^ of a pill night and morning for three days, then in- crease to % pill for three days, then to ^ of a pill for three days, and finally a whole pill. If dog is young give until an efEect is noticed in rigid muscles and stiff legs, in one-half to i hour after taking. If an old or large dog continue to increase dose up to 2 pills; then keep on till symptoms are noted. When giving larger doses, don't omit, or the next might kill the dog. Repeat blister if needed. Feed nourishing food, keep clean, and keep bowels open with occasional doses Castor Oil. RABIES, OR HYDROPHOBIA.— This disease is the effect of a specific blood poison introduced by innoculation in some way. It is also thought to arise spontaneously in hot weather among some animals. The bite of another dog is the common means of conveying the disease. Symptoms. — It comes on gradually. At first a nervous un- easiness, a melancholy look, an unusual fondness for the master, and a quiet, subdued manner in actions with a loss of playfulness. This changes to a wild expression of countenance, and an inclina- tion to hide; may be called out, but will seem scared and run back; if poked with a stick, will snap; appears very thirsty, but cannot swallow, cannot eat. In a few days symptoms will develop and he will become a tramp. If shut in, will go round and round as if wanting to get out. If out' he will walk off, snapping and biting at everything that comes in the way, injuring his mouth so that the froth that hangs from the jaws is streaked with blood. He howls dismally once in a while. The tongue gets black, the lower jaw often drops and tongue protrudes, and though in his paroxysms he will close his jaws enough to bite, he cannot howl. Symptoms grow worse till death. DISEASES OF THE DOG 641 Treatment. — Kill the dog. In case a valuable dog is known to have been bitten, cut out a piece where bitten and cauterize the wound with Caustic Potash, Nitrate of Silver, or a red-hot iron. The animal should be kept chained till all danger of madness is past — not less than six weeks. SURFEIT. — Dogs that are kept in close confinement and over-fed are subject to surfeit, as shown by plethora, pimples on the skin, and sometimes in a mild form of fits or vertigo. Treatment. — Reduce feed, give more exercise and give i drachm doses of Jalap made into pills with Syrup. ABSCESSES AND TUMORS.— These frequently occur in weakly dogs that have been run down by disease, and from impure blood. Tumors are common in puppy hood. Treatment. — Poultice, and when ready to open lance and let out contents. Inject this lotion three times a day: Carbolic Acid 2 dracluns. Water I pint. Mix. If animal is run down in condition give: Sulphate of Iron 3 grains. Saltpeter 4 " Brown Sugar }i drachm. Mix. Repeat night and morning for a week. If dog is in good condition give instead: Cream Tartar i tablespoonful. Water Vz pint. Mix and give 2 tablespoonfuls every morning. FRACTURES AND WOUNDS.— Dogs often get bones fractured in various ways — as a kick from a horse, or by being struck with something. If the back is broken nothing can be done but kill the animal to get him out of pain. If a hip or shoulder bone is 41 642 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR fractured and the dog is young, keep him quiet and the bones will knit together, but there is not much chance for an old one. If in the leg, set straight as possible, and do up with splints and a starch bandage (a long strip of cloth soaked in starch water and wrung out as dry as possible), rolling it around the fractured leg so it will go above and below the break, moderately tight, and holding leg till it dries or hardens. Keep dog quiet and keep the bandage on for three or four weeks, or until healed. In case of wounds or cuts, attend at once. If sore footed from thorns or long exposure to cold water examine, and if there are slivers or thorns remove them; and if needed, apply a poultice until inflammation subsides; then apply the following — bandaging feet loosely to prevent licking: Sugar of Lead i ounce. Water i pint. Mix and bathe the parts twice a day. If wound is torn much, secure the dog's mouth and tie his limbs; then stitch up the wound as directed in the Horse Department. There are some that say that there is no need to apply lotions after dressing a wound such as this, but just leave the dog in a quiet, dark place and allow him to lick the wound, it having great healing power. If where he cannot lick it, or you do not wish him to, use the following: Carbolic Acid 2 drachms. Water i pint. Mix and apply. BREEDING AND LITTERING.-Bitches usually come in heat about twice a year, but some of them oftener. There is a period of nine days coming and the same going off. During that time she will take the dog about half the time. The time of gestation is nine weeks. At the end of that time she will go by herself and make a nest. As a rule, after the first pup comes the rest of litter comes soon after. The front feet and head should come together, or it should come hind feet first. Should there be a deviation, push pup back and with oiled finger bring forward lacking member or members so that it can come right. Don't meddle too much if matters go fairly well. In case DISEASES OF THE DOG 643 a pup remains in passage for a half hour or more, assist, but do so gently or you will injure one or the other, or both. Keep mother warm and feed easily digested food for a few days; then if there are no signs of fever, her feed may be more abundant and hearty. If appetite fails and she runs down, feed pups on boiled milk and give the mother the Sulphate of Iron tonic mentioned in Chorea. Put pups to bitch three times a day, but only for a few minutes to avoid worrying her. In case of a swollen and sore teat, or part of the udder, wash with warm water, dry and bathe with: Gum Camphor i ounce. Olive Oil 4 ounces. Mix. If pups die, milk bitch two or three times a day to keep down inflammation. Pups should be weaned in from four to six weeks. HOW TO CUT PUPPIES' TAILS.— Is usually done when about one month old. The length of tail varies with the breed. Decide on length wanted and then find a joint in the tail. Cut it through with one stroke of a sharp knife. Usually there is not much bleeding, but should there be, touch the wound with Monsel's Solution of Iron, or touch it with a hot iron to sear it over. In most cases it will be all right without treatment. GONORRHEA. — This is not an uncommon disease in the dog and frequently comes on without any assignable cause. Symptoms.— VJ'iW be known by the matter seen dripping from the end of the sheath, or clinging to it. Treatment. — Syringe out the parts with tepid water, and afterward with the following lotion: Sugar of Lead 2 drachms. Water ^ pi»t- Mix and inject a little twice a day. POISONS AND ANTIDOTES.— When a dog has been poisoned the first thing to do is to give an emetic— a teaspoonful 644 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR each of Mustard and salt, in a little warm water — just lukewarm. If this does not vomit him in a minute, repeat it, and if it still does not act, give a half teaspoon Blue Vitriol in a little warm water, or the same quantity of the Sulphate of Zinc; then give a few swallows of milk, or a raw egg, or a little Olive Oil. A tablespoonful of the last named may be given every five minutes for a half hour; also a few raw eg^s. These are to moderate the corrosive or otherwise destructive action of the poison upon the tissues that line the stomach and bowels. For chemical antidotes (to counteract the effect on the blood, nervous system, etc.), refer to Poisons in the Diseases of the Hors^, regulating the dose to suit the animal. A dog of average size requires about the same dose as a man, or about one-twelfth of the dose for the horse. MISCELLANEOUS DEPARTMENT INSTRUMENTS See pages 64^, 6^0, 6^r, 6^2 for Instruments iireceded by *. *Bistoury. — For making incisions. It consists of a handle to which is attached a blade, variously shaped, according to exact use for which it is to be put, either fixed or movable. Catheter. — For drawing off the contents of the bladder when animal cannot make water. Is also used in treating deep ulcers, liquid being injected through it by means of a syringe. It is a round gutta-percha tube, of which one end is open, the other end being rounded, with two small holes at the side near by. It should always be oiled and introduced carefully. Firing-Iron.— For actual cautery — burning with a red-hot iron — which though not used as much as formerly, is still useful in some classes of cases. *Forceps. — For extracting splinters, pieces of bone, teeth, and the like; also for seizing arteries to tie them. They are pincers with long jaws. Those with a spring are preferred. *Needles. — For sewing up wounds, etc. They are of differ- ent shapes as well as different sizes. Probang. — A straight, flexible tube, with rounded end, for pushing substances down'the throat in cases of choking. Probe. — For exploring wounds. They are made of silver wire, with one end slightly knobbed, and are of different sizes. Scalpel.— A surgeon's knife, straight and keen-edged. For veterinary purposes, it should be broad and strong. Scissors.— Straight or curved, and are necessary for trim- ming edges of wounds, for clipping off the hair, etc. 645 646 THK PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR *Seton Needles. — These are for drawing setons under the skin. Their blades are broad and curved, with a round shank twelve inches long, and with eye at the blunt end. Shoeing Knife — Frog Knife — Drawing Knife. — Used for cutting into and paring the hoof, as in horseshoeing. It is a thin blade with a sharply-curved end, fixed on a handle, and is useful in caring for a horse's feet. *3yringe. — -There are regular horse and cattle syringes now in market. For giving small doses of liquid medicines, one that can be used with one hand is very useful. The India-rubber pipe and funnel is a good substitute in giving injections. A bulb syringe for injecting abscesses and cleaning wounds is very desira- able. (For description of the Hypodermic Syringe, see page 355.) *Trocar.— This is a simple instrument resembling an awl. It is generally provided with a hollow tube that encloses it, called a canula. It is used for puncturing the abdomen, chest, etc., the canula being allowed to remain in until the water, serum, or gas has escaped. *Repeller. — A rod with a short, slightly-curved cross-bar at one end for repelling a foetus, in order to make a correction when the foetus is crowded too far back in the pelvis. A CHEAP AND PRACTICABLE INSTRUMENT OUTFIT FOR THE STOCKMAN.— The following outfit will serve the purposes of most stockmen, and all can be selected at a moderate cost through any druggist. They should all be kept clean, in perfect order, and together in a neat case, or wooden box: *A clinical thermometer. *A pair of spring artery forceps. A silver probe. A frog, or shoeing knife. A pair of curved scissors. A broad scalpel. A single-bladed, medium sized jack-knife makes a good substitute. INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS 647 A few surgical needles, of different sizes and shapes; some silk thread, and a little catgut. These should be kept in a leather case or roll. *A horse trocar and canula. *A milking tube. A two-ounce hard rubber syringe, for giving medicine, injecting small abscesses, etc. A plain bulb syringe, for syringing out abscesses and wounds. A horse catheter is often of great value if one is a long way from a veterinarian. *A graduate for measuring liquid-medicines. APPARATUS The following are the apparatus and appliances which the stock owner will find useful to have on hand : Drenching Bottle. — This is now generally used instead of the drenching horn of older days. It should have a long neck, and be good and strong. A champagne or ale bottle is good. Have one holding a pint and another holding a quart; also several olive oil bottles for drenching sheep and calves. *Hobbles.— For use in casting, or to prevent kicking. They are usually two strong ropes 25 feet long; also two strong leather straps, doubled and sewed, with a strong buckle and a ring, or D, for each. The straps are buckled to the hind pasterns, and the ropes are passed from the rings, or D's, forward through a loose collar on the horse's neck. (See "Casting" in Operations, and in Castration. ) Slings. — They are not difficult to make. Take for the belly support two or three thicknesses of very stout canvas, about 28 inches wide and about 7 feet long; fasten the ends by sewing them around and tacking to smooth sticks, which are a' little longer than canvas is wide, to which fast«n very strong loops of rope. 648 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR Hook the loops into the hooks of a whifftetree turned upside down; fasten the Hfting rope to the ring on the upper side of the whiffle- tree and pass the other end through a fixed pulley overhead. The girdle is kept in position by breeching and breast straps. To use the sling, place it under the animal's belly and draw it up snugly against it — about tight enough to take off the stretch of the ropes. A sling cannot be used unless a horse can support nearly three-fourths of his weight; it is intended for a horse to settle into and rest himself. It is also a great help in using the slings to surround the horse with a frame. Place him with one side against a strong partition; along the opposite side, some six or eight inches from the horse, securely fasten a strong stick — a four by four or a pole; fasten the front end to the manger, the back end to something solid behind; have it pass along about the middle of the side; across from the side piece to the partition, some six inches in front of his breast, securely fasten a two by four, and the same across just back of the thighs; pad these with some old cloth. The frame prevents the possibility of the animal falling out of the sling, either forward or backward, as he will sometimes do if it is not used, and it also furnishes a support for him to lean against. If possible a sling should be lowered away from the animal for a little time each day to dry off the belly. (See cut, in Horse Departmbnt.) Sponges.— Two or three of these should be kept by the stockman, the smallest of which should be fine; the others should be larger. A Twist. — For controlling the horse; to make and apply, see Operations, Horse Department. Probang. — A piece of soft, one-half inch rubber garden hose, to be used as a probang in choking, for giving injections per rectum, and for flushing out the vagina and womb. Also a piece of small rubber tubing, two or three feet long, and a small funnel to use in milk fever, inflammation of the udder, etc. A Spring-Ring "Bull Dog" to snap in the nose of cattle for holding them. INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS 649 CuNiCAi, Thkrmometkr. For description, seepage 75. Hypodermic Syringe and Aspirator. For description and use of Syringe , see page 355. GKADUATIi. RKI'ELI.ER. 650 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Nbedi,es. *l"-^g'™^-''¥TliiTf*''n'™°'^^^ Seton Needle. Parturition Hook. Pig Forceps. Artbry Forceps. Milking Tube. For use, see *' Passing the Milking Tube,'' page 40S. Teat Slitter, or Bistoury. As an example of use, see in ''Stricture 0/ Duct at Base of Teal,' page Um. INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS 651 Self-Retaining Tracheotomy Tube, Horse Trocar and Canula. Oval Trachea Tube. 652 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR EMASCni,ATOR. For description and u:e, see page 17. EC-RARKUR. For one of its uses, see page 175. MEDICINES— ACTION AND DOSE 653 MEDICINES— ACTION AND DOSE It is not to be expected that in the brief space allowed in a section of this kind that much can be said that will take the place of experience, but at the same time something may be given that will enable one with good judgment to arrive at safe conclusions in the treatment of at least the more common diseases to which domestic animals are subject. Where one is not familiar with the action of a drug, it is best to err on the safe side and to give in small doses, repeating until the desired effect is produced. In all cases where a doubt exists, consult a veterinarian, for if an animal is worth saving at all, it is worth the advice of a man of skill and experience. The doses described in this section are for adult animals of medium size of their class, unless otherwise mentioned, or where the disease being treated is peculiar to a certain age. The age, temperament, and size of the animal must always be taken into consideration. Animals with compound stomachs — those that chew the cud — as cattle and sheep, can take much more medicine in proportion to their size than animals with simple stomachs. As a rule, a cow will take 1 5^ to 2 times as much as a horse. Sheep will take about yi as much as a horse; hogs, }i to i-io as much as a horse. Dogs require about the same dose as a man. The proportionate dose for each animal, as to age, is about as in the following table: HORSE. ox. SHEEP. SWINE. DOGS. DOSE. 4 years, 3 years, ■L}^ years, 1%. years, ly^ years, full dose. 3 " 2 " I year, I year. I year, H " 2 " I year, 9 months, 9 months, 9 months, % " I year, 9 months. 6 6 " 6 " % " 6 montlis, 6 " 3 " 3 " 3 " \ At birth, at birth, at birth, at birth. at birth. ^^ '• Allowance must also be made, in case of continued use, for decrease in effect, as the tendency is for remedies to " wear out," and have less and less effect ; for effect on the individual, 654 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR as may be noticed by observing action on the particular subject ; and also for the influence of the disease when it is likely to affect the action. For example, in most diseases of the brain and spinal cord, and in some impactions of the stomach, double the usual quantities of purgative medicines are necessary, while in influenza and other low fevers, half the usual dose may prove fatal. In acute congestion of the brain, narcotics, such as Opium, would aggravate the symptoms. HOW OFTEN TO GIVE MEDICINES.— See Horsb Department (page 73). SOME OF THE FORMS IN WHICH MEDICINES ARE DISPENSED.— Powders. — A great many medicines are in powdered form; they can be given this way, if finely pulverized, in moistened feed; they can be dissolved in water, if soluble, and given as a drench; or, if not soluble, mixed with thin gruel and given as a drench. Fluid Extracts. — A fluid extract is a liquid preparation of a vegetable product, which is of the same strength as the crude drug itself. They are made by dissolving the active principles of the drug in Alcohol, Ether, or some solvent, and then evapor- ating until of the strength of the crude drug. The dose of a fluid extract and the crude drug are the same. The fluid extracts are largely used for the lower animals. Tinctures. — Tinctures are Alcoholic solutions of the various drugs. The strength varies with the different drugs, generally one- third to one-fifth as strong as the fluid extract. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.— In compounding some medicines it is necessary to be very exact as to weight and measure. It is best in most cases to have formulas put up by competent druggists, but where it is not convenient to do so, the farmer and stockman should have his own scales and measuring glasses, and use care in compounding. The following are the two tables of weights and measures used : MEDICINES— ACTION AND DOSE 655 Table of Apothecaries' Weight. 20 grains make , 1 scruple. 3 scruples " i drachm. 8 drachms " i ounce. 12 ounces " i pound. While the above table is used by the druggist in filling prescriptions, when he sells drugs in bulk he gives 16 ounces for a pound, instead of 12 ounces. In this work, where the pound is used, 16 ounces is intended. In referring to weights, the scruple is rarely ever used, but instead, 60 grains, i drachm. Table of Apothecaries' Liquid Measure. 60 minims make I fluid drachm. 8 fl. drachms make i " ounce. 16 fl. ounces " i " pint. 2 pints make i " quart. 4 quarts " i gallon. Where remedies are not of a violent nature, the following comparative table may be made use of, though not so accurate as above methods : Comparative Table of Weight and Measure. I drop equals about i minim. 60 drops equal I drachm , or i level teaspoonf ul . 3 teaspoonfuls equal i tablespoonful. 8 tea- or 3 tablespoonfuls equal... i ounce. I teacupful equals 6 ounces. I coSeecup or tumblerful equals... 8 ounces or ^ pint. Acetanilid. — A white crystalline substance used to lower temperature in cases of high fever. It has a depressing action on the heart and should not be used too frequently ; should always be given with a full dose of alcohol as a stimulant. Dose: Horse, i to 2 drachms ; cattle, 2 to 3 drachms ; sheep, 20 to 40 grains. Acetic Acid.— Is the sour principle of vinegar, and is one of the most common vegetable acids. Pure Acetic Acid is used to remove warts. Soak the warts well in it. 656 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Aconite. — Is derived from the root of the Aconite plant, also known as wolfsbane, monkshood, etc. It slows the action of the heart. Good for the early stages of fevers and inflammations, but should not be given when the action of the heart is weak. Applied externally it relieves pain, but should only be used in small quantities. Poisonous. Dose of Fluid Extract : For horse, loto 15 drops; cattle, 15 to 30 drops ; sheep, 3 to 5 drops ; swine, I to 2 drops ; dogs, jV to i drop.. Alcohol, Whiskey, Brandy. — Good for chills, depression and collapse, or when animal is very weak. Dose of Alcohol : For horse, i to 2 ounces ; cattle, 2 to 3 ounces ; sheep, J4 ounce; swine and dogs, i to 2 tablespoonfuls. Dose of the others: Twice as much as the dose of Alcohol. Ale and Beer — Stimulant. Dose: Horse, ^ to i pint ; cattle, I pint ; sheep, ){ to ^A pint ; swine and dogs, i wine- glassful. Aloes. — Act as a purgative, and in small doses as a bitter tonic. The kind known as Barbadoes Aloes is generally used for stock. Dose as a physic : Horse, 6 drachms to i ounce. Not used much, except with the horse ; best purgative for him. As a tonic for horses, give in doses of i drachm. Operates in from 24 to 36 hours. Alum. — Is an astringent that is used mostly as washes for wounds. Is also used . dry, in the form of powder to dust wounds, it being very drying and healing. Is also used in gar- gles for sore throat, influenza, and aphtha or sore mouth. For a wash, use i ounce of Alum to i pint of water. Dose internally : Horses, i to 2 drachms, cattle, 3 drachms ; sheep, j4 drachm ; pigs, ^ drachm. Used in diarrhea. Alum, Burnt. — Used on old sores and proud flesh in the form of powder. Ammonia Water. — Is a stimulant, and is good in indiges- tion, colic, and bloating. Dose: Horse, % ounce; cattle, i ounce; sheep, 2 drachms; dogs and swine, }4 to i drachm. Dilute well with water. Externally it is used for liniments. MEDICINES— ACTION AND DOSE 657 Aqua Ammonia Fortier. — Strong Ammonia water. Dose: one-fourth the Ammonia water. Used in liniments. Ammonia, Carbonate of. — Is a stimulant, prevents or allays cram^, is an antidote for acids, good in colics and indiges- tion. Dose: Horse, i to 2 drachms; cattle, 2 to 4 drachms; sheep, ^ to I drachm. Give in oil or thin gruel, as it is very irritating. Ammonia, Aromatic Spirits of. — A flavored preparation of Ammonia Carbonate, Alcohol, and Aqua Ammonia. One of the best Ammonia preparations for internal use; good in colics, indi- gestions, impactions, etc. Dose: Horse, ^ to i ounce; cattle, i to 2 ounces; sheep, 2 drachms; hogs, i drachm. Dilute with at least sixteen times its amount of water. Ammonium Chloride — Sal Ammoniac— A mild stimulant, especially to mucous membranes. Very valuable in case of coughs. Dose: Horse, 2 to 3 drachms; cattle, 3 to 4 drachms; sheep V2 to I drachm. Anise Seed. — Stimulates indigestion, sweetens the stomach. Is also recommended as a tonic when recovering from weakening diseases. Dose: Horse, i ounce; cattle, i to 2 ounces; sheep, 2 to 4 drachms; dogs and swine, i to 2 drachm's. Areca Nut. — The ground seed of a palm; a drug used very largely to destroy tapeworms; generally given in combination with Oil of Male Fern. Dose: Horse, Y^ to i ounce; sheep, V2. ounce; lambs, 2 drachms; dogs, the dose is 2 grains for each pound of dog's weight. Arnica, Tincture of. — Causes sweating and lessens fever. Dose: Horse, V2 to i ounce; cattle, i ounce; sheep, 2 drachms; swine, ^ drachm. Externally, it is mildly stimulating to the skin, and is used in liniments. Arsenic. — White Arsenic is a heavy, white powder, very poisonous. In medicines it is used for chronic indigestion, chronic lung disorders, as heaves, and skin disorders, for all of which it is very good. Dose: Horse, 2 to 5 grains; cattle, 4 to 7 grains; 658 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR for smaller animals, best to use it in the form of Fowler's s.>lu- tion. Always commence with small dose, and increase if desired. Arsenic (Fowler's Solution). — Is given as a tonic in chronic diseases and in heaves, and as a tonic after weakening diseases, such as distemper; it will often start animals thriving when other remedies fail. Dose: Horse, 5^ to i ounce; cattle, ^ to I ounce; sheep, j4 to i drachm; swine, 5 to 20 drops; dogs, i to 5 drops. Give in food after eating. Asafetida, Gum. — Good in colic, indigestion, constipation and worms. Z>ose: Horse, 2 to 4 drachms; cattle, 4 drachms; sheep, I drachm. Give in a ball, or dissolved in Alcohol, diluted with water. Asafetida, Tincture of. — Dose: Horse, 2 ounces; cattle, 3 to 4 ounces; sheep, % ounce; swine and dogs, i to 2 drachms. Belladonna, Fluid Extract of. — Good in fevers, cramp colic, tetanus and caked bag. Full doses should not be re- peated oftener than three or four times a day. Dose: Horse, % to I drachm; cattle, i drachm; sheep, 20 drops; swine, 3 to 8 drops; dogs, J^ to 3 drops. Benzoin, Compound Tincture of (Friar's Balsam). — Chief use is for healing woimds, by painting over with a feather twice a day. Good to add to lard or Vaseline in making oint- ments — I part to 4 or 5 parts of the lard or Vaseline. Is not used much internally. Biniodide of Mercury. — Is chiefly used for blistering bony enlargements, such as spavins, ring-bones, side bones, splints, etc. The proportions in which it is used is i to 2 drachms to the ounce of lard or Vaseline. Boric Acid. — Is a non-poisonous antiseptic. Used for sore mouth, sore eyes, roup, and also for an injection into the udder. Used in solution, i ounce to the pint of water. Bromide of Potash. — Chief use is to quiet the nerves in diseases of the character of lock-jaw, convulsions, chorea, and other painful diseases. Dose: Horse, }4 to 1 ounce; cattle, i vunce; sheep, i drachm; swine and dogs, 5^ drachm. MEDICINES— ACTION AND DOSE 659 Buckthorn — Cascara Sagrada. — Used mostly as a physic for dogs and cats. Dose: Of Fluid Extract of Cascara Sagrada, horse, i to 2 ounces; dogs, }^ to 2 drachms; cats, j{ to^A drachm. Give night and morning until results are obtained. Butter of Antimony. — Use pure, on a swab, as a caustic to bum oiit proud flesh, old sores and fistula. Is very powerful, and must be applied to diseased tissue only. Part must be dry when it is applied. Not used internally. Calibar Bean, Fluid Extract. — Obtained from the seed of a plant;: it stimulates the activity of the bowels. Good for colic, impaction, etc.; generally combined with Jaborandi. Dose: HoTse, 5^ to I drachm; cattle, i to 2 drachms; sheep, 20 to 30 drops. Calomel. — Internally its chief use is as a physic and to expel worms. Externally, it is dusted on old sores to dry them up and heal them. Dose: Horse, % to i drachm; cattle, i to 2 aracnmy; sheep and swine, 5 to 20 grains. Camphor, Gum.— Good in colic, diarrhea, coughs, and to lessen pain. Checks secretion of milk. Dose: Horse, i to 2 drachms; cattle, 2 to 4 drachms; sheep, ys drachm. Camphor, Spirits of.— Camphor, i part; alcohol, 10 parts. Dose: Horse, Vz to i ounce; cattle, i to 2 ounces; sheep, 2 drachms; swine and dogs, 10 drops to 5^ drachm. Give with water. Externally, good to relieve pain and sprains. Cantharides.— See Spanish Flies. Carbolic Acid.— As sold by druggists is a colorless, oily liquid; turns pink on exposure to light. Used mainly as an antiseptic and disinfectant. It is a valuable medium in the treat- ing of wounds. Used as a 3 per cent, solution— i ounce Carbolic Acid to I quart of water. Poisonous. When used internally. Dose: Horse, 10 to 30 drops; hogs, 3 to 10 drops; well diluted. Castor Oil.— A most excellent purgative, and can be used where harsher ones cannot. Dose: Horse, i to 2 pints; calves, 2 to 4 ounces; sheep, 4 ounces; swine, 2 ounces. In small doses, combined with laudanum, it is a most excellent remedy for scours. 66o THE PRACTICAI. SYOCK DOCTOR ^ Caustic Potash. — Its principal use is to burn out warts and growths and cauterize poisonous wounds, as the bite of a mad dog; also for dehorning calves. Sticks must be kept in well- corked bottles, as air dissolves them. When used must be held in paper to prevent burning the fingers. Wet the sticks before applying. Charcoal. — Finely powdered, is used in condition powders, and also for dusting on wounds. Hogs like charcoal to eat. Chloral Hydrate. — A drug used to allay pain and to lessen irritated condition of the nervous system. Good to allay throes in making corrections in difficult parturitions ; good to give for after-pains, for hysteria, etc. Dose: Horse, J^ to i ounce; cattle, 1 to 2 ounces; sheep, i to 2 drachms; hogs, }4 to i drachm. Chloroform.— Is given by inhalation for the purpose of pro- ducing anaesthesia (insensibility) . Must be given carefully, especially to dogs, who are very susceptible, or it will cause death. For colic in horses, i drachm given with laudanum is excellent. Chlorate of Potash. — Is used internally for sore throat; when animal cannot swallow, a solution is sprayed into throat with a syringe, or put on the tongue, as a paste, with flour and molasses. Dose: Horse, i to 2 drachms ; cattle, 2 to 4 drachms; sheep, }4 drachm; swine and dogs, ^ drachm. Copperas — Sulphate of Iron. — One of the best mineral tonics, also a good astringent, in solution of i ounce to a pint of water, for wounds. Excellent internally for diarrhea. A leading ingredient in condition powders. Dose: Horse, i drachm; cattle, 2 drachms; sheep, 20 grains; swine, 10 grains. Corrosive Sublimate — Bichloride of Mercury. — Used externally as an antiseptic and disinfectant. Is one of the most powerful in both lines. The proportions generally used is i part to 1,000 parts of water. Tablets c^n be bought that will enable one to mix properly to get right solution, or if these can- not be got, I drachm of Corrosive Sublimate to i gallon of water equals i to 1,000. Cheapest and best for disinfecting stables, MEDICINKS— ACTION AND DOSE 66i etc. The drug is very poisonous, and is not used internally, except for diarrhea. Dose of the i to i,ooo solution: Horse, % to I ounce; calves, i to 3 teaspoonfuls. Creolin. — Used in the form of lotion for wounds, scratches, grease, and diseases of like character, as an antiseptic and as a disinfectant. It is also valuable to destroy parasites of all kinds. The proportions to use are from i to 3 parts Creolin to 100 parts of water. Should be bought pure and only mixed as needed. Croton Oil.— A drastic and powerful purgative that is only used when milder means fail, as in impaction of the rumen, and diseases of that character. Dose: Horse, 15 to 30 drops; cattle, ^ to I drachm; sheep, 5 to 10 drops; swine and dogs, 2 to 3 drops. For horses and cattle, give in a pint of I^inseed Oil; for sheep, give in ^ pint of oil ; and for swine and dogs, give in 2 tablespoonfuls of Castor Oil. Crude Petroleum. — Used in making hoof oils, and as a remedy for ring-worm on all domestic animals. Is a cheap and efEective remedy. Digitalis, Fluid Extract of. — A powerful heart and lung tonic. Used in weakening diseases, such as influenza, distemper, and lung troubles, whenever the heart is weak. It is sometimes given for heaves. Dose: Horse, 20 drops to >^ drachm; cattle, y^ to I drachm; sheep, 5 to 15 drops; swine i to 3 drops; dogs, J^ to 2 drops. Epsom Salts. — Used mainly as a purgative for cattle and sheep. Dose: Cattle, i to 1% pounds; sheep, 2 to 4 ounces; horse, J^ to ^ pound; hogs, i to 2 ounces. Dissolve in warm water. Acts in 24 hours. Ether, Sulphuric. — Given by inhalation to produce anae- thesia (insensibility). Internally as a stimulant in colic, indi- gestion, etc. Dose: Internally, horse, yi to i ounce; cattle, i to ij^ ounces; sheep, 2 to 4 drachms; hogs, i to 2 drachms. Ergot. — Checks bleeding and is used in parturition and internal bleeding. Dose: Horse, V^ to i ounce; cattle, i to 2 ounces; sheep, i to 2 drachms. 662 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR Fowler's Solution.— See Arsenic. Gamboge. — li a powerful physic, mostiy used for cattle where milder remedies, such as Salts and Castor Oil, fail. It is generally combined with other medicines, as here given: Epsom Salts i pound. Common Salt 2 tablespoonfuls. Gamboge , 2 to 4 drachms. Bicarbonate of Soda and Ginger, each I tablespoonful. Mix in a quart of lukewarm water. Very effective in bad cases of constipation and impactions of the stomach. Gentian, Fluid Extract. — Used after debilitating diseases. Dose: Same as of the powder. Gentian Root, Powdered. — A bitter tonic that is much used in Condition Powders, given to animals that are weak and run down. Dose: Horse, 2 drachms; cattle, 4 drachms; sheep, 1 drachm; swine and dogs, % drachm. Ginger. — A stimulant; neutralizes gases, and sweetens stomach; is used in physic drenches to prevent griping; and is good in colic, indigestion, and many other affections. Dose: Horse, J^ to i ounce; cattle, i to 2 ounces; sheep, 2 drachms; pigs, I drachm. Glauber's Salts (Sulphate of Soda). — An excellent pur- gative for animals that chew the cud— ruminants. Dose: Cattle, \ to 1% pounds; sheep, 2 to 4 ounces. Dissolve in water and give as a drench. Action same as Epsom Salts, only not quite as certain. Glycerine. — Two to 4 ounces in warm water makes an excel- lent injection. Externally applied, it softens and soothes irritated parts. Hyposulphite of Soda. — One of the most valuable drugs to check bloating, especially if the gas forms in the stomach; also given in various blood disorders; a solution of it is good to apply to mucous surfaces which are inflamed. Dose for bloating: Horse, 2 to 4 ounces; cattle, 4 to 6 ounces; sheep, ]4 to i ounce. When MKDICINES— ACTION AND DOSE 663 used for blood disorders, one-fourth to one-half the foregoing dose is used, repeated three times a day. For a wash, use 2 to 4 ounces to a pint of water. Iodine, Tincture of.— It is not often used internally, but for external application is much used for a sweat blister for enlarged glands, wind puffs, etc., by painting parts once a day until it blisters; then grease parts and let heal; then wash with soapy water and repeat blistering until cured. Inject into old sores and fistulse, once in two or three days. Used also in destroy- ing ring-worms. Iodide of Potash. — Its chief action, when given internally, is as an absorbent — as in dropsy of the belly or chest, to absorb the fluids. It is also used where there is a thickening about the throat, legs, or milk glands. Dose: Horse, yi to i drachm, twice a day; cattle, i to 2 drachms. If given too long, iodism ensues; animal goes off feed, eyes and nose discharge, hair rough, skin harsh and wrinkled, dandruff in hair; if we get these symp- toms, stop giving for a time. Jaborandi, Fluid Extract. — Obtained from a plant; it stimulates the secretions of glands; good for colic and impactions, etc. Dose: Horse, 2 to 4 drachms; cattle, Yz to i ounce; sheep, J^ to I drachm. Kerosene. — Internally, good for stomach worms. Give lambs I to 2 drachms in 4 ounces of oil or milk. Externally, it is a mild irritant. Rub it in well. Lard. — When used fresh on irritated skin it softens and soothes. Internally, given as a purgative to small animals. Melt and give from i to 8 ounces, according to size. Laudanum —Tincture of Opium.— Externally used to relieve pain. It is used internally in almost every disease that is attended with pain, as colic, diarrhea, etc. Dose: Horse, i ounce; cattle, i to 2 ounces; sheep, 2 drachms; swine and dogs, 5 to 20 drops. Lime Water.— Is made by slacking fresh lime and using as much as the water will take up in solution. Allow to settle 664 THK PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR and pour off the clear liquid. This is useful in diarrhea in young animals. Dose: Calves, i to 6 ounces. Lime. — Finely- pulverized, air-slaked lime is good to dry up sores by being dusted on them . Unslaked lime is valuable for disin- fecting stables and buildings that animals are kept in, by dusting it in dry form around on the floor. It is especially good in the poultry houses to keep away lice and other vermin; also good to use in form of whitewash. Linseed Oil, Raw. — Acts as a very mild physic, or what is called a laxative. It is at once purgative and soothing. Dose: Horse, i to 2 pints; cattle, 2 to 3 pints; sheep, y{ pint; calves, 4 to 8 ounces; lambs, 2 ounces; dogs, }4 to 2 ounces. Exter-nally applied, i part Carbolic Acid and 25 parts I^inseed Oil is good for scratches. Mercury. — See Calomel and Corrosive Sublimate. Monsel's Solution of Iron. — Used for stopping flow of blood. Is very astringent. Is used in leaking of the navel. Morphine, Sulphate of. — A drug made from opium, having its actions, only much more powerful; not so constipating as opium, and so better to use to allay pain in colics; a convenient form to use hypodermically. Dose, by the mouth: Horse, 3 to 10 grains; cattle, 6 to 10 grains; sheep, l4 to 2 grains. Mustard. — Used chiefly for plasters on various parts of the body of animals, as in severe cases of colic, or inflammation of the bowels; in diseases of the chest and throat, and over the loins in kidney affections. When mixed with warm water to a paste and applied to the skin, it blisters. For a plaster of ordinary strength for a thin-skinned horse, take J^ pound of mustard, 2 tablespoonf uls of flour, and tepid water or vinegar to make a paste. In severe cases use only mustard and vinegar, or water. Apply by rubbing into the hair over part on which a blister is desired. A heaping teaspoonful in 4 to 6 ounces of warm water is an excellent emetic for swine and dogs. Niter. —See Sweet Spirits of Niter. MEDICINES— ACTION AND DOSE 665 Nitro-Hydrochloric Acid. — A mixture of Nitric and Hydro- chloric Acids; it stimulates the secretions of the glands of the intestinal tract; very valuable in certain kinds of indigestion with torpidity of the liver. Dose of the medicinal acid: Horse, 1 to 2 drachms; cattle, 2 to 4 drachms; sheep, 20 to 40 drops; hogs, 10 to 20 drops; dogs, 3 to 10 drops. Nux Vomica — (Powdered Seed.) — Is used in paralysis, and in weak, debilitated conditions. A great nerve tonic. Useful in condition powders. The active principle is strychnine, and when twitching of the muscles occurs the medicine should be stopped. Poisonous. Dose: Horse, ^ to i drachm; cattle, 2 drachms; sheep, 20 grains; swine, 10 grains. Nux Vomica, Fluid Extract of. — Used after debilitating diseases with Gentian; also used in impactions, constipations, etc. Dose: Same as the powder. Nitrate of Silver — (Lunar Caustic.) — A pencil form of Nitrate of Silver, used for cauterizing warts, growths, venom- ous bites, proud flesh, etc. Sticks must be kept in tightly-corked bottles to prevent dissolving. To use, simply wet and apply. A solution of 2 to 5 grains to the ounce of water is used for inflammation of the eye. Nitrate of Potash— Saltpeter.— Chief action is on the blood and kidneys, causing the latter to secrete a large amount of urine. It reduces fevers and dropsical swellings. Dose: Horse, i to 4 drachms; cattle, J^ to i ounce; sheep, yi to i drachm. Oak-Bark Decoction, or Tea.— Good for diarrhea. Ex- ternally it dries up sores and toughens the skin. Dose: Colts and calves, I to 2 ounces; lambs, V2 ounce. Give in milk. Dose can be doubled, if necessary. To make: Boil i ounce of oak bark in i pint of water. Oil of Tar.— Used chiefly in cases of chronic cough, and for such is an effectual remedy. Dose: For horse, i teaspoonful three times a day in feed, or on the tongue with a spoon. 666 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Oil Male Shield Fern. — A most effectual remedy for worms, especially tapeworms. Dose: Horse, 3 to 4 drachms in a pint of raw Linseed Oil; cattle, same as horse; sheep and swine, i to 2 drachms in yi. pint Oil; dogs, ^ to i drachm in a half teacupful of new milk. Olive Oil. — Laxative. Dose: Horse, i to 2 pints; cattle, 2 to 3 pints; sheep, 3 to 6 ounces. Externally it is used for healing and soothing irritated wounds; for this, may be used in the pure State or with Carbolic Acid — i drachm of Acid to 4 ounces of Oil. Opium. — The dried juice of the poppy; appears in the form of a gum, and a powder. It is used to allay pain; it stops the activity of the bowels, and so is not good to use in colic, but is very valuable in diarrhea. Laudanum, which is an alcoholic solution of Opium, is a convenient form in which to use the drug. Dose of Opium.- Horse, ^ to i drachm; cattle, i to 2 drachms; sheep 5 to 20 grains; hogs, 3 to 10 grains. Pepper, Black. — ^.Used in a ground form to warm the stomach and bowels, and in this way relieve pain in colic, indi- gestion, etc. Dose: Horse, i tablespoonful; cattle, i tablespoon- ful; sheep and swine, i teaspoonful; dogs, Yi. teaspoonful. If combined with Whiskey in a drench, it is excellent. Peppermint, Essence. — Good in indigestion and colic. Give in sweetened water. Dose: Horse, 40 drops to i drachm; cattle, I to 2 drachms; sheep, 10 drops; dogs, 2 to 5 drops. Pumpkin Seeds.— Vermifuge, and tapeworm remedy. Dose: Horse, i pint. Quinine, Sulphate of. — Reduces fever, stimulates, and in small doses is a bitter tonic. Dose: Horse, >^ to i drachm; cattle, 2 to 4 drachms; sheep, J^ drachm; pigs, 10 grains; dogs, I to 5 grains. Salol. — A drug made from Salicylic Acid and Carbolic Acid; very largely used for rheumatism. Dose: Horse, i to 3 drachms; cattle, 3 to 5 drachms; sheep, J^ to i drachm; hogs, 20 to 40 grains; dogs, 2 to 15 grains. Salts. — See Epsom and Glauber's Salts. MEDICINES-ACTION AND D OSE 667 Salt, Common. — Useful as food in small amounts. All ani- mals should be given a little salt in food. A solution of i ounce salt in a pint of water is good as a wash for sores and wounds. Saltpeter.— See Nitrate of Potash. Soda, Bicarbonate of (Baking Soda).— Useful in indiges- tion. Give before feeding. Dose: Horse, 2 drachms to i ounce; cattle, >^ to i>^ ounces; sheep, i drachm to Yz ounce; swine, 2 drachms, . Wet with water is good to apply to stings of bees and other insects. Spanish Fly (Cantharides).— Not given internally. Is used in making blisters for reducing enlargements, such as curbs, tumors, and thickenings, after wounds have healed. Is used in proportion of i to 3 drachms Cantharides to an ounce of lard or Vaseline, as the case may require. For cattle, the blisters may be made a little stronger than for the horse. Strychnine.— A powerful drug, made from Nux Vomica; very poisonous; has the same action as Nux Vomica; is a power- ful nerve tonic. Dose: Horse, i to 2 grains; cattle, 2 to 3 grains; sheep, J^ to ^ grain; dogs, 1-60 to 1-30 grain. If the drug is used hypodermically, the dose is one-half the above. Sugar of Lead (Acetate of Lead). — Is used externally to heal sores and wounds. As a plain lotion, dissolve i ounce in ij^ pints of water. Used in White lyOtion (see Prescriptions). Sulphate of Copper^^Blue Vitriol — Blue Stone. — Is an antiseptic astringent and a mild caustic. Internally, it is used for checking discharges, as nasal gleet or chronic catarrh, and leucorrhea. Externally, it is used to burn out proud flesh, by dusting it on, every two or three days, according to how much it burns. Is also used in solution of i ounce to a pint of water, or stronger, if necessary. Dose internally: Horse, j4toi drachm; cattle, I drachm; sheep, 10 to 20 grains. Sulphate of Zinc — White Vitriol. — Astringent and tonic. Dose: Horse, }4 drachm; cattle i to 2 drachms; sheep, 15 to 30 grains; Externally it is used in healing lotions, as White Lotion and eye washes. Externally it is also good to destroy proud flesh by dusting it on the part once in two or three days. 668 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR Sulphur. — When given internally, it acts on the blood, and also on the skin, helping to destroy parasites and germs. Dose: Horses and cattle, ^ ounce; sheep, i drachm; swine, 20 grains. An ointment made of: Sulphur I ounce. Lard 6 ounces. Is good for lice. Sulphur is a fine disinfectant, by being burned in empty, closed rooms in an iron vessel. A larger dish containing water should hold the one with Sulphur to prevent fire. Sweet Spirits of Niter— Spirits of Nitrous Ether. — In small doses it acts on kidneys and skin and reduces fever. In large doses it acts on the stomach and bowels, relieving pain and neutralizing gases. Good in different forms of indigestion and colic. Dose: Horse, i to 2 ounces; cattle 2 to 3 ounces; sheep, 3 to 6 drachms; swine and dogs, i to 2 drachms. Tincture of Chloride of Iron— Muriate of Iron. — Is used as a tonic, to stop bleeding, and as an application or wash in sore mouth, sore throat, and skin diseases. Dose: Horse, J^ to i ounce; cattle, i ounce; sheep, J^ to i drachm; swine, 10 to 30 drops; dogs, 2 to 10 drops. As an application, use yi, ounce of the tincture to 8 ounces of water. Liquid Chloride of Iron, Stvon^.— Dose: One-fourth as much as Tincture. Turpentine — Spirits of Turpentine— Oil of Turpen- tine. — Good for colic, bloating, and intestinal worms. Also stimulates the kidneys. Give in oil, gruel, or milk. Dose: Horse, J^ to i ounce; cattle, i to 2 ounces; sheep, i to 3 drachms; swine, i drachm; dogs, 5 to 30 drops. ' Externally, it is an irritant, and is used in stimulating or blistering liniments. It is also added to I/inseed Oil in the proportion of 2 ounces of Turpentine to 6 ounces of oil as a stimulating injection. Vaseline.— Softens and soothes parts applied to. Is also much used as a base for ointments and blisters. Vinegar.— Is used externally as a cooling, stimulating /otion. Can be used hot. Internally, in small doses, and diluted with water, it may be given for cooling fevers. MEDICINES— ACTION AND DOSE 669 Whiskey.— See Alcohol. Wood Alcohol— Methylated Spirit. — Is not used as an internal remedy. Externally, it is used in liniments. THE STOCKMAN'S MEDICINE CASE.— The import- ance of the stockman keeping on hand a few medicines and preparations, will depend upon his distance from a veterinarian and a druggist. A few things should always be kept, however, as when they are wanted, they are wanted at once, and if not at hand, their use is often neglected. All medicines and prepara- tions should be plainly labeled; should be kept in a dark, cool place; all liquid in well-corked bottles, powders in covered cans. Two or more colic mixtures. One pound of the digestive tonic. One-fourth pound of Saltpeter. One-half pound of Sulphate of Iron (Copperas). Three to five pounds of Epsom Salts. Two quarts of raw lyinseed Oil. Four ounces pure Carbolic Acid. One quart of a 3 per cent, solution of Carbolic Acid, ready for use. Two ounces of I,ysol. One-half pound or Acetate of I,ead (Sugar of Lead). One-half pound of Sulphate of Zinc. One pint of White Lotion, ready for use. One-half pint of Alcohol. One-half pint of some good strong liniment (Modified White Liniment) . One-half puit of mild, soothing liniment. One-half ounce of Fluid Extract of Aconite. One ounce of Fluid Extract of Belladonna. One ounce of Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica. Four ounces of Laudanum. One ounce of Monsel's solution for stopping bleeding. The foregoing list will meet nearly all emergencies, and other things can be sent for if needed. In the list, where a preparation is mentioned, see unaer j-rescriptions. 670 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR PRESCRIPTIONS Soothing Lotion. — Fluid Extract of Belladonna i ounce. Laudaniun i ounce. Tincture of Aconite i ounce. Soap Liniment 5 ounces. Mix. This liniment will relieve pain and soreness where there is muc'b inflammation. Is also good for sprains, in connection with fomentations. Will not blister. A part of the soap liniment in the above lotion can be replaced by Witch Hazel. White Lotion. — Sugar of Lead i ounce. Sulphate of Zinc... 6 drachms. Water I pint. Shake well before using. This is extensively used for wounds, sores, scratches, summer sores, and fistulas. It can be used three times a day. Modified White Lotion.— Sugar of Lead i ounce. Sulphate of Zinc 6 drachms. Carbolic Acid ^^ ounce. Water, to make i pint. Shake. Uses, same as White Lotion, but as it contains Carbolic Acid, is antiseptic, and hence more effectual in many places. White Liniment. — Aqua Ammonia 2 ounces. Turpentine 2 ounces. Linseed Oil 4 ounces. Mix, and apply by rubbing. Bottle must be kept well corked. If a stronger liniment is wished, add more Ammonia and Turpentine; if a weaker is desired, add less Turpentine and Ammonia. This will blister if used freely and well rubbed in, especially, if part is covered to prevent evaporation. Modified White Liniment. — Aqua Ammonia (strong) 2 ounces. Turpentine 2 ounces. Soap Liniment 4ounces. Shake. Action same as White Liniment; will not dirty parts so badly. Good for all sorts of strains, or wherever liniment is desired. Can make it weaker or stronger by changing the amount of Ammonia and Tur- pentine. An excellent liniment. PRESCRIPTIONS 671 Add Liniment. — First put into a quart bottle, 2 ounces of Turpentine; then add to this, very slowly, M ounce of Sulphuric Acid, allowing it to run down on inside of bottle, which is turned partly on side. Take five minutes to add it. Then pour into bottle 2 ounces Wood Alcohol, adding slowly; add to this Cider Vinegar enough to make i quart; shake well, and it is ready for use. This is a blistering liniment, and is effective in removing puffy enlarge- ments, as bog spavin, wind-galls, thoroughpins and other puffy swellings around the legs. It is also good in sweeny, curbs, etc., where horse is needed for work. For rheiunatism, rub affected joints every third day. This had better be put up by a druggist, as Sulphuric Acid is rather dangerous for the inexperienced to compound. Cantharides, or Fly Blister. — Powdered Cantharides..... 2 drachms. Lard, or Vaseline i ounce. .^«>, and apply as directed in "Blistering" in HORSE Dbpartmsnt page 258. Red Mercurial Blister. — Biniodide of Mercury i drachm. Lard, or Vaseline i ounce. Mix, and use as directed in "Blistering" in HoRSB Department, page 258. Combination Blister. — Powdered Cantharides 2 drachms. Biniodideof Mercury i drachm. Lard, or Vaseline 2 ounces. Mix, and use as above. Good for spavins, ring-bones, etc. Drying and Healing Powder.— Oxide of Zinc 2 ounces. Calomel 2 ounces. Boracic Acid 2 ounces. Air-slaked Lime 2 ounces. Mix. Dust on wound. Good for galls and sores where a dry dressing is desired. By adding Lard or Vaseline, it can be made into an ointment. Carbolated Oil.— Olive, or Sweet Oil 4 ounces. Carbolic Acid » drachm. Shake well together. An excellent remedy for healing wounds. 672 THB PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Carbolic Lotion (3 per cent.). — Carbolic Acid........ yi ounce. Water.. i pint. Mix. An excellent antiseptic wash for all kinds of wounds. CreoUn Lotion. — Creolin i ounce. Water i quart. This makes an excellent healing lotion for wounds, and it also makes an excellent wash for destroying parasites, lice, or ticks on all animals. I to 1000 Corrosive Sublimate Solution. — Corrosive Sublimate 15 grains. Water I quart. Shake. An excellent and cheap antiseptic for wounds; cannot be used on instruments. Oxide of Zinc Ointment, Benzoated. — Oxide of zinc s ounce. Benzoated lard 4 ounces. Mix well together. This is an excellent healing ointment for dry, angry looking sores. Iodine Ointment — Absorbing Ointment. — Iodine Crystals 2 drachms. Biniodide of Mercury 20 grains. Iodide of Potash i drachm. Lard, or Vaseline 2 ounces. Mix. Apply twice a day until part is slightly sore, and then once a day, or once in two days, to keep it slightly irritated. I. Eye Lotion. — Sulphate of Zinc y^ drachm. Fluid Extract Belladonna.. y^, ounce. Water, to make 8 ounces. Mix. Shake thoroughly, and it is ready for use. A good lotion for sore eyes, or for sores in the region of the eyes. Apply twice a day, afto bathing the eyes with warm water or freshly-drawn milk. PRESCRIPTIONS 673 2. Eye Lotion.— Nitrate of Silver ...'. r grains. Morphine Sulphate 5 grains. Atropine Sulphate 2 grains. Water, to make 2 ounces. Shake. Drop 10 to 15 drops into the eye, three times a day with a medicine dropper. Keep in the dark. 1. Cough Mixture.— Fluid Extract Belladonna 1 ounce. Pulverized Opiiun jounce. Gum Camphor. 1 ounce. Ammonium Chloride 2 ounces. Add molasses and flour, enough to make % pint of paste. With a small, wooden paddle daub a tablespoonful on the back teeth, three to five times a day. 2. Cough Mixture. — Fluid Extract of Belladonna 2 ounces. Ammonium Chloride 3 ounces. Iodide of Potash i ounce. Saltpeter 3 ounces. Water, to make i quart. Shake. Dose: 2 ounces, three times a day, in grain, or as a drench. ;t. Colic Mixture. — Laudanmn 4 ounces. Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia 3 ouncies. Sulphuric Ether 2 ounces. ■ Essence of Jamaica Ginger 4ounces. Water, to make I pint. Give from 2 to 3 ounces of this in a half pint of hot water. A second dose can be given in one-half to one hour, and be repeated an hour later. Always dilute with hot water, but not hot enough to scald the animal ?.. Colic Mixture. — Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia J^ ounce. Sulphuric Ether yi ounce. Fluid Extract Belladonna I drachm. Flrid Extract Jaborandi 2 drachms. Fluid Extract Calibar Bean. ^drachm. Hyposulphite of Soda 2 ounces. Water, to make >i pint. Shake. Give as one dose; repeat in one-half to one hour if necessary, 43 674 THK PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Physic Drench or Ball for Horses. — Barbadoes Aloes 6 to 8 drachms. Baking Soda i drachm. Ginger 2 to 4 drachms. Water (lukewarm) or thin Linseed meal gruel I pint. Mix, and give as a drench, allowing horse to stand in the stable a day after giving it. A good purgative to clear the bowels. Or, by mixing vidth molasses to make a sttflt dough, may be given as a ball. Physic Drench for Cattle. — . Epsom Salts itoi|^ pounds. Ginger i ounce. Syrup 4 oimces. Water, to make 2 quarts. Mix, and give as one dose. Cough Mixture for Cattle. — Gum Camphor 2 drachms. Saltpeter 3 drachms. Spirits of Niter i ounce. Water or Gruel i pint. Mix, by dissolving Camphor in the Spirits of Niter, and add the watei (or gruel) and Saltpeter, and give as one dose. May be repeated two or three times a day. General Condition Powders. — Gentian Powder. % pound. Cooking Soda ^ pound Nux Vomica, powder.... }( povindL. Arsenic i drachm. Mix. Dose: Tablespoon level full morning and night in moistened grain. At noon give the following: Sulphate of Iron 4 ounces. Saltpeter 4 ounces. Mix. Dose: Tablespoon level full. Hoof Ointment. — Raw Linseed Oil 4 ounces. Crude Petroleum 4 ounces. Neatsfoot Oil 4 ounces. Pine Tar..... 4 ounces. Mix well, and apply every night with a brush, all over and under the hoof — even a little in the hair above the hoof. Clean out hoof before applying. PRACTICAL REMEDIES AND RECIPES ...FROM PRACTICAL .. FARMERS AND 5T0CK OWNERS ' I ""HE aim has been to make this book one of great value -*■ from a practical as well as from a scientific standpoint. Every successful farmer has a few- favorite remedies that he has tried and tested and that he knows to be valuable. To gather these remedies has been a long and difficult undertaking, but we have succeeded, and it is believed that the following, gathered from all sections of the country and from the most reliable sources, will be found the most valuable collection of sure and simple remedies ever gathered for the home use of the farmer and stock owner. PUBLISHERS REMEDIES FOR HORSES TO KEEP HORSES IN HEALTH.— Give leaf tobacco finely pulverized, one tablespoonful once a week in wheat bran; colts, one teaspoonful once a week. Robert E. Chambers, Spencer, Indiana, R. F. D. i. BLOATING. — If bloated from wind, give injection of warm soapy water; if animal shows signs of inflammation, give about 1 5 drops of Tincture of Aconite. John Oatway, Green Ridge, Manitoba, Canada. BLOOD PURIFIER.— Sulphur 2 ounces. Cream of Tartar 2 " Sassafras 2 Mandrake, powder of 2 " Mix and give one tablespoonful once a day in grain. Walter Whitfield, Sr. , Pontiac, Michigan, R. F. D. 6 675 676 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR BOG-SPAVIN AND THOROUGH-PIN. — Keep the horse as quiet as possible in a box-stall and blister once every month as long as necessary with the following: Einiodide of Mercury.. ij^ drachms. Cantharides lyi " Vaseline 2 ounces. Mix well together. Clip all the hair ofl: and rub the blister (the above ointment) well in. Be sure to tie him up «o that he cannot bite the parts. In twenty-four hours rub well again, and in twenty-four hours longer wash off and apply sweet oil every day. It is sometimes necessary to blister several times to effect a thorough cure. J. ICearns, Palmerston, Ontatio, Canada. BOTS. — Drench with i pint of Indigo water reasonably strong. /. 3'. Harper, Novelty, Missouri. BOWELS, INFLAMMATION OF THE.— I treat about the same as in colic. I always employ the best veterinarian I can, when I have a case of this kind, and they often fail to do much. My experience is that much can be accomplished by treating the same as colic, and applying lots of heat to the body in the form of woolen blankets wrung out in hot water, and held up to the belly; also heat the back if you do not use the blanket and hot water. Have found it good to use: Spirits of Turpentine i ounce. Mustard }i pound. Vinegar ^ gallon. Mix together and rub on the belly and strai) a. blanket on the horse; also apply some on the back of the animal. I am a farmer 60 years of age and have farmed all my life: Have used all the recipes I am sending you, for over 35 years, and found them to be of great success with my own .stock, as well as to the neighborhood in which I live. I believe I could sell a number of your books here, as the fanners around 'would like to get hold of some of the recipes I am sending you. PRACTICAI, REC IPES FROM FARMERS 677 The recipes I am sending you are intended for animals that have come to maturity, and should be reduced according to the age and strength of the animal. I wish you success with your book. George Campbell, Gilchrist, Sinicoe Co., Ontatio. BREAST BRUISED FROM EATING OUT OF A HIGH MANGER.— Put in a rowel made of leather or silk thread. Keep moving it every day until it is running well, then remove the string and keep jsore washed well' with warm water. A P. Woodard, New Comerstown, Ohio. CASTRATION, BLEEDING FROM.— Rub back with salt water and apply vinegar to sore. Aimer L. Maland, Rushford, Minnesota. CATARRH IN THE HEAD, OR THE HEAVES.— Feed western prairie hay. This hay has plenty of resin plant in it. D. F. Pike, Lisbon, Ohio. COLIC. — Sulphuric Ether, given in i ounce doses, mixed with twice the quantity of warm water or milk — dose repeated in 15 minutes if not easier — will positively cure any case of acute or spasmodic colic. This remedy will also cure colic in any animal or human, and will positively cure the so-called "Lamb Cholera" in young lambs if discovered before they are too far gone. "Lamb Cholera' ' is nothing but colic produced by sickness or changes in the dam's milk. Geo. M. Wither, Marysville, Ohio. 2. Colic. — Have found whiskey and soda the safest remedy. Give I pint whiskey and a tablespoonful of soda mixed. Repeat the dose if not relieved in thirty minutes. W. A. Lang ford, Richmond, Kentucky. 3. Colic. — Take i V2 .pints of lard, heat quite warm, place in a bottle and drench the horse with it. This can be used when other remedies cannot be had. Gurley Taylor, Boonville, Indiana. 678 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR 4. Colic. — 20 drops Wild Yam in yi pint warm water every fifteen to thirty minutes will cure colic. W. I. Reynolds, Pi-t)estone, Minnesota. 5. Colic. — Make i quart of strong hop tea, drench the horse, then move him briskly for half quarter and back. My remedies for Bots and Colic I got from my father, who was a veterinary. I never knew him to lose a horse, and he traveled all over this country. /. S. Harper, Novelty, Missouri. 6. Colic. — In early stage. Aqua Ammonia i teaspoonful. SweetMilk i pint. Shake well and give in one dose. 7. Colic- Spirits of Turpentine I ounce. Laudanum 2 ounces. Warm "Water i pint. Mix and give in one dose. Colic is about the only thing that ever ails my horses, and if I fail to have the above on hand, I give ^ pound of common baking soda in a quart of water and repeat in half an hour if necessary. This has never failed me yet. W. A. Eastwood, Ckesaning, Michigan, R. I'. D. 2. 8. Colic. — A horse's stomach holds but four quarts. If watered after feeding it will force all feed into the large intestines, where it will ferment and cause colic. Laudanum. Sulphuric Ether. Spirits of Nitre — equal parts of each. Give 2 tablespoonfuls every half hour in pint of water. Jacob Shearley, Franklin, Pennsylvania. 9. Colic. — Give one heaping tablespoonful of soda in one quart of buttermilk. Put the soda into the buttermilk just when ready to give. Repeat in half an hour, if necessary. Robert E. Chambers, Spencer, Indiana, R. F. D. i. PRACTlCAIv RECIPKS FROM FARMER S 675 10. Colic or Pain Cure. — I^ " Laudanum 34^ " Gum Camphor % " Capsicum, pulverized % " Alcohol yz pint. Dose. — For a horse, onetablespoonful in one- half teacupful of lukewarm water. Repeat in half an hour. Walter Whitfield, Sf.,Pontiac, Michigan, R. P. D. 6. 68o THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR i6. Colic. — ChamomileTea (warm)-...i i pint. Spirits of Nitre I ounce. Saleratus (or Soda)... i " Mix and give to horse out of long-necked bottle, as one dose. Rub torse's flanks and small-of-back and keep fairly -warm with a blanket. Ernest Heine, Ellendale, North Dakota. 17. Colic. — Chloroform I teaspoonful. Cayenne Pepper i " Ginger I tablespoonful. Give in one pint vyarm water, then follow in fifteen minutes with from one to one-half pints raw Linseed Oil. The above, so far as I have tried or have seen tried, has proved entirely successful. H. M. Hance, Shepherd, Michigan. COLIC, CRAMP.— Sulphuric Ether 2 ounces. Laudanum , 2 " Give in | pint Linseed Oil raw. G. D. Foster, Kingfisher, Oklahoma. COLIC, SPASMODIC— Tincture of Asaf etida 4 ounces. Sulphuric Ether ij^ ounce. Mix, and give % of contents in i pint of warm water every ten minutes until relief. Gilbert Holmes, Hillsboro, Ohio, R. F. D. 6. 2. Colic, Spasmodic. — Sweet Spirits of Nitre i}4 ounce. Tincture of Opium i ounce. Extract of Ginger ^ " Water '/i pint. Mix and give as one dose. When pos- sible, give warm water injections. Have used this remedy for twenty-five years with very good results in nearly every case. John Gawthrop, Milford, Indiana. PRACTICAI, RECIPES FROM FARMERS 68i 3. Colic, Spasmodic. — My favorite remedy for this is: Sweet Spirits of Nitre i ounce. Tincture Laudanum i " Ginger.. i tablespoonful. Common Soda i "' Lukewarm Water. i pint. Mix and give as one dose. Repeat every four hours until better. In bad cases apply hot cloths to the belly. George Campbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontario. COLIC, WIND OR FLATULENT.— I treat the same as in Spasmodic Colic, given over my name, only I give an occasional drench of: Common Soda 3 tablespoonfuls. Ginger l tablespoonful. This is to take the wind away. Gjorge Campbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontario. COLLAR GALLS.— Vaseline. 4 ounces. Tannin 2 drachms. Apply morning and evening. Aimer L. Maland, Rushford, Minnesota. COLLAR, SCALD UNDER.— Bathe in cold water. W. S. Starcher, Berlin, Wisconsin. CONDITION, TO. — When a horse is sick and does not eat well, feed him a hot mash and some apples. J. P. Woodard, New Comerstown, Ohio. CONDITION POWDER.— The following is a recipe which I know to be very good, in fact, the best I ever used, and I have used quite a number of the different powders. Ginger 6 ounces. Elecampane 6 Juniper Berries 4 Fenugreek • 6 Epsom Salts ■ 4 Gentian Root 4 Tartar Emetic 2 Powder aU well together and give one table- spoonful in soft feed twice a day. Valentine Thoeny, Tell, Buffalo County, Wisconsin. 682 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR 2. Condition Powder. — Rosin.. 1 part. Sulphur........ 1 Ginger..... i Saltpeter.. i Cream of Tartar i Copperas l Poplar Bark i Fenugreek j Blood Root... 1 Buchu I Senna i Pulverize and mix. Dose, i tablespoonful in feed or bran mash. I have used this condition powder for thirty-five years and have found it the best thing ever tried for conditioning horses. It cleanses the stomach and bowels, removes worms and purifies the blood. It is highly praised by liverymen who have used it. /. F. R. Holmes, Hilkboro, Ohio, R. F. D.3. 3. Condition Powder.— For hcrses that are run down and do not thrive. First, examine the teeth. Fenugreek, Cream of Tartar, Gentian, Sulphur, Saltpetre, Rosin, Black Antimony and Ginger, equal parts; Cayenne Pepper, one-half part. Thoroughly mix and give one table- spoonful in bran once a day. /. W. Higgs, Silver Leaf, North Dakota. COUGH. — If a horse has a cough following distemper, or any disease of the respiratory organs, or in heaves, give the following: Oil Tar 4 ounces. OilAmber 4 " Coal Oil (Kerosine) 4 " Spirits of Turpentine 4 " Mix Oil Tar and Oil Amber in one bottle and the Coal Oil and Turpentine in another. To give: Put one tablespoonful of the latter in the drench bottle, and shake so the Tar and Amber Oils will not stick; then add one table- spoonful of the Oils of Tar and Amber. Shake and give as a drench, repeating every night after feeding until the cough stops. PRACTICAI, RECIPES FROM FARMERS 683 Also give a teacupful of Raw lyinseed Oil every morning. This will cure heaves or any other cough if properly used. It is the best throat and lung medicine in use. George Campbell, Gilchrist, Sijncoe Co., Ontario. CUTS. — For cuts of any kind apply Turpentine as soon &^ possible, then follow with liberal applications of Sweet Oil. H. M. Hance, Shepherd, Michigan. CUTS AND WOUNDS.— Linseed Oil 8 ounces. Carbolic Acid i ounce. Iodoform i draclim. Oxide of Zinc i " Mix thoroughly and apply twice a day. Bartley Jost, Alma, Wisconsin. FRESH CUTS, SALVE FOR— CALLED "BISHOP'S SALVE."— Red I/ead i pound. Linseed Oil i pint. Boil together. Care must be taken in boil- ing or it will bum or get too hard to use D. H. Clifton, De Cliff, Ohio. CRACKED HEELS, SCRATCHES, OLD SORES, OPEN JOINT. — Is excellent for all enumerated, and will stop the oil from running out of the joints. Sugar of Lead i tablespoonful. Alum I Bluestone (Sulphate of Copper) i Best "Vinegar 1 t acupful Mix. For fresh wounds add more vinegar. I paid $5.00 for this recipe and it is the best money I ever invested. If a horse gets kicked on the stifle joint, bathe with hot water with a little salt in it. Have water as hot as your hand will bear, and continue applying for twenty minutes. Wipe dry and apply the above liniment freely. Have saved many a good horse with this liniment. I never poultice a horse when kicked on the stifle joint; think it is a great mistake to do so. If you have to use a syringe with this liniment use a glass one, as it will spoil any other kind. ^., , . ^. r- n * ■ George Campbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontario. 684 the; practicai. stock doctor DIARRHOEA IN YOUNG FOALS.— In mild cases give the following : Flour 2 tablespoonfuls. Cold Water i teacupful. Mix and drench twice a day. If the colt is in pain give the following: Tincture laudanum lo to 15 drops. Castor Oil 1 ounce. Whiskey or Brandy 2 tablespoonfuls. Mix and drench. Also apply mustard plas- ter — mustard and flour in equal parts — to the belly, and keep the colt warm. George Campbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontario. DISTEMPER, OR STRANGLES.— Resin i pound. Alum 1 " Ginger i " Blue Vitriol Yt Powder, mix all together and give i table- spoonful twice per day in feed. I never knew it to fail. Had nine head of my own with it one fall and they got along finely under this treatment. John D. Allen, Worthington, India^ia. 2. Distemper. — Keep bowels open with >^ pint Castor Oil and ^2 pint Salts dissolved in warm water. Give warm. If the throat is badly swollen, take i gallon shelled oats, pour boiling water on them, and when cool enough put them in a sack and bind under jaw and throat. Rub the throat with the following liniment: Ohve Oil 4 ounces. Spirits of Turpentine i ounce. Spirits of Camphor i " , Aqua Ammonia i^ ounces. This liniment is good for sprains, bruises, sore shoulders, stiff joints and pains generally, in man or beast. Robert E. Chambers, Spencer, Indiana, R. F. D. i. PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM_ FARMERS 685 3. Distemper. — Common Black Gunpowder... i tablespoonful. I,ard I Soapsuds (stiff) i " Pine Tar 2 tablespoonfuls. Gum Myrrh i tablespoonful. Mix and put one teaspoonful of the mixture on horse's tongue twice a day. Bathe throat with Tobacco tea, as follows: To one quart of water add one ounce of cheap Tobacco and let water boil up. Apply as hot as horse can bear it. Ernest Heine, Ellendale, North Dakota. 4. Distemper. — In bad cases of distemper in horses or mules I use Linseed Oil. Pour one tablespoonful into each ear. /. M. Hume, Williamstown, Kentucky. 5. Distemper, or Strangles, A Good Remedy for.— Will prevent gathering or breaking if used at the outset. Spanish Flies (powdered) i ounce. White Wine Vinegar i gallon. Mix. Clip off the hair from the throat and apply the remedy twice a day. Do not let the mixture freeze. Keep in a warm place in the winter. This is also a good remedy for laryngitis or inflammation of the throat, and should be applied in the same way as for distemper. For internal use take : Saltpeter %: pound Chlorate of Potash )i " Mix and give one teaspoonful on the tongue three times a day. George Cami>bell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontario. 6. Distemper, or Strangles, Bastard.— For this disease I mix mustard and cayenne pepper in equal parts with water to a thin paste and apply to the throat and windpipe, down on the chest, and also apply some to the abscesses to bring them "to a head." When ready to open, lance abcesses on the lower part, to favor escape of matter, and press it out. George Campbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontario. 686 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR EYES, INFLAMMATION OF THE.— Use Extract of Witch Hazel freely to bathe the eyes. Very good. Alme7 L. Maland, Rushford, Minnesota. 2. Eyes, Inflammation of. — Sulphate of Zinc i drachm. CarbolicAcid % " Glycerine i ounce. Water 4 ounces. Get this lotion prepared by a druggist and put four or five drops into the affected eyes morning and evening. WalieT Whitfield, Sr., Pontiac, Michigan, R. F. D. 6. FARCY.— Nitrate of Potash, powdered finely. 4 ounces. Black Antimony 2 " Sulphite of Soda, powdered i ounce. Elecampane, powdered 2 ounces. Mix and give l tablespoonful once or twice a day. This remedy I have tried a good many times in the last thirty years and it has never failed to do the desired work. Tilnian Wilkin, Spencerville , Ohio. 2. Farcy. — Or swelling along the abdomen caused by indi- gestion from heavy feeding and run down condition. Saltpeter 3 ounces. Sulphur 3 " Cream of Tartar 3 " Anise Seed , 3 " Mix and divide into four powders. Give one powder in feed the first meal, one the second, miss the third, give the fourth, miss the fifth and give the sixth. Better to be given in soft feed. A sure cure. John Oatway, Green Ridge, Manitoba, Canada. FISTULA, OR POLL EVIL.— Alcohol 6 ounces. Oil of Spike 2 Oil of Sassafras 2 Camphor Gum 4 Ox or Beef Gall 2 Oil of Tansy .' 2 Apply once per day before pus has formed. It is a sure cure. John D. Allen, Worthington, Indiana. PRACTlCAlv RECIPES FROM FARMERS 687 FOUNDER. — The following receipt is a sure and speedy- remedy: Take a tablespoonful of pulverized Alum, pull the horse's tongue out of his mouth as far as possible and throw the Alum down his throat. I^et go of his tongue and hold up his head until he swallows. In six hours time, no matter how bad the founder, he will be fit for moderate service. I have seen this remedy tested so often with perfect success that I would not make five dollars difference in a horse foundered (if done recently) and one that was not. Gilbert Holmes, Hillsboro, Ohio, R. F. D. 6. 2. Founder. — Founder is produced by three different causes: over-feeding, watering when too warm, or by driving a horse until he is very warm and letting him stand in a cold, raw wind without blanket. The last case is very severe and is difficult to cure. For Founder of short standing, take the small blade of a pen- knife, one-half inch from the point, and bleed in the wart of the feltlock of each fore leg, taking one teaspoonful of blood from each, and cause him to swallow a teaspoonful of dry Alum. If he has been foundered for any length of time, treat as above and bathe the legs thoroughly with the following: Beef's Gall, fluid contents of 6 ounces. Alcohol 6 Ammonia, Spirits of 3 " Shake well and bathe twice a day. F. E. Battle, Falls, Texas. 3. Founder. — A good remedy if the trouble is caused by too much grain. Keep the animal from water for twelve hours. As soon as you can, draw one gallon of blood from the horse's neck, then drench with one quart Linseed Oil and rub the fore legs long and well with very hot water. /. W. Higgs, Silver Leaf, North Dakota. 4. Founder, From Grain. — Drench with one pint lyinseed Oil. Stand his front feet in a tub of hot water. In one hour, if he has not had a passage, repeat the dose. Give him exercise and some water. J. P. Woodard, New Comerstown, Ohio. 688 THE PRACTICAIv STOCK DOCTOR 5. Founder, To Prevent. — For a horse that has been over- fed grain, if taken immediately, give one tablespoonful of powdered Alum by drawing out tongue, placing thereon and letting go at once. Follow with i}{ quarts raw I^inseed Oil. Bleeding in feet will also help if the person is competent to use the knife. Win. A. Hale, Anamosa, Iowa. FROST'S CELEBRATED BLACK OIL FOR MAN OR BEAST.— Neat's Foot Oil i pint. Spirits of Turpentine i " Oil of Spike 2 ounces. Oil of Origanum 2 " Oil of Vitriol i ounce. This liniment must be properly mixed to be of value, as fol- lows: Secure a half gallon jug, put the first four ingredients in and stir them thoroughly together, after which add a little of the Vitriol and continue stirring for a few minutes, then add a little more Vitriol and repeat the stirring, continuing this until the Vitriol is all used. It requires about two hours to get the Vitriol in without burning the liniment. Then let the whole mix- ture stand a few hours and it is ready for use. This liniment should be applied externally and is the best and cheapest all-around stock liniment I ever saw. It is especially valuable for cuts, bruises, rheumatism and stiff joints. It is strong enough to kill bone spavin, and will not produce anymore sensa- tion in a fresh cut than so much water if it is properly mixed. If it is not properly mixed, it produces a burning sensation and is valueless. If used on animals, it should be washed out of the hair every other day as it may cause the hair to slip; otherwise it will not do any damage. It is the best wire-cut remedy I ever saw as it leaves the least scars. This recipe has been in use in our family for fifty years and is the most valued one we have. L. L. Frost, Mirabile, Missouri. GALLS ON HORSES.— White Lead moistened with Sweet Oil or sweet milk. Cover the galled spots twice a day. Wash before each application. J. P. Woodard, New Comer stown, Ohio. PRACTICAI, RECIPES FROM FARMERS 689 GREASE HEEL.— Give Sulphite of Soda, V^ ounce three times per day, and also give Cantharides, 5 grains once per day. Joseph H. Reed, Canonsburg , Pennsylvania, R. F. D. j8. 2. Grease Heel, Scratches and Old Sores, Good Lini- ment For. — Linseed Oil i quart. Turpentine }i pint. OilofVitriol 2 ounces. Put the Linseed Oil and Turpentine into a glass jar or earthem vessel anAdrop ihe Vitriol in slowly, stirring until cool. Joseph H. Reed, Canonshirg, Pennsylvania, R. F. D. j8. Grease Leg. — Prepare horse for physic by giving bran mash diet for twenty-four hours, then give the following: Barbadoes Aloes 6 drachms. Ginger, ground 2 " Oil, raw i pint. Next dissolve two ounces of Saltpeter, put into one-half pail of cold water and bathe the leg thoroughly for thirty minutes; then spread a poultice of boiled flaxseed on a cloth large enough to cover leg from back to fetlock, sprinkle poultice freely with Carbolic Acid, place poultice on leg and bandage well with flan- lel to retain heat. Renew poultice on leg several times for a couple of days until grease is well drawn out or scab is formed on leg, then remove poultice and wash leg regularly with the follow- ing: Wa'er, soft K pailM. Creolin 2 tablespoonfuls. Also use Castile soap and continue the washings until all scurf is removed. Keep leg bandaged while operating, gradually changing to lighter bandages until finished. The above is a sure cure for grease or swelled leg. I have used it on several of my own horses during the past ten or fifteen years and have given it to many of my neighbors, and have never known it to fail when taken in the early stage of the disease and properly and carefully applied. I first got the remedy from a clergyman from the Highlands of Scotland. /. D. Baskerville, Dominion City, Manitoba, Canada. 690 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Grease, Ointment For. — Honey yi pound. Lard -4 " Tar y, " White Vitriol i ounce. Sugar of Lead i " Alum ^ pound. Melt together the first three ingredients, pulverize the bal- ance and mix in by stirring until cold. Put on lint cloth, bind on and keep on for 40 hours. Repeat as needed. Give purify- ing powders. I have tried and seen the above tried in several cases and never knew it to fail. This receipt is worth as much as the horse, for it will cure the grease, and a horse with grease heel is worthless. A. B. Dicker son, Lakeview, Michigan. HEAVES. — I have known horses to have the heaves so bad that they were entirely useless, and cured them completely by feeding nothing but ear corn for six to eight months. 5'. W. Powell, Polo, Illinois. 2. Heaves, or Broken Wind. — Give eight or ten drops Tincture of Phosphorus in the drink several times a day for eight or ten days. Bartleyjost, Alma, Wisconsin. HOOF BOUND.— The following receipt I know by experi- ence to be very good: Beeswax 2 ounces. Venetian Turpentine 2 Burgundy Pitch 2 Rosin 2 Olive Oil 3 Pine Tar 4 Dissolve and add Spirits of Tur-" pentine 2 " Rub well on hoof affected once every day for eight or ten days, and in severe cases repeat the treatment after an elapse of one week. Valentine Ttweny, Tell, Buffalo County, Wisconsin. PRACTICAL RECIPES IJ'ROM FARMERS 691 HOOF OINTMENT.— Archangel Tar i pound. Tallow % Beeswax 4 ounces. Melt together and apply twice a day. Bartley Jost, Alma, Wisconsin. 2. Hoof Ointment. — For crack in hoof or to grow on a new hoof. Muriatic Acid I ounce. Butter of Antimony i " White "Vitriol, pulverized i " Mix and apply to parts. Tohn Oatway, Green Ridge, Manitoba, Canada. INDIGESTION, ACUTE.— One quart raw Linseed Oil- Use as a drench and repeat if not relieved soon. W. R. Sedberry, Pitts field, Illinois. 2. Indigestion, Acute. — First mix and give the following: Common Soda 4 tablespoonfuls. Ginger i tablespoonful. This will neutralize the gas in the stomach. In ^ hour after I give the following: Spirits of Turpentine i ounce. Tmcture Laudanum I " Raw Linseed Oil i pint. Mix and give as a drench, and repeat every four hours until better. Apply to the stomach hot cloths as directed in congestion of the lungs over my name. I treat chronic indigestion the same as acute indigestion, only I use more Ginger and Soda, or ground Gentian Root. George Campbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontario. LICE. — Insect Powder dusted over a horse well, then blank- eted for an hour, will kill lice. Repeat in one week. Elmer C. Wood, Mt. Gilead, Ohio. LINIMENT FOR SPRAINS, BRUISES, ETC.— Liquor Ammonia Tincture of Arnica Tincture of Opium Oil of Turpentine Alcohol Water, add to make i pint. Bathe two or three times daily, rubbing in well with the hand. 692 THE PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR This is a splendid remedy for sprains or bruises, good for man or beast. One of my neighbors had a very sore foot which he cured with this remedy. Have used this liniment continuously for thirty years. John Gawthrop, Mil ford, Indiana. 2. Liniment.— Oil of Spike 2 ounces. Origanum 2 " Hemlock 2 " Wormwood 2 " Sweet Oil 4 Spirits of Ammonia 2 " Gum Camphor -2 " Spirits of Turpentine 2 " Alcohol (strong) I quart. Mix well together and bottle tight. An unequaled horse liniment, and one of the best ever made for human ailments, such as rheumatism, sprains, etc. Gurley Taylor, Boonville, Indiana. 3. Liniment, Clifton's. — Spirits of Ammonia i ounce. Spirits of Camphor 2 ounces. Turpentine 2 " SweetOil i ounce. Gasoline, sufiScient to make i pint. Keep away from the fire when applying it. D. H. Clifton, De Cliff, Ohio. 4. Liniment. — My favorite, and an excellent one for lumps, cuts, bruises, etc. Turpentine 4 ounces. Linseed Oil 4 " OU of Spike 4 " Gumof Camphor 2 ' Rub on as often as the case seems to require. James M. Ross, Fairmount, West Virginia, R. F- D. j. 5. Liniment for Sprains, Bruises, Sores, Lameness, Etc. — This liniment has been thoroughly tested for years, and no one will be disappointed in using it. Olive Oil 4 ounces. Turpentine 4 " Gum Camphor 5 cents worth. Charles E. Haynes, Hillsboro, Ohio. PRACTICAI. RECIPES FROM FARMERS 693 6. Liniment. — Whiskey 6 ounces. Turpentine 2 " Spirits of Camphor 2 " Spirits of Soap 2 " Apply tiiree times a day. Bartley Jost, Alma, Wisconsin. 7. Liniment, Good for Man or Beast. — Mix 2 ounces Spirits of Turpentine with ^ pint hard water and shake thor- oughly for five minutes. Add one hen's egg well beaten and shake again for five minutes. Put in 2 ounces Methylated Spirits of Alcohol (wood alcohol) and shake five minutes; add 2 ounces strong I^ pints. Dissolve the Saltpeter in hot water, mix it with the oil and give it as a drench. If the horse is not better, treat the same as in AcuTE Indigestion, only do not give any water to drink for twenty hours. George Campbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontario. PNEUMONIA, OR LUNG FEVER.— Raw whiskey with soft food is the most effective medicine. If the horse is cold, give him a quart for first dose, then in quantities to keep warm. Under no circumstances feed grain to a horse suffering with this disease. When he lies down, he is either dead or im- proving. If the latter, let him sleep as long as he will, then be very careful about feeding. W. A. Langford, Richmond, Kentucky. POLL EVIL.— See remedy for Fistula and Poll Evil given by John D. Allen, Worthington, Indiana. RINGBONE, BUNCHES, STIFF JOINTS, ETC., LINIMENT TO REMOVE.— Turpentine 4 ounces. gait I tablespoonful. Eggs, whites of M dozen. Shake thoroughly together and apply. W. A. Eastwood, Chesaning, Michigan, R. I. D. 2. SCRATCHES.— Vaseline i ounce. Sugar of Lead I Carbolic Acid lo drops. Make into an ointment. Cleanse thoroughly with castile soap and warm soft water, rub gently with a ?oft cloth until dry, then apply the ointment. R. H. Rogers, Hudson, Michigan. 696 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR 2. Scratches. — Give the horse each day enough Epsom Salts to keep the bowels loose, and apply the following: Nut Gall 2 ounces. Copperas 2 " Blue Vitriol 2 " Alum 2 " Cider Vinegar. .> yi, gallon. Warm until dissolved and rub in well . Tacob Shearley, Franklin, Pennsylvania. 3. Scratches. — Wash the affected part clean with strong soapsuds and apply freely Gombault's Caustic Balsam. Have known this to cure when all other remedies had failed. IV. A. La?igford, Richmond, Kentucky. 4. Scratches. — The best remedy I have found for Scratches is to clean the horse's legs thoroughly, rub dry, then apply White Lead softened by mixing with I^inseed Oil. Apply each night until cured. James M. Ross, Fairmount, West Virginia, R. F. D. ^. 5. Scratches and Grease Heel. — Apple Vinegar I quart. Litharge 4 ounces. Put in a pot, simmer to one pint, strain and let cool. Wash the affected part with castile soap and warm water, dry and apply the liquid cold, either with a soft brush or cloth. Keep the animal in a dry place. Robert E. Chambers, Spencer, Indiana, R. F. D. i. 6. Scratches, Grease, Wounds and Bruises. — The following is a remedy I have used for a long time and have found to be an excellent thing for heaUng all kinds of wounds and bruises where the skin is broken. Also where the skin is irritated, such as scratches, grease, etc. The men working for me often use it for chapped or cracked hands in the fall and spring. Sulphate of Zinc i ounce. Sugar of Lead i Alum, pulverized I " Add enough water to make ij^ quarts, shake thoroughly, apply to parts affected with a soft sponge or cloth. If for PRAC'riCAl< RECIPES FROM FARMERS 697 scratches, wash first with warm water and white castile soap and apply morning and night till cracks heal and the soreness is gone. L. D. Arnold, Berge^i, New York. SHOULDERS OF HORSES, LUMPS ON, CAUSED BY COLLARS.— Biniodide of Mercury i drachm. Lard i ounce. Mix and rub a little on hard lumps once every ten days till they disappear. Walter Whitfield, Sr.,Pontiac, Michigan, R. F.D.6. Shoulders, Sore. — See that the collar fits well and keep it perfectly clean. Bathe the shoulders three times a day with cold water and lots of salt, and apply to the raw surface a lotion composed of the following: Sulphate of zinc i ounce. Acetate of Lead i " Carbolic Acid i drachm. Water, soft i pint. Shake well together. /. Kearns, Palmerston, Ontario, Canada. Shoulders, Swelling of.— Sugar of Lead (solution) i pint. Arnica 4 ounces. Apply once a day for three days in succession, then stop for three days, then repeat the process again and so on until the swelling has left. To obtain the best results the horse should be given an'absolute rest during the time it is treated. Valentine Thoeny, Tell, Wisconsin. SORES, OLD OR FISTULOUS. — Pyroligneous Acid. Reduce with equal parts of water. I used this remedy on a horse that had a bad sore on his neck or shoulder. I first cleansed it with Castile soap and soft water and then applied the remedy as a wash, using a syringe so as to reach all parts of the sore. The sore finally healed up in fine shape, after using other remedies and being out of the use of the horse for about three months. Note.— It is important with sores like the above that they be allowed to drain well and not have a sac that holds the fluids and prevents drainage. A. B. Brown, Alexandra, South Dakota. 698 THE PRACTICAIv STOC K DOCTOR Sores, on Neck, Back, Shoulders, Etc. — See remedy for Warts given by F. E. Battle, Marlin, Texas. SPAVIN.— Corrosive Sublimate 2 drachms. Lard 1 ounce. Tar %. " Cantharides 2 drachms. This blister should be thoroughly rubbed in with the hand for about ten minutes. Twenty-four hours afterward apply a little oil or vaseline, and repeat night and morning until the blister heals. Bartley Jost, Alma, Wisconsin. 2. Spavin, Curb, Bunches, Sweeny, Lameness, Etc. — Use Gombault's Caustic Balsam in the following manner: Rub the flesh briskly with a coarse towel to cause irritation, then apply the Caustic Balsam in small quantities, rubbing it in with the hand very thoroughly until the flesh becomes tender. In twenty-four hours apply more Balsam, but without much rubbing. The best time to make these applications is in the evening when a piece of flannel can be put over the affected part and allowed to remain until morning. After the second application leave entirely alone for the next five days, then repeat the same treatment and thereafter at intervals of five days until you feel that the cure is complete. Aimer L. Maland, Rushford, Minnesota. 3. Spavin, Splints, Ringbone, Enlargement of Glandsi Blister for. — Lard i pound. Turpentine 4 ounces. Powdered Flies (Cantharides) 3 " Biniodide of Mercury 6 drachms. Mix thoroughly together and apply. Heal raw surface with oil of vaseline. Bartley Jost, Alma, Wisconsin. 4. Spavin, Ringbone, Bog Spavin, Wind Galls.— Cantharides 2 ounces. Mercurial Ointment 4 " Tincture of Iodine 5 " Turpentine 4 " Corrosive Sublimate 5 drachms. I^rd I >^ pounds. Mix the other ingredients thoroughly into the lard. PRACTlCAIv RECIPES FROM FARMERS 699 For Ringbone or Bone Spavin cut off the hair from the part affected, anoint the lump with the ointment and rub in well with the hand. In two days grease with lard, and in two days wash off with soap and warm water and again apply the ointment and repeat as before. G. R. Padelford, Hastings, Michigan. 5. Spavin, Bone. — Take soft soap, salt and Turpentine and mix together to make a soft salve. Apply three days, then leave off three days, but rub gently each day; then apply six days; rub gently again until a yellow matter oozes out, then apply once in two or three days as long as swelling lasts. IV. A. Eastwood, Ckesaning , Michigan, R. F. D. 2. 6. Spavin, Bone. — A few years ago, while living in south- ern Minnesota, I became acquainted with a prominent veterinary surgeon who was very successful in removing spavins. The remedy became so popular that ^hundreds of farmers paid $2.50 for the recipe. Having a valuable horse that "went lame," I called the doctor and he informed me the trouble was due to a spavin. Following is the recipe, which I used with success: Iodine Crystals ?o grains. Iodide of Potash 20 " Cantharides, powdered 40 " Corrosive Sublimate i drachm. Red Iodide of Mercury 2 drachms. Vaseline, add to i ounce. Dissolve the Iodide of Potash in a few drops of water (10 of 15), add the Iodine Crystals, which will readily dissolve, and mix this with the Vaseline. Then add the Corrosive Sublimate and the Red Iodide of Mercury, mix thoroughly and add the powdered Cantharides. The prescription should be prepared in a porcelain or glass vessel. The mortar used by druggists is con- venient, or a flat piece of glass, as a window pane, may be used. In the last case make a wooden knife with a broad, flat blade, break down the lumps of Iodide of Potash in the water, add to the Vaseline, add the other ingredients as described and mix thoroughly. In mixing in iron or any metal the metal will unite with the Iodine Crystals, the Corrosive Sublimate and the Red Iodide of Mercury. How to Apply. — First wash the spavin with warm water and soap, thoroughly, then clip the hair close over the spavin and 700 THE PR ACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR apply the remedy, rubbing it in for five tainutes or more. Make a second application the second or third day, first washing the sur- face perfectly clean with soap and warm water. Three applica- tions are usually enough, although each spavin must be treated according to its needs. The remedy will destroy the growth, and when it has all, or nearly all, disappeared, wash clean and apply Sweet Oil once or twice a day until the surface heals. After the first application the leg will be quite sore and it will require patience in the further treatment. S./. Wilson, M. D., 88 High St. W., Detroit, Michigan. Dr, Wilson is one of the most reliable physicians in Detroit. He says he knows of 25 or 30 cases where this remedy has cured bone spavin, and he absolutely guarantees this recipe if used as instructed.— Publishers. SPLINTS.— I have found that the Tincture of Iodine applied daily for four or six weeks will in some cases remove splints. Elmer C. Wood, Mt. Gilead, Ohio. SPRAIN.— Bandage with salt and vinegar as warm as the horse will stand it. J. Woodard, New Comer stown, Ohio. SWEENY, OR CURB.— Or for any hard lump the fol- lowing liniment is good: Sweet Oil. Cantharides. Hartshorn. QtJgaumu. Cftmplior, equal parts of each. /. Davis, Liberty, Indiana. 2. Sweeny.— Carbonate of Ammonia i ounce. Gum Camphor I " Turpentine Yj, pint. Alcohol % " Apply three times daily, rubbing thoroughly, then skip three days. Repeat three times, after which grease. This is good liniment for sprains or bruises. R. H. Rogers, Hudson, Michigan. 3. Sweeny, Fistula, or any Enlargments or Sprains. — I consider Gombault's Caustic Balsam 'the best remedy I have ever used. C B. Keys, Richland Center, Wisconsin. PRACTlCAIv RECIPES FROM FARMERS 701 4. Sweeny Liniment. — Spike, Oil of Amber, Oil of Wormwood, Oil of Origanum, Oil of Spirits of Turpentine Hartshorn Alcohol Yi pint. J. W. Higgs, Silver Leaf, North Dakota. THOROUGH-PIN.— See remedy for Bog-Spavin given by /. Keatns, Palme? ston, Ontajio, Canada. THRUSH. — Clean the foot out clean, then pour the Essence of Salt (Muriatic Acid) in around the frog and hold the foot up until it quits boiling. l)o this once every three days until it is dried up. J. Davis, Liberty, Indiana. 2, Thrush. — To be applied externally : («) Carbolic Acid yi ounce. Spirits of Nitre 3 ounces. Sweet Oil 2 ' Verdigris 4 drachms. British Oil 3 ounces. The above should be compounded by a druggist as the combination is explosive. To be given internally: (6) Cream of Tartar 3 ounces. Nitrate of Potash 3 " Podophyllin 2 " Ginger 2 " Sulphate of Iron 2 " Fenugreek i ounce. Apply "a" once a day for three days; give "b" twice a day for three days. Repeat till cured. I have found this good for Scratches also. ,, „ „ D. TerBush, Fenton, Michigan, R. F. D. 4.. 3. Thrush in Horses or Cattle.— Use equal parts of lard, pine tar and Blue Vitriol. Pulverize the Vitriol, warm the lard and mix all together. Clean out all decayed parts and dirt and •J02 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR apply once a day for a week. Follow with applications of common salt. If no better in two weeks, use the first another week and follow with salt as before. William A. Hale, Anamosa, Iowa. THROAT, SWELLING IN, TO REDUCE.— Iodide of Potassium 4 dracluns. Oil of Hemlock 2 ounces. Turpentine.... 3 " Oil Stone (liquid) 2 " Wormwood i ounce. Mix all with. Alcohol, 8 ounces; add Tincture of Cantharides, 2 ounces. Rub swelling thoroughly with this lotion, leave it on for three or four days or even a week, then grease for a day or two. If the swelling is not reduced sufficiently, wash off grease and ipply the blister again. Repeat until cured. D. TerBush, Fenton, Michigan, R. F. D. bell, Gilchnst, Simcoe Co., Ontario. WOUNDS OR CUTS, APPLICATION FOR.— Alcohol I pint. Camphor i ounce. Saltpeter i <« Gum Guiacum 1 'i John Oatway, Green Ridge, Manitoba, Canada. 2. Wounds, Fresh. — L^"^"^ I pound. Rosin 1/ ic Eggs, white of 2 Heat the lard and rosin and when nearly cold add the eggs. D. TerBush, Fenton, Michigan, R. F. D. 4.. PRACTICAI, RECIPES FROM FARMERS 705 REMEDIES FOR CATTLE TO KEEP CATTLE IN HEALTH.— Give i heaping • tablespoonful of leaf tobacco once a week in wheat bran. Robert E. Chambers, Spencer, Indiana, R. F. D. i. COW POWDER. — The following is a very good cow tonic: Saltpeter r part. Copperas 3 parts. Rosin 4 " Sulphur 5 " Wood Soot 6 " Mix thoroughly and give i tablespoonful a day. Hiram Graham, Franklin, Pennsylvania, R. F. D. i. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION.— When a cow or steer gets sick and begins to lose flesh, examine the tail, and if at the end of the tail bone it seems hollow or flabby, split the hbllow and fill with common salt, then wrap with a rag saturated with Tvurpentine. This will be all the attention necessary. If sick from overeating or eating frozen corn or damaged food, give one quart Castor Oil. W. A. Langford, Richmond, Kentucky. SUGGESTION FOR CARE OF.— I think cattle do best when tvurned out and have as many different kinds of rough feed as it is handy to give them. Keep the consumptives out of your cattle, also the lump jaws. 5. W. Powell, Polo, Rlinois. ABORTION, TO PREVENT.— Take i ounce of pure Carbolic Acid and mix thoroughly with i gallon of salt. For fifteen cows feed this amount every four weeks; for a less number, feed in proportion. For Contagious Abortion separate each cow that has aborted from the herd and treat in the following manner: Give each cow 10 drops of pure Carbolic Acid diluted in 3 pints of water 46 7o6 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR sprinkled in ground feed, a day for two weeks; then skip a week, then repeat the treatment for two weeks again, continuing this for two months and gradually increasing the dose to 14 drops. Also obtain a bottle of I^ysol, and for each cow take i ounce 'of I^ysol to 3 quarts lukewarm water, mix thoroughly and inject the solution with a syringe ( V^ pint metal is the best) into the vagina of each, three times a week for three months. T. M. Scott, Winterset, Iowa, R. F. D. r. {Breeder of Aberdeen An^us Cattle.) AFTERBIRTH, TO REMOVE— WHEN COW STRAINS HARD. — Fasten animal between two planks or walls to prevent jumping sideways and tie up short. Enter vagina with oiled hand, follow afterbirth carefully into womb and loosen same along the walls of the latter. Where cow does not strain hard, give i quart lyinseed Oil 2 to 3 times a day and afterbirth will come loose in a short time. Ernest Heine, Ellendale, North Dakota. Afterbirth, Retention of the.— To a cow that does not clean herself after calving I give a tablespoonful of Saltpeter three times a day. This is a certain cure. /. M. Hume, Williamstown, Kenhichy. BLACK LEG, TO PREVENT.— I have for many years used the following remedy as a preventive of Black Leg among young cattle, and when I have used it regularly have never had a case of the disease. I am confident that it is a preventive if used for two or three weeks before the disease would naturally attack the calf, but will not cure if the animal has already been attacked. Sulphur 10 pounds. Copperas 6 " Saltpeter 3 ^ pint of raw Linseed Oil into the womb. Apply Turpentine over small of back or kidneys and small amount on neck back of head. Also give the following: EpsomSalts i pound. Lard (warmed) i quart. Ginger (pulverized) i ounce. Mix well with warm water and use as a drencli. The above is infallible. Have been using it for fifteen years and haven't lost a cow. Johft D. Allen, Worihington, Indiana. MILK FEVER PREVENTIVE.— When I dry off my cows I stop all grain feed. I feed for roughage, ensilage in re- duced quantity, hay and stover, until about two weeks before time to freshen, I begin to feed some bran, about two or three quarts per day, and give as much Glauber Salts every four or five days until she freshens as a man can hold in his hand by taking it real full. If cow has not had any Salts for four or five days, give immediately after calf is dropped, which I usually give in water, if cow is thirsty, when I take water to her. I take Salts with me and try her with the water, and if she seems thirsty I stir the Salts into the water and nine times out of ten she will drink it. If she seems to be a little chilly, give 2 ounces of Ginger. In no case give a cow more than 2 gallons of water at one time, and warmed a little if it be cold. Repeat at intervals of an hour or so until thirst is slacked. If the cow does not eat Salts in her food, dissolve and pour down from a long-necked bottle. My experience is that milk fever is due to carelessness more than anything else. I have 50 cows and have not had a case in nearly three years, and only four cases in the twenty-three years I have kept cows. D. JF. Dienef, Btookville, Pennsylvania. 2. Milk Fever Preventive. — As I have been in the dairy business for fourteen years, I might give you my experience with Milk Fever. We had some trouble at first with our best 7i8 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR cows, and lost some of them. The Schmidt treatment (see this treatment in Cattle DisBASES in body of book) was our best remedy, but we have found prevention better than cure. As there is almost no danger with a heifer the first or second calf, we feed them well when coming near their time, but after the second we are more careful, and still more so as they mature. If they are heavy milkers and in good flesh, we feed sparingly for two weeks before coming in — not more than half ration — and nothing. but water in small quantities for twenty-four hours after coming in. If they appear all right the second day, we feed a little hay — less than half a feed — and gradually increase. Since we have learned by hard experience to practice this thoroughly we have not had one case of Milk Fever. If cows are in good flesh this treatment will do them good, even if there might not be any danger of Milk Fever. Joseph Meighen^ St. Marys, Ontario, Canada. RINGWORM. — Usually starts around the eyes and spreads Jack. Take a blunt knife and scrape off crust on sore, then apply a little Tincture of Iodine with a feather. If first application does not cure, apply again in one week. Walter Whitfield, Sr., Pontiac, Michigan, R. F. D. 6. SCOUR IN CATTLE, HORSES, CALVES, AND CHOLERA OR DIARRHEA IN PERSONS.— Frequently a handful of salt will relieve horses and cattle from scour, but if this does not afEord relief in twelve hours, I have recourse to a remedy for the above disease that has never failed me. I use Spirits of Camphor, Tincture of Rhubarb and Laudanum, equal parts of each. Mix thoroughly. For a horse or cow, give a dessertspoonful; for a calf, a teaspoonful. If not relieved in three hours, repeat the dose. For grown persons I use 30 drops; for a child, 8 or 10 drops. For persons, give in a little sweetened water; for stock, in half a pint of warm water. I have known many of the worst cases of diarrhea in children to be cured in a very short time from using this remedy, and I consider it one of the most valuable recipes I have ever come across. M. E. Wees, West Superior , Wisconsin. PRACTICAIv RECIPES FROM FARMERS 719 2. Scour in Young Cattle or Calves. — For calf under three months of age, give i tablespoonful of Castor Oil twice a day; for older ones, increase the dose according to size. Another remedy for the same: Take equal parts of Ginger, pulverized charcoal and common baking powder, mix weJl to- gether and give i teaspoonful twice a day. Pull out tongue and throw powder on back part and they will swallow it, or give it by way of drench. I have found the above to be good remedies. Tilman Wilkin^ Spencerville, Ohio, 3. Scours in Calves. — Put one teacupful raw flour in the milk given the calf, twice a day, until cured. If the calf is in pain give: Tincture of Laudanum, i teaspoonful. Raw Linseed Oil, 2 ounces, two hours after first dose is given. George Campbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontario. 4. White Scour in Calves. — Give 30 drops of Laudanuit in I tablespoonful of Castor Oil three times a day until well. I have found this to be one of the best recipes I ever used. Never lost but one calf. William Wales, Osborne, Kansas. 5. Scour in Calves or Lambs. — Tincture of Catechu 6 ounces. Prepared Chalk, powdered 3 drachms. Laudanum ••• i ounce. Dilute in Alcohol to make one pint, shake well and give as follows : To calf, one table- spoonful every four hours; to lamb, one-half teaspoonful every five hours. A, L. Fox, New Sharon, Iowa 720 THK PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR REMEDIES FOR SHEEP TO KEEP SHEEP HEALTHY.— Give i teaspoonful of leaf tobacco in wheat bran once a week> and plenty of salt, and sheep will always be healthy. If sick, give Yz teaspoonful of Turpentine and i tablespoon- ful of sorghum molasses well mixed. Give morning and evening until the sheep will eat its food. Have used the above for twenty-five years. Robert E. Chambers, Spencer, Indiana. SHEEP POWDER FOR APPETITE.— Sulphate of Iron 2 ounces. Ginger 8 " Fenugreek 8 " Gentian 4 " Mix the above with 2 gallons oil cake and feed I pint daily, mixed with i peck corn and oats. Joseph H. Reed, Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, R. F. D. jS. SHEEP, TO KEEP IN CONDITION.— Sheep do much better in small bunches of about fifty than they do in larger bunches. Plenty of salt and exercise are also needed for sheep. S. IV. Powell, Polo, Elinois. BLOATING.— Ginger I drachm. Baking Soda I " Spirits Ammonia (Aromatic) 2 drachms. Water i pint. Give as one dose, and if it does not have the desired effect, repeat in J^ to i hour, according to severity of the case. G. R. Padelfo7d, Hastings, Michigan. CHOLERA, LAMB.— Sulphuric Ether given in i ounce doses mixed with twice the quantity of warm water or milk — dose repeated in fifteen minutes if not easier — will positively cure the so-called "Lamb Cholera" in young lambs if discovered be- fore they are too far gone. "Lamb Cholera" is nothing but colic produced by sickness or changes in the dam's milk. Geo. M. Wilder, MarjisvUle, Ohio. PRACTIC AI, RECIPES FROM FARMERS 721 COLIC, OR STRETCHES.— Give one drachm each of Ginger and Soda in water as a drench; if this fails to Eelieve, repeat the dose in one hour and give four to six ounces of raw Linseed Oil. G. R. Padelford, Hastings, Michigan. 2. Colic, or Stretches. — Let the shepherd take the sheep by the hind legs, with its back toward him, and raise it as high as his head three times. Isaac Salkeld, Goderich, Ontario, Canada. CONSTIPATION IN LAMBS, TO PREVENT.— After the ewe has dropped her lamb, take a pint of bran, add a table- spoonful of salt to it, and pour over the bran boiling water to make a soft mash; let it cool and when lukewarm give to the ewe. Repeat once a day for 2 or 3 days. George Campbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontario. FLUKE WORM.— See Ticks and Fluke Worm, given by W. A. Eastwood, Chesaning, Michigan. FOOT ROT.— Strong brine (made with hot water) i quart. Sulphate of Copper (Blue Vitriol), powdered, add all that brine will cut, then add : Corrosive Sublimate % ounce. Turpentine % " Bottle for use. • One application with a swab, if trimming of foot is thoroughly done, will effect a cure. However, the entire flock should be gone over once a week and the feet examined by using knife to see if any parts are still affected, and such examination continued until flock is known to be sound. I have known this remedy to cure large flocks of sheep (including my own) when remedies costing ficoo per pint had signally failed. But no medicine will cure Foot Rot without it finds its way to the parasite which causes it, and this can only be done by practice with the use of the knife. Thrush in Horses' Feet. — The above remedy will cure this disease equally as well and should be used in the same manner. Ringworm. — It will also cure Ringworm in human flesh, or any parasitic affection anywhere. Geo. M. Wilder, MarysvUle, Ohio. 722 the; practical stock doctor 2. Foot Rot. — Pour Turpentine freely into the affected parts. Also mix Turpentine in feed, or in bran and salt, and let sheep have access to same. A quantity of Sulphur added will be of benefit both in sore mouth and sore foot. These seem to be kindred diseases of the blood. W. R, Jewell, Alkires Mills, U'esi Virginia. FOUNDER. — I have had four sheep foundered and saved three after they got puffed, and two of them stiff so as to prevent walking. Remedy: Give 2 tablespoonfuls of Castor Oil warmed, or 2 tablespoonfuls of lyinseed Oil, and inject the lower bowel full of warm soapsuds. Repeat both the oil and the injection in two hours. I have tried both oils with success. Geo. H. Banta, Skelbyville, Kentucky, R. F. D. j. GADFLY, TO KEEP AWAY.— Rub pine tar on their noses. Keep it on through July and August. John P. Woodard, New Comerstown, Ohio. GRUB IN THE HEAD.— Confine sheep in tight stall or pen, place large canvas over pen, then fumigate by burning Sulphur in iron pot. Keep them in until they cough violently. W. R. Sedberry, Pittsfield, Illinois. 2. Grub in the Head.— Pour into each nostril one-half tea- spoonful of Kerosene Oil. lohn P. Woodard, New Comer stown, Ohio. LOSS OF APPETITE. — See Staggers or Loss of Appetite, given by W. S. Starcher, Berlin, West Virginia. MOUTH, SORE.— Hold the sheep's head firmly between the knees, letting it occupy same position as is natural when sheep is standing, and pour Turpentine down over nose and mouth. Also mix a quantity of Turpentine with wheat bran, to which add salt, and feed to the entire flock. W. R. Jewell, Alkires Mills, West Virsrinia. PRACTICAL, RECIPES FROM FA RMERS 723 PILES. — Apply clamp and bum off protruding part with a knife-shaped iron which has been heated to a white heat Then apply Boracic Acid twice a day. D. TerBush, Fentm, Michigan, R. F. D. 4. PNEUMONIA OR INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. — Give two to four grains of Quinine in one-half ounce of whiskey every six hours. In one hour after giving the Quinine give: Saltpeter 2 grains. Aconite i to 3 drops. Drop the Aconite on the Saltpeter, and put the mixture on the tongue; repeating remedy every four hours until the fever is gone. If the case is very bad, repeat a little oftener. I never gave this to swine, but should think it would be equally as good for them as for sheep. G. R. Padelford, Hastings, Michigan. ROT. — For my sheep I use two-thirds salt and one-third Epsom Salts. I usually keep it lying by them. I make a dip by boiling tobacco until it is very strong. To every 100 gallons of the juice I add one gallon Carbolic Acid and about twenty pounds of salt. I use a tank that will take a sheep or hog into it and put them under head and ears. My neighbors use a box and dip them back down, but I prefer having them on their feet as I drive them in and lower them out of sight. The dip should be well stirred so as to not have them swallow the Acid. I have used this same dip for hogs for ten years and have never had any cholera since. /. M. Hume, Williamstown, Kentucky. SCAB IN SHEEP.— Mix Wood Soot and Turpentine with their grain when feeding. fohn P. Woodard, New Comerstown, Ohio. STAGGERS, OR LOSS OF APPETITE.— Give i tablespoonful of Turpentine. The one dose is usually sufficient, but in severe cases a second dose might become necessary. W. S. Starcher, Berlin, West Virginia. 724 THi; PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR TICKS.— To prevent sheep from having ticks, give the salt, sulphur and saltpeter treatment as in cattle. This vi^ill pre- vent scab or any skin diseases and keep the sheep healthy. George Campbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontario. 2. Ticks and Fluke Worm. — Salt, Sulphur and Ashes, equal parts, to be kept where sheep can eat it at any time. It will keep them in good condition. W. A. Eastwood, Chesaning, Michiga?i, R. F. D. 2. WOMB, EVERSION OF.— I have had several sheep with womb come out which all died until I used the following treat- ment: Wash the womb gently in warm water and grease well with Sweet Oil or Castor Oil and put back. Then take a com- mon hog ringer and fasten one hog ring through the vagina so the womb cannot come out, and the sheep will fatten for market, I have not lost one since I used this treatment. George H. Ba7ita, Shelbyville, Kentucky, R. F. D. j. WORMS.— Equal parts of Sulphate of Iron and Sulphate of Copper. Dose. — One drachm for four sheep. Feed in salt, or any way it can be fed best,^once or twice a day. Harmon Rossman, Lakeview, Michigan. 2. Worms in the Head of Sheep, to Prevent. — Put salt in a sharp-bottomed trough and spread tar on each side of the trough. When the sheep eat the salt they get the tar on the nose, and that keeps away the fly that lays the egg which forms the worm in the head. Robert E. Chambers, Spencer , Indiana. 3. Worms. — Keep salt and Sulphur before them all the time in the proportion of one pound of Sulphur to ten pounds of salt. /. W. Higgs, Silver Leaf, North Dakota. 4. Worms, Ticks and Other Sheep Parasites.— Simple but effective. To be almost wholly exempt from sheep parasites, keep rock salt in pastures with a few drops of Turpentine put on y. Chas. E. Haynes, Hilkboro, Ohio. PRACTIC AI, RECIPES FROM FARMERS 725 WORMS IN LAMBS.— Take one part Coal Tar Creosote to 99 parts water. After lambs have missed one feed, give as a drench two to four ounces of the mixture, according to size of lamb. Repeat in four or five days if first treatment does not prove effective. A. L, Fox, New Sharon, Iowa. 2. Worms, Stomach, in Lambs. — Take Gasoline one part to fresh milk four parts and give one tablespoonful twice a day for two days, or until they are better. The following also I find very good: Creosote of Tar one part to water fifteen parts. One tablespoonful once a day for two days. There is no disease that stock is subject to that causes greater loss than stomach worms in lambs. J. W. Higgs, Silver Leaf, North Dakota. REMEDIES FOR SWINE HOGS, TO KEEP IN CONDITION.— I have been rais- ing and feeding hogs for twenty-eight years and have made hog raising a close study. At first I had a good many failures. After trying all the paper remedies on hog ailments, I find if a hog gets seriously sick you might as well kill it at once, for if it does not die it will never be thrifty, and is useless as a feeder or producer. I have for the last several years been very successful, and now have no fears of disease among my hogs. My theory is, prevent instead of cure. My care and treatment is simple and inexpensive, and is as follows: Keep the lice off, which can be done with a mixture of coal oil and lardj about equal parts, sprinkled on the hogs about once every thirty days if necessary. Sometimes it is not necessary oftener than every two, three, or four months, but at any rate it is necessary in order to have healthy hogs to keep them free from lice. 726 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR The next important thing is to keep their digestion in order. This is easily done by keeping plenty of coal cinders where they can have free access to them. With these rules strictly adhered to in this latitude, the hog raiser need have no fears. J. F. Ware, Danville, Kentucky. 2. Hogs, to Keep in Condition. — I keep air-slaked lime and salt, equal parts, in a trough in the lot. I think it a good conditioner and disinfectant. James B. Wehrman, Nelson, Nebraska. 3. Hogs, To Keep in Condition. — In summer a good run to grass and plenty of water. In winter feed Sulphur, soft coal siftings, clover hay and bran. Do not feed swine of any kind very long on clear corn or corn meal. Milk is always good. My method of feed in winter is as follows: To a 150 to 200 pound shote give a heaping tablespoonful of Sulphur at a time in some kind of ground feed, one in the morning and one in the evening, for a week. Skip a week and give for three or four days, after which give none for about three weeks. Soft coal siftings or charcoal should be fed between meals every alternate day — that is, every other day while the hogs are in confinement and cannot root in the gpround — from a half pint to a pint each, according to size of hog. They will eat the coal very readily without mixing anything with it. I feed in the trough the same as I do other feed. If clover hay is handy, feed every other day in place of coal, or one day with hay and one day with coal. ^ j^ ^^^^^^_ ^^^^^^_ ^^^ y^^j^ 4. Hogs, To Keep in Condition.— I feed my hogs all the salt and ashes, mixed, that they care to have. It may be put in boxes or in heaps on the ground. I also give them a little Turpentine — about i tablespoonful to a pail of swill. Let them run out where they can have plenty of exercise, and also keep PRACTICAI< RECIPES FROM FARMERS 727 them from piling up on one another in their sleeping place. Give them all the green corn you wish. S. W. Powell, Palo, Ogle Co., Illinois. [P. S. — You may state tliat one year I lost most of my hogs witli cholera (about 80 head). All that I had except 12, which latter had a habit of getting through the wire fence and eating all the green corn they wanted. For this reason I think green com is good food. — S. W. /".] 5. Hogs, To Keep in Condition. — Salt and ashes fed once a week, keep my hogs from getting sick. Never had any sick OT^^- jP" M_ Brown, Kiel, Kingfisher Co., Oklahoma. TO KEEP SWINE IN HEALTH.— As I never have any sick hogs I cannot give any remedies, but will say that my hogs always have free access to all the soft coal they want, and it will surprise anyone who has not fed it to see how much they will consume. Also a box of salt a;id ashes, mixed, placed where they can eat it is a preventive of worms, which are very detri- mental to the health of hogs. W.A. Eastwood, Chesaning, Michigan, R. F.D. 2. 2. To Keep Swine in Health.— Give them all the charcoal they want and they will always be healthy. One teaspoonful of leaf tobacco twice a week to each hog and you will not have any sick hogs. Robert E. Chambers, Spencer, Indiana, R. F. D. i. SHOTES IN POOR CONDITION.— Wash and scrub thoroughly in very strong soapsuds with a kitchen scrubbing brush, and pull or break out the black teeth. If lousy, mix lard and lamp oil and grease them. D. F. Pike, Lisbon, Ohio. PIGS, TROUBLES WITH SUCKING.— In this sec- tion of the'country a great many farmers lost their Uttle pigs the first week or two after they were farrowed, and I was called upon to investigate for the cause. I found that the sows were fed on strong food, such as barley meal, pea meal and the like, causmg the milk to be too strong, and producing indigestion in the little pigs. 728 THE PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR To prevent this trouble the sows should be fed lightly for a week or two after farrowing with equal parts bran and middlings or shorts, pouring over the mixture boiling water so as to cook it. Add I tablespoonful of Sulphur once a day- This will also prevent what we call "cancer of the tail." If you notice little pigs, you will see that they get sore at the root of the tail, the sore taking the form of a ring at the root of the tail, which later drops off. To prevent the tail dropping off and to heal the sore take; Sweet Oil 30 drops. Carbolic Acid i drop. Mix and apply to tiie sore spot. Another new disease in this section is that the pigs will get sore back of the ears; a yellow discharge will come from sores, and it has a very bad odor. To cure this, apply coal oil (kerosene) to the affected part and give the hog a tablespoonful of sulphur once a day. George Campbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontario. I give two remedies which I have found to be most valuable to me in my swine raising, one below and one under "Pneu- monia. ' ' BACK, WEAK. — For the past two years in this locality young pigs (perhaps 20 per cent, of the total number), show a weakness in the back. For instance, they may be standing still, then suddenly give down in the back until the belly touches the ground; or they may be walking and suddenly duck as though going under a low fence. I have consulted many veterinarians, and thus far have not been able to find one who can classify the disease. It is never fatal so far as I know. It affects pigs of from six weeks to four months old. Use Spirits of Turpentine, about i teaspoonful, pouring it along the back. Usually one application is sufficient, but a second, or possibly a third, may be necessary. It is an absolute '^^^^' H. T. Morgan, Mt. Morris, Michigan. BLIND STAGGERS, OR RUN-AROUND.— Pour one tablespoonful of I^inseed Oil into each ear. /. M. Hume, Williamstown, Kentucky. PRACTlCAIv RECIPES F ROM FARMERS 729 CHOLERA, TO PREVENT.— Hog raising is my forte, but I use no medicines or stock fodder with the exception of Radway's Scientific Discovery, which is a preventive of Cholera. My hogs seem perfectly healthy — no cough or disease of any John L. Babcock, Neligh, Nebraska. 2. Cholera. — Some years ago I had a severe attack of Hog Cholera among my hogs. I used the following, with the result that I lost only one hog after commencing its use, although I had a number at the time which could not stand up, and they had previously been dying at the rate of two or three a day. Lime, unslaked 2 pounds. Sal-Soda i pound. Tar % " Antimony }4 " Sulphur yi " Poke Root (ground and pulverized). 6 ounces. May Apple Root " " . 6 " Asafetida 6 " Saltpeter 6 " Put the I/ime, Poke Root and May Apple Root into 4 gallons of water when boiling and stir well; then put the balance of the ingredients in when cool and stir well again: then put the whole into a barrel of swill or mash. In a severe attack, such as I had, I double the strength by taking twice as much of each. When I commenced using it many of my hogs could not eat mash, and we gave it to them as a drink. I have since given the recipe to others, who have tried it with success. The above can also be used as a preventive by giving one pailful once a week to eight hogs, or say a quart to a hog. E. A. Wallace, Winamac, Indiana. 3. Cholera.— An exchange says that every paper in the state should publish the fact that burnt corn is a sure cure for Hog Cholera, and adds: "It was first discovered by a distillery in Peoria, 111. It was thrown to the hogs to be eaten by them. Before that time a number had been dying each day with cholera, but the disease disappeared immediately." It is so simple a remedy that it can easily be tried. Harmon Rossman, Lakeview, Michigan. 730 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR 4. Cholera. — Arsenic % pound. Cape Aloes % " Blue Vitriol X " Black Antimony I ounce. Dose. — One teaspoonful 3 times a day, every other day, to a hog of 100 pounds weight. Bartley Jost, Ahna, Buffalo Co., Wisconsin. 5. Cholera. — As a preventive, mix in the proportion of 2 quarts charcoal to i handful salt. I^eave it where the hogs can have free access to it. Do this 3 or 4 times a week. D, TerBush, Fenton, Michigan. 6. Cholera. — I recommend the following not only as a pre- ventive but as a cure for this scourge of swine: Sulphur I pound. Saltpeter, pulverized I " Madder, pulverized i " Black Antimony, pulverized yi " Asafetida 2 ounces. Mix' thoroughly together. As a preventive. — Mix with the slop twice a week in the proportion of 4 tablespoonfuls to five hogs. If they do not eat it at first, starve them to it. As a cure. — Give in the same propor- tion once daily. At least half a dozen farmers have told me they have used the above remedy with most excellent results, claiming that it is the only thing they have ever discovered that will cure Hog ^^°^^^^- D. B. Freeman, Detroit, Michigan. 7. Cholera. — Charcoal and ashes is about the best thing I have ever tried for hog Cholera. ^ ^ ^^^_ Coldwater, Mich. 8. Cholera. — The following is an unfailing cure for Hog Cholera, and also a preventive of the disease: Give to each hog i teaspoonful of White Hellebore in food. One dose is sufficient, Hiram Graham, Franklin, Pennsylvania, R. F. D. i, No. g. PRACTICAI. RECIPES FROM FARMERS 731 9. Cholera. — The following formula is from the Govern- ment Veterinarian. I have used this remedy, and while it will not always cure the disease, it is nevertheless a good one. Wood Charcoal i pound. Sulphur I "' Sodium CUoride 2 pounds. Sodium Bicarbonate 2 " Sodium Hyposulphate 2 " Sodium Sulphate 1 pound. Antimony Sulphide (Black Antimony) i " Mix. Dose, i tablespoonful to a 200 pound hog once a day. A. B. Brown, Alexandria, South Dakota. 10. Cholera, To Prevent. — Keep them from sleeping in manure piles and old wet straw stacks. Feed charred corn, salt and sulphur, and you will not have the disease in your hogs. /. W. Higgs, Silver Leaf, North Dakota. CONSTIPATION AND LAMENESS CAUSED BY STRONG FEED AND WANT OF EXERCISE.— Feed all the wood ashes and salt they want to eat and give them a chance to exercise. Ernest Heine, Ellendale, North Dakota. COUGH. — A small quantity of Venetian Red put into slop and given to hogs will stop cough. To a hog that weighs 100 pounds, give teaspoonful at a time. If not relieved, repeat the dose in twenty-four hours. To a larger hog, give a larger dose; to a smaller hog a smaller dose. Gurley Taylor, Booneville, Indiana. LAMENESS.— See Constipation, and Lameness, given by Ernest Heine, Ellendale, North Dakota. 2. Lameness and Stiffness.— Give Sulphur i to 2 tea- spoonfuls and Epsom Salts i to 2 teaspoonfuls, according to size of hog, in the regular feed till the bowels move freely. Keep in a dry place. Thomas Newbgging , Atwood, Perth Co. , Canada. LICE.— Sprinkle hogs with undiluted coal oil. Use plenty, and repeat in ten or fifteen days. W. R. Sedberry, PittsMd, Illinois. 732 THB PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR PNEUMONIA. — I have found Turpentine — administered by a metal syringe, which they cannot injure by biting — to be the most satisfactory of any remedy. For a pig of loo pounds, take a tablespoonful of Turpentine and mix with half a teacupful of milk. Reduce dose and repeat in six hours. If in pain, add 30 drops of I,audanum. H. T. Morgan, Mi. Morris, Michigan. RHEUMATISM; ALSO LICE.— Rub well with kerosene oil. It will not take the hair off. Johfi P. Woodard, New Comerstown, Ohio. SCOURS IN PIGS. — This is a common and dangerous ailment in young pigs, and is most frequently caused by feeding dam too much rich slop too soon after farrowing. If pigs get Scours, which will soon be noticed by the white excrement and general appearance, take i teaspoonful of Copperas, dissolve and put into a little swill for the sow and slack up on the slop feed for sow until pigs get older. If pigs get Scours after weaning, give Copperas to them. One or two doses will cure, T. M. Hume, Williamston, Kentucky. 2. Scours, To Prevent in Young Pigs. — For each pig give one tablespoonful of air-slaked lime two or three times a week. This is an excellent remedy at all times with feeding hogs. I have pursued the course of slopping my feeding hogs twice a week and making the slop as strong with lime as they will take it in small quantities, so that fifty head would not take more than six or seven pailfuls. I have lost scarcely any hogs by disease, and have been feeding for forty j^ears. David F. Hoover, Pennville, Jay Co., Indiana. WORMS (STOMACH) IN HOGS.— Sulphate of Iron i drachm Gentian (ground) i " Give the above to each full grown hog once a day in feed; to young pigs about half the quantity. Walter Whitfield, Sr., Pontiac, Michigan, R. F. D. No. 6. PRACTICAI. RECIPES FROM FARMERS 733 2. Worms. — Give in milk one teaspoonful of Turpentine for each pig twice a week before feeding in the morning. I kept this up for two weeks with good results. Put Turpentine and milk in trough in above proportion. D. TerBush, Fenton, Michigan. REMEDIES FOR CHICKENS CHICKENS, SUGGESTIONS FOR CARE OF.— A very good thing for chickens is a good sized pile of sand and gravel for them to dust and feed in. Cooked meats, also ground bones and cracklings from the butcher's kettle, are good to make hens lay. 5. m. Powell, Polo, Illinois. CHOLERA.— The following, "Douglas Mixture," is a Cholera cure, and is an excellent tonic to give at any time to pre- vent disease. Douglas Mixture. — Dissolve yi. pound of Sulphate of Iron (green copperas) in i gallon of water. To another gallon of water add carefully i ounce of pure Sulphuric Acid. Mix the two together in a jug and keep it tightly corked. Dose. — From i teaspoonful to 2 tablespoonfuls to a pint of water, according to the severity of the sickness D. H. Cliftoti, De Cliff, Ohio. 2. Cholera. — Soak corn or any grain in kerosene for twelve hours and feed. Repeat three times. Sure cure for Chicken Cholera. W. I. Reynolds, Pipestone, Minnesota. 3. Cholera. — Mix a tablespoonful of Carbolic Acid in a bucketful of scalded wheat bran and feed. D. F. Pike, Lisbon, Ohio. 4. Cholera. — Com Meal 40 parts. Black Pepper i part. I feed the above freely at the first signs of Chicken Cholera. It seems to be a good tonic for chickens. James B. Wehrman, Nelson, Nebraska. 734 THB PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR 5. Cholera, to Prevent. — Give as a drink, equal parts of Alum and Saltpeter dissolved in pure water. Hiram Graham, Franklin, Pennsylvania, R. F. D. i. No. 9. 6. Cholera, to Prevent. — Grind Salts in drinking water, I teaspoonful to a gallon of water. F. M. Brown, Kiel, Kingfisher Co., Oklahoma. 7. Cholera. — Give the sick fowls i teaspoonful each of Castor Oil, and follow this with Carbolic Acid in the drinking water — J^ teaspoonful of Carbolic Acid to i gallon of water. Isolate the sick fowls. E. C. Wood, Mt. Gilead, Morrow Co., Ohio. 8. Cholera. — Dissolve i pound Copperas in 2 gallons water and add 2 ounces Sulphuric Acid. Dose: One ounce of the solution in one quart of water once a week, D. TerBush, Fenton, Michigan. GAPES, A SURE CURE FOR.— Place the chicken in a tight box, and spread a thin cloth over the box. On this cloth put a handful of air-slaked lime; shake it gently to cause the lime to sift through. The chicken will gape and swallow the lime, and this will kill the worms. Care must be taken to not leave the chicken covered too long or it will suffocate. If used properly, the chicken will surely recover. James M. Ross, Fairmont, Marion Co., West Virginia. 2. Gapes.~For Gapes use crude oil about their feeding W. S. Starcher, Berlin, West Virginia. LICE.— Take dust from the road and wood ashes, about three times as much of the dust as of the ashes, mix and keep dry for chickens to dust in. /^ c- az. t-l ^t D. F. Pike, Lisbon, Ohio. 2. Lice. — Spray the chicken house twice a month in warm weather with kerosene or coal oil and water in equal parts. It is fine to kill lice. E. C. Wood, Mt. Gilead, Morrow Co., Ohio. 3. Lice on Chickens.— In a dry time gather and sift dry road dust and keep in a dry place where the chickens can get at PRACTICAI, RECIPES FROM FARMER S 735 it, mixing ashes with it. For instance, take a box about 2 feet square by i foot high, and put into it ^ wood ashes to ^ dust, mixing them up together. In the fall gather the dust for winter use and store in a dry place. I gathered several bushels last fall. D. F. Pike, Lisbon, Ohio. PARASITIC BOWEL DISEASE OF CHICKENS. _ "A trouble that kills thousands of young chickens." — Dissolve 20 grains Citrate of Iron in a pint of water. Place this where the chickens may have free access to drinking basins. Repeat every day until relieved of trouble. Used successfully by Mrs. Haynes for years. ^^^^ ^ Hayius, Hilhboro, Ohio. ROUP. — Mix lard and Sulphur, make pills and place in their throats. Also grease their heads with coal oil. W. R. Sedberry, Pittsfield, Illinois. 2. Roup. — Take a -chicken and stick head in coal oil over the nostrils until it breathes once. By that time it will have inhaled enough to effect a sure cure. D. B. Freeman, Detroit, Michigan. SCALY LEGS. — Mix i teaspoonful of kerosene oil with 2 or 3 ounces of lard — or in that proportion — and thoroughly grease the shanks of the afflicted fowls. This will kill the mites that cause the trouble. jq TerBush, Fenton, Michigan. 2. Scaly Legs. — For Scaly lyCgs dip the feet in crude oil or blackstrap. W. S. Starcher, Berlin, West Virginia. Note. — The foregoing recipes have been collected, and compiled wita much care, from many of the most reliable farmers and stock owners, and Dr. Waterman is in no wise responsible for the remedies in this department. PUBLISHERS. PROFITABLE BREEDING OF LIVE STOCK By Robert Gibbons THE PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING There are certain natural laws which govern the breeding of animals in a state of nature, and which can be applied by the breeder of domesticated animals in his work of improving live stock of all descriptions. First of these is that "like pro- duces like, or the likeness of some ancestor." This holds good among wild animals, and prevents them from becoming mongrelized through the mixing of different races. It also operates in everything that relates to the health, vigor and fixity of type in the offspring. To maintain these character- istics nature provides a system of selection which prevents deterioration by securing the most vigorous sires for the per- petuation of the breed. Each wild animal is a perfect type of its ancestors, and while there is no improvement there is no deterioration in any respect. In fact, wild animals are so perfectly adapted to their environment that any change would be a loss rather than a gain, and to that extent render them less fit for the special place they fill in the economy of nature. The process of elimination of weak individuals is carried on efficiently through the strongest male in the flock or herd, driving out the weaklings and becoming the progenitor of the young so long as he retains his vigor; but he is driven out by some of his own progeny whenever he becomes weak- ened by old age or accident. This brief statement will serve to show how intensely inbred wild animals and fowls have 736 PROFITABI^E BREEDING 737 become through centuries of natural selection, and accounts for the trueness with which they breed to type. It also points out to the breeder the lines he must follow to insure success, and to retain valuable characteristics in his herd or flock once he has secured them. But those animals and fowls that have become domesti- cated, and are a necessity to the comfort and well-being of mankind, are no longer subject to this process of natural selection which prevent wild animals from deterioration; so man is obliged to take upon himself the work of selecting the animals which he deems best fitted to maintain the flock or herd. To do this successfully the breeder must decide upon the characteristics which he deems the most necessary and desirable in his live stock, and by a process of selection not only maintain them in the progeny, but, at the same time, add to and concentrate such characters so as to insure their perpetuation in future generations. This is the work of the breeder, and cannot be success- fully undertaken by the general farmer. The more concen- trated the work of the breeder, the more closely he confines himself to a single breed, the more certain will be his success. In the selection of sires for his flock or herd he must not only become a student of the natural laws which control the breed- ing of animals, but his eye must be educated to enable him to select such animals as, from their conformation and general characteristics, will most likely prove valuable sires. He should also know their breeding, and decide whether their ancestors have had those characteristics so thoroughly estab- lished in them by a concentration of blood that will insure them being perpetuated in their offspring. The time and study required, and the failures that must be met from time to time in carrying on this work, makes it business apart from that of the general farmer, and confines 738 THE PRAC TICAIy STOCK DOCTOR it to experts who are willing to devote all their energies to the work, and wait patiently for the success which they expect to achieve from their efforts. RELATION OF THE BREEDER TO THE GENERAL FARMER As the general farmer who makes the raising of live stock a part of his business, must look to their improvement as a necessity to add to their value and increase the income derived from them, he will naturally avail himself of the work of the expert breeder as an efficient aid to this desirable end. From himJie can secure sires which will be so strongly bred in the line which he has marked out that each generation will show a steady improvement, while the farmer is spared the loss of time, study and expense which he would have to meet pro- vided he undertook to breed such sires himself. So the breeder of improved live stock is really a necessity to the general farmer, and enables him to carry on the work of improving his herd or flock at a minimum of time and ex- pense, and with a greater certainty of success. The relations between them should be cordial, and mutually helpful. The farmer should aim to concentrate in his live stock such lines of improved blood as have proved of the greatest value, and adhere to them so long as they prove satisfactory. As the herd or flock becomes more valuable through the acquirement of desired characters, the selection of sires to continue the improvement and hold what has been gained will prove more difficult, and the safest course is to test the new sire on a few females before using him generally. After a few crosses of pure bred sires have been made, some farmers assume that the handsome young grade male pro- THE BREEDER AND THK GENERAI. FARMER 739 duced in his herd or flock will be good enough to use, and thus save the expense of purchasing a new sire. Nearly in- variably this course results in deterioration, and what is thus lost must be regained by eliminating the offspring of the grade sire, and the selection of a pure bred of the best possible type to take his place. To careful breeding must be added good feeding and care. The farmer, if he is inexperienced in this direction, should watch the system followed by the more successful of his neighbors. So much depends upon liberal feeding and good care that the farmer cannot give this question too much attention. His aim should be to keep his stock in good con- dition at all times, and free from disease and parasites, which is absolutely essential if live stock is to do well and make good use of the food consumed. Contentment is a valuable thing to secure in all branches of live stock, as it is an efficient aid to their health, comfort and growth. THE FARM HORSE In breeding horses for use on the farm, there are several questions that should be given attention. It is essential that the class of work they are expected to perform, as settled by the system of farm practice pursued, should be considered. If it is devoted largely to the production of grain, entailing a large amount of plowing, harrowing and harvesting, a good heavy team will be required ; but if dairying or the raising of live stock is given first place on the farm, entailing less heavy work, and a considerable part of the farm is in grass, lighter teams may be found more desirable because quicker in their movements and capable of being used for a dififerent purpose. Such teams rightly belong to what are termed the "general purpose" class. They are heavy enough for ordinary farm work, and can also be used on the road. In breeding either of the class of horses referred to pure- bred sires are an essential, and these sires should be given a rigid inspection so as to insure their freedom from disease and hereditary weaknesses. The stallion should not be too heavy for his bone, and his weight should come largely from bone and muscle, not from fat. The heavy feeding practiced by some stallion owners to give weight to their animals is apt to deceive those who use them, and usually injures the breeding qualities of the animals. In sections where corn is largely grown and cheap, it is frequently used to produce weight quickly, as its fattening qualities, so valuable in feed- ing meat-producing animals for market, does not add either to the quality or weight of bone, and hence is not a good grain for breeding animals. For horses there is nothing superior to oats as grain, and early cut and well cured timothy hay for roughage. To this may be added ground barley, bran, and oil meal. For work horses a mixture of oats and corn, with timothy hay, will be found excellent as a general diet, which 740 A Good, General-Pukpose Team. Peep Chested, Strong Legs, Good Wind THK FARM HORSE 741 may be modified with other grains and roughage as they may be available. As to the most desirable weight for farm horses farmers will naturally differ, according to the practice pursued and their environment. While some will prefer teams of 2,400 to 2,600 pounds, when in good condition, others will choose those of 2,800 to 3,400 pounds— the latter an extreme weight for a farm team, but very desirable in large towns and cities for trucking purposes. If a heavy team is kept on the farm, a lighter one should also be kept to do the Hghter work, as horses of 1,600 to 1,700 pounds should always be driven at a walk, and hence require much more time to accomplish a light job than the "general purpose" animal. In breeding the lighter teams referred to the Percheron and Sufifolk Punch will be found most desirable. The Per- cheron sire should be of the conformation and weight general in the breed before the introduction of the blood of the Bel- gian or French draft to increase their size and weight — that is from 1,350 to 1,500 pounds. The original Percheron could travel all day at a gait of 10 to 12 miles an hour. In selecting a stallion to breed to, choose an active, high-headed animal, with good action at the trot, close coupled, with broad chest and loin, massive neck, well muscled quarters, strong in the stifle, with clean flat bone and sound feet. Such a sire, if crossed upon a good grade mare, will be sure to produce a good colt, the size and weight depending somewhat on the dam. Generally excellent animals of the general purpose class can be bred in this way, especially if the mare comes from a lighter breed than the sire, and has some trotting blood in her. For the heavier class of horses referred to, the Clydes- dale, EngHsh Shire and Belgian sires will give the best re- sults with the Clydesdale rather more popular than the others because of his exceptionally strong flat bone and good feet. Both the Clydesdale and Shire carry a heavy "feather" from 742 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR half way down the legs to the fetlock joint, and the quality of this "feather" is generally accepted by breeders as indicating the class of bone it covers. If the hair is fine, soft and silky in texture, the bone under it will be dense, hard and clean. If, on the other hand, the hair is heavy, coarse, and inclined to curl, the bone under it will be found light and porous, and very subject to injury. An injury to a limb with such bone is difficult to cure, and frequently becomes a permanent blem- ish, detracting greatly from the value -of the animal. The bony structure of a horse, like the foundation of a building, must be strong and enduring, or the superstructure, no matter how perfect it may appear, will prove weak and unreliable The stallion when bred to should be in perfect health, not overworked, and active and vigorous. He . should also be fully matured, but not so old as to suggest any weakening of his productive powers. The dam should also be in fair con- dition, not fat, active and vigorous. She should be entirely free from hereditary defects of the bony structure, and per- fectly sound. After the colt has been weaned it should be fed liberally and kept growing right along. It should not be housed too closely during the winter season, and allowed to get plenty of fresh air and exercise. In the winter season, and during the cold nights of late fall and early spring, the colt should be confined in a yard in which there is an open shed with a southern exposure, in which the colt will be perfectly dry and sheltered from cold rains and snows. Along the back of the shed should be a manger in which some roughage should be kept, such as hay, well cured corn-fodder or bright oat straw. A light feed of ground grain should be given once a day. Oats, corn, wheat bran, barley and oil meal can be utilized for this purpose, and the ration varied from time to time. The yard in which the open shed stands should be kept free from obstructions, have a good supply of pure water, ac- THE FARM HORSK 743 cessible at all times. The yard will give the colt ample room for exercise and an unlimited supply of fresh air. If there are several colts in the inclosure so much the better, as they will be more contented. When turned to pasture in the spring, and this should not be done too early, provision for an ample supply of pure water should be made. Too often the only water obtainable in a pasture field is from a mudhole or running stream, subject to contamination from all sorts of refuse, the drainage from which is carried into the stream by rains and melting snows. Yards and pastures in which colts run should be free from obstructions or gullies, which are frequently the cause of injury to colts; and may result in blemishes and permanent unsoundness, which would seriously affect the value of the animal. Inclosures should also be fenced so that the colts cannot get out if so inclined. Of course the use of barbed wire to inclose any yard or field in which colts or mature horses are confined should not be thought of. Growing colts should be kept as free as possible from both external and internal parasites. They cannot do well, no matter how well they may be fed and cared for if tormented night and day by lice and the various forms of internal para- sites which the horse family is subject to. The failure to put on flesh as they should when liberally fed, with the rough staring coat which is always an indication of the presence of lice, can be readily noted by the farmer, and measures should at once be taken to rid the colt of the constant worry caused by them. To detect the presence of internal parasites the droppings of the colt should be watched, and the effective remedies to be had at every drug store used at once. It is also well to spray the open shed and yard with some prepara- tion that will destroy the larvas or young of these parasites. If each farmer and stock breeder would give this matter more attention the number of these pests would soon show a great decrease, to the comfort of all live stock and the financial benefit of their owners. 744 THB PRACTICAIv STOCK DOCTOR When colts are full grown the farmer must decide as to whether he shall place them on the market or retain them on the farm. If there are a number, and some are to be sold and others kept on the farm, those he intends to sell should be put in good condition and well groomed before shipment. A horse thin in flesh never sells to advantage, and a smooth, shiny coat, as the result of good feeding and care, is a great aid in securing a fair price. He will also find it to his ad- vantage to sell the heaviest ones and retain the lighter ones on the farm. The heavier ones will bring the most money, while the lighter ones will be found fully as useful on the farm. They can do more work in a shorter space of time, and can better stand the active work of the farm. The heavy colts will go to the cities for trucking purposes, and are seldom driven faster than a walk, and that generally on pave- ments. Heavy weights and a fast walk are very desirable in trucking horses, and if they are well matched in conforma- tion, weight a*nd color, it will add materially to the price they will bring in the big city markets. Farmers who take an interest in breeding horses could make it a paying business by keeping a couple of teams of brood mares to do the work of the farm, and breeding them to a good stallion each year. These mares should run from 1,200 to 1,300 pounds in weight, be good grades of some special breed — probably Percheron grades would be best for this purpose. These mares ^could be bred to a pure-bred stallion of one of the draft breeds of good conformation, and the colts from such breeding would match up well. A well- matched team of heavy draft horses always commands a good price, and their dams, while doing the work of the farm, would furnish the basis for two such teams every year. The cost of raising such colts would be reduced to a minimum, and there would be Httle chance of the breeder sustaining any loss. CATTLE BREEDING Farmers in the United States and the Canadian Provinces are largely interested in the cattle industry and its present and future conditions. As these change from time to time as the result of vast areas of new territory being opened by settlers, and market demands for meats and dairy products offering better returns to the feeder and dairyman, the industry will continue to expand. The great increase in population of the large cities of the United States as the natural result of im- proved manufacturing and trade conditions, has greatly stimulated the demand for the products of this industry, and caused a great advance in their values. So far as can be foreseen there is no probability that present favorable condi- tions will not be maintained for some time at least, if not in- definitely. Of the great importance of the cattle industry to the country there can be no dispute. It is an absolute essential to its prosperity, and can only attain its greatest development among an active and prosperous people. The conditions under which cattle are maintained on this continent are so varied that the popularity of special breeds and their management differ widely. In the newer sections of the country, where agriculture is yet in a primitive condition, and there are considerable areas of pasture land not yet settled upon, beef cattle are the main reliance of the general farmer. As the country settles up, and towns and villages afiford a near-by market, there is a gradual change, and dairying, which can only prosper upon the cultivated farm, displaces beef-making. This is especially so where the land has increased in value to such an extent as to make the raising of beef cattle unprofitable except in combination with the dairy cow. 745 746 THS PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR There are a number of breeds for the farmer to select from if he wishes to engage in the production of beef, and equally as well known are the special dairy breeds if the farmer wishes to engage in that branch of the cattle business. The beef breeds are the Hereford, Polled Angus, Shorthorn, Galloway and Devon. These breeds all originated in Great Britain, where the breeding of beef cattle is in a more ad- vanced state than in any other country. The dairy breeds are the Jersey, Guernsey, Holstein-Fresian and Ayrshire. Be- tween these two extremes comes what are denominated "dual purpose" cattle, suited to the requirements of the farmer who does not wish to follow dairying entirely, and yet cannot make beef growing alone a profitable business. As a rule he keeps a herd of five to ten cows, generally grades, and fair milkers, while he depends upon feeding their calves for beef to eke out the income from his cows. To such a farmer, and there are thousands of them in all the agricultural states of the middle west, the "dual purpose" cow is a necessity. The breeds that are placed in this class are the Red Polls and dairy Shorthorns, with their grades. Some farmers also place the Ayrshire in this class, as the cows, when bred to bulls of the dairy Shorthorn class produce good feeding calves. The dairy Shorthorn has not been developed to the same extent in the United States and Canada as in Great Britain, where it is largely used by the general farmers of England, who give more or less attention to dairying as an important part of the business of the farm, and also want calves that will prove good feeders and develop into good beef animals. A few herds of these "dual purpose" Shorthorns are maintained in the eastern States, while the Red Polls are growing in favor also. These breeds are likely to become more popular in the dairy States under the stimulus of good prices for beef. From the breeds named the general farmer has a wide opportunity for selection, and he can choose the one which promises to fit in best with his farm practice and surroundings. If he selects one of the beef breeds from which to build up IS CATTlvE BRKE DINQ 747 a herd, he will probably find that the Hereford will do a little better on pasture than the Shorthorn or Polled Angus, but that the latter breeds will stand up better under confine- ment and heavy grain feeding to force the earliest possible development. However, the difference will be slight in either case, and circumstances which may compel the choice of either need not worry the feeder. In the Northwest, where the winters are severe and the growing season too short to allow some grains to ripen regu- larly, the Galloway, with its long fine coat of hair, and ability to do well under adverse conditions, will be found best suited to the climate. The breed has been developed in a cold, rugged country, and the bulls have proved an excellent cross upon grade herds in such localities to enable them to with- stand cold and exposure. The Galloway cow, crossed with Shorthorn bulls, has produced calves that are not only hardy, but excellent feeders, with the finished bullock giving a fine carcass of nicely marbled beef of excellent quality. The hide is not so valuable, however, as that of the pure-bred Galloway. Others prefer using a Galloway bull upon grade Shorthorn cows, believing the results obtained to be superior to the other in some respects. Crossing Shorthorn bulls upon pure-bred Galloway cows is asserted by some investigators to have laid the foundation for that fine breed, the Polled Angus, which shows several characteristics of the Galloway. It has the polled, or hornless head and black color of the Galloway, but with a squarer body, better sprung rib, broader loin, and. longer and better filled quarters than the Galloway. It has also a shorter coat of hair. These characteristics are believed to be inherited from the Shorthorn. However that may be, the Polled Angus, or Aberdeen Angus, as it is sometimes called, is one of the best producers of beef at an early age that can be found. Another excellent cross for the production of good feeding cattle is to use a Shorthorn bull upon Hereford cows, either grades or full bloods. The reverse cross is also advised. 748 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR These breeds reinforce the weak points in each other. The weak point in the Shorthorn is in the crops, and a tendency to a flat rib. In these points the Hereford ' is particularly strong, while the Shorthorn, as a rule, shows better in the hindquarters, where the Hereford is inclined to be weak. The combination of the two breeds gives a more evenly de- veloped carcass, and the meat is well marbled and of high quality. In the special dairy breeds, those from the Channel Islands — the Jersey and Guernsey— are noted for the extreme richness of their milk, but generally are not deep milkers. They are not fitted for exposure, and must be well fed and comfortably housed to enable them to do their best. They belong on the cultivated farm and to the farmer who makes a specialty of dairying. The Holstein-Fresian, originating in the low, flat lands of the Netherlands, undoubtedly, lead all other breeds as deep milkers. While their milk is far less rich in butter fats than the Channel Island breeds, the great quantity she produces enables the Holstein-Fresian cow to rival all other breeds in butter production as well as lead them as deep milkers. The Ayrshire cow, a native of Scotland, is not as deep a milker as the Holstein-Fresian, neither does she rival the Jersey or Guernsey in the percentage of butter fat her milk contains; but she is hardy, does well under adverse con- ditions, and is well fitted for the requirements of the pioneer farmer. Grade Ayrshire cows make an excellent foundation for a dairy herd. In choosing sires for use in such a herd, the farmer should decide in what direction he intends breed- ing, whether for increased yields of butter or milk, and select bulls from the breed most noted in the particular line he wishes to follow. If he intends feeding the calves for beef, a bull of the dairy Shorthorn family will probably meet his requirements better than one of the pure dairy type. In breeding up a herd of any class of cattle it should be understood that all sires used must be a good individual of the CATTI^E BREEDING 749 special breed he belongs to, and of approved breeding. It is the only certain means of developing a valuable herd of cattle. In feeding cattle for market early development is a necessity to make the business a success financially. If calves dropped in the spring can be made to attain weights of 1,100 to 1,200 pounds by November or December of the following year — when 18 to 20 months old — the saving in feed and labor through not having to carry them through two winters will be considerable — sufHcient to keep the balance on the right side when the business might otherwise prove unprofitable. To achieve this result the calves must be kept growing all the time, and this means constant attention by the farmer from weaning time until ready for market. In addition to good pastures during the season, grain should be grown on the farm so as to provide a liberal supply of this necessity at all times without the expense of purchasing; better have too much rather than too little of the feeding grains so it can be fed liberally. The cattle on pasture should have at least one feed of grain every day. In winter grain, clover hay or alfalfa, with corn fodder, bran and oil. meal, if it can be had — old process preferred — will afford a variety in the rations and keep the cattle growing. Some feeders have found it profit- able to grind their corn into meal, in some instances grinding the cob also, then mixing this corn and cob meal with bran. W'hen fed with alfalfa or clover hay, this combination has proved excellent for pushing young cattle. Pure water is essential to the health and thrift of cattle, and it should be accessible at all times, as should salt. In the late fall and winter the cattle should be confined in a yard in which there is an open shed where they can find shelter during wet and stormy weather, and where they can find forage at all times. Some farmers find the self-feeder a great saver of time and labor in feeding cattle, using it for the grain ration. With such arrangements the farmer has all the necessary conveniences for feeding his fattening cattle 750 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR to advantage. A few hogs in the yard will prevent waste, and will not disturb the cattle. Keep the cattle quiet and con- tented, and disturb them as little as possible, as these condi- tions are essential to rapid growth and the laying on of fles'h. It will be noted that cattle on full feed seem to prefer the open yard to the shed even in quite severe weather, pro- vided it is dry. In this respect fattening steers are very dif- ferent from dairy cows, which are affected injuriously by cold or stormy weather. The dairy cow must therefore be given more comfortable quarters than feeding steers if she is to give good service. She also requires liberal feeding, and her rations should also contain a greater variety than is essential for fattening cattle. Corn and clover hay makes a good foun- dation for her rations during the winter season, to which should be added bran, oil meal, silage, or if that is not to be had, then some variety of roots — mangolds preferred — with pure water and salt. In the summer season the dairy cow should have good pasturage, with a feed of ground grain twice a day. A ration of clover hay in the morning before being turned on pasture will prevent any trouble from bloating. The dairy breeds are readily distinguished from the beef breeds. Their heads are lean and long, more or less dished, the eyes large and prominent, hofns small and curving inwards except in the Ayrshires, the neck thin, the shoulders sharp, chest narrow, back long in proportion to the quarters, the coupling rough, abdomen very large, hindquarters lean with the thighs incurved to allow room for the large udder, the bony structure loose jointed, the general appearance wedge- shaped and angular. The make-up of the animal indicates a highly nervous organization, which appears to always ac- company the development of dairy qualities in a breed. The accompanying illustrations of dairy cows of different breeds are good examples of the nervous energy and activity of the breeds they represent. DoKSET Ram. SHEEP BREEDING The advisability of having a good flock on a farm requires no argument. Long years of experience by farmers through- out the civilized world has proved most thoroughly the utility and high value of sheep to general agriculture, either on the farm of the pioneer or the cultivated farms of the most ad- vanced agriculturists. It is true that there must be a selec- tion from the special breeds to meet the varying conditions under which flocks must be maintained; but there is a wide field from which to choose, and the farmer can readily select a breed which will meet the demands of his environment. In this respect the sheep offers advantages superior to any other class of live stock. They have been bred and maintained for centuries under such widely divergent conditions of soil and climate that the farmer can find special breeds exactly fitted to his requirements. No animal on the farm exercises a more beneficent in- fluence upon its soil than the sheep. Its ameliorating influ- ence upon infertile soils, and its ability as a renovator of worn out land have been understood and appreciated since history began to be written. Whether it is on the highly cultivated farms of the temperate zones, under the hot suns of the equator, or the frozen regions of the north, the sheep is re- garded as one of the sheet anchors of agriculture. For the general farmer a well-bred flock of grade ewes, of a type fitted to his environment and farm practice, can be built up in a few years, and will prove a most profitable in- vestment. After determining upon the type best suited to his conditions, good sires of that breed should be used in his breeding flock, which may be more or less mixed in character, and the young ewes allowed to gradually displace the older 751 752 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR ones, until the entire breeding flock become uniform in form and fleece. As the flock improves more attention should be given to the selection of rams. Each sire should conform as closely as possible to the particular type desired by the farmer, and to secure such sires he must exercise a liberal spirit. In maintaining a flock on a high level the lamb crop must be culled of all the males, which should be marketed just as early as they can be put into good marketable condi- tion. To them should be added the culls among the ewe lambs, and the selection should be rigid. As the selected ewes mature the breeding flock should be culled of those mem- bers becoming too old or showing undesirable characteristics. Each generation should see an improvement in the flock until it attains such a uniformity in form and fleece that its owner feels fully satisfied, and the annual income from lambs and wool shows that its products are appreciated by buyers. After all, the market is the final test of the success of the farmer in breeding up his flock. As a matter of fact it is a very difficult matter to breed up and maintain a flock at a 'high standard of excellence. There is always a tendency to heavier fleeces at the expense of the mutton form, or to a heavier carcass at the expense of the fleece. To maintain a steady equilibrium between these two points requires constant supervision, and the selection of sires to counteract too strong a tendency in either direction. Gen- erally in live stock only one quality has to be looked after, such as speed or weight in the horse, and early maturity with a heavy carcass in the beef steer or swine; but in the sheep, in breeding for a high production of mutton and wool, we find that these products are more or less antagonistic to each other. Hence we find the finest and heaviest fleeces are grown on what are known as the wool breeds, which are generally low in the scale as mutton producers. The farmer, therefore, .in breeding for a sheep that will produce a good SHEEP BREEDING 753 average carcass of mutton and a good fleece of wool, is look- ing for a "general purpose" sheep. It will surely test his ability as a breeder and feeder to secure and maintain such a flock, but its value to the owner will be worth the trouble and if it can finally be attained. In the selection of ewes as a foundation for a farm flock, it should be borne in mind that the preponderance of Merino blood means wool first and mutton as a secondary considera- tion, and with the preponderance of the blood of the EngHsh mutton breeds it will be meat first and wool in second place. This points out plainly the lines along which these sheep have been bred. The mutton breeds are the product of the highest system of agriculture, and developed by high feeding and constant care. They require rich pastures, and grain, roots, and forage crops for their best development. Wool producing flocks, on the contrary, do not require deep rich pastures or heavy grain feeding. They are excellent foragers, and consume numerous varieties of noxious weeds, prefer the short grasses of high lands, and thrive well where the mutton breeds would find it difficult to live. These wool breeds also stand exposure much better than the mutton breeds, and do well under condi- tions which would cause deterioration in heavy meat produc- ing animals. Hence flocks that are expected to pick up a living on scanty pastures, with a deficient water supply, such conditions as obtain on the ranges of the west and southwest, should' carry a large percentage of the blood of the Merino. They flock well together, and their close heavy fleeces enable them to stand exposure better than the mutton breeds with their open fleeces. In cross-breeding to secure a general purpose sheep the best foundation is grade Merino ewes. On these should be used rams of the mutton breeds. If the land is level, with heavy clay soil inclined to hold moisture, the Romney Marsh 754 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR or Lincoln will prove most satisfactory. They come from parts of England where the lands are naturally low and damp, and the grasses grow rank. These breeds suffer less from foot-rot from running on such soils than the other Eng- lish breeds; but on rather hilly dry land, such breeds as the black-faced middle wools will be found preferable. Both the Lincoln and Romney Marsh are good producers, but the cross-bred lambs from a Lincoln sire and Merino ewes carry an exceptionally valuable fleece — long in staple, fine in quality and very lustrous. This has made the Lincoln a very popular breed in Australia, New Zealand and the Argentine Republic, where the large flocks generally have a great deal of Merino blood, and the fleece is considered of more importance than the meat. On higher and more rolling land, with a lighter soil, rams from the middle wool breeds, such as the Southdown, Shropshire, Hampshire, Oxford and Horned Dorset, can be used to advantage. The lambs will not have the size "of those from the two long wool breeds named, or from the Cotswold nor the Leicester; neither will the staple be as long nor the fleeces as lustrous as from the long wool breeds ; but the lambs from the middle wools will give a good fleece, and their ability to lay on flesh and mature early make them very desirable for feeders and popular in the large markets. The fleeces from flocks bred in this way grade as quarter, half and three-eighth blood, according to the fineness of the staple, which is determined by the amount of Merino blood the flock contains. After several crosses of long or middle wool rams have been made on a flock, the fleeces will probably become less dense, the body not so well covered, and the staple longer and coarser. To obviate this condition in the fleece, Australian and New Zealand flock owners crossed back to Merino rams. The result was much improved fleeces, to which was given SHEBP BREEDING 755 the name "Comebacks." Then when a sufficient number of crosses had been made to give the fleeces a good proportion of Merino blood, rams of the mutton breeds were again used to keep up the weight of carcass and length of staple, both of which always decrease as the proportion of Merino blood increases. The cross-breeding of flocks has been practiced to such an extent in the west and northwest that over half the wool clip from those sections are known as cross-breeds, and of the grades referred to as above. They furnish a useful class of clothing wools, and are used in the manufacture of worsteds. They are too coarse, however to use in the manufacture of fine broadcloths, beavers, and ladies' fine dress fabrics. The fine Merino wools must be had for this class of goods. If the country, however, is rough and hilly, with scant pastures and the water supply limited or uncertain, it will be better to use the lighter Merino, and give wool-growing first place in the flock. To aid in this direction large bodied Merino rams, such as are known as Delaines, or the Ram- bouillet, should be used. These famihes of the Merino are larger than what is known as the American Merino, are gen- erally plain bodied with heavy neck folds, the staple longer but not so fine as the heavy fleeced American Merino, carries less oil, and the staple of good style, the crimp extending the full length and showing great elasticity. This class of wool is always in demand, the bulk of the fleeces from such breed- ing grading as fine Delaine, the highest priced class of wools. After the original breeding flock has been replaced by ewes from these rams, the fleeces from the entire flock should grade as Delaine, and command from three to four cents per pound more in the grease than ordinary Merino. HOG BREEDING As one of the most valuable aids the farmer has in mak- ing his business pay, the hog deserves a first place in any system of agriculture that may be followed. His range is from the Dakotas and the Canadian Northwest to Texas, and from Newfoundland to California. In all that wide expanse of territory there is no large area in which the hog will not prove profitable to the farmer. A great deal of the wastes of the farm can be used to advantage by a herd of swine, no matter what the wastes may be. To the grain grower, the fruit grower, the dairyman and market gardener, the hog appeals. He saves and puts into marketable form what would otherwise be wasted, and fre- quently become a nuisance. Then swine are so prolific, and become marketable at such an early age, that they are really the most economical meat producers on the farm. The modern pure bred hog of any of the popular breeds may be regarded as a model of economical development, and as the general farmer can secure its good qualities at light cost and a little care in the selection of pure bred sires to use on his grade sows, there is no good reason why every farm should not have a herd of swine that will measure up well with pure bred herds. When the herd has arrived at that point the selection of sires by the owner will become more difficult. Frequently, too, when the farmer has brought his herd up to that condition he concludes to use sires of his own breeding, and nearly invariably there is a steady deteriora- tion in the quality of the progeny bred from such sires, which becomes more pronounced as the practice continues. The farmer should choose sires of the best type of the breed he prefers, and adhere to that breed so long as it proves 756 HOG BREEDING 757 satisfactory. With each additional cross there should be an improvement, until the whole herd is even in appearance, and good specimens of the special breed represented by the sires used. The brood sows should be retained on the farm so long as they are vigorous and prolific. Fully developed dams, which have proved their usefulness, are more valuable than young ones. They are stronger and better mothers than less matured dams. The first litter from young sows is likely to be few in number and generally inferior, especially if they are bred as early as is customary. By the time the next litter arrives it is sure to show an improvement over the first one. For the next four or five years the brood sow should be at her best, and her pigs strong and vigorous. The sires should be fully matured before being largely in the herd. Before using a new sire in the herd it is well to test him on a few sows, so as to be able to judge of the probability of his success when placed at the head of the herd. While swine are omnivorous feeders, there are certain foods which should form the basis of their rations. After weaning th^ pigs should be turned on pasture. The field should be naturally dry and free from mudholes or marshy spots, with a constant supply of good- pure water. Clover pasture is excellent on which to grow young pigs, as it helps the growth of good bone, and keeps them in good growing condition. With a good clover pasture, if the object is to get the pigs into marketable condition as early as possible, a feed once a day of ground grain, skimmed milk if available, and scraps from the kitchen will be found acceptable to the pigs, and an aid to their growth. The grain may be wheat middlings, ground oats and cornmeal, ground barley or field peas. As the pigs develop the ration of whole corn or corn- meal should be increased, as this grain no doubt produces more rapid growth at less cost than any other. Its tendency to produce fat rather than flesh renders it an undesirable 758 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR grain for young pigs if fed too heavily. If added to other grains rich in protein or flesh formers, and in conjunction with clover pasture, it will be found an excellent addition to their rations. When finishing a lot of hogs for shipment to market, they should have heavy rations of shelled corn for at least two weeks before they leave the farm, this will harden the fat and produce rapid growth. By growing the young pigs as advised above they will have the bone and muscle to carry a good carcass long distances to market without break- ing down, and they will be in good shape when they arrive. A great advantage of sticking to a single breed is the uniformity that such practice produces. Nothing strikes a buyer quicker than a well-fed lot of hogs, standing up well after shipment, and uniform in color, weight and general appearance. These points are worth money to the farmer, but are not to be had without attention to the breeding, feeding, and care of the pigs from the time they are dropped until ready for market. But the extra work always pays a good profit. There is one point the farmer who raises hogs should bear in mind. That is to provide them with dry quarters. Cold rains and snows are great enemies to thrift and profit. Warmth is not as essential to the growing pig as strictly dry sleeping quarters. With plenty of bedding available, the pigs will keep close together, and the contact of their bodies will furnish all the heat necessary for their comfort. If a farmer intends to raise a good number of hogs each year, it will pay him to furnish them with concrete wallows to take the place of the mudhole or creek which the herd will otherwise use during the summer months, and prove a frequent source of disease. They will also enable him to keep the herd free from external parasites by adding some one of the lice killers to the water in these wallows. They should HOG BREE;DING 759 be cleaned out once a week, clean water to the depth of eight or ten inches supplied, and the proper proportion of the lice destroyer added. The farmer who allows his hogs to become overrun with these parasites will surely discover that he is paying a heavy tax for his carelessness. As a precaution against internal parasites a mixture of salt and ashes should be kept in pastures and lots, where the pigs can have access to it at all times. They will consume sufficient of the mix- ture to keep them free from such pests. When bringing pigs from outside into the herd, it is well to keep the animals quarantined and under close Supervision for at least two weeks, to make sure that they are free frorn parasites of all descriptions, and if not to give them proper treatment to get rid of the pests before they are allowed to mix with the herd. There has been a very marked change in the character of the hogs raised in the United States within the past twenty- five years. This has come from consumers demanding a leaner meat, and this became so strong that the class of hogs that would supply it were placed at the top of the market in quotations. Up to that time the heavy pork or lard hog, also termed "fat-backs" in the trade, held first place. They were a rather short-bodied hog, very broad in the back, with ribs well sprung, quarters broad, legs short, head small with heavy jowls, and a heavy covering of fat over the whole body. The weights usually ran from 250 to 350 pounds. These hogs were the natural product of the system of feeding which ob- tained in those sections. At present the demand is for a dififerent class of hogs, with less fat and more lean meat. The hogs furnishing this class of meat are known as bacon hogs, and belong to several special breeds. They are long, deep-bodied hogs, narrow in the back, flat in the rib, and with much lighter hams and shoulders than the pork hog. They are more active in their 760 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR habits, and this gives them a greater proportion of muscle, or lean meat and stronger bone than the heavy breeds. A differ- ent system of feeding, using less fattening foods, and depend- ing more on pasturing and grains with a larger percentage of protein than is contained in corn, is one of the great esen- tials in growing bacon hogs. The change noted in the class of hogs demanded by the market is the result of the increasing popularity of bacon as compared with pickled pork, and appears to be world-wide, at least so far as those countries to which the United States exports meats are concerned. There is a steady expansion in the exports of bacon and hams, and a decrease in pickled pork. Probably three-fourths of all the exports of pork is now in the form of bacon and hams, while the consumption in home markets is increasing rapidly. In fact the popularity of cured bacon and light, lean hams is growing constantly, as they furnish the most healthful form in which the meat of the hog can be utilized. The change from pork to bacon has also done away with the prejudice that once existed against the meat of the hog, as physicians now prescribe bacon in the diet of their patients in preference to beef or mutton. As to the breeds which produce the pork or lard hog, the Poland-China and Chester Whites are the best known, with a number of sub-breeds that find favor in limited areas. The bacon breeds are the Large Yorkshire, Tamworth, Berk- shire and Hampshire. These breeds, however, can be so modified in a few generations by selection and a corn diet as to take them out of the bacon class ; and the Poland-China, a strictly pork hog in the corn belt, has been changed in some parts of Canada where it has been introduced, to the bacon type by replacing the com diet with barley, oats and peas. It is simply, therefore, a question of feed and manage- ment for several generations, to put this most useful animal in either of the classes named. Tamworth Sow. BREEDING CHICKENS ON THE FARM By N. A. Ci,APP When well managed, perhaps no other branch of live stock breeding on the farm brings larger profits for the amount of money invested, and the labor and general ex- penses bestowed, than a good flock of hens. The farm yard is an ideal place for them. They seem to enjoy the advant- ages the surroundings give them for searching for the vari- ous kinds of food that meet their wants, as well as the com- panionship of those who give them their care and proper attention; and they in return yield liberally of their products that are absolutely essential for the preparation of the many and varied culinary combinations which constitute the sub- stantial, as well as our dainty and most delicious kinds of food. Selecting the Breed. One of the first considerations in undertaking the keep- ing of hens is the selecting of the breed with which one is to operate. If one is familiar with the different breeds and their general characteristics, then it is an easy matter to decide on, and select, the breed that fancy dictates as the one that suits the tastes of the family who are to care for and receive the returns from the flock. If the family is not familiar with the different breeds, then it is worth the while to make some inquiry and study up on the desirable and objectionable characteristics of the different breeds usually kept on the farms. As a general rule, the breeds that meet the requirements of the larger numbers of farmers' families, are what are called 761 762 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR the general purpose fowl, that are good egg producers, and when dressed, are a good table fowl, yielding a carcass of good weight, as well as one of an excellent quality of meat. In this matter one is not likely to go astray if he selects the Plymouth Rocks, Wyandottes, Rhode Island Reds, or Orp- ingtons. Good selections from any one of these breeds may be considered a desirable general purpose fowl. I mention the pure breds for the reason that they give better returns, are more tractable and easily handled than the native dung hill fowls, or the cross breeds that have not within them the inherent and fixed characteristics which we may wish to have and perpetuate in a flock. A flock of hens of one breed, that are all of one color and make-up, look much better in a farm-yard than a promiscuously bred lot which represent many varied types, colors and characteristics. Getting the Stock. There are several ways by which the stock can be se- cured. If one buys a flock of pullets of a specialist in breed- ing and showing any of the pure breeds mentioned, they will be rather expensive to begin with, but it often occurs that some breeder who keeps the kind desired has some pullets to spare at the end of the season, and some good ones can be secured in that way. If no other means can be devised to secure just what is wanted, get some eggs from some breeder who has a good laying strain of blood, and get some breeder to hatch them in an incubator and start the chicks in a brooder. There are generally those who are willing to do such work for a moderate sum for their trouble any time after the rush of the season is over for securing early chicks for the market. The season for hatching for broilers ex- tends from February to May. After that time the incubators are not used much. Some object to the late hatched pullets, as they will not lay the first fall. That fact is admitted, but after the rush BREEDING CHICKENS ON THE FARM 763 of the season is over the eggs from some of the best hens for laying can be secured without extra charge. It is also true that by taking the eggs as they run from the flock at that time of year, one is likely to get some from the per- sistent layers, which is a matter worthy of consideration. The short season hens will have spent their energy for the spring season, and will be "loafing" for a time, at least. The persistent laying characteristic is inherent, and stock from what is called a good laying strain of blood is worth much more to keep on the farm than the hens of what is termed ordinary breeding. It is the safer and better way to hire the one who makes it a business of hatching and handling chickens to start them along in the brooder, and keep them there until they begin to perch, and then they can be taken, given comfortable quarters, ordinary feeds and good care, with but little dan- ger of loss. There are advantages which should not be over- looked when chicks are handled in the brooder; they are tamer than when raised by the hens, and are free from para- sites. Chickens secured in the manner described should have a good deal of freedom and exercise to develop both the bone and muscle, as it is the frame and muscle that are required to make a useful lot of laying hens, and not adipose membrane, or fat. As the season advances, the roosters can be sorted out and fattened for market. The sooner they are sold after they have shaped up well, the greater the profit, as they make growth slower after the third month, and the price is lower in late fall and early winter. The pullets can be kept for the foundation of the flock that is to be kept on the farm. Unless the number of pullets are in excess of what is wanted, I would not advise sorting very closely the first year. The novice is likely to throw out some that might prove valuable if kept and allowed to develop. 764 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Securing the Breeding Cockerels. It is worth the while to take considerable pains in secur- ing the cockerels that are to be the sires in the flock the com- ing season. First, they should not be related to the pullets of the flock. Second, they should come from a good laying strain of blood, as prolificacy can be bred into the flock, but can not be fed into it. Third, they should be strong, bold and proud, such as seem to take pride in being the leaders of the flock. Fourth, they should have the build one wishes to perpetuate in the flock. A high headed rooster that has a good, wide breast, a broad, flat back, and is of medium size, will give better satisfaction than the very large ones, or the "pony cocks," and will sire chicks that will be healthy, vig- orous and strong, and mature early, which is a desirable characteristic. There should be a rooster to every twenty to twenty-five hens, and where there is more than one kept, it is better to have them raised together than to have them strangers and ready to fight at every opportunity. The Hen Houses. The hen house or houses should be located for both health and convenience. The ground on which they stand should be higher than that around it, to insure surface drain- age. If a suitable location can be found not far from the path leading to the barn, it will be found more convenient than to have it in any other direction. As to the style of the hen-house, much will depend on the amount of money one desires to use in building it. As good results are often obtained in a hen-house built at a moderate expense as where the building is pretentious and costly. The most popular style of hen-houses on the farms at present are those with a single roof, highest .side facing the south. They are generally twelve to fourteen feet wide and any length that suits the number of hens to be kept. BREEDING CHICKENS ON THB FARM 765 The front, or south side, has a large window every ten to twelve feet. The partitions in the house are about sixteen to twenty feet apart. One of these departments is large enough for fifty hens of the large breeds, or sixty to seventy- five of the small breeds. The sides and back of the hen- house should be tight, even if it must be ceiled inside the stud- ding and the space packed with sawdust. The windows on the south side can be used as ventilators. A wire screen can be fitted on the inside that fits the window space, and hung on hinges at the top so as to swing in and hitch to the roof if it is desirable to have the space open. A sash con- taining window lights can be hung to swing out at any angle desired to admit fresh air. A light frame, holding ten- ounce duck cloth closely tacked on, can be put on inside the window when it is raised which will give ventilation without draught. Some dispense with the sash and window lights, and use only the wire screen and cloth. The roosts should be in one corner about three feet above the floor, with a false floor half way, or eighteen inches above the floor, to catch the droppings, which makes it very convenient about cleaning out the manure. The roosting poles which can be made by rounding the corners of some 2x3 studding should be all at same height to prevent one lot of fowl getting higher than the others. There should be a yard or park on the south side for the 'fowl to exercise in during the sunny days in winter, and to confine them when it is necessary to keep them away from the garden and crops in summer. Rape sown in the park makes good green feed in summer time. Winter Feeds. In feading during the winter time, one should keep in mind the fact that it is more economical, and better results can be obtained, by feeding a variety of feeds, than by using any one kind of feed. For a morning feed, a warm mash 766 THE PRACTICAI, S TOCK DOCTOR made of wheat bran, corn and oat chop, and a small per- centage of alfalfa meal, makes a very good combination. At noon, table wastes and oats make a good feed. For the even- ing meal, something substantial like corn or barley should be used that will aid in keeping the warmth of the body during the night. If litter is kept on the floor, wheat thrown in during the forenoon will give the fowl exercise while search- ing it out. Clover heads and leaves are relished by the hens and they should have access to some such feed every day. Breeding and Selling the Chicks. Incubators and brooders are made that do such excel- lent work, and can be had at such a low price, that it hardly seems worth the while to set the hens and take their time from laying two months or more to raise chickens. Eggs from the early matings in February and March can be hatched in the incubator, the chicks raised in the brooder to IJ^ to 2 pounds weight each, and sold for broilers at a high price, yielding good profits. It is sometimes a good plan to save some of the early hatched pullets as breed- ers, as they make good early winter layers. Chickens from the later hatchings can be kept along, the roosters sorted out and sold as soon as they reach market- able age and weight, saving the pullets to sort in the fall to' make up the breeding flock. This gives a chance to bring in play one's judgment in selecting the pullets of good length of body, medium length of legs and a quiet disposi- tion. When the flock of hens have been kept two years they should be sold, and allow the younger ones to take their place. Some may need to be sorted out after a trial the first year. The pullets are generally healthier and lay better during the first year than the older ones. It is well to get a new set of roosters each year. BREEDING CHICKENS ON THE) FARM 767 The success in keeping up the flock depends on the selection of both males and females, and the proper hand^ ling, feeding and caring for the same. The bulk of the profits comes from the sale of eggs, the early chicks for broilers, the male chickens of the later hatches, and selling the old breeding hens during late summer and early fall. But little profit is generally realized from selling hens, or chickens, during the late fall and early winter. As the care and management of the flock usually falls upon the farmer's wife with, perhaps, the aid of the children, it furnishes healthy and interesting employment, and when handled in a business way, yields a liberal income at all times of the year. Such employment aids in promoting con- tentment and happiness on the farm. DICTIONARY OF TECHNICAL AND OTHER TERMS IN COMMON USE It has been the aim of all concerned in the publication of this book to make all statements as free as possible from technical and uncommon words, but occasionally one's mind needs to be refreshed as to the meaning of a word in the book, or the owner of a copy may hear a term used in connection with animal dis- eases, which he does not understand. To help the subscriber in such a case, this dictionary is added. Abdomen — The belly ; that part of the body containing the stomach and intestines. Ablactation — A weaning or cessation from suckling. Abomasum — The last or fourth stom- ach of animals that chew the cud. Abortion — Expulsion of the foetus be- fore it is capable of sustaining life. Abrade — To rub off, as a piece of skin. Abscess — A swelling and its cavity containing pus or matter. Abscission— The cutting away or re- moval of a part. Absorb — To swallow up; to drink in; to cause to be removed. Absorbent — In anatomy, one of those vessels which imbibes or takes up, as the lacteals or lymphatics. In medicine, any substance, as chalk, or magnesia, used to absorb acid- ity of the stomach; or any sub- stance applied to a wound to take up the discharge. Accelerate — Growing quicker and faster, as an accelerated pulse. Acetabulum — The bony cup which receives the head of the thigh bone. Acid— Sour. The last fermentation before the putrid. Acme — The top, or highest point. Acrid — Pungent, irritating. Acute — Sharp, severe; an acute dis- ease is severe, and peedily conies to a crisis. Adamantine Substance — The enamel of the teeth. Adenitis — Inflammation of the glands. Adhesion — A joining together, as the union of parts in healing. Adipose — Fatty matter; belonging to fat. Adventitious — Accidental; acquired, as diseases. Aerate — Mixing with air, as the blood in the lungs, by which it absorbs oxygen. Aetiology — Relating to the cause of disease. Affection — Disease, or disease of some particular part. Affinity — The attraction which causes bodies to adhere and form com- ' pounds. That which causes to co- here. Affluence — Determination of blood, or of humors, to a part. Albumen — Substances, animal and vegetable, resembling the white of an egg. Albumenuria— That condition in which the urine contains albumen, and an excess of urea, coagulable by nitric acid and heat. Aliment— Any kind of food. Alimentary Canal — The canal extend- ing from the mouth to the anus, through which the food passes. Alkali — Any substance that will neu- tralize an acid, as magnesia, soda, potash, etc. 768 DICTIONARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS 769 Alterative — A medicine that gradually indtices a change. Alv<50lar Processes— That part of the jaw that contains the sockets of the teeth. Amaurosis — A loss of sight from loss of power of the optic nerve. Amnion — A membrane enveloping the fcelus and the liquid. Amyloids — Foods composed of carbon and hydrogen, as sugar and starch. Anaemia — A morbid condition of the blood, in which it is deficient in quantity or in quality. Anasarca — Dropsy of the hmbs, abdo- men, chest, etc. Anaesthetic— That which produces in- sensibihty to pain. Analysis— Separation into parts; re- solving into original elements. Anatomy — The science of the struc- ture of the body. Anchylosis — The stiffening, or imit- ing rigidly the parts of a joint. Animalcule — An animal that is invis- ible, or nearly so, to the naked eye. Anodyne — A medicine that allays, or diminishes, pain. Antacid — A remedy for acidity, as an alkali. Anterior — Before; in front of another part Anthelmintic — A remedy to destroy, or expel, worms; a vermifuge. Antidote — A remedy to counteract the effects of a poison; that which counteracts hurtful, or noxious, substances. Antiperiodic— Medicine to arrest, or retard, the return of a paroxysm in a periodic disease. Antiseptic— An agent for preventing, arresting, or retarding putrefaction. Antispasmodic— A remedy which re- lieves spasms. Anus— The posterior opening of the alimentary tract. Aorta— The first great artery to leave the heart. Aperient— Laxative medicine; that which gently operates on the bowels. Aphtha — Ulceration of the mouth, be- ginning with minute blisters, and ending in a white slough. Apoplexy — Sudden effusion of blood into the substance of the brain. Aqueous — Watery; having the prop- erty of water, as wate«-y matter, aqueous pus. Arachnoid — A thin membrane cover- ing the brain. Areolar Tissue — A network of deli- cate fibres spread over the body. Artery — One of the blood vessels which carries the red blood from the heart. Articulate-Joining, working together, or upon one another, as the bones. Asphyxia — Apparent death, or su?- pended animation. Death frori want of air. Assimilate — ^To make like anothe ■; assimilation of food in the nutrition of the body. Asthma — A disease attended with dif- ficulty of breathing, and a sensa- tion producing wheezing, cough- ing, and other distressing symp- toms. Astragalus — The largest bone conv posing the hock joint, lying in fron of another called os calcis. Astringent — That which binds or coa ■ tracts. Astringent medicines con tract the tissues and suppress dis- charges, as from the bowels, blood, or mucus. Atlas — The first bone of the neck, or first cervical vertebra. Attenuate — To draw out, to make thin, to reduce in size, or strength. Atrophy — A wasting away from lack of nourishment. Auricle — The external part of the ear; also parts of the heart, one on each side resembling ears. Auscultation— A method of distin- guishing diseases, especially those of the chest, by Hstening to the sounds made by the 'ungs and heart. 17° THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Bars — (Of the hoof). — The two ridges of horn, passing from the heels of the hoof toward the toe of the frog. (Of the mouth). The transverse ridges on the roof of the mouth of the horse. Bicipital — Two-headed, as biceps muscles, bicipital groove, etc. Bile — A bitter, yellow, or greenish fluid, secreted by the liver. Biliary — Pertaining to bile. Biliary duct, a canal containing bile. Biology — The science of life, or of living bodies. Biped — Two-footed, as man. Bisect — To divide into two equal parts . Bistoury — ^A small cutting knife. Blood Serum — The yellow serum that is left after the coagulation of the blood. Bolus — A large pill . Medicine formed in a round, or cylindric, shape, and often called a ball. The cylinder shape is best. Boot — A buffer, a leather band, worn to prevent one foot cutting the other when traveling. Bougie — An instrument for opening the urethra, or urinary, or other passages. Breeding-in-and-in — Breeding to close relations, in the same sub-family, as the produce of the same sire but different dams, or of the same sire and dam. Bronchi — First two branches of the windpipe. Bronchitis is the in- flammation of the bronchia. Broxy — Term applied to a number of fatal diseases of sheep, especially to a form of anthrax or carbuncular fever. Cadaverous — Having the appearance of a dead body. (From the Latin cadaver, a corpse.) Caesarian Operation — The cutting in- to the abdomen and womb to bring away the foetus, when natural de- livery cannot be accomplished. Calcareous — Containing lime, lime- like. Calculus — Stones formed by the de- posit of solid matter in any part of the body. Calks or Calkins— The heel of the horseshoe when turned down to prevent slipping; also wounds made by the calks. Callous — Induration; a hard deposit; an excess of bony matter Canal — A tube or passage, as the ali- mentary canal. Canine Teeth — The teeth between the lateral incisors and the small molars of the jaw. Canker — Any sore that eats or coi- rodes, as eroding ulcers of the mouth. Cannon-bone — The bone below tne knee and the hock. Canula — A hollow tube of metal or other substance, used especially with the trocar when tapping cav- ities, to draw off water or gas. Cantharis (plural, Cantharides) — A winged insect or beetle, used for bUstering; Spanish flies. Capillary — Hair-like; a term applied to the minute branchings of the blood vessels. The capillary ves- sels connect the veins and the arteries. Capsular Ligaments — The ligaments surrounding the joints. Capsule — A membranous bag or sac. Carbon — An elementary substance forming the base of charcoal, which is impure carbon. The diamond is pure carbon. Carbonic Acid gas is expelled from the lungs in breathing. Carminatives — Wanning, stimulating and aromatic medicines which tend to expel wind, or to remedy colic or flatulencies. Carotid Arteries — ^The great arteries of the side of the neck. Cartilage — Gristle. — The substance covering the ends of the bones moving and working upon eack other. Caseine — The curd or coagulable part of milk; the basis of cheese. DICTIONARY OF TKCHNICAL TE,RMS 771 Castrate — To geld, emasculate ; to deprive of testicles. Catarrh — An inflammation or conges- tion of any mucous membrane; a cold attended with running of the nose. Cataract — An opacity of the crystal- ine lens of the eye, causing partial or total blindness. Cathartic — A purgative medicine, used for freely opening the bowels. Catheter — An instrument used for drawing the water from the bladder. Caustic — A substance which bums or destroys tissue, as Caustic Potash, and Nitrate of Silver. Cauterization — Searing with a hot iron, or with Caustic medicines. Cellular Tissue — The membrane, or tissue, which invests every fibre of the body, composed of minute cells communicating with each other, and which serves as reservoirs for fat. Cephalic — Pertaining to the head. Cerebral— Pertaining to the brain. Cerebellum, the smaller and lower brain. Cerebrum, the upper and larger brain. Cervical— Belonging to the neck. Characteristic— That which is pecu- liar to a thing, or distinguishes it from another. Cholagogue-A medicine that increases the secretion of bile. Chronditis— Inflammation of the caf- tilages. Choroiditis — Inflammation of the choroid coat of the eye. Chronic— A lingering, long-standing disease, succeeding the acute stage. Chyle— The milky liquid food, as it is found in the intestines during digestion, and prepared from the chyme, and ready to be absorbed by the lacteal vessels before bemg poured forth into the blood. Chvme— The food as modified and prepared by tfie action of the stomach. Cicatrix— A scar left afterthe healing of a wovmd, or ulcer. Cilia — Small hairs. Circulation— The vital action which sends the blood through the arter- ies and back again through the veins to the heart. Clyster — I/iquidmedicine injected into the lower intestine. Coagulate — To change to a curd-like state; to thicken, or harden. Coffin-bone — The lower bone of the leg encased in the hoof. Collapse — A falling together. A clos- ing of vessels. Bxtreme depression of vital powers. Colon — The largest division of the intestinal canal. Coma— Lethargy. Drowsiness pro- duced by depression of the brain Conception — The beginning of preg- nancy; fecundation by the act of the male. Concretion — A mass formed by the union of separate particles into one body. Condiment — Substances used to im- prove, or heighten, the flavor of food. Congenital — Born with another; of the same birth. Belonging to the in- dividual from birth. Confluent — Flowing together ; run- ning one into another. Congestion—An accumulation of blood in any part of the body, as the hings, brain, etc. Conjunctiva— The membrane that lines iiie eyeUds and covers the outer SHiface of the eyeball. Constrictleaj^Dsawing, or binding, togetiier, as coastrietioE of the muscles o£ sxsy part. Ceicstips.tiKM— .Aaimnatural detention of the fecal matter of the bowels; costiveness. Contagion— "Kie tracstmssiou ot & disease by direct, or by indirect, contact. Contorted— Twisted, twisting, width- ing, as the body in pain, or frcm the result of disease. Contusion — A bruise; a wound made by a blow, or a bruise. 772 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Convoluted — Rolled together, or upon itself. Tlie cerebrum is convoluted. Cornea — A transparent covering of the front of the eye. Coronet — The upper part of the hoof, just where it joins ^he skin. Corrosive — That which eats away, destroying the texture of the living body. Costal — Belonging to the ribs. From Costa, a rib. Counter Irritation. — An application to irritate one part of the body to relieve pain in another. A blister, or mustard poultice, produces counter-irritation . Cranium — ^The skull. Cranial; per- taining to the skull. Crepitation — Term applied to the noise made by the ends of frac- tured bones, when they grate to- gether. Also the sound produced by pressing together cellular tissue in which air is contained. Cribbing (of Horses) ■ — The act of seizing any hard substance, or pres- sing thereon with the teeth, and gulping; sometimes called wind- sucking, though the latter is not necessarily cribbing. Croup or Crupper — The top of the hips of a horse; also the strap of leather going under the tail. Cul-de-sac — A passage closed at one end. Curb — A soft swelling becoming hard, situated on the back part of the hind leg, just below the point of the hock. Cutaneous — Pertaining to the skin. Cuticle, the epidermis or scurf skin. Cyst, Cystis — A small bladder or sac; applied to those containing morbid matter or parasites, which become encysted or enclosed in an envel- ope. Cystitis — Inflammation of the bladder. Decoction— An extract prepared by boiling something in water. Defecation — Purifying from impuri- ties of foreign matter. The voiding of exer«nent from the body. Deglutition — The act of swallowing. Power of swallowing. Dejection — In medicine; the act of voiding excrement; the excrement voided. Degenerate — To grow worse or in- ferior. Deleterious — That which is destruct- ive or poisonous. Delirious — Insanity; a wandering of mind in disease. Deliquescent — The act of becoming liquid by attracting moisture from the air. Demulcent — Aliquid or substance that is of a mucilaginous nature, and is thought to protect the tissues from the action of acrid or irritant sub- stances. Dens — A tooth. Dental, pertaining to teeth. Dentition, the develop- ment of teeth. Deodorizer — A substance that destroys bad odors. Depletion — The act of emptying. A condition of exhaustion. Dermal — Pertaining to the skin. Dessicate — To dry up. Desquamation — A scaling off of the skin. Diabetes — An excessive flow of urine. A flow of urine containing saccha- rine matter. Diagnosis — The distinguishing of one disease from another. Diaphoretic — A medicine that causes perspiration, or sweating. Diaphragm — The midriff. The mem- brane, or broad muscle tnat sepa- rates the thorax, or chest, from the abdomen, or belly. Diathesis — Peculiarity of constitution. Diffuse— To extend, or drive out. That which may flow or spread, as a dif- fusible stimulant. Dilate — To open wide, as the eye. Dilitation — The expansion of a body from over-fullness. Dilute — ^To make thin, as medicine with water, with oil, etc. DICTIONARY OF TECHNICAIv TERMS 773 Diminution — A lessening, or decreas- ing, as of pain, etc. Disinfection— The act of freeing from infectious matter. Dislocation— Putting out of joint. Dissection — Exposing the different parts of a dead body, in order to study structure and arrangement. Distorted — Deformed, crooked, out of the natural shape. Distend — To stretch out, or swell. Diuretic— A medicine that increases the flow of urine. Dorsal — Pertaining to the back. The dorsal column ; the back bone. Douche — Dashes or jets of water or vapor directed to some diseased part. Dram or Drachm — The eighth part of an ounce. Drench — Liquid medicines given by the.mouth. Duct — A tube or vessel for conveying a fluid or the secretions of the glands. Duodenum — The first portion of the small intestines, into which the bile is poured. Dura Mater — Thick fibrous membrane lining the cavity of the skull. Dysuria — Painful and incomplete pas- sage of urine. Ecbolics — Agents that cause contrac- tion of the womb. Ectozobn-rParasites, as Uce, infesting surface of the body. Ecraseur — An instrument used in sur- gery, especially in castration. Effluvia — Morbid exhalations of the body; sometimes applied to animal and vegetable odors. Effusion— The pouring out of blood or other fluids from the proper vessels into the cellular tissue or into a, cavity. Ejection— Casting out, as ejecting improper matters from the stomach. Eliminate— To discharge or expel. Emasculation— Removal of the male generative organs; castration. Embryo— The impregnated ovum in the womb, after its growth has be- gun. Emetic — A medicine given to induce vomiting. Emollient— Softening or relaxing. Encysted — Enclosed in a sac. Endocardium — ^The lining membrane of the heart. Enema — Medicines given by injection into the rectum. Enteric — Belon^ng to the bowels. Enteritis is inflammation of the bowels. Entozoa — Parasites within i,he body. Epidemic — A disease that affects a large number, as though carried through the air, and in which the death rate is high. Epiglottis — The covering of the glot- tis. A tongue-shaped projection to prevent food or liquids from enter- ing the windpipe. Epithelium — The thin covering upon the lips, nipples, mucous, and serous membranes; the lining of the blood vessels and other canals. Epizootic — A contagious disease, at- tacking a large number of animals at once. Applied to catarrhal fever or influenza, which spreads rapidly. Equine — Belonging to the horse. Esophagus — Oesophagus — The gul- let, or tube of the throat which con- veys food to the stomach. Evacuate — ^To empty, or pass out, as to evacuate the bowels. Excision — The cutting out, or cutting off, any part. Excoriate — To remove the skin in part; to rub and gall, or break the skin; to abrade. Excrement — Refuse matter; the dung. Excrescence — An unnatural or super- fluous growth. Excretion — The act of throwing off effete matter from the animal sys- tem. That which is thus thrown off. Exhalation — A breathing out, as the air from the lungs. Exostosis — An unnatural growth, or projection of bone. 774 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Expectorant — A medicine that pro- motes discharge from the kings or throat. Extensor -tendons — The tendons which stretch out the limbs. Extirpation — The complete removal of a part with a knife. Extravasate — To let out of the proper vessel, as the blood, after the rup- ture of a blood vessel. Exudate — A sweating, or passing out of a liquid through the walls or membranes containing it. The liquid after it is passed out. Facial — Pertaining to the face. Feces — ^The excrement from the intes- tines. Febrifuge — A medicine that lowers the temperature of the body, and counteracts fever. Febrile — Pertaining to fever. Feculent — Foul or impure matter, formed by the breaking down of the tissues; excrementitious matter. Femur — The thigh-bone proper. Fermentation — A chailge brought about by a process of decompo sition. Fetid — Having an offensive odor. Fibrin — An organic substance found in the blood, which causes it to clot. Fibrous Tissue — Connective tissue, composed chiefly of white inelastic, cr yellow elastic fibers. Fibula — The small, or splinter bone of the leg, attached to the outer side of the tibia. Fistula — A deep, narrow ulcer, having a passage leading to it, with a con- stant discharge. Flanks — That part of the horse be- tween the false ribs, hips, and stifle. Flatulent — Generating, or tending to generate, wind in the stomach and intestines. Flexor — A muscle whose oflBce is to bend a part. In apposition to ex- tensor. FcEtus — The young unborn. Fomentations — Local applications of cloths wrung out in hot or cold water. Foramen — A hole passing through; applied to holes in bone; also other tissues. Fumigate — To apply smoke or vapor. Function — ^The office or duty of any part of the body. Fundament — The anus or extremity of the bowel. The end of the gut. Fundus — The bottom or base of any organ. Fungus — A spongy growth resembling mushrooms. Gall — The fluid contained in the gall- bladder, consisting principally of the bile secreted by the liver. Ganglion — A bunch of nerve fibers, causing the enlargement of a nerve, and resembling a knot. A nerve center. Gangrene — Death of a part of the body, or of any portion of its tis- sues. Gastric — Pertaining to the stomach. Gastritis, inflammation of the stomach. Gelatine — Animal jelly. Gelatinous: jelly-like. Generate — To beget offspring; beget- ting or producing young; breed- ing. Genitals — The organs of reproduction or generation. Gland — A structure for secreting cer- tain fluids of the body, and con- taining a tube. Glans — The head of the penis. Gestation — The condition of pregnacy , or being with young. Gleet — Thin matter issuing from an ulcer. In horses, applied to nasal gleet almost exclusively. Glottis — The narrow opening at the top of the windpipe. Graminivorous — Feeding on grasses and other vegetable food. Graniverous — Feeding on grain and other seeds. Granulate — To grower develop in the form of grain, as new flesh in the healing of a wound. DICTIONARY OF TECHNICAIv TERMS 775 Gravel — Calculous matter found in the kidneys or bladder. Gravid-Tlie state of being with young. Groin — The oblique depression be- tween the abdomen and thigh. Haunch— That part of the body that lies between the last ribs and the thigh. In the horse, the bony region of the hips. Haw — The process of the eye socket, which is thrown over the eye to clear it of foreign substances. Haematin — ^The coloring matter of the blood. Hemiplegia — Paralysis, affecting one side of the body. Hemorrhage — A discharge of blood from the vessel containing it; bleed- ing. Hepatic — Belonging to the liver. Hepatitis: inflammation of the liver. Herbivorous — Feeding on herbs. Hereditary — Transmitted from parent to offspring. Hernia — Rupture, or soft tumor, formed by the protrusion of any internal part through a natural or accidental opening in the enclosing membrane. Humor — Any fluid of the body, excep- ting the blood. Humerus — ^The upper bone of the fore leg. Hybrid — The offspring of two different species of animals, as of the horse and the ass — the mule. Hydrocephalus — Water in (dropsy of) the head. Hygiene— The preservation of health and prevention of disease. Hymen — ^The fold of mucous mem- brane between the vulva and the vagina. Hyperaemia — A superabundance, or congestion of blood in any part of the body. Hypertrophy— Excessive growth; en- largement; thickening. Hypodermic— Beneath the skin. Used principally of medicines— as mor- phia, etc., applied by injection under the skin. Ileum — The lower part of the small intestine. Ilium — ^The flank bone, which in the fcetus, is distinct from the other hip bones. Impregnation — The act of rendering, or state of being, pregnant. Incision — The act of cutting, as in an operation. Incisors — The front teeth of the jaws. Incontinence— Inability to retain the natural evacuations. Induration — The hardening of a part from the effects of disease. Infection — Communicating disease by germs. Infusion — Liquid produced by steep- ing insoluble substances in water without boiling. Inhalation — A drawing into the lungs; the inbreathing of medicated or poisonous fumes. Injection — Liquid medicines thrown into a natural or artificial cavity. Usually with a syringe. Inoculation — The production of dis- ease by virus or matter from a sore, communicated from one animal to another. Instinct — Sense, as applied to animals. Integument — The covering which in- vests the body (the skin), or a membrane covering any particular part of it. Intercostal — Between the ribs. Intermittent — Coming and going at intervals. Interstice — A small space between the particles of a body. Intussusception — The slipping of the upper part of the small intestines into the lower. Iris — The circular membrane of the eye, which gives the eye its color, and perforated to form the pupil. Jejunum — The middle division of the small intestine, or that portion be- tween the duodenum and the ileum. Jugular Vein — The large vein of the neck. 775 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Labial^Belongingto,or pertaining to, lips. Lacerate — To tear. A lacerated wound is a torn wound. Lachrymal — Pertaining to tears. The lachrymal duct is the one leading from the nose to the eyes. Lactation—The act of giving suck, or time of suckling. Lacteals — The lymphatic vessels of the intestines. Lactic Acid — ^The acid of sour milk. Lamella — A thin plate or scale; per- taining to the anatomy of the foot. Laminitis — Founder; an inflammation of the sensitive parts between the pedal or coffin-bone and the hoof. Larynx — The enlarged upper portion of the windpipe, and extending into the throat. LarjTigitis: in- flammation of the larynx. Lateral — At, or to, one side. Lesion — Any hurt or injiuy. Levator— A general name for a muscle whose office is to raise some part, as the lip or eyelid. Ligaments — The bands which bind the bones together at the joints. Ligature — Silk or flax thread, or any material suitable for tying arteries. Also a bandage used to stop bleed- ing. Liquefaction — The act or process of reducing a solid to a liquid form. Lithotomy — The operation of extract- ing a stone from the bladder. Lobe — A round, projecting part of any organ, as of the lungs and liver. Loin — That portion of the body be- tween the hip-bone and ribs. Lotion— Fluid applied externally, usu- ally by means of a cloth kept con- stantly wet therewith. Liniments are applied externally, but with rubbing. Lumbago — Rheumatism of the liunbar region of the back. Lymph — A transparent and nearly colorless fluid, found in the lym- phatic vessels. Macerate — ^To soften and separate the parts of, by steeping, as in a fluid, or by the digestive process. Malady — Disease, or ailment. Malar — Pertaining to the cheek-bone. Malformation — Badly, or unnaturally, shaped, or formed. Malignant — Severe. Tending to pro- duce death. Mallenders — ^An eczematous condition occurring in the flexures of the knee-joints, causing dryness and scurfiness of the part. Mammals — Havingan udder, or teats, for suckling the young. Mammary Glands — The glands which secrete the miik. Manipulation — The act of treating, working, or operating with the hand. Massage — Kneading and rubbing the flesh with the hands. Mastication — ^The act of chewing the food. Materia Medica — A term including all medicines, or substances, used in the cure of disease. Maxilla — ^The upper, or lower, jaw. Meatus — Canal, or passage. Mediastinum — The partition formed by the meeting of the pleura, divid- ing the chest into two lateral parts, and separating the lungs. Medullary — Consisting of, resembling, or pertaining to, marrow. Membrane — A thin, sheet-like struc- ture, usually fibrous, covering, or lining, some part, or organ. Mesentery — The fold, or membrane, which attaches the intestines to the spine. Metastasis — The transference of dis- ease from one part to another. Miasma — The product of animal or vegetable putrefaction, causing dis- ease. Midriff— ^The diaphragm. Milk Fever — A disease affecting cows soon after parturition. Molecule — The smallest portion of matter which can exist alone. DICTIONARY OF TECHNICAI, TERMS 777 Morbid— A state of disease; the pro- duct or result of an unnatural state, as morbid humors. Mortification— The death of a part from gangrene. Motor — That which causes, or is the instrument of, movement; as the motor muscles. Mucus— A mucilaginous fluid found on the surface of certain mem- branes, which keeps them soft and pliable. Naevus — A natural mark or blemish; a birth-mark. Narcotics — Drugs which allay pain and produce sleep, but first produce excitement. Nasal — Pertaining to the nose. Nausea — Any sickness of the stomach with inclination to vomit. Necrosis — Death of a bone, or a por- tion of a bone. Neuralgia— A painful affection that is seated in the nerves, especially of the face. Neurotomy — ^The cutting or division of a nerve. Neutralize — ^To destroy the force or effect of anything. Nutritive — Tending to nourish or build up. Nutrition: that which nourishes. Ocular — Relating to the eyes. Oedema — Effusion of serous fluid into the cellular tissues, producing swelling. Omentum — The Caul — A fold of the peritoneum membrane covering the intestines in front and attached to the stomach. Opacity — Want of transparency; that quality of bodies, by ^hich they cannot transmit the rays of light. Optic — Pertaining to sight, as the optic nerve; relating to the laws of vision. Orbit— In ocular anatomy, the bony cavity in which the eye is situated. Organic— Composed of, or pertaining to an organ, or its function; de- pendent on, or resulting from, organism. Orifice — ^The mouth or entrance to any cavity of the body. Os — The technical name for a bone. Osseous: resembling bone; bony. Ossification: changing to bone. Ostalgia — Pain in one or some of the bones. Os uteri— The mouth of the womb. Ovariotomy — The opfciation of remov- ing the ovaries from the female animal; spaying — analogous to the gelding of the male. Ovaries — The organs connected with the uterus that mature o.nd give off the ova (eggs), which, when im- pregnated by the male, produces the foetus. Oxygen — The life-supporting element of the air, and constituting a little more than one-fifth of it. With nitrogen and argon it forms air; with hydrogen it forms water. Ozoena — Nasal gleet; catarrh. Palate — The roof of the mouth. Palpitation— A rapid,thumping, move- ment of the heart, from mental excitement, or from disease. Papillas— Small, nipple-shaped prom- inences found on the tongue and skin. Pancreas — ^The narrow, flat gland ex- tending along the duodenvun , some- times called the " sweet-bread." Paralysis — An affection impairing, or destroying, the natural function, especiallj" the voluntary movement, of a part; called also "palsy." Paraplegia — Paralysis of the hind quarters on both sides; usually due to some injury or inflammation of the spinal cord. Parasite — An animal which lives on, or in, the body of another animal. Parotid Gland — ^The largest of the salivary glands, situated below the ear. Paroxysm — In disease, a recurrence coming after an intermission. Parturition— The act of bringing forth the young. Patella — The knee-pan. 778 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Pathology — ^The science which treats of the causes, nature, symptoms, and cure of disease. Pectoral — Pertaining to the breast, as the pectoral muscles. A remedy for affections of throat and lungs. Pelvis — That part of the trunk bound- ing the abdomen at the rear, con- taining a part of the intestines, and the internal urinary and genital organs. Penis — The exterior male organ of urination and generation. Pericarditis — Inflammation of the pericardium, or serous membrane, enclosing the heart. Perinceum — The space between the anus and the genital organs. Periosteum — The fibrous membrane covering a bone. Peritoneum — The serous membrane which lines the cavity of the abdo- men. Peritonitis — Inflammation of the peri- toneum. Pharynx — ^The muscular tube at the back part of the mouth which leads to the gullet. Physiology — The science which treats of the functions of the various organs of the body. Placenta — The membrane covering the young in the womb — the after- birth. Plethora — Having a. full habit of the body; full of blood. Pleura — The serous membrane which lines the interior of the chest and covers the lungs. Plexus — Any union of vessels, nerves or fibers in the form of net-work. Polypus — A tumor with narrow base which grows from mucous mem- branes. Portal Vessels — The cluster of veins that join and enter the liver. Post-mortem— Literally, after death. The examination of a dead body. Predisposed — Prepared for, or fitted for, beforehand; inclined to; as be- ing predisposed to disease. Process — A prominence or projecting part; any protuberance, eminence or projecting bone. Procreation — Generation and produc- tion of offspring. Prognosis — The act or art of judging by the symptoms, the probable course of a disease. Prolapsus Uteri — Falling of the womb. Prophylactic— That which preserves or defends from disease; a pre- ventive. Proteids — Food composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen — as the white of an egg. Proud Flesh — A fungus growth on an ulcer, or an excrescence of flesh in a wound from excessive granu- lation. Pulmonary— Relating to the lungs. Pupil — The circular opening in the colored curtain within the eye. Purgative — A medicine that operates strongly in evacuating the bowels. Pus — The matter discharged from a tumor when lanced, or from a sore. Healthy pus is yellowish-white in color, and is always secreted in the process of healing. Putrefaction — The process of decom- position; state of corruption; rot- teness. Pylorus — The lower orifice of the stomach on its right side, through which the food passes to the intes- tines. Quickening — The time when the mo- tion of the foetus within the womb is first perceptible. Quittor— An ulcerous formation, re- sembling fistula, inside a horse's foot. Rabies — Madness; hydrophobia. Rales — The noise produced by air pas- sing through the mucus of the lungs. Ramify — Branched; running in variout. directions. Raphe — A seam or suture. Rectum — The last intestine; the anal gut. DICTIONARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS 779 Reflux— In medicine, the return of the blood from the head, or from to- ward the extremities, to the heart. Refrigerants — Medicines or lotions that diminish heat. Regurgitate— To throw or pour back; to swallow again. Remittent — Ceasing for a time, as a fever or a pain. Reproduction— The act or process of producing the young; breeding. Resolution — The disappearance of in- flammation without suppuration. Resolvent — A medicine or substance, that will' scatter inflammatory or other tumors, and prevent their sup- puration. Respiratory Murmur — The murmur which, when the ear is applied to the chest, is heard in the lungs, and attending the act of breathing. Retention — A stopping or withhold- ing, as retention of the urine. Retina — The expansion of the optic nerve in the back part of the eye, on which the image is formed in the act of seeing. Retrocession — Change of an eruption from the surface, to the inner parts. Roaring — A disease or constriction of the wind-pipe, producing a roaring sound in breathing. Rumination — The act of chewing the cud. Rupture — The common name for hernia. The act of breaking or bursting, or state resulting there- from. Saccharine — Containing or having the qualities of sugar. Saline — Containing salt in solution; salty. Saliva — The secretion of the glands of the mouth, which moistens the food in chewing, and keeps the mouth and tongue moist. Sallenders— The same as mallenders, except that it occurs in the flexures of the hock. Sanitary— Relating to the preserva- tion of health; tending to health. Sarcoma— A fleshy tumor. Scaphoid— Shaped like a boat, as the navicular bone. Scapula— The shoulder-blade. Sclerotic^ The thick, hard, white, outer coat of the eye. Sciatica — A rheumatic or neuralgic affection of the hip. Scrotum — The bag which contains the testicles. Sebaceous Glands — The oil tubes of the skin. Secretion — The separation of various substances from the blood. Sedatives — Soothing medicines ; reme- dies that depress nervous power, or lower circulation. Semen — The male generative product secreted in the testicles. Septic — Causing or promoting putre- faction. Antiseptic: arresting pu- trefaction. Septicaemia — Blood poisoning; usu- ally an absorption. Serum — The yellowish, watery por- tion of the blood remaining after coagulation. Seton — An artificial passage under the skin, made by a seton needle, and kept open with tape, silk, or the like, which is drawn in, and is moved back and forth daily to keep up an irritation, with a view of set- ting up inflammation. Sialogogue — A medicine that pro- motes a flow of saliva. Sinus — An orifice or canal containing pus or matter. Slough (pronounced sluff) — To fall away, separate from, as in disease, or in mortified parts. Soporific — A medicine that induces sleep. Spasm— A sudden, involuntary contrac- ■tion of the muscles; a convulsion. Spinal — Relating to the spine, or back- bone. Splint — An excrescence on the can- non bone of a horse. Splint bone: one of the bones of a horse's leg. Spleen— A livid-colored organ attached to the stomach, the office of which is not well understood. 78o THK PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Spontaneous — Occurring witliout any- apparent cause from without. Sporadic — Separated, scattered; oc- ciirring here and there, as sporadic cases of disease. Sternum— The breast bone, situated in the fore part of the, thorax. Stomachics — Medicines that promote digestion. Strangulated — Choliied; having the cir- culation stopped in any part. Strangury — Thestopping of a passage; generally applied to urinary organs. Stricture — Stopping, or obstruction of a passage of the body, by morbid, or spasmodic, action. Styptic — An astringent; having the property of stopping bleeding. Sudorific — A medicine that will cause sweating, or perspiration. Suppuration — The process of forming pus, or matter; the result of inflam- mation in an abscess, or a wound. Suture — A stitch, or fastening, for joining edges of wounds. The seam or joint which unites the bones of the skull. Synovia — A fluid resembling the white of an egg, secreted by the joints, and articulations, which it lubri- cates and keeps in healthful con- dition—joint oil, so called. Tasnia — Literally a fillet, or band. The technical name of the tape- worm. Tapping — Drawing ofi collected fluid. Tarsus — The cartilage toward the edge of each eyelid, giving it shape and firmness. The hock joint of the horse. Tendon — The dense, fibrous structure in which a muscle ends, and by which it is joined to the bone. Tent — In medicine, a pledget, . or plug, introduced into a wound. Tenuity — ^The property of being thin; small; rarefied. Tetanus — A disease in which the vol- untary muscles are spasmodically, but persistently, contracted, caus- ing rigidity of the parts afiected. When in the face it is called lock- jaw. Therapeutics — That part of medicine that relates to discovery and appli- cation of remedies for diseases. The use of diet and medicines. Thorax — The chest, or that part of the body between the neck and abdomen. Thrush — Ulceration of the cleft of the frog, and extending over the whole of it, with a discharge of fetid matter. A disease of the mouth. Tibia — The large bone of the hind leg of a horse above the hock joint. Tonics — Remedies which gradually and permanently improve the sys- tem. Tonsil — An oblong gland situated on each side the fauces, terminated by the larynx and pharynx at the rear of the mouth, and having excretory ducts opening into the mouth. Torsion — The act of twisting and turning, as in drawing a tooth with the turnkey. Tourniquet — An instrument to arrest bleeding. Trachea — The windpipe. Tractile — Capable of being drawn out. Transfusion — The introducing of blood from one living being to an- other. Transudation — Passage of liquid through the tissues of the body. Traumatic — Relating to a wound or injury. Trephining — An operation to perforate the skull with a trepan, in order to remove a piece of bone. Trichina Spiralis — A mite which bur- rows in • the muscles, and which before becoming encysted, some- times cause the death of the ani- mal. They are principally gener- ated in swine, fowls, rats, and other omniverous feeders. Tubercle — A small tumor, as tuber- cle of the lungs. Tympanum— The drum of the ear. Ulna — The larger of the two bones (»f the fore arm. Umbilicus — The navel. DICTIONARY OF TECHNICAI. TEJRMS 781 Unciform — Curved or crooked, as a clam or finger nail. Urea — A constituent of the urine. It is white, transparent, and crystal- lizable. Ureter— One of the two canals or ducts, which convey the urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Urethra— The canal leading from the bladder outward. Urinary — Pertaining to the urine. Urine — ^The saline secretion of the kidneys. Uterus — The womb. Vagina — The canal in female animals, from the vulva to the uterus. Varicose Veins — Veins, generally in the legs, which are permanently dilated, knotted and irregular. Vascular — Pertaining to the vessels of animal and vegetable bodies, as vascular functions. The arteries, veins, lacteals, and the like, com- pose the vascular system. Animal flesh is vascular. Venesection — Letting blood by open- ing a vein. Venous — Pertaining to the veins, or contained in veins. Ventral — Pertaining to the abdomen or belly. Ventricles — The posteriot ch..mbers of the heart. Vermicular— Worm-like in shape or appearance. Vermifuge — A medicine or agent that destroys or expels worms. Vertebra — A division, or separate bone, of the spinal column. Vesicle— A small blister. Villi— Minute, thread-like projections. The inner mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines is called the "villous" coat, from its abound- ing m villi or minute projections. Virulent— Dangerous, or malignant; as a virulent type of disease. Virus — Contagious, or poisonous mat- ter. Viscera — The organs contained within the cavities of the body, particu- larly of the head, chest, and abdo- men. Viscid — Sticky, or tenacious, with a glutinous consistency. Vivisection — The dissection of, or cutting into, living animals. Volatile — Giving off vapor, flying off in vapor. Vulva — The outer opening, in female animals, of the generative parts. Warbles — Tumors caused by the de- positing of the eggs of the gad-fly in the backs of cattle. Also small, hard tumors on the backs of horses from the irritation of the saddle. Wen — A distinctly defined tumor under the skin, seldom hurtful. An encysted tumor. Wind-galls — A distension of the syn- ovial membranes of a horse's fet- lock joints. Womb — The uterus, or pouch, in which the young are earned in the fetal stage before birth. Xiphoid — Sword-like — A small cartil- age at the bottom of the breast bone. Zoology — That part of natural historj, which treats of the structure, habits, classification, and habitations of an- imals. Zoon — An animal; having animal life. Zootomy — Dissection of the lower ani- mal. Zygomatic — Pertaining to the cheek bone, or to the bony arch under which the temporal muscle passes. From zygoma, the cheek-bone. Zymotic — Caused by, or pertaining to fermentation; as a zjrtnotic disease, being one in which some morbific principle acts on the system like a ferment. ADDENDA MILK FEVER. — Since writing the first article on milk fever, the statement has been made that filling the udder witli sterilized air is as effectual a treatment as either the oxygen or Schmidt treatments; if this be true, and there are many reasons for believing that it is, the treatment of this dreaded disease becomes very simple. The air pumped into the udder must first be freed from germs, and this can be done by pumping it through sterilized cotton. A simple and yet effectual apparatus can be made as follows: Get a tinner to make a tin tube six inches long and one inch in diameter, have the seam pressed and use as little solder as possible; or better yet, if it can be obtained, is a piece of steel bicycle tubing the same size; this can generally be had at a bicycle repair shop; have a druggist fit each end of the tube with a cork, having through it a small piece of glass tubing, as shown in the cut; have the corks fit tightly; fill the large tube just nicely full with a fine grade of cotton batting or with absorbent cotton, which can be had at any drug store, and the apparatus is complete. There is also needed a milking tube with a short piece of rubber tube attached, and a small bicycle pump. Before using the apparatus it must be sterilized; put a little cotton plug in the end of each of the glass tubes, as shown in the cut, and roll the tube in four or five layers of newspapers, tying the ends around the glass tubes, as shown in the cut, and it is ready to be sterilized. To sterilize it, put in an oven with a slow heat, about right for baking cake, and leave it there for one hour; the oven should be hot enough to just slightly scorch the paper, and turn the cotton plugs in the glass tubes just a little brown; if too hot, the cotton inside the tube will be burned too much, but the cotton plugs and the paper will indicate the amount of heat to use. The tube is now ready for use, and by pumping air through this sterilized cotton, the germs will be filtered from it. The apparatus can be sterilized and laid away, 782 )%- - -r; APPARATUS USED IN STERILIZED AIE TREATMENT FOR MILK FEVER. ADDENDA 783 leaving the paper around it, in some clean place, and it will be all right for use when needed; it would be best to re-sterilize if not used for three weeks after sterilizing. To use in treating the cow, put the milking tube, with the piece of rubber tubing attached, into a solution of : Carbolic Acid, J^ ounce; water, i pint, to sterilize it; remove the cotton plug from one of the glass tubes and attach the bicycle pump by means of a short piece of rubber tubing; remove the cotton plug from the other glass tube and attach the milking tube, first shaking all the Carbolic Acid lotion from it; wash off the end of one of the teats with the Carbolic lotion, and insert the milking tube into it and pump air in slowly. If pumped too fast, germs may be forced through the cotton. Be sure the milking tube does not touch anything after it comes from the solution before it enters the teat; it can be dipped into the Carbolic solution just before introducing it, if the apparatus is held with the tube end down, so that the cotton inside the large tube cannot get wet; this must be kept perfectly dry, or it will not sterilize the air. After pumping into a quarter all it will hold, remove the milking tube and take a small bandage about one inch wide, and com- mencing at the bottom of the teat, bandage the teat tightly to close the duct and prevent the air from escaping. The bandage is safer than a string tied around the teat. Treat each quarter the same. Wet the milking tube in the Carbolic lotion each time before putting it into a teat, being careful not to let the cotton get wet. After filling the udder, knead gently. After six or eight hours the air could be worked out and the udder refilled with fresh air, if necessary. With this treatment the cow should receive the same general treatment as given with the first article. The apparatus may require new corks, and also to be refilled with fresh cotton, after it has been sterilized a number of times. INDEX NOTE— For index of Cattle, see page 794; Sheep, page 800; Swine, page 801; Poultry, page 802; Dog, page 803; Miscellaneous Department, page 80s; Practical Recipes from Farmers, page 804; Profit- able Breeding of Live Stock, page 736. Dictionary of Technical and other terms in Common use, page 768; Department of helpful Illustrations, page 8og following the Index. THE HORSE Abortion 168 Abscess, opening an 351 Abscesses 244 intlierectum 126 inthescrotum 178 After-birtli, the 158 After-pains I59 Age of horse, to tell by the teeth.. 341 horses, to tell 34° Amaurosis 19° Anaesthetics, general 348 local 347 Anatomy of the horse 27 man and horse com- pared 54 Aneurism 238 Animals, methods of controlling.. 349 nursing and feeding sick 68 Ankles, cocked 290 Antiseptics 64 Aphtha, or thrush loi Apparatus 647 Apoplexy 219 Arm, bones of the fore 29 Arteries, the 39 Artery, rupture of an 239 tumorofan 238 Atrophy of the heart 237 muscles 303 Azoturia 141 Back, bones of the 28 broken 275 chronic sores on 237 muscles of the 33 sit-fasts on the 274 sore 273 sprain of the 275 Balking 328 Balls found in the bowels 125 or pills, to make and give... 70 Bandage, plaster of Paris 285 starch, see-"Fractures" 282 Bandages 352 Barrenness, in the mare 151 Belly, dropsy of the 127, 168 injuriestothemusclesofthe 277 tapping the 354 Big head 251 Big leg 231 Bladder, eversion of the 136 inflammation of the 135 paralysis of the 138 spasm of neck of the 137 stones in the 136 the 50 Bleeding, after castration 177 foaling, profuse ... 159 from the lungs 84 navei 169 nose 84 784 INDEX 785 Blindfolding 349 Blindness, following castration.... i8i Blister, to 257 apply a 258 Bloat 117 Blood, bad 240 poison 265 spavin 299 Bloody flux, or dysentery 123 urine 139 Bog spavin 296 Boils 213 Bone, breast 29 caries, or ulceration of a 248 necrosis , or death of a .... ^ ... . 249 side 255 spavin 259 Bones, cervical, or neck 28 coccygeal, or tail 28 dorsal, or back 28 hip, orpelvic 28 lumbar or small of the back 28 of the cannon 30 forearm 29 foot 30 hind leg 31 hock or tarsus joint 31 knee 30 pastern 30 shoulder 29 sacral or croup 28 Bots "3 Bowels, balls found in the 125 inflammation of the 118 or intestines, the 42 twist in the 124 Brain, concussion of the 217 congestion of the 218 inflammation of the 215 chronic 223 Brain, spinal cord, and coverings, inflammation of the 216 Breakdown 292 Breaking, see " Training " 14 halter IS a stubborn horse, 23 60 Bridle, how to proceed with 16 Broken back 275 knees - 287 ribs 276 wind, or heaves 93 Bronchial tubes and air cells, the.. 48 Bronchitis... 85 chronic 88 Bruises of the shoulder 272 sole of the foot 323 stone 323 Bursal enlargements 288 Calculi 136 intestinal 125 Calculus, obstruction of urethra... 141 Calks 320 Canker in the foot 307 Cannon, bones of the 30 Capillary vessels, the 39 Capped elbow 281 hock 298 Caries, or ulceration of a bone 248 Casting 173, 350 Castration, diseases and troubles 172 abscesses in the scro- tum after 178 bleeding after 177 blindness following ... 181 care of colt, after 176 exposing testicles 173 fatty curtain of bowels coming down after.. 178 lock-jaw after 181 operating by searing... 175 with clamps.. 174 ecraseur 175 emasculator 175 ligatures 176 originals or ridglings.. 176 pain after 176 peritonitis following.. 180 precautions before op- erating 173 rupture (hernia) 3*7 schirrus cord 180 786 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Castration, swelling after 179 throwing, or casting... 173 tumor of tiie cord 180 Cataract of the eye 190 Catarrh, or cold in the head 75 chronic 77 Catheter, passing the 353 Cautery, actual 357 Cerehro-spinal-meningitis 216 Cheeks, paralysis of the 100 Chest, tapping the 354 water in the 92 wounds penetrating the 95 Chill, a 336 Choking 105 Circulation, the 37 Clamps, operating with 174 Cleaning, the 158 Cocked ankles 290 Coffin joint lameness 324 Cold in the head 75 Colic, flatulent 117 spasmodic, or cramp 115 wind 117 Colt, care after castration 176 how to mount 20 ride 20 saddle break 19 teaching to drive 17 to make come to you 16 -ill 197 Colts, to break wild and vicious... 21 Coma 223 Comparative anatomy 54 Concussion of the brain 217 Congestion of the brain 218 liver 130 lungs 88 Conjunctivitis i85 Constipation in young foals 169 Contractions of the foot 306 Contagious diseases and fevers ... 193 Cord, the spermatic 51 Corns 314 Cough, chronic 82 Cracked heels, or scratches 203 Cracks in the teats 167 quarter and sand 3^9 Cramp of the muscles of the neck. 274 loins. 274 thigh 295 Cribbing and wind sucking 99 Crookedness of the legs in foals... 172 Curb 301 Cutting the back tendons 301 Cystitis 135 Deafness 185 Diabetes, insipidus 134 Diaphragm, spasms of the 94 the 37 Diarrhea, or superpurgation 122 in young foals 170 Difficulties met with in foaling 156 Digestive organs, the 40 Dilitation or enlargement of the esophagus or gullet 107 Disease, determining nature of 74 loco 225 millet 335 navicular 324 of the cartilage of the ear 185 spleen 131 Diseases and care of young foals.. 169 injuries of the ear 185 eye 186 Diseases and injuries of the head, neck, shouldeis, body and hips 266 Diseases and troubles following castration 172 Diseases of the blood, general 240 bones 248 brain and nervous system , an feet 303 front and hind leg? 281 genital organs of the horse , i/jj genital organs of themare j^q heart, arteries, and bloodvessels 2^ INDEX diseases of the liver and spleen..... 130 lymphatic system.. 230 mouth, teeth, sail- vary glands, and gullet 97 Diseases of the respiratory or breathing organs 75 Diseases of the skin 203 stomach and bowels 109 urinary organs 132 Disinfection gg Dislocation of the patella 293 partial .. 294 Distemper 107 in foals 172 Douches, nasal «2 Drench, giving a 355 Drenches 70 Dribbling of the urine 139 Driving, harnessing and 18 Dropsy of the belly 127, 168 scrotum or bag 144 Dysentery.,.. J23 Ear, diseases of the cartilage 185 frostbites of the 1&5 injuries or cuts around 185 the 46 tumors of the i85 Ecraseur, operating with the 175 Ectropium 192 Eczema 206 Emasculator, operating with the .. 175 Elbow, capped 281 Electric shock 222 Electuaries, or pastes , 71 Elephantiasis 231 Encephalitis 215 Endocarditis 233 Enlargement of the esophagus 107 heart 236 ovaries 149 thyroid gland 108 Enlargements, bursal 288 Enteritis 118 Bntropimn. 191 787 139 Enuresis Epilepsy... .■; 222 Epizootic jgg Erysipelas 246 Esophagus or gullet, the 41 dilatation of... 107 Eversion of the bladder 135 eyelids 192 vagina 160 womb 162 Exostosis of the jaw 252 Eye, cataract of the igo gutta Serena, or glass 190 inflammation of haw of the 189 injuries to ducts of the 192 *^« 45 worm in the iqj Eyelids, eversion of the 192 injuries to the 192 inversion of the 191 False quarter 324 Farcy jg^ water., 230 Fatty degeneration of the heart... 237 Feeding, food and , 57 sick animals 68 Feet, flat 312 nails in the 316 sore 311 thrush in the 31c Fetlock, striking the 291 thickening around the... 292 Fetlock joint, sprain of the 290 Fetlocks.puffy enlargements about 288 Fever, catarrhal 107 mud., 205 puerperal 167 Filari oculi 191 Fining 357 Fistula of the parotid duct 103 Fistulous withers 26S Fits, falling 222 Flatulence, tapping the flank for.. 355 Flooding 159 Foal, abortion, or slinking the..... 168 788 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Foal, how tell when mare is with 152 natural way to come 154 bed turned o\it 162 Foaling and attendant diseases 152 difficulties met with in ... 156 falling away of muscles of hips, after 279 injuries to hips during 166 profuse bleeding after 159 signs of immediate 153 swelling on belly before... 168 Foals, constipation in young 1 69 crookedness of the legs in .. 172 diarrhea in young 170 diseases and care of young 169 distemper in 172 leaking of navel and rheu- matism in young 171 weakness in legs of young 172 Fomentations 68 Fomenting 353 Food and feeding 57 Foot, bones of the 30 bruises of sole of 323 canker in the 307 contractions of the 306 fracture of bones of the 324 gravel in the • 306 holding up front 350 pumiced 313 Fore arm, bones of 29 Foreign substances in the mouth.. 100 Forelegs, muscles of the 34 Forging 322 Form of guaranty 339 Foul sheath 147 Founder, acute 309 chronic 311 Fracture of the bones of the foot.... 324 hock.. 299 neck .. 268 tail 280 ilium 278 skull 266 Fractures 282 Frost bites of the ear 186 Frothing, slavering or 102 Fumigation , see in " Disinfection " 66 Furuncles 213 Galled shoulders 271 Galls, saddle 273 Garget 166 Gastritis Iir Generative organs of the horse 50 mare 52 Genital organs of the horse, dis- eases of the 143 Genital organs of the mare, dis- eases of the 149 Gland, inflammation of the parotid 102 thickening of the parotid... 103 Glanders 1 94 Glands, the mammary 53 salivary 41 Gleet, nasal 77 Glossitis loi Goitre 108 Gonorrhea, or gleet 145 Gorged stomach 109 Grain, kicking while eating 327 wasting 327 Grain ration, a mixed 59 Grains for feeding 58 Gravel in the foot 306 Grease heel 204 Growths on end of penis 147 Gruel, how to make 63 Guaranty, form of 339 Gutta Serena, or glass eye 190 Gut-tie 124 Hsematuria 139 Hair, the 45 Halter breaking 15 Halter, pulUng back and breaking 328 Harnessing and driving 18 Hay for feeding 57 Hay tea, how to make 63 Head, muscles of the 32 swelling around 108 the 27 Heart, atrophy of the 237 INDEX 789 Heart, enlargement of tlie 236 fatty degeneration of the. ... 237 inflammationof sacof the... 234 palpitation of the 238 the 38 Heat, exhaustion 220 Heaves 93 Heel, grease 204 Heels, low 312 Hemorrhoids 127 Hernia, inguinal 183 navel or umtilical 184 scrotal 177, 182 ventral 183 Hiccoughs 94 Hidebound 211 Hind quarters, muscles of the 35 Hip, or pelvic bones 28 sprain of muscles of the 281 Hip-joint, lameness 280 Hipped 278 Hips, falling away of muscles of... 279 injuries to, during foaling... 166 History of the horse 9 Hock, capped 298 fracture of the bones of the 299 or tarsus j oint, bones of the 3 1 joint, sprains of the 298 Hoof, the 46 Horse, history of the 9 muscles of the 31 pox ■ 193 ■proportions of the 55 skeleton of the 27 to examine for soundness.. 337 to make come at command 24 to make stand without hitching 25 Hydrarthrosis 297 Hydrocele I44 Hydrophobia 227 Hydrothorax 9^ Hymen, the • 53 Hypertrophy 236 Hypodermic syringe 355 Hysteria ^S^ Icterus 131 Ilium, fracture of the 278 Impaction of the large intestine... 121 stomach 109 Indigestion, acute no chronic 114 Inflammationof a vein 239 wound 264 the bladder 135 bowels 118 brain 215 brain, chronic. 223 Inflammation of the brain, spinal cord and their coverings 216 Inflammation of the endocardium. 233 haw of the eye 189 iris 188 kidneys.acute 132 chronic 133 liver 130 lungs 90 ovaries 149 parotid gland 102 pharynx 104 heart sac 234 stomach in testicles 143 tongue 101 udder 166 vagina 164 vulva 164 womb 164 Injection pipe, simple 73 Injections per rectum 72 under skin (hypodermic) 72 Injuries, or cuts, around the ear... 185 to the ducts of the eye 192 eyelids 192 hips diuring foaling 166 muscles of the belly- 277 neck 267 Instruments 645 Interfering 291 Intestinal calculi 125 Intestine, impaction of the large.. 121 Intestines, the bowels, or 42 790 THE PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR Intussusception 124 Invagination 124 Inversion of the eyelids 191 Involuntary muscles, the 36 Irregularities of the teeth 98 Irritation, shedding milk teeth 98 Iritis 188 Ischuria 139 Itchy tail 212 skin 212 Jaundice 131 Jaw, exostosis of the 252 Joint, open 299 sprain of the stifle 293 Kidneys, acute inflammation of the 132 chronic inflammation of 133 the 49 Knee, bones of the 30 striking the 285 sprung 288 Knees, broken 287 puffy enlargement about... 288 Knuckling 290 Ivameness cofiBn joint 324 hip joint 280 shoulder joint 272 Lampas 97 Laryngitis 80 Larynx, the 48 Lead, learning to 16 Leg, weed in the 230 bones of the hind 31 Lieg, sprain of muscles on front of hind 295 Leg, sprain of muscles on inside of hind 296 Legs, muscles of the fore 34 I/eucorrhea 150 Lice 213 Ligament, rupture of suspensory.. 29a Ligatures, operating by, 176 Lips, paralysis of the 100 Liver, congestion of the 130 Liver, disorders, other 131 , inflammation of the 130 the 43 Limbs, swelling of the 232 Lock-jaw, or tetanus 228 after castration 181 Loco disease 225 Loins, cramps of the muscles of the 274 Long, round worms 128 Lotion, white 263 Lumbrici 128 Lungs, bleeding from the 84 congestion of the 88 inflammation of the 90 the 48 Lymphangitis 230 Lymphatic system, the 40 Malpresentation 156 Mammary glands, the 53 Mammitis 166 Mange 209 Mare, barrenness in the 151 how to tell when with foal.. 152 how to use when with foal.. 153 Mashes, how to make 63 Masturbation 148 Medicines, forms of, and ways of giving 69 Medicines, how often to give 73 list of 653 Melanosis 208 Membranes, mucous ■ 44 serous 44 Meningitis 215 Methods of controlling animals... 349 blindfolding 349 casting 350 holding up front foot.. 350 sideline, the 350 stocks 350 twist, a 34g Metritis 164 Millet disease 335 Miscellaneous information 336 Moon-blindness i3S INDEX 791 Mouth, foreign substances in the.. loo sore g7 tongue hanging from ...... 102 Mucous membranes 44 Mud fever 205 Muscles, atrophy of the 303 involuntary 36 of the back 33 forelegs 34 head 32 hind quarters 35 horse 31 lower thigh (gas- kin) 36 neck 32 shoiilders 33 rupture of the 302 Nails in the feet 316 Nasal chambers, the 47 gleet 77 polypus 79 Natural way for foal tocome 154 Navel, bleeding from the 169 leaking of, in young foals.. 171 Navel-string, the 154 Navicular disease 324 Neck, cramps of muscles of the... 274 fracture of the bones of the 268 injuries to muscles of the... 267 muscles of the 32 Necrosis, or death, of a bone 249 Nephritis 132 Nettle-rash 207 Nervous system, the 37 Nose, bleeding from the 84 Nostril, small ttunor of the 79 wounds about the 78 Nostrils, the 47 Nursing and feeding sick animals 68 Occult spavin, see "Bone Spavin" 259 Operations 347 some important points in 347 theknifein 349 Open joint 299 Ophthalmia, simple 186 specific or periodic... 188 Orchitis 143 Organs of respiration or breathing 47 the digestive 40 the urinary 49 Originals, castrating 176 Osteophytes 254 Osteo porosis 251 Ovaries, enlargement of the 149 inflammation of the 149 the 52 Over-reaching 322 Pains, after 159 Palpitation of the heart 238 Palsy 220 Pancreas, the 43 Pastern bones 30 Paralysis 220 of the bladder 138 pharynx or gullet .. 105 lips and cheeks 100 Paraphimosis 146 Parotid duct, fistula of the 103 gland, inflammation of the 102 thickening of the ... 103 Parturition 152 cautions in assisting in 155 Patella, dislocation of the 293 partial dislocation of the.. 294 Penis, growths on end of 147 the 51 Pericarditis 234 Peritonitis 120 following castration 180 Pharyngitis 104 Pharjmx, inflammation of the 104 paralysis of the 105 the 41 Phimosis 146 Phlebitis 239 Phrenitis 215 Piles 127 Pin worms 129 Pink-eye 199 792 THK PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Placenta, tie 158 Plaster of Paris bandage 285 Pleurisy 91 Pneumonia 90 Poison, blood 265 Poisoning by contact, vegetable... 335 drugs and minerals.. 329 aconite 329 arsenic 336 aloes 330 ammonia 330 belladonna 330 calomel , 331 cantbarides 331 cbloroform 331 cbloral hydrate 331 croton oil 331 copper sulpbate 331 corrosive sublimate.. 332 ergot of rye 332 hellebore, white 333 iron, sulphate 332 lead 333 nux vomica 332 opium 333 saltpeter (nitrate of potash) 333 strychnine 333 turpentine 333 stings or snake bite.. 335 Poisoning, while grazing 334 cherry, black 334 hemlock, poison 334 hemlock, water 334 horsetail 335 larkspurs, the 334 laurels, the 335 loco weed 334 billet 335 Poisons and their antidotes 329 Poll-evil 266 Polypus, nasal ya Powders gq Preparation of foods 60 Prescriptions 670 Proportions of the horse 55 Protrusion of the rectum, or back bowel 126 Prurigo 212 Ptyalism 102 Puerperal fever 167 Puffy enlargements around knees and fetlocks 288 Pulse, the 74 Pumiced foot 313 Punctures 316 Purpura Hemorrhagica 241 Quarter cracks 319 Quarter, false 324 Qaittor 303 Rabies 227 Ration, a mixed grain 59 Rattle-snake bites 336 Rearing before carriage, to break of 25 Rearing under saddle, to break of.. 25 Rectum, giving medicine by the... 72 profusions of the 126 tlie 43 tumors or abscesses in the 126 Respiration or breathing, organs of 47 Retention of the after-birth, see... 158 Rheumatism 243 in young foals 171 Ribs , 29 broken 276 Rickets 250 Ridglings, castrating 176 Ring-bone 256 Ring- worm 210 Roaring and whistling 83 Roots as food go Rupture after castration 177 of an artery 239 of the muscles 302 stomach m suspensory liga- ment 272 vagina 163 womb igi Ruptures (hernias) and methods of treatment j3j INDEX 793 Saddle galls 273 Salivary glands, the 41 Sand cracks jiq Scalma 201 Schirrus cord 180 Scratches 203 Scrotum, dropsy of the 144 Seedy toe , 305 Semen, the 51 Serous membrane, the 44 Sheath, foul 147 swelling of the 147 warts around the 148 Shedding milk teeth, irritation from 98 Shins, sore ^ 253 Shock, electric 222 Shoe boil 281 Shoeing 312 Shoulder, bones of the 29 bruises of the 272 slip 270 joint lameness 272 Shoulders, chronic sores on 273 muscles of the 32 sit fasts on 274 Sick animals, nursing and feeding 68 Side bone 255 Side-line the 350 Signs of immediate foaling 153 Sit-fasts on back and shoulders.... 274 Skeleton of the horse 27 Skin, itchy 212 the 44 Skull, fracture of the 266 Slavering or frothing 102 Slinking the foal..= 168 Snake bite 335 Some points indetermining disease 74 Sore back 273 feet 311 mouth 97 shins. 253 taU from crupper 279 teats 167 throat 80 Soundness, forms of guaranty, or warrant of 339 how to examine for... 337 Spasm of the neck of the bladder 137 diaphragm 94 Spasmodic, or cramp colic 115 Spavin, blood 299 bog 296 bone 259 occult see Bone Spavin 259 Spaying 357 Speedy cut 285 Spermatic cord, the 51 Spinal cord and coverings, inflam- mation of brain 216 Spleen, diseaseof the 131 the 43 Splint 252 Sprain of the back 275 tendons; 289 fetlock joint 290 hock joint 298 muscles in the hip 281 Sprain of muscles on front of hind leg 295 Sprain of muscles on inside of hind leg 295 Sprain of the stifle joint 293 Staggers, sleepy 223 stomach 109 Staked 278 Staling, profuse 134 Starch bandage, see Fractures 282 Star gazer 190 Sternum, or breast bone 29 Stifle joint, partial dislocation of 294 sprain of the 293 Stifled 293 Stings 335 Stitches, putting in 351 Stocking 232 Stock, the 350 Stomach, gorged 109 inflammation of the iii impaction of the 109 rupture of the ill T94 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Stomach, staggers 109 the 41 tympanites of the no Stomatitis 97 Stone bruises 323 Stonesin the bladder 136 Strangles, or distemper 197 Straw as food 58 Stricture of the urethra 140 Striking the fetlock 291 knee 285 String-halt 224 Sunstroke 220 Superpurgation 122 Surfeit 207 Sutures (see stitches) 351 Sweeny 270 Swelling after castration 1 79 along belly before foaling 168 around head and throat.. . 108 of the limbs 232 of the sheath 147 Syringe, the hypodermic 355 System, lymphatic or absorbent... 40 nervous 37 Tail, bones of the 28 fracture of bones of the 280 itchy 212 sore, from crupper 279 Tape worms 129 Tapping the belly 354 the flank for flatulence.... 355 the chest 354 Teats, sore 167 warts on the 167 Teeth, decayed 99 irregularities of the 98 irritation from shedding 98 the 40 to tell a horse's age by..34o, 341 wolf 98 Temperature, the 74 Tendons, cutting the back 301 sprain of the back 289 Testicles, exposing, to castrate 173 Testicles, inflammation of the 143 the 50 Tetanus 228 Thickening around fetlock 292 of the parotid gland ... 103 Thigh, cramp of the muscles of the 295 muscles of the lower 36 Thoroughpin 297 Throat, sore 80 swelling around 108 Throwing, or casting a horse..i73, 350 Thrush 101 in the feet 315 Thumps, or hiccoughs 94 Thyroid gland, enlargement of the 108 Toe, seedy 305 Tongue, hanging from the mouth 102 inflammation of the loi Toothache 99 Trachea, the windpipe or 48 Tracheotomy 356 Training, best methods of 14 first lessons 14 halter breaking 15 harnessing and driving.. 18 how to break wild and vicious colts 21 how to make a horse come at command 24 how to make animal get •up that throws himself 26 how to mount the colt. . . 20 how to proceed with bridle 16 how to ride the colt 20 how to saddle-break the colt...~ ig how to use a stubborn horse in breaking 23 learning to lead 16 lessons in sound signals. 17 teaching colt to drive before harnessed 17 to break a horse of rear- ing under saddle or before a carriage 25 INDEX 795 Training, to make a colt come i6 to make a horse stand still -without hitching. 25 to stand while getting into a carriage 25 Tub, the 354 Tubes, bronchial, and air cells 48 ^^umorof an artery 238 of the nostril, small 79 Tumors and their removal 355 black pigment 208 in the rectimi 126 of the cord 180 of theear 186 Twist, a 349 in the bowels 124 Tympanites 117 of the stomach 110 Udder, inflammation of the l65 the 53 Ulcera€on of a bone 248 Umbilical cord, the 154 Ureters, the 49 Urethra, obstruction of 141 stricture of the 140 the 50 Urinary organs, the 49 Urine, bloody 139 dribbling of the 139 the 49 Uterus or womb, the 52 Urticaria '■ 207 Vagina, eversion of the 160 inflammation of the 164 rupture of the 163 the 53 Variola, equine i93 Vein, inflammation of a 239 Veins 39 Vertigo ^^^ Vessels, the capillary 39 Vices, how to break of 3^7 balking • 328 cribbing and wind-suckmg 328 gnawing manger, etc 327 Vices, kicking while eating grain 327 pulling and breaking halter 328 wasting grain ;^27 Vicious colts, how to break li Volvulus 124 Vulva, inflammation of the 164 the 53 Warrant of soundness 339 Warts 208 around the sheath 148 on the teats 167 Water in the chest 92 and watering 56 farcy 230 Weakness in legs of young foals. .. 172 Weed in the leg 23° White lotion 263 Whites 150 Whistling, roaring and 83 Wild and vicious colts, to break... 21 Wind colic "7 galls 291 sucking 99 Windpipe or trachea, the 48 Withers, fistulous 268 Wolf teeth 9^ Womb, eversion of the 162 inflammation of the 164 rupture of the 163 the 52 Worm in the eye 191 Worms, long, round 128 pin 129 tape 129 Wound, inflammation of a 264 Wounds about the nostril 78 and their treatment 262 contused 262 general treatment of all.. 262 incised 262 lacerated 262 modes of healing 264 penetrating walls of chest 95 punctured 262 Yellows •' 131 796 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR CATTLE Abdomen, wounds of the 398 Abomasum, inflammation of tte... 388 Abortion and premature birth 442 contagious 505 Abscess of the ear 468 Abscesses 534 Actinomycosis 524 Action of remedies in cattle 363 After-birth, removing- 421 After-pains, prolonged 420 Air under the skin from a wound. 476 Albumen in the urine 410 Albumenuria 410 Amaurosis 464 Anffimia 529 Anatomy of cattle 358 Anthrax 513 Antidotes, poisons and 536 Apoplexy 494 parturient 431 Apparatus 647 Appetite, depraved 392 Ascites 395 Back, fracture of the bones of the.. 472 Balls, or concretions, in stomach.. 387 Bandages 541 Barrenness in cows and bulls 444 Belly, dropsy of the 395 tapping the 538 Big-jaw 524 Binder twine balls, hair or 387 Birth, premature 442 Bites and stings of insects 487 snake 487 Black-leg — black quarter 516 Bladder, gravel and stone in 413 inflammation of the 413 of ox or bull, tapping 539 Bleeding 538 from the navel 448 Bloating 380 Blood poisoning 531 Bloody flux 390 milk 438 urine 409 Blue milk 439 Bones, fractured 471 Bowels, inflammation of the 393 or intestines, the 361 Brain, concussion of the 495 congestion of the 494 inflammation of the 496 Breathing organs, the 361 Bronchitis 369 filaria 369 Buffalo gnat, the 485 Bull, genital organs of the 362 how to ring 536 to disinfect 506 Bulls, barrenness in 444 castration of 457 rigs or ridgling '. 458 Burns and scalds 488 Csesarian operation 541 Calculi 413 Calf, to tell when cow is with 414 Calves, castration of 457 constipation in 451 gangrene in mouth of 377 indigestion in 451 inflammation of joints in.. 450 suspended breathing in 447 white scours in 452 Calving and diseases attendant 414 closure of neck of womb 419 dropsy of womb before. . . 417 paralysis before 418 paralysis, or palsy, after.. 419 signs of 415 troubles met within 415 Cancer in the eye 466 Caps on the teeth 375 Caries, or decayed, teeth 375 Castration of bulls and calves 457 INDEX 797 Cataract of the eye 464 Catarrh, gastric 452 malignant 365 or cold in the head 365 Catarrhal conjunctivitis 460 Cattle, anatomy of , 358 the action of remedies in... 363 Chapped teats 440 Charbon 513 Cheeks, the 359 Chest, tapping the 538 Choking 378 Cleaning, removing 421 Closure of neck of womb at calving 419 Cold in the head, catarrh or 365 Colic 392 Concussion of the brain 495 Congestion of the brain 494 of the liver 405 Contagious abortion 5°5 diseases of cattle 505 eczema S'l pleuro-pneutnonia 507 Conjunctivitis, catarrhal 460 Constipation 39^ in calves 45^ Contusions on the lips 373 Cornea, inflammation of the 461 ulcer of the 462 Corneitis 461 Cornstalk diseases 499 Cow, genital organs of the 362 how to tell when with calf.... 414 pox 526 Cows, barrenness in 444 Cud, losing the 379 Cuts and injuries to the teats 441 Cystitis 413 Decayed teeth 375 Dehorning 537 Diabetes insipidus 408 Diarrhea or scours 389, 452 Digestion, the organs of 359 Disease, cornstalk 499 foot and mouth 511 of cartilage of the ear 470 Disease of the spleen 407 other indication of 364 Diseases of the blood, general 528 digestive organs... 373 ear 468 eye 459 feet 490 generative organs of the bull 454 heart and blood vessels 403 liver and spleen... 405 nervous system 494 respiratory organs 365 skin 478 urinary organs 408 young calves 447 Dislocation of the eyeball 466 Drenching 542 Dropsy of the belly 395 womb before calving 417 Dysentery.. 390 Dysiiria 411 Ear, abscess of the 468 diseases of cartilage of the.... 470 foreign bodies in the 469 inflammation of the internal.. 468 Ears, torn or lacerated 470 Eczema, acute and chronic 478 contagious 511 Electric shock 503 Encephalitis 49^ Enlargement of the haw 4^7 Enteritis 393 Enuresis 412 Epilepsy 499 Erysipelas 479 Eversion of the eyelids 465 vagina 423 womb 424 Eye, cancer in the 466 cataract of the 464 foreign substances in the 465 inflammation of the 459 Eyeball, dislocation of the_ 466 Eyelids, eversion of the 4^5 798 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR Eyelids, injuries to the 4^5 inversion of the 465 Feet, soreness of the 491 Fever, milk 431, 782 puerperal 428 southern cattle 508 Spanish or splenic 508 Texas 508 FUaria bronchitis 369 Fistula of the foot 493 teat 441 Fits 499 Flooding 420 Fluke disease 407 Fly, horn 485 Foot and mouth disease 511 foul in the 492 fistula of the 493 rot 492 Foreign bodies in the ear 469 substances in the eye 465 Foul in the foot 492 Founder 49° Fracture of the bones above and below stifle joint 475 Fracture of the bones below knee and hock 474 Fracture of the bones of the back. 473 hip... 473 neck. 472 lower jaw 472 ribs 473 shoulder blade or shoulder bone... 474 Fractured bones, wounds, sprains of joints and tendons 471 Frostbite 469 Fungus haematodes 466 Gangrene of the mouth in young calves 377 Garget 435 Gelatio 469 General diseases of the blood 528 Genital organs of the bull, the 362 Genital organs of the cow, the 362 Gestation, the period of 415 Glands, the salivary 359 Glossitis 376 Gnat, the buffalo 485 Gonorrhea 456 Gravel and stone in the bladder... 413 Growths on the skin 488 Grub in the skin 486 Gullet, the pharynx or 359 Haematuria 409, 533 Hair, binder twine balls, or con- cretions 387 Haw, inflammation of the 467 Haemorrhagic septicaemia 518 Hemorrhage, flooding, or uterine 420 Hepatitis 406 Heart, diseases of the 403 Hernia, or rupture 399 inguinal 402 scrotal 403 umbilical, or navel 401 ventral 399 Hind quarters, paralysis of the... . 418 Hip, fracture of bones of the 473 Hipped 473 Hollow horn 534 Hoof, loss of 491 Hoose or husk 369 Horn Fly 485 Hoveu 380 Hydrophobia 526 Hydrothorax (water in the chest) 372 Impaction of the manyplies 384 rumen, or paunch 382 Incontinence of the urine 412 Indications of disease 364 Indigestion, chronic 386 in young calves 451 sub-acute 385 Inflammation of the abomasum 388 lining of belly cavity 394 bladder 413 bowels 393 brain 496 INDEX 799 Inflammation of the cornea 461 internal ear... 468 eye 459 haw 467 joints incalve3 450 kidneys 408 liver 406 lungs 370 milk bag or udder 435 navel urine duct 449 pericardium . . 403 testicles 454 tongue 375 udder 435 urethra 456 vagina 426 veins 404 womb 427 Injuries to the eyelids 465 sheath and penis 45s Injury, lumps on jawbone from... 376 Insects, bites and stings of 487 Instruments 645 Intestinal worms 397 Intestines, the bowels or 361 Inversion of the eyelids 465 Irregularities of the teeth 374 Jaundice 405 Jaw, actinomycosis of 524 fracture of the 472 Jaw-bone, lumps on the 376 Joint-ill 450 Knee, fracture of the bones below 474 Kidneys, inflammation of the 408 Lacerated ears 47° Laminitis 49° Laryngitis, sore throat 367 Leucorrhea 429 Lice on cattle 481 Lightning stroke 503 Lip, the upper 359 Lips, wounds and contusions of... 373 Liver, congestion of the 405 inflammation of the 406 the 361 worms in the 407 Lock-jaw 501 Loss of cud 379 hoof 491 Lump-jaw 524 Lumps in the milk passage 437 on the jaw bone 376 Maggots in neglected wounds 477 Malignant catarrh 365 sore throat 368 Malpresentation 415 Mammary glands 362 Mammitis , 435 Mange 483 Manyplies, impaction of the 384 Maw-bound 384 Meconium, retention of the 45 1 Medicine, giving 542 Medicines, list of 653 Metritis 427 Milk, bloody 438 blue 439 fever 431, 782 passage, lumps in the 437 stringy 439 Milking tube, passing the 438 Navel, bleeding from the 448 rupture 401 urine discharged through.. 448 Navel urine duct, inflammation of. 449 Neck, fracture of the bones of the 472 Nephritis 4°8 Nymphomania 446 Off feed '. 385 Operation, Caesarian 541 Operations 53^ Ophthalmia, simple 459 specific 46° Organs of digestion 359 respiratory or breathing.. 361 the urinary 362 8oo THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR Orchitis 454 Otitis 468 Ovaries, the 362 Palate, the soft 359 Pancreas, the 361 Paralysis 49^ of the hindquarters 418 or palsy, after calving... 419 Parturient apoplexy 431 Parturition 4^4 symptoms of 415 Passage from the womb, turning out of the 423 Passage out from the womb, rup- ture of the 421 Passing the milking tube 438 Paunch, impaction of rumen or... 382 tapping the rumen or 539 Penis, injuries to the 455 the 362 Pericarditis 403 Pericardium, inflammation of the. 403 Period of gestation 415 Peritonitis 394 Pharynx, or gullet, the 359 Phlebitis 404 Pica 392 Plethora 528 Pleurisy 371 Pleuro-pneumonia 507 Pneumonia 370 Poisons and antidotes 536 Pox, cow 526 Pricks and wounds 493 Prescriptions 670 Prolonged after-pains 420 Puerperal fever 428 Pulse 364 Purpura hemorrhagica 532 Pysemia 531 Quarter ill 516 Rabies 526 Red water 533 Remastication 379 Remedies in cattle, the action of.. 363 Removing after-birth, or cleaning 421 Respiration 364 Respiratory or breathing organs... 361 Retention of the meconium 451 urine 411 Rheumatism 529 Ribs, fracture of the 473 Rigs, or ridgling bulls 458 Ringing bulls 536 Ring-worm 482 Rumen, impaction of the 382 Pvumenotomy 539 Rupture, or hernia 399 of the womb, or vagina.. 421 Salivary glands, the 359 Salivation, slavering or 374 Scab in cattle 483 Scalds 488 Scours, diarrhea or 389 infections 453 in calves, white 452 Screw worms in wounds 477 Scrotal hernia 403 Septicaemia 531 hsemorrhagic 518 Sheath, injuries to the 455 swelling of point of 458 stone in the 458 Shock, electric 503 Shoulder blade or shoulder bone, fracture of 474 Skin, air under 476 diseases 478 grub in the 486 warts and small growths on.. 488 Slavering or salivation 374 Snake bites 487 Sore teats 440 throat 367 malignant 368 Southern cattle fever 508 Spanish, or splenic fever 508 Spavin in cattle 475 Spaying 540 INDEX 80 1 Spleen, disease of the 407 the 361 Sprains 476 Staphyloma 463 Sterility , 444 Stifle joint, fracture of bones above and below 475 Stifle out in cattle 475 Stings of insects 487 Stomach, balls, or concretions, in 387 impaction of third 384 inflammation of fourth.. 388 the 360 Stomatitis, gangrenous 377 Stone in the bladder 413 sheath 458 Stricture of duct at base of teat.... 442 Stringy milk 439 Stroke, lightning 503 Sub-acute indigestion 385 Sunstroke 500 Suspended breathing in calves 447 Sutures 54i Swelling of point of sheath 458 Tapping the belly 53S bladder of ox or bull 539 chest 53S paunch, or rumen 539 Teat, fistula of the 441 stricture of duct in the 442 Teats, chapped or sore 440 cuts and injuries to the 441 warts on the 440 Teeth, caps on the 375 (caries) decayed 375 irregularities of the 374 lumps on jaw bone from the 376 the 359 Temperature 3^4 Test for tuberculosis 522 points in making 523 Testicles, inflammation of the 454 the 362 Tetanus 5°! Texas fever 5°° 51 Tongue, inflammation of the 376 the 359 Torn ears 470 Troubles met with in calving 415 Tuberculin test, the 522 Tuberculosis 519 Tumors 489 Turning out of the vagina or pas- sage from womb 423 Tympanites 380 Udder, inflammation of the 435 or bag, the 362 Ulcer of the cornea 462 Umbilical;, or navel, hernia 401 Uraemia 531 Urethra, inflammation of the 456 Urinary organs 362 Urination, profuse 408 Urine, albumen in 410 bloody 409 discharged through navel .. 448 incontinence of the 412 retention of the 411 Urine duct, inflammation of navel 449 Vagina, eversion of the 423 inflammation of the 426 rupture of 421 Vaginitis 426 Variola vaccinnse 526 Vomiting 3^4 Veins, inflammation of the 404 Warbles 486 Warts, and small growths on skin 488 on the teats 44° Water in the chest 372 Wens from wounds and blows 477 White scours in calves 452 Whites 429 Wolf in the tail 534 Womb, closure of neck of 419 dropsy of the 41? eversion of the 424 inflammation of the 427 or calf bed turned out, the 424 S02 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR "Womb, rupture of tlie 421 the 362 "Worms, intestinal 397 in tlie liver 4°7 Wound, air under the skin from a 476 Wounds and contusions of the lips 373 in the abdomen 398 Wounds, maggots in neglected 477 of all kinds 476 pricks and 493 screwworms in 477 wens from 477 Yellows, or jaundice 405 SHEEP After-birth, retention of, see 569 Age, loss of teeth from 551 Apoplexy 545 Apparatus 647 Biplex canal, disease of 564 Bloating 55i Bowels, inflammation of the 554 Brain, hydatids on the 544 inflammation of the 545 Bronchitis 54S filaria .' 548 Bruises 565 Castrating lambs 567 rams 566 Catarrh, distemper or epizootic 543 or cold in the head 543 Choking 55i Cleaning, or placenta not coming away 569 Colic 553 Constipation in young lambs 571 Diarrhea 557 in young lambs 572 Disease of the biplex canal 564 Diseases of young lambs 571 Distemper, or epizootic catarrh .... 543 Docking 567 Dysentery 558 Eyes, inflammation of the 547 Eversion of the womb,or lamb bed 569 FUes, maggots from blow 562 Fluke disease 559 Foot rot 563 swollen 564 Foreign substances lodged in teeth 550 Foul in the foot 564 Fractures 565 Garget 570 Grubs in the head 560 Head, swelled 545 Hoven -. 551 Hydatids on the brain 544 Hydrophobia, or rabies 547 Impaction of the rumen, or paunch 552 Inflammation of the bowels 554 train 545 eyes 547 lungs 549 testicles 565 udder 570 Instruments 645 Lambing 568 troubles met with in 568 Lambs, castrating ^gj constipation in 571 diarrhea in young 572 diseases of young 571 weakness in young 571 Lock-jaw (tetanus) 546 Maggots from blow ilies 562 Milk-bag (see udder).... 570 Medicines, list of 653 INDEX e«>3 Nodular disease 557 Ophthalmia 547 Paralysis, or palsy... 546 Pelt-rot (see "Wool Falling from Sheep") 562 Placenta not coming away 569 Pneumonia 549 Prescriptions 670 Rams, castrating 566 Rot, or liver fluke 559 Rumen, or paunch, impaction of 552 Scab 560 lime and sulphur dip for 561 Sore throat 547 Sprains, strains, and bruises ,565 Stretches 5 53 Swelled head 545 Tape ■worms 556 Teeth substances lodged in the... 550 loss of 551 shedding 550 Testicles, inflammation of the 565 Ticks 562 Tyrnpanites 551 Udder, inflammation of the 570 Wool, falling from sheep $§1 Worms, intestinal (see " Nodular disease") 557 stomach 555 tape 556 Womb, eversion of the , 569 SWINE Apoplexy 580 Apparatus 647 Black teeth in young pigs 590 Blind staggers 580 Bowel, turning out of the back 584 Castration 588 Choking 581 Common diseases of swine 578 Colds 581 Congestion of the brain 580 Constipation 583 Diarrhea 583 Disinfectants and disinfection 573 Farrowing ••■• 59i Fever in sows 593 lung 578 Fits in young pigs from worm& ... 585 Founder, or sore feet 587 Fracture of a leg —• 59^ Hog cholera and swine plague...... 574 Hog cholera, measures of preven tion 577 notes on 576 Indigestion, acute 581 chronic 582 Inflammation of the lungs 578 milk glands. 593 womb 595 Instruments 645 Leg, fracture of a 591 Lice 586 Mange or scab 586 Medicine, ways of giving 573 Medicines, list of 653 Milk glands, inflammation of the. 593 Paralysis 589 Prescriptions 670 Pig, how to ring 597 Pig-bed turned out 594 Pigging — farrowing 591 Pneumonia 578 ■Quinsy. 579 8o4 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Rectum, turning out of the 584 Rheumatism 590 Ringing pigs 597 Scab 586 Snuffles 581 Sore feet 587 throat , 579 Staggers 580 Stunted, or chronic indigestion.... 582 Swine plague 574 Teeth, black, in young pigs 590 Thumps 596 Tonsils, inilammation of the 579 Wa5's of giving medicine to swine 573 Womb, eversion of the 594 inflammation of the 595 Worms 585 fits from 585 Wounds 587 POULTRY Apoplexy 598 Apparatus 647 Blackhead 608 Bronchitis 599 Canker 605 Catarrh, or cold 598 contagious 599 Cholera, chicken 602 Coops 617 Congestion of the brain 598 Crop bound 604 Croup (see "Bronchitis") 599 Diarrhea 601 Diet, articles of poultry 625 Diphtheria 601 Drinking fountains 618 Feed troughs 618 Gapes 603 Inflammation of the intestine and liver, contagious 608 Inflammation of the egg passage.. 6o5 Instruments 645 Leg weakness 608 Lice 6o5 Medicines, list of 653 Pip 603 Poultry coops :.-. 625 diet 617 Poultry house, a ten dollar 621 houses. 610 colonies 621 drinking fountains 618 feed troughs 618 fittings 614 floor 615 nests 614 roosts 614 good plans 615 inexpensive struc- tures 613 preferable condi- tions 611 space allowed 616 unused buildings... 612 ventilation 617 pointers 624 Prescriptions 670 Ranging of fowls 619 Rheumatism 605 Roup 599 Scaly legs 608 Spider, hen (see "Lice") 606 Tape worms (see "Worms") 607 Turkeys, black head in, see 608 Vertigo 598 Weakness, leg 608 Worms.. 607 INDKX 805 THE DOG Abticesses and tumors 641 Antidotes, poisons aud 643 Apparatus 647 Bowels, inflammation of the 634 Breeding and littering 642. Chorea 638 Colds 631 Constipation 633 Coughs 631 Deafness 638 Diarrhea ; 633 Diseases, lung 631 Distemper 630 Ear, canker of the 637 Exercise and grooming 629 Eyes, sore 637 Fits 632 Fleas 636 Food for grown dogs 628 Pood for puppies 627 Fractures and wounds 641 Goitre, or swelled neck 633 Gonorrhea 643 Hydrophobia — rabies r. 640 Instruments 645 Kennels, hints about 629 Ifice 637 I,ittering, breeding and 642 Lung diseases 631 Mange 635 Medicines, list of 653 Neck, swelled 633 Paralysis 639 Parturition (see "Littering") 642 Poisons and antidotes 643 Prescriptions 670 Rheumatism 638 Ringworm 636 Round worms (see "Worms") 634 Sore eyes 637 Surfeit 641 Tails, how to cut puppies' 643 Tapeworms (see "Worms") 634 Tumors 641 Worms 634 Wounds 641 MISCELLANEOUS DEPARTMENT Apparatus 647 drenching bottle 647 hobbles 647 probang ^48 slings 647 sponges 648 spring-ring "bull dog" 648 twist, a 648 Blister, cantharides, or fly 671 combination 671 red mercurial 671 Colic mixture (2) 673 Condition powders, general 674 Corrosive sublimate solution (1000 to i) 672 Cough mixture (2) 673 forcattle 674 Fluid extracts 654 Hoof ointment 674 Instrument outfit, a cheap and practical 646 Instruments 645 bistoury 645 catheter 645 8o6 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR firing-iron 645 forceps 645 needles 645 probang 645 probe 645 scalpel 645 scissors 645 seton needle 646 shoeing, or frog knife 646 syringes 646 trocar 646 repeller 646 Lininaent, acid 671 white 670 modified 670 Lotion, carbolic 672 creolin 672 eye (2) 672, 673 soothing 670 white 670 modified 670 Medicines, action and dose 653 alphabetic list of.... 655-669 some forms of 654 Oil, carbolated 671 Ointment, benzoated oxide of zinc 672 hoof 674 iodine 672 Physic drench for cattle 674 or ball for horses.. 674 Powder, drying and healing 671 Powders 654 Prescriptions 670 Table of apothecaries' weight 655 liquid measure 655 comparative weight and measure 655 proportionate dose for allanimals 653 Tinctures 654 Weights and measures 654 PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS REMEDIES FOR HORSES Black oil for man and beast, Frost's 688 Bloating 675 Blood purifier 675 Bog spavin 676, 69S Bots 676 Bowels, inflammatio 1 cf the 676 Bruises 691, 692, 696, 703 on breast 677 Bunches 695, 698 Castration, bleeding from 677 Catarrh in head 677 Colic (17) 677, 678, 679, 680 cramp 680 spasmodic (3) 680, 681 Colic, wind or flatulent 681 Collar galls 681 scald under '. 681 Condition powders (3) 681, 682 Condition, to 681 Cough 6S2 Cracked heels 683 Curb 698, 700 Cuts (8) 683, 703, 704 Diarrhea in young foals 684 Distemper or strangles (6) 684, 685 Eyes, inflammation of the (2) 686 Farcy (2) 686 Fistula 686, 700 Founder (5) 687, 688 Galls 688 collar .-. 681 Grease heel (3) 689, 696 leg 6S9 ointment for 690 Heaves (3) 677, 690 Hoof bound ggg ointment (2) gnj Horses, to keep in health 675 Indigestion, acute (2) „.,., 691 INDEX BOS' Lice....... 691 Liniment *or ring bone, bunches, stiff joints, etc 695 sprains, bruises, etc. (7) 691,692, 693 Ivock-jaw 693 Lungs, congestion of the 693 Lumps on shoulders .697 Mange (2) 694 Nail pricks and wounds (3) 694 Old sores 683, 697 Open joint 683 Over eating wheat or other grain.. 695 Poll-evil 686 Pneumonia or lung fever 695 Ring bone (3) 695, 698 Salve 703 for cuts 683 Scratches (6) 695, 696 Shoulders, lumps on 697 sore 697 swelling of 697 Sores, fistulous - 697 old 683, 697 on neck, back, shoulders... 698 •Spavin (6), 698, 699 Splints 698, 700 Sprain 691, 692, 700 Stiff joints 695 Sweeny (6) 698, 700, 701 Thoroughpin 676, 701 Throat, swelling in 702 Thrush (3) 7°! Urine, retention of the (3) 702 Warts (2) 703 Wind galls 698 Wire cuts (4) 7'^3 Worms (3) 704 Wounds (5) 683, 696, 703, 704 REMEDIES FOR CATTLE Abortion, to prevent 705 After-birth, to remove (2) 706 Black leg, to prevent (3) 706, 707 Bloating (10) 7o7> 7o8, 709 Caked udder (3) 709 Cattle, suggestion for care 705 to keep in health 705 Choking (6) 709, 710 Colic (3) 710, 711 Cornstalk sickness (3) 711, 712 Diarrhea, see "Scours" 718, 719 Eyes, sore 712 Feet, sore (2) 712 Foot evil (3) 713 foul 713 Garget 713 Horn distemper 713 hollow (2) 713 Horns on calves, to kill 714 Indigestion (2) 714 Information, miscellaneous 705 Lice (4).. 714 Lump jaw (4) 715, 716 Milk fever (5) 716, 717, 718 Powder, cow 705 Ring- worm 718 Scours (5) 718, 719 REMEDIES FOR SHEEP Appetite, loss of 720, 722 Bloating 720 Cholera, lamb 720 Colic or stretches (2) 721 Constipation in lambs, to prevent,. 721 Fluke worm 721, 724 Foot rot (2) 721, 722 Founder 722 Gad fly, to keep away 722 Grub in the head (2) 722 Mouth, sore 722 Piles 723 Pneumonia 723 Powders for appetite 720 Rot 723 Scab 723 Sheep, to keep healthy 720 in coBdition 720 Staggers 723 Ticks (2) 724 Womb, Eversion of the 724 Worms (4) • 724 in lambs (3; 725 (, / ( 8o8 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR REMEDIES FOR SWINE Blind staggers 728 Cholera (10) 729, 730, 731 Constipation 731 Cougli 731 Hogs, to keep in condition (5) 725, 726, 727 L,ameness (3) 731 Lice 731, 732 Pigs, troubles witli sucking 727 Pneumonia 732 Rheumatism 732 Scours in pigs (2) 732 Shotes in poor condition 727 Swine, to keep in health (2) 727 Weak back 728 Worms 732, 733 REMEDIES FOR CHICKENS Chickens, care of 733 Cholera (8) , 733, 734 Gapes (2) 734 Lice (3) 734 Parasitic bowel disease 735 Roup (2) 735 Scaly legs (2) 735 PROFITABLE BREEDINQ OF STOCK The Principles of Breeding -jTe^ Relation of Breeder to Farmer y-jg The Farm Horse 740 Cattle Breeding y^c Sheep Breeding ycj Hog Breeding 7^5 Chicken Breeding ygj Selecting the Brood ygj Getting the Stock 7^2 The Hen House 75^ Department of Helpful Illustrations (following Index) gog SWAMP FEVER.— This is a new disease which has recently appeared in the Dakotas and the Northwest. So little is known of it at this time that we do not consider it worth while to give it space as no positive remedy has yet been dis- covered. Should any purchaser of this book, however, desire information concerning it, write the ptiblishers, enclosing a two-cent stamp for reply. No case of this disease has been known East of the Mississippi River up to date. Dictionary of Technical and Other Terms in Common Use, 768 DEPARTMENT of HELPFUL ILLUSTRATIONS It is customary to distribute all illustrations throughout a book, but as the aim is to make this book practical and useful for ready reference we have grouped the illustrations of Symptoms and Malpresentation together in the back of the book in order that the user may quickly find what he is looking for, without having to look through the entire book as is usually the case. The illustrations of Symptoms which follow, are used through the courtesy of The B. F. Johnson Co. Publishers. 809 810 THE PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR Pleurisy Note drawn up or sunken position of abdomen. See page 91, Scrotal Hernia See page 182. Pneumonia Horse has a haggard look, anxious eye and labored breathing. See Page 90. Acute Indigestion See page 110, Severe Spasmodic Colic See page 115. Spasmodic Colic See page 116, HELPFUI. IIvLUSTRATlONS— HORSES 811 Navicular UjbtA Sec page S-'4- Acute Indigestion See page no. 812 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR Laryngitis See page So. Showing protusion of nose in an endeavor to bring the air passages as nearly on a straight line as possible. Intussusception See page 124, HELPFUIv ILLUSTRATIONS— HORSES 813 Open Joint See page 299. Capped Elbow See page 281. 812 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR Maple Grove Farm, Jan. 19, 1912. Gentlemen; — I want to tell you of the great value THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR has already been to me. I had a horse afflicted and did not know what it was. I looked in the book and found the very thing photographed and so could not be mistaken. It was Lymphangitis. I followed the instructions in the book and saved a good horse, so you see the book has already saved me many times its cost. I have also found it valuable in other cases. The idea of photographic symptoms is a new one and the most practical, \'aluable help I ever saw in a book. Yours very truly, ROY ROvSSMAN. Intussusception See page 124. HELPFUL ILLUSTRATIONS— HORSES 813 Nasal Gleet— both Nostrils See page 77. *£a^SSJSf^ Lymphangitis— Weed-in-the-Leg See page 2^0. Open Joint See page 299. Capped Elbow See page 2H. 814 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Sprain of Radiai, lyiGAMENT Sec General Treatment of Sprains. Bog Spavin See page 296. Enlargement of Fetlocks, or Wind Gall See page 291. HELPFUL ILLUSTRATIONS— HORSES 815 Fistulous Withers See page 268. Dislocation of the Patella or Stifled See tags 193. Stifle-Joint Lameness See page 293. Fracture of the Femur See page 2S« 816 THE PRACTICAL vSTOCK DOCTOR Inflammation of Bladder See page 135, AcuT'^ Inflammation of Kidneys See page 132. Chronic Inflammati n uf Kidne'is S&e page 133, Inflammation of Bowels Getting down slowly and hesitatingly ^a symptom. See Page 118, Ceeonic Inflammation of Kidneys See page 133, The Way to Poultice the Lungs As used in lung diseases. HKIvPFUL II,T.USTRATIONS— HORSES 817 Calk See page 320. Corn See page 314. 8U THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Irregular Strangles See page igj. Regular Strangles See page 797. Impaction of the Stomac Sec page log. HEIvPFUL ILIvUSTRATlONS— HORSES 819 Speedy Cut Sec page 2Ss. ii AZOTDREA See page I4^- 820 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Icing in Sunstroke The horse in comatose state. See page 220, liM-LAMiMATIUIs i.iF illi; bXuMACH See page iii. HEI.PFUL IIvIvUSTRATlONS— HORSKS 821 Broken Knee Sec page 2S7. Sprung Hock See page 298. 822 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Capped Hock See page 298. Anchylosis of Fetlock Joint The natural termination and cure for bone lameness, sucli as ring bone and spavin, is anchylosis — a stiffening or solidifying of the joint. Grease Heei, See page ZOi, Acute Farcy See page lOi. HELPFUL ILLUSTRATIONS— HORSES 823 ■ Hi H^H^in^ '^SmW^^^t^^U ^H ^SH Pi E ^P^^H^I m '^f^W^^^^^^ o -^ o fTl OJ o tiT u J C/J 824 THE PRACTICAL vSTOCK DOCTOR The Clamp and Nail Remedils Applied. Soij.ND But Flat Foot. V ^a^. Toe Crack- — Wail Removed to Show Absorption of Coffiin Bone. Crackld Walls. Trlatld uy Clamping with Nail QUARTER CRACKS AND REMEDIES. HELPFUL ILLUSTRATIONS— CATTLE 825 Parturient Apoplexy Sec page 431. Tympanitis — Abdominal pain See page 380. 826 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Parturient Peritonitis Sec page 394- Mammitis — Garget See page 435, HEIvPFUIv ILLUSTRATIONS— CATTLE S?7 Imp\ctio\ or THE Manyplies Sec page sS-t- yiLiRl 1 IS See page 4-7- Mgai M^^^-'"^' • ' ■. ;•-■ -.:. .v.- 1 miB^i^*^ 'H 1 1^ ■ . }' Paralysis, or Palsy After Calving See page 4'9- 828 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR «■■[ IS n p ■ M w Impaction of the Rumen Sec page 38^. Enteritis or Inflamatiqn of Bowels See page 393. hh Tuberculosis of the Sirloin and FoitTERHOfiSK TliTS <">F T'.KFF. SCC pOgC ^TO. Tuberculosis of Pleura of Cow — So-Called Pearly Disease. Sec page 5^9. S7Q 830 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Portions of a Steer's Hide Showing the Texas Fever Tick of the Uuited States- Natural Size— Original, See page 50S. ""i^"^" oiails HELPFUI, II^I^USTRATIONS— HORSES 831 HORSES PARTRUITION OR MALPRESENTATION For general principles in correcting }iIalprcsentation in detail, see page 152. Common Position for Twins. NORMAL PRESENTATIONS. 832 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Correct Front Presentation. Correct Rear Presentatjo NORMAL PRESENTATIONS. NOTE. — All abnormal rear and front presentations shown in the following illustrations must be put in the position shown above. HELPFUL, IIvLUSTRATlONS— HORSES 833 Cerious Presentation. -*^C^ Cebious Presentation. ABNORMAL PRESEXTATIONS. 834 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR Very Common — Bring Head Into Passage. Not Uncommon — Bring TIead Into Passage. ABNORMAL PRESENTATIONS. HELPFUL ILLUSTRATIONS— HORSES 835 Bring Flet Into Passage. .g ^ ^ ' A lft .Ujt^i.i.n ,,^ !..., ,^ ^ , _^^^ ^ . ^^^^^^, ..^^^;^ Pl'sh TTind Feet Back. ABNORMAL PKESENTATIONS— QUITE CO-AIMON. 836 HELPFUI. ILI.USTRATIONS— CATTLE 837 CATTLE PARTRUITION OR MALPRESENTATION For general instructions and information in correcting Malpresentation in cattle, see page 414. FETAL CALF WITHIN rrS ilEMI'.RANES. 838 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR '•I-T -W^'sq 840 £i v^(C<:C\C^'ClC^'C^'C^'C^'C^'Cft^^^ C\X^'C<^ g-g S s^ 8 2 is OS ¥ 8 »*• 5:§JS "a" IM'q '.■no '*'i'^ He's ■ B'S o g b5