OLIN JX 1908 .U6 N53x 1922 Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924084609035 Campaigii JTextljcJOk :'■-,. „V,,„ By ,.;■_ Krederick |., Libdy "The Amiricaff^ Tfitf f" itdparia iur limt if they g^ «»i^e/oi, f^tifsioage piface."^GBti. J6hH E. O'Rvah ,TE^fi: NAtidNAL COUNCflL FQ^ REDtiCTIbN ^' /■;,' ,;■ ■';,-;,0p-ARftlAMHSITS:^ '" '■., _ ^.•'' :; ' ■ . ".;,j3a;S«yea.totBitJi St.,-i^iW*,;\Vasfeingien,;iD/C.. :\ , IPcehts postpaid 12 copies lor $1.00 LINES FROM 'the; BOY IN ARMOR" Hermann HagKd^kn) - ypu dried across the worWs, and called yik scHisf We came as sons, but ivhat you cftade of us Were hleeding shapes upon ah altar, slain To appeasi your god Inertia where he sits Muttering dead words an4 chewing at: Old bot^s. Because you^^ouia not think, we had to diei Weep not for us, but' for your own trapped" Selves. We died.; And there yoii stand, no step adviancedl , Bow down, g^nd hear! Vyou hive more sons than ^ese; Arid th^ have faricie^ and imagiiiijngs And;dauntless ispirits and hearts made for loye. And clean hands and cii^an eyes and , high desires. They will go forth arid die, if you command; As we have died, since they love; liberty ■ ; v Even as we loved ^ci' j^rid would give her pause ', The ^ly gift they are aware is theirs. ^ Wake, dreaming wprldi Think', ph gray, world bewitchedl Out through untraveled spaces where rip. mind Has dared- to venture, let your sails be sjpr^ad ! Oijtfbrltlj there is another ;y&y t6 serve .' Justice and libetty^ than thus to fling The glory and the vyrondeir of ybuftg lives Beneath the hoofs of horses ! Send ybur soul . 7 ; Into the earth and through the clouds to find it!'' Dead eyes keep watch ! ^ou shall not sle«p nor rest, . We diedi' And noW yoli others who must live ShaH do a harder; thing than d^irigis^ : < For. y^u shall think! And ghosts will drive ^iau on! ^''.'^■"^rThe whole popnl from which these \iUs 4re taken appeartd firsUft the N. Y. Outlook mdtttU titl^ "The Unknown Soldia? ' I 3 1924 084^609 035 War on War Campaign Textbook By Frederick J. Libby "The American people can end tear in our lime if they get on the job. Let us wage peace." — Gen. John F. O'Ryan Published by THE NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR REDUCTION OF ARMAMENTS 532 Seventeenth St. N.W., Washington D. C. 10 cents postpaid 12 copies for $1.00 niOKAt C«P1T«L PSESB, INC., WASHINGTOM, D. O. 6aN ~3X Wot) At CHAPTER I WE MUST END WAR NOW, OR PERISH I. Why We Must 1. London in a Gas Raid. "Is it true that practically the entire population of London could be killed by gas within twelve hours?" Thomas A. Edison was asked recently. "It is not true," he replied, "the thing could be done within three hours. There is in existence no means of preventing an airplane flotilla from flying over London tomorrow and spread- ing over the millions of Londoners a gas which would asphyx- iate those millions in a relatively short time." 2. The Lewisite Gas. "The Americans had ready for the 1919 campaign the Lewisite gas, a mysterious compound whose effects, however, are known. It is invisible; it sinks so that it searches out life in cellars and dugouts; breathed, it is instantaneously deadly; if it settles on the skin, even over a fairly small area, it poisons the system, causing death within twelve hours. On good authority it is stated that a dozen one-ton air bombs loaded with Lewisite gas could, given a favorable wind, elimi- nate all life in Berlin. This gas was not used in the Great War, but we have the formula for its manufacture. So, doubtless, have the European nations by now." — Will Irwin, War Correspondent and Lecturer. 3. Gas Not Banished Yet. "You can bet your life that if we have another war and if we are attacked, we'll use gas," said Rear Admiral William S. Sims, U. S. N., at the annual dinner of the Albany Medical College Alumni Association, June 13, 1922. "If we are attacked, we will use gas," he continued, "and we won't care how, when, or why." 4. A War of Life and Death Uses Every Effective Weapon. "The new warfare is marked by the ruthless use of every possible agency for destruction of life and material. No 3 agency, however terrible, has continued to be unlawful from the moment it is discovered to be practical and effective in determining the course of a battle or in bringing the war to an end. ... In every nation in Europe it is expected that the use of aeroplanes for the bombing of cities in the next great war will be on a scale without precedent in the last one. And all this is due to the fact that a war of nations in arms is in reality one of life and death, in which each will and must do what it can to save itself and destroy its adversary." — General Tasker H. Bliss, "What Really Happened at Paris," page 381. 5. Wholesale Warfare to Replace "Retail" Methods of the "Great" War. "It has been rather our tendency up to the present to look upon warfare from the retail point of view — killing men by fifties or hundreds or thousands. But when you speak of gas, you must remember that you are discussing a weapon which must be considered from the wholesale point of view. We may not be so very far from the development of some kinds of lethal ray which will shrivel up or paralyze or poison human beings. The final form of human strife, as I regard it, is germ warfare. I think it will come to that; and so far as I can see, there is no reason why it should not, if you mean to fight. Study the waging of war on a wholesale scale instead of thinking so much about methods which will kill a few individuals only at a time." — Major General E. D. Swinton, of the British army, quoted by Will Irwin in "The Next War," pages 48, 49. 6. Women and Children Will Be Drafted. "With the modern nation in arms every woman, old and young, who can knit a woollen sock for the soldier at the front, every child able to knit a mitten, every old man who can cul- tivate a bushel of potatoes or wheat beyond his own needs — each of them is a soldier; their work is commandeered and directed by the government for the purposes of the war. . . . And it is to be feared that it will be as bad, or worse, in the next war, unless the good God gives us sense at least to try some plan by which warfare may be made impossible." General Tasker H. BHss, "What Really Happened at Paris," page 380. 7. Is Our Civilisation Doomed? Pershing Asks. "It is a gloomy commentary upon world conditions that expenditures several times greater than ever before in peace times should be considered necessary, especially when the most rigid economy in governmental administration is essential if we would avoid national bankruptcy. "The world does not seem to learn from experience. It would appear that the lessons of the last six years should be enough to convince everybody of the danger of nations striding up and down the earth armed to the teeth. But no one nation can reduce armaments unless all do. "Unless some such move be made, we may well ask ourselves whether civilization does not really reach a point where it begins to destroy itself and whether we are thus doomed to go headlong down through destructive war and darkness to bar- barism,." — Gen. John J. Pershing, New York, Dec. 29, 1920. "If we do not destroy war, war will destroy us." — Lord Bryce. 8. A Traitor to My Country. "I should be a traitor to my country if I did not do every- thing in my power to abolish war." — Gen. John F. O'Ryan. 9. Cost of the "Great" War. Total deaths in battle 9,998,771 Number wounded 20,297,551 Prisoners and missing 5,983,600 Total cost (in human labor)$337,946,179,657 — General Tasker H. Bliss, "What Really Happened at Paris," page 385. What would the first day of the next war cost in human life? II. Why We Ought 10. War Is Futile and No Longer Pays. One of the fallacies exposed by the Great War owed its origin in part to Germany's successful war against France in 1870-71. It was the fallacy that war pays. If ever a war seemed to pay in cash, territory and prestige, it was that war. It was credited with having made the great German Empire out of relatively unimportant separate states ; with having won 5 the rich territory of Alsace-Lorraine ; and with having placed in the vaults of Spandau $1,000,000,000. Militarism is characteristically lacking in vision. The future is hidden from its eyes. Forty-five years passed, costly years in which ever-increasing outlays were required to uphold the first injustice, and then came the present retribution. If war ever paid, which is debatable, it pays no longer. No nation won by the recent war. No nation can "win" another war. A state of unstable equilibrium is created by an unjust peace which can be maintained only by the costly use of force into an indefinite future. Witness the present state of Europe. Justice, on the other hand, can conceivably be gained in other ways than by an appeal to gas bombs, submarines and disease germs. 11. Armaments Create Universal Insecurity. "The way to secure peace is to be so strong that victory in the event of war is certain." This "axiom" was laid down by one of the great powers before the recent war. It happened to be a prominent statesman in Great Britain that said it. It was held to be correct, however, despite its manifest interna- tional impossibility, by well-meaning statesmen of every ' great power in Europe. It is still an axiom in the younger military circles of every nation, including our own. Our older and wiser military heads have learned the lesson of the Great War, which may be stated in a sentence: Increased national preparedness means increased world preparedness; and in- creased world preparedness means war. Growing armaments across the border create fear. Fear creates counter-armaments. Counter-armaments create coun- ter-fear. A race in armaments is on, which can end only in war. Thus armaments lead not to a universal sense of security, but to a universal sense of insecurity which history amply justifies. Peace and genuine security must be found elsewhere. 12. War Preparation Cripples Progress and Therefore Prestige. Without discussing the standards of national greatness that have prevailed in the era that has just ended, it is certain that the peoples of the world are judging by sounder criteria 6 now. It may be true, as our young enthusiasts in the navy would argue, that the prestige of nations has been reckoned after the manner of a Jack Johnson, in terms of their striking power.; Nations might be scarcely able to pay for their bat- tleships, revolutions might threaten, their citizens might be illiterate, their industries and commerce might be ill-developed. Yet if they were able to rattle a heavy sword, they were highly respected by their fellows, just as is true between individuals in ungoverned and barbarous regions. Financiers, business men, farmers, educators, workers go deeper today. They wjould no more place a dishonest and illiterate swashbuckler above an honest, intelligent and well- behaved citizen among nations than among individuals. They would measure prestige in terms of genuine national well- being, in terms of schoolhouses, of good roads, of prosperous farms, of a contented people. While discussion as to what constitutes an "adequate" defense will continue for years, the militaristic conception of the national forces as a necessary covert threat behind every proposal of the State Department is disappearing never to return. The immediate consequence of this shifting of the national reliance from "armed preparedness" to the justice of one's position is a new eagerness to redistribute the money raised by national taxation. Armaments throughout the world are doomed to give place to greatly increased appropriations for "the constructive purposes of peace." To spend, as America did in 1920, nearly 93 per cent of its income for past and future wars and only 7 per cent for constructive achievement, is universally recognized as monumental stupidity. All countries are impoverished, some of them to the point of starvation. Even America, the richest nation at the mo- ment, needs larger expenditures for education, for reclama- tion of land and many great public works of permanent value, for the adequate payment of the diplomatic service, for other recognized requirements of the national welfare. Only as preparation for war ceases universally, will these economies become permanently practicable in any country. 13. Our National Strength Drained Between Wars. "Of all the nonsense that is talked about preparedness, no 7 other nonsense quite touches the depths of imbeciHty which are reached by the prattle about nations that are 'rich but defenseless.' Nations that are rich are not defenseless. They contain in themselves all the elements for defense. "If a manufacturer devoted 80 per cent of his total income, as the United States Government is doing, to paying insur- ance premiums, his creditors would soon intervene, and his case would also receive the careful attention of an expert alienist. The system of competitive armament has nothing to sustain it except the incompetency of statesmanship. Spend- ing money on competitive armament at this time, under the pretext of providing for national defense, is like drawing blood from a patient zvho is suffering from pernicious anemia." — Frank I. Cobb, editor of N. Y. World, in Atlantic Monthly and reprinted in Congressional Record, Sept. 21, 1921. 14. Munition Makers Foment Wars. "Vast private manufacturing enterprises, producing muni- tions and other materials needed by armies and navies have deliberately cultivated international suspicions and fears for purposes of private gains. "The people of every land and age hate war. If so, why have wars come ? Because they have usually been misinformed by the ruling cliques. The real and full facts in the case are seldom told them." — From "Working Toward a Warless World," issued by the Federal Council of Churches. Six objections to the untrammelled private manufacture of the means of waging war were listed in a commission report to the League of Nations, September 15, 1921. They are weighty. Think about them. 1. That armament firms have been active in fomenting war- scares and in persuading their own countries to adopt warlike policies and to increase their armaments. 2. That armament firms have attempted to bribe government officials, both at home and abroad. 3. That armament firms have disseminated false reports concerning the military and naval programmes of various countries, in order to stimulate armament expenditure. 4. That armament firms have sought to influence public opinion through the control of newspapers in their own and foreign countries. 8 5. That armament firms have organized international arma- ment rings through which the armament race has been accen- tuated by playing off one country against another. 6. That armament firms have organized international arma- ment trusts which have increased the price of armaments sold to governments. 15. Reverse Breeding. "Here is reverse breeding on a wholesale, intensive scale. The young, unmarried men go first to be killed; are most numerously killed through the whole war. They are the select stock of their generation, and practically, not one has fathered a child. Their blood is wholly lost to the race. Next come the men in their middle tzventies. Some of them have married since they left the first line, and some have not. It is doubtful if they average more than one child apiece when their turn comes to die. So it goes on, class by class." — Will Irwin, condensed from David Starr Jordan's "War and the Breed." 16. From a War Mother. "1 supposed all women were opposed to war! My eldest sister's only son was shot to pieces by a shell; another sister's only boy was gassed; mine returned with his face paralyzed on one side. "With best wishes I am sincerely, " 17. Womanhood Unmarried Yet Bereft. Not only the dead are sufferers from war. Kate Manicom, of England, representing the International Congress of Work- ingwomen, in a meeting in Washington, November 13, 1921, touched the hearts of her hearers with a reminder of the millions of young girls like herself "now bereft of every hope of having husband, home and children because of the war. For them the unknown soldier symbolizes not son or brother, but the husband and children they might have had, had he returned." 18. Modern Neros Are Undesirable Citizens. ". . . All the things that we club women work for — citi- zenship, education, public health, good institutions, conserva- tion, home life, child welfare, art, music, literature — are arts and activities of peace. War sweeps them into the dust heap. . . . Can we play only with the small things — the minor in- 9 terests — when the world is making its choice? Which shall it be, war or peace — sanity or insanity — life or death? . . ." — Mrs. Thomas G. Winter, President, General Federation of Women's Clubs. 19. Atrocity Tales Invented. "Greedy was the appetite of the mob for atrocity tales. The more revolting they were the quicker they were swallowed. The foul absurdity of the 'corpse-factory' was not rejected any more than the tale of the 'crucified Canadian' (disproved by our own G. H. Q.) or the cutting off of children's hands and women's breasts, for which I could find no evidence from the only British ambulances working in the districts where such horrors were reported. Spy-mania flourished in mean streets. German music was banned in English drawing-rooms. Preachers and professors denied any quality of virtue or genius to German poets, philosophers, scientists, or scholars. A critical weighing of evidence was regarded as pro-German- ism and lack of patriotism. Truth was delivered bound to passion. Hatred at home, inspired largely by feminine hys- teria and official propaganda, reached such heights that when fighting-men came back on leave, their refusal to say much against their enemy, their straightforward assertions that 'Fritz' was not so black as he was painted, that he fought bravely, died gamely, and in the prison-camps was well- mannered, decent, industrious, good-natured, were heard with shocked silence by mothers and sisters who could only excuse this absence of Imte on the score of war-weariness." — Philip Gibbs, "Now It Can Be Told," page 521. 20. Challenge to Preachers from a Prominent Newspaper. "What have the gentlemen of the pulpits to say this morning in answer to the ringing challenge of Lloyd George?. . . . " 'If the Christians of Europe and America allow that (another war) to fructify they had better close their doors. The next war, if it comes, will be a war against civilization itself.' It is a challenge which applies equally to the press and all other agencies of public opinion. Perhaps the respon- sibility hes with equal weight upon the motion pictures. All of these instruments — the press, the pulpit and the cinema — showed a most amazing effectiveness and efficiency in manufac- 10 turing hatred in 1917. Looking back upon the World War, no one can avoid a feeling akin to horror at the remembered spec- tacle of all the highly trained and expert machinery of educa- tion in the civilized world being turned to the deliberate manufacture of hatred. And oh, merciful God, we did it well! We filled the world with it. We tried to send brave, clean boys out to die with young hearts filled with venom. We taught whole nations to turn from the doctrines of Christian love and forgiveness. We were enormously successful in wiping out of men's minds and souls the principles and ideals for which Christ died on the Cross. . . . "Happily the young soldiers we sent to the battlefields were of a fiber too fine and a courage too ennobled to remember the horrible lessons we tried to teach them. When they got to the trenches they offered up their young lives, without hatred, but with consecrated self-sacrifice. "Would that we at home could have shown an equal nobility of spirit! Our little shriveled souls proved too small for the test: we could not go to war unangered. ... In trying to save civilization from the Germans we have soiled the soul of the world. We have smeared it with the filth of low hatred until it reeks and stinks. "And now we are going to pay. We are going to pay in blood and agony and tears — unless — . We of the press and the pulpit and the cinema have one chance to atone. Lloyd George has pointed it out to us. If we turn back to the task of erasing our evil work, there is still a shadow of a chance that another world war may be averted. But it can't be done with half-hearted effort. Unless this hatred that absolutely fills the world is wiped away, there is no possibility of averting another war. It can be averted only by the intensive, concen- trated effort of all agencies of public opinion. Only if the church and the press and cinema combine their efforts in a campaign just as vivid and as earnest as the war fever that swept over the country in 1917, can it be accomplished." — Edi- torial, Los Angeles Times, July 30, 1922. 21. Christianity Is Being Called a "Blood Spilling" Religion. Fred B. Smith wrote from Egypt to the Federal Council Bulletin for April, 1922, as follows: "A native minister im- mediately after my second public address, took me aside and 11 said : 'You must know that the educated people of this country look upon Christianity as a warring, blood-spilling religion.' The East says, 'Christianity and cannon-balls and submarines and gas-bombs go together.' " 22. War Is Wrong, Says Harry Lauder. "I saw the boys marchin' awa with their boots crashin' on the pavement and their bayonets gleamin' in the sun. But ifs all wrong! "It lies for the English-speaking people of the world to make war impossible, not for a generation or two but for everlast- ing time. "Oh, I wish I could talk to every American boy! I wish I could foster in him a spirit, not of ambition for the glory of the battlefield, but of brotherly love. War is all wrong. It's wrong, I tell you."- — Sir Harry Lauder, New York, Oct. 23, 1921. (He gave his only son.) 23. The Next War a Sin. An address delivered by Dr. William Austin Smith, editor of The Churchman, at a recent meeting of the Fellowship for a Christian Order, at Lake Mohonk, N. Y., is being widely quoted: "I have not sufficient grace to be a pacifist; nevertheless, I do not believe we shall ever end the stupid, beastly business of war until the Christian Church declares war to be a sin, and follows up that declaration with appropriate action. "We need not repudiate the' last war. It would be as idle a moral pastime to repudiate the past wars as it would be to repudiate our polygamous ancestors. I am contending that henceforth war is a sin. If the Christian Church blesses another war, its blessing and its curse will have no further authority and prestige from our civilization. "The Church aids and abets this bestial business in which every government engages in the time of war, of blasting peo- ple's souls with the indecencies of hate. They lie to us and we pass on the lies in our sermons. They suppress the proof which would mitigate hate. Without the help of the devil we could not make warriors of men today. 12 Let Church "Experts" Speak Out "I have heard Christian women say that every German baby ought to be killed. Is it, or is it not, a sinf How long will the descendants of the apostles permit politicians and diplo- mats to tell them when and how they should abrogate the Gospel, teach a new commandment of hate, and bless rapine and murder? Isn't it about time we used the intelligence God gave us to discern what war is? "We can also make war on experts. It is humiliating to read in the daily papers what young Theodore Roosevelt, the Assistant Secretary of the Navy, thinks necessary to insure our national safety, while bishops and other ministers who ought to know something about the spiritual forces which make for security, lend a reverent and attentive ear. Why shouldn't the Church exhibit some of its expert knowledge? I don't think we could kill many more people by our mistakes than our highly honored experts have been doing heretofore. Says to Boycott the Next War "The next war must be boycotted by the Church of Christ. A big risk indeed! But war is a big risk. It is a risk to slaughter the flower of the race, to fill the world with enervat- ing hate and benumb its intelligence by hysteria, to lay waste empirfes and to spread famine over the planet. What if the Church should decide to trust its Lord and God, and with a little of the martyr's zeal, dedicate to humanity its conscience and its brain? Can anyone doubt that God wills that we should cleanse this world of war? If we wait to abolish war till all men love one another, we shall wait until Judgment Day. Some generation has got to stop the thing short. Why not ours?" 24. "This Is War." "One of our young men came back from France and, like many others, would not talk. One day his father took him apart and rebuked him for his silence. ']\ist one thing I will tell you,' he answered. 'One night I was on patrol in No Man's Land and suddenly I came face to face with a German boy about my own age. It was a question of his life or mine. 13 We fought like wild beasts. When I came back that night, I was covered from head to foot with the blood and brains of that young German boy. We had nothing personally against each other. He did not want to kill me any more than I wanted to kill him. That is war. I did my duty in it, but for God's sake do not ask me to talk about it. I want to forget it.' My friends, that is war. There is nothing glorious about it any more." — Harry Emerson Fosdiok, D.D., sermon preached at the First Presbyterian Church, New York, June 5, 1921. "It must not be again! It must not be again!"— President Harding. 14 CHAPTER II WE CAN END WAR NOW IF WE WILL I. Individual Voices Affirm This Faith 1. From President Harding: "If I catch the conscience of America, we shall lead the world to outlaw war." 2. From a World War Fighting Man: "The American people can end war in our time if they get on the job. . . . Let us wage peace. ... I should be a traitor to my country if I did not do everything in my power to abol- ish war." — Gen. John F. O'Ryan, Commander of the 27th Division, in a statement given the New York World, January 22, 1922. 3. From a Prominent Democrat: "The women will put an end to war. They will tell you that it is impossible. That is what they said of tunneling under the Hudson. They had the signed statements of engineers going to show that conditions under the Hudson make a tunnel there impossible. But there were men of faith and courage in New York City and there the tunnels are!" — William G. McAdoo, Kansas City, Mo., May, 1922. 4. The Premier of England Appeals to the Churches. "If the churches of Christ throughout Europe and Ameriia allow that (another war) to fructify, they had better close their doors. The next war, if it comes, will be against civiliza- tion itself. What I saw of the war, day by day, makes me vow that / will consecrate what is left of my energies to make it impossible that humanity shall in the future have to pass through the fire, the terrors, the cruelty, the horror, and the squalor of war." — Lloyd George, July 28, 1922. 5. General Tasker H. Bliss to the Churches. "The responsibility is entirely on the professing Christians of the United States. If another war like the last one should 15 come, they will be responsible for every drop of blood that will be shed and for every dollar wastefuUy expended." — From Letter to the Churches, May, 1921. 6. Japanese Premier Looks for Lasting Peace and Total Disarmament. "The Imperial Government believes with the other powers that the present agreements are the first step toward realiza- tion of a real and lasting peace, and that such agreements will grow in the future even into an understanding for the total abolition of defense equipments." — Premier Takahashi to the , Japanese House of Peers, Feb. 7, 1922. 7. Continue the War to End War, Says Legion Head. "At 11 o'clock on the morning of November 11, 1918, an entire world, weary and worn, bent under the disaster of the world's war, knelt in thanks to God. The guns ceased boom- ing. The roar of their firing no longer smashed around the world in terrible thunder. A new note was in the air, high, clear and strong, a symphony of joy. A new hope was in every heart, a hope and a prayer that the fighting of nation against nation, of people against people, had ended for all time. "Three years have passed. We want to go back in spirit and thought to that grand moment. We want to recall, in full, the purpose common to every one at that moment to do each his or her share to make impossible, ever again, such a disaster." — John G. Emery, Commander of the American Legion, Nov. 11, 1921. 8. Worthy Task for Working Women. "Our first task as working women of the world is to make war against war. A great faith held fast by the working women of all nations can redeem the world." — Mrs. Raymond Robins, President of the International Congress of Working Women, Geneva, Oct. 18, 1921. 9. The Latest Word of American Labor Condemning War. "Peace we must have lest civilization perish. War, the reddest plague of mankind, must be forever banished by the workers who at the behest of diplomats and profiteers have for ages shed their blood and borne the burden of war taxes." — Warren S. Stone, Grand Chief of the Brotherhood of Locomo- 16 tive Engineers, in a Labor Day Message to Organized Labor, 1922. 10. From Senator William E. Borah: "Let us arouse, organize and direct the public opinion of the world for peace. No nation can long stand out for armaments and war against the sustained and well directed power of public opinion. Let the people who must suffer and sacrifice and die when war comes, take into their own hands the question of peace or war, let us appeal to the masses and not to a few leaders to end the frightful burden of armaments and the consuming curse of war." II. Great Organizations Aligned for New Crusade 11. The Federal Council of Churches Summons to a New Crusade. "A mighty crusade against the whole war system is now imperative. The churches must wage this crusade with the same holy enthusiasm and unflinching devotion that charac- terized the ancient crusades. "We believe that all nations should associate themselves permanently for world peace and good-will. "We believe in international law, and in the universal use of international courts of justice and boards of arbitration. "We believe in a sweeping reduction of armaments by all nations. "We believe in a warless world, and dedicate ourselves to its achievement." — From "A Christian Program for a Warless World," issued by the Federal Council of Churches. 12. The Pope Points the Issue. "The public opinion of all countries regards disarmament as the sole, effective and sincere means of realizing a durable peace and preventing universal financial ruin. The funda- mental issue is the substitution of the moral force of right for the material force of might, and the ideal aim to be achieved is a just agreement between all nations and an ensu- ing simultaneous and reciprocal limitation of armaments in such degree that only the mihtary forces sufficient to maintain law and order within their own territory will remain under 17 arms."~r;te Pope's Letter to the Philadelphia Ledger, Aug. 29, 1921. 13. The Archbishop of Canterbury Vows War on War. "You and I have lived through the greatest war-cataclysm that the world has ever known. Solemnly and whole-heartedly we register a vow before God and man that, as far as in us lies, we are going to make it impossible that such a thing shall ever again degrade God's children and deface God's earth. "How worthless, how ignorant, how heartless sounds to- day the easy talk we can remember, in the pre-war days upon the lips of some, that a zvar would not be a bad thing for us after all, that 'a little blood-letting' is all to the good, and so on. Good God! will anybody so speak How? We have seen with our own eyes, we have heard in our own homes and hospitals its unspeakable, its illimitable horrors. And deliber- ately we say that, God helping us, there shall be no 'next time.' "Once let the Christian men and women upon earth, West and East, North and South, kneel to God side by side, stand shoulder to shoulder before men, to say what they mean shall happen, or rather, what shall not happen, in the round world again, and they are irresistible. Would to God that any word of mine today should help to rally that unconquerable force to pledge itself with one voice to the great emprise!" — Ser- mon at opening of the League of Nations assembly, Geneva, Switzerland, Sept. 3, 1922. 14. New Magna Charta in Appeal of Friends {^Quakers) to Christians of All Lands. "The small fraction of the Christian Church which ventures to address this appeal to you does so in a spirit of fervent hope that we may give our united strength whole-heartedly to uphold and advance the standards of peace which some fol- lowers of Christ have long cherished as a fundamental Chris- tian principle. "As Christians, we are striving for 'a warless world.' We are firmly convinced that this can be achieved only by refusal to participate in war, simply and sufficiently because war is by its very nature at variance with the message, the spirit, the life and death of Jesus Christ. We unite in supporting treaties of arbitration and conciliation, limitation and reduction of 18 armaments, international courts of justice, a league or associa- tion of nations for the preservation of the peace. This is well; it is a great achievement for statesmen to accomplish these things; but it is not sufficient for the Christian Church. "The most pressing reform of our time is to abolish war, and to establish exclusively peaceful means of settling dis- putes and promoting cooperation among the nations. These peaceful means cannot prevail until the nations beat their swords into plowshares and learn war no more. To accom- plish these results the Christian Church in practice and pro- fession must condemn the whole system of war unequivocally and finally, relying not upon armed preparedness, but upon the awakened conscience of mankind. "What greater message of cheer and reconstruction could be brought to mankind today than the assurance that all who bear the name of Christ in every land have solemnly resolved to have no part in war or in preparation for war, but hence- forth to work unitedly for peace by peaceful means alone? Shall we not make this venture of faith together in the love that beareth all things, believeth all things, hopeth all things, endureth all things and that never fails? Shall the torch of spiritual heroism be borne by the Church of the living Christ, or shall leadership in the utter rejection of war pass from our hands to men of braver and truer spirit? Which Master shall we who call ourselves Christians be known by all the world to serve, the God of Battles or the Prince of Peace?" Philadelphia, March 31, 1922. 15. World's Student Christian Federation Will Fight War. "We, representing Christian students from all parts of the world, believe in the fundamental equality of all the races and nations of mankind and consider it as part of our Christian vocation to express this reality in all our relationships. "We consider it our absolute duty to do all in our power to fight the causes leading to war, and war itself as a means of settling international disputes. "As a result of our discussion at the Peking Conference, we declare frankly that we have not succeeded in reaching an agreement as to what our individual attitude ought to be in the event of war. Some are convinced that under no cir- 19 cumstances can they as Christians engage in war; others, that under certain circumstances they ought to take their share in the struggle. We leave, however, with a deep sense of our common determination to follow Jesus Christ, and with fresh confidence in the unity of our purpose and in the power of Christ to show us the way, as we earnestly and penitently seek it in the fellowship of our Federation. "We desire that the diflferent National Movements of the Federation should face, fearlessly and frankly, in the light of Jesu^ teachings, the whole question of war and of those social and economic forces which tend to issue in war." — Meet- ing of its General Committee, Peking, China, April, 1922. 16. The American Council of the World Alliance for Inter- national Friendship through the Churches at its Conference in Cleveland, Ohio, May 18, 1922, declared that "The Golden Rule grants no exceptions to nations; continued recognition of war as a legal method of settling disputes between nations, is a survival of barbarism, a travesty of justice, a negation of morality and religion, and a constant menace to our civiliza- tion." It recommended "immediate participation of the United States in the Permanent Court of International Justice at The Hague"; the codification by an international conference of international law to make aggressive war a crime ; "progressive reduction of armaments by international agreement to the ulti- mate status of adequate police protection"; with study-classes in every church to consider "the principles of the Christian religion in their application to international relations^' and com- mittees to promote the cause of world peace. 17. The National Grange for World Organization and Against Militarism. "The Grange is on record as favoring the creation of some kind of a tribunal which shall have power and authority to take up and discuss all questions looking towards the settle- ment of all international disputes and to enforce its findings, without bloodshed if possible; which principles we again affirm. "We are opposed to militarism, universal military training and a large standing army. We deplore any effort to develop in America a caste of authority which has its sole excuse in a 20 shoulder-strap, and any tendency in thought which would substitute armed force for moral ideals. The invincible char- acter of a citizen army when equipped with justice and Amer- icanism has again been demonstrated. We favor the prepared- ness of right, rather than the preparedness of might." — Grange Handbook, 1921. 18. Farm Bureau Members Aspire to World Peace. The American Farm Bureau Federation presented President Harding last winter a mammoth petition signed by hundreds of thousands of farmers and their families approving with others the calling of the Washington Conference and then expressing the permanent attitude of farmers in our country regarding the purpose for which the Conference was called: "We request our own nation, through its representatives, to taie the lead in disarmament, that permanent world-wide peace may be established. 'Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called the children of God.' " 19. Farmers' National Council Wants Armaments Police Size. "Confident of the soundness of our position that this must be made the last war, we urge our fellow-workers in all coun- tries throughout the world to join with us in demanding that there be a reduction of armies and navies, and that all coun- tries signing the treaty of peace shall agree to abolish com- pulsory military training, and adopt as a substitute for such military training such physical, industrial and agricultural training as will promote the health and efficiency of their peoples. We advocate only such an international police force, subject to the control of the League of Nations, as shall keep the offending people within its own territory and protect others from any injury through invasion of their territory, or de- struction of life or property on the high seas." — From Recon- struction Program of Representatives of 750,000 Farmers, Washington, D. C, January, 1919. 20. The National Board of Farm Organisatibns Foresees Abolition of War. "We recognize that limitation of armaments will confer enormous benefits upon the human race, with the abolition of war at the end of the road. 21 "Accordingly, we pledge to the Government of our country our unfaltering support in its efforts to limit the creation of new means and materials for war on land and sea, to the great end that armed conflict between the nations may finally cease. And "Resolved, That we lend our earnest cooperation as a par- ticipating member, to the National Council for the Limitation of Armaments." 21. Directors of U. S. Chamber of Commerce Declare for Prevention of War. "Resolved, That the Board of Directors of the Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America observes with deep gratification the first proposals presented by our Gov- ernment at the Conference on Limitation of Armaments and cordially received by the other governments represented. "The business men of the United States have declared repeatedly through the National Chamber by resolution and referendum their sentiments concerning reduction of arma- ments and constructive steps by which governments will unite in the establishment of methods for the prevention of war and maintenance of real peace in the world. "We earnestly desire that the momentous conference now in session will formulate and agree upon plans which will not only reduce the great burdens which the people of the world now bear in supporting armies and navies, but will result in the substitution of arbitration and law in tjie settlement of disputes between nations and the removal of the menace of war with its attendant evil and suffering." — Adopted by the Board of Directors of the United States Chamber of Commerce at Asheville, N. C, Nov. 17, 1921. 22. International Chamber of Commerce for International Disarmament. "No proposal for the settlement of the general economic position of the world can be effective unless in the first place, subject to such safeguards as may be deemed necessary, inter- national disarmament is carried out on a large scale." — Resolu- tion unanimously adopted by the International Finance Com- 22 mittee of the International Chamber of Commerce, Oct. 29, 1921, as amended by the Executive Committee, Nov. 29, 1921. 23. Allied Veterans Open Peace Drive. Missoula, Mont., July 20. — Allied veterans, a million of them being members of the American Legion, through their organization have started an international movement for peace, Hanford MacNider, national commander of the American Legion told the National Editorial Association at its thirty- seventh annual meeting here today. Mr. MacNider said, "Our war was a war to end all wars. We are not pacifists. We believe in adequate defense for our country. But our eyes were opened through hard experience. We know what war means, and to the best of our ability through all the coming years we intend to see that such things do not happen again. "To this end there has been formed a great interallied veterans' association. La Federation des Anciens Combattants, made up of all the great veterans' organizations in all the allied countries, and headed by Marshal Haig." 24. World's Engineers Organize for Peace. The leading engineering societies of England have formed an Engineering Joint Council to work with the engineers of the United States, Canada and other countries to bring about concerted action for world peace and the advancement of engi- neering ideals "for the good of mankind,'' according to Charles F. Rand, Chairman of the American Engineering Foundation. This world union of engineers has, according to Mr. Rand, made great headway in France, Italy and Czecho-Slovakia. — From Christian Science Monitor, Sept. 5, 1922. 25. The International Federation of Trade Unions (24,000,- 000 Members) Will Strike Rather Than Fight. "The International Congress of the Federation of Trade Unions declares it to be the task of the organized workers to counteract all wars which may threaten to break out in the future by every means at the disposal of the labor movement and, if need be, to prevent the actual outbreak of such wars by proclaiming and carrying out a general international strike." — Convention, Rome, Italy, April 26, 1922. 23 26. The International Association of Machinists Recognises Its Power and Responsibility to Assure the Peace of the World. "Whereas, modern wars are fought with machinery created and fashioned by the hands of machinists and their related craftsmen in all countries, who in the light of recent events must bear the responsibility for future wars, we believe that the peace and safety of the world rest in the skilled hands of the world's artisans who fashion steel and iron into armaments and munitions of war. We believe that this power wisely used will do more to forever abolish the menace of war than all the statesmen and diplomats in whose hands the destinies of the world have been entrusted; therefore be it "Resolved, That we, The International Association of Machinists, in convention assembled in the City of Rochester, N. Y., call upon the International Metal Workers Federation to call a conference of the organized metal workers and related crafts of all nations, for the purpose of effecting an agreement for concerted action against war in the future, the time, place and basis of representation for the conference to be fixed by the officers of the International Metal Workers Federation, and the General Executive Board of the International Association of Machinists to stand instructed to make such arrangements as may be necessary for representation of our organization at this conference, when it shall have been arranged." — ^Adopted in Convention, Rochester, N. Y., September, 1920. 27. American Federation of Labor for Greatest Possible Disarmament. "We record the position of America's workers, for whom we speak, as being in absolute accord with the utmost degree of disarmament, with the utmost effort to destroy the machinery of war, and to make unnecessary and impossible the appetites, the jealousies, the rivalries and the intrigues that lead to war. "We trust that America will blaze the way even beyond consideration of the armaments of nations and the rivalries of nations, and will seek to bring them into some permanent accord which will be organic and definite, to the end that there may be made possible some necessary recurring adjust- ments and adjudications which are vital to permanent har- 24 mony and peace between peoples and nations." — ^Meeting of Executive Council of A. F. of L., Washington, Nov. 19, 1921. The A. F. of L. at its Seattle Convention in 1913 went on record as favoring international disarmament. In Philadelphia in 1914 it pledged its "support to any plan which has for its purpose the bringing about of the disarmament of all nations to the furthest extent consistent with the preservation of law and order throughout the world." Its conventions in St. Paul in 1919 and in Montreal in 1920 took the same stand, and the convention in 1921 in Denver urged the United States "to take the initiative, or to cooperate with any other nation or nations, for the purpose of a general agreement for disarmament." 28. The World's Freemasons for Permanent Peace. The Supreme Councils of the Ancient and Accepted Scot- tish Rite of Freemasonry at a meeting in Lausanne, Switzer- land, May 29 to June 2, 1922, adopted unanirhously resolutions, in part as follows : "Resolved, that the delegates to the International Confer- ence pledge themselves to use every lawful and legitimate effort and influence within their power to establish universal and permanent peace among nations." 29. The National Council of Women for World Organisation. "Resolved, that we, the delegates at the Biennial Session of the National Council of Women of the United States of America, which includes ten million organized women and is affiliated with the organized women of 27 foreign countries . . . heartily endorse this effort (the Washington Confer- ence) to remove misunderstandings and obstacles which pre- vent world peace and to substitute sympathy and justice for tanks and poison gas in meeting them ; and we therefore urge the participation of the United States in the Permanent Court of International Justice; and we place ourselves on record as favoring an Association of Nations as the only hope of perma- nent world peace." — Philadelphia, Nov. 11, 1921. 30. General Federation of Women's Clubs Stresses Education for Peace. "Whereas, we believe that war is the supreme folly of the 25 earth out of which the world must be educated, and that the only redeeming feature of war is in the personal heroism which thus creates martyrs to a tragic mistake; therefore be it Resolved, that the General Federation of Women's Qubs will use its energies to educate its own people to an efficient leadership in the world movement for the settlement of inter- national difficulties by law, by reason and by mutual under- standing, rather than by the brutalities of war; that it will use especial efforts to create among the women of all nations that friendliness and respect which are the only sure guar- antees of peace ; that it urges the education of children toward an understanding of the relation of American ideals toward our obligations to the entire world and the teaching of history in terms of human achievement rather than in terms of war." — Chautauqua Convention, June, 1922. 31. National Y. W. C. A. for Outlawry of War. "Resolved, that it is our conviction that the further use of war as an instrument for the settlement of disputes should be abolished, and that war between nations should be declared to be a public crime and should be outlawed." — Convention at Hot Springs, Ark., 1922. 32. National League of Women Voters Brands War as Great- est Crifne. "Whereas . . . the greatest crime against the public welfare is War, and whereas . . . resolutions outlawing certain meth- ods of killing . . . are not only futile but imply that certain other methods are justifiable; therefore be it "Resolved, that the National League of Women Voters in convention assembled at Baltimore, Maryland, April, 1922, asserts its conviction that the aim of all international peace efforts should be to outlaw war itself and to abolish it as a legalized institution, instead of to regulate it, and that to this end a code of international law, based upon equity and justice, between nations, as municipal law is based upon equity and justice between individuals, be erected, by which the wag- ing of war will be made a crime, defined and punishable under the terms of the code." 33. The Women's International League for Peace and Free- ze dom adopted the same resolution as expressing "principles long upheld" by it, and in supplementary resolutions urged the "immediate use by all nations and particularly by the United States" of the Permanent Court of International Justice at The Hague and "a Conference in which all nations shall be asked to join, the object of which shall be to devise ways and means for such use of the World Court as shall make efl'ective the stibstitution of law for war in all cases of international difficulty." — Washington Convention, April 30, 1922. 34. The National Women's Trade Union League at its 1922 Convention adopted substantially the same resolutions: "Resolutions outlawing certain methods of killing will not be effective as long as killing itself remains lawful; in interna- tional as in national relations we must have, not rules and regulations of war but organic laws against war; that The Hague Tribunal be made a substitute for the bloody court of war." 35. The Council of Jewish Women Always for Peace. "Since the very beginning of its organization, the Council of Jewish Women has promoted the cause of peace and arbitra- tion. It has associated itself with every organization com- mitted to these ideals. It has provided a special committee of Peace and Arbitration and it has established local com- mittees throughout its 200 Sections in the United States and Canada, which devote themselves to a thorough study and consideration of peace problems. In order to make more effective its activity in behalf of world peace, it has affiliated itself as a participating organization in the National Council for the Reduction of Armaments. It earnestly hopes- that the achievements of the Washington Conference will be fur- thered by even more effective arrangements of peace among the nations." — Statement by Executive Secretary, September 26, 1922. 36. The National Congress of Mothers and Parent-Teachers Associations at its Convention in Tacoma, Washington, May 12, 1922, "reaffirmed" its stand for "reduction of armaments by international agreement; codification of international law; participation in the World Court at The Hague" and endow- 27 ment of this Court with "affirmative power and jurisdiction to hear and decide all purely international disputes as defined by the code; and that the waging of war be made a public crime, punishable under the terms of the code." 37. The National W. C. T. . Condemns Exaltation of War in School. "Whereas, the teaching that goes into the minds of chil- dren permeates eventually the life of the nation and very largely determines its destiny ; now, therefore, be it "Resolved, that, in our teaching of history, stories of wars be minimised and given only their proper significance, and that we stress the teaching of the constructive truth that periods of industrial arts and aesthetic culture occur when nations are at peace." 38. The American Association of University Women in Con- vention at Kansas City, April, 1922, Adopts Practical World Peace Program: 1. "Resolved, That The American Association of University Women favors reduction of army and navy to a point required for police purposes only: 2. "That we support all practical steps towards an ultimate effective world organisation that shall replace war as a method of settling international differences. 3. That we support progressive reduction- of world armaments towards the status of police forces both by agreement and example when the latter method shall clearly not endanger national security. 4. "That we believe that all agencies of education should contribute to improving international understanding and the furtherance of truth and justice between nations. 5. "That we favor the participation of the United States in an economic conference with the nations of Europe as soon as conditions make reasonable success possible and in further conferences for reduction of armaments by agree- ment. 6. "That we favor the participation of the United States in the World Court at the Hague. 7. "That we favor the outlawry of all gas warfare. 8. "That we favor the outlawry of war by inteernational agreement." 28 39. Great Britain's Attitude Identical with Ours. A hundred great mass meetings in England celebrated July 29 this year as "No More War" Day and adopted a resolution which shows identity of sentiment between the English people and ourselves on the problems of peace: "This Mass Meeting sends fraternal greetings to the similar gatherings now being held throughout Europe and America, joins with them in declaring its hatred of War, and pledges itself to cooperate with them in working for conditions which will guarantee that there shall be No More War : (o) By perfecting international organization for the re- moval of the causes of War, settlement of disputes and the promotion of international cooperation; and (t) Developing an international sense of solidarity to which War will be impossible." London Active Detailed accounts of the observance of "No More War" Day in Great Britain go to show that the demonstrations there were much greater in the cities than they were in our own country. In London a conservative estimate states that alto- gether fifteen thousand people marched for "No More War." The Girls' and Boys' Brigade led one of the five processions behind their fife and drum. Eight hundred Quakers followed. Then came fifty foreign delegates including most of the Eu- ropean countries as well as America, Egypt, India and Japan. Behind them came the War Resisters with their bold banners. They were followed by the Independent Labor Party, the Free Churches with their ministers, the Trade Unions, and branches of the British Legion marching with military precision. Communists fell in behind one of the processions with a banner saying, "We don't support this demonstration; it's humbug.' From each platform the resolution affirming hatred of war and demanding cooperation to end the evil was moved by an ex-service man and carried by acclamation. Manchester's demonstration brought out "a mile of pacifists" through three miles of onlookers standing several deep on the pavements. 40. Peace Sentiment in Germany Not Diminishing. The estimates regarding the participants in this year's "No 29 More War" celebration in Berlin vary from "fifty thousand" as reported in the Public Ledger to "between two hundred thousand and three hundred thousand" according to the Man- chester Guardian's special correspondent. The demonstra- tion was held in front of the former Kaiser's Palace. Warn- ing that the militarism responsible for the Great War was not yet dead in Germany came from 30 platforms, and demands for Germany's entrance into the League of Nations and the disarmament of education were cheered. More than 300 German towns participated in this year's demonstration as against 200 last year, being stirred by the recent brutal murder of Walter Rathenau by the militarists. "Virtually the whole population with the exception of the avowed militarists took part," says one report. 41. "No More War" in France. The "No More War" demonstration in Paris was an indica- tion that beneath Governmental militarism there is a rising tide of opposition to the policy which is preventing peace in Europe. The two Socialist parties, the Radical Socialist Party, the General Confederation of Labor, the League of Men's Rights, the League of Women against War, the French Sec- tion of ex-soldiers and the Grand Loge de France and the Grand Orient de France, organizations of Masons, participated. The Communist party declined to cooperate. Similar meetings were held in other cities of France. "For doubt it not, we are at the beginning of a new century. The old world is dying around us. Let it die in us." — General Smuts. 30 CHAPTER III HOW WE CAN END WAR NOW . / , A Three-fold Program We cannot drift into permanent peace. The masses — not the governments — believed until 1914 that war had been ■'outgrown." Their mistake was costly. We can end war as an accepted institution for settling international disputes, but it cannot be done without effort, thought and sacrifice. We shall prevent the next war by proceeding step by step intelligently and in practical fasliion to set up in the place of war a better way of achieving the results that war seeks. Every practical program for the outlawry and prevention of future war comprises three elements: (1) World organisation under some name, (2) World-wide reduction of armaments to police status, and (3) Education for peace. We will discuss these three parts of our program in detail. I. World Organization The "Forty-niners" in California stopped carrying pistols when courts had been set up in which they had confidence. The five "causes of war" that have arisen between the United States and Canada in our century of peace and border dis- armament were settled without war by courts of arbitration. We must have a regular and orderly way of settling all disputes that can arise if we are, as nations, to cease going through the earth armed to the teeth and periodically killing one another. 1. Its Name Unimportant. This question of world organization must not become the football of partisan politics. It does not matter one whit what the world organization shall be called. "League of Nations," say the Democrats ; "Association of Nations," say the Republi- cans. Both political parties are committed to the principle of world organization. 31 2. The Four-Power Pact. The Washington Conference on Limitation of Armaments took a step towards the organization of the world for peace in certain treaties and agreements based upon national honor and unsupported by force. The Four-Power Pact for the maintenance of peace in the Pacific was one of these treaties. Senator Borah and others attacked it in the Senate as a menace to peace because of the absence from the agreement of China and Russia which also border on the Pacific. This criticism will doubtless be justified by events if the situation on the Pacific crystallizes for the 10 years of the naval holiday Tvith nothing more than this pact to assure peace. On the other hand, it will prove clearly a step towards peace if the logic of it be pursued to its conclusion and all of the powers interested become parties to the resulting agreement. 3. The League of Nations. The League of Nations is an earlier and bolder experiment in the organization of the world for peace. It is a "going concern" and as such should be studied now by every earnest seeker after light upon the great problem of our times. Any non-partisan will find in it permanent values which would have to be duplicated in any organization of the world that might be set up in its place. Its defects are being revealed by events. The World Peace Foundation, 40 Mt. Vernon Street, Boston, Mass., will furnish the student with such information about the League of Nations as he may require. 4. The World Court at The Hague. The progressive organization of the world will proceed cau- tiously and step by step. In this unknown region we may well feel our way. The step for which America is best prepared at the present writing is participation in the World Court at The Hague. The Court was conceived largely by Elihu Root, an American. It meets in the Peace Palace which was built by another American, Andrew Carnegie. An American, John Bassett Moore, is one of the fifteen judges that compose the Court. Thus America is already pretty closely connected with it, but has not yet recognized the Court officially. The Permanent Court of International Justice, to give it its proper name, was established by the League of Nations, but is 32 independent of the League of Nations. Recognition of the 'Court will in no wise commit the United States on the larger question, the League of Nations. The following organizations are among those that have specifically endorsed such recogni- tion : The American Bar Association, The Chamber of Com- merce of the United States, The National Council of Women, The National Women's Trade Union League, The National Congress of Mothers' and Parent-Teachers' Associations, The American Council of the World Alliance for International Friendship through the Churches, The Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, The Federal Council of Churches. It has been endorsed in principle by a score of other organizations as a part of the plan for the outlawry of war. 5. Why a Permanent Court? In what respect is a Permanent Court preferable to tem- porary tribunals such as The Hague Tribunal established before the war, or courts of arbitration that might be set up from time to time as cases arise? The reasonable answer to this question is contained in the following quotation from the Commentary on the League of Nations Covenant: "Ulti- mately and in the long run, the only alternative for war is law, and for the enthronement of law there is required such a continuous development of international jurisprudence, at present in its infancy, as can only be supplied by the progres- sive judgments of a Permanent Court working out its own traditions. Isolated instances of arbitration, however success- ful, can never result to the same extent in establishing the reign of law." 6. What Nations Accept this Court? The Court has been recognized by Albania, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Cuba, Czecho-Slovakia, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Greece, Haiti, Holland, India, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Roumania, Siam, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Uruguay, Venezuela, Jugo-Slavia. Its obligatory jurisdiction has been accepted by Brazil, Bul- garia, China, Costa Rica, Denmark, Finland, Haiti, Holland, 33 Liberia, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Norway, Panama, Portugal, San Salvador, Sweden, Switzerland and Uruguay. 7. The Present Value of Conferences as Steps towards Peace. The World Court at The Hague deals with legal questions. There are many questions that are not legal which might be settled by a League or Association of Nations in which there was universal confidence, but which must be settled at present by conferences of the nations concerned. 8. The Washington Conference on Limitation of Armaments. There has been much discussion as to the importance of this Conference. Some have belittled it. Some have called it "epoch-making." The notable proposal for the scrapping of battleships and limitation of further construction of battleships with which Secretary Hughes delighted the peoples of the world on the opening day of the Conference will undoubtedly go down in history. It has been learned since, however, that battleships are no longer valued by a growing school in naval circles because of recent experiments which prove the success of airplanes in destroying them. Admiral Sims is among those who deem battleships obsolete. a. Guam's Vital Significance. There is only one opinion in naval circles, however, regard- ing the importance from a military point of view of America's abandonment of the fortification of the island of Guam. Guam is within striking distance of Japan. We had just begun fortifying it. Japan was led by her militarists, and with considerable semblance of justice, to believe that this meant war. On the strength of our policy they secured large and increasing appropriations for military purposes. In the naval limitation treaty we surrendered voluntarily during the naval holiday of ten years the right to fortify Guam and to complete the fortification of the Philippines. This means, according to our naval experts, that we have made it prac- tically impossible to wage war upon Japan during this period even if we want to. We cannot "enforce our will in the Far East." We must "rely upon the conscience of mankind." b. Why an American-Japanese War Is Improbable. A few words of explanation will make it plain why this 34 is true. It will also make plain why Japan cannot attack Cali- fornia. A battle fleet has a "cruising radius" of not more than 2,000 miles. That is, it can go only 2,000 miles and back on the coal it carries. For greater distances it must possess at the end of its journey a fully protected coaling base. Our base in the Pacific fulfilling these conditions will now be for ten years Hawaii. Hawaii happens to be 3,000 miles from Japan ! Japan is 5,000 miles from California with no coaling station on the way! This explains why Secretary Hoover says: "The jeopardy of war has been removed beyond our genera- tion." It explains also the marked improvement in the attitude of Japan towards the United States. Most significant of all, it explains why Japan since the Washington Conference has officially announced her purpose to cut her army by 56,000 men and her navy by at least 10,000 men. Whether this will prove to be the "beginning of a new era" will depend largely upon us in the United States. We lead now for a while in determining the policy of the world. c. Japan Not Likely to Seize the Philippines. "The leading politicians frankly admit that an offensive war would not prove popular with the people, would probably cost Japan the friendship and support of England and France, topple over the imperial dynasty, let loose the vengeful Chinese and Koreans, destroy Japan's power in the Far East, and reduce her to the status of a second-rate power." — Louis Sei- bold, 1921. 9. The Conference on European Reconstruction. The world cannot wait much longer for a successful con- ference on European reconstruction. Observers everywhere agree that only by American participation can such a confer- ence be successful. The conflicts of interest in Europe have become so acute and national jealousies so menacing that a disinterested outside party has become necessary to the solu- tion of its problems. America's practical idealism, reenforced by America's economic strength, will, it is believed, be able to lift the discussion out of the mire of national selfishness into which it has fallen and put it on a plane where problems 35 which are essentially world problems can be settled in the light of the permanent needs of the world. 10. The Terms of Peace in Europe. The Five Points in which Secretary Hoover placed before the U. S. Chamber of Commerce the essentials of peace in Europe have been generally accepted by thoughtful people everywhere. The progress of events has given concreteness to the general principles which Mr. Hoover laid down. We believe a fair statement of enlightened opinion on the subject to be today substantially as follows : 1. German Reparations must be reduced by striking out allied pensions and reducing the total to a sum which Europe's leading economists now place between four billions and ten billions. It stands at present at thirty-three billions. Ger- many will fully restore the devastated areas of France and Belgium. She can be expected to do this without compul- sion. This is, by the way, a return to the American position as originally stated in the Fourteen Points. 2. All intergovernmental debts must be discussed afresh in the light of all the facts concerning their contraction and the solvency of the debtor nations. The debt to ourselves we take up below. 3. Arm>aments must be cut. The Washington Conference limited battleships to 18 — 18 — 10 for Great Britain, the United States and Japan, respectively. It left cruisers, submarines, airplanes and armies unlimited. It affected only a few nations. The next Conference will be expected to deal boldly with dis- armament problems. The recent mad adventure of Greece in Asia Minor and that of Poland in Russia in 1920, not to mention similar exploits on the part of the great powers, have had sufificiently bad results to teach the folly of placing great armed forces at the disposal of greed and ambition in high places. Progress in world organization must precede really great reductions in armaments, but much can be done in the interest of economy at the next Conference. Submarines can be abolished, military airplanes and cruisers can be limited, and a 50 per cent cut can be made in the battleships of the three great naval powers without impairing any nation's security, but with increased security to all. Imperative national econo- 36 mies will thus be secured. At the same time, the great armies of Europe can be limited, thus removing a dangerous source of irritation and a very heavy drain on national budgets. 4. Budgets must balance. The debt of France has doubled in the three years since the war, her diplomats repeating always the comforting formula, "Germany will pay." No nations in Europe except Great Britain and Roumania are balancing their budgets. Our own deficit for 1923 is esti- mated by the Treasury Department at $672,000,000. In this country, as elsewhere, expenditures for the "constructive pur- poses of peace" are pitifully meager already and cannot be reduced. The saving must come in every country largely out of the preparations for war. Only when budgets balance will it be possible to stop the printing of paper money in Europe which is demoralizing the business of the world. 5. A gold basis of some kind must be found for every European currency. The German mark, for example, must be stabilized at some fraction of its pre-war value. Without a stable currency international trade is only speculation. 6. Impassable trade barriers such as now separate Austria, for example, from the other countries which formerly be- longed to the Austrian Empire need to be lowered for the sake of all concerned. Our new tariff bill makes it embarrass- ing for us to bring up this point, but it is important for all, including ourselves. 11. The Interallied Debts. America's direct interest in the coming Conference on European Reconstruction lies in the fact that practically every nation in Europe is our debtor for more money than it can under present conditions conveniently pay. The largest debts in millions of dollars are as follows : Country Principal Interest Total Belgium 377 51 428 France 3,341 430 3,771 Great Britain 4,136 611 4,747 Italy 1,648 243 1,891 Poland 136 23 159 Russia 193 35 228 Czecho-Slovakia 92 12 104 Serbia 51 7 58 Roumania 36 5 41 37 The disposition to be made of these debts has up to the present time been discussed mainly from the standpoint of sentiment. Appeals have been made to our generosity to forgive the debts entirely. Appeals have been made to our selfishness to collect every dollar, principal and interest — assuming that we can! Let us now look briefly and without prejudice at the important facts that should determine how these debts are to be dealt with. 1. The Purpose of the Loans Must Be Considered. Oscar T. Crosby, former Assistant Secretary of the Treas- ury, has divided them from this standpoint into three classes : Class A. — Loans made after our entrance into the war for the purchase in the United States of munitions used by our Allies because our soldiers were not yet ready to use them. Class B. — Loans for the purchase in the United States of raw materials, such as cotton, which were resold in Europe and the money kept, or else for the purchase of supplies which have become a permanent part of the commercial equipment of the purchasing goverrunent. Class C. — Loans for the purchase of supplies in Argentina and other countries, our credit being in this case drawn upon to prevent the demorahzation of the exchange. While unreasoning generosity would cancel all of these debts alike as America's contribution towards the winning of the war, a just discrimination would find that Class A has a diflferent claim upon us from Class B or Qass C. 2. Differences in Ability to Pay Must Be Considered. No creditor intentionally drives a debtor to despair. For ' the United States to keep the rest of the world slaving for two generations, as would be necessary, in order that we may enjoy the fruits of their labors, principal and interest, would be to make ourselves the objects of universal obloquy. We are indebted to David F. Houston, former Secretary of the Treasury, for some important figures which he used to illus- trate a lecture at the Institute of Politics in Williamstown, August 14, 1922: 38 1,142.1 87.6 3,895.0 315.9 Balance Balance 3,818.7 172.2 133,014.0 20.2 4,192.2 102.9 0.6 Balance Balance Revenue from Taxation Latest annual deficit per cent of total net In millions of In millions of Country expenditures currency unit dollars Belgium 26.8 France 44.5 Great Britain .... 85 Italy 59.2 Poland 43.4 Czecho-Slovakia . . 52.9 Serbia 92.8 Roumania 58.6 A little reflection upon the figures above will lead to the conclusion that they nmst play a part in the determination of the figures to which the respective debts must be reduced. When a nation's taxes are not paying half of its expenditures though its people are groaning under their burdens, it would be idle to expect that the tax rate can be doubled to balance the budget and then increased, in addition to that, enough to pay us in full. Human nature would not endure it. On the other hand, budgets can be greatly reduced for military pur- poses; but not 50 per cent of the total expenditure! 3. Our Ability to Receive Must Be Considered. Debts between countries have to be paid ultimately either in gold or in goods. Paper is only a temporary expedient. Our debtors have practically no gold to give us. They would therefore have to pay us in goods. Since practically all nations owe us money, we should have to cut our exports until our imports surpassed them by the amount of principal and interest that we collect. Last year our surplus of exports was about a billion and a quarter. Yet we had between three million and five million men out of work and business stagnation crippled farm and factory. A third consideration in the settlement, therefore, will be our ability as a nation to absorb the goods of other countries without closing our own factories or undermining our own farmers. "America and the Balance Sheet of Europe," by Bass and Moulton, two professors in the University of Chicago, dis- cusses this aspect of the interallied debts in a manner intelligible to lajrmen. It merits study. 39 12. Conclusion Regarding the Conference on European Recon- struction. The complexity of the problems involved in the reconstruc- tion of Europe will necessitate expert preparation and bold treatment such as made the Washington Conference on Limita- tion of Armaments a success. As Premier Poincare has re- cently said, "reciprocal sacrifices" will be demanded of all nations "in the interest of humanity." It is safe to predict that American public opinion will de- mand that the sums deducted from the debts owed our coun- try be invested in the purchase of permanent peace in Europe. Since the conditions of peace are now clear, the reasonable fulfillment of all these conditions may fairly be looked upon as Europe's part of the "reciprocal sacrifices." America cannot, as has been proposed, accept three billions and a half of a very bad debt to France as equivalent to her debt to us. From a business standpoint it would be idiocy. From an altruistic standpoint it would be no better. For it would bring no peace. Nor will American money go for the maintenance of Euro- pean militarism. Senator Borah spoke recently on this sub- ject for us all. But if peace and world-wide reduction of armaments can be had by "reciprocal sacrifices," America, it is safe to say, will sacrifice as much as any nation. This Conference should be held as early after American elections as possible because conditions in Europe are going from bad to worse. Discussions will be most likely to be fruitful in Washington. It is to be hoped therefore that President Harding will call the Conference to meet in Wash- ington before the end of the year and that the opening proposal will so clearly assure the beginning of peace in Europe by reasonable sacrifices on the part of all nations in the interest of humanity that it will in principle win the instant support of the common people of all countries. It is your duty to help prepare America to do her part. 13. Diminishing Sovereignty. How far shall world organization be permitted to limit the sovereignty of sovereign states? The history of the formation of the United States Government furnishes the student with 40 the arguments against world organization as well as the argu- ments for it. The debate regarding the Union brought out both sides of the larger question fully. Succeeding events are the sufficient commentary upon the decision reached. Every treaty encroaches upon the independence of the nations that make the treaty. They surrender a portion of their "sovereignty" for their mutual good. Traffic police are a limitation upon the sovereignty of the individual citizen for the same reason. It is the common good that determines how far the surrender shall go. Isolation is as impossible and unreal for a nation in the modem world as for an individual. Political individualism in the extreme form in which we have it among the nations is another name for anarchy. Intelligent study of the problem of preventing further war will be found to lead the thinker irresistibly to world organization with surrender of as much independence of action or "sovereignty" in international relor- tions as mxiy be necessa/ry to assure mutual safety and mutual well-being. One concrete suggestion that has been made a basis for discussion is 14. The Knox-Levinson Plan to Outlaw War. A conference of all civilized nations to be called for the creation and codification of international law; the code to contain, among other things, the following provisions, with which none of the other provisions of the code shall be in conflict : 1. The further use of war as an institution for settlement of international disputes shall be abolished. 2. War between nations shall be declared to be a public crime, punishable by the law of nations. 3. War shall be defined in the code and the right of defense against actual or imminent attack shall be preserved. 4. All annexations, exactions or seizures, by force, duress or fraud, shall be null and void. 5. An international court with affirmative jurisdiction over purely international disputes shall be created (The Hague Court was opened in February, 1922, since the formulation of this plan) modeled as nearly as may be on the jurisdiction of the 41 United States Supreme Court over controversies between states. All purely international disputes as defined by the code shall be decided and settled by the international court sitting as a judicial body, which shall be given jurisdiction over all parties to a dispute upon the petition of any party to the dispute or of any signatory nation. 6. All nations shall agree to abide and be bound by and in good faith to carry out the orders, decrees and decisions of such court. 7. One nation cannot summon another before the Inter- national Court except in respect to a matter of international and common concern to the contending nations, and the juris- diction of the court shall not extend to matters of govern- mental, domestic or protective policy unless one of the dis- puting parties has by treaty or otherwise given another coun- try a claim that involves these subjects. The classes of dis- putes excluded from the jurisdiction of the international court should be specifically enumerated in the code and not be left open to the flexible and dangerous distinction between jus- ticiable and non-justiciable controversies. 8. The court should sit in the hemisphere of the contending nations; and if the disputants live in opposite hemispheres, then in the hemisphere of the defendant nation. 9. National armaments to be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety and with the necessities of international requirements. 10. All nations shall make public report once each year setting forth fully their military and naval armaments, struc- tural and chemical. These reports to be verified by authorized committees. 11. The doctrines of military necessity, retaliation and re- prisal which are open to such flagrant and abhorrent abuse, shall be eliminated. For copies of this plan apply to American Committee for Outlawry of War, 76 W. Monroe St., Chicago, III. 15. Plan for World Association. A new plan for a "World Association of States," to be superimposed on the League of Nations and the Pan-American Union and designed to draw in nations not members of either, 42 was submitted to the Institute of International Law at its meeting in Grenoble, France, August 28, 1922, by Prof. Ale- jandro Alvarez of Chili. The plan was approved by the Twenty-seventh Commission of the Institute in executive session at Paris a few weeks ago. The plan assumes that the League of Nations is inadequate as a world power, and proposes to retain it purely as a Eu- ropean organization. The same principle applies to the Pan- American Union. The World Association would have as its iield "questions of world or continental interests and the general interests of humanity." It would take measures to eliminate the causes of war, initiate adequate methods for the pacific settlement of conflicts between states and accomplish gradual codification of international law. It would act only by means of recommenda- tions. These principles are embodied in the text of a convention for the new association, which also makes provision for the or- ganization of the body. All members of the League and the Union will automatically become members unless they speci- fically refuse. Others will be admitted by two-thirds vote of the Assembly. This Assembly would be composed of three delegates or less from each member country and would be the controlling body of the association. Each delegation would have one vote. Permanent commissions on such subjects as disarmament, labor, international law, methods of avoiding war, methods of settling disputes and so on would carry on the work of the association. Each member state would be entitled to repre- sentation on each commission. A permanent Secretariat would be formed, and all existing international bureaus, including the Permanent Court of Inter- national Justice, would be recognized. To prevent war, article 16 of the convention says : "Members agree not to resort to hostilities until they have exhausted the methods recognized by international law for the pacific settlement of disputes. If a state violates this provision the Council will direct the attention of the various continental or regional organizations, so they may consider the measures they think necessary." 43 16. How Shall a World Organisation Enforce Its Decisions? One of the questions which can hardly be settled theoreti- cally but towards whose solution we must feel our way is the enforcement of the decisions of the world organization. a. Shall there be an international police force? Many practical difficulties will occur to the mind of the reader. From which nation shall the commander-in-chief be chosen? Will not soldiers of high character be required for this service and will not some quotas be so inferior as to undermine the general morale? Does the experience follow- ing the World War justify the expectation that men speaking various languages would mingle happily in a mixed army? Where would the army be at hom£ when off duty? Should it include all races, black, yellow, brown and white? The sup- porters of this method of enforcement will have to answer these questions. h. Shall there be national police forces from which requisi- tions will be made as needed? This is the plan in part contemplated by the League of Nations and tried in Upper Silesia. Some of the difficulties connected with an international police force apply to this plan also. Consider further these problems: If a nation of great economic strength like the United States defies the world organization, can it be coerced into obedience, even if it is without large armed forces at the outset of its adventure? Wherein would its coercion differ from a world war? Is it conceivable that defiance by any of the great powers would not lead quickly to alliances for defense and attack which would mean a world war? Would the United States under any conceivable circumstances join in an armed attempt to coerce France, the friend of 150 years? Towards which nations would coercion be available? c. Shall the economic boycott be the reliance of the world organization? This is the other half of the plan contemplated by the League of Nations. It is said to have been threatened for the settlement of the recent controversy between Jugo-Slavia and Albania. It is the policy of enforced isolation carried to the extreme limit — possible starvation being involved and 44 national ruin. It is clearly regarded by its supporters as a threat which would rarely require fulfillment. Only when a nation's sense of justice was outraged would it defy such a punishment. Yet in the present state of world opinion it is hard to imagine this weapon being even threatened against any except friendless nations. Without a well-prepared world opinion the very threat of it might prove a boomerang. Poland has defied decisions of the League of Nations repeatedly with regard to her boundaries on the Lithuanian side and with no punishment possible because of the friendliness of France. If it could not be used safely against Great Britain or the United States or even Poland, is it a sound reliance? d. Is the world ready for a method of organisation founded upon agreement and public opinion unsupported by compulsion, military or economic? The success of the Supreme Court of the United States in its reliance upon public opinion for the carrying out of its decisions between states has led many to the conviction that the same will be true regarding the decisions of a world court in general ; and that when such decisions fail to win universal support on the strength of their inherent justice coupled with the necessity for the common good of all "playing the game," an attempt to enforce them, by arms or by starvation, will meet with stubborn resistance that may align the nations for a new war. Public opinion is unquestionably the actual basis of peace and order in the world. Force is futile without it. Laws that lack the support of a great body of public opinion become quickly a dead letter. Government rests ultimately, not upon force but upon "the consent of the governed." Any other rule is in the end overthrown as tyranny. Supporters of this theory have therefore much more than idealistic sentiment on their side. II. World-wide Reduction of Armaments to Police Status "Large armies and navies are sure provocatives of war." From the Declaration of the "World Alliance" of 26 nations. 1. Competition in Armaments a Cause of War. Effective national preparedness means effective world pre- paredness and effective world preparedness means war. This 45 is the surest lesson that the world has gained from the history of the past decade. Germany was "prepared." She was not permitted to be "prepared" alone. The European race in armaments due to "preparedness" policies precipitated a tragedy for which fierce economic competition had made the ground ready. "I went into the British army believing that if you want peace you must prepare for war. I believe now that if you prepare for war you will get war," says Gen. F. B. Maurice. His observation is shared by all but the unthinking. The Washington Conference on Limitation of Armaments succeeded only in limiting battleships and airplane carriers. Cruisers, submarines, aircraft, and land forces have yet to be limited. At a time when battleships are costing the huge sum of $40,000,000 each, the economy which will result to every nation including our own from stopping this drain upon national resources is almost beyond computation as one looks ahead into the future. Moreover, General Bliss has pointed out that when a nation fears being distanced in such a race because of inferior resources it is likely to strike. This is why it is believed generally in Europe and on our continent that the Washington Conference cn/erted a very real danger of war between America and Japan. 2. World Organisation Necessitates Armament Reduction. Large national armaments are bound to be a menace to any world organisation that may arise. If France and Russia, for example, were to keep their present armies of 700,000 or more men, what would be the size of the army which, under one of the plans for world organization, would be required as an international police force? To ask this question is to point the way to the only reasonable policy. The armed forces of the nations of the world must be progressively reduced by international agreement to police status. "Limitation of Armaments the Cornerstone of Peace." "The Peace Conference recognized the limitation of na- tional armaments as the very cornerstone of the foundation that it was attempting to lay for a lasting peace. It underlies the possibility of the existence of an association of nations for the maintenance of international peace, and the successful 46 operation of an international court of justice and arbitral court. "What did we require Germany to do that we would not gladly do ourselves, provided that every other nation loyally did the same? Nothing."— Gem. Tasker H. Bliss, "What Really Happened at Paris," Chap. 16. 3. German Disarmament the Type for the World, Says Gen. Bliss. In Germany by the Versailles Treaty conscription has been abolished; the army has been reduced to 100,000; the accumulation of arms and munitions of any kind beyond those necessary for the small authorized army has been prohibited; stores of munitions on hand have been destroyed; munition factories have been destroyed except three small ones approved by the powers and regularly inspected; the navy has been reduced to a coast guard, its size in future to be determined by other navies; submarines have been prohibited; fortifica- tions commanding the maritime routes have been demolished; military and naval air forces have been forbidden. "When Germany affixed her signature to one side of the last page of that document, 27 other nations of the earth, in- cluding all the great Powers, signed it on the other side: 'In order to render possible the initiation of a general limitation of the armaments of all nations, Germany undertakes,' etc. Therefore, in all good faith and honor these nations have pledged themselves to initiate, as soon as possible, a general limitation of armaments after Germany shall ' have complied with her first obligation." — Gen. Tasker H. Bliss, Dec. 10, 1920, "What Really Happened at Paris," Chap. 16. Economy the Next Race, Says Gen. Smuts. "The struggle of the future is going to be economy, and those nations who are going into a race of armaments will lag far behind in the economic race which is coming. Our trade competitors in Central Europe have been disarmed by our kindly act of this intolerable incubus, but we go gaily on to carry the old burdens and to be bound down by the old fetters. JVe are committing suicide. "If the League of Nations were to take up this task and impose on the rest of the world the conditions of disarmament 47 which have been imposed on Germany I think it would be doing a great service. I am sure it will not be attempting too much." — Gen. J. C. Smuts, London, Sept. 2, 1921. 4. Cost of America's Army and Navy. We are allotting $11,000,000, to the "Department of Peace" as Secretary Hughes aptly termed the Department of State in his plea before the U. S. Chamber of Commerce last May, for an appropriation large enough to permit the employment of other than rich m£n's sons in our vitally important diplo- matic service. We are allotting $629,672,000 this year to the Departments of War, at a time following the Washington Conference when "the jeopardy of war has been removed beyond our generation." — Hoover. 1923 Military Appropriations Navy Department Appropriation $297,770,000 Unexpended balance added 44,385,000 Total for the Navy 342,155,000 War Department Appropriation 337,833,000 Deduct for Rivers and Harbors 50,315,000 Total for the War Dep't 287,517,000 Army Total 287,517,000 Navy Total 342,155,000 1923 "Insurance" against war 629,672,000 Fifty Per Cent Cut in Army Appropriation Expected by Gen. Bliss Following Agreement on Land Forces. Question : "Do you entertain the hope that if a SATISFAC- TORY AGREEMENT CAN BE REACHED, it would not cost this nation more than $150,000,000 a year to maintain its military establishment?" Gen. Tasker H. Bliss: "1 think that is very possible for its land military establishment." Con- gressional Record, Jan. 12, 1921. Hearing before the House Committee on Naval Affairs. 5. Viper Warfare. "The World Wants the Submarine Abolished."— "N . Y. Times" editorial, Nov. 20, 1921. Our naval appropriation for 1923 includes the construction 48 or completion of 38 submarines. Great Britain wants the submarines abolished. So do our people. It should come at the next Conference. American Public Opinion on Submarines Recorded during Conference For abolition 395,104 For reduction in size or numbers 6,326 For retention with restriction of use 3,708 From Official Report given the press by the Committee on General Information of the American Advisory Committee of the Washington Conference, Jan. 6, 1922. 6. Conscription. "His Holiness believes the easiest and most popular measure that can be taken in this direction in Europe is complete abolition of conscription." The Pope's Letter to the Phila- delphia Public Ledger," Aug. 29, 1921. Conscription in peace time has been the general rule in Europe except in Great Britain and now in Germany. It pro- vides a cheap army. It insures having one in a period like the present when military service is everywhere unpopular. France, for example, could not maintain her arrriy without conscription. Universal abolition of conscription is an im- portant measure to be encouraged as a step toward peace. It will have the support of the masses in every country as the Pope indicates. 7. Compulsory Military Training. "We are unalterably opposed to the establishment of mili- tarism in America by a system of compulsory militaristic training. The disciplinary and physical benefit of such train- ing can be secured by the organization of physical traming in our schools." — Farmers' National Council. Compulsory miHtary training in schools and colleges is abhorrent to the very genius of American institutions. Military discipline js external, a form of eye-service, as contrasted with the genuine cooperation sought in modern education. Mili- tary drill is condemned by experts on physical training like Dr. Dudley Sargent, of Harvard College, as on the whole 49 injurious in contrast with athletic exercises and sports which do not contract the muscles to stop the blood's circulation and do not demand the same strain of widely dififering physiques. Military lectures are either militaristic in their tendency or they are mush. Military defense is, by post-war tactics, taking the offensive. The distinction between offense and defense thus becomes nominal in the student's mind. The bayonet drill is brutalizing in its tendency to the point of promoting murder in private life and massacre and assassination in organized disturbances. The military psychology, bred by military train- ing, perpetuates the old spirit of suspicion and fear, which must be left behind in our country as well as abroad if peace is to be made permanent. 8. America's Opportunity to Lead. As America goes, so goes the world. This is, crudely ex- pressed, a fairly accurate generalization covering probably the next decade or two, at least. We are the creditor nation of the world. We are detached from European jealousies and rather ignorant of them. We are incomparably the world's best market. We are the friend that every nation wants. Despite charges in the European press of an incipient im- perialistic tendency, we enjoy still the love and respect of the masses of every country in Europe as well as of China and increasingly of Japan. This unquestioned fact is due, partly to Europe's brothers and cousins who are here writing glowing tales of us and partly to our having saved the lives during the past eight years of a large percentage of the children in most of the countries of Europe, now including Russia. This must never be forgotten as a factor of first-rate importance. 9. America's Military Security. Our military security as a nation is known to all. Protected east and west by oceans wider than the cruising radius of fleets ; provided by nature with economic resources that assure our self-sufficiency in time of war; equipped with vast stores of munitions left over from the Great War; with 4,000,000 men trained for war; with a navy the equal of the greatest and an army of 125,000 men supplemented by a national guard of 160,000 men; and with "the jeopardy of war (with Japan) removed beyond our generation" while no one in his senses predicts our being attacked in a generation by any nation in SO Europe, we are safer from a military standpoint probably than any other nation has been in modern times. 10. Why Follow Japan or England Longer? It is idle under such conditions to believe that America's naval policy must follow any longer in the wake either of Great Britain or of Japan. America will decide the degree to which the three great naval powers will disarm. If we "round out" our navy, they will try to "round out" theirs. If we reduce our naval personnel, they will have to reduce theirs. Japan is hard pressed by our pace. Great Britain's budget is $6,000,000,000 to our $3,500,000,000, and she has scarcely more than a third as many people to pay it. More- over the financial situation in France and Italy and Germany, in Austria and Poland and Russia, in the Balkan States and in far-of3f China is more serious than in England. Economic pressure that cannot be ignored is upon all nations. America therefore has the responsibility of determining the military policy of the world. Both in conferences and between conferences it is of the utmost iniportance that hysterical fears shall not play upon our national ignorance of world conditions to mislead us into a fatal policy of military expansion. Our own budget for 1923 shows an estimated deficit of $672,000,000. The only appropriations big enough to permit appreciable reduction are the military appropriations. This is not senti- ment. This is fact. For our own good as well as for the sake of the suffering peoples of all nations we must lead the world, not tozvards greater outlays for armaments, but in the only direction that promises peace. \\. It Lies With the People. "The limitation of armaments can never be imposed Ijy the governments on the peoples, but it moy be imposed by the peoples on the governments. It is only by creating an in- structed public opinion in each country that the necessary strength of world opinion may be obtained." — From report of League of Nations Disarmament Committee, 1921. III. Education for Peace World organization and world-wide reduction of armaments will not be enough to make peace permanent unless the 51 children of the world are educated for peace. Unless they hold what we hand dozvn to them and establish it more securely, the glamor of war and failure to realize its appalling destruc- tiveness may after a generation undo our best endeavor. There is such a thing as education for war. Gen. John F. O'Ryan, in the New York World of Jan. 22, 1922, describes how it is done: "In war it doesn't do for a nation to sympa- thize too much with its antagonist; therefore nothing must be known about the other nation except the worst that can be told. That is the way that hate and fury can be generated." Revise the Histories. General O'Ryan applies this to the schoolroom : "Our school histories should be rewritten. Our very conception of patriot- ism should be revised. In order to breed a race for war the schoolbooks should always laud the warrior. I think, for instance, that I can trace my own military career to Barnes's history, with one particularly inspiring picture of Phil Sheridan waving his hat and yelling : 'Turn, boys, turn ! We are going back !' But it would do no good to delete such pictures unless you substitute some other sort of hero. America has peace heroes a-plenty, and their careers can be made just as inspiring as those of our warriors." "To achieve peace," says General O'Ryan, "let us take a leaf from the warrior's book. Permanent peace will require the utmost possible understanding and sympathy between peoples so that none shall be in danger of being stampeded, through ignorance and prejudice, into any warlike mood." Waging' Peace or War. "The utmost possible understanding and sympathy between peoples." There is a certain man in Texas who will not enter New England today because he was taught in childhood to hate the Yankees and he has not freed himself from the prejudice yet. The power of teachers and parents to implant national and race hatreds in the sensitive souls of children, from which there may be no escape this side of heaven, requires of us serious heart-searchings. Are you yourself waging peace? Are your children being educated for war or for peace? 52 World Conference of Educators in June, 1923. Perhaps the most momentous conference ever held is pro- jected for June, 1923, by the National Education Association. Invitations are to be sent with the cooperation of President Harding to the educators of all civilized countries to meet here and discuss how they can unitedly "promote through education a better understanding among the nations, looking to lasting peace." Recognizing that the permanency of peace will depend upon the children of the world, this Conference will aim to promote "a worldwide tolerance of the rights and privileges of all nations, an appreciation of the value of the inherited gifts of nationality through centuries of progress and development," more accurate and satisfying textbooks and throughout the world, in all schools, emphasis on "the essential unity of mankind upon the evils of war and upon the absolute necessity of universal peace." Disarming the World's Textbooks. The present textbooks of history used in lower schools in all countries are largely histories of war. It may reasonably be expected that the great creative and constructive movements, in our own and other countries, which are going on between wars and in spite of them, will receive a larger share of atten- tion in the textbooks now being written. Even in teaching the wars, the abiding sting of hatred or contempt that they are likely to leave in the minds of the pupils can be extracted if the teacher will think enough to go behind the war to a discussion of its causes and the ways in which it might have been prevented. Geography well taught brings realization of the interdepend- ence of peoples. The simplest breakfast table is furnished from the ends of the earth. Similarly, the teaching of larir guages, when it is well done, is a potent instrument for the promotion of international understanding and goodwill. Science and art are universal and recognize no national bound- aries. The scientific spirit rises above petty prejudices. An officer of the French army was heard, in August, 1919, com- plaining bitterly at the gate of the Tuileries Garden in Paris, because a protest from the narrowly patriotic had prevented a Wagner concert from being given there. "But music does not belong to any one nation," he cried, "music is international." S3 The Press as a Medium of World News. Your local paper is carrying all the world news that it thinks you want. Associated Press dispatches are received by 1,200 papers in this country. The United Press, the International News Service and other bureaus furnish foreign news to hundreds of other papers. Ask your editor to publish more of the foreign dispatches. How else can you become well informed on the problems which you must help to solve? If he tells you the "slant" of the writer whom he quotes, it will help you in forming a sound judgment. To quote a Hearst editorial in Japan or England as representative of "American public opinion" is no more misleading than to quote the corresponding element of the press of Japan as "Japanese public opinion." The Town Library. In the larger communities the town library can do a great deal to promote internatibnal understanding. An up-to-date shelf of books on international problems should be maintained in a prominent corner of every well-equipped library. It can be plainly marked, "Our shelf on world problems" or if a Conference is at hand, "The Conference Shelf." The names of a few good books for such a shelf will be found in the bibliography at the end of this handbook. Add if you can a good assortment of international and foreign magazines and newspapers. Your Book Club. Five or ten people who are genuinely interested in the problems connected with the prevention of war should get together and choose, from our list and other sources, one book that each will buy. The regular circulation- of these books on a fixed plan at intervals of two weeks will probably prove more satisfactory than haphazard methods. A book not finished at the end of the allotted period can be borrowed when it has gone the rounds. Lend important books to your editor, minister and the teacher of your child. Circulate also among your friends. Study Groups. This handbook and others that may appear will prove most 54 fruitful if studied in little groups rather than alone. Discus- sion whets the mind and deepens the impressions. Young People's Societies, Sunday School classes, and clubs and lodges will find profit in joint consideration of the problen^g inseparable from the greatest task of our generation. Entertaining Foreign Students. Those who live in or near college towns have an excellent opportunity to promote international goodwill by entertaining the foreign students. The 1,500 Chinese students here will some day be the leaders of their nation. The students from various countries of Europe, from Latin America and the Orient will probably also be influential in shaping the life and policy of the nations of tomorrow. They should not leave our country as hundreds of them do, without ever having been in a real American home. Cannot the women who con- stitute Committees on International Relations undertake this simple and practical task? One will often "entertain angels unawares." Observance of Special Days. "No More War" day has been observed for three years in Europe and was very widely observed this year in America. The anniversary of the declaration of war, July 31 or there- abouts, is the day so' designated. The National Council for Reduction of Armaments will suggest methods on application. Armistice Day, November 11, with the week preceding, is associated now in the minds of all with the promotion of per- manent peace. Peace programs and pageants, and, on Armis- tice Sunday, peace sermons have already become the custom. Neither of these days, however widely observed, will take from the Christmas season its appropriateness as a symbol of "Peace on earth among men of goodwill." Prizes in Schools. - In several states prizes are being ofifered for the best essays on questions bearing upon world peace. Local clubs in some cities offer these prizes. In other places local newspapers are the donors. Sometimes the offer comes from an individual citizen. Prizes of $5 and $10 prove sufficient to stimulate active study and effort. 55 The American School Citizenship League, 405 Mai-lborough St., Boston, Mass., offers prizes of $75, $50, and $25 respec- tively for the world's best student essay on a topic determined by the League. The conditions of this contest can be learned on application at the address given. Junior Red Cross Unites Children of the World for Peace. "The most beautiful experiment in the re-shaping of human society which has happened since the world went mad in 1914" is the way Sir Philip Gibbs characterizes the Junior Red Cross in its experiments in friendly comradeship between American school children and the school children of 27 lands. Every school in America may through this department of the American Red Cross be put into direct communication with schools across the seas. Already 5,000,000 of our school children belong to it. Inquire of the National Red Cross, Washington, D. C. College Activities. a. Curriculum courses on International Relations are already established in many colleges. Special lectures and round table discussions on world problems are receiving increased attention throughout the country since the Washington Conference. b. Student forums on World problems are spreading rapidly, being furthered by the National Student Forum. c. Scholarships for foreign students exist in most of our leading colleges. d. Exchange of professors and students between America and European countries is being actively promoted. e. International debates were begun last year by the visit of a Bates College debating team to England. An Oxford team is to visit American colleges this year. /. International Student Clubs are in 100 of our colleges, being fostered by the Institute of International Education, Miss Margaret Alexander, Student Secretary, being assigned to this work. g. The Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A. are promoting better international understanding in the courses of study which they offer. h. Summer Schools of an international character are being 56 held annually at Varese, Austria by the Women's Inter- national League for Piace and Freedom. Addresses and Forums on World Problems. "Let there be light !" Darkness is the fertile breeding place of prejudice and fear and hate. None of these three most dangerous foes to our national well-being can bear the light. Our democracy is founded upon freedom of conscience, free speech and a free press. Reactionary efforts to stifle the thinking of the people are not only unconstitutional and tyrannical but dangerous. The self-constituted censors and unauthorized political heresy-hunters who linger on since the War, sustained by a hang-over of war hysteria, merit the condemnation of every patriotic American, whose priceless heritage they imperil. In school and college, in town and city, in club and lodge, in church and synagogue, in Young People's Meetings and Adult Bible Classes, thoughtful and serious discussion of all sides of world problems must be promoted vigorously if the charge made by Secretary Hughes that our people are "ill- prepared" for their present world leadership is to lead to a correction of the evil. Let narrow souls and timid souls say what they will, it is not knowledge that we need to fear, but ignorance; not light but darkness. What Are the Problems to be Discussed? Our aim in this handbook has not been to conceal the complexity of the problem of permanent peace nor the dif- ficulty of achieving it. We have tried to show that we must achieve it and that we can achieve it by following rational methods. Our time is peculiarly favorable for tbe perform- ance of the task, following the World War. It has to be done after a war. Among the problems of permanent peace the following must be faced: (1) The best type of world organization. (2) How shall it secure the carrying out of its will? (3) What will be the limit to the reduction of navies? (4) Is a professional army the best kind of national police force for domestic service? (5) Can history be taught from the same book on both sides of a national border? (6) Could the money spent on a punitive expedition like that of Pershing into Mexico 57 have been spent more fruitfully in any other way for the improvement of our relations with Mexico, which was the object of the expedition? (7) Will reduction of armaments mean the passing of "white supremacy?" (8) Should we aim to "give justice precisely as we exact it" to the yellow race? (9) Is there greater risk in "audacious friendliness" than in continuing the present spirit of universal suspicion and fear? (10) Under which policy has the white race more to fear, world organization or international anarchy? (11) Will a "holy war" be more menacing with world organization and courts administering even-handed justice alike to Moham- medan and Christian than it is now? (12) Can the boundaries in Europe be established more justly and permanently by a World Court than by war? (13) Should a Pan-American agreement on the lines of the Four-Power Pact replace the Monroe Doctrine? (14) Is the charge now made against our country of "incipient imperialism" justified by our present policy in Haiti and the reaching out of our financial interests supported by our military strength into other parts of the world? (15) How should the Versailles Treaty be revised in the interest of permanent peace with justice? Knowing the World. Not only upon these problems should an intelligent opinion be sought but we, in common with other nations, also need all the light we can get upon the rest of the human family. Every lecture, every book, that promotes better international understanding, promotes peace. The Institute of Politics, which has been held for two successive years at Williams College, Williamstown, Mass., for the discussion around a table of world problems and conditions, deserves imitation in other parts of the country. Chautauqua lecturers are a mighty force in the promotion of better international understanding. Many of them realize increasingly their responsibility. Community Meetings and Community Organization. Duplication of effort means ineffective service. Coopera- tion will in this cause as in others greatly heighten your success. The list of organizations that compose the National Council for Reduction of Armaments as printed on the back cover of this handbook is a partial list of the national groups that are 58 working more or less actively for world peace. We have quoted in the body of the handbook the official utterances of still other organizations. If the local representatives of these organizations were to try separately to get up mass meetings in your community, the meetings might not be adequate. If, on the other hand, a local Council of representatives of these and other groups is formed, with an Executive Board com- posed of perhaps seven of the persons most alive to the issue, it will be found effective both in arranging genuine community meetings and demonstrations, and in carrying out the campaign of education which this handbook outlines. Not the least im- portant by-product of such cooperation is the new spirit that creeps into the community when groups that do not know each other begin to work together for a great cause. Our country needs peace within its borders quite as much as it needs the assurance of peace with the world. The National Council for Reduction of Armaments will co- operate in every possible way with local Councils. Its fort- nightly Bulletin, which is published at a cost of 75c a year, should be in the hands of all workers. Other literature can be obtained on application. Summary of Activities for Local Workers 1. Form a local Council as center of activities. Through it enlist the cooperation of all agencies to wage peace as thoroughly as they waged war. 2. Secure the cooperation of the schools. Are your chil- dren learning war or peace? Are your schools among those that are working out new methods for promoting better inter- national understanding? Offer prizes for the best essays on .topics connected with world peace. Feace program^s and pageants should be given at appropriate seasons. A Junior Red Cross Chapter will make your school a member of a world fellowship. The sfhool library should contain Will Irwin's "The Next War" and other books from the list at the end of this handbook. 3. Secure the cooperation of the churches of all faiths. All should be represented on your local Council. They should 59 be asked to observe Armistice Sunday and the Sunday follow- ing No More War Day with peace sermons. If the churches do not promote universal goodwill, to whom shall we look? 4. Secure the cooperation of Young People's Societies and the Sunday Schools. This handbook contains material for fruitful classroom discussion. Special study groups should be formed to consider it. It will prepare them for active service. "Flying squadrons" (in automobiles) consisting of amateur speakers and musicians can then visit neighboring communities. Boy Scouts, primarily a non-military organiza- tion, will help effectively in demonstrations and as ushers at mass meetings. 5. Secure the cooperation of your local paper. See that the editor receives news of the World Peace Movement. Ask him for more news of world events. 6. Secure the cooperation of the town librarian. Your Council should present the library with recent books on world problems to constitute a convenient special shelf. 7. Through the Council promote community meetings and dinners to hear speakers on world problems. Obtain com^ munity-wide observance of Armistice Week, November 5 to 11, and of "No More War" day at the end of July. Form com- munity book clubs and study groups. Arrange to entertain foreign students week-ends and vacations in your homes. Pro- vide speakers for your clubs and lodges. 8. Elect to Congress men and women who are intelligently waging peace. By "intelligently'' we mean those who believe in world organization under some name and not in American isolation; in world-wide reduction of armaments and not in increase of armaments in any nation under present conditions, least of all in our own; and who in their speeches promote, not hatred and national selfishness, but international under- standing and goodwill. 9. Do not hesitate to let your representatives in Congress as well as President Harding know what you expect of them in the promotion of permanent peace. Public opinion led to the calling of the Washington Conference. Public opinion made it a success. Public opinion carried the treaties through 60 the U. S. Senate. Public opinion — the opinion of your com- munity and others — can carry forward to completion the con- structive measures required for permanent peace. 10. Cultivate in yourself the spirit of fellowship and co- operation which is sometimes called in public documents "mental disarmament." // you pray, pray that the next war may never come. Have faith. Work with God for the ful- fillment of your prayer. Listen to Secretary Weeks: "If I were talking to all the women of the world, the women of every nation, I would tell them to use their entire influence to force all governments to reduce their armaments. That would go a long way toward preventing wars. I would tell women of a single country to understand as clearly as possible the world situation and to be ready to urge their country to disarm when the world is ready to cooperate." — Secretary Weeks, in The Ladies' Home Journal of Oct., 1921. 61 CHAPTER IV ANSWERS TO SKEPTICS 1. "But you must remove the causes of war before you can abolish war itself." Answer. The fallacy is in the word, "causes." A fairer word would be "disputes." The argument would then be, "You must remove economic and political disputes before you can abolish war." History has proved the contrary. During the century of peace between the United States and Canada five "causes of war" or disputes, partly political (over bound- aries) partly economic (over fisheries) haye arisen. But with- out war. Courts of arbitration proved sufficient to prevent war. It would be safe to estimate that four-fifths of the dis- putes or "causes of war" that have arisen between nations during the past century have been settled without war. War has always been the exceptional method of settling disputes. It can be eliminated altogether. 2. "But wars always have been; therefore wars always will be." Answer. Anthropology proves that the premise is false. History shows by fair analogy that the conclusion is unwar- ranted. "I do not think there is any evidence that man ever existed as a non-social animal," Charles Darwin wrote to John Morley in 1871 ("More Letters of Charles Darwin," Vol. I, page 327). As George Nasmyth in "Social Progress and the Darwinian Theory," Chap. 9, clearly shows, primitive men cooperated for mutual protection from wild beasts. This was their salvation. It was only after groups had, by mutual aid, acquired desirable possessions that greed led to war. Cooperation preceded war and all signs go to show that co- operation will succeed it. The assumption that "wars always will be" is based on un- supported faith. Slavery was probably almost as ancient an evil as war. The same argument and the same faith defended it. It has been abolished. We remember hearing a similar faith expressed regarding the eternity of the saloon. 62 3. "But you can't change human nature." Answer. (1) You can; at least, God can. That is why we have churches. (2) Thorough mihtarists say you can. That is why they want universal military training and worry lest their nation, whichever it may be, become "flabby." (3) To end war, we don't need to. "Gun-toting" stopped in California when courts were set up, without "changing human nature." Wars were prevented between the United States and Canada without "changing human nature." Most disputes have been settled peaceably without "changing human nature." World organization with world-wide reduction of armaments to police status and world-wide education for peace will make further wars unnecessary without "changing human nature." To end war, we must provide a better institution for the settlement of international disputes. Institutions like war can be abol- lished without "changing human nature." 4; "But you must first change the economic structure which breeds war." Answer.- The fallacy here is in the word "breeds." The fierce competition for world markets is a factor of first-rate importance in world affairs. It is not the only factor. The menace of wholesale gas warfare is another oj even greater importance. A few people profit by oil wells in Mexico or Mesopotamia and would promote war to get them. All people profit by the prevention of war. Ecpnomic imperialism leads to military adventures if unchecked. Democracies can and must prevent both. 5. "But war achieves important spiritual ends. Witness, the liberation of the slaves by the Civil War." Answer. George Nasmyth, in a brilliant passage, overthrows the theory that it was the Civil War that liberated the slaves : "If we ask why slavery has been abolished in all other parts of the world, we find that it was the result of the conviction that slavery was economically and morally wrong. Even at the beginning of the war, a strong party in the South held the conviction. The discussion went on during all the four years of the Civil War, and General Lee is reported to have said, just before his surrender, that at least it was fortunate that 63 the South had become convinced that slavery should be abolished. "Another proof that it- was intellectual conviction and not physical force that abolished slavery is found by comparing the results obtained in the emancipation and the enfranchise- ment of the negro. Both were supposed to have been accom- plished by physical force. Both freedom and suffrage were guaranteed to the negro by an amendment to the United States Constitution. The negro retained his freedom, but he did not retain his right of suffrage. Why? Because the South was convinced that slavery was economically and morally wrong, but it was not convinced that the vote should be given to un- educated negroes." — "Social Progress and the Darwinian Theory," page 205. 6. "But war Ims created civilization by selecting the best to survive." Answer. The Great War has exploded this theory by bring- ing home to everybody how true the opposite is: "Carefully select the flower of the race from each country; reject all but the very finest of the young men, those who are perfect in mind and body, and line these up by the millions against machine-guns and automatic rifles, mow them down by the thousands with shrapnel and high explosive shells, coming from unseen artillery miles away, until the casualty lists run up into the milUons — and leave behind the product of the slums, the undersized, the physically and mentally imperfect, the infirm and the weak, to be fathers of the next generation. This is the process that is called 'improving the race,' 'keeping the moral fibre of the nation from rotting' and "preserving the virile qualities' of the nation." — Nasmyth, Ibid., page 140. 7. "But war has nevertheless been the cause of human progress." Answer. This philosophy, while widely accepted in Ger- many before the War, has not been confined to Germany. It has been held also in America. It is the theory that without war men would still be living in caves. The fallacy lies in the confusion of struggle against environ- ment with struggle against one's fellowmen. Struggle against 64 environment has given mankind its noblest virtues. Struggle between man and man in the form of collective homicide has robbed the world of its noblest and best. Sweden has not had a war for a hundred years. Her men are known for their virility and moral fiber. Any would-be world conqueror would like to have an army of them. We could name nations where war and revolution never cease, where pistols are a part of one's attire; yet the Swedes are more virile. Struggle against nature has been chief cause of human progress. War does not spare the "fittest" now and probably never did. 8. "But a Holy War Is to Be Feared." The recent military adventure of Greece in Asia Minor with its disastrous consequences has led to a flurry of fear of a "Holy War." Is this fear justified? Does it warrant per- manent retention of great armaments on the part of the European powers? Two answers are possible to this question. One is the answer of injustice maintained by force. The other is the answer of even-handed justice — and there is no other justice — supported by public sentiment, with or without police. If the great powers give up their efforts to extend their empires into territory where they do not belong, if they seek sincerely and solely the welfare of the backward nations in the Near East, experience goes to show that whatever world organiza- tion the civilized powers agree upon will not be menaced by their less fortunate neighbors. On the other hand, the love of liberty and hatred of injustice which are common to us all can be counted on to cause permanent unrest wherever liberty and justice are infringed upon. A "Holy War," if it comes, will be due to the aggressiveness of European nations. It can be prevented by world organization that assures justice to all. We are advocating the latter policy. 9. "But a War of Races Is Inevitable to Determine Which Shall Be Supreme." Answer. You have read the serious words of our military leaders in Chapter I to little purpose if you do not realize to the bottom of your soul that the next war would make the 65 proud cities of our white civilization like Nineveh and Babylon and be the end of "white supremacy" where it now exists. Read the history of little Japan under our tutelage. The white race taught her deliberately occidental militarism. To be respected, she must arm. She is "respected." She has a population of 70,000,000. Then read the amazing history of China. While dynasties, while civilisations rise and fall in other parts of the earth, China goes on unmoved. Her own government is overthrown -by revolution. It is in China but as the bursting of a bubble on .the surface of a lake. China has a population of 400,- 000,000. Do we really mean to array this host in arms against us? India has its 300,000,000 brown men. Shall we fight China and India separately or together? And there are the blacks of Africa. White nations are already training them to the type of warfare which day after tomorrow under able and patriotic leadership will rtiake them formidable as Japan has become formidable. Do our doughty militarists contemplate conquest of the other races or extermination? If it requires a French army of 700,000 men to "keep Germany down," how large armies will it require as permanent garrisons to "keep down" the new Africa and China and India ? It is safe to say that the cham- pions of permanent "white supremacy" do not contemplate this prospect with confidence if they look beyond today. The Only Hope. Not a race war but upright world organization grounded in a spirit of justice and service is the only hope for the future. Tricky diplomacy backed by militarism has failed with back- ward races because it forgets tomorrow. The Golden Rule expressed in world organization will work and work per- manently. It has worked when tried. America's return of the Boxer Indemnity to China has had results so beneficent and far-reaching that it can encourage every right-minded statesman to experiment boldly with the policy described by Otto Kahn as "audacious friendliness." 66 BIBLIOGRAPHY Various Angles of the Peace Problem (Your bookstore can furnish publishers and prices). "America and the Balance Sheet of Europe," by Bass and Moulton. "What Really Happened at Paris," edited by Col. House. "The Next War," by Will Irwin. "What Next in Europe," by Frank A. Vanderlip. "Now It Can Be Told," and "More That Can Be Told," by Sir Philip Gibbs. "The Folly of Nations," by Frederick Palmer. "On the Trail of the Peacemakers," by Fred B. Smith. "A Revision of the Treaty," and "The Economic Conse- quences of the Peace," by J. M. Keynes. "The Great Illusion," and "The Fruits of Victory," by Norman Angell. "Problems in Pan-Americanism," by Samuel Guy Inman. "Social Progress and the Darwinian Theory," by George Nasm)rth. "Mutual Aid," by Prince Kropotkin. "Story of Mankind," by Hendrick Van Loon. "The Sword or the Cross," by Kirby Page. "Nationalism, War and Society," by Edward Krehbiel. "Economic Imperialism," by L. S. Woolf. "Causes of International War," and "The Choice Before Us," by G. Lowes Dickinson. "Patriotism and the Super-State," by J. L. Stocks. "What the War Has Taught Us," by Charles E. Jefferson. Some Books on the Orient "What Shall I Think of Japan?" by George Gleason. "The Rising Temper of the East," Frazier Hunt. "China, Japan and Korea," by J. O. P. Bland. "Contemporary Politics in the Far East," by Stanley K. Hornbeck. "The New Map of Asia," by Herbert Adams Gibbons. "Sea Power in the Pacific," by Henry C. Bywater. 67 "The A B C's of Disarmament and The Pacific Ocean," by Arthur Bullard. "Must We Fight Japan?" by Walter B. Pitkin. "The Development of China," by Kenneth Scott Latourette. "The Foreign Relations of China," by Mingchien Joshua Bau. "The Real Japanese Question," by K. K. Kawakami. "What Japan Thinks," edited by K. K. Kawakami. "Japan and World Peace," by K. K. Kawakami. "The Development of Japan," by Kenneth Scott Latourette. "The New Japanese Peril," by Sidney Osborne. "The Ideals of the East," by Kazuko Okak'ura. "Japan, the Rise of a Modern Power," by Robert P. Porter. "Japan and the United States, 1853-1921," by Payson J. Treat. "The Press and Politics in Japan," by Kisaburo Kawabe. "What Japan Wants," by Yoshi S. Kuno. "Japan and the California Problem," by T. lyenaga and K. Sato. Some International Periodicals ' "Our World." "International Affairs" (Quarterly). "International Affairs" (English Weekly). "Manchester Guardian" (Daily and Weekly). "The Interpreter." "Asia." Some Daily Papers Featuring Foreign News The "Baltimore Sun," the "Christian Science Monitor," the "New York Times," and "World," and the "Philadelphia Public Ledger." Note to Readers. — We shall want to make the second edition better than the first. To this end please send us suggestions and criticisms promptly. 68 Ready Index by Pages Abolition of War the Aim, 15, 16, 21-29 America Leads, 21, SO, SI American Ass'n University Women, 28 American School Citizenship League, 56 America's Milita^^ Security, 50 Answers to Skeptics, 62 Appropriations, MUitaiy, 48 Archbishop of Canterbury's Vow, 18 Armament Reduction, 16, 21, 22, 24, 27, 46, 61 Armaments Create Insecurity, 6 Armistice Day, 55 Association of Nations, 42 Atrocity Tales, 10 Bibliography, 67, 68 BUss, Gen. Tasker H., 3, 4, 15, 46, 47,48 Book Clubs, 54 Borah, Wm. E., 17, 32, 40 Boycott, Economic, 44 Boycott of War, 13 . British Peace Sentiment, 29 Biyce, Lord, 5 Calvary, page 3 of cover Challenge to Preachers, 10 Chamber of Commerce, Directors U. S., 22 Chamber of Commerce, Intemat'l, 22 Chautauquas, 58 Christians Can End War, 15 Christianity "Blood Spilling," 11 Civil War Did Not Free Slaves, 63 Civilization Doomed? 5 Club Women and War, 9 Cobb, Prank I., 7 College Activities, 56 Competition in Arms a Cause of War, 45 Compulsory Military Training, 20, 21,49 Conference on European Recon- struction, 35, 49 Conferences, Why? 34 Congress, 60 Conscription, 49 Cost of Great War, 5 Court, World, 25, 26, 27, 32, 33 Crosby, Oscar T., 38 Crusade Begins, 17 Debts, Interallied, 37 Deficit, American, 51 Deficits, Eiu-opean, 39 Disarmament, World, 16, 21, 22, 24 Economic Structure "Breeds" War, 63 Economy the Next Race, 47 Edison, Thos. A., 3 Education for Peace, 26, 27, 28, 51 Educators, World Conference, 53 Emery, J. G., 16 Enforcing World's Decisions, 44 Engineers, World, 23 Equality of Races Affirmed, 19 European Peace Conditions, 36 Farm Bureau Federation, 21 Farmers' Nat'l Council, 21, 49 Farm Organizations, Nat'l Board, 21 Federal Council of Churches, 8, 17 Fittest Don't Survive in War, 64 Foreign Students, 55 Forums, 57 Fosdick, Harry Emerson, 13 Four-Power Pact, 32 Freemasons, 25 France, "No More War" Day, 30 Friends (Quakers), 18 Gas, 3 General Federation of Women's Clubs, 25 German Disarmament World Type, 47 Germany, " No More War" Day, 29 Gibbs, Philip, 10 Golden Rule Applies to Nations, 20, 66 Grange, National, 20 Great Britain, "No More War" Day, 29 Guam, Fortification of, 34 Hagedorn, Hermann, 2 Harding, President, 14, 15 Holy War, 65 Hoover, Secretary, 35, 36 Houston, David F., 38 How End War? 31 "Human Nature Can't Change," 63 Institute of Politics, 58 International Understanding Needed, 26, 52, S3, 54, 55, 57, 58 Irwin, Will, 3 69 Japanese-American War Averted, 34 Japanese Predicts Total Disarma- ment, 16 Japan Will Not Seize Philippines, 35 ewish Women, National Council, 27 Jimior Red Cross, 56 Kahn, Otto, 66 Knox-Levinson Plan, 41 Labor, American Federation, 24 Labor, Intemat'l Federation, 23 Labor's Latest Word,»16 Lauder, Hany, 12 League of Nations, 32 League of Nations Commission, 8 League of Women Voters, 26 Legion, American Commander, 16, 23 Levinson Plan Outlawing War, 41 Lewisite Gas, 3 Libraries, 54 Lloyd George, IS Loans, Purposes of Allied, 38 London in Gas Raid, 3 Los Angeles Times Editorial, 10 Machinists, Intemat'l Ass'n, 24 MacNider, Hanford, 23 Magazines, Intemat'l, 68 Manicom, Kate, 9 Masons, Scottish Rite, 25 Maurice, Gen. F. B., 46 McAdoo, Wm. G., 15 Meetings, Community, 58 Modem Neros, 9 Munition Makers, 8 Nasmyth, George, 62, 63, 64 Nat'l Council of Women, 25 New Magna Charta, 18 Newspapers, Intemat'l, 68 "No More War" Day, 55 Organizing for Local Cooperation, 58 O'Ryan, Gen. John F., 1, 5, 15, 52 Outlawry of War, 15, 21, 22, 26, 27, 28,41 Parent-Teachers' Assn's, Nat'l, 27 Peoples, Organize for Peace! 17 Permanent Court of Justice, 32, 33 Pershing, Gen. John J., 5 Police, Intemat!!, 44 Police, National, 44 Pope, The, 17, 49 Preparedness, 6, 45, 46 Press, The, 54 Prizes in Schools, 55 Problems to Discuss, 57 Public Opinion, 45, 51 Race War, 65 Reparations, German, 36 Reverse Breeding, 9 Rich Nation, Not Defenseless, 7 Right Versus Might Philosophy, 17 Robins, Mrs. Raymond, 16 School Activities, 59 School Citizenship League, 56 Sims, Admiral, 3 Smith, Fred B., 11 Smith, Wm. Austin, 12 Smuts, Gen. J. C, 30, 47 Sovereignty, Nat'l, 40 Stone, Warren S., 16 "Strike Rather than Fight," 23 Student Federation, World, 19 Students, Foreign, 55 Study Groups, 54 Submarines, 48, 49 Summary of Local Tasks, 59 Swinton, Gen. E. D., 4 Textbooks Should Disarm, 52, 53 Think! 2 Traitors, 5 Veterans, Interallied for Peace, 23 Waging Peace and War, 52 War a Crime, 26, 27 War Does Not Pay, 5 War Mother's Witness, 9 War, Next, a Sin, 12 War No " Cause of Progress,'' 64 War Ruthless, 3 War, This Is, 13 War Wholesale, 4 War Wrong, 12 "Wars, Always Will Be," 62 War's "Causes" Removed First? 62 War to End War Not Over, 16 Washington Conference on Limita- tation of Arms, 34 Weeks, Secretary, 61 Winter, Mrs. Thos. G., 9 W. C. T. U., Nat'l, 28 Womanhood Unmarried Yet Bereft, 9 Women to Be Drafted, 4 Women's Intemat'l League for Peace and Freedom, 26, 57 Women's Trade Union League, 27 Women Will End War, 15 Workingwomen's Responsibility, 16 World Alliance, 20 World Ass'n of Nations, 42 World Court, 25, 26, 27, 32, 33 World Organization, 20, 22, 24, 25, 28, 29, 31 Y. W. C. A., Nat'l Board, 26 70 CALVARY An ifivisiblg' chorus chants in the winter heavens Acres of crosses — wooden crosses-4)leak as bones— and gray as sorrow. * * * c :* ' . * * * *" .* And sqme of them were crucified in soal and body, and doubly died- They yJ'ho came dragging the cross of H?itfc They who canlexursing^o th<|tr Fate. Who taught them to hatte, who'seht.them to die? 'Twas yduvye wonifen now shrunW. With weeping I 'Twas yoti, ye men flow brbken and Tioary, ; w3t,P Waved a flag and talked pi glory! When they went marching quick and bright, When they went tr?^riijpin|f off ttf fight-^ . ■jindLto kill;"'-'' -.-''"' ''"' -':-- and "to die. Arid did ypUf fear, ye stern-eyed men, . ye women knitting swollen-lidded? Fea,T for the' Spirit, and think that Fprce ^ j . ; would save the world froni some great loss? Why did ye wager an with sin? ^ Could ye not trust the Spirit to wip? Atres tif cxosses^little crosses — row on rowT-iand gray as ■> ■•■■'•■!. ': "■ r'-',' . sormvr. "' ' __ To the Reader: We want this hand-book to reach as many people as possible. If you need this copy in your own work, keep it, but if you are not going to use it yourself, please lend it to your friends, your minister, your editor, teachers and finally give it to your local library. Send for more copies to aid you in your war on war if you believe it worth while. Study Chapter III. Somebody in your town should do something. Isn't it you? FREDERICK J. LIBBY. NATIONAL CaUNCIL FOR REDUCTION ARMAMENTS OF EXECUTIVE S-PaPP StautiuSetrelaty Fbedebick. J. LiBBV . AisociaitSetraary , S. B. Nicholson . . s Tnasiirer CUARLBSH. I>OIMp,J[>.\ ' lJti'^<>U'i'S*crttoty ^ iias. Raymond B. Moroani PuiUeily Sura^f ' , Mrs. Florbhcb Bsewbr Bobckbl OJiet Stfrrlary . Oladvs K. Could Vice-chairmen Janb AodX^ Francis E.CLARI; ' Anna A. G6rdon JOHIf C RIBR Hi bbbh Jambs R' Howard /V^illIrwin. Julia C. Lathrop ' A. twkWRBNCE L6WELL Lutu Amss M bad iiRS. Fui.Lip NoKTU'MaaRB Maud Wood Park HAItklS^I'AVLOR tlnoH ' Wiliu'/^mAllbn WuilB, ' EXECUTIVE BOAfeD Clbmunt M. Biddlb Mrs. Louis D. BrandsIs , T. Jan'nbv Brown - Edward Cumhings ' ; > . Habo^d Evans ■,.' -■, -.' • ',-" .;■ -, ' '• - Mrs. J. BoRDSN.^ARJuitAtr GeohcbM4;1.a Monte ,; • > KA THERMS LUDINOTOM Charlb^ Af.~i.iMAif^ ,;.," : HijcH S. Maoill'" ; Mrs. Wm;' Daly Phblam. , M^S. OrFPORD FiXCHOT Jo'hn^Ryaji s ; Q.Bav Silver E^TH EL M. Smith Mrs A. C. \yATKtiB , Mrs. Ellis ){ost PARTiejEAflN^ OROil^iZ^TitbNs" ' ^' American Aswciatidn Uni^nity > ' , Wotnen _ '■ ' " ■' ' ' .^ ,' : ' . j , American Farm Bureau Federation , i^erican School CitizensUp League AjBipciation'to Abolish W^ ' " Farmers NatiQha^' ,'"■;' Chiirch'pje'ace-Unioii ,...;,../,' ; 'iSOtincBijf' Women' for JHoiiieMissions r intptnaliooeii As^$ia^oA''or Maqfainijta ' ,4 , National ConSiiiJiiers' L^ue . , 'N^*York Council f of isimitation' - ' „ bj! Aitaaments' - . .t-- ^ ' ' , '■ Onited-Socijtjf of pttftrtian Endeavoi'' World Brotherhood Federatibn