^ortifU Inwrattg Iltbrar^ THE GIFT OF MURRAY EDWARD POOLE. '80 TO THE COLLECTION OF AMERICAN LOCAL HrSTORY AND QENEALOGY ftj^feAo^k 51.1.\jA13. 9306 Cornell University Library The original of this bool< is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924028837560 GAZKTTKER AND- Business -J)Mcm ^ -OF- FMIEII Ai GEii 11 WlUl -FOR- 1SS2-S3. Compiled and Publislied by HAMILTON CHILD, AUTHOR OF WAYNE, ONTARIO, SENECA, CAYUGA, TOMPKINS, ONONDAGA, MADISON, CORTLAND, CHEMUNG, SCHUYLER, STEUBEN, ORLEANS, HERKIMER, CHENANGO, NIAGARA, ONEIDA, MONROE, GENESEE, SARATOGA, MONTGOMERY AND FULTON, ALBANY AND SCHENECTADY, RENSSELAER, WASHINGTON, WYOMING, LEWIS, COLUMBIA, SULLIVAN, SCHOHARIE, OTSEGO, ULSTER, CHAUTAUQUA, ST. LAWRENCE, BROOME AND TIOGA, CATTARAUGUS, ALLEGANY, AND . OTHER COUNTS DIRECTORIES IN NEW YORK STATE, AND ERIE AND CRAWFORD COUNTIES, THE BRADFORD OIL DISTRICT IN PENNSYLVANIA, BENNINGTON, RUTLAND, ADDISON AND CHITTENDEN COUNTIES IN VERMONT. PERMANENT OFFICE, SYRACUSE, N. Y. *^ He that bath much to do, will do something wrong, and of that wrong must suffer the conse- quences ; and if it were possible that he should always act rightly, yet when such numbers are to judge of his conduct, the bad will censure and obstruct him by malevolence, and the good sometimes by mistake." — Samuel Johnson. SYRACUSE, N. Y.: Printed at the Journal Office, January, 1883. 3,y CALENDAR FOR TWENTY YEARS. Almanac or Calendar for 20 Years. D C B A G F E D C B A G 1874 187s 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 r88i 1882 1883 FE D C B AG F E D CB A 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 i88g 1890 1891 1892 1893 ll 8,15 22,29 2 91612330 310 411 17 2431 1825.. I2II9 26 . 1320 27 7!i4l2i'28 Jan. and Oct. May. August. Feb., March. Nov. June. Sept. and Dec. April and July. Sun. Mon. Tues. Wed. Thurs. Frid'y- Sat. D Sat. Sun. Mon. Tues. Wed. Thurs. Frid'y. C D E F G Frid'y. Sat. Sun. Mon. Thurs. I Wed. Frid'y. Thurs. Sat. Frid'y. Sun. Sat. Tues. Wed. Thurs. C D Mon. Sun. Tues. Mon. Wed. Tues. D E E Tues. Mon. Wed. Tues. Thurs. , Wed Frid'y. Thurs. Sat. 'Frid'y. Sun. 1 Sat. Mon. G A C D D Sun. B D Explanation.— Find the Year and observe the Letter above it ; then look for the Month and in a line with it find the Letter of the Tear ; above the Letter find the Day and the figures on the left, in the same line, are the days of the same name in the month. Leap Tears have two letters ; the first is used till the end of February, the second during 'the remainder of the year. INTRODUCTION. In presenting to the public the "Gazetteer and Business Directory of Franklin and Grand Isle Counties,'' we desire to return our sincere thanks to all who have kindly aided in obtaining the information it contains, and rendered it possible to present it in the brief space of time in which it is essential such works should be completed. Especially are our thanks due to the editors and managers of the county papers, for the uniform kindness they have evinced in calling public attention to our efforts, and for essential aid in furnishing material for the work. We have also found valuable aid in the writings of the various authors in Miss Hemenway's " Historical Magazine;" "Thompson's Vermont/' "Deming's Vermont Officers;" Hoskin's "History of Vermont;" Hall's "Early History of Vermont;" the "Documentary History of New York ;" Lanman's " Dictionary of Congress ;" Palmer's " History of Lake Champlain ;" " Pioneer History of the Champlain Valley ;" " Letters of John A. Graham ;" in the reports of the Adjutant-General and State School Superintendent; F. W. Beers & Co.'s "Atlas of Franklin and Grand Isle counties ;'' and also the geological reports of Hitchcock and Hagar, Our thanks are also due to the clergy throughout the counties, and to Hon. Bradley Barlow, Dr. S. S. Clark, J. W. Hobart, W. O. Gadcomb, and Dr. O. F. Fassett, of St. Albans ; Rev. Father Yoinec, and Mrs. A. H. Burleson, of Fairfield ; C. H. Beeman, of Fairfax ; Mrs. Bradley Brigham, of Bakersfield ; M. W. Rounds, of Richford ; J. H. Adams, of Grand Isle, and to many others throughout the counties whohave rendered valuable aid. That errors have occurred in so great a number of names is probable, and that names have been omitted which should have been inserted is quite certain. We can only say that we have exercised more than ordinary dili- gence and care in this difficult and complicated feature of book-making. Of such as feel aggrieved in consequence of errors or omissions, we beg pardon, and ask the indulgence of the reader in noting such as have been observed in the subsequent reading of the proofs, and which are found in the Errata, following this Introduction. INTRODUCTION. It was designed to give a brief account of all the church and other societies in the counties, but owing, in some cases, to the negligence of those who were able to give the necessary information, and in others, to the inability of any one to do so, we have been obliged to omit special notices of a few. We would suggest that our patrons observe and become familiar with the explanations at the commencement of the Directory. The names it em- braces, and the information connected therewith, were obtained by actual canvass, and are as correct and reliable as .the judgment of those from whom they were solicited render practicable. Each agent is furnished with a map of the town he is expected to canvass, and he is required to pass over every road, and call at every farm-house and place of business in the town, in order to obtain the facts from the individuals concerned wherever possible. The margins have been left broad to enable any one to note changes op- posite the names. The Advertisers represent many of the leading firms and business men of these and other counties, and we most cheerfully commend them to the pat- ronage of those under whose observation these pages may come. We take this occasion to express the hope that the information found in this book, will not prove devoid of interest and value, though we are fully conscious that the brief history of the counties the scope of the work enables us to give, is by no means an exhaustive one, and can only hope that it may prove a nucleus and incentive to future historians, who will be the better able to do full justice to the subject. While thanking our patrons and friends generally, for the cordiality with which our efforts have been seconded, we leave the work to secure that favor which earnest endeavor ever wins from a discriminating public, hoping they will bear in mind, should errors be noted, that " he who expects a perfect work to see, expects what ne'er was, is, nor yet shall be.'' HAMILTON CHILD. COUNTY OFFICERS. Ij Sheriff. P. O. ADDRESS. Julius Halbert St. Alban& High Bailiff'. John F. Draper , Sheldon Treasurer. Cyrus N. Bishop St. Albans- State Senators. Herbert Brainerd St. Albans Oris N. Kelton Montgomery Charles P. Hogan Sheldon Justices of the Peace, Bakersfield. — S. G. Start, Isaac N. Randall, Ira Powers, WiUiam A. Giddings, Charles B. Brown, J. W. Stone, and Henry J. Armington. Berkshire. — James R. Stone, Daniel Moren, Joel C. Davis, James C. Towle, Absalom S. Thompson, Leander C. Leavens, and Horace E. Wheeler. Enosburgh.— S. H. Stevens, G. S. Fassett, William W. Hutchinson, C. F. Ovitt, W. J. Cross, William H. McAllister, J. G. Jenne, C. L. Marsh, A. A. Kendall, and D. Woodward. Fairfax. — 'Judge Fairman, C. F. Hawley, S. T. Cilley, Henry Holmes, George A. Hubbell, E. S. Butler, and Henry Giddings. Fairfield. — Osmond Bradley, Edwin C. Soule, Nelson W. Isham, Moses El- wood, Daniel Leach, J. B. Hull, H. S. Dimon, H. A. Soule, O. L. Leach, and John McQueeney. Fletcher. — James H. Patch, Nelson W. Church, Benjamin F. Bingham, Ira E. Farnsworth, and Charles B. Parsons. Frankhn. — E. H. Cleveland, Philo Horskin, James Randall, Arah H. Shedd, William I. Giddings, Jonathan Towla> and A. L. Galusha. Georgia. — ^James Brooks, R. K. Clark, E. L. Ladd, H. O. Pierce, E. P. Cleveland, C. A. Hotchkiss, and E. J. Parker. Highgate. — Edwin C. Thompson, Calvin Drury, Henry O. Hinckley, J. B. Sanderson, Thomas O'Hear, George L. Stimets, A. Nye, L. L. Cush- man, Alvin H. Spear, and A. A. Spear. Montgomery. — E. W. Sherman, Aaron Gates, C. S. Parker, W. H. Stiles, John Goodspeed, C. P. Clapp, and N. Goodspeed. Richford. — J. A. Powell, Lewis Calkins, Ira H. Farrar, David F. Dow, Hobart Stanhope, D. W. Carpenter, and Ammi Pattee. Sheldon.— Alfred Keith, B. J. Brown, Benjamin Fish, B. A. Beatty, J. H. Stufflebean, A. E. McLane, and A. S. Olmsted. St. Albans. — Almerin Tinker, Henry C. Greene, James Halloway, Albert D. Tenney, Cornelius D. Rublee, Patrick Ward, Henry M. Stanton, George T. Mooney, William Thibault, A. W. Ford, William P. Walker, George W. Newton, Daniel H. Plaisted, John A. Bedard, and Freeborn E. Bell. 14 COUNTY OFFICERS COURTS. Swanton.— E. S. Meigs, O. K. Brown, W. H. Bell, J. J. Foster, D. Dorman, C. S. L. Leach, Ellis W. Foster, M. H. Bliss, W. S. Thayer, C. H. But- terfield, F. Tarble, and H. Donaldson, 2d. , Represeatatives. POSTOFFICE. Bakersfield, Herbert F. Brigham Bakersfield Berkshire, Addison P. Pond East Berkshire Enosburgh, William W. Hutchinson Enosburgh Fairfax, Adrain J. Merrill North Fairfax Fairfield, John Rooney Fairfield Fletcher, Elias B. Ellsworth . . Fairfax FrankUn, Chauncey Temple Franklin Georgia, Reuben E. Wilcox St. Albans Bay Highgate, Owen E. Sheridan Highgate Center Montgomery, Samuel N. Dix Montgomery Center Richford, Richard Smith Richford Sheldon, Lewis H. Kettell Sheldon St. Albans, Guy C. Noble St. Albans Swanton, Romeo H. Scott Swanton Town Clerks. Bakersfield, Isaac N. Randall ; Berkshire, Mariette Leavens ; Enosburgh, WiUiam W. Hutchinson ; Fairfax, Curtis F. Hawley ; Fairfield, A. G. Soule ; Fletcher, Demas Robinson ; Franklin, Jonathan C. Robie ; Georgia, Mary B. Post ; Highgate, C. R. Lyon ; Montgomery, Otis N. Kelton ; Richford, J. H. Carpenter ; Sheldon, A. M. Brown ; St. Albans, J. S. Weeks ; Swanton, R. D. Marvin. COURTS IN FRANKLIN COUNTY. At Court House, St. Albans. Supreme Court. First Thursday after second Tuesday in January. County Court. Second Tuesday in April and September. COUNTY OFFICERS, (Grand Isle County.) Chief Judpre. P. O. ADDRESS. Hon. Homer E. Royce St. Albans COUNTY OFFICERS. Assistant Judges, County Court. P. O. ADDRESS. Hon. Dexter B. Town LaGrange Hon. Barber W. Reynolds Alburgh Springs Judge of Probate. Flavins J. Hazen North Hero Registrar of Probate, John Q. McGregor Alburgh Center County Clerk. R. R. Hathaway North Hero State's Attorney. Josiah H. Adams Grand Isle Sheriff. Henry W. Conro , South Hero High Bailiff. Ichabod E. Niles Alburgh Springs Treasurer. H. W. Allen North Hero State Senator. J. A. Chamberlin Grand Isle Justices of the Peace. Alburgh. — George Lyman, John Earle, P. M. Saber, P. A. LaDue, J. E. Niles, and C. W. Bell. Grand Isle. — Marcus O. Kinney, Melvin B. Corey, Stepen P. Gordon, Ed- ward Gordon, and Wyman C. Hodgkins. Isle LaMotte. — Seneca H. Pike, Harry J. Fleury, James D. Stevens, Henry H. Goodsell, and Jackson B. Carron. North Hero. — Charles B. Russell, E. J. Mason, D. B. Town, U. H. Hazen, and Warren Clark. South Hero.— Abel Phelps, Gilbert Allen, G. S. Clark, H. C. Martin, and George B. Keeler. Representatives. POSTOFFICE. Alburgh, Henry L. Sowles , Alburgh Grand Isle, George W. Hyde Grand Isle Isle LaMotte, Nelson W. Fisk Isle LaMotte North Hero, Warren Clark, North Hero South Hero, D. G. Dixon South Hero l6 COUNTY OFFICERS COURTS. Town Clerks. Alburgh, William Brayton . Grand Isle, A. H. W. Jackson ; Isle ZaMotte,. Ransom Hall; North Hero, Charles B. Russell; South Hero, Marian Landon. COURTS IN G-RAND ISLE COUNTY. At Court House, North Hero. Supreme Court. Third Tuesday in January. County Court. Last Tuesday in August, and last but one in February. (For Rates of Postage, Mail Routes, Societies, &c., see page 257,) G AZETTE ER OF- J NTY, ¥T. ,..j^|0 State in the Union, probably, equals Vermont in scenic beauty, and '^^ none can approach it in point of historical interest. Nearly every 'fl'^ mountain, river, and lake, throughout its entire length and breadth, has clustered about its name a wealth of historical lore, over which the muse of history loves to hnger — traditions that have inspired the pen of the poet, novelist, and historian, to works of rare grace and beauty. Vermont's sons, too, from the first who broke the sohtude of her forests, and through a double revolution brought into existence the sovereign and independent State, have carved for themselves a name in the annals of fame that shall be as lasting as the hills for whose possession they fought. It is our purpose in this volume, not to give a full and detailed history of the whole, nor even a part of this beautiful country, but to place on record, in a continuous form, the principal events connected with the history of two of its fourteen counties — Franklin and Grand Isle ; to trace in outHne the lives of a few of those hardy ones who braved the vicissitudes of pioneer Hfe that their posterity, the present and future generations, might enjoy the fruits of their toil ; to trace the erection of each one of the townships therein, to enquire into the proceedings of their first inhabitants, to hand down to future generations the names and occupations of all their present residents, and to attempt to portray the beauties which nature has lavished so bountifully upon them. To accomphsh this task it becomes necessary to first glance at the history of the State in general, to enquire into the causes that brought it into existence, and to briefly notice its progress from the first settlement of its territory by civiUzed people to the time of its admission as a member of the Federal Union. Our country, unlike most nations, has a complete history. The organiza- tion of the government and the commencement of her progress bear date from a definite period, and are not shrouded in mythological darkness or the mists of tradition. It is now a little less than four centuries since the world 2 FRANKLIN COUNTY. was Startled by the discoveries of Columbus, and during that time the vast wilderness has been transformed into one of the proudest nations on the globe. Subsequent to the discoveries of Columbus came those of the English, in r497, followed, during the same same year, by the Portuguese, then by the Spanish, in 1506, and finally by the French, in 1524. The English, on the ground of the discoveries of the Cabots, claimed the territory from Labrador to Florida, to which they gave the name Virginia. But their explorations were confined principally to the coast between Maine and Albe- marle Sound. The French confined their explorations principally to the country north of this, bordering on the St. Lawrence river and its tributaries, to which they gave the name of New France, while the Dutch, by virtue of the discoveries by Hudson, afterwards laid claim to the country between Cape Cod and the Delaware river, which they called New Netherlands. France and England, long enemies in the Old World, transplanted their rivalries and jealousies to the New Continent^ and years of warfare between these great powers followed. Attempts at colonization were made by Eng- land during the reign of EHzabeth, but they proved abortive, and it was not until the Tudor dynasty had passed away, and several years of the reign of James L, the first of the Stuarts, had elapsed, before the Anglo-Saxon gained ■ any permanent foothold. Stimulated by the spirit of rivalry with the French, England pushed her explorations and discoveries, while France, from her first colony on the St. Lawrence, had explored the vast region from the great lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, and established among the savages missions and trading posts, first in the forests of Canada, then in the West, and finally in New York, and the territory included within the present limits of Vermont. The first of the hostihties, which are now known as the French wars, began with William's accession to the throne of England, in 1609. This was terminated in the peace of Ryswic, in 1697. Queen Anne's war, so called, came next, commencing in 1702, and terminating in the peace of Utrecht, in 17 13. The third controversy was declared by George II., in 1744, and continued until the preliminaries of peace were signed, at Aix-la- Chapelle, in 1748. The last conflict was formally declared by Great Britain, in 1756, and terminated by the capture of Montreal, in September, 1760, when the whole of New France was surrendered to Great Britain. During the progress of these wars, the territory of the present State of Vermont was often crossed by both armies, and a few settlements sprang up the first, in 1665, being on Isle La Motte, where a fort was erected by Captain De La Motte, under command of M. De Tracy, governor of New France. In 1690, Captain De Narm, with a party from Albany, N. Y., established an outpost in the present town of Addison, at Chimney Point, where he erected a small stone fort. The first permanent settlement, however was made at Brattleboro, in 1724, when Fort Dummer was built. For six or seven years the garrison of this fort were the only white inhabitants. In 1730 or 1731, the French built a fort at Chimney Point, and a consider- FRANKLIN COUNTY. 19 able population settled in the vicinity. In 1739, ^ f^^ persons settled in Westminster, and about the same time a small French settlement was begun at Alburgh, on what is now called Windmill Point, but was soon abandoned. The colony at Westminster increased but slowly, and in 1754, the whole population, alarmed by the Indian attack upon Charlestown, N. H., deserted their homes. Forts were built, and small settlements were commenced in several other places, but fear of the Indians prevented any large emigration till after the last French war, when, the Province of Canada being then ceded to Great Britain, the fear of hostile incursions subsided, and the population rapidly increased. In the meantime, grants of land lying within the present limits of the State, had been made by the Dutch, at Albany, by the French, and by the colonies of Massachusetts, New Hampshire and New York, and each claimed juris- diction over tbem. All of these claims, except that of New York, however, were rehnquished without much controversy, of which more will be spoken on another page. So eagerly were the lands sought by adventurers, speculators, and settlers, that in a single year subsequent to r76o. Governor Wentworth, of New Hampshire, granted in the name of King George III., not less than sixty townships of six miles square, and in two years more the number of such grants amounted to 138. The territory now began to be known by the name of " The New Hampshire Grants," and the number of actual settlers soon became quite large. The affairs of the settlers were managed by committees in the several towns, who met in general convention, when occasion required, to provide for the common defence and welfare. The decrees of these con- ventions were regarded as law, and violations of them were punished with ex- treme severity. While the Revolutionary war was in progress, the land con- troversy was suspended, and all efforts were directed towards the common enemy. But soon after the war broke out, it became apparent that the set- tlers of the New Hampshire Grants needed some better organization than was possible by means of committees and conventions. Early in 1776, a con- vention was held at Dorset, and an address to Congress was prepared, declar- ing the unwillingness of settlers to be regarded as subjects of New York. This was not favorably received by congress, whereupon the more resolute of the people determined to assume the powers of an independent State, and risk the consequences. Another convention was held at Dorset, in June, and met again by adjournment in September, when such measures were taken that at a convention held in Westminster it was decided, on the i6th of January, 1777, that the following declaration should be adopted : — " This convention, whose members are duly chosen by the free voice of their constituents in the several towns, on the New Hampshire Grants, in pubhc meeting assembled, in our own names, and in behalf of our constituents, do hereby proclaim and publicly declare, that the district of territory compre- hending and usually known by the name and discription of the New Hamp- shire Grants, of right ought to be, and is hereby declared forever hereafter to be considered, as a free and independent jurisdiction or State, by the name and forever hereafter to be called, known, and distinguished by the name of FRANKLIN COUNTY. New Connecticut, alias Vermont: and that the inhabitants that at present are, or may hereafter become resident, either by procreation or emigration, within said territory, shall be entitled to the same privileges, immunities, and enfranchisements, as are allowed ; and on such condition, and in the same manner, as the present inhabitants, in future, shall or may enjoy; which are, and forever shall be considered to be such privileges and immunities to the free citizens and denizens, as are, or, at any time hereafter, may be allowed, to any such inhabitants, of any of the free and independent States of Amer- ica: And that such privileges and immunities shall be regulated in a bill of right sand by a form of government, to be established at the next adjourned session of this convention." The controversy between Vermont and New York had encouraged the British to make some concessions towards the former, hoping to retain their allegiance ; and it is well known that many of the settlers remained inactive during the latter part of the war, on account of these negotiations. It was openly avowed that any alternative would be preferable to the detested juris- diction of New York. Still Vermont persisted in the right to maintain her own laws, and as persistently did New York and New Hampshire maintain the right of jurisdiction. Congress was not yet wilhng to admit Vermont as a State, and she, disgusted with these delays, at length lost respect for the continental congress, pursuing her independence, and asking no favors ; en- joying no benefits of the Union, and sharing none of her burdens. But upon appHcation, Vermont was admitted to the Union during the second session of congress, March 4, rygi, with the full rights and privileges of an indepen- dent State. Such is a brief outline of the history of the Green Mountain State, a territory that has rightly been called the " classic ground of America." Franklin county, as now constituted, once formed a part of the original counties of Albany, Charlotte, Bennington, Rutland, Addison, and Chittenden. The old Dutch county of Albany, with Albany, N. Y., as its capitol, extended north to the Province line. During the controversy between New York and the New Hampshire grantees, numerous writs of ejectment, executions, and other legal processes were issued out of, and made returnable to the courts at Albany, and were served, or at least were attempted to be served, by the sheriffs of that place. On March 12, 1772, New York, in order "that offenders may be brought to justice, and creditors may recover their just dues," proceeded to set off from Albany and erect a new county, called Char- lotte, on the western side of the mountains. Skenesboro, now Whitehall was made the shire town, and Philip Skene appointed chief judge of the court of common pleas. After the organization of the State, however, on February of II, 1779, Vermont was divided into two counties, the Green Mountains form ing the dividing line, the portion on the east being called Cumberland and that on the west Bennington county. Each county was divided' into two shires, that on the east into Westminster and Newbury, and Bennin t and Rutland on the west. This division of counties remained till the ext"" session of the legislature, in February, 1781, when the county of Rutland ''^ incorporated from Bennington, and Windsor and Orange counties were in^^^ FRANKLIN COUNTY. porated from Cumberland, and the name of Cumberland altered to Windham. Rutland county in turn extended through to the northern line of the State for a period of four years, eight months and five days, during which time courts were held at Tinmouth. The State, then, on October 18, 1785, dismembered the old county, incorporating from it a new one, called Addison, and made the towns of Addison and Colchester half shires. Chittenden county was then in turn set off from Addison, October 22, 1787, and November 5, 1792 Franklin county was incorporated, the limits being fixed as follows : "Beginning at the northwest corner of Chittenden county, thence easterly on the northerly line of Chittenden county to the southeast corner of Sterling ; from thence northerly on the easterly Une of the towns of Sterling, Johnson Belvidere, Avery's Gore, Montgomery, and Richford, to the north line of the State; from thence westerly on the line of the State to the west line thereof; from thence southerly on the west line of the State, to place of beginning." In November, 1802, the general assembly passed an act by which the towns of Alburgh, Isle La Motte and North Hero, in the county of Franklin,and the towns of South Hero and Middle Hero, in the county of Chittenden, together with all such lands as lie in the State, near the above mentioned towns, and more than a mile from the main land in the counties of Chittenden and P'ranklin, were constituted into a county by the name of Grand Isle. In Oc- tober, 1835, Franklin county was again circumscribed in its limits by taking from it the towns of Belvidere, Cambridge, Johnson, and Sterling, towards forming the county of Lamoille, other than which no changes have been made in its limits. Franklin county lies between lat. 44° 31' and 45" o', and between longi- tude 3° 47' and 4" 27', extending about thirty-four miles from east to west, and about thirty-three miles from north to south, containing an area of 600 square miles, and has a population of 30,114. It comprises within its hmits the towns of Bakersfield, Berkshire, Enosburgh, Fairfax, Fairfield, Fletcher Franklin, Georgia, Highgate, Montgomery, Richford, Sheldon, St. Albans, Swanton, and Avery's Gore, and is bounded on the north by the Province line, east by the counties of Orleans and Lamoille, south by Chittenden and Lamoille, and west by Grand Isle county, from which it is separated by a por- tion of the waters of Lake Champlain. In surface it is varied enough to form a most pleasing landscape, yet con- tains little waste land in mountains, lakes and rivers. The eastern part of the territory is broken and rocky, extending up upon the western range of the Green Mountains, while the western portion is comparatively level, and con- tains some of the finest farming lands to be found in the State. Manufactures are carried on to some extent, yet agricultural pursuits form the principal occu- pation of the inhabitants. The county is especially noted for its fine herds and flocks of cattle, horses and sheep, and for its large production of butter and cheese. Indeed, the whole county, possessing wonderfully pleasing scenery in itself, and surrounded by the most wonderful beauties of nature, and containing natural advantages and facilities for water and railroad trans- FRANKLIN COUNTY. portation, is all in all a most desirable home for both the manufacturer and the farmer. Numerous streams of minor importance are distributed over its surface, affording ample irrigation to the soil, but the Missisquoi and Lamoille rivers are the largest streams, and form the principal water courses of the territory. The Missisquoi river was named by the Indians, and said to mean " much water-fowl." It rises in Lowell, Orleans county, and, pursuing a northeasterly course through a part of Westfield and Troy, crosses the northern Hne of the State into Canada, where it: receives a large stream from the northeast. After running several miles in Canada, it returns into Vermont about a mile west from the northeast corner of Richford. Thence it runs southwesterly through the corner of Berkshire, where it receives Trout river, into Enos- burgh. It then takes a westerly course through Sheldon, into Highgate, where it bends to the south into Swanton, and, after performing a circuit of several miles in that town, forms the boundary Hne between it and Highgate, and, flowing northwesterly, falls into Missisquoi bay near the Canada Une. There are several falls and rapids in the stream, but the current is generally moderate and the river wide and shallow. It affords a considerable number of valuable sites for mills, while its valley is very fertile and productive. Its whole length, including its windings, is about seventy-five miles, and it receives the water from about 582 square miles of territory. The Lamoille river is somewhat smaller than the Missisquoi. It rises in Greensboro, Orleans county, from the union of several small streams, flows southwest to Hardwick, when it turns northwesterly, passes through the center of Lamoille county, entering Franklin county in the southern part of Fletcher, crosses Fairfax and a portion of Georgia, and thence turns south into Milton, where it empties into Lake Champlain. It was discovered by Champlain, in 1609, and called by him La Mouette, the French for mew, or gull, a species of water-fowl, which were very numerous about the mouth of the stream. In Anger's map of his surveys, in 1732, it is called La Riviere a La Mouelle, probably a mista,ke on the part of the engraver in not crossing his fs. " Thus," says Mr. Thompson, " to the mere carelessness of a French engraver are we indebted for the smooth, melodious sounding name of La7noi//e.'' Several inland lakes, or ponds, are scattered over the surface of the county, of which Franklin pond, in Franklin, is the largest. The others are Fairfield pond, in Fairfield, Proper and Cutler's ponds in Highgate, and Met- calf and Halfmoon ponds, in Fletcher. GEOLOGICAL. The geological formation of this county does not materially differ, in gen- eral structure, from that of most of the other counties of the State. Its rocks are distributed, like those of the others, in parallel ledges, or ranges FRANKLIN COUNTY. 23 extending nearly in a north and south direction. Passing eastward from the shore of the lake, one finds an immense bed of Hudson River slates, extend- ing through the western portion of St. Albans, Swanton and Highgate, whence it extends into Canada. Lithologically, it consists of deposits of pure and impure limestone, clay slate, calcareous slate, interstratified with small beds of limestone, often sparry, silicious slate, sandstones, brecciated limestone, and slate filled with veins of calcite, etc. The group is 930 feet in thickness, and is the highest member of the lower silurian rocks. The lake shore of the southern part of the country overlies a great vein of red sandrock, a continuation of the range in Chittenden county. It has a mean width of about three miles, and extends through the towns of Georgia, St. Albans, Swanton and Highgate. Stratigaphically considered, this bed oc- cupies the position of the Medina group, of New York, or its equivalent, the Levant series of Pennsylvania and Virginia. The sandstones and shales bear a close resemblance to those of the latter, not in color, but in the profusion of fucoid-like markings which they display on some of the parting surfaces. The series of reddish and gray limestones which rest upon these massive aren- aceous beds form an interesting feature in the geology of Vermont. Their altercation with layers of sandstone and shale, and their frequently reddish tint, would lead one to regard them as a continuation of the lower mass under somewhat new formative conditions. The whole formation, however, embraces a great variety of rocks, and there is some difficulty experienced in associating them together, because of the general absence of fossils. Between these two formations there is a narrow bed of Hudson river lime- stone, extending from the head of St. Albans bay to the Canada line, which contains much valuable building material, and an abundant supply for the rtianufacture of lime. This deposit is also cut by a small bed of Trenton limestone, which extends into Highgate from Canada. The former de- posit has been worked to some extent, especially in Swanton, as a variety of marble. Parallel with and adjacent to the red sandrock range, there is a bed of Georgia slates, some five miles in width and extending through the towns of Georgia, St. Albans, Swanton, Highgate and Franklin. The group of rocks forming this structure receives its name from the town of Georgia, where it is developed in its full proportions, and where the most interesting fossils have been found. In Rutland county the slate is manufactured quite extensively for roofing purposes and for various articles of furniture; but in this county no quarries have been opened. Next in order is found a vein of quartz rock, extending from Chittenden county through portions of the towns of Georgia, Fairfax, Fairfield, St. Albans, Swanton, Sheldon, Highgate and Franklin, and adjacent to which is a large bed of talcose conglomerate extending the whole length of the county. This latter rock, according to Professor Adams, in his report of 1845, was called magnesian slate; but later its present name was considered more ap- 2 4 FRANKLIN COUNTY. propriate, and consequently adopted. The vein is a purely conglomerate species, having associated together in its formation the following varieties of rock : sandstones, breccias, quartz rock, calcareous rocks, novacuhte schist, talcose schist, and coarse conglomerates. The sandstones are few, while the quartz variety is quite abundant. No estimate of the thickness of the rock has been made, but it is known to be 2,000 or 3,000 feet thick at the least calculation. The rocks underlying the residue of the county are of talcose schist forma- tion. Talcose schist proper consists of quartz and talc; but with this bed there are associated together, as integral parts of the formation, clay slate, with plumbaginous, aluminous, and pyritiferous varieties, hornblend schist, gneiss, quartz rock, sandstone and conglomerates, limestone and almites. Two quite extensive beds of pure gneiss and clay slate are found in the vein also. Iron and copper ores have been discovered in several localities throughout the county, and will be found noted in connection with the several towns wherein the deposits are found. STAPLE PRODUCTIONS. The whole of the county is an uncommonly fine farming territory, with a soil varying from clay and gravel to the finest alluvial deposits, and well adapted to grazing purposes, and the manufacture of butter and cheese. Considerable attention is given to raising fine bred cattle, horses, and sheep. Several flocks of Spanish Merinos are bred that will compare favorably with any in the State. Some idea of the extent of the products may be formed from the following statistics, taken from the census reports of 1870, though the reports for 1880, when tabulated, will doubtless show a material change in many of the figures. During that year there were 276,963 acres of im- proved land in the county, while the farms were valued at $16,663,493.00, and produced 49,431 bushels of wheat, 5,857 bushels of rye, 116,826 bushels of Indian corn, 308,587 bushels of oats, 14,275 bushels of barley, 13,793 bushels of buckwheat, and 335,122 bushels of potatoes. There were also 6,025 horses, 27,624 milch cows, 13,777 working oxen, 20,054 sheep, and 4,564 hogs. From the milk of the cows was manufactured 2,984,520 pounds of butter, and 510,226 pounds of cheese, more than any other county in the State, while the sheep yielded 92,178 pounds of wool. The breeding of Spanish Merino sheep, for which Vermont is so justly celebrated, is conducted to a considerable extent, and with great success, in both Franklin and Grand Isle counties, though they do not possess so many valuable flocks as some of the other counties of the State. Their natural resources are favorable to the culture, and they will undoubtedly one day be noted in this respect. Both the Spanish and French Merino families are reckoned among the finest in the world. Their wool is fine, long, soft, and twisted in silky spiral ringlets, purely white in color, though naturally so oily that the fleece appears FRANKLIN COUNTY. 25 dingy and unclean from the dust and dirt adhering to the outside. Both these breeds were introduced into America during the present century, the Spanish by Hon. David Humphreys, Minister to the Court of Madrid, in 1802, and the French by Mr. Taintor, of Hartford, Conn., in 1846. It is asserted by some, however, that three Spanish Merinos were brought to Boston in 1793, by William Foster, but were not preserved for breeding purposes. Since then, the names of Atwood, Jarvis, Hammond, Sanford, Stickney and others have become famous as breeders of this stock, and descendants of their flocks are now owned by breeders in these counties. There are two associa- tions for the registry of Merino sheep, having their offices in Middlebury, Vt., the Vermont Atwood Merino Sheep Club, with Worthington C. Smith, of St. Albans, president, and the Merino Sheep Breeders' Association, E. N. Bissell, of Shoreham, Vt., president. Our limited space does not admit of particular mention of the prominent breeders of this section, except as incorporated in the directory portion of the work, though it would be an interesting task to do so. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. The Frankhn County Agricultural Society, the object of which was "the improvement of agricultural productions, useful domestic animals, domestic manufactures and agricultural implements," was organized at St. Albans, Sep- tember 13, 1844. Eleazer Jewett, of St. Albans, was chosen president ; Michael F. Palmer, of St. Albans, vice-president ; Charles W. Rich, of Swanton, secretary ; and Alfred H. Huntington, of St. Albans, treasurer. The first annual fair was held on the public green, at St. Albans, September 25, 1845, when the sum of $169.00, received from the State, was awarded in premiums. From this time forward fairs were held each year, until i86i, when none were held until 1866. The society was then reorganized as the Franklin County Agricultural and Mechanical Society, with R. J. Saxe, president ; Dr. R. Pot- ter, and H. D. Farrar, vice-presidents; and L. H. Hapgood, secretary. Since that time fairs have been held at Sheldon. The fair ground contains thirteen acres, located at the junction of the St. J. & L. C. R. R. and the Missisquoi river, conveniently arranged for the purposes for which it is intended, and furnished with all appropriate buildings, etc. The society is now in a flourishing condition, with a reserve fund in its treasury. The present secretary, Mr. J- H. Stufflebean, who has held the office for the past thirteen years, has labored hard for the success of the soci- ety, and has done much to sustain its standing. Aside from three directors from each town, the present list of officers is as follows : — Gardner I. Fassett, of Enosburgh, president ; S. A. Risden, of East Fletcher, and W. H. McAllister, of West Enosburgh, vice-presidents ; J. H. Stufflebean, of East Sheldon, secretary; S. B. H. Stufflebean, of Sheldon, assistant secre- tary ; Daniel B. Stetson, of Enosburgh Falls, treasurer ; Charles H. Whitte- more, of Olmstead Falls, assistant treasurer; Benjamin C. Gallup, of North Sheldon, general superintendent; and John F. Draper, of Sheldon, marshall. 2 6 FRANKLIN COUNTY. MEDICAL SOCIETY. The Franklin County Medical Society was incorporated by an act of the legislature, at an adjourned meeting held at Windsor, in January, 1804, under the head of " The Third Medical Society of Vermont," and embraced the counties of Franklin and Chittenden. The following named physicians were enrolled in the act of incorporation : John Pomeroy, Binjamin Chandler, Joseph D. Farnsworth, Nathaniel Wil- son, Truman Powell, David Tracy, Ephraim Little, Julius Hoyt, and Horatio Powell, and were given all the powers of an incorporate body, to transact busi- ness, sue or be sued, etc., and to hold property to the amount of two thousand dollars, in the interest of the society, and their successors in office to be em- powered with the same rights and privileges. This act required " the above named physicians to meet at the court-house in St. Albans, on the second Tuesday of May next," but failing to print the act in time to give due notice, there was no meeting held ; but at the next session of the legislature, held at Rutland, in October, 1804, a subsequent act was passed, requiring them to meet at the same place, viz : " The court-house in St. Albans, the first Tuesday of January next, and the proceedings of this meeting should be valid, as if met on the first mentioned time." Pursuant to the tenor of this act, the above named physicians convened and organized the Third Medical Society of the State of Vermont, and continued to hold their meetings at various places, semi-annually, until October, 18 13, when the legislature passed an act to incorpor'ate the State Medical Society, and a society in each of the counties of the State, and at which time Chittenden county withdrew, and formed a society under the name of their own county. The Frankhn county society has continued to hold its sessions twice a year, ever since, with more or less enthusiasm. For several years after its organization, the society was in the habit of examining physicians and grant- ing Hcenses to those found quahfied to practice the science of medicine. At this time there were few schools in this country, and not to exceed eight in America. The students of that day were not rich in this world's goods, and but a few were able to attend lectures in Boston or Philadelphia. They were, however, men of vigorous constitutions and energetic habits, able to sit in a saddle and journey over the rough roads during the whole twenty-four hours of a day, if need be. The society at present is in a flourishing condition, numbering about forty members, all graduates from some accredited school or college. They early adopted the code of ethics of the American Medical Association, and endeavor to live up to the requirements and spirit of it. This society has never been allowed to abase its meetings into that of a mere trades-union for individual emoluments or pecuniary gain, but has steadily kept the faith first implanted within it, viz : "progress in the healing art." The present officers of the society are G. S. Goodrich, M. D., of West Berkshire, president ; R. E.Welch, M. D., of Franklin, vice-president ; S. S. Clark, M. D., of St. Albans, secretary. FRANKLIN COUNTY. 27 MANUFACTURES. The manufacturing interests are spoken of in detail in connection with the sketches of the several towns, so it would be a needless repitition to give the subject more than a passing glance at this point. The principal manufac- tures are lumber, in all its various branches, machinery, railroad iron, patent medicines, etc., while marble, lime, woolen cloth, etc., are manufactured to some extent. According to the United States census report of 1870, the county had 213 manufacturing establishments, operated by thirteen steam engines and 109 water-wheels, giving employment to 1,133 persons. There were $411,518.00 invested in manufactures, while the manufactured products were valued at $1,802,849.00. COURTS AND COUNTY BUILDINGS. At the organization of the county, St. Albans was chosen the shire town, where the supreme court meets on the first Monday after the second Tuesday in January, and the county court meets on the second Tuesday in April and September. The whole county constitutes a probate district. Ebenezer Marvin, was the first chief judge of the county. The house now occupied by Romeo H. Hoyt was built by Silas Hathaway, in 1794, and used by him as a tavern, and for a time the courts were held in its hall. The first court-house was originally built of wood, but finally bricked up. It was used for many years, by different denominations, for public worship, and by the town of St. Albans for its town meetings, commencing May 9, 1803. In 1872, the old court-house, built in 1830, was torn down, and the present commodious edifice erected upon its site, on the east side of the park. It is built of brick, with granite foundations. The first floor contains the offices of the county clerk, and grand and petit jurors' rooms, while the second floor contains the court room, judges' office, and jury and county committee rooms. The building is a substantial one, and though not yet entirely completed, has had $50,000.00 expended upon it. In 1796, William Coit built a large house near the present site of the Con- gregational church, in the back part of which the first jail of the county was situated. The second, known as " the old basswood jail," was erected in 1800, on what is now Bank street. The third jail was built in 1810, on the corner where the Episcopal church now stands. This was destroyed by fire December 25, 1813, and rebuilt the year following. The fourth was erected on the site of the present jail, in 1824, and was burned in March, 1827. A prisoner confined in the debtor's room, came near being destroyed with the building. The flames had made such progress before being discovered that the door of his cell could not be reached, and he was rescued, with some difficulty, through an opening made in the roof. The present jail was erected in 1852. The first trial in the county was during Jesse Welden^s early settlement here. An improvident settler stole a quantity of corn from him, and was 28 FRANKLIN COUNTY. tried and sentenced to receive thirty-nine lashes. In the year 1820, the first and only execution in the county took place at St. Albans. This was the hanging of Luther Virginia, for the murder of Rufus W. Jackson, in the town of Highgate, November 14, 1819. Virginia was a young colored man of intemperate and dishonest habits. He had worked for Mr. Herrick, a hotel keeper at Highgate Falls, and was convicted of stealing money from the till of the bar, and was sentenced to a term in the State's prison. After the expiration of his sentence he settled in Canada near the line of High- gate. Sunday afternoon, November 4th, he came to Herrick's, partially in- toxicated, and demanded liquor. This being denied him, he became quarrel- some, and had some angry words with Jackson, who was present. He was finally expelled from the house and started, as was supposed, for home. Jackson, at sunset, started on horseback to go to the northern part of the town, crossed the bridge over the Missisquoi river, and ascended the hill be- yond, when he was knocked from his horse by Virginia, with a stake taken from the fence near by, and beaten to death. Virginia drew the lifeless body out of the road, and the riderless horse returned to the tavern. This created alarm for the safety of Jackson, and a party started off to search for him. The body was soon found, and Virginia was captured before morning at his home in Canada, and lodged in the jail at St. Albans. Jackson's watch was found secreted in his bed. He was convicted of wilful murder at a special session of the supreme court, December 13, 1819, and sentenced to be hung between the hours of ten in the forenoon and two o'clock, P. M., January 14th, 1820. This sentence was carried into execution by Shiveric Holmes, the sheriff of the county, in a field on the north side of Congress street, opposite Governor Smith's stock barn. Virginia attended his own funeral service at the court-house, which was conducted by Rev. Phineas Culver, who preached a sermon from Genesis ix., 6,— "Whoso sheddeth man's blood^ by man shall his blood be shed." The execution was witnessed by a large concourse of people. Although this is the only execution that ever occurred in the county, there have been several atrocious crimes committed. On Sunday, October 16 1842, Eugene Clifford, residing in the northern part of Fairfield, murdered his wife and infant child, by drowning them in Fairfield pond. Clifford was a deserter from the British army, and had come to Fairfield, where he married Mrs. Elizabeth Gilmore, a widow, who owned a farm of some fifty acres. He had been told, and being an ignorant man probably believed, that if he outlived his wife and child this farm would be his own, and it is supposed that he then formed the purpose of bringing about their death. He invited his wife to cross the pond with him in a log canoe, and she and her infant were never seen agam alive. In the course of an hour or two Clifford returned to the neighborhood of his home with the report that his wife, in the act of adjusting a shawl about her infant, had fallen from the canoe and both perished. Their bodies were recovered, but neither appeared to have a shawl about it, which excited considerable suspicion in the minds of the murderer's neighbors, who. FRANKLIN COUNTY. 29 from the first, had been loth to believe his story. A search for the missing garments was instituted, and they were at last found buried in the sand on the shore of the pond. This recovery of the shawls was rendered somewhat ro- mantic, from the fact of their place of concealment being revealed to Mrs. Stephen Marvin in a dream. She followed the course indicated by her dream, and found the garments precisely as she had seen them in her vision. At least, such is the common tradition. Clifford was arrested, tried, convicted, and on April 21, 1843, was sentenced to be hanged one year from that date; but before the day of execution arrived he became a raving maniac, and in that condition died. During one week in the month of July, 1874, two murders occurred in the town of St. Albans, which have since been known as the Ball murder, and the Minor murder. The former, from its peculiar atrocity and the mystery which long surrounded it, became noted throughout the whole country. The facts in the case were principally these: On the afternoon of Friday, July 24, 1874, Miss Mariette Ball, daughter of George W. Ball, of St. Albans, was brutally assaulted and murdered, in the eastern part of the town. The young lady was teaching school in the Hill district, and on this occasion was going from the school-house to the home of a friend. At a lonely, wooded spot on the highway, she was brutally assaulted and murdered, and her body dragged into the woods, where it was not found until early on the morning of the following Sunday. Several arrests were made, but no person was held for the crime, and for several years it remained a mystery. Finally, Joseph LaPage, a Frenchman, was convicted of the murder of Miss Josie Langmaid, in New Hampshire, a young school teacher who was killed under circumstances sim- ilar to those attending the death of Miss Ball, and upon the eve of his execu- tion confessed to having also murdered Marriette Ball, thus clearing the sad mystery. The Minor murder occurred Monday afternoon, July 20, 1874, as follows : Joseph Minor, a Frenchman, belonging in St. Susa, P. Q., arrived in St. Al- bans on the evening of Saturday preceding the murder, being on a journey from Holyoke, Mass., to his home in Canada. He remained over Sunday with friends, and on the afternoon of the fatal Monday was on the railroad track near Brigham's crossing, where he met two men, and for some reason was drawn into an altercation with them. They assaulted him with knives, stabbing him several times, from the effects of which he died several days after the assault. He was able to give but a meagre description of his assail- ants and no clue to the perpetrators of the deed has ever been obtained. THE POOR. Those who from age, infirmity or otherwise, are unable to support them- selves, and are so unfortunate as to be obliged to rely upon pubHc charity for sustenance, are cared for, in conformity with the laws of the State, by the towns wherein the unfortunates reside. 3° FRANKLIN COUNTY. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. Previous to the introduction of railroads here, the county was, in a certain sense, in a state of partial isolation. The islands composing the county of Grand Isle cut it off from the main channel of the lake," which was the great highway of travel. In early times, the merchants, and others who had occasion to visit New York city, proceeded on horseback to Troy, and thence by sloop down the Hudson. Goods were freighted from New York to Troy by sloop, forwarded by wagons to Whitehall, and thence by saiHng vessels to St. Albans Bay. When a line of steamboats was estabhshed on the lake, it was only a partial benefit to the county, as, to reach them, a land journey to Burlington was necessary, that being the nearest port at which they touched. The establishment of a steam ferry to Plattsburgh, in 1828, made a connection with the through steamboats at that point ; but Httle was gained, however, since transshipment at either point was unavoidable. The markets of Boston, and the great manufacturing regions of the East, could hardly be said to be available to the inhabitants at all, and the trade with that section, which has since attained such enormous proportions, had no existence. It may be believed, then, that the introduction of the iron sinews of the railroad into the life of the county, in 1847 and 1850, created a great innovation and marked a new era in her progress. Acres upon acres of her land are now covered by mammoth railroad buildings, and her entire territory is spanned by silver threads in a network composed of the rails of six distinct lines, — the Vermont & Canada, the Montreal & Vermont Junction, and the Missisquoi, all operated by the Central Vermont Railroad Co., and the St. Johnsbury & Lake Champlain, the Southeastern Townships, and the Canada Junction railroads, though the latter is not yet completed. As early as 1843, the legislature granted charters to several railroad com- panies, among which were charters for the Rutland & Burlington, and Ver- mont Central railroads. A company was incorporated under the latter charter, November i, 1843, for the purpose, and with the right of building a railroad " from some point on the eastern shore of Lake Champlain, thence up the valley of the Onion river, and extending to a point on the Connecticut river, most convenient to meet a railroad, either from Concord, N. H. or Fitchburgh, Mass., to said river." The directors of this road claimed the right to build their road across the sand-bar to South Hero, to connect with a road which had been located from Ogdensburgh to Plattsburgh, N. Y. To this the directors of the Rutland & Burhngton road objected. A movement was then instituted for a charter to an independent company, to build a road from Burlington northward to effect a connection with the roads to the city of Montreal. In October, 1845, mainly through the efforts of Hon. John Smith, the charter of the Vermont & Canada railroad was granted by the legislature to Benjamin Swift, John Smith, Lawrence Brainerd, WilHam O. Gadcomb, Victor Atwood, Abel Houghton, Gardner G. Smith, Romeo H. Hoyt, Samuel W. Keyes, Stephen E. Keyes, Timothy Foster, George FRANKLIN COUNTY. 31 Greene, Bradley Barlow, Peter Chase, Jacob Wead, William Greene, Hiram Bellows, Homer E. Hubbell, Isaac Patrick Clark, Alvali Sabin, Joseph Clark, Albert G. Whittemore, Daniel H. Onion, Oscar A. Burton, Horace Eaton, William Clapp, Asa Owen Aldis, and their associates and successors. The route established in the charter was as follows : — " From some point on the Canada line, thence through the village of St. Albans to some point or points in Chittenden county, most convenient for meeting, at the village of Burlington, a railroad to be built . on the route described in the act to incorporate the Champlain & Connecticut River Railroad Company, and to some point or points in Chittenden county most convenient for meeting a railroad to be built on the route described in the act to incorporate the Vermont Central Railroad Company, and with the right, and for the purpose, of extending a railroad from any point in the aforesaid route to some point on the western shore of Grand Isle county, passing across the sand-bar to South Hero, as the said company may here- after designate." The project of a connection with the Ogdensburgh road, at Plattsburgh, was, from the first, regarded as very unpromising by those best acquainted with the locality. There were those who advocated the erection of a bridge from South Hero to Cumberland Head, a distance of four or five miles, and in a great depth of water. But the great majority of the people understood well that the connection could be made only by a ferry, and that, through the winter months, there could be no communication whatever, on account of ice. The village of Burlington demanded the abandonment of the project, and that the connection of the Vermont roads with the Ogdensburgh road should be made at Burlington. The directors of the Ogdensburgh road, at length, changed its location from Plattsburgh to Rouse's Point, vifhere the channel of the lake was so narrow as to render bridging a matter of comparative ease. The attention of the pubhc began to be strongly attracted to this new and apparently feasible route. The capitalists of Boston and other places, •whose funds had hitherto been the main support of the Vermont roads, hesi- tated to advance further aid, except on the condition that an unbroken line of railway could be secured to the great lakes of the West. The Vermont & Canada railroad, therefore, in compliance with the statute, gave legal warning that an application would be made to the legislature for changes in their charter, which would give them the right to locate their road to the western shore of Alburgh, and build and maintain a bridge from that point to the west line of the State. A bill was accordingly introduced to the legislature, October 27, 1847, over which a contest ensued, which has few parallels in the history of the legislation of the State. The desired boon, however, was ultimately attained, though passing the house by a majority of two only. Stock to the amount of $100,000.00 only had been taken, barely sufficient to organize the company ; and so much distrust in Vermont railroads was be- ginning to be felt, that the great capitalists hesitated. Several wealthy rail- road gentlemen of Boston had been placed on the board of directors, but they were not disposed to advance any great amount of funds, or to assume indi- 32 FRANKLIN COUNTY. vidual responsbility in the enterprise, yet it was a matter of vital importance that the work on its construction be commeneed at once, else the enemies of the project might influence the legislature to repeal the act granting its amended charter. At this crisis, John Smith and Lawrence Brainerd, of St. Albans, and Joseph Clark, of Milton, decided upon a course as bold as it was ultimately successful. They proceeded to let the contract for grading and mason work to Messrs. Balch, Kearney, and Hinch, becoming personally re- sponsible for the expense, though in prosecuting the work they were obliged to borrow about $500,000.00 on their own credit, before money was realized from subscriptions to the stock of the company. The individual credit of these gen- tlemen proved sufficient to float the project, until by an arrangement with the Vermont Central Company, the stock was taken and the gentlemen relieved from the hazard they had incurred. Ground was broken early in September, 1848, in the northern part of Georgia, and the road was completed through to St. Albans, October 17, 1850, the first train passing over it on the evening of the i8th, having among its passengers the members of the legislature from Franklin county. The entire line was opened early in the summer of 1851. On November 23, 1872, the road came under the control of the Central Vermont Railroad Company, by the conditions of that company's charter, as follows: — " Such bondholders under the first or second mortgages of the Vermont Central Railroad, and such other persons as shall hereafter become stock- holders, are hereby incorporated under the name of the Central Vermont Railroad Company, for the purpose of purchasing the Vermont Central and Vermont & Canada railroads, or either of said roads, and for the purpose of purchasing or retiring by exchange or otherwise, the stock and bonds of the Vermont Central and Vermont & Canada companies, and for the purpose of operating and maintaining said roads." Several other roads have since been leased to this company, until it is now one ofthe largest in New England, with Hon. J. Gregory Smith, president ; J. W. Hobart, general superintendent; J. M. Foss, assistant general superintendent; A. Arnold, superintendent central division; I. B. Futvoie, superintendent northern division ; Jessie Burdette, superintendent Rutland division ; E. A. Chittenden, superintendent of local traffic; and Silas W. Commings general pas- senger agent, the principal office being located at St. Albans village. The branch of the road extending north into Canada, from Swanton Junction is known as the Montreal & Vermont Junction railroad. The Missisquoi railroad, extending from St. Albans to Richford village, where it connects with the Southeastern Townships railroad, which connects New Port, Vt., with Montreal, was leased or mortgaged to the Vermont Central road, September 26, 1870, as follows: — " The Missisquoi Railroad Company have organized under their charter and have concluded a contract with George F. Harris & Co., to build their railroad from its point of junction with the Vermont and Canada railroad in the village of St. Albans, in the county of Franklin, to the village of Rich- ford, in said county, being a distance of about twenty-eight miles, about nine miles of which railroad has been graded, and about five miles thereof has FRANKLIN COUNTY. 33 the iron laid thereon, and which railroad is, by the contract with said Harris & Co., to be completed in the month of July, 1871, and the said railroad company have found it necessary, in order to procure funds to furnish iron and complete their railroad, and pay land damages and other necessary ex- penses, to issue its bonds to the amount of $500,000.00, payable in twenty years from date, at seven per. cent interest, payable semi-annually, and to exe- cute a mortgage of their said railroad, to secure the payment of said bonds and interest ; and it being deemed for the best interest of said railroad com- pany to make arrangements with the trustees and managers of the Vermont Central and Vermont & Canada railroads, to run and operate their said rail- Toad, when completed, in order that said railroad may be run and operated in a prudent and economical manner, and that the payment of the said mort- gage bonds as it shall accrue, may be assured to the holders thereof" The St. Johnsbury & Lake Champlain railroad, extending from Maquam Bay to St. Johnsbury, passes through the towns of Swanton, Highgate, Shel- don, Fairfield, and Bakersfield. It was formerly called the Lamoille Valley railroad, and was completed through to Swanton, and the first train of cars passed over it on Tuesday, July 17, 1877. Soon after this the road was com- pleted from the village of Swanton to the Bay, about two miles, where docks and ware-houses have been built. The first freight train passed over this portion of the road, August 23, 1877, loaded with coal for Messrs. Fairbanks. The first passenger train from the lake to the East, passed over the road in July, 1877. The train which took the first canal-boat load of marble from Swanton Falls to load a boat at Maquam, was shipped by George Barney, of Swanton. The marble was used for the floors of the State, War, and Navy Department Building, at Washington, D. C. The Southeastern Townships railroad, extending from Newport, Vt, to West Farnham, P. Q., is a part of the railroad line from Montreal to Boston and New York city. It extends through only the northern portion of the town of Richford. The Canada Junction railroad, now being constructed by Hon. Bradley Barlow and his associates, is completed from the South Eastern Townships railroad to East Franklin, and is expected to be finished through to Sheldon Junction by June, 1883. NEWSPAPERS. During the first part of the present century, the first newspaper was estabUshed in the county, or counties, — for Grand Isle has always depended on Franklin county for this advantage, — an important era in the history of any community, for it marks the sure progress of enterprise. Since that time the county has not been without a paper, except at intervals of a few years each, and it now supports six ably conducted sheets. The St. Albans Adviser was the first paper published in the county. It was a small sheet, published at St. Albans, by Rufus Allen, in 1807, and con- tinued about one year. 3 34 FRANKLIN COUNTY. The Champlain Reporter \S2& next commenced, in May, 1809, issued from the office of Ambrose Willard, " in the new brick store on the southwest cor- ner of court-house square." The sheet measured 24 by 19 inches, and was printed on coarse, dingy paper, though edited, however, with considerable ability, by Abner Morton, a lawyer of some eminence, and a leading politician of the Federal party. He removed to Michigan after a time, and died there in September, 1863, aged ninety years. The paper was continued until the spring of 1811, when it was discontinued from want of patronage. The Repository followed next in order, though for a period of twelve jears, succeeding the demise of the Reporter, the county was without a publication of its own. In the winter of 1823, an energetic movement for the establish- ment of a newspaper in St. Albans was made, and Colonel Jeduthan Spooner, who had commenced the publication of the Repertory at Burhngton, Oc- tober I, 182 1, was invited by the citizens to remove his paper to St. Albans. After a visit to the town and a conference with the leading business men, he decided to comply with the request, and in May, 1823, the pubhcation of the Repository was commenced in St. Albans. It became one of the ablest papers of the State, but the anti-masonic excitement operated against it, and its proprietor, having determined to emigrate to the West, closed its publica- tion April 26, 1836. Tfie Rranktin Journal y/as staxt&A at St. Albans, as an anti-masonic paper, May I, 1833, and was edited a short time by Samuel N. Sweet. After this it was conducted by Joseph H. Brainerd, until December 7, 1837, when it was sold to Enoch B. Whiting, who changed the name to the St. Albans Messenger. The publication of the paper under this name was commenced December 14, 1837, and continued under the proprietorship of Mr. Whit- ing, who, in 1863, made it a daily and weekly, changing the name to the St. Albans Daily Messenger, until August r,.i87o, when it came into possession of Albert Clarke and J. Dorsey Taylor, by purchase. They also bought the Vermont Transcript and consolidated it with the Messenger, and enlarged the weekly paper from a folio to a quarto. In r874, Mr. Clarke became sole proprietor by the death of Mr. Taylor. In 1878, he erected the present Messenger Building, on Kingman street, one of the finest and best arranged newspaper offices in the State. In September, 1880, Mr. Clarke sold the paper, S. B. Pettingill becoming nominal proprietor, and the latter also ob- tained the St. Albans Advertiser and consohdated the two, since which time it has been called the St. Albans Daily Messenger and Advertiser. The weekly Messenger is published on Fridays. In May, 1882, S. B. Pettingill retired, and was succeeded by D. W. Dixon as chief editor, and A. J. Lang as business manager. Dixon had been editorially connected with the Messenger most of the time since 1869, and Lang since 1874. The paper has a large influence, an extensive circulation, and, as previously mentioned, one of the best equipped offices in the State. The Franklin Republican, a weekly, was published at Sheldon, by J. W. FRANKLIN COUNTY. 35 Turtle, editor and proprietor, during the greater part of the years 1837, 1838, and 1839. It is said to have been a creditable sheet, and would compare favorably with many of the papers published in the State at the present time. The North American, pubHshed at Swanton, was commenced in 1838, the first number being issued April loth, and was continued in weekly numbers until August 13, 1841. It was pubhshed at . first by H. P. Thomas, and edited by Americans and Canadians, the latter being at Swanton as refugees during the continuance of the so-called " Patriot War" of Canada. The last year or more it was published by J. B. Ryan. The Vermont Republican, pubhshed by C. G. Eldridge, at St. Albans, was commenced July 16, 1839. Some rime afterwards Mr. Eldridge left, and D. A. Danforth became its editor and publisher. He continued the paper until April, 1846, when it was suspended. The Loco Foco, a small political sheet, was issued at Swanton a few weeks in the autumn of 1839, the first number appearing on the isth of August. The Swanton Herald, at Swanton, was begun by Ripley & Chamberlain, in 1852, and continued by them until the spring of 1853, when Rev. A. J. Samson began to publish and edit the paper, and continued it one year. The Democrat, by M. F. Wilson, was started at St. Albans in August, 1852. In the spring of 1853, Darwin Mott became its proprietor, and con- tinued the paper for more than two years. It was then discontinued until August, 1858, when it was revived by M. F. Wilson and George Church, who continued its publication until the autumn of 186 1. The Franklin County Herald, issued at Swanton Falls, appeared Novem- ber 5, 1853, under the management of the Drury Brothers, Lucius H. Drury being editor. This paper was intended to support the Democratic party, and was continued until some time in the winter of 1855. The Vermont Tribune was commenced at St, Albans, by Sampson & Som- erby, January 5, 1854. In September following, Z. K. Pangborn became its editor. It was discontinued in 1855. The American Journal, at Swanton, was issued March lo, 1855, by H. N. Drury, with Revs. WiUiam A, Miller and A.J. Samson, editors. It was in reality, however, published by an association of the citizens of Swanton for the express purpose of establishing a good family paper, sound in its morals, and calculated to benefit the community, in which respects it was by no means a failure. Messrs. Miller & Sampson ceased to act as editors March 14, 1856. Albert Sowles then became its editor and H. N. Drury publisher. The fifty- first and last number of the second volume appeared March 27, 1857. The Swanton Journal, of Swanton, appeared May 15, 1857, under the direction of H. N. Drury, as editor and proprietor. It was continued until November 6, 1857, when it was suspended, and Mr. Drury went to Burlington to reside. The Synchronist, also of Swanton, was edited and published by John Sawyer, Jr., at first as a bi-weekly, and afterwards as a weekly. The first number appeared in September, 1859, and the last in i860. 36 FRANKLIN COUNTY. The Franklin County Herald and Swanton Advertiser was started at Swanton in 1862, the first number being issued March 7, by J. Ketchum Averill, editor and proprietor. It was continued in Swanton until August of the same year, when it was removed to St. Albans, where its pubhcation was continued only a short time, when Mr. Averill gave up his paper and enlisted in the 7th N. Y. Vols., and died at Morris Island, S. C, in December, 1863. The Vermont Transcript was established at St. Albans in March, 1864, by Henry A. Cutler. May 20, 1866, it became the property of Wilbur P. Davis, who, in May, 1868, commenced the publication of The Daily Transcript. In 1868, C. H. Baker and J. H. Montefiore became its proprietors. In 1870, the paper was sold to Clarke & Taylor, who merged it with the daily and weekly Messenger. Le Protecteur Canadienne, a paper published in the French language, was commenced at St. Albans by Rev. Z. Druon, in 1869. Mr. Druon was succeeded by A. Mousette, with Fred Houde, editor. In 1872, it was sold, and removed to Worcester, Mass. The St. Albans Transcript was commenced in August, 1870, by J. H. Montefiore and A. N. Merchant. In November of the same year A. N. Merchant became sole proprietor, by purchase, and continued the publication until 1872, The Franklin Journal was commenced at Swanton, in February, 1870, by A. N. Merchant, publisher and proprietor. After about one year the press on which it was printed was removed from Swanton, and the paper continued to be issued at another place, under the above name, for about four years, when it was purchased by C. S. Kinsley & Co., of Burlington. The Vermont Temperance Advocate was established at St. Albans, by Clarke & Taylor, in 187 1, taking the place of a smaller paper of that name pubhshed at Springfield, Vt. It was edited by W. H. H. McAllister, as the organ of the Good Templars of the State, and was continued about one year, when it died from want of patronage. The St. Albans Advertiser, a morning daily and weekly, was established by a stock company in the autumn of 1873, with A. J. Samson, business man- ager, and Lucius Bigelow, editor. Several changes occurred from that time down to September, 1880, when it was consolidated with the Messenger. Hiram S. Hart, A, P. Cross, and J. F. McGowan, were successively business managers, and Stephen E. Royce and Edward S. Sears, editors. Before consol- idating with the Messenger, S. B. Pettingill was editor. The morning edition was discontinued after about two years, and the daily issued at noon, then at s P. M. Once or twice the daily was discontinued altogether, and a semi- weekly edition substituted. When the daily was finally re-established the weekly was discontinued, and the semi-weekly issued. The Swanton Courier, pubhshed at Swanton, was commenced by its present editor and proprietor, T. M. Tobin, March 10, 1877. This paper is a live weekly, and though not a large sheet, contains much well-edited news, FRANKLIN COUNTY. jy a particularly interesting feature being the great variety of local items it furn- ishes its readers. The Fairfax Advertiser, a small, half sheet bi-weekly, was commenced in Fairfax, by F. H. Sanborn, about 1879, and continued a little over a year. The Enosburgh Reporter, a weekly, was commenced at Enosburgh, by W. S. Roberts, in 1879, and continued by him until the spring of 1880. The St. Albans Home Journal was established by Charles H. Hibbard, October i, i88i, and issued weekly by him until September, 1881, when it was purchased by J. H. Montefiore, and consolidated with the Vermont Record. The Vermont Record, a weekly, published at St. Albans, was estab- lished by J. H. Montefiore, June 29, 1882. The Record is a neat, twenty- eight column paper, published each Wednesday. The Vermont Sentry was established at Swanton, by its present editor and proprietor, C. R. Jamason, February 2, 1882. This paper is a large, eight-page sheet, ably conducted, and its sturdy infancy gives promise of a hardy old age. The Frontier Sentinel was established at Richford, by M. F. Wilson, about 1866, and issued by him until he sold it to J. B. Bowditch, who continued it eight years. In March, 1875, it came into the hands of William F. Scott and Carmi C. Brown. On October i6th, of the same year, Mr. Brown sold his interest in the sheet to Charles L. Reed, of Eriosburgh Falls, and the firm name was changed to Scott & Reed. The following January Mr. Scott retired from the enterprise, and from that time until March 16, 1876, Mr. Reed conducted the paper alone ; but on that date he sold the office to L. P. Bailey, and retired from the business. Bailey continued the paper until the 2 2d of the following October, when he sold it to C. R. Kent, of St. Johns- bury. Mr. Kent retained the office one week, when he gave it up and left the town, and the property reverted to the hands of Bailey again, who suffered the publication to die out and become extinct. The Sentinel was a little less than ten years of age, when it died, and during its brief life had endured many trials and afflictions. In 1878, the office, fixtures, etc., were sold to L. H. Goff, who, with his son and son-in-law, established the Richford Gazette, which is now a popular sheet. The Green Mountain Jour7ial was established by Charles L. Reed, Octo- ber 15, 1878. It was then issued as an eight-page, thirty-two column paper, but in November, 1881, Mr. Reed enlarged it and changed its name to the Richford Journal. The Journal has steadily increased in prosperity, and now stands on a firm basis. ABORIGINAL OCCUPANCY. The whole territory of Vermont, previous to its settlement by Europeans, was claimed as a hunting ground by several tribes of Indians who were hostile to each other, and consequently was often the scene of their savage wars, 38 FRANKLIN COUNTY. whose constant invasion prevented its being made the permanent home of either of the tribes. Still there are abundant evidences that at some period the Indians must have resided here in large numbers. A branch of the Abenaquis tribe were the aboriginal occupants of this section of the country; and, indeed, they lingered upon their rightful soil, at the mouth of the Lamoille river, and thence north along the Missisquoi bay, for a long time after the French and EngHsh had taken possession of the country to the north and south of them. When Mrs. Howe and others were taken at Bridgeman's fort and carried into captivity, in 1755, the northern parts of Lake Champlain were in the possession of the St. Francis tribe of Indians, who wintered there in large numbers and subsisted by hunting and fishing; and as late as the time of the Revolutionary war, a branch of this tribe had a village at Swanton, consisting of about fifty huts, with a church, Jesuit mis- sionary, and had some land under cultivation. About the year 1798, the Caughnawaga Indians advanced a claim to most of the lands lying between Lake Champlain and the Green Mountains, and importuned the legislature of Vermont, at several sessions, for remuneration for the same, but without success. Aside from the relics of the village in Swanton, arrow-heads, spear-points, and other weapons of offense and defense have been found in nearly every town throughout the county. These relics, however, seem to exist in the greatest numbers in the vicinity of Franklin pond. Mr. Edward Powers, of Franklin, has a collection of from 200 to 300 arrow-heads that he has found upon the shores of this pond. Still, as we have stated before, neither this nor any other locality in the State seems to have been the Redman's home ; at least not within historic times. Vermont was rather a territory to which all laid claim, and was used in common as a hunting, fishing, and battle-ground, by the St. Francis tribe on the north, their principal settlement being at Montreal, or Hockhelaga, as it was then called ; the Narraganset on the east, with their principal settlement on the Merrimac river ; the Pepuquoits on the south, inhabiting the northwestern part of Connecticut ; and the Iro- quois, or Mohawks, as they were commonly called, on the southwest, their principal settlement being at Schenectady, N. Y., on the Mohawk river. The origin of the Indian cannot be determined by history, nor will cal- culation ever arrive at a probable certainty. Some writers have declared that they were indigenous, while others maintain the opinion of their migration • and both classes, with perhaps a few exceptions, consider them the extreme of human depravity, and outcasts of the world. Now, while we do not dis- pute this sentiment entirely, let us, in justice, glance at the other side of the question. Criminations have been thrown iipon them, they have been driven from their possessions, then in turn driven from others they had obtained, and thus, over and over again, the quietness of their dwelhngs has been interrupted by insolent invaders. But above all, dissipation, introduced among them by their civihzed neighbors, has plunged them still deener intr, FRANKIJN COUNTY. 39 wretchedness and barbarity. Might they not, had other treatment and other circumstances been brought to bear, be other than the degraded people they now are ? WHEN FIRST SETTLED BY THE WHITES. The first settlement of the county, of which we have any record, is sup- posed to have been in Swanton, as previously mentioned ; though most of 1;he relics of the old mission have been found just over the river in Highgate. During the many years that Lake Champlain and its environs were in the possession of the French, nearly the whole of the present county was granted to different French parties, and was actually mapped out, and the several grants named after their respective French proprietors. The land now com- prising the towns of Swanton, Highgate, St. Albans and Georgia, was granted to M. de Bauvis, fils, and to M. Douville. According to a map of this section published at London, in January, 1779, a copy of which may now be found in the first volume of the " Documentary History of New York," Swanton, or the greater portion of it, is called Prattsburgh ; in the vicinity of what is now known as Sheldon, there is exhibited a concession to Lord George Town- send & Co. ; south of this there lie grants made to Nathan Stone & Co., in St. Albans ; to Josiah Willard & Co., and C. H. Gordon, in Fairfax, Fairfield and Georgia; to Samuel Ashley & Co., in Bakersfield; Kellybrook township, in Fairfax, and to W. O. Huddleston and E. Robinson, John Gordon and the Governor of King's College, in Fletcher. No attempt at settlement, however, was probably ever made under any of these grants. The first settlers were emigrants from New England, and for the most part of English origin, a hardy, enterprising people. At the time of their settle- ment the territory was an unbroken wilderness, and but lately released from exposure to the cruelties of Indian depredations and warfare. Hence, none but the spirited and enterprising would place themselves in a situation so lonely. The character of the people, like the roughness of their native mountains, was bold and unyielding. Acquiring by their own exertions and ascendency over the perplexing difficulties that beset them, high notions of liberty and independence were entertained, and great confidence placed in their own abilities. Such were the forefathers of the present people of Frank- lin county. A very few settlers came in previous to the Revolution, whose settlement will be spoken of in connection with the sketches of the towns wherein they dwelt ; but all left with the adverjt of the war, and until after peace was de- clared, no settlements were again commenced. Immigration became rapid then, however, and grants were rapidly taken up, so that at the taking of the first census, in 1791, the county had a population of 1,372. LAND TITLE CONTROVERSY. As the county had no large population to take an active part in the scenes of strife that occurred between the people of the New Hampshire Grants 40 FRANKLIN COUNTY. and New York, we shall give this subject but a passing notice. It must be remembered, however, that many who ultimately became early settlers of th^ county, came from the southern part of the State, where they had taken an active part in the quarrel with their New York cousins. The grant of Bennington, made in 1749, gave rise to the controversy, as New York soon after laid claim to the territory as far east as the Connecticut river. The question in dispute was settled by the King, July 20, 1764, order- ing that the Connecticut river, from the line of Massachusetts to 45" north latitude, should be the boundary between the two provinces from that time forward. But the government of New York did not accept the full intent of this decision, and called upon the settlers to take out new grants, declaring those of New Hampshire illegal. Those who did not obey this call, found their grants contested by new claimants, whom the New York courts declared lawful owners. Thus the quarrel continued, producing more irritation, until, in 1769, the King prohibited the Governor of New York from issuing any more grants " until his majesty's further pleasure should become known." Meanwhile civil disturbances and open deiiance to the New York authorities continued to such an extent that, in 1774, a law was passed by New York, ordering the surrender of offenders under penalty of death. In reply, Ver- mont returned a public letter, threatening death to any who should aid in arresting any of her leading citizens. About this time a plan was made for the formation of a royal province, but the Revolutionary war soon absorbed every other interest. In 1789, New York acknowledged the independence of Vermont, and endeavored to adjust all matters of dispute, having pre- viously made grants to those who had suffered by adhering to her allegiance, while Vermont in turn paid into the treasury of New York thirty thousand dollars. REVOLUTIONARY WAR. With Vermont, the Revolutionary contest possessed a double interest, and while she lent her aid to redress national grievances, she also maintained a spirited contest on her own account, resolving to secure her independence from New York. The territory treated of in this work, however, has none of the romantic stories and traditions of this period that grace the annals of locaUties earlier settled. The people of the New Hampshire Grants, as may well be supposed, entered with an especially hearty zeal into this contest. Their schooling had been such as to render them an exceedingly undesirable foe to meet, as a large portion of the settlers had served in the French and Indian war, and during the twelve or fifteen years that intervened, had been almost continuously at strife with New York, and entertained a feeling of deadly hatred against King George and the British Parhament. It is not strange, then, that the Green Mountain Boys were soon both feared and respected by their adversaries. The few who had settled in Franklin county, left as previously mentioned, on the approach of Burgoyne. FRANKLIN COUNTY. 4 1 WAR OF 1812. The yoke of the mother country having been thrown off, the American colonies rapidly advanced in progress. Vermont expanded into a free and independent State, and finally was annexed to the Union, March 4, 1791. In the meantime, the French nation, led by Napoleon Bonaparte, had arrived at the zenith of military glory, and was giving England great cause for fear and trembling. England, in turn, seeming to forget that her offspring had ar- rived at maturity and was quite able to protect its own institutions, continued her acts of tyranny. Looking upon herself as mistress of the ocean, during her wars with Napoleon, she utterly disregarded the rights of the United States as a neutral nation. Her cruisers would stop and search American vessels, and seize such able-bodied seamen as were needed, on the pretext that they were British subjects. An American frigate, not in condition to resist, having been subjected to this indignity almost within sight of an American port, after receiving several broadsides for denying the right of search, the Presi- dent issued a proclamation ordering all British ships-of-war to quit the waters of the United States. Congress also laid an embargo on American vessels, detaining them at home, but afterward substituted a non-intercourse act, prohibiting trade with Great Britain. All intercourse between this State and the people of Canada was prohibited, without permit from the Governor, under a penalty of $1,000 fine and imprisonment at hard labor in the State penitentiary for the term of seven years. Notwithstanding all this, England persisted in her offensive course. All hopes of obtaining concessions on the impressment question from her were at length abandoned. George III., who was still on the throne, had become insane, and the men who managed affairs were as short-sighted as his ad- visers had been forty years before, whose folly had provoked the Revolution. Longer submission to their arrogant claims was deemed unworthy of a free nation, and war was formally declared by the United States, June 18, 1812. The majority of the people of Vermont considered the declaration of war rash and imprudent, beheving that the required issue could have been brought about by legislation ; but notwithstanding this feeling, the general assembly of the State passed the following resolution : — " The constituted authorities of our country having declared war between the United States and Great Britain and her dependencies, it is our duty as citizens to support the measure ; otherwise we should identify ourselves with the enemy, with no other difference than that of locality. We therefore pledge ourselves to each other and to our government, that with our individ- ual exertions, our example and influence, we will support our government and country in the present contest, and rely on the great Arbiter of events for a favorable result." Both Franklin and Grand Isle counties were well represented in this trouble, and sustained with honor the reputation of their State. The list of their soldiers during this war, so far as known, will be found incorporated 42 FRANKLIN COUNTY. with the several town sketches, and to their pages we refer the reader for further mention of the part taken by the citizens of these counties in those stirring times. In the summer of 1814, the British, having concentrated 14,000 men near the foot of Lake Champlain, undertook an invasion of the States, somewhat on the plan of Burgoyne in 1777. There had been skirmishing throughout the season ; but when in August most of the American troops were transferred to the Niagara frontier. Gen. Prevost improved the opportunity to march upon Plattsburgh. Here Gen. Macomb, in command of the Americans, had made all the preparation in his power for a vigorous defense ; but he had only 2,000 efficient men, and lacked ordnance, while his works were still incom- plete. Commodore McDonough had also strained every nerve to make ready for the British fleet, which was to act in conjunction with the army. His flagship was launched within forty days from the time that the trees used in its construction were standing in the forest. Despite all his exertions, how- ever, in the number of his vessels, guns, and men, he was inferior to the enemy. The British army, having reached Plattsburgh, was there held in check by Macomb, who, strengthened by the brave militia of Vermont and New York, had taken a position on the south side of the Saranac river. But the fate of the battle was to be decided on the water. On the nth of September, the British flotilla drew near to Plattsburgh, and McDonough joined battle, after having on deck of his vessel invoked the blessing of God upon his cause. Two hours of terrible fighting resulted in victory for the Americans as signal as had been that of Perry on Lake Erie. The British commander, who had boasted that with his flag-ship alone he could whip the whole Yankee fleet was killed, and his entire squadron struck. Thus ended the Battle of Platts- burgh Bay, one of the great naval engagements of the world. The British commissioners, at first unreasonable, lowered their tone after the battle of Plattsburgh and the subsequent battle of Baltimore, and on the 24th of December, 1815, a treaty of peace was signed at Ghent, in Belgium, ending the war. Once more the Green Mountain Boys settled down to the peaceful avocations of Ufe, to be aroused again not until many years after, when the terrible civil struggle of 186 1, called them again into the field. Some of the old veterans still are living in the county, a remnant of the gallant ones who gave England her final lesson in Yankee pluck. THE PATRIOT WAR. The rebellion of the French population of Canada against the rule of the sovereign of England, in i837-'39, was- the cause of no ordinary excitement among the people along the northern frontier. The history of that abortive attempt at a revolution does not properly belong in this publication, and is mentioned only on account of the consequent excitement it occasioned here. FRANKLIN COUNTY. 4, That the people of these counties should have regarded with indifference the struggles of a conquered race, however unpromising, to throw off a foreign domination and establish a government and institutions of their own, was not for a moment to be expected. In the early days of this rebellion, several gentlemen, having become subjects of suspicion to the officers of the govern- ment, and in danger of arrest, left their homes for a season and took up a' temporary residence at St. Albans. Among these were R. S. M. Bouchette, a young man of high family connection, splendid abilities and fine personal appearance ; Dr. Cyril Gate, a young physician of influence and promise, and P. P. Demory, a respectable notary of St. Johns, with others of more or less distinction in their communities. In Swanton, which was made a kind of headquarters, the patriots, as they styled themselves, gathered to the number of two or three hundred. Two or three skirmishes occurred in Alburgh, Highgate, and other points, all of which tended to make the loyal people of Canada feel unfriendly to the harborers of their enemies. Many buildings were burned, it is supposed, by loyalists, along the line in Alburgh and High- gate, during the spring of 1839. Finding that affairs were assuming a threat- ening aspect, Brig.-Gen. Nason promptly repaired to the frontier and called out the militia to guard against these invasions. This silenced the matter, and the people finally settled down to their accustomed pursuits, and many doubtless regretted that they had expressed so much sympathy for a cause which turned out so disastrously. THE WAR OF THE UNION. After the war with Mexico, 1846-48, the country enjoyed thirteen years of peace, — years of great improvement in the condition of Franklin and Grand Isle counties, a counterpart of the prosperity enjoyed by the whole State. Indeed, the war with Mexico had scarcely disturbed the even tenor of her way, as so few of her sons were engaged in the strife, the active scenes of which were so far removed. Except for display at celebrations, or as curi- osities, the old sword and musket were unseen. The " Green Mountain Boys " had passed away to join the spirits of their brave commanders, while their names were perpetuated ahkein the annals of history and romance. Their children and grandchildren were enjoying the bounties of the verdant fields they had struggled so hard to win ; but amid all the enervations of peace and plenty, the spirit and blood of such men as Allen, Baker, Stark, and Warner, yet coursed in their veins, ready to reveal its latent power, like the trained battle-horse, at the first clash of arms. The morning of April 12th, 1861, dawned bright and fair, yet dense with weight of woe that overspread the land. The fatal shot upon Sumpter had been fired, and for the first time in its young Hfe, since first unfurled to the breeze o'er the decks of the " Ranger," proudly bearing its " emblem of per- petuity," — the wreath of thirteen stars, — the flag of the Union had been desecrated. 44 FRANKLIN COUNTY. The causes leading to this terrible civil war we need not repeat ; the re- sults are patent to every household in this broad land. To some, however, the word " results " has a peculiar significance. It recalls to the memory of the wife, the husband's face so kind and true; to the son and daughter, the loved lineaments of their sire ; and to the parent, the noble form of their bright and promising son, all of whom now are resting in the quiet church- yard, or, mayhap, whose bones are bleaching in the sand that drained their blood at the fearful carnage of Gettysburgh, Antietam, Fredericksburgh, or other fields where perished so many of our noble dead. But, ye wives, par- ents, brothers and sisters, the nation's honored dead o'er whose graves you weep, have left you a valuable legacy, a bequest in which none but you can share — the glory that surrounds their names ! Vermont's sons soon proved their " Hneal descent from warlike men," and " The Green Mountain Boys " became again an honored title of the present, adding lustre to the fame which already clustered about it. Of this band, 34,238 were sent to fight the battles of their country, and $9,087,352.40 of Vermont's treasure were expended in the cause. But her greatest treasure was the 5,128 noble souls she sacrificed upon the altar of freedom, while 5,022 loyal ones were returned to their homes with shattered constitutions, or maimed in body. Surely, a bountiful contribution towards the preserva- tion of our " Grand Republic." These counties furnished their full quotas, both of men and means, and bore a most honorable part in all of the great war's honors and vicissitudes. During the first year, in i86r, no special inducements were offered for enHstments, save $7.00 per month paid by the State to the soldiers and their famihes, and then more soldiers volunteered than were required. In the summer and autumn of 1862, some towns paid small bounties, from $25.00 to $75.00 for three year's men. In 1863, town bounties ranged from $100.00 to $350.00 for three year's men, and in 1864, the highest point was reached, from $500.00 to $r, 000.00. The town of Fairfield paid as high as $1,000.00 for one year's men in the summer of 1864, while the town of Montgomery paid nothing throughout the war, except to drafted men. The following complete roster of men sent as commissioned officers, and of those, who, enUsting in the ranks, were subsequently promoted to a'com- mission, is compiled from the Adjutant and Inspector-General's report of 1866, and from other sources. For convenience sake, the names are ar- ranged in alphabetical order, the dates referring to commissions, the date of muster being omitted : — TERMS OF ENLISTMENTS. First Regiment, Infantry, mustered into service May 2, 1861, and mus- tered out August 15, 1866. Second Regiment, Infantry, mustered into service June 20, 1861. Original members, not veterans, mustered out June 29, 1864. Recruits for one year, FRANKLIN COUNTY. 45 and recruits whose term of service would expire previous to October i, 1865, mustered out June 19, 1865. Remaining officers and men mustered out of service July 15; 1865. , Third Regiment, Infantry, mustered into service July 16, 186 1. Original members, not veterans, mustered out July 27, 1864. Veterans and recruits consolidated into six companies, July 25, 1864. Recruits for one year and recuits whose term of service would expire previous to October i, 1865, mus- tered out June 19, 1865. Remainder of Regiment mustered out July 11, 1865. Fifth Regiment, Infantry, mustered into service September 16, 1861. Original members, not veterans, mustered out September 15, 1864. Recruits for one year, and recruits whose term of service would expire previous to Oc- tober I, 1865, mustered out June 19, 1865. Remainder of Regiment mus- tered out June 29, 1865. Sixth Regiment, Infantry, mustered into service October 15, i86r. Orig- inal members, not veterans, mustered out of service October 28, 1864. Vet- erans and recruits consolidated into six companies, October 16, 1864. Re- cruits for one year, and recruits whose term of service would expire previous to October i, 1865, mustered out June 19, r865. Remainder of Regiment mustered out June 26, 1865. Seventh Regiment, Infantry, mustered into service February 12, 1862. Original members, not veterans, mustered out August 30, 1864. Regiment mustered out March 14, 1866. Eighth Regiment, Infantry, mustered into service February 18, 1862. Original members, not veterans, mustered out June 22, 1864. Recruits for one year, and recruits whose term of service would expire previous to Octo- ber I, 1865, mustered out June 21, 1865. Remainder of Regiment mustered out of service June 28, r865. Ninth Regiment, Infantry, mustered into service July 9, 1862. Original members and recruits whose term of service would expire previous to October I, 1865, mustered out of service June 13, 1865. Remaining officers and men consolidated into battaUon of four companies. Battalion mustered out December 1, 1865. Tenth Regiment, Infantry, mustered into service September i, 1862. Original members and recruits whose term of service would expire previous to October r, 1865, mustered out June 22, 1865. Remainder of Regiment mustered out June 29, 1865. Eleventh Regiment, Infantry, (First Regiment Heavy Artillery, from December 10, 1863,) mustered into service September r, 1862. Original members, recruits for one year, and recruits whose term of service would ex- pire previous to October i, 1865, mustered out of service June 24, 1865. Remaining officers and men consolidated into battalion of four companies, June 24, 1865. Battalion mustered out August 25, 1865. Twelfth Regiment, Infantry, mustered into service October 4, 1862. Mustered out July 14, 1863. 46 FRANKLIN COUNTY. Thirteenth Regiment, Infantry, mustered into service October 10, 1862. Mustered out July 21, 1863. Seventeenth Regiment, Infantry, mustered into service by companies in 1864. Mustered out July 14, 1865. First Regiment, Cavalry, mustered into service November 19, 1861. Original members, not veterans, mustered out of service November 18, 1864. Recruits for one year, and recruits whose term or service would expire pre- vious to October i, 1865, mustered out June 21, 1865. Remaining officers and men consolidated into battalion of six companies. Battalion mustered out August 9, 1865. Third Battery Light Artillery, mustered into service January i, 1864. Mustered out June 15, 1865. Roster of Field, Staff and Company Officers. Barney Elisha L., of Swanton, age 29, Capt. Co. K, 6th Regt., Oct. 15, '61; wounded Sept. 14, '62; Major, Oct. 15, '62; Lieut.-Col., Dec. 18, '62; Col., March 18, '63 ; died May 10, '64, of wounds received in action at Wilderness, Va., May 5, '64. Barney Friend H., of Swanton, age 21, 1st Lieut. Co. C, 5th Regt., Sept. 5, '61 ; wounded May 5, '64; Capt, July 9, '62 ; mustered out of service Sept. 15, '64. Barney Valentine G., of Swanton, age 27, Capt. Co. A, 9th Regt, June 14, '62 ; Lieut.-Col.. May 24, '63 ; mustered out of service June 13. '65. Beeman William M., of St. Albans, age 35, ist Lieut. Co. B, ist Cav., Oct. 12, '61; Capt, Oct. 30, '62; taken prisoner Oct 11, '63; paroled; mustered out of service Dec. 17, '64. Bell Freeborn E., of St. Albans, age 44, 2d Lieut Co. C, ist Regt, Jan'y 19, '61 j mustered out of service August 15, '61. Blake George G., of Swanton, age 24, Capt Co. K, 13th Regt., Sept. 27, '62 ; mustered out of service July 21, '63. Bogue Charles D., of St. Albans, age 32, private Co. I, loth Regt, July 14, '62 ; ist Sergt, Sept. i, '62 ; 2d Lieut. Co. C, Nov. 8, '62 ; ist Lieut Jan'y 19, '63; mustered out of service June 22, '65. Brainerd Aldis O., of St. Albans, age 36, Qr. M. 5th Regt., Aug. 24, '61; resigned May 28, '62. Brainerd Herbert, of St. Albans, age 25, private Co. L, ist Cavalry, Aug. 16, '62; Co. Qr. M, Sergt, Sept 29, '62; Regt Qr. M. Sergt, Sept i, '63; Qr. M., April i, '64; resigned July 26, '64. Brigham Sidney S., of St. Albans, age 25, private Co. H., 3d Regt, June i, '61 ; ist Sergt., July 16, '61 ; 2d Lieut. Co. A, Aug. 10, '61 ; transferred to Co. H, Oct 16, '61 j 1st Lieut Sept 22, '62 ; Capt, January 15, '63 ; mustered out of service July 27, '64. Brooks Lorenzo D., of Swanton, age 28, Capt. Co. F, 7th Regt., January 9, '62; killed in action near Vicksburgh, Miss., July 23, '62. Brown Samuel G., Jr., of Swanton, age 21, ist Lieut Co. A, 17th Regt, Nov. 12, '63 ; died July 5, '64, of. typhoid fever. FRANKLIN COUNTY. 47 Brown Stephen F., of Swanton, age 21, ist Lieut. Co. K, 13th Regt, Sept. II, '62 ; mustered out of service July 21, '63 ; re-enlisted ; Capt. Co. A, 17th Regt., Nov. II, '63; honorably discharged Aug. 22, '64, for wounds received at Wilderness, Va., May 6, '64. Brush Charles H., of Fairfax, age 23, private Co. K, r ith Regt, Aug. 7, '62 ; Corporal Nov. 5, '62 ; Sergt. Aug. 24, '63; ist Sergt, January 18, '64; 2d Lieut. Sept. 2, '64; transferred to Co. L, May 31, '65; transferred to Co. B, June 24, '65; Capt. June 26, '65; mustered out of service Aug. 25, '65. Buck George, Jr., of Fairfax, age 22, private Co. H, 2d Regt., May 14, '61 ; Corporal June 20, '61; Sergt. Aug. i, '63; re-enlisted January 31, '64; wounded May 5, '64; ist Sergt. Sept. i, '64; ist Lieut., December 24, '64; mustered out of service July 15, '65. Bullard Edgar N., of Swanton, age 24, ist Lieut. Co. F, 7th Regt., January 9, '62 ; Capt. Aug. 28, '62 ; Major, June 29, '65 ; Colonel, Sept. i, '65 ; retained in service one month beyond the muster-out of the Regt, as mustering officer ; mustered out of service as Major, April r4, '66. Burbank Walter H., of St. Albans, age 41, private Co. L, ist Cav., August 16, '62; Co. Qr. M. Sergt, March i, '64; wounded June 22, '64; 2d Lieut. Co. A, February 9, '65 ; ist Lieut. May 17, '65; mustered out of service June 21, '65. Burleson George W., of Frankhn, age 20, private Co. K, Sept. 30, '61 ; Sergt October 15, '61; Regt. Qr. M. Sergt., Dec. i, '62 ; re-enlisted Dec. 15, '63 ; 1st Lieut Co. F, Oct. 29, '64; transferred to Co. C, Oct 16, '64, by reason of consoHdation of Regt; Capt April 22, '65 ; mus- tered out of service June 26, '65. Burnell George W., of Richford, age 22, private Co. F,-ioth Regt, July 15, '62; Sergt Sept i, '62 ; 2d Lieut Co. C, January 19, '63; discharged January i, '64, for promotion in U. S. colored troops. Burns Edgar T., of Highgate, age 22, private Co. F., 7th Regt, Dec. 21, '61 ; Corp., Feb. 12, '62 ; re-enhsted Feb. 16, '64; Sergt, Nov. 12, '64; ist Sergt, Feb. i, '66; 2d Lieut., March i, '66; mustered out of service as ist Sergt, March 14, '66. Carpenter Franklin R., of St Albans, age 37, private Co. F., 8th Regt, Nov. 25, '61; Corp., Feb. 18, '62; re-enlisted Jan. 5, '64; wounded Oct. 19, '64; 2d Lieut, Dec. 8, '63 ; mustered out of service June 28, '65. Case Jerome B., of Fletcher, age 45, ist Lieut Co. H, 2d Regt, May 23, '61 ; resigned Sept 14, '61. Chandler Chailes G., of St. Albans, age 30, Capt. Co. C, ist Regt., May 24, '61 ; Sergt-Maj., May 2, '61 ; mustered out of service Aug. 15, '61 ; re-enlisted, Capt. Co. A., 5th Regt, Sept 3, 61; resigned May i, '62 ; re-enlisted; Capt. Co. I., loth Regt., Aug. 11, '62 ; Maj., Oct 17, '62; Lieut.-Col., April 26, '64; dishonorably discharged Dec. 24, '64. Chilton Alexander W., of Swanton, age 24, 2d Lieut Co. F., loth Regt, Aug. 6, '62 ; ist Lieut Co. I., Dec. 27, '62 ; Capt Co. K., Aug. 9, '64; mustered out of service June 22, '65. Church George, of St. Albans, age 23, private Co. I., loth Regt., Aug. 12, '62 ; Corp., Sept i, '62 ; Sergt, June i, '64; Sergt-Maj., Feb. 26, '65 ; 2d Lieut, June 15, '65 ; mustered out of service as Sergt-Maj., June 22, '65. ^8 FRANKLIN COUNTY. Clark Jed P., of Sheldon, age 27, 2d Lieut. Co. B, ist Cav., Oct. 12, '61 ; resigned Nov. 17, '62. Clark Lawrence D., of Highgate, age 50, Maj. 13th Regt., Sept. 24, '62 ; resigned March 31, '63. Clark Lawrence D., of Swanton, age 48, Capt. Co. A, 1st Regt, July 30, '59; mustered'out of service Aug. 15, '61. Cleveland Edmund F., of Richford, age 21, private Co. F, 9th Regt., June 4. '62 ; Corp. July 9, '62 ; Sergt. March 14, '63 ; 2d Lieut. May 24, '63 ; ist Lieut. Nov. 28, '64; mustered out of service June 13, '65. Colby Ernest C, of St. Albans, age 22, 2d Lieut. Co. I, loth Regt, Aug. 11, '62 ; resigned Jan. 16, '63. Conger George P., of St. Albans, age 43, Capt. Co. B, ist Cav., Oct 12, '61; resigned Sept. 12, '62. Consigny Eugene, of Swanton, age 21, private Co. M, ist Cav., Oct 6, '62 ; Sergt Dec. 31, '62; ist Sergt Nov. 11, '64; ist Lieut Feb. 9, '65; Adjt June 4, '65 ; mustered out of service Aug. 9, '65. Corey Waterman F., of Fairfield, age 27, ist Lieut Co. H, 3d Regt., June 3, '61 ; Adjt. Sept. 25, '61 ; resigned July 24, '62. Eastman William H., of St Albans, age 20, private Co. L, ist Cav., Aug. 15, '62; Co. Com. Sergt Sept. 29, '62 ; Regt Com. Sergt. Aug. 31, '64; Regt Com. June 4, '65 ; mustered out of service as Regt Com. Sergt. June 21, '65. Farnsworth Isaac, of St Albans, age 24, private Co. D, 5th Regt, Sept 14, '61 ; Regt. Qr. M. Sergt., Nov. 2, '61 ; 2d Lieut, Aug. 2, '62 ; resigned Oct 19, '62. Farrington Willard, of Highgate, age 26, private Co. L, ist Cav., Aug. 20, '62 ; Sergt. Sept. 29, '62 ; 2d Lieut. Feb. 9, '65 ; ist Lieut, June 4, '65 ; ist Lieut., and transferred to Co. C, June 21, '65, by reason of consolidation of Regt. Fish Miner E., of Sheldon, aged 22, private Co. C, sth Regt., Sept. 9, '61 ; Sergt. Sept. 16, '61 ; wounded June 29, '62 ; Regt Com. Sergt., Dec. 2, '62; 2d Lieut Co. K, March 28, '63; transferred to Co. D, Nov. 22, '63; Capt June 9, '64; honorably discharged as 2d Lieut, Aug. 22, '64, for wounds received in action at Wilderness, Va., May 5, '64. Fleury Alvan G., of Isle LaMotte, age 19, private Co. K, nth Regt., July 30, '62; Sergt Sept. i,'62; 2d Lieut. Dec. 28, '63; ist Lieut Co. E, May 13, '65; transferred to Co. B, June 24, '65 ; Capt Co. A, July 10, '65 ; mustered out of service as ist Lieut. Co. B, Aug. 25, '65. Foster Daniel S., of St Albans, age 22, ist Lieut Co. F, Sth Regt, Jan. 3, '62 ; Capt April 9, '62 ; mustered out of service June 22, '64. Foster Joseph M., of Montgomery, age 21, private Co. A, 5th Regt, Aug. 28, '61 ; Corp. Sept 16, '61 ; Sergt.; wounded May 5th, '64; ist Sergt. Sept 16, '64; ist Lieut. Nov. 10, '64; mustered out of service June 29, '65. Fuller Austin W., of St. Albans, age 20, private Co. I, loth Regt., Aug. 9, '62 ; Sergt. Sept i, '62 ; Regt Com.-Sergt., Jan. 19, '63 ; wounded severely Oct 19, '64; 2d Lieut. June 6, '64; honorably discharged Dec. 15, '64. for wounds. Gilder Matthew G., of Georgia, age 19, private Co. A, 5th Regt, Aug. 23, '61; Corp.; re-enlisted Dec. 15, '63 ; Sergt, June 12, '64; ist Sergt.', Jan. 2, '65 ; 2d Lieut, June 4, '65 ; mustered out of service as ist Sergt, June 2q, '65. FRANKLIN COUNTY. ^q Gilmore Henry, of St. Albans, age 31, 2d Lieut. Co. A, 17th Regt., Nov. 12, '63 ; ist Lieut. Aug. 22, '64; Capt. Nov. i,'64; resigned and honorably discharged as 2d Lieut., May 13, '65, for wounds received at Spottsyl- vania, May 12, '64. Gilson Darwin K., of St. Albans, age 23, private Co. I, loth Regt., July 23 '62; Sergt., Sept. i, '62 ; ist Sergt., Feb. 26,-65; 2d Lieut., Feb. 9', '65; ist Lieut., June 15, '65; mustered out of service as ist Sergt, June 22, '65. Goodspeed Nelson, of Montgomery, age 23, 2d Lieut. Co. G, 13th Regt., Sept. II, '62 ; mustered out of service Feb, 10, '63, to date Oct. 10, '62! Goss Story N., of Georgia, age 30, Asst. Surg 9th Regt., Sept. 26, '62 ; re- signed Oct, 15, '63. Green Lucius, of Highgate, age 41, ist Lieut. Co. K, 6th Regt, Oct 15, '61 ; resigned Dec. 26, '62. Halbert John R., of Fairfax, age 44, ist Lieut Co. K, nth Regt., Sept i, '62 ; discharged for incompetency March 14, '63. Halbert John S., of Fairfax, age 20, private, Co. A, 9th Regt, May 29, '62 ; Sergt, July 9, '62; ist Sergt, July i, '63 ; 2d Lieut, Nov. 28, '64; mustered out of service June 13, '65. Hall Elmore J., of Highgate, private Co. L, ist Cav., Aug. 21, 62; Asst. Surg. January i, '63; resigned Sept. 15. '64. Hall Horace P., of St. Albans, age 33, Asst Surg., 9th Regt., June 30, '62 ; resigned March 13, '63. Hibbard Edward L., of Franklin, age 30, private, Co. K, 13th Regt, Sept. II, '62 ; Sergt-Major, January 22, '63; 2d Lieut Co. D, February 23, '63 ; ist Lieut., June 4, '63 ; mustered out of service July 21, '63. House Thomas F., of St Albans, age 37, Capt Co. H, 3d Regt., June 3, '63 ; resigned Oct 16, '62. Hoyt WilHam R., of St. Albans, age 20, private Co. I, loth Regt, Sept 23, '63; Corporal, February 26, '64; Sergt. Aug. 31, '64; Sergt-Major, February 9, '65 ; 2d Lieut Co. C., February 9, '65 ; ist Lieut March 22, '65 ; mustered out of service June 29, '65. Hurlbut Alonzo R., of St Albans, age 24, ist Lieut Co. A, 5th Regt, Sept 3, '61 ; Capt, June 15, '62; died June 9, '64, in Armory Square Hos- pital, Washington, D. C., of wounds received at Battle of the Wilderness, Va., May 5, '64- Hyde Horace A., of S wanton, age 54, private Co. B, ist Cavalry, Sept 18, '61; Sergt, Nov. 19, '61; ist Sergt, February 19, '63; 2d Lieut, April I, '63 ; taken prisoner Oct. 1 1, '63, at Brandy Station, Va., and died at Andersonville. Ga. Hyde Melvin J., of Isle La Motte, age 35, Assist Surg. 2d Regt, Sept. 12, '63 ; Surg., Aug. i, '64 ; mustered out of service July 15, '65. Jewett Albert B., of Swanton, age 32, ist Lieut. Co. A, ist Regt, April 27, '61 ; mustered out of service Aug. 15. '61; re-enhsted ; Capt loth Regt., Aug. 26, '62 ; resigned April 25, '64. Jewett Erastus W., of St. Albans, age 13, 2d Lieut. Co. A, 9th Regt., June 14, '62; xst Lieut, May 24, '63; resigned Nov. 21, '64. Jewett Jesse A., of Swanton, age 24, 2d Lieut. Co. C, sth Regt, Sept 5, '61 ; ist Lieut July 9, '62 ; Capt Co. K, March 21, '6^ ; resigned May 29, '63- 4 5° FRANKLIN COUNTY. Jordan Henry D., of Isle La Motte, age 33, private Co. A, 17th Regt., Nov. 4, '63 ; ist Sergt., Jan'y 5, '64 ; wounded May 12, '64, and April 2, '65 ; ist Lieut., March ii, '65 ; Capt., June 26, '65; mustered out of service as ist Lieut., July 14, '65. Keith Alfred H., of Sheldon, age 20, appointed 2d Lieut. Co. K, 6th Regt., March 21, '62; ist Lieut., Dec. 28, '62; Capt., March 18, '63; hon- orably discharged Sept. 4, '64, for wounds received in action at Wilder- ness, Va., May 10, '64. Kennedy Thomas B,, of Sheldon, age 21, private Co. K, 6th Regt., Oct. 8, '61 ; Sergt. ; 2d Lieut., March 18, '63 ; ist Lieut., Feb. 11, '64; Capt, Sept. 19, '64; honorably discharged April 25, '65, for wounds received in action at Cedar Creek, Va., Oct. ig, '64. Kittredge George H., of St. Albans, age 30, 21! Lieut. Co. E, 12th Regt, Sept. I, '62 ; mustered out of service July 14, '63. Langdon Seth W., of Fairfield, age 43, recruit for 5th Vt Vols., Aug. 15, '64; Asst. Surg. 17th Regt, Nov. 21, '64; mustered out of service July 14, '65- Leach Chester K., of Fletcher, age 31, 2d Lieut Co. H, 2d Regt, June 20, '61 ; ist Lieut, Sept 12, '61 ; mustered out of service June 29, '64. Leach EphraimL., of Enosburgh, age 23, private Co. C, 5th Regt, Aug.^2j, '61 ; ist Sergt., Sept. 16, '61 ; 2d Lieut., Dec. 2, '62 ; mustered out' of service Sept 15, '64. Lewis Silas H., Jr., of St. Albans, private Co. I, loth Regt., July 23, 62 ; ist Sergt., June i, '64; 2d Lieut Co. F, June 6, '64; brevet Capt, April 2, '65, for gallantry in assault on Petersburgh, Va., April 2, '65 ; mus- tered out of service June 22, '65. Marsh Carmi L., of Frankhn, age 19, 2d Lieut. Co. K., 13th Regt, Sept. 11, '62 ; resigned Feb. 17, '63, Martin Nathan, of Alburgh, age 18, private Co. K, nth Regt, Aug. 12, '62 ; Corporal, Dec. 29, '62 ; Sergt, Dec. 28, '63 ; Co. Qr. M. Sergt, June 16, '64; ist Sergt, April 18, '65; 2d Lieut, May 18, '65 ; mustered out of service as ist Sergt., June 24, '65. Morey Sidney S., of Swanton, age 22, private Co. K., 13th Regt, Sept. 12, '62 ; ist Sergt., Oct. 10, '62 ; 2d Lieut. Co. E, June 4, '63 ; mustered out of service July 21, '63. Murphy Bradford S., of Swanton, age 23, private Co. K, 6th Regt, Sept 25, '61; Sergt, Oct. 15, '61; Sergt-Maj., June 24, '62; 2d Lieut, Dec. 28, '.62 ; ist Lieut, March 18, '63 ; cashiered and dismissed the service Oct. 8, '63. Nason Carter H., of St. Albans, age 27, 2d Lieut Co. F, 8th Regt, Jan. 3 '62 ; dismissed the service June 2, '63. Newton John W., of St Albans, age 24, ist Lieut. Co. L, ist Cav., Sept 18, '62 ; Capt.. Jan. 5, 64 ; resigned and honorably discharged as ist Lieut ' Feb. 27, '64. ' Nye Albert N., of Highgate, age 22, private Co. F, loth Regt., Aug. 4, '62 ; ' Corp., Sept I, '62; Sergt, June 5, '64; wounded severely Sept. 22,' '64; ist Sergt, May 14, 65 ; 2d Lieut, June 15, '65 ; mustered out of service as ist Sergt, June 22, '65. Nye Chester F., of Highgate, age 23, ist Lieut Co. F, loth Regt., Aug. 6 '62; wounded Oct 19, '64; Capt, June 6, '64; discharged Dec. 27' '6a. for wounds. ' FRANKLIN COUNTY. 51 Parsons Henry C, of St. Albans, age 21, Capt. Co. L, ist Cav., Sept, 18, '62 ; honorably discharged Jan. 4, '6 4, for wounds received in action at Gettysburgh, Pa., July 3, '63. Perkins Hiram E., of St. Albans, age 22, ist Lieut. Co. C, ist Regt. March 12, '61; mustered out of service Aug. 15, '61 ; re-enlisted; Capt. Co. F, 8th Regt., Jan. 3, '62; discharged for promotion in U. S. C. T., May 31, '63- Perry John R., of Swanton, age 38, Chaplain, loth Regt, March 23, '65 mustered out of service, July 7, '65. Pixley Charles H., of Enosburgh, age 21, private, Co. B, ist Cavalry, Sept. 23, '61 ; Co. Qr. M. Sergt, Nov. 19, '61 ; 2d Lieut, February i, '63 drowned in Broad Run, Va., February 18, '63. Piatt Hiram, of Swanton, age 37, Capt Co. F, loth Regt, Aug. 6, '62 resigned April 1, '64. Plant Azro M., of Georgia, age 27, Assist Surg. 14th Regt, Jan. 29, '63 mustered out of service, July 30, '65. Reynolds Charles H., of St Albans, age 27, private Co. I, loth Regt, Aug. 5 '62 ; Regt Qr. M. Sergt, January i, '63 ; Qr. M., April 6, '64 ; pro- moted Capt., and A. Qr. M. U. S. Vols., Dec. 12, '64. Rice Franklin E., of Isle La Mott, age 21, private, Co. F, 9th Regt., June 17, '62 ; Com. -Sergt., Nov. 20, '62 ; Qr. M., Oct 19, '64; mustered out of service June 13, '65. Roberts John W., of Montgomery, age 18, private, Co. H, 9th Regt., June 8, '62; Corp., January i, '64; Sergt, March i, '65 ; 1st Sergt, April 12, '6^ ; 2d Lieut, June 13, '65 ; mustered out of service as ist Sergt, June 13, '65- Robinson George W., of Georgia, age 34, ist Lieut, Co. E, 12th Regt, Sept. I, '62 ; mustered out of service July 14, '63. Sawyer John, of Highgate, age 33, private Co. B, ist Cav., Sept. 23, '61 ; ist Sergt, Nov. 19, '61; 2d Lieut, February 19, '63; ist Lieut., April i, '63 ; mustered out of service Nov. 18, '64. Sawyer Joshua P., of St Albans, age 26, private Co. H, ist Regt., May 7, '61 ; Sergt., June 20, '61 ; 2d Lieut., Jan'y 25, '62 ; ist Lieut Co. C, Sept 26, '63 ; wounded May 5, '64; mustered out of service June 29, '64. Shattuck Charles S., of Sheldon, age 22, private Co. K, 6th Regt, July 16, '62; Sergt, July 13, '63 ; ist Lieut., Sept 19, '64; promoted Capt and Com. of Subsistence U. S. Vols., Feb. 22, '65. Sheridan John D., of Swanton, age 33, 2d Lieut Co. A, ist Regt April 27, '61; mustered out of service Aug. 15, '61; re-enlisted; Capt Co. C, 5th Regt, Sept. 5, '61 ; resigned July 10, '62 ; re-enhsted; private Co E, nth Regt, Dec. 21, '63 ; Sergt, June 8, '64; 2d Lieut Co. M, Sept 2, '64; ist Lieut Co. L, May 23, '65 ; transferred to Co. A, June 24, '65 ; mustered out of service Aug. 25, '65. Sherman Linus E., of Montgomery, age 26, ist Lieut. Co. A, 9th Regt., June 14, '62; Capt, May 24, '63; mustered out of service June 13, '65. Simons Volney M., of Swanton, age — , Chap. 5th Regt, Aug. 24, '61 ; re- signed March i8, '62. Skinner Nathan L., of St Albans, age 22, private Co. F, 7th Regt, Jan'y 8, '62 ; Corp., Oct 30, '62 ; Sergt, April i, '63 ; re-enlisted Feb. 17, '64; ist Sergt., July 6, '65 ; ist Lieut, Oct 27, '65 ; mustered out of service March 14, '66. 52 FRANKLIN COUNTY. Smith Louis McD., of St. Albans, age 24, 2d Lieut. Co. A, 5th Regt., Sept. 3, '61 ; wounded June 29, '62 ; ist Lieut., June 15, '62 ; mustered out of service Dec. 31, '62 ; re-enlisted; Capt. Co. E, sth Regt, March i, '63 ; mustered out of service Sept. 15, '64. Sowles George D., of Alburgh, age 23, Capt. Co. K, i ith Regt.; wounded June I, '64; Major, Oct. 16, '64; mustered out of service June 24, '65. Sowles George H., of Alburgh, age ig, private Co. K, nth Regt, July 15, '62; Sergt., Sept. i, '62; ist Sergt, Aug. 26, '63; 2d Lieut, Dec. 28, '63 ; prisoner of war from June 23, '64, to March 12, '65; ist Lieut, Sept 2, '64; honorably discharged as 2d Lieut May 15, '65. Stannard George J., of St. Albans, age 41, Lieut.-Col. 2d Vt Vols., June 6, '61; Col. 9th Regt, May 21, '62; promoted Brig.-Gen. U. S. Vols., March 11, '63. Start Charles M., of Bakersfield, age 23, ist Lieut. Co. I, loth Regt, Aug. It, '62; resigned Dec. 5, '62. Start Romeo H., of Franklin, age 24, 2d Lieut Co. H, 3d Regt., June 3, '61 ; ist Lieut., Nov. 7, '61 ; Capt. Co. E, Sept 22, '62 ; resigned May i9> '63- Start Romeo H., of St. Albans, age 24, Capt 3d Battery Lt Art., Nov. 23, '63; mustered out of service June 15, '65. Stearns Henry G., of Swanton, age 21, private Co. F, 7th Regt, Nov. 22, '61 ; ist Sergt, Feb. 12, '62 ; 2d Lieut., Aug, 28, '62; resigned Jan. 27, '63. Stevens Hiram, of Enosburgh, age — , Adjutant 1st Regt, April 26, '6i; mustered out of service Aug. 15, '61. Stranahan F. Stewart, of St. Albans, age 21, private Co. L., ist Cav., Aug. 15, '62 ; ist Sergt., Sept. 29, '62 ; 2d Lieut, Jan. 5, '64; ist Lieut, Feb. 28, '64; resigned and honorably discharged as 2d Lieut, Aug. 28, '64. Symons WiUiam, of Fairfax, age 40, ist Lieut Co. K, 5th Regt, Sept, 12, '61; honorably discharged April 19, '62, for disability. Town Dexter B., of North Hero, age 31, private Co. F, 7th Regt., Dec, 11, '6i; Sergt, Feb. 12, '62; ist Sergt, Oct 13, ''62; re-enlisted Feb. 16, '64; ist Lieut, May 23, '65 ; Capt. Oct 27, '65 ; mustered out of service March 14, '66. Tapper John S., of Bakersfield, age 20, private Co. H., 3d Regt., June i,'6i; Corp. July 16, '61 ; Sergt, June i, '63 ; re-enhsted Dec. 21, '63 ; trans- ferred to Co. K, by reason of consohdation of regiment, July 25, '64; ist Sergt, Aug. 27, '64; ist Lieut., Oct 18, '64; mustered out of service July II, '6s, Vaughan Roswell C, of St. Albans, age 28, ist Lieut 3d Battery Lt Art., Dec. 12, '64; promoted Capt. and Com. Sub. U. S. Vols., July 2, '64. Vinclette Edward, of Swanton, age 20, private Co. F, loth Regt., July 1 2, '62 ■ Sergt, Sept i, '62; ist Sergt, January i, '64; 2d Lieut,' Co. K,'Feb.' 9, '65 ; ist Lieut., March 22, '65 ; mustered out of service June 29, '65. '65- Wheeler Henry O., of South Hero, age 20, private Co. A, ist Cav., Oct 2 '61 ; Corporal Nov. 19, '6r ; Sergt, Dec. i, '62 ; ist Lieut, Sept. 24,'63 • wounded Mays, '64; taken prisoner Oct 7, '64; paroled; mustered out of service March 8, ''■'• FRANKLIN COUNTY. 57 White Marvin, of Enosburgh, age 30, Capt. Co. G, 13th Regt., Sept. 11, '62 ; died Dec. 13, '62; of disease. White William, of Sheldon, age 43, private Co I, loth Regt., Aug. 9, '62 ; Sergt., Sept. I, '62 ; istSergt, Dec. 5, '62 ; 2d Lieut, April 2, '64; ist Lieut., Aug. 9, '64; wounded June i, '64, and Oct. 19, '64; Capt,, June 15, '65; mustered out of service as ist Lieut., June 22, '65. Whitney Orloff H., of Franklin, age 23, Adjt, 13th Regt., Sept. 24, '62 ; Capt., Co. H, January 22, '63 ; died June 4, '63. WilHams Merritt B., of Bakersfield, age 23, ist Lieut., Co. G, 13th Regt., Sept. II, '62; Capt. Dec. 13, '62 ; wounded July 3, '63 j mustered out of service July 21, '63. Woodward RolUn C. M., of St. Albans, Surg. 6th Regt., Oct. 10, '61; dis- charged Oct. 29, '61 ; for disability. Wright William H., of Fairfield, age 26, private Co. C, sth Regt., Sept. 9, '61; Sergt. Sept. 16, '61 ; ist Sergt ; re-enhsted Dec. 15, '63 ; ist Lieut, June 9, '64; Capt., Nov. 10, '64; mustered out of service June 29, '65. Of the 5,022 men discharged, 317 commissioned officers resigned, sixty- one commissioned officers and 3,865 enhsted men were discharged for disa- bility, forty-four commissioned officers and 596 enhsted men for wounds received in action. Eleven enlisted men were paroled prisoners. Twenty- eight commissioned officers and one hundred enhsted men were dishonorably discharged. Among the whole number of troops it is to be expected that some were not true, and the records show that 2,219 ™sn (mostly, if not all of whom were substitutes,) deserted. The Number of Engagements in which the several Regiments, Batteries and detached troops, (officered in part by Frankhn and Grand Isle county men,) bore honorable part during the war, are as follows : — First Regiment, Infantry i Second -Regiment, Infantry 28 Third Regiment, Infantry 28 Fifth Regiment, Infantry 25 Sixth Regiment, Infantry 25 Seventh Regiment, Infantry 5 Eighth Regiment, Infantry .... 7 Ninth Regiment, Infantry 4 Tenth Regiment, Infantry 13 Eleventh Regiment, Infantry 12 Thirteenth Regiment, Infantry i Seventeenth Regiment, Infantry 13 Third Battery, Light Artillery 4 First Regiment, Cavalry 73 IN CONCLUSION. It may be well to state that the War Department accredited to this State 5,242 men; being one thousand and four more than are shown by the State records, and gives the State credit over the aggregate quota under all calls, of fifteen hundred and thirteen men. " This discrepancy may be and proba- bly is to be accounted for," says AdjutantGeneral P. T. Washburn, "by en- listments in organizations of other States, I0 the credit of this State, which appear upon muster rolls of those organizations and were not reported to the State." GRAND ISLE COUNTY. IjiT is probable that the first European whose eye ever rested upon this lo- S cahty was Jacques Cartier. In 1535, he was commissioned by Francis I., # of France, with the command of an expedition to explore the western hemisphere. Having discovered the gulf and river St. Lawrence as far as the present site of Montreal, he found there an Indian encampment, or village, known as Hocelaga. An Algoquin chief, Donnacona, conducted him to the summit of Mount Royal, and showed him a beautiful country to the south, which he called Iroquoisia, and told him of great rivers and inland seas and of smaller rivers and lakes penetrating this beautiful territory, belonging to the war-like Iroquois. Many years afterward, Samuel Champlain, accom- panied by a party of friendly Hurons, proceeded to the locality described by Cartier, and on the fourth day of July, 1609, entered upon the waters which perpetuate his name, and consequently was the first white man to enter the territory which now bears the name of Grand Isle county. Away up in the northwestern corner of the State this county lies, between lat. 44° 35' and 45''' o', and between long. 3° 39' and 3° 47', embosomed in the waters of Lake Champlain, having a length of twenty-eight miles from north to south, and a width of about five miles. It contains eighty-two square miles, 40,070 acres, about 4,126 inhabitants, and is divided into five towns, — Alburgh, Grand Isle, Isle La Motte, North Hero, and South Hero. After the division of the State into counties (see page 20) and the subse- quent erection of FrankUn county, November 5, 1792, the towns of Alburgh, Isle La Motte and North Hero were set to Franklin county, leaving Grand Isle and South Hero still under the jurisdiction of Chittenden county. This arrangement was peculiarly unsatisfactory to the people of Grand Isle county, as it virtually divided the five townships, thereby creating many inconven- iences of a pubhc nature. The people of these townships were bound to- gether, in a greater or less degree, by local attachments and interests, and they therefore deemed that their public and private welfare would be essen- tially promoted by a political separation from the main land, and the erection of the five towns into a distinct county. There were, in the outset, many influential persons, however, who opposed this project determinately, and for a time successfully. The subject was agitated as early as 1792, but no meas- ures were instituted to carry out the scheme until September, 1794, when a petition was drawn up, praying for the formation of a new county, to be called the " Hero," and asking for that purpose all the islands in Lake Cham- GRAND ISLE COUNTY. 55 plain, north of Colchester Point, and east of the channel of the lake, to lat. 45°, including Alburgh. This petition was signed by twenty -three citizens of Alburgh, eight of Isle La Motte, twenty-nine of North Hero, and sixty- three of South Hero and Grand Isle. It was presented to the legislature at its October session of the same year, and referred to a select committee, which, after some deliberation, asked to be discharged from its further con- sideration ; and the matter was thereupon referred to the next legislature. The subject was urged and discussed, with more or less pertinacity, from this time until 1802, but without effect. After repeated trials, in which popular sen- timent in favor of the measure had gradually gained strength and potency, the assent of the legislature was finally, though reluctantly, secured, and the new county incorporated November 9, 1802. The followmg are the provis- ions of the act of incorporation : — " First, That the towns of Alburgh, Isle La Motte and North Hero, in the county of Franklin, and the towns of South Hero and Middle Hero, in the county of Chittenden, together with all such islands as lie in the State near the above mentioned towns, and are more than a mile from the main land, in the counties of Chittenden and FrankHn, be, and they are hereby constituted a distinct county, by the name of Grand Isle. Second, That at the session of the legislature, in October, 1805, the said county of Grand Isle shall be organized for the transaction of all legal business as a county." The surface of the country is generally level, though diversified with occasional hills and small tracts of rolling land, while the scenery is varied and attractive. There are no streams or inland lakes of importance, but the lake whose waters nearly surround the county amply compensates for any loss of beauty or interest on this account. Not only in beauty, however, does this lake excel, for around none other of the continent hover historical associations so brilhant and memorable. Long before any European had looked upon its silver waters, its long and narrow track, adapted to the tran- sit of the light canoe, had opened a pathway between hostile tribes, in their perpetual missions of reciprocal slaughter and rapine. The Indian, doubt- less, in reference to this fact, gave to the lake the striking and appropriate name, Caniadere- Guarante, that is, the lake that is the gate of the country. And again, for a period of over two centuries from the date of its discovery by Champlain, its character and position remained unchanged. Its waters were the portals of alien and often hostile nations ; along its highway the stealthy march of murderous bands have passed, to be precipitated upon the slumbering settlements of the foe ; fleets of canoes and batteaux in summer have glided over its pure waters on errands of blood and rapine; and in win- ter its crystal pavement afforded an easy pathway to the invader, or if deep snows rested upon the ice, the snow-shoe left scarcely an impress to betray his transit. By this track the French, with their savage associates, traversed the lake, and penetrating the gorges of the Green Mountains, devastated, amid the storms and snows of winter, the fairest villages of New England. Later on, vast armies, clothed in the pomp and panoply of modern warfare, have gathered on its sequestered shores, or glided over its silent waters, where 56 GRAND ISLE COUNTY. now all is a scene of thrift and prosperity — a scene of rare beauty and great interest, that each season calls hundreds of tourists from this and foreign lands to gratify their love for the beautiful, and to revel amid its gems of, historical lore. And amid these scenes of historic renown, none, perhaps, possesses an interest equal to that attached to Grand Isle county. Its shores were the first in the State to be visited by a white man, within its hmits was commenced the first settlement, and upon its soil rested the first mihtary for- tification erected in what is now the proud State of Vermont. But these honors, by some strange chance, have for many years been assigned to other localities. GEOLOGICAL. Geologically, there is nothing in Grand Isle to distinguish it from other counties of the State. The principal rocks are of the Black river limestone, Trenton limestone, Utica slate and Hudson river slate iormaXions. The rocks of the Black river group underlie the western portions of South Hero, Grand Isle, and Isle La Motte, and are generally known as Isle La Motte marble. It is a black, compact, finely granular marble, a pure carbonate of lime, and a very handsome and valuable stone. It also contains many fossils. When sawed, it makes an excellent marble for floor tiling, and specimens of it may be seen in the public edifices and costly mansions of the principal cities of the Union. A vein of T7-enton limestone Hes parallel with and adjacent to the Black river ledge, extending the whole length of the county, having a mean width' of about one mile. One very soon learns to distinguish this rock from all others in Vermont, by its common characters of black schistose layers, asso- ciated with slaty seams of limestone and occasionally argillaceous matter. The rock occupies the middle and northwestern parts of South Hero, reach- ing entirely across the island at one place, to Keeler's Bay ; but the shape of the island is such that it runs off' to the northwestern part, where it sinks be- neath the lake to rise again in Isle La Motte. In Grand Isle, the best de- velopment of the Trenton formation in Vermont appears. Prof Adams, in his manuscript notes of the geology of Vermont, thinks that the thickness of the rock here is as much as 500 feet. The strata are thick-bedded, and filled with beautifully developed trilobites, orthocerata, shells, fucoids, etc. The principal mineral found in the rock is a large vein of milk-white calcite, ten feet wide, in South Hero. A large bed ot Utica slate comes next in order, underlying, except a small portion of the extreme eastern part, the residue of the county. This rock is a continuation of the calcareous shales of the Hudson river group downwards, until they meet the slaty limestone of the Trenton limestone. The common variety greatly resembles the shales of the Trenton limestone, differing from them principally by being firmer, and exhibiting a double system of joints, which are often filled with seams and veins of calcite. These veins consti- tute a marked feature of this rock. There are three varieties of them,— the GRAND ISLE COUNTY. 57 large veins, or dikes ; the smaller ones, that twist and branch in every direc- tion, frequently like the branches of a tree ; and thirdly, small veins that oc- cupy the cleavage seams, and are parallel to one another over large areas. This rock is particularly conspicuous on the southeast and southwest shores of Alburgh, where ledges of it occur, and also in the center of the town near the railroad. Upon the east side of Isle La Motte, two ledges of the slate appear, in contact with the Black river and Trenton limestone. The mineral contents are mostly calcite and nodules ol pyrites. Several mineral springs occur in the formation, the principal ones being in Alburgh and South Hero. The water is strongly impregnated with sulphurated hydrogen, and they are visited by many invalids with beneficial results. It is probable that the sul- phur arises from the decomposition of the nodular pyrites common in the slate. The numerous drift scratches, moraines, etc , found throughout the county confirms the supposition that it was once the bed of an ocean. Larger de- posits of marine shells also are interspersed with the soil in different locali- ties, and many fossil remains have been exhumed, especially in North Hero and Isle La Motte. STAPLE PRODUCTIONS. The material resources of the county are not large, though sufficiently so to entitle it to rank as not the least respectable and prosperous, though the smallest of the fourteen counties in the State. A great portion of the lands are exceedingly fertile, and yield nearly all of the different kinds of grains, fruits, and vegetables common to this latitude. The value and productive- ness of the soil averages nearly the same in all parts of the county, though the town of North Hero, — which contains the greatest proportion of arable land according to its area, — -may be considered the most productive. The constituent properties of the soil are clay, loam and marl, with a substratum of coarse gravel and heavy clay, the latter predominating. A considerable pro- portion of the old pasture lands, however, begin to exhibit signs of impaired fertility. Both the soil and chmate render the county admirably adapted to fruit culture, apples, plums, pears, cherries and grapes being produced at a fair profit. Dairying and stock-raising interests also occupy a large amount of attention, there being owned throughout the county some excellent herds of blooded cattle, and a number of flocks of Spanish Merino sheep. A better idea of the staple productions may be derived, perhaps, from the following statistics, taken from the United States census reports of 1870. During that year there were 36,872 acres of improved land in the county, while the farms were valued at ^2,579,795.00, and produced 18,774 bushels of wheat, 205 bushels of rye, 21,073 bushels of Indian corn, 105,431 bushels of oats, 7,454 bushels of barley, and 26,876 bushels of buckwheat. There were owned throughout the county 1,285 horses, 1,457 milch cows, 12 working oxen, 16,087 sheep, and 545 swine. From the milk of the cows were manu- factured 160,653 pounds of butter and 11,388 pounds of cheese, while the sheep yielded 83,838 pounds of wool. 58 GRAND ISLE COUNTY. MANUFACTURES. Owing to the absence of streams suitable for furnishing water-power, and the comparative scarcity of native fuel, manufacturing has never been con- ducted to any great extent. The census returns of 1870, show the county to have had twelve manufacturing establishments, operated by two water- wheels, employing thirty-eight hands. There were $7,185.00 invested in these enterprises, while the entire product for the year was valued at $22,- 417.00. COURTS AND COUNTY BUILDINGS. The county seat is located at North Hero, where the supreme court meets on the third Tuesday in January, and county court on the last Tuesday in August, and the last but one in February. North Hero was appointed as the shire town of the county by an act of the legislature passed in 1803, and from that time until 1825, the courts were held in the only hotel ever built in the town, erected during that year by Jed. P. Ladd. It had for its site a position near the center of the town, overlooking the waters of a beautiful bay, and for twenty-two years a portion of it was made use of for judicial purposes, it being provided with a court-room and jail. The old building was torn down in 1857. Those who saw it daily while standing, remember it as a large, square, time-browned edifice, constructed after the ancient regime, and from garret to cellar looking rather shadowy and mysterious. These impressions were, in a measure, due to the various uses which it had served, having answered, in its time, as a court-house, church, and tavern, a singular trio to associate together. The court-room was 25 by 50 feet, and and also served as a ball-room. It contained a very convenient desk for the judges, and was supplied with fixed benches, surrounding the room. The jail was located in the upper story, and furnished with a ponderous oak door, barred and bolted in the most substantial manner. The erection of the present court-house was commenced in 1824, and completed in 1825. It is a solid, substantial structure, 40 by 50 feet, and two stories in height, built of Isle La Motte marble. The first story contains apartments for the family of the jailor, and a " debtor's-room " and dungeon, while the second story contains the court and jury rooms. The dungeon, or the "cell" as it is known, is constructed of blocks of marble three feet square, doweled together with stone of proper size. It has had but few inmates since its erection, however. The town of North Hero paid $500.00 towards the construction of the building for the privilege of using the court- room as a place of worship. The first session of the county court was held in the old tavern, on the first Monday of March, 1806, when Asa Lyon presided as chief judge; Nathan Hutchins and Alexander Scott, assistant judges; with Alpheus Hall, county clerk; Amos Morrill, sheriff; Daniel Webb, high bailiff; and Philo Berry, State's attorney. The first cause tried was an action on a note, brought by John Martin against Edmund Barnes. GRAND ISLE COUNTY. 59 The first important criminal case tried was that of Isaac Stevens, for theft, at the March term, 1808, before Judge Benjamin Adams. Solomon Morgan, State's attorney, appeared for the prosecution, and Hon. C. P. Van Ness, for the defense. The following named persons were impanelled as jurors ; Nathan Douglass, Thaddeus Landon, Joseph Boardman, Samuel Davison, Kimball Kinney, John Thomas, Peter Minkler, Daniel Hoag, Wyman Chamberlain, Jacob Mott, John Borden, and Joseph Hazen. After a verdict of " guilty " had been rendered by the jury, the judge addressed the prisoner and pro- nounced sentence as follows : — " You, Isaac Stevens, are brought before this court for feloniously taking, stealing and carrying away three yards of blue broad-cloth, and forty dollars in silver, the just property of James Gillert. You have pleaded " not guilty" of the crime ; you have shown no signs of repentance, but have behaved with a show of arrogance. The court notwithstanding, have feelings for you as men, and sincerely lament your deplorable condition ; but as ministers of the law, they cannot flinch from their duty. "Therefore, the court give judgment and pronounce sentence, that you, Isaac Stevens, shall, between the hours of twelve o'clock, noon, and two o'clock in the afternoon of the 1 2th day of March, A. D., 1808, receive twenty stripes on the naked body, and pay forty-five dollars as treble damages to the party agrieved ; pay costs of prosecution, and stand committed until judg- ment be complied with." This sentence was duly carried into effect, on the date aforementioned, when a large crowd of people congregated to witness its execution. Stevens was brought down from the jail, bound to one of the posts supporting the shed, and received the twenty stripes with apparent indifference. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. Grand Isle county, though the best in the State in sorae respects, so far as natural resources go, has suffered one great inconvenience, which her inhabi- tants have had to contend with from the first, arising from the fact of being cut off by the waters of Lake Champlain from the rest of the State. Grand Isle, containing the towns of South Hero and Grand Isle, was the first to remedy this, by building what is known as Sand-bar bridge. This work was completed in 1850, the cost being $18,000.00, which was borne by the peo- ple of the island, aided by private subscriptions from citizens of Burlington. Now another island has lately been connected with the mainland — Isle La Motte. This bridge extends from the northern end of the island across to Alburgh, which is connected naturally with the mainland, from which it pro- jects its " tongue " down into the lake, between Isle La Motte and North Hero. This bridge, finished in August, 1882, was built by Messrs. Adgate & Weston, of Keeseville, and is 2,000 feet long. It is composed entirely of stone filling, with the exception of the draw, thirty-one feet wide, which is 800 feet from the Alburgh shore, and 1,169 ^^^^ f™"* the Isle La Motte shore. The " fill " is fourteen feet wide on the surface, which is well up above high-water mark, the sides sloping at an angle of forty-five degrees to the bed of the 6o GRAND ISLE COUNTY. lake. The water under the draw is sixteen feet deep at low water, and the draw itself is simply a movable track fifty-two feet long, which slides back easily upon the line of the bridge by means of a rack and pinion, being strongly trussed, and weighted at the shore end, so as to prevent tilting down- wards of the end as it leaves its supporting pier on being slid back. These piers at either side of the channel are of solid masonry, thirty-two feet square. The natural channel here is only 250 feet wide, the water for that distance having a depth of from ten to sixteen feet, while the rest of the way across the water is quite shallow. Along the shore of Isle La Motte and through the channel, the bottom is rocky, but from the channel to the Alburgh shore there is a mud bottom. The cost of the bridge was $15,000.00, of which the State furnished $7,000.00, the town of Isle La Motte paying the balance. The building of the Vermont and Canada railroad (see page 30) across the town of Alburgh, was an important era in the history of the county, as it afforded a more convenient and ready means of communication with market towns, and its value to the county will be much enhanced by the building of this bridge. This system of communication with the outside world will prob- ably prevent much loss of life and property through the ice and from ferries, which has been going on to a greater or less extent ever since the settlement of the county. It will doubtless not be long before the other island. North Hero, will be connected by bridge to the mainland. ABORIGINAL OCCUPANCY. A branch of the Abenaquis tribe of Indians, called the Zoquageers, were the aboriginal occupants of this section, and had a village in the present town of Alburgh. Another subdivision of the Abenaquis, called the Loups, or Wolf-tribe, are supposed to have resided at the sand-bar in South Hero, and departed from that place many years prior to the commencement of any settlement by the whites ; but this supposition is founded upon uncertain tradition. There were Indians at the sand-bar, but they may have been a portion of the same tribe that occupied the town of Alburgh. V/e have no evidence to show that other parts of the county were inhabited by the aborig- ines; and there are but few traces of them remaining in tbe localities before named. The territory occupied by the Abenaquis was called, on the old- est maps, the country of the Irocoisa, or Iroquois, whom, tradition affirms, were primitive dwellers on the lands embraced within these Hmits ; but it is well known that the Iroquois never had a permanent residence in this county. During the progress of the old French and English colonial wars, a branch of the Iroquois, known by their aboriginal name as No-tsi-io-ne, invaded the Abenaquis territory, and after many a stern conflict, the Zoquageers were driven off, thus virtually terminating the Indian occupation of this locality. WHEN FIRST SETTLED BY THE WHITES. It has long been claimed by most local historians that the first occupation of the State by civiHzed people was in 1690, when Capt. Jacobus De Narm GRAND ISLE COUNTY. 6 1 from Albany, erected a small stone fort at Chimney Point, in Addison county. This, however, is erroneous. Fifty-five years after the discovery of the lake by Champlain, in 1664, M. De Tracy, Governor of the French possessions in America, entered upon the work of erecting a line of fortifications from the mouth of the Sorel river into Lake Champlain. The first year he erected three forts upon the river, and the next spring, 1665, he ordered Capt. De La Motte to proceed up the lake and erect another fortress upon an island which he designated. It was completed the same year and named Fort St. Anne, and afterwards called Fort La Motte, from the name of its builder, and which in the end gave the name to the island on which it stood. In 1666, an important expedition under De Tracy was fitted out, and proceeded from this place against the Mohawk Indians. The fort faced north and west at a point commanding the passage of the lake, where portions of its ruins are still discernable. Settlements were also commenced in Alburgh as early as 1 73 1, and again in 1741. The settlement of Fort La Motte precedes that of any other in the State by nearly half a century, and was sustained by the French, and the English after them, together with Alburgh and North Hero, where were located block -houses, with some interruptions, nearly up to the year 1800. The first permanent settlement of the county, however, was commenced in Alburgh, by a party of French emigrants from St. Johns. For accounts of the settlements made subsequent to this, together with records of their growth, etc., we refer the reader to the sketches of the several towns, found on other pages. Numerous grants of land lying within the present limits of the county, were made by the French, causing much trouble relative to titles in after years. The titles to the lands embraced in the town of Alburgh, were for many years a fruitful source of controversy. Sir George Young claimed the territory as a grant from the Duke of York, but his title was never recog- nized. The governor of Canada subsequently granted the lands to Henry Caldwell, of Quebec, from whom the early settlers mainly derived their titles ; and, prior to 1787, the township was called Caldwell's Upper Manor. In 1 781, the legislature of Vermont granted the township to Ira Allen and others ; but their attempts to take possession of the lands were legally re- sisted by the settlers, who, after several years of litigation, secured complete triumph. North Hero, called by the French Isle Longue, was granted by the governor of Canada, to M. Contrecour, in 1734, with the condition that a settlement should be established within a period of five years, or the grant thereby become invahdated ; and as it appears not to have been settled within the prescribed time, M. Contrecour forfeited his claim to the island. Isle LaMotte, together with the town of Chazy, N. Y., was granted by the French to Maj. Pean, of Quebec, about the year 1733 ; but it was never occupied by him, nor by any other persons claiming proprietorship under him. The south Island does not appear to have been included among the French and 62 GRAND ISLE COUNTY. English grants, and no disposition seems to have been made of it until char- tered to Ethan Allen and others, in 1779. Prior to this .time, the governor and legislature of Vermont received numerous applications from private indi- viduals, for grants of the islands, but they preferred to donate them to such persons as had performed honorable service in the Revolution. Here we leave our sketch of the county, only to be taken up in connection with the town chapters. Many of the Revolutionary heroes settled within its limits, some of whom bore honorable part in the war of 181 2. But the meagre space we are at liberty to devote to the record of those interesting themes, will be found incorporated with the sketches under these heads in the Franklin county chapter. The roster of officers who went from this county, and served in the war of the Rebellion, will also be found incorporated with that county. GAZETTEER OF TOWNS. FRANKLIN COUNTY. SVERY'S GORE is a rough, mountainous tract of land containing an area of about 9,723 acres, having Montgomery on the north. Bakers- field on the west, Belvidere in Lamoille county on the south, and Lowell in'Orleans county on the east. A number of small tracts of land were formerly granted to Samuel Avery, by the above name, but all except this one have been annexed to other townships. This was granted October 29, 1791. The soil is mostly owned by parties in New York, and it contains but few in- habitants. Settlements have been made in the northwestern portion, along the Bakersfield line, by a few families, and nearly as many in the northern part, and along a road which has been opened through, from Montgomery to Belvidere. Ebenezer Wellman was the first settler, having moved across the line from Montgomery, about the year T828. The land is not of a quality to attract settlers, and those who have gone in are mostly poor, and sustain no schools or mechanics among them. The Gore is legally under the juris- diction of the town of Montgomery. ^^AKERSFIELD, an irregularly outlined town, lies in the southeastern ^P part of the county, in 44° 47' north latitude, and longitude 4" 9' east # from Washington,* bounded north byEnosburgh, east by Avery's Gore, and Waterville in Lamoille county, south by Fletcher, and west by Fairfield. The original of this tract was granted by the State, February 27, 1787, and chartered January 25, 1791, to Luke Knowlton, under the name of Knowl- ton's Gore containing 10,000 acres. Knowlton retained the territory about one month, then sold it to Joseph Baker, the first settler, and in whose honor the town was finally named, for £s°°, t^e deed being given February 21, 1701 On the 25ih of the following October, this tract, togetherwith Smith- field and Fairfield, were formed into two towns, Fairfield and Bakersfield. Bakersfield remained thus until October sr, 1798, when Knight's Gore was annexed to it, and a part set off to Enosburgh, and, finally, October 26, 1799, a part of Coit's Gore was annexed to Bakersfield, so that it contained about 27 000 acres. Some changes in boundary have taken place since, however. " * As the whole county lies in north latitude, with longitvide reckoned east from Wash- ington, the terms north and east will hereafter be omitted. 64 TOWN OF BAKERSFIEI,D. About 3,000 acres have been annexed to Waterville, and the boundary between itself and Enosburgh has been straightened, so that the town now contains only about 24,000 acres. In surface, Bakersfield is broken into serrated hills, though not mountain- ous, and has a general altitude of about five hundred feet above the ocean, the highest elevation being bald mountain, situated in the southeastern part of the town, from which an extensive view of wild, picturesque scenery may be obtained. The mountain has an elevation of about 1,000 feet. The soil is generally warm and productive, sustaining large crops of grass and grain, its timber being principally hard wood. The territory in watered by several small streams, tributaries of the Missisquoi river ; Black creek, flowing across the southern part of the town from east to west, being the largest, and none of them containing any extensive mill-sites. A small pond, called Trout Lake, is situated in the southeastern part of the town. Geologically, the formation of the town is of the rock known as talcose schist, and does not materially differ from others overlying that rock. There are two beds of limestone appearing in the northeastern, and a bed of soap- stone in the eastern part. Several mineral springs, and a small cave, known as Smugglers' Cave, situated in the southeastern part, are the only natural curiosities of the township. In 1880, Bakersfield had a population of 1,248, was divided into fourteen school districts and contained fourteen common schools, employing four male and twenty-three female teachers, to whom was caid an aggregate salary of $1,176.24. There were 308 pupils attending common school, while the en- tire cost of the schools for the year ending October 31st., was $1,300.86. J. L. Forman was superintendent of schools. Bakersfield, a post village, is very pleasantly located near the central part of the town, with its main street extending nearly in a north and south direc- tion. It contains three churches, (Cong., Meth., and Roman Oath.,) two hotels, six stores, Brigham academy, a steam mill, meat market, shoe-shop, two livery stables, two blacksmith shops, two carriage shops, one cabinet maker's shop, a hose company, and the usual complement of dressmaker and miUiner shops, etc. It has among its professional men three lawyers, two doctors, and one dentist. The village has, since 1840, when Bakersfield academy was established, been noted for its educational faciUties, sustaining two fine academies most of the time. This reputation is still maintained by Brigham academy, founded in 1877, by Peter B. Brigham, of Boston, he hav- ing given the town $30,000.00 at that time as a permanent fund to be used for school purposes. The academy building, whose location is unsurpassed for beauty and healthfulness, together with the land upon which it stands was donated by Mrs. Sarah B. Jacobs, Mrs. S. Jane Kendall, Mrs. Roxana B. Hankinson, and Mrs. Jonathan Northrup. The school was opened in September, 1879, since which time its primary object has been to provide an opportunity for the young people of the town to procure a liberal education TOWN OF BAKERSFIELD. 65 though it solicits the patronage of a limited number of non-residents, as two hundred pupils can be accommodated. The course of study is the usual En- glish and scientific, and college preparatory. The first principal of the academy was Mr. F. L. Irish, but since 1880, it has been very ably conducted by the present principal, Mr. Otis S. Johnson. Charles B. Brown's saw and grist-mill, located on road 19, is operated by water-power, and does custom work. The grist-mill has the capacity for grinding one hundred bushels of grain per day, while the saw-mill turns out about 200,000 feet of lumber annually. Danford Ayers' saw and grist-mill, located in the northeastern part of the town, on road 14, does custom sawing, and grinding of feed. The saw-mill is furnished with a circular saw, and is capable of cutting 5,000 feet of lum- ber daily. John Rooney's saw-mill, located in the southern part of the town, on road 42, is suppHed with a circular saw and planing machinery, and has the capac- ity for sawing 500,000 feet of lumber annually. Rensselaer Tupper's tannery, located on road 26, manufactures uppers and harness leather, making about $1,200.00 worth annually. ' The town poor-farm, located in the northern part of the township, contains 160 acres, owned by this town in union with Montgomery, Richford and Fletcher, with Amos W. Potter, superintendent. The buildings are com- modious, and kept scrupulously clean, while everything possible is done to make a pleasant home for the indigent ones, fifteen of whom are now har- bored there. As previously intimated, Joseph Baker, after whom the town was named, was the first settler. The precise time of his settlement^ is not known, though it was during the year 1789-90. He was joined, in i79i,by his son- in-law, Stephen Maynard, and Jonas Brigham, with their families, after which no settlers arrived until 1794, when Jeremiah Pratt, Luke Potter, and Jona- than Farnsworth located in the town. In the winter of 1796, Thomas Pot- ter, from Brookfield, Mass., took up his residence here, making the fourteenth family to arrive, the whole population being thenthe families of the follow- ing named gentlemen : Joseph Baker, Jonas Brigham, Stephen Maynard, Jeremiah Pratt, Jonathan Farnsworth, Levi Brown, Samuel Cochrane, Solo- mon Davis, Aaron Smith, Elisha Boyce, Joshua Barnes, Edward Baker and Jacob Huntley. In 1800, the population had increased to 222, forty new families having moved into the town during that year. The warning for the first town-meeting, dated at Cambridge, March 18, 1795, read as follows: — " Whereas, there have a number of the inhabitants of the town of Bakers- field made application to us as the law directs, to warn the Town Meeting ; these are therefore to warn the inhabitants of the town of Bakersfield, that are qualified to vote, to meet at the dwelling house of Joseph Baker, Esq., in Bakersfield, on Monday, of instant March, at ten o'clock in the forenoon, for the purpose of choosing town officers, as the law directs, and to do any other business proper on said day." 66 TOWN OF BAKERSFIELD. Pursuant to this warning, the meeting was held on the 30th day of March, when the following officers were elected : Stephen Maynard, town clerk j Jonas Brigham, Joseph Baker, and Stephen Maynard selectmen ; Amos Cut- ler, constable; and Jeremiah Pratt, hayward. At the first freemen's meet- ing, held September 16, 1796, the records show that there were nineteen votes cast for Thomas Chittenden for governor, and one for Isaac Tichenor. Jonas Brigham was elected a representative to the general assembly, an office he held for seventeen years. He was also the first justice of the peace, chosen in 1795, serving in that capacity twenty-six years. Soon after Mr. Brown took up his residence here, a small party of Indians camped during the winter in the swamp back of the present Methodist par- sonage, and during their stay a papoose was born, the first child known to have been born in the township. The first white child born here was Betsey, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Maynard, January 13, 1793. She was a grand- daughter of Mr. Baker, in honor of which he gave her fifty acres of land. She became the wife of Hon. Austin Fuller. The first male child born was Cheney, son of Jonas Brigham, April 22, 1793. The first marriage was that of John Maynard to Elizabeth Knowles, in T799. The first death was that of Isaac F. Farnsworth, August 17, 1798. The second was that of EHsha P. Pratt, November 20, 1798, aged eleven years and three months. Elder Joseph Call, a Baptist minister, preached his funeral sermon, the first sermon preached in the town. The first framed house was built by Jeremiah Pratt in 1797 or '98. The first grist and saw-mill was built in 1794, by Elisha Boyce, upon the site now occupied by Charles B. Brown's mill. The first carding machine was set up by Carpenter & Jones, near the tannery. The first tannery was built by Joseph Baker, in 1796. The first hotel was kept by Samuel Cochran, in the southern part of the town. Stephen Maynard kept the first hotel at the center of the town. The first physicians were Ebe- nezer Williams, Thomas Lassel, and Amos Town. Col. S. Hazeltine kept the first store. The first resident lawyer was Eben Barlow. John Maynard was the first postmaster. The first militia company was formed in 1802, under Capt. Wilkinson. The first artillery company in 1806, under Capt! Start. The first school in town was taught by Foster Paige, in a log building a mile or so north of the present village, about the year 1797. Jonas Brigham was born in 1748, and came to this town, from North Brookfield, Mass., in the spring of 1791, locating in the northern part, where Walter Cutting now resides. Here he erected a log house which he occupied until able to build a more pretentious dwelHng, the one now occupied by Mr. Cutting. He was the first representative of the town, elected in 1796. The next year the town by vote resolved not to elect a representative, but in 1798, he was returned by a unanimous vote, retaining the office for the next sixteen consecutive years. He also held the office of justice of the peace a term of years. His death occurred December i, 1826, in his seventy- eighth year. His children were Michael, Eh, Hannah, Sally, Patty, Jonas, Luther TOWN OF BAKERSFIELD. 67 Asa, Betsey, and Cheney, none of whom are living. His representatives in the town now are ten grandchildren, with their families. Josiah Fay Brigham, the sixth child of Uriah and Elizabeth (Fay) Brigham was born in Bakersfield, October ii, i8ot, and died here August 28, 1878. Mr. Brigham was a man of wide reading, of independent thought, of pure morals, of upright character, kind to his neighbors, and gentle to his family. Being a Democrat in politics, he was on the unpopular side in the Green Mountain State, which has always been Whig or Republican ; yet at three different times (1857, 1869, 1876,) he was elected to the State legislature, and frequently filled the office of selectman. The last time he was elected to the legislature, Deacon Asa Dean, one of the oldest citizens of the town, and a life-long Whig and Republican, braved the inclemency of the weather, and came out to vote for him, saying that he knew he was voting for an honest man. On relating this fact to a friend in Montpeher, Mr. Brigham said, with that frankness and simplicity so characteristic of him, that he regarded Deacon Dean's remark as one of the most flattering compliments he had ever 'received. In speaking of his death, a correspondent to the Montpelier Argus and Patriot made the following tribute to his memory : — " My acquaintance with Mr. Brigham began thirty years ago, when I was a student at Bakersfield academy. He was then an influential citizen and a substantial farmer, in the very prime of life, and impressed me as a gentle- man of strong points of character, of more than ordinary intelligence, and of positive opinions. The impressions then made have been strengthened as we have occasionally met since. For candor and frankness in the expression of his opinions, which on some subjects were pecuhar to himself, and for dignity of manner and courtly bearing^ he was rarely excelled. * * * jje enjoyed the esteem of his fellow townsmen to a high degree, and exerted an important influence upon all public affairs. He was a Democrat throughout his long life. Having been schooled and practised in the customs and ways of days long gone by, he naturally looked with distrust and suspicion on the extravagances and pretences of the present day. A great void has been created by his death, which it would be difficult to fill. To pay a simple ribute of respect to his memory is the object of these hues." Simeon Maynard and Deacon John Perkins came to Bakersfield from Massachusetts, at an early day in the history of the town, making their way through the deep snow on a sled drawn by two yoke of oxen. Mr. Maynard had come on the year previous, built a log house, cleared some land, and planted and harvested crops, which he stored away to await the coming of his family, which consisted of a wife and one child. Here he resided on road 17, upon the farm now owned by his son, Harrison, until his death, at the age of eighty years. He was held in high esteem by his townsmen, who often chose him to fill offices of trust. Of his family of ten children, five are yet living, Cal- vin and James in this town, Harrison in St. Albans, and Foradice and Mari- ette in Massachusetts. Willis Ross, from Sterling, Mass., came to this town at an early day, locat- ing in the northeastern part. The farm upon which he settled has since been divided among several owners, the major portion being now the property of 68 TOWN OF BAKERSFIELD. Patrick Brady. Mr. Ross was early promoted to the office of captain of militia, and served his company faithfully. He died in 1837, aged sixty years. He was the father of eleven children, eight of whom are now living, one, Horace, in this town. William Giddings, from Massachusetts, came to Bakersfield, in company ■with Capt. Daniel M. Stearns and Thomas Childs, making their way through the forest by means of two teams of horses and two yoke of oxen, occu- pying four weeks on the journey. Mr. Giddings was one of the first pioneers in the eastern part of the town, that portion havmg been settled later than other parts, owing to its heavy growth of then unvaluable hemlock timber. He erected a blacksmith shop soon after his settlement, and followed that occupation, together with farming, until his death, at an advanced age. The old homestead is now owned by his grandson, Joseph Giddings. Two others of his grandchildren are residents of the town, Simeon on road 6, and William H., a practicing physician, located at the village. Benjamin Doane, from North Brookfield, Mass., was an early settler in the eastern part of the town. He remained there but a short time, however, when he removed to the farm now occupied by his son, Benjamin. He died in 1855, aged seventy-four years. Of his family of ten children three only are now living. Thomas Potter, born at North Brookfield, Mass., November 16, 1757, started for this town, with his family, on the 29th of February, 1796. He made his way with an ox team, being twenty-one and one-half days on the road. Mr. Potter became one of the most esteemed men of the town and died at the advanced age of eighty-eight years. Mrs. Potter, a most excellent lady, died at the great age of ninety-two years. They had a family of eleven children. Their son, Silas, was eight years of age when he came here with his parents. He married Dolly Hunter, and became one of the most promi- nent and public-spirited men of the town, and served his people as selectman for a period of twenty-four years, besides other important town offices, for all of which he received but four dollars in recompense, a fact fully illustrating his unselfishness. He had a family of six children by his first wife, who died in 1847, and one son by his second wife, Laura Lock. He Hved to the good old age of eighty-five years, retaining his mental faculties wonderfully well to the last. His wife survived him about two years. Thomas Ayers, born in Brookfield, Mass., in 1768, removed with his fam- ily to this town in 1799, locating in the northern part, near road 8. He after- wards removed to a place near the present town poor-farm. Mr. Ayers had a large family of children, and many of his descendants now reside in the town. He built a saw-mill on the site now occupied by Danford Ayers's mill soon after his arrival here, which proved a great accommodation to his neighbors. Moses Wheelock, from Westmoreland, came to Bakersfield about the year 1800. He was a carpenter and joiner by trade, and his first job after coming here was to build a house for Dea. Pratt, the same now occupied by Dr. Cutler TOWN OF BAKERSFIELD. 69 at the village. At this time Mr. Wheelock and his wife boarded with Mr. Pratt, where they made it their home for two or three years, then removed to the farm where their son, Hiram K., now resides. Mr. Wheelock died at the age of eighty-five years, while his wife attained the unusual age of ninety- seven years. They were^ the parents of six children, two of whom, Hiram K. and Emerson, now reside in the town. Ephraim Maynard, from Oakham, Mass., came here about the year 1800, and located on road 2t, where he continued to reside the remainder of his long life, being eighty-five years of age when he died. Of his large family of fifteen children, only four are now living. Dr. Ebenezer Wilhams, born at Plainfield, N. H., in 1768, came to this town in 1 801, and located upon the farm now known as the Wheelock place. He subsequently located upon the farm owned by John J. Hill, where he died, in 1848. He had a family of six children, the eldest of whom, George W., married Emily A. Leach and reared a family of four children. George W. occupied the old homestead until 1867, when he sold it and removed to the village, where he died in 1877. He was the father of four children. His eldest son, MerrittB.,was captain of Co. G, 13th Regt, and died from wounds received at Gettysburgh. His son, Wesley C., was also a soldier during the late war, and now resides at Claremont, N. H. Sarah E. (Mrs. J. J. Hill) resides on the old homestead, her sister, Effie, residing with her. David K., the second son of Dr. Williams, was a Congregationahst minister. He obtained his edu- cation through hard labor and strict economy, graduating from the theological school at Bangor, Me. Thomas Topper, from Barnard, Vt, came to this town in 1801, and was the first settler on the farm now owned by CHnton Cross. He subsequently removed to the farm now the property of his son, Jackson Tupper, where he died, aged eighty-nine years. He was a volunteer captain of artillery during the war of 181 2, and was present at the battle of Plattsburgh, though he took no part in the engagement. Mr. Tupper reared a family of eleven children, four of whom, Rensselaer, Solon, Sarah, and Jackson, now reside in the town. Elisha Parker, born at Hardwick, Mass., in 1787, came to Bakersfield in 1802, and located on road 40, upon the farm now occupied by his daughter, Mrs. M. Converse. Joseph Park, from Paxton, Mass., came here in 1804, and located in the southern part of the town, upon the farm now owned by J. W. Stone. Robert Scott came to Bakersfield, from Townsend, Vt, in 1804, and set- tled upon the farm now owned by his grandson, Hamlet H. Scott. Mr. Scott was a sturdy, hard-working man, and died at the age of sixty-nine years. His son, Thomas W., succeeded him to the homestead. Daniel Spofiford, from Temple, N. H., came to this town about the year 1810, and built a small log cabin in the wilderness, which he occupied, with his family, until lumber became more plentiful, when he built a more com- •JO TOWN OF BAKERSFIELD. modious place, where his son, Daniel, now resides. He became interested in the early military affairs of the town, and held all the company offices, from corporal to captain. He died in 1870, aged eighty-two years, being a hale and hearty man up to the time of his death. Josiah Shattuck was born at Townsend, Vt, October 20, rySi, married Sarah Boutell, of Athens, Vt., and came to Bakersfield in 1812, locating where WiUis L. Tillotson now resides. He had a family of eleven children, two of whom, William B. and Jason L., reside in the town. Benjamin Upton came to Bakersfield about the year 1812, and located upon the farm now owned by his son-in-law, Simeon Giddings. Mr. Upton attained the great age of one hundred years and ten months. He was the father of ten children, three of whom are now living. Peter Powers, from Temple, N. H., came to this town in 1818, and located about half a mile east of the village, upon the farm now owned by Dr. Cutler. He lived but four years after his settlement here, and left a family of eight children, two of whom are yet residents of the town. On January 8, 1866, the pioneers of Bakersfield, so-called, held a re-union at the residence of Bradley Brigham, Mr. and Mrs. Brigham being grand- children of Jonas Brigham and Thomas Potter. Those who were gathered together, about fifty in number, were children of the first settlers, and most of them aged over three-score years and ten. There are now but twelve of those who attended the party living. During the war of 181 2, this town furnished the following named soldiers wh6 were present at the battle of Plattsburgh : M. Stearns, captain, Ichabod Wilkinson, John Doane, Francis B. Parker, Elisha Field, Benjamin Barnes, Josiah Doane, Orrin Holbrook, Samuel Sumner, Moses Brown, Jr., Prentice Farnsworth, Theophilus Potter, Ebenezer B. Scott, Eleazer Williams, Ewel Rice, Jacob Huntley, Josiah Edson, Jonathan Fullington, Joseph Hazelton, Jonathan Fay, Andrew Farnsworth, and John Prentiss. During the late civil war Bakersfield furnished 123 enhsted men and three commissioned officers, seventeen of whom died, from natural causes or from wounds received in action, before their term of service expired. The subject of preaching and the gospel ministry early received attention. In the warning for the town meeting in March, 1801, was an article "to see if the town would gram money or a sum to be paid in produce, to hire preaching for three months, the .coming season, or act thereon in any way that they shall think proper." This was not carried at this time, but was re- newed the following year, and in June, 1804, a meeting of the inhabitants quahfied to vote, was called, " to see if the town will agree to give the Rev. Samuel Sumner an invitation to settle with them in the gospel ministry, and if the town will agree upon a yearly salary for his service." This meeting was held June 14th, at the dwelling of Col. Silas Hazeltine, with Ehsha Parker, moderator. It was voted to " give the Rev. Samuel Sumner an in- vitation to settle with them in the gospel ministry, and to give the sum of TOWN OF BAKERSFIELD. n $100.00 for a yearly salary, to be paid in good merchantable wheat, at cash price, the 20th day of January, annually." And it was also voted to give him twenty-five acres of land, at the northeast corner of lot No. i, called the ministerial lot. The First Congregational Church of Bakersfield was organized July 4, 181 1, by a committee of the North Western Consociation, consisting of the following clergyman : Revs. Wooster, Parker, Parmelee, and Truair. Its first members were Josiah Sheldon, Jeremiah Pratt, Wilham Perkins, Joseph Ross, Ezra Allen, Daniel Stebbins, Lydia Perkins, Hannah Hazletine, Peggy Shoet, Elizabeth Ross and Lydia Allen. For a period of ten years, the church had no regular minister. The first that remained a year was Elderkin Boardman ; he ministered to the church five years, and was succeeded by Samuel Perry, one year; S. G. Penny, three years ; Mr. Batchelder, one year ; Thomas Canfield, five years ; Daniel War- ren, seven years ; C. W. Piper, six years ; G. F. Wright, ten years ; and R. Hicks, five years. The present pastor is J. K. Fuller, in the sixth year of his ministry. The following have served as deacons of the church in the order of their election : Jeremiah Pratt, Amery Parker, William Perkins, Asa Dean, Cyrus Barnes, Joseph Allen, Andrew Farnsworth, Horace Denio, John A. Perkins, and James Perkins. Nearly five hundred persons have had connec- tion with this church, and the present membership is 119. The first house of worship, built of brick, was dedicated in March, 1831. This building waxed old, and has gone to decay. The present edifice, a brick structure, located on the common, near the cemetery, was erected in 1850. It is pleasant and commodious, and will seat five hundred persons with com- fort. Its original cost was about $3,000.00. The present value of chucrh property, including parspnage and grounds, is something over $5,000.00. The Sabbath school numbers eighty scholars, with an average attendance of sixty-four. The church, in 1839, took decided grounds upon the subject of temper- ance, and with regard to vain amusements and Sabbath observance, and, in fact, upon all practical questions of morality it planted itself firmly ; and through its able ministry, deacons, and laymen, it has not ceased to teach and preach all truth and duty that make up the well-developed, symmet- rical Christian. It has had no hobbies, and is Hberal in its interpretation of creed and scripture ; is always the friend and promoter of common schools and higher education. It has performed no unimportant part in the forma- tion of a staple, healthy, public sentiment in favor of morals and intelligence, besides leading to that higher life in Christ, into which it has helped many from year to year. The Methodist Church of Bakersfield. — Methodist classes were formed, one in the northeastern and the other in the southern part of the town, at an early date, but at what time it is impossible to tell precisely. The class in the southwestern part was formed by Isaac Hill, from Fairfield, as early as 72 TOWN OF BERKSHIRE. 1806. On January 27, 1816, the town voted to divide the money arising from the rents of the ministerial lands between the two societies, in the pro- portion of two-thirds to the Congregational society, and one-third to the Methodist. Afterwards it was divided pro rata, according to the members of the respective societies, including a Freewill Baptist and a Universalist society. These latter have ceased to exist as separate organizations. St. George's Catholic Church of Baker sfield.—lx\ the early part of the year 1867, the Catholics of Bakersfield bought the lower part of the old academy building, paying therefor $600.00, and fitted it up as a chapel. The first resi- dent pastor was Rev. P. Savoie, in 1868, who remained two years. After his removal the church was supplied by pastors from Fairfield, once each month. In 1879, Rev. Father Brehvet, of Enosburgh, attended the church, and again in 1881 and 1882, it was supphed by Fairfield. The church now consists of about forty famihes, is out of debt, and it is hoped by many that the whole building will be given to the society. ^^ERKSHIRE, one of the northern tier of towns of the county, lies in lat ^^ 44° 58', and long. 4° 16', bounded north by the Canada line, east by W Richford, south by Enosburgh, and west by Franklin. It was granted by the State to William Goodrich, Brazilla Hudson, Charles Dibble and their associates, fifty-nine in all, March 13, r78o, and chartered June 22, 1781. It was intended it should have the usual township area of 23,040 acres, but through an error in locating its boundary lines, it received some 2,000 acres beyond its charter limits, so that it has an area of about 25.000 acres. The surface of the township is broken into gentle swells and hills, rising from the beds of Ihe several streams, though never so abruptly as to retard cultivation of the soil. These grass-grown hill slopes form excellent pasture land and afford sustenance to large herds of cattle, so that the town is prin- cipally noted as a grazing section. Still, it possesses a strong, arable soil, vary- ing in different localities, which produces fine crops of grain. The rich allu- vial tracts along the streams are especially productive. Missisquoi river, the principal stream, flows across the southeastern corner of the town, entering from Richford. Pike river rises in the northern part of the town, near the Canada line, and after a very circuitous course south and west, turns north again and enters Canada. Trout brook has its source near the central part of the town and flows south into Enosburgh. On these streams, though there are others of lesser magnitude, are numerous excellent mill privileges, several of which are in use. The timber is mostly beech, maple, bass, elm, and hem- lock. The products for export, manufactured and agricultural, have an ex- cellent means of transportation to market iii the Missisquoi railroad, which crosses the southeastern part of the town, with a station at East Berkshire village. In 1869, when the road was put through, the town was bounded t© TOWN OF BERKSHIRE. 73 the amount of $26,200.00; but a few of the people were averse to this debt, and proposed that the bonds be bought up. A meeting was called and a vote taken, which resulted in their carrying their point by a majority of thirty- five. A committee was appointed to transact the business consisting of Henry Ladd, E. A. Hull, and A. A. Moore. This committee succeeded in making the purchase at a discount of twenty per cent., payable in three in- stalments, so that the town is now free from debt. The geological structure of Berkshire is very uniform, as nearly the whole rock formation is composed of talcose schist with its various component parts. There are, however, several small beds of granite, syenite and pro- toigne, lying in the northern and southern parts. A bed of steatite, or soap- stone, also is found east of the center. No minerals, to any extent, have been found, except iron. This is quite abundant, sufficient to warrant an almost inexhaustible supply. Upon the farm of H. Yaw, on road 8, there is a mine of this ore which was discovered many years ago. The ore has lately been tested at the iron woiks in Troy, Vt., and pronounced a superior quality. The mine bids fair to become quite valuable. In 1880, Berkshire had a population of 1,596, was divided into fourteen school districts, and contained fourteen common schools, employing eight male and sixteen female teachers, to whom was paid an aggregate salary of $1,355.34. There were 347 pupils attending common school, while the entire cost of the schools for the year ending October 31st, was $1,507.61, with S. S. Davis, superintendent. East Berkshire, a post village and station on the Missisquoi R. R., located in the southeastern part of the town on the Missisquoi river, contains two churches (Cong, and Epis.), one hotel, three stores, two milhnery shops, a horse-power and churn manufactory, carriage shop, two blacksmith shops, an undertaker's store, and about 150 inhabitants. An extensive and destruc- tive fire occurred here on the 29th of April, 1868, destroying in all some thirty-five buildings. The fire originated in the business portion of the village, on the north side of the river, and burned all the stores. Among the heaviest losers were the present firms of W. S. Rublee & Son, and Paul & Moren. West Berkshire, a post village located in the northwestern part of the town on Pike river, contains one church (Meth.), one hotel, two stores, a tannery, sash and blind manufactory, a wheelwright and blacksmith shop, and undertaking and cabinet shop, and about one hundred inhabitants. Berkshire Center, a post village located in the central part of the town, contains one church (Univ.), two stores, a blacksmith shop, and about fifty inhabitants. William Samson &" Co.'s horse-power and\pump manufactory, located at East Berkshire, was estabhshed by Mr. Samson in 1873. The firm now manufactures about fifteen horse-powers and 350 churns per annum, in addition to doing a general repair business. 74 TOWN OF BERKSHIRE. W. H. H. Pennimaris carriage shop, established in 1878, employs four men, and turns out about forty carriages and sleighs per year, also doing a repair business. Henry I. Stanley's cheese factory, located at East Berkshire, was built by Moore & Hulburt, in 1864, and purchased by Mr. Stanley in 1868. The factory has at present twenty patrons, and manufactures 80,000 pounds of cheese per annum. The West Berkshire flouring-mill, owned by George A. Jones, was built by Chaffee, in 1830, It has three runs of stones, and does custom work. Collins Goddard's tannery, located at West Berkshire, was formerly used as a starch factory, but was remodeled by Anthony Goddard, in 1875. Mr. Goddard tans about 1,040 hides per year. , A. L. Goddard's tamiery, located at the above village, was built by Eber Hill. It employs three men. L. A. Weld's saw-mill, also located at West Berkshire, was built by E. Weld in 1865. It cuts about 25,000 feet of lumber per year, and has acider- mill connected with it, which manufactures 240 barrels of cider annually. The first settler in Berkshire was Job L. Barber, who came here with his wife and child in 1792, and settled on the west bank of the Missisquoi. A short time after this Stephen Royce moved into the town, and located about a mile below Barber's, and Daniel Adams commenced a settlement where the village of West Berkshire now is. During that winter, however, none of them remained here. Barber removed his family to FrankUn, and the others had not yet brought their families into the town ; but in the spring, they all re- turned, so that in the latter part of April, 1793, there were three famihes residing here. During this year, and the one following it, a few additional settlers arrived, among whom were Capt. Phineas Heath and Capt, David Nutting, revolutionary officers, Jonathan Carpenter, and James Adams. From this time forward the settlement increased rapidly, so that in 1800, the town had a population of 172. The town was organized and the first town meeting held, March 7, 1796, when David Nutting was elected town clerk ; Stephen Royce, James Adams, and Silas Pollard, selectmen ; and Timothy R. Barker, constable. Stephen Royce was also chosen the first representative, during this year. He had already been appointed justice of the peace, even as early as 1794, and con- tinued to hold that office for a period of eleven years. The first birth was that of Elihu M. Royce, July 19, 1793. The first resident minister was Rev. John Barnet. The first regular physician who located here was Dr. Amherst Willoughby, in 1798. The first lawyer was Solomon Brigham, a man of con- siderable talent. Capt. Andrew Rublee, from Massachusetts, came to Berkshire with three of his brothers, John B., Frank, and Hiram A., about the year 1795. Hiram located on a farm just north of the present village of Berkshire Center, were he continued to reside until his death. Capt. Andrew located on Pike river TOWN OF BERKSHIRE. 75 remained there a number of years, and finally removed to Canada, where he died. Frank located in the northern part of the town, and from there emi- grated to one of the Western States, where he died. John B., settled upon a farm just east of West Berkshire, and served the town as an efficient officer until his death. Hiram and Daniel Rublee, sons of Capt. Andrew, are still living, the former in Enosburgh Falls and the latter in Franklin. David Rublee, father of George, who resides on road 27, was born in this town in 1798, and is now living in Iowa, aged eighty-four years. Numerous descend- ants of these brothers reside in the town and throughout the State. Robert Noble, from Pownal, Vt., was one of the early settlers of the town, having located upon the farm now owned by his son, Wilham P. He took an active part in town affairs, held most of the town offices, and died here in i860, aged seventy-six years, leaving a large family of children. Wilham P. was born in 1828, and has always resided on the old homestead. Josiah Ewins came to Berkshire at an early day, and located in the south- ern part of the town. His son, Lewis, who came with him, died in 1871, leaving a widow and two sons, George L. and Philo S., who still reside here. Nathaniel Jenne, from St. Armand, P. Q., came to this town among the settlers, and located upon the place now occupied by Benjamin F. Stiles, where he still resides, aged seventy-seven years. Benjamin, John, Samuel, George W., and James Stone, five brothers, from Pierpont, N. H., came to Berkshire about the year 1800. John, the eldest, located in the western portion of the town, while the others estabhshed them- selves along the banks of the Missisquoi river. Benjamin located where Addison Pond lies, and reared a large family of children, who brought honor and respectability to the family. He died in 1850, aged eighty-one years. Mitchell, the only son now living, is nearly eighty-two years of age. He is a second cousin to President Arthur. James R. Stone, of East Berkshire, is the oldest practical harness maker in the county, having carried on the busi- ness here for over forty years. He is an ex-representative of the town. John Lewis, from New Haven, Conn., came to this town about the year 1800, locating in the central part. He served in the war of 18 12, and com- manded a company at the battle of Plattsburgh. He died in 1856. Josiah Wheeler, from Windsor, Vt., came to Berkshire about the year 1800, and located in the central part of the town, where his grandson, Marshall S., now resides. Lucius H., father of Marshall, and son of Josiah, came here with his father and resided on the old homestead until his death. Oliver Austin came to this town in 1800, and located upon the farm now owned by his grandson, H. P. Austin, on road 42, where he died in 1813. His son, Raymond, who was eight years of age when Oliver moved here, became a Baptist clergyman, married Abigail Ladd, and died in 1862. His widow is still a resident of the town, aged eighty-three years. Raymond had a family of five children, three of whom are living. Pennal Leavens, from Windsor, Vt., came to this town about the year 1806, ^5 TOWN OF BERKSHIRE. and located in the central part, upon the farm now occupied by O. H. Stowe. He took an active interest in town matters, held most of the offices, and was a member of the first council of censors, in 1822, and again in 1836. He died in 1844. William Laraby, a Revolutionary soldier, came to Berkshire, from Weth- ersfield, Vt., in 1806, and located in the central part of the tovi^n, upon the farm now owned by his son, George W., where he died in 1838. George W. is the youngest and only surviving one of a family of ten children, and is now eighty-two years of age. Harrison Bowen, father of Albert H. Bowen, was bom at Clarendon, Vt., in 1813, while his mother was on a visit to that place, from Berkshire. He always resided upon the farm now occupied by his son, Albert H. Bowen. ■ Deacon Washington Chaffee, who died here, April 12, 1881, was born in this town, August 12, 1815. He held the office of constable for twenty years, and was also a deacon of the Baptist church for many years. Theophilus P. Bond, now a resident of the town, at the age of eighty-two years, was born at Hyde Park, Lamoille county, in 1800, came to Berkshire in 1815, and, in 1816, located upon the farm he now occupies. He says he can remember of hearing the roar of the cannonade at the battle of Platts- burgh. Robert Anderson came to Berkshire about the year 181 4, and located in the eastern part of the town, where he reared a family of eight children, and died in 1843. His son, Seth P., fourteen years of age when his father came here, died on the old homestead, in 1878. The place is now occupied by ' Seth's son, Ira S., one of the present selectmen, Joel Gaines, from Gififord, Vt, came to this town about the year 1800, locating in the central part. He was a shoemaker by trade, and the first to introduce pegged shoes here. He died in 1880, aged eighty-five years. Aaron Hoadley, Sr., was born in Hartland, Vt., and came to Berkshire about 1820, locating in the central part of the town, upon the farm now oc- cupied by Harmon Chaffee. He reared a family of thirteen children, four of whom are now living. Silas Stowe, from Massachusetts, came to this town in February, 18 19, and located in the central part, upon the farm now owned by Clark Hull. He died in 1869, aged eighty-eight years. His son, O. H., was born June 30, 1818. and is now one of the leading farmers and dairymen of the town. Asahel Deming came here in 1822, leased a carding-mill and run it one year, then bought the carding-mill and cloth dressing works and continued the business for a period of thirty-seven years. In 1844, he opened a store at West Berkshire, where he continued to do business most of the time up to 1876, when he retired. He is now eighty-one, and his wife eighty-four, years of age. Hon. Stephen Royce, who was so long an honored citizen of Berkshire, was born at Tinmouth, Vt., August 17, 1787, and removed with his parents TOWN OF BERKSHIRE. yy to this town April 25, 1793. During the year 1800, he was placed by his parents in a common school of his native town, where his improvement was so rapid that during the following year he entered upon an academical course at Middlebury, under the tuition of Chester White, subsequently a clergyman of considerable note. Owing to the ill health and financial embarrassments of his father, young Royce was enabled to enter college only by the exercise of the greatest industry and economy. He graduated from Middlebury college with the class of 1807. In 1809, he was admitted to practice as an attorney in the county court, having studied with his uncle, Ebenezer Mar- vin, Jr. In 1817, Mr. Royce removed to St. Albans, where he pursued the practice of his profession with dihgence until the autumn of 1825, when he was elected a judge of the supreme court. The town of St. Albans had chosen him as their representative to the legislature in 1822, 1823, and 1824, and also as a delegate to the State constitutional convention in 1823. He held the office of judge during 1825 and 1826, and declining a re-election in the autumn of 1827, returned to the practice of his profession until the autumn of 1829, when he again accepted the appointment of judge, which he held by successive elections up to 1852, a period of twenty-three years, the last six of which he was chief justice of the court. In 1852, he closed his judicial labors by declining another election. He was elected Governor of the State for the years 1854 and 1855, and retired to private life in the latter year. Mr. Royce was never married. His death occurred in Berk- shire, November 11, 1868. Dr. G. S. Goodrich, of West Berkshire, was born at Swanton,' Vt., in 1822, and located where he now resides in 1856. The Doctor was educated at the Bakersfield academy, after which he read medicine with Dr. Fasset, of East Berkshire (now of St. Albans), and graduated from the Burlington medical college with the class of 1853. He married Jane Miner, of Richford, by whom he has been blessed with three children, Alice D., Ada L., and Mara- quetta K. Henry Ladd was born in Enosburgh, where his father was an early settler, in 18 1 8. He came to Berkshire in 1840, locating in the eastern part of the town ; but in 1853, he removed to West Berkshire, where he still resides. He is a large land owner and has held most of the town offices. William J. Ayer, from St. Armand, P. Q., located in the northern part of this town in 1840, where he is now one of the heavy land owners. Ethan A. Hull, born at Fairfield, Vt, July i, 1813, located in this town in i86r. He is an extensive farmer, a railroad commissioner, and has held most of the town offices. During the war of 1812, Berkshire furnished the following list of soldiers, who were present at the battle of Plattsburgh : Capt. Elias Babcock, Sergt. Scott McKinney, Amos Chadwick, Samuel White, L. Hapgood, and Daniel Foster. Berkshire's tribute towards quelling the late rebellion was 119 en- listed men £Lnd two commissioned officers, twenty-two of whom gave up their lives in the cause. y8 TOWN OF ENOSBURGH. The Calvary Episcopal Church, located at East Berkshire, was organized at a meeting held at the house of Dr. Titus Sampson, in March, 1818, there being six members. Rev. Joel Clapp was the first pastor. The first house of worship was a wood structure, built in 1822, which did service until 1873, when the present stone structure was erected. It will accommodate 200 persons, cost $7,000.00, and is valued at $10,000.00. The society now has forty-seven members, with Rev. William Westoner, rector. The East Berkshire Congregational Church was organized with nine mem- bers, by the Rev. Benjamin Wooster, in 1820. The first pastor was Rev. Phineas Bailey. The first church building was erected in 1822, did service until i860, and was superseded by the present structure. It will seat 200 persons, cost $2,000.00, and is now valued at $3,000.00. The society has seventy-seven members, with Rev. Elias W. Hatch, pastor. The Methodist Episcopal Church, located at West Berkshire, was organized in 1845. The society has 200 members with Rev. William Puffer, pastor. The building will seat 200 persons and is valued at $3,000.00. The Union Church, located at Berkshire Center, was built, and has since been occupied, as a union church, the denominations contributing to its erec- tion and maintenance holding services therein alternately, in proportion to their respective contributions. The Universahsts, the Baptists and the Meth- odists are supposed to be the principal, and perhaps the only, owners, though neither has yet had a settled or permanently resident minister connected with the church. ij^NOSBURGH. located in the eastern-central part of the county, in lat. "^^ 44° 52', and long. 4° 15', bounded north by Berkshire, east by Montgom- w ery, south by Bakersfield, and west by Sheldon, was granted as a township to contain thirty-six square miles, by Gov. Thomas Chittenden, March 12, 17S0, and chartered the 15th of the following May, to Roger Enos, from whom the the town received its name, and fifty-nine associates. The restric- tions and reservations under which the charter was issued were as follows : — " Each proprietor of the town of Enosburgh, his heirs and assigns shall plant and cultivate five acres of land, and build a house at least eighteen feet square on the floor, or have one family settle on each respective right, or share of land, within the term of four years next after the circumstances of the war will admit of settlement with safety, on penalty of forfeiture of his grant or share of land in said town ; the same to revert to the freemen of this State, to be by their representatives regranted to such persons as shall appear to settle and cultivate the same. Secundo : That all pine and oak timber suitable for a navy be reserved for the use and benefit of the freemen of this State." But as the town was not settled until many years after the date of the charter, the conditions attending its grant were not complied with. Still it does not appear that any of the grantees forfeited their right. On October 31, 1798, a portion of the town of Bakersfield was annexed, so that the town TOWN OF ENOSBURGH. yg now contains something more than the original six miles square, or 23,040 acres. In surface, Enosburgh is considerably diversified by mountain, hill, and dell, having a very picturesque contour, the eastern portion of the town lying entirely upon a spur of the Green Mountains. The western and central por- tions, however, are more level and unbroken. The soil generally is better adapted to the growth of grass than grain, though the alluvial flats in the basins of the several streams, and in the mountain valleys, is exceedingly rich and productive, yielding a large percentage of the fruits and grains indigenous to this latitude, with comparatively little labor. The country is well watered, and many excellent mill sites are afforded, by numerous streams, the principal ones being the Missisquoi river, flowing a westerly course through the northern part of the town, Trout river flowing across the northeastern corner, and Tyler's branch flowing across nearly the whole southern part of the town from east to west. All of these streams, constituting the principal water- courses, have numerous tributaries, some of which are of considerable size. The timber is that common to most of the highland towns of the State, con- taining large quantities of maple, from which many thousand pounds of sugar is manufactured each year. Geologically, the rocks of the town are com- posed almost entirely of talcose schist, with its several varieties. The south- eastern part contains a small bed of steatite, though no minerals of impor- tance have been found. The Missisquoi railroad crosses the northern part of the town, with stations at North Enosburgh, Enosburgh Falls, and Samp- sonville. In r88o, Enosburgh had a population of 2,213, ^^^ divided into fifteen school districts, and contained seventeen common schools, employing eight male and nineteen female teachers, to whom was paid an aggregate salary of $1,795.00. There were 509 pupils attending common schools, while the entire cost of the schools for the year ending October 31st, was $2,093.80, with Reuben Chaffee, superintendent. Enosburgh Falls, a post village and station on the Missisquoi railroad, is beautifully situated in the midst of a prosperous agricultural community, in the northwestern part of the town, on the Missisquoi river. The falls at this point, from which the village receives its name, afford the finest water- power in the county. The village contains four churches, (Episcopal, Bap- tist, Methodist, and Roman Catholic,) nine stores, two milHnery and three dress-making shops, a high school, one hotel, Kendall's spavin cure manufac- tory, three carriage shops with blacksmith shops, three horse-shoeing shops, one bakery, one tannery, a shoe shop, lumber and shingle-mill, broom-socket manufactory, grist-mill, jobbing shop, where sash, doors and blinds are also made, a saw-mill and box factory, a woolen-mill, a livery, one dentist, and one photograph gallery. West Enosburgh, a post village located in the western part of the town on Tyler's branch, contains one church (Methodist), two stores, one black- 8o TOWN OF ENOSBURGH. smith shop, a grist and flouring-mill, printing office, two shoe shops, and seven or eight dweUings. East Enosburgh, a hamlet located a little southeast of the central part of the town, on a tributary of Tyler's branch, contains one church (Baptist), a blacksmith shop, district school-house, and several dwelhngs. By reason of two men by the name of Stone having hved here at an early day. it has locally borne the name of Stoneville since. There were mills erected here at one time, and some manufacturing carried on, though there is none at present. Enosburgh Center (Enosburgh p. o.), a hamlet located near the center of the town, contains two churches (Congregational and Episcopal), one store, a blacksmith shop, wheelwright shop, a district school-house, hotel, and about half a dozen dwellings. The hamlet has a beautiful site, on an eminence, surrounded by well cultivated farms, betokening it the neighborhood of a thrifty class of people, rendering it also a desirable place in which to pass the heated months of summer. The hotel is kept by Mr. John Spooner, who has been its landlord for the past thirty years, and in that time gained an ex- perience in hotel keeping, which, with the assistance of his very estimable wife, renders his house a most homelike and welcome retreat. BoRDOViLLE (p. o.), a hamlet located in the southwestern corner of the town, contains one church (Advent), one store, a wagon and blacksmith shop, and several dwellings. North Enosburgh (p. o.), a station on the Missisquoi railroad, is a small hamlet located in the northern part of the town, on the Missisquoi river, about twenty miles from St. Albans. Sampsonville, a station on the Missisquoi railroad, is a small hamlet located on the Missisquoi river, containing a few dwelUngs, blacksmith shop, grist and saw-mill, and one store. It derived its name from a man by the name of Sampson who settled here many years ago. At one time it was the center of quite a lumbering district, mills were erected, and it bid fair to be- come a flourishing village; but for some reason it degenerated and the bustle of manufacture has dwindled down to one dilapidated old mill. Manley &> Towle' s job shop and sash and door manufactory ,\o(i3X^A. at Enos- burgh Falls, was established by Sprague & Manle)', in 1872, and operated by them until the spring of 1878, when the present firm took possession. The firm does a general line of job work, in addition to manufacturing sash, doors. Winds, and builders' furnishings. They employ five men. Piercers patent broo7n-socket manufactory, located at the Falls was estab- lished in April, 1871, bythe North American Broom Co. The works are operated by water-power, employ fifteen hands, and manufacture 6,000 broom-sockets per day. The Missisquoi flouring and grist-mill, located at Enosburgh Falls was established by the present owners. Stetson & Gilbert, in 1877. The mill is 40 by 50 feet in size, exclusive of wheel-house, and operates four runs of stones, in addition to one set of machinery for merchant work, employing three men. TOWN OF ENOSBURGH. 8 1 Gladden 6^ Marsh's saw-mill and box factory, located at the Falls, was built by J. Burt & Sons, in 1868, upon the site of a mill built by John Burt many years ago. It is furnished with a circular saw, and cuts 300,000 feet of lumber and manufactures about 50,000 boxes per year, in addition to a large number of " Simplicity " bee-hives, employing three men. B. J. Kendall 6- Co.'s spavin cure laboratory, located at the Falls, was erected in 1880, for the manufacture of this remedy, ranking as one of the largest industries of the county. The building is a commodious wood struct- ure, two and one-half stories in height, with a basement, and is furnished with all modern appliances and improvements for the manufacture of this valuable remedy. One large room is furnished with two printing presses and devoted entirely to preparing advertisements. The business now employs twenty men and is rapidly increasing. The Lawrence saw and shingle-mill, located at the Falls, was originally estabhshed as a saw-mill, with an upright saw. In 1852, it was purchased by Sprague & Reed, who put in a circular saw, and on April 16, 1854, Reed's interest was purchased by John Lawrence, and the business continued under the firm name of Sprague & Lawrence until 1876, when Mr. Lawrence became sole owner and added the shingle-mill. The mill cuts about 500,000 feet of lumber and manufactures 100,000 shingles per year, employing four men. Lucia's tannery, located at Enosburgh Falls, was built about sixteen years ago by John Kellogg. In 1871, Antoine Lucia, the present owner, purchased the property. The business is now carried on by Leonard Irish, who does a general hne of custom tanning. C. F. Ovitt 6^ Sons' grist and flouring-mill, located at what was formerly known as Fuller's Falls, on Tyler's branch, was originally built by Judge Austin Fuller, the fourth he had built in this vicinity. It was destroyed by fire in 1877, and rebuilt by the present owners within four months subse- quent to the fire. The mill is furnished with three runs of stones, and grinds 10,000 bushels of custom, and 12,000 bushels of merchant grain, per year. The Missisquoi Woolen Mills, located at the Falls, were purchased by Milton A. Kent, the present owner, a half interest in 1865, and the remainder in 1870. The mill has a water-power capacity for four sets of mills, operates seven looms, but is capable of running thirty-two, and consumes about one hundred pounds of wool per day, employing twelve hands. It makes a specialty of cassimeres and flannels. Mr. Kent is extensively engaged in the glove and mitten business in Boston, so the mill here is doing but Httle business in comparison to what it might. It is managed by Harvey Clark, who has held the position since 1873. John L. Perley's grist-mill, located at Sampsonville, was built by Norman Davis, upon the site of a mill built many years ago. The mill has one run of stones and does custom work. Perley's saw-mill, located at Sampsonville, was built by Anson and John 6 82 TOWN OF ENOSBURGH. L. Perley, and is now the property of the latter. It is operated by water- power and uses a circular saw. Gilbert's tannery, located on Tyler's branch, at the junction of roads 33 and 34, was built by John Tolman, from Massachusetts, in 1827, and sold to Dexter Gilbert, in 1837, who in turn transferred it to his son, Lyman, the present owner. It turns out about 1,000 hides and 6,000 skins per year, em- ploying three hands. Charles L. Rounds' s carriage shop, located on road 45, was established by the present owner in 1878. It employs three hands, and does a general Hne of carriage and wagon work. Mr. Rounds has also a cider-mill attached which makes 400 barrels of cider per year. L. C. Kendall's carriage shop, located on St. Albans street, turns out a general line of carriages, wagons, and sleighs, manufacturing about fifty of the former and thirty of the latter per year, giving employment to seven hands. Mr. Kendall also deals in lumber, lath, shingles, etc. Alfred A. Simpkins's saw-mill, located on road 48, corner 52, is furnished with a circular saw and cuts about 350,000 feet of lumber per annum. It has also a shingle and custom feed-mill attached. None of the original proprietors ever settled in the town. Their first meeting was held at the residence of Joseph Baker, in Bakersfield, Septem- ber 8, 1795, when, and at subsequent meetings, the following business was transacted : — " Chose Jedediah Hyde, Stephen House, Samuel D. Sheldon, Levi House, Amos Fassett, Joseph Baker and Martin D. Follett, a committee to allot said township at their discretion, after they have reviewed said township thoroughly. Adjourned to meet at five o'clock this p. m., at the house of Jonathan Fisk, in Cambridge. Attest, Jedediah Hyde, moderator; Martin D. Fisk, clerk. Met agreeably to adjournment. Adjourned till to-morrow at six o'clock, a. m., then to meet at this place. September 9, proprietors met agreeably to adjournment. First, — Voted that said committee lay out ten acres in center of said town of Enosburgh, for a pubhc parade, or as near the center as the land will admit of; taking into view every other cir- cumstance relating thereto ; which ten acres to be laid in square form. Ad- journed until the 24th of October next, at seven a. m., at the house of Joseph Baker, in Bakersfield. At which time the proprietors first voted to give Stephen House the privilege of pitching 400 acres of land, as the law specifies, for building a saw-mill and grist-mill in said town ; which mills are to be completed at a time to be agreed upon by said proprietors at their next meeting; said House to give bonds for the performance of the business. Adjourned until the fifth day of May next, at nine o'clock a. m., at this place." From this time forward the proprietors met from time to time, transacting the usual business of a new settlement, until January 29, 1823, when they ceased, nothing of particular importance ever having been voted by them. The first family who wintered in the town was that of a Mr. Balch, con- sisting of himself and wife, in the winter of 1796, and '97. They located in the western part of the town, upon what has since been known as Balch hill. Previous to this, from 1795, some who owned land had come on and worked TOWN OF ENOSBURGH. 83 upon it during the summer and returned to their homes in the winter. The real settlement of the town, however, dates from the spring of 1797, com- menced by Amos Fassett, Henry House, Martin D. Follett and others, most of whom came from other towns in the State. But, once started, the settle- ment rapidly advanced, so that at the first freemen's meeting, September 3, 1799, twenty-eight persons took the oath of allegiance, and in 1800, the census returns show the town to have had a population of 143. Among those who came into the town during the first years of its settle- ment, from 179s to 1805, were the following: Stephen House, Henry Hop- kins, Martin D. Follett, Putnam, Amos Fassett, Isaac Baldwin, Samuel Cooper, Nathan Pierce, Ketch Peck, Ebenezer Bogue, James Tracy, Joseph Waller, William Barber, Robert Barber, Charles Rosier, Challis SafTord, Ephraim Adams, Nathaniel Griswold, Gove Griswold, Thomas M. Pollard, Joseph Pollard, Amos Dunning, Samuel Little, Erastus Swift, William Coit, Ehphaz Eaton, Jairus Eaton, Samuel Bessey, Anthony Bessey, Daniel Chil- son, Daniel Johnson, Joshua Miller, James Miller, Enoch Johnson, John Whitcomb, Jonas Boutell, Jehiel R. Barnham, Charles Comstock, Matthew McAllister, Asa Whitcomb, Samuel Stevens, Stephen Davis, Richard Davis, John Perley, Samuel Todd, Elias Lawrence, Joseph Wright, W. Pect, Lewis Sweatland, Talma Hendrick, David Fassett, Cyrus Balch, Amos Balch, James Holden, Joseph Rowley, James McAllister, and Benjamin Follett. The town was organized and the first town meeting held March 19, 1798, at the house of Samuel Little, when Jonas Brigham was chosen moderator; Isaac B. Farrar, town clerk ; Charles Follett, Samuel Little, and Martin Dun- ning, selectmen ; and Moses Farrar, constable. The first justice was Thomas Richards, chosen in 1767, and William Barber the first representative, in 1798. The first child born in the town was a son of Mr. and Mrs. Balch, previously mentioned. He was named Enos, from the name of the town, and, it is said, was cradled in a sap-trough. He became a Methodist minister. The first birth, according to the records, was that of Anna F. Farrar, daughter of Isaac B. and Anna Farrar, June 4, 1798. The first mar- riage was that of Joshua Miller and Patty Rosier, March 25, 1802. The first mills as per contract with House, were built at the Falls. The first school- house was built of logs, covered with bark, and had a bark floor, the school being kept by Betsey Little. The first cart was owned by Stephen House, and the first wagon by Ephraim Adams. The first saw-mill, in the eastern part of the town, was built by T. M. Pollard. The first grist-mill, in the south- eastern part of the town, by Joseph Wright, in 1812. The first framed school-house, at the Center, answered the purpose of town, court, school, and meeting-house, and was called the "town-house." The first har- ness maker was Ebenezer Bogue, who made the first harness of elm bark ; he also established the first tannery, but meeting with success at neither, he commenced farming. The first store was kept by Deacon Thomas Fuller, at North Enosburgh, his goods being brought from Boston on an ox-sled. 84 TOWN OF ENOSBURGH. The first physician was Dr. Caleb Stevens, who located at North Enosburgh. The first death was that of a negro, who was frozen to death while passing through the town from Cambridge to Sheldon, where he was to be married. The next was that of Mr. Cole, killed while assisting in building a log house on the Safford place. Samuel Little kept the first tavern, at the Center. Quite a number of the early settlers were veterans of the war for Indepen- dence, and some even had been enrolled among the Green Mountain Boys, against the Yorkers. In the war of 181 2, the town responded to the call for aid with the following company: Martin D. Follett, captain ; Benjamin Fol- let, lieutenant ; Alvin Fassett, corporal ; Solomon Dodge, Henry Follett, John Fhnt, Samuel Hedge, Barnabas Hedge, Nathan Hedge, Talma Hendrick, James Miller, John Miller, William Miller, John Martin, Joseph Pollard, Anthony Bessey, Abijah Rice, Enoch Pease, John Osborne, Laban Brown, Asa Ladd, Samuel Ken drick, privates; and Hiram Fassett, musician. During our last great war the town again responded generously, both with money and soldiers, furnishing r53 of the latter, and sacrificed not a few of her sons, twenty- four of whom went out never to return. Judge Amos Fassett, from Bennington, Vt., located at the Falls at a very early date, where he and Stephen House built the first saw-mill, receiving in consideration thereof, a grant of 800 acres of land, from the State legislature. Mr. Fassett was a man of sterling worth, and won the respect of all with whom he came in contact. He was the father of ten children, and died while attending court at St. Albans, in 1810. His descendants, many of whom still reside here, have been considered among the honored men of the community. Samuel Stevens, from Hartland, Vt., located in the northern part of the town, where he reared a family of seven children, — four sons and three daugh- ters, — two of whom, Elmira L., wife of George Adams, and Samuel H., still reside here. The latter was born in iSir, married Elizabeth W. Childs, of Boston, and reared a family of six children. In r832, he removed to Boston, where he was engaged in mercantile pursuits until 1840, when he returned to Enos- burgh and located upon the farm he now occupies. Among the positions of trust he has ably filled are those of trustee of the Univerjityof Vermont for a period of ten years. State Senator in 1860-61, member of the Constitutional Convention in 1850 and 1857, justice of the peace forty years, town lister for several years, and town auditor for the past thirty years, he being now a hale old man seventy-one years of age. His wife died March 29, 1882, aged sixty- nine years. John Whitcomb, an early settler, located upon the farm now owned by John M. Whitcomb, it never having passed out of the family pos- session since. John built a log house in the wilderness, where was born to him and his wife, Amanda Ovitt, of Pownal, Vt., a family of seven children, all of whom located in their native town. Levi Nichols located upon the farm now owned by George H. Nichols on road 34, at an early date. He married Rachel Smith, of Windsor, Vt., and had a family of nine children. TOWN OF ENOSBURGH. 85 Benjamin Rice, an early settler, located upon the farm now owned by his son, Benjamin H. Rice, on road 47, where he remained until his death, March 9. 1854. Benjamin H. was born July 6, 1817, married Percus G. Allen, and has one child, Edna T., the wife of H. S. Leach. Mr. Rice is much respected, and during his long life here has held several of the town trusts. William Brown, from Stafford, Vt., came to Enosburgh at an early day, and located on road 46, upon the farm now occupied by William Ordway. His son, Laban, who came a few years previous, built the first house on the farm. Laban was twice married, and reared a family of eight children, of whom Edwin P., located on road 52, is the only one now living in the town. James Miller, an early settler on road 52, located where J. D. Wright now resides. He married Sarah Stewart, from New Hampshire, and reared a family of seven children, one only of whom, Susannah, widow of John.Snell, now re- sides here, aged eighty-five years. Rufus Bhss, born September 12, 1768, came to the eastern part of Sheldon some time between the years 1795 and 1798. He married Betsey Stevens, of Castleton, Vt., by whom he had a family of twelve children. Nine of the children arrived at a mature age, and there are now living Milton H. Bliss, of Swanton, and Bradley and Prucilla (Mrs. H. B. Chamberlin) in this town. Mr. Bliss served in the war of 1812, and died as he had Hved, a firm Baptist, August 12, 1855, at the house of his son-in-law, H. B. Chamberhn, aged nearly eighty-seven years, and was buried at North Fairfield. Samuel Bessey, one of the earHest settlers in the town, came here from Woodstock, Vt, and located upon the farm now owned by his son, Henry. He married Hope Vaughn, by whom he had a family of eight children. Both he and his wife died, and were buried in Enosburgh. Talma Hendrick, born at Pownal, Vt., October 20, 1773, came to Enos- burgh among the earliest settlers, and located upon the farm now owned by his son, J. P., on road 30. He married Lydia Thomas, of Lebanon, by whom he had a family of twelve children, two of whom, Mrs. William McAllister, and James P., are living. Mr. Hendrick was much honored during his long life here, and for many years was a deacon of the Baptist church. He died October 29, 1862, age nearly ninety years. Dexter Gilbert, born at Malboro, Vt., in 1793, moved with his father, Elam, to this county when about five years of age. He had a family of seven children, and died at Sheldon, in 1847, aged forty-seven years. Dexter Gilbert, now residing in this town, on road 44, is another of the family, which is noted for its longevity, he havmg been born in 1793. In 1847, Lyman Gil- bert, son of Dexter, left Enosburgh for Mazatlan, Mexico, where he remained until December, 1881, when he started for home, and arrived here in January, 1882. During this sojourn Mr. Gilbert collected a large number of curiosi- ties which may be seen at his residence on road 44. John Morrow emigrated to this country from Ireland, about seventy-two 86 TOWN OF ENOSBURGH. years ago. During the war of 1812, he was in the British army, where he worked as a tailor. At the close of the war, he located in Sheldon, where he married Jane Bell, and reared a family of eleven children, two of whom are now living, one, John N., in this town, on road 27. He died at the residence of his son, September n, 1872, aged nearly eighty six years. His wife died May 14, 187s, aged nearly eighty nine years. Ebenezer Chamberlain, born in Massachusetts, September 10, 1754, emi- grated to Burhngton some time between 1781 and 1790, where hemarried Patty Howe, also from Massachusetts, by whom he had fourteen children. Henry Chamberlain, born at Burhngton in 1790, was a tanner and shoemaker, and located in Sheldon for over forty years. He married Desire Ripley, by whom he had eleven children, and died at the residence of his son, Henry B. Chamberlain, of this town, in 1872. Andrew Barton came to this town, from Charlotte, Vt., at an early date, and located in the forest, about where the Kendall spavin cure building now stands, at Enosburgh Falls. He married Susan Baker, of Lanesboro, Mass., by whom he had nine children, all of whom are now dead, except E. B., of this town, and Caleb W., residing in New York. Andrew held many of the town offices, and died about the year 1825, aged fifty years. Samuel Kendall, born at Sheldon, Vt., September 5, 1794, was a soldier in the war of 1812. He married Harriet, daughter of Ebenezer Stebbins, of Sheldon, and reared a family of eleven children, six of whom are now living, one, William A., in this town. Seth Kendall, son of WiOiam, was born in Sheldon, married Lucy Chaffee, of Berkshire, Vt, and had a family of ten children. Johnson Stevens, from New Hampshire, came to this town in 1803, and located upon the farm now owned by Seymour N. Howe, where he reared a family of six children. Joshua Miller, born in Connecticut in 1775, came to the town of Mont- gomery, when twenty-two years of age, where he remained one year, then re- moved to this town, and located on road 22, where his daughter, Mrs. Ches- ter A. Crampton, now resides. He married Martha Rosier, of Enosburgh, and reared a family of six children. Dea. Joseph Waller, from Royalton, Vt., came to this town in 1806, and located on road 15, upon the farm now owned by D. R. Chapman. It is said he conducted the first Baptist service ever held in the town, and during his long life here was ever a firm friend of that church. He died in 1852, aged eighty-seven years. John Perley came to Enosburgh, in 1807, and located on road 13, upon the farm now owned by his grandson, Wilham. William, son of John, came here with his father when but three years old, subsequently married Eydia Perkins and reared a family of four sons, three of whom are now living. Charles Comstock, from Wilhamstown, Mass., came to Enosburgh about the year 1807, and located in the northeastern part of the town, where James TOWN OF ENOSBURGH. 87 S. Woodard now resides. He reared a large family of children, though but one, John Comstock, of Montgomery, now resides in Vermont. Charles died about the year 1852. Ebenezer Bogue, born in Connecticut, in 1781, removed to Georgia, Vt, at an early day, and from there removed to this town, in 1807. He located near the present Gilbert's tannery, where he established a small tannery, which was afterwards owned by John Tolman. He married Roxana Loomis, of Georgia, by whom he had a family of eleven children, two only of whom are left in the town, though there are numerous descendants. This family is of Scotch origin, having descended from John Bogue, a native of Glasgow, who came to America in 1680, and located at East Hoddam, Conn. Ralph Carpenter, from Sharon, Vt., came to Enosburgh in 1808, and loca- ted where Colvin Fitch now resides. He married Clarinda Knapp, of Bran- don, Vt., by whom he had six children, two of whom now reside here. Alpheus Ladd, born in New Hampshire in 1782, came to this town in 1811. He married Jane French, also from New Hampshire, by whom he had a family of seven children, all of whom now reside here. Asa Ladd, Jr., from Massachusetts, came to Enosburgh at an early date, and located in the northern part of the town, upon the farm now owned by his son, Ebenezer B. His father came in shortly afterward and located upon the farm now owned by B. F. Fassett. Asa, Jr., married Lovisa Hopkins , by whom he had a family of thirteen children. John Small came to this town in 181 7, and located as a blacksmith. He was born at Bennington, Vt, in 1785, served in the war of 1812, and died here March 7, 1861. Robert Stockham emigrated from Ireland early in this century, and made for himself a home in the forests of Canada. About the year 1843, he re- moved to Alburgh, where he worked diligently at his trade of blacksmithing until 1850, when he removed to Enosburgh, where he subsequently died, aged seventy years. The First Congregational Church of Enosburgh, located at Enosburgh Center, was organized by James Parker and John Truax, with ten members, in 1 8 II, the Rev. Thomas Skelton acting as their first pastor. The first church edifice was built in 1820, a wooden structure, which gave place to the pres- ent pleasant edifice erected in 1870. It is built of wood, will seat 250 persons, and cost $10,000.00, about its present value. The society now has 142 members, with Rev. Alfred Swift, pastor. The church also has a well-con- ducted Sabbath school, with an average attendance of 140, superintended by G. S. Fassett. The Methodist Episcopal Church, located at West Enosburgh, was organ- ized by the Rev. Isaac Hall, with fifteen members, about the year 1825. The church building was originally built in 1839, removed and repaired in 1855, and again in the summer of 1882, so that it is now a comfortable brick structure capable of seating 200 persons, and valued at $2,500.00. The 88 TOWN OF FAIRFAX. society has at present sixty-seven members, with Rev. Henry Bushnell, pastor. The Seventh Day Adventisi Church, located near Bordoville, was organ- ized with eleven members, November 3, 186 1, by Elders A. C. and D. T. Bourdeau. Since that time the membership has at times numbered 100 ; but at present, owing to removals, the society has only seventy-five members, with Elder H. W. Pierce, pastor. The church building, a wood structure capable of accommodating 250 persons, was erected in 1864, at a cost of $700.00. Within the past three years it has been thoroughly repaired, so that it is now valued at $900.00. The society also maintains a Sabbath school or thirty-five pupils, in which a very lively interest is manifested. St. Matthew's Protestant Episcopal Church, located at Enosburgh Falls, was organized October 7, 1869, by the Rev. Homer White, who also acted as first rector. The society at first consisted of but three members, which num- ber has increased to thirty-nine, the present rector being Rev. F. A. Wad- leigh. The church buildmg, a wood structure, was begun in 1872, and con- secrated September 29, 1874, the first service being held therein February 16, 1873. The lot upon which it stands was donated to the parish by Mr. I. L. Kellogg, and the whole is valued at $4,500.00. St. John the Baptist Roman Catholic Church, located at Enosburgh Falls, was organized by the Rt. Rev. L. DeGoesbriand, with a congregation of about twenty families, in 1870. The first and present pastor being Rev. J. Brelivet, who has under his charge a congregation of about 100 families. The church, a wood building with seating room for 250 persons, was erected in 1870, at a cost of $3,000.00, and is now valued, including grounds, at $7,000.00. ^P|AIRFAX, a pentagonal shaped town located in the southern tier of the •S" county, in lat. 44° 42' and long. 5° 56', is bounded north by Fairfield, W east by Fletcher, south by Westford, in Chittenden county, and west by Georgia. It was granted by New Hampshire to Edward BurUng and sixty- two others, August 18, 1763, entitfing them to 23,040 acres, butted and bounded as follow : — " Beginning at the northeasterly corner of Westford, a township lately granted, from thence running westerly by Westford, as that runs, to the north- westerly corner thereof, which is also the southeasterly corner of Georgia, thence turning off northwardly, and running by Georgia aforesaid, as that runs, to the northeasterly corner thereof; thence turning off easterly, and running so far on a parallel line with the northwardly side line of Westford aforesaid, as that a straight line drawn from that period to the northeasterly corner bound of Westford aforesaid, shall include the contents of six miles square — 23,040 acres." The tract thus described was duly laid out and surveyed, and retains the same area now, no changes in its boundary lines ever having been made. The usual restrictions and reservations incident to the New Hampshire grants TOWN OF FAIRFAX. 89 were contained in this charter, though there seems to have been little given to them by the settlers, or by the grantees themselves, none of whom, however, ever located in the town. In surface Fairfax is broken and hilly, affording excellent pasturage for flocks, and producing abundant crops of hay and grain in its valleys and intervales. None of the hills approach the dignity of mountains, though Buck hill approaches the nearest to the name. The scenery is varied and pleasing, as is the case with most of the towns in this vicinity. The soil is hght and easily cultivated, and watered by several good sized streams which afford some fine mill-sites. The- principal of these streams is the Lamoille river, one of the largest in the State. It enters the southern part of the town from Lamoille county and flows across the town, a serpentine course parallel with the southern boundary line. About midway between the eastern and western lines are falls on this river, where the water descends some eighty- eight feet in a distance of thirty rods, affording some of the best mill privileges in the county. Mill brook, rising in the northern part of the town, unites with the Lamoille at Fairfax village. Beaver Meadow brook rises in the northern part of the town, flows a southwesterly course and enters Georgia near the Lamoille. Brown's river enters from the south and unites with the Lamoille in the western part of the town. Lumbering has been one of the principal industries of the town, and is carried on to some extent at present, though the forests have mostly disappeared. The varieties of timber most common are maple, beech, elm, ash, basswood, of the deciduous kind; the pine, hemlock, spruce, and fir, with some cedar in the swamps, of the ever- green varieties. Fairfax is naturally divided into three separate parts — the south part, where the village is located ; North Fairfax, including that por- tion north of Beaver Meadow brook ; and Buck Hollow, closed round by hills, through the center of which flows Mill brook. Each of these sections, has a postoffice, known respectively as Fairfax, North Fairfax, and Buck Hol- low. Geologically the town has three general ranges of rocks, extending in parallel ledges north and south. The western part of the town overlies a bed of quartz rock ; the extreme eastern part is composed of talcose schist while between them is an immense bed of talcose conglomerate. Each of these general divisions, however, contain well-developed specimens of the several rocks that enter into their formation, as more fully mentioned on page 22. In 1880, Fairfax had a population of 1,820, was divided into eighteen school districts and contains eighteen common schools, employing three male and twenty female teachers, to whom was paid an aggregate salary of $1,752.00. There were 430 pupils attending school, while the entire cost of the schools for the year ending October 31st, was $2,013.20. W. A. Rob- inson was school superintendent. North Fairfax, a post village located in the northern part of the town, contains about a dozen dwellings. 90 TOWN OF FAIRFAX. Fairfax, a post village located in the southern part of the town on the Lamoille river, contains two churches (Baptist and Methodist), two hotels, an academy building, two drug stores, one hardware store, one jewelry store, five general stores, one saw-mill, and between 300 and 400 inhabitants. The New Hampton Institution, located at Fairfax village, was founded in 183T, at New Hampton, N. H., and was removed to its present location in 1853. Rev. Eli B. Smith was its first president in its new location, and un- der his management the school enjoyed remarkable prosperity, numbering nearly 300 students. The Institution has a location second to none in the State, has a fine library of 2,000 volumes, and considerable philosophical ap- paratus. It is very able conducted under the successful management of Al- bert G. Cox, A. M., principal, with Miss E. M. Kidder, assistant. Instruc- tion is given in all branches sufficient to insure admission to any of the New England colleges. Buck Hollow (p.o.), a hamlet located in the eastern-central part of the town, on Mill brook, contains one church (Episcopal), and half a dozen dwellings. The Lamoille Mills are located at the Great Fall of Lamoille river, one and one-half miles south of the village of Fairfax. The falls have a descent of eighty-eight feet, comprising a series of cascades, affording power sufficient to carry one hundred and fifty thousand spindles. The present buildings were erected b} the present owner, Samuel N. Gaut, of Boston, Mass., who is the son of William and Hannah Gaut, 2,nd was born at Brandon, Vt., in 1816. When quite young his parents moved to Middlebury, where they resided nine years. About 1830, they moved to F'airfax, from which place Samuel went to Boston, in 1836. He soon after started for himself in the baking business in that city, and in 1840, he opened a store on Washington street, at which location he still carries on the same business, having, during the past forty-two years, stood at the head in his business in that city. In 1843, he married Susan Elliott Button, of Newburyport, Mass. Soon after engaging in business in Boston he purchased a farm in Fairfax, half a mile from the present site of the Lamoille Mills. In r84g, he purchased of John Warner, of Cambridge, and James S. Blin, of Shelburne, the water-privilege of the Great Fall on both sides of the river, and at various times subsequently about eighty acres of land surrounding it. In 1850, he built a brick mill contain- ing four runs of stones for grinding flour, &c., for which purpose it is still used. In 1864, he erected a building for the manufacture of woolen goods, and in August, 1865, he formed a co-partnership with F. W. Shepardson, of Fairfax, for the manufacture of flannels, cassimeres and yarns, under the firm name Gaut & Shepardson, which continued until January, i88i,when Mr. Shepard- son retired from the business, since which time it has been conducted by Geo. S. Minot, agent, son-in-law of S. N. Gaut, The factory is a one set mill with job card, using Davis & Furber machinery, with Crampton looms, and continues to manufacture strictly all wool goods. Mr. Gaut has built also a two and a half story brick store and dweUing, where for several years he car- TOWN OF FAIRFAX. gi ried on the sale of general merchandise, under the style of Gaut & Stewart, his partner being the late Hiram Stewart. The buildings connected with the mill, beside those heretofore mentioned, consist of six dweUing houses, three of which Mr. Gaut built. Although a citizen of Boston during the past forty- six years, he is always happy when he can give employment and do anything that will increase the business interests of the town of Fairfax. M. C. &= W. B. Shepardson, located on Stone's brook, two miles east of Fairfax, commenced the manufacture of hnden feathers, in November, 1881, the first manufactory of this kind established in the East. Linden feathers are a manufactured article for filling beds and for lining carpets, made from the linden, or basswood tree. These feathers undergo a process of medica- tion whereby they are said to be rendered vermin proof, and being non-con- ductors of heat, cold or electricity, and at the same time very pliable and elastic, make an excellent substitute for natural feathers at a greatly reduced cost. W. H. Rood's saw-mill, located on road 25, is operated by water-power, employs two men, and cuts 150,000 feet of lumber per year. Newton D. Kidder's saw and grist-mill, located at Fairfax village, is operated by water-power, employs two men, does custom grinding, and cuts 200,000 feet of lumber, and 75,000 shingles per annum. Edward A. Sowles's tannery manufactures from 5,000 to 9,000 rough deacon skins annually, using about fifty cords of bark. Broadstreet Spafford and his two sons, Nathan and Asa, came into Fair- fax from Piermont, N. H., in 1783, began improvements, and soon after re- moved their famihes here, being the first settlers in the town. A Mr. East- man started from New Hampshire with them, but died on the road, and was buried in a trough on the flats in Johnson. They located on the banks of the Lamoille, in the southeastern part of the town. During the following year they were joined by Robert and Jose Barnet, and in 1786, by Thomas Rus- sell, they all being related to each other. In 1787, Levi Farnsworth made the first settlement on the Plain. He came from Charlestown, N. H., bringing only his gun and an axe. In the autumn he returned to New Hampshire, and in 1790, moved his family to their new home. They moved by way of Williston, and thence cut their road to Cambridge Borough, there crossed the Lamoille, and proceeded down its north bank, by the road of Capt. Spafford, and again fording the river just below the falls, cut a road to their new home, about a mile distant. He was soon followed by his brothers and friends, Jasper Farnsworth, Sr., Jasper Farnsworth, Jr., Oliver Farnsworth, and Joseph Farnsworth, all of whom settled on the Plain. The first settlement made in North Fairfax was by Joseph Beeman, Sr., and Joseph Beeman, Jr. They came from Bennington, Vt., in the year 1786, on foot, carrying upon their backs their provisions and utensils for opening their farms. They built 'a house of logs, covered it with elm bark, and floored it with basswood, cleared a small space for corn and turnips and returned to 92 TOWN OF FAIRFAX. Bennington in the autumn. The following year they moved their family here. Mr. Beeman drove a cow, which was their main dependence for food. He brought his flour from Bennington, of which the first year he had some 300 or 400 pounds. This year he raised a patch of turnips, and a small quantity of corn. The next year his sons, Joseph, Jr., and Beriah, came on, and became permanent settlers in the town. Numerous descendants of this family still reside here. The following season Hampton Lovegrove and Jacob Story boarded with Mr. Beeman, whilst they commenced settlements in the town. The settlement thus begun soon increased by Gideon Orton, Aaron Hastings, Shores Ufiford, and others. The first settlement in Buck Hollow, was begun by Gould Buck and Abi- gail Hawley, who came from Arlington, in 1791. They settled on land pur- chased by Lemuel Buck, of Arhngton, of Elias Jackson and Eleazer Marble, of Salisbury, Litchfield county. Conn. This tract contained 1,400 acres, the original rights of John, Christopher, James, Viner and William Legraft, was purchased for ^100, and comprised the territory now known as Buck Hol- low. They were followed the next year by Jesse, George, Nathan, Zadock and Joseph Buck. The first improvements made where the village now stands, was by a man named Joseph Belcher, about the year 1787. In 1789, Wilham Maxfield, Lester Grosevenor and John Andros made a permanent settlement here. Stephen England came in 1788, and located on the old Belcher claim, where he soon after opened a hotel, the first in the village. He subsequently sold to Hampton Lovegrove, and the old stand yet remains in the village. The first certificate of warning for a town meeting, was as follows : — "Cambridge, April 20, 1787. " This may certify that the inhabitants of the town of Fairfax had a legal warning given out to them for a town meeting, in said Fairfax, on the 22d of March, A. D., 1787. " To whom it may concern. •AMOS FASSETT, Justice of the Peace." Pursuant to this warning, the inhabitants met at the house of Capt. Broad- street Spafford, where Capt. Spafford was elected moderator ; Thomas Rus- sell, town clerk ; Nathan Spaff"ord, constable ; and Broadstreet Spafford, Robert Barnet, and Thomas Russell, selectmen. The first justice was Broad- street Spaff'ord, in 1787. The first representative was Thomas Russell, also in 1787. The first birth in town was that of Martha Powers, June 10, 1784. The first mill was built in 1791, at the Great Fall, by Judge Amos Fassett, of Cambridge. It was a frame building, and the inhabitants from Buck Hollow, North Fairfax, Cambridge and Westford, turned out to assist in rais- ing it. Previous to this the people had gone to Burlington and Vergennes for mining. Crane & Crandall established the first clothing works at the Great Fall ; but their building was carried off by the great freshet of June, 1830. A woolen factory was built on a small scale, and a few years after- wards burned. The first machinery built on Mill brook was by a man named TOWN OF FAIRFAX. 93 Bidwell, in 1792. His was a log building, with a fulling mill, and tenter-bars for fulling and drying the cloth, which was spun and woven by the women. In 1806, Joseph Beeman, Jr., built a grist and saw-mill. Josiah SpafFord made the first improvement about a mile north of the village, and Asa Wilkins the first in the northeastern part of the town. The first framed house built was by Joel Leonard, in 1792. The first framed barn by Levi Farnsworth. The first single wagon brought into town was by Josiah Brush, in 1808. Pre- vious to this there were several two-horse wagons, and numerous ox-carts upon which people would visit about, but the traveling was on horse-back. The first mowing machine brought here was in 1855, by Reuben Hunt. The first town hall was built in 1807, or near that time, and was occupied many years as a house of worship. The first doctor in town was Aaron Hastings. He settled in North Fairfax, frequently served as a lawyer, and is represented as having been a shrewdy, active man. The next to locate here was Dr. Ross Coon. The first tavern was kept by Hampton Lovegrove, in North Fairfax, a few years after his settlement here, on the Johnson farm. The first road in town was marked out by Capt. Broadstreet Spafford, and underbrushed so that he could get through. The first mail route was through from Danville to St. Albans, and a man by the name of Trescott carried the mail. George Buck was born at New Milford, Conn., and removed to Arlington, Vt., with his father, previous to the Revolution. After the Revolution he came to this town and located upon the farm now owned by Cassius Buck, where he kept a pubhc house for many years. Jedediah Merrill came to this town, from Connecticut, at an early date and settled on road 15, upon the farm now owned by his great-grandson, Adrian J. James, son of Jedediah, was born here previous to the year 1800, and Martin, son of James, was bom on the old homestead, in i8ti. He married EHza Story, reared a family of seven children, and died February 21, 1881. His widow still survives him. Adrian J., son of Martin, was born March 5, 1843, married Julia Beeman, and is the present town representative. John Lawton, a veteran of the old French and Indian war, came to this town, from Hartland, Vt., in 1796, and located on road 57, upon the farm now owned by Henry Giddings. Mr. Lawton had a family of eleven children, one of whom, Taylor, came to Fairfax at the age of eighteen years, married Anna Brown, reared a family of three children, and died February 8, 1865, aged eighty-six years. His son, John B., born in 1829, married Esther Harrington, has one son, George H., and now resides on road 15. Josiah Safford made the first settlement on the farm now owned by Lewis Story. Mrs. Safford brought with her a rose bush, which she planted in the yard. It is still standing, and continues to blossom each year. They reared a family of ten children. Silas was eleven years of age when they came ; he married Lucretia Story in T803, and died at the age of seventy-eight years. The house now occupied by Mr. Story, was built by Josiah Safford in 1803, and is at present one of the oldest houses in the town. 94 TOWN OF FAIRFAX. Thomas Story, from Bennington, Vt, was an early settler, and made the first settlement on the farm now owned by Alburn M. Story. Thomas Farnsworth, from Charlestown, N. H., came to Fairfax at an early date, and settled upon the farm now owned by Mrs. Mary A. Weaver. He came to BurHngton, and there learned something of the Lamoille river, and directed his journey in search of it, accompanied by his faithful dog. He struck the river at its mouth, and followed its banks until he arrived at Fair- fax Plain, where he located. Being pleased with the location, he immediately commenced improvements. He brought with him to his new home his gun, axe, a small quantity of flour, and a little bag of salt, relying for sustenance mainly upon the wild game and fish which were abundant in the vicinity. He remained here alone with his dog from May until October, clearing his land. Towards fall he was surprised by a visit from Tisdale Spafford, who called at his clearing while on his way from Cambridge to Burlington to procure seed- wheat. Mr. Farnsworth accompanied him on his journey, and being a man of great muscular power, brought back with him two bushels of wheat on his shoulder. This he sowed, then returned to his old home in New Hampshire, where he remained for the winter. In the spring, accompanied by his brother Oliver, he returned, bringing with him a horse laden with supplies. With this re-enforcement he was enabled to make much larger improvements, so that he soon had his farm cleared, upon which he continued to reside until his death, in 1814. He married Chloe Balch, and was the father of seven chil- dren, all of whom remained in Fairfax until they attained a mature age. Ira settled in the town as a tanner, and continued the business about twenty-five years, when he built the brick hotel at the village, and occupied it about eight years, then sold it and engaged in farming until his death. Three of his children are now residents of the town, Charles H., Alvah D., and Caro- Hne M. James Farnsworth, a lieutenant in the Revolution, came from Connecticut and made the first settlement on the farm now owned by Henry Hull where he died in 1800, aged seventy-two years. Ohver Farnsworth and his son Asa, both revolutionary soldiers, were early settlers. Hon. Joseph D. Farnsworth, born at Middletown, Conn., December 22, 177 1, removed to Bennington, Vt, with his father, when but six years of age. At the age of sixteen he was fitted for college, after which he com- menced the study of medicine, in Connecticut, and, in the autumn of 1789, received a diploma, he being then but eighteen years of age. He located at Addison, Vt, and commenced the practice of his profession. In January, 179s, he removed to Fairfield, and in 1801, was elected to the legislature and one of the judges of the county in 1807, and chief judge in 1808, a position he held until 1824, when he left the county, and did not return until 1836, and died at Fairfax, September 9, 1857, aged eighty-six years. His son, Hon. James H. Farnsworth, was born at Fairfield, Vt, April 16, 1809. When quite young in years he commenced reading medicine with his father TOWN OF FAIRFAX. 95 and graduated from the medical department of the University of Vermont, at the age of nineteen, in the class of '28. On April 5, 1830, he married Caroline Martin, of Ferrisburgh, Vt., who died October 17, 1874. Soon after his marriage he settled in Fairfax village, where he practiced medicine for many years, served the town as representative in both branches of the legislature, and other trusts. He died, full of years and honor, August 26, 1878. Samuel Alfred was born in Springfield, Mass., in 1804. In r824, he settled in Lansingburgh, N. Y., where he married Miss Sally Willard She died in 1828, leaving two children. About the year 1 831, he removed to Berkshire, where, in 1832, he married Miss Polly Smith, the union being blessed with ten children, — six sons and four daughters. In 1842, Mr. Alfred came to Fairfax and engaged in mercantile pursuits until 1868, when he sold out to his son, J. B. Alfred, who still continues the business. He was a liberal supporter of the cause of education, and used his means and influence towards establishing the New Hampton Institution at this village. Mr. Alfred is now seventy-eight years of age, enjoying all his faculties unim- paired by age, and is still strong and active. James Bellows made the first settlement on the farm now owned by his grandson, James. Francis Story, a native of Connecticut, came to Fairfax, from Bennington, in 1786, and located upon the farm now owned by Owen Campbell. Mr. Story was an early settler in Bennington, and was engaged in the battle of Bennington, and subsequently in the battle of Plattsburgh. Aaron H., son of Francis, came to this town with his father, married Cynthia Learned, and had a family of eight children, five of whom are now living. Jedediah Beeman, from Bennington, Vt., came to Fairfax in 1786, in com- pany with his father and four brothers, and located upon the farm now occu- pied by his son, Hubbard, and grandson, George W. Here he erected a log house and kept bachelor's hall for a time, but soon becoming convinced that "it is not good for man to be alone," he took to himself a wife, and was blessed with a family of three children, when she died. He subsequently married again and had a family of seven children. He died on the farm upon which he first settled, at the age of eighty-eight years, honored and re- spected by all. Mrs. Beeman died in 187 1, aged ninety-five years. Hubbard Beeman, who now occupies the farm, was born June ir, 1807, and was mar- ried to Rhoda Stratton in February, 1830. They are both enjoying excellent health, and celebrated their golden wedding in 1880. One of their sons was killed at the battle of Gettysburgh, and two are now Methodist ministers. One son, Rev. J. D. Beeman, is president of the Vermont Methodist Semi- nary, of Montpelier, and another is superintendent of the car manufactory of the C. V. R. R. Co., at St. Albans, while the other is a farmer, residing on the old homestead. Gould Buck, born in New Milford, Conn., in 1764, removed to Arlington, 96 TOWN OF FAIRFAX. Vt., when twelve years of age, and, in 1787, came to Fairfax and settled upon the farm now owned by John Wanzer. The first barn built in the town was erected by Mr. Buck, upon this farm, and is still standing. He married for his first wife Hannah Burritt, by whom he had nine children, two of whom are now Hving. For his second wife he married Sarah Ann Hawley, by whom he had two daughters, both now living. Jacob Story, from Bennington, came to this town in 1789, and made the first settlement on the farm now owned by Perry Cook. His son, Joseph, was the first male child born in the town, and is still hving here, on road 6, aged ninety years. Hamton Lovegrove came to Fairfax, from Bennington, in 1789, and made the first settlement on the farm now owned by R. Stevens. Samuel Hawley, Sr., emigrated from England to Stratford, Conn., in 1666, He had two sons, Samuel, Jr., and Ephraim. Ephraiiii settled in Newtown, Conn., and had a family of ten sons and two daughters. One of these, Jehiel, settled in Arlington, Vt., in 1766, where he organized the first Episcopal church in the State. Abijah, son of Jehiel, came from Arhngton to Hinesburgh, in 1786; and, in 1789, removed to this town and made the first settlement on the farm now owned by Lyman and Cyrus A. Hawley. This was the first farm settled in this part of the town and has never since been owned outside the family. Gideon Orton, from Tyringham, Mass., came to Fairfax about the year 1790, and made the first settlement on the farm now owned by Robinson Richardson. Gen. Josiah Grout, from Massachusetts, made the first settlement on the farm now owned by Uzeb White, in 1790. He served as a general in the war of 1812. Shores Ufford, born in Litchfield, Conn., in 1756, came to Fairfax in 1791, and settled upon the farm now owned by S. D. Ufiford. His son, Samuel, came with him, and represented the town in 1813. Shen England, a revolutionary soldier, born in Massachusetts, came to Fair- fax in 1794, and made the first settlement upon the farm now owned by Isaac Wilson. He built and kept the first hotel in Fairfax village, in 1800, and died May ist, 18 lo, aged fifty-two years. Josiah Brush, from Castleton, Vt, made the first settlement upon the farm now owned by Perry Cook, where he kept a hotel over thirty years. Asa Wilkins, with his son, Asa, Jr., from Reading, Vt., came to this town , in 1797. Asa, Sr., made the first settlerhent on the farm now owned by John S. Howard, and in 1800, Asa, Jr., made the first settlement on the farm owned by Robert B. Wilson. Ansel Shepardson, from Middletown, Conn., made the first settlement on the farm now owned by Curtis Wilson. He had a family of eight children. Joel, the youngest, was born in 1797, and died in 1850. Ansel Shepardson, Jr., came here with his father when seven years of age, and died here in 1875, aged eighty-three years. JS.M-MJUL^ TOWN OF FAIRFAX. 97 Alexander Rugg, born at Whitingham, Vt., in 1791, came to Fairfax with his father, Abram, who settled upon the farm now occupied by William Buck, about the year 1800. Abrara built the first saw-mill in the northern part of the town. Alexander made the first settlement on the farm now owned by E. G. Rugg, where he died in 1874. He served as a captain during the war of 1812. His son, B. F. Rugg, is now a prominent citizen of St. Albans. Nathaniel Gove was born in Preston, Conn., and came to Rutland, Vt, when quite young, and from there to Fairfax, in i8oo, where he made the first settlement upon the farm now owned by Charles Brush. He kept a public house here for many years. Isaac Webster, a revolutionary soldier, made the first settlement upon the farm now owned by Joseph Story, about the year 1800. Rev. Ephraim Butler came to Fairfax in 1800. He was the first Baptist missionary who ever traveled in Vermont. He died June 12, 1861, aged seventy-eight. Joseph Lamed, born in Connecticut, July 14, 1779, married Lydia Powell, of Milton, Vt, in 1808, and, in the spring of 1809, removed to this town, and located upon the farm where he spent the remainder of his life, dying in 1867, aged eighty-nine years. He reared a family of seven children, and served his townsmen in most of the town offices. Hilkiah Pierce was born at Bennington, Vt., in 1787, and came to Bakers- field when fifteen years of age, lived there ten years, and then came to Fair- fax, and located upon the farm now owned by his son, S. A. Pierce. William Clark came to this town from Reading, Vt., in 1821, and located upon the farm now owned by his son, Marshall, where he died in i860, aged eighty-seven years. William Barrett, born in Williamstown, Mass., came to Fairfax in i8i6, and located upon the farm now owned by Alfred Abels. Homer E. Hubbell, son of Bildad and Polly Hubbell, was born in Cam- bridge, Vt., Aug. 10, 1805, and came to Fairfax when nineteen years of age, and entered the law office of Judge Luther B. Hunt, as a student, and was admitted to the bar of Franklin county, at St. Albans, in 1827, and in the fol- lowing April purchased the practice and real estate of Mr. Hunt, and built for himself an extensive practice in this and adjoining counties. He married MariaL. Gove, in October, 1828. He was elected justice in 1828, which office he held for seventeen consecutive years ; was a member of the first State senate, in 1836, being the youngest senator ever elected in the State, at the age of thirty years ; was re-elected in 1838, and again in 1842 ; was a mem- ber of the constitutional convention, held at Montpelier, in January, 1843; was elected representative in 1847, '48, '49, '50, and '51, and again in 1861, '62 • was always elected by the first ballot and each time the political majority was' against him. In 1847, when it was ascertained that the State prisons were running behind financially, and by a joint resolution of the house one mem- ber from each party was elected to investigate the matter and devise some 7 98 TOWN OF FAIRFAX. means to reduce the expenses, Mr. Hubbell was chosen to represent the Democratic party, and Col. Asa Wentworth the Republicans. Neighbor- ing State prisons were visited by them, and the matter adjusted with satisfac- tory results to the State. In 1842, Mr. Hubbell was elected State's attorney, and prosecuted the case in which Eugene Clifford was convicted of the mur- der of his wife and infant child, in 1843. Among the many students of Mr. Hubbell, were Judge David A. Smalley, Judge William C. Willson, and Henry L. Shepard, ex-State senator of 111., and Jasper Rand, of St. Albans. Mr. Hubbell reared a family of five children, two sons, Geo. A. and John C. of Fairfax, and Mrs. Jennie E. Smith, of Princeton, 111., are still living. He still resides at Fairfax, ill health having compelled him to reHnquish much of his practice. He practiced at the Franklin county bar over fifty years, and was trustee of the surplus funds for the town of Fairfax, for twenty years, during which time the town never last a dollar. During the war of 1812, the following volunteers from Fairfax were engaged in the battle of Plattsburgh, September 11, 1814: Joseph Grout, as captain ; Asa Wilkins, Heutenant; Abner Holmes, ensign; Hiram Story, David Wilkins, and Lemuel Scott, Jr., sergeants ; Jesse Higgins, Benjamin Holmes, Joseph Webster, Isaac F. Story, and James Wilkins, corporals ; and Phineas Chapman, James Robinson, Joseph Robinson, Cyril Cull, John Town, John Randall, Noah Richardson, Samuel Wright, Joseph Cox, Amos Fisk, Mar- shall Howard, John Andrews, Ebenezer Smith, Sylvanus Crissey, Joseph Story, Allen Loveland, Joseph Kingsbury, Ebenezer Bellus, Joseph Ellsworth, Jonathan Scott, Parker Ingalls, Samuel Bigsby, Levi Lockwood, Andrew Story, David Palmer, Joseph Hunt, George Majors, Jr., Ezekiel Richardson, Peter Smith, John Majors, Samuel Cressey, Samuel Webster, Zaccheus Kinney, Ehjah Story, Hopkins Webster, Robert B. Wilkins, Elnathan Burdick, Asahel Farnsworth, John Crissey, and Isaac Webster, privates. When the Union called for protectors during the late war, Fairfax responded with five comrnissioned officers, and 139 enlisted men, twenty-six of whom responded to that Higher Call before the war was ended. The Methodist Church of North Fairfax was organized as early as 1800, though the early records are not now extant. The earliest pastor that can now be named was a Rev. Mr. Crane. The church building was erected in 1852, and thoroughly repaired and re-dedicated November 6, 1873. It wiD accommodate 300 persons, and is valued, including grounds, at $4,000.00. The society now has about seventy-five members, with Rev. W. N. Roberts, pastor. The North Fairfax Baptist Church was organized January 18, 1828, by a council called for the purpose, with Rev. Alvah Sabin, moderator, and Elder WilUam Arthur, father of President Arthur, clerk. Its total membership was thirteen, with Rev. Daniel Sabin as first pastor. The church edifice, a wood building capable of seating 200 persons, was erected in 1852, at a cost of $2,500.00, though it is now valued, including grounds, at $2,000.00. The society, which numbers about thirty member s, has no regular pastor at present. TOWN OF FAIRFIELD. 99 The Methodist Episcopal Church, located at Fairfax village, was organized, as nearly as can be ascertained, by its first pastor, Rev. Solomon Stebbins, in T832. The first house of worship was built in 1838, and gave place to the present structure in 1850. It is a commodious building capable or seat- ing 300 persons, cost $4,500.00, and is now valued at $6,000.00. The society now has 118 members, with Rev. N. W. Wilder, pastor. The Protestant Episcopal Church, located in Buck Hollow, was organized by Alfred Wheeler, Lyman Hawley, and eleven others. May 8, 1835. From that time until i860, services were held in the school-house. Rev. Edward F. Stevens acting as their first pastor. The present church was then built, a wood structure capable of seating 200 persons, at a cost of $2,000.00. Its present value, including the parsonage, is $4,000.00. The church now has forty members, with Rev. Gemont Graves, of Burlington, rector. IJMAIRFIELD, the largest town in the county, hes in the central part of •^^ the same, in lat. 44° 49' and long. 4° 5', bounded north by Sheldon, W east by Bakersfield, and a small part of Enosburgh, south by Fletcher and Fairfax, and west by Swanton and St. Albans. The town originally contained 23,040 acres, chartered, in connection with two others, Smithfield and Bakersfield, by New Hampshire, August 18, 1763, to Samuel Hunger- ford and sixty-three others. But on October 25, 1792, Fairfield, Smithfield and Bakersfield were made into two towns, Fairfield and Bakersfield, giving to Fairfield about 38,000 acres, thus making it the largest in the county. The surface of Fairfield is generally very uneven, though not so much so but that it is mostly susceptible to cultivation, and having a various, though excellent soil, it produces fine crops of grasses and grains, and also sustains large areas of grazing land. It is well watered by numerous streams, the principal of which is Black creek, which rises in Fletcher and flows from Bakersfield in a northwesterly course through this town into Sheldon. Fair- field river is a small stream which also has its source in Fletcher, and flowing north through the center of this town, unites with Black creek. Dead creek, sometimes called Cedar Swamp creek, on account of its having its source in a large cedar swamp lying in the western part of the town, flows in a north- erly course into the outlet of Fairfield pond. This pond is a beautiful sheet, covering an area about three miles in length by one and a half in breadth. The rocks of the town are almost entirely of the talcose formation, conglom- erate in the western, and schist in the eastern. No minerals of importance nor natural curiosities have been discovered. In times gone by lumbering was carried on quite extensively, and is now conducted to some extent, the principal timber being of the hard wood varieties. Agriculture, however, is now the prevailing industry, the products finding a convenient mode of transportation in the St. J. Sc L. C. railroad, which extends through the town in a northwesterly direction, with a station at East Fairfield. TOWN OF FAIRFIELD. In 1880, Fairfield had a population of 2,172, was divided into twenty school districts, and contained nineteen common schools, employing nine male and nineteen female teachers, to whom was paid an aggregate salary of $1,953.87. There were 507 pupils attending common school, while the entire cost of the schools for the year ending October 31st, was $2,387.56. W. H. Fairchild was school superintendent. East Fairfield, a flourishing post village located in the southeastern part of the town on Black creek, and also a station on the St. J. & L. C. rail- road, contains a saw-mill, flouring-mill, five or six stores, a good hotel (Isham House), several shops for mechanical work, and about thirty dwellings. Fairfield Center, a post village located in the central part of the town, contains three 'churches, (Catholic, Episcopal, and Congregational,) two general stores, one tin shop, three blacksmith shops, a wheelwright shop, a grist and saw-mill, and about twenty-five dwellings. St. Rocks, a hamlet located in the northern part of the town on the out- let of Fairfield pond, contains a saw, shingle and planing-mill, and a small cluster of dwellings. W. C. Prouty's mills, located at East Fairfield, do grinding of meal and feed, manufacture bent wood work for wagons and carts, and do job work in slitting and planing, amounting in all to about $10,000.00 worth per annum. R. S. Read's saw and shingle-mill, located at East Fairfield, manufactures bout 200,000 shingle and 600,000 feet of lumber annually, employing five hands. Burton &> Rodee's custom fiouri)ig-mills, located at East Fairfield, keep in stock flour, meal and feed, and do custom grinding. Their machinery is mostly new and of modern style, giving them facilities for grinding ten barrels of flour and five tons of feed daily. N. &^ N. A. Gilberfs grist and saw-mill, located on Fairfield river on road 41, does custom grinding and sawing. The grist-mill has three runs of stones, and does most of the grinding for the surrounding farmers. The saw-mill turns out about 100,000 feet of lumber aimually. Augustus Marcetts carriage shop is located on road 82 where he is en- gaged in the manufacture of all kinds of Hght and heavy carriages, wagons and sleighs. Thomas Maloney's blacksmith shop, located about one and one-half miles northwest of Fairfield Center, turns out all kinds of general blacksmith work. Horatio N. Burr's saw-mill, located at St. Rocks, does custom sawing for the farmers in that vicinity, cutting about 150,000 feet of lumber annually. Patrick Rooney's blacksmith shop and carriage manufactory is located on the outlet of Fairfield pond, on road 18, where he does repairing and all kinds of new work in his line. E. C. Colburn's shingle-mill, located at St. Rocks, manufactures about 300.- 000 shingles annually. Mr. Colburn also does planing, scroll-sawing, turning TOWN OF FAIRFIELD. of wood and iron, does quite a business at manufacturing cider, in its season, and has also a blacksmith shop attached to his mill. The East Fairfield Library Association was organized in 1881, with W. S. Soule, president and librarian, and E. S. Read, treasurer. The association, though but in its infancy, has a number of influential members, and a library of nearly one hundred valuable volumes. The first settler in Fairfield was Joseph Wheeler, who located here in March, 1787. During the following year he was joined by John Sunderland, John Mitchell, Gabriel Sherwood, WiUiam Beaden, and James Hawley, from Hun- tington, Conn., and Ebenezer Lobdell and David and Nathan Hoyt, from Bridgefield, Conn., Samuel Roberts and John Leach, from New Fairfield, Conn., Lucius Hall, from New Milford, Levi Wakeman, from Norwalk, and Edmund Town and Joel Barber, from Simsbury. In 1789, Andrew Bradley, Hubbard Barlow and Clark Burlingame, from New Fairfield, Conn., and Jabez Burr, from Reading, Conn., settled here. In 1790, the population was increased by the advent of Samuel HoUister, Samuel Gilbert, Dimon Barlow, and Jehiel Sinith. In 1791, Joseph Soule, with his sons, Timothy, Isaac Newton, Salmon, Joseph, Hiram, and Harry, from Dover, N. Y., came on ; and, in 1792, Francis Story, Reuben Crow, and Isaac Luce took their resi- dence here. Among the names of other early settlers were those of Joseph D. Farnsworth, Bates Turner, Solomon Bingham, John Chandler, Benjamin Wooster, John Sturte'vant, Dyer Sherwood, Morse Warner, Ezra Sherman, Eli Sherman, Ezekiel Bradley, Nathan Lobdell, Sherwood Whitney, Amos Thompson, Abraham Northrop, Bradley Davis, Samuel and Ebenezer Bar- low, Job Smith, Job Hulburt, Samuel Payne, Isaac Wakeman, Noah Dia- mond, Solomon Nelson, Ezra Sturges, Ezra, Samuel, and Nathan Gilbert, Abner Wright, Whittemore and Nathaniel Beardsley, William Morse, Benja- min and Andrew Kendrick, Story, Martin Prince, Orange Hall, West- over Barber, Norman Barber, Benjamin Fairbanks, John Abotts, Joseph Bowditch, and Jehiel Hill. The first meeting of the proprietors was held at Fairfield, Conn., February 16 1774, at the house of Gershom Bradley. No business of importance seems to' have been transacted. From this date until 1804, the proprietors met at intervals when the usual business of dividing the lands, laying out roads, etc., was voted upon ; but in this year the proprietary government seems to hLve ended. The town was organized and the first town meeting held March 30, 1791, at the house of Joseph Wheeler. Joseph Wheeler was chosen moderator; Edmund Town, town clerk; Levi Wakeman, constable; Edmund Town, Thomas Northrop, and Ralph Gregory, selectmen ; Joseph Wheeler town treasurer; Salmon Wheeler, Abram Northrop, and David Hoit, listers ■ Ind Nathan Lobdell, collector. The first representative was Clark Burlingame, from the Smithfield part of the town, in 1791, and David Davis, from Fairfield, in 1792. The first justice was Hubbard Barlow, chosen in 1789 The first child born was Smithfield Beaden, in the Smithfield .part. TOWN OF FAIRFIELD. The proprietors presented him with one hundred acres of land. The first physician was Joseph D. Farnsworth, and the first lawyer Bates Turner. Francis Story, one of the eariiest settlers in the town, was born at Benning- ton, Vt., in 1762. He first located in Fairfax, upon the farm now occupied by O. S. McGovern, whence, after two or three years' residence, he removed to this town, locating upon the farm now occupied by Mrs. Daniel Story, Frances Story, (his only surviving daughter-in-law,) and a grandson of Frances Story. At that early date the snow used to He upon the ground to the depth of four or five feet in the winter, and the nearest neighbors were three or four miles distant, so that in case of illness it was almost impossible to procure medical assistance. For this reason the women were indefatigable in their efforts to assist at the bedside of sickness, and not behind the most zealous was Mrs. Story, as the anecdotes and incidents still related by her descendants will testify. To go to mill, the settler would put his grain upon an ox-sled and draw it through the forest to the lake shore, and thence transport it by boat to Plattsburgh. After the grinding was done they would return to where they had left their oxen to browse, search them out, and after many diflScul- ties arrive home after a two or three days' journey. Mrs. Story is said to have often claimed that the country could not have been settled, in the face of so many difficulties, had it not been for the abundance of game and fish. But notwithstanding all these hardships, Mr. Story, with good management and the help of his hardy sons, succeeded in soon making a comfortable home, surrounded with orchards of apple, cherry, and plum trees, and laid aside, one by one, the primitive privations and inconveniences of the pioneer, to- gether with a comfortable competence. He died on the old homestead, May 30, 1830, aged sixty-nine years. Mrs. Story died October 17, 1845, aged eighty years. Their family consisted of nine children, — seven sons and two daughters, — none of whom are now living. One son. Rev. Samuel Story, was settled as the pastor of the Baptist church of Plattsburgh, where he remained a long time, and one daughter settled in Cambridge, while all the others located in^^Fairfax and Fairfield, where many of their descendants now reside. Josiah Briggs, an ex-Heutenant of the revolutionary army, from Shaftsbury, Vt., came to Fairfield at an early date, and located upon the farm now occupied by George Gould. Mr. Briggs made his journey thither on an ox- sled, following the trail of the few others who had preceded him. He became one of the esteemed citizens of the town, filled many of the town offices, and died here at an advanced age. Of his family of eight children, but one is now hving, a son, eighty years of age, in Wisconsin. His only representative now in the town is a grandson, Joseph Briggs Webster, who is sixty-five years of age. Andrew Bradley, another of the pioneers, came to Fairfield from New Fairfield, Conn., and located upon a farm in the northern part of the town, on which he continued to reside until his death, in 1 830, aged over eighty years. He was much respected and filled several of the town trusts. Of TOWN OF FAIRFIELD. jq^ his seven children, three married prominent men of the town, as follows: The oldest, Abel Northrop ; the second, Solomon Soule ; and the youngest, Ira Wheeler. John Sturtevant, from Fairfield, Conn., came to this town at an early date and located upon the farm now occupied by Newell Coburn. In the war of 1 812, he served for a short time as a fifer, and was stationed at Burlington. He was the father of eleven children, three of whom are now living, one in St. Albans, one in Ohio, and Josiah Sturtevant in this town, on road 63. Mr. Sturtevant was an industrious, enterprising citizen, and died here at the age of sixty-six years. Stephen Fox, from Hartford, Conn., came to this town among the early settlers, and located in the northeastern part, near Fairfield pond. Here he remained until age incapacitated him from labor, after which he resided alternately with his children, and finally died at the residence of one of his daughters, in Montgomery, aged eighty-four years. It is somewhat remark- able that Mr. Fox was married five times, and was the father of twenty-one children. Ezra Sherman, an early settler from Fairfield, Conn., located upon the farm now occupied by J. C. Abell. Here he built a log house which was used for a time, but which ultimately gave place to a comfortable framed house that is now occupied. He was a firm supporter of the Baptist church, of which he was a deacon for a long series of years, acting in that capacity under the pastorate of Elder William Arthur, father of the present President. He died at an advanced age, having reared a family of nine children, none of whom are now living. John B. Mitchell served seven years in the revolutionary war, returned home to Hartford, Conn., and was married to a young lady sixteen years of age, and when the settlers first commenced to come into this town started on foot with his wife to make for himself a new home here. This they accom- phshed by locating upon the farm now owned by Samuel H. Soule. Their first house was built on the' low bottom land along the creek, but the first overflow of the stream caused them to seek higher land as a site for their residence. Here they remained until their death, at an advanced age, Mrs. Mitchell attaining the great age of 106 years. They reared a family of eight children, none of whom are living, though the family is represented here by several grandchildren. Thomas Northrop, from Sherman, Conn., came to the forests of Fairfield in 1790, and settled upon a farm of 140 acres which he had purchased from one of his brothers, an original proprietor of the town, paying therefor $100.00. Upon this he made a small clearing, planted some corn, and cut some hay from a beaver meadow, and also erected a small log cabin, then returned to Connecticut. In the following spring he started for his new home with a yoke of oxen and one horse hitched to a heavy sled, upon which was placed his household effects and provisions for his family, consisting of his wife and I04 TOWN OF FAIRFIELD. three children. After a long and tedious journey, he arrived here and commenced his useful life, remaining in this town until his death. He had a family of four sons and seven daughters, only one of whom, Harmon Nor- throp, is now living, at the age of eighty-seven years. Harmon has been a deacon of the Congregational church, to which he has been a pillar for the past fifty years. He has held nearly all the offices in the gift of the town, and has also held the office of county commissioner four years, and was pres- ident of the Frankhn County Agricultural Society three years. The great regard felt for his opinion and advice is attested by the fact that he has as- sisted in the settlement of, or settled independently, sixty-one different estates. Ezra Sturgis, a sea-faring man, came to Fairfield in 1790, and located upon a farm on road 12, where he resided many years. Jabez Burr, from Reading, Conn., immigrated to Clarendon, Vt, in 1786, and, in 1792, removed to Fairfield and located upon the farm now owned by Michael Conley. Here he resided until his death, June 28, 1825, aged seventy-three years. His only child, Aaron, married Rebecca Cook, Decem- ber 23, 1804, and remained on the homestead until 1839, when he sold the plac'e and removed to St. Rocks. He was an active business mau until his death, January 15, 1864. Of his family of eleven children eight are now liv- ing, Amasa and Horatio at St. Rocks, in this town. The Soule family is of French Huguenot extraction, and came to America in the " Mayflower." Joseph Soule, who served in the revolution, had a family of six sons and two daughters, all of whom settled in this town and in Fair- fax. Timothy, the oldest son, came to Fairfield from Dover, Conn., about the year 1792. He was twenty-two years of age when he settled in his wilder- ness home, and remained until his death, December 27, 1861, aged ninety- three years. His youngest child, James M., now resides on the old home- stead. Salmon Soule, brother of Timothy, came to Fairfield a year or two after his father, and located upon the farm now occupied by his son, C. Rollin, where he carried on the business of blacksmithing, in addition to conducting his farm. As a blacksmith he made himself particularly useful to the early settlers, and was noted for the fine axes he forged. He died on ihe old farm, aged eighty-six years and six months. Joseph Field, Jr., came here with his father, and settled at what is now the village of Fairfield Center. He was a carpenter and joiner, and subsequently engaged in merchantile pursuits, and carried on a distillery and starch manufactory. In business he was quite suc- cessful, and succeeded in gaining the regard and esteem of his townsmen, whom he honorably represented in many offices of trust. He died in 1863, aged eighty-four years. Of his family of eleven children, only three, A. G., Samuel H., and Mrs. A. A. Farrand, are now living. John Leach, Sr., was born at New Fairfield, Conn., in 1735, and came to Fairfield, Vt., in 1789, locating in the southern part of the town. He reared a family of fourteen children, all but two of whom settled in the town and died in 1811. John Leach, Jr., born at New Fairfield, in 1761, came herein TOWN OF FAIRFIELD. I05 1788, made some improvements on a farm, and returned to Fairfield, Con- necticut. In the spring of 1789, he returned, bringing his wife and two chil- dren, and located permanently upon the farm now owned by Mr. Oliver, on road 21. His honorable life was brought to a close in 1844, in his eighty- fourth year, Amos Northrop came to Fairfield, from Fairfield, Conn., in 1792, and located where Thomas Hale now resides. Here he resided until his death, in 1849, aged eighty-three years. During the war of 1812, he started to market, at Plattsburgh, with a load of oats, and upon his arrival there was pressed into the service of the United States, and sent with his team to Sackett's Harbor, to transport soldiers and supplies, and was retained from home from January until March. During a portion of this time he was obliged to camp in the forest with no protection from the weather, and thereby had his feet frozen so badly that a portion of the right foot had to be amputated. He reared a family of four sons and three daughters, only one of whom, Horatio, residing at East Fairfield, is living. Capt. Joab Smith, the so-called " father of the town," was bOrn at Oak- ham, Mass., September 7, 1774, and removed from there to this town in 1794. He married Sarah Merrill, May 5, 1808, and died January 26, 1858, aged eighty-four years, He was a kind, obliging neighbor, a social peace- maker, a strenuous upholder of law and order, and held several important civil and mihtary offices for an unprecedented length of time. He was elected chief selectman of the town nine successive terms ; was town treas- urer for many years, holding the office at the time of his death ; was elected justice of the peace forty-nine consecutive years, and was eleven times elected to the general assembly. Possessed of an unusual degree of intellectual power and activity, he would doubtless have attained an elevated professional position had he been favored with early educational advantages. His widow and three married daughters survive him. Moses Dimon was born at Weston, Conn., in 1776, and when nineteen years of age removed to this town, making his home with his uncle, Andrew Bradley, in the southern part of the town. He worked around for the early settlers until twenty-two years of age, when he married and located upon the farm now owned and occupied by his grandson, Henry W. Dimon. By in- dustry and economy he cleared this farm and increased it to about 350 acres. He? died here October 16, 1869, aged ninety-three years. Lewis Gilbert, from Weston, Conn., came to Fairfield about the year 1794, and located on road 23, upon the farm now occupied by his son, John, and grandson, Levi. Mr. Gilbert came here on foot, with his axe upon his shoulder, and immediately set to work clearing his farm and building a log house. At the close of the season he returned for his family, consisting of his wife and four children. Here he resided until his death, at St. Rocks, while on a visit to his daughter, Mrs. Sturgis, October 23, 1848, aged eighty-five years. Only one son, John, survives him, aged eighty-three years. Io6 TOWN OF FAIRFIELD. Nathaniel Wait came from Alburgh, Vt, to Fairfield, in 1797, and settled on road 3, where Thomas Kerly now resides, and died there in 18 13. His son, Nathaniel, then took the place and resided there many years. He reared a family of eleven children, his widow surviving him until 1855, aged ninety years, Nathan Gilbert came to Fairfield from Connecticut, in 1798, and located upon the place now occupied by his son, Nathan. Soon after his settlement he erected a grist-mill which he operated until his death, caused by drowning while endeavoring to save his mill-dam during a freshet, in September, 1804. He left a widow and four children, of whom Nathan is the only one now re- siding in the town. Martin Prindle was born in 1775, and removed to Fairfield, Vt, from Fair- field, Conn., about the year 1798. He married Phoebe Leach, November 20, 1800, and died here December 25, 1849. Rev. Benjamin Wooster, one of Vermont's most noted clergyman, was born at Waterbury, Conn., October 29, 1762. When but fourteen years of age he enlisted in the American army. After leaving the army he spent three or four years in assisting his mother, then attended the academy at Lebanon, and finally entered Yale College in 1788, and studied for the ministry. He was installed over the Congregational church of Fairfield, July 24, 1805, and after a long and useful life, died in this town, December t8, 1840, aged seventy-eight years. Eli Sherman, from Connecticut, came to Fairfield in 1803, and settled where his grandson, C. R. Sherman, now resides, and continued to reside there until his death at the advanced age of eighty-six years. He was the father of nine children, all of whom attained an adult age, and two, daughters, are still living. The youngest son, William, remained on the homestead until his death, in 1857, where his widow, and son, WiUiam, still reside. John Newton came to Fairfield, from Massachusetts, about the year 1802, when but twelve years of age, and made his home with Edmund Hall. He enhsted during the war of 1812, received a severe wound, and thereafter drew a pension. Soon after the war he married Tirga Leach, and located where his son, E. G., now resides. He reared a family of seven children, three of whom are now living. Rensselaer Read, from Cambridge, Vt, came to Fairfield in 1808, bought four acres of land at Fairfield Center, and erected a tannery, the first built in the town. He continued this business until 1829, when he trans- ferred the business to his son, Charles R., and returned to Cambridge, where he remained until his death, February 22, 1866, aged eighty-one years. He was the father of seven children, six of whom are now living. Joseph G. Webster came to Fairfield, from Salisbury, about the year i8og, and located where his son, Joseph B., now resides. He was struck by a fall- ing tree and died from the effects thereof in 1829, leaving a family of six children. TOWN OF FATRFIELD. I07 Joseph Larkin was born at New Haven, Conn., in 1758, married Hannah Winslow, of Brandon, Vt., in 1785, and came to this town in 1810, and located upon the farm now owned by B. F. Bradley, where he died soon after, aged fifty- three years. His wife survived him until 1847, and died at the age of eighty- eight years. The family is now represented here by Ezra N. Sherman, a descendant. Thomas Ryan came to Vermont from Ireland, about the year 18 12, and worked at his trade of tailoring at Burlington for a time, then removed to this town and located upon the farm now owned by his son, John H. Soon after locating here he married Catharine Belfort, the union being blessed with six children, two only of whom are now living. Mr. Ryan was a man of intelligence, and much respected for his integrity and gentlemanly character. He died in 1872, aged seventy-two years. Jesse Bush, a native of Greenfield, Mass., came to Fairfield in 1818, and engaged in the cloth dressing business and lumber sawing in the southern part of the town on Fairfield river, near where B. F. Stanley now resides. In time he added a shingle-mill and continued in business there until 1841, when he sold out and engaged in coopering and farming, continuing the same until he came to St. Rocks, about twelve years ago, where he died, April 13, 1882. He married Matilda Barnes, January 22, 1829, and became the father of eleven children, seven of whom are now living. Elder William Arthur, the father of our President, was born in Ireland, finished his education at Edinburgh, Scotland, and soon after its completion came to America, and located at Dunham. He first took up the study of law ; but after his marriage with Miss Stone, daughter of Rev. Washington Stone, he entered the ministry of the Free Will Baptist church, and shortly after united with the Baptist church. He taught school and preached in several localities throughout Chittenden and Frankhn counties, and Canada. In 1829, he received a call from the Baptist church of North Fairfield, which he accepted, and removed to that village. He first occupied a portion of Jonathan Bailey's dwelhng, where he remained until the church built a parsonage. The parsonage was located on a lonely by-road, some three-quarters of a mile from the church, a story and a half structure, about 18 by 24, and is still in existence, though it has been moved about one hundred rods down the hill and across the highway, where it is used as a hay-barn. In this unpretentious structure the Elder passed a few years of an uneventful life, and here was born his son, Chester A, the present chief magistrate of our nation. Young Arthur was named in honor of Dr. Chester Abell, long a friend and physician of the family, and who now peacefully rests in the little cemetery near the church were Elder Arthur officiated. Fairfield has always borne her full share of the burden when the shadow of war overspread the land. In 18 13, the following company, with Capt. George Kimball commanding, was stationed at Swanton : George Kimball, captain; Aaron Burr, lieutenant; William Felton, ensign; Daniel Morse, Io8 TOWN OF FAIRFIELD. sergeant ; and James Johnson, William Ovitt, Joseph M. Potter, Jerimah Meacham, Samuel Johnson, Samuel W. Morris, Eli W, Bush, Isaac Bigelow, Hiram Fassett, Zebulon Leach, John B. Mitchell, Samuel Alford, Brinton Freeman, William Sanders, Jabez Keep, David Jewett, Joseph Wright, Abial Hibbard, John Johnson, Matthew Beach, James Canvass, Benjamin F. Barnes, Josiah Sheldon, Eh G. Hemenway, Benjamin H. Farmer, Benjamin Ayers, Thomas Potter, Joseph Ladd, Reuben Brown, Abel Johnson, Warren Chafey, Warren Danforth, Allen Pratt, Philetus Sweetland, Samuel Hedge, Simeon DarUng, Asa Ladd, Jr., John Follett, Wait Hopkins, Samuel Corliss, Nehe- miah PhilUps, Thomas Martin, Thomas Hall, David Mitchell, Nathaniel B. Beardsley, James Stone, Jr., George Peckham, John Bradley, L. Lockwood, Lyman Leach, and Hubbell Mitchell, privates. Of Capt. Wooster's company, which took part in the battle of Plattsburgh, the following names have been preserved: Joseph Soule, O. Sherwood, Luther Wright, EH Sherwood, Thomas Taylor, Aaron Burr, John P. Wright, Anson Buck, Timothy Soule, Elias Sherwood, Salmon Soule, Joseph Soule, Daniel Read, Zotman Sher- wood, and Samuel Payne. The town furnished four commissioned officers and 193 enhsted men to the civil war of 1861, thirty-seven of whom died from wounds received, or from natural causes, before their term of service expired. Sf. PatricKs Catholic Church, located at Fairfield. — There were a number of Catholic famiUes in Fairfield when Rev. Y. O'Callaghan came to Vermont, in r83o, whom he visited there occasionally, and always notified them when he would be in St. Albans or any of the adjacent towns, and who attended upon his ministrations in considerable numbers. They were also visited at intervals by missionary priests from other quarters. In 1847, soon after Rev. G. A. Hamilton came to St. Albans, they built a church at Fairfield, there being about sixty subscribers to the fund, very few of whom are now living. Rev. G. A. Hamilton celebrated mass on alternate Sundays until Rev. H. Lennon came to assist him, when either one or the other officiated each Sabbath. In 1850, Rev. Y. M. McGowan came to St. Albans, and took charge of the Fairfield parish until 1855, when he left the diocese, and Rev. T. Riordan was placed in charge, and in 1858, was removed to Fair- field as resident pastor, and the society built the parsonage for him that is occupied by the present incumbent, and which he occupied until his death, October 4, 186 r, aged twenty-nine years. Fairfield was then attended by Rev. Y. L. Cam, from Swanton, until December, 1862, when Rev. Y. Dughie, was placed in charge of the parish, and remained until June, 1864, at which time Rev. G. R. N. Caissey took his place, retaining it up to October, 1868. Rev. Father McAuley was then appointed parish priest, occupying the position until 1879. During, Father McAuley's pastorate the present church was erected, as represented in the accompanying engraving, at a cost of $6,000.00. In 1879, the Father left Fairfield, and the parish then began to be attended by Rev. Father Michaud, from BurUngton. In 1880, Rev. Dr. ST. PATRICK'S CATHOLIC CHURCH, FAIRFIELD, VT. TOWN OF FLETCHER. Glynn, from Fairhaven, was appointed to the vacancy, remaining until October, 1881 ; then, for a period of three months, the parish was without a resident pastor, or until January, 1882, when the present incumbent. Rev. Francis Yoinec, from Milton, took it in charge. The parish of Fairfield comprises the towns of Fairfield and Fletcher, and that portion of Sheldon lying south of the Lamoille river, and includes a population of about 150 families. The Church of Christ, Congregational, located at ^'airfield Center, was or- ganized September 22, 1800, with four members, by Rev. Daniel Turner, a missionary from Massachusetts. Rev. Benjamin Wooster, the first pas- tor, was installed July 24, 1805, and continued with the society until his death, February 18, 1840. The church building, a brick structure capable of seating 300 persons, was erected in 1839, at a cost of about $3,000.00, though the property is now valued at only about $1,000.00. The society has at present thirteen members, with no regular pastor. The Trinity Episcopal Church, located at Fairfield Center, was organized in June, 1803, by the Rev. Russell Catlin, of Connecticut, when Nathan Lob- dell and Hubbard Barlow were elected wardens, and Maj.-Gen. Barlow, clerk. The Rev. Barzillai Buckley was the first rector who officiated regularly in the parish, in 1806. The first house of worship was built in 1818, and was suc- ceeded by the present building in 1864, which is a moderate sized building valued at about $3,000.00, including grounds. The society now has 175 members, with Rev. A. H. Bailey, D. D., rector. The East Fairfield Meeting-house Association was organized by Methodists and Universalists, June 2, 1866, with twenty-seven members, by choosing H. A. Fox, chairman ; I. N. Pomeroy, secretary ; and N. W. Isham, treasurer. During that summer they erected a neat edifice, capable of seat- ing 300, at a cost of $2,100. Rev. Charles Ross is the present pastor. The Evangelical Advent Church, located at North Fairfield, was originally organized about i860, but was reorganized December 2, 1876, with eighteen members., by Rev. J. Somberger, the present pastor, and Rev. Othni Rockwell. The society now has nineteen members, and holds its meetings in the school-house, though they also own an interest in the union church at North Fairfield, and sometimes hold meetings there. |gLETCHER,a triangularly shaped town, located in the southeastern corner •S of the county, in lat. 44" 42', and long. 4° 7', is bounded north by Fair- ^ field and Bakersfield, east by Waterville and Cambridge, in Lamoille county, and south and west by Fairfax. It was granted by Gov. Thomas Chittenden, November 7, 1780, and chartered to Nathaniel Brush, David Avery, Rufus Montague and others, to the number of sixty-nine, August 20, 1781. None of the original grantees, however, except Rufus Montague, ever settled in the town. The charter deed conveyed an area of 23,040 acres a TOWN OF FLETCHER. small portion of which was set off to Cambridge, November i, 1841. Aside from this it retains the same area to-day. The surface of Fletcher is broken and hilly, and even at some points moun- tainous, causing a considerable portion of land to be unfit for purposes of cultivation. These portions are in the minority, however, and even they are utilized as grazing land. Though there is much land that is capable of pro- ducing fine crops of grain, the principal industry of the inhabitants is devoted to dairying and stock raising. The soil, which is various, is watered by num- erous streams, the principal ones of which are Lamoille river, which forms the southern boundary of the town, and Stone's brook, which rises in the norlhern part of the town and flows a southwesterly course into Fairfax. Metcalf pond, a pleasant little sheet of water, lies in the northern part of the town. It is about one mile in length, by a half mile in width, and in some parts very deep. Its outlet is at the southern end, forming Dead creek, which flows a southwesterly course into Lamoille county. About a mile northwest of Fletcher village is another body of water called Halfmoon pond, because of its cres- ent shape, about half a mile long by a quarter of a mile in width. Its waters are discharged into Stone's brook. A number of good mill-sites are afforded throughout the township, though but few have ever been utilized. The geolog- ical structure of the town comprises rocks mostly of the talcose schist forma- tion, excepting the extreme western portion, which overlies a bed of talcose conglomerate. It also contains some beds of iron ore. The only notable natural curiosity of the territory is a large cave, with its entrance on a hillside just north of Metcalf pond. It has been penetrated to the depth of several hundred feet, though it has never been fully explored. Tradition has it that a fugitive from justice was once kept concealed in this cave for several weeks, being supplied with food daily by friends. The St. J. & L. C. R. R. extends across the eastern portion of the town, with a station at East Fletcher. In 1880, Fletcher had a population of 868, was divided into nine school districts, and contained ten common schools, employing three male and sixteen female teachers to whom was paid an aggregate salary of $850. 10. There were 190 pupils attending school, while the entire cost of the schools for the year ending October 31, was $1,059.00. I. R. Armstrong, was superintendent of schools. Fletcher, a post village located in the southern part of the town, contains one church (Union), two stores, a sap-bucket manufactory, and about fifteen dwellings. East Fletcher (p. o.), a hamlet and station on the St. J. & L. C. R. R., located in the eastern part of the town, contains two stores and about five dwellings. BiNGHAMViLLE, a hamlet located about three-quarters of a mile south from Fletcher, contains one church (Union), one saw-mill, a school-house and about twenty dwellings. Sylvanus E. Chases sap-bucket manufactory, located at Fletcher village, manufactures about 20,000 cedar sap-buckets per year. TOWN OF FLETCHER. H. T. Bingham's saw-mill, located at Binghamville, does custom work, being operated only a portion of the year. The first settlement in Fletcher was commenced by John Fullington, who started for here with his family from Deerfield, N. H., in the fall of 1788, intending to locate in the southern part of the town near the Lamoille. Mr. Fullington, had been here the season pre- vious, however, and built a log house, made a small clearing, etc., for the re- ception of his family. They pursued their journey without mishap until just within the town of Johnson, where they encamped for the night. Here Mr. Fullington indulged himself in a meal of raw turnips, which brought on a vio- lent fit of bilious colic, and there being no medical assistance to be had, he died in a few hours. Mrs. Fullington thus unexpectedly left a widow with four children dependent on her, proceeded to her new home in the wilder- ness, upon the farm now owned by Loren C. Lee, where she soon after gave birth to a daughter, the first child born in the town. She was named Lamoille, after the river upon whose banks she was born, and afterwards be- came the wife of Joseph H. Law, removed to Cambridge, and died there in July, 1880, aged ninety years. Mrs. Fullington subsequently married Elisha Woodworth, and lived to the age of ninety-five years, when she died of small- pox, in Fletcher. The second person to settle in the town was Lemuel Scott, in 1789. He came on from Bennington, in the dead of winter, making his way, with his wife and one child, on a sled drawn by a yoke of steers. From Burlington there was no road, and he found his way by means of marked trees. His children were Jonathan, Lemuel, Jr., (the first male child born in the town,) Seth, Levi, Abigail, Anna, Emily, Jefferson, and Wait. The next settler was Dea. Peter Thurston, who settled south of Lamoille river on the land after- wards set off to Cambridge. He was joined soon after by Elijah Daily. In 179s, Daniel Baily, from Ware, N. H., settled with his family in the north- western part of the town. These men became prominent business men and large land owners, the said Daniel Bailey becoming the first town represent- ative in the legislature. About this time, Ehas Blair, Reuben Armstrong, John Kinsley, Samuel Church, Samuel Church, Jr., Joseph and James Robin- son, Dewey Nichols and John Kinsley, all from Bennington, located here. Other families came soon after so that in 1800, the town had a population of 200. The town was organized and the first town meeting held, March 16, r79o, when EHsha Woodworth was elected town clerk ; Elijah Daily, constable • and Peter Thurston, Lemuel Scott and Elijah Daily, selectmen. The first justice of the peace was Levi Comstock, chosen in 1795. The first represent- ative was Daniel Bailey. The first physician was Dr. Sanford Emery, who located at Fletcher village in 1827, and Guy Kinsley was his first patient. He made but a short stay, however, and removed to Rochester N. Y. He was succeeded by Dr. Swain, whose stay was also short, since which time the changes have been many, the present physician being Dr. M. S. Briggs. The TOWN OF FLETCHER. 1 13 first particular demonstrations of a religious character were in 1817, when there was considerable interest manifested, and in the following spring a man named Joseph Wilcox, Uving in the southeastern part of Fairfax, established religious meetings, and preached in the school-house at Fletcher village once every two weeks for a year, during which time the Baptist church was organized. The first house of worship was erected upon the site of the present church at the village in 1830, and dedicated July 7, 183 1, being built by the Methodist, Congregational and Baptist societies. The first store opened was in 1820, by Zerah Willoughby, in a portion of his dwelling in the southern part of the town. In 1825, Lucas Lathrop and Levi Carlton opened a store at Fletcher village, and were succeeded by Hiram Hopkins. The first saw-mill was built by Elisha Woodworth, upon the site now occu- pied by R. T. Bingham's mill. The first attempt toward starting a grist-mill was in 1831, when John and Jesse Carpenter erected one on Stone's brook; but the stream proved too small at that point to run a grist-mill, so the enter- prise was given up as unpracticable. The first postoflice was located at Fletcher village in 1832, with EUas Blair, postmaster. Joseph Robinson, born in Bennington, Vt., in November, 1776, came to Fletcher in 179S, and located upon the farm now owned by his son, Demas. He was twice married, having by his first wife one child, and by his second, nine, seven of whom are now residents of the town. His second wife was the daughter of Rufus Montague, the only one of the original proprietors who settled here. Mr. Montague had one right of land, consisting of three lots of one hundred acres each. Daniel Bailey, from Ware, N. H., came to Fletcher in 1795, and located in the northwestern part of the town upon the farm now occupied by Ebene- zer Bailey. Mr. Bailey took an active interest and prominent part in the business affairs of the town, which he represented for the first time in the legislature. He had a family of eight children, four sons and four daughters. The sons settled upon adjoining farms, presented to them by their father, while the daughters, all except one, married and located near by. Many de- scendants of the family still are residents of the town. Daniel Kinsley, with his brother, Stephen, were the first settlers in Cam- bridge Lamoille county, whence, after a few years' residence, they removed to this town. Daniel became the husband of Miss Lucy Montague, and died here in 1828. Lucy, his wife, died February 11, 1850, lacking one hour of being eighty-five years of age. Of their family of twelve children only one, Guy, now remains in this town, residing on road 40, at the age of eighty- one years. Lemuel Chapman, from Rutland county, was an early settler in Fletcher, having located on road 33, just north of the farm now occupied by his son Horace. He had a family of nine children, of whom Horace is the only one left in the town. Elias Blair was one of the early settlers in this town. He located on road s 114 TOWN OF FLETCHER. 30, upon the farm now owned by his grandson, N. B. Blair, where he lived until his death. He was the husband of Sybil Parsons, and reared a family of seven children. Many of their descendants reside in this and adjoining towns. Joseph Ellsworth, one of the early settlers of Fletcher, located in the west- ern part of the town, on road 23- He had a family of seven children, though none of them now reside in the town. The family is represented here, how- ever, by several grandchildren. Samuel Church was an early settler here. He located upon the farm now owned by his grandson. Nelson Church, on road 26. He had two children, Hiram and Sally. Hiram married Lorinda McClure, and died here, leaving three children. Sally became the wife of Abial Weatherbee, and lived and died on a part of the old homestead. She left four children. Ira Scott, the youngest of a large family of children, was born at Benning- ton, Vt., in 1783, and came to this town about the year 1800. He became possessed of a tract of 400 acres of land, a portion of which his son, Charles A., now occupies, on road 29. Mr. Scott had a family of eight children. Elias Bingham, born at Windham, Conn., July 22, 1779, came to this town with his wife and three children, in August, i8og, and located near what has since been called Binghamville, upon the farm now occupied by Franklin Bingham. He was thrice married, and by his third wife had thirteen children. He was a strong minded, resolute man, possessed also of much physical strength. He early became a captain of militia, represented the town in the legislature, and was also town agent for several years. Giles Taylor was born in Hartford, Conn., and at an early day settled in Mid- dlebury, with his father. The father was killed while clearing land in that town, and Giles removed to Fairfield where he was married, and finally settled in this town, in t8io. He was a soldier during the war of 181 2, and was pres- ent at the battle of Plattsburgh. Three of his children still reside here. Judah Ellis, from New York, came to this town with his family in 1804, and located in the eastern part, upon the farm now owned by Harrison Cady, in Cambridge, the same having been set off to that town since. His son, C. N. Ellis, still resides here, on road 35. James Lamb came to this town in 1820, on foot, with fifty cents in his pocket, his entire wealth. By hard labor he amassed enough to purchase the farm now occupied by his son, Andrew, and also accumulated considerable other property. He married Miss Cynthia French, of Westford, in Septem- ber, 1823, and had a family of six children. His son Andrew now has in his possession a cane used by his father on his first journey to Fletcher. Bradford Chase, born at Sutton, Mass., in July, 1783, married Polly Drury, of Walpole, N. H., removed to this town with his wife and six children in 1830, and located in the eastern part of the town, upon the farm now owned by his son, Stilman, who is seventy-three years of age. Otis Sherman, born at Grafton, Mass., in 1788, came to this town with his TOWN OF FRANKLIN. 1x5 family in 1833, and located upon the farm now occupied by his son, Dennis, on road 1 5. He had a family of seven children, only one of whom, Dennis, now resides here. During the late war, Fletcher furished three commissioned officers and sixty-seven enlisted men, thirteen of whom died in the service. The Union Church, located at Fletcher village, was built by the Baptist, Congregational, and Universalist societies, in 1830, and rebuilt in 1870, though it is now used only by the Methodist and Universalist societies. The Universalist Society, of Fletcher, was organized in 1870, with forty members, by Rev. S. Guernsey, the present pastor. The society now has about fifty members. The Methodist Church, located at Binghamville, was organized in 1850. The building was erected in 1870, by the Baptist and Methodist societies. It will seat 250 persons, and is valued at about $4,000.00. The society now has forty members, with Rev. N. W. Wilder, pastor. iRANKLIN, a township lying in the center of the northern boundary of the county, in lat. 44° 58', and long. 4° 2', bounded north by St. Armand, P. Q., east by Berkshire, south by Sheldon, and west by High- gate, was granted by the State of Vermont, October 24, 1787, and chartered March 19, 1789, to Jonathan Hunt and five others, under the name of Huntsburgh. The grant was to contain the usual thirty-six square miles, but as the surrounding towns were first surveyed, it left for this town a tract of only 19,040 acres. The charter of the town, which is now in the possession of the town clerk, reads as follows : — " The Governor, Council, and General Assembly of the Freeman of the State of Vermont : — To all people to whom these presents shall come, greet- ing. Know ye that whereas the Honorable Jonathan Hunt, Esq , and his associates, our worthy friends, have by petition requested a grant of the land within this State for the purpose of settling a new plantation to be erected into a township; We have therefore thought fit for the due encouragement of their laudable designs, and for the other valuable causes and considerations us hereunto moving, do, by these presents, in name and by the authority of the Freemen of the State of Vermont, give and grant unto the said Jonathan Hunt and his associates and their heirs and assigns forever, the following tract of land hereinafter described and bounded, to be divided and holden by them respectively as follows : * * * » * -phat each proprietor shall cultivate five acres on each share, and shall build a house at least eighteen feet square on the floor, or have one family settled on each share within the time prescribed by the Statute laws of this State, or the land shall be forfeited and revert to the Freemen of the State. * * * * In testi- mony whereof we have caused the seal of this State to be affixed this 19th day of March, A. D., 1789, in the thirteenth year of the Independence of this State. " Thomas Chittenden. " By His Excellency's Command, "Joseph Fay, Sec'y." Il6 TOWN OF FRANKLIN. The town was divided into sixty-nine rights or shares, of which Jonathan Hunt received thirty-one ; Samuel Hubbard, eighteen; Joseph Fay, seven; John Bridgeman, four; Hon. Ebenezer Walbridge, three; Ebenezer Marvin, one, and one share each for the following five objects: For a college withm the State, for county grammar schools throughout the State, for the first settled minister, for the, benefit and support of the ministry, and for the benefit and support of the schools within the town. The name of Hunts burgh was retained until October 25, 1817, when it was changed by the legislature to the one it now bears. The surface of the land is uneven yet not abrupt, the only hills of any prominence being Bridgeman hill, west of the Center village, and Minister hill, lying about a mile north of the same. The soil is mostly a gravelly loam, witii an occasional mixture of clay and sand. In the western part are a num- ber of clay knolls, where brick was manufactured to some extent at one time. Taken all in all, the soil is generally good, though in most locahtiesit is better adapted to grass than grain growing, so that many of the inhabitants are en- gaged in dairying and breeding grade cattle. The higher land was originally covered with a heavy growth of hardwood timber, mostly beech, birch and maple, while the low lands produced large quantities of hemlock and cedar. Much of this timber still remains, from the maple of which quantities of sugar is manufactured. Rock river, the principal stream, flows through the western part of the town, and together with several brooks, affords the only mill- power, and even this is meagre. Franklin pond, a small lake lying near the center of the town, has an average width of about one mile, and is three miles long. Its outlet, flowing northeasterly into Berkshire, affords a good water-power. Another small pond lies in the extreme eastern part of the town, surrounded by an extensive marsh. The geological structure of the territory is made up generally of two systems of rock, — talcose conglomerate and talcose schist, the former constituting the western, and the latter the eastern part of the town. Slate and limestone are occasionally found, and some small beds of quartz. Small quantities of hematite, a species of iron ore, have been discovered, and, in 1877, a small deposit of silver ore was found on the farm of L. Hefllon, in the northern part of the town. The de- posit has never been thoroughly examined, however, so that its quaUty and quantity are not known. In 1880, Franklin had a population of 1,439, ^^-^ divided into ten school districts, and contained eleven common schools, employing three male and twenty female teachers, to whom was paid an aggregate salary of $1,137.81. There were 385 pupils attending common schools, while the entire cost of the schools for the year ending October 31st, was $1,289.56. A L. Galusha was school superintendent. Franklin, a post village located in the central part of the town, contains three churches, (Congregational, Methodist and Roman Catholic,) one hotel, six stores, marble works, a carriage manufactory, and about fifty dwellings. TOWN OF FRANKLIN. 1 17 East Franklin, a post village located in the eastern part of the town, a station on the Canada Junction R. R., contains one church (Methodist), one store, a telegraph office, blacksmith shop and about fifteen dwellings. tV. B. Dooliris saw, planing and shingle-mill, located on road 2 2, employs five men, and has a capacity for cutting 8,000 feet of lumber per day. J. L. Barker's blacksmith shop, is located on road \o\, where he does a general jobbing business. C. H. Hanky's cabinet shop, located at Franklin village, turns out all kinds of cabinet work. J. W. Austin, located on road 19, has a blacksmith shop where he does all kinds of work in his line. A. H. Shedd's saw-mill, located on road 16, has a capacity for cutting about 6,000 feet of lumber per day. C. W. Bullice's saw and shingle-mill, located on Rock river, has the capa- city for manufacturing 5,000 feet of lumber and 8,000 shingles per day. C. W. Morgan's grist-mill, located in the northern part of the town, has a capacity for grinding about 300 bushels of grain per day. The Franklin Academy was incorporated in 1849, and went into successful operation the following year. Mr. Smith was the first preceptor, since which time there have been many changes. The school is now under the able charge of Charles W. Gates. The first meeting of the proprietors was held at Bennington, Vt., on the day previous to the granting of the charter, March 18, 1789, when Ebenezer Wallbridge was chosen moderator, and Joseph Fay, clerk. The division of the land was made according to law, and some other business transacted. On June 12, 1792, a warning was issued for a meeting to be held October 3, 1792, at the dwelling of Samuel Hubbard- In this meeting it was voted to make an allowance to those persons whose lots were covered by the pond, by allowing them a hke quantity of land south and east of the pond. Jona- than Hunt, the principal grantee, and after whom the town was named, was a prominent man in the State, but never located in Franklin, he probably hav- ing entered the scheme as a mere speculation. The first settler in Franklin, was Samuel Hubbard. He was born at North- field, Mass., in 1765. In 1788, he came to Franklin with a surveying party, and the following year he and five others procured the charter of the town, he retaining eighteen of the sixty-nine shares into which the township was divided. He left Northfield in March, 1789, with three hired men, one yoke of oxen, and one cow, and came by the way of Skeensboro, down the lake to Missisquoi bay, where he found a few settlers, and then came ten miles east of there, in this town, and selected the site now occupied by his son, J. H. Hubbard, where he commenced a clearing, sowed ten acres to wheat, and then retu'rned to Northfield. In the following spring he again returned to Missisquoi bay, this time accompanied by his wife, whom he had married dur- ing the winter, and John Webster and his wife. They left their wives at the Bay Il8 TOWN OF FRANKLIN. and came out to Hubbard's clearing, where they built a house and then returned for the women. Mr. Hubbard thus, with Mr. Webster's help, built the first house, he also subsequently built the first framed barn and first grist and saw-mill, and during his long hfe here won and retained the respect and confidence of all with whom he came in contact. He was blest with a family of six sons and four daughters, the ninth child being named Jonathan Hunt, after his uncle, the largest land holder in the town, and who was at that time Lieutenant-Governor of the State. J.- H. was born in 1808, and now, at the age of seventy- four years, is the oldest native resident of the town. He relates with considerable pleasure the tale of a whipping he received when a boy, administered by his father with an elm switch, which now is a giant tree stand- ing opposite the corner of roads 5 and 6. It appears that a small elm sap- ling had been set out by the elder Hubbard, and that Jonathan, in childish sport, had pulled it up and was making it serve him as a horse. His father, however, took it from him, and, after using it to " dust his jacket" with, ordered him to replace it in the earth. This he accordingly did, audit stands to-day sixteen feet in circumference, a sentinel that only the combined forces of the elements can move. John Webster settled on land at the center of the town, where many of his descendants still resides. The settlement was soon increased by the advent of Samuel Peckham, David Sanders, John Bridgeman, and others, so that in 1800, the town had a population of 280. The town was organized and the first town meeting held in 1793, Eben- ezer Sanderson chosen clerk, and Paul Gates, treasurer. No town records are in existence previous to 1802, so that a full hst of the first officers can- not be given. The first representative was Samuel Peckham, chosen in 1794. The first attorney was Ebenezer Marvin, Jr. The first birth was that of John, son of Samuel Hubbard, August 4, 1791. The first marriage, November 29, 1792, by Samuel Peckham, Miss Zeruiah Spooner to Paul Gates. First death, Susannah, wife of Samuel Peckham, January 30, 1796. First cemetery was the one now adjoining Franklin village. First highway surveyed, the one leading south, from Samuel Hubbard's to some point on the Missisquoi river in Sheldon. John Webster kept the first mer- chandise for sale, composed of groceries, iron-ware, nails, etc., which he brought with him into town from New Hampshire. Thomas and Uri Foot kept store in a log building belonging to Samuel Hubbard; and Thomas erected the first building for this purpose about the year 18 10. The first mihtary company was formed in 1808, with Samuel Hubbard, captain; Ephraim Joy, lieutenant ; Thomas Foot, ensign ; and William Felton, ser- geant. Clark Rogers settled early at Franklin village, where he built the first tavern stand. The first school was taught by Josiah Allen, about the year 1795. The first physicians were Ebenezer Marvin and Enoch Pomeroy. The first framed house was built by Dr. Marvin, and is still standing, on road 6. TOWN OF FRANKLIN. Ijn Samuel Peckham, from Petersham, Mass., came to this town in 1790, and in 1792, brought his family here, and the following year was elected the first town clerk. He had a family of five sons, Samuel, Jr., Charles, Joshua, Oeorge, and John. Joshua, the third son, was born in Petersham, and resided in Franklin from the date of his father's coming to the town until his death. He had a family of six children, of whom Joshua, Jr., was the only one who reared a family. Joshua, Jr., married Sarah Colcored, in 1852, by whom he had one son, Charles W., who is living at the present time, on road 37. Paul Gates was born at Petersham, Mass, in 1755, and came to this town in 1791-92, and became the first town treasurer. He had a family of seven sons and one daughter. PhiHp S. Gates, the fifth child, was born in 1800, on the farm now occupied by Harrison Gates. He had a family of two sons and seven daughters, two of whom, Rodney C. and Mrs. James Randall, are living, on road 36. Paul Gates, Jr., the third child, was born March 6, 1797. He lived during his life on what is known as the Gates farm, and died in 1856, leaving a family of four children. Harrison, the second child, was born March 14, 1829, and married Rebecca Shedd in 1853. Their union has been blessed with four children, three of whom are living. Charles W., the oldest child, is now principal of the Franklin academy. Enos Horskin, from Hinesburgh, Vt., came to Franklin at an early date, and located in the southern part of the town. Asa Horskin, his youngest child, was born about the year 1782, and died at the age of forty-two years, leaving seven children. Philo, the sixth child, was born in 1820, and married Louisa M. Rublee in 185 1. He has resided for forty-six years on the farm he now occupies on road 6. Ehas Truax, born in 1727, came to this town at an early date, where he resided until his death, in 1820, aged ninety-three years. Elias, his second son, was born July 4, 1772, and died February 4, 1875, at the remarkable age of nearly 103 years, having had four sons and seven daughters. His second son, Elias, was born in 1802, in Canada, but has lived in this town for the past forty-two years. Elias, the third of that name in the family, has four sons. Stephen, the youngest, is married and has a family of two sons, Her- bert S. and Charley H. John Hammond, from Clarendon, Vt., came to Franklin in 1800, and made a clearing on road 31, in the southeastern corner of the town, he being the first settler in that locality. He reared a family of eight sons and six daughters, of whom Sarah, the thirteenth child, was born in 1818, and mar- ried, in 1845, Chandler Willey, who was born in 1820, and had a family of two daughters, Hannah B. and Harriet M. Hannah B. married Milo L. Ken- dall, in 1862, and their family now consists of two children, Emill C. and Clyda E. William Felton, from Vernon, Vt., came to Franklin in 1803, and located on road .19, where he built the house now standing on the Felton farm, and I20 TOWN OF FRANKLIN. in which he died, in 1852. He left six children, of whom the eldest, Charles, now resides here. He has been a delegate to the constitutional convention four terms, and was once a representative. He has a family of five children scattered about different parts of the United States and Mexico. Lyman H., the fourth son, carries on the farm, on road 36. Joel Powers came to this town, from New York, in 1806, and located upon the farm now owned and occupied by his grandson, Edward Powers, on road II, where he resided until his death, in 1841. His second son, Samson S., was born in 1794, and resided upon the old homestead until his death, in 1874, aged eighty years. Edward Powers his oldest son, now occupies the same. Edgar J. Powers, the second son, was born in 1828, and commenced the study of medicine in 1848. He is a graduate of Castleton Medical Col- lege, and has practiced his profession in Franklin for a period of thirty-one years. Elijah Russell was born in 1788, and lived in this town at the time of the war of 1812, in which he served a short time. He reared a family of five sons and four daughters. John D., the third child, was born in 1815, and at the age of seventeen went to the city of Chicago, which, at that time, con- sisted of one shanty occupied by an Indian trader. He was out of the State for fifteen years, then returned to Franklin and has since resided here. Bartholomew Whitney, from Clarendon, Vt., came to this town in 1812, and settled in the northeastern corner, where he resided until his death, in i860, at the age of sixty-six years. He reared a family of eight children, all of whom lived to have families in turn. Bart Whitney, the seventh child, was born in 1826. In 1847, he married Sarah T. Pearson, the union being blessed with three sons and three daughters. Alloway Whitney, the first son of Bartholo- mew, was born in 1814, and now lives on road 22, aged sixty-eight years. He has four children now living, Eunice E., Adolphus D., Louisa, and Elnora. Adolphus D. was born in 1855, married Mariah Colcored in 1875, and has two sons, Harlan A. and Charles. William Giddings came to Franklin in 181 4, and located upon the farm now occupied by William T. Giddings. He was born in New Hampshire, in 1791, and died here May 21, 1880, aged eighty-nine years, having lived on the same farm for nearly sixty-eight years. Reuben Towle, from Enfield, N. H., came to this town in 1814, and located upon the farm now occupied by his grandson, WiUiam J. He reared a family of three sons and four daughters. Reuben, Jr., the youngest child, was born in 1805, and Hved upon the old homestead from 1815 until 1857, the date of his death. He married Narcissus Stanley in 1825, who is now living, at the age of seventy-seven years. They had a family of seven chil- dren. William J., the fifth child, was born in 1835, and married Caroline Marsh in 1857. He has a family of three children, one of whom, Reuben M., is in Brentwood, Col., while Julia and Carmi reside at home. Reuben Towle, son of Reuben, was born in 1828, on the old homestead. He has a family of TOWN OF FRANKLIN. four children. Theopilus Towle, the second son of Reuben, Sr., was born at Enfield, N. H., March 30, 1790, and came to Franklin with his father and located upon the place now occupied by his son, Jonathan. His family con- sisted of five sons and one daughter. Jonathan, the youngest, was born in 1828. He married Sophia Bowman in 1848, and has a family of two sons and three daughters. Matthew Grice, born at Boston, Mass., June 17, 1776, came to Franklin in t8i8, where he remained, working at his trade of saddler, until his death, in 1854. John J., his second child, was born in 1808, and for the past fifty- eight years has resided upon the place he now occupies. He married Lucy M. Learned, in 1840, by whom he had a family of five children, two of whom, Mrs. C. B. Kelsey, of Whiting, and Mrs. C. E. Boomhower, of this town, are living. Enos Pearson came from Starksboro to this town in 1817, and located up- on the farm now owned by Whitman Hubbard, where he resided until his death, in 1846, leaving a family of four sons and six daughters. Samuel Stanley, from Hubbardton, came to Franklin in 1820, and located upon the place now occupied by his grandson, William. He reared a family of five sons and seven daughters, many of whose descendants still reside here. Eleazer Olmstead came from Canada and made a clearing in the north- eastern corner of the town, in 1821, he being the first settler in that part of the town. He reared a family of five sons and four daughters. Silas N. HefHon came into Highgate in 1806, and from there came to this town in 1823, and made a settlement on the farm occupied by Jessie T., his grandchild. Silas remained here until his death, and had a family of six sons and five daughters. Gideon Briggs came to Franklin in 1826, and settled upon the farm now owned by his son, Erasmus, who was born in 1821, and has lived for fifty- five years on this place, which is located on road 4. Ebenezer A. Shedd came to this town in 1824, and located upon the farm now owned by his second son, Arah H., who was born in 1833. Arah H. married Melissa H. Brown, in 1859, and had a family of three daughters, all of whom reside at home with their father. Six commissioned oflScers and 127 enhsted men from the town of Frank- lin, served in the war of 1861, nineteen of whom sacrificed their lives in the cause. The First Methodist Church of Franklin, located at Franklin village, was organized by the Rev. Henry Ryan, with twelve members, in 1802, the society's first pastor being Rev. EUsha Crane. The first house of worship was erected in 1828, a wood structure, which was succeeded by one of brick, in 1844, and in 1866, the present wooden building was constructed, and repaired again in i88i, so that it now is capable of seating 400 persons, and is valued at $6,500.00. The society has 120 members, with Rev. D. Malcom, pastor. TOWN OF GEORGIA. The Congregational Churcfi, located at Franklin Center, was organized by- members of the surrounding Congregational churches, in 1817. The first pastors were Rev. B. Wooster and Rev. Mr. Parker. The first building was erected in 1826, a wood structure, the same now in use, though it has been thoroughly repaired three times, and is valued, including other property, at $2,500.00. The society now has thirty members, with Rev. C. P. Watson, pastor. The Freewill Baptist Church, located at West Franklin, was organized by Elder Leland Huntley, with twelve members, February 12, 1832, Fornearly twenty years thereafter the society struggled along with no settled minister, until Rev. Joshua Coffrin was installed. It now has about thirty members, with Rev. P. J. Russell, pastor. The church building was not commenced until i860, an unpretentious structure capable of seating 200 persons, and cost about $2,000.00. ^SeORGIA, a lake town in the southeastern corner of the county, lying in ^S* lat. 44° 44' and long. 3° 54', bounded north by St. Albans, east by Fair- Ill fax, south by Milton, in Chittenden county, and west by Lake Cham- plain, contains an area of thirty-six square miles, chartered by Governor Penning Wentworth, August 17, 1763, to Richard Emery and sixty-four associates, with all the privileges, reservations, and conditions common to the New Hampshire grants. The town still retains its original area and irregu- lar trapezoid form, no changes ever having been made in its boundary lines. It was not long, however, before the original shares of the grantees began to change hands, and the usual land jobbing and jockying began. Ten years after the charter was issued, in the autumn of 1773, Levi Allen, of Sahsbury, Ct, bought the interests of most of the original grantees, his purchases amounting to over fifty of the sixty-seven shares ; and at about the same time or during the next year, Heman Allen, Ethan Allen, and Remember Baker each bought a small interest. Ira Allen, however, subsequently became a principal proprietor, buying some part of Levi's interest and all of Heman's at private sale, but most of Levi's at public sale for taxes. There are on record in the town clerk's office over ninety deeds from Abraham Ives, a Rut- land county collector, to Ira Allen, and at a later date Caleb Henderson, a Chittenden county collector, deeded at one time forty-five shares to Ira Allen. It is said that this last sale was permitted because of some irregularity in the Ives transaction, and to perfect the title ; and, in proof of this, it is stated that at that time single lots were worth more than the forty-five shares bought at public sale, although there was not wanting a goodly number of residents who had the means to make the purchase, had there been free and open competition. Georgia is one of the most beautiful towns in the county, having a gently rolling surface, with some prominent elevations from which a grand view of TOWN OF GEORGIA. 1 23 the fine surrounding country and a glimpse at the blue waters of the beauty- teeming champlain may be obtained. The soil is mostly rich and productive, being sandy, in the southern part and the timber is principally pine. In the northern part it is a gravelly loom, and the timber mostly hardwood, yet there are some tracts timbered with hemlock, and some cedar swamps near the lake. The territory is well watered by numerous streams which contain some ex- cellent mill-sites. The only one of any considerable size, however, is the La- moille river, which flows a westerly course through the southern part of the town. In the northeastern part of the town there is a small body of water called Prospect pond, having an area of about forty acres. It is mostly sur- rounded by high lands, except a narrow outlet to the north. The rocks en- tering into the geological structure of the town are a bed of red sandrock in the western part along the lake shore, and a ledge of quartz rock in the east- ern part, between which is an immense bed of Georgia slate. Iron ore has been discovered to some extent, and some ledges of Swanton marble. The industrial element of the town is almost entirely devoted to farming and graz- ing, to which a decided impetus was gived by the building of the Central Ver- mont railroad, in 1847-50, which passes through the town from north to south with stations at East and North Georgia. In 1880, Georgia had a population of 1,504, was divided into fifteen school districts and contained fifteen common schools, employing two male and twen- ty-five female teachers, to whom was paid an aggregate salary of $1,735.22. There were 345 pupils attending common school, while the entire cost of the schools for the year ending October 31st, was 2,186.65, ^^'^ J- G. Lorimer, superintendent. East Georgia, a post village and station on the C. V. R. R., contains one church (Episcopal), one store and postoffice, a creamery, etc. West Georgia (p. o.), a hamlet located near the center of the southern part of the town, contains a grist-mill, school-house, etc., and half a dozen houses. Georgia, a small post village located in the central part of the town, con- tains one store, hotel, church (Congregati6nal), and about a dozen dwellings. Georgia Plain (p. o.), a hamlet located in the western part of the town, contains a store, postoffice, church (Baptist), and half a dozen dwellings. North Georgia is a hamlet and station on the C. V. R. R., located in the northern part of the town. Jewetfs tile manufactory, located on road i, was established by E. Jewett, in 1857, and purchased by the present proprietor, E. T. Jewett, in 1862- The works have the capacity for manufacturing 600,000 tiles per year, though but about 300,000 are made. Mr. Jewett has also a cider-mill attached to his works, which is operated by steam power and has a large capacity. The Franklin County Creamery, located on road 38, was established by Ed- ward J. Parker, in 1882. It has the capacity for receiving the milk from 2,000 cows. It is operated on the " cream gathering " plan, the first of the kind in the State. 124 TOWN OF GEORGIA. North Georgia Cheese Factory was established in 1870, and is nsw leased by Gardner Murphy & Co., of Boston, Mass. It has a capacity of thirty- three cheeses per day, using 11,700 lbs. of milk, besides making 200 lbs. of butter. WilUam Farrand and family made the first permanent settlement in the town, though there had been many men without famihes here a portion of the year previous to that in which Ferrand made his settlement, which is sup- posed to have been in the spring of 1785, though there is no positive evidence as to the date. At about the same time Andrew Van Guilder, from Egre- mont, Mass., came into town, and for many years was erroniously accredited with being the first settler. Farrand resides in the northwestern part of the town, and VanGuilder in the southeastern, ten miles apart. Farrand was pres- ent at the organization of the town, in 1788, and was elected to office on that occasion. He was also the first man in Georgia to take the oath of allegiance to the State, February 23, 1789, but left town soon after, and removed to Lachine, Canada. On February 5, 1801, he quit-claimed his right to his im- provements here, in favor of Reuben Evarts, the deed being dated at Montreal. During his residence here, a son was born to Mr. Farrand, and named by Ira Allen, Georgia Farrand, Allen promising to give the boy one hundred acres of land in honor of the name, but it is believed he never kept his promise. VanGuilder, who is said to have been a very eccentric man of Indian extrac- tion, settled upon the south side of Lamoille river, where he owned 400 acres of intervale land, a portion of which remained in the possession of his descend- ants for a great many years. Whose was the third family that settled here is not known ; but tradition has it that when Judge Frederick Bliss moved here, in the spring of 1786, there were three families in the town who remained through the winter. It was customary for men to spend the summer here, and return during the win- ter to their homes in the southern part of the State, or in Massachusetts or Connecticut, and some quite large openings in the forest had been made and several buildings erected. These buildings, however, were but rude log struc- tures, as it is stated on undoubted authority that when Ruth Chaffee, wife of Solomon Goodrich, died, March 27, 1789, there were not boards enough in town to make a coffin, and no saw-mill to make them; so Thomas Terrence, a carpenter, felled a tree, split out suitable pieces, and with his broad-axe hewed them down into proper shape for a coffin. But about this time im- provements began to be made very rapidly and immigration was lively, so that in 1 79 1, at the taking of the first census, the town had a population of 340, and ten years later, in 1800, it had increased to 1,068. Notwithstanding this fact, however, the proprietors still continued to hold their meetings, loth to give up their control of the territory even though most of the land has passed out of their possession and the inhabitants were doing the town business and managing the public lands, in their corporate capacity, and strictly in accord- ance with the laws of the State. Their last meeting was held on the first TOWN OF GEORGIA. 125 Monday in March, 1807, and the record-book was deposited in the town clerk's office, January 14, 1808. The first meeting of the proprietors was held at Salisbury, Conn., the record of which is as follows: — "Salisbury, March 23d, 1774. — Then the proprietors of the township of Georgia, a township lately granted under the great seal of the Province of New Hampshire, now in the Province of New York, met according to a legal warning in the Connecticut Courant, at the dwelling-house of Capt. Samuel Moor, Inn-holder in SaHsbury, in Litchfield county, and Colony of Connecti- cut, in New England. 1. Voted — That Heman Allen shall be moderator for this meeting. 2. Voted — That Ira Allen shall be proprietors' clerk for said town. 3. Voted— That we will lay out said town, and that every proprietor or proprietors may, on his own cost and charges, lay out all his right or rights as soon as he or they shall think proper. 4. Voted — That the proprietors' clerk shall record all deeds of sales and survey bills in this book, when brought to hand, if paid a reasonable reward for the same, and all survey bills shall stand good that are first recorded^ or received to record without regard to the date of said survey bills. 5. Voted — ^That this meeting be adjourned to Fortfraderick, in Colches- ter, on Onion river, to be held on the third of October next — Test. I. Allen, Propr. Clk." The town was organized and the first town meeting held March 31, 1788. This meeting was warned by John White, assistant judge of Chittenden county, of which Georgia at that time formed a part. The warning was dated at Milton, March 12, 1788, although Judge White was at that time a resident of Georgia. James Evarts was chosen moderator ; Reuben Evarts, clerk; Stephen Davis, Stephen Holmes, and Richard Sylvester, selectman; Frederick Bliss, constable ; Solomon Goodrich, and Abel Pierce, haywards ; and William Farrand, Noah Loomis, and Stephen Fairchild, surveyors of highways. Just enough business was transacted to organize the town — the town clerk took the oath of office nearly two months after, and the selectmen not until three months after the town meeting. At the second town meeting, held March 19, 1789, John White was chosen moderator; Reuben Evarts, town clerk ; John White, Stephen Holmes, and Francis Davis, selectmen ; John White, treasurer; Titus Bushnell, constable; Nathaniel Naramore, Abraham Hathaway, and John W. Southmayd, listers; Titus Bushnell, collector of town rates ; Noah Loomis, grand juror ; Stephen Holmes, pound- keeper; Solomon Goodrich, tithing m an ; and Daniel Stannard, hayward. The first representative of the town in the general assembly was James Evarts in 1788. The first physician was Dr. Nathaniel Naramore, who was much esteemed, both as a physician and citizen. The first lawyer was Levi House, who represented the town in 1793. Among the early merchants of Georgia we find the names of Samuel Stannard, Jr., Bohan Shepard, Bushnell B. Downs, Nathaniel B. and Nathaniel M. Torrey, Joseph and Joshua Doane, James S. Allen, and Hezekiah and Erbon Wead. Several of the early settlers had fought in the war for Independence, and several had been actively engaged in the land title controversy. WilUam 126 TOWN OF GEORGIA. Post was at the battle of Hubbardton, and Elisha Bartlett and Frederick Cushman were at the battle of Bennington. In the war of 1812, the town contributed its full proportion of men. A militia company of mounted men was called into service from this county at an early day, and went to Platts- burgh, where they were in active service some two or three months. The following is a hst of Georgia volunteers in 1814: Joseph Bowker, Jesse Post, Willard Baker, Jonathan Blake, Henry McLaughlin, Luberun Lewis, Eli Jerome, Levi Shepard, Jonah Loomis, Harvey Colron, Thomas Pierce, Asaph Wood, Levi B. Shepard, Abel Loflin, Pelediato Critchut, Major Post, Caius Hill, Hawley Witters, Osmand Lamb, Ira Hinckley, Samuel Fair- banks, Theodore Willey, Alvah Sabin, Stephen Holmes, Shivrick Holmes, Nathaniel Bowker, Elias Bowker, Thomas Danter, Elijah Baker, Charles Baker, Ansel Wood, Elijah W. Wood, David Hoar, John Brown, L. B. Hunt, and Henry Hunt. During the Canadian Rebellion of 1837, a company of militia from this town was in service on the frontier a short time, under the command of Capt. Caldwell. The town also contributed 141 men for the suppression of the rebellion of 1861, and twenty-six of the first young men of the town were killed, or died in Southern prisons of wounds, or from diseases contracted while in the service. During the troubles attending the dissatisfaction felt relative to the then existing state of the revenue laws, in 1807, an incipient riot occurred here, which has since been known as the Georgia or Smuggler's Riot. About one hundred persons, from this and surrounding towns, met for the purpose of opposing the custom officers' attempt to capture a party of smugglers. A slight skirmish ensued, but no lives were lost, and the rioters dispersed to their homes, of their own accord. Judge Frederick Bliss, from Williamstown, Mass., came to Georgia in 1786, and located at what is now Georgia Center. He married Polly, daughter of Stephen Davis, but died childless, November 8, 1827, aged sixty-five years. He was the first constable in the town, many years a selectman, and held at different periods nearly every town office. He was a representative in 1819, nine years a member of the governor's council, twelve years assistant judge of the county court, and one year judge of probate for the Georgia district. He was a very benevolent man and loved and deferred to by all. Abner, Solomon, Loomis, and EU were brothers of Frederick, and came here at about the time he did. Abigail, a sister, married Hawley Witters, of the western part of the town, and was the grandmother of Counselor Witters, of Milton. Betsey, another sister, became the wife of Young Blair. Abner married Miriam Dee, daughter of Elijah Dee, and reared a family of seven children, all of whom are now dead, except Erastus. Abner, Jr., was twice married, and had by his second wife, Eloise Nichols, seven children, three of whom, O. S., Mrs. Jared Dee, and F. F. Bliss, of Fletcher, are living. Solomon Bliss also mar- ried a daughter of Capt. Davis. He reared a large family of children, and became one of the most prominent men of the town, as also did his son, Solomon, Jr. Solomon died September 4, 1834, aged sixty-five years. TOWN OF GEORGIA. T27 Stephen Davis, a wealthy farmer from Williamstown, Mass., came here in 1787. He became a prominent man in the town, and died here in 1801, and his wife in 1802, leaving three sons and five daughters, who lived quiet lives here and in Milton, and many of whose descendants still reside here. Elijah Loomis, from Clarendon, Vt., came to Georgiain 1787. Hereared a family of six children, — one son and five daughters. The son, Roger E., married Rachel Hickok, of Pittsford, Vt, and died in 1868, aged ninety-two years. His children were Harmon, Emily, Laura, Phoebe, Wyman, Orra and Rachel. Of these, Phoebe, Wyman and Rachel are living. Phoebe married Abram DeLong, and Rachel became the wife of George Berwick. Harmon married Charlotte Torry, and had a family of six children, as follows : Charles, William, George, Charlotte, Edward and Henry, of whom WiUiam, Charlotte, and Edward, are living. WilHam married Jeannette Wightman, has a family of three children, and resides on the old homestead. Abram Laflin, grandfather to Joel K. Laflin, and a pensioner of the revo- lution, was an early settler here, and remained in the town until his death, about forty years ago. His son, Abel, who died here in 1868, aged eighty- two years, was a pensioner of the war of 181 2. Stephen Fairchild, with his four sons, Stephen, Jr., Daniel, Joel and Tru- man, came here in E787, from Arlington, Vt. Truman had three sons and five daughters, four of whom are still living, Phoebe Hickok, of Milton, aged eighty-five years, being the eldest. Ehakim, of this town, is eighty- one years of age. Joseph. James, Henry and William Ballard, brothers, from Wendell, Mass., came to Georgia at an early date, and located on the main road south of Georgia Center, where many of their descendants now reside. Joseph had a family of nine children, — seven sons and two daughters. James had seven children, and Henry had seven, only one of whom, Henry, Jr., is living. Ebenezer L. Hulburt was an early settler here. His son, John J., married Abigail Austin, daughter of Thomas Austin, of Orange county, and died here in 1876, aged seventy-three years. He reared a family of eight children, ^four sons and four daughters, — six of whom, Jane, Edson, Ebenezer, Byron, Adam and Hannah, are now living. WiUiam K. Warner, from Rutland county, came to Georgia at an early date. He was thrice married, to Matilda Withers, Chloe Withers, and Diana Wood, respectively, and reared ten children. Ehjah Janes settled in Grand Isle county, at an early day, and a few years later settled in Georgia. He married Anna Baker, and reared a family of eight children, many of whose descendants still reside in the town. Edmund Towne, the first town clerk of Georgia, located here at an early date became a prominent man, reared a family of several children, and died here at an advanced age. The Towne family date their ancestry back to the year 1274, when William De La Towne was a resident of Alverly, a village in Shtopshire, about twenty-nine miles southeast from Shrewsbury, England. 128 TOWN OF GEORGIA. The first of the name in this country was William Towne, who was born in England about the year 1600. Peter Miner, from Topston, N. H., located in Georiga at an early day, when there wis but one house between Georgia Center and Burlington. He reared a family of nine children, as follows : Sally, Stephen, Hannah, PoUey, Asa, Abel, Betsy, Belinda, and Horace. Abel Pierce, another of the early settlers, located on the Main road north of the Center, and afterwards removed to West Georgia, where he was subse- quently killed by being caught in the machinery of a mill in that place. He had a family of eight children, Thomas, Betsey, Hiram, Abel, Judson, Harriet, Nathan, and Betsey, 2d. Laomi Pattee came to Georgia among the early settlers. He reared a family of ten children, many of whose descendants reside in this and sur- rounding towns. Elijah Dee, frona Saybrook, Conn., came to this town in 1791, and located near the Center. He reared a family of nine children, of whom Maj. Elijah, the third child, became quite a prominent citizen, and raised a family of thir- teen children. Jared, son of Maj. Elijah, now occupies the old homestead, at the age of sixty-three years. Ehjah, Sr., died December 24, 1827, aged eighty-six years. He came to this town in the dead of winter, on a sled drawn by a yoke of oxen, his youngest child being then but six months old. William Post, from Rutland, came to Georgia in 1791, and located near Georgia village. His son, Maj. Henry Post, a pensioner of the war of 1812, died here in June, 1882, aged ninety-nine years. Joseph Evarts, son of Reuben Evarts, from Sunderland, Vt., came to this town in 1790. In 1792, he married Sally Allen, a niece of Gen. Ira Allen, by whom he reared a family of ten children. He became one of the leading men of the town, and died at an advanced age in 1840. Charles Caldwell, from Guilford, Conn., became a resident of the town in 1791. He reared a family of twelve children, of whom four, Samuel, Mrs. Harriet Hibbard, Abigail Watson, and Susan Mears are now living. Abner D. Purmont, born in Exter, N. H., in 1781, located in the south- eastern part of the town in 1797. He was twice married, and reared a family of six children, two of whom, Mrs. Smith, of Monkton, and Joseph, of this town, are living. Joseph occupies the old homestead, a prominent farmer and public-spirited man. David Clark came to Georgia, from Middleborough, Mass., in 1795, and located in the northern part of the town. His son, David P., was born No- vember 7. 1802, and resided here until his death, February 11, 1868. He was the father of Rev. Charles W. Clark, the present pastor of the Congrega- tional church, and also father of the Rev. Geo. H. Clark, pastor of the Con- gregational church, of St. Johnsbury Center. Titus Bushnell, from Saybrook, Conn., came to Georgia in 1795. He married Hannah Post, daughter of William Post, reared a family of six chil- dren and died here at an advanced age. TOWN OF GEORGIA. 129 Elisha Hale, at the age of twelve years, came to this town from Rutland, Vt., and subsequently located upon the farm now owned by White Cleveland, on road 36. He finally removed to the west of Georgia Center, where he died, in 1788, aged ninety-four years. Nathaniel M. Torrey, from Lanesboro, Mass., immigrated to this town in 1794. He opened a store near the lake, one of the first in town, and subse- quently removed to Georgia Center, where he conducted business a long time, in company with his eldest son, Nathaniel B. Mr. Torrey reared a family of ten children, and died at Georgia Center quite aged, respected by all. Rev. Alvah Sabin, who for a period of forty years was pastor of the Baptist church here, was born in this town in 1793, and removed to Illinois in 1880, where he now resides,»aged eighty-nine years. Mr. Sabin was much beloved by the people of this and surrounding towns, to whom he had endeared him- self by a long life of watchful care over them, both spiritually and tempor- ally, having served them several years in the senate, as well as in the pulpit. Jonathan Hill, from Pownal, Vt., came to Georgia in 1795, and located in the southwestern part of the town, where he reared a family of ten children and resided until his death. Israel Jocelyn, born at Kensington, Conn., in 1770, came to Georgia in 1795. He married Chloe Brigham, of Milton, by whom he had a family of eight chil- dren, only one of whom, Mrs. Mears, of Vineland, N. J., is now living. William Smith, from Conway, Mass., came to Georgia in 1799, and located in what is now East Georgia. He served in the war of 1812, and remained at East Georgia until 1826, when he removed to the house now occupied by his son, William H. He married Polly Camp and reared a family of six chil- dren, three of whom are yet living, and died here in 1864. His wife died June 25, t88o. James Hotchkiss came here from Hubbardton, Vt., in 1798, and located about half a mile south of the Center, where his son Cyrus was born. He removed to a farm in the southern part of the town, where his other children, Cyrus, Asenath, Hiram, Harriet, Charlotte and James M. were born. Asahel Johnson, from Williamstown, Mass., came to Fairfaxin 1799, andafter a year's residence in that town removed to Georgia, and located in the north- ern part where his grandson, Oscar B. Johnson, now resides, where he re- mained until his death, in 1847, aged seventy-two years. Of his family of eight children, only one, Mrs. Adaline Cooley, is now living. Jacob Hyde, patriarch of the present family of Hydes in this town, came here from St. Albans, whither he had migrated from Bennington, Vt., in 1802. He was bom at Norwich, Conn., August i, 1730, and died at North Hero, whither he had gone on a visit, in February, 1815. The family claim descent from the Earl of Clarendon, prime minister under Charles I., and father-in-law to James II., of England. The first of the family in this country was William Hyde, a contemporary of Sir Robert Hyde and Edward, Earl of 9 13° TOWN OF GEORGIA. Clarendon, who came here in 1633, in company with Rev. Thomas Hooker, the first minister in Hartford, Conn. He owned land in Hartford as late as 1639, then removed to Saybrook, Conn., and later to Norwich, which was set- tled in i66oj he being one of the original proprietors of that town. Abel Parker was born at Greenwich, R. I., in 1763. At the age of sixteen he entered the army of Washington, and shared the perils and privations of the Jersey campaign, was present at the execution of Andre, at Tarrytown, and also took part in the battles of Trenton and Princeton, continuing in the army until the close of the war, when he settled at Bennington, Vt. Here he married Lydia Wood, daughter of John Wood, of Bennington, and removed to North Island, and thence to Georgia, in 1802. He lived here a quiet, respectable life, until November 29, 1853, when, full of years and honors, at the ripe age of eighty-nine years, he departed for the ether world. He had a family of eleven children, three of whom, Noah R., Mary and Elizabeth, are now living. Noah R., who lives about two miles west of Georgia Center; has upon his farm a ledge of rocks containing fossils of the Trilobite, an ex- tinct family of crustaceans, peculiar to the paleozoic era, which Prof. Jewett, of Albany, N. Y., and Prof. Julius Marco, a companion and pupil of Aggassiz, pronounce the only ledge of the kind in the world, and the specimens it con- tains the most perfect. Robert Wightman came to this town from Scotland in 1804, and married Martha Davis, daughter of Stephen Davis, by whom he had a family of nine children, three of whom, Moses, Mrs. Anna Harris, of Colchester, and Mrs. Paltie Gross, of Richford, are living. Moses resides on the old homestead, aged seventy-one years. Roswell Mears, from Poultney, Vt., came to this town in 1803, and located about half a mile west of Georgia Center, and officiated as pastor of the Bap- tist church until about fifteen years previous to his death. He reared a family of seven children, of whom Lucy, now of Iowa, and Alburn, of this town, are living. Henry Rankin emigrated from Ireland to Montreal, and from there came to Georgia, in 1827. He had a family of six children, many of whose descendants still reside here. Samuel Carr, from Woodbury, Conn., settled in Milton in 1820, and from there removed to Georgia, in 1854, locating in the southwestern part of the town, where he died, in 1875, aged eighty-six years. He had a family of ten children, two of whom died in infancy, and one, Columbus N., died in the army, in 1862. The others were named Julia O., Alvira, Evehne L., Jane, Nelson, Delilah, and Judson A. Of these. Nelson, Eveline, and Alvira, reside on the home farm, and Judson A. resides in the southern part of the town. Joseph Stickney came to Georgia at an early day, from New Hampshire,';^ and subsequently married Jerusha Hubbell, and, in 1816, removed to High- gate. He reared a family of nine children, — six sons and three daughters. TOWN OF HIGHGATE. I3I His son, Barney H., was born in Highgate in 1826, married Mary S. Webber, removed to this town in 1855, and now resides on road 38, with a family of six children. The Georgia Plain Baptist Church, located at Georgia Plain, was organ- ized by the people of the town, October 21,' 1793, with thirteen members, and with Rev. Roswell Mears, pastor. In 1800, the society erected a house of worship, a wooden structure, which did service until 1848, when the present brick edifice was built, at a cost of $3,000.00. It is a neat building, capable of seating 400 persons, and valued, including grounds, at $4,800.00. The church is at present in a flourishing condition, with a Sabbath school number- ing 140 scholars, and an average attendance of sixty. It has had but four pas- tors since its organization, Revs. Roswell Mears, Alva Sabin, Rufus Smith, and Joseph G. Lorimer, the present incumbent. Among its members have been reckoned some of the most influential men of the town. The society took, at an early day, a decided stand against intemperance and slavery. The Georgia Congregational Church, located at Georgia Center, was organ- ized by Deacon Walter Colon, Bushnell B. Downs, Philo Fairchild, Ira Hink- ley, Ira Hinkley, Jr., Joseph Doane, Samuel Laflin, Noah Loomis, Jr., Wil- liam Ballard, Nathaniel M. Torrey, Jacob Goodwin, William Post, and Fred- erick Cushman, November 7, 1793. Rev. Decius R. Bogue was chosen their first pastor. In 1800, the first church building was erected, and was succeeded by the present edifice in 1832, a brick structure erected at a cost of about $2,000.00. It will accommodate 250 persons and is now valued, including grounds, at $2,500.00. The society, now has sixty-nine members, with Rev. Charles W. Clark, pastor, and sustains a flourishing Sabbath school. The Methodist Episcopal Church of Georgia Center. — In the early days of Methodism in this locality, Georgia was one of the seven stations of the Mil- ton circuit. The first minister who labored here was Rev. L. Hitchcock. A class was formed previous to, or during, the year 1838, at Georgia Plain, where services continued to be held until 1848, when the present brick church was built at the Center. The present name of the charge is the Georgia and North Fairfax circuit, the pastor residing at Georgia, but preaching in both places. The society now numbers sixty members, with Rev. William N. Roberts, pastor, and owns property to the value of $5,000.00. The Emanuel Episcopal Church, located at East Georgia, was organized by its first rector, Rev. F. W. Smith, with ten members, in 1872. During that year the church building was erected, a wood structure capable of seat- ing 125 persons, and valued at $6,000.00. The society now has twenty-one members, with Rev. Gemont Graves, rector. l^ilGHGATE, one 'of the northern lake towns of the county, is situated in ^P» the northwestern corner of the same, in lat. 44° 58' and long. 3° 59', # bounded north by the Canada line, east by Franklin, south by Sheldon an , ■ 8 o Timothy Winter 8 o Ichabod Randal 8 o Azariah Brooks 16 o Daniel B. Meigs. T7 15 Benjamin Bradley 18 o Andrew Potter 44 o Solomon Hinds 8 5 Richard Biddlecomb 8 o David Odell £% os, James Chadey 8 Jonathan Hoit 8 Jabez Colvin 6 Simeon Spencer 6 Thomas Gibbs 10 David and Isaac Gibbs. ... 14 10 William Griffin 8 o Eleazer Brooks 6 David Welden 8 o Silas Hathaway 18 10 David Campbell 6 o Jesse Welden 28 Total ^364 ss. As these were the old colonial pounds, one can easily compute the wealth of the town in dollars and cents by multiplying by four. In 1789, the grand list had increased to ^540 ; to ^^636 5s., in 1790; and £,^2.^ in 1791, while in 1792, the whole number of tax payers was sixty, and the list aggregated ^1,178- At the next town election, in 1789, the first full board of officers were elected, as follows, the meeting being again held at Welden's house : Silas Hathaway, moderator ; Jonathan Hoit, town clerk ; Andrew Potter, David Powers, and Silas Hathaway, selectmen ; Alfred Hathaway, town treasurer ; w en PI z o M O > o o o l;iilli!tlliil,tailllllliiIE!lii!i TOWN OF ST. ALBANS. 177 Daniel B. Meigs, constable ; Jonathan Hoit, Alfred Hathaway, and David Pow- ers, listers; Samuel B. Meigs, collector; David Campbell, grand juror; Jesse Welden pound-keeper ; Andrew Potter, tithingman ; Silas Hathaway, hog hayward ; Jesse Welden, fence-viewer ; Andrew Potter, Jesse Welden, and Benjamin Bradley, surveyors of highways ; and Noel Potter, Benjamin Brad- ley, and Timothy Winter, petit jurors. The first justice of the peace was Jonathan Hoit, chosen in 1786, and who was also elected first representative, in 1788. The first birth in the town was that of Limna Potter, who became Mrs. Limna Wead. The first males born were John Meigs and Heman Greene, though the date of their birth we are unable to state. The first record of a store is that of " Capt. Whitney's," probably in 1792 A Mr. Jackson is said to have had a store here about that time, and afterwards came Daniel Ryan, Prince B. Hall, Azro Crane, Seth Pomeroy, John Curtis, Anthony Rhodes, Joseph H. Munson, William Foote, and Carter Hickok. The first tannery was built by Christopher Dutcher, who located at the Bay in 1790. On the location of the county seat at St. Albans, he purchasd a farm about a mile south of the village, now the property of Benjamin F. Rugg, upon which he built a tannery, on what has since been known as Dutcher's brook. He was a prominent business man of the town until his death, Feb- ruary 4, 1814. The first physician was Dr. John Warner, who came here from Bennington, Vt., in 1793. He possessed great knowledge of the medi- cinal qualities of the indigenous plants of Vermont, and was exceedingly suc- cessful in treating the diseases incident to a new country. The first settled minister was Rev. Jonathan Nye, who was ordained pastor of the Congrega- tional church, March 5, 1805. The Methodist church was built in 1820. The first Episcopal church in 1825. Theone now in use in 1858. The first Congre- gational church was built in 1826, the second, being the one now occupied, was finished in 1862. The first academy was built in 1800, the second in 1828, and the third and present spacious and commodious building in 1858. The grounds on which the public buildings of the town were to be erected, was selected by the voters in town meeting, assembled June 12, 1792. Col. Robert Cochran, Capt. Ford, and Stephen Pearl were appointed a committee " to set the stake for the center," which was done a few days afterward. The few settlers who located here previous to the Revolution, left with the commencement of that war, and, it is beUeved, took an active part therein. Many of those who came in after the troubles were settled had fought in its bat- tles, and were thus well qualified to take an active part a few years later when the war of 1812, was brought upon the country. The trade and business of the town was considerably retarded during the existence of the embargo, and non-intercourse laws ; but during the war that followed, however, the growth and prosperity of the township were advanced rather than impeded. Smug- gling was pursued with considerable activity, the extreme scarcity and high prices of all foreign goods being such as to justify great risk. Collisions between the revenue officers and the smugglers occurred frequently along the 13 178 TOWN OF ST. ALBANS. frontier, and in several cases with fatal results. On Sunday, November 3, 181 1, Harrington Brooks, of St. Albans, a young man twenty-four years of age, was shot and instantly killed, while attempjting to escape from the cus- tom-house officials with a skiff-load of salt. The excitement which followed this event, aggravated by the extreme party virulence which at times prevailed was very great, and continued for a long time. Mr. Walker, who fired the .fatal shot, although in obedience to the commands of his superior officer, greatly regretted the act, and it cast a shadow over his entire after life. In 1813, the third brigade of the third division of the militia of Vermont, which included the entire county of Franklin, was called into the active ser- vice of the general government, marched out of the State, and was stationed at Champlain, N. Y. This act was greatly censured by all parties, as it left forty miles of the Vermont frontier denuded of its military force. This gen- eral dissatisfaction, together with the thought of the crops they were losing at home, caused many of the soldiers to desert. To such an extent did this proceed, that only a few over three hundred men were left in the camp. Among those who left for their homes was Silas Gates, of this town, a young man about twenty years of age, and both physically and morally a splendid type of manhood. Sergeant Henry Gibbs and private Alvah Sabin, of Capt. Asahel Langworthy's rifle company, were sent by their commanding officers to St. Albans to bring back deserters, including young Gates. On the even- ing of November 4th, they called upon him at his father's house, and after some conversation he agreed to accompany them. The three started from the house, and had proceeded but a short distance, when Gates went back for something which he said he had forgotten, but, instead of returning, he raised a window, passed through, and started off on a run through an orchard on the north side of the house. Sabin, being at the corner of the house, dis- covered him escaping, and called to him twice to stop, and as he did not obey, Sabin finally fired upon him, the ball taking effect above the hip and near the spine. He lingered five days and five hours, when he died. Sabin was twice tried for murder, but was finally acquitted of all blame. The soldiers from Franklin county, however, acquitted themselves with honor during the war, and bore an especially honorable part in the great battle of Plattsburgh. This battle, which began on Sabbath morning, September 11, 1814, was in sight from St. Albans, and was watched with intense interest by many whose sons, husbands, or brothers were enshrouded in the deep cloud that overhung Plattsburgh Bay. The wind blew fresh from the north in the morning, and about seven o'clock the town was startled by a tremendious cannonade directly west. This was conjectured to be a signal of the ap- proach of the fleet, to the army at Plattsburgh, to commence the anticipated action. A general movement of the people to the hill-tops then commenced, from which heights the British war-vessels were distinctly seen, bearing a southerly course, and at length rounding Cumberland Head. Shortly after nine o'clock the action commenced, and Plattsburgh bay was soon covered TOWN OF ST. ALBANS. 179 with a dense canopy of smoke. The earth trembled under the thunder of the broadsides, while the result of the distant battle was awaited with intense anxiety. That result, and the consequent glory which has since surrounded the name of McDonough, are facts famiUar to the general reader. From the close of this war, except the excitement ■ attending the rebellion of the "Patriots" of Canada against England, in 1837, no mihtary troubles disturbed the peace of the town until the breaking out of the late rebellion, in 1 86 1. St. Albans did her full share in this trouble, and furnished her full quota, both of men and money^ with alacrity. On the 19th of October, 1864, occurred what has since been known as the St. Albans raid. A band of rebels, twenty-two in number, came into the village, robbed the banks in open day-Hght,~killed one man, and escaped with their plunder into Canada. The entire amount taken by the robbers was $208,000.00. They were arrested in Canada, examined, and discharged by the magistrates, on the ground that it was out of their jurisdiction to hold them, it being in time of war. The Canadian government, however, did not sympathize with the mag- istrates in their decision. The governor-general. Lord Monck, recommended to the Provincial Parliament that they appropriate $50,000.00 in gold to be paid to the banks as an equivalent for the money found upon the captured robbers, and which had been restored to them by the order of Justice Coursel. This was voted by the parliament and paid to the banks, being equivalent to $88,000.00 in currency, so that the banks lost but about $120,000.00. Many shots were fired by the raiders, and it seems almost a miracle that a number of the citizens were not killed or wounded. Elinus J. Morrison, the only victim, was a resident of Manchester, N. H., and was engaged as a con- tractor in erecting the brick work of the Welden House. Morrison was in the street, and the firing becoming general in his vicinity, he undertook to escape into Miss Beattie's millinery store, and had his hand upon the door- knob, when one of the robbers, named Young, fired at him, the shot passing through his hand into the abdomen. He was taken into the drug store of L. L. Dutcher & Son, laid upon a bed, and cared for an hour or so, when he was taken to his lodgings at the American Hotel, at which place he died, October 2ist. Mr. Collins H. Huntington, an old and highly respected citi- zen, was also wounded, a ball striking a rib on the left of the spine, following it six and one-half inches, leaving a flesh wound only, from which he recov- ered in a few days. In June, 1866, St. Albans was again the scene of considerable interest and excitement, by the concentration here " of the right wing of the army of Ireland," more commonly known as the Fenian organization for the invasion of Canada. On the 6th of the month they gathered at Franklin, and on the 7th, their commanding officer. Gen. Spear, ordered an advance, and they crossed the line into Canada, where the " head-quarters of the army of Ireland" was located, the force amounting to about 1,200 men. The pro- ject of invading Canada, however, was given up by them a few days after, and the men returned to their homes. I go TOWN OF ST. ALBANS. The town has at present two military organizations of which she is justly proud, — the " Ransom Guards," and the " Barlow Grays." The Ransom Guards were originally organized in 1856, and, in 1861, went out with the three month's men in the cause of the Union. After this term of service expired, most of the men re-enlisted, and the organization was broken up. In 1872, the Guards were re-organized as Co. D, of the National Guard of Vermont, with F. Stewart Stranahan, captain; S. H. Wood, first lieutenant; and W. H. Farrar, second heutenant. The company has fifty-one members, and has a regular muster annually. The " Barlow Grays " were also organ- ized in 1873, and belong to the First Regiment of the National Guard of Vermont. The company adopted its title in honor of Hon. Bradley Barlow, who took an active interest in the organization, and fitted out one of the finest armory's in the State, which the company now occupies, in the Barnes Block, on Lake street. The company consists of fifty-one members, accord- ing to the laws of the State, with Hiram E. Perkins, captain ; Matt. Gilder^ first lieutenant ; and William E. Clark, second heutenant. Daniel B. Meigs came to this town in 1785, and, having selected a farm, brought his family on the next year. He was the first constable of the town,, and an active and influential citizen for many years, or until his death, about 1850. His son, John, is said to have been the first child born of civilized parents in St. Albans, while several of his descendants still reside here. Capt. Freeborn Potter, from Bennington county, came to St. Albans in 1786, and located upon the farm now owned by Hon. J. Gregory Smith. He married Dolly Irish, of Milton, Vt., and reared a family of eleven chil- dren, two of whom, Mirand Irish, of Fairfax, and Daniel R. Potter, are living. His death occurred August 9, 1845. Mosley Potter, son of Free- born, was born in St. Albans, and died in Franklin county, N. Y., April 17, 1865. He had a family of seven children, one of whom, William M., now resides here. Silas Hathaway, from Bennington, Vt., came to St. Albans to look out a place for settlement, in March, 1788, and in 1789, he moved with his family to the farm now owned by Romeo H. Hoyt, and at one time owned a large tract of land here. He died November 24, 183 r, aged sixty-seven years. His son, Hiram, was born in this town May 24, 1799, and located on road 42, upon what is known as Hathaway's Point, in 1838, and has since resided there, engaged in farming. His son, Hiram, Jr., was born in 1845, and is now proprietor of Hathaway's Point, a summer resort for picnic and excur- sion parties. The grounds are nicely situated for the purpose, lying about three miles from St. Albans Bay, and six miles from the village. Josiah Coloney, from New Hampshire, came to St. Albans at an early date and located in the southern part of the town. His son, Hiram, was born here in 1795, married Eunice Sabin, of Burlington, and reared a family of six children, one of whom, Hiram E., is now a house painter of this town. TOWN OF ST. ALBANS. Nathan Greene, from Rhode Island, came to this town at an early date, and during his long life here was known as an active, influential citizen, and held many of the town offices. He reared a family of fourteen children, and, it is said, used to brag that he had the choice of the town when he selected his wife. The humor of the conceit is apparent when it is known that there were but two unmarried females in the town at the time, one of whom was a half-breed squaw. He rejected the squaw, however, and married the white girl, a Miss Susan Alfred, and could not have made a better choice had there been many others to choose from. Col. Heman Greene, Nathan's oldest son, died at the age of seventy-three or seventy-four, and his funeral was attended by his mother. Orrin Greene, son of Job, was born in 1795, on the farm now owned by his son, W. H. H. Greene, on road 35, which was purchased by Job, February 19, 1788, and has never since been soldout of the family. John Bell was one of the early settlers of the town, having located on the farm now owned by Nelson Laselle, on road 5, in company with his brother- in-law, Lyman Weed. He reared a large family of children, and now has many descendants residing here. Eleazer Brooks settled in St. Albans in 1785. He married Olive Weed, reared twelve children, four of whom are now living, and died November, 25, 1847. Eleazer, Jr., was born in 1813, and now resides on the farm upon which he was born. He married Catharine Babbitt, and has a family of eight children. , Adonijah Brooks, from Poultney, Vt., came to St. Albans in 1790, and lo- cated upon the farm now occupied by Willie Bascomb, on road 42. He married Hannah Harrington, and reared a family of seven children. Asahel Brooks, born in 1781, came here with his father and subsequently located on road 42, where he resided until his death, in 1836. He married Polly Todd, by whom he had nine children. Amos Morrill, an ex-major of the revolutionary army, came here in 1795, and located in the western part of the town, having purchased the Governor's rights of Georgia and St. Albans, consisting of 1,000 acres. He made his purchase in 1794, moved his family in 1795, and continued to reside here until his death at an advanced age. He was a blacksmith by trade, though a wealthy man, and the house he built, previous to the year 1800, using nails of his own manufacture, is yet standing. David Clark was born in Connecticut, in 1768, and came to St. Albans, from Bennington, Vt., in 1795, and located in the southern part of the town, where he resided until his death, June 10, i860, aged ninety-two years. He reared a family of thirteen children, five of whom, Amos, William C, Hiram, David, and Mrs. Phoebe Greene, are now fiving. Amos and Hiram served in the war of 1812, and now draw pensions. Mrs. Greene also draws a pen- sion, as her husband served in that war. Richard Whittemore, from Lynn, Mass., settled in the southern part of St. Albans in 1798, locating on road 35. He married Mary Martin, had a l82 TOWN OF ST. ALBANS. family of four children, and died January 4, 1804. His wife survived his death until April, 1855. John Whitternore, born February 5, 1796, came here with his father, in 1798, and has been a resident since. He married Aluna Kingsbury, of Fairfax, who died in 1836, leaving a family of five chil- dren. Mr. Whittemore is now eighty-six years of age, one of the most ven- erable and respected men of the town. He has been an active member of the Congregational church for fifty-six years, and also an active temperance worker. Rodney, son of John, was born in 1820, married Maria West, by whom he had two sons, and for his second wife. Miss Cora Thorp. He has been county commissioner three' times, holding the office from 1872, to 1875, and was assistant judge from 1878, to 1880. Capt. John Gates was born in Marlboro, Mass., in 1765, and came to St. Albans in February, tSoo. When sixteen years of age he enlisted in the Continental army, serving under Gen. Knox, and after the war was a pensioner. He married Abagail Ball, of Northboro, by whom he had a family of twelve children, four of whom, Abagail B. (Mrs. Livingston), James W., of Boston, Mass., Susan, and Nahum, of Ohio, are now hving, Samuel Eaton, from Connecticut, came to St. Albans in 1800, and located three miles west of the village. WilHam, son of Samuel, was born in 1795, and died January 27, 1876. He married Sabrie Thompson, and reared a family of nine children. Paul Brigham came to this town from Marlboro, Mass., in 1800, and located on road 19, upon the farm now owned by his grandson, S. J. Brigham. William D., son of Paul, was born on the old homestead in 1805, and died in 1875. He married Lucy Doane, and reared a family of five children. In 1853, he commenced breeding Spanish Merino sheep, and since his death the business has been carried on by his son, Sanford J. John Hayward came to St. Albans from Dover, N. H., about the year 1800, and located upon the farm now owned by Mrs. Maria Hayward, on road 39. Otis, son of John, was born here in 1814, married Maria Robinson, whose parents were among the early settlers of the town, reared a family of five children, and died in 1877. WiUiam Weeks, from Marlboro, Mass., came to St. Albans in 1800, and located on road 19. He married Martha Barnes, from Massachusetts, by whom he had a family of nine children, and died in 1810. Five of his chil- dren are now living, all over eighty years of age, one of whom, Martha TuUer, resides with her son-in-law, S. H. Boynton, on road 19. Mr. Boynton mar- ried Caroline M. TuUer, and has two sons, Frank C. and Gates T. He came here in 1839, and engaged in the tanning business on South Main street, where he remained twenty- one years. He has been selectman of the town eight years, seven of which were consecutive. Lemuel Laselle, from Massachusetts, came to this county at in early date, locating in Swanton, and thence, in 1800, came to St. Albans and located on the lake shore, on road 9. Nelson, son of Lemuel, was born here in 1807, [j/^Q.ffa^cUjcyrytM- TOWN OF ST. ALBANS. 1 83 married Thankful Irish, who died in 1850, and reared a family of six children, three of whom are Hving. For his second wife, he married Eliza Perry, by whom he had two children. Arthur Laselle, a brother of Nelson, married Alvira Popple and had two children, of whom the son, Arthur, Jr., now resides on Hathaway's Point. Samuel Mitchell came to St. Albans, from New Hampshire, in 1801, and located in the western part of the town near the present site of the Lake View House. Samuel, Jr., came here with his father at the age of twelve years, and subsequently married Nancy Neil. He reared a family of six children, four of whom are now living, and died in 1869. Henry S., son of Samuel, Jr., married Aurora, daughter of Charles Stephens, and now occupies the Stilfin homestead, on road r5. Wilham O. Gadcomb was born in Rhode Island, in 1791, and at the age of twelve years removed with his step-father. Judge Aldis, to St. Albans. In rSii, he commenced the mercantile business, which he continued, with an interruption during the war of 181 2, until r85o. His first place of business was located a little north of his present residence on Main street, and, in 1830, he erected the building he now occupies. In 1824, he built the store standing just north of the Brainerd Block, which he still owns. He is now, at the great age of ninety-two years, the oldest resident of St. Albans. His wife, Lydia (Smith) Gadcomb, a native of Hadley, Mass., is an extremely clear-minded old lady, and Mr. Gadcomb himself has an unusually bright and unclouded intellect for one of his age. Their union has been blessed with three children, though none are hving. To Mr. Gadcomb we are greatly indebted for many interesting incidents connected with the early history of the town. John Haynes, from New Hampshire, came to this town in 1807, and located at St. Albans Point, on road 2. He reared a family of five children, and died in 1867. His son, James M., born here in 1815, married Esther Tuller, and had a family of three sons, Theron, Volney, and Alfred, all of whom are now dead. He built the first sash and Wind factory in this part of the State, nearly forty years ago, on the place he still occupies, on road 43, where he did an extensive business for twenty years. James Davis, a lawyer of ability, came to this county from Rhode Island, in 1808. He became well known for his legal knowledge, was judge of pro- bate several years, and died in 1868. His son, Wilber P., has been county clerk for the past ten years, and was at one time connected with the publica- tion of the Messenger. Asahel S. Hyde was born in Georgia, Vt., June 23, 1809. Durmg the years r828 to 1833, inclusive, he was engaged in the postoffice at Burlington. He then spent several years in Canada, and in 1837-38, was at Mount Hope furnace, Washington county, N. Y., and in 1839, finally settled in St. Albans, and engaged in mercantile pursuits until 1848, when he returned to New York and took charge of an ore bed, remaining until 1850. He then returned to 184 TOWN OF ST. ALBANS. St. Albans, and resumed his business here, being now located on North Main street. In June, 1881, his son, Frederick W.,was taken into partnership with him, and the firm name changed to A. S. Hyde & Son. Henry Seymour was born in New Haven, Vt, March 23, 1787, and located at St. Albans, in 1813, where he continued to reside for half a century, a life remarkably industrious and frugal, and at the time of his death was one of the wealthiest, and also one of the most hospitable and exemplary citizens of the town. He was noted as a man of the strictest integrity in all dealings, and for histhoroiigh domestic tastes and habits. He died March 27, 1865. aged ninety-eight years. He was a son of William Seymour, who was born at Norwalk, Conn., in 1760. Henry E. Seymour, now residing on North Main street, at the age of sixty-six years, is a son of Henry, and continues the descent of the long line of his most respectable ancestors, the first of whom, Richard Seymour, came to this country from England, in 1635. Cornelius Stilphen, from New Hampshire, located at Swanton about the year 1810, and after a few years residence there removed to St. Albans, locating in the western part of the town, near the present residence of George and Warren Stilphen. Charles, son of Cornehus, came here with his father at the age of seventeen years, married Laura Warren, reared a family of nine children, and died November 11, 1878. Four of the children are now living, as follows : John, Laura, wife of WiUiam M. Potter, Aurora, wife of Henry Mitchell, and Carrie, widow of Charles Hayward. Seth C. Collins, from New Hampshire, came to St. Albans in 1817, and located upon what is now called the Stilphen farm. He married Maria Saw- yer, by whom he had a family of five children, all of whom arrived at a ma- ture age, and three of whom, Seth, Stephen, and John, now resides in the county. Myron W. Bailey was born at" Waterville, Vt., in 1837, studied law with Homer E.Royce, at Berkshire, and graduated at the Albany Law School in 1 858. He practiced law at Richford, Vt., until 1861, when he entered the army in the 3d Vermont Infantry, remaining until February, 1862. In 1867, he was elected judge of probate, and has held the office since that time. Benjamin Swift was born in Amenia, N. Y., April 5, 1781. He received an academic education, studied law, and was admitted to practice at Ben- nington, in 1806. He then settled for a time in Manchester, and subse- quently removed to St. Albans, where he rose to eminence in his profession. In 1813, and 1814, and in 1825, and 1826, he was a representative to the general assembly, and a representative in congress, from Vermont, from 1827 to 183 1. He received the degree of A. M. from Middlebury college in 1820, and was a member of the corporation of that institution from 1830, to 1839. In 1833, he was elected to the .senate of the United States for six years, after which he retired to private life. While in apparent good health he died sud- denly, in an open field on his farm, November 11, 1847. His son, Charles B. Swift, is a prominent merchant on Main street. TOWN OF ST. ALBANS. >»5 Hon. Lawrence Brainerd, for many years a prominent railroad and anti- slavery man of St. Albans, was a descendant of William Brainerd, an early missionary to the Indians. He was born at East Hartford, Conn., March i6, 1794, and when nine years of age went to Troy, N. Y., to reside with an uncle, and, in 1808, came with him to St. Albans. Here he attended and taught school for a time, then engaged as clerk for the late N. W. Kingman, several years, at the expiration of which time, in 1816. he commenced a mer- cantile business on his own account, building up a large trade. He also be- came prominently identified with the navigation enterprises on Lake Cham- plain, building in 1847, the first upper cabin steamer on the lake — the well known " United States " was president of the first bank of St. Albans, and with Messrs. John Smith and Joseph Clark, succeeded in pushing through the enterprise of building the Vermont and Canada railroad, which marked an era in the progress of St. Albans from which she reckons her present prosperity. Previous to 1840, Mr. Brainerd was a Whig in politics, though he had, however, an inborn dislike for American slavery, and no sooner did an op- portunity ofler for the expression of his views by ballot, than he availed him- self of it. He became an adherent of the Liberty party from its start, and was one of the despised 319 of Vermont, who voted for Birney in 1840. In 1854, after the death of Wilham Upham, then U. S. senator from Ver- mont, he was unanimously chosen by the State legislature, to serve out the deceased member's term, being the first senator ever sent on the anti-slavery issue. He subsequently received a unanimous nomination for governor, but declined the honor. He also served as chirman of the national delegation that nominated President Lincoln, there being not a dissenting vote from Vermont, and was also at one time president of the American Missionary Association. Mr. Brainerd's wedded life was most felicitous. He was mar- ried January 1 6, 1819, to Miss Fidelia BarnettGadcomb, a lady of an unusually lovely, Christian character, who died October 18, 1852, after rearing a Mace- donian family of twelve children, six of whom are now living, — four sons and two daughters. His long and useful life was brought to a close May 9, 1870, and his dust now honors with its long repose the sleejjing ones of St. Albans cemetery. He was for many years an active member of the Congregational church, and the beauty of his Christian sentiments aiid character cannot, perhaps, be more aptly expressed than by quoting the following words, found written upon a paper in his pocket, after his death : " Evil exists in the world that men may grow strong by wrestling with it." John W. Hobart, general superintendent of the Central Vermont railroad, has for many years been a trusted servant of that corporation, during which time he has succeeded not only in building up an excellent reputation with the company,but, in serving them faithfully has faithfully served his fellow citizens. Mr. Hobart was born at Randolph, Vt, in 1829, and in 1848, began clerking for the C. V. R. R., continuing in that capacity about one year, when he was 1 86 TOWN OF ST. ALBANS. appointed station agent at Montpelier, remaining there ten years. In 1859, he was appointed general freight agent, and in 1874, placed in the important position he still occupies. Capt. John Oilman, who took a prominent part in local military affairs during the first quarter of the present century, came to St. Albans, from Epsom, N. H., during the year 1793, in company with his wife and young daughter, and his father-in-law. Major Morrill. Margaret Morrill was his second wife, by whom he had one son, having had three daughters and three sons by a previous marriage. Capt. Oilman was an industrious man of re- ligious tendencies, and became a well-to-do farmer, also carrying on a black- smith business for many years. He built the large house on Main street, now occupied by his descendants, mentioned on a previous page. Capt. Gil- man died August 31, 1845, aged seventy-six years, having lived a life that endeared him to many, and brightened his pathway to the other world. Jonathan M. Blaisdell, the eleventh child of Harvey and Elizabeth Blais- dell, was born at London, N. H., March 30, 1789, and came to St. Albans at the age of twenty years, in company with Smith Morrill. Here he was soon engaged in building houses, having learned the carpenter and joiner trade. He was occupied in the lumbering business one year, which, owing to losses, did not prove lucrative. In 1812, he was a volunteer, and went to Plattsburgh ; being anxious, with some others, to cross the sand-bar to the island, he attempted to do so before the moon was up, and came near being drowned. At the age of thirty-three years he married Margaret Oilman, youngest daughter of Capt. John Oilman, and died in his seventy-seventh year, leaving a widow, two daughters and two sons. The following account of the incident at the sand-bar was related by him to Miss Hemenway, editor of the Vertnont Historical Magazine, a number of years ago : — "September 14, 1814.— The day of the election at St. Albans, after the election, Sanford Gadcomb, Solomon Walbridge, son of the old sheriff of St. Albans, and myself, started to go to Plattsburgh, as soldiers, on horseback, through Georgia and Milton. At the sand-bar there (at Milton) we attempted to cross over, having stopped a few moments at Fox's tavern, this side of the lake. It was a mile across the bar, dark — or only star-light, and I told Gad- comb it looked too much like going to sea horse-back in the night, and I did not like to cross. The wind blew strong from the north, but Gadcomb thought he could cross without difficulty, though the swells ran so high and dashed so upon the shore. We urged our horses in with difficulty, but we proceeded till we saw a light upon the opposite shore, which we supposed had been lighted to pilot us across, and we advanced till about half way over, when the water began to deepen, the swells from the north rolling hard against us, till our horses drifting off the north side of the bar, were afloat. Gadcomb was forward, I in the middle, Walbridge behind, each about 3 rods distant. Gadcomb undertook to swim his horse forward to shore, Wal- bridge behind, said his horse wanted to turn round and go back. My horse' TOWN OF ST. ALBANS. 187 Stood right up and down — in no swimming condition. In about two minutes Walbridge cried out, 'My horse touches bottom,' and my horse at once righted in a swimming condition and pursued his horse. Meantime I had climbed up- on the saddle from which I slid when ray horse lost bottom, and we were soon back on the bar again where the water was not more than knee- deep to our horses. Gadcombwas out of sight and I cried out, 'We are on good ground,' but he understood us to cry we were in trouble. Walbridge and I came out on shore where we entered, when we repeatedly halloed, and Receiving no answer from any quarter, supposed Gadcomb was drowned and started to go back to Fox's tavern, but on our way through the swamp, moving along slowly near the shore, we heard somebody halloo, and answered. The halloo was kept up back and forth till we found it was Gadcomb, who had swam ashore, on the Point, north, below us, and landed on the most dismal part of the swamp. We waited till he came up to us, when we all returned to the tavern wet as water could make us, and remained about two hours, till the moon was up, and about a hundred had collected to cross ; so that when we crossed, which at length was nicely done, the line of them reached clear across the bar. After we got over the bar, we went up to the old landlord's who kept tavern on South Island, where we stayed the remainder of the night. While here, the landlord stated that he hoped we should get whipped by the British, and that all would get off from the bar who attempted to cross. This raised my ideas, and I told him we should hear no such talk on our route, that we were going to Plattsburgh to fight for our country, and we could fight before we got there, if necessary, and the effect was sufficient to stop that tory's noise. We went down the next morning and waited for a sloop to take us across. About 2 o'clock P. M., the sloop arrived and took us over to Plattsburgh. This was Wednesday. We remained there 'in battle' till Sunday night. Sunday, the last day of the battle,' the British forded the river against what is called Pike's old encampment, with their whole force, 13,000 strong. They forded the river, and advanced • into the pine plains, where the Ver- mont and New York volunteers were distant 80 or 100 rods. The woods were full of Vermont and New York volunteers, every man fighting for him- self, all on the Irishman's own hook, and we were so hard upon them that they were compelled to retreat, and we pursued them like a band of blood- hounds back to the river, their dead and wounded scattered along the way. In crossing the river they lost many guns and some of the men floated down stream, — retreating up the river, the enemy were soon, however, out of our sight. That night they retreated back to Canada, leaving a good many de- serters in the village of Plattsburgh. On their camp-ground their supplies were many of them left. On Sunday, the winding up battle-day, about 200 of us went down from Pike's encampment toward our fort, and when we could see a picket guard on the other side of the river, we would fire at him, and TOWN OF ST. ALBANS. when we could not see a redcoat to fire at, still we would all fire, so as to have the enemy understand the woods were all full of soldiers for two miles in length along the shore, and when we got opposite Plattsburgh village and attempted to cross the bridge, the British poured in a volley upon us. Only one was wounded, the bullets passing directly over our heads, one bullet passing within 12 inches of me, cutting off a little twig so I could see where the httle fellow had tripped along. We returned up the river the same way as we came down." Hon. Bradley Barlow, one of St. Albans' most prominent citizens, was bom in Fairfield, Vt., May 12, 1814, and until 1858 was engaged in agricultural and mercantile pursuits, when he removed to St. Albans, where he has since been engaged in banking and other large business pursuits ; is now president of the Vermont National Bank, of St. Albans, and of the South Eastern Townships railway, of Canada, and is also pushing rapidly towards comple- tion the Canada Junction railway, connecting Sheldon Junction with the former road at West Farnham, P. Q. ; he has been six times elected to the State house of representatives, and twice elected a State senator ; has been twice elected a member of State constitutional conventions — of one of which he was assistant secretary ; was for several years county treasurer, and was elected to the forty-sixth congress. His residence and grounds on North Main street are among the finest in St. Albans. Seth Wetmore, a native of Massachusetts, studied law at Middlebury, and came to St. Albans to commence practice about the year 1800. After com- ing here he married a daughter of Gen. Shepard, of Massachusetts, who sur- vived her wedding but a comparatively short time, leaving one son, William Shepard Wetmore, who became a wealthy citizen of Newport, R. I. For his second wife, he married a sister of Hon. John Smith. Mr. Wetmore was two or three times elected a member of the general assembly, and sometime previous to i8io, was elected sheriff of the county, in which official capacity he was peculiarly unfortunate, and became a defaulter on an execution for a large amount in favor of the Vermont State Bank. By this means he be- came embarrassed in his financial affairs, remaining so the rest of his life. He again turned his attention to the practice of law, and in 1817, was appointed judge of probate, a position he retained until his death. He was also a member of the executive council for Franklin county, for a number of years in succession. Mr. Wetmore was reputed to be a sound lawyer, and was a respectable member of the Methodist church. He died in August, 1830, after a lingering illness of a pulmonary character, aged about sixty-five years. Gen, Levi House, a contemporary of Wetmore, came to St. Albans about the time the county was organized, and became a very successful attorney. His legal knowledge, however, is said to have been limited, his success being attributable more to a rough, aggressive force, than to a talent for the pro- ession. At one time he was reported to be quite wealthy, and he built one TOWN OF ST. ALBANS. 189 of the finest residences in the county at that date, which was destroyed by fire in 182 1; but becoming somewhat dissolute in his habits, he lost all he had, including his reputation as a lawyer, and about the year 1810, removed to Canada. He returned subsequently, and died here in 1813. His title of General was derived from his being elected Brigadier-General of Militia, a position he retained for several years. Dr. Hirath Fairchild Stevens was born at St. Albans, August 3, 1825, the eldest son of David and Rachel (Fairchild) Stevens. His father died while he was attending the Franklin County Grammar School, and at the age of fifteen years, by request of his parent, he became a private pupil of Rev. Dr. Smith. In August, 1842, he entered the University of Vermont, in the soph- more class, but owing to ill health he was obhged to give up the course in his senior year. In 1849, ^^ entered the office of Dr. John L. Chandler, and commenced the study of medicine. During his course of study, he attended lectures at Pittsfield, Mass., Woodstock, Vt., and at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, in the city of New York, whence he took the degree of Doctor of Medicine, in March, 1850. In 1852, his health again began to fail, and in the autumn of that year he went to Florida. The winter following he spent in Charleston, S. C, where his health became so much injproved that he re- turned in the spring of 1854, and commenced the practice. of medicine in his native town. This he continued with remarkable success until his death, of typhoid fever, January 15, 1866. Nathaniel B. Eldridge, a native of Connecticut, came to St. Albans in 1811, and during the winter of that year was admitted to the bar of Frank- lin county, and commenced practice at St. Albans. In 18 16, he married Eliza, daughter of Joseph Jones, who survived her husband's death many years. Mr. Eldridge's health began to fail, and in 1819, he sailed for France, hoping its climate would benefit him, which it seemed to do for a time, but about a year after his return, in the summer of 1821, hedied of consumption. Joshua K. Smedley was born in Georgia, Vt., about the year 1784, He studied law with Benjamin Swift, and was admitted to the bar in 1809. Dur- ing the winter of the following year, he entered into partnership with Gen. Elias Fassett, of this town, and removed to the village, where he and his partner continued in practice for several years, or until the partnership was dissolved by the removal of Mr. Fassett to Chittenden county. Mr. Smed- ley continued in business here afterwards for a considerable time, first alone, and then in connection with Henry Adams until the summer of 1828, when he was attacked with a violent fever, of which he died. Mr. Smedley repre- sented the town in the legislature in 1817, and was never married. Dea. Horace Janes, son of Jonathan and Martha Janes, was born at Brim- field, Mass., September i8, 1781, and came to St. Albans early in the pres- ent century. He was postmaster of the town from 1807 to 1829, and clerk of the court from 1816, to the close of his life. August 30, 1827, he was elected one of the deacons of the Congregational church, and afterwards con- I go TOWN OF ST. ALBANS. tinued active and faithful in the duties pertaining to that oflfice. Dea. Janes was noted for his Christian benevolence and generosity, and died truly lamented, March 15, 1834. Hon. Bates Turner, a native of Canaan, Conn., was born in October, 1760. At the age of sixteen years he entered the army of the Revolution, where he was exposed to many hardships and dangers. After the close of the war he entered upon ■& course preparatory to the profession of law. He entered the celebrated law school of Judges Reeves and Gould, of Litchfield, and after the usual course of study was admitted to the bar. Soon after his admission, he removed to Vermont, locating in Fairfield in 1796. In 1798, he removed to St. Albans, and, in 1804, formed a co-partnership with Asa Aldis, which continued but a few years, when Mr. Turner returned to Fairfield. He here estabhshed a law school which became quite popular. In 18 12, he moved to Middlebury, Vt., intending to establish a school there, but not meeting with sufficient encouragement, he returned to Fairfield, remaining until i8i5,when heagain took up his residence in St. Albans. In 1827, andagain in 1828, he was elected a judge of the supreme court. At the expiration of the second term he returned to his profession again and never left it until the close of his life. He died April 30, 1847. Mr. Turner was twice married, his first wife, Mrs, Persis Humphry, of Providence, R. I., dying in 1814. In 1815, he married Mrs. Sarah Webb, of North Hero, who died in August, 1839. Hon. John Smith, the youngest son of Dea. Samuel and Mrs. Patience Smith, and father of John G. and Worthington C. Smith, of St. Albans, was born at Barre, Mass., August 12, 1789. When John was eleven years of age, his father purchased a farm in the southeastern part of St. Albans, and immigrating thither from Massachusetts, settled tjiereon. Land titles in the northern part of the State were at that time decidedly insecure, and through some flaw Dea. Smith was deprived of his. After losing his property he removed to the village. Here John was allowed the slender educational advantages the place at that time afforded, after which be entered upon the study of the law in the office of his brother-in-law, Roswell Hutchins. His subsequent legal studies, however, were mainly prosecuted in the office of Hon. Benjamin Swift. In 1810, he was admitted to the bar, and soon after entered into a. copartnership with Judge Swift. The firm thus existed for a period of seventeen years, during which time it gained an extended reputa- tion for legal soundness and ability, and did a large amount of remunerative business. At the expiration of this time, Mr. Smith having entered quite extensively into pohtics, the partnership was dissolved. In the meantime he had represented St. Albans in the legislature nine successive years, and, in 1826, was elected State's attorney, in which capacity he served six 3'ears. In 1831, 1832, and 1833, he was speaker in the general assembly, and from 1839 to 1841, was a representative to Congress from Vermont, after which, until 1846, he resumed his legal pursuits. In this latter year began the labor that was continued to the end of his life, and which, as a climax to what he TOWN OF ST. ALBANS. 191 had already done, has caused the people of Franklin county to revere his memory as one of their greatest benefactors, — indeed, the whole State will always be indebted to him and his colleagues, (see page 30,) for the active employment of their time, money and influence for a series of years while achieving a connecting link between the great roads of the West, and the Vermont Central on the East, while the county is indebted to his forecast and sagacity for the stimulus given to the developnaent of her agricultural and manufacturing resources. The old Vermont and Canada railroad should now stand as a monument to his earnest struggles and ultimate triumph, for the exhaustive and perplexing labors of which that road was the fruit, caused his sudden death, in 1858. A beautiful memorial-stone of white marble, in the St. Albans cemetery, indicates the spot where the mortal remains of this public benefactor repose, upon which is inscribed the following epitaph : — IN MEMORY OF JOHN SMITH. Born at Barre, Mass., August 12, 1789. Died at St. Albans, Vt., November 20, 1858. His private virtues, and the graces of a well ordered Christian life, endeared him to his family and friends, and qualified him for the distinguished position which he occupied at the Bar, and for the many offices of public and political trust which were bestowed upon him. Mr. Smith was married September 18, 1814, to Miss Maria W. Curtis, of Troy, N. Y., with whom he passed a most happy wedded life, and the follow- ing year, December 3rst, he united with the Congregational church, remain- ing an active member and warm friend of that society until his death. Nehemiah W. Kingman, a native of Canaan, N. Y., came to St. Albans soon after the year 1 800. Mr. Kingman was a hatter by trade, an,d for a considerable time worked at his trade here, but finally gave up that business and devoted his attention to mercantile pursuits, acquiring thereby an ample fortune. In 1805, he married Miss Almira Humphrey a step-daughter of Judge Turner, who died in 1816. In 1820, he was again married, to Miss Thankful Stone, who died in 1855. Mr. Kingman died in 1845, aged about sixty-five years. Dr. Julius Hoyt, father of Hon. Romeo H. Hoyt, of St. Albans, and son of Samuel Hoyt,' of Guilford, Conn., was born at Sunderland, Vt, November 26, 192 TOWN OF ST. ALBANS. 1778. When seventeen years of age he went to live with his brother Joseph, who had settled in Westford, Vt, in vi^hich place he taught school. From Westford he went to Arlington, where he studied medicine with Dr. Todd. After he had completed his studies he entered into partnership with his cousin, John Wilcox, in the druggist business, and removed to Vergennes. In July, 1802, he came to St. Albans and established himself as a physician and drug- gist, on the corner of South Main and Nason streets. The practice of medi- cine was soon relinquished, and his stock of goods was extended to the usual assortment of a country store. On September 15, 1805, he was united in marriage with Miss Jemima Taylor, daughter of Col. HoUoway Taylor. He died November 14, 1852, ending an honorable. Christian hfe. Hon. Romeo H. Hoyt, one of St. Albans most venerable citizens, was born in i8io, graduated from Middlebury College in 1830, and subsequently from the New Haven Law School, commencing the practice of law soon after, following the profession with great success for many years. He was elected to the State senate in 1853-54, has been judge of the county court, and held many other offices of honor and trust, honoring the positions as the positions have hon- ored him. He now resides in modest retirement on North Main street, aged over three-score years and ten. Hon. John Gregory Smith seems to have received his father's fallen mantle of untiring energy and far-reaching forecast. Like his father he too adopted the profession of law, being admitted to the bar in 1841, and Uke the father he also relinquished its practice to launch into extensive railroad enterprises. The great power exerted and the many millions of dollars invested by the Central Vermont Railroad Co., of which Mr. Smith is president, is largely owing to his great executive ability. Few there are who could have built up such an enterprise. That Mr. Smith also shares the public confidence that was bestowed upon his father, is attested by the many positions of honor he has enjoyed, having been raised to the highest office in the gift of his native State, — the gubernatorial chair. In his private life. Governor Smith is a most courteous and kindly gentleman, the admired center of a host of friends. His house and grounds, located on the corner of Smith and Congress streets, are among the finest in the State, while they afford a view of the surrounding lake and mountain scenery that is probably surpassed by none in the country. Hon. Worthington C. Smith, another son of John, is one of the prominent citizens of St. Albans, being proprietor of the St. Albans foundry, manager of the Missisquoi railroad, president of the Vermont Atwood Merino Sheep Club, etc. He was born in this village, April 23, 1823, graduated from the University of Vermont in 1843, studied law, but abandoned the profession and became an iron merchant and manufacturer. In 1 863, he was sent as representative to the legislature of the State; in 1864-65, to the State Senate, officiating during the last session as president of the senate; and, in 1866, he was elected a representative from Vermont, to the fortieth congress, serving on the committees on manufactures and on weights and measures. TOWN OF ST. ALBANS. (BENJAMIN F. RUGG.) Benjamin Franklin Rugg, son of Capt. Alexander Rugg, of Fairfax, was born in that town June 8, 1820. In earl)' life he followed the occupation of farming, though he was a cripple for many years, from the effects of a scald received during boyhood. In 1852, he came to St. Albans, and in company with A. G. Soule, of Fairfield, commenced buying butter, and became one of the principal founders of the St. Albans butter market, which has since be- come so noted. During the same year, Hiram B. Soule joined the firm, which existed about three years, when the partnership was dissolved. Dur- ing this time, however, Mr. Rugg had displayed so much sagacity and ability as a buyer, that Mr. O. A. Burton, then president of the Franklin County Bank, offered him all the financial assistance he required to prosecute an ex- tensive business. Soon after this he began to deal largely in cattle, horses, sheep, wool, produce, and real estate, his transactions during some seasons averaging $6,000.00 per day. He often engaged in large ventures in joint account with firms in the cities. In 1864, he formed a co-partnership with M. G. Elliott, and his son-in-law, R. B. Kennison, in a general mercantile business, the partnership existing about ten years. Since 1875, in connection with his nephew, J. E. Rugg, he has owned and operated a sheep ranch in Wyoming Territory. His flock has increased rapidly, and notwithstanding the loss of 4,000 sheep and one man, perishing in a snow storm, he has sold during the past year $18,000.00 worth of sheep, and during two years $20,- 000.00 worth of wool. He also deals largely in cattle, but gave up the butter trade some time ago. Mr. Rugg has done much towards building up the vil- lage of St. Albans, having erected about fifty dwellings and two stores, one of the latter being the first built on Lake street, in i860, and at that time thought by many to be a wild scheme. During that year he also opened and built up the street that bears his name. Our engraving represents Mr. Rugg at fifty years of age. 194 TOWN OF ST. ALBANS. Joshua Montefiore was born in England, graduated from Oxford college and adopted the profession of law, in which he became quite learned, and wrote several works on the subject. In early life he entered the English army as captain of the 17th Light Infantry, and subsequently came to this country, and in 1827, removed to St. Albans, from New York city. He was twice married, his first wife being a sister of Sir John Russell, Bart., while he was a brother of the English philanthropist. Sir Moses Montefiore, who is now living. Mr. Montefiore died at an advanced age, on the farm now occupied by his widow, leaving several children, among whom were H. Mon- tefiore, a farmer, J. H. Montefiore, an attorney-at-law of St. Albans, Mrs. White Cleveland, of Georgia, and Mrs. C. V. Ross, of Moriab, N. Y. Wilham Fuller, born at Reading, N. H., in 1798, came to St. Albans when a young man, learned the harness maker's trade, married EHza, daughter of Nathan Greene, and kept the hotel known as the Danforth Hotel. About the year 1830, he moved into the house number 102 Main street, and opened a harness shop at 104 Main street, and commenced keeping a livery stable the same year, it being the first livery kept in town. He continued in the livery business until his death, which occurred in April, 1875. His son E. D. Fuller, born in r833, always lived at home, with the exception of four years spent in the West, 1854, to rSsg, but was engaged in the same business while away, so in fact has always been in the livery business. He entered into partnership with Wilham Fuller, in 1854, keeping two stables at that time, one at 104 Main street, and the other at the American House. The business increased rapidly, so that at one time, in 1870, and r87i, he kept seventy-two horses. He is now alone in the business, keeping from thirty- five to fifty horses, though he makes a specialty of keeping horses for sale, disposing of from seventy-five to eighty-five per year, fine bred stock. William Wright was born in Scotland in 1814, and came to this country in 1829. He located for a time in Montreal, where he learned the molder's trade, and from there came to this State, finally locating at St. Albans in 1842, where he has since resided, following his trade. He has been married three times and reared a family of eleven children. John Locke Chandler was born March 4, 1793, at Pawlet, Vt., the eldest son of Benjamin Chandler, a very eminent physician and surgeon, the most distinguished of any in Northern Vermont. He was a pioneer who has left his impress upon many institutions of the State, — its colleges and medical societies especially. John's mother was Caroline Bushnell, daughter of Benajah Bushnell, who came from Norwich, Conn., to Pawlet the same year of John's birth. His parents brought him into the woods of Fairfield, where his father had decided to settle, thinking it would become the county-seat of Franklin county. They lived at first in a blacksmith shop, until they could build a log house, and afterwards built a better house in which they lived until 1807, when they removed to St. Albans, where the father died, Decem- ber 14, 1818, at the age of forty-six years, and where Dr. J. L. Chandler still TOWN OF ST. ALBANS. 195 resides. Previous to this removal to St. Albans, John had studied with the well-known Father Wooster, an eccentric, but thoroughly educated man. He had also studied the classics under Charles Adams, a teacher from Bur- lington. On arriving at St. Albans, fourteen years of age, he attended the academy, becoming a good Latin scholar, with a slight knowledge of Greek. At the age of nineteen he was sent to Burlington, under the care of Rev. Dr. Saunders, the first president of the University of Vermont, as his private pupil. After a course of study for six months, he had an inclination to study law, and went to Vergennes and read some law books, but soon returned to his father's office and read medicine. He commenced practice in St. Albans, but after one year removed to Pawlet, his native town, where he remained four years, then returned to St. Albans, in 1823, where he has since resided. He has been one of the most eminent physicians of Vermont, a man of solid attainments and sterling integrity. He has also been known as a man of correct literary taste. He wrote much for medical journals, and often upon other that medical subjects. He was fond of poetry, and many poems of his are well worthy of preservation. He married in early life Sabina Curtis, a most estimable woman, sister of the mother of Hon. J. G. and W. C. Smith. They had several children, only two of whom are now living, Mrs. C. N. Bishop and Mrs. George Farrar. Dr. Chandler is now eighty-nine years of age, and has been honored during his active life with many positions of trust and responsibility, and well has he performed his life duties. Old age finds him enjoying the gratitude of his fellow citizens and the consciousness of a life well spent. Rev. Worthington Smith, D. D., son of Deacon Seth and Lydia Smith, was bom at Hadley, Mass., October 11, 1795. His ancestors had hved upon the farm where he was born from the first settlement of that town, in 1659, and it still remains in the possession of members of the family. He entered Williams College in the year 1813, graduated in 1816, and during the same year made a profession of religion by joining the Congregational church of Hadley. Having decided to become a minister, he entered the theological seminary at Andover, in the autumn of 18 16, where he completed the course in I Big. After filling the office of principal of the academy at Hadley, for one year, he came to St. Albans, in the month of August, 1822, and on June 4, 1823, was ordained pastor of the Congregational church here. He mar- ried Miss Mary Ann Little, July i, 1823. In August, 1845, he received the degree of Doctor of Divinity, and in 1849, was appointod president of the University of Vermont, entering upon the duties of the charge in August of that year. In 1853, his health began to fail, and in 1855, he resigned the the presidency. His death occurred soon after his leaving the college, Feb- ruary 13, 1856, aged sixty-one years. Dr. Smith left a more decided and enduring impression on the public mind, probably, than any other man who ever lived in St. Albans. His ministry covered a period of twenty-seven years, during which time, with a few exceptions only, he produced two finished sermons each week, which he delivered to his people. [g6 TOWN OF ST. ALBANS. Hon. Homer E. Royce, the present chief justice of the State, a nephew and heir of the late Ex-Gov. Stephen Royce, of Berkshire, was born in Berk- shire, Vt, 1819, received a common school education, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in r842. He was a member of the State legislature in 1846 and 1847, was prosecuting attorney for the State in 1848, State senator in 1849, 1850 and 1851, and elected a representative from Vermont to the thirty-fifth congress, serving as a member of the committee on foreign affairs. He was re-elected to the thirty-sixth congress, serving as a member of the same committee, and was a delegate to the Philadelphia " Loyalist's Conven- tion" of 1866. Upon the death of Chief Justice Pierpont, January 7, 1882, he was elevated to the chief justiceship, which office he still retains. Judge Asa Aldis was born in the town of Franklin, Norfolk county, Mass., in 1770. His father died when Asa was but five years of age, leaving him to the care of a maternal aunt, in whose family he lived until fourteen years old. In 1792, he entered Rhode Island College, now called Brown University, and graduated therefrom in 1796. He then commenced the study of law in the office of Judge Howell, of Providence, R. I. After his admission to the bar, he practiced his profession in the village of Chepachet, two or three years, and in the mean time married a daughter of Lieut. Governor Owen, she being then the widow of a Mr. Gadcomb, (father of W. O. Gadcomb,) who had died some years previous. In 1802, he came to this town, aftd soon af- ter formed a partnership with Bates Turner, though the partnership lasted but a short time, when Mr. Turner removed to Fairfield. In 1815, he was elected chief justice of the supreme court. In 1832, he took his son Asa 0. Aldis, into partnership with him. Gradually, however, Judge Aldis grew weary of the profession, and several years previous to his death turned the whole business over to his son. He died October 16, T847, after a some- what lingering illness, in the seventy-eighth year of his age. Judge Aldis was a most exemplary citizen, and possessed a powerful intellect, so that his opinion and judgment in litigated questions always had great weight with his asso- ciate counsel, as well as with the litigant parties. The Congregational Church of St. Albans, located on Church street, corner of Bank, was organized January 2, 1803, and consisted of the following named persons : Samuel Smith, Patience Smith, Paul Brigham, Fanny Brigham, Antipas Brigham, John Hastings, Samuel Sumner, Lucy Farrar, and Noah Ripley. The first pastor. Rev. Jonathan Nye, was ordained March 5, 1805. The society is at present very large and in a flourishing condition, with Rev. Charles Van Norden, pastor. The present church edifice, a fine brick building capable of seating 750 persons, was built in 1863, at a cost of $30,000.00. The Methodist Episcopal Church, located on Church street, was organized by Elder Henry Stead and Rev. Almond Dunbar, in r8i5, and consisted of about seventy-five members. The first church building was erected in 1819, a brick structure, which through various remodellings did service until 1875, TOWN OF ST. ALBANS. 197 when the present edifice was constructed, at a cost of $30,000.00. It will accommodute 500 persons and is now valued at $35,000.00. The society has at present 300 members, with Rev. N. F. Perry, pastor. Sf. Lteke's Parish Protestant Episcopal Church, located on the corner of Church, Fairfield, and Bishop streets, was organized by Mr. Ashbel Smith and others, to the number of fifteen, August 26, 1816, Rev. Stephen Beach being the first rector. The first church building was erected in 1825, a wood structure, which gave place to the present beautiful stone building in i860, which will seat 400 persons, cost $14,000.00, and is now valued at $15,000.00. The society has 320 members, with Rev. Thomas Burgess, rector. The St. Albans Bay Methodist Episcopal Church was organized by its pastor, Rev. Simeon Gardner, with twelve members, in 1856. A church building was erected the following year, of wood, and gave place to the present brick structure in 1874, which will seat 300 persons, cost $2,000.00, and is now valued at $3,500.00. The society has at present eighty-two members, with Rev. A. W. Ford, pastor. The Holy Guardian Angels' Catholic Church, locatedjon Lake street, corner of Eden, was organized by its present pastor, Rev. George N. Caissy, in 1872. Their church building, a large brick structure capable of seating 1,100 persons, was erected during the same year, costing $7,000.00, and is now valued at $13,500.00. The parish now has about 400 families. The Church of the Immaculate Conception, (Roman Catholic), located on Fairfield street, corner of Thomas, has about 900 communicants. It has also under its charge a convent, where a school is taught by eight sisters from the congregation of Notre Dame, of Montreal. Both French and Eng- lish branches are taught, the school having about twenty-five boarders and 150 day scholars. The beautiful grounds whereon the convent is situated, comprising about two acres, were bought of Hon. Bradley Barlow, Septem- ber 10, 1869, costing $20,000.00; the buildings cost $8,000.00; a school- house for boys, erected in 1874, cost $2,500.00, and a parsonage, built in i866, cost an additional $5,000.00, all of which are paid for, excepting $6,800.00, yet due. The society is under the charge of the Very Rev. Z. Druon, Vicar- General. The First Universalist Church, located on Bishop street, although it has not been formally organized as a church society, has in process of erection a fine brick edifice, which will soon be completed, and is intended to cost $10,000.00. The First Baptist Church, located on Congress street, was organized with twenty-one members, in i868.# Rev. D. M. Bigelow was the first pas- tor. The society now has 150 members, with Rev. G. S. Pratt, pastor. The church building, a handsome brick structure capable of seating 450 persons, was buih in 1874, at a cost of $36,000.00. 1 98 TOWN OF SWANTON. ^EwANTON, one of the most important towns of the county, lies in the ^ northwestern part, in lat. 44° 53', and long. 3° 54', bounded on the W north by Highgate, east by Sheldon and Fairfield, south by St. Albans, and west by the waters of Lake Champlain. It was granted by the Province of New Hampshire, to Isaiah Goodrich and sixty-three associates, August 17, 1763, as a township of 26,040 acres, intended, evidently, to be square in out- line, but which in reality is exceedingly irregular. On November 3, 1836, a portion of Highgate was annexed to the town, since which time no change has been made in its area. The town is said to have received its name in honor of Capt. Wilham Swanton, an officer in the British service during the French and Indian war. He took an active part in the reduction of Louisburgh, in 1758, and after the war, in 1762, lookup his residence at Bath, Me., where he remained until his death. In surface, Swanton is varied, some portions being broken and rocky, while others are depressed into low, marshy swamp-land. In the southeast- ern part of the town, there is a high elevation known as Swanton Hill, the lower lands to the north and south of which are designated as East Swanton. About two miles west of this hill, near the center of the town, there is another ridge^ or elevation of land, called Swanton Center. The whole of the ex- treme western part of the territory is a delta, formed between Maquam bay and the Missisquoi river. This portion of land, called West Swanton, was formerly an island, formed by Maquam creek flowing from the bay to the river. A sand-bar, however, has formed at the mouth of the creek, so that the land is completely surrounded hy water only a small part of the year. West Swanton was formerly called Hog Island, so named, it is said, from the fact that at an early day it was customary to drive hogs there, and let them remain during a full season or more to fatten upon the butternuts, beechnuts, walnuts and acorns, all of which were very plentiful. The name is a vulgar one, however, and that of West Swanton, which has been adopted in its stead, is far more agreeable to sensitive ears. Several streams, or brooks, are distributed over the surface of the territory, but the only water-course of importance is the Missisquoi river. It enters Swanton from the east, about two miles from the village, and, after making a detour called the Bow, encircling three or four square miles, including Swan- ton village on its east bank, it strikes the line of Highgate again, about two miles from the village, whence it separates Swanton from Highgate. It emp- ties into Missisquoi bay, having three principal mouths, called the South, Middle, and East Branches, through which the water flows at all times, while there are three or four other outlets during high water, at which times it usual- ly overflows its banks. Some three or four miles from its mouth, the waters from the western bank find their way into Missisquoi bay, by way of the creek of that name, and also into Charcoal creek, which is some three-quarters of a mile south of, and flowing nearly parallel with, the river. The waters from the eastern bank find their way through the Dead creek into Goose bay. The TOWN OF SWANTON. 199 river is navigable for canal boats and sloops during the early part of the sea- son, when the waters of the lake set back to the falls, where the village is situated. At low-water the sand-bar at the mouth of the river prevents navigation by large crafts. The soil of the town is generally good, though considerable swamp-land is encountered, especially in West Swanton. In the central and southern por- tions it is gravelly. Fair crops of the cereals incident to the latitude are grown. The original timber is mostly beech, birch, pine, hemlock, hickory, and cedar. Geologically, the formation of the town varies considerably. The whole of the western portion, from the lake to Swanton village, overlies an immense bed of Hudson river slates. This formation is followed by a parallel range of Hudson river limestone, containing some excellent varieties of marble and an abundant supply of excellent material for the manufacture of lime. Then comes a range of red sandrock, next a bed of Georgia slates, followed by a vein oi quartz rock, and finally a formation of talcose conglomerate, underlying the extreme eastern portion of the town. Iron ore has been discovered in some portions of the town, and the mines were formerly worked to some extent. Excellent facilities for the transportation of products are afforded, as the town is traversed by four railroad lines : The Missisquoi, passing across the eastern portion ; the Vermont & Canada, entering St. Albans from the south, and crossing from West Swanton into Alburgh ; the Montreal & Vermont Junction hne, extending north into Highgate, from Swanton Junction ; and the St. Johnsbury & Lake Champlain road, extending from Maquam bay, east, through Swanton village into Highgate. A brief sketch of all these rail- roads is given on page 30, so we will omit their further mention here. In 1880, Swanton had a population of 3,083, was divided into seventeen school districts, and contained eighteen common schools, employing four male and twenty female teachers, to whom was paid an aggregate salary of $2,880.60. There were 620 pupils attending common school, while the entire cost of the schools for the year, ending October 31st, was $3,294.94, with Henry A. Burt, Jr., superintendent. Swanton, a post village located in the northern part of the town, on the Missisquoi river, and also a station on the Vermont & Canada, and St. Johns- bury & Lake Champlain railroads, has an excellent mill privilege afforded by the falls in the river at this point. The village is second in size only to St. Albans, and contains five churches, (M. E., Baptist, Episcopal, Congrega- tional, and Cathohc,) a Custom House, public hall, bank, graded school, CathoHc convent, two marble manufactures, two planing-mills and sash manu- factories, two grist-mills, three.saw-mills, two spring-bed factories, two hotels a tannery, plaster-mill, suspender manufactory, two hardware stores, two clothing stores, a jewehry store, two meat markets, a harness shop, four black- smith shops, three dry goods stores, two drug stores, four grocery stores, two barber shops, two fancy goods stores, two tailor shops, two furniture stores, TOWN OF SWANTON. and one photograph gallery, and also supports two newspapers and three lawyers. East Swanton, (p. o.) a hamlet and station on the Missisquoi railroad, in the eastern part of the town, contains a church (Baptist,) postoffice, and half a dozen dwellings. Swanton Center, (p. o.) a hamlet located a httle east of the center of the town, contains a carriage shop, blacksmith shop, and half a dozen dwellings. Swanton Junction, (p. o.) a hamlet and station on the V. & C. R. R., located in the southern part of the town, contains about a dozen dwellings and the hme kilns of C. H. Rich and W. B. Fonda. Maquam, a hamlet located on the lake shore, is the western terminus of the S. J. & L. C. R. R., and the port-entry of the town. It contains the wharves and railroad buildings, a hotel, and a few dwellings. George and R. Lester Barjiey's marble mills, located on Barney street, at Swanton village, were estabhshed by George Barney, the senior partner of the present firm, in 1840. Mr. Barney conducted the business until 1854, and then took WilUam H. Blake into partnership, under the firm name of Blake & Barney. From 1859 to 1865, the business was entirely in the hands of Mr. Barney, as manager, with A. M. Clark, as partner; but from that date to 1873, Mr. Barney was sole proprietor. His son and son-in-law, R. Lester Barney and E. P. Parsons, then became connected with the business, under the firm name of George Barney & Sons. This partnership was continued only two years, when Mr. Barney again assumed entire control, retaining the same until 1879, at which time the present firm was established. The mills are operated ,by water-power, and have had their capacity increased from time to time until they now furnish employment to about thirty men. The special manufacture of the firm is flooring tile, from black, white, French-gray, dove, red-variegated, Le Panto, Lyonaise, and American-Italian marble, though monumental and other cemetery work is manufactured, amounting to about $25,000.00 per annum. Calvin R. HogUs marble and granite works, located at Swanton village, were established by J. D. Perry, in the autumn of i860. After the death of Mr. Perry, in 1867, R. L. Barney assumed the control of the business, which he continued until June, 1881, when the present proprietor took the property. He employs four men and manufactures $6,000.00 worth of monuments and headstones annually. Atwood &= Willard's suspe7ider manufactory, located on Merchants' Row, at Swanton village, was established in January, 1882. The firm employs about sixty hands in the manufacture of Echpse suspenders, shoulder braces, and hose and skirt supporters. James Billiard' s carriage shop and undertaking rooms were established by Daniel Bullard, Jr., and his sons, George and James, in 1852. They con- tinued the business in partnership about six years, when the firm was changed to G. & J. Bullard, remaining thus about twelve years, since which time the business has been conducted by the present proprietor. TOWN OF SWANTON. The Champlain Marble Lime Company, located at Swanton village, have a side track running from their works to the St. J. & 1.. C. R. R., which are arranged with every convenience for prosecuting the business. The business is managed by E. W. Jewett, and operates four kilns, with a capacity of 200 casks of lime per day, made from dove-colored marble. Th^ firm is at pres- ent doing a business of about 30,000 casks per annum. William O. SmiiHs sash, blind and door manufactory, located at Swanton village, was established in 1873. Mr. Smith employs six men, and does a business of from $to,ooo.o6 to $12,000.00 per annum. Clark H. Butterfield' s sash, door and blind m.anufactory , located at Swanton village, is one of the oldest established manufactories in Swanton. Mr. Clark employs four men, and does a business of about $10,000.00 per year. The Blake Block, an ornament to the town, was built by William H. Blake, in 1877, replacing an old wooden structure then destroyed by fire. (BLAKE BLOCK.) The block is a handsome, durable structure, divided on the ground floor into three commodious stores. Mr. Blake, the builder of the block, occupies the south store with a full hne of heavy and shelf hardware, stoves, etc. He has in his trade the advantage gained from years of experience. Mr. B. B. Blake has the center store filled with dry goods, groceries, boots and shoes, etc. Mr. S. S. Morey occupies the north store with a full line of ladies' furnishing goods. He has been engaged in business at Swanton for a period of twenty-five years, and since 1877, in the store he now occupies. Asahel A. Brooks commenced the manufacture of rubber-bucket chain pumps, at Swanton village, in 1875, using the Cooper bucket, with side leak, of which Mr. Brooks owns the patent for eight counties in the State. Charles W. RicHs lime manufactory, located at Swanton Junction, em- ploys twenty-five men and manufactures 30,000 barrels of lime per year. The National Union Bank was chartered, as the Union Bank, in 1850, with a capital of $75,000.00, and went into operation in 1851. The first it 202 TOWN OF SWANTON. president was George W. Green, who soon after resigned. Joseph Blake succeeded him, and continued to hold the office until February 15, 1866, at which time the name of the bank was changed to the one it now bears. Upon the resignation of Mr. Blake, Hon. William L. Sowles was chosen president, and Albert Sowles, of St. Albans, now fills the office. The cashiers have been, E. A. Kendrick, from 1851 to '53; V. P. Noyes, '53 to '54; Thomas M. Benton, '54 to '55 ; N. A. Lasell, from July 29, '55, to January 12, 1869, when E. M. Sowles was appointed and held the office until January, 1872, after which G. W. Beebe was chosen, and continues to hold the office at the present time. That the banks of the Missisquoi were settled upon by Jesuit missionaries at a very early date, not far from 1730, is proven by facts indubitable, and there is evidence to show that the region was visited by the Anglo-Saxon away back among the centuries to the year 1564. In December, 1853, while Mr. Orlando Green was engaged in excavating sand from the left bank of the Missisquoi, about half a mile south of the village, he discovered a piece of lead tube about five inches in length imbedded in the earth, which, upon in- vestigation, proved to contain a very interesting document. It was a record written upon paper such as was used for commercial purposes in the sixteenth century, and of which the following is an exact copy : — " Nov. 29 A D 1564 " This is the solme day I must now die this is the 90th day since we lef the Ship all have Parished and on the Banks of this River I die to farewelle may future Posteritye know our end Johne Grave." Many doubted the authenticity of the document, but Rev. J. B. Perry, the thorough scholar who assisted in writing the history of Swanton for Miss Hemenway's work, investigated the matter thoroughly, and pronounced it no hoax. A very interesting article on the subject, written by Mr. Perry, maybe found in the above mentioned work. If the record was really written by Johne Graye then, so many years ago, it estabhshes at once, not only who , the discoverer of Swanton was, but that Samuel De Champlain was not the first to discover the territory of Vermont, as the death of this unfortunate Enghsh sailor antedates Champlain's voyage up the lake by nearly half a century. A certainty of the authenticity of this ancient document, however, will probably never be arrived at. The aboriginal occupants of Swanton were the St. Francis tribe of Indians. It is known that they existed in considerable numbers and had at one time quite a thriving settlement on the banks of the Missisquoi. Their occupation of the territory, however, dates only, as far as can be ascertained, from 1650. During most of the preceding hundred years, or from the supposed visit of Johne Graye, in 1564, down to about the middle of the seventeenth century, it is presumed that the lands in this vicinity were unoccupied ; but from that time until the middle of the eighteenth century, the St. Francis Indians occupied the land, and took an active part in many of the incursions against the whites. TOWN OF SWANTON. 2O3 When the French mission was established here is not known exactly, but it was several, and perhaps many, years subsequent to 1730. A French set- tlement then gathered about the mission, a fact to which Indian tradition bears ample testimony. It is also confirmed by the accounts of the early ' settlers, who received their information from those who were well acquainted with the efforts of the French in this vicinity, and by the reports of soldiers who passed through here during the old French and Indian war. About the year 1730, a plague broke out among the people, and both the Indians and the French left the territory for Canada. Not long subsequent to 1741, the Indians returned to the territory, and with them a few of the French. Two settlements seem to have been commenced here, one at the falls, and one some two miles down the river, 011 the east bank, and probably not far from the old Indian Castle. The French, however, for the most part, if not entirely, took their departure from the locality shortly after 1760, though their improvements were not all removed, and many of the Indians remained behind. The church, which had been erected long before, was still standing, and undoubtedly some of the cabins put up by the French inhabitants remained. In 1765, the St. Francis Indians leased a large tract of land in this vicinity to James Robertson, a wealthy merchant of St. Johns, who soon after came on to the territory in company with Thomas Metcalf, who subsequently acted as his agent. Metcalf erected a saw-mill at the falls, and a comparatively extensive lumber trade was commenced, while the fur trade was also quite extensively prosecuted. Mr. Rrobertson erected a house, and came with his family to reside at the falls. At one time, previous to the breaking out of hostilities against England, in 1776, there were some fifty lumbermen em- ployed by him, most of whom were of French descent, and probably many of them had their families settled in the neighborhood. The mill erected by Metcalf probably occupied about the same site of an old one erected by the French, which was destroyed during the French and Indian war. Metcalf s mill was burned soon after the revolution broke out, and with its destruction,, if tradition may be trusted, ended the first settlement, under English auspices, on the Missisquoi river. The first settler in the town, and probably in the county, after the begin- ning of the revolution, was John Hilhker, a native of White Plains, N. Y., who came here about the year 1779, and continued to reside here until his death, leaving behind him a posterity, a portion of which may still be found in the neighborhood. For several years after he located here, no additional families came on, and for a long time the only tenement between his home and Burhngton was at Colchester Point. The war of the Revolution at length drew to a close, and with the abate- ment of the troubles to early settlers attending it, pioneers soon began to look with favorable glances upon the territory of Swanton. Most of the Und of the township had become the property of Ira Allen, that insatiate 204 TOWN OF SWANTON. real estate manipulator. In 1786, he employed Thomas Butterfield as his agent, to come to the town and make an effort towards the improvement of the mill-power at the falls. During the latter part of that year or early part of the next, Butterfield brought his family to the town. This was no easy task at that day, there being no roads. He performed the journey on foot, while his wife rode on horseback, with their earthly possessions lashed to the saddle, or otherwise fastened to the horse. Not far from this time Jonathan Butterfield, brother to Thomas, made his way through the woods and settled at the falls. In 1787, William Coit surveyed the town, employed by Ira Allen. From this time forward the settlement rapidly increased. According to Mr. Barney, in his town history, settlers began to locate and make claims for themselves at four or five different points in Swanton, previous to 1790. The first was along the river, in the neighborhood of the old Indian settlement; the second in West Swanton, known as Hog Island; the third at the falls ; and the fourth near the geographical center of the town, on the direct road from the falls to St. Albans. He also says these early settlers were composed of two classes of persons, differing somewhat in race, manners, and customs, and whose antecedents had been very unlike. The most of those in the west part of the town were of Dutch descent, and it has been said, and probably with more or less truth, that the most of thera had, during our Revolutionary war, been loyal to the British, and at its close found their location somewhat uncomfortable, and they therefore left with the view of making their future home in the King's dominions, and that nearly all of that class who settled in this town and Highgate, supposed they had gotten north of latitude 45"; but on finding their mistake concluded to remain where they were, inasmuch as they found themselves, not badly treated. Those who settled about the falls and easterly therefrom were mostly of the Yankee type, firm believers in popular government and democratic in their political views. In the beginning of the )ear 1790, the subject of the organization of the town was much agitated, it being deemed desirable and important on many accounts. To effect this result, the following warning was issued, which may be found recorded in the first volume and first page of the town records : — " Whereas, Application has been made to me by a number of the in- habitants of the Township of Swanton to warn a Town Meeting ; These are, therefore, to warn those of said town who have a right by law to vote in Town Meeting to meet at the dwelling-house of Jonathan Butterfield, in said Swanton, on the 23d of inst. March, at 10 o'clock in the morning, then and there first to choose a moderator to govern said meeting ; secondly, to choose a town clerk and all other officers necessary for the ensuing year as the law directs. " Dated at Georgia, this fifth day of March, A. D., 1790. " Daniel Stannard, Justice of the Peace." The meeting was held, pursuant to the said warning, when Jonathan But- terfield was chosen moderator ; Thomas Butterfield, town clerk ; John Asel- TOWN OF SWANTON. 205 tine, constable ; Conrad Aseltine, John Knox, and Jonathan Butterfield, selectmen. The first justice of the peace was Thomas Butterfield, chosen in 1788. The first representative, Daniel Stannard, in 1790. The first grist- mill at the falls was erected by Ira Allen, in 1791. It stood directly below and on the opposite side of the bridge from the present large grist-mill. About the year 1804, or '05, another grist-mill was built, by Isaac Hull, on the west side of the river, a few rods below Ballard's wagon shop. This mill was carried off by a flood, about the year 1813. The first to keep goods for sale at the falls was Alexander Ferguson, who commenced business in the latter part of the year 1800, at his residence, a small framed house near the hollow east of the village. John Brown located as a merchant at East Swanton, in 1800, and Ora Willard, at Swanton Center in 1812. The first house forthe accommodation of travelers was kept by Asa Holgate, at the falls, and stood where L. Laselle now resides. It was opened for the reception of guests in 1793. His barn, it is said, stood not far from the center of the present park at the village. During the war of 18 1 2, Swanton did her full share in sustaining the American cause. The following is a list of volunteers who served in the battle of Platts- burgh : Amasa J. Brown, captain ; Enos E. Brown, L. Barnes, Oliver Potter, Leonard Cummings, Jeremiah Potter, John Denio, Burton Freeman, George W. Foster, and Jules Keep, privates. When the war of the Union came upon us, Swanton was the first of the county to come to the rescue. With a few others of the State this town had kept alive the military spirit of the people of earlier days, and the RebeUion found the " Green Mountain Guards" an in- dependent company^ well organized and disciplined for the contest. Two hundred and eighty-seven recruits were sent from the town, thirteen of whom were killed in battle, twenty-eight died of wounds and disease, thirty-four were discharged for wounds, disabilities, etc., six (officers) resigned, fourteen re- enlisted, twenty-eight deserted, eight were not fully accounted for, twenty- two were not accounted for at all, and 131 were mustered out of service. In memory of the soldiers from Swanton who laid down their lives in this great civil war, the town, in accordance with the decision of a large majority of voters, has erected a beautiful monument, at a cost of $2,000.00. The original appropriation was $1,500.00, and Hon. William H. Blake, One of the selectmen was authorized to make the purchase. A committee, consisting of Dr. G. M. Hall, Hon. William H. Blake, and C. W. Rich, was appointed by the town to accept and locate the monument, and the site selected was the park at Swanton village. The monument was placed in position during the autumn of 1868. The design is a Grecian figure representing the Goddess of Liberty, the style of the dress being also Grecian. She stands in a contem- plative mood, her countenance representing an expression subdued and sad, vet at the same time one of exultation over the great results of the sacrifice to Liberty. The base upon which the whole rests is a large block of marble taken from the quarries of Messrs. Fisk, of Isle La Motte, and dressed with 2o6 TOWN OF SWANTON. great carej it is five feet six inches square, and two feet six inches high. Upon this base rests the sub-base, a stone taken from the same quarry and made more ornamental, and upon the sub-base rests the die. The sub-base is .four feet six inches square, and eighteen inches high. The die was taken from the Isle La Motte polishing marble quarry, and is highly wrought and elaborately finished ; it measures two feet eight inches on either face, and is four feet high. Upon the sides of the die facing the north, south, and east, are sculptured the names of the twenty-nine resident soldiers from Swanton who died in the service of the United States. Their names appear according to rank, also the number of the regiment in which they were serving at the time of their death, whether killed upon the battle-field or died of wounds, or disease in hospital or otherwise, together with the name of the battle-field or hospital, and the date of their death. On the west face of the die is the fol- lowing inscription : — " Erected by the Town of Swanton, IN memory of her Patriot Soldiers who fell in the War of the Rebellion." Upon the die rests the cap, or capital, wrought in Grecian moulding, and is one foot thick, surmounted by the figure. The statue is of pure white marble, from the Rutland quarries, and was sculptured by Daniel J. Perry, a young man of Swanton. The whole height of the monument is twenty feet. Conrad Aseltine, one of the first settlers west of the falls, came here with his three sons, from Claverack, N. Y., in 1788. He returned the same year, leaving one son behind, and the next year, 1789, moved his family to the town, coming from Whitehall to Maquam bay on the ice, and located on what is now the Barney farm, on the river. He removed the saine year to the place now occupiod by Truman E. Mead. He was the father of eight chil- dren, Isaac, John, Henry, Peter, Andrew, Jane (Mrs. Matthew Lampman), Lydia (Mrs. Andrew Decker), and Margaret (Mrs. William Emery). Henry died in December, 1814, aged forty-three years. Henry, Jr., born in this town, followed the occupation of a blacksmith for many years, but about i860, he engaged in farming, and about ten years ago sold his farm and retired. He is now seventy-nine years of age. Several other representatives of the family are residents of the town. Oliver Potter was among the early settlers on the west side of the river at the falls, coming here in 1803. He was born March 7, 1781, and died at Swanton, August 19, 1861. Soon after coming here he bought a saw-mill of Seth Warner, at the west end of the dam, July 26, 1804. He carried on the lumber business, giving to it his personal supervision most of the time until September, 1826, when he sold his mill to Dr. Jonathan Berry, and retired to his farm near Maquam, about three miles southwest of the falls. Late in life, however, he removed to another farm, about a mile west of the falls, now owned by Enos Aseltine. Mr. Potter married Sophia Davis, and had a family of seven children, David, John, Augustus, Miranda, Matilda, Noel and Allen, all of whom are now living. TOWN OF SWANTON. 207 Capt. James Piatt was born at Clarendon, Vt., November 19, 1790. When but five years of age his father died, after which James went to Nova Scotia to reside, where he was apprenticed to a clothier. He returned to Rutland, and finally came to Swanton, in 1815, purchased a woolen-mill at the village, and commenced the manufacture of woolen cloths, continuing the business until 1848. In 1849, he built the house now occupied by his widow, on Grand Avenue. He died April 20, 1874. His children were Alanson, Louise, Hiram, Daniel, George W., and Hiram, the former of that name having died at the age of three years. The latter Hiram resides at the vil- lage, a dealer in stock and produce, and served the town as representative in 1880. Capt. James also served the town in that capacity two terms, and held other positions of trust. Samuel BuUard, born in Barre, Mass., November 9, 1776, died at Swanton, August 3, 1825. He came to this town about the year 1800, and first located upon the farm now owned by Harlan P. Bullard, and in 1803, removed to the farm now the property of his grandson, Samuel M. Samuel was one of the old tavern-keepers of Swanton, and also owned and run a canalboat on Lake Champlain. Samuel M., son of Charles, and grandson of Samuel, was born in 1827, in the house he now occupies, which was built in 1819. Jacob Decker came to Swanton, from Holland, at an early date, where he married Hannah Smith, and resided here until his death, in 1814. His son John, who now resides on road 12, aged seventy-five years, says he can remember when there were but five or six dwellings in the village of Swanton. John has been a great hunter in his day, and is said to have killed the last deer ever shot in the town. Stephen Robinson, from Ira, Vt., came to this town at an early date in its history. He built the house now occupied by his grandson, Horatio, in 1807, and in which he died, in 1841, aged eighty-one years. Brown Robinson, son of Stephen, was also born in this house. He was a justice of the peace a long time, and died in 1862, aged sixty-three years. Asa Abell came to Swanton at an early date, and one year later his brother, Jesse, joined him. Jesse subsequently settled about a mile west of the Center, where he remained until his death, aged sixty-seven years. Jesse's son. Orange, died here in April, 1881, aged eighty-five years. William H., son of Orange, now resides on road 22, while another son, Sanford, resides at the village, and Truman resides in Georgia. John Joyal was one of the early settlers of the town, a revolutionary veter- an and built the first covered bridge in town, and also erected one of the first stores and marble-mills in Swanton. He drew a pension from the govern- ment from June 12, 1834, until his death, in December, 1848, at the great age of 113 years. Hugh Donaldson, from Halfmoon, N. Y., came to Swanton in 1800, and settled in the northern part of Hog Island, where he died at the age of forty- two years. His son, William C. D., now resides on road i. 2o8 TOWN OF SWANTON. James Donaldson carne here at an early day and settled on road 2, and died here about thirty years ago, aged eighty years. His son, William R., born in this town, became the owner of about 400 acres of land on road 2, where he died, December 8, 1878, aged seventy years. Three of his sons, Sylvester, Albert M., and Sabinus W., are now living. William H. Stearns, from Canada, came to Swanton at an early date and located at the village, where he reared a family of eight children, and died in 1875, ^S^^ sixty-five years. His son, George B., born in 1852, is still a resident of the town. Abel Lyon, from Gorham, Mass., came to Swanton about the year 1800, and located upon the farm now owned by Hugh Donaldson. His brother, Luther, came soon after and settled near him, where they both resided until their death. Hiram, son of Abel, now resides on road 15. Deacon Amos Skeels, a native of Lanesboro, Mass., came to Swanton about the year 1800, and settled upon the farm now owned by his son, William. He was a deacon of the Congregational church for forty or fifty years, reared a family of seven children — four sons and three daughters, — ^two of whom, William and Minerva (Mrs. Orin Wood, of St. Albans), are now- living. William Orcutt came to Swanton, from Chesterfield, Mass., in 1800, and settled about half a mile west of the Center. He reared a family of nine children and died in 1814. Hezekiah Royce came from Claremont, N. H., in 1800, and settled on Swanton Hill. He subsequently took up his residence with Harvey Royce, where he died, in 1868, aged ninety-three years. Harvey, son of Hezekiah, died in 1879, aged seventy-six years. Harvey's son, Albert H., now resides on road 47. Amherst Thayer, born in Massachusetts, came to Swanton in 1800, and located on Lake street, where he was a blacksmith for many years. He died in 1838, aged sixty-four years. His son, Wheelock S., born here August 5, 18 15, was a blacksmith for many years, town clerk thirty-two years, and is now a farmer on River street. John Dunbar, from Taunton, Mass., came to Swanton in 1797. He built the first log house west of the river, near the present St. J. & L. C. R. R. depot, there then being but two houses on the east side of the river at the village. He was employed on the construction of the grist-mill now run by Bullard & Dunbar, and after it was completed his son, Almon C, operated it for thirty years. Mr. Dunbar died in 1846, aged seventy-eight years. His wife attained the advanced age of ninety-three years. Truman Warner, brother to the renowned Seth Warner, was born at Ben- nington, served during the revolution as captain of a company of rangers, and was one of the early settlers of St. Albans, where he died in 1822. His son, Brownson, came to Swanton at an early date, and has lived on road 43 about seventy years. TOWN OF SWANTON. 209 Caleb Mead, from Lanesboro, Mass., came to Swanton as early as 1800, and located on road 27, where he remained until 18 17, when he removed to the place now occupied by his youngest son, Caleb H. The house was built in 1818. Aruna W. Foster came to Swanton about seventy-four years ago, and located on Swanton Hill, where he resided- a short time, then removed to the place he now occupies with his son, on road 22. Church Tabor, born at Tiverton, R. I., came to South Hero about sixty- seven years ago, where he died about twenty years after, aged eighty-seven years. His son, James M., came to Swanton in 1836, and located where he now resides, on road 2. James M. married Miss Polly Soper, of Milton, Vt., and has a family of seven children — four sons and three daughters. Eben H. Dorman, a Congregational clergyman, came to Swanton, from Georgia, about the year 1824. He preached in the town over thirty years, and died here in 1862, aged seventy-one years. His son, Denison, born in Georgia in 181 8, came to Swanton with him. and still resides in the town, on road 29. Charles W. Rich, extensively engaged in the manufacture of lime in this town, came here from Shoreham, Vt., in 1840. The Rich family was one of the first to settle in the town of Shoreham, and became quite numerous and influential in that locality. The farm upon which they first located is still in the possession of the family. Henry Stone came from Jericho to Highgate about the year 1840, remained there some ten years and then removed to Swanton, built the house now occupied by J. S. Morrill, and subsequently erected the house he now oc- cupies, on Canada street. Mr. Stone has been engaged in the marble and mercantile business, and is now one of the directors of the Union National Bank, as is also bis son, Henry M. Mr. Stone is eighty-two years of age, and his wife eighty-four. Alanson L. Wright, born in Weybridge, Vt., a distant relative of Gov. Silas Wright, came to St. Albans in 1837, remained there until 1874, and then came to Swanton, locating on Canada street. In 1880, he removed to the place he now occupies on road 13. Asa B. Tarble, from Massachusetts, came to St. Albans in 1798, where he remained about forty years, and finally died at the residence of his son, Fletcher, in Sheldon, during the month of August, 1838. Fletcher was born at St. Albans in 1817, remained there until 1833, and then, after a residence in various other parts of the county, located in Swanton, where he now resides, on Canada street. Ephraim Holmes was an early settler in Bakersfield, where he died at the age of eighty years. Ephraim, son of John, and grandson of Ephraim, came to Swanton in 1866, and located upon the place he now occupies. William Chappel, a German, came to Highgate at an early day, and died at Plattsburgh, N. Y., in 1857, aged seventy-seven years. Gilbert H., a grandson of WiUiam, now resides in this town, on River street. 14 TOWN OF SWANTON. Sylvester Chadwick, born at Bethel, Mass., in 1798, came to Swanton in 1840, and located where his widow, Sally (Marsh) Chadwick, now resides. He died July 17, 1875, leaving a family of seven children. Mrs. Julia C. Smalley, widow of Benjamin H. Smalley, and a grandchild of Dr. Ebenezer Marvin, one of the first settlers of Franklin, has in her possession an old cabinet that was owned by Benjamin Smalley, whose grandfather was one of the first settlers in Middlebury, Vt. The desk, containing considerable valuable property, was buried during Burgoyne's invasion. (GEO. W. SQUIER'S STORE, GRAND AVE. COR. CANADA ST.) George Watson Squier, proprietor of the store represented in the above cut, is a son of the late Rev. E. H. Squier, a Congregational clergyman, ivho graduated from Middlebury College in 1838, and Andover Seminary in 1843. He married Maria E. Watson, of Benson, Vt, June 23, 1844, and preached in several lowns in Vermont until 1867, when he removed to Scipio, Cayuga county, N. Y., and died while pastor of the Presbyterian church of that place, March 4, 1870, and was buried at Rutland, Vt. George W. Squier was born at Hartland, Vt, April 19, 1848, and is the oldest of three children. His brother, Eben H., died at Edgerton, C(jlorado, June 20, 1878, aged twenty-three years, and was buried at Colorado Springs. His sister, Ellen M., married Gordon C. Adams, of Brooklyn, N. Y., and died April 4, 1882, aged thirty years, and was buried in Greenwood Cemetery. Mr. Squier married Fannie E. Dorman, October 10, 1875, and has one child, James Orrin, bora July 3, 1878. He came to this town in the spring of 1862, for the purpose of attending school, and being left to his own resources at the age of fifteen years, he entered the employ of J. W. & O. Dorman, in the autumn of 1862, and in the autumn of 1668, he was admitted as a partner, under the style of Gould & Squier, the Messrs. Dormans retiring. The new firm did a successful business for two years, or until J. W. & O. Dorman built this new block ; a new partnership was then formed, under the style of Dorman, TOWN OF SWANTON. Gould & Co., September i, 1870, Mr. Squier being a junior partner until the autumn of 1872, when Gould & Squier again assumed control, the other partners retiring. This style continued until September i, 1875, when Mr. Squier assumed full control, buying out Mr. Gould. Elisha Barney came to Swanton in the autumn of 1798, and in February, 1799, purchased, in company with his brother Rufus, of Bennington, Vt., a tract of land and mill privilege where the village now is, and commenced the manufacture of iron. This manufacture was continued by the family many years, but Rufus never resided here, and only retained an interest in the con- cern until (803. The business was discontinued in 1868. Elisha was the father of George Barney, one of the present prominent men of Swanton. He was born in Taunton, Mass., July 17, 1776, and was united in marriage with Mehitable Leonard, daughter of Rufus Leonard, of Taunton, May 15, 1795. The fruit of this union was seven children, three dying in childhood, as fol- lows: Eveline, Seth W., and James Alanson. The remaining daughter married Robert Foster, July 22, 1818. Her death occurred January 19, 1835. Elisha died November i, 1837. His wife survived him until June 5, 1871, aged ninety-five years. Horatio W., one of the three sons of this family who survived their father, died July 19, 1872; another, Rufus L., the eldest, died February 26, 1874. George, the youngest, previously mentioned, resides at Swanton village. From 1837 to 1839, he was a partner in the firm of F. V. Goodrich & Co., in the mercantile and lumber business. In 1839, he com- menced the business of seUing goods, in connection with the manufacture of marble. In 1853, he bought out the firm of J. & W. H. Blake, and contin- ued to sell goods about one year, when William H. Blake became his partner, the firm name being Blake & Barney, continuing the sale of goods with the marble business. This firm continued to do business about three years, since which time neither of them has done anything in the way of selling goods, Mr. Barney confining himself mainly to the marble business, in connection with his son, R. L. Barney. Several brothers of Elisha were among the early citi- zens of the town, and Swanton owes much of its prosperity to this enterprising family. R. L. Barney, brother of George, at his death, February 26, 1874, bequeathed to the town a sum amounting to $20,000.00. George, in addi- tion to business capabilities of a high order, has much literary ability, as is evinced in his joint authorship, with the late Prof. John B. Perry, of the his- tory of Swanton, one of the best of this class of works we remember to have seen and to which we are greatly indebted for this sketch of Swanton. Marshall Nye Beebe, the fourth of a family of fifteen children, was born at Rutland, Vt, April 11, 1800. His father, Guy Beebe, a scion of an old New England family not unknown in the annals of revolutionary fame, was a native of Ludlow, Mass., and located at Rutland in 1775. During the war of 181 2, he took an active part in the American cause, participating in the battle of Plattsburgh, he being at that time a resident of Milton, Vt. In 1832, he came to this county, locating in Frankhn, and remained there until his TOWN OF SWANTON. death. Marshall Nye became a carpenter and joiner, was for many years a successful mechanic, and is now a hale old man residing near his son, A. J. Beebe, of Swanton. On December 2z, 1834, he was united in marriage with Rebecca Ricard, daughter of John and Caroline Ricard, the union being blessed with a family of nine children, as follows : Allan L., born in Decem- ber, 1835, died in infancy; Andrew Jackson, born August 23, 1837, of whom more will be said further on; George AUison, born August 8, 1839, followed farming and mercantile pursuits until the breaking out of the late war, when he enlisted, served with honor, was commissioned captain of Co. F, gth Vt. Vols., June 25, 1862, and died soon after of chronic diarrhcea ; Guy Anson, born September 5, 1841, is now a prominent lumber manufacturer and dealer in timber-land, at Fitzwilliam, N. H.; Ezra H., born October 17, 1842, is engaged as salesman in a clothing house and dealing in produce at Swanton; El win M., born May 16, 1845, died in infancy; Ethel C, born August 31, 1847, is a prominent physician and surgeon of Oconto, Wis. ; Gaylord War- ren, born October 20, 1850, is cashier of the National Union Bank of Swan- ton; and Carrie J., the only daughter, born April 20, 1852, became the wife of Nelson Beckwith, of New Hampshire, and died June 24, 1875. Andrew Jackson Beebe was born in Highgate, August 23, 1837. When four years of age, his father located on a ten-acre farm in Highgate, on the road leading from the Daniel Watson farm to the old furnace, where he resided until the death of his wife, in T862, when he sold the place, removed to Canada, and in 1868, returned to Vermont, and took up his residence near Andrew. In early life, young Beebe was his mother's chief help in household duties, and in caring for his younger brothers, and later, in assisting his father about his ten-acre farm, while as much of his time as could be spared from these duties was occupied in working for the neighboring farmers, and in attending the district school. At the age of fifteen years he commenced to work with his father at the carpenter's trade ; at seventeen he worked land on shares, and at the age of eighteen he went to Burlington, where he entered the employ of Morillo Noyes, as clerk in his wholesale peddler's supply store, agreeing to work for Mr. Noyes the first two years for the same that Mr. Noyes had received for his first two year's clerkship. Young Beebe's sur- prise may be imagined when Mr. Noyes informed him that the salary was $30.00 for the first year, and $50.00 for the second, including board and washing. But his word had been given, and there was no withdrawing. By the exercise of the most rigid economy, he was enabled to get through the two years without getting into debt, proving in the end an excellent school for him. He remained with Mr. Noyes five years, and at the end of that time, having gained much valuable experience and a few hundred dollars in money, was offered an interest in the business ; but declining the offer, he returned to Swanton, in 1863, and purchased a few acres of land. He then bought a peddler's cart, supplied himself with a peddler's outfit, and com- menced trading about the county for sheep, oxen, pelts, etc., which he sold, and with the profits thereon purchased more land, which he has added to ANDREW JACKSON BEEBE. TOWN OF ALBURGH. 213 from time to time, until he now has four farms, aggregating 500 acres, stocked with some of the finest bred horses and cattle in the county. His home farm and buildings are represented in a view on another page. On September 4, 1872, Mr. Beebe was united in matrimony with Miss Addie L. Marvin, eldest daughter of T. B, and Samantha (Meigs) Marvin, and they now have a family of five children, as follows: Rigney D. M., born March 26, 1874; Murray A. J., born December 10, 1876 ; Lura H., born October 1 1, 1877 ; Linda J., born August 24, 1879 ; and A. Winnona, born August 23, 1881. Mr. Beebe has cleared about 250 acres of his farms, and has about 100 acres more partially cleared, which together with the old land, gives him ample field for cropping and grazing. Among his commodious farm buildings is an exten- sive barn, nearly completed, which is a model stock barn in all respects. He has given much attention to growing improved stock, especially horses of the Morgan breed, having an excellent stud now on his farm. Mr. Beebe is known as an industrious, hard-working farmer, possessed of excellent ability. He believes in making two blades of grass grow where one grew before, and of raising valuable animals rather than cheap, ordinary stock. The First Baptist Church, located in the eastern part of the town, was organized by Rev. William A. Marsh, with eleven members, in 1796. The society now has sixty-five members, with Rev. G. W. Wilkins, pastor. Their first hoase of worship was a Union church, which was superseded by the pres- ent structure in 1850. It is a comfortable building, capable of seating 200 persons, and valued at $3,000.00. The Congregational Church, located at Swanton village, was organized by Rev. Mr. Huntington, with ten members, January 4, 1801, the first pastor being Rev. Eben H. Dorman. The first building was a wood structure, erected in i8r6, at the Center ; the present brick house, built in 1824, will accommodate 350 persons, and is valued, including grounds, at $10,000.00. The society has 171 members, with Rev. J. H. Babbitt, pastor. The Methodist Episcopal Church, located at Swanton village, was organized by Rev. Almon Dunbar, with five members, in 181 6. Their first church was the building now owned by the Congregational society. Their present build- ing, a commodious structure capable of accommodating 400 persons, was commenced in 1847, and completed the following year. The society now has 170 members, with Rev. Mr. Bout well, pastor. The Holy Trinity Episcopal Church, located at Swanton Falls, was organ- ized by Rev. J. B. Pitman, with seven members, November 3, 1867. Their building was erected the year previous, a small building capable of accommo- dating 200 persons, and valued at $3,000.00. The society has forty members, with Rev. Thomas Burgess, of St. Albans, rector. GAZETTEER OF TOWNS. GRAND ISLE COUNTY. iLBURGH, the northwestern town of the State, is a narrow neck of land extending south from the Province line into Lake Champlain, having a W width of about six miles at the northern line, and a length of ten nniles, lying in lat. 45° o' and long. 3'' 42', bounded north by Canada, and east, south, and west by the waters of the lake. It was granted by Vermont, Feb- ruary 23, 1 78 1, to Ira Allen and sixty-four others, as a tract to contain an area of 23,040 acres. Nearly fifty years previous to this, however, the land had been granted by the French Crown, and a settlement made bytheFrench, at Wind Mill Point, in the western part of the town, as early as 1731. This settlement was made under a charter issued to " Senior Francois Foucault, counselor to the supreme council of Quebec, and principal scrivener, to the Marine, which was confirmed by another charter, bearing date April 3, 1733, ratified by his Majesty the King of France, April 6, 1734. In May, 1743, this charter was renewed and augmented, in which charter of confirmation it is recited, that Foucault had complied with the conditions of the original grant, by estabhshing three new settlers, in addition to eight who had settled the previous year — that he built in that year, 1731, a wind-mill of stone ma- sonry, which cost near 4,000 livers, and had taken steps to build a church, 20 by 24 feet, which was to be ready to receive a missionary the next spring, to whom a lot of land was conveyed, free of charge, of two acres in front by forty acres m depth, to serve for the building of a church, a parochial house and burying-ground, and for the maintenance of the missionary, which dona- tion was accepted by the Bishop of Quebec. This charter of concession granted to the said Foucault, was for two leagues in length upon the River Chambly; and in it srenewal the lands of the original grant were included, and an augmentation of one league in front, by the same in depth, to be taken at the end of the said two leagues, going up the said River Chambly. In view of the improvements set forth in the petition of the said Foucault, to which reference is made in the said grant, and also efforts to induce settlers to enter upon these lands, the farther augmentation above named was made in the year 17 43, of a neck of land or peninsula of about two leagues in front, joining the concession previously made, and going up the said River Chambly TOWN OF ALBURGH. 215 to the point called ' Point du Detour,' the southern extremeity of Alburgh, known as the ' Point of the tongue,' which said extent of land had been granted to Mr. De L'Isle, who relinquished the same at the same time, on account of the bad quality of the land ; part of which, the petitioner states, is fit for cultivation, and which the petitioner could give to some laborious young men — all the remainder being without any depth, and full of large stones and rocks. This grant or concession was signed jointly by Charles Marquis DeBeauharnois, and Gilles Hocquart, who declare therein, that they have full power and virtue thus to do by his Majesty." Aside from thei grants thus made, the territory was claimed at different periods by New York, and by the St. Francis Indians, of Canada. These numerous claims led, as a matter of course, to much litigation and trouble, it having been said that there is not a single lot of land in the town over whose title there has not been a law-suit. Sen. Foucault transferred his grant to Gen. Frederick Haldimand, who was Governor of Canada from 1778, to 1784, and Haldimand subsequently conveyed the same to Henry Caldwell, of Belmont, near Quebec. Caldwell caused the outlines of the town to be surveyed and lotted on the lake shore. The title of Henry Caldwell descended to John Caldwell, his son. It was afterwards purchased from John Caldwell by Heman Allen, of Highgate. The Vermont charter to Ira Allen, however, stood the test of law, and under it the inhabitants hold their land. The town has also had several different names, among which are Point Algonquin, Point Du Detour, and Point Detourrer, by the French. The latter name being translated means " turn about," so named probably by some footman who, having reached the southern extremity of the penin- sula was obhged to turn about on account of the water. It has also borne the names Missisco Tongue, Missisco Leg, Caldwell's Upper Manor, and, finally, Alburgh, from a corruption of Allenburgh. The surface of the territory is nearly level, there being no hills of any great altitude, and consequently no streams of importance. For the latter reason, no mechanical or industrial enterprises of any magnitude have been attempted. Near the center of the southern portion of the town there is a swamp, nearly three miles long by a half mile in width, and in the northern part ot the town there extends from Canada another swamp, called Mad Creek Marsh, having a width of nearly half a mile, and a length in the town of nearly four and one-half miles. The soil, with the exception of these marshes, is mostly susceptible of cultivation, and some of the fields near the swamps that cannot be plowed make excellent pastures. A large proportion of the soil is a clay loam, and in the northern part of the territory a gravelly formation, both of which are well adapted to the different grains. The tim- ber is that common to the northern towns of the State, though extensive forests are among the things that were. Geologically, the town overlies an immense bed of Utica slate, the rocks consisting entirely of those incident to this formation. Mineral springs, 2i6 TOWN OF ALBURGH. whose waters contain valuable medicinal qualities, have made the town justly celebrated, and have been resorted to since 1816. The waters of Alburgh Springs arise from an argillo-calcareous slate, are of a milky appearance, strongly impregnated with hydro-sulphuric acid, and said to be highly effica- cious in cutaneous diseases. When the C. V. R. R. bridge was erected, indications of coal were found upon the farm of James Bremmer, and in r88i, specimens were found that undoubtedly contained a small per cent of this valuable mineral. In 1880, Alburgh had a population of r,6r4, was divided into ten school districts and contained ten common schools, employing two male and seven- teen female teachers, to whom an aggregate salary of $1,103.00 was paid. There were 321 pupils attending common schools, while the entire cost of the schools for the year, ending October 31st, was $1,304.38. P. A. Wheeler was school superintendent. Alburgh Springs, a post village located in the northeastern part of the town, received its name from the mineral springs found at that point. It contains two churches (Congregational and Methodist), one store, one black- smith and carriage shop, a number of fine dwellings and two good hotels. Alburgh, (p. o.) a hamlet and station on the Vermont & Canada (C. V.) railroad, located in the northwestern part of the town, contains one church (Methodist), a store, blacksmith shop, and about seven dwelHngs. Deputy collector N. K. Martin is also located here. East Alburgh, (p. o.) a hamlet and station on the V. & C. R. R., con- tains one store, one hotel, and about ten dwellings. One of the U. S. Custom Houses is located here, with Halsey H. Adams, deputy collector of customs. Alburgh Center, a post village located in the central part of the town, contains one church (Methodist), three small stores, and several dweUings. The settlement, by the French, at Wind-mill Point, was of short duration. Another was commenced in 1741, only ten years after the first, and that in turn abandoned. About the year 1782, some emigrants from St. Johns made a settlement in the town. They supposed themselves to be in Canada, and were principally British refugees. These were joined by others from different localities, from time to time, until, in 1791, the town had a population of 446. Previous to the year 1792, these settlers were destitute of all civil government, except such as was voluntary. During that year, however, the town was organized, and the first town meeting held, when Thomas Reynolds was chosen clerk ; Richard Mott, John Chambers, Joshua Manning, and Jacob Cook, selectmen; Benjamin Marvin, town treasurer; Abel Parr and Joseph Mott, constables ; Moses Parr, Joseph Weeks, John Ladue, Ichabod Babcock, and Alexander Griggs, listers ; James Sweet and Gabriel Manning, leather sealers ; William Brandigo and John Ladue, grand jurors ; Richard Mott, Daniel Smith, Stephen Sweet, Sylvester Sweet, Titus Clark, Jacob Bab- cock, John VanVleet, Alexander Griggs, and Philip Cook, surveyors of high- TOWN OF ALBURGH. 217 ways ; Michael Honsinger, pound keeper ; Jacob Mott, Ichabod Babcoek, Sylvester Sweet, James Fisher, Peter Carrigan, and Frederick Hoxie^ fence viewers; Michael Dual, Daniel Beazal, Joseph Hayden, Peter Truman, Joseph Mott, Conrad Burghardt, and Joseph Sowles, haywards; Richard Mott, David Staunton, Michael, Dual, John Griggs, Sands Helmes, Timothy Sowles, Abraham Holdbrock, and James Andrews, petit jurors j Hendrick Miller and Thomas Reynolds, tithingmen ; and Titus Clark, and Timothy Sowles, wardens. The first birth known to have occurred in the town, was that of Agnes, a daughter of John Gibson, December 15, 1784. The first male child born was William Sowles, in 1788. About the year 1800, Ephraim Mott, aided by some others, built a wind-mill for flouring, on the west shore of the town, about three miles south of the Province line. Previous to this the nearest mills were at Swanton, Plattsburgh, or Champlain and Lacole, in Canada, from ten to twenty-five miles distant. This mill was built of stone, in a cir- cular form, and supplied with one run of stones. It was used for several years, but finally abandoned and fell into ruins. About the year 1830, a steam saw-mill was erected in the western part of the town, near the Province line, by William L. Sowles and William H. Lyman, aided somewhat by the volun- tary subscriptions of others. Another was built the same year at the Center, by a company formed for that purpose. After about four years, the one built by Sowles & Lyman, was accidently destroyed by fire. The boiler and engine were afterwards sold and removed to the shore, near the line, and a mill built and operated by a company consisting of Manning, Williams & Gear. It afterwards passed into'the hands of Goodenow, Redington & Co., and was removed to Canada. The mill at the Center proved unprofitable, and finally suspended operations. The first to practice medicine in the town was Doctor Emerson, in 1786. The first school was taught by Reuben Garlic, a Church-of-England deacon, and doctor of medicine, of liberal education. He estabhshed a school in the western part of the town in 1789. The planing machine, one of the most useful machines we now have, was invented in this town, by Joseph S. Mott. After much study and patient application, he brought out his model and sent it to Washington to be patented; but delay ensued, his model was stolen, and he never obtained a patent. William Bell, one of the early settlers of the town, was born in Ireland, and at the age of eight years he enlisted as a drummer boy in the English army, during the French and Indian war. He also served in the revolution, was captured by the Indians, taken to an island in the St. Lawrence, whence he escaped only by swimming several miles. His son, WiUiam, settled here soon after the revolution, and Mr. Bell took up his residence with him, remaining until his death. Orlando Bell, grandson of William, Sr., born here in 1797, is now one of the oldest residents of the town. Emanuel Honsinger, from Duchess county, N. Y., located at an early day 2l8 TOWN OF ALBURGH. upon the farm now owned by his son, William. It was then in the midst of a forest, not a tree having been felled. He built the house now occupied by WiUiam, and he and his wife spent sixty-seven years of their lives therein. Mr. Honsinger attained the age of ninety years, and his wife the great age of ninety-eight years. George Bremmer, from Scotland, settled near Ticonderaga at an early day. He served in the revolutionary war, was taken prisoner together with his family, by the Indians, and carried to St. Johns, Can., where he died. Geo»ge, Jr., left St. Johns about the year 1786, and was among the early settlers in Alburgh, locating in the eastern part of the town, where he resided until his death, in 1844, aged seventy-seven years. His son, Thomas, married Cath- arine Bramer in 1823, located near his father, and died in 1850. George, son of Thomas, now resides here, not far from his grandfather's old home- stead. Duncan McGregor, born at Montreal, December 25, 1 78 r, came to Alburgh the following March with his father, who had been granted five hundred acres of land by the British government, as a reward for faithful services as an offi- cer in the army. At the age of twenty-three years, Duncan located on road 44, upon land now owned by his son, Duncan. Duncan, Sr., served his country at the battle of Plattsburgh, and when offered a pension for the ser- vice, proudly declined it. He died in 1877, aged ninety-five years. Thaddeus Landon immigrated from Connecticut at an early day, making for himself a home in the southern part of South Hero, where he reared a family of twelve children, two of whom, John S., and Jesse, are now living. Edwin, the first son of the latter, located in the eastern part of this town in 1845, where he still resides. Dwight Darrow was one of the first settlers in the southern part of the town, where Annette and Barton Darrow now reside. He reared a family of eleven children here, and died at an advanced age. Jesse Brown came to Alburgh at an early day, but upon the final estab- lishment of the Province Hne, it was found his location was in Canada. Will- iam, son of Jesse, came here when quite young, learned the carpenter and joiner trade, and finally located where his son, Philander, now resides. He married Pauline Huxley, reared a family of nine children, and died about the year i860. His wife survived him until 1878. Timothy Wheeler, from Grafton, Mass., came to Alburgh in 1783, locating near the Province line. He died here in 1854, aged seventy-three years. Palmer, his son, who is still living, at the age of seventy years, also spent a portion of his hfe on the farm, which is now owned by Timothy's grandson, Dr. Philander A. Wheeler, of Alburgh Center. Benjamin Marvin was a soldier in the French and Indian war, and also served as a captain during the revolutionary war. In 1787, he came to this town, locating upon the farm now owned by his grandson, Rev. David Mar- vin. Benjamin served the town in many positions of trust. His son, TOWN OF ALBURGH. 219 Thomas, born on Long Island, in 1773, resided in Alburg^ ninety-three years. He was a Methodist minister and preached about forty years, dying in 1 869, aged ninety-six years. Joshua Manning came to Alburgh in 1788, and located upon the farm now owned by his grandson, Allen Manning. He reared a family of ten children, and one of his sons, Harry, had the unusually large family of twenty-six children. John LaDue, born at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., February 23, 1768, came to Al- burgh at the age of twenty-one years, locating on Savage Point, where he kept a hotel for many years. From there he removed to a farm about two miles north, on the western shore, where he died in 1832, aged sixty-five years. William A., his seventh child, has always been a resident of the town, and is now eighty years of age. Abraham, another son, lived on the old homestead eighty-four years, dying in 1881. Stephen Sweet came to Alburgh in 1790, locating upon a farm in the northern part of the town, where he remained until his death. George, one of his ten children, located near his father and died in 1843. George, a grand- son of Stephen, now occupies the old homestead. Samuel Mott emigrated from Poughkeepsie, N. Y., about the year 1798, and located upon the farm now owned by his grandson, Micajah T., where he reared a family of twelve children. Samuel, Jr., his sixth son, born in 1780, resided in the town from the date of his father's settlement here, until 1854, when he died, aged seventy-five years. Jacob, the fifth child, was a citizen of the town from 1798, until his death. Stephen, the fifth child of Jacob, died in March, 1882, after a long and useful life. Herbert S., a great-grand- son of Samuel, Sr., now resides on road 3. Nathan Niles, an old revolutionary soldier, came to Alburgh, from Connec- ticut, in 1789, and made a settlement in the eastern part of the town, where he resided for a period of nearly fifty years, or until his death, aged seventy- five )'ears. His son, Stephen, located on the same farm, where he died, aged sixty-five years. Elisha Reynolds, a native of Rhode Island, immigrated to this town from Hoosac, in 1800. He took an active interest in pubHc affairs and served the town in various capacities, dying at an advanced age. His family consisted of three sons and four daughters. The second son, John, born in 1782, located upon the farm now owned by his son, Barber W., and grandson Hardy H., in i8t6. He died at the age of sixty-two years. J. R. Chilton emigrated from England previous to 1800, and located at East Alburgh, where he reared thirteen children, and died about 1850. John Chilton, born August 11, 1799, located on road 44, where his widow now resides, reared a family of five children, and died January 31, 1868. Josiah Bohannon, from New Hampshire, came here in 181 2, and worked at his trade as carpenter and joiner until 1840, constructing many of the old houses now in use. He died in 1840, aged seventy years. Three of his twelve children are now residents of the town. TOWN OF GRAND ISLE. Clement Eddy came to Alburgh in 1809, and in 1820, purchased a small farm of Louis Sowles, upon which he resided until a short time previous to his death, in 1867, aged eighty-two years. The Congregational Church of Alburgh, located at Alburgh Springs, was organized by Revs. Simeon Parmalee and E. W. Dorman, with eight members, in 1824. Rev. Channcey Taylor was the first pastor. The church building, a brick structure capable of seating 200 persons, was erected in i8s4, ^-fxi is now valued, including grounds, at $6,000.00. The society has ninety-one members, with Rev. Richard Hicks, pastor. The Methodist Fpiscopal Church, is located at Alburgh, with Rev. David Marvin, jDastor. We have failed in getting particulars in regard to this church. i»RAND ISLE, the northern town of the southern island of the county, ^^ Hes in lat. 44° 43', and long. 3° 42', and is surrounded by the waters of W Lake Champlain on all sides except the south, where it borders on South Hero. It is about six and one-third miles in length, and varies from a quarter of a mile to four miles in width, containing 10,234 acres, — includ- ing Savage Island of 200 acres on the east, and the Two Sisters of about ten acres on the northwest, — of which 7,034 acres are improved land. The charter of the town was granted by Vermont, together with North and South Hero, to Ethan Allen, Samuel Herrick, Joseph Bowker, Ira Allen, Jonas Fay, and 359 others, supposed to have all been veterans of the revolution, October 27, 1779. The grant was given under the name of the Two Heroes, referring to Ethan and Ira Allen, and contained 25,002 acres. Isle La Motte, or Vineyard as it was then called, was intended to have been included in the grant, but by some misunderstanding it was left out. On October 21, 1788, the Two Heroes was divided into North and South Hero, giving to North Hero 6,272 acres; and November 7, 1798, South Hero was again divided, and the northern part named Middle Hero, a name it retained until November 5, i8io, when it was changed to Grand Isle. In surface, the town is usually level, though it contains some elevations of minor importance, the view afforded from either of which is most beautiful. Nothing is lacking in the scene. On either side are lofty mountains towering into the clouds, while the town itself is washed by the waters of one of the most beautiful lakes in the world, and contains within its own limits, a com- plete scene of pastoral thrift and comfort, and at some points, wild, romantic sohtudes, at others the peaceful sylvan dells so dear to a poetic soul. This wealth of natural beauty attracts many city-tired people during the warm summer months, so that the town has attained some celebrity as a summer resort. The soil is rich and productive, varying in different parts of the ter- ritory from marl to clay. Sheep breeding, grain raising and fruit culture, are extensively engaged in by a large majority of the inhabitants, the soil being especially well adapted to the raising of sheep. It is claimed that the disease commonly called " foot- rot," has never been known to exist among these TOWN OF GRAND ISLE. animals here. Fruit culture, too, is conducted as successfully as in any other portion of the State. No streams of importance are found, there being but one,Beaver brook, that furnishes sufficient power for propelUng machinery. The timber that originally covered the land has almost entirely disappeared to supply Ihe never ending demand for lumber, that which remains being mostly maple on the uplands, from which sugar is manufactured in consider- able quantities, and cedar and hemlock on the low and swamp-land. The geological structure consists of Ghazy and Trenton limestone and Utica slate, extending diagonally across the town from north to south, in parallel ranges. The slate vein contains a number of quarries of a good quality, some of which, on Savage Island, are worked to good advantage. In 1880, Grand Isle had a population of 749, was divided into five school districts, and contained five common schools, employing three male and five female teachers, to whom was paid an aggregate salary of $578.00. There were 136 pupils attending common schools, while the entire cost of the schools for the year, ending October 31st, was $655.16, with S. P. Gordon, super- intendent. Grand Isle, a post village located in the eastern part of the town, con- tains two churches (Methodist and Congregational), a school-house, etc., and about a dozen dwellings. William ffoag's saw-mill, located on Beaver brook, road 22, was built in 1866, by its present proprietor. Mr. Hoag manufactures about 10,000 feet of lumber and 14,000 shingles per day. Melvin A. Ladd' s grist-mill, located on road 24, was built in 1880. The power is furnished by one of Halladay's wind-mills, giving the mill a capacity for grinding from two to twelve bushels of grain per hour, according to the strength and velocity of the wind. Proprietors' meetings were held at stated times from 1783, to 1786, when the usual business of such bodies was conducted. John Knickerbocker was the first clerk, and was succeeded by Col. Ebenezer Allen, in 1784. The first deed on their records is one from WiUiam Williams to Capt. Jedediah Hyde, of Norwich, Conn., of a lot of land for ^12, bearing date January 18, 1783. The first surveys were made in 1783. It is beUeved that the first settlers were Col. Allen, Lambertin Allen, and Alexander Gordon, about the year 1783, the exact date not being known. From this commencement of the settlement until 1785, the following named persons came here, most of whom had famiHes to accompany them : Cyril Reed, William Hyde, Jonathan Griffith, Uzziel Clark, William Campbell, Jacob Vantyne, Abraham Vantyne, John Minckler, WilHam Hazen, Barnabas Minckler, John Sawyer, Reuben Clapp, John Gibson, and Ephraim Sawyer, Jr. To these, others were added from time to time, so that in 1791, the town had a population of 337. Most of the early settlers located on the lake shore, and very little progress was made in the settlement of the interior of the town for many years. After a long series of efforts had been made tp divide the island into two towns, the TOWN OF GRAND ISLE. object was finally accomplished in 1798. The first town meeting was warned by Reuben Clapp, justice of the peace, and was held at the dwelling of Isaac Atkins, March i, 1799. Reuben Clapp was chosen moderator ; James Brown, town clerk and treasurer ; John Thomas, first constable ; Abel Bristol, Thomas Cooper, Sen., and Reuben Clapp, selectmen ; and Thomas Cooper, Sen., James Tobiis, and WiUiam Hazen, listers. James Tobias, Reuben Clapp, and Jedediah Hyde, Jr., were appointed commissioners to settle the claims of South Hero, and various sums were subsequently voted in liquida- tion of its demands. It was also voted at this meetmg to raise a tax of one per cent on the grand Hst of the town, the said tax to be payable in wheat at 5s. 6d. per bushel, and corn at 3s. per bushel, for the support of the poor, and other incidental town expenses. It was also voted to build a pound, and the contract for its construction was awarded to Timothy Nightingale and Joseph Merrihew, for $27.50. The first justice of the peace was Alexander Gordon, chosen in 1786. The first representative. Rev. Asa Lyon, in 1810. In 18 10, the first free- men's meeting was held, there being thirty-one votes cast. The first birth was that of Esther, daughter of Lambertin Allen, December 13, 1782. The first death, that of Jesse Tripp, about 1786. The first saw-mill was erected by Enoch Allen, in 1822. Mr. Allen also had a grist-mill.in connection, which was built the year previous, and ceased running in 183 1. A small forge was-erected near the mill in r827, by Isaac Goodwin, where plows and domestic utensils were cast, it being discontinued in 1838. The first tanner and currier was Lambertin Allen. The first blacksmith was Samuel Daven- port. The first carpenter and joiner was Fox Fowler, about the year 1786. The first merchant was John Ferguson, at Ladd's Ferry, in 1792. The first physician was Jacob Roebeck. The first highway was surveyed in 1790; and extended through the island from north to south, and is now known as the Main road. The first tavern was kept by Alexander Gordon, at Ladd's Ferry, which at that time bore Gordon's name. Another tavern was opened a year or two afterwards, by Timothy Nightingale. The first postoffice was estabhshed in i8io, and Ephraim Beardsley was the first postmaster. Ezra Kinney, from Stonington, Conn., came to this town when there were but two houses erected, and made the choice of a home in the southern part of the island, where he remained for a number of years, then removed to the foot of what is now known as Kinney's hill. Two of his family of ten chil- dren, Lorenzo D,, and Lysander, are now living in the town, the former aged seventy-eight years, and the latter seventy-three years. Reuben S., the only son of Lorenzo D., was born in 1834, and now resides on road 11. Marcus O., the second child of Lysander, bom in 1848, married Mary Cen- tre in 1873, and has one child, Clarence. Albert, the third child, born in 1852, IS now managing a large stock farm in South Hero. Grinday Reynolds came to Grand Isle at an early date, and located near the centre of its eastern shore. His first grists were taken to Vergennes, re- TOWN OF GRAND ISLE. 223 quiring a week for the trip. Of his family of ten children only two are now living, John Reynolds, of Winooski, and Guy, the fifth child, born in 1797, in this town on road 20. Ephraim Hatch came into the town at an early date, and located in the extreme northern part of the island, where he died in 1831, aged sixty-six years. Abijah B., his eldest son, born in 1799, lived with his father until his marriage with Abigail Lyon, when he removed to a farm south of the center of the town on road 29, and upon which he passed the remainder of his hfe, dying in 1861. He had a family of eleven children, two of wh'om, Daniel M., on the old farm, and Oscar E., on road 21, are still living in the town. Wyman Chamberlain, born in 1772, came into this town at the age of four- teen years. William, his father, was killed in the war of the revolution, at Stillwater, N. Y. Wyman located on the western shore of the town, where he died at the age of sixty-six years. William, the only son of Wyman, born in 1809, now resides on road 11. Lavina, the fourth child of Wyman, born in 1804, married Mosher Hoag in 1830. Their only child hving here is Mrs. Hannah Vantine. Jonathan Griffith, from Danby, Vt., came here in 1786, and located in the southeastern part of the island, where he lived for several years, then removed to the eastern shore of Grand Isle, and finally took up his residence with his son Seth, on road 17, where he died in 1834, aged eighty-six years. Seth, born in 1772, was the first one to locate upon the old farm occupied by him, about 1800. A family of fifteen children have been reared on the place, only one of whom, Mrs. F. R. Griswold, is now a resident of the town. Seth, Jr., born in i8r8, on the old homestead, lived there nearly sixty-four years, and died February 14, 1882, leaving a wife and one daughter. Daniel Samson, from Norwich, Conn., immigrated to this town in 1786, and purchased the land now owned by his grandson, Daniel G. He reared a family of four children, all of whom settled in the town. Reuben, the only son, born in 1794, lived for seventy years on the old homestead, and died in 1865. Daniel G., the only living child of Reuben, born in 1825, has always resided on the old farm. Wilham Samson, from Norwich, Conn., came here as one of the earliest settlers, and located where Arthur Centre now lives, and died on the farm owned by Mrs. Juha Child, in 1856, aged eighty-seven years. He had a family of eight children, none of whom survived his death. Augustus C, one of his sons, had four children,— JuUa, George F., Henry G., and Albert A. He died May 6, 1847.^ Willard Gordon, from North Salem, N. H., located in the northern part of the town in 1788. On October 8, 1794, he married Clarissa Armstrong, the first marriage in the town. He died in 1846, aged eighty years. Lucretia, his seventh child, born in 1813, is still a resident of the town, located on road 25, corner 24. Norman, the fourth child, was a resident of the town for sixty-six years. Of his children, but two are now living here. Edward, the third child of Norman, born in 1840, now resides on road 25. 224 TOWN OF GRAND ISLE. Jedediah Hyde, from Norwich, Conn., settled on road i, previous to 1788. He was a leader in the affairs of the town for a long time. His family con- sisted of ten children, six of whom located in this town. Mary, the sixth child, born in 1793, married Daniel Jackson, in 1815. Of their family, two are living, — JuHa, the wife of Charles Watkins, in Worcester, Mass., and Dr. A. Henry N. Jackson, a medical graduate of Dartmouth college, a practicing physician here, where he has held the office of town clerk since 1851, and that of postmaster since 1845. George W. Hyde, grandson of Jedediah, and son of Alexander F., born in iSri^ is still a resident of the town. Timothy and Stephen Pearl came from Connecticut, to Pawlet, Vt., and thence to South Hero, in 1785, clearing the land where the South Heropost- office now stands. From there, Timothy removed to the eastern shore of Grand Isle, where he died in 1840, aged eighty-eight years. Wyraan W., grandson of Timothy, and son of Stephen, was born in the house now stand- ing on the old farm, which he still occupies. Wesson Macomber, from Duchess county, N. Y., came here in 1789, and located in the western part of the town, where his family of three children increased to twelve. They were prominent members of the Friends society, which at that date had a church consisting of a number of families. Wesson died in 1814, at the age of fifty years. Benjamin, the youngest child, bom in 1806, is yet living on the old homestead with three of his sons, Joseph F., Samuel M., and Mahlon D. Wesson, the oldest child of Silas, and grand- son of Wesson, Sr., was born in 1815, on the farm he now occupies with his son, Abner H. Daniel Hoag, from Duchess county, N. Y., came into the town in 1789, and chose a home near Mr. Macomber, where he remained for several years, then removed to the lake shore. Of his family of fourteen children, all but one Hved to have a family of their own. Mr. Hoag died in 1809, aged forty- eight years. His wife, Phoebe Mosher, survived his death forty-six years, dying in 1855, aged eighty-seven years. Two sons, Daniel and Seth, reside on the western shore of the town. Wyman C, son of Seth, with a wife and three children, is residing on road 16, and Stephen, born in 1824, lives on road t8, while James W., the youngest son of James, resides in the old farm house, part of which was built previous to 1805. Mercy R., the oldest daugh- ter of James, is now Mrs. William C. Irish, of South Hero. Warren Corbin, from New York, was one of the first settlers on road 34, where he reared a family of seven children, and died in 1832. One son, Peter, resides in Illinois, aged eighty-four years. David T. Corbin resides in Charleston, S. C, during the winter, and in this town, on road 6, in the sum- mer. James Tobias came here from Duchess county, N. Y., in 1791, and located in the western part of the town. Two of his grandsons now reside here. Joseph Adams came to Grand Isle, from Pawlet, Vt., in 1792, and located on road 3, upon the farm now owned by his granddaughter, Mrs. Rev. Charles TOWN OF GRAND ISLE. 225 Fay. Nathan, his second son, born in 1794, settled on road 2, after his mar- riage to Catharine Hildreth, in 1827. Their family consisted of three chil- dren, one of whom, Josiah H., occupies the old homestead, on road 2. Andrew Ladd, from Norwich, Conn., came to this town in 1797, and located on road 2, where he purchased a farm of 135 acres, and where the descend- ants of the family still reside. James Griswold from Hartford, Conn., came here about the year 1800, and located near the center of the town, upon the farm now owned by his son, Fitcti R., where he resided until his death, in 1857, aged seventy-four years. Fitch R. was born in 1820, and now owns the old homestead and also a large stock farm on road 3. Solon S.,the third child of D. Edgiston Griswold and grandson of James, is engaged in mercantile pursuits in the only store in the town. Carpenter M., the second son of James, born in 1809, still resides on road 20. Dorastus Center, born at Sunderland, Vt., in 1784, came to this town about 1805, and after laboring in the forests for several years, accumulated sufficient means to purchase a lot of sixty-four acres of land. To this he ad- ded from time to time, until at his death, in 1864, he owned over 600 acres. Jeremiah, the oldest child, born in 1809, resided on the old homestead most of his life. William H., the youngest of his four children, born in 1855, now occupies the old farm. John Chamberlin, from Massachusetts, came herein 1806, locating on road 4, upon the farm where his son, John A., was born. John died in 1873, aged eighty-nine years. He had a family of two children, Eliza, now Mrs. Hyde, of Chazy, N. Y., and John A., born in 1818, who now occupies the old home- stead. The Congregational Church of South Hero and Grand Isle was organized in conjunction with that of South Hero in 1795, and was then called "The Congregational Church of South Hero." The original membership of the society consisted of seven persons, which number was not materially increased until about 1840. Rev. Asa Lyon was the first pastor, though he was never regularly installed. Rev. Orville G. Wheeler became pastor of the church in April, 1840, and was ordained November 5th following. The church build- ing, a brick edifice, was commenced in 1853, and completed the following year, at a cost of over $3,000.00. It was dedicated in September, 1854. Rev. O. G. Wheeler is the present pastor. The Methodist Episcopal Church of Grand Isle was organized by its first pastor. Rev. William Anson, in July, 1802. The church building was erected in 1822, a wooden structure capable of seating 250 persons, at a cost of $2,000.00. It has been much repaired since, and is now valued at $3,000.00. The society has at present about sixty members, with Rev. D. P. Bragg, pastor. St Johns Episcopal Church, a small mission consisting of about twelve communicants, was lately organized by Rev. Charles Fay, of Chicago, who has a summer residence in town. Services are held in the Union church. 2 26 TOWN OF ISLE LA MOTTE. IliSLE LA MOTTE, an island town of this county, six miles in length by f3 two in breadth, its northern extremity eight miles south from the Cana- # da line, and lying in lat. 44° 57' and long. 3" 41', one-half mile west of Alburgh, and one and one-eighth miles east of Chazy, in the State of New York, bounded on all sides by the waters of Lake Champlain, receives its name from a French officer. La Mothe, or La Motte. It was chartered by Vermont to Benjamin Wait and ninety-five associates, October 27, 1779^ containing 4,640 acres. On November i, 1802, its name was changed to Vineyard, and again, November 6, 1830, altered to the original. The surface of the town is generally rolling, and with the exception of a Marsh near the center of the township, is well adapted to purposes of agri- culture. The soil is mostly a clay and loam, though there are some portions that are gravelly, and near the marsh mentioned it is composed of a rich deposit of decayed vegetable matter. Fruit culture thrives in all parts to an unusual degree. The island being so small and possessing no rivers or water-power, it has no manufacturing interests. The territory was originally covered with a fine growth of pine and cedar timber, most of which found its way to the Quebec market, leaving it now almost destitute of timbered land. Geologically, its formation consists principally of Chazy and Trenton limestone, and contains some sxcellent quarries of Isle La Motte marble, for which the town is quite celebrated. These quarries were the first ever worked in the State, having been opened previous to the revolution. The marble is nearly black, of a compact structure, and susceptable of receiving a good polish. When sawed it makes an excellent marble for floor lining, and spec- imens of it may be seen in the public edifices and costly mansions of the principal cities of the Union. Associated with this marble there are large and valuable beds of Chazy limestone. The limestone does not possess the jet black color, and is not susceptable of receiving as good a polish as the former, yet is valuable as a building stone from the ease and facility with which it can be qarried and splint into the required dimensions. It is much used for abutments of bridges, large quantities having been used in building the Victoria bridge at Montreal, and the piers or the New York and Brooklytt bridge. Among the principal marble quarries are the Fisk, Hall, Fleury,. Hill, and Goodsell & Hayward, the Fisk quarry alone having produced 50,000 feet of marble during the year 1881. In 1880, Isle La Motte had a population of 504, was divided into two school districts, and contained two common schools, employing one male and three female teachers, to whom was paid an aggregate salary of $300.00. There were 107 pupils attending common school, while the entire cost of the schools for the year, ending October 31st, was $336.50, with H. 0. Hill, superintendent. Isle La Motte, a small post village, the only one in the town, is located near the center of the island. It contains one church (Methodist), two stores, two blacksmith shops, a Masonic hall, and about twenty dwellings. TOWN OF ISLE LA MOTTE. 2 2? As early as 1 609, Samuel Champlain visited the lake, and between this time and 1666, a fort was built on the island, and called St. Anne. At the latter date, an expedition of an important character under De Tracy, was fitted out and proceeded from this place against the Mohawk Indians. The fort faced north and west at a point where good calibre could command the pas- sage, and its settlement precedes that of any other part of the State by nearly a century. The French government and the English after them, held it with Alburgh and with North Hero, in which was a block-house, nearly as far south as to include the island, which kept an armed vessel in its view, sus- tained thus up to nearly 1800. The proprietors procured a survey and allotment of the town, to be made in 1785, and certified in January, 1786, by John Clark, suj-veyor. In 1788, WilHam Blanchard, one of the original proprietors, settled on the island, and resided here until his decease. He was a revolutionary soldier, and died in the year 1824. About the same time of his settlement, came also Enoch Hail, with his two sons, Nathaniel and Elihu. Both of these sons raised large families, who, as well as their descendants, have served in various public trusts. Ebenezer Hyde, another of the original proprietors, was the principal actor in procuring the town organization in 1791. His energy and business tact attracted the attention of his fellows, and readily they conferred on him the first office, for which they could give a legal vote, and by which he became the first selectman. Ichabod E. Fisk was also another one of the early settlers, with a large family of sons and daughters. He was a prominent business man, a surveyor, teacher, etc. His descendants still reside here, and occupy places of public trust, with good acceptance. Abram Knapp not only appears among the earliest settlers of the island, but his hardships and sufferings, as such, will scarcely find a parallel, he having been compelled, in order to sustain a large family, to use the buds and tender leaves of the basswood tree to form a mucilage for nourishment, and from the bark fibre to make a sort of cloth for covering and wearing apparel. It is also worthy of note, that, when grain could be had by these early settlers, there were no mills for grinding nearer than Whitehall, over one hundred miles, distant, or Chambly, thirty miles by water and twelve by land, while the mode of conveyance was to paddle their canoe to Whitehall, which was a trip of from two to four weeks, or to proceed in the same manner to St. Johns, and then carry their grain twelve miles by land, on their backs. Indeed, every stratagem was forced upon them, and actually employed, in order to prevent a dissolution of the partnership between soul and body. In August, 1784, there appeared an advertisement in the Vermont Gazette, warning a meeting of the proprietors to be held at the house of Col. Ebene- zer Allen, of the Two Heroes, August 20, 1784. At this meeting, the most important business transacted was as follows : — " 4ly. Voted that each proprietor have the Uberty of purchasing four rights if he will settle them by the first day of June, 1785. 2 28 TOWN OF ISLE LA MOTTE. "sly. Voted that the committee appointed to lay out the town into lots make their report by June next. " 6th. Voted to raise a tax of eighteen shillings on each right, to defray the cost of the committee for scaling and tolling the town." In 179 1, the town had a population of forty-seven. The freemen met on the 24th of March of that year, according to a warning published March nth, at the house of Nathaniel Wales, for the purpose of organizing the town. Abraham Knapp was chosen moderator and town clerk ; Ebenezer Hyde, Enoch Hall, and Nathaniel Wales, selectmen; Ebenezer Hyde, treasurer; William Blanchard, constable ; Nathaniel Wales, Enoch Hall, and William Blanchard, listers ; Ebenezer Hyde, collector ; Ichabod Hyde, grand juror ; and Joseph Rasey and Gardiner Wait, tythingmen. In the second meeting, held August 16, 1791, it was voted that the selectmen be directed to lay out one road through the island, and two cross-roads, one south and the other north of the marsh ; but this was not done until years afterward, the first road being laid out in 1794, from Fisk's quarry near the shore around the island to a point near the southern terminus of the bridge from Isle La Motte to Alburgh. In a town meeting held March 20, 1792, it was voted that the selectmen be a committee to pitch a town plot and burying-ground, and to make a report at the next meeting. The first representative was Nathaniel Wales, chosen in 1791. An amusing anacdote of this election is sometimes related. There being but three voters, they purchased a jug of rum for the occasion, and started for the polls, and of course each became a candidate, receiving at each ballot one vote, till at last, one being on more friendly terms with the jug than the others, and perhads becoming weary of the repeti- tion of this state of things, or losing all ambition for office, votes for one of the others, Nathaniel Wales, who was duly elected. The first justice was William Utley, chosen in 1792. The first person born on the island was Laura, daughter of William Blanchard, September 7, 1792. The first death was that of a child of Abraham Knapp, previous to 1800. The first, school was taught by Ichabod Fisk. In 1 802, there was a school kept by John Clark, a State surveyor, in a house near the one now occupied hy Amasa L. Holcomb. The first minister who ever preached here was Daniel Brumley, about the year 1800. The first physician was Luther Plympton, about 1800. The first lawyers were Seth Emmons, Solomon Morgan, and Samuel Holton, who practiced from 1800 to 18 10. The settlers who served in the war of the revolution, were Joseph WilUams, — who was wounded at the battle of Brandywine. and taken prisoner by the Americans, and after having recovered from his wounds, joined our forces under Gen. Washington, and served during the remainder of the war; was present when Gen. Washington joined the masonic fraternity, he afterwards lived and died upon the island, and was buried with Masonic honors, — Will- iam Blanchard, Ezra Pike, Daniel Bixby, Gardner Wait, Ehsha E. Reynolds, Nathaniel Hall, William Wilsey, Seth Strong, John Fadden, Henry Scott, and Caleb Hill. In 18 r 2, a requisition was made for a sergeant and six men, a TOWN OF ISLE LA MOTTE. 229 detatchment from the militia to enter actual service, — headquarters at Swan- ton, — to protect the frontier from inroads of the enemy. About twenty vol- unteered. Those who went and served their term, were Orlin Blanchard, sergeant; privates, Ira Hill, Harry Wait, Minard Hilliard, Conrad Denio, Lewis Gordan, and Amos Holcomb. In 1814, Capt. Pring, a British com- mander, landed on the western side of the island, erected a battery, mounted six long eighteen-pounder guns, commanding a passage down the lake, and claimed to exercise jurisdiction over the island. Ftom this point the enemy's flotilla started on the early morning of the memorable nth of September, 181 4, and paid their respects to Commodore McDonough, in Plattsburgh Bay. During the late rebellion. Isle LaMotte furnished seventy-three soldiers, all of whom, except four, volunteered. Fourteen were killed in battle, and four died in hospital. Included among the number of enlisted men from this town were three corporals, ten sergeants, two lieutenants, two captains and one surgeon. Ezra Pike, from Hoosac, N. Y., came to this town at an early date, and resided here until his death, in 1840. His son, Ezra, Jr., was born in 1793. He lived at home with his father until he became of age, then settled on road 4j a little north of the old homestead. Seneca Pike, a grandson of Ezra, still owns the farm his grandfather cleared. Enoch Hall, one of the first selectmen of the town, came here in 1788, and remained until his death, in i 807, aged seventy-two years. Elihu, his son, succeeded him on the old homestead, and reared a family of twelve chil- dren. Carmi, his fifth son, came into possession of the farm after his father, and it is now owned by his sons, Ira A., and Jared P. Carmi took an active part in town affairs, and held most of the offices. He died in 1874, aged seventy years. His son, ransom, uccupies a farm adjoining the old place, and is the present town clerk and notary. Ichabod Fisk came to the island in 1788, and settled in the southern part of the town. His son Samuel succeeded him, and occupied the farm until his death, in 1858. His grandson, Hiram C, now owns the farm and marble quarries thereon, which were opened by Ichabod, and which are kept in suc- cessful operation by Nelson W. Fisk, under the the firm name of N. C. Fisk & son. Jesse Holcomb, born in 1769, came to this town when about twenty-one years of age, and located upon a farm in the eastern part of the island, where four generations of the family have since resided. Mr. Holcomb took an ac- tive part in town affairs, and died in 1845, aged seventy-six years. Amasa L., the second of his eight children, born in 1804, has practiced law for the past fifty-four years, and, although he is now seventy-eight years of age, is yet an excellent authority on legal matters. Cornie Holcomb, brother to Jesse, came herefrom Connecticut in 1790, and located on the eastern shore of the island, where he resided the remainder of his life. Samuel Holcomb, a third son, lived in Malone, N. Y., for a time, 23° TOWN OF NORTH HERO. but the largest part of his life was spent here, where he died in 1869, aged seventy years. Cyrus, the only living son, resides on road 14, in the southern part of the town. Ephraira Holcomb, brother of Samuel, came here at the age of eight years, rasided here over fifty years, then removed to Canada, and died there in 187 1. Eli, the second of his six children, was born in 1817, now resides on road 13, and has never been absent from the town twenty consecutive days in his life. Caleb Hill, from Granville, N. Y., came to this town January 7, 1802, and located in the northern part. He reared a family of twelve children, all of whom lived to have families of their own. He was shot in his own home, on the evening of August 16, 18 14, by some of McDonough's soldiers whom he had reported for unlawful depredations. Ira Hill, his second child, was born August 14, 1793, and is now the oldest resident in the town. Charles Carron emigrated from France to Montreal, and from there to Isle LaMotte, previous to the war of 181 2, and settled on the western shore of the island, about two miles from the northern extremity of the same. He reared a family of three children, of whom Jackson B., the second, born in 1834, is still a resident of the town. The Methodist Church of Isle LaMotte was organized by the Rev. Mr. Anson about the year 1816. Rev. William Wait was the first pastor. The first house of worship, a stone structure, was built in 1831. In 1847, the wood-work was destroyed by fire and rebuilt during the same year. The building will accommodate 400 persons and is valued at $4,200.00. The society now has about 54 members, with Rev. Chauncey S. Hulbert, pastor. ^pORTH HERO, the shire town of the county, lie ly* long. 3° 44,' bounded by the waters of Lake Ch; lies in lat. 44° 51', and Champlain. The island contains an area of about 6,272 acres, and includes several small adjacent islands, of which Knight's and Buttler's, are the only ones inhabited. It was originally called by the French Isle Longue, and was granted by the governor of Canada, in 1737, to M. Contrecour, a captain of Infantry, and, with other grants, was for along time a subject of dispute between the French and English. On October 27, 1779, however, all the county of Grand Isle, except Alburgh and Isle La Motte, was chartered to Gen. Ethan Allen and Col. Ira Allen with 363 associates. The Aliens being heroes of the revolution, the islands were nnamed in their honor — the " Two Heroes.'' On October 21, 1788, this island was set off as a separate town and named North Hero. The surface of the territory is very even and level, so that it contains no rivers or water courses of any account, and hence no water-power or manu- factories. A long, narrow strip of verdant farming land, some fifteen miles in length, as beautifully located as could possibly be imagined, — a gem in itself, and with a setting composed of the contiguous far-famed lake and mountain scenery, it forms in all a iewel whose loveliness has to be seen to TOWN OF NORTH HERO. 231 be realized or appreciated. Near the center of the island a bay on the western shore nearly cuts the town in half, it being connected only by a nar- row neck of land a few rods in width, and called the " Carrying Place," so named from boats sometimes being carried across it to prevent a longer voyage. During the embargo act of 1807, the place became quite rioted, from the fact of smuggling parties taking advantage of the opportunity afforded, and when hard pressed by the government officials, would steer to this place, carry their boats and cargo across to the water on the opposite side, while the larger government craft would be obliged to sail around the island in order to continue the pursuit. On the 27th of March, 1792, at a town meeting, John Martin, Benjamin Butler, and John Hutchins, Jr., were appointed a committee to raise a subscription for building a canal across this Carrying Place, but were unsuccessful, and the project was never carried out. The soil of the territory is principally clay, and yields fine crops of grass and grains, and is also well adapted to fruit growing, though the culture is not carried on as extensively as in Isle La Motte. The timber of the town was originally a dense growth of hardwood, spruce, hemlock, and cedar, though but little is now left. Geologically, the town consists of an immense bed of Utica slate, with the usual modification of shales, etc., attending this formation. In 1880, North Hero had a population of 637, was divided into four school districts, and contained four common schools, employing two male and six fem?ile teachers, to whom was paid an aggregate salary of $625.00. There were 141 pupils attending common school, while the entire cost of the schools for the year, ending October 31st, was $682. 16. A. K. Hibbard was superintendent. North Hero, a post village, (also known as North Island City), beauti- fully located in the eastern part of the town, on City bay, contains one church, (Methodist), the court-house, the store of Roderic R. Hathaway, and about ten dwellings The court-house was built in 1825, up to which time courts had been held in the house of Jed P. Ladd. It is built of Isle LaMotte marble, 40 by 50 feet, and two stories in height. The first story is occupied by the family of the deputy jailor, Roderic R. Hathaway, and also contains a debtor's room and dungeon, and the second story contains the court and jury rooms. The town paid $500.00 for the privilege of using the court-room as a place of worship. LaGrange post office is situated in the northern part of the town, at the house of Giles H. Hawrican, being kept for the accommodation of the farmers in that locality. The settlement of the town was commenced in the winter of 1783, when Enos Wood, Ebenezer Allen, and Alexander Gordon, came to the Two Heroes, traveling across the lake on snow-shoes, and drew cuts for the choice of locat- ing their claims. Wood, being unfortunate, made choice of the south end of North Hero. The other two made their claims on the island south of this. 232 TOWN OF NORTH HERO. The 25th of August, of the same year, they brought their families and set- tled on their land. Mr. Wood and his cousin, Solomon Wood, with their families, were the only residents of the town until the following spring, when a few others settled near them. A small band of hardy pioneers soon settled about, who shared each others sufferings, joys and sorrows, living like mem- bers of the same family. The English also had a block-house erected here, at a place called Dutchman's Point, which was garrisoned and not given up until 1796. The settlement or the town, however, was very slow, as at the taking of the first census, in 1791, the reports show it to have had a pop- ulation of only 125. The town was organized March 17, 1789, the meeting being held at the residence of Benjamin Butler, when Nathan Hazen was chosen moderator; Nathan Hutchins, Jr., town clerk ; Nathan Hazen, John Knight, and John Bronson, selectmen; Solomon Wood, Benjamin Butler, and Asahel Trumbull, listers; Enos Wood, constable; John Martin, col- lector; Nathan Hutchins, Jr., and Ephraim Sawyer, fence viewers; and Nathan Hutchins, Jacob Ball, and Jabez Bronson, surveyors of highways. The first justice of the peace was Nathan Hutchins, Jr., who was also chosen the first representative, in 1791. The first birth was that of Adin, son of Enos Wood, November 4, 1785. Dame Knight, a daughter of John Knight, was the second, November 27, 1786. The first marriage on record was that of John Bronson to Mis. Elizabeth Bates, January 27, 1787. The first cir- cuit minister was sent here in 1 802. The first school was taught by Lois Hazen, in a barn owned by John Knight. The first framed school-house was built in 1803. The first division of the town into school districts was made in 1793, the committee for the same being Nathan Hutchins, Jr., John Mar- tin, Elijah Knowlton, and Enos Wood. The first store was established by .Jed P. Ladd, in 1809. The first mail route was established in 1813, with Jed P. Ladd, postmaster. The first hotel was also kept by Mr. Ladd, built in 1803, the building being used for judicial purposes until the court-house was built, in 1825. At the time of the battle of Plattsburgh, September 11, 1814, a volunteer company was organized here under Joseph Hazen. When the British fleet passed up the lake to meet its assault, the inhabitants who were left in the town, mostly women and children, flocked to the western shore of the south- ern end of the island to watch its progress and attack, the greatest excitement prevailing among them. Elisha Hibbard, from Bennington, served through the war of the revolution, and after its close, located in Plattsburgh, where it is said he built the third house. After a time spent there, he removed to this town and located on road 21. He reared a family of three children, of whom Orlin, the only son, born in 1786, came here with his father and continued a resident of the town until his death, in 1869. Elisha, the third child, born in 1813, now resides on road 17. John Knight, from New Hampshire, came into this town in 1785, and located TOWN OF NORTH HERO. 233 in the southern part of the island upon the farm now owned by his grandson, Guy R. Knight. John, Jr., born the second year after his father's settlement here, resided on the homestead forty-four years, then removed to the house now occupied by his son, where he resided until his death, in 1878, aged ninety years. Joseph Hazen came to North Hero, from Connecticut, previous to 1790, with a family of eight children. He settled near the center of the southern portion of the island, upon the farm now owned by his grandson, Uiiah H. Hazen. Of his children, six located in the town, while the others removed to Ohio. Solomon and Daniel, sons of Joseph, made settlements on adjoiiiing farms on road 7. They both held positions of trust, and were much respect- ed by their townsmen. Solomon reared a family of eleven children, and Daniel thirteen. Amasa B., Solomon's sixth child, was born in 1809, on the old homestead, and there resided for sixty-six years, then removed to his present home on road 7. Uriah, the youngest son of Joseph, was about four years of age when his father came here, and upon the farm now owned by Uriah H., had resided seventy-nine years, dying in 1869, aged eighty-three years. Uriah H., his youngest son, born in 1845, has always resided on the old farm, and is now one of the largest Spanish Merino sheep breeders in the county. Flavius J., one of the grand-children of Solomon, born in 1830, has always resided on the farm settled by his father, Jesse. Chancey P., another grandson, the only living son of Chauncey, resides on road 7. Jedediah P. Ladd, born at Franklin, Conn., in 1766, came to North Hero in 1789, and immediately took a leading part in the local government, and at various times during his long life here held town and county offices. He was the first postmaster, and kept the first store and hotel, the latter being man- aged by him for a period of forty-two years, twenty-two of which it was used as a court-house and jail. Mr. Ladd died in 1845, aged seventy-nine years. Oliver Russell, from Bennington, came here in 1792, and located about half a mile south of the court-house, ujjon the farm now owned by his grand- son, Charles B. His wife made the journey on horse-back, the saddle she used being a present to her when fourteen years of age, and is now in the possession of her grandson. Oliver died in 1814, at the age of forty-three years. William H., his oldest son, born in 1796, died here in 1866. Charles B., second son of William H., born in 183 1, has held all the town offices, and, in 1872, represented his town in the legislature. He has always lived on the farm settled by his grandfather. John Dodds left Ireland about the time of the American Revolution, and after a three year's residence in Scotland, came to America. He first located at Saratoga, and from there removed to this town, where he spent the remainder of his days, dying in 1832, aged sixty-eight years. When he left Ireland he had two children, a boy and a girl. The girl he brought with him, but left the boy with a relative. This boy, James, removed to Scotland, and by some means lost track of his parents, so that they did not hear from him for many 234 TOWN OF SOUTH HERO. years. After diligent search, however, they were at last brought together, and the son finally took up his residence here, where he died, in 1856, aged sixty-eight years. James left a family of six children, of whom John, the eldest, and David, the third, now reside here. Reuben Hyde was born in Grand Isle in 1792, and removed to North Hero in 1815. He settled in the southern part of the town, upon the farm now occupied by Charles Hyde, where he resided until his death, in 1877, at the age of eighty-four years. He reared a family of eight children, seven of whom are now living. Joseph Tatro came to North Hero in 1824, and settled in the northern part of the town, where he resided until his death, in 1850, aged seventy-three years. Michael, his third son, commenced work for himself at the age of twelve years, and for some time helped support his father's family. In 1838, he married Lavina Hazen, and bought a farm. He now has a farm of 225 acres, and one of the pleasantest homes in the town. Julius, his only son, lives on the old homestead with his father. Florence, his only daughter, is the wife of W. H. Hyde. Joel Allen, a native of Massachusetts and a distant relative of Ira and Ethan Allen, came to Grand Isle at an early date, and from there to this town, in 1825, locating upon the farm now owned by his son, Heman W. He resided there until his death, in 1868, at the age of eighty years. James McBride, from Glasgow, Scotland, entered North Hero in 1841, and a few years afterward located on road 8. Since then he has lived upon farms in different parts of the town, and now owns 500 acres of land. His family consists of five daughters and one son. The latter resides on road i and has one son, Walter Raymond. George Tudhope has been a resident of North Hero since 1858, when he came here from Monroe county, N. Y. He was married in 1859, has a family of six children, and resides on road 7. James, brother to George, came here in 1868. The Methodist Episcopal Church of North Hero was organized early in the present century. The church building, erected in 1866, is connected with the town hall, both being built under one roof, — the hall occupying the basement, — and cost $4,000.00. The society also owns a parsonage valued at about $1,000.00. The church now has thirty-eight members, with Rev. Geo. F. Buckley, pastor. jOUTH HERO lies at the southern end of the county, in lat. 44° 38', and long. 3" 44', bounded north by the township of Grand Isle, and on all other sides by the waters of Lake Champlain. It was chartered by Vermont, October 27, 1779, together with North Hero and Grand Isle, to Ethan Allen, Samuel Herrick, and 363 others. That part of the grant which is now North Hero, South Hero, and Grand Isle, was called the "Two TOWN OF SOUTH HERO. 235 Heroes." On October 21, 1788, they were divided into two separate towns, North Hero, and South Hero, and, November 7, 1798, South Hero was again divided, and the north town was called Middle Hero, till November 5, 1810, it took its present name. Grand Isle. The present town of South Hero contains an area of 9,065 acres. In surface, this town is quite level, containing no elevations of importance, and consequently no rivers or water-courses. It abounds in, and is sur- rounded by a wealth of natural scenery whose beauty is unsurpassed, and which, together with a most salubrious climate and a number of mineral springs whose waters are impregnated with valuable medicinal qualities, unite to lend an attractiveness that calls many visitors to the town each year. In the northern part of the territory, extending northwest into Grand Isle, there is a low hill, or ridge, of slate rock, which in many places rises above the soil, making the land in that section rather barren. South of this ridge the land is much better, and very productive, the soil being mostly a clay loam, with here and there portions of sand and marl. Fine crops of corn, oats, rye, and buckwheat, are grown, while hay and potatoes yield a fair percentage ; but in fruit raising, this is probably the banner town of the State. Apples and grain are the principal exports. The timber, like that of most other towns of the county, has been nearly cleared away, yet there still remains enough remnants to show that the territory was once covered by an immense growth of pine, hemlock, cedar, beech, birch, basswood, elm, and maple. Geologi- cally, the structure of the town is composed of three parallel ranges of rocks extending in a north and south direction. That on the west is a bed of Chazey or Black river limestone, next to which is a Trenton limestone range, and finally, a large deposit of Utica slate. In 1880, South Hero, had a population of 621, was divided into four school districts, and contained four common schools, employing five female teachers, to whom was paid an aggregate salary of $557.50. There were 167 pupils attending common school, while the entire cost of the schools for the year, ending October 31st, was $630.56. H. W. Conro was superintendent. Keeler's Bay, a pleasant little post village located in the northeastern part of the town, on Keeler's Bay, contains one church (Catholic), two stores, and about a dozen dweUings. The inhabitants are an enterprising, stirring people, more so than is sometimes found in much larger villages. South Hero, a small post village located near the central part of the town, contains two churches, (Congregational and Methodst), two stores, one hotel, a blacksmith shop, carriage shop, and about a dozen dwellings. Gabriel /oslyn's steam saw and grist-mill, located on road 11, manufac- tures several hundred thousand feet of lumber per year, and does custom grinding. John L. Browns blacksmith shop, located on road 13, was built in 1875, and has been under Mr. Browe's management since 1879. James Doughertys blacksmith and carriage shop, located on road 19, was built by Ralph Stenoir, in 1866. 236 TOWN OF SOUTH HERO. The first settler in South Hero was Ebenezer Allen, who located in the southern part of the town, August 25, 1783. Ebenezer, though no relative of Ethan, was nearly as noted a character. He was born at Northampton Mass., October 17, 1743. He married a Miss Richards when he was nineteen or twenty years of age, in Berkshire county, Mass., where his parents had removed. After he had two or three children, he, with Thomas Ashley a brother-in-law, removed to Poultney, Vt., in 1771, and commenced the first improvements in that town. Here he had a son added to his family, the first child born in Poultney. It was not long before he was appointed a captain in the famous regiment of rangers commanded by Col. Herrick and soon after removed his family to Tinmouth, where he and Maj. Thomas Rice were appointed delegates to the convention at Dorset, September 25, 1776, which ended, after several adjournments, in declaring Vermont independent. He and Charles Brewster were chosen delegates to the convention at Windsor in 1777, that formed the first constitution of the State. He was engaged in many skirmishes with the enemy, and signahzed himself in the battle of Ben- nington. At one time during that battle, he with only thirty men, taking the advantage of a natural breast-work of rocks, successfully contended against the main body of Col. Baum's troops of Burgoyne's army, causing great slaughter among them, and a tempoary retreat. In September, 1777, 500 men under Col. Brown were sent from Pawlet to attack Ticonderoga, Mount Defiance, and Mount Hope. The taking of Mount Defiance, defended by 200 British regulars and artillery, was allotted to Capt. Allen, Lieut. Isaac Clark, and forty men. The work was accomplished by surprise, September i8, r777, not losing a man. He commanded the fort at Vergennes, and rendered many other important services during the war. August 25, 1783, he landed on the south end of South Hero, with his frame for a house and lumber for other buildings, of which he made a raft at Shelburne Point, upon which he took his family. He kept a public house and ferry, and continued his residence here until 1800, when he removed to Burlington, where he died, March 6, 1806, aged sixty-three years. Enos Wood, who settled in North Hero, and Alexander Gordon, who settled in the northern part of this town, came the same day that Allen located here. These were followed by other settlers, so that in r79i, the town had a population of 337- The first town meeting recorded after North Hero was set oflF, was held March lo, 1789, when Stephen Pearl was chosen moderator; Ebenezer Allen, town clerk; Alexander Gordon, Ephraim Duel, WiUiam Hazen, Stephen Pearl, and Ebenezer Allen, selectmen ; Isaac Adams, first constable and col- lector of taxes; and Reuben Clapp, second constable. The first justice of the peace was Ebenezer Allen, chosen in 1786, he being also chosen the first representative in 1788. June i, 1789, another town meeting was held, to see if the town would vote to hire a minister of the gospel to preach in town the ensuing year, when it was — rOWM OF SOUTH HERO. 237 " Voted to raise a tax of three pence on a pound, to pay a minister, said tax to be paid to the collector, by the first day of December following, in wheat, at four shillings per bushel, or Indian corn at three shillings." At the same town meeting a committee was appointed to lay out two bury- ing-places for the use of the town— one to accommodate the northern, and the other the southern part. At their next March meeting, 1790, after re- electing nearly the same town officers, they voted to raise a tax of 3d. per /^, to defray town expenses, and to raise the sum of ^^60 to pay for preaching, these taxes to be paid in wheat and corn, at 4s. and 3s. per bushel. No mention is made, however, of their subsequently having preaching. At a freemen's meeting, in September, 1792, Timothy Allen and Jedediah Hyde were appointed a committee to draft a petition to the general assembly to divide the town. At a town meeting held in March, 1793, a committee was chosen to hire a preacher, consisting of Joseph Phelps, Alpheus Hall, Samuel Mix, and Ebenezer Allen ; and " voted to request the committee to hire Rev. Mr. Williams," and — " Voted a tax of six pence on the pound, to pay for preaching, one-fourth in cash, and three-fourths m wheat, at four shillings per bushel, and the place for holding their meetings be in the sand-bar district school-house." At another meeting, in August of the same year, it was voted to instruct their committee to extend a call to Rev. Mr. Williams to settle with them. No record is made of any report of this committee, however, and Mr. Wil- liams never settled here. The first marriage recorded is that of Howe Graham and Mary Allen, the ceremony being performed by Ebenezer Allen, ■ justice of the peace. In 1788, a year before any town record was made, under the name of South Hero, the next marriage was solemnized by the same justice, and one in 1793, by Stephen Pearl, justice of the peace. The first physician was Dr. Jacob Roebeck. The first brick house was built by Benjamin Landon, and is yet standing. Among the early settlers were the following ex-soldiers of the revolution : Alpheus Hall, Benjamin Adams, Capt. Thomas Dixon, and John Monte. There were but few, if any, regular soldiers from this town in 181 2, except volunteers as occasion called for them during the incursions of the British down the lake. During the late war of the rebellion, the town furnished its full quotas, amounting to upwards of fifty men ; five only were drafted, one man paid commutation, and the others furnished substitutes. Several died from disease, a number were killed in battle, and some were severely wounded. Timothy and Stephen Pearl, from Connecticut, came to this town in 1785. During the first half of the present century, Timothy removed to the northern part of the township, where he died in 1840, aged eighty-eight years. Stephen, his second son, came here with his father and reared a family of ten children, eight of whom settled in the town. He died in 1859, aged seventy-six years. Calvin Fletcher came here from Poultney, Vt., in 1786, and located in the northern part of the town. He died in 1857, aged seventy-nine years, hav- ing reared a family of eleven children, four of whom settled in the town. 238 TOWN OF SOUTH HERO. Edward F. M., his youngest son, was born in 1819, and has always resided here with the exception of seventeen years spent in Milton. He now resides on road 23, having reared a family of nine children. Warren Corbin, from Connecticut, immigrated to this locaUty at an early date, locating in the southern part of Grand Isle. He reared a family of nine children, one of whom, David, settled in this town. Warren died in 1832 aged sixty-three years. David was born in 1796, learned the carpenter trade and built many of the best houses in the town. He reared a family of five children and died in 1875, aged eighty years. Warren, his first son, was born in 1822, and is now proprietor of the Iodine Springs House, located on Keel- er's bay. The house is one of the largest in the town, and is kept as a sum- mer resort for the accommodation of guests attracted thither by the Iodine Springs, which are located near by. Daniel Wadsworth, a veteran of the Revolution, settled in the southern part of the town soon after the close of the war, coming from Connecticut. Here he followed the occupation of a potter until his death, in 1806, aged forty-three years. He reared a family of five children, two of whom are now living. Stephen P., his first son, born in 1792, is now living at the age of ninety years. He reared a family of ten children, all of whom lived to attain an adult age. Horatio, his sixth son, now resides on road 6, with a familyof six children. Stephen P., Jr., his fifth son, born in 1855, resides on road 6, and has a family of six children. Ebenezer Kibbe, from Massachusetts, came here at an early date and set- tled in the northeastern part of the town, upon what is now known as Kibbe's Point. He died in 1856, aged eighty-five years. Of his family of eleven children, only one settled in the town. Hezekiah, his tenth son, born in 1816, has always resided on the old homestead. Benajah Phelps came from Connecticut at an early date and located in the northern part of the town, and after several removals finally settled on Keeler's bay. where he died, in 1866, aged ninety-three years, His family consisted of sixteen children, four of whom settled in the town. It is said that his first grist was taken to Whitehall, a distance of eighty miles. Orange, his second son, was born during his father's residence on road 18, and died in 1879, aged seventy-three years. He had a family of nine children, four of whom are now residents of the town. Edward B. his fourth son, now occu- pies the old homestead. Samuel, the youngest son, born in 1824, resides on road 6. Abel Phelps, the fifth son, born in 1812, reared a familyof nine children, five of whom settled in the town. Benajah, Jr., born in 1837, resides on road 6. Eleazer Martin, one of the early settlers of the town, was wounded during the war of the Revolution. Only two of his family of ten children settled in the town. Joseph Mott, from Duchess county, N. Y., entered Alburgh among the first settlers, and located in the western part of the town, upon the farm TOWN OF SOUTH HERO. 239 now owned by his grandson, Henry G. Mott. He had a family of nine chil- dren, one of whom, Joseph, Jr., served in the Revolution. Pheobe, daughter of Joseph, Jr., is now a resident of this town. Alpheus Hall, from Connecticut, located in the southern part of the town in 1792. He and three of his brothers, together with their father, were in the battle of Hubbardton, where one of the brothers was killed and another wounded. Alpheus followed farming here until his death, in 1843, aged eighty- four years. He reared a family of twelve children, of whom the eldest and the youngest are still living, the former at the remarkable age of one hundred years. Lorenzo, his second son, was born in 1793, and always resided in this town, served in the battle of Plattsburgh, and died in 1870, having had afamily of four children. Of these, the second, Jerome P., was born in 1826, and is yet a resident of the town. Thaddeus Landon located in the southeastern part of the town in 1790, remaining here until his death, in 1846, aged seventy-nine years. He reared a family of ten children, two of whom are now Uving, residents of this town — Jesse, residing on road 18, aged eighty-six years, and John S., residing on the same road at the age of sixty-nine years. Kimball Kinney, from Norwich, Conn., settled in the central part of the town in 1794, upon the farm now owned by his grandson, Thaddeus L. Of his family of seven children, only one, Alfred M., located in the town. He was born in 1812, and has always resided here. Giles Harrington came to South Hero, from Connecticut, previous to the war of 1812. He located in the central part of the town, where he remained until 1827, then removed to Alburgh and practiced law there until his death, in 1873, aged seventy-two years. Henry, his first son, was born in 1827, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1849. He now resides on road 6, is master of chancery, and a breeder of pure blood stock. Sheldon Wheeler, from Wilkesbarre, Pa., settled in Chittenden county in 1778. His father was among the victims of the Wilkesbarre massacre. He reared a family of eight children, one of whom settled in South Hero. His youngest son, Orville G., was born in 18 17, and has been located in South • Hero as pastor of the Congregational church since 1840. Thomas McBride, born in Ireland, November 20, 1795, came to South Hero when twenty-seven years of age, where he began life as a farm laborer; by economy, however, he succeeded in amassing a handsome property. Calvin, the youngest of his three children, born in 1837, now resides on the old homestead. Clark L. Keeler, from Richfield, Conn., came to South Hero in 1850. He is now proprietor of the Island House, one of the best kept hotels in the county. The town has three church societies. Congregational, Methodist, and Roman CathoUc. The two former are organized in conjunction with the churches of that denomination in Grand Isle, and for sketches thereof we refer the reader to page . PUBLISHER'S NOTES. S. S. Allen, dealer in clothing, boots, shoes, gent's furnishing goods, hats and caps, at St. Albans, presents a very attractive card on page 440. Mr. Allen has been here in the clothing trade over ten years, and in the shoe trade nearly two years. He has a fine store and keeps it well stocked with season- able goods. American House, Richford, Jeroreie F. Hale, proprietor. This popular house has, within the last year, corae into the possession of Mr. Hale, who will leave nothing undone for the comfort and convenience of guests. Stop at the Americn when you visit Richford. Card on page 440. The American House, at Swanton, nearest to the depot, patronized by commercial salesmen and railroad men, is under the popular care of J. F. Kelley, proprietor. Mr. Kelley was formerly well known as a hotel man at Hyde Park. Since his advent here he has improved the American greatly. He keeps a good livery, and will furnish trusty horses at reasonable prices. See card on page 510. Charles H. Andrus, artist, designer, engraver on wood, photo-engraver, &c., at Enosburgh Falls, prints a card on page 400. Mr. Andrus will make special estimates on any work in his line, and will turn out good work at reasonable rates. Patronize home industry. Bailey's Music Store, at Burlington, under the management of H. W. Hall, has long been known as a first class music house, where may be found a large stock of fine pianos and organs, from leading manufacturers, and musical merchandise of all kinds in great variety. A branch store has been established in St. Albans, at Huntingtoti s jewelry store. This firm has facili- • ities for placing instruments anywhere in Vermont at the most reasonable rates. See card and grand piano on page 420. E. M. Barber's photograph rooms and dress-making establishment, at Enosburgh Falls, have supphed the wants of many customers. May he live long and prosper. See illustrated card on page 322. Geo. C. Barnard, of the St. Albans Photocrome Copying House, is build- ing up quite an extensive business in his Une. For particulars, the reader is referred to his card on page 480. A. J. Beebe, breeder of Morgan horses, Jersey cattle, and other farm stock of improved breeds, on road 30 in Swanton, presents his compliments to the reader on pages 564 and 592. pubusher's notes. 241 C. M. Barnes, watch-maker, jeweler and engraver, at Enosburgh Falls, prints a neat card on page 356. Mr. Barnes keeps a fine stock of goods in all departments of his business, and is bound to suit his customers in prices as well as in quality. S. S. Bedard & Co., at St. Albans, are manufacturers of fine carriages. They -.vill supply goods in their hne, of superior workmanship, from the best of material and at moderate prices. Mr. Bedard of this firm is also a dealer in boots and shoes, keeping a large stock of all varieties. See card on page 3 1 8. W. H. BiLLADO, general merchant and dealer in sewing machines, has built up a large trade at Enosburgh Falls. He keeps a full stock of season- able goods and can offer as good inducements to the buyer as can be found in any of the neighboring towns. Card on page 400. W. H. & G. G. Blaisdell, of St. Albans, are popular dealers in clothing, hats and caps, trunks, etc., etc. They have been engaged in business here many years— are descendants of one of the early settlers. They publish their double card on page 332, to which the reader is referred. C. S. Bradley, Agent, in the furniture line at St. Albans, began business in a small way in 1865, occupying a portion of his present quarters and em- ploying but one cabinet-maker engaged principally m upholstery work and repairing. In 1867, Mr. B. put in a small stock of furniture, to which he has from time to time added, until he now occupies more than 10,000 square feet of flooring and has no room to spare. He employs from seven to ten hands, and his stock, with all its connecting branches, is one of the finest in the State. His prices are in accordance with the times — as low as possible. See card on page 410. R. Brainerd, druggist and dealer in school books, invites attention to page 322, where he describes his business. Mr. Brainerd has been in trade here since 1 860, during which time he has won a reputation for honorable dealing with his numerous customers from all parts of the surrounding country. His prescriptions are all compounded by experienced and competent drug- gists. We need not advise our friends to patronize him — they will do it anyway. S. J. Brigham, of St. Albans, is successor to the flock of Atwood Merino sheep estabHshed by William P. Brigham, by purchase from Nathan Bottum, of Shaftsbury, from E. Hammond, of Middlebury, and from other noted flocks of the Atwood family. He has fine stock for sale. His card may be found on page 370. BuLLETT & Blatchly, Cabinet makers, contractors and builders, a.t St. Albans, are prepared to undertake any work in their line. We advise those who have never done so, to call at their shop and examine the pecuUar appli- cation of power by which their works are driven, it will be a surprise to many. Card on page 308. 16 2^2 PUBLISHERS NOTES. RowELL C. Bryant, nurseryman at Fairfax, advises those who have need of fruit trees of what he can supply, in his card on page 360. Dr. F. C. Burbank, of St. Albans Bay, often treats that .dreaded disease, cancer, with marked success. He also treats chronic diseases of all kinds. His hospital and residence is pleasantly located at the Bay. See card on page 338. Edwin A. Burnett, dentist, at Swanton, by skillful operating has won a substantial reputation as one of the best dentists in Northern Vermont. His card is on page 560. W. B. Carman, proprietor of the Missisquoi Mills, at Swanton, prints a card on page 304. With his extensive miUing privileges, experience snd bus- iness energy, Mr. Carman is able to supply his customers with first-class goods at lowest prices. Wm. J. Carney's academy of physical training, at St. Albans, is advertised on page 480. Mr. Carney is well quaUfied to teach the science he professes, and it is very probable that many young men of weak constitution, might, by judicious training, develop strength and endurance that would prove of lasling benefit. C. H. Carpenter, proprietor of the Green Mountain Apiairy, at West Enosburgh, furnishes also a general assortment of apiarist's supplies. His illustrated card appears on page 400. Farmers wishing to improve their apiary should consult him. Central House, Swanton, T. S. Babbitt, proprietor, is pleasantly located on the pubhc park, and convenient to the business part of the village. Mr. Babbitt has facilities for making the stay of his quests pleasant and agree- able. See card on page 484. The Central Vermont Railroad Company. — This extensive corporation, operating a majority of all the Vermont lines, offers superior accommodations to the traveling pubhc. With palace cars by day and sleeping cars by night, attentive officers and quick time, it is a pleasure to travel over this superb road, among the mountains, along the picturesque valleys, and anon catching glimpses of the beautiful Lake Champlain — the ever varying scenery makes this a popular route for tourists. The principal offices are located at St. Albans. See card on page 404. W. D. Chandler, artist and photographer at St. Albans, has one of the best appointed establishments in the State for producing fine work, which, with the fact that he is personally an artist of rare merit, insures to his cus- tomers satisfactory pictures in all desirable sizes. See card on page 496. David Coburn, of Richford, deals in several first-class farming implements, among which are Champion mowers, wheel-rakes, wheel harrows, plows, ma- chine extras, &c. He is also a breeder of thorough-bred Poland China hogs, and keeps stock for sale. Card on page 520. PUBLISHERS NOTES. 243 O. R. Chase, of the Lamoille Valley Nursery, at Fairfax, has for sale a large stock of hardy fruit trees, suitable for this climate, which he will sell on satisfactory terms. Note his card on page 338. H. S. Clark, of Berkshire Center, prints an illustration of "The Farmer's Friend," on page 308. It is nothing more nor less than an improved maple sugar evaporator, one of the necessary apphances in the manufacture of Ver- mont's celebrated " sweet." The saving is so great that the " Climax Evap- orator," will pay for itself in a short time. Clark & Jacques, dealers in groceries, teas, spices, cigars, &c., on King- man St., St. Albans, are building up a very successful trade, partly inherited from their predecessors, Messrs. Woodward & Weeks. Though the present firm have been in business not quite a year, their experience extends over a period of ten years. They claim to keep the finest 50 cent tea in the State. Card on page 452. Edward Conant, principal of the State Normal School at Johnson, Vt., publishes a card on page 326, in the interest of that celebrated school which since coming under his charge has added fresh lustre to its reputation as a fitting place for training the minds of young men and women of Vermont, either for the responsible positions of teachers, or to fill places of trust in the business walks of mature manhood and womanhood. Professor Conant, late superintendent of education, is one of the most able instructors in the State, and we advise those wishing for the advantages to be obtained under his management to address him on the subject. H. Danenbaum, of the New York store, St. Albans, invites attention to his card on page 332. Mr. Danenbaum keeps a full line of dry goods, milli- nery, carpets, etc. He is one of the popular dealers of this enterprising village. Edmond Deschenes, late of the firm of Mitchell & Deschenes, has recently purchased the store No. 12 Kingman street, St. Albans, which he has stocked with a superior assortment of boots and shoes. He makes all kinds, from the finest ladies wear, and repairs rubbers in first-class style. Patronize him ; his prices are at the bottom. See card on page 464. George Esplin, the popular baker and confectioner, at St. Albans, prints an attractive card on page 332. It is a notorious fact that Mr. Esplin under- stands his business thoroughly, and that he gives excellent satisfaction. EvsfiNS & Marsh, manufacturers of the Champion Sap Evaporator, at West Berkshire, set forth their claims on page 400. The invention is new and embraces several valuable features not found in other evaporators. H. C. FiSK & Son advertise their extensive business on page 452. Since the first occupation of the town of Isle La Motte by the whites, their quarries have been in the possession of the family. They are prepared to furnish orders for any quantity or quality of stone at short notice. 244 PUBLISHERS NOTES. A. W. Fuller, furniture dealer, etc., at St. Albans, has been in business at his present location fourteen years, during which time he has gained many friends and customers. Remember his store when wanting goods advertised by him on page 480. Mrs. M. G. Gilder, of St. Albans, invites the ladies' attention to her milli- nery card on page 318. She also supplies Madame Demorest's celebrated patterns for all kinds of garments. Ladies should remember this when about to purchase. Gladden & Marsh, of Enosburgh Falls, manufacture at their mills, lumber, boxes, and simplicity bee hives ; they also plane lumber to order at reasonable rates. Builders should remember these facts. Card on page 388. Glens Falls Shirt Co., located at St. Albans, and under the manage- ment of Mr. James MacDonald, Jr., has the capacity to turn out a very large business, and will undoubtedly inure greatly to the benefit of the town. Mr. MacDonald's extensive experience in the manufacture of shirts will add to the success of the establishment. See card on bottom margins. J. W. Goodell & Co., of Burlington, advertise their extensive business as manufacturers of and dealers in marble and granite goods, on the fly leaf opposite last cover. This firm have very superior facilities, employing as they do artists of skill and experience, and having abundant capital, they are ready to undertake a job of any magnitude desired, and are enabled to offer very liberal terms. E. G. & S. C. Greene, dealers in stoves, ranges, furnaces, etc., are also general plumbers, and steam and gas fitters of experience. They will furnish estimates for work in their line on application. See card on page 434. Green & Soule, of East Fairfield, have met with so much success in the in- troduction of Dr. S. S, Green's Blood Purifier and Nerve Tonic, that they have engaged in its manufacture on an extensive scale. Judging from the many testimonials in the hands of the firm, from well known reliable persons, the medicine is deserving of much confidence. Card on page 344. R. R. Hathaway, general merchant, at North Hero, keeps at all times a general stock in great variety. Here, at the county seat. Islanders from every part of the county, may find good bargains. Mr. H. is also agent for Vapor Stoves and several agricultural implements. Card on page 488. LuMAN E. Haynes, at North Hero, is a well known breeder of pure blood Jersey cattle and Chester White Hogs. He will furnish choice stock to those who wish to engage in the breeding of these valuable animals. Card on page 520. A. HoAG, of Grand Isle, has done much for the farmer who plants corn, beans, beets, etc., by introducing his convenient little hand planter. Notice his card on page 304, and then buy a planter, they are cheap. publisher's notes. 24s C. H. Harvey, of St. Albans, is proprietor of a first-class furniture store, where may be found house furnishing supplies from the paper for the walls, parlor and chamber suits of elegant furniture, to the more modest styles suit- able for the humblest cabin, and at prices to suit all appHcants. His adver- tisement may be found on page 382. U. H. Hazen, of North Hero, calls attention to his pure blood sheep, cattle, and fowls, on page 496. Those who beUeve it to be as easy to grow a good and valuable animal as to harbor a poor and inferior one, may find there what they are looking for, and will do well to visit his yards, and obtain his prices. W C. HoLCOMB, of the Isle La Motte Nursery, offers a large number of fruit trees suitable for this climate, grown in this latitude and on the ground most noted for fine fruit in all this region. PVuit trees from this nursery should secure a large patronage. Card on page 510. S. G. HoLYOKE & Son, of St. Albans, breeders of pure Spanish Merino Sheep, of the Atwood family, present their card, with an illustration of the noted ram " Fortune," on page 560. This flock was commenced in 1845, by purchase of one ewe of W. S. & E. Hammond, of Middlebury. Since then, continued by other purchases from the Hammonds, and by cross- breeding back and forth between the flocks. Mr. S. G. Holyoke is one of the directors of the Vermont Atwood Merino Sheep Club, of which Hon. W. C. Smith, is president. Mr. Holyoke has the reputation of being one of the best judges of Merino sheep in the country, while his son, John R., gives promise of fully sustaining his father's reputation in the future. A. K. HoNSiNGER, of Swanton, but whose P. O. address is St. Albans, advertises his Plymouth Rock fowls on page 360. Mr. Honsinger is a pains- taking breeder, and customers may rely on obtaining valuable stock of him. HORSKIN & HiNERTH, at Highgate, are proprietors of one of the oldest foundries in the State. They are prepared to manufacture heavy and light castings, stoves, hollow-ware, etc., as desired by customers, from the best quaUty of iron and on reasonable terms. See card on page 326. Collins F. Huntington, successor to E. H. Huntington, a former dealer of St. Albans, has one of the finest appointed jewelry stores in Ver- mont. Customers may here find any grade of goods desired, from the finest diamond, to the cheapest varieties of standard goods. Card on page 314. A. S. Hyde & Son, dealers in fine groceries, cigars, tobaccos, etc., at St. Albans, have estabUshed a large trade, commenced by the senior member of the firm many years ago. In 1880, the son, Frederick W., became a partner, and his vigorous energy will undoubtedly aid to perpetuate the business in increased volume for many years to come. Card on page 440. Dr. M. C. Hyde, of North Hero, as a physician, has won the confidence and respect of a large portion of the community. His card is on page 540. 246 publisher's notes. Clark S. Jennison ©f Swanton Center, deals in mowers, horse-rakes, im- proved harrows, plows of various kinds, and other farm machinery. Mr. Jennison is himself a farmer, and from actual experience he can recommend all his goods conscientiously. He advertises on page 292. T. L. Kinney. of South Hero, is a breeder of fine Merino sheep — from first selections from noted flocks, to combine large size, symmetry of form, and strong constitution with great weight of fleece, which must make his flock a favorite from which to select. See cards on pages 520 and - — . Wm. W. Kinsley of Richford, invites the attention of land owners to his facilities for surveying, on page 338. Mr. Kinsley is a civil engineer and sur- veyor of experience, and being possessed of the best instruments manufactured, he will undoubtedly be patronized by those who wish to rest assured that their lines are correctly located. Lake View House, H. L. Samson, proprietor, is situated on the shore of Lake Champlain, in the town of St. Albans, and is one of the very popular summer resorts. Card on page 500. O. B. Landon, of Milton, is general agent for the famous Syracuse Chilled Plows, for the counties of Franklin and Grand Isle, a cut of which he prints on page 370. He also is agent for several other valuable agricultural inven- tions, a list of which he prints in his card, to which we refer the reader. Farmers of Franklin and Grand Isle counties, take notice. John H. Lane, of Franklin, has put upon the market a Rheumatic Liniment which it is claimed is a suire cure for several distressing ills. For particulars the reader is referred to card on page 382. Lang & Hoyt, of St. Albans, exhibit their latest importation of tea on page 308. It arrives guarded by celestials, and is steaming hot. This firm are prominent grocerymen, who look well after the interests of their customers. J. B. Le Doux, undertaker at St. Albans, keeps on hand a large assort- ment of coffins and caskets, from the best makers. His hearse is one of the finest. He is also a carpenter, contractor and builder of experience. Card on page 496. H. A. Lyon, dealer in music and musical instruments at St. Albans, at- tends personally to the details of his business, buys for cash of reliable manufacturers of known reputation, and he will undoubtedly give his cus- tomers excellent bargains. We refer the reader to Mr. Lyon's card on page 35°- W. H. McAllister, breeder of pure blooded Devon cattle at West Enos- burgh, prints a card on page 370. Mr. McAUister is a careful and scientific breeder, the oldest in this section, and the most extensive in the State, and purchasers will undoubtedly be well served and on satisfactory terms if they trade with him. PUBLISHERS NOTES. 247 Manley & TowLE, manufacturers of sash, doors, blinds, mouldings, furni- ture, etc., and dealers in lumber, paints, etc., at Enosburgh Falls, print a card on page 344. This firm do an extensive business in their line. Builders or people contemplating building will do well to see them. E. McFeeters Attorney at Law and Insurance agent at Enosburgh Falls, will give intelligent attention to the demands of his patrons in either branch of his business. See card on page 424. T. E. Mead of Swanton, owner of the celebrated staUion, Phil. Sheridan, prints a card and pedigree of the horse on page 470. Farmers desirous to im- prove their equine stock will do well to read the card. W. T. Merritt, the enterprising grocer at 176 South Main street, St. Al- bans, has just posted his advertisement on page 318. It is very attractive and we are told he keeps a nice stock of fresh groceries. C. F. Miller, of Richford, breeds Bronze Turkeys and Game Fowls for sale. He also deals in produce and poultry. He prints a card with a fine illustration of a game cock on page 524. F. W. Mitchell, of East Berkshire, calls attention on page 304, to his " Balm for the Lungs,'' which is said by many to be a very superior remedy for weak and dise&,sed lungs. He will no doubt gain for it a large sale. P. Mitchell, of St. Albans, has trained his big elephant to wear boots, as may be seen by referring to page 434. Mr. Mitchell deals not only in boots and shoes of all grades, but also in leather and findings. Country shoemakers can find supplies here. J. G. Moore, of St. Albans, is one of the leading marble workers and deal- ers in the county. He has been in business here ten years, has had an ex- perience of 25 years in the business, and uses only the best materials. His work is first-class and having had an experience of several years in Rutland, he is acquainted with all of the different marbles and with the producers. Give him a call when wanting anything in his line. Card an page 344, which see. S. E. Moore, of Swanton, is agent for several first-class sewing machines. He also keeps parts and supplies of all kinds for old machines, attends to locksmithing and light machinist work to order. Card on page 510. H. B. NiLES, of Swanton, breeder of standard Plymouth Rock fowls, is known among the fraternity throughout the country. His stock is from the best breeders, as may be determined by reference to card on page 470. He will supply eggs or stock at fair prices. The Ogdensburg & Lake Champlain R. R. Co. puhlish a card on the inside of back cover, stating some of the desirable points travelers will find in their road. The company has made complete arrangements for connections with other roads, and also take great pains to accommodate their patrons and 248 DIRECTORY OF FRANKLIN AND GARND ISLE COUNTIES. ■** "V E IS 3i^ O IHT T *<- Ifiiisl taiiarj an! hale REV. J. D. BEEMAN, A. M., REV. E. A. BISHOP, A. M., President. Principal. ^HIS Institution has a location unsurpassed in beauty, surroundings,' healthfulness and general facility of access. The buildings are large, convenient, and supplied with an abundance of pure running water. The Seminary edifice is one of the finest academic buildings in New England. Instructions thorough. A full corps of teachers. Eight courses of study. Regular degrees conferred upon lady students. Our College Preparatory Course fits thoroughly for the best Colleges. Music a Specialty. — New England Conservatory Method employed. This year the Department has been fitted up with new Grand Upright Pianos and standard Organs — one a Pedal Organ with double bank of keys. A Christian Education is the aim of the School. The Institution is furnished throughout with spring beds. Forty-seven dollars in advance pays for board, furnished room, carpet, washing (ten pieces), and common English tuition one term of (13) thirteen weeks. Winter Term opens Monday, December 11, 1882. Spring Term, Monday, March 26, 1883. Fall Term, Monday, August 27, 1883. publisher's notes. 249 make their journeys pleasant. We commend them to the reader and invite attention to their card. E. H. Payn, of 128 Church St., Burhngton, is an enterprising lock and gun- smith, stencil-plate cutter and steel stamp manufacturer, dealing in all the goods appertaining thereto. The largest establishment of the kind in "Ver- mont. See card on page 410. T. S. Peck, one of the heaviest insurance agents in the State, located at Burlington, prints a notice on the inside of the back cover. He has $300,- 000,000.00 represented in the most rehable American and foreign companies. He has also special facilities for placing insurance for other agents who have risks too heavy for them to wholly place, and at the same time guarantees their interests shall be carefully protected. The People's Comprehensive Diary has attained a sale of nearly 100,000 copies. It is conveniently arranged for noting transactions and events as they occur, for a period of five or ten years, from any month or year it may be commenced, and is used by all classes of business and professional men, me- chanics and farmers. Readers should note card on page 540, and follow the advice there given. A. N. Percy, of the " Burhngton Clothing Company," cor. of College and Church sts., Burlington, prints an illustrated announcement on page 500. In 1881 Mr. Percy's business had increased so as to demand more room, con- sequently the stores of the block were thrown together, giving him a single store 44x60 feet, entirely refitted in modern style. Mr. Percy will be liberal and square dealing, and will give his Franklin and Grand Isle friends some excellent bargains. Russell Poquette, of North Hero, has invented and offers for sale, a new corn and bean planter, which is a real novelty and calculated , to save much labor. For particulars read card on page 388, and address Mr. Poquette. C. C. Post of Burhngton, is estensively engaged in the manufacture and sale of improved utensils for the gathering of sap and making of maple sugar, that toothsome sweet, in the manufacture of which Vermont excels any one of the other States of the Union. Ten million pounds of maple sugar have been made in this State in a single year. How much labor might have been saved had all the manufacturers enployed Mr. Post's improved appliances, is a problem. The reader is referred to Mr. Post's illustrated page, 366. F. C. Prentiss, of the St. Albans soap works, suppUes several varieties of his goods, including Sterin candles. Farmers may, if they Uke, exchange grease for soap. Dealers, patronize home industry and buy of Mr. Prentiss. His card is on page 480. Proutys & Chittenden, spring bed manufacturers of Swanton, pubhsh a card on page 256. "Perfection" is the name of their bed, and it is acknowl- edged to be one of the most perfect and restful beds ever produced. Try it and be satisfied. 2SO PUBLISHERS NOTES. C. B. Russell, of North Hero, breeds fine Atwood Merino sheep, looking well after the best points. His splendid driving horses have also attracted con- siderable attention. He also breeds pure Ayrshire cattle. Card on page 470. The Richford Gazette, an independent newspaper issued every Thurs- day at Richford by the Gazette Publishing Company, was started in 1878. It is a lively sheet with a growing patronage. Its aim is high and commendable, as may be gathered from reference to advertisement on page 430, where it will also be observed that fine job printing will be executed at fair prices. It is hoped the Gazette " may live long and prosper." The Richford Journal, printed every Thursday on a fast cylinder press, is a welcome visitor in many famiHes not only in Franklin county but also in other localities. Mr. Reed, the editor and proprietor, is a popular man of good business ability, who is prepared not only with types and machinery to turn out a good newspaper but to execute job printing as well in good style and at low prices. The " Journal's " card is to be found on page 446. Dr. Amos Robinson, of Swan ton, Vt., advertises his new cancer remedy on page 474. The remedy was first applied to a cancer on his own breast, in 1878, with perfect success. Next, Mr. Joseph Eaton, of Fairfield, who had a cancer under his left ear, which had been treated a long time by a noted can- cer doctor, without success, applied the remedy, which in ten days killed and removed the cancer. The Doctor refers to Mr. Eaton. Many other removals of cancers from the cheek, lips, nose, hands, breast, abdomen, &c., it is said, have been effected completely. He has several times been called to Boston, where he has applied his new treatment to cancer in the breast, successfully removing them. The doctor has large specimens preserved, which may be seen at his office. He also removes wens, corns, moles, warts, &c. E. O. Rousseau, of Highgate, calls attention to his undertaking and paint- ing business on page 434. Mr. Rousseau conducts the only business of the kind in this part of the county. He will deal liberally with his customers, and we trust he will be patronized as he deserves. H. C. ROYCE, of St. Albans, and Royce & Goff, of Richford, deal in dry goods and general merchandise on an extensive scale, besides the stores in this county, Royce & Goff have a store at North Troy, Orleans Co. It will be evident to most anybody that purchasing for three stores, they will be able to obtain the best line of discounts, and should therefore give customers most excellent bargains. Card on page 292. RuBLEE Bros., of Enosburgh Falls, are successors to the noted Dr. B. J. Kendall, in the manufacture of several of his specialties, as advertised on page 524. It is said of these medicines, that wherever they have been intro- duced, they have found great favor for efficacy in producing the desired result. publisher's notes. 251 H. E. Salls, of Burlington, advertises on bottom lines, fine cigars, mas- querading goods, fireworks, guns, tents, periodicals, papers, &c. Most any- thing you need, at low prices. He will be glad to receive calls from Franklin and Grand Isle people, when they visit Burlington. Wm. Samson & Co., manufacturers of Samson's Celebrated Patent Railway Horse Power, at East Berkshire, advertise on page 394. For the past ten years these goods have been steadily gaining in perfection and excellence of wokmanship, and are universally admired,' by all who have tried them. One noticable feature about the horse power is the speed regulator, which operates by centrifugal force, and prevents danger from any accident, should the ball be thrown off. It can be set for any speed desired, and the speed cannot be increased without changing the regulator. F.-B. Sandborn & Son, manufacturers of Smith's Eureka Suction Venti- lator Chimney Caps, advertise on page 524. The caps mentioned have valuable points not to be found in other chimney caps, and it will pay our readers to correspond with the firm on the subject. Sandborn & Son are also job printers, prepared to execute all ordinary orders. Franklin Scott, patent solicitor and attorney in patent cases, at North Bennington. — This gentleman has probably facilities for securing the interests of his clients superior to any other attorney in Vermont, and undoubtedly is not surpassed anywhere. Of a mechanical turn of mind, he has perfected himself in the art of drawing and designing, until he now stands confessedly at the pinacle of the profession. His knowledge of mechanics enables him to point out defects or suggest improvements in the designs of his clients, and his immense library, pertaining to patent matters, enables him also to point out what has already been done, if anything, by others, to hinder the success of an application. Finally, his long experience in legal points connected with this peculiar practice, combined with his other qualifications, eminently fits him for successfully advancing the interests of the inventor. As you would employ the most skillful physician to be obtained, in desperate cases of dis- ease, so to secure your financial interests in patent matters, you should employ one who understands how to introduce all the claims made, in such language and manner as will secure the desired rights and privileges. See Mr. Scott's advertisement, page 376. E. P. Shaw, the fashionable clothier, cor. Church and Main sts., Burling- ton, is at all times pleased to show his customers new styles in almost endless variety. He also keeps hats, trunks, robes, &c., in quality and style to suit the most fastidious. See card on page 410. Dr. John Sheerar, dentist at St. Albans, publishes a card on page 424. His rooms are pleasantly located and handsomely furnished, and the doctor is an expert at his profession — hence, as a consequence, he is doing a large busi- ness. Patronize him when in need of dental services. 2C2 publisher's notes. Joseph Shilvock, house, sign and carriage painter, on Market St., St. Albans, is deserving of a large and profitable trade. If skill and close atten- tion to business will win success, Mr. Shilvock will be likely to succeed. In the line of fine work, gilding, decorating, or paper-hanging, he is an adept. Card on page 464. Charles C. Sheldon, of East Higbgate, has acquired a reputation for the manufacture of wool boots, or sheepskin leggins, in a superior manner. Those who are exposed to tbe damp and cold of northern winters, will find these goods comfortable to wear. Card on page 360. Smith & Pease of " the Blue Store," on Church street, Burlington, have long been known as leading clothiers. No better goods or in greater variety- can be found in the State. Trunks, hats, robes, and furnishing goods are among their specialties. Be sure to call and make the acquaintance of this popular firm. Card on page 540. George W. Squier became interested as a partner in a dry goods busi- ness in Swanton in 1868, and under various changes continued as such until 1875, when he bought the entire business. Finding that he had not suf- ficient capital to run the business on the old style of long credit, he launched into a new system, a strict cash business, a great undertaking at that time; but through his energy and pluck he made it a success, and has continued to increase his business, until at the present time he has one of the finest and most varied stocks of general merchandise to be found in this vicinity. The rooms of his store are light and airy, 50 feet front and 80 feet deep, divided in the center by a partition, and connected by swinging glass doors. He has also systemetized his business and divided it into departments. It was a great undertaking to change from an old estabhshed credit to a strict cash business in a small country town and a farming community, yet it was successfully done and with an increasing trade which is a great credit to Mr. S. and something that many of his friends and competitors thought could not be done successfully. He is always wide-awake to the change wants of his trade, and always has the best of help in his employ, and draws trade for many miles around. Any one visiting Swanton should not fail to visit Squier's, where they will receive the same hearty welcome whether they wish to buy or not. See card on page 504. St. Albans Book Store, A. F. Lane, proprietor, located on Main street, just north of Bank street, is widely known as the leading book store in north- ern Vermont. Here may be found standard miscellaneous and school books, in great variety. Connected with the store is a circulating library, where tbe reading of choice books may be had for small compensation. Card on page 35°- St. Albans Telephone Exchange.— The important invention of the tele- phone has quite revolutionized the methods of intercourse in cities and in many villages. St. Albans enjoys in this respect advantages superior to most owns of its size. Card on page 434. PUBLISHERS NOTES. 253 St. Albans Gas Light Co. publish a card on page 434. With improved appliances for producing gas from crude petroleum, the company affords good gas at reasonable rates. St. Albans House, J. D. Shedd, proprietor, is near the depot at St. Albans. Mr. Shedd is a thorough hotel man, who is well aware that attention to wants of his guests, with good rooms and palatable food to cheer the inner man, will be rewarded with a pocket full oi shekels, and acting on that principle he keeps a good house. His porter may be seen busy at work on page 382. The St. Albans Messenger, Daily and Weekly, has for many years been the leading newspaper of Franklin county. The paper is widely circulated, the office is well supplied with fast-running presses and modern types, which with a goods corps of experienced printers, enables the Messenger establishment to turn out superior job printing. Connected with the Messenger estabhsh- ment, and a part of it, is a well appointed book-bindery. The whole business is conducted in the Messenger building, a substantial brick structure on Kingman street. A brief history of the paper is given on page 34, and the reader is further referred to advertisement on page 414. Star Laundry, on Main street, St. Albans, has every appliance for turn- ing out first-class work. See card on page 540. Strong & Parker, of Vergennes, Vt., manufacturers of the " Little Giant Road Machine," have accomphshed great good in lessening the labor of road making. By the use of these machines, communities will greatly im- prove their roads, and do it in less time than by the ordinary methods of the past. See the machine at work on page 254. The Swanton Courier, T. M. Tobin, editor, is one of the liveliest coun- try papers we known of Mr. Tobin's chief stronghold lies in the fact that his local news department is very complete for the towns in this and Grand Isle counties. It is like a home paper in this respect in each town. As a job printer he is prepared to fill most any order likely to be offered. He is known as T. M. Tobin, not F. M., as erroneously printed in card on page 528. The low price of his paper should secure for him a very large patron- age, which we understand he already has. SwiTZER & Butler, of St. Albans, upholsterers and dealers in trimmings for the trade, print a card on page 388. This firm are jobbers in their line of goods, and solicit patronage from dealers as well as from retail customers. L. B. Truax, photographer and dealer in pictures, frames, ect., at Swan- ton, prints an illustrated card on page 5 \ o. Those who would see themselves as others see them, should visit Mr. Truax. F. F. TwiTCHELL & Co., of the "corner store,'' St. Albans, advertise on page 314, a full line of dry goods, carpets, and ladies furnishings of all kinds. 254 DIRECTORY OF FRANKLIN AND GRAND ISLE COUNTIES. —BREEDER OF PURE BRED REGISTERED— »-*^'A Merino Sheep. Flock founded from J. H. Mead's flock, of West Rutland. ; Residence en Read 23, (See Map,) SOUTH HERO, ¥T. Registered in Vol. I, Vermont Register. Grower of Improved Varieties of Hardy Vermont Apples. YEGETABIjB bajlsamic ELIXIR ^^" Is a sure cure for Coughs, Colds, Whooping- Cough, and all Lung Diseases, when taken in season. People die of Consumption simply because of neg- lect, when the timely use of this remedy would have cured them at once. Jh'ifty-thTee years of constant use proves the fact that no Cough Remedy has stood the test like I>o'wn.' s El%x%r . Price 35 cts., 50 cts. and $1.00 per bottle. ^^ For Sale Everywhere. ,^,^t Dr. Baxter's Mandrake Will cure Jaundice, Dyspepsia, Liver Complaints, India:estion, and all diseases arising from Biliousness. ' Price 25 cents per bottle. For Sale Everywhere. HENRY & JOHNSON'S ARNICA AND OIL, LZXTZME2TT, For Ma^n. £tii S -33 § !Z5 1 '— ^ ■itBa su«qiV '53 C-(DO00C- •0.18H mtlOS I <0;g;Hd^dod I 03 t- T- CT) C4 3) in (O I OSjST HrH l-Hl-tOJC> I minco 00 CO CO •.la^iuao jCiomoS^now ------- tSBSi ■ifj8uioS:juoi\- <: -* I lO (M » eo IK p* 03 CO T-i OHDOO ^5 "O -dt ABa 8.,I9I8a3 ma;u;^do^,Hd-*^"dTHo*oi fV-] I Ci^ so iH T-l ■q* CO C^ i-H .-H (M ri CO CO ^, . _ _ I C31M»0-^ int-OOOTiniHt-tDC-Tl'W •jtainao ai^3ii3tH | -^ -^- . "ajSI pUB.IQ I oacscso^in«so»«0'd-HdingioirD»oc_'i- — 1— cii-i i-i CO ■-■ coeotTJ ■— .-i,-[cOd wcoMinr-t QO» ^ ^-i ^- '-' ■— '-' C^ g^ g< CT na; iM_-»*corH^_cO"ni~»nco^_inco(otD-^ ooco _ •plS^JT'B^ 00 c"" o ^ 00 d o -* OS Ti CO* c£d«s-*co" in ^"t-oi^ 00 -woJcsi --^-^i-i— ■-■w iit-co _ocint--T-Hc>ic>*oo»eo coosi-icocscioin ci'wsa * w L- 00^ » ^ ^ J- o in m c--H oo' in ■*' 00 1-^ '" "~ I cO'^^^t-'^r-c"- ojift— 't-T-i CO -^ 3) CO ■^ «D 00 ■* t- in in to ■-, I i-Hcoc»coooinoi-*oc t-ioin ooir^L-mojcJcot— ini-HTf oaoiiTir "USjUClSOliy^ codrndd'-'CodTji-^doo':^ ■*^-'i^^cDcdl^jdt^Jr-='odlnI^^w'■' gji-l — r" tM Oi CvirH-H — ^C^CQ__ I inoa cocoincoinincicot-r-'^coTHinos i-'cjco-^os'^r-* t-i_ •UCpiaTlS ^SBg dcoc^i>^dd^-'d^'oo"oo(^JOTM'r-'*cocodw^-'doo'cv'*«d^^"d^d _ -E- CO -^ 00 03 r-i CD OT CO C« f-H t- 1- C- C- -W t- Ol « ■* OO QO CD OOMOJ '9J'b3iiSiH ^8B}I di-^oododt-ddt-^ — eocoV-t|;^dciodi7«cdd(Nco'indr^t-indo>d j iHOOWCOOSWlNCSt- CDCOrHCOOOi-H-^COt-CiinC-OSTH ff*t-CO(0 "GlSjoaO ^STJ3 dd(^iI4corjd(^(colnclt-cddt^gj^dlocod■^'ln^-^dddcOlod■1 1 --■-■irtet ■— ' gt 1-t'— '■-'iy>'-''-'OJCv ■— ojCif»-H--- n-> i-( ct ci? 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I rl^'^o"co'ddt-^d-^r"d^T^^.~^'^^■*'dr:^dddoddodddl>lneodlndI-^c-^dc^l^>t I T— I Ct iH S^ ■— ■ avt O g^ g; 1— ■— 1 1— ■ cvt CO rHOJ iyt !-■ CO 1— ■ C'i >-< I-I c I ^CD ■^ CI CO t- Its 0> CD CO ■W CO CD iH T-l Oi -^ CS Oi CO CD CO 00 -^ -^ -^ -a" C* ■* O) ■* CO 3) •piO^SJa5['Ba dI-^co^/5dcocofr-oo'co^>^dlnwddlndddt;j^wcodddd^^^'c-^•^o^■^l; — — " ' I oir-oooot-i^. ooin-^inoocoi-iioi^ini.— cot-cocococoinoioinooco th-^iowc-cdoo ^ — " ' I mcoc«inoOi-iiot-inoo^dioi bjcooir-t-oit— oo-* •sSaijdg U^-IuqiY r^ingJin(Nd(Nd -.lainao uSJtiqiV in oomioi-iCDL--coo3 00r-'inoi?«co coi— g*gJcot-c^ c>in'^ininmc»c-ino3WO)cn ::::::::::::::::::: :5 :^ ::::::i»'::::::-^^S);:S:^. iidii il M M ;-i ^ litgl^hSs i 268-288 CENSUS TABLE. r«S §5 Pi (Q (Q W t 8 a s 8 53 V- o CDOOCDCOOlMCOOi-^OCOOOOSlCM '^ CO ,-<'*Oii-HCDi-liO-t—:0*-ll>CD(M00i01>-G0 .-1 CO ^lOOS'X'COaSi-iCO^IMCOCOiOCOb- CO ^Gooai-<*-Cit--ioiocMcoi:ocD:o 1-lrHCMrHCq rHr-l(Mr-lrHr-lCOCN o QOCOina:r-(iHM'CDCDCOrH-^t^-<*<-^ CO iC ^£NiOOT-iOSCO^COiOOt--^C^ CO CO I-* lO CTSOi-'iCOCOCOCOOOlOOOCO co' (M o incoQOcq05co-*o;ciMco^'<*<(Mco CO CO ffacooci-*o-^T-(*i-icoocoot>cci(> la -^Oi!HO'*t>-OCOC7it- Ci CO • cooii>'Cocot-t~col H o o s h^ M u I ; I >!. I I 1 :^ pa ery*s Go kersfield rkshire- osburgh irfax . . . irfield-- Franklin . . Georgia _ _ _ Highgate . . Montgomer Kichford _. Sheldon _ . _ St. Albans. o H T-l tH Tt* O CO N CO b- irj «o CO CO W t^ Ht- 1-1 CO OSO CO l> CO -* «D lO CO 00 "* ■* t- O O CO Oi r-« t- i> lo ic :d CO CD CO p lO CO CO t> ft o lO CO H^ l> l> ■^ -^ in CD -^ •i!** (N CO rH CD CO t^ "* t- CD Oi QD tH CO t> CO ■<*• ITS CO r-i (M CO -^ « t- Cq CO /: ^ Societies ' ^^ Town Clerks. '.V .■.■.■.■.■.'.■.■ .".■.■.■.■.'.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■lo and 11 1 own Representatives lo ^^^ j j INDEX TO BUSINESS DIRECTORY- Albany 3^5 Barton Village ■ 407 Barton I^anding. 414 Barton — Town outside Corporation 420 Belvidere 280 Brownington 429 Cambridge 293 Charleston 436 Coventry 446 Coventry Gore 582 Craftsbury 45 2 Derby 463 Eden 306 Elmore .. 313 Glover 483 Greensboro 492 Holland 503 Hyde Park 318 Irasburgh 509 Jay 519 Johnson 332 Lowell 524 Morgan 531 Morristown 345 Newport Village 536 Newport — Town outside Corporation 547 North Troy Village 559 Stowe 364 Troy — Town outside Corporation 565 8 INDEX TO BUSINESS DIRECTORY — INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS. PAGE. Waterviile 380 Westfield 573 Westmore 579 Wolcott 384 INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS. PAGE. Allbee A. J., sash, doors, and blinds, Derby Center '494 Ambler Myron, pianos and fancy lumber, Hyde Park 418 American House, C. F. Randall, prop., Hyde Park. 310 Betters J. B., merchant tailor, Newport 542 Boomhower Eli E., machinist and blacksmith 310 Bradford A. D., newspaper, Jericho 294 Central House, also harness, W. H. Hinman, Derby Center 494 Central Vermont Railroad, St. Albans 340 Clark Charles E., wagons, carriages and sleighs, Wolcott 348 Express and Standard, newspaper, Newport 590 Goodell J. W. & Co., Burlington last fly leaf Ogdensburgh and Lake Champlain Railroad inside last cover Green B. W. & Co.. bakers and confectioners, Morrisville 294 Henry, Johnson & Lord, proprietary medicines, Burlington 526 Holmes George W. & Co., gloves and mittens, BurUngton 464 Jackman Henry E., undertaker, Irasburgh 416 Jenne L. P., furniture, etc., Derby Centre 418 Johnson State Normal School, Johnson 584 Kelley & Son, moccasins, mittens, etc., Waterviile 294 Kinney N. H., sash, doors, and blinds, Craftsbury 464 Lawrence W. J., light and heavy harness, Morrisville 310 Morgan H. H., foundry, Morrisville 348 Murkland John W., iron founder, etc.. Barton 418 News and Citizen, newspaper, Morrisville and Hyde Park 400 Nichols Dr. F. M., veterinary surgeon, etc., Morrisville 310 North Troy Palladium, North Troy 562 Orleans County Monitor, newspaper, Barton 480 Page Carroll S., green calf skins, Hyde Park 620 Peck Theodore S., insurance, Burlington inside last cover People's Academy and Morrisville Graded School, Morrisville 426 Percy A. N., Burhngton Clothing House, Burlington 348 Post C. C, raanuf. sugar makers' supplies, Burlington 372 Robinson Amos Dr., cancers, St. Albans 328 Safiford John M., lumber, bent work, etc., Cambridge ■. 3S4 Samson WiUiam & Co., railway horse powers. East Berkshire 51° Scott E. R. & Son, carriage, sign, and ornamental painting, Newport. . 542 Shaw E. P., clothing, etc., Burlington 494 Smith & Pease, clothing, Burlington 464 Stevens James V., dry goods and groceries, Waterviile 354 Vermont House, A. G. West, Morrisville 416 Vermont Methodist Seminary and Female College, Montpelier 438 Willey Curtis, granite quarry, Derby 494 INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS — CONGRESSMEN — COUNTY OFFICERS. 9 INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. PORTRAITS. PAGE. Cleveland Elijah, Coventry , opp. 236 Currier John W., North Troy opp."288 Parker Charles S., Elmore opp. 85 Robinson Lucius, Newport opp."288 Stewart Horace, Beebe Plain opp. 254 Warner John, Cambridge ... opp. 74 VIEWS, &c. Currier J. W., residence. North Troy opp. ''288 Oilman George C, store, Newport "288 Newport Academy, Newport ''288 Parker Charles S., residence, Elmore 85 Parker Charles S., stock barns 86 Peoples Academy, Morrisville 116 CONGRESSMEN. United States Senator. George P. Edmunds, (term expires 1837) Burlington Representative in Congress. William W. Grout Barton COUNTY OFFICERS— LAMOILLE COUNTY. Chief Judge. P. O. Address ,St. Albans Hon. Homer E. Royoe Judge County Court. H. Henry Powers Morristown Assistant Judges County Court. Horace Waite . . . . Reuben A. Savage. ..Eden .Stowe Russell S. Page-. . . W. H. H. Kenfleld... Philip K. Gleed Herbert C. Lanpher. Charles C. Dodge... Byron A. Page Judge ol Probate. County Clerk. State's Attorney. Sheriff. High Bailiff. State Senator. ..Hyde Park ..Hyde Park ..Morrisville .Hyde Park , . Morristown ...Cambridge Justices of the Peace. Belvidere.-Norman M. Cheney, James Thomas, R. J. Brown, William W. Slater, and A. Cambridse.-L.A. Blaisdell, Levi L.Smith, E. R. Brush, R. M. Blaiadell, Henry Smilie, Sanford W. Heath, and William Melendy. Eden.-William Scott, William Ober, Davis Atwell, Edwin C. White, and Henry H. Newton. Elmore -A M. Kelley, Norman Camp. P. S. Merritt, W. W. Delano, and B. P. Morse. TTvilB Park —A Parker Smalley, Andrew J. Campbell, Leonard P. Allen, James C. Crocker, George E. Mudgett, Adna V. Wiswell, and George W. Demo. COUNTY OFFICERS — ^COURTS. Johnson.— Frank Oakes. Isaac Patch, Zachariah Whiting, Horace Goodwin, George Phillips David Holdridge, D. S. Holdridge D. S, Waterman. ' Morristown.— Orlo Cady, R. S. Gallup, Prank Kenfield, O. W. ChafEee, B. L. Rand S N Palmer, Horace Grout, C. S. Noyes, and H. P. Munson. ' ' ' Stowe —Reuben A. Savage, James E. Miles, John W. Smith, George W. Watts, Flavius J Mower, George S. Wade, and Paphro D. Pike. Waterville.— Z. W. A. Leach, Benjamin R. Houghton, Moses McFarland, E. Locke, and John A. Kelley. Wolcott.— W. O. Strattou, Ai N. Boynton, A. B. Pike, F. J. Burnell, M. D. Seott, F.. N Harris, and C. 0. Fisher. Representatives. POSTOPFICE Belvidere, Lewis Whittemore Belvidere Cambridge, Alonzo Kinsley JefEersonville Eden, Francis F. White Eden Mills Elmore, George A Morse East Elmore Hyde Park, C. F. Randall Hyde Park Johnson, J. A. Andrews Johnson Morristown, Charles R. Page Morrisvllle Stowe, not represented Waterville, James V. Stevens Watervilla Wolcott, Oscar Eaton Wolcott Town Clerks. Belvidere, Charles B. Weston. ; Ctnnhridge^ W. H. Grinwold ; Eden, E. C. White ; Elmore, Norman Gamp ; Ifyde Park, Henry M. Noyes ; Johnmn, Thomas J. Boynton ; MorrisKmn, Asahel M. Burke ; IStowe; Albert C. Raymond ; Wai ei-cille, Edwin H. Shattuck ; Wolooit^ M. J. Leach. COURTS IN LAMOILLE COUNTY At Court House, Hyde Park. Supreme Court. Third Tuesday in August. County Court. Fourth Tuesday in April and December. COUNTY OFFICERS-ORLEANS COUNTY. Chief Judge. P. O. Address Hon. Homer E, Royce St. AlbaDS .Assistant Judges, County Court. Amasa P. Dutton Craftsbury Nathaniel C. Hoyt Westfleld Judge of Probate. 0. H. Austin Barton Landing County Clerk. Henry B. Cushman Iraaburgh State's Attorney. Charles A. Prouty Newport Sheriff. 1. Thomas Patterson , Craftsbury High Bailiff. Joseph C. Orne Westmore State Senators. Walter D. Crane Newport Wilbur F. Templeton.. Glover Justices of the Peace. Albany.— T. B. Johnson, B. N. Moore, William Williams, William Chamberlin, John P. Tenney, and N. M. Darling. Barton. — J. L. Woodman, A. D. Matthews, B. Mossman, Job Guild, E. Barnard, Wallace I. Rob- inson, D. C. French, John Forest, Jr., A. O. Blake, and J. P. Baldwin. Brownington.— Robert Alexander, Joseph H. Evans, Charles Wheeler, I. C, Smith, and S. S. Tinbhara. Charleston.- M. M. Melvin. S. C. Streeter, William E. Clark. J. C. Oliver, B. W. Parlin, I. L- DollotE. and B. D. Clark. Coventry.— Warner Mitchell, Joseph S. Kidder, Prank C. Williams, 'and Erastus Wright. COUNTY OFFICERS — COURTS RATES OF POSTAGE. 1 1 Graftsbury.— Adam White, Henry Douglass, B. M. Lyon, C. Q. Doty, Noble H. Kinney, Stephen A. Smith, and William P. iiaiaer. Derby. — Horace D. Holmes, Calvin Wilcox, Elwin J. Tinker, P. S, Robinson, I. A. Adams, J. M. Grow, Jr., and Charles N. Nye. Glover.— M. L. Gilmore, A. P. Bean, E. O. Randall, E. H. Nye, 0. P. Owen, I J. Tayer, and P. P. Bean. Greensboro —J. M. Lindsay, A. P. l<'olsom, Alexander McLaren, Sumner P. Pinney, Henry S. Tolraan William W. Goss, and 1. N. Soule. Holland.— Leauder 0. Heath, Henry B, Bates, Lemuel R Tabor, A, A. Hall, and J. C. Robinson. Irasburgh.— S. H. Howard, E. P. Ohuroh, John L. Dodge, Harlow Poss, Elijah W. Powell, Henry B Cushman and Albert W, Post. Jay. — H. D. Chamberlin, Z. O. Sargent, Benjamin E. Paine, Alexander Young, and E. H. Wright. Lowell.— Edward Stephenson, Leigh R. Wellman, Andrew J. Dodge, Irvin Stevenson, Charles C. TiUotson, Simmonds F. Phelps, and Horace O. Hines. Morgan.— M. Whitehill, B. Bartlett, C. S. Albee, I. 0. Taylor, and Paron Huntoon. Newport.— Moses G. Sargent, Converse 0. Goodrich, Marshall B. Hall, Charles L. Erwin, N. S. Rogers, George R'. Lane, Willie Richmond. Harrison A. Wright, Thomas B. Alexander, and James Y. Green. Troy,— Orison Miller, E. P. Young, Hiram A. Johnson, William R. Elkins, A. J. Williams, Charles C. Kennedy, and Charles M. Bailey. Westfleld.— E. H, Miller, Timothy Deblois, O. F. Sisoo, Silas Hill, and James N. Clark. Westmore.— J. C. Orne. Calvin Gibson, J. C. Page, Charles P. Fogg, and Joseph Watchie. Representatives. POSTOPFICE ADDRESS Albany, John C. Buck, ." Albany Barton, George W. Bridgman Barton BrowniQgton, Isaac C. Smith, Brownington Charleston, Tracy B. Pratt West Charleston Coventry, Henry P. Black, East Coventry CraftsburyEphraim S. Gage, Crattsbury Derby, Auretus P. Adams Derby Glover, C. P. Bean ,. Glover Greensboro, James Young, Greensboro Holland, Eugene E. Pinney, Holland Irasburgh, L. H. Thompson Irasburgh Jay, Gilbert C. Lucier, Jay Lowell, Franklin H. Skinner, Lowell Morgan, Benjamin P. Moore Morgan Newport, Charles L. Erwin Newport Center Troy, Charles P.Stevens, Troy Westfleld, W. W .Wakefield Westfleld Westmore, Augustus W. Lyon Westmore Town Clerks. AVianv Martin B. Cliatey; BuHon, James Bushnell; Broicniiiglon, Charles Wheeler; OharUaton, Elisha W. Parlin; Coventru, Frank C, Williams; Craftsliury, Henry N. Stevens; Derhy. William S. Bobbins- Qiover, Chlpln Leonard; Greemhoro, W. Wallace Go.is; Holland, Sidney R. Fletcher; Iraaburnh W. D. Tyler; Jail, H. D. Chamberlin; LowM, Don B. 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HgHOUGH it is not the purpose of this work to enter minutely into the ■^" history of the territory of which it treats, it still becomes necessary to t|t invite the gentle reader among the cobwebs of time, and to retrace with him some of the half-hidden paths that lead back adown the misty vale of centuries, to the days when the grand old Green Mountains towered above an unexplored wilderness, to the time when the majestic forests of the pres- ent proud State of Vermont echoed only the voices of nature, when its beauty- teeming lakes and charming streams reflected from their bosoms only the bark canoe of the wily savage. Enroute we purpose to enquire into the causes that brought the great commonwealth into existence, and to briefly notice its progress from the first settlement of its territory by civilized people, to the time of its admission as a member of the Federal Union. Two of its fourteen grand divisions we purpose to more particularly notice, viz. : La- moille and Orleans counties. Here we shall endeavor to tiace in outline the lives of a few of their hardy pioneers, enquire into their early proceedings, trace the erection of each one of the townships therein, and to hand down to future generations the name and occupation of each of their present resi- dents. It has been aptly said, that " that country is the happiest which furnishes fewest materials for history;" yet, if rightly considered, the duty of the histo- rian will be found not limited to the narration of the dramatic events of war, but equally applicable to the arts of peace, and that the true heroes of man- kind are those who have manfully encountered and overcome the difficulties which might have hindered them from arriving at honorable ends by honest means. Viewed in this light, the pioneer who has subdued the wilderness of nature, and surrounded his home with the luxuries of a well directed hus- bandry, is socially far above the victorious warrior, and his toils, privations, 2 l8 LAMOILLE COUNTY. and successes are more worthy of record. Still, to those who dwell with in- terest on the recital of scenes of blood, this district is classic. Tradition relates that in ancient times it was the scene of long.and bloody wars between its savage possessors, who fought for the supremacy of its soil, and doubtless many a stealthy march and midnight massacre, had they but had their histo- rian, would now thrill the blood of the reader. But we have to leave this period of the buried past, through which the stream of time has coursed its way, without leaving more to mark its path than the scattered relics and obscure traces, which tell nothing, but that something was, and is not, to approach the period of authentic history ; and even here we find many Unks wanting in the claim of events, which might have enabled us to trace the progress of the discovery, and the settlement and the changes of dominion, which our country has undergone. There are good reasons for believing that the first civilized people who visited New England were a colony of Norwegians, or Northmen, who em- igrated thither, according to the original Icelandic accounts of their voyages of discovery, as follows : — " In the spring of A. D., 986, Eric the Red, so named from the fact of his having red hair, emigrated from Iceland to Greenland, and formed a settle- ment there. In 994, Biarne, the son of Heriulf Bardson, one of the settlers who accompanied Eric, returned to Norway, and gave an account of dis- coveries he had made to the south of Greenland. On his return to Green- land, Leif, the son of Eric, bought Biarne's ship, and, with a crew of thirty- five men, embarked on a voyage of discovery, A. D., 1000. After sailing sometime to the southwest, they fell in with a country covered with slaty rock, and destitute of good qualities, and which, therefore, they called ffeliu- land (Slateland). They then continued southerly until they found a low, flat coast, with white sand cliffs, and immediately back, covered with wood, whence the called the country Markland (Woodland). From here they sailed south and west, until they arrived at a promontory, which stretched to the east and north, and sailing round it turned to the west, and sailing to the westward, passed between an island and the main land, and entering a bay, through which flowed a river, they concluded to winter there. Having land- ed, they built a house to winter in, and called the place Leifsbuthir (Leifs booths). Soon after this they discovered an abundance of vines, whence they named the country Finland, or Wineland, which corresponds with the present country at the head of Narragansett Bay, in Rhode Island." Other discoverers and navigators followed this expedition, attemptsat col- onization were made, and the country was explored, in some locaUties, quite a distance back from the coast, but dissensions among themselves, and wars with the savages, at length put an end to these rude attempts at civilization, and except a few records, such as the above, and a " rune stone" found here and there throughout the territory, marking a point of discovery, or perhaps the grave of some unhappy Northman, the history of these explorations are wrapt in oblivion. Even the colonies that had been established in Greenland were at length abandoned, and the site upon which they flourished, became, for many years, forgotten. Finally, however, the fifteenth century was LAMOILLE COUNTY. ig ushered in, marking an era of great changes in Europe. It put an end to the darkness of the middle ages ; it witnessed the revival of learning and science, and the birth of many useful arts, among which not the least was printing. The invention of the mariner's compass in the preceding century- having enabled sailors to go out of sight of land with impunity, a thirst for exploring unknown seas was awakened. Long voyages were undertaken and important discoveries made. It was during this age of mental activity and growing knowledge, that Christopher Columbus undertook the most memorable enterprise that human genius ever planned, or human skill and courage ever performed. On the third of August, 1492, a little before sunrise, he set sail from Spain for the discovery of the western world. A little before midnight, on the thirteenth of October, he descried a light on the island of San Salvador. From this moment properly dates the complete history of America. From this time forward its progress bears date from a definite period, and is not shrouded in darkness, nor the mists of tradition. Two years after the discoveries of Columbus became known in England, Henry VII. engaged John Cabot, a Venetian merchant, to sail in quest of discoveries in the west, and this navigator, in 1497, reached the coast of Lab- rador, which he named Prima-vista, thus making, probably, the first visit of Europeans to this coast since the days of the Norsemen. This voyage was succeeded by others under Sebastian Cabot, son of John, in 1498; and by Gasper Cortereal, from Portugal, to whom the discovery of the St. Law- rence some authorities claim is due. This adventurer returned to Lisbon in the month of October of that year, laden with timber and slaves, seized from among the natives of the coasts he had visited. On a second voyage he per- ished at sea. In 1504, the French first attempted a voyage to the New World ; and in that year some Basque and Breton fishermen began to ply their calling on the banks of Newfoundland, and along its adjacent coasts. From these the island of Cape Breton derived its name. In 1525, Stefano Gomez sailed from Spain, and is supposed to have entered the Gulf of St. Lawrence and to have traded upon its shores. A Castilian tradition relates that finding neither gold nor silver upon the coasts, nor anything which con- veyed to these sordid adventurers an idea of mines of wealth of any kind, they frequently exclaimed " aca-nada," signifying " here is nothing," and that the natives caught up the sound which was repeated by them when other Europeans arrived, and thus gave origin to the designation of Canada. In 1534, Francis I., king of France, listening to the urgent advice of Philip Chabot, admiral of France, who portrayed to him in glowing colors the riches and growing power of Spain, derived from her Trans-Atlantic colonies, des- patched Jacques Cartier, an able navigator of St. Malo, who sailed April 20, 1534, with two ships of only sixty tons each, and a hundred and twenty men, reaching Newfoundland in May. After coasting along for some time, with- out knowing that it was an island, he at length passed the straits of Belleisle, LAMOILLE COUNTY. and traversed the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Having spent part of the summer on these coasts, he sailed on the 25th of July, highly pleased with the hos- pitable reception he had received from the natives, with whom he traded for furs and provisions. His report induced the French king to attempt a colony in the newly discovered regions ; and in May, 1535, Cartier again sailed with three small ships, with a numerous company of adventurers, and arrived on the coasts of Newfoundland much scattered and weakened by a disastrous- storm of July 26th. Here they took in wood and water, and proceeded to explore the gulf, but were overtaken, August ist, by a storm which obliged them to seek a port, difficult of access, but with a safe anchorage, near the mouth of the " Great river." They left this harbor on the 7th, and on the loth came to a gulf filled with numerous islands. Cartier gave to this gulf the name of Si. Lawrence, having discovered it on that saint's festival day. Proceeding on his voyage, he explored both shores of the St. Lawrence. Pleased with the friendly disposition of the natives and the comfortable pros- pects for a winter's sojourn, Cartier moored his vessels where a little river flowed into a " goodly and pleasant sound," which stream he named the St. Croix, near the Indian village of Stadacona, the site of the present city of Quebec. Subsequently, October 2d, he ascended the river to a populous Indian vil- lage called Hochelaga, upon the site of which the city of Montreal now stands. Here Donnacona, an Algonquin chief, conducted Cartier to the summit of a mountain situated about two miles from the village, and to which he gave the name of Mount Royal, or Montreal, and showed him, " in that bright October sun," the country for many miles south and east, and told him of great rivers and inland seas, and of smaller rivers and lakes penetrating a beautiful territory belonging to the warlike Iroquois. This beautiful country, which the chief called Iroquoisia, included the present State of Vermont. Thus, to Jacques Cartier, a French navigator and explorer, is due the honor of having been the first European to gaze upon the Green Mountains of Vermont. In May, Cartier returned to France, taking with him the Indian chief, Donnacona, and two other prominent natives of the village, as prisoners;, and they, who had treated him with such' uniform kindness, died in a strange land, exiles from their homes and friends. During each succeeding year, for some time after, expeditions were sent out to the newly discovered river, but misfortune attended them all, and no efficient attempt at colonizing the country was made until 1608, when DeMonts, a Calvinist, who had obtained from the King the freedom of religious faith for himself and followers in America, but under the engagement that the Catholic worship should be established among the natives, after several peril- ous voyages, and much opposition, despatched Champlain and Pontgrave, two experienced adventurers, to establish the fur trade and begin a settlement. Samuel Champlain reached Quebec, where Cartier had spent the winter nearly three-quarters of a century before, on the 3d of July. On the iSthof LAMOILLE COUNTY. the following April, 1609, in company with two other Frenchmen, and a number of the natives, he started up the St. Lawrence, and, after a time, turned southward up a tributary, and soon entered the lake which perpetuates his name. Thus entered the first European upon the territory now included within the limits of Vermont, unless, perhaps, we accept the testimony of the curi- ous document found a few years since, on the banks of the Missisquoi river in Swanton, as follows,: In December, 1853, as Messrs. Orlando Green and P. R. Ripley were engaged in excavating sand on the left bank of the Missis- quoi, near the village of Swanton, they discovered a lead tube about five inches long, and an inch and a half in diameter, embedded in the earth. Enclosed within this tube was found a manuscript, of which the following is an exact copy: — "Nov. 29 A D 1564. "This is the solme day I must now die this is the 90th day since we lef the Ship all have Parished and on the Banks of this River I die to farewelle may future Posteritye know our end. JOHNE GRAYE." This document had every appearance of being genuine, and nothing has occurred since to point in an opposite direction. It certainly does not seem improbable that a party of sailors should wander away from their ship, or for some cause be left behind, and that they should then become lost and finally ■die in the forest ; and it is also very natural that a sailor should leave some record to tell of his fate. But be that as it may, there is, of course, no posi- tive evidence that the manuscript is genuine. The early explorations and discoveiies we have mentioned, led to much litigation and controversy on the part of the several European countries un- der whose auspices they had been conducted. The English, on the ground of the discoveries by the Cabots, claimed the territory from Labrador to Florida, to which they gave the name Virginia ; but their explorations were confined principally to the coast between Maine and Abermarle Sound. The French confined their explorations principally to the country bordering on the St. Lawrence and its tributaries, which they named New France, while the Dutch, by virtue of the discoveries of Henry Hudson, afterwards laid claim to the country between Cape Cod and the Delaware river, which they called New Netherlands. Attempts at colonization were made by England during the reign of Ehza- beth, but they proved abortive, and it was not until the Tudor dynasty had passed away, and several years of the reign of James I., the first of the Stuarts, had elapsed, before the Anglo-Saxon gained any permanent foothold. Stimulated by the spirit of rivalry with France, England pushed her explora- tions and discoveries, while France, from her first colony on the St. Law- rence, had explored the vast region from the great lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, and established among the savages missions and trading posts, first in Canada, then in the West, and finally in New York and Vermont. LAMOILLE COUNTY. But the rivalries and jealousies that had made France and England so long enemies in the Old World, were transplanted to the New Continent The French made allies of the savages and waged war against the English, and years of bloodshed followed. The first of these hostilities, which are now known as the Old French Wars, began with William's accession to the throne of England, in 1690, and was terminated ,in the peace of Ryswic, in 1697. Queen Anne's war, so called, came next, commencing in r702, and, ter- minating in the peace of Utrecht, in 1713. The third controversy was declared by George II., in 1744, and continued until the preliminaries of peace were signed at Aux-la-Chapelle, in 1748. The last conflict was form- ally declared by Great Britain, in 1756, and terminated by the capture of Montreal, in September, 1760, when the whole of New France was surren- dered to Great Britain. During the progress of these wars, the territory of Vermont was often crossed by portions of both armies, and a few settlements sprang up. The first of these was in 1665, on Isle LaMotte, where a fort was erected by Captain De LaMotte, under command of M. De Tracy, governor of New France. In 1690, Captain De Narm, with a party from Albany, N. Y., es- tablished an outpost in the present town of Addison, at Chimney Point, where he erected a small stone fort. The first permanent settlement, how- ever, was made at Brattleboro, in 1724, when Fort Dummer was built. For six or seven years the garrison of this fort were the only white inhabitants. In 1730, the French built a fort at Chimney Point, and a considerable popu- lation settled in the vicinity. In r739, ^ ^^^ persons settled in Westminster, and about the same time a small French settlement was begun at Alburgh, on what is now called Windmill Point, but was soon abandoned. The colony at Westminster increased but slowly, and in 1754, the whole population, alarmed by the Indian attack upon Charleston, N. H., deserted their homes. Forts were erected, and small settlements were commenced in several other places, but fear of the Indians prevented any large emigration till after the last French war, when, the Province of Canada being then ceded to Great Britain, the fear of hostile incursions subsided, and the population rapidly in- creased. During this period of rapine, the early settlers of Vermont, few though they were, were constantly exposed to the depredations of the savages, for the frontiers of both New England and Canada were one continued scene of massacre and devastation. The most memorable of these massacres was the sacking of Deerfield, Mass., in 1704. A party of about 300 of the enemy under De Rauville, set out from Canada, against this ill-fated place, in the dead of winter. They proceeded up lake Champlain, to the mouth of the Winooski river, and following up that stream, they passed over to the Con- necticut river. Proceeding down the river on the ice, they arrived in the vicinity of Deerfield on the 29th of February. Here they concealed them- selves till the latter part of the night, when, perceiving that the watch had LAMOILLE COUNTY. 23 left the streets, and that all was quiet, they rushed forward to the attack. The snow was so high as to enable them to leap over the fortifications without difficulty, and they immediately separated into several parties so as to make their attack upon every house at the same time. The place was completely surprised, the inhabitants having no suspicion of the approach of the enemy till they entered their houses. Yet surprised and unprepared as they were, the people of Deerfield made a vigorous defense ; but were at length over come by the enemy. Forty-seven of the inhabitants were slain, the rest captured, and the village plundered and set on fire. The old bell captured at this time and carried by the savages to the vicin- ity of Burlington, there buried in the sand, and at last carried into Canada, is an historical fact known to almost all school children. To show something of the character of the savages at that time, and partly on account of its wierd fascination, we print the following interesting legend, found some years since in an old EngUsh publication : — " Father Nicolas having assembled a considerable number of Indians who had been converted to the Catholic faith, had established them in the village which now bears the name of the Saut St. Louis, upon the river St. Law- rence. The situation of this village is one of the most magnificent which the banks of that noble river presents, and is among the most picturesque the country affords. The church stands upon a point of land which juts into the river, and its bell sends its echoes over the waters with a clearness which forms a striking contrast with the iron bells which were formerly so common in Canada, while the tin-covered spire of the church, glittering in the sun- hght, with the dense and gloomy forest which surrounds it, gives a character of romance to this little church, and the legend of its celebrated bell. " Father Nicolas having, with the aid of the Indians, erected a church and a belfry, in one of his sermons explained to his humble auditors, that a bell was necessary to a belfry, as a priest to a church, and exhorted them to lay aside a portion of the furs that they had collected in hunting, until enough was accumulated to purchase a bell, which could only be procured by send- ing to France. The Indians exhibited an inconceivable ardor in performing this religious duty, and the packet of furs was promptly made out, and for- warded to Havre where an ecclesiastical personage was delegated to make the purchase. The bell was accordingly ordered, and in due time forwarded on board the Grande Monarque, which was on the point of sailing for Quebec. But after her departure, it so happened that one of the wars which the French and English then so often waged sprung up, and in consequence the Grande Monarque never attained her destined port, but was taken by a New England privateer, brought into the port of Salem, where she was condemned as a lawful prize, and sold for the benefit of her captors. The bell was purchased by the village of Deerfield, upon the Connecticut river, for a church then about being erected by the congregation of the celebrated Rev. John Williams. 2 4 LAMOILLE COUNTY. " When Father Nicolas received news of the misfortune, he assembled his Indians, related to them the miserable condition of the bell, retained in pur- gatory in the hands of heretics, and concluded by saying that it would be a most praiseworthy enterprise to go and recover it. This appeal had, as it were, a kind of inspiration, and fell upon its hearers with all the force of the eloquence of Peter the Hermit, in preaching the crusades. The Indians de- plored together the misfortune of their bell, which had not hitherto received the rite of baptism ; they had not the slightest idea of a bell, but it was enough for them that Father Nicolas, who preached and said mass for them, in their church, said that it had some indispensable use in the services of the church. Their eagerness for the chase was in a moment sus- pended, and they assembled together in groups, and seated on the banks of the river, conversed on the unhappy captivity of their bell, and each brought forward his plan which he deemed most likely to succeed in effecting its re- covery. Some of their number, who had heard a bell, said that it could be heard beyond the murmur of the rapid, and that its voice was more har- monious than that of the sweetest songster of the grove, heard in the quiet stillness of evening, when all nature was hushed in repose. All were melan- choly and inspired with a holy enthusiasm ; many fasted, and others per- formed severe penances to obtain the deliverance of the bell, or the palli- ation of its sufferings. "At length the day of its deliverance upproached. The Marquis de Vau- dreuel, governor of Canada, resolved to send an expedition against the British colonies of Massachusetts and New Hampshire. The command of this expedition was given to Major Hertel de Rouville, and one of the priests of the Jesuit college, at Quebec, was sent to procure the services of Father Nicolas to accompany the expedition. The Indians were immediately assembled in the church ; the messenger was presented to the congregation, and Father Nicolas, in a solemn discourse, pointed to him as worthy of their veneration, from his being the bearer of glad tidings, who was about depart- ing for his return to Qubec, to join the war. At the end of the discourse, the whole audience raised with one voice the cry of war, and demanded to be led to the place where their bell was detained by the heretics. The sav- ages immediately began to paint themselv,es in the most hideous colors, and were animated with a wild enthusiasm to join the expedition. " It was in the dead of winter when the Indians departed to join the army of M. de Rouville, at Fort Chambly. Father Nicolas marched at their head, with a large banner surmounted by a cross, and as they departed from their village, their wives and little ones, in imitation of women of the crusades, who animated the warriors of Godfrey of Bauillon, they sang a sacred hymn which their venerated priest had selected for the occasion. They arrived at Fort Chambly after a march of great hardship, at the moment that the French soldiers were preparing to start on their march up Lake Champlain. The Indians followed in their rear, with that perseverance peculiar to their char- LAMOILLE COUNTY. 25 acter. In this order the Indians remained, following in silence, until they reached Lake Chatnplain, where all the army had been ordered to rendezvous. The lake was then frozen? and less covered by snow than the shores, and was taken as a more convenient route for the army. With their thoughts wrapped in the single contemplation of the unhappy captivity of their bell, the Indians remained taciturn during this pensive march, exhibiting no symptoms of fatigue or of fear ; no regret for their families or homes, and they regarded with equal indifference on the one hand the interminable line of forest, sometimes black from dense evergreen, and in others white from loads of snow ; and on the other, the black lines of rocks and deserts of snow and ice, which bordered their path. The French soldiers, who suffered dreadfully from fatigue and cold, regarded with admiration the agility and cheerfulness with which the Indians seemed to glide over the yielding surface of the snow on their snow shoes. The quiet endurance of the proselytes of Father Nicolas, thus forming a striking contrast with the irritability and im- patience of the French soldiers. " When they arrived at the point where now stands the city of Burlington, the order was given for a general halt, to make more efficient arrangements for penetrating through the forests to Massachusetts. In leaving this point M. de Rouville gave to Father Nicolas the command of his Indian warriors, and took the lead of his own himself, with compass in hand, to make the most direct course for Deerfield. Nothing which the troops had thus far suffered, could compare with what they now endured on this march through a wild country, in the midst of deep snow, and with no supplies beyond what they could carry. The French soldiers became impatient, and wasted their breath in curses and complaints at the hardships they suffered, but the In- dians, animated by a zeal which sustained them above the senses of hard- ships, remained steadfast in the midst of fatigue, which increased with the severity of their sufferings. Their custom of traveling in the forest had qualified them for these hardships, which elicited the curses and execrations of their not less brave, but more irritable companions. Some time before the expedition arrived at its destination, the priest Nicolas fell sick from over exertion. His feet were worn by the labor of traveling, and his face torn by the branches which he neglected to watch in his eagerness to follow the troops. He felt that he was engaged in a holy expedition, and recalling to mind the martyrdom of the saints, and the persecutions which they endured, he looked forward to the glory reserved for his reward for the sufferings which he might encounter in recovering the bell. "On the evening of February 29, 1704, the expedition arrived within two miles of Deerfield, without being discovered. De Rouville here ordered his men to rest and refresh themselves a short time, and he here issued his orders for attacking the town. The surface of the snow was frozen, and crushed under their feet, but De Rowville, with a remarkable sagacity, adopted a stratagem to deceive the inhabitants and the garrison. He gave orders that 26 LAMOILLE COUNTY. in advancing to the assault, his troops should make frequent pauses, and then rush forward with rapidity ; thus imitating the noise made in the forest by the irregular blowing of the wind among branches lad»n with ice. The alarm was at length given, however, and a severe combat ensued, which resulted in the capture of the town, and the slaughter or dispersion of the inhabitants of the garrison. " This attack occurred in the night, and at daybreak the Indians who had been exhausted by the labors of the night, presented themselves before Father Nicolas in a body, and begged to be led to the bell, that they might by their homage prove their veneration for it. Their priest was greatly affected by this earnest request, and De Rouville and others of the French laughed im- moderately at it, but the priest wished not to discourage them in their wishes, and he obtained of the French chief permission to send one of his soldiers to ring it in the hearing of the Indians. The sound of the bell in the stillness of a cold morning, and in the midst of the calmness of the forest, echoed clear and far, and fell upon the ears of the simple Indians, like the voice of an oracle. They trembled, and were filled with fear and wonder. The bell was taken from the belfrey, and attached to a pole in such a manner that four men could carry it, and in this way it was borne off with their plunder in triumph, the Indians glorying in the deliverance of this miraculous wonder. But they shortly perceived it was too heavy a burden for the rugged route they pur- sued, and the yielding nature of the snows over which they traveled. Accord- ingly, upon arriving at the point on the lake where they had left it, they buried their treasure, with many benedictions of Father Nicolas, until the period should arrive when they could transport it with more convenience. "As soon as the ice had disappeared, and the bland air of spring had re- turned, giving foliage to the trees, and the fragrance and beauty of flowers to the forests, father Nicolas again assembled at the church his Indian converts, to select a certain number of the tribe, who, with the assistance of a yoke of oxen, should go and bring in the dearly prized bell. During this interval, all the women and children of the Indian villages, having been informed of the wonderful qualities of the bell, awaited its arrival with eagerness and im- patience, and regarded its advent as one of those events which but rarely mark the progress of ages. As the time approached when the curious object should arrive, they were assembled on the bank of the river, and discoursing upon the subject, when far off in the stillness of the twilight, there was heard from the depths of the forest a sound which, from being feeble and scarcely audi- ble, became every moment louder. Every one listened, when presently the cry arose, ' it is the bell ! it is the bell ! !' and in a moment after, the oxen were seen emerging from the wood, surrounded by a group of Indians, and bear- ing the precious burden on a pole between them. They had hung upon the beam and around the bell, clusters of wild flowers and leaves, and the oxen were adorned with garlands of flowers. Thus marching in triumph. Father Nicolas entered his village, more proud of his success, and received with more LAMOILLE COUNTY. 27 heartfelt joy, than a Roman general returning in triumph from the conquest of nations. From this triumphal march in the midst of the quiet of the even- ing, which was broken only by the murmur of the rapid, softened by the dis- tance arose the shouts of rejoicing, as the cortege entered the village, and the idol bell was deposited in the church. Every one gratified his eager curiosity by examining the strange and musical metal, and the crusade had been crowned with unqualified success. " In due time the bell was raised to its place in the belfrey, and has ever since, at the accustomed hours, sent its clear tones over the broad bosom of the St. Lawrence, to announce the hour of prayer and lapse of time, and although its tones are shrill and feeble beside its modern companions, they possess a music, and call up an association which will long give an interest to the church of the Saut St. Louis, at the Indian village of Caughnawaga." During these wars, also, grants of land lying within the present limits of the State had been made by the Dutch, at Albany, by the French, and by the colonies of Massachusetts, New Hampshire and New York, and each claimed jurisdiction over them. All of these claims, except that of New York, however, were relinquished without much controversy, of which more will be spoken on another pige. But at the sessation of hostilities the lands were sought so eagerly by adventurers, speculators, and settlers, that in a single year subsequent to 1760, Gov. Wentworth, of New Hampshire, granted in the name of King George III., not less than sixty townships of six miles square, and two years later the number of such grants amounted to 138. The territory now began to be known by the name of the " New Hampshire Grants," and the number of actual settlers soon became quite large. The affairs of these settlers were managed by committees in the several towns, who met in general convention, when occasion required, to provide for their com- mon defense and welfare. The decrees of these conventions were regarded as law, and violations of them were punished with extreme severity. While the Revolutionary war was in progress, the land title controversy was sus- pended, and all efforts were directed toward the common enemy. But soon after the war broke out it became apparent that the settlers of the Grants needed some better organization than was possible by means of committees and conventions. Accordingly, in 1776, a convention was held at Dorset, and an address was prepared, declaring the unwillingness of settlers to be re- garded as subjects of New York. This was not favorably received by Con- gress, whereupon the more resolute of the people determined to assume the powers of an independent State, and risk the consequences. Another con- vention was held at Dorset, in June, and met again by adjournment in Sep- tember, when such measures were taken, that at a convention held in West- minster it was decided, on the i6th of January, 1777, that the following decla- ration should be adopted : — " This convention, whose members are duly chosen by the free voice of their constituents, in the several towns, on the New Hampshire Grants, in 2 8 LAMOILLE COUNTY. public meeting assembled, in our names, and in behalf of our constituents do hereby proclaim and publicly declare, that the district of territory compre- hending and usually known by the name and description of the New Hamp- shire Grants, of right ought to be, and is hereby declared forever hereafter to be considered, as a free and independent jurisdiction or State, by the name and forever hereafter to be called, known and distinguished by the name of New Connecticut, ahas Vermont: and that the inhabitants that at present are or may hereafter become resident, by procreation or emigration, within said territory, shall be entitled to the same privileges, immunities, and enfranchise- ments, as are allowed ; and on such condition, and in the same manner, as the present inhabitants, in future, shall or may enjoy; which are. and forever shall be considered to be such privileges and immunities to the free citizens and denizens, as are, or, at any time hereafter, may be allowed, to any such inhabitants, or any of the free and independent States of America: and that such privileges and immunities shall be regulated in a bill of rights' and by a form of government, to be established at the next adjourned session of this convention." This independence Vermont pursued, asking no favors, enjoying no bene- fits of the Union, and sharing none of her burdens, until March 4, 1791, when she was admitted as one of the Federal States, with the full rights and immunities belonging thereto. Thus the State exists to-day — so may it al- ways exist. The territory whose history we have thus attempted to briefly outline, is situated in the northwestern corner of New England, and lies between 42° 44', and 45" of north latitude, and between 3'' 35', and 5° 29' east longitude, reckoning from Washington, the most eastern extremity being in the town of Canaan, and the most western in the town of Addison. Its length, from north to south, is 157^ miles, and the average width from east to west, 57J miles, thus giving an area of 9,056;^ square miles, or 5,795,960 acres. The constitution of the State was adopted July 2, 1777, and has remained without very' material alterations, the chief being the substitution of a senate of thirty members, apportioned to the several counties according to popula- tion, and chosen by a plurality of the freemen of the several counties, in lieu of a council of twelve members chosen by a plurality of the votes of the State at large ; and in 1870, a change from annual to biennial State elections and meetings of the legislature. The frame of government now provides for: 1st. The executive, the chief officers of which are governor, lieutenant- governor, and treasurer, all of whom are elected biennially, by the freemen of the State. 2d. A senate of thirty members, elected as before mentioned. 3d. A house of representatives, consisting of one member from each organ- ized town, elected by the freemen thereof. 4th. A judiciary, the officers of which are all elective, the judges of the supreme court, (who are also chan- cellors,) by the senate and the house of representatives, in joint assembly ; the assistant judges of county courts, (a judge of the supreme court presides in each county court,) judges of the probate courts, sheriffs. State's attor- neys, and high baiHffs, by the freemen of the respective counties ; and justices of the peace by the freemen of the several towns. The State election is LAMOILLE COUNTY. 29 held in September, biennally, and a majority of all the votes cast is required to elect every officer, except senators and other county officers, including in the latter justice of the peace elected by the several towns; but in March, the freemen of each town meet for the transaction of the pubHc business of the town and the election of all town officers. Every term of town officers is limited to one year, or until others are elected, and all town elections are therefore annual. The governor's power of appointment is very hmited, em- bracing, ordinarially, his secretary and miUtary staff only ; but he has power to fill any office created by law, where the appointment is not fixed by the constitution or a statute, a case which has rarely occurred ; and also to fill any vacancy occurring by death or otherwise, until the office can be filled in the manner required by constitution or laws. By recent statutes, the governor may nominate, subject to approval by the senate, various officers. The heads of the various State bureaus, (except the treasurer,) and generals of divisions and brigades, are elected by the senate and house in joint assembly, — the former officers biennially, and generals when vacancies occur. The general assembly meets in the even years, on the first Wednesday in October. The first officers in 1778, were as follows : Thomas Chittenden, governor; Joseph Marsh, lieutenant-governor ; Ira Allen, treasurer ; T. Chandler, secre- tary of State ; Nathan Clark, speaker ; and Benjamin Baldwin, clerk. Lamoille county, as now constituted, once formed a part of the original counties of Albany, Charlotte, Bennington, Rutland, Addison, Chitten- den, Franklin, Orleans, and Washington. The old Dutch county of Albany, with Albany, N. Y., as its capitol, extended north to the Province line. During the controversy between New York and the New Hampshire grantees, numerous writs of ejectment, executions, and other legal processes were issued out of, and made returnable to the courts at Albany, and were served, or at least were attempted to be served, by the sheriffs of that place. On March 12, 1772, New York, in order " that offenders may be brought to justice, and creditors may recover their just dues," proceeded to set off from Albany, and erect a new county, called Charlotte, on the western side of the mountains. Skeensboro, now Whitehall, N. Y., was made the shire town, and Phihp Skeene appointed chief judge of the court of common pleas. After the organization of the State, however, on February 11, 1779, Ver- mont was divided into two counties, the Green Mountains forming the di- viding line, the portion on the east being called Cumberland, and that on the west Bennington county. Each county was divided into two shires, that on the east into Westminster and Newbury, and Bennington and Rutland, on the west. This division remained till the extra session of the legislature, in February, 1781, when the county of Rutland was incorporated from Benning- ton, and Windsor and Orange counties were incorporated from Cumberland, and the name of Cumberland altered to Windham. Rutland county in turn extended through to the northern line of the State, for a period of four years, eight months, and five days, during which time courts were held at Tm- 3° LAMOILLE COUNTY. mouth. The State then, on October i8, 1785, dismembered the old county, incorporating from it a new one, called Addison, and made the towns of Ad- dison and Colchester half shires. Chittenden county was then in turn set off from Addison, October 22, 1787, and November 5, 1792, Franklin and Orleans counties were incorporated. In 1834, Nathan Smilie, Isaac Gris- wold, Nathaniel Read, John Fassett, R. Read, Joseph Waterman, Thomas Waterman, Joshua Sawyer, W. P. Sawyer, Almon Tinker, Joseph Sears, Thomas Taylor, P. G. Camp, and others, petitioned the legislature for a new county, and the bill passed the house, but was laid over in the council. The next year, however, it passed both branches of the legislature, and Lamoille county was incorporated October 26, 1835. It then embraced twelve towns: Eden, Hyde Park, Morristown, and Wolcott, from Orleans county; Belvidere, Cambridge; Johnson, Sterling, and Waterville, from Franklin county ; Elmore and Stowe, from Washington county; and Mansfield, from Chittenden county. In 1848, Mansfield was annexed to Stowe, and in 1855, Sterling was divided between Johnson, Morristown, and Stowe, leaving the county with but ten towns. Lamoille county, next to Grand Isle the smallest in the State, hes north of the central part of the same, between latitude 44° 24', and 44° 46', and long- itude 4° 7', and 4'' 34', bounded north byFrankUnand Orleans counties, east by portions of Orange, Caledonia, and Washington counties, south by Wash- ington county, and west by Franklin and Chittenden counties. Its extent from north to south is about 27 miles, and nearly the same from east to west, thus giving it an area of about 420 square miles, or 268,800 acres, which contains a population of 12,684. In surface it is varied by all the charms of nature, from towering cloud- capped mountains to the sylvan dales and silvery lakelets that adorn its nestling valleys. Turn which way you will, the lover of the beautiful in nature cannot fail to meet with that which will both charm and captive the senses. Upon the north and west rise Mansfield, Sterling, and White-face mountains in their splendor. Upon the south and east are Hog-back and Elmore mountains, while between them extend broad intervales of excellent farming land. Mount Mansfield, consisting of three distinct peaks, lies in the southern part of Cambridge, extending also into the towns of Underhill and Stowe. Its summit, 4,389 feet above tide water, is the highest point of land in the State. The name Mansfield is derived from the contour resemblance of the mountain to the face of a human being, the three peaks being designated as the Chin, the Nose, and the Lips. The Chin furnishes one of the grandest and most extensive views in New England. Standing upon its summit in a clear day, the observer looks down upon the country extending from the base of the mountain to Lake Champlain as he would upon a map, and beholds in the outspread panorama an agreeable diversity of hills and villages, forests and cultivated fields, villages and streams of water. Further along in the LAMOILLE COUNTY. 31 picture may be seen Lake Champlain, which at intervals is observed, far to the north and south, peering out in the blue distance like inlaid masses of highly polished silver, to give light and beauty to the scene. The valley of the lake maybe traced its entire length, beyond which arise the majestic and picturesque Adirondacks, which give a romantic beauty to the background of the picture, and terminate the vision in that direction by their numerous pointed summits. Turning to the east, the wavy line of the horizon is broken by the sharp outlines of the White Mountains, which rise up in the dim dis. tance sixty miles off, and form a marked feature in the landscape, while the intervening space is filled with innumerable summits of hills and mountains, with deep extended valleys, showing the location and courses of the Con- necticut, Winooski and Lamoille, and their numerous tributaries. To the north can be seen the wide-spread valley of the St. Lawrence, and by the aid of a glass in a clear day steamers may be seen gliding upon its waters. The well-known figure of Montreal mountain, from which Cartier first looked upon the mountains of Vermont, rises in the hazy distance. Sterling Mountain is about four miles northeast from the chin, in the town- ship of Morristown. Its altitude is a httle less than 4,000 feet, and were it not for the proximity of Mansfield, would doubtless be regarded as one of the favorite resorts for " sight-seeing ;" for the same enchanting glories are visible from this peak that meet the eye on Mansfield. Between these two mountains a deep gorge intervenes, known as Smuggler's Notch, through which, in the early settlement, a bridle road was kept open, and tradition says contraband goods were secreted in and found their way through it ; but lat- terly no one disturbs its solitude, except those seeking an exhibition of nature in her wildest and most romantic haunts. The country is well watered by numerous ponds and rivers. The La- moille river forms the principal water-course. It enters in the southeastern part of Wolcott, and receives two streams from Eden — Wild branch and Green river ; thence it flows through Morristown, and receives three other streams from the south ; and the Gihon, from Eden, empties into the La- moille, in Johnson, and at Cambridge, Waterville branch on the north, and Brewster river and Seymour branch on the south. It leaves the county in Cambridge, entering Franklin county. In Johnson and Hyde Park are some large intervales, and the stream moves slowly ; in Morristown and Wolcott the meadows are small and the stream is swifter. In Johnson there are two falls in the river. Cady's and Safford falls in Morristown are fine water- powers, and there are many small branches that afford good mill-privileges. Waterbury river and its branches water Stowe, and there leaves the county. Ponds are very numerous. Among the most interesting are Bear Head and Lake of the Clouds, on Mt. Mansfield ; SterUng, one mile in length by half a mile in width ; Elmore, which lies in Elmore, one mile or more in length — on one side a neat village, and on the otl;er a craggy mountain ; in Belvidere, at the base of Belvidere mountain, a pond a mile and a half in length, and one small 32 LAMOILLE COUNTY. pond in the western part of Waterville. In Hyde Park there are twelve ponds, and in Eden there are twenty, large and small. GEOLOGICAL. Nearly the whole county overlies a bed of rocks of the talcose schist forma- tion. In the western part this bed is cut by a range of gneiss which has an average width of about five miles and extends the whole length of the county. In the eastern part there extends a parallel vein of clay slate, bearing a mean: width of about one mile. Soapstone is found in Waterville, Johnson, and near SterUng pond. In Wolcott there is an inexhaustible whetstone ledge. Wolcott and Elmore have a large copper-bed which will be, some day, a great place for mining. Ochre is found in Hyde Park and Cambridge, and near Sterling pond. Lead is also said to have been discovered by the Indians in Belvidere. Veins of gold and silver have also been discovered, but not in quantities sufficient to warrant remunerative working. STAPLE PRODUCTIONS. Most of the county is an uncommonly fine farming territory, with a soil varying from clay and gravel to the finest alluvial deposits, and well adapted to grazing purposes and the manufacture of butter and cheese. Considerable attention is also given to raising fine bred horses and cattle. As the soil, etc , will be found more particularly mentioned in connection with the several town sketches, we will, at this point, only give some idea of the extent of the products by the following statistics, taken from the census reports of 1870. During that year there were 106,638 acres of improved land in the county, while the farms were valued at $5,675,180.00 and produced 18,257 bushels of wheat, 2,740 bushels of rye, 61,836 bushels of Indian corn, 168,103 bushels of oats, 2,777 bushels of barley, 20,224 bushels of buckwheat, and 333,185 bushels of potatoes. There were also 2,703 horses, 8,886 milch cows, 1,375 working oxen, 9,377 sheep, and 2,480 hogs. From the milk of the cows was manufactured 984,378 pounds of butter, and 39,199 pounds of cheese, while the sheep yielded 50,022 pounds of wool. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. An Agricultural Society was organized at an early date, and has been con- tinued in various forms since, though it has nearly dwindled out several times. In 1872, it was reorganized as the Lamoille Valley Fair Ground Company, with R. R. Waite, of Stowe, president ; Alger Jones, of Wolcott, treasurer; and A. A. Niles, of Morrisville, clerk. The fair ground is sit- uated in Morristown, and is one of the best located and finest arranged in the State. The present officers of the society are as follows : Hon. George W. Hendee, of Morrisville, president ; W. S. Pond, of Eden, vice-president; H, D. W. Doty, of Hyde Park, treasurer ; and A. A. Niles, of Morrisville, clerk. LAMOILLE COUNTY. 33 MANUFACTURES. The first manufacturing in the county was purely domestic. It was in the early days when the beautiful spring weather always found the men busy at the " break and swingle-board," and within doors the busy hum of hetcheling, carding, and spinning, was constantly heard. The early settlers were obliged to raise their flax and manufacture their own wearing apparel, for it must be remembered it then required sixty-four bushels of barley to buy one yard of broadcloth, and one bushel of wheat to purchase a yard of calico. The first general business and article of commerce was potash or salts of lye, which was manufactured in every town. Following this, as grain became more abundant, was the manufacture of distilled liquors. This business was car- ried on quite extensively, there being at one time ten distilleries in the town of Cambridge alone. The great mart for this article was at Montreal. Next came the hemp trade. A large manufactory for dressing the hemp for market was erected in Waterville; but this soon died out and the factory was converted into a woolen-mill. The manufacture of starch has also been con- ducted quite extensively, and is carried on to a considerable degree at the present time. All through this period, however, as is common in all timbered districts, the manufacture of lumber has received great attention. The prin- cipal manufacturing interests of to-day are lumber, in its various branches, starch, woolen goods, butter, cheese, etc., all of which will be found noted in connection with the sketches of the several towns wherein they are con- ducted. According to the United States census report of 1870, the county had 106 manufacturing estabhshments, operated by four steam engines and eighty-one water-wheels, giving employment to 251 persons. There were $229,775.00 invested in manufacturing interests, while the manufactured products were valued at $403,825.00. COURTS AND COUNTY BUILDINGS. The act of the legislature incorporating the county provided that when some town should erect a suitable court-house and jail, the county should be deemed organized. This of course gave rise to much competition,, as each town would naturally wish to secure to itself the advantages and dignity ap- pertaining to the county seat. The lower portion of the county considered it the most advantageous to have Johnson made the shire town, while the northern portion wished to have it vested in Morristown. Finally the mooted question was left for a committee to settle, and Joshua Sawyer, a member of the bar, who exerted a great influence in public matters, secured the county seat for Hyde Park, and the buildings were erected there. The town bore the expense of erecting the buildings, and the court-house was built, and the county courts held there in December, 1836, where the supreme court now meets on the third Tuesday in August, and the county court on the fourth Tuesday in April, and first Tuesday in December. The building is a wood 3 24 LAMOILLE COUNTY. Structure, containing a convenient court-room, jury room, etc., and the county clerk's office, and office of the probate judge. In 1875, an addition of twenty-five feet was made to the length of the building. The first county officers were as follows : J udges, Jonathan Bridges, Mor- ristown; Joseph Waterman, Johnson ; State's attorney, O. W. Butler, Stowe; judge of probate, Daniel Dodge, Johnson ; sheriff, Almerin Tinker, Mor. ristown; bailiff, Luther H. Brown, Eden; clerk, Philo G. Camp, Hyde Park. The other chief county officers, since its organization, have been as follows :— CHIEF JUDGES. Stephen Royce 1836-50 Milo L. Bennett 1850-51 Asahel Peck* 1851-57 Asa O. Aldisj 1857-65 John Pierpoint t May term, 1862 William C. Wilson 1 865-70 Timothy P. Redfield § 1870-74 Jonathan Ross T Dec. term, 1874 H. Henry Powers 1875 ASSISTANT JUDGES. Jonathan Bridge 1836-38 Joseph Waterman 1836-38 Isaac Pennock 1838-40 Gardner Gates 1838-40 David P. Noyes 1840-42 Nathan H. Thomas 1 840-42 John Warner 1842-44 Calvin Burnett 1842-44 Nathaniel Jones 1844-46 Moses Fisk 1844-46 Vernon W. Waterman 1846-48 Alpheus Morse 1846-48 John West 1848-49 John C. Bryant 1848-49 Henry Stowell 1849-51 John Meigs 1849-51 James M. Hotchkiss 1851-53 Giles A. Barber 1851-53 Nathan Foster 1853-SS Samuel Pennock 1853-55 Alger Jones 1855-5? * Presided apart of the May Term, 1863, and May term, 1867. f Excepting May term, 1862, and May term, 1863. ^ Presided a part of May term, 1863. § Presided a part of Dec, term, 1875. ^ Presided a part of April term, 1881, LAMOILLE COUNTY. 35 Eli Hinds ". . 1855-57 John C. Page 1857-59 Eli N. Bennett 1857-59 Samuel M. Pennock 1859-61 Norman Atwood 1859-61 Jerome B. Slayton 1861-63 William C. Atwell 1861-62 Samuel Plumley 1862-64 Thaddeus Hubbell 1863-65 Lyman B. Sherwin 1864-66 Lyman W. Holmes , . . . 1865-67 Russell S. Page 1866-68 Charles S. Parker 1867-69 Farwell Wetherby 1868-70 Thomas Potter 1 869-7 2 Prince A. Stevens 1870-72 Amasa Stevens 1872-74 James T. Parish 1872-74 Allen B. Smith 1874-76 Albert M. Woodbury 1874-76 James W. Stiles 1876-78 John H. Page 1876-78 Leander S. Small 1878-82 Edwin H. Shattuck 1878-80 Chester W. Ward 1880-81 Reubpn A. Savage 1881 Horace Wait 1882 COURT AUDITORS. David P. Noyes Vernon P. Noyes Vernon W. Waterman 1850-80 state's attorneys. Orion W. Butler 1836-38 Solomon Wires 1838-40 Harlow P. Smith 1840-42 W. H. H. Bingham 1842-44, 1849-51 Luke P. Poland 1844-46 William W. White 1846-48 Whitman G. Ferrin 1848-49 George Wilkins i«Si-S3 Thomas Gleed i8S3-55 John A. Childs i85S-S7 George W. Hendee 1857-59 Reuben C. Benton q|^"k H. Henry Powers o^'""^^ Philip K. Gleed* 1863-65 * Also appointed by the assistant judges of the Lamoille comity court, Octoberi, 1869, to fill a vacancy occasioned by the resignation of Charles J. Lewis. ,6 LAMOILLE COUNTY. Richard F. Parker 1865-67 Charles J. Lewis 1867-69 Marcellus A. Bingham 1869-72 Albert A. Niles 1872-74 Leonard S. Thompson 1874-76 Edgar W. Thorp 1876-78 Volney P. Macutchan 1878-80 Richard F. Parker 1880-82 Philip K. Gleed 1882 SHERIFFS. Almerin Tinker 1836-38 Riverius Camp 1838-40 Martin Armstrong 1840-42 Nathaniel P. Keeler , 1842-44 Horace Powers 1844-46 Jason Crane 1846-48 George W. Bailey 1848-49 Vernon W. Waterman 1849-51 Samuel M. Pennock 1851-53 Elisha Bentley 1853-54 Russell S. Page 1854-55 Emory Town 1855-57 Charles S. Parker 1857-59 Erastus P. Fairman 1859-61 Orlo Cady 1861-63 John B. Seaver 1863-65 David Randall 1865-67 WiUiam C. Doane 1867-69 George W. Doty 1869-72 Norman Camp 1872-74 Nason Chaffee 1874-76 Lyman B. Sherwin 1876-78 Jonas T. Stevens. 1878-80 Norris C. Raymore 1880-82 Herbert C. Lanpher 1882 COUNTY CLERKS. Philo G. Camp* 1836-48 Nathan Robinson 1 848 Harlow P. Smith 1848-49 Edward B. Sawyer 1849-51, 1853-61, 1868-75 Carlos S. Noyes 1851-53 Leander S. Small 1861-68 W. H. Harrison Kenfield 1875 * Wm. Camp died in the autumn of 1848, and Nathan Robinson succeeded him for the remainder of his term. LAMOILLE COUNTY. 37 MEMBERS OF THE COUNTV BAR. Names. Orin W. Butler* Alanson C. Burke William H. H. Bingham . . . George Wilkins Leander S. Small Edward B. Sawyer Henry J. Stowell George W. Hendee Waldo Brigham H. Henry Powers Philip K. Gleed Asahel M. Burke Madison O. Heath Richard F. Parker George L. Waterman Carlos C. Burke W. H. Harrison Kenfield.... Leonard S. Thompson Albert A. Niles Volney P. Macutchan Henry C. Fisk Edgar W. Thorp Joel W. Page Wallace H. Parker Carroll F. Randall Thomas Jefferson Boynton. Henry Moses McFarland. . . Stowe . . . . Hyde Park Cambridge Morrisville Hyde Park Morrisville Johnson Wolcott. Hyde Park Morrisville Hyde Park Stowe .... Morrisville Stowe .... Morrisville Waterville . Cambridge Hyde Park Johnson . Hyde Park Where Admitted. Franklin Co, Washington Lamoille Co. Orleans Lamoille When Admittbd- Sept. Term, Nov. " Dec. " June " May II tt Dec. May tt Dec. May Dec. tt Oct. May Dec. May ti April 1826 1834 1835 1841 184s 1849 1851 I8SS 1857 1858 1859 i860 i860 1861 1862 1862 1862 1869 1870 1874 187s 187s 1878 1878 1878 1881 1881 • Died, 1883. Lamoille has never been prolific of crime, and the county has yet never convicted a person of a capital offense. In 1867, two men in Eden, Mc- Dowell and Finnegan, quarrelled about some land, and at last attacked each other with axes. The fight was short. McDowell received a slight wound, then buried his axe in Finnegan's side, inflicting a wound that resulted in his death in an hour. He was tried, and discharged on the ground that the deed was done in self-defense, for, it was claimed, had he not struck the fatal "blow, Finnegan would. THE POOR. Those who from age, infirmity, or otherwise, become unable to support themselves, and are so unfortunate as to be oWiged to rely upon public charity for support, are cared for, in conformity with the laws of the State, by the towns wherein thev reside. 38 LAMOILLE COUNTY. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. The St. johnsbury & Lake Champlain railroad, extending from Maquambay to St. Johnsbury, crosses this county, passing through the towns of Cambridge, Johnson, Hyde Park, Morristown, and Wolcott. It was formerly called the Lamoille Valley railroad, and was completed through to Swanton, and the first train of cars passed over it on Tuesday,July 17, 1877. Soon after this, the road was completed from the village of Swanton to the bay, about two rniles. The first train passed over this portion of the road August 23, 1877. The pres- ent officers of the company are Horace Fairbanks, of St. Johnsbury, presi- dent ; A. B. Jewett, superintendent ; W. P. Fairbanks, treasurer ; and G. H. Stevens, general freight and passenger agent. The Burlington & Lamoille railroad connects with the St. Johnsbury & Lake Champlain railroad at Cambridge Junction. The company was organized February 24, 1875, under the general laws of the State, with William B. Hatch, of New York, president ; N. Parker, of Burlington, vice-president ; E. W. Peck, of Burlington, treasurer ; and D. C. Linsley, of Burlington, gen- eral manager. The construction of the road was commenced in May, 1875, and it was finished and opened for trafiic July 2, 1877, extending from Bur- lington to Cambridge, a distance of thirty-five miles. The Burlington & Northeastern railroad company was chartered last year, 1882, authorizing the construction of a road from Cambridge Junction to North Ttoy and Newport. Owing to uncertainties then existing regarding desired connections at Troy, Newport was named as a terminus, as a precau- tionary measure, though it will probably extend to North Troy. The loca- ting survey for the first ten miles, from Cambridge Junction to Johnson, has already been made, (March, 1883,) and as soon as the season opens, work will be begun in earnest. NEWSPAPERS. During the first half of the present century, began the establishment of a newspaper in Lamoille county, an important era in the growth of any com- munity, for it marks the sure progress of enterprise. Since that time, except two or three intervals of a short period each, the people have not been with- out a home paper. The Christian Luminary, the first paper estabUshed in the county, was begun at Stowe, in September, 1830, issued by " a publishing committee," with Josiah Knight, contracting agent, and Rev. Jehiel P. Hendee, father of ex-Gov. Hendee, editor and proprietor. This was a small, semi-monthly sheet, continued about two years and a half During the first year of its publication, Mr. Hendee set the type and carried the forms forty miles, to Danvffle, Vt., to have the press-work done. He then secured a small press and did the printing at home. Among those who acted as his agents in the county, were Elder J. Moffit, of Tohnson ; B. R. Carpenter, of Waterville, LAMOILLE COUNTY. 39 and Galen Palmer, of Wolcott. In a copy shown the writer, No. 13, Vol. II., issued February 25, 1833, was the following novel announcement: — " Twenty-five per cent discount will be made to those who pay in advance [one dollar per annum], and the same will be added to those who neglect to pay at the end of the volume. All letters to the editor must be post-paid in order to secure due attention, unless containing one or more subscriptions." The Vermont State Paper, published at Johnson, by C. G. Eastman, was established in 1838, and continued two years. The Lamoille Express was then started by Mr. Eastman. This sheet passed into the hands of Wires & Co., who changed its title to the Lamoille Banner, and it finally expired, after a life of about thirty years. The Scorpion, a campaign paper, was published at Johnson a short time, by Eastman & Co., in 1840. The Lamoille Whig was commenced at Johnson, in 1S40, by Joseph Po- land. After about two years Mr. Poland changed the title to the Lamoille Standard, and one year later sold out to W. B. Hyde, who started a paper called The Family Visitor, and issued twenty-five numbers, when his paper came out under the name of The Investigator ; but there were not six num- bers issued when it was discontinued, and there was no other paper issued in the county until 1850 The American Citizen was then commenced at Morrisville, by J. A. Som- erby. This was continued a short time, when the name was changed to the American Observer, which, after a short time, died out. The Lamoille Newsdealer was commenced at Hyde Park, Friday, Novem- ber 30, i860, by S. Howard, Jr. In August, 1864, it was purchased by Charles C. Morse, who enlarged it and continued its publication until April, 1867, when Col. E. B. Sawyer bought the property. Mr. Sawyer published the paper until May 10, 1870, when Mr. Morse again assumed control. On June 8, 1876, it passed into the hands of Lucius H. Noyes ; his death, how- ever, February 4, 1877, left the paper without a head, though it was sus- tained by his estate until March 21, of that year. On that date its subscrip- tion list and good-will were purchased by A. A. Earle, then of the Vermont Citizen, who removed the office to Morrisville. The Vermont Citizen was started at Morrisville, April 3, 1873, by A. A. Earle. November 17, 1881, Mr. Earle sold out to H. C. Fiske and L. H. Lewis, and the paper was united with the Lamoille News, to form the News AND Citizen. The Lamoille News was commenced at Hyde Park, April 18, 1877, by O. S. Basford. On August 21, i878,^the names of Armstrong & Lewis appeared on the paper as publishers, with Mr. Basford as editor. On November 20th, Mr. Basford retired, and on August 6, 1879, Mr. Armstrong also relinquished his connection with the publication. Mr. Lewis continued in charge alone until November 17, 1881, when H. C. Fiske joined him in the purchase of the Vermont Citizen, and after the 23d of that month the papers were united under the title of the News and Citizen. 40 LAMOILLE COUNTY. The News and Citizen, whose history has thus already been told, is as bright and newsy a sheet as one would wish to meet. The editors, Messrs. Lewis & Fiske, illustrate by the paper they make each week, that they know what journalism is, and are not afraid to exert the energy necessary to bring their paper up to the standard. The Lamoille Publishing Co. also illustrate, by their workmanship, that they are fully competent and liberal enough to set forth their editors' work in an attractive form. The paper is ostensibly issued at Morrisville and Hyde Park, one of the editors residing in each village, though really the publishing office |is at Morrisville, and the job printing establishment at Hyde Park. ABORIGINAL OCCUPANCY. The territory embraced within the present limits of Vermont, previous to any occupation by Europeans, was claimed as a hunting-ground by several tribes of Indians wh© were hostile to each other, consequently it was often the scene of their savage wars, and constant invasion prevented its being made their permanent home. Indeed, it was Champlain's nominal purpose to help the Canadian Indians in their war with those in the region of the lake, that first brought him upon its waters. The Iroquois, or Five Nations, was a powerful confederacy composed of several tribes of Indians, who had planted themselves in Western New York, on the shores of Lakes Ontario and Erie, and were the inveterate enemies of the Canadian Indians. Champlain started from Quebec with about one hundred of the Canadian Indians, in i6og, and proceeded up the lake to the vicinity of Crown Point, where, on the western shore, as they had expected, they met a large party of Iroquois, who defied them. But, when Champlain, at a single fire of his arquebus, killed two chiefs and mortally wounded another, and another Frenchman fired from another quarter, they fled in alarm, ending the first battle fought on Lake Champlain. The origin of the Indian cannot be determined by history, nor will calcula- tion ever arrive at a probable certainty. For a period of over two hundred years the subject has engrossed the attention of learned men, and yet the question, "By whom was America peopled?" remains without satisfactory answer. In 1637, Thomas Morton wrote a book to prove that the Indians were of Latin origin. John Joselyn held, in 1638, that they were of Tartar descent. Cotton Mather inclined to the opinion that they were Scythians. James Adair seems to have been fully convinced that they were descendants of the Israelites, the lost tribes ; and, after thirty years' residence among them, published m 1775, an account of their manners and customs, from which he deduced his conclusions. Dr. Mitchell, after considerable investi- gation, concluded "that the three races, Malays, Tartars and Scandinavians, contributed to make up the great American population, who were the authors of the various works and antiquities found on the continent." DeWitt Clin- ton held, that " the probabiKty is. that America was peopled from various LAMOILLE COUNTY. 4 I quarters of the old world, and that its predominant race is the Scythian or Tartarian." Calmet, a distinguished author, brings forward the writings of Hornius, son of Theodosious the Great, who affirms that "at or about the time of the commencement or the Christian era, voyages from Africa and Spain into the Atlantic ocean were both frequent and celebrated /' and holds that " there is strong probability that the Romans and Carthagenians, even 300 B. C, were well acquainted with the existence of this country," adding that there are " tokens of the presence of the Greeks, Romans, Persians, and Carthagenians, in many parts of the continent.'' Then Priest, in his Ameri- can Antiquities, states that his observations had led him " to the conclusion that the two great continents, Asia and America, was peopled by similar races of men." It is unnecessary, however, to add to this catalogue. No two authorities agree. Great faults have been charged against the Indians, and great faults they doubtless possessed when judged from the standpoint of a different civili- ■zation. Were the line strictly drawn, however, it might be shown that, as a whole, they compared favorably with nations upon whom light had fallen for sixteen hundred years. This at least appears to their credit, that among them there were none who were cross-eyed, blind, crippled, lame, hunch-backed or limping; all were well-fashioned, strong in constitution of body, well propor- tioned, and without blemish. Until touched and warped by wrong treatment, wherever they were met, whether in Vermont, Canada, on the Potomac, the Delaware, or the Hudson, they were hberal and generous in their inter- course with the whites. More sinned against than sinning, they left behind them evidences of great wrongs suffered, their enemies being the witnesses. Numerous arrow-heads, spear-points, etc., found in different localities throughout the county, prove that it was at one time certainly a favorite hunting-ground, if not their permanent home. The Indians who claimed this territory, and the territory west of it to the vicinity of the Connecticut river, were a branch of the Abenaqui tribe, whose chief location, in modern times, has been at St. Francis. There was always an intimate connection between them and the Indians at St. Francis, and they have been commonly spoken of, by American writers, as St. Francis Indians ; and yet they had the distinguishing appellation of Coossucks, which is descriptive of the country where their principal lodge was. Coos, in the Abenaqui languages signifies the pines, and this name was applied by the Indians to two sections of coun- try upon the Connecticut river, one above the Fifteerir-mile falls, about Luen- burg, and the other below, about Newbury, on account of the great abund- ance of white pine timber in those places ; and the termination, suck, signi- fies river, so that Co-os-suck, signified the river of the pines. The Coossucks and St. Francis Indians, who always acted on the part of the French in the wars between the French and English colonies, were for many years the most blood-thirsty and cruel enemies that the frontier settle- ments of New England had to encounter. Two of these Indians, Capt. Joe 42 LAMOILLE COUNTY. and Capt. John, were known for years among the early settlers. The former once resided on the banks of a pond in Morristown whence it received its present name, Joe's Pond. Joe was mild and inoffensive in his disposition and used to boast that he had never pointed a gun at a man. When he be- came old and unable to support himself, the legislature of Vermont granted him an annual pension of $70.00 a year. He died at Newbury, February 19, r8i9, aged about eighty years, and with him fell the last of the Coossucks. Capt. John was the opposite of Joe in disposition, being fierce and cruel- He held a captain's commission during the revolution, and, at the head of a party of Indians, was attached to the American army, which captured Bur- goyne, and was also in the battle in which Braddock was defeated. He used to relate that he was knocked down by a British officer, whom he after- wards shot, and that he tried to shoot young Washington, but could not hit him. When under the excitement of strong drink, he exulted in the relation of his former deeds of barbarity, among which he told how he mutilated a woman taken at Fort Dummer, by cutting off her breasts, and would imitate her shrieks and cries of distress. In Cambridge there is a place called Indian hill, where hatchets, arrows, and many other relics were found. In the early part of the century, a party of the St. Francis Indians tarried for a time on this hill, and hunted and fished in the neighborhood, and as late as 1840, a number of families from the St. Francis Indians came into the town and encamped and made baskets and bark dishes for a while. WHEN FIRST SETTLED BY THE WHITES. The first settlement in the county was made in May, 1783, when John Spafford located in Cambridge. He came on from Pierpont, N. H., and cleared two acres of land, which he planted with corn, and then proceeded to build a log house, covermg it with bark. Most of his crop of corn was destroyed by an overflow of the Lamoille river, but what was left he harvested in the autumn, and returned to New Hampshire for his wife and two children. In this small cabin, furnished with no windows, and with a bed-quilt for a door, they passed the first winter, their nearest neighbors being in Jericho, a distance of twenty miles, and the nearest road the Hazen road in Craftsbury. Mr. Spafford suffered many hardships and privations. On one occasion he took a grist on a hand-sled and went down the river on the ice to Colchester Falls, twenty-five miles, to get it ground. On his return, when a number of miles from home, being very hungry and fatigued, he struck a fire, wet up some of the meal in the top of the bag, baked it and ate his supper, and then resumed his journey. Mrs. Spafford sat up until late at night wait- ing for him to return, but as he did not come, she retired, and dreamed that her husband was caUing for help. She awoke, but, as all was still, soon fell asleep and dreamed the same again, and awakening the second time arose, LAMOILLE COUNTY. 43 and taking a torch went down to the river, where she found her husband nearly exhausted from fatigue, and unable to get up the bank. The summer following Mr. Spafford's settlement, Amos Fassett, Stephen Kinsley, John Fassett, and Samuel Montague, from Bennington, and Noah Chittenden, from Arhngton, came on and joined him, their farms all joining each other. In 1785, the first saw-mill was erected, which gave the settlers an opportunity for covering their houses and furnishing them with floors and doors. Mrs. Spafford died in January, 1 839, aged eighty-two years, and in April, 1840, Mr. Spafford died, aged eighty-four years. From this time forward the settlement of the county became quite rapid, as pioneers began to locate in all parts of the territory now included within its limits ; but the record of these early settlements properly belongs to the towns wherein they occurred, so to those lists, in another part of the work, we refer the reader. At the taking of the first census, in 1791, Cambridge had a population of 359, Elmore 12, Hyde Park 43, Johnson 93, Morristown ro, and Wolcott 32, making a total of 549 for the whole county as it now is. LAND TITLE CONTROVERSY. Lamoille county had no population to take part in the scenes of strife that occurred between the people of New York and the New Hampshire grants ; but as many of the early settlers came from the southern part of the State, where they had been actively engaged in the quarrel with their New York cousins, the subject deserves at least a passing notice. The settlements made in the State previous to the year 1 741, were sup- posed to be within the jurisdiction of Massachusetts ; but during that year it was ascertained that they were north of its northern line, and within the sup- posed jurisdiction of New Hampshire, This idea met with no opposition until 1763, when the population of the New Hampshire Grants had become quite large. But during that year New York laid claim to the territory, by virtue of a grant made by Charles II. to the Duke of York, in 1664, which included "all the land from the west side of the Connecticut river, to the east side of Delaware Bay." Upon application of the government of New York, it was decided by George IIL, in council of July 20th, 1764, that the western bank of the Connecticut river should thereafter be regarded as the boundary hne between that State and New Hampshire. The colonists were surprised and displeased at this decision, but peaceably submitted to it sup- posing that it merely effected a change of the jurisdiction to which they were subject ; and the government of New Hampshire, which at first remonstrated, soon acquiesced in the decision. But on the loth of April, 1765, Lieutenant- Governor Golden, of New York, issued a proclamation, giving a copy of the order of the King, changing the boundary of the territory, and notifying His Majesty's subjects to govern themselves accordingly." He also at once pro- ceeded to grant the lands to others than the New Hampshire claimants, and 44 LAMOILLE COUNTY. when the latter appUed to the New York government for a confirmation of the grants they already held, such enormous patent fees were demanded as to make it impossible for them to comply. It was well known in New York that these lands had long been granted by New Hampshire, that they were actually occupied under such grants, and that the new patents were procured in utter disregard of the rights and claims of the settlers. It was also well-known by them that the King, in commissioning JBenning Wentworth governor of New Hampshire, had described his province as reaching westward '' until it met his other governments^' thus bounding it westerly by New York, and that the eastern boundary of New York was a line twenty miles easterly from the Hudson river, extending from Lake Cham- plain south to the western line of Massachusetts, was proven by the charter of the Duke of York, upon his accession to the throne, in 1685. But not- withstanding all this. New York insisted that not only was the jurisdiction ■changed thenceforward, but also that the grants made were vacated, and that the titles acquired under them were made void. The settlers were required to re-purchase their lands, which some of them did, though the great majority of them peremptorily refused. The lands of such were granted to others who brought actions of ejectment in the New York courts, where they in- variably obtained judgment against the original proprietors. It was found, however, that it was easier to obtain judgments than it was to enforce them. The officers who attempted to serve the writs of possession were forcibly re- sisted, and sometimes very roughly handled. Thus the quarrel continued for full a quarter of a century. In 1769, the king prohibited the governor of New York from issuing any more grants "until His Majesty's further pleasure should become known." Meanwhile civil disturbances and open defiance to the New York athorities continued to such an extent, that in 1774, a law was passed by that State, ordering the surrender of offenders under penalty of death. In reply, the people of the grants returned a public letter, threatening death to any who should aid in arresting any of her citizens. About this time a plan was made for the for- mation of a royal province, but the Revolutionary war soon absorbed every ■other interest. In 1789, New York acknowledged the independence of Ver- mont, and endeavored to adjust all matters of dispute, having previously made grants to those who had suffered by adhering to her allegiance, while Ver- mont in turn paid into the treasury of New York, thirty thousana dollars. REVOLUTIONARY WAR. With Vermont, the Revolutionary contest possessed a double interest, and while she lent her aid to redress national grievances, she also maintained a spirited contest on her own account, resolving to secure her independence from New York. The territory treated of in this work, however, has none of the romantic stories and traditions of this period that grace the annals of LAMOILLE COUNTY. 45. localities earlier settled. The people of the New Hampshire Grants, as may- well be supposed, entered with an especially hearty zeal, into this contest. Their schooling had been such as to render them an exceedingly undesirable foe to meet, as a large portion of the settlers had served in the French and Indian war, and during the twelve or fifteen years that had intervened, had been almost continuously at strife with New York, and entertained a feeling of deadly hatred against King George and the British parliament. It is not strange, then, that the " Green Mountain Boys " were soon both feared and. respected by their adversaries. The surrender of Cornwallis, at Yorktown,. October 17, 1781, virtually put an end to all these troubles, and the " Green Mountain Boys" were soon again enjoying the privileges of peace. WAR OF 18 1 2. The yoke of the mother country having been thrown off, the American col- onies rapidly advanced in progress. Vermont expandedinto a free and in- dependent State, and was finally annexed to the Union, March 4, 1791. In the mean time, the French nation, led by Napoleon Bonaparte, had arrived at the zenith of military glory, and was giving England great cause for fear and trembling. England, in turn, seeming to forget that her American off- spring had arrived at maturity, and was able to protect its own institutions, continued her acts of tyranny. Looking upon herself as mistress of the ocean, during her wars with Napoleon, she utterly disregarded the rights of the United States as a neutral nation. Her cruisers would stop and search American vessels, and seize such able-bodied seamen as were needed, on the pretext that they were British subjects. An American frigate, not in a con- dition to resist, having been subjected to this indignity, almost within sight' of an American port, after. receiving several broadsides for denying the right of such search, the President issued a proclamation ordering all British ships- of-war to quit the waters of the United States. Congress also laid an em- bargo on American vessels, detaining them at home, but afterwards substi- tuted a non-intercourse act, prohibiting trade with Great Britain. All inter- course between this State and the people of Canada was prohibited, without- a permit from the governor, under a penalty of $1,000.00 fine and imprison- ment at hard labor in the State penitentiary for the term of seven years. Notwithstanding all this, England persisted in her offensive course. All; hopes of obtaining concessions on the impressment question from her were at length abandoned. George III., who was still on the throne, had become insane, and the men who had managed affairs, were as short-sighted as his advisers had been forty years before, whose folly had provoked the revolution. Longer submission to their arrogant claims was deemed unworthy of a free- nation, and war was therefore formally declared by the United States, June 18,1812. The majority of the people of Vermont considered the declara- tion of war rash and imprudent, believing that the required . issue could have- 46 LAMOILLE COUNTY. been brought about by legislation ; but notwithstanding this feeling, the gen- eral assembly of the State passed the following resolution : — "The constituted authorities of our country having declared war between the United States and Great Britain and dependencies, it is our duty as citizens to support the measure, otherwise we spuld identify ourselves with the enemy, with no other difference than that of locality. We therefore pledge ourselves to each other and to our government, that with our individual exertions, our example and influence, we will support our government and country in the present contest, and rely on the great Arbiter of events for a favorable result." Both Lamoille and Orleans counties were well represented in this contest, and sustained with honor the reputation of their State. During the autumn of 1813, a large drove of fat oxen, containing one hundred head, was pur- chased, principally in New Hampshire and upon the borders of the Connecti- cut river, under pretense of furnishing the troops at Burlington and Platts- burgh, but, arriving at Walden, or Hardwick, turned their course towards Canada. Information was soon given to the oflficers of the government, and the cattle were pursued, and overtaken at or near the Canada line, seized and returned. Arriving at Johnson, in this county, near night, they were yarded for refreshment. About two o'clock the following morning, an express arrived from Craftsbury, that a collection, or mob, some seventy in number, were on their way to retake the drove. An immediate call was made for the militia to arm, to protect them, which was organized under the command of a Cap- tain Thompson of the army, then on recruiting service here, and sentinels stationed around the yard, with strict orders that no one should pass tiie lines, on peril of death. About day-light the mob drew near the village, v/hen, dis- covering the position of the guard, they made a halt, rather than an attack, and learning that warrants were being made for their arrest, dropped their weapons, which were principally clubs and pitchforks, and hastily made their retreat. The oxen were driven to Burhngton and disposed of as they were assumed to have been purchased. Subsequently, information was received that a large train of teams were on the road, loaded with dry goods from Montreal, in transit to Boston. Two or three officers of the customs were soon in readiness to seize the teams and goods, which cost their owners some $13,000.00 in Montreal. The officers, ■with some assistance, met the teams, some short distance from the village of Johnson, and ordered them to surrender, but the party, some fourteen men, showed fight, and attempted to pass. The road at that place being narrow, one of the horses in the front team was shot down, which blocked the road, and, after a severe contest, two or three of the smuggling party being severely wounded, they surrendered their teams and goods to the officers, who con- veyed them to Burlington, and delivered them to Mr. VanNess, collector. The day following the seizure, some forty suits were served on the officers and their assistants for assault and battery ; the goods were subsequently bonded by Mr. VanNess, and the suits withdrawn ; and it was reported, and LAMOILLE COUNTY. 47 probably truly, that before the goods arrived at Boston, peace was proclaimed, which caused the goods to be sold at a less price than they were bonded. To the county of Orleans the war proved to be very injurious ; not be- cause of any devastation actually suffered, or of any severe draft upon the inhabitants to act as soldiers. But the fear of evil was in this case almost as great an injury as the actual experience of it would have been. The county was on the extreme northern frontier, and thus exposed, not only to ordinary border warfare, but to be penetrated to the very heart by the defenseless route of Lake Memphremagog, and Black and Barton rivers. While the war was merely apprehended, the people kept up good courage, and con- structed in several places stockade forts by way of defence. But no sooner had hostiUties begun, than a panic seized the settlers. Stories of Indian atrocities were the staple of conversation, and there was a general belief thkt the tomahawk and scalping-knife would again and at once commence their work of butchery. A general flight took place. Many cultivated farms were abandoned ; cattle were driven off, and such portable property as could most easily be removed was carried away. Some of those who left the country never returned, and those who did eventually come back, were impoverished and discouraged. In almost all of the towns, however, enough of the more courageous inhabitants remained to keep possession of the territory, and to maintain in a small way the institutions of civilization. Parties of United States soldiers were stationed at Nbrth Troy, and at Derby Line, and a sense of security gradually returned to the people. In the summer of 1814, the British, having concentrated r4,ooo men near the foot at Lake Champlain, undertook an invasion of the States, somewhat on the plan of Burgoyne in 1777. There had been skirmishing throughout the season ; but when, in August, most of the American troops were trans- ferred to the Niagara frontier. Gen. Prevost improved the opportunity to march upon Plattsburgh. Here Gen. Macomb, in command of the Ameri- cans, had made all the preparation in his power for a vigorous defense ; but he had only 2,000 efficient men, and lacked ordnance, while his works were still incomplete. Commodore McDonough had also strained every nerve to make ready for the British fleet, which was to act in conjunction with the army. His flag ship was launched within forty days from the time the tim- ber used in its construction was standing in the forest. Despite all his exer- tions, however, in the number of his vessels, guns, and men, he was inferior to the enemy. The British army, having reached Plattsburgh, was there held in check by Macomb, who, strengthened by the brave militia of Vermont and New York, had taken a position on the south side of the Saranac river. But the fate of the battle was to be decided on the water. On the i ith of September, the British flotilla drew near to Plattsburgh, and McDonough joined the battle, after having on the deck of his vessel invoked the blessing of God upon his cause. Two hours of terrible fighing resulted in a victory for the Americans ^8 LAMOILLE COUNTY. as signal as had been that of Perry on Lake Erie. The British cotnmander who had boasted that with his flag-ship alonehecould whip the whole Yankee fleet, was killed, and his entire squadron struck. Thus ended the battle of Plattsburgh Bay, one of the greatest naval engagements of the world. The British commissioners, at first unreasonable, lowered their tone after the battle of Plattsburgh and the subsequent battle of Baltimore, and on the 24th of December, 181 4, a treaty of peace was signed at Ghent, in Belgium, ending the war. The soldiers, so far as we have been able to learn, who went from these counties to serve their country, will be found incorporated with the sev- eral town sketches, and to their pages we refer the reader for further men- tion of the events of those stirring times. THE WAR OF THE UNION. For a period of many years subsequent to the war of 181 2, peace brooded over the green hills and fertile valleys of Vermont. Youths had grown to manhood and old age ; the gray-haired grandsire, as he trotted the children upon his knee, rehearsed to them the stories they loved best to hear — tales of the deeds of the brave McDonough, and of " Old Ethan " at Ticonderoga. Prosperity asserted itself in the hum of busy machinery, telling of the increase of manufacturing interests, in the silver threads that were branching in all directions, proclaiming the route of the " iron horse" as it conveyed to pros- perous marts the harvest's surplus. The sun arose each morn on a prosper- ous, happy, contented people ; but, alas ! as its rays gilded the Green Moun- tain summits on the morning of April 12, 1861, it awakened no answering smile in the hearts of the people. The first shot upon Sumpter had frightened away the angel Peace, and Grim War again asserted his rights. The hearts of the Green Mountain boys were again touched with the old fire of martial ardor ; the dreams of peace were forgotten ; naught was remembered but their insulted flag — the flag purchased by the blood of their fathers — to which they owed their homes and the plenty which surrounded them. Side by side with her sister States, Vermont endured the weary marches- and bore the brunt of battles, and side by side their sons sleep the long sleep — some 'neath the sun-kissed plains of the willful south, and some rocked in the bosom of the broad Atlantic, " held in the hollow of His hand." Others have been borne to rest among their kindred by sympathizing friends, whoj year by year, to muffled drum-beat, wend their way to their consecrated tombs to deck their graves with beautiful spring flowers, — a national tribute to the memory of the gallant dead, 5,128 of whom Vermont sacrificed as her share towards the preservation of the Nation's unity, freed from the curse of slavery, so long a foul blot on her fair fame. Vermont promptly filled every quota, and every dollar needed was furnished with alacrity. Of her treasure, $9,087,- 352.40 was expended in furnishing the 34,238 loyal sons and representatives who went out to fight the battles of their country, 5,022 of whom were dis- LAMOILLE COUNTY. 49 charged from the service with shattered constitutions, or maimed in body, to renew the peaceful avocations of life as circumstances would permit. The following complete roster of men who went from Lamoille and Orleans coun- ties as commissioned officers, and of those, who, enhsting in the ranks, were subsequently promoted to a commission, is compiled from the Adjutant and Inspector-General's report of 1866, and from other sources. For convenience sake the names are arranged in alphabetical order, the dates referring to commissions, the date of muster being omitted : — TERMS OF ENLISTMENTS. First Regiment, Infantry, mustered into service May 2, 1861, and mus- tered out August 15, 1866. Second Regiment, Infantry, mustered into service June 20, 1861. Original members, not veterans, mustered out June 29, 1864. Recruits for one year, and recruits whose term of service would expire previous to October i, 1865, mustered out June 19, 1865. Remaining officers and men mustered out of service July 15, 1865. Third Regiment, Infantry, mustered into service July 16, 1861. Original members, not veterans, mustered out July 27, 1864. Veterans and recruits consolidated into six companies, July 25, 1864. Recruits for one year, and recruits whose term of service would expire previous to October i, 1865, mustered out June 19, 1865. Remainder of Regiment mustered out July 1 1, 1865. Fourth Regiment, Infantry, mustered into service September 21, 1861. Original members, not veterans, mustered out of service September 30, 1864. First, second and third companies of sharp-shooters transferred to Fourth Regiment, February 25, 1865. Veterans, recruits and men transferred from the sharp-shooters, -consoHdated into eight companies, February 25, 1865. Recruits for one year and recruits whose term of service would expire previous to October i, 1865, mustered out of service June 19, 1865. Remainder of Regiment mustered out of service July 13, 1865. Fifth Regiment, Infantry, mustered into service September 16, 1861. Original members, not veterans, mustered out September 15, 1864. Recruits for one year, and recruits whose term of service would expire previous to Oc- tober I, 1865, mustered out June 19, 1865. Remainder of Regiment mus- tered out June 29, 1865. Sixth Regiment, Infantry, mustered into service October 15, 1861. Orig- inal members, not veterans, mustered out of service October 28, 1864. Vet- erans and recruits consolidated into six companies, October 16, 1864. Re- cruits for one year, and recruits whose term of service would expire previous to October i, 1865, mustered out June 19, 1865. Remainder of Regiment mustered out Tune 26. i86e- 4 go LAMOILLE COUNTY. Seventh Regiment, Infantry, mustered into service February 12, 1862. Original members, not veterans, mustered out August 30, 1864. Regiment mustered out March 14, 1866. Eighth Regiment, Infantry, mustered into service February 18, 1862. Original members, not veterans, mustered out June 22, 1864. Recruits for one year, and recruits whose term of service would expire previous to Octo- ber I, 1865, mustered out June 21, 1865. Remainder of Regiment mustered out of service June 28, 1865. Ninth Regiment, Infantry, mustered into service July 9, 1862. Original members and recruits whose term of service would expire previous to October I, 1865, mustered out of service June 13, 1865. Remaining officers and men consolidated into battalion of four companies. BattaKon mustered out December i, 1865. Tenth Regiment, Infantry, mustered into service September i, 1862. Original members and recruits whose term of service would expire previous to October i, 1865, mustered out June 22, 1865. Remainder of Regiment mustered out June 29, 1865. Eleventh Regiment, Infantry, (First Regiment Heavy Artillery, from December 10, 1863,) mustered into service September r, 1862. Original members, recruits for one year, and recruits whose term of service would ex- pire previous to October i, 1865, mustered out of service June 24, 1865. Remaining officers and men consolidated into battalion of four companies, June 24, 1865. Battalion mustered out August 25, 1865. Twelfth Regiment, Infantry, mustered into service October 4, 1862. Mustered out July 14, 1863. Thirteenth Regiment, Infantry, mustered into service October 10, 1862. Mustered out July 21, (863. Fifteenth Regiment, mustered into service October 22, 1862. Mus- tered out of service August 5, 1863. Seventeenth Regiment, Infantry, mustered into service by companies in 1864. Mustered out July 14, 1865. First Regiment, Cavalry, mustered into service November 19, 1861. Original members, not veterans, mustered out of service November 18, 1864. Recruits for one year, and recruits whose term of service would expire pre- vious to October i, 1865, mustered out June 21, 1865. Remaining officers and men consolidated into battalion of six companies. Battalion mustered out August 9, 1865. Third Battery Light Artillery, mustered into service January i, 1864. Mustered out June 15, 1865. ROSTER OF FIELD, STAFF AND COMPANY OFFICERS. Ainsworth Judah T., of Cambridge, age 26, private Co. F, 6th Regt., March 18, '62 ; 2d Lieut, Aug. 21, '62; resigned Feb. 24, '63. LAMOILLE COUNTY. ci Austin Burr J., of Johnson, age 23, 2d Lieut, Co. E, 3d Regt., May 24, '61 ; ist Lieut, April 12, '62; Capt, Jan. 15, '63 ; resigned May 14, '63. Austin Orlo H., of Brownington, age 24, 2d Lieut., Co F, nth Regt, Aug. 12, '62; ist Lieut, Co. I, Nov. 22, '62 ; Capt, Co. A, Sept 2, '64; mustered out of service June 24, '65. Averill Rufus, of Newport, age 28, 2d Lieut, Co. H, 15th Regt, Sept 18, '62 ; ist Lieut., Nov. 18, '62 ; resigned April 14, '63. Bailey Charles F., of Troy, age 40, private Co. D, 6th Regt, Sept 25, '61 ; ist Sergt, Oct 15, '61 ; 2d Lieut, Jan. 11, '62; died May i, '62, of wounds received in action at Lee's Mills, Va., April 16, '62. Bailey Hollis H., of Irasburgh, age 19, private Co. F, nth Regt, Aug. 4, '62; Corp., March 8, '63; Co. Qr. M. Sergt, Jan. 4, '64 ; 2d Lieut, June 4, '65 ; mustered out of service as Co. Qr. M. Sergt., June 24, '65. Bartlett Amasa, of Irasburgh, age 27, Capt Co. E, 9th Regt, June 25, '62 ; Maj., Dec. 21, '63 ; died March 16, '64, of disease. Bartlett Enoch H., of Coventry, age 28, ist Lieut., Co. B, 3d Regt, May 22, '61 ; Capt, Sept 22, '62 ; killed at Wilderness, May 5, '64. Bayne Thomas, of Irasburgh, age 42, Chaplain 8th Regt, Feb. 23, '65 ; mustered out of service June 28, '65. Baxter Henry C, of Derby, age 18, private Co. D, nth Regt, Dec. 12, '63; Corp., Dec. 26, '63 ; Sergt., Jan. i, '64 ; 2d Lieut, Co. I., March 29, '64; wounded, Oct. 19, '64; Brevet Capt., Oct. 19, '64, for gallantry in every engagement since May 16, '64; and especially at Cedar Creek, Va. ; Brevet Major, April 2, '65, for gallantry in the assault on Peters- burgh; mustered out of service, June 24, '65. Bean Freeman F., of Glover, age 46, ist Lieut, Co. I, isth Regt, Sept 28, '62; resigned Nov. 18, '62. Bedell Henry E, of Westfield, age 27, private Co. D, nth Regt, Aug. 4, '62 j Corp., Sept I, '62; Sergt, Aug. n, '63; 2d Lieut, Dec. 28, '63; hon- orably discharged Feb. 20, '65, for wounds received in action, Sept. 13, '64. Benton Reuben C, of Hyde Park, age 32, Capt, Co. D, 5th Regt, Aug. 28, '61; wounded June 29, '62 j Lieut-Col., nth Regt, Aug. 26, '62; re- signed June 21, '64: Bisbee John, of Derby, age 25, private Co. B, 8th Regt, Nov. 22, '61 ; 1st Sergt, Feb. 18, '62; wounded June 14, '63 ; re-enlisted Jan. 5, '64; 2d Lieut, July 15, '63 ; ist Lieut, Nov. 7, '63; Capt, Aug. 21, '64; mus- tered out of service June 28, '65. Bisbee Lewis H., of Derby, age 23, private Co. E, 9th Regt, June 10, '62 ; ist Sergt., July 9, '62 ; ist Lieut, Jan. 6, '63 ; Capt, March 13, '63 ; resigned June 3, '63. Bishop Charles, of Charleston, age 33, 2d Lieut., Co. D, 3d Regt., May 23, '61 ; resigned Oct 28, '61. Bishop John H., of Brownington, age 28, 2d Lieut., Co. D, 4th Regt., Sept. 4, '61 : resigned Feb. 6, '62. 52 LAMOILLE COUNTY. Blanchard 'Andrew J., of Morristown, age 33, Capt., Co. E, 3d Regt. May 24, '61 ; resigned Oct. 28, '61. Boynton Joseph J., of Stowe, age 29, Capt., Co. E, 12th Regt, Sept. 8, '62; Maj , May 5, '63 ; mustered out of service, July 21, '63. Brown Ezra H., of Waterville, age 23, private Co. A, 8th Regt., Oct. i, '61 ; Corp., Feb. 18, '62 ; Sergt. ; ist Sergt., Dec. 14, '63 ; re-enlisted, Jan. 5, '64; ist Lieut, Dec. 13, '64; mustered out of service, June 28, '65. Buck Erastus, of Charleston, age 31, private Co. D., 3d Regt., June i, '61; Sergt, July 16, '61 j ist Sergt; 2d Lieut., Co. E., Nov. 7, '61 ; ist Lieut., Co. D., Sept. 14, '62; Capt, Nov. i, '63; died May 22, '64, of wounds received at Wilderness, May 6, '64. Bugbee Carlos, of Morristown, age 21, private Co. C, 17th Regt, Sept 2, '63; Sergt, March 2, '64; 2d Lieut., July 10, '65; mustered out of service as Sergt, July 14, '65. Butterfield Frederick D., of Derby, age 23, 2d Lieut, Co. B, 8th Regt, Dec. 19, '61; ist Lieut, June 15, '63; Capt, Nov. 7, '63 ; resigned, July 22. '64. Buxton Frank A., of Brownington, age 21, private Co. F., nth Regt, Aug. 7, '62 ; Corp., Sept i, '62 ; Sergt, May i, '63; ist Sergt, Dec. 8, '63; 2d Lieut, Dec. 2, '64; discharged as ist Sergt, Co. F., Dec. 16, '64, at Montpelier, for wounds received in action at Cold Harbor, Va., June I, '64. Caldwell Patrick H., of Johnson, age 26, private Co. I., ist Regt Cav., Septl 19, '61 ; Co. Q. M. Sergt., Nov. 19, '6i; Reg. Q. M. Sergt, Dec. 24, '62; 2d Lieut. Co. I., April i, '63; wounded, July 6, '63; ist Lieut, Dec. 16, '63 ; Q. M., Nov. 19, '64; mustered out of service, Aug. 9/651 Carpenter Henry, of Belvidere, age 19, private Co. A., 8th Regt, Oct 23, '61 ; Corp., Feb. 18, '62 ; Sergt ; ist Sergt ; Sergt-Maj., Sept 17, '63; re-enlisted, Jan. 5, '64; ist Lieut., Co. F., Aug. 23, '64; Adjt, Nov. 24, '64; mustered out of service, June 28, '65. Carpenter Josiah B., of Wolcott, age 26, private Co. C, 17th Regt, Feb. 24, '64; Corp. ; wounded May 6, '64 and May 12, '64; Sergt-Major, Oct 17, '64; ist Lieut., April 18, '65, mustered out of service, July 14, '65' i Chase Enoch B., of Derby, age 29, 2d Lieut. Co. M., ist Regt, Cav., Nov. j 19, '62; resigned, April 6, '63. Chase George W., of Derby, age 26, ist Lieut Co. M., ist Cav., Nov. 29, '62 ; died Aug. 23, '63, in hospital at Georgetown, D. C, of disease. Cheney Carlos E., of Morristown, age 22, private ist Vt Co. Cav., Jan 3, '65; ist Sergt., Jan. 10, '65; 2d Lieut, March 24, '65; ist Lieut, April 6, '65 ; mustered out of service, June 27, '65. Child Charles B., of Derby, age 35, Capt Co. B., 8th Regt, Dec. 19, '^'J resigned, Oct. 21, '63, Clark B. Brooks, of Charleston, age 23, private Co. K., loth Regt, Aug. 8, '62; ist Sergt, Sept i, '62; wounded, Sept 19, '64; 2d Lieut, Aug. 9i '64; died Nov. 2, '64, of wounds received in action, Oct 19, '64. LAMOILLE COUNTY. 53 Coburn John H., of Newport, age 28, 2d Lieut. Co. B., 3d Regt., May 22, '61 ; resigned Nov. 2, '61. Colton George, of Irasburgh, age 19, private Co. F., 12th Regt., Aug. 8, '62; Prin. Musician, May 18, '63; 2d Lieut., June 4, '65 ; mustered out of service, as Prin. Mus., June 24, '65. Corse Henry P., of Cambridge, age 31, private Co. L., nth Regt, May 21, '63; Corp., Jan. 7, '64; Sergt, Oct., 25, '64; transferred to Co. C, June 24, '65 ; 2d Lieut, June 26, '65 ; died July 28, '65, of disease. Crane Porter, Jr., of Wolcott, age 22, private Co. H., 6th Regt., Aug. 14, '61 ; Sergt, Oct IS, '61; ist Sergt, Nov. i, '61 ; 2d Lieut, Feb, 18, '62; wounded. May 4, '63 ; Capt., May 4, '63 ; mustered out of service, Oct. 28, '64. Cull Henry, of Belvidere, age 18, private Co. C, 17th Regt, Sept 23, '63; Sergt, March 2, '64 ; wounded, April 2, '65 ; ist Sergt, May i, '65 ; mustered out of service as ist Sergt, July 14, '65. Cull Richard T., of Belvidere, age 42, 2d Lieut Co. E., 7th Regt, Jan. 9, '62; died July 28, '62, at Baton Rouge, La., of disease. Davis Andrew J., of Cambridge, age 22, ist Lieut Co. E., 13th Regt, Sept. 8, '62 ; Capt, June 4, '63 ; mustered out of service, July 21, '63. Davis M. Warner, of Coventry, age 25, private Co. D., 6th Regt., Oct 2, '61; Sergt., Oct 15, '61; ist Sergt, Jan. 11, '62; wounded, April 16, '62; 2d Lieut, May i, '62 ; Capt, Feb. 3, '63 ; mustered out of service, Oct. 28, '64. Decker Barney, of Derby, age 30, private Co. D., ist Cav., Oct. 23, '61; Corp., Sergt; re-enhsted, Dec. 30, '63 ; 2d Lieut., Co. C, Nov. 19, '64; mustered out of service, June 21, '65. Dodge Chester W., of Morristown, age 23, private Co. D, i ith Regt, July 28, '62 ; ist Sergt., Sept i,'62; 2d Lieut., July 11, '63; ist Lieut, Dec. 28, '63 ; Capt, June 4, '65 ; mustered out of service as ist Lieut., June 24, '65. Dorman Julius S., of Barton, age 26, private Co. I, nth Regt, June 6, 63; transferred to Co. M., July 13, '63 ; Corp., Oct 7, '63; Sergt, May 17, '64; 2d Lieut., Oct. 16, '64; transferred to Co. G; ist Lieut, June 4, '65 ; mustered out of service as 2d Lieut., Co. G, June 24, '65. Dunham William G., of Morristown, age 18, private Co. D, nth Regt., Aug. 4, '62 j Corp., Sept. i, '62 ; Sergt, March 24, '63 ; ist Sergt., Aug. n, '63; 2d Lieut, Dec 28, '63; ist Lieut, Sept i, 64; mustered out of service June 24, '65. Dwinell Carlos W., of Glover, age 23, 2d Lieut. Co. D, 6th Regt., Oct. 8, '61; ist Lieut, Jan 11, '62; Adj't, Nov. i, '62; Capt Co. C, Jan. 12, '63; wounded May 5/64; Maj., June 27, '64; died Aug. 24, '64, of wounds received in action at Charleston, Va., Aug. 21, '64. Eddy John P., of Glover, age 21, private ist Vt Co. Cav., Jan. 3, '65 ; Sergt Jan. 10, '65 ; ist Sergt; 2d Lieut., April 6, '65 ; mustered out of service, June 27, '65. 54 LAMOILLK COUNTY. Edwards Ira V., of Morristown, age 23, private Co. L, nth Regt, June i '63 J wagoner, July 11, '63; Corp., Oct, 2, '63; Sergt., March 23, '64; 2d Lieut., May 13, '65 ; transferred to Co. C, June 24, '65, ist Lieut. June 26, '65 ; mustered out of service, Aug. 25, '65. Fairman Erastus F., of Wolcott, age 35, private Co. C, 17th Regt., Feb. 29 '64; Asst. Surg., April 9, '64; mustered out of service, June 13, '65. Fletcher Daniel P., of Johnson, age 3t, private Co. E, 7th Regt, Dec. 11 '61 ; Corp., Feb. 12, '62 ; re-enlisted, Feb. 16, '64; Sergt., June 4, '64; 2d Lieut., March i, '66 ; mustered out of service as Sergt., March 14 '66. Fletcher James, of Johnson, age 20, private Co. E, 3d Regt., June i, '61 • Corp. July 16, '61 j Sergt; ist Lieut, Jan. 8, '64 ; mustered out of service, July 27, '64. Flint Henry C, of Irasburgh, age 22, ist Lieut Co. I, ist Regt Cav., Oct. 21, '61 J Capt, April 25, '62; killed inaction, April i, '63 at Broad Run, Va. Foster William W., of Irasburgh, age 25, private Co. I, ist Regt Cav., Sept 26,'6i ; Corp., Nov. i9,'6i; Sergt, Dec. lo, '62; re-enlisted, Dec, 28, '63; 2d Lieut., Nov. 19, '64 ; ist Lieut., Feb. 9, '65 ; transferred to Co. E, June 21, '65, by reason of consolidation of regiment ; ist Lieut, Feb. 9, '65 ; mustered out of service, Aug. 9, '65. Fuller Frederick J., of Troy, age 30, 2d Lieut Co. C, 8th Regt., Dec. 23, '61; dismissed the service, June 2, ,'63. Gates Clarence D., of Cambridge, age 23, Adjt. 1st Regt Cav., Oct 4, '62; mustered out of service, Nov. 18, '64. Grant Eben, of Irasburgh, age 34, private Co. I, 1st Regt Cav., Sept 30, '61; Sergt. Nov. 19, '61 ; ist Sergt; 2d Lieut, Oct 30, '62 ; 1st Lieut., April 1/63; Capt, Oct 2, '63; mustered out of service, June 21, '65. Grant Josiah, Jr., of Barton, age 23, Capt 1st Vt. Co. Cav., Jan. 10, '62; Maj., Frontier Cav., March 22, '65; mustered out of service, June 27, '65- Grant Luman M., of Elmore, age 38, Capt. Co. A., 8th Regt., Nov. 13, '61 ; Maj., Dec. 24, '62; resigned June 11, '63. Grant William W., of Barton, age 26, Lieut-Col. 15th Regt, Sept. 26, '62; mustered out of service, Aug. 5, '63. Guyer Charles B., of Wolcott, age 18, private Co. E, 3d Regt, June i, '61; Corp.; re-enlisted, Dec. 21, '63; Sergt, Jan. 1, '64; 1st Sergt, Aug. 13, '64; 2d Lieut., May 10, '65; mustered out of service as ist Sergt, July II, '65. Guyer Guy H., of Wolcott, age 32, ist Lieut, Co. C, 17th Regt, Feb. 24, '64; killed in action near Pelersburgh, Va., June 17, '64. Hadlock Charles P., of Derby, age 18, private Co. K., loth Regt, July 29, '62; Corp., Sept I, '62; Sergt Nov. 2,' 64; 2d Lieut, June 15, '65; mustered out of service as Sergt., June 22, '65. LAMOILLE COUNTY. 55 Hale Oscar A., of Troy, age 24, Capt. Co. D, 8tli Regt., Oct. 8, '61 ; Maj., Jan. 12, '63; Lieut-Col., March 16, '63; wounded Aug. 21, '64; mus- tered out of service, Oct. 28, '64. Harrison George B., of Morristown, age 25, private Co. L, nth Regt., July 21, '63; Corp., Dec. 27, '63; Sergt., March 11/65; Co. Qr. M, Sergt., June 23, '65 ; transferred to Company C, June 24, '65 ; 2d Lieut, June 26, '65 ; mustered out of service, Aug. 25, '65. Hibbard Curtis A., of Troy, age 25, 2d Lieut.,Co E, 9th Regt, June 25, '62 j resigned May 16, '63. Hodge Charles H., of Stowe, age 28, private Co. H, 9th Regt, June 20, '62 ; Sergt; 2d Lieut, June 4, '63 ; resigned, Dec. 18, '64. Holbrook Samuel H., of Newport, age 19, private Co. F, nth Regt, Aug. II, '62; Corp., Oct, 25, '64; ist Sergt., Dec. 30, '64; 2d Lieut, May 13, '65 ; mustered out of service as ist Sergt, Co. F, June 24, '65 ; re- enlisted ; 2d Lieut, Co. B, June 26, '65 ; mustered out of service Aug. 25, '65- Hopkins Maxmilian, of Derby, age 22, 2d Lieut, Co. A, loth Regt, July 7, '62 ; resigned Jan. 15, '63. Howard George C, of Morristown, age 19, private Co. E, 3d Regt, June i, '61 ; Sergt., July 16, '61 ;. 2d Lieut., Co. C, Sept 22, '62 ; resigned Feb. 14, '63- Hudson William, of Stowe, age 24, private Co. D, nth Regt, July 18, '62 ; Sergt., Sept i, '62; ist Sergt, Jan. 16, '64; 2d Lieut., Sept 2, '64; wounded Oct 19, '64; ist Lieut, Co. B, May 23, '65 ; mustered out of service as 2d Lieut, Co. D, June 24, '65. Hyde Breed N., of Hyde Park, age 30, Lieut -Col., 3d Regt, June 6, '61 ; Col., Aug. 13, '61 ; resigned Jan. 15, '63. Hyde Leo, of Hyde Park, age 19, Sergt-Maj., 3d Regt., July 16, '61 ; 2d Lieut, Co. A, Dec, 5, '61; ist Lieut, Co. C, Sept 22, '62; Capt, Nov. 1, '63 ; mustered out of service July 27, '64. Johnston William H., of Albany, Capt, Co. I, isth Regt, Sept. 28, '62 ; re- signed Jan. 12, '63. Joslyn C. Edwin, of Brownington, age 24, private Co. D, 6th Regt., Oct. 2, '61 ; Sergt ; 2d Lieut, Co. G, Nov. i, '62 ; ist Lieut., Co. D, Feb. 3, '63 ; Capt, Co. A, May 15, '64; honorably discharged Jan. 18, '65, for wounds received in action at Winchester, Va., Sept. 19, '64. Kelley Francis W., of Derby, age — , Surg., Jan. 25, '62 ; resigned Sept. 8, '62. Kenesson Daniel J., of Derby, age 38, ist Lieut., Co. D, 3d Regt, May 23, '61 ; wounded June 3, '64 ; Capt, Sept 14, '62; mustered out of ser- vice July 27, '64 Kenfield Frank, of Morristown, age 24, 2d Lieut., Co. E, 13th Regt, Sept. 8, '62 ; wounded July 3, '63 ; ist Lieut., June 4, '63 ; mustered out of service July 21, '63; re-enlisted; Capt., Co. C, 17th Regt, Feb. 23, '64; wounded May 6, '64; honorably discharged May 15, '65. 56 LAMOILLE COUNTY. Kimball Fred M., of Glover, age 21, private Co. D, 6th Regt, Sept. 20, '61 Sergt , Oct 15, '61 ; ist Sergt. ; wounded May 4, '63, and July lo, '63 2d Lieut., Feb. 3. '63 ; honorably discharged Oct. 22, '6^, for wounds. Kimball Isaac, of Coventry, age 34, private Co. B, 3d Regt., June 1, '61 1st Sergt, July 16, '61 ; 2d Lieut., April 12, '62 ; resigned Oct 16, '62 Kinehan James, of Barton, age 21, private Co. M, 1st Cav., Oct 6, '62 Sergt, Dec. 31, '62 ; Sergt-Maj., Aug. 30, '64; 1st Lieut., Co. E, Nov. 19, '64; transferred to Co. A, June 21, '65, by reason of consolidation of regiment; ist Lieut, Nov. 19, '64; mustered out of service Aug. 9, '65. Landon Daniel, of Stowe, age 35, Capt, Co. E, 7th Regt, Jan. 9, '62; re- signed Nov. 17, '62. Law John F., private, 2d Regt, sharp-shooters, Oct 5, '61 ; Sergt, Nov. 9, '61; 2d Lieut., Sept. 17, '62; wounded July 3, '63 ; ist Lieut, Sept 14, '63 ; died in Burlington hospital Aug. .22, '64, of wounds received in action before Petersburg, Va., June 18, '64. Leach Charles H., of Waterville, age 20, private Co. E, 7th Regt., Dec. 2, '6r; Sergt., Feb. 12, '62; re-enlisted Feb. 18, '64; ist Sergt, March 21, '65; Adjt, Dec. 13, '65 ; mustered out of service as 1st Sergt, March 14, '66. Livingston Wheaton, Jr., of Albany, age 28, private Co. B, 8th Regt, Dec. 2, '61 ; Corp. ; Sergt; re-enlisted Jan. 5, '64; 1st Sergt, June 9, '64; wounded Sept 19, '64; 1st Lieut, Aug. 21, '64; mustered out of ser- vice June 28, '65. Loveland Calvin R., of Hyde Park, age 30, 2d Lieut., Co. H, 9th Regt, June 27, '62 ; resigned March 5, '63. Lynn Curtiss W., of Derby, age 23, private Co. B, 8th Regt, Nov. 25, '61 ; Corp. ; re-enlisted Jan. 5, '64; Sergt, March 24, '64; ist Sergt, March 2, '65 ; 2d Lieut., April 6, '65 ; mustered out of service June 28, '65. Mason Marvin M., of Irasburgh, age 22, private Co. I, ist Regt Cav., Sept 28, '61 ; Sergt, Nov. 19, '61; discharged Nov. 5, '62, for disability; en- Hsted in Vet Res. Corps, June 26, '63 ; transferred to Co. I, Feb. 24, '64; re-enlisted March 29, '64; ist Sergt., Nov. 19, '64; 2d Lieut., Feb. 9, '65 ; ist Lieut, June 4, '65 ; not mustered as 1st Lieut ; transferred to Co. F, as 2d Lieut., June 21, '65, by reason of consohdation of regi- ment; mustered out of service Aug. 9, '65. Mathews Asa D., of Brownington, age 24, private Co. F, nth Regt, Aug. 7, '62; 1st Sergt., Oct 21, '62; 2d Lieut., Aug. 11, '63; paroled prisoner ; 1st Lieut, Jan. 21, '64; honorably discharged May 15, '65. McClary Ira D., of Albany, age 20, private Co. D, 6th Regt, Sept 30, '61; Sergt., Oct 15. '6i ; 1st Sergt, May i, '63; 2d Lieut, Dec. 29, '62; honorably discharged April 11, '63, for wounds received in action. McFarland Moses, of Waterville, age 40, )st Lieut, Co. A, 8th Regt., Nov. 13, '61 ; Capt., Dec. 24, '62 ; mustered out of service June 28, '65. LAMOILLE COUNTY. 57 Meigs John J., of Hyde Park, age 23, Assist. Surg., nth Regt., Aug. 11, '62 ; Surg., Oct., I, '64; mustered out ofservice July 8, '65. Morse Nixon, of Charleston, age 21, ist Lieut. Co. F, nth Regt., Aug. 12, '62 ; resigned, Aug. 4, '63. Newton Henry H., of Lowell, age 21, private Co. A, 8th Regt., October 19, '61; Corp.; Sergt.; re-enlisted, Jan. 5, '64; 2d Lieut., Dec. 13, '64; mustered out of service, June 28, '65. Nye Elbert H., of Glover, age 21, private Co. D, 6th Regt., Sept, 26, '61; Corp., Oct. 15, '6i ; Sergt., May i, '62; ist Sergt, March i, '63 ; 2d Lieut., April 12, '63; ist Lieut,, May 15, '64; mustered out of service, Oct. 28, '64. Oakes John H., of Coventry, age 29, ist Lieut. Co. H, 15th Regt., Sept. 18, '62 ; Capt., Nov. 8, '62 ; mustered out of service, Aug. 5, '63. Parker Richard F., of Coventry, age 29, private Co. E, 9th Regt., June 3, '62; Sergt, July 9, '62 ; ist Sergt., Jan. 20, '63 ; 2d Lieut, Oct. 19, '64 ; ist Lieut., May 20, '65 ; mustered out of service as 2d Lieut., June 13, '65- Pettingill Harry B., of Newport, age 19, private Co. D, 6th Regt, Sept 4, '61 ; Corp., May i, '62 ; Sergt, Dec. 15, '63 ; re-enlisted, Dec. 16, '63 ; ist Sergt, June 10, '64; transferred to Co. H, Oct. 16, '64, by reason of consolidation of regiment; 2d Lieut., Co. C, Nov. 12, '64; ist Lieut., April 22, '65 ; mustered out of service June 26, '65. Phelps George H., of Albany, age 22, ist Lieut, Co. D, 6th Regt,Oct 8,'6i ; died Jan. 2, '62 ; at Camp Griffin, Va., of typhoid fever. Pierce William A., of Wolcott, age 28, private Co. E, 3d Regt., June i, '61 ; ist Sergt., July 16, '61 ; 2d Lieut Co. B, Dec. '5, '61 ; ist Lieut., Sept. 22, '62 ; Capt, Jan. 15, '63; mustered out of service, July 27, '64. Pike Paphro D., of Stowe, age 26, private Co. D, nth Regt, Aug. 9, '62 ; Corp., Aug. II, '63 ; Co. Qr. M. Sergt, Dec. 26, '63 ; 2d Lieut., May 23, '65 ; mustered out of service as Qr. M. Sergt, June 24, '65. Quimby Elisha M., of Charleston, age 21, ist Lieut Co. E, 9th Regt., June 25, '62; Capt, Dec. 22, '63; resigned. May 11, '65. Quimby George W., of Barton, age 26, ist Lieut Co. D, 4th Regt., Sept 4, '61 ; Capt, March 20, '62; killed in action at Fredericksburgh,Va., Dec. 13, '62. Randall Fernando, of Glover, age 32, private Co. H, 7th Regt, Jan. 9, '62 ; Sergt, Feb, 12, '62; re-enlisted, Feb. 14, '64; ist Lieut, Sept 13, '64; Capt., July 13, '65; mustered out of service, March 14, '66. Raymond Albert C, of Stowe, age 22, private Co. C, 17th Regt, Feb. 5, '64; Sergt., March 2, '64; ist Sergt; wounded July 26, '64; ist Lieut Co. C, March 11, '65; Capt, June 26, '65 ; mustered out of service as ist Lieut., July 14, '6i;. Rice Julius, of Brownington, age 35, private Co. F, nth Regt, Aug. n, '62 ; Sergt., Sept i, '62 ; ist Lieut., Nov. 2, '63 ; mustered out. of service June 24- '6e 58 LAMOILLE COUNTY. Roundy Justin O., of Derby, age 26, private Co. H, 15th Regt.,. Sept. 18 '62; 1st Sergt., Oct. 22, '62; 2d Lieut., Jan. 9, '63; ist Lieut., June 19, '63 ; mustered out of service, Aug. 5, '63. Rowell William R., of Troy, age 19, private 3d Battery Lt. Art., Nov. 23, '63 • ist Sergt., Jan i, '64; 2d Lieut., July 26, '64; ist Lieut., Feb. 22, '65; mustered out of service, June 15, '65. Rutherford Joseph C, of Newport, age 44, Asst. Surg. loth Regt., Aug. 8, '62 • Surg., March 6, '65 ; mustered out of service July 14, '65. Safford Darius J., of Morristown, age 26, ist Lieut. Co. D, nth Regt., Aug. 12, '62 ; Capt. Co. L, July 11, '63; wounded Sept. ig, '64; Maj., May 23, '65; Lieut-Col., July 10, '65 ; mustered out of service as Major, Aug. 25, '65. Sargent Jackson, of Stowe, age 20, private Co. D., 5th Regt., Aug. 17, '6;; Corp.; re-enlisted, Dec. 15, '63; wounded, May 12, '64; Sergt, Oct. 17, '64; ist Lieut., Co. K., June 24, '65 ; mustered out of service, June 29, '65- Sargent Moses G., of Newport, age 32, private Co. F., nth Regt., Aug. 8, '62; Corp., Sept. I, '62; Sergt., Dec. 22, '63; paroled prisoner; 2d Lieut. June 21, '64; honorably discharged, May 15, '65. Sawyer Edward B., of Hyde Park, age 33, Capt. Co. I., ist Reg., Cav., Oct. 2T, '61; Maj., April 25, '62; Col., Sept. 16, '62; resigned, April 28, '64. Sheldon Charles H., of Johnson, age 23, private Co. E., 7th Regt., Nov. 23, '61 ; Sergt, Feb. 12, '62; 2d Lieut. Co. I., Dec. 21, '63; mustered out of service, March 14, '66. Sheldon George W., of Johnson, age 25, ist Lieut Co. E,, 7th Regt, Jan. 9, '62 ; Adjt Dec. 9, '62 ; mustered out of service, Dec. 8, '65. Slayton Abial, of Stowe, age 33, Capt, Co. H., 9th Regt., June 27, '62 ; resigned, Dec. 8, '62. Slayton Azro P., of Elmore, age 44, ist Lieut, 13th Regt, Sept 23, '62; Capt, June 4, '63 ; mustered out of service, July 21, '63. Sleeper Asa C, of Newport, age 25, private Co. E., 9th Regt, June 9, '62; Corp., July 9, '62 ; Sergt, Aug., 8, '62 ; ist Sergt, Nov. 28, '64; 2d Lieut., May 20,' 65 ; mustered out of service as ist Sergt., June 13, '65- Smith Edwin B., of Newport, age 25, private Co, M., r ith Regt, July 29, '63 ; Sergt, Oct. 7, '63; wounded, June i, '64; paroled prisoner; 2d Lieut, Jan. 21, '64; honorably discharged. May 15, '65. Spaulding Stephen F., of Derby, age 22, ist Lieut, Co. B., 8th Regt, Dec. 19, '61 ; killed in action at Port Hudson, La., June 14, '63. Spencer William H., of Derby, age 32, private Co. B., 8th Regt., Nov. 30, '61 ; Sergt., Feb. 18, '62 ; wounded, June 14, '63 ; re-enlisted, Jan. 5, '64; ist Sergt, March 28, '64; 2d Lieut, Feb. 20, '64; honorably discharged, March 9, '65, for wounds received in action Oct. 19, '64. LAMOILLE COUNTY. 59 Stearns Samuel F., of Holland, age 38, private Co. M., ist Regt. Cav., Oct. 8, '62; Sergt., Dec. 31, '62; ist Sergt; 2d Lieut., June 4, '65 ; transferred to Co. F., as ist Sergt, June 21, '65, by reason of consolidation of Regt.; mustered out of service as -ist Sergt, Aug. 9, ''65. Steele Hiram R., of Derby, age 20, Capt Co. K., lothRegt, Aug. 12, '62; wounded, May 12, '64; appointed Capt, and Com. Sub., U. S. Vols. May 18, '64. Steinberg George W., of Eden, age 29, private Co. D., 5th Regt., Aug 17, '61; Corp.; Sergt; re-enlisted, Dec. 15, '63; wounded. May 5, '64, and April 2, '65 ; ist Sergt, Oct 17, '64; 2d Lieut, June 4, '65; mus- tered out of services as ist Sergt, June 29, '65. Stevens Jonas, of Eden, age 20, private Co. L, 1st Reg., Cav., Aug. 27, '62 ; Corp., June i, '64; Sergt, Nov. 19, '64; ist Sergt, March 23, '65 ; 2d Lieut, June 4, '65; mustered out of servicfe as 1st Sergt., June 21, '65. Stiles Oliver T., of Albany, age 22, private Co. D., 6th Reg., Sept. 26, '61 ; Corp. Oct, 15, '61; Sergt; ist Sergt; re-enlisted, Dec. 16, '63; 2d Lieut. Co. D., May 15, '64; transferred to Co. I., Oct 16, '64, by rea- son of consoUdation of regiment; ist Lieut, Oct 29. '64; muster as 2d Lieut revoked, Feb. 8, '65 ; discharged as ist Sergt. Co. I., at Montpelier, Oct. 12, '65, for wounds received in action at Wilderness, Va., May 5, '64. Stone Lauriston L., of Stowe, age 28, Regt. Com. Sergt., 2d Regt., June 20, '61; Q. M. Sergt, Jan. 16, '62; Q. M., April 3, '62; taken prisoner, Oct. 20, '63; paroled ; mustered out of service, April 16, '65. Stone Stillman, of Eden, age 26, private Co. H., 9th Regt., May 29, '62; jst Sergt., July 9, '62; 2d Lieut, March 13, '63 ; ist Lieut, June 4, '63; resigned Oct. 19, '63. Suroner Samuel, Jr., of Troy, age 21, 2d Lieut., Co. D, 5th Regt., Aug. 28^ '61 ; killed in action at Savage Station, Va., June 29, '62. Tabor Rufus K., of Derby, age 23, 2d Lieut, Co. K, loth Regt, Aug. 12, '62; ist Lieut, Co. A, June 6, '64; Capt, Co. C, March 22, '65; mus- tered out of service June 29, '65. Thompson John S., of Glover, age 26, private Co. B, 3d Regt., June i, '61; Corp., July 16, '61; Sergt; ist Sergt; re-enlisted Dec. 21, '63; wounded June 3, '64; ist Lieut, Co. E, Aug. 4, '64; Capt, Feb. 25, '65 ; mustered out of service July 11, '65. Tice Leonard D., of Hyde Park, age 21, private Co, D, sth Regt., Aug. 12, '61 ; ist Sergt, Sept t6, '61; 2d Lieut, Co. E, Oct 6, '62; ist Lieut, March 21, '63; Capt, Nov. 1, '63; wounded May 5, '64; mustered out of service Sept. 15, '64. Tucker George, of Barton, age 35, Capt, Co. D, 4th Regt, Sept. 4, '61 ; re- signed Feb. 22, '62. West Augustin C, of Newport, age 29, Capt, Co. B, 3d Regt, May 22, '61; resigned Sept. 19, '62. 6o LAMOILLE COUNTY. Westman Orson C, of Cambridge, age 19, private Co. H, 2d Regt., May 15, '62 ; re-enlisted Jan. 31, '63; Sergt., Sept. 1, '64; 1st Sergt., Feb. 28, '65 ; 2d Lieut., June 7, '65 ; mustered out of service July 15, '65. Whittemore Robert D., of Belvidere, age 36, ist Lieut., Co. E, may 24, '61; Capt., April 12, '62; resigned Sept. 19, '62. Wilson Stephen R., 01 Morristown, age 21, 2d Lieut., Co. L, 12th Regt., July II, '63; died at Armory Square hospital, Washington, D. C, July 6, '64, of wounds received in action at Cold Harbor, Va., June i, '64. Woodbury Charles A., of Hyde Park, age 25, private Co. I, ist Regt. Cav., Sept. 13, '61 ; ist Sergt., Nov. 19, '61 ; 2d Lieut., April 25, '62 ; ist Lieut., Oct. 30, '62 ; killed in action at Broad Run, Va., April i, '63. Wooster Winfield S., of Derby, age 19, private Co. D, 4th Regt., Aug. 30, '61 ; Sergt., Sept. 21, '61; ist Sergt. ; 2d Lieut., Co. K, Nov. 5, '62 ; killed in action at Wilderness, Va., May 5, '64. Wright Riley E, of Coventry, age 23, Capt., Co. H, isth Regt., Sept. 18, '62; resigned June 16, '63. Of the 5,022 men discharged, 317 commissioned oflScers resigned, sixty- one commissioned officers and 3,865 enlisted men were discharged for dis- ability, forty-four commissioned officers and 596 enlisted men for wounds received in action. Eleven enlisted men were paroled prisoners. Twenty- eight commissioned officers and one hundred enlisted men were dishonorably discharged. Among the whole number of troops it is to be expected that some were not irue, and the records show that 2,219 ^^"^ (mostly, if not all, of whom ■were substitutes,) deserted. TAe number of Engagements in which the several Regiments, Batteries and detached troops, (officered in part by Lamoille and Orleans county men,) bore honorable part during the war, are as follows : — First Regiment, Infantry 1 Second Regiment, Infantry 28 Third Regiment, Infantry 28 Fourth Regiment, Infantry 26 Fifth Regiment, Infantry 25 Sixth Regiment, Infantry 25 Seventh Regiment, Infantry 5 Eighth Regiment, Infantry 7 Ninth Regiment, Infantry 4 Tenth Regiment, Infantry 13 Eleventh Regiment, Infantry 12 Thirteenth Regiment, Infantry i Fourteenth Regiment, Infantry... i Seventeenth Regiment, Infantry.. 13 Third Battery, Light Artillery 4 First Regiment, Cavalry 73 IN CONCLUSION. It may be well to state that the War Department accredited to this State 5,242 men; being one thousand and four more than are shown by the State records, and gives the State credit over the aggregate quota under all calls, (Affeeen hundred and thirteen men. " This discrepancy may be and proba- bly is to be accounted for," says Adjutant-General P. T. Washburn, "by en- listments in organizations of other States, to the credit of this State, which appear upon muster rolls of those organizations and were not reported to the State." GAZETTEER OF TOWNS. LAMOILLE COUNTY. BEKYIDERE. i^ELVIDERE, a very mountainous, pentagonal shaped town, located in the "^^ northwestern corner of the county, in 44° 47' north latitude, and irk w longitude 4° 19' east from Washington,* is bounded north by Avery's Gore, and Montgomery, in Franklin county, east by Eden, south by Johnson and Waterville, and west by Waterville. It was granted to a Mr. John Kelley, of New York city, March 5, 1787, and chartered by Vermont, November 14, 1791, by the name of Belvidere. The town originally contained an area of 30,100 acres, but was shorn of its limits November 15, 1824, when a portion of its territory was taken towards forming the town of Waterville, and again, October 30, 1828, 13,440 acres were annexed to Eden, so that Belvidere now has an area of less than 20',ooo acres. In surface, the town is extremely broken and irregular, some of the moun- tains attaining an elevation of from 2, 000 to 3,000 feet, so that for agricul- tural purposes it is of little value, though there afe some good farms found along the streams, where the soil is principally a clay loam. To compensate for this deficiency, however, Belvidere has, aside from a variety of wild and picturesque scenery, many thousand feet of valuable timber standing in her forests. The manufacture of this timber into lumber, and into manufac- tured articles, — butter tubs, sap buckets, etc., — constitutes the principal occu- pation of the inhabitants, and is the source- of the principal exports of the town. The higher peaks and ridges of the territory are covered with im- mense quantities of spruce and hemlock, while the lower portions abound with maple, white and yellow birch, etc. The maple yields an excellent quaUty of sugar, many thousand pounds of which find their way to market annually. North Branch flows through the center of the town, from east to west, affording many excellent mill-sites, several of which are utilized. This stream forms the water-course of the town, and into it flow the waters of Rattling, Basin, Mill, and several other brooks. All of the streams are noticable for their clear, cold water, and are quite plentifully supplied with trout. * As the whole county is in north latitude, and in east longitude from Washington,. the terms noriA and east will hereafter be omitted. 62 TOWN OF BELVIDERE. The geological structure of the town is composed of rocks principally of the talcose schist and gneiss formations. The former underlies the western half, and the latter the eastern half of the township. The large bed of .f<:/5/j/ is cut in several places by beds of steatite, or soapstone, many deposits of which bid fair to develop into quarries of value. Gold in alluvium is said to have been discovered in the extreme western portion of the town, though in very small quantities. A bed of saccharoid azoic limestone also exists, near the line of Bakersfield. Iron and led ores, too, have been discovered in lim- ited quantities, yet sufficient to warrant the belief that mines of considerable value might be developed. Current tradition has it that an Indian at one time took one of the first settlers with him upon Belvidere mountain, and there cut from a ledge a chunk of very pure led ore, which he afterwards run into bullets. There were indications from the cuts in che ledge, so it is said, that there were large quantities of lead, and that the Indian had frequently been there before to procure it. The settler thought to mark the place with his eye, and his route back, so as to return, but the wily savage crossed and fe-crossed his steps so many times on their return, that the man lost all traces of the spot containing the treasure, and was never able to find the place after- wards. In 1882, Belvidere had a population of 400, was divided into five school districts, and contained five common schools, employing nine female teachers at an aggregate salary of $430.10. There were 109 pupils attending com- rhon school, while the entire cost of the schools for the year, ending October 31st, was $466.10, with R. D. Whittemore school superintendent. Belvidere, a small post village located in the southwestern part of the town, on North Branch, contains one church (Christian), one store, a sawand grist-mill, paint shop, etc., and about a dozen dwellings. Belvidere Corners (p. o.) is a hamlet located at the junction of roads i, 2, 3, and 4. Joel C. Hodgkin's saw-mill, located on road to, was built by Mr. Hodgkins in 1877. The mill is supplied with an excellent water-power, employs twelve men, and manufacturers about 3,000,000 feet of lumber per annum. This lumber is mostly spruce, and is marketed throughout Vermont and Mass- achusetts. /. C. Hodgkin's tub factory, located on road 10, was established by Harris Dennio, in 1868, operated by him about three years, then sold to Curtis Brown, and by him re-sold to Frank Lumbra & Co., and finally, in 1876, came into the possession of Mr. Hodgkins. The gentleman employs a num- ber of hands, and manufactures about 40,000 tubs annually. Brown &= Fullingtori s saw-mill, and butter-tub factory, located on Kelly brook, near road 13, was built by John Hunter, and, in 1880, was purchased by L. M. FuUington, of Johnson, and is now operated under the firm title as above. The saw-mill has the capacity for cutting 8,000 to 10,000 feet of lumber per day, and in the manuf'"'''"''' "^ HihcjjiP jfirm omnlnvg t pn men. who turn out about 40,000 tubs p TOWN OF BELVIDERE. 63 Thomas W. ShattucK s grist-mill, located on road i6, was built by Oliver Potter, and operated by him for several years, then was owned by several parties in succession until 1864, when it was purchased by the present pro- prietor. J. L. Squire's saw-mill, located on road 14, was built by Edmund Potter, about the year 1850, and, in the autumn of t 881, was purchased by Mr. Squires. The mill has a capacity of 4,000 feet of lumber per day, but de- pends upon the supply of water, which varies. It was nearly twenty years after the granting of its charter, that the first settlement in Belvidere was commenced. The first settlers were Nathaniel Hodgkins, Moody Shattuck, Timothy Carpenter, John Fletcher, and others, in 1806, '07, and '08, who were joined by others so rapidly, that, in 1810, the town had a population of 217. The first town meeting was held March 21, 1808, pursuant to a warning issued by Sylvan us Eaton, justice of the peace, March 7, 1808. John Holmes was chosen moderator of the meeting, which was then opened in due form, and the following named gentlemen elected as the first town officers : John Brown, town clerk ; WiUiam Beal, John Hodg- kins, and John Adams, selectmen; Jonathan Perham, John Adams, and Lem- uel Warren, listers; Nathaniel Hodgkins, first constable; David Chaffee, grand juror ; Jonathan Chaffee, Nathartiel Hodgkins, and Timothy Carpen- ter, surveyors of highways ; John Holmes and John Adams, pound keepers ; John Perham, David Chaffee, and Putnam Phelps, fence viewers; John Brown, sealer of leather ; Nathaniel Hodgkins, sealer of weights and measures ; Abel Raymore, tythingman ; and Samuel and Jonathan Perham, haywards. At a meeting held at the house of Enoch Dodge, on the first Tuesday in September, 1808, the first ballot for electing a person to represent the State in Congress, was taken, there being fourteen votes cast, ten of which were for Ezra Butler, and four for Martin Chittenden. The names of the voters were as follows: John Holmes, John Adams, John Hodgkins, Tavish Pul- safur, Sherebiah Leach, Samuel Perham, William Beals, Enoch Dodge, David Chaffee, Joel W. Perham, Jonathan Perham, Nathaniel Hodgkins, John Brown, and Moody Shattuck, being in all probability all the legal voters there were in the town at that time. Nathaniel Hodgkins, from New Hampshire, came to this town in 1806. Of his family of eleven children, two spent their lives in the town. Stickney, the third child, was born in 1791, and was a resident of Belvidere from 1806, until his death, in 1864. He served in the war of 181 2, took a leading part in town affairs, representing his townsmen in the legislature of 1840, and his death was generally lamented. He reared a family of fourteen children, of whom Harriet, the seventh child, became the wife of Heman L. Fletcher, in 1854. Mr. Fletcher died in the service of his country during the late civil war, and his only son, Heman S., now occupies the old homestead, on road 10. Joel C, the ninth child of Stickney, also resides on road 10. Moodv Shattuck settled in the northeastern nart of the town in 1807, com- 64 TOWN OF BELVIDERE. ing from Athens, Vt. He filled several of the first offices of the town, repre- sented his townsmen in the legislature several times, and served in the bat- tle of Plattsburgh, ranking as captain. His brother, Jeremiah, came to Waterville soon after he located here, and subsequently removed to this town, locating on road 14, where he followed the occupation of a farmer and shoe- maker. Chauncey, a grandson of Moody, now resides in Waterville, on road 7, and Thomas W., the eighth child of Jeremiah, born in Belvidere, in 1812, still resides here, on road 16. Martin Shattuck, son of Randall, the youngest son of Moody, was born in this town in 1842, and resided here until twenty-two years of age, then re- moved to Waterville to act as clerk in the store of E. H. Shattuck. He sub- sequently engaged in mercantile pursuits for himself, and. May 12, 1871, re- moved to Eden, where he carries on business on road 21 corner 22. Timothy Carpenter, from the southern part of the State, came with his family to Belvidere in 1808, and located in the southern part of the town,^ where he died in 1814, aged forty-three years. He had a family of five chil- dren, all of whom resided in the town. Phineas, a grandson of Timothy^ born here in 1815, now resides on road 6, owning one of the finest places in the town. John Fletcher, who is one of the oldest citizens of the town, came here with his father, Artemas, on an ox-sled, from North Adams, Mass. Shortly after entering the town he located where he now resides, on road 13. He is a pensioner of the war of i8r2, having served at the battle of Plattsburgh. Two of his children also reside in the town, James H., on the old home- stead, and Artemas, on road 11. Ehas J., the youngest son of Artemas, served in Co. H., 9th Vt. Vols., and died here in October, 1881, aged forty- six years. David Chaffee, from Athens, Vt, came to Belvidere among the early set- tlers, but, after a few years' residence here, he removed to Boston, Mass. Alva, the second of his nine children, born in 1796, remained in the town, continuing a resident until his death, in 1868. He reared a family of nine children, and took an active part in town affairs. One of his sons, Alva J., who now resides on road 10, represented the town in 1864, and has filled other offices of trust. Nason, another son, represented the town of Waterville ia 1870, and held the office of high sheriff in 1874-75. Amos K. Whittemore, from Litchfield, N. H., located in Eden in 1802,, and from there removed to this town, in 1835, and subsequently took up his residence in Bakersfield, where he died, in i87r, aged eighty-nine years. He reared a family of fourteen children, two of whom, Lewis and Robert D., now reside in the town, on road 17. Norman M. Cheeney, the second son of Joseph Cheeney, an early settler in Waterville, was born in 1820, and has resided in Belvidere about twelve years, during which time he has held most of the town trusts. Sylvan us Brown, from Orleans county, came to this town in 1838, and. TOWN OF BELVIDERE. 65, located near the central part, where he died, in 1867, aged sixty-eight years. Curtis, his third child, born in 1826, has represented the town two years, held other town offices, and is reckoned one of the most expert hunters in the State. He has killed upwards of one hundred bears during his life, three of which he shot during the winter of 1882. Charles B. Weston was born in Franklin county, in 1805, and came to Belvidere in 1852, since which time he has been a resident of the town. He represented his townsmen in the legislature of 1874, and has held most of the other town offices. Eugene L. Chappell, from Canada, came to Belvidere in 1857, being the third to locate in that part of the town called the Basin, since which time, with the exception of three years spent in the service of his country during the late war, has resided in the town. He^married Miss AmeUa St. John, in 1 86 1, and has a family of three children. The Christian Church of Belvidere. — The first preaching in the town was in 1810, when Elder Morris, of Hardwick, preached a sermon in the barn of Timothy Carpenter. After the war of 1812, meetings were held under the auspices of Elders Newland, of Hyde Park, and R. Dodge, of Stowe. The meetings resulted in the organization of a church of the Christian denomina- tion, with the following list of members : Ebenezer Williams, Jerry Hodg- kin, Chester Chaffee, Eliphalet Carpenter, Jesse C. Holmes, Joseph Perham, Fanny Hodgkin, and Nancy Russell. In 1851, a neat and substantial church was erected at Belvidere village, where the society now meets, presided over by Rev. R. D. Whittemore. 66 TOWN OF CAMBRIDGE. CAMBRIDGE. |»AMBRIDGE, located in the the extreme western part of the county, in ^^ latitude 44° 38', and longitude 4° 7', bounded north by Fletcher, in # Franklin county, and Waterville, east by Johnson, Morristown and Stowe, south by Underhill, and west by Underbill and Fletcher, was granted Nov. 7, 1780, and chartered August 13, 1781, to Samuel Robinson, John Fassett, Jr., Jonathan Fassett, and sixty-four others. The town originally contained 23,533 acres, but two miles from the western part of Steriing were annexed to its area, Oct. 30, 1828, and again, November i, 1841, all that portion of Fletcher which lay upon the south side of the Lamoille river was annexed, making in all, 9,184 acres, so that Cambridge now has an area of 32,717 acres. In surface, the township is rough and uneven, having several prominent elevations, and lies at the base of Mt. Mansfield, which towers above it to an altitude of 4,389 feet. Owing to this roughness of surface, it is much better suited to grazing than grain raising, and, although grain of all kinds is grown to a fair percentage in certain localities, dairy farming is the principal occupation of the inhabitants. The soil varies from a fine intervale to clay bottoms, and is said to be much better on the uplands than on the intervales. The timber is that indiginous to the Grein Mountain towns of this locality, with large quanties of maple, from which sugar is manufactured to a larger extent, it is said, than in any other town in the State. The Lamoille river forms the principal water-course of the territory, flow- ing through the center of the town from east to west, and is joined by num- erous minor streams from the north and south, some of which contain valuable mill-sites. Geologically, the formation of the town consists of talcose schist and gneiss, the former underlying the western, the latter the eastern part. Unexcelled facilities for the transportation of exports and imports are aflforded by the St. J. & L. C., and the Burlington & Lamoille railroads, the former of which enters the town from the north, extends south to Cambridge Junction, and there turns to the east, extending into Johnson, having a station at the Junction. The latter road enters the town from the west, joining the St. J, & L. C. railroad at Cambridge Junction, having stations at Cambridge Borough, Cambridge Center, and the Junction. In 1880, Cambridge had a population of 1,750, and in 1882, was divided into eighteen school districts, and contained eighteen common schools, em- ploying three male, and twenty-nine female teachers, to whom was paid an aggregate salary of $1,583.00 There were 339 pupils attending common TOWN OF CAMBRIDGE. 67 school, while the entire cost of the schools for the year, ending October 31st, was $2,120.03, with R. L. Flagg, superintendent. Cambridge Borough (Cambridge p. o.), the oldest village in the town, located in the western part, on the Lamoille river, is a station on the B. & L. railway. It contains two churches, (Methodist, Episcopal, and Congregational,) one hotel, six stores, a saw-mill, and about forty dwellings. It is a thriving little place, and contains more wealth than most villages of its size. The American House, a well-appointed hotel, located at the corner of Main and South streets, was built by Peleg Stearnes, in 1826. Charles B. Waite came into possession of the property in 1868, when he changed the name of the hotel from the "Eagle" to the " Boro' House," and in 1882, Thaddeus S. Whipple became the proprietor, and changed the name of the hotel to the one it now bears. Cambridge Centre (Jeffersonville p. o.), located near the center of the town, has excellent railroad communications, being located near the junction of the St. J. & L. C, and the B. & L. railroads. The village has one church (Union), two first-class stores, several shops of different kinds, and about thirty dwellings. Situated in the midst of a fine grazing country, the village becomes quite a market center, and ships a large quantity of butter each season. In 18 — , George and David C. Carleton purchased of David C. Griswold a large, never-faihng spring, located on his property, and constructed a cement aqueduct from it to the village, a distance of about three-quarters of a mile, for the purpose of supplying the village with water. In 1877, the aqueduct, and control of the spring, were purchased by Alonzo Kinsley, who thus sup- plies about fifteen families with water. Pleasant Valley (p. o.) is a hamlet located in the- southern part of the town, about four miles distant from either of the business centers. North Cambridge (p. o.) is a hamlet located in the northwestern part of the town. East Cambridge (p. o.) is a postoffice located in a dwelling on road 6, in the extreme eastern part of the town, for the convenience of the inhabitants of that section. John M. Safford's saw and planing-mill, located on road 19, was built by Macoy & Co., in 1865, and operated by them until 1868, when it was pur- chased by Mr. Safford. In 1877, the buildings were destroyed by fire, but were immediately rebuilt. Mr. Safford now manufactures about 1,000,000 feet of lumber, 500 sets of bent felloes, and a large amount of chair stock per annum. Byron G. Macoy' s cabinet shop, located on road 19, was purchased by Mr. Macoy in 1870, and has since been conducted under his management.' He manufactures about 40 coffins and a large amount of furniture each year. Lucius A. Wheelock's saw-mill, located on road 26, was built by him in 1877. It cuts about 100,000 feet of lumber per annum. 68 TOWN OF CAMBRIDGE. David C. Griswolifs tub-manufactory, located on road 26, was built by William Lathrop, about the year 1840, as an axe factory, and was purchased by Mr. Griswold in 1857, who converted it into a carriage shop, carrying on that business until 1882, when he commenced the manufacture of tubs, turn- ing out about S°;°°° P^'' year. Joel M. Wilcosis grist and planing-mill, located on road 26, was built byD. D. SafFord, in 1862, and was purchased by the present proprietor in 1876. The mill has every modern convenience, and does custom work. W. M. Scotfs cabinet shop, located on Main St., at Cambridge Borough, was built by Mr. Burgess about fifty years ago. Mr. Scott manufactures from forty to eighty coffins and a large amount of furniture per year. The Wallbridge Saw and Planing-Mill, located on Brewster river, near road 36, is one of the oldest mills in the town. In 1869, it was purchased by its present owner, Jonathan Lamplough. It has the capacity for cutting 10,000 feet of lumber per day, in addition to the planing done. John SpafFord, the first settler in the town, came here from Pierpont, N. H., in May, 1783, cleared two acres of land, which he planted with corn, and built a log house. In the autumn he harvested his corn, which was a poor crop, as most of it had been destroyed by an overflow of the Lamoille river, and returned to Pierpont in November for his family, consisting of wife and two children. During the next summer, Amos Fassett, Stephen Kinsley, John Fassett, and Samuel Montague, from Bennington, Vt., and Noah Chit- tenden, from Arhngton, located upon farms adjoining that of Mr. Fassett. These settlers were joined by others from time to time, so that in 1791, the town had a population of 359. The first proprietors' meeting was held at the house of Jonathan Robinson, at Bennington, Vt., July i, 1783, pursuant to a warning published in the Massachusetts Gazette. At this meeting John Fassett was chosen moderator,, and Joseph Safford, clerk. It was voted to lay out the first division of lots,. and Amos Fassett was appointed surveyor for that purpose. After this, ad- journed meetings were held on August 28, March 26, and May 13, 1784. At this latter meeting it was voted to adjourn until the 2d day of September, 1784, to meet at the house of Amos Fassett, in Cambridge, at ten o'clock, a. m. The records show that proprietors' meetings continued to be held up to April 21, 1795, when, with the record of a vote to adjourn until June loth, following, the records cease. On the first page of the town book of records, there appears the following notice : — ■ " These certify that all the leaves before this in this book were filled with accounts, and were cut out in open town meeting, by order of said meeting, on the 29th day of March, being the first town meeting ever held in Cam- bridge. " Certified this 29th day of March, 1785, by me, "JOHN FASSETT, town clerk." TOWN OF CAMBRIDGE. 69 This meeting was held at the house of John Fassett, pursuant to a warn- ing issued on the i sth of the same month. On the 29th of March, 1785, then, the town of Cambridge was organized, and the proper list of town officers chosen, which were as follows: David Safford, moderator; John Fassett, town clerk ; Amos Fassett, Stephen Kinsley, and David Safford, selectman ; John Fassett, treasurer; Noah Chittenden, constable; Samuel Montague, grand juror; Ezekiel Brewster, tything man ; David Safford, sealer of weights and measures ; John Brewster, and Noah Chittenden, surveyors of highways ; and Silas Bilhngs, culler of shingles. The first justice of the peace was Amos Fassett, appointed in 1786. Daniel Kinsley was the first representa- tive, elected in 1785. The first birth recorded is that of Samantha, daughter of Amos and Anna Fassett, November 14, 1784. She died at the age of twenty-two years. Daniel, son of Stephen Kingsley, was the second child born, in 1784. He lived until 1864. An infant of David Safford was the third, which died in infancy. Solomon Montague was the fourth. He died but a few years since, having for a long time enjoyed the title of the " oldest resident " in the town. The first death was that of Martha, a daughter of Robert and Thankful Cochran, April 13,1788. The first grist-mill was built on Seymour brook, and owned by a Mr. Poor. As late as 1791, they came from Morristown to Cambridge to mill, a distance of twenty miles. In 1785, the first saw-mill was built, giving the settlers a chance for the first time to have regular floors and doors for their dwellings. Frederick Parker built the second saw-mill, at the junction of Bacon, Smedley, and Boardman brooks. The first arched bridge in town was built by Enoch Carleton and Joseph P. Hawley, in 1832. In 1786, the first school was opened, in a log house, by John Safford, who had a class of twenty-four scholars. The first deed on record is under the date of April 2, 1785, Cambridge being then a part of Rutland county. In 1791, the town was set to Chittenden county, and in 1796, to Franklin coun- ty, and finally, in December, 1836, is the date of the first deed on record in the town since it was a part of Lamoille county. The date of the incorpo- ration of these counties, of which Cambridge has been successively a part, may be found on page 29. During the war of i8r2, Cambridge did her full share in furnishing soldiers to defend our country, and were it available to us, we should like to print a full list of those who served in the war. When the late Rebellion broke out, also, the town was prompt in filling the quota required of her, the first to en- list being Eli EUenwood. The highest bounty paid by the town was $500.00. There were 45 enlisted men furnished, thirty-eight of whom were killed or died from wounds received, or from disease contracted "while in the service. Truman Powell, from Manchester, Vt., came to Cambridge among the early settlers, in 1787, and located upon the old Powell homestead, on road 34. The farm was given to him by his father, Martin Powell. The deed for the same was drawn up by Gideon Ormsby, justice of the peace, in 1787, and 7° TOWN OF CAMBRIDGE. reads as follows : " For and in consideration of the natural love and good- will I have and bear unto my son, Truman Powell, I deed, etc." Truman was a pensioner of the Revolution, and his son, Egbert, who now resides on the homestead, was present at the battle of Plattsburgh. Truman had a family of nine children, two of whom, Egbert, and Mrs. Patty Bently, of Chi- cago, are living. Egbert was born in Manchester, Vt., in 1786, and came to Cambridge with his father, so that he now, at the age of ninety-six years, is the oldest resident of the town. He has had a family of eight children, six of whom are living. Truman D., his seventh child, occupies the old farm-house, built in 1 81 2, and has two sons. William Campbell was an early settler from Massachusetts. He located in the northern part of the town, where he resided until his death, which was occasioned by the falling of a tree. Of his family of six children, three set- tled in Cambridge. Jeanette, the eldest child, became the wife of John Wil- son, and reared a family of seven children, of whom John M., the fifth, born in t8i8, now resides here. Ezekiel Fullington, from New Hampshire', was also an early settler in the northern part of the town, where he died in 1837. He had a family of eight children, four of whom, James, Ezekiel, Alexander, and Henry E., perma- nently located in the town. Ezekiel, Jr., born in 1800, was a resident of the town until his death, held several of the town offices, and reared a family of four children, two' of whom, Fideha and Addison E., settled in the town. Addison E. now resides on road 9. Daniel Blaisdell came to Cambridge, from Ware, N. H., at an early day, and located near the Borough, though he finally located upon the old home- stead, on road 2. He reared a family of eleven children, four of whom set- tled in the town, and died in 1865, aged ninety years. Ralph, the fourth born, and only son now living, was born in 1813, and now resides within fifteen rods of his birthplace, having never been out of the town for a period exceeding four weeks at one time during his life. Daniel Blaisdell, 2d, son of Daniel, born in 1800, always resided here, and reared a family of nine sons, only one of whom, Daniel, Jr., is now a resident of the town. Jonathan Blaisdell, a brother of Daniel, came here with Daniel, and located in the northern part of the town, where he died in 1842, aged seventy years. Of his family of seven children, two became residents of the town. Monro, his fifth son, born in 1818, now resides on road 16. It is said he was the first to introduce pure blood Jersey cattle into the town of Fletcher. Benjamin Macoy emigrated from Ireland, and at. an early date in the his- tory of Cambridge, located in the eastern part thereof, where he resided un- til his death. Three of his seven children became residents of the town. Daniel, his second son, born in 1800, resided here until 1855, when he re- moved to Oneida, N. Y. Two of his sons, Byron G. and Wesley D., still reside here. Jonah Brewster, from Bennington, Vt., came to Cambridge among the early TOWN OF CAMBRIDGE. 7 1 settlers, and is said to have cleared the first land where the present Center village now is. Here, near Brewster river, which received its name in his honor, he resided until his death, in 1833. His family consisted of eight children, five of whom settled in the town. Elijah, his second son, born in 1279, died here in 1843. Two of his family of six children settled in the town, of whom Solon Y., born in i8i8, now resides on road 47. Erastus Hawley, of Hinesburgh, an early settler in the eastern part, was a harness-maker and saddler until his death. William, the third of his four children, born here in 1801, also in the same trade, died in 1844. The third of his four children, N. A., born in 1837, now resides on road 17. Benjamin Griswold, one of the first settlers of Bristol, Vt., removed from there to Enosburgh, and thence to Cambridge. His youngest son, Benjamin, born in 1797, came to this town with his parents, and died on the old home- stead, in 1878. His son, Leonard S., now occupies the old farm, on road 32. Robert Cochran, from Bennington, an early settler in the eastern part, died in old age. He reared a family of ten children, all but one of whom located in the town. Robert, his second son, born in 1790, served in the war of 1812, resided here until 1840, then removed to the West, where he died in 1850. Samantha, one of thirteen children, born in 1808, still resides here. Walter and Amasa Cady, from Connecticut came to Cambridge among the early settlers, and made choice of farms in the western part of the town. Walter's family consisted of one son and four daughters. Alpheus, the youngest of the children, born in 1800, married Samantha Stevens in 1830, and reared a family of four sons and one daughter. The only one of the family now residing here is Harrison F., on road 42. He was born in 1836, married Sophronia M. Parker, in 1863, and has had five children, two of whom died. John Dickinson, from Northfield, Mass., came here in 1790, located in the southern part, where he resided until his death, in 1826. Three of his nine children are now living, and one, Samuel, in this town, on road 22. Samuel has three children, all in this town as follows : Aurella E., wife of F. S. Edwards ; Loraine, wife of Charles Holmes ; and Royal A., who mar- ried Ellen Hebb, in 1866, the union having been blessed with four children. John Wires came to this town, from Leicester, Mass., about the year 1790. In 1797, he married Miss Anna Walbridge, and shortly after purchased a farm on road 32, now owned by his son, Harlow, and where he spent the remainder of his life. He was for many years known as Gen. John Wires, having served at the battle of Plattsburgh, and also held offices in the home militia. He was high sheriff of Franklin county for twenty years, and also held other positions of trust. Of fourteen children seven are now fiving. Harlow, the youngest, born in 1830, and who occupies the homestead, was married in 1 861, to Miss Sarah A. Morgan. Abner Brush, from Huntington, L. I., came to this town about the year 1790, and located at North Cambridge. Soon after, he removed to Cam- bridge Borough, where he worked at the tailors' trade until 1802, when he 72 TOWN OF CAMBRIDGE. built the house where his fifth son, Salmon, was born in 1804, and now resides, being one of the oldest houses in the town. From 1802 to 1805, he was engaged in mercantile pursuits, and from that time until 1831, in the hotel business. He died during the latter year, aged sixty-eight years. Salmon commenced the practice of medicine in 1833, married Miss Seviah Lovegrove in 1835. Two of their family of five children, Edwin R., a practic- ing physician, and Mary L., wife of Burton S. Ellenwood, reside in the town. John Safford, from Bennington, Vt, came to Cambridge in 1790, and located in the western part of the town, upon the farm now owned by his grandson, Samuel M. He reared a family of ten children, eight of whom settled in the town, and died in 1857, aged ninety-two years. John Wood, from Massachusetts, came here in 1792, and located upon the farm now owned by his grandson, Hiram. David, the second of his four children, born in 1781, resided here until his death. Hiram, the third of his eight children, born in 1814, has always resided on the old homestead. Levi Atwood came to Cambridge, from Massachusetts, in 1794, and located in the northern part of the town, on road 7, where his son, Norman, now re- sides. Norman was born in 1809, and has held most of the town offices. Ephraim Fullington, from Raymond, N. H., came to this town in 1796, and located upon the farm now owned by his sons, Bradbury and John T., where he resided until his death, in 1844, aged seventy- four years. Ten of his twelve children arrived at a mature age. Sarah Jane Fullington, the eighth child of Ephraim, born in 181 1, now resides on road 22. Joseph Gallup, born in Rhode Island, in 1774, came here in 1796, locating on road 37, where he purchased thirty acres of land. This small farm, by careful industry, he gradually increased, until at the time of his death he owned 700 acres. He reared eleven children, six are now living, two in town. Francis Green, born in this town in 1797, followed the trade of a carpen- ter and joiner until forty years of age, when he purchased a farm of 300 acres on road 7, which he worked until age prevented. Julius W., his only child, born in 1847, has always resided on the old homestead. He married Emily S. Rayrnore in 1867, and now has a family of three children. Rev. Samuel Holmes, a Baptist clergyman from southern Vermont, came hereabout 1800, and located on road 37. He reared eight children, none of whom are now living. His grandson, Orlando, resides on road 27. Nathaniel Read, from Massachusetts, came here in 1800, and located upon the farm now owned by his grandson, Silas H. He reared a family of eleven children, six of whom are settled in the town, and died October 12, 1839. Ira Morgan, of Pownal, Vt., born in 1773, came to Cambridge about 1800. In 1803, he married Mary Barber, by whom he had four children, and, in 1817, he married his second wife, Mary Phillips, this union being blessed with four children, two of whom now reside here. He died in 1848, aged seventy-five. WilUam S., his fifth child, born in 1817, occupies the old homestead, and has never been absent from town six consecutive days. William Walker, from Brookfield, Mass., located in the northern part in TOWN OF^CAMBRIDGE. 73 1800, where he died in 1813. Lyman, the youngest of his nine children, born in 181 1, resided on the old homestead, held many of the town offices, and died in 1879. He reared five children, all of whom now reside here. Timothy Thompson came from Simsbury, Conn., in 1803, and cleared the farm now owned by his son, Daniel C. In 1805, he brought his family and continued his residence until his death, in 1837, aged fifty- five years. Seven of his children are now living, two in Cambridge. His wife, Tryphena Barber, survived his death thirty-five years, dying at the age of eighty-five. John Austin, from Windsor. Vt., located in the western part of the town, in 1810, where he died in 1843, aged seventy years. Enoch, the eldest of his eight children, born in 1804, is still a resident of the town. Nathan Smilie came from Massachusetts about the year 181 r, and located upon the farm now owned by his son, Henry. He represented the town in the legislature, and served in other positions of trust, and died here at an advanced age. Henry, his fourth son, was born in 1826, and resides here. William Melendy came from New Hampshire about the year 1812, and located upon a farm in that portion .of the town which was subsequently annexed from Sterling. He reared ten children, five of whom settled in the town. William, the oldest, born in 18 19, now resides on road 8. He repre- sented his town in the legislature in 1878. Nathaniel, a twin of William, Sr., came into the town with his brother, and located in the eastern part, where he resided until 1835, and then removed to the northern part, where he died in 1862. Of his family of eleven children, four are now residents of the town. Alfred, one of the younger children, born in 1823, resided on road 8. Crosby Melendy, son of Nathaniel, reared a family of four children, three of whom settled in the town. John F. Melendy, born here in 1852, has resided in the town all his life, with the exception of four years. Samuel Blaisdell, from Bennington, Vt., located in the central part of the town at an early day, where he died in 1 8 1 2, aged eighty years. He reared nine sons and four daughters, nearly all of whom settled in the town. Joseph, the second son, born in 1789, came with his father, and spent the remainder of his life here, excepting the last few days, which were passed where he died, in Brookfield. Of his family of nine children, only one settled in the town. Harry, his oldest son, born in 1805, still resides here. Willard Griswold, from Springfield, Vt., came here previous to 1820, and commenced work as a carpenter. In 1825, he built the house now occupied by his son, Alonzo C. During his long life here, he held the office of town clerk from 1839 to 1848, and served as representative two terms. Of his family of eight children, four now reside in town. Alonzo C, the youngest child, born in 1841, occupies the old homestead on road 26. Willard H., the fourth child, born in 1831, was engaged in mercantile pursuits from 1856 until 1875, and has held the office of town clerk since 1856. Asa Adams came here from Massachusetts about 1818, and located a httle southeast of Jefifersonville, where he died Sept. 12, 1861, aged eighty- two years. Elijah, his youngest son, born in 1809, now resides on road 6. 74 TOWN OP CAMBRIDGE. Erastus Hawley, from Connecticut, came here from Middlebury, in 1820, and located upon the farm now owned by his grandson, Almon A. Here he kept hotel for some years, in the house where three generations of the family have been born. Almon A., only son of Russell D., born in 1839, married Adelia D. Stinehour, in 1862, and has a family of five children. Patrick Duffy, from Ireland, came to Cambridge about 1820, and located on road 49, where he resided until his death in 1865, aged sixty ir. He had a family of eight children. Margaret E., the eldest, became the wife of Edward Henley, in 1850. Mr. Henley died in 1875, leaving four children. Hon. John Warner was born at Brookfield, Mass., in 1780. He received a common school education at that place and in Sturbridge — his only stock with which to begin the fortunes of life. In 1801, at the age of twenty-one years, he started on foot for this town, with the whole of his extra personal attire in his band. In spite of the most rigid economy his scanty funds were insufficient to last him through the journey, so he was obliged to work a month to procure more, and when he arrived here the contents of his ex- chequer amounted to thirty-five cents. He hired himself out to Nathaniel Read, as a journeyman currier for two years, and at the expiration of that term of service he engaged in the business on his own account, following it for fifty years, amassing a fortune and becoming a large land-owner. During his later years he devoted his time to farming. All through his life, however, he conducted his business in the interests of the poor, helping them in every manner possible. In 1805, he married Sally Read, a daughter of his for- mer employer, by whom he reared a family of seven children, three of whom survived him. In 1814, he went as a volunteer to the battle of Plattsburgh, taking an active part in the engagement, paying his own expenses. He also held for successive yeais nearly all the civil offices of the town. In 1823-24, he represented his townsmen in the legislature, and, in r 842-' 43, was elected one of the assistant judges. Possessed of strong and decided judgment, he was often called to act as administrator in the settlement of estates, univer- sally giving satisfaction. A friend of the poor, the widow and the orphan, and a liberal supporter of education, Mr. Warner so endeared himself to the people of Cambridge that the day of his death, September 1, 1863, was one of universal mourning among them. For a long series of years he and his two sons, Chauncey and Harrison, by mutual consent used each others | names in a l^ge business with the utmost harmony. His son Chauncey, | born in 1815, still resides here. He also possesses a large fortune, and by -; use of it shows that he has inherited his father's love for benevolent ac- tions. Among the many generous acts he has performed was the dona- tion, two years since, of $25,000.00 to the citizens of St. Albans, towards | establishing a home for friendless children. This benevolent enterprise has ] been the means of rescuing many little waifs from want, who now live to bless the Warner Home for Little Wanderers. In the spring of i883,he also purchased the large dwelling and ample grounds of E. A. Smith, at St. Albans, for the estabUshment of a free hospital. TOWN OF CAMBRIDGE. 75 Henry Stowell, from Connecticut, came to Cambridge about the year 1823, and located at the Borough. He was a graduate of Middlebury college, and practiced law until his death, in 1872. His son, Henry J., born in 1826, now resides here. Elisha Bentley, born at Jericho, in 181 1, came to Cambridge when seven- teen years of age, and for about twelve years was engaged in mercantile pur- suits. He represented the town in the legislature, in 1851 ,and 1856^ and the county in 1861 and r862, and has also been sheriff one year. His family consists of a wife and five children. Edward Dyer, a native of Rhode Island, immigrated to Clarendon, Vt., in 1789, at the age of fifteen years, but for a period of more than half a century, he was a citizen of Rutland, where he was rated as a man possessed of sound judgment, energy of character, and that knowledge of human nature which would have made him a power in any walk of life. Clara D., his fifth child, . became the wife of Gardner Gates, in i83r. Their family consisted of three sons, one of whom, Clarence, is engaged in mercantile pursuits at Cambridge village. Jonas Hobart, from Hollis, N. H., came to Westford, Vt., in 1800, where he spent the remainder of his life. Charles, his fifth child, born in i8i6,came to Cambridge in 1877, and took up his residence on the place Owned for many years by his grandfather, Francis Faxon. Thomas Edwards, born at Bedford, Eng., in 1790, came to Cambridge in 1837, and located in the southeastern part of the town. His family consisted of three sons and two daughters. Two of his sons now reside here, Matthew, on road 22, and Thomas, on road 24. George W. Powell, the oldest son of Fernando Powell, was born in 1838. He resided on road 39, until twenty-five years of age, then removed to road 24, where he died, in 1880, aged forty-two years, leaving a wife and five children. William Hebb emigrated from England, in 1838, and located in Canada, where he remained about three years, then came to this town, remaining until his death, in 1857, at the age of fifty-four years. Mark E., his youngest son, now resides on road 16. Darius Case, from Connecticut, came to Cambridge June 10, 1839, and located in the northern part of the town, where he died, in 1868, aged sixty- six years. Addison B., the youngest of his ten children, born in 1826, is now a resident of the town, on road 13. Harmon Morse, born in Fairfield, Franklin county, in 1815, removed to this town in 1 840, and located upon the farm he now occupies. Two of his sons, Anson D. and Harmon N., are professional men, the former a professor of history and political economy, the latter of chemistry. McKay Campbell emigrated from Scotland in 1843, and in 1876, located in Cambridge, engaging in the hotel business. Lyman Larabee, from Berkshire, located in this town, where he remained 76 TOWN OF CAMBRIDGE. until his death, in 1875, aged eighty-six years, having reared a family of twelve children. George E. Melvin, the only son of Edwin Melvin, one of the early settlers of the town, was born here in 185 1. He married Miss Emma R. Blair in 187;, and since 1875, has been engaged in mercantile pursuits. He has one son, Edwin N. Joel Putnam, the second child of Luther Putnam, an early settler in Fletcher Franklin county, was born in 1814, and came to Cambridge in 1856, locating upon the farm he now occupies. Samuel Wheelock, an early settler in Eden, came to Cambridge a number of years ago, and died here in 1878. Edwin, his second son, has been located in the town as a Congregational clergyman for the last twenty-seven years. Edwin was born in 1822, graduated from the University of Vermont, was a member of the legislature in 1866 and 1867, has been superintendent of schools fifteen years, and held various other positions of trust. The Congregational Church, located at Cambridge, was organized by Rev. Ithimar Hibbard, of Ben»ington, February i8, 1792, with twelve membeis The church building is a wood structure, built in 1805, being now the oldest church in Northern Vermont, and capable of seating about 300 persons. The society now has sixty-seven members, with Rev. Edwin Wheelock pas- tor, who has held the position twenty-seven years. The Methodist Church, located at Cambridge, was organized in 1848, with thirty-nine members, by Elder Hiram Meeker. The first pastor was Rev. Salsbury S. Ford. The church building was erected in 1849, and remodeled in 1863, so that it is now a comfortable structure capable of seating 250 per- sons, and is valued at $3,500.00. The society has ninety-two members, with Rev. C. S. Vail, pastor. TOWN OF EDEN. 77 KDEN. IpSiDEN, a lumbering town located in the northern part of the county, in lat. 44° 22', and long. 4° 25', bounded north by Lowell, in Orleans coun- ty, and Montgomery, in Franklin county, east by Craftsbury, in Orleans county, south by Hyde Park and Johnson, and west by'Belvidere, was granted November 7, 1780, and chartered August 28, 1781, the charter deed reading as follows : — "The Governor, Council, and General Assembly of the Freemen of the State of Vermont: To all people to whom these presents shall come, Greet- ing : Know ye, that whereas Col. Seth Warner and his associates, our worthy friends, viz. : The Officers and Soldiers of his regiment, in the line of the Con- tinental Army, have, by petition, requested a grant of unappropriated land within the State, in order for settling a new plantation, to be converted info a township : We have therefore thought fit, for the encouragement of their laudable designs, and as a consideration, in part, for their past meritorious services to their country; And do, by these presents, in the name and by the authority of the Freemen of the State of Vermont, give and grant the tract of land unto the said Seth Warner, Lieutenant-Col. Samuel Safford, and the several persons hereafter named, in equal rights or shares." Then follows the names of Warner and those who served in his regiment, seventy-two in all, and the shares each should possess, the document being signed by Thomas Chittenden, Governor of the State. Until 1828, the town had an area of only 23,040 acres, but on the 30th day of October, of that year 13,440 acres were annexed from Belvidere, so that the township now has an area of 36,480 acres, one of the largest in the State. In surface, Eden is rough and mountainous, and made quite picturesque by numerous ponds and rivers. The principal elevations are Belvidere, Had- ley, and Norris mountains. Belvidere mountain, situated in the northwestern part of the township, and partly in the town from which it takes its name, is an elevation of considerable height. Its rocky sides are well timbered, but at its summit there is a small open space affording an excellent view of the surrounding beautiful scenery, a view extending beyond the historic Cham- plain on the west, and to the White Mountains on the east. Tradition has it that there is a copper mine somewhere on this mountain where the Indians were wont to gather the metal. This tradidon has never been verified, how- ever, and probably has no foundation in fact. Mounts Hadley and Norris lie in the northeastern part of the town, and are elevations of no mean height. The surface of Mt. Hadley presents rocky, jagged, and, on the whole, quite picturesque aspect. There is said to be a small pond at its summit. 78 TOWN OF EDEN. The soil of the township is mostly a fertile, sandy loam, which is irrigated by numerous streams, springs, and ponds. Of the latter, no less than nine are distributed thoughout the town. The principal of these. North Pond, lies alongside the road leading from Eden to Lowell, and is about two miles in length by a half mile in width.. Two peninsulas jutting out from the north and south ends divide the sheet into two distinct bodies, which are connected by a narrow strait, or channel. This pond was formerly much larger than it now is, owing to an artificial dam that was erected at its outlet. About the year 1803, this dam suddenly broke away, allowing the huge body of water to flood down the narrow outlet. This catastrophe, though destructive, is said to have been a grand and imposing sight. The resistless torrent swept away everything in its course, tearing from their foundations huge rocks and lofty trees. The Gihon river, with its numerous branches and tributaries forms the principal water-course, flowing a southerly direction into Hyde Park. There are several other good sized streams, however, many of which afford excellent mill privileges. Many acres of spruce, and hard wood tim- ber are to be found in the town, though much has been cut, and many thous- and feet are being cut each season. Of the many fine farms located through- out Eden, most are devoted to dairy farming ; but the principal occupation of the inhabitants is lumbering, in its various branches. In 1880, Eden had a population of 934, and in 1882, contained nine com- mon schools, governed on the town principle, employing twelve female teach- ers, to whom was paid an aggregate salary of $575.50. There were 200 pu- pils attending common school, while the entire cost of the schools for the year, ending October 31st, was $662.17, with Edwin C. White, superin- tendent. Eden Mills, a .post village, located in the central part of the town, con- tains one church (Methodist), an hotel, two saw-mills, three clapboard and one grist-mill, two blacksmith shops and about fifteen dwellings. Eden (p. o.), a hamlet located near the central part of the town, consists of one store and half a dozen dwellings. C. A. (5n E. C. White's starch factory, located on road 7, was built by James Brown, in 1866. In 1869, it came into the possession of the present proprietors, and, with the exception of two seasons, has since been operated by them. The firm employs about four hands, and uses from five to twenty- five thousand bushels of potatoes per annum. H. H. &= O. E. Newton's saw-mill, located on road 12^, was built by 0. E. Newton and James Brown, in 1874. Mr. Brown subsequently withdrew from the firm, and Henry H. Newton assumed his interest. The mill gives employment to about fifteen hands, and turns out from five to eight hundred thousand feet of lumber annually. C. A. &= F. F. White's clapboard-mill, located on road 7, gives employ- ment to three men, and manufactures about 300,000 feet of lumber per year. Stearns &> Moseley's saw and grist-mill and butter-tub factory, located on TOWN OF EDEN. .79 load 27, was built by a Mr. Blake, in 1830. The property changed hands several times and finally was purchased by the present owners in April, 1881. They added the business of manufacturing shingles and butter-tubs, and also erected the grist-mill. The firm now employs eleven men in their saw-mill, manufacturing 500,000 feet of lumber annually. When the butter-tub factory is in operation it gives employment to fifteen men, and turns out from 50,000 to 7 5, 000 tubs per annum. White &• Whittemore's saw and clapboard-mill, located on road 7, was built by the present owners, in 1868, the clapboard manufactory not being added until,two years later, or in 1870. The firm now employs from six to nine men, and manufactures about 800,000 feet of dressed lumber and 200,000 feet of clapboards per annum. William L. Oder's saw-mill, located on road 32, was built a number of years ago by L. H. Noyes. In 1868, it was purchased by the present pro- prietor, and by him entirely rebuilt and furnished with improved machinery. Mr. Ober employs from four to ten men and manufactures about 600,000 feet of lumber annually. Jonas T. Stevens' s grist and saw-mill, located on road 22, was built by M. Mason who carried on the business for a number of years. After several changes of proprietors, the property was purchased, in 1880, by Mr. Stevens, who instituted many improvements and repairs, so that the mill now employs about twenty hands, who manufacture 1,500,000 feet of lumber per annum. Mr. Stevens also operates a planing-mill in connection with the saw-mill. The first settlement in Eden was commenced in 1800, by Thomas H. Parker, Moses Wentworth, and Isaac Brown. The town was organized March 31^ 1802, the meeting being held at the residence of Thomas H. Parker, where the following list of officers was chosen : Moses Wentworth, town clerk ; Archibald Harwood, treasurer and constable ; Isaac Brown, Thomas McClinathan and William Hudson, selectmen ; Dada Hinds, Jede-- diah Hutchins and Jonas Joslyn, listers ; and Eli Hinds, Jeduthan Stone and WiUiam Hudson, highway surveyors. The first justice of the peace was Thomas H. Parker, chosen in 1800, he being also chosen as the first repre- sentative, in 1802. The first physician was Dr. Eaton, father of ex-Governor Eaton, who remained here about two years. The first child born in the town was Eden, son of Isaac and Lydia Brown. Lemuel Warren came from Massachusetts in 1800, and located upon the farm now owned by his son and grandson, where he reared a family of seven children, five of whom settled in the town. Mr. Warren died in 1824. Asa, the third son of Lemuel, born in 1800, remained on the old homestead until his death. WiUiam A., his second son, born in 1829, now occupies a portion of the homestead. Calvin D., the oldest son of Lemuel, also resides on the old farm. Charles Whittemore, from New Hampshire, came to Eden about the year 1800, locating upon a farm near the eastern shore of North Pond, where he go TOWN OF EDEN. resided most of the remaining years of his life, rearing a family of eight chil- dren, three of whom are now living, one, Ira, in this town. Mr. Whittemore held many of the town offices, and was much respected by his townsmen. Eli Hinds, from Hubbardston, Mass., came to Eden in the spring of 1801, being, according to a sermon preached at the funeral of his oldest son, Eli, the first person who entered the town with a team of any kind. He had a family of four sons and three daughters. Two of the sons served in the war of 1812, and two, Freelove and Abel S., are now living, the latter, born in T809, being one of the oldest residents of the town. Mr. Hinds held many of the town trusts, and was actively interested in church matters. • Nathan Adams came to Eden with his father, Asa, in June, 1803, from Rut- land, Mass. He subsequently located on a farm in the northern part of the town, where he resided a number of years, and finally, after various changes of residence, he died upon a farm now owned by one of his grandsons, his death occurring in 1854, aged sixty years. Of his family of seven children, fiveare now living. Harmon S., his second son, born in 18 19, has always been a resident of the town. He has reared a family of four children. Mason Adams, the youngest son of Asa, born in 1801, has been a resident of the town since 1803. Mason has had a family of four children, two of whom set- tled in Eden. Abel Smith, from Hubbardston, Mass., located on a farm in the central part of the town, at an early date. He was a shoemaker by trade, but the latter part of his hfe he devoted entirely to farming. His death occurred in i860, at the age of seventy-eight years. His family consisted of twelve children, all of whom located in the town, and three of whom are now living. Asa, his sixth child, born in 1809, now occupies the old homestead. John H., the second son of Asa, born in 1840, has been a resident of the town all his life. John Brown, from Rocksboro, N. H., came to Eden in 1806, and located upon a farm in the northern part of the town, where he died in 1848, aged seventy-two years. He reared a family of twelve children, ten of whom are now living, the youngest being sixty-two, and the oldest eighty-two years of age. John was at the battle of Plattsburgh, and served the town as justice and town clerk for a period of thirty years. Charles P., the fifth child of John, born in 1807, now resides on road 28. Massa Bassett, from Keene, N. H., came to Eden in the spring of 1808, locating near the western border of the town, where he reared a family of eight children, and was a leader among his townsmen for many years. George, his second son, born in 18 10, resided here until his death, in 1879, leaving a family of five children. George was for many years actively interested in town affairs, holding many of the town offices. Two of his children now reside here. William G., born in 1838, is a large real estate owner, located on road 21. He has a wife and two children. Lucius Hiram, the youngest child, born in 1853, now resides on road 27, with a wife and three children. TOWN OF EDEN. 8 1 William C. Atwell, from Wentworth, Mass., came to this town in 1814, making the first permanent settlement on the farm now owned by his son, James. On this farm is said to have been built the first frame barn in the town, and which is yet in use. William died in 1867, aged seventy-seven years. He was a physician by profession, and served his townsmen in this capacity, and in various town offices, faithfully and well. Of his family of nine children, two, James and Davis, now reside here. The former was born in 183 1, has a family of two children, and resides on road 21. The latter, born in 1836, is a farmer, located on road 22. Jonas Harrington came to Eden, from Connecticut, in 1817, locating upon a farm on road 10, where he died in 1847, aged sixty-two years. He served in the war of 181 2, and received a severe wound while in the service. His family consisted of seven children, all of whom settled in the town. Jacob, his oldest son, born in 181 2, now resides on road 21 cor g, having reared a family of four children, three of whom reside in the town. James Kelley, from New York, located in the eastern part of the town at an early date, where he died in i860, aged sixty-one years. John D., the fourth son of his seven children, born in 1847, now resides on road 22. Freeborn White, from Northbridge, Mass., came to Eden in 1830, after a short residence in Waterville. He located upon a farm on road 19, where he resided about fifteen years, then resided with his several children until his death. Charles A., the second of his eight children, born in 1812, has been a resident of the town since his parents settled here, and is now actively en- gaged in the manufacture of lumber and starch. Amasa Ober and his wife came to this town in 1832, locating upon new land on road 32. Here Mr. Ober resided until his death, in 1866, at the age of fifty-five years. His wife, Margaret C, still survives him. She possesses one of those sturdy natures that seem to especially adapt a woman for the partner of a pioneer. She shared the privations incident to a new settlement, with her husband, working both in the field and in the kitchen. During the past twenty-eight years she has manufactured 1,558 yards of carpeting, in addi- tion to her usual household duties. Benjamin Ober, cousin to Amasa, located on road 30, in 1836, upon the farm now occupied by his widow and his son, frank B. Peter Ober, brother of Amasa, came here the same year with Benjamin, and located upon an adjoining farm, where he resided until his death. Amasa Stevens, from Hartland. Vt., came to Eden in 1832, locating at Eden Corners, where he worked at his trade, carpenter and millwright. In 1859, he commenced the manufacture of lumber. Jonas T., his youngest son, born in 1842, has always been a resident of the town, and is now ex- tensively engaged in the manufacture of lumber. During the late war Eden furnished seventy-five men, nineteen of whom were killed, or died from wounds or exposure, received while in the service. Religious meetings were held at an early date in the town, by itinerant 6 83 TOWN OF EDEN. ministers who held services in barns and private dwellings. Most of the early settlers were strong Calvinists ; but Rev. Wilbur Fisk, a Methodist min- ister, finally came here, in i8f8, and made many ^converts, since which time that denomination has been the strongest. The Methodist church, located at Eden Mills, was organized by Rev. Wil- bur Fisk, in 1823, with fifteen members. Rev. Schuyler Chamberlin was the first pastor. The first church building was erected in 1831, and gave place to the present edifice in 1864, a comfortable wood structure capable of seating 300 persons, and valued at $1,500.00, though its original cost was $2,000.00. The society now has sixteen members, with Rev. J. W. Hitch- cock, pastor. The Universalist church was organized in 1834. The society is now small. The Congregational church was organized November 3, 1812, being the first church organized in the town. The first pastor was Rev. Joseph Farrar, who commenced his labors November 24, 181 1, and was dismissed from his charge December 20, 1815. The society is now very small, with no regular pastor. The Advent church has a small society, with Elder Albert Stone, pastor. '1^ -.^-^ TOWN OF ELMORE. 83 ELMORE. MLMORE, located in the southeastern part of the county, in lat. 44° 29', ^ and long. 4° 29', is bounded northeasterly by Wolcott, southeasterly by Y Woodbury, southwesterly by Worcester, and northwesterly by Morris- town, thus lying seventeen miles north from Montpelier, and thirty-three east from Burlington. The township contains an area of 23,040 acres, granted by the State to Samuel Elmore, from whom it derived its name, and sixty- four others, November 7, 1780, though the charter was not issued until August 21, 1781. The surface of the town is somewhat uneven and broken, especially in the western part, where the territory is cut by the "Hogback" range of moun- tains. On the lower slopes of these, and in the vicinity of Elmore pond in the northern part of the town, are found some of the most highly culti- vated farms in the Lamoille valley, if not in the whole State. The soil is of a good quality and well watered. The several streams of the northern part fall into the Lamoille river, while those of the southern part flow into the Winooski. Elmore pond, covering an area of 500 acres, is a beautiful little sheet of water lying in the northern part of the town. Several other small ponds are formed throughout the town. The timber is mostly of the hardwood varieties. The geological structure of the territory is composed of rocks of the talcose schist formation. Several minerals of value have been discovered, among which are iron and copper ores. The former was at one .time quite exten- sively wrought, but nothing during late years has been done with it. In 1880, Elmore had a population of 682, and in 1882, was divided into nine school districts and contained eight common schools, employing one male and fifteen female teachers, to whom was paid an aggregate salary of $804.90. W. E. Colby was school superintendent. Elmore, a post village located in the northern part of the town, contains one church (Methodist), an hotel, store, and about a dozen dwellings. The village is pleasantly situated on Elmore pond, and commands a fine prospect of the surrounding country. East Elmore (p. o.) is a hamlet located in the eastern part of the town. A Methodist society was organized here in 1870, and now has about fifty members, with Rev. X. Udall, pastor. Services are held in the school-house. Woodbury 6^ Ward's saw-mill, located in the northern part of the town, on Pond brook, was formerly used as a starch factory, being converted into a saw-mill in 1881. It has the capacity for cutting 1,000 feet of lumber per TOWN OF ELMORE. hour. The mill is also supplied with planing and matching machines and a shingle saw. Gray's saw-mill, located in the northeastern part of the town, on East branch, was built in 1855, by L. H. Gale. It was purchased by the present proprietor, George Gray, in 1879, ^^o manufactures about 800,000 feet of lumber per annum. Z. A. Gale's saw-mill, located in the eastern part of the town, on East branch, was built in 1871, by George Gray and Mr. Gale. The mill turns out about 500,000 feet of lumber per year, most of which is dressed before it is shipped. George A. Morse's saw-mill, located at East Elmore, was built about the year 1871, by James and Ira Youngs. Mr. Morse manufactures about 1,000,000 feet of lumber per annum. F. B. Morses shingle and clapboard-mill, located on road 30, was built in 1880-81. The building is 40 by 60 feet, three stories in height, and well equipped for the purposes for which it is intended. Mr. Morse intends to put in a grist-mill at no distant day. A. P. &> F. L. Slayton' s saw-mill, located in the southeastern part of the town, on Hardwood Platte brook, was built in i860, being started on Thanks- giving day of that year. The mill operates a circular saw and cuts about 300,000 feet of lumber per year. R. G. HilFs saw-mill, located near the head of North branch, is operated by both steam and water-power, and cuts about 1,500,000 feet of lumber per annum, dressed and matched ready for market. The settlement of Elmore was commenced in July, 1790, by Martin and Jesse Elmore, James and Seth Olmstead, Aaron Keeler and others, mostly from Sharon and Norwalk, Conn. There being at the taking of the first census, in 1 791, twelve persons in the town. The first town meeting was held July 23, 1792, when Joseph Leach was chosen town clerk and constable Job Gibbs, Joseph Leach, and James Olmstead, selectmen. Martin Elmore was the first representative and first justice of the peace. The latter office he held eighteen consecutive years, and was also town clerk forty-one years, from 1797 to 1838. Jonathan Bridge was a justice twenty-nine years. Henry Olmstead was the first child born in the town. May 14, 1793. Martin El- more represented the town in the legislature for several years at first ; Jona- than Bridge in 1827-28, and in 1836 ; Abner Doty, in 1829, '30, '32 ; Mar- tin Elmore in 1831, '■^■i, '34, and '35 ; Peleg Schofield, in 1837; Samuel Bailey, in 1838; Jesse N. Perley, in 1839; George W. Bailey, in 1840 and '42; Seth Town, in 1841 and '43; Heman H. Elmore, in 1845, and '46; Joseph C. Bailey, in 1847 and '48; Crispus Shaw, in 1849 and '50; Hiram P. Doty, in 1851, and of late years by A. M. Kelley, C. S. Parker, A. P- Slayton, H. D. Cook and others, the present incumbent being George A. Morse. Martin Elmore, Jonathan Bridge, Peleg Schofield, and George W. Bailey, were members of the Constitutional Conventions. Elmore has also ■i^l^rU-' C/^^: TOWN OF ELMORE. 85 furnished several of the county officers, as follows : George W. Bailey, sen- ntnr ■ Tnnat-hnn Rridge an.l C. S. Parker, assistant iudees ; George W. Bailey 86 TOWN OF ELMORE. at Elmore Pond. Mr. Parker has been breeding Jersey stock for the past fourteen years, having made his first purchase, a bull and heifer calf, of the late Charles Kinney, of Plainfield, Vt. The bull was said by Mr. Kenney, to have been dropped by a cow owned by the late Hon. Jacob Colamer, of Woodstock, and she was a present to him from the herd of Judge Smalley, (stock barns of CHARLES S. PARKER, ELMORE.). of Burlington, Vt. The heifer was from a cow owned by Mr. Kinney, for which he paid $200, and she from imported stock. He paid $75 for the bull, and $50 for the heifer. He afterwards bought a heifer calf of the estate of Carlos Pierce, of Stanstead, Canada, at a cost of $100, from stock imported by him from the Channel Island. About the same time he purchased a bull of the Alderney Club, of Claremont, N. H., a registered animal, for $100. Since then he has used one bull from the herd of Dr. Smith, of Stowe, Vt, and much of the time used sires of his own raising. He has not been to the trouble to keep his stock registered, but has taken much pains to produce purity of blood. Henry C. Parker, born in New Hampshire, Dec. 12, 1796, moved to Barre, Vt., with his parents, when young, and married Mary Batchelder, of Plainfield, Vt., Nov. 5, 1819. In 1830, he moved to Elmore, locating on the farm now occupied by R. G. Hill, on road 23. He had a family of seven children, four sons and three daughters, that lived to attain a matured age. The daughters, were Sarah F., who died in Barre, Vt., in 1863, the wife of Samuel Childs; Lucy H., who now resides in Newfield, Me., the wife of Josiah Durgin; Mary J., now residing in Elmore, the wife of J. T. Hill. The sons were Charles S.; Judson T., who resides on road 18, has held many of the town offices, represented the town in 1880, was married to Betsey Wolcott, March 14, 1866, and has one daughter, Mirtie Belle ; Alpheus, residing on road 18, married Mary J. Wolcott, March 12, 1861, was one of the 3d Regt,, Vt. TOWN OF ELMORE. 87 Vols., serving in Co. E., and received an honorable discharge; Robert Par- ker was a volunteer in Co. E., 12th Mass. Regt., and was the standard bearer of his company, was severely wounded at the battle of Bull Run, was once taken prisoner, and died in Boston, Mass., July 6, 1864, at the age of thirty- three years, from wounds received at the battle of the Wilderness. His body was brought home by his father and deposited in the old grave-yard where rest the remains of many of the brave boys who died for their country. Mr. Parker's wife died June 22, 1877, at the age of eighty-two years. He now lives with his son, Alpheus. He has been a member of the M. E. church for more than half a century, being now a venerable man of eighty-six years, the oldest resident of the town. Samuel Smith, son of Joseph Smith, was a solier in the war of the Revolu- tion, and came to Vermont, from New Hampshire, at an early date. He was born in 1788, married Betsey Rood, of Hartland, Vt., and reared a family of seven children, five of whom are now living. In 18 12, he came to this town and located upon a farm on Elmore mountain, where he resided until 1856, then removed to Morrisville to reside with his son-in-law, G. W. Gates. His death occurred August 30, 1866. His wife died August 13, 1867. Jonathan Bridge was born at Lexington, Mass., May 23, 1787, andcameto this town about 1 810, and settled upon the farm now owned by W.W. Delano, on road 22. He married Hannah Taylor, reared a family of nine children, and died July 4, 1866. Seth Olmstead, from Norwalk, Conn., came to Elmore in 1790, and located upon the farm now owned by his grandson, Samuel N. Olmstead, on road 25, where he built and kept the first hotel in the town, opening the same in 18T3, Harry, son of Seth, born in this town, died here in 1854, aged sixty- two years. Samuel N. is the only one of his ten children now hving in the town. James Maxom, from Connecticut, came to this town about the year 1800, and located upon the farm now owned by Samuel Scott. He died in the ser- vice of his country during the war of 181 2, of disease. He married Sally Woods, they being the first couple married in the town. The only one of their three children now living in the town being Mrs. Samuel Scott, who was born on the old farm October 10, 1807. Peleg Scofield, born July 14, 1779, came to Elmore, from Hartford, Conn., about the year 1800, and located upon a farm on road 19, now the property of R. B. Goodell. Here he resided until 1844, when he removed to Morris- town, where he subsequently died. He reared a family of fourteen children, of whom only one, John G., living on road 18, now resides in the town. Dow Grant settled in Elmore as early as 1812, locating a little south of the center of the town, upon the farm, now owned by Henry Vizant. Here he resided until his death, and reared a family of four sons and three daugh- tcrs George W. Bailey, from Berlin, Vt., came to this town February 6, 1821, and located upon the farm now occupied by P. C. Darling, on road 4. Here 86 TOWN OF ELMORE. at Elmore Pond. Mr. Parker has been breeding Jersey stock for the past fourteen years, having made his first purchase, a bull and heifer calf, of the late Charles Kinney, of Plainfield, Vt. The bull was said by Mr. Kenney, to have been dropped by a cow owned by the late Hon. Jacob Colamer, of Woodstock, and she was a present to him from the herd of Judge Smalley, f •^^'^^^■^^^"^f^r^^^ ^■'^/i^f^^^^ (stock barns of CHARLES S. PARKER, ELMORE.). of Burlington, Vt. The heifer was from a cow owned by Mr. Kinney, for which he paid $200, and she from imported stock. He paid $75 for the bull, and $50 for the heifer. He afterwards bought a heifer calf of the estate of Carlos Pierce, of Stanstead, Canada, at a cost of $100, from stock imported by him from the Channel Island. About the same time he purchased a bull of the Alderney Club, of Claremont, N. H., a registered animal, for $100. Since then he has used one bull from the herd of Dr. Smith, of Stowe, Vt, and much of the time used sires of his own raising. He has not been to the trouble to keep his stock registered, but has taken much pains to produce purity of blood. Henry C. Parker, born in New Hampshire, Dec. 12, 1796, moved to Barre, Vt., with his parents, when young, and married MaryBatchelder, of Plainfield, Vt., Nov. 5, 1819. In 1830, he moved to Elmore, locating on the farm now occupied by R. G. Hill, on road 23. He had a family of seven children, four sons and three daughters, that hved to attain a matured age. The daughters, were Sarah F., who died in Barre, Vt., in 1863, the wife of Samuel Childs; Lucy H., who now resides in Newfield, Me., the wife of Josiah Durgin; Mary J., now residing in Elmore, the wife of J. T. Hill. The sons were Charles S.; Judson T., who resides on road 18, has held many of the town offices, represented the town in 1880, was married to Betsey Wolcott, March 14, 1866, and has one daughter, Mirtie Belle ; Alpheus, residing on road 18, married Mary J. Wolcott, March 12, 1861, was one of the 3d Regt., Vt. TOWN OF ELMORE. 87 Vols., serving in Co. E., and received an honorable discharge; Robert Par- ker was a volunteer in Co. K, 12th Mass. Regt., and was the standard bearer of his company, was severely wounded at the battle of Bull Run, was once taken prisoner, and died in Boston, Mass., July 6, 1864, at the age of thirty- three years, from wounds received at the battle of the Wilderness. His body was brought home by his father and deposited in the old grave-yard where rest the remains of many of the brave boys who died for their country. Mr. Parker's wife died June 22, 1877, at the age of eighty-two years. He now lives with his son, Alpheus. He has been a member of the M. E. church for more than half a century, being now a venerable man of eighty-six years, the oldest resident of the town. Samuel Smith, son of Joseph Smith, was a soHer in the war of the Revolu- tion, and came to Vermont, from New Hampshire, at an early date. He was born in 1788, married Betsey Rood, of Hartland, Vt., and reared a family of seven children, five of whom are now living. In 181 2, he came to this town and located upon a farm on Elmore mountain, where he resided until r856, then removed to Morrisville to reside with his son-in-law, G. W. Gates. His death occurred August 30, 1866. His wife died August 13, r867. Jonathan Bridge was born at Lexington, Mass., May 23, 1787, andcameto this town about 1 810, and settled upon the farm now owned by W.W. Delano, on road 22. He married Hannah Taylor, reared a family of nine children, and died July 4, 1866. Seth Olmstead, from Norwalk, Conn., came to Elmore in 1790, and located upon the farm now owned by his grandson, Samuel N. Olmstead, on road 25, where he built and kept the first hotel in the town, opening the same in 1813, Harry, son of Seth, born in this town, died here in 1854, aged sixty-two years. Samuel N. is the only one of his ten children now living in the town. James Maxom, from Connecticut, came to this town about the year 1800, and located upon the farm now owned by Samuel Scott. He died in the ser- vice of his country during the war of 181 2, of disease. He married Sally Woods, they being the first couple married. in the town. The only one of their three children now living in the town being Mrs. Samuel Scott, who was born on the old farm October 10, 1807. Peleg Scofield, born July 14, 1779, came to Elmore, from Hartford, Conn., about the year 1800, and located upon a farm on road 19, now the property of R. B. Goodell. Here he resided until 1844, when he removed to Morris- town, where he subsequently died. He reared a family of fourteen children, of whom only one, John G., living on road 18, now resides in the town. Dow Grant settled in Elmore as early as 18 12, locating a little south of the center of the town, upon the farm, now owned by Henry Vizant. Here he resided until his death, and reared a family of four sons and three daugh- ters. George W. Bailey, from Berlin, Vt., came to this town February 6, i82r, and located upon the farm now occupied by P. C. Darling, on road 4. Here 88 TOWN OF ELMORE. he resided for a few years, then removed to the farm now owned by his son- in-law, A. M. Kelley, on road 15. Mr. Bailey held most of the town offices was a representative two terms, was twice elected to the State senate, and was sheriff two years. He was married to Rebecca Warren, December 21. 1820, the union being blessed with a family of ten children, three of whom are now living, one in this town. His life was brought to a close August ig, 1868. His widow still survives him, aged eighty years. David Cook, from Barre, Vt., came to Elmore about the year 1822, and located on road 12, upon the farm now occupied by Leonard Grimes, where he cut the first timber on that property. Mr. Cook married Betsey Conant, reared a family of ten children, served his townsmen in various offices, and died in 1878. His widow is now a resident of Barre, Vt., aged eighty-one years. His son, Charles, is the present ist selectman of the town. Abel Camp was born in Orange, Vt., April 15, i8or, and came to Elmore when twenty-one years of age, and located upon the farm he still occupies, Mr. Camp has held most of the town offices, was a representative in 1858, '59, and '60, and at the extra session held in April, 1861; was postmaster seventeen years, justice of the peace fifteen years, and town clerk twenty-six years. He has been twice married, his first wife having died July 22, 1854, leaving eight sons and one daughter. His second wife, Narciss Lovell, yet cheers his declining years. Seth Town came to Elmore, from Barre, Vt., in 1823, and located near road 10, upon the farm now owned by Luther Ward. He resided here until about 1840, when he removed to the farm owned by C. S. Parker, on road 16. He served his townsmen in several official capacities, and died March 23, i86o. . His wife, Susan Sherman, died January 14, 1870. Their only child, Eliza, is the wife of C. S. Parker. Samuel Bryant, from Woodstock, Vt., came to this town in 1824, and set- tled upon the farm owned by Benjamin Davis, on road 19. Here he resided for a few years, then removed to Morristown, where he cleared up the farm now the property of Alfred Dodge. In 1845, he returned to Elmore, re- mained here five years, then removed to Franklin county, N. Y., where he died, in April, 1882, aged about ninety-two years. His wife died five days later, aged over ninety-three years. Of their family of six children, three are now living, one, Joseph W,, in this town. He was born, March 10, 1816, married Laura M. C. Camp, daughter of Dr. Joel Camp, and has three chil- dren, — two sons and one daughter. J oseph W. has held most of the town offices, and in connection with his farming enterprises, has practiced law for forty years. Dr. Joel G. Camp came to Elmore from Craftsbury, Vt., about the year 1825. He was a very energetic man, and soon built up a large practice, which he enjoyed until his death, in 1872. Mr. Camp was the only settled physician the town ever had, and was nearly eighty-four years of age when he died. His wife also died in 1872, aged nearly seventy-eight years. TOWN OF ELMORE. 89 Edwin Hill, from East Montpelier, came to this town in 1826, and located upon the farm now owned by his son, R. G. Hill, on road 23. He resided here until his death, in 1874. His widow is still living, aged eighty-two years. Two of their three children are living, R. G. and J. T. Stephen B. Hatch, from Hartland, Vt., came to Elmore in 1826, and located in the western part of the town, where he has since resided. He mar- ried Anna Cobb, and has reared a family of thirteen children, six of whom are living. Harvey Merritt came to this town from Montpelier about the year 1840, and located upon the farm now owned by his son, Francis L., on road 7. He married Abigail LeBarran, reared three sons and one daughter, three of whom are now living. His death occurred in June, 1876, aged seventy-four years. His wife died August 9, 1882. Benjamin F. Morse was born in Barre, Vt., in 1828, and came to this town from Plainfield, Vt., in 1852, and located upon the farm he now occupies, on road 28. His house, erected in 1853, was the second frame house built in the eastern part of the town. Mr. Morse has been married three times, and is one of the prominent men of the town. V. N. Bacon came to this town, from Williamstown, Vt., in 1850, and located upon " Mt. Lookout farm," on the west side of Elmore pond, in 1850, where he resided until his death, in 1874. His son, Oliver D., now resides on the farm, where, in 1878, he established Camp Bacon, a resoit for campers and. pic-nicers. This is a beautiful location for boating and fishing, is sup- plied with boats, a camp-house 15x25 feet, and all the accessories of a resort of this kind, and is well patronized each season. During the late civil war Elmore furnished sixty-four soldiers, as follows : Stephen C. Albee, David P. Barnes, Jos. Bashaw, Henry J. Bagley, John P. Be- dell, Wm. Biscomer, May 20,'64, died of wounds ; Lewis Belville, deserted, Jan. I, '63 ; Albert J. Biddell, prisoner June 23, '64; Clesson Cameron, Lyman L- Camp, Charles Carter, deserted Dec. 18, '62; W. B. Chandler, Rufus H. Clark, Seth L. Clark, Chas. Clement, Chas. S. Cooper, John A. Camp, Luman M. Davis, May 12, '64, killed, Spottsylvania ; James P. Davis, Solon W- Davis, Learnard W. Davis, Hiram Dwyer, Jan. 17, '64, died; Edwin R. Dodge, April 16, '62, killed, Lee's Mills, Va.; Jas. Estes, June 29, '62, killed. Savage Station, Va.; Lewis H. Estes, Jos. Fisher, Sept. 4, '62, deserted; Samuel B. risk, Jos. Gabouree, Justus Gale, Sept. 19, '63, died; Geo. W. Garner, Oct. 9, '$1, died ; Russell H. Gay, Luman M. Grout, Maj. 8th Vt. Regt.; Ira F. Grout, John S. Harrington, Andrew J. Hart, Franklin Hastings, Edward Hol- den, Leman Holden, Solon W. Hutchins, Feb. 23, '64, died; Jos. LaFleur, killed. May 5, '64, Wilderness ; Melvin A. Leighton, deserted, Dec. 18, '62 ; John W. Merriam, Sept. 24, '63, died ; Curtis B. Moore, July 9, '62, died ; Andrew J. Morse, Benj. F. Morse, Chas. W. Morse, Aug. 27, '62, died; Luther W. Morse, June rg, '63, died; David R. Muliken, Charles Noe, In- galls K. Ober, Franklin A. Olmstead, Horatio N. Olmstead, Alpheus Parker, 9° TOWN OF ELMORE. Frank A. Russell, June 29, '64, missing in action ; Frederick Schofield, drowned in Mississipi river, June 23, '63 ; Lorenzo D. Shaw, John N. Stet- son, B. P. Sparrow, June 23, '64, prisoner ; Wm. Swift, Geo. F. Wheat, died March 14, '63; Hiram Wheeler, Feb. 25, '63, died; Anthony White, Ezra G. Williams, June 23, '64, prisoner; U. A. Woodbury, Capt., wounded at Bull Run. The Elmore Methodist Episcopal Church, located at Elmore village, was originally built in 1836, and rebuilt in 1874. It is a commodious wood structure, capable of seating 300 persons, and valued at $5,000. The society now has sixty members, with Rev. Dyer Willis, pastor. TOWN OF HYDE PARK. 91 HYDE PARK. I^^YDE PARK, the shire town, and geographical as well as political center of the county, lies in lat. 44° 37,' and long. 4° 26', bounded northeasterly by Eden, southeasterly by Wolcott, southwesterly by Mor- ristown, and northwesterly by Johnson. It has an area of 23,040 acres, its boundary hnes being each about six miles in length, thus forming a square, which is set diagonally, north and south. No changes have been made in the territorial limits of the town since its original survey. It was granted by the State, November 6, 1780, and chartered August 27, 1781, to Jedediah Hyde and sixty-four associates, as follows : — " The Governor, Council and General Assembly of the Freemen of Ver- mont, — to all people to whom these presents shall come, Greeting: — '■'■Know ye, that whereas Jedediah Hyde, Esq., and his associates, our wor- thy friends, have by petition, requested a grant of a tract of unappropriated lands within this State, of 6 miles square, in order for setting a new planta- tion, to be erected into a township. We have therepre thought fit, for the due encouragement of their laudable designs, and for other valuable consid- erations, us hereunto moving, and do by these presents in the name and by the authority of the Freemen of Vermont, give and grant the tract of land hereafter described, and bounded, unto the said Jedediah Hyde, and the sev- eral persons hereafter named his associates, viz : — " William Dennison, William Ledyard, Elihu Marvin, John Lamb, Elisha Edgerton, Samuel Capron, Robert Hallam, Richard Deshon, Jr., Zacheus Lathrop, Frederick Tracy, Asa Waterman, William Latham, Jonathan Brew- ster, Charles Lamb, Hezekiah Edgerton, Ransford Rose, Richard Deshon, Samuel Lathrop, Jared Tracy, Simeon Thomas, John Dorrance, Theophilus Rogers,' Daniel Rodman, Roger Enos, Jr., Elisha Marvin. William Read, Wil- liam Whitney, Nicholas Fossdick, William Wattles, John McCn. Breed, Wil- liam Hubbard, EUsha Bill, Lodwick Champlain, Elijah Bachus, Thomas Mumford, Solomon Story, Henry Bilhngs, Joseph Woodbridge, Jabez Fitch, Henry Rice, Benjamin Talmari, Thomas James Douglass, Ebenezer Basto, Za- baiel Rogers, Thomas Chittenden, Zebediah Varnum, Elisha Lathrop, Ed- ward Latham, Ebenezer Witter, Peleg Hyde, Samuel Cardall, Daniel Coit, Christopher Lessingwell, Augustus Peck, Araunah Waterman, John Davis, Giles Mumford, Amasa JoneS, Andrew BilHngs, Henry Woodbridge, Ebenezer Whitney,'Erastus Rossiter, Joseph Smith, Jedediah Hyde, Jr.,— which together with the five following rights reserved to the several uses in manner following, include the whole of said township, viz : one right for the use of a Seminary or College; one right for the use of County Grammer Schools, in said State ; lands to the amount of one right to be and remain for the purpose of settlement of a minister and ministers of the Gospel in said Township forever; lands to the amount of one right for the support of the social worship of God, in said Township; 92 TOWN OF HYDE PARK. and lands to the amount of one right for the support of an English School or Schools in said Township, which said two rights f©r the use of a Seminary or College, and for the use of County Grammar Schools, as aforesaid, and the im- provements, rents, interest and profits arising therefrom, shall be under the control, order, direction and disposal of the General Assembly of said State forever ; and the Proprietors of said Township, are hereby authorized and empowered tolocate said two rights, justly and equitably, or quantity for quality, in such parts of said Township, as they, or their Committee shall judge will least incommode the general settlement of said Tract or Township. And the Proprietors are hereby further empowered to locate the lands aforesaid, amount- ing to three rights assigned for the settlement of a minister and ministers for their support and for the use and support of English Schools, in such and in so many places, as they or their Committee shall judge will best accommodate the inhabitants of said Township, when the same shall be fully settled and improved, laying the same equitably or quantity for quahty, which said lands amounting to the three last rights mentioned, when located as aforesaid, shall, together with their improve- ments, rights, rents, profits, dues and interests, remain inahenably ap- propriated, to the uses and purposes, for which they are respectively assigned, and be under the charge, direction and disposal of the Selectmen of said Township, in trust to and for the use of said Township forever. " Which tract of la?id, hereby given and granted as aforesaid, is bounded and described as follows, viz. : Beginning at the Northeasterly corner of Morris- town, then North, thirty-six degrees East, in the line of Wolcott and Minden, six miles- — then North, fifty-four degrees West six miles — then South, thirty- six degrees West six miles, — to the Northeasterly corner of Morristown afore- said, — then South, fifty-four degrees East, in the line of said Morristown six miles, to the bounds begun at and that the same be, and hereby is incorpo- rated into a Township by the name of Hyde Park; and the inhabitants that do, or may hereafter inhabit said Township and declared to be infranchised and entitled to all the privileges and immunities, that the inhabitants of other Townships within this State do and ought by the law and Constitution of this State, to exercise and enjoy: — " To have and to hold, the said granted premises as above expressed, with all the privileges and appurtenancies thereto belonging and appertaining to them and their respective heirs, and assigns forever, upon the following Conditions and Reservations, viz. : That each proprietor of the township of Hyde Park, aforesaid, his heirs or assigns shall plant and cultivate five acres of land, and build an house, at least eighteen feet square on the floor, or have one family settled on each respective right, within the term of four years next after the circumstances of the war will admit of a settlement with safety, on penalty of forfeiture of each right of land, in said Township not so improved, or settled, and the same to revert to the freemen of this State, to be by their represent- atives regranted to such persons as shall appear to settle and cultivate the same. ''That all Pine Timber, suitable for a navy, be reserved for the use and benefit of the freemen of the State. "In Testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the State to be affixed, this 27th day of August, Anno Domini, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-one, and in the fifth year of our independence. "THOMAS CHITTENDEN. " By his Excellency's command, " Thomas ToLMAN D., Sec'y." TOWN OF HYDE PARK. 93 The surface of the town is very uneven, and, in many parts, quite hilly, though there are no mountains. The lowest portion is reached near the southern line, at the Lamoille river, whence the surface gradually ascends northwardly, until many localities assume almost the character of a moun- tainous region. The village of North Hyde Park, located in the northwest- ern corner of the town, is, however, little, if any, higher than the village of Hyde Park, located at the southern line, upon a sand bluff, some seventy feet above the alluvium of the river. With the exception of a few sandy plateaus, the largest of which is in the eastern part of the town, crossed by the old Wolcott road, the soil away from the river beds is clay, and well adapted for wheat and grazing. This is generally speaking, as the usual variety of soil may be found interspersed with the clay ground- work. Trees of a decid- uous nature predominate, — the pines being found upon the rough side-hills and on the sandy flats. . The sugar maple is very common, the original growth of this tree having been quite generally spared. The principal river is the Lamoille, wl:ich flows across the southern part of the town, then drops south into Morristown, to enter Hyde Park again in the southwestern part of the town. The other streams of importance are Green river and Rodman brook, though there are numerous minor brooks and streams, many of which afford excellent mill- sites. The most striking feature in the surface of th 3 township is the cluster of ponds in the northeastern part. They vary in size from one to one hundred and fifty acres, and number about twenty. Great pond is the largest. Most of them are supplied by springs beneath the sur- face, and are the sources of brooks which ultimately reach the Lamoille river. A few have apparently neither inlet nor outlet, and are entirely surrounded by the primeval forest. The geological structure of the territory consists of an immense bed of talcose schist, cut by a narrow range oi clay slate, the latter extending through the whole length of the western part of the town, from north to south. Gold is said to exist in small quantities in the northwestern part. A bed of terre de seine has been worked in the gorge of the Green river, and deposits of ochre have been discovered in the same vicinity. Copper has also been found on the banks of that river, and a mining company was once organized to develop the ore, though nothing of importance was ever done. Sulphur and iron springs are found in different localities. At North Hyde Park a mineral spring of great strength exists, emptying into the Gihon river, a branch of the Lamoille. In 1880, Hyde Park had a population of 1,715, and in 1882, was divided into fifteen school districts and contained fourteen common schools, employing four male and eighteen female teachers, to whom was paid an aggregate salary of $2,020.65. There were 528 pupils attending common school, while the entire cost of the schools for the year,ending October 31st, was $2,306.89,. with H. M. McFarland, superintendent. 94 TOWN OF HYDE PARK. Hyde Park. — It was originally intended by the proprietors that the village should be located where Albert M. Whitcomb's farm now is, on road 18 cor. 6, and the village lots were actually laid out at that point. Where the village now stands, the pine plain was laid out in acre lots, in the second division and each proprietor was entitled to one village lot, and one pine lot. The town-house was first located at Centerville, and it does not seem to have been anticipated the principal business of the town would ever be located at the southwest corner. Its growth, however, can be accounted for in the fact that its site is located upon a fine plateau, elevated above the surrounding swamps, on the main thoroughfares of travel in all directions, and command- ing fine views of hill and valley scenery. In 1807, Nathaniel P. Sawyer erected a mansion at the head of Main street, which is yet standing, the oldest dwelling in the village. The next house was built in 1808, by Aaron Keeler, and is now occupied by his descendants. Soon after, in i8og, a house was erected at the western terminus of the vil- lage. Thus the growth continued gradually, until the establishment of the county seat at this point. The erection of the jail and court-house, in 1836, gave new life and importance to the growing settlement. Previous to this, a store had been kept for many years, by Oliver Noyes and his son, Breed, on the old Noyes place. There the postoffice was kept, the business ren- dezvous for several years ; but in 1836, the trade was at the village. Accord- ing to Tho7npso7i s Vermont, there were in Hyde Park street, in 1840, twenty dwellings, two stores, three hotels, and several mechanic's shops. There are now about sixty dwellings, one hotel, two churches (Union and Catholic), five stores, and shops of various kinds, besides the county buildings, town hall and academy building. The hotel, the American House, the best in the county, was built by a company organized for that purpose, in 1858. The Lamoille Central Academy was organized in 1857. School was opened in the fall of 1858, taught by H. Henry Powers, now one of the judges of the supreme court of Vermont. Among the later instructors in the school have been H. B. Chittenden, who taught the school six years, and is now principal of Swanton Academy; H. M. McFarland, who had charge of the school three years ; H. S. Wilson, now principal of People's Academy, at Morrisville, and R. W. Hulburd, the present principal. The present board of trustees are Waldo Brigham, David Randall, E. B. Sawyer, George L. Waterman, and C. S. Page. North Hyde Park, a post village located in the northwestern part of the town, boasts a very rapid growth. In 1859, there were no signs of a village on its present delightful site. The first settlers in the vicinity were David Wood, David Holton, Marvin Glasure, Daniel Bullard, and Joseph Ferry, who came there over sixty years ago. Previous to 1840, a saw-mill had been erected on the Gihon river, by Daniel Ferry, and at that time, 1840, the county road was laid out through the place, extending, as such, from Johnson, up to Orleans county, via. Eden, when the place was first called North Hyde TOWN OF HYDE PARK. qc Park, containing five or six families. Up to 1865, there were added to the place about fifteen dwelling houses, one starch factory, one store, and hotel, one church, and a blacksmith, wheelwright, and cooper shop. The village now has a good hotel, two churches (Union and Congregational), several manu- factories, several stores, and about forty dwellings. Centerville, a hamlet located in the central part of the town, contains one store, and about half a dozen dwellings. Haskinsville, a hamlet located near the head of Green river, has one saw- mill, and four dwellings. The Lamoille County Bank, located at Hyde Park village, was chartered by the legislature in 1854, with an authorized capital of $75,000.00, and commenced business the follov/ing year, May 11, in the building now occu- pied by Judge Small, with a paid up capital of $50,000.00. Lucius H. Noyes was made president, and Carlos S. Noyes, cashier. Previous to this the busi- ness of the county had been transacted principally with banks at Burlington St. Albans, Montpelier, and Waterbury. Considerable opposition to the establishment of the institution was encountered at first, owing to the fact that some of the directors of the Waterbury bank were residents of this county. This opposition was of short duration, however, and the bank was soon in a prosperous condition. July i, 1865, the bank was reorganized as "The Lamoille County National Bank," and the capital increased to $150- 000.00, with Lucius H. Noyes, president, and Albert L. Noyes, cashier. In 1868, the present commodious bank building was erected of brick, which is supplied with a fire-proof vault, secured by a time-lock. The president dying in February, 1877, his brother, Carlos S. Noyes, of Morrisville, was elected to the vacancy, and C. S. Page made vice-president. They, with A. L. Noyes, cashier, constitute the present list of officers. The board of directors is as follows : C. S. Page, A. L. Noyes, of Hyde Park ; C. L. Noyes, H. H. Powers, P. H, Gleed, of Morristown; George Wilkins, of Stowe ; and Henry Smiley, of Cambridge. The annual election of officers is held on the second Tuesday in January. Of the first board of directors only George Wilkins, of Stowe, is living. Vernon W. Jewetfs wagon, carriage, and sleigh manufactory, located at Hyde Park, was established, in a small way, about 1876. In 1881, he built the commodious shop he now occupies. He employs seven hands, and dur- ing the season of 1882, he manufactured forty lumber wagons, in addition to much other work. H. J. Lilley &' Co.'s carriage manufactory, located on Church street, was established in i860. The firm now employs several hands, and does a busi- ness of from $8,000.00 to $10,000.00 per year. The Lamoille creamery, located at Hyde Park, was established in 1882^ by Hinckley, Ayers & Co., of Boston, using the old starch factory building. The factory uses the milk from 400 cows, though it has the capacity of using that of 600 cows. It is the only creamery in the county, and is superintended by H. M. Noyes. 96 TOWN OF HYDE PARK. C. J. Patcfis saw-mill, located in the western part of the town, on the Gihon river, was built in 1879, by Peter Cox. It has the capacity for cut- ting 500,000 feet of lumber and a large quantity of shingles and clapboards per annum. Orson ffadley's cider-mill, located on road 34, built in 1875, has the capacity for manufacturing sixteen barrels of cider per day. Foss 6- Robins' s saw-mill, located on the Gihon river, at North Hyde Park, cuts 600,000 feet of lumber per year, in addition to a quantity of clap, boards and butter-tubs. The mill is also supplied with lumber dressing machinery. Marquis D. L. Peck's clapboard and saw-mill, located on road 13, was built in 1868. It has the capacity for sawing 5,000 feet of lumber per day. Hiram S. Haskitis saw-mill, located on road 9, built in 1881, has the capacity for cutting 15,000 feet of lumber per day, and is suppUed with planing and matching machinery. Mr. Haskins has another mill on Great pond, rebuilt in 1870, which cuts 6,000 feet of lumber per day, and which has a clapboard-mill. C. S. Page's saw-mill, located in the northern part of the town, rebuilt in 1881, saws 1,000,000 feet of lumber annually, employing eight hands. Warren Brothers' saw-mill, located on road 39, on Mill brook, was origin- ally built by Samuel Wiswell, and rebuilt by Warren Brothers in 1879. ^'^ has the capacity for cutting 800 feet of lumber per hour. Capt. Jedediah Hyde, after whom the town was named, explored the wil- derness of northern Vermont, with his son, Jedediah, Jr., in 1781, or pre- viously, as that is the date of the town charter, and surveyed the boundaries of the township. There is a tradition that the name of the town, in the first charter drawn, was Wilkes ; but, in compHment to Capt. Hyde, who was principally instrumental in procuring the grant, a new charter was made before the copy was placed on record, and the name changed to Hyde's Park. By common consent, or general usage, the "j-" was gradually dropped from the name, until " Hyde Park" became the universal manner of spelling and pronouncing it. The list of grantees was made up largely among the personal friends and acquaintances of Capt. Hyde, in Norwich, Conn., and vicinity. Many of them had distinguished themselves in the army and navy, and were generally men of intelligence and culture. The first settler in the town was John McDaniel, of Scotch extraction, his name being a corruption of McDonald. In person, Mr. McDaniel was un- usually large and commanding, being some six feet two or three inches in height, — the very ideal of a backwoods pioneer. His name will long be held in remembrance in Hyde Park. He reached the town with his family, July 4, 1787, and immediately proceeded to erect a log house. This was, in the eyes of the early settlers, a handsome structure, being made of the best spruce logs, — the bark peeled off, and the roof made partly of large shingles. The floors were of bass wood planks, split and hewn. This elegant structure — TOWN OF HYDE PARK. 97 for such it then by comparison was — was located upon the farm now owned by Terrence Finnegan, about a mile west of Hyde Park village, on road 55. His house became the headquarters and the temporary home of those who came after McDaniel, he being almost a father to the growing settlement. When the Hubbells, the Joneses, the Taylors, and the Guyers, of Wolcott, came up to prospect and to effect a settlement, John McDaniel's house was their resting-place, until they could look about and commence fairly for them- selves. So especially of the early settlers of Hyde Park. When Jabez Fitch arrived he was welcomed and treated with great courtesy and kindness. When their meagre stores of provisions were exhaused, as often happened to the settlers, especially during their first year, they supplied themselves at McDaniel's, who did not seem to calculate whether he should be paid, but considered only their necessities, trusting to their honesty. The old house was finally superseded by a more commodious structure, where Mr. McDaniel kept a hotel for many years. He died August 12, 1834, aged eighty-six years, and was interred in the old cemetery on the Hyde place. His only daughter became the wife of Gamaliel Taylor. During the season of Mr. McDaniel's settlement here he was joined by William Norton and family, from New York, and they were the first famihes to winter in the town. They were joined the next year by Capt. Hyde, Peter Martin, Jabez Fitch, Esq., and sons, and Ephraim Garvin. These pioneers were joined within a few years, by Aaron Keeler and family,Truman Sawyer, Hon. N. P. Sawyer, and others with their families. The first settlers suffered all the priva- tions of a life in the wilderness. The nearest grist-mill was at Cambridge,eighteen miles distant. In 1792, there was a saw and grist-mill erected in the adjoin- ing town of Wolcott, by Hezekiah Whitney. After the town was organized, in 1 79 1, for a period of thirty years its growth was very rapid. Numerous proprietors' meetings were held — all of them at John Mc- Daniel's house— up to the year 1814, the last record appearing with the date, " December 30th." Nothing of especial interest to the reader appears in these records, the proprietors' meetings seeming to have been held, as appears in their warnings, principally for " making further divisions of land," and "raising money to defray the expenses thereof" The original records were copied in a durable blank book, by Jedediah Hyde, proprietors' clerk, Nathan P. Sawyer, justice of the peace and proprietors' clerk, and by Aaron Keeler, town and proprietors' clerk. The handwriting of the latter is unusually handsome, bold and uniform. All of the written authorities, as far as we have been able to learn, have it that the town was organized in 1791 j but the first entry in book number one of the town records is dated March 31, 1794. At this meeting John Mc- Daniel was chosen moderator j Jabez Fitch, town clerk ; and John McDaniel, Peter Martin, and Aaron Keeler, selectmen. No other officers seem to have been chosen that year. At a meeting held March 22, 1802, a tax of one cent on the dollar of the 98 TOWN OF HYDE PARK. grand list was made, " for the purpose of securing a standard of weights and measures, guide-posts, sign-posts, and books for the records of said town." At a meeting held March 13, 1804, it was voted " that the town should be divided into three school districts," and " that the two-mile tree beyond the guide-board on the Eden road, should be the boundary line for the north district, and Mill brook the boundary line between the easterly and westerly districts." At a meeting held March 25, 1805, it was voted "that there be a commit- tee appointed in each district to choose land for burying the dead, and make report of their choice of ground for that purpose by the first day of June next." Thomas W. Fitch, David Clement, and Truman Sawyer were ap- pointed as such committee for the eastern district ; Jedediah Hyde, Oliver Noyes, and Darius Fitch, for the west district. The committee for the west district reported their choice of a quarter acre on lot No. 71, first division, " on that part of the lot adjoining the main road south of the school-house." The east district committee " selected on the third division, lot No. 17, and on that part now owned by Mr. Cyrus Hill, adjoinmg the main road," and " that one-quarter acre be sufficient," also that " Mr. Hill will convey the premises for the consideration of $400.00, provided the town will engage to hereafter maintain the whole of the expense that shall be rendered necessary to enclose the said ground." At a meeting held September 2, 1806, it was voted " that the selectman be, and are hereby, requested and empowered to lease to Mr. David Brown the southerly half of the first division lot of the Social Worship Right (so called), in this town for the rent of nine cents per acre, payable annually on the first day of January, in wheat, rye, or Indian corn, the first payment to be made the first day of January, A. D., 1812 : said lease to run as long as grass grows and water runs ; and that said Brown shall, on pain of forfeiture of his lease, clear, or cause to be cleared, and put under good improvement, five acres of said southern half of said lot, in two years from the passing of this vote." In 1819, at a special meeting, March 31st, the town voted to "hire preach- ing with the Social Worship money, and that Elder Jabez Newland, David Clemens, and Robert Hastings, be employed to preach it out, said money to be divided according to the different societies in said town." The survey of the road leading from Wolcott to Johnson, through Hyde Park, was recorded September 27, 1800. The survey of the road east of Darius Fitch's, leading from Hyde Park to Morristown, intersecting the road leading through Morristown and Stowe, was recorded September 27, 1800. The survey of the road leading from the main east and west road, to Morris- town, was recorded October r, 1800. The first births in town were children of Capt. Hyde, — Diadama, born June 17, 1789, and Jabez Perkins, born June 12, 1791. The first death was that of David Parker, who was killed by a log rolling upon him, about 1806. He was a son of Capt. Hyde's second wife, by a former marriage. The first TOWN or HYDE PARK. „„ minister who preached in town, was Lorenzo Dow. The first school was kept by Ehzabeth Hyde, in Judge N. P. Sawyer's barn, about the year t8oo. John McDaniel, Capt. Hyde, Aaron Keeler, Truman Sawyer, and Jabez Fitch, served most frequently during the first years as moderator of the town- meetings, or on the board of selectmen. For a few years, the election of officers comprised all the business transacted at the town-meetings, and this hst was short, consisting of moderator, clerk, three selectmen, and constable. The meetings were held in private houses,— the dwellings of Jabez Fitch, Da- rius Fitch, John Searle, and Oliver Noyes, serving as town halls, — the latter being the usual resort from 1804 until 181 8, when houses were used for the purpose until 1835, when a town-house was erected, "on the north side of the road, at the four corners, on land owned by Mr. Theophilus W. Fitch." At a meeting held March 3, 1857, the following resolution was adopted : Resolved, That the inhabitants do remove their holding of town and free- men's meetings hereafter, to Hyde Park street; that the town vote to build a suitable building, or town hall, for the same — that there be room for a high school or academy in the upper story, for which the said village of Hyde Park agrees to contribute $500.00; and that said town borrow of the surplus fund a sufficient sum to defray the remainder of said expenses of erecting completing, and finishing said building. That the same be paid back to said surplus fund, in four annual installments, at such periods as the town may hereafter direct. The vote on the passage of this resolution stood 107 to 100, in the affirm- ative. Much dissatisfaction was expressed at this action by those residing in the eastern part of the town, but the resolution was adopted. Francis Smalley, from Norwich Vt., made the first settlement on the farm now owned by Ira Cobleigh, on road 21. He married Martha P., daughter of Capt. Hyde, the union being blessed with six children, three of whom now reside at Hyde Park village, Abel P., Diadama, widow of L. H. Noyes, and Martha M., wife of Hon. R. S. Page. Mrs. Smalley died in 1852, and Fran- cis died June 8, 1857. Abel P., was born on the old homestead, in 1819. He married Fannie Hodgkins, of Westfield, Vt., by whom he reared a family of six children — four sons and two daughters. Mrs. Smalley died in 1854, and- Abel was again married to Mary A. Kay, of Troy, Vt., the result of the union being one daughter. Mr. Smalley has been engaged in mercantile and lumbering pursuits, and has been a justice of the peace since 1876. Erastus Fitch, son of Darius, was born here in 1811, on the old Fitch farm, now owned by his son, Vernon D. Erastus married Sarah Brigham, of Mor- ristown, reared a family of three children, and died in 1845. His wife sur- vived him ten years, dying in 1855. Vernon D. was born on the old farm in 1840, and married Elizabeth Sumner, of Troy, Vt. The Fitch family is one of the oldest in the town, Jabez Fitch having made the first settlement on the old Fitch homestead, The house now standing thereon, built by Darius, was raised the day after the battle of Plattsburgh, in 18 14. Josiah Jones made the first clearing on the farm now owned by his son. TOWN OF HYDE PARK. Lorenzo P., on road 4. He reared a family of eight children, and died Feb- ruary 14, 1870. Oliver Noyes made the first settlement on the farm now owned by his grandson, Edgar Noyes, on road 47. Oliver's son. Breed, kept the first store in the town, in the old house yet standing on the farm. Breed died Decem- ber 28, 1834. Edgar was born on the homestead in i8t8, married Jane Cook and has three children. Nathaniel P. Sawyer, from Haverhill, Mass., came to this town in 1790, and located at Hyde Park village, where he built the first frame house, which is still standing, at the east end of Main street, owned by James M. Hill. In June, 1809, Joshua Sawyer, upon the call of his brother, N. P. Sawyer went to BurUngton and entered the ofiice of Hon. Judge Farrand, as a student at law, in order to comply with the bar rules then in strict force in Chittenden county, at least, that the last year's study must have been in Ver- mont, and to make out the full time required that the student must occupy before admittance. In 18 10, he came to Hyde Park and commenced prac- tice, meeting with great success for a period of over fifty years. He was thirteen years in the State legislature. State's attorney for Orleans county, and held other responsible positions. He married Mary, daughter of Aaron Keeler, reared a family of ten children, and died March r6, 1869. His widow is still living, aged eighty-seven years, the oldest native born resident of the town. Edward B., son of Joshua, was born here April 16, 1828. He studied law with his father, and was admitted to the bar in June, 1849, since which time he has been in practice in the town. He served as a member of the constitutional convention, was a clerk of the county court eighteen years, editor of the Lamoille News Dealer three years, and has held other prom- inent positions. He married, for his first wife, Sarah A. Pennock, by whom he had four children, and for his second wife he married Sarah's sister, Helen M., the union being blessed with three children. Nathan Griswold, from Springfield, Vt., located in the town of Johnson about the year 1790, when he subsequently married Lucy Morse, raising a family of fifteen children, one of whom, Almon W., now resides in New York city. Nathan died in 1844, aged seventy-five years. His grandson, Z. H. Griswold, resides in this town, on road 16. Jacob Hadley, from Hancock, N. H., came to Hyde Park in 1796, and located on road 57, upon the farm now owned by Nathan McFarland. He remained on this place a few years, then removed to Eden, whence he subse- quently returned to this town, and died here in 1842. Joseph, his son, came here with his father, when eight years of age, married Miss A. Weld, and set- tled on the farm now owned by his son, Orson, on road 34. He subse- quently resided several years in Morristown, but died here, April 2, 1878. Orson was born in Morristown in 1822, married Jane Morrell, and has had a family of eight children, five of whom are now living. Benjamin Calkins, from Norwich, Conn., came to this town in 1798, and TOWN OF HYDE PARK. loi located upon the farm now owned by Barney G. Rooney, on road 46, where he resided until his death. Andrew H., son of Benjamin, born here in 1809, married Christina Whitcomb, and reared a family of six children, three of whom are now living. He died March 17, 1851. His wife survived him until August 4, 1874. Byron A., son of Andrew, born on the old farm in 1844, is now engaged in mercantile pursuits at Morrisville. Russel S. Page, now residing in Hyde Park, was born in this town May 21, 1813. He married Martha Maloma Smalley, daughter of Francis Smalley and granddaughter of C apt. Jed Hyde, in January, 1840. Their living chil- dren are Carroll Smalley, merchant, who married Ellen F. Patch, daughter of T. H. Patch, of Johnson ; Alice D., who married L. Halsey Lewis, one of the editors of the News and Citizen; and Belle M., who married H. C. Fisk, a lawyer of Morristown, and editor of said paper. Carroll and Lewis now reside in Hyde Park. James and Hannah Page, parents of Russel S., moved from Londonderry, N. H., to Johnson, Vt., in 1795, and two years later located upon a farm in Hyde Park, on road 31, where they continued to live about fifty years, or until they died, at a ripe old age. Russel is the young- est and only surviving child of his father's family, and his occupation since of age has been farming, dealing in cattle, and general mercantile business. He has held the office of postmaster, selectman, lister, and other town offices several terms, and has been town representative, sheriff, side judge, and judge of probate, which latter office he now holds. He has been an invalid during the last thirty-five years, caused by an injury to the spine. Levi Edgerton, from Coventry Conn., came to Hyde Park previous to 1800, and located upon the farm now owned by his son, Alonzo, on road 57. He married Sarah G. Fitch, reared six children, and died on the old place, June 13, t869, aged eighty-four years. His wife died in 1861. Mr. Edger- ton held most of the offices in the gift of his townsmen, performing the duties appertaining thereto in an able and acceptable manner. His children are as follows : Seymour, residing in New York ; Melissa, the wife of N. Water- man ; Erastus, a resident 01 Stowe ; Edward F. and Alonzo, of this town ; and Sarah G., residing with Alonzo. Benjamin Cleveland came to Hyde Park, from Woodstock, Vt., about 1 80 1, and located upon the farm now owned by A. Cowen, on road 4. For his first wife he married Sally Bruce, by whom he had two sons, Lysander and Orange. For his second wife, he married Rebecca Slocum, by whom he had ten children. Jacob Walker, from Brookfield, Mass., settled near the central part of Mor- ristown previous to the year 1800, where he died, in 1844. Three of his chil- dren are now living in the county, one of whom, Mrs. Z. B. Buskey, resides with her daughter, Mrs. L. S. Rand, in this town. She attended the first school taught in the town, and is now eighty-three years of age. Levi Wiswell came to this town, from Townsend, Vt.,in 1817, and located upon the farm now owned by Volney Gilmore. He subsequently removed TOWN OF HYDE PARK. to Westminster, where he died, in 1865. He has two sons living here, Orra born in 1805, and Samuel, born in 1809. Leander S. Small, son of George and Orpah Small, was born in Morris- town, December 3, 1820. He was educated to agricultural pursuits by his parents, together with such other knowledge as could be acquired in the com- mon schools and his own reading. At the age of twenty-one years he entered the law office of Butler & Wilkins, of Stowe, Vt., where he remained until the June term of the Lamoille county court, 1845, when he was admitted to the bar. Since that time he has practiced his profession in the county, residing in Hyde Park since 1853. He married Corneha M., daughter of Almond and Jemima Boardman, of Morristown, with whom he has passed a happy wedded life. Mr. Small is a man possessed of excellent qualities of mind and heart, a fact that his townsmen have not been slow to appreciate, as is attested by the many positions of honor and trust they have seen fit to bestow upon him. James Cobleigh, from Athens, Vt., came to Hyde Park in 1820, and lo- cated upon the farm now owned by Charles Holbrook, on road 1 9. He had a family of seven children, three of whom, Alanson, Ira, and John, now reside in the town. Alanson has been constable and collector for the past four years. James died in 1823, and his wife died in 1863. Daniel Bullard, with his two brothers, John and Willard, came to this town, from Amherst, N. H., about 1820, and located near the north village. John and Willard remained here a few years, then returned to New Hampshire. Daniel died here in July, 187 r. Of his largefamily of children, John, Ezekiel, Edwin, and Augusta (Mrs. Cyrus Wilcox), now reside in the town. Charles Jewett, from Concord, Vt., came to this town about 1822, and settled upon the farm now owned by A. M. Whitcomb, on road 18. He married Betsey Lilley, by whom he had six children, two of whom are Uving, Eli and Mrs. M. A. Emerson. Mrs. Jewett died in 1870, and was followed by her husband in 1872. Eli resides on road 40, and has three children. Simeon A. Spicer, born in Hebron, Conn., in 1798, came to this town in 1824, and settled upon the farm where he still resides, on road 44. Mr, Spicer married Fanny H. Waterman, and has one child, A. A. Spicer. His wife died November 16, 1846, and he chose for his second wife Harriet Standish. Mr. Spicer has been a member of the Methodist church iifty-four years, and is known as an active temperance worker. Simeon Whitcomb, from Washington, Vt., came to Hyde Park in 1825, locating in the western part of the town. He married Betsey Young, the union being blessed with a family of eight children, five of whom, Thomas, Sylvester G., Sally, Harriet, and Louisa, now reside in the town. Robert Campbell, from Bradford, N. H., came to this town about 1828, and settled near Centerville, upon the farm now owned by his son, Calvm, where he died, in 1865. Calvin was six years of age when his father worked here. He has been twice married, to Jane and Lucy A. Herrick, sisters, and has six children. Mr. Campbell has been engaged in mercantile pursuits TOWN OF HYDE PARK. 103 here since 1867. David, son of Robert, came here with his father at the age of eighteen years, and has been a resident of the town since. Of his family of five children, two now live in the town. Ebenezer Barnes, from Brandon, Vt., came to this town in 1837. and located upon the farm now occupied by his son, Eben, on road 20^. Eben was ten years of age when his father came here. He married Esther W. Davis, and has one daughter. Ebenezer died in 1850, his wife in 1880. Michael G. Bundy, from Canada, located upon the farm now owned by his son, William, on road 14, in 1840. He married Susanna Hayden, by whom he had eleven children, six of whom are now living. He died in 1866, and his wife in 1882. Four of his sons served in the late civil war. James Lucas came to Hyde Park, from Ireland, in 1845, and located upon the farm he still occupies, on road 28, where he is one of the prosperous farmers of the town. Mr. Lucas says he is the third Irishman that settled in the town. Seth Haskins settled in the northern part of Morristown in 1800, where he reared a large family of children, only one of whom was a son. He was named Hiram, and moved to Hyde Park, where he resided until his death. During the late civil war Hyde Park furnished nine commissioned officers and T40 enlisted men towards suppressing the great RebeUion, twenty-nine of whom were killed in action, or died from wounds or diseases contracted while in the service. The first public religious services held in the town were conducted by Lo- renzo Dow, very early in the history of the settlement, probably about 1793- A methodist preacher. Rev. Nehemiah Sabins, preached soon after, and formed the Methodist class. Elizabeth Hyde, daughter of Capt. Jedediah Hyde, at that time ten years of age, was first to join the class. The society now has a comfortable church at North Hyde Park, and at Hyde Park vil- lage, presided over by Rev. J. E. Bowen and Rev. Joseph W. Hitchcock, 1 respectively. ; The St. Terrence Catholic Church, located at Hyde Park village, was or- ganized in 1872, by Rev. Peter Savoy. The church building is a wood structure capable of seating 250 persons, built in 1872, at a cost of about $2,400.00. There is also a Christian church at North Hyde Park, and societies of other denominations in the town ; but neglect on the part of members to whom we had entrusted the collection of church statistics, forces us to omit their mention in detail. 104 TOWN OF JOHNSON. JOHNSON. |OHNSON lies in the central part of the county, in latitude 44° 40', and 'longitude 4° 19', bounded northeasterly by Belvidere and Eden, south- easterly by Hyde Park and Morristown, southwesterly by Morristown and Cambridge, and northwesterly by Waterville and Cambridge, containing an area of little over 23,040 acres. The tale of its charter breathes somewhat of romance. As early as 1780, a Mr. Brown, an early settler in Jericho, Vt., secured a grant of the township. He caused the outlines to be run, and commenced the allotment in the eastern part of the town, and gave to it the name of Brownv'ille, or Brownington. In the meantime the northern hive of Indians residing upon the Canadian frontier, had begun to pour in upon the wilderness territory |of northern Vermont, destroying the property of, and carrying away many of the luckless settlers into wretched captivity. Mr. Brown and his family were numbered among these unhappy ones. In 1774, he had made the difficult journey to Jericho, from Massachusetts. Here he and his family, consisting of a wife, a daughter, and two sons, had made such im- provements on their lands, as to be able to raise most of the necessaries of Ufe, and were looking forward to days of still greater plenty ; but in the autumn of 1780, the year this town was granted to him, the family was sur- prised and made prisoners of by a party of Indians, who, after securing their prisoners, killed the cattle, sheep and hogs belonging to them, set fire to their house, and started with them for Montreal. The prisoners suffered much on their journey, from fatigue and hunger, their principal food being raw bear's meat. On arriving at St. Johns they were turned over to the British officers, and their captors received the bounty due them — eighteen dollars per head for their prisoners. For three years they were retained as nominal prisoners, though they were in reality slaves, being obliged to serve their exacting mas- ters, and receiving in return nothing but insults and the poorest fare. During the years of Mr. Brown's captivity, the charter fees for his town grant remained unpaid, and his continued absence led to the belief that he was dead. So another grant of the territory was made to Samuel William Johnson and his associates, bearing date February 27, 1782. Upon the re- turn of Mr. Brown, a dispute arose between him and Mr. Johnson, relative to the right of the township. This difficulty was, however, compromised, by a new grant being made to Mr. Brown, of the present town of Brownington, in Orleans Co. The charter verifying Mr. Johnson's grant, however, was not obtained until January 2, 1792, issued by the governor, and bearing the name of the grantee, Johnson. Thus ended this unusual history of a town charter. TOWN OF JOHNSON. 105 The surface of Johnson, especially in the western part, is quite uneven, though in the central and eastern portions there are many acres of tine, level farming land. The northwestern part of the town extends up upon a spur of the Green Mountains, while Round mountain lies in the western part, and Sterling mountain in the southwestern part, making a continuous chain from north to south. Between Round mountain and SterHng mountain lies the Lamoille valley, one of the most fertile and beautiful in the State. The Lamoille river enters the town in the southeastern part, and, running westerly about two miles, through a rich tract of intervale, falls over a ledge of rocks, about fifteen feet in height, into a basin below, making McConnel's Falls, so named in honor of one of the early settlers. Thence it runs northwesterly over a bed of rocks, about one hundred rods, narrowing its bounds and in- creasing its velocity, when it forms a whirlpool and sinks under a barrier of rocks, which extend across the river. The arch is of solid rock, about eight feet wide, and at low water is passed over by footmen with safety. Thus is re-produced in miniature the famous Natural Bridge of Virginia. The view of the river afforded at this point is extremely beautiful. For some distance above the river seems preparing for some unusual occurrence — tiny caps of snow-white foam crest each hurrying ripple, bits of drift wood and fallen leaves are whirled in circling eddies, while here and there a projecting rock attempts to impede the current, only to be angrily covered with a cloud of spray. Finally, the waters, with a sullen roar, plunge into the maelstrom and disappear. Below the " bridge," the scene is one of increased grandeur. The waters, with a last, triumphant struggle, cast off the granite fetters that have for a moment retarded their resistless course, and rising from a boihng cal- dron of fleecy foam, soon flow along again, a quiet, tranquil river, which, about 150 rods below, receives the waters of North Branch, and bending its course westerly, leaves the township near the southwest corner. Numerous other streams are found throughout the town, many of which afford good mill- sites, and unite with other beauties of nature in forming most attractive scenery. The timber of the township is hemlock, spruce, and trees of the hard-wood varieties. The soil is a dark or yellow loam, mixed with a light sand, is easily tilled and very productive. The alluvial flats along the La- moille are extensive, but back from the river the lands are, in some parts, rather stony. The geological structure of the town is composed principally of rocks of gneiss and talcose schist formation. The former are found in the western, the latter in the eastern portions of the township. Small beds of steatite and saccharoid azoic limestone have also been discovered, and some beds of clay suitable for the manufacture of brick, etc. Gold is also said to exist in allu- vium in minute quantities. No other minerals of importance have been dis- covered. In 1880, Johnson had a population of 1,495, ^^d in 1882, was divided into fourteen school districts and contained eleven common schools, employing I06 TOWN OF JOHNSON. five male and twenty-five female teachers, to whom was paid an aggregate salary of $1,413.13. There were 370 pupils attending common school, while the entire cost of the schools for the year, ending October 31st, was $1,606.80, with J. A. Pierce, superintendent. The St. Johnsbury & Lake Champlain railroad crosses the southern part of the town, with a station at Johnson. Johnson, a post village and station on the St. Johnsbury & Lake Cham- plain railroad, is beautifully located a little south of the central part of the town, at the intersection of the Gihon with the Lamoille river. Among its several manufactories are saw-mills, woolen-mill, butter-tub and starch factory. It also contains three churches, (Congregational, Methodist Episcopal, and Baptist,) State normal school, four stores, one hotel, two harness shops, and about ninety dweUings. The State Normal School. — As early as 1836, the legislature incorporated the Lamoille County Grammar School, though the school had been estab- lished about six years previous, under Dr. Carpenter. During the years that followed, the school experienced the usual changes of government, and strug- gled through the varying fortunes common to institutions of the kind, until February, 1S67, when it was changed to the State Normal School, with Rev. H. D. Hodge, president ; Samuel Belding, vice-president ; S. S. Pike, treas- urer ; Dea. H. W. Robinson, secretary ; and twenty trustees. While under the control of L. O. Stevens the building was repaired, and, in 1866, was thoroughly rebuilt, so that it is now more than double its original size. The normal school began its career with about fifty students, under the princi- palship of S. H. Pearl, who continued in that capacity until 187 1. He was succeeded by C. D. Mead, who remained only a little over a year. From that time, 1872, until 1875, S. H. P'-rrigo filled the position, and was suc- ceeded by William C. Crippen, who had charge of the school until 1881, when the services of Edward Conant, then principal of the normal school at Randolph, and who was also State superintendent of schools from 1874 until 1880, were secured. Mr. Conant's long experience in school work enabled him to at once put the school on a firm footing. He has thus far met with good success, and all indications point to still greater success in the future. Twenty-eight pupils were graduated during the year, ending in January, 1882. Barnum L. Austin's cabinet shop., located at the village, was built for the purpose for which it is now used, previous to the year 1850. In 1870, it was taken by Mr. Austin, who has continued business there since. O. 6^ A. H. Buck have control of 2,000 acres of wood land, which they are rapidly clearing and converting the timber into lumber. They own a steam mill that has the capacity for cutting 2,000,000 feet of lumber annually, and a mill operated by water-power that will cut the same amount of lum- ber, and 500,000 feet of clapboards and 500,000 shingles, and they also lease a mill in Granby, Essex county, having the capacity for cutting 3,000,000 feet of lumber per annum. TOWN OF JOHNSON. 107 0. W. Stearns &• Son's butter-tub and water-tubing factory , located on the Gihon river, was built by the present proprietors, in 1874, who commenced business in a small way, employing only six workmen. In 1880, they insti- tuted extensive repairs, and placed in operation considerable new machinery, increasing their facilities so that they now employ eighteen men. In 1881, they manufactured 90,000 spruce butter-tubs and sap-buckets, and about 4,000 rods of spruce and pine water-tubing. William McLenatharis grist and carding-mill was built about 1842, by Nathaniel Stearns, for a rake factory and grist-mill, and came into the pres- ent proprietor's hands in 1867. Mr. McLenathan has made extensive repairs and now does a large business. L. H. Parkhursf s saw-mill, located on road 7, was built in 1877. Mr. Parkhurst employs six men and manufactures 500,000 feet of lumber and 180,000 feet of clapboards per year. 1. L. Pearl's woolen-mill, located on the Gihon river, was established about 1845, by Andrew and Stephen Dow, who continued in business until 1855, when Daniel M. Dow purchased Andrew's interest, continuing the business under the firm name of S. & D. M. Dow for about two years, or until the death of Daniel. In 1857, the present proprietor, Isaac L. Pearl, purchased a share of the property, continuing the business as Dow & Pearl until 1865. Mr. Dow then sold his interest to Orange Buck, who remained in the firm until 1870, when Mr. Pearl assumed entire control of the concern. On April n, 187 1, the entire mills were destroyed by fire, nothing being saved. Mr. Pearl immediately began to rebuild, and soon had the present factory erected. Mr. Pearl now empolys twelve workmen, and consumes about 40,000 pounds of wool per year, in the manufacture of heavy goods and yarns. Horace H. Partlow's carriage and gun shop, located at the village, was established in 1866. The building is one of the oldest in the town. R. B. Bradley's carriage and machine shop, located on Pearl street, was established in 1880, where Mr. Bradley does a profitable business. The first settlement in Johnson was commenced in 1784, by Samuel Eaton, from New Hampshire. During the French war, before the reduction of Canada by the British, Mr. Eaton passed through this part of the country and down the river Lamoille to Lake Champlain, on a scouting expedition. At the commencement of the revolution he enlisted in the American army under Co). Beedle, and frequently passed through this township, while scout- ing between the Connecticut river and Lake Champlain, and several times encamped on the same plot which he afterwards occupied as a farm — a beau- tiful bow of alluvial flats on the right bank of the Lamoille, in the western part of the town. Like many other settlers he had many difficulties to encounter. In indigent circumstances and with a numerous family, he loaded his little all upon an old horse, and set out in search of that favorite spot which he had selected in his more youthful days. To accomplish this he had to travel Io8 TOWN OF JOHNSON. nearly seventy miles through the wilderness, guided only by the trees which had been marked by the scouts, and opening a path as he passed along. For some time after he arrived here, Mr. Eaton depended entirely upon hunting and fishing for the support of himself and a large family. Better days soon smiled upon him, however, and he lived to a good old age, much respected, and in his latter years received a pension from the government for Revolu- tionary services. The year following Mr. Eaton's settlement, a number from the same vicinity in New Hampshire made beginnings in the town, two by the name of Mc- Connell, one of whom, Jonathan, located near the confluence of the North Branch with the Lamoille. He soon after erected a saw and grist-mill, about which has subsequently grown the present village. Among these early set- tlers were the Millers, Rogers, Mills, Simons, Smiths, Greggs, etc. From 1790, to 1800, a second class of settlers arrived, mostly from New Hamp- shire and Massachusetts. From New Boston and Amherst, N. H., there were families of Dodges, Balches, Wilsons, Ellingwoods, Reddingtons, Primes, and others. From Belchertown and other places of Massachusetts came the Ferrys, Clarks, Wheelers, Atwells, and Johnny Wier. The latter, from Boston, was a sea-faring man, and developed into quite a character. He possessed no education and no money; but by close economy he paid for his farm, and subsequently engaged in mercantile pursuits, amassing quite a snug property. Between 1801, and 1805, another class of settlers arrived, from New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and other towns in Vermont, among whom were the Griswolds, Burnhams, Morgans, Obers, Perkins, Patchs, Waterses, Nicholses, and Waterraans. The allotment of the town was made in i788or'89. The lots were designed to contain 300 acres to each proprietor, besides an allowance of five per cent, for roads. The survey, however, was very incorrect, some lots containing a much larger number of acres than others adjoining them, and zigzag Hnes were found to run from corner to corner of lots, enlarging one by diminishing another, which caused much litigation among the early settlers, but in all cases the courts estabhshed the Hnes and corners where they could be proven to have been run and marked. The town was organized, and the first town meeting held March 4, 17891 when Jonathan McConnell, was elected town clerk ; Jonathan McConnell, Ensign Samuel Eaton, and Jeremiah McDaniel, selectmen; Nehemiah Bar- rett, constable; George Gregg, Samuel Miller, and Thomas McConnell, assessors ; Jonathan McConnell, treasurer ; and Ensign Jeremiah McDaniel, collector. The first justice of the peace was Jonathan McConnell, in 1790. The first representative was Noah Smith, in 1789. The first deeds but on file, though not recorded, were in June, 1790. The first deed recorded, was one from Thomas McConnell to John Sanders, October 15, 1790. The first record of votes cast for governor was in 1807, the whole number then being thirty-nine. The first child born in the town was a son of Aaron Smith, TOWN OF JOHNSON. 109 who was named Johnson Smith, in reference to his being the first birth in the township. The mother, Mrs. Smith, when her child was but two or three months old, in view of the approaching winter and the scarcity of provisions, started with her child, accompanied by her husband to Onion river, and thence, on foot and alone, traveled to Bennington to spend the winter with her friends. The first death was that of a Mr. Fullington, who was on his way from New Hampshire to Fairfax ; and while passing the Lamoille, in what is now Morristown, at an old hunters' or Indians' camping place, he discovered some English turnips well grown and very inviting, of which he partook freely upon an empty stomachj which produced a violent attack of bilious cohc, of which he died the night following, at the dwelHng of Thomas McConnell, and was buried in a trough dug from a bass-wood log, upon the farm now owned by Merritt C. Foot. The next death was that of a young man by the name of Smith, who had but a short time previous accompanied his brother and family into town, and was at work, or from some cause, at the mills which McConnell was building, and accidently went over the dam or falls and was drowned. The first mail was carried through the town in 1802-03, by John Skeeles, of Peacham, on horseback, to St. Albans and back once a week, and Arunah Waterman, Jr., was the first postmaster. The first settled minister was Elder Joel P. Hayford, a young man, who very generously surrendered his claim to the right of land granted to the first set- tled minister, to the selectmen of the town, to be leased by them in perpet- uity, the avails of which to be apphed to the support of the gospel for all coming time. Samuel Miller, one of the early settlers, came from New Hampshire and settled upon the farm now owned by his grandson, Herman B. Miller, on road 37. Mr. Miller served in the revolutionary army. On one expedition against the Indians of Genesee county, N. Y., he nearly perished from hunger. He possessed a strong, rugged constitution, a true, upright character, and during his long Ufa here he gained the respect of all with whom he was brought in contact. He reared a family of eleven children, and died in 1837, aged seventy-five years. Samuel R., the second son of Samuel, was born in 1774, and for many years was a resident of the town. He died in 1853. His family consisted of five children, only one of whom, Herman B., who now occupies the old homestead, settled in the town. Herman B. has six -children, three of whom reside in the town. Daniel Mills, one of the early settlers, came from New Hampshire and settled in the western part of the town. Here he resided several years, then moved further down the river, where he resided until his death, aged eighty- one years. Of his family of seven children, five settled in the town. Daniel, his third son, born in 1779, came here with him, and died in 1855, leaving a family of six children, three of whom settled here. Daniel's second son, John C, born in 1818, has always resided in the town, with the exception of two years spent in the late war. He has four children. TOWN OF JOHNSON. Solomon Balch, from New Boston, N. H., emigrated to this town among the early settlers, and located on road i8, upon the farm now occupied by Mrs. J. A. Balch. Mr. Balch held a prominent position among his towns- men, whom he served in many official positions, among which that of justice of the peace, which office he held for a period of over thirty years. Enos C. grandson of Solomon, and only son of Solomon, Jr., now resides on Railroad street. Robert, the oldest son of Solomon, born in 1804, held many of the town offices, and died in 1874. Zachariah Whiting, from Francestown, N. H., came to the town at an early date, and located on road 12, where his son, Almon, is now Uving. He had a family of eight children. Zachariah, Jr., born in 1827, still resides in the town, on road 19. Nathan Atwell, from Hollis, N. H., came into Johnson among the earliest settlers, and located on road 11, upon the farm now owned by his son, James. He resided here until his death, at the age of eighty-four years. Six of his family of thirteen children are now living. James, the twelfth child, born in 1814, resides on the old homestead. Benjamin and Asher E. are aged respectively seventy-eight and sixty-five years. David Foster came here from New Hampshire in 1790, and settled in the southeastern part of the town, where he resided until his death, at an ad- vanced age, having reared a family of six children. Obadiah, his second son, born in 1771, resided in the town until his death, in 1850. Seven of his eight children became residents of the town. Obadiah, Jr., was born in 1811, and died here in 1870. One of his two sons, Roswell, born in 1838, now resides here, on Railroad street. Ralph EUenwood, a native of Amherst, N. H., and a veteran of the revolu- tionar) war, came to Johnson in 1792, and located upon a tract of land about a mile and a half west of the present village. At the time he came here he had a family of five children, which was subsequently increased to ten. James, the second child, born at Amherst in 1786, was a resident of the town until about ten years previous to his death, when he removed to New York. Of his family of eight children, the only one living is Maria E., a resi- dent of this town. Levi Clark, from Massachusetts, came to this town about 1797, and located in the eastern part, where he resided until his death, in 1852, aged eighty-one years. Two of his eight children settled in the town. Darius G., his fifth son, born in 1811, has always resided here. He has held many of the town trusts. Elisha Dodge, from New Boston, N. H., immigrated to Johnson in 1799, and located on road 11, where he resided a number of years. He reared a family of eleven children, six of whom are now living, three in this town. Perly Clark, from Connecticut, came to Johnson previous to 1800, and located near Perkinsville, where he resided about thirty years, then went to Brookfield, Mass., remained eighteen years, then returned to Johnson and TOWN OF JOHNSON. remained until four years previous to his death, which occurred at Brook- field, at the age of ninety-seven years. James D., grandson of Perly and son Horace I., now resides in Eden, un road 3. Arunah Waterman, from Norwich, Conn., was one of the original proprie- tors of Hyde Park. He left Norwich in February, with an ox and horse team, and was seventeen days on the road, arriving in Hyde Park on the fourth of March, 1801, the day that Thomas Jefferson was inaugurated presi- dent of the United States, and designed to settle on his own lands ; but shortly after his arrival he purchased the farm in Johnson upon which Jonathan Mc- Connell located, and built mills where the village has since grown up. He took possession on the first day of April, i8or, where he continued to live until his death, August 17, 1838, in the ninetieth year of his age, having pre- viously served as justice of the peace and member of the legislature for a number of years. Asa, the eldest child of Arunah, located on road 44, where he resided until 1852, when, at the age of eighty years, he removed to road 46, where he resided with his son, David Sanford Waterman, until his death in i860. He had a family often children, only one of whom, D. Sanford, now resides in the town. Sewell Newton, from Weathersfield, Vt, came to Johnson in 1800, and resided here until his death. Luther D., his only son, born in 1808, resided here until his death, in 1862, having reared a family of six children, only one of whom, Sewell, settled in this town. William Heath, from Lancaster, N. H., located upon the farm now owned by his great-grandson, Madison O. Heath, about 1800. Madison located there in 1865, not knowing at that time that it was the spot where his ances- tors had built their cabin so many years ago. James M., son of Lufkin Heath, and grandson of Wilham, was born in Johnson in 1810, but spent most of his life in Cambridge. Madison O. and Marian L. were his only children, the latter being the wife of William H. Griswold, of Cambridge. Madison married Amanda M. Mott, in 1856, and has three children Uving, Franklin S., Wilmer H., and Mary, wife of Charles H. Loomis. Mr. Heath, an attorney-at-law by profession, was postmaster in Cambridge in 1873-74, and has been judge of probate for Lamoille district, and register of probate in 1878. He has also served as a representative of the Methodist church on several occasions. Ebenezer Dike emigrated to Morristown from Woodstock, Vt., in 1800, where he commenced a settlement near the center of the town. Linus, his second son, born in Woodstock, reared a family of eight children, five of whom are living. Wilson, the fourth child, resides in this town, on road 47. Benjamin Ober came here from New Boston, N, H., in 1801, and cleared for himself a farm a little north of the center of the town, where he resided until his death, in 186 1, aged eighty-three years. He had three children, all of whom settled in this town. Norman, his second son, born in 1815, now owns the old homestead, on road 10. TOWN OF JOHNSON. Joseph Andrews, Jr., born in Essex, Mass., in 1792, came here with his parents in 1807, and continued his residence here until his death, in 1862. He had a family of seven children, five of whom are living. Joseph, the sixth child, born in 1823, occupies the old homestead, on road 11. Isaac, the second child, born in 1809, has never been absent from the old farm for a period exceeding two months in his life. Edward P., the only living child of Isaac, born in 1839, also resides on the old place. Amasa Winslow came from Massachusetts about 1804, and settled in West- field, Orleans county, where he died, in 1821. Don A., his oldest son, born in 1824, now resides in this town, on road 47. Josiah Morgan, from New Hampshire, came into Johnson about 1810, and located on road 19, where he remained a few years, then removed to Canada, where he died, leaving a family of five sons. In 1832, Benjamin 0., the third child, came back to Johnson, and, in 1848, located upon the place he now occupies, on road 1 9. Josiah- Jones immigrated to Johnson from Massachusetts, about 1800, and located in the eastern part of the town, where he died, in 1844, aged sixty- six years. Five Of his thirteen children settled in the town. John Griswold, from Weathersfield Vt, settled in the northern part of this town, in 1812, where he resided until 1839, then removed to Eden, where he died, in 1852, aged eighty-five years. John, the youngest of eleven children, born in 1823, now owns a portion of the old farm, on road 23. Samuel B. Waters came to this town in 18 14, bought a farm, and re- sided here all his life. Of his family of five children all but one are living. Mr. Waters held many of the town offices, and also took an active interest in religious affairs, having acted as deacon of the Congregational church many years. Samuel G., his eldest son, born in i8i6, now occupies the old home-, stead, on road 20. Thomas Farnham, from New Boston, N. H., came here in i8i6, and located on road 15, upon the farm now owned by his son William. He was a tailor by trade, and died in 1 869, aged ninety-four years. Joseph, his fourth child, resided near William. Joseph Manning, from Marblehead, Mass., came to Johnson in 1824, and located upon the farm now owned by Isaac A., his only son. Mr. Manning was a sailor in early life, but learned the carpenter and joiner trade later, and erected many of the old houses now found in the town. John Cristy, from New Hampshire, came here in 1825, and located in the northern part of the town, where he resided until his death, in 1868, aged seventy-eight years. Robert C, the second of his six children, born in 1827,. now resides here. He has held most of the town trusts. WiUiam McLenathan came to Johnson from New Hampshire about 1827,. and settled in the eastern part of the town, where he died in 1877, aged seventy years. His eldest son, William, now resides here. Asa Andrews, from New Boston, N. H., came to Johnson in 1828, and set- TOWN OF JOHNSON. 113 tied upon a farm near the central part of the town, where he died, in 1871, aged seventy-four years. Charles Leland, from Baltimore, Vt., located in Lowell, Orleans county, in 1829, where he resided until 1855, when he removed to Johnson, and has since been engaged in the manufacture of starch. , Reuben Whitcomb, from Orange county, came to Johnson in 1829, and located in the eastern part of the town, where his grandsons, C. R. and Frank Whitcomb, now reside. He married Mary French and reared a family of five children, Eliza M., Raymond, Reuben, Frederick, and Louis J. George W. Hill, of this town, commenced his business life as an apprentice in the office of the New Hampshire Fatriot, at Concord, in 181 6, remaining there until he became of age. He then went to Montpelier, and, in 1826, started The Patriot and State Gazette. He continued in the manage- ment of the concern until the anti-masonic days of 1836-38, when the pa- per came under the control of Clark & Marston, and he removed to Lowell, Orleans county, where he entered the custom house, remaining two years, then came to this town, where he has since resided. During the late war Johnson furnished 140 enlisted men, twenty-seven of whom were killed in action or died of wounds received or diseases contracted while in the service. Bounties were voted by the town as follows : Septem- ber 6, 1862, "to pay nine men $50.00 each." The men were raised, paid, and sent to the war. December ig, 1863, "to pay $300.00 each to ten men." They also were hired, paid, and sent. September 19,1864, "to pay the heirs of George E. Whitfield $50.00, and pay E. D. Carter $50.00;" which was accordingly done. January 19, 1865, "voted to raise a tax of 100 cents on the dollar of the grand list, to defray the expense of raising men for the war;" and "voted to leave the raising of men to fill our quota to the select- men to manage at their discretion." Nothing was done under this latter vote, as the war closed soon after. The Baptist church, located at Johnson village, was organized Nov. 7, 1808, with fourteen members, Rev. David Boynton being the first pastor. The first church building was erected in 1832, and gave place to the present structure in 1855. The society is in a prosperous condition, with Rev. J. A. Pierce, pastor. The Congregational church of Johnson, located at Johnson village, was or- ganized September 20, 18 17, by Isaac Smith, Joseph Dodge, Samuel Waters, Sarah Dodge, Mary Farnham, Sally Stickney, and Mary Waters. Rev. John Scott was the first pastor. The first church building was erected in 1832, and was replaced by the present wood structure in 1851. This building cost $3,000.00, will seat 280 persons, and is now valued, including grounds and parsonage, at $5,500.00. The society has 100 members, is free from debt, and supports a good Sabbath school, withRev. Azro A. Smith, pastor. The Methodist Episcopal church,\oc&ttd at Johnson village, has eighty-three members, with Rev John S. Tupper, pastor. The church building will seat 250 persons and is valued at $2,500.00. 8 114 TOWN OF MORRISTOWN. MORRISTOIATN. ^^^ORRISTOWN, an irregularly outlined town in the central part of the ''^^» county, hesin latitude 44° 32', and longitude 4° 20', bounded north- w easterly by Hyde Park, southeasterly by Elmore, southwesterly by Stowe, and northwesterly by Johnson and Cambridge. It was granted No- vember 6, 1780, and chartered to Moses Morse and sixty-four associateSj August 24, 1781, containing 23,040 acres, until November 14, 1855, when a portion of Sterling was annexed to its territory. Sterling was a township chartered February 25, 1782, and settlement commenced therein in 1792. The people, however, soon grew tired of a separate organization. The first division of the township was made October 30, 1828, when, by an act of the legislature, two miles from the western part of the township were set to Cam- bridge. This was a mountainous part of the town, and included^Smuggler's Notch. November 14, 1855, the remainder of the town was divided between and annexed to Johnson, Morristown and Stowe. When the town voted to divide and annex to other towns, the vote stood forty for and ten against, so the town surrendered its organization, and all its records were left in the Mor- town archives. In surface Morristown is moderately uneven, except injthe western part, the portion annexed from Sterling, where it is quite uneven. The soil is of good quality and easily cultivated, rendering the town, in point^of agricultural products, second to none in the county. The timber is prmcipally maple, beech, birch, hemlock, etc. The territory is well watered ;;byj numerous streams, the principal water-course being the Lamoille river. It enters the town near the eastern corner, passing by Morrisville and Cady's Falls, and after running four miles in the northeastern past of the town, again returns into Hyde Park. Along this river are some excellent tracts of intervale. Several good mill-sites are found throughout the town. In the southeastern part of the town are two ponds, Mott's and Joe's. The latter is a pretty lit- tle sheet of water, and rendered of considerable importance, in an historical point of view, from the fact that upon its shores once dwelt the oldjlndian, Joe, after whom the pond was named. A few words in reference to the 0I4 Redman, " the last of Coossucks," may prove of interest : — " Captain Joe was born," says Thompson's Gazetteer, in Nova Scotia, but upon the overthrow of the eastern Indians, he, while quite young, went to St. Francis. His wife was called Molly. Joe was mild and,inoffensive in his disposition, and used to boast that he had^never pointed a gun at a man. TOWN OF MORRISTOWN. "5 He had a strong antipathy to the English, who had killed his friends in Nova Scotia, and during the Revolution vsras a virarm friend to the American cause. He and Molly once visited and shook hands with Gen. Washington at his headquarters on the Hudson river, and ate at the General's table after the officers had dined. After the war, such was his dislike to the king of England, he would never enter his domains, though strongly urged by the In- dians to return to St. Francis. Having followed a moose two days, on one occasion, and finding at length that it had crossed the line into Canada he stopped short and said, 'Good bye, Mr. Moose,' and relinquished the pur- suit. He spent his time principally in hunting through all the north- western parts of the State, and many anecdotes are related respecting his encounters with the wild beasts of the forest. Joe survived Molly many- years. When he became old and unable to support himself, the legislature of Vermont granted him an annual pension of seventy dollars. He died at Newbury, February 19, 1819, aged about eighty years. His gun was found loaded, and was discharged over his grave." The geological structure of the town consists of an immense bed of talcose schist, cut, in the eastern part, by a long, narrow bed of clay slate. These formations, however, are modified by the several rocks that usually enter into this strata. In 1880, Morristown had a population of 2,099, ^"d ifi 1882 was divided into fourteen school districts and contained fourteen common schools em- ploying one male and thirty-six female teachers, to whom was paid an aggre- gate salary of $3,477.68. There were 559 pupils attending common school, while the entire cost of the schools for the year, ending October 31st was $4,052.22, with I. N. LeBaron, superintendent. MoRRisviLLE, a post village located in the northern part of the town on the Lamoille river, and also a station on the St. J. & L. C. R. R., which crosses the northern part of the township, is one of the most thriving little villages in the State. The country surrounding the village abounds in exquisite scenery rendering drives and strolls, in any direction that fancy may direct, most delightful. A few rods west of the village the picturesque Lamoille trembles on the brink of a precipice twenty feet deep and thirty broad, then dashes itself over, in a beautiful sheet of water, to the channel below. This channel the early settlers denominated the " pulpit," from the resemblance of a rock at the north end of the chasm. The foundations of this rock, however, the action of the waters gradually weakened, until finally, a few years since, it tottered and fell, so the resemblance is not as apparent as it once was. On the west side of the chasm the rocks rise perpendicularly to the height of thirty feet, and the beholder, while standing on the edge of this precipice, sees the whole body of the river plunged down at his feet into this boiling caldron, from which it escapes through a channel at the south end, and im- mediately spreading itself out, encircles numerous islands, whose high, jagged points are covered with a thick growth of cedar and fir, and altogether presents ii6 TOWN OF MORRISTOWN. (the people's academy and morrisville graded school.) a scene of grandeur and beauty seldom surpassed. The rocks at the foot of the falls present many curious specimens of the wonder-working power of water, there being large pot-holes worn in the solid rock,, some of which are nearly eight feet deep and four feet in diameter. These falls not only form a sublime picture of nature, but they afford one of the best mill powers in the State. This natural facility long since was utihzed, and the hum of machin- ery in several busy manufactories of various kinds is constantly heard. The first mill in the town was built here in 1798, by Capt. John Safford, who came here from Windsor, Mass. He also built the first frame house. In 1812, he built the first grist-mill. The postofifice was established here April I, 1834, with Levi B. Vilas, postmaster. The village now has, aside from its manufacturing interests, four churches, (Methodist, Congregational, Uni- versalist and Christian,) an academy and graded school, two hotels, twelve or fifteen stores of various kinds, and a thrifty population of about one thousand. Cady's Falls, a handsome little post village lying about two miles north- TOWN OF MORRISTOWN. 117 west of Morrisville, on the Lamoille river, is a station on the St. J. & L. C. R. R. It contains one church (Union), a grist, saw, and planing-mill, black- smith shop, and about a dozen dwellings. The first grist-mill erected here was in 1831, by Cady & Atkins. The church was erected in 1865-66, at a cost of about $2,000.00. The building has not been used for church pur- poses durmg the past year, and is now owned by N. Town and N. Terrill. MoRRiSTOWN Four Corners (Morristown p. o.) is a hamlet located a little north of the central part of the town, containing a church (Baptist), and ten or twelve dwellings. The People's Academy, located at Morrisville, was incorporated in 1847. The land upon which the building is located was donated the previous year by Jedediah Safford, and willing citizens soon contributed money and labor for the erection of the original building, which cost about $1,000.00. School was first opened September i, 1847, with O. C. Pitkin, A. B., now of Syracuse, N. Y., as principal, and Miss Julia Bhss and Miss Elizabeth Pitkin, assistants. Mr. Pitkin remained in charge only about two years, since which time there have been many changes. The school was established under most favorable circumstances, there being pupils in attendance from several counties and from Canada during the first term. In i866, the common school was graded, and the school building moved to the south of the academy. The school was systematically graded, the higher department being called the People's Academy and Morrisville Graded School, and the lower grades the Primary Department. In 1874, the old academy building was sold and re- moved, and the present handsome and substantial building erected upon the site, at a cost of about $10,000.00, school in the meantime being held in the town-hall. The academy now has a good library, an extensive philosoph- ical apparatus, together with all the appurtenances of a first-class educational institution, under the charge of H. S. Wilson, A. B., principal. / Safford dv Soris saw, and grist-mill, located at Morrisville, was built in 1866. The grist-mill has four runs of stones, and has been operated by the present firm since 1853. In connection with the grist-mill they have ma- chinery for sawing chair stock. They employ eight men, and during the year 1881, dressed 1,000,000 feet of lumber. E. E. Foster's granite and marble works, located at Morrisville, were es- tablished in 1870. Mr. Foster employs eight men, and manufactures all kinds of work. W. S. Cheney's starch factory, located at Morrisville, was built by T. C. Ryder, in 1872. The factory is a large building, 40x60 feet, and four stories in height. Mr. Cheney uses from 10,000 to 15,000 bushels of potatoes per year, and manufactures about seventy-five tons of starch. The Morrisville foundry was built by E. B. Merriam, in 1872. Mr. H. H. Morgan, the present proprietor, came into possession of the property in 1874. He employs four men in the manufacture of stoves and general job work. George H. Elmore's carriage shop, located at Morrisville, was built by the Il8 TOWN OF MORRISTOWN. present proprietor in 1876. Mr. Elmore employs six men in the manufac- ture of all kinds of wagons, carriages, and sleighs. E. B. Reed' s planing-mill and job shop, located at Cady's Falls, came into the hands of the present proprietor in 1867. The building was originally used as a woolen-mill. Cady's Falls grist, saw, and carding-mill is owned and operated by N. L. Manning. The grist-mill operates three runs of stones, and the saw-mill has the capacity for sawing 100,000 feet of lumber per annum. The mill has also a tannery connected, and machinery for manufacturing chair stock. William A. Thayer's butter-tub manufactory, located on road 44, was es- tablished by' Mr. Thayer, in 1864. W. W. Peck's steam saw-mill, located in the western part of the town, on road 46, was built in 1881, and commenced running January 9, 1882. Mr. Peck manufactures about 1,500,000 feet of lumber per year. J. A. Ferguson's saw-mill, located on road 40, came into the possession of the present owner, in 1881. The mill is operated by water-power, furnished with a circular saw, and has the capacity for cutting 1,000 feet of lumber per hour. James J. Billings's clapboard-mill, located in the southwestern part of the town, on road 72, was originally used as a saw-mill, from which it was re- modeled to suit the purposes for which it is now used. Josiah Trow's granite manufactory, located at Morrisville, was established by the present proprietor in 1878. He manufactures all kinds of granite and marble work. H. C. Boardman's saw-mill, located on road 36^, was built by Mr. Board- man, in 1870. The mill is supplied with shingle, planing, and matching machinery, and has the capacity for cutting 1,000 feet of lumber per hour. C. F. Whitney's saw-mill, located on road 36^, has the capacity for cutting 1,000 feet of lumber per hour, and has a chair- stock and cider-mill attached. The Lamolle Valley pulp-mill, located at Morrisville, was established in 1 88 1. The firm employs eight men, and manufactures five tons of pulp per day. Clark and Daniel's butter-tub factory, located at Morrisville, employs ten hands and has the capacity for manufacturing 300 butter-tubs per day. Settlement was commenced in Morristown during the spring of 1790, by Jacob Walker, who came from Bennington, accompanied by his brother, who shortly after returned. Mr. Walker remained here during the summer, mak- ing his home at the house of John McDaniel, in Hyde Park, to which place he returned on Saturday night, going out again on Monday, with provisions sufficient to last him through the week. In this way he labored through the summer, and in the fall he returned to Bennington. In the spring of 1791, Mr. Walker brought his family here, and continued through the summer, and in the fall again returned to Bennington. In the spring of 1792, Mr. Walker and his family came to the town, accompanied by Mr. Olds and his family. TOWN OF MORRISTOWN. 119 They built a camp, in which Mr. Walker and wife, Mr. Olds and wife, and two hired men, lived two months, during which time Gov. Butler, of Water- bury, paid them a visit. At the end of two months a house had been erected, into which they all moved. In the fall, Mr. Walker removed to Fairfax, leav- ing Mr. Olds and family here alone. Mrs. Olds was the first woman who .wintered in the town. Their nearest neighbors, on the south, were at Water- bury, fourteen miles distant, and no road. The nearest mill was at Cam- bridge, twenty miles distant. Settlers soon began to come in, however, so ihat the census reports for 1800, show the town to have had a population of 144. The town was organized in 1796, with Comfort Olds, town clerk. As the records are missing it is impossible to state who constituted the remaining list. As near as can be ascertained, however, the first selectmen were Com- fort Olds, Nathaniel Goodale, and Crispus Shaw. John Shaw was probably the first constable. The first justice was Micajah Dunham, in 1796. Ehsha Boardman was the first representative, in 1804. The meeting of the proprietors of Morristown was called at Pownal, May 19, 1784, when Nathaniel Morse served as moderator, and Joseph Hinsdale, clerk. At this meeting it was voted to lay out the first division, January 17, 1787, 105 acres to each proprietor's right. Joseph Hinsdale, of Bennington, was elected surveyor of the first and second divisions. The second division was made in 1787, and the third in 1794, the latter being made by Micajah Dunham, of Morristown. The first road was laid out June ir, 1800. The first transfer of proprietor's rights was that of two shares, for the consider- ation of _£i6, by Daniel Kinne, of Partridgeville, Mass., to Ezekiel Williams, of Weathersfield, Conn., April i, 1781. The first frame buildings in the town were erected by Capt. John Safiford and his son, Jedediah, in 1 7 98. They consisted of a dwelling and corn barn; The latter is still in a good state of preservation, and is used as a horse barn by Dexter Place. The first funeral was held in this building, that of Mrs. Daniel Fletcher, a daughter of Capt. Safiford. The first school was kept by Martha Brigham, afterwards the wife of Nathan Gates, Jr., in a barn owned by Judge Samuel Cook. The first physician to locate here was Ralph Tinker, about 1802. The first set- tled minister was Rev. Daniel Rockwell, a Congregationalist. The first church building was a two-story brick structure, 40x60 feet, erected in 1824, by the Congregationalist and Calvinist Baptist, by whom it was used for many years. The first birth in the town was September 14, 1792, a daughter of Jacob Walker, named Lemira. The first death was that of Lydia Fletcher, wife of Daniel Fletcher, and daughter of John Safford, July 10, 1799, aged thirty-one years. Orias Boardman, father of the four sons, Elisha, Orias, William, and Alfred, died in Connecticut, in 1780, having previously bought a right of land in this town of one of the original proprietors, intending to make a settlement with his family. Orias, the second son, at the age of nineteen years, arrived in TOWN OF MORRISTOWN. town in 1793, and worked during the summer for Aaron Hunt, pne of the first settlers. Orias and^; William arrived byway of Lake Champlain and Cambridge, with an ox team, in March, 1794, and commenced a settlement on the farm upon which they lived during the remainder of their lives, and upon which Almond Boardman^now resides. In the spring of 1795, their mother, together with the eldest [son, EHsha, and the youngest son, Alfred, arrived, and lived in the town the remainder of their lives. Mrs. Lydia Board- man, the mother, died April 7, 1823, in the seventy-fifth year of her age, having for a long period been a worthy member of the Congregational church. Her sons were all noted for honesty in their business transactions with their fellow-men. Elisha was the first representative of the town, being a member orf the legislature in 1804, '05, '06, '07, and '08. He was also the first militia captain, and was an able justice of the peace for many years. He died February 6, 1826, aged fifty-three years. Orias died September ro, 1843, in the sixty-ninth year of his age. William died March 18, rSsi, aged seventy- five years. Alfred died February 8, 1830, aged forty-eight years. Almond, who now occupies the old homestead, was born May 16, 1807, married Jemi- ma Goodsell, and has had a family of five children, two of whom are now living, — Corneha and Ellen. The^former is the wife of Judge Small, of Hyde Park, and the latter is the wife of A. L. Noyes, cashier of the Lamoille County Bank. Almond has held many positions of trust, among which that of representative two terms. James Matthews, one of the earliest settlers, located on road t8, upon the farm now owned by A. C. Hill. He married Clarissa Ketchum, and reared a family of eleven children, eight of whom are now living. He died March 6, 1868, aged seventy-five years. His son, Leonard, who has carried the mail between Morrisville and the Four Corners since 1875, was born here in 1826. Cyrus Clark, another of the early settlers, located upon a farm in the western part of the town, where he resided the remainder of his life. He had a family of five children, one of whom, Roswell, married Patty Parker, and died in 1877. Three of Roswell's children are now living, — Sophia E., wife of Norman Camp, of Elmore ; Caroline, wife of C. C. Keeler ; and Martha M., wife of S. B. Clark. Ebenezer Shaw was born in Middlebury, Mass., April 20, 1773. From there he removed with his father to Rochester, Mass., thence to Woodstock, Vt., and from there to Shrewsbury. At Shrewsbury he married Polly Whit- ney, daughter of EHphlet Whitney, August 30, 1796. The following winter he moved to Hartland, and from Hartland to Morristown, in February, i8oo. While living in Woodstock Mr. Shaw learned the tanner's trade, and was the first tanner and shoemaker that lived and carried on business in Morristown. His wife, Polly, died in 1835, aged fifty-eight years, being the mother of twelve children, none of whom are now living. In 1836, Mr. Shaw was again married, to Abigail Sherwin, who died in 1859, leaving no issue. Ebenezer TOWN OF MORRISTOWN. died in 1866, aged ninety-three years. His son, Edwin H., was born in this town in 181 8, married Pelina W. Gay in 1844, and located upon the farm where his widow and their son, Charles L., now reside. He died April 6, 1881. Joseph Burke, from Westminster, Vt, came to Morristown in 1800, and located upon the farm now owned by A. M. Burke, on road 10. Here he reared a family of twelve children — five sons and seven daughters — and re- mained until his death, in 1846. But two of the children are now living, Joseph and Carlos C, the former aged eighty-nine years, and the latter seventy-three. Both live together on the old farm, neither ever having married. Samson, the eldest son of Joseph, came here with his father, mar- ried Levisa Raskins, and reared a family of ten children, six of whom now live in the town. Two, A. M. and C. C, constitute an enterprising law firm. Samson died October 18, 1863, and his wife died June 20, 1878. Asa Cole came to this town in 1800, and located on road 8, upon the farm now owned by his son, Morris. He married Sally Jerold and had born to him eight children. He died in 1852, aged eighty years. His wife died in 1832. Morris, the only one of the children now living, was born December 16, 1801, and married Mary Champlin in 1828. Two children blessed this union, Albert M., who lives at home with his father, and Mary A., wife of E. E. Brigham. Nathan Gates, Jr., born in Plainfield, N. H., in 1777, came to Morristown in 1802, and located on a farm upon which he resided until his death, April 6, 1858. Sylvester L. Gates, son of Nathan, born here in 1809, married Lydia Ferrin, and has had two children. Mr. Gates has proven himself to be a first-class farmer, and also a man of considerable Hterary attainments. Ira Edwards, from Amherst, Mass., came to this town in 1807, and located upon the farm now owned by N. S. Edwards, on road 66. He had a family of seven children, two of whom, N. S. and Adelia Borden, are living. N. S. Edwards married Alvira Stevens, and has three children. Luther Bingham located in the western part of the town in t8o2. He be- came a prominent man, amassed a large fortune, and represented the town many years in the legislature. Jedediah Bingham, from New Hampshire, came here in 1811, and settled on road 75, upon the farm now owned by H. B. Sturgis. He died February 28, 1870. Four of his children are now living, though he had but one son, Charles E., who resides on road 36. Lebbens Spaulding, from New Hampshire, came to Morristown in 18 10, and settled upon the farm now occupied by Frank Spaulding, on road 80, where he resided until his death, about 1868. Of his family of eight children, four are now living. Charles, in Craftsbury, Vt., J. W., Jefterson, and Isaac, in this town. Lebbens was captain of a militia company for many years, and built upon his farm the second saw-mill erected in the township. Hon. Vernon W. Waterman was born in Johnson, Vt, July30, 1811. When three yedrs of age he went with his farther to MontpeHer, Vt.. to live. TOWN OF MORRISTOWN. and remained there until nineteen years of age, when he came to Morristown to reside with his uncle, Hon. David P. Noyes, who was engaged in mercan- tile pursuits. At the age of twenty-one years he entered into partnership with Mr. Noyes, continuing the connection about eight years, when he engaged in business for himself, at Cady's Falls. For his first wife Mr. Waterman mar- ried Adaline Cady, of Stowe, by whom he had two children, George L., now an attorn ey-at-law, of Hyde Park, and Caroline E., wife of Hon. H. H. Pow- ers, of Morrisville. Mrs. Waterman died April 23, 1843 ; Mr. Waterman then married Amanda S. Wales, daughter of Hon. Geo. E. Wales, of Hartford, Vt, February 26, 1846, this union being blessed with three children, only one of whom is now living. Mr. Waterman has held many positions of trust, among which that of representative in the legislature for 1844-45 > he was also assistant judge of the county court two terms, sheriff two terms, and has been postmaster at Cady's Falls ever since the office was established there, in 1858. He has also attended every court held in Lamoille county since its organization, in 1835; was court auditor for nearly thirty years, and was one of the three delegates from Lamoille county to the constitutional convention held at Montpelier in January, 1857. William Small, of Amherst, N. H., served all through the revolutionary war, and at its close received an honorable discharge, and the balance of his pay due in Continental money, which was almost worthless at that time. In 1 81 2, with Patience, his wife, and six children, he removed to this town. The two eldest children, William and George, remained in Amherst until 1818, when they too came to the town. George was born at Amherst, July 1, r789. The same year he came to Morristown he married Orpha Wilkins, of Amherst, who still survives him. As a result of this union there were born five sons and five daughters — Dr. J. B. Small, of Winooski, Frank and Hiram, of this town, and L. S. Small, of Hyde Park. Mrs. W. T. Herrick, and Mary, widow of E. H. Blossom, of Winooski, survive him. Mr. Small led a very exemplary life, both public and domestic. He died May 26, 1875. William yet resides here. Solomon Stow, from New Hampshire, came to this town about 1812, and located near the central part of the town, where he reared a family often children. He was born November 19, 1777, and died July 27, 1845. None of his family except Haven P. are now living. He was born June 28, 1820, married a Miss Bridge, and has two children, Fluella R. and Anna B. Timothy Terrill, from Fletcher, Vt., came to Morristown in the autumn of 1817, resided here until 1828, when he removed to Underbill, where he died, about 1833. Moses, son of Timothy, born May 9, 1799, came here with his father and located upon the farm now owned by his son, N. A. Terrill, on road 2, where he resided until about 1848, when he removed to the farm now oc- ciipied by R. S. Gallup, and a few years previous to his death located in Cady's Falls. Moses married Matilda Weld, by whom he had three children, two of whom are Uving. For his second wife he married Minerva Calkins, TOWN OF MORRISTOWN. 1 23 rearing seven children, four of whom arc living. He was possessed of strict integrity, was an excellent judge of property, strictly temperate, economical and just in all his dealings, and by the exercise of these virtues he not only gained the regard and affection of his neighbors, but also amassed a hand- some property. He never sought office, but was frequently elected as one of the selectmen and listers. In his early years he was identified in politics with the then popular Democratic party, and was elected and served as a member of the legislature, in 1 843. When the question of the extension of slavery was agitated he espoused the cause of universal freedom, and has been a member of the Republican party since its organization. Mr. Terrill, or " Uncle Moses," as he was more familiarly known, died April 4, 1883, and with his death the town lost one of its most respected and one of its oldest inhabitants. Mrs. Terrill is still living, at the advanced age of eighty years. Elijah Lyman, from Pomfret, Vt., came here in 1818, and located in the northern part of the town, where he married Lydia Chamberlin and reared eight children, three of whom are living, as follows: Harriet, wife of Enos Cady, of Iowa ; George W., residing in Cambridge; and Erastus P., of this town. Mrs. Lyman died in 1843; and Elijah in 1849. Moses Wells, a soldier of the revolutionary war, settled in this town about 1800, upon the farm now owned by his grandson, L. H. Hadley. He died November 22, 1839, aged eighty-two years. Isaac Allen, from Randolph, Vt, came to Morristown in 1 8 1 8, and located upon the farm now owned by his son, Ephraim E. He reared a family of ^ six children, all of whom are living. He died May 28, 187 1, aged eighty- two years. His wife died February 11, 1845, aged forty-three years. Ephraim E. was born here in 1822, married Ruth M. Loveland, and has two chil- dren. Joseph E. Noyes, son of Oliver Noyes, came to this town about 1818, married Sarah Sawyer, and built the brick house now standing on the corner of Main and High streets, where he resided until his death, August 30, 1830. Mr. Noyes was engaged in mercantile pursuits, carried on two farms, and dealt largely in real estate. Mrs. Noyes died about thirty years ago, leaving four sons. Jonathan Douglass, from Richmond, Vt, came here in 1825, and located upon the farm he now occupies, on road 71. He married Sally Cole and reared ten children, six of whom are living. Stephen Gile came to Morristown, from Lebanon, N. H., in 1826, and located upon the farm now owned by his son. Eh B. He reared a family of nine children, and died in 1870. His wife died during the same year. Two of their children now reside in the town, Abigail, wife of James Cross, and S. S., the third selectman of the town. S. S. has also been a justice of the peace several years. Thomas Cheney, born in Plainfield, N. H., in 1795, came here in 1827, 124 TOWN OF MORRISTOWN. and located upon the farm he still occupies. He married Sally Stevens, who died November 5, 188 1, after rearing a family of eight children. William S. Cheney, son ^of Thomas, resides in Morrisville ; Mary S., a daughter, is the •wife of N. A. Terrill ; Adelia is the wife of Henry Bryant ; and Sarah, wife of Loyal Hoyt, resides in St. Lawrance county, N. Y. David Drown, born in New Hampshire in 1800, came to Morristown in 1828, and settled in the western part of the town. In 1856, he removed to the farm now owned by his sons, H. W. and B. F. Drown, where he died, February 10, 1882. Benjamin F. Carlton was born at Windham, Vt, July 15, 1803, and came to this town in 1828. He married Betsey Lathrop, by whom he had four children, one of whom, John B., now resides here, on road 24. Mr. Carlton died June 3, 1879. His wife survived his death until September 22, 1882, aged eighty four years and ten months. Lucien H. Hadley, son of Abraham Hadley, was born February 12, 1816. At the age of twelve years he came to this town to reside with his grand- father, Moses, on road 36. He married Caroline C. Bingham, and had born to him three children, James M., Jane M., wife of A. B. Sturges, and Elmer v., all of whom reside on the same road. Lucien has resided on the same farm since 1830. Horace Powers, from Corydon, N. H., came to this town in 1832. He first located at the Four Corners, where he remained until 1856,- then removed to Morrisville, where he died, in December, 1867. He was a physician and surgeon by profession, and practiced until his death. In 1833, he married Love E. Gillman, who still survives him, and who bore to him three children — two sons and a daughter. The daughter died when only three years of age. George E. was a sergeant in Co. E, 3d Vt. Vols., and died of diphthe- ria, February 6, 1862, while home on a furlough. H. Henry was born here May 29, 1835, began his education at Morrisville, and graduated at Burling- ton in 1855. In 1866, he commenced reading law with Thomas deed, and was admitted to the bar in May, 1858, since which time he has practiced his profession in this town and in Hyde Park. He represented the town of Hyde Park in 1858, Morristown in 1874, was State senator in 1872, and State's attorney for the county in 1861-62, speaker of the house in 1874, and was elected judge of the supreme court in the autumn of that year, a position he still retains. F. T. George was born in Stowe, Vt., February 6, 181 1, a son of Caleb, who was one of the early settlers of that town. In 1832, he came to this town, where he has since resided. He married Mary Atherton, and has been blessed with a family of three children, Josiah A., Harriet E., wife of Harri- son B. George, and Mary E., wife of C. A. Davis. Rev. Septimus Robinson, a Congregational minister, came to this town in 1835. He was pastor of the Congregational church for twenty-five years, TOWN OF MORRISTOWN. 125 and died in i860. Six of his seven children now are living, one, James C, in this town. He has been postmaster at Morrisville since 1865. Baruch Darling was born in Corydon, N. H., January 10, 1799, and came to this town in 1835, and settled upon the farm he now occupies. He mar- ried Martha Shaw and reared a family of six children, five of whom are now living, four in this town. Mrs. Darling died September 27, 1882, aged eighty-four years and six months. Of their children, Chester, Alden, Plumy and Sarah, wife of Solomon Goodale, reside in this town. John West, from Northfield, Vt., came to Morristown in 1837, where he resided until his death, in i86g, aged seventy-three years. Mr. West held many of the town offices, discharging his duties in a most acceptable manner. His son is now proprietor of the Vermont House. E. M. Edwards came to this town from Johnson, Vt., in 1837, and located upon the farm he now occupies. He has three children, Adelia M., Charles S., and Mary M. Hon. George W. Hendee was born in Stowe, Vt., November 30, 1832. When about six years of age he came with his parents to this town. He at- tended school at the People's Academy, studied law with Thomas deed, was admitted to the bar in 1855, and has practiced here since 1858. He represented the town in 1861-62, was State senator in 1866, '67 and '68, was elected Heutenant-governor in 1869, served three months, when, upon the death of Gov. P. T. Washburn, he succeeded him and held the office to the close of the term, and was in congress from 1873 to 1879, since which time he has attended to his practice here. Orlo Cady, born in Stowe, December 17, 1822, came to this town in 1839, and has resided here since. He represented the town in 1866-67, has been a justice of the peace about ten years, and sheriff of the county two years. Dr. Almerian Tinker commenced the practice of medicine in Johnson prior to, or about, the year 1830, remained there a few years, then came to this town, where he remained until his death, March 14, 1880. During the last thirty- five years of his life he gave up the practice of his profession. He held several of the town and county offices. Nehemiah French, born in New Hampshire in 1793, came to this town from Elmore, Vt., in 1842, and located upon the farm now owned by J. M. Green, on road 29. In 18 19, he married Esther Green, who has borne him eight children, four of whom are living. Mr. French is now, at the age of ninety years, the oldest resident of the town. His wife is eighty-five years of age, and they have lived together sixty-five years. Sewell Baker, from Waterford, Vt, came to this town in 1842, and located upon the farm now owned by Bliss C. Goodale. He married Betsey Brown, and they had born to them five children, four of whom are now living. Ezekiel Vincent, from Norwich, Vt., came to Morristown in 1843, and located upon the farm now owned by his adopted son, I. T. Vincent, on road 26, where he resided until his death, November 15, 1880, aged one hundred 126 TOWN OF MORRISTOWN. years, two months and eleven days. I. T. Vincent married Irene Haskell by whom he had five children, two now living. For his second wife he msifried Caroline Green, who also bore him five children, two now living. His third wife, Adelia Foster, resides with him on the old farm. Rev. John Gleed, a Congregational minister, preached in different parts of the county about eighteen years, then, in 1858, gave up the ministry and located in this town, where he remained until his death, in September, 1869. Thomas, son of John, was born in England, received a common school edu- cation, studied law with L. D. Poland, of Morrisville, and was admitted to the bar about 1846. He held many of the town trusts here, and died Au- gust 29, 1861, aged thirty-five years. Phihp K. Gleed, another son, studied law with his brother, and was admitted to the bar in December, 1859. He also 'has held many of the town and county offices, and is at the present time the State's attorney. John Goodrich located in Wolcott about 1839, where he married Amanda Ferrin and reared a family of seven children. In 1849, he came to this town, and, in 1855, located upon the farm now owned by his son George, on road 47. He died at Brattleboro, Vt., in 1873. Zadock Smith came to this town in 1855, and located upon the farm now known as the " Malvern place." He died November 30, 1881. Allen B., son of Zadock, came here with his father. He wa:s assistant judge of the county court in i874-'76, and has been a selectman several years. He mar- ried Roxana P. Jackson and has two children. Jacob Bates was bom in Thompson, Conn., May 7, 1790, served in the, war of 1812, and came to this town in 1865, locating upon the farm now owned by his son, George N., where he died, January 21, 1878. Carlos S. Noyes, son of Breed Noyes, was born in Hyde Park, February 28, 1816, and resided there until 1875, when he came to this town. From 1835 till 1840, he was a merchant in company with Lucius H. on the old farm. In 1840, he opened a store in Hyde Park village, and built the store now occupied by W. C. Maxfield. He continued this business until 1842. In 1843, he was elected constable, and held the office ten years. In 1842, he was appointed postmaster, which office he held until 1848 or '49. In 1848-49, he represented Hyde Park in the legislature, and again in 1861-62. He was also town clerk several years, and was cashier ef the Lamoille County Bank from 1855 until 1862. In 1865 or '66, he was appointed one of the directors of that institution, and in 1877, was made its president, which position he still retains. From 1851 to 1853, he was clerk of Lamoille county. Nathan P. Grout, son of Dexter Grout, was born in Elmore, March 1 1 1827. In 1859, he married Melissa S. Smith, of Morristown, and located at Morristown Corners. In 1863, he removed to Morrisville, where he subse- quently died of heart disease. Three of his five children are now living, Burton W., Walter D., and Roy N. TOWN OF MORRISTOWN. 127 Jacob Walker, from Brookfield, Mass., located on road 38 at an early date. Mr. Walker, more popularly known as Dea. Jacob Walker, was for many years the county surveyor. He married Philippa Story, by whom he reared a family of nine children, two of whom, Zebiah Burke, aged eighty-three years, and Cynthia Stevens, aged seventy-eight years, are living. For his second wife Mr. Walker married Johanna Fitch, by whom he reared four children. Jacob was born in 1765, and died_ in 1843, aged seventy-seven years. His son, Cordilla F., now resides in Morris ville. Joseph Earl, from New Hampshire, came to this town in 1801, and located upon the farm now owned by Seymour Harris. He married Sally Brockway, of Walpole, N. H., and reared a family of ten children, one of whom, Hiram, now resides here, aged eighty-three years. Joseph was ninety-five years of age at the time of his death. Nathaniel Goodell, one of the early settlers, came here from Massachu- setts. He reared a family of eight children. His son, Nathaniel, was born November 2, 1803, married Prudence Stowe, for his first wife, by whom he had five children. She died March 24, 1857. His second wife, Esther H. Goodell, now resides in Morrisville. Mr. Goodell died March 17, 1881. In the war of 181 2, Jonathan Cook, Harvey Olds, and six others enhstedfor six months. Joseph Burke, Adam Sumner, and Clement and Thompson Stod- dard, also enlisted during the war. During the late war Morrisville furnished 164 enlisted men, twenty-six of whom were killed in battle, or died from the effects of wounds received, or diseases contracted while in the service. The First Congregational Church of Morrisfown, located at Morrisville, was organized July 14, 1807, by Rev. Jonathan Hovey, the meeting being held in Jacob Walker's barn. No house of worship, for any denomination, was built until 1823, when a large brick house was erected at the Four Cor- ners, by the Congregational and Baptist societies. In 1839-40, the wood structure at Morrisville was built, and enlarged and improved in 1857, and again in 1873, so that it is now a neat building, capable of comfortably seat- ing 300 persons, and valued at $8,000.00. The first settled pastor was Rev. Daniel Rockwell, in 1824. The society now has 125 members, with Rev. William A. Bushee, pastor. The Christian Church of Morristown, was organized November 13, 1828, by Jabez Newland, John Orcott, and Royal Haskell, with nineteen members. The society is now in a prosperous condition, with Rev. E. W. West, pastor. The Free Will Baptist Church, located at Morristown Four Corners, has a church building capable of seating 200 persons, valued $,200.00, with Rev. L. Sargent, pastor. The Methodist Church, located at Morrisville, has a flourishing society, with Rev. Clark Wedgeworth, pastor. 128 TOWN OF STOWE. STO^WK ^ETOWE is situated in the southern part of the county, in lat. 44° 28', and ^^ long. 4° 20,' bounded northeasterly by Morristown, southeasterly by Wor- .W cester, southwesterly by Waterbury, and northwesterly by Cambridge and Underbill. The town originally contained an area of 23,040 acres, chartered by Benning Wentworth, governor of New Hampshire, June 8, 1763, to Joshua Simmons and sixty-three associates, in seventy shares. It was named after a town in England, and originally spelled S-t-o-w, the e having been annexed during the last forty years. In 1 848, the legislature passed an act annexing to its territory the town of Mansfield, and in 1855, its area was again increased by the annexation of a portion of the town of Sterling, so that it now has the largest area of any town in the county. The surface of Stowe is broken and uneven in many places, yet it contains a large amount of level country. Upon the west are the Green Mountains, with Mt. Mansfield, the highest peak in the ranges, containing some of the most wild and romantic scenery in the State, and upon the east is the Hog- back range, a spur of the former, while between them the country is varied with hills and dales, though there is little that can be called waste land. Many of the hills furnish some of the most valuable and profitable farms in town, and the portions rising still higher and being still more broken, afford the very best pasture land, which farmers have found to be the best paying part of their farms. The largest plot of plain, or table-land, in town, and probably the largest in the county, is on what is called the West Branch of Waterbury river, about two miles from the village of Stowe. The intervale on this river and its tributaries is not surpassed in fertility by any in the State. For grazing purposes, probably there are few towns in the whole State better adapted ; and there is at the same time a sufficiency of land suited to the purposes of cultivation and tillage to render most of the considerable farms well balanced in these respects. The territory is well watered by numerous springs and streams, the princi- pal water-course being the Waterbury river, which has its source at the con- fluence of two streams, the East and the West branches, uniting at the village of Stowe. The East branch rises in that part of the original town of Sterling which was annexed to Stowe, and, flowing through one-half the southern part of Morristown, enters Stowe about midway between the east and west corners of the original town of Stowe, thence south to its junction with the East branch. Into it flows a considerable stream, which rises in the northeastern corner of the town, and upon which is found Moss Glen Falls. The West TOWN OF STOWE. 129 branch has its source in the northwestern part of what was the original town of Mansfield, and flows southeast, entering the original town of Stowe at a point midway between the northwest and southwest corners, flowing nearly east to its junction with the East branch. About three and a half miles south of the village it receives Miller brook, a stream having its source in the south- western corner of the original town of Mansfield. On the east side, the branch also receives a stream called Gold brook, which has its rise in the southeast corner of the original town of Stowe. Numerous other streams abound, some of which afford good mill-sites. The timber of the town is principally hemlock, fir, spruce, beech, birch, and maple, interspersed occasionally with pine. The rocks that enter into the geological structure of the town are com- posed almost entirely of the talcosc schist formation, there being, however, a small vein oi gneiss in the western portion. Among the minerals that have been discovered are gold, iron, copper, and steatite. None of these minerals, except gold, has there been any attempt to work. Slight traces of the precious metal have been found in several locations throughout the territory, especially on the smaller streams, the most abundant, perhaps, on what is known as Gold brook. In May, 1857, Capt. A. H. Slayton, who had previously had considerable ex- perience in the diggings of California, found some small particles of gold on this brook, upon the farm then owned by Nathaniel Russell. In the following November he purchased the farm and commenced digging ; but he soon gave up the enterprise, though he found considerable quantities of the metal, but not enough to pay for the labor expended. Further search and development may some day, however, be rewarded with the discovery of considerable de- posits of these minerals. In 1880. Stowe had a population of 1,896, and in 1882, the town was di- vided into nineteen school districts and contained nineteen common schools, employing four male and twenty-three female teachers, to whom was paid an aggregate salary of $2,487.47. There were 443 pupils attending common school, while the entire cost of the schools for the year, ending October 31st, was $2,920.39, with Mrs. M. N. Wilkins, superintendent. To the energy and unusual ability of Mrs. Wilkins is attributed, in a great degree, the high grade of proficiency attained by the pupils. She is the wife of Hon. George Wilkins, and is a lady of rare attainments, a fluent speaker, and has had considerable experience as a lecturer and educator. The people of Stowe congratulate themselves in possessing so able and zealous an educator, as is attested by their three successive and unanimous elections of the lady to the position. Stowe, a post village located near the central part of the town, on the Waterbury river, contains three churches, (Congregational, Methodist and Union,) a graded school, the Mt Mansfield hotel, three dry goods stores, a drug store, hardware store, three grocery stores, a millinery and fancy goods store, shoe shop, harness shop, and about six hundred inhabitants. The vil- . lage is neatly laid out, beautifully located, and during the summer months is 9 130 TOWN OF STOWE. a favorite resort for summer sojourners, so much so that it has been called the "Saratoga of Vermont." About half a mile south of the village, on the main road, is a suburb called the Lower village, which contains a butter-tub manufactory, tannery, shoe shop, grocery, free library, hotel, and about two hundred inhabitants. The Mt. Mansfield Hotel, located at Stowe village, is a large and elegant structure, 300 feet long, and four and one-half stories high, with two wings in the rear, forty-five by ninety feet, and a broad piazza running nearly the entire length of the front. The hotel has rooms for 450 guests. They are large, high, light and cheerful, and are furnished in suits or in private parlors, as may be desired. The spacious dining hall, forty-five by ninety feet, is on the first floor, and directly over it is a fine, large hall, for dancing and other en- tertainments. All the rooms are finely furnished, lighted with gas, and each floor is supphed with bath-rooms, and with pure spring water, brought in iron pipes from the surrounding hills. In addition to this building there is another, a summer hotel, on the summit of Mansfield mountain, called the Summit House, and another at Smuggler's Notch, called the Notch House. The hotel was built by a stock company, organized June 24, 1864. In 1869, the property was sold at auction for $110,000.00, the purchasers being a party of five gentlemen, who built the wings at an additional cost of $50,000.00. The property is now owned and managed by Mr. E. C. Bailey, who conducts it in a business-like and desirable manner. The magnificent view afforded from the summit of Mt. Mansfield, and the romantic scenery of Smuggler's Notch, have already been mentioned on page 30. One other local attraction is Moss Glen Falls. They are situated on one of the lower ridges, on the north- eastern slope of Worcester mountain, in a ravine of most singular formation, four miles distant from the hotel. The source of the stream is a small pond on the table-land above the bluff", which is about 200 feet in height. The solid cliff" seems to have been cleft asunder, and the perpendicular walls are left standing in their majesty, down which the water dashes in a spray of unrivaled beauty. The first view of the falls is attained about fifty feet up the cUfif, on the side nearest the highway. The Stowe Free Library is kept at the store of George W. Jenney, the librarian. It contains about 1,500 volumes, which are loaned, free of charge, to all residents of the town. Moscow is a hamlet located in the southern part of the town. It received its name from the following circumstance : In 1839, a school meeting was called there, when an old circular saw, suspended at the end of a string, was used in place of a bell, which the people facetiously designated as the "bell of Moscow ; " hence the name. Mt. Mansfield tannery, located at the Lower village, was erected in 1882, upon the site of an old tannery which was destroyed by fire November 18, 1881. Mr. Webster, the proprietor, employs ten men, and the tannery has the capacity foi turning out about 70,000 calf skins per annum; TOWN OF STOWE. 131 Pike (S- Robinson's butter tub factory and saw-mill, at Stowe, was erected in 1881-82. The works give employment to ten men, and manufacture 500,- 000 feet of lumber and 30,000 butter -tubs per annum. Eugene K. Seaver's broom-handle manufactory, located at Moscow, manu- factures about 25,000 handles per year. The factory was moved from Stowe , village tojts present location in the spring of 1883. Thomas A. Straw's grist-mill, located at Stowe village, was built by the Raymond Mill Co., in 1823, and was purchased by the present proprietor in i860. In 1870, he added a shop, 24 by 60 feet, for dressing lumber and the manufacture of sash, doors and blinds. Smith 6- Faunce's carriage shop, located at Stowe village, has been occu- pied by Mr. Smith about eight years. In the autumn of 1881, he associated with himself in the business Mr. Francis, and the firm now does a good busi- ness in the manufacture of all kinds of carriages, wagons, and sleighs. Lemuel B. Smith's saw-mill, on Waterbury river, cuts about 200,000 feet of lumber per year. Wm. H. Anderson' s steam shingle-mill, located on road 44, is operated by a twenty-five horse-power engine, and manufactures 10,000 shingles per day. James E. Houston's butter-tub and shingle manufactory, located^on road 29, is operated by both steam and water-power, and manufactures about 30,000 tubs and 100,000 shingles per year, employing twelve men. 1 Edgar A. Pixley's butter-tub stave manufactory, located on the " forks," cuts about eight cords of staves per day. George G. Poster's butter-tub manufactory, located on road 24, turns out about 20,000 butter-tubs per annum. Orlando S. Turner's saw-mill, located on road 24, was built in 1869, and manufactures 250,000 feet of lumber per year. Moss Glen saw-mill, Spalding & Langdon, proprietors, is located at Moss Glen falls, on road 13. It turns out about 600,000 feet of lumber per year, giving employment to ten men. The first settlement was made in 17 94, by Oliver Luce, from Hartland, Vt. With an ox-sled and a few articles of furniture Mr. Luce made his way with his family, consisting of his wife and two children, to what is called the Hill place, in Waterbury, in March, where, owing to the impassibility of the roads, he left his family until the i6th of April. He then brought them on to their new home, a little camp of logs sixteen feet square, covered and floored with bark. This was situated on what is now Noah Scribner's meadow, on the west side of the stage road, just north of the late George Cobb's shop. In this little cabin, containing but one room, Mrs. Luce did all the cooking and household work for one season. An improvement was then made by adding a bed-room and pantry, made of bark. Yet, it is said, such was the desire to hunt and explore in the town that Mr. Luce's family was not alone a single night during the first year. Mr. Luce made the first plow and plowed the first furrow in the town, and resided here until the end of his long 132 TOWN OF STOWE. life, dying at the age of eighty-four years. The town, in honor of his mem- ory as a worthy pioneer, placed an historical monument to mark his last resting place. He was the father of four children, of whom Harry was the first child born in the town. Two of these children, Ruth and Zemah, located here. Ruth became Mrs. Benjamin Alger and settled with her husband upon the farm now owned by their son Oscar, where they resided until their respec- tive deaths. Their children were Lucy S., Seth L., Oscar, Martha, Miranda, and Isaac H. Lucy S. became Mrs. Delevan Luce, and resides in Morris- town. Seth L. died while serving in the Union army. Martha, who is now deceased, became the wife of Enoch J. Cleveland. Miranda is the wife of Jesse Town, of Stowe village. Isaac H. resides on road 20, and Oscar as before mentioned. Zemah Luce became Mrs. Allen and located in that part' of the town which was then Mansfield. She had but one child, who died some years since. Capt. Clement Moody made the next settlement, it is said the day follow- ing that of Mr. Luce's. Mr. Kimball and Joel Harris commenced settlements soon after, and Noah Scribner came the year following. In 1798, there were about twenty families in the town, and in 1803, there were- ninety resident families. The first proprietors' meeting held in the town was on February 2, 1796, at the residence of Lowden Case. On the second Monday in March^ 1797, the first town meeting was warned by William Utley, justice of the peace, to be held at the house of Lowden Case for the purpose of organizing the town. The meeting was held as per warning, when Lowden Case was chosen mod- erator; Josiah Hurlbut, town clerk; Joel Harris, and Ebenezer Wakefield, selectmen; Clement Moody, treasurer; Lowden Case, first constable; David Moody, second constable; Clement Moody, Joel Harris and Ebenezer Wake- field, Hsters; Abner Bickford, first grand juror ; Lowden Case, pound-keeper; Oliver Luce, William Utley, and John Turner, fence viewers ; Clement Moody, Amasa Marshall, and Josiah Dean, surveyors of highways ; Amasa Walker, sealer of weights and measures; John Turner, sealer of leather; and John Bryant, tythingman, September 4th, the first freemen's meeting was held. The first justice was William Utley, in 1796. The first repre- sentative was Nathan Robinson, in 1801. For four years after Mr. Luce settled here all the grain was ground at Waterbury. The first frame house was built by Elias Wilder, on what is now Robert Scribner's garden. The first brick chimney was built nearly opposite the present site of D. W. Bennett's corn-barn. The first frame barn was the one now owned by O. Perkins. The first plow was made by Oliver Luce, and the first ground plowed was where Robert Scribner now lives. Asa Raymond held the plow, and Mr. Luce drove the team. The first harrow, furnished with wood teeth, was also used on this ground. Harry Luce, the first male child, was born July 3, 1795. The first female born was Sally, daughter of Francis E. Story, October 14, 1796. The first wed- TOWN OF STOWE. 1 33 ding was that of Noah Churchill and Polly Marshall, May 29, 1798. They were married by William Utley, justice of the peace. According to the cus- tom the impending wedding was published, or cried off, at the raising of James Town's barn, by Josiah Hurlbut, town clerk, who, standing on one of the plates of the barn, proclaimed: "Here ye! Hear ye! marriage is in- tended between Noah Churchill and Polly Marshall. God save the people ! " The first death, that of a young son of Luke J. Town, also occurred on this day. The first brick house was built by Joseph Benson, and the first bticks were manufactured by Andrew Luce, on Z. W. Bennett's farm. Maj. Perkins owned the first sleigh and the first buffalo robe. This sleigh is now, the prop- erty of Andrew Luce, of Morristown, who values it highly as a relic. The first wagon was owned by a Mr. Nichols. Daniel Lathrop was the first tan- ner and shoemaker. Philip Moody was the first person to bring a newspaper into the town, the Weekly Wanderer, published at Randolph. The first post- office w^s established in 1817, with R. Camp, postmaster. The first tavern was kept by Oliver Luce, a short distance from where he first settled. Cook- ing stoves were first introduced about the year 1820. Maj. Perkins pur- chased the first one, by exchanging a yoke of oxen for it. The first mer- chants were Levi Crooks, Amasa Marshall, John Crosby, Elias Bingham, Bugby & Edgerton, Riverius Camp & Caldwell, and Col. Asahel Raymond. The first school was taught by Thomas B. Downer, in his dwelling, some of his scholars walking a distance of three miles or more. The first school- house, a log structure, was burned in 1803. It was common among the early settlers for females to work in the field, planting and harvesting. Two of the daughters of the late Nathan Robinson, Martha and Asenath, at one time took quite a job of pulling flax for Oliver Luce. Martha became the wife of Elias Bingham, and Asenath was married to Caleb Marshall. Zebina Luce came to Stowe at an early day, and located near where O. J. Benson now lives, and afterwards moved to the farm owned by Lysander Barrows, where he resided until his death. His son, Byron, born here, resides on road 42. Mrs. Mary Slayton Luce, wife of Chester Luce, was born in Woodstock, Vt, April 18, 1787. Her father, Samuel Slayton, was a farmer in good cir- cumstances, though possessing but a limited education,— an honest, frugal, and kindly man. Her mother, Hannah, whose maiden name was Stowe, was in every respect a superior woman. Mrs. Luce, in her youth improved every educational advantage the rural district in which she resided could afford. As she grew older she acquired a passionate fondness for reading, especially of poetry and romance. At a more mature age she engaged in school teach- ing, w&ich vocation she followed until her marriage with Chester Luce, March 17, 1818, when they removed to this town, where Mrs. Luce breathed her last, April 20, 1861. 134 TOWN OF STOWE. Ivory Luce, born in Hartland, Vt., came to Stowe in 1 806, locating on road S3, where he resided until his death, in 1870, aged eighty-eight years and fourteen days. He reared a family of ten children, as follows : Peltiah R., Joshua, Luther, Almon D., Albert, William B., George, Lucinda, Betsey, and Harriet, all of whom live in the town except Peltiah, Luther, and Almon, deceased. William Moody, born in Bamstead, Conn., came to Stowe with his father, Philip, the third family to settle in the town. He resided here until his death, of small-pox, in December, 1856, aged sixty-four years. His son, Orrin, spent seven years in the gold diggings of California, and now resides on road 50. Daniel Moody, a native of Maine, came to Stowe in 1800, and located upon the farm now owned by his son, Oilman. He died here February 8, 1878, aged seventy-eight years. Spencer S. Moody, born in Tunbridge, removed from there to Craftsbury, thence to Wolcott, and finally came to this town, in February, 1881, to reside with his son, Alson S., on road 69. Mrs. Electa A. Moody, widow of John, who died January 12, i88i, now resides on road 46. Mrs. Moody is a native of Waterbury, a daughter of Horace Heaton. Asa Kimball, an early settler, first located in Stowe Hollow, where he re- sided six or seven years, then removed to road 6, locating upon the farm now owned by his son Luke. Mr. Kimball was born in Lisbon, Conn., and died on the old homestead, December 14, 1865, aged eighty-seven years. Luke was born on the farm he now occupies. Samuel Scribner, a native of Maine, brought his family to Stowe at an early day, the fifth to locate in the town, and settled upon the farm now owed by George Harris. His family was large, consisting of nine sons and three daugh- ters, whose support he with difficulty sustained. Mr. Scribner remained here about fourteen years, then removed to what was at that time the " far West," near the present city of Rochester, N. Y., where he subsequently died, aged ninety-one years. Noah, his third son, was eight years of age when the family came here, and about six months after was bound out to Joel Harris, to work for his board. ' He remained with Mr. Harris but about three years, however, when he went to reside with Asahel Raymond. On arriving at a mature age he married Philinda Shaw, of Barre, and settled upon the farm where Nathaniel Moody now resides. By hard labor and economy he grad- ually added to his possessions, till at the time of his death he owned three fine farms. He died January 17, 1873, aged eighty-nine years and fifteen days. Three of his six children now reside in Stowe, — Clark, aged seventy- four, Noah, aged sixty-five, and Robert, aged fifty-eight years. David A. Marshall, born in Waterbury, Vt., came to Stowe at an early date, while yet a child, and remained here until his death, June 8, 1875, aged seventy-seven years. His widow resides with her daughter, on Maple street. TOWN OF STOWE. 135 Joseph Benson, Jr., a native of Woodstock, Vt., came to Stowe when eighteen years of age, and remained here until his death, in 1870, aged seventy- seven years. His sou, O. J. Benson, now resides on road 18. Dexter Parker came to Stowe from Pelham, Mass., at an early day, and remained here until his death, which occurred on the farm now occupied by his grandson, Charles B., with his mother and sister. Dexter A. L. Parker, son of Dexter, born in Stowe, died here in 1871, aged fifty-two years. Kendrick Jenney, who now resides on road 18, is a native of New Hamp- shire, and has resided in Stowe sixty-three years. James Cobb, born in Woodstock, Vt., came to Stowe when a boy, where he learned the carpenter and joiner trade, and finally settled on road 17. He died May 8, 1871, aged fifty-five years. His widow, and son Enos B., yet reside here. Uriah Wilkins, born at Amherst, N. H., married Nancy Kitridge, of that town, and at an early day immigrated to this town, where he reared a family of eight children, as follows : Uriah, Nancy, George, Fanny K., Charles A., Ehzabeth W., Ingalls, and Mary E. Uriah resides in Stowe, a retired farmer. Nancy died of consumption. George is a practicing attorney of this town. Fanny K. is the wife of Nathaniel Robinson. Charles A. resides in Milford, N. H. Elizabeth W. is the widow of John B. Seaver, and resides in Cambridge village. Ingalls died in California. Mary E. died here, the wife of N. R. Raymond. George studied law here with Messrs. Butler & Bingham, and was admitted to the bar in the December term of 1841. Some months previous to his admission, Hon. O. W. Butler, of the firm with whom he was studying, appreciating his talents and abilities, offered him a partnership in the business, which he accepted, continuing the .connection until 1845. At this time Mr. Wilkins purchased the law library of Mr. Butler and took into partnership L. A. Small, who had been a law student in the office of Messrs. Butler & Wilkins three years. Since the expiration of that partner- ship Mr. Wilkins has continued the practice of his profession alone. As a lawyer he stands in the front rank, and as an advocate he is earnest, indus- trious and resolute, while as a man he is honest, upright, and public spirited. The schools of his town have received liberal donations at his hands. In 1870, he presented each of them with a copy of Webster's Unabridged Dic- tionary, and later each received from him a fine globe and planisphere. To the village school he has given in addition an orrery, tellurian, and other valuable astronomical apparatus. His large property in real estate, requires a great share of his time and attention, as he has a number of improved farms in this and neighboring towns. In 1852 and 1853, Mr. Wilkins was elected State's attorney for the county, and he is now a director of the Lamoille County Bank, having held the position since its establishment. In 1856, he was elected a delegate to the State constitutional convention. In 1859 and i860, he was elected to the State legislature, and, in 1866, was appointed a delegate to the Union convention, held in Philadelphia, Pa. In 1868, he 136 TOWN OF STOWE. was elected a presidential elector for the third congressional district of Ver- mont, and, in 1872, represented this district in the Republican convention, held at Philadelphia, which nominated Gen. Grant. Ezra Nathan Adams came to Stowe from Brookfield, Vt., with his father, Lynda, at an early day, and located upon the farm now owned by his son, William W., on road 66. Lynda, his son, now resides on road 60. Peter C. Lovejoy, born at Westminster, Vt., came to Stowe in 1805, and located upon the farm now occupied by George Robinson. This portion of Stowe then formed a part of Mansfield, which town Mr. Lovejoy first repre- sented in the legislature, and also served as town clerk. He married Miss Jenny Luce, the union being blessed with eleven children, eight of whom are now living, four in this town, as follows : Columbus, Cornelius, Listina (Mrs. Albert Camp), and Philema (Mrs. Leonard Straw). Mr. Lovejoy died Jan- uary 17, 1874, aged ninety years. Mrs. Lovejoy still survives him at the great age of ninety years. Nathan Robinson, from Westminster, Vt., came to Stowe in 1798, and purchased a farm of Amasa Marshall, where a log house was erected, 20x40 feet, one story in height. In this house Mr. Robinson kept a hotel for many years, then built a more commodius hotel, where he died at the advanced age of eighty-seven years, having lived a useful and exemplary life. He was the first representative of the town, holding the office fourteen years, and also was a justice of the peace many years, in which capacity he conducted him- self so judiciously as to obtain the name of the " peace-maker.'' His son, Capt. Nathan Robinson, settled upon the farm now owned by Dr. T. B. Smith, of New York city, and built the house now standing thereon, though it has undergone many improvements. Capt. Robinson was a man of con- siderable influence, a town representative. State senator, etc. He died at the great age of ninety-three years. His title of Capt. was received in the war of 181 2. Daniel Watts, born in Warwick, Mass., came to Stowe about the year 1800. He had a family of nine children, Charles R., Caroline, widow of C. S. Hodge, and Chandler, reside in Stowe, and Fanny, the wife of Charles Co- nant, resides in the State of Michigan. Chandler Watts, 2d, born here March I, 1839, enlisted in the Union army, Co. E, nth Vt, or ist Heavy Artillery, August 7, 1862; was promoted corporal, then sergeant, and finally regi- mental commissary sergeant, which office he retained until the close of the war, when he returned to his farm, on road 46. He was elected lister in 1874, which office he held four years, and is the present 2d selectman of the town. Simeon Burke, from Westminster, Vt., came to Stowe in March, 1800, and located upon the farm now owned by his son, Abisha, on road 8, where he resided until his death, at the age of eighty-two years. He married Miss Lucy Petty and reared a family of six children, only two of whom, Abisha and Alanson C, are living. Joseph Benson, born at Middlebury, Mass., September 3, 1783, came to TOWN OF STOWE. I37 Stowe from Woodstock, Vt., in 1803, and located upon the farm now occu- pied by his son, Frank. About two years previous to his death, which occurred in 1870, he removed to Stowe village. Mr. Benson was a man of steady and industrious habits, and attained a comfortable competence, and the entire re- spect of his fellow citizens. He married Miss Eliza Benson, of his native town, who survived him until 1879. Five of their seven children reside in the town, viz.: Orlando J., Elmira A. (Mrs. G. S. Moody), Florilla V., Mercy C, and Franklin J., while Hope E. (Mrs. F. J. Upton) resides in Iowa, and Adelaide N. (Mrs. H. N. Waite) resides in New York city. John McAllister, of Scotch descent, was born at Sharon, N. H., in 1772, came to Stowe in 1804, and located on West Branch. His youngest son, D. J. McAllister, now owns most of the old homestead, though the residence is owned by Mrs. Jane Sanborn. He was twice married, first to Mrs. Priscilla Smith, May 17, 1796, and second to Miss Mary McKinney, who was the mother of all his children. Mr. McAllister was at the battle of Plattsburgh, and served his townsmen in many positions of trust. He was the father of thirteen children, most of whom arrived at an age of maturity, and six of whom are now living, two, Harvey and David J., in Stowe. Mrs. McAllister survived her husband until September 5, 1840. William Smith, a native of Hartford, Conn., immigrated to Williston, Vt, at an early date, where he married Anna Blanchard, and a few years later, about 1806, came to this town and located upon the farm now occupied by his grandsons, where he resided until his death, at the age of fifty-nine years. He had a family of six children, three of whom. Charity, widow of Roswell Town, Lemuel B., and Abel P., now reside here. Horace Smith, born in Old Hartford, Conn., immigrated to Williston at the age of twenty-one years, where he married Rachel Phillips. About seventy years ago he came to this town and located upon the farm now owned by his son, Truman B., on road 45. For his second wife Mr. Smith married Nancy Montgomery, by whom he had eleven children. He had three children by his first wife. Col. Asahel Raymond was born in Middlebury, Mass., April 7, 1781. His parents moved to Woodstock in the following September, where he resided until September, 1807, when he came to Stowe. Here he immediately pur- chased a farm, where Noah Scribner now resides, and commenced the man- ufacture of salts and pearl ashes from the ashes obtained in clearing his land, and also purchased by exchange for dry goods and groceries, of the surround- ing settlers. He formed a co-partnership with Dea. Asa Raymond, which continued until the death of Dea. Raymond. In 1822 and 1823, they built the grist-mill now owned by Thomas A. Straw, it then being located in the forest. In June, 1817, he purchased the hotel at the Center village, of Nathaniel Butts, -and fitted up one of the ells for a store, into which he moved his goods. The remaining part of the building he used for a dwelling. After mov- ing to the village he carried on the mercantile part of the business alone. His 138 TOWN OF STOWE. pearl ashes were taken to Boston on a heavy wagon, drawn by two yoke of oxen and a pair of horses. The conveyance would return laden with merchandise. The surplus pork was hauled in the same manner to Montreal, and the wheat to Albany, N. Y. Mr. Raymond gave employment to many of the settlers who were in destitute circumstances, thus proving a pubUc benefactor. In 1833, he opened his house as an hotel, which he kept until 1837, when his sons, George and Asa, took it and continued the business about eight years. It was afterwards run by other sons until 1854, when George Raymond bought and conducted it until it was sold to Hon. W. H. H. Bingham, in 1861. The structure is now known as the Raymond wing of the Mt. Mansfield Hotel Col. Raymond continued an active business man until his death, in 1849, aged sixty-eight years. He took a great interest in military affairs, holding at different times all the offices from corporal to colonel. Many people re- member his fine, tall, straight figure, and the fine display he made on his well-trained gray horse, which he kept expressly for military parades. He married Orpha Robinson, daughter of Nathan Robinson, in 1810, and reared a family of six children — three sons and three daughters. Four of the chil- dren now reside here, viz.: George, the oldest, aged seventy-two years, a merchant doing business at the Center village ; Asa, a farmer ; Mrs. Harriet Thomas, widow of Henry Thomas ; and Nathan R., who resides in Stowe village. Joseph Bennett was born in Middlebury, Mass., December 17, 1763. He married Susannah Simmons, and soon after his marriage settled in Wood- stock, Vt., where he remained until December, 1810, when he came to this town and located upon the farm where Orlando F. Gerry, whose wife is a granddaughter of Joseph, now resides. Here, in a small log cabin they resided for ten years, when a more pretentious dwelling took its place, in which Mr. Bennett died, in 1825, aged sixty-two years. Mrs. Bennett survived his death until July, 1855, aged eighty-five years. Only one of their six children is now living, Joseph H. Bennett, aged eighty-four years, who resides with his neice, Mrs. Gerry. Elihu Town, from Warwick, Mass., came to Stowe in the spring of 1811, and located upon the farms now owned by Messrs. Kenyon and Ennis. He was mar- ried about two years previous to Miss Apphia Sprague. The union was blessed with six children, — four sons and two daughters. Three are now living, Sopronia (Mrs. Stockwell), residing in St. Albans; Jesse, a resident of Stowe village, and Emery, living in Waterbury village. Mr. Town died in 1843, aged sixty-one years. Mrs Town died in 1867, aged eighty-five years. Joseph Savage, born in Hartford, Vt, came to Stowe in 1812, where here- sided until his death, in 1838, aged fifty-seven years. R. A. Savage, son of Joseph, born in this town, is a deacon of the Congregational church, at Stowe village. He has served two terms as associate judge. Joseph and his wife were among the original members of the Congregational church. Lemuel Thomas, born in Woodstock, Vt., came to Stowe in 1818, and TOWN OF STOWE. 139 located at the lower village, where he engaged in farming, in connection with the business of wool-carding and cloth-dressing. After several years, how- ever, he devoted his whole attention to farming, until seventy-nine years of age, when he took up his residence with his son, Weston L., and died in his house at the age of eighty-nine years. Weston L. and Isaac are the only children of Lemuel now living. William R. Cheeney, born in Westford, Vt., came to Stowe in March, 181 8, and located on road 42, where Orlo B. Town now resides. About the year 1850, he removed to road 41, where he died, July 9, 1881, in the seventieth year of his age. His widow, Olive E. Savage Cheeney, resides with her son, William R. Cheeney. Abial H. Slayton, from Woodstock, Vt, came to Stowe about the year 182 1, and located on road 48, where his son, Abial H., now lives. He died here in 183 1, aged thirty-five years. Three of his sons, Jerome B., Azro C, and Abial H., are residents of the town. Samuel Slayton, also from Woodstock, came here in 1821, and located upon the farm now owned by his son, Reuben D., where he died, in 1881, aged seventy-nine years. David Davis, born in Milton, N. H., came to Stowe with his father in 1827. In 183s, he located upon the farm he now occupies, on road 21. Jonathan Barrows, from Bridgewater, Vt., came to this town about 1828, and died here in 1870, aged sixty-five years. He had a family of seven chil- dren, as follows : Henry, Nathan, Lysander, Harriet, Chauncey, Lucia, and Alvinzy. All but Harriet now reside in the town. WiUiam Morrill, born in Alton, N. H., came to Stowe in 1829, at the age of seven years. In 1844, he located upon a farm on road 45, where he re- mained until 1862, when he removed to the Lower village, where he now resides. Moses H. Cady came to Stowe from Randolph, Vt, in 1830, and com- menced a mercantile business under the firm name of T. B. Downer &: Co. This firm did a successful business for about two years, after which Mr. Cady continued the same alone two years, then formed a co-partnership with Elisha Cady, continuing this connection about three years. He then took Thomas Emerson, of Windsor, Vt., into partnership. Mr. Emerson was a banker, and supposed to be wealthy ; but after about three years some of his speculations proved disastrous and he retired from the firm. This disaster also injured Mr. Cady, but he recovered, and continued the business alone about four years, then sold out to Thomas Downer, son of his first partner. About two years after he re-purchased the store and did a general mercantile business about two years, then sold the entire business to Bennett & Robinson. This closed his mercantile career. Soon after he became interested in the manu- facture of carriages, which he carried on quite extensively, till 1874, when he retired from business, and is now seventy-eight years of age. Samuel Barnes, from Rochester, Vt., came to Stowe in 1838, and located on road 51, upon the farm he still occupies. 140 TOWN OF STOWE. Charles t\ Hale, with his father, Lewis, came to Stowe from Tunbridge Vt., in 1841, and located in the southwestern part of the town, where he re- mained about twenty years, then removed to the Waterbury turnpike, about two miles southwest from Stowe village. After two or three other changes Mr. Hale located where he now resides, half a mile north of the village. Lewis, his father, died in 1878, aged ninety years. Reuben Alger, born in Richmond, Vt., came to Stowe in 1841, locating on road 63. He subsequently removed to the village, and finally located on road 4r, upon the farm now owned by his son, Wilmot R., where he died, in 1880, aged sixty-three years. Benjamin Alger, born in Stratford, Vt., came to Stowe at an early day, and died here at the age of seventy-eight years. His son, Oscar, now resides on road 20. Newell Bigelow, a native of Conway, Mass., came to Stowe with his father, J. B. Bigelow, in February, 1841. His father died here, in September, 1879, aged seventy-nine years. Richard R. Waite, a native of Windsor, Vt., came to Stowe August 15, 1842, and located upon the farm now owned by Luke Town. April 12, 1862, he removed to the farm he now occupies, on road 40. Mr. Waite held the office of constable and deputy sheriff in 1857-58 ; was selectman in 1871 ; chairman of the board of selectmen in 1879, '80, and"'8i; and represented the town in i878-'7g. He has also been president of the Lamoille Valley Fair Ground Company six years, taught school ten winters, and led the choirs in the Methodist and Universalist churches thirty-five years. Alva Judson, father of O. L. Judson of this town, was born and Uved all his life, in Huntington, Vt., dying there at the age of sixty-five years. He married Phoebe Williams, who died in Hyde Park, aged seventy years. Three of their four children are now living, one, O. L., being a resident of this town. Levi Hodge, a native of Warwick, Mass., came to Stowe and located where his son, Russell C, now resides, and where he died in 1862, aged about seventy-five years. Russell C. is superintendent of the town poor farm, which is owned in union by the towns of Stowe, Morristown, and Johnson. Ephraim T. Hodge, born in Franconia, N. H., came to Stowe when three years of age. He now resides on road 36. Samuel F. Pike, a native of Brookfield, Vt., married Betsey B. Newman, of Morristown, and came to this town, locating on road 4, upon the place now owned by Mrs. Nancy Pike. In 1872, he removed to road 4, where he resides with Henry A. Pike. Heman Story was born in this town, near Moscow. His father died when he was a year and a half old, and his mother died when he was five years of age. In 1861, he located on road 17, corner of 18, where he still resides. TOWN OF STOWE. j .j Hiram S. Atkins, born in Waterbury, Vt., came to Stowe in 1845. He is now engaged in mercantile pursuits at Stowe. Alvm P. Holmes, son of Rev. Samuel Holmes, a revolutionary soldier and an early settler in Cambridge, came to this town in 1846, where he still re- sides, at the village. John Poor, born in Montpelier, came to Stowe about thirty-five years ago, and resided here until his death, in 1868, aged sixty years. Sylvander C.', born in Morristown, came to Stowe with his father, and now resides oil road 42. George S. Wade, born in Sharon, Vt., came to Stowe in 1848, and located where he still resides, on road 31. Amasa Wells, born in Barnet, Vt, came to Stowe in 1850, and located on road 41, where he still resides. B. O. Shaw, a son of Benoni Shaw, an early settler in Morristown, came to Stowe in 1853, and located where he still resides, on road 22. John Stevens, from Newbury, N. H., immigrated to Hyde Park in 1827, and died in Johnson about 1858, aged seventy-five years. Mehitable, his wife, died in Johnson in 1878, aged ninety-five years. Horace, son of John, came to this town in 1857, where he still resides, as a carriage maker. Horatio D. Calkins, a native of Hyde Park, came to Stowe in 1864, and now resides near Moscow, on road 49. The following is a list of the ofiicers and privates who volunteered from Stowe during the war of 1812 : Nehemiah Perkins, captain; Lewis Patter- son, heutenant ; Jonathan Straw, ensign ; Nathan Robinson, sergeant-major ; Riverius Camp, quartermaster ; John McAllister, Uriah Wilkins, Joseph Ben- nett, EHas Bingham, Aaron Wilkins, Nathan Holmes, Joseph Dake, Daniel Robinson, Ivory Luce, Paul Sanborn, Jonathan Luce, WilUam Kellogg, Joseph Benson, Chester Luce, Joseph Marshall, Samuel R. Smith, Peter C. Lovejoy, S. Rand, Hugh McCutchin, Nathaniel Russell, Ira Cady, Stephen Russell, Andrew Kimball, Isaac Patterson, Warner Luce. William Moody, John B. Harris, Sylvester Wells, Amos Pain, Dexter Parker, Ephraim Ham, Russell Cory, Reuben Wells, Stephen Kellogg, Andrew Luce, Orra Marshall, Orange Luce, Samuel Fuller, and Levi Austin, privates. During the late' civil 1820, the second December 29, 1842, and third and present, September 25, 1876. All of the buildings were wood structures, the present one cost $15,- 000.00, will accommodate 350 persons, and is now valued at $10,000.00. The tower has lately been furnished with a fine town clock, costing about $550.00. The society has 112 members, with Rev. Lawrence Phelps, pastor. The Methodist Episcopal Church, located at Barton village, was organized by Hezekiah Ramsdall, in 1833, Rev. David Cop being the first pastor. The church building was erected during the same year, a brick structure, at a cost of $3,000.00 ; it will seat 300 persons and is now valued, including grounds, at $5,000.00. The society has eighty members, with Rev. S. S. Bingham, pastor. The. Methodist Church, located at Barton Landing, was organized by Is- rael Putnam, with fifteen members, in 1846. A church building was erected during that year which did service until 1876, when the present building was erected at a cost of $800.00, about its present value. The society has 140 members, with Rev. Swett, pastor. The Barton Roman Catholic Church, located at Barton village, was or- ganized by Rev. Father John Michaud, in 1876. The church edifice was built during the same year, at a cost of $1,000; it will seat 190 persons, and is now valued, including grounds, at $1,400. The society has 440 members under the charge of Rev. Father Norbert Proulx, of Newport. TOWN OF BROWNINGTON. 21^ BROIATNIHGTON. IgROWNINGTON lies in the eastern-central part of the county, in lat. ^^ 44° 49', and long. 4° 51', bounded northeast by Salem and Charleston, l|* southeast by Westmore, southwest by Barton, and northwest by Cov- entry, being ninety-five miles north from Windsor, foity-five miles north by east from Montpelier, and fifty-seven miles northeast from BurUngton. It was chartered to Timothy and Daniel Brown, under the name of Brownington, October 2, 1780, an oblong tract of land containing only 19,845 acres. The usual township area of 23,040 acres was made up, however, by Brownington Gore, a tract of land that has since been annexed to Morgan. The proprietors soon after disposed of their interest in the new township to the State of Connecticut, which in turn disposed of the property to Elijah and Elish% Strong, and Amos Porter. These gentlemen made preparations to begin a settlement, but it is supposed that they assumed responsibilities beyond their control, so were obhged to re-sell the property to Connecticut. Elijah Strong, however, became an agent for the State and subsequently, with his brother, Mr. Porter, and others commenced a settlement in the town. The surface of the town is moderately uneven, the only prominent eleva- tion being in the central part. The principal water-course is Willoughby river, which issues from the lake of that name in Westmore, and after flowing through the southern part of this town unites with Barton river, in the north- ern part of Barton. Numerous small streams are found throughout the ter- ritory, and in the northern part, lying partly in Derby, is a small pond named after the town. The rocks that enter into the geological structure of the town are mostly of the calciferous mica schist formation, except in the southeastern part, where they are granitic. A narrow bed of hornblende schist extends through the central part, from north to south. The soil is good, comparing favorably with any in the county. In 1880, Brownington had a population of 856, and in 1882, was divided into seven school districts and contained seven common schools, employing two male and thirteen female teachers, to whom was paid an aggregate salary of $738.53. There were 188 pupils attending school, while the entire cost of the schools for the year, ending October 31, was $797.86, with J. A. Gib- son, superintendent. EvANSViLLE, a post viUaefi^lotatei inJihe^soiithern part of the town, con- 214 TOWN OF BROWNINGTON. tains a saw-mill, whetstone factory, shingle-mill, blacksmith shop, two grocer- ies, and about twenty dwellings. Joseph H. Evans, located here in 1842, and cut the first tree on the present site of the village, and from him it received its name. Brownington, a post village located in the southwestern part of the town, contains one church (Congregational), one store, academy building, and about a dozen dwellings. The Orleans county grammar school was incor- porated and located here in 1822, the building being completed and the school opened in the autumn of 1823, under the charge of the Rev. James Woodward. Courts were also held here on the alternate sessions, Brown- ington and Craftsbury being the shire towns of the county, until the legisla- ture removed the county-seat to Irasburgh, the last court being held here in 1816. Brownington Center, a post village located a little south of the central part of the town, contains one church (Union), one store, two blacksmith shops and about eight dwelling. Henry E. Preston's saw-mill, located on road 2, is operated by water- power, running about six months out of the year. It has the capacity for cutting 800 feet of lumber per^ hour, but cuts annually about 300,000 to 500,000 feet of lumber, and does custom shingle sawing. Elisha Foster's saw-mill, located at Evansville, was built by Harris Alex- ander in 185 1, upon the site of a mill built by Joel Trull in 1842, and de- stroyed by fire in 185 1. It has been the property of Mr. Foster since 1871, who employs ten men and manufactures 2,250,000 feet of lumber per annum. A. F. Pike's scythe-stone factory, located at Evansville, employs ten men at the factory and four at the quarry, on road 29, and manufactures 3,000 gross of scythe-stones per year. The grit of the stone is such as to make goods of an excellent quality and they are becoming very popular. N. Gallup s steam mill, located on road 14, is operated by an eighty horse-power engine, and is furnished with a lumber saw, shingle machine, band-saw, bolting-saw, planing machine, and set of box-making machinery. Mr. Gallup employs twenty men and cuts 1,500,000 feet of lumber, 1,500,000 shingles, and 300,000 feet of lumber into chair-stock, 800,000 feet into boxes. The first settlement was made by Deacon Peter Clark, upon the place lately known as the Hall farm, where Rev. S. R. Hall resided. Other settle- ments were made in the locality at or near the same time, 1796 or 1797, by James Porter, Samuel Smith, Jr., H. Kellam, Valentine Going, Samuel Smith, Sr., and Amos Porter. Soon after these settlements were made in the western part of the town, others were commenced in the eastern part, prob- ably in 1799, by Erastus Spencer, Elijah Spencer, and Joel Priest, near the west line of Westmore. In 1798 or '99, Elijah and Ashbel Strong located on North hill, and during this latter year, Ebenezer Gridley, George Drew, TOWN OF BROWNINGTON. 215 Daniel Knox, Ebenezer Crouch, John Merriam and Luke Gilbert were in the town, but it is not known whether they had all made settlements or not. 0. Weber settled upon the farm now owned by Margaret Nichols. Luke Gilbert came with Elijah Strong and labored with him for a year, then set- tled upon the farm now owned by S. R. Jenkins. Mr. Kingsbury com- menced on the farm now owned by Mrs. A. P. Buxton. ' The first town meeting was warned by John Bean, Esq., of Wheelock, Caledonia county, to be held at the dwelling of Major Samuel Smith, March 28, 1799. On this day the meeting assembled and organized the town by the election of the following officers : Major Samuel Smith, moderator ; Elijah Strong, town clerk ; Elijah Strong, Amos Porter, and Samuel Smith, selectmen ; Elijah Strong, treasurer, Samuel Smith, Luke Gilbert, and Peter Clark, listers ; Luke Gilbert, constable ; Obadiah Wilcox, highway surveyor; James Porter, fence viewer; Luke Gilbert and Jonathan Smith, haywards ; and Justus Smith, pound-keeper. Little other business was trans- acted, except to vote an assessment of $15.00 for defraying the town expenses for the ensuing year. Among those who were appointed to the town offices at the March meeting, 1800, are found the names of Benjamin Newhall, Luther Smith, Elijah Spencer, and Carlos Cowles. At a freemen's meeting in September, 1799, Eben Gridley, George Drew, Daniel Knox, Ebenezer Crouch, Eleazer Kingsbury and John Merriam took the freeman's oath. At this meeting twenty votes were cast for governor, and Elijah Strong was elected representative. Among the new names found on the town records during the second decade, are those of Gilbert Graw, Amherst Stewart, Isaac Smith, Humphrey Nichols, Reuben Trussell, Lemuel Nye, Daniel Bailey, Noah Allen, Tristram Robinson, John Sash, Samuel Burnham, Joseph Marsh, Amos Percival, Abraham Tracy, Zenas Field, Will- iam White, Alden Farnsworth, Benjamin Walker, James Seavey, Samuel Burke, Joshua Smith, Enos Bartlett, Amasa Plastridge, Horace Huntoon, Samuel Ward, Seth Kidder (a town pauper), Enos Bartlett, Philip Flanders^ Jonathan Eaton, Jonas Cutting, Isaac Smith, Jeremiah Tracy, Ebenezer Terry, Seth Bartlett, Aristides Houstis, Asa Plastridge, Asa Winston, James Nevefs, Daniel Elkins, and Cyrus Eaton. Jabez Nevers, Nathaniel Wheeler, Jonathan E. Dorris, Albert Gabrin, George C. West, William Custy, Jonathan Nye, Orra C. Blass, Gilman Esty, E. G. Strong, and James Finley appear in 1820. The first birth in the town was that of Luke Spencer, son of Erastus Spencer, in 1800. The first death was that of a Mrs. Porter, in 1799. She was buried near the house of John Twombly. The first public house was opened by Maj. Samuel Smith, in 1799. Silas Brigham was the first to carry on the business of tanning, and James Silsby was the first blacksmith and axe-maker. Abram Day had the first furnace for small castings, and Samuel Ward had the first pottery. The first store-goods were brought into town by Levi Bigelow, who was not, however, a resident. 2l6 TOWN OF BROWNINGTON. Erastus Spencer, one of the first settlers, came to Brownington in 1797, and located in the eastern part of the town. Luke, son of Erastus, was the first child born in the town. In 1806, he made the first settlement on the farm now owned by his son William. Joel Priest, a revolutionary soldier, settled in the eastern part of the town, with his son, Joel, Jr., about the yeaj 1800, and soon after removed to the farm now occupied by Mrs. L. G. Priest. Joel, Jr., reared a family of seven children, six of whom were daughters. Stephen S., the only son, was bom on the old homestead, now occupied by his widow, in 1815, and died January 21, 1883,' aged sixty seven years. Mrs. Almira Wilson is the only one of the daughters now living. Mrs. L. G. Priest is a daughter of Luke Gilbert, who settled here in 1799. Mr. Gilbert took an active interest in the public aifairs of the town, and served in the legislature several years. His death occurred in 1845, at the age of seventy-six years. Eive of his ten children are living, Mrs. Priest and Mrs. Eunice H. Spencer, in this town, and their three broth- ers in the west. The Baxters of Orleans county are sprung remotely from the Baxters of Norwich, England, who came to America about 1632, and, with others from the same county, Norfolk, founded Norwich, Conn. The name Baxter is strongly associated with Norwich, for about 1775, a colony from Norwich, Conn., founded the newer Norwich in Windsor county, Vermont. Among others who came to the new settlement to conquer the primeval forests and win the virgin soil was Elihu Baxter, who, with his bride, Triphena Taylor, came in 1777. Fifteen children were born to them in Norwich, Vt. The oldest, William Baxter, studied law at Norwich with Colonel Buck, who was for several terms sent by the new State to the national legislature, which then (1798) met at Philadelphia, and whose son later succeeded his father. This William Baxter, born in 1778, after the completion of his law studies com- menced the practice of his profession at Brownington, in 1801, and resided here until his death, October i, 1827. His wife was Lydia Ashley, of Clare- mont, N. H. Of the other sons of Elihu Baxter, Elihu, Jr., was a physician, went to Portland, Me., and has left some descendants who bear the name; Chester settled at Sharon, Vt., as a merchant, but left no descendants; Erastus went to Malone, N. Y., and left descendants ; James came up to Stanstead, Canada, and was a successful merchant — none of his descendants are, we believe, now living ; John W. was a merchant at Lebanon, N. H., and the father of John W., who lived and died in Stanstead. A son of the latter lives at Sherbrooke, Canada. He and his children are the only Uving descendants of John W., of Lebanon. Harry, son of Elihu, was a successful merchant at Barton. None of his descendants are now Uving in Orleans county. Portus, son of William, of Brownington, born in 1806, settled, about 1830, at Derby Line. He was thrice sent to congress, and repre- sented the 3d district throughout the war of the rebellion. His services to Vermont soldiers in those dark days need not be told to the present genera- TOWN OF BROWNINGTON. , 2 17 tion. He died at Washington in 1868, leaving a widow, recently deceased, and four sons. Of these, only one is now living in Orleans county. He and his children are the only descendants of William Baxter, of Brownington, living in the State and bearing the family name. Of the remaining sons of Portus, two reside in Washington, and one in Chicago. Neither has any children. The oldest, Jed H., is a colonel in the regular army. Carlos Baxter, of BurUngton, was a son of WiUiam, but left no descendants to bear the name. As is the case with many of our oldest families, the tendency is towards extinction of the name ; and the same tendency extends to the female Hne. The only daughter of William left no descendants, and of the three daughters of Carlos, of Burlington, one only, the wife of Bradley B. Smalley, has children. Rev. Anson C. Smith was born in Bridgewater, N. H., in 1812, and spent his early life in that town. Later his parents removed to Peacham, where he taught school several years and learned the carpenter trade. In 1835, ^^ experienced religion, studied divinity and became a Methodist minister, preaching in Moretown, Corinth, Montpelier, Thetford, Tunbridge, East Barnard, Hartland, Wilmington, Brattleboro, Craftsbury, Danville, Lyndon and Hardwick. He also studied and practiced medicine for many years in his various charges. Mr. Smith was an active, stirring man, and instrumental in building several houses of worship. He died in Hardwick, May 23, 1862, aged fifty years. His widow now resides with her daughter, Mrs. B. C. Boden, on road 6 in this town. Gilbert Gross, a native of Massachusetts, came to Brownington in 1810, and made the first settlement on the farm now owned by B. C. Boden. Miss Lucinda Rice, daughter of John Rice, of Walpole, N. H., came to Brownington in 1827, and in December, 1829, married John Bryant, a resi- dent of Irasburgh, and located on road 3, near Brownington pond, where their son, G. E. Bryant, now resides. Mr. Bryant was a representative, and held other offices of trust in the town. Amariah C. Joslyn came to Bloomington, with Timothy Joslyn, from Mor- ristown, in 1837, and purchased of B. Robinson and E. White a farm of 200 acres on road i, where his son, C. H., and his widow still reside. There were then no buildings on the place, and only a small clearing had been made. Mr. Joslyn held most of the town offices, was a justice of the peace twenty years, and died October 12, 1877. Moses Foss was born in Lyndon, Vt., in November, 18 19, and in 1841, came to Irasburgh, remained there three years, then came to Brownington and made the first settlement on the farm now owned by Moses A. Foss. . Cyrus P. Heath was born in Groton, Vt., March 11, 1808, and lived in Ryegate up to 1840, when he removed to Barton, and since that time has been a resident of Orleans county, having lived in Brownington for the past forty years, a great portion of which time he has spent on the farm he now occupies on road 28. One of his sons, George A., was killed at the battle of Cold 2l8 TOWN OF BROWNINGTON. John Marshall, born in Lincolnshire county, England, emigrated to Cana- da with his father, John, in 1829, resided there three years and then came to Vermont. In 1848, he located in this town. He made the first settlement on the farm now owned by George Going, and also the first on the farm of George White. Robert Alexander, from West Fairlee, came here in 1836. In 1855, his son, Robert, Jr., located upon and cut the first tree on the farm he still occu- pies. Orson A. Grow, from Hartland, Vt, came into this county in 1819. In 1825, he married Fanny AUbee, of Derby, a daughter of Elijah AUbee, an early settler in that town, and remained there about three years. He then resided in Morgan six years, in Holland nineteen years, in Barton fourteen years, and the remainder of his life in this town, dying February 4, 1875, aged seventy-five years. His widow resides here with her son Lorenzo. Asa R. Smith, son of Samuel, Jr., was born August 2, 1802, in this town. He married Elvira S. Grow in 1834, who died in i860. For his second wife he married Fanny A. Grow, sister of his first, who is now living. Mr. Smith was slieriff of the county a number of years and dealt largely in real estate. He died November 24, 187 1. His only son, George E., is still a resident of the town. Dr. James R. Grow, from Hinsdale, N. H., came to Brownington in May, 1820, locating near Brownington village. He practiced here for a number of years and was known as a jovial man and a skillful physician. He finally removed to Holyoke, Mass., where he died in February, 1857. His wife, Sophia Sanger, died in 1825. Five of their nine children are now living. Samuel Smith, Jr., from Surry, N. H.. came to Brownington about the year 1800, locating upon the farm now owned by Orvis Marsh. His son Isaac settled upon the farm now owned by Orson Grow, where he resided until his death. He married Mercy Priest, daughter of Joel, reared a family of eight children and died in 183 1. His wife died in 1859. Isaac C, son of Isaac, who now lives here, was born September 30, 1812, married Zilpha Patch, of Derby, in 1843, and for his second wife Sarah Burnham, of New Hampshire, rearing three children. His second wife died November 13, 1 88 1. Samuel, Jr., was twice married and died in 1825. Two of his six children are now living. Erastus Spencer came to Brownington, from Weathersfield, Vt., about 1800, and died here in 1841, aged sixty-five years. His wife, Lucy Stimpson, died in 1865, aged ninety-six years. William, son of Erastus, born in 1806, has always resided on the farm he now occupies. He has been twice mar- ried and reared a family of eight children, only one of whom, Mrs. A. 0. Joslyn, is living. Mr. Spencer has been a member of the Congregational church over fifty years. Hon. Jasper Robinson, for many years a merchant here, was one of the early settlers of the town. He was elected a representative several times. TOWN OF BROWNINGTON. 210 and served as assistant county judge a number of years. Mr. Robinson was an upright man, firm in his decisions, and a leading member of the Congre- gational church. He married Abigail Steel and reared a family of eight chil- dren, only one of whom, Jane A., wife of Philander Balch, of Charleston, is living. He died September 5, 1842. His wife died January i, 1842. Mrs. Farnshon (Hill) Twombly, who died at the residence of her son, John Twombly, in 1868, was born in Newburyport, Mass., August 2, 177 1. Among the events of her early Ufe which she remembers distinctly was a visit of Gen. Washington to Portsmouth, N. H. A little girl from out the multi- tude who had gathered to him, as she first cast her eyes upon the " saviour of her country" exclaimed : " Why you are nothing but a man !" The in- nocent remark affected the great man to tears. Mrs. Twombly also recalled another incident of that visit. A countryman in his anxiety to see Gen. Washington, made his way to town with an old horse, the harness being com- posed entirely of ropes and wood. At this unique display she said the Gen- eral laughed heartily. At an early period her father removed to New Hamp- shire, and in 1796, she married Jacob Twombly. In 1801, they removed to Sheffield, and in 1830 came to this town. Mrs. Twombly lived to leave eight children, sixty-six grandchildren, and fifty-six great grandchildren. Six of her own and more than one hundred of the others are now li>?ing. She died at the great age of ninety-seven years. Her husband died in 1852. Samuel S. Tinkhafin, a descendant of John Tinkham, who came over from England in the second vessel that brought supplies to the pilgrims of the " May Flower,'' came to Brownington, in 1850, and purchased the farm upon which he stiU resides. Mrs. Tinkham's mother, Ruth Richmond who resides with them, is the oldest person in the town. She was born in Hanover, N. H., July 22, 1785, married Elijah Richmond in 1863, and reared a family of eight children, four of whom are now living. Mrs. Richmond retains her mental faculties wonderfully well, at the age of ninety-eight years. She re- members quite distinctly the time when Washington was president. During the war of 1812, the inhabitants became very much alarmed on account of the Indians, fearing an attack from them. The building of a block-house on North hill was contemplated, but never done. The inhabi- tants, however, placed their amunition in a house on that hill. At one time, quite a panic was caused by the circulation of a report that the British were coming on to seize the amunition. A guard was placed over the store-house, but as morning dawned with no British in sight the excitement subsided. Some of the people buried a portion of their effects and left the town, a number of whom never returned. SrauggUng was carried on to a considerable extent, enriching some and ruining others. Peace was at last declared, how- ever, and no British, Indian or Tory harmed any of the people of Browning- ton. When the war of the Union came upon us, the town showed its patriot- ism by furnishing sixty-two enhsted men to fight the battles of our country, seventeen of whom were killed, or died from wounds or disease contracted while ' TOWN OF CHARLESTON. CHARLESTON. iHARLESTON, an oblong town in the eastern part of the county, in lat. 44° 51', and long 4° 57', bounded northeast by Morgan, southeast by Brighton, in Essex county, southwest by Westmore and Browning- ton, and northwest by Derby, was granted by Vermont November 6, 1780, and chartered November loth of the same year, to the " Hon. Abraham Whipple, his shipmates" and others, containing 23,040 acres. Commodore Whipple was a distinguished naval officer in the Revolutionary war, and named the town Navy, in honor of the American navy. This name was retained until November 6, 1825, when it was altered to Charleston. The surface of the town is somewhat uneven, some portions being very low. Clyde river is the largest stream. It rises in Spectacle pond, in Brigh- ton, thence flowing through Island Pond into this town, in a northwesterly direction nearly through its center. Some falls of importance are found on the stream, especially the Great falls in the western part of the town, where the descent is more than a hundred feet in forty rods; but its current is gen- erally slow. The principal tributaries of the Clyde are Ferrin's river froin the north, and the waters of Suke's pond through a brook; then the waters of Cole's Copper brook, Morgan Gull brook, also, the stream from Cole's pond in Brighton ; next Buck's brook from Brighton, Mad brook from West more, and Echo pond brook at the East village ; next Fenner brook fron Westmore, then the Nutting brook from Broadway pond, and Toad pone brook from Toad pond. These all flow into Clyde river above Pensioner! pond in this town. Echo pond, situated in the easterly part of the township receives the waters of Seymour pond in Morgan, and through that the water of Holland pond. Echo pond is a beautiful sheet of water one mile fron the East village, whose mill-privileges are supplied by its waters through thi brook which is its outlet. It is one mile and a half long and one mile wide General Whitelaw gave it the name of Echo pond from the fact that whei any sound was produced in its vicinity it was reverberated in various direc tions, producing a series of echoes. Pensioners pond is the next in size, an^ was so named by Abner AUyn, on account of the pension of Mr. Vamum, revolutionary soldier, being used to build a mill-dam and saw-mill in 182c near the Great falls, by his son, George Vamum. Toad pond is above Pet sioners pond, near the great swamp on the Brownington liiie. Broadway pom is near the Morgan hne. The soil of the territory is a rich loam, capable of producing exceller TOWN OF CHARLESTON. crops. The alluvial flats along the Clyde are extensive, though many of them are too low for cultivation, but improve as years pass by. In the southeast part is a bog meadow containing over 500 acres. The climate is considered exceedingly healthful. The geological structure is principally rocks of the calciferous mica schist formation. The northwestern part is made up of hornblende schist, and the southeastern of granite. In 1880, Charleston had a population of 1,204, and in 1882, the town was divided into twelve school districts and contained twelve common schools employing three male and seventeen female teachers, to whom was paid an aggregate salary of $1,349.91. There were 275 pupils attending common school, while the entire cose of the schools for the year, ending October 31st, was $1,446.53, with D. I. Quint, superintendent. West Charleston, a post village located in the western part of the town, on Clyde river, contains two churches (Congregational and Baptist), academy, hotel, four stores, one tin shop, one furniture shop, grist-mill, tub factory, saw-mill, emery wheel manufactory, two blacksmith shops, and about 300 inhabitants. East Charleston, a post village located in the eastern part of the town, contains one church (Union), one hotel, two stores, two groceries, a saw and shingle-mill, two carriage shops, a grist-mill, two blacksmith shops, and about 100 inhabitants. The West Charleston Academy was incorporated by the legislature in 1859, though the academy building was erected in 1857. The trustees of the institution are E. O. Bennett, E. H. Robinson, and O. F. AUton. The school now has about sixty scholars, with Lydia Hinman, principal. E. W. Greeri: s tub factory, located at West Charleston, was built by Daniel 0. Parlin about 1850. Mr. Green came into possession of the property in February, 1882, and manufactures about 5,000 tubs and buckets per year. J. E. Wilson, at West Charleston, manufactures about 1,000 butter tubs per year and does a general cooper business. Lemuel R. Allbei s flouring-mill, located at West Charleston, was rebuilt in i860, by Charles Cummings and purchased by Mr. AUbee in 1883. He deals largely in grain and does a general custom business. The mill has four runs of stones and grinds about 30,000 bushels of grain per year. Perley B. Rand's carriage shop, located on road 7, manufactures fifteen lumber wagons and fifteen sleighs per year, in addition to a general repair business. L. D. Barron's saw-mill, located at West Charleston, cuts about 150,000 feet of lumber per year. B. D. Clark s furniture shop, located on road 2, manufactures about $1,000.00 worth of furniture and caskets per year. 0. C. Reed^s saw-mill, located on Clyde river, is operated by G. W. D. Reed, and cuts about 500,000 feet of lumber and 1,000,000 shingles per year f.S. CooKs woolen mill, located on road 17, was established by him in TOWN OF CHARLESTON. 1852. He manufactures 2,000 yards of cloth and cards 10,000 pounds of wool per year. A. J. Lang's saw-mill, located on Mad brook, was built by Erastus Buck in i860. It cuts about 1,000,000 feet of lumber per year. The Vermont Emery Wheel Co., located at West Charleston, was organ- ized in 1874. It is a stock company, with Charles Carpenter as treasurer and managing director. The business was originally established by E. C. Merrill, in 1870. About $15,000.00 to $20,000.00 worth of emery wheels are manufactured per year. J. A. Lander's saw, shingle and clapboard-mill, located on the outlet of Echo pond, cuts about 2,000,000 feet of lumber, 400,000 feet of clapboards, and 1,200,000 shingles per year, employing twenty-five men. Willard &• Goodwiris carriage shop, located on road 46, manufactures two wagons per day in addition to a general repair, painting and blacksmith business. M. C. Davis's saw-mill and carriage shop, located at East Charleston, cuts 200,000 shingles and manufactures twenty-five wagons per year. He also leases a mill of R. P. Stevens which cuts 150,000 shingles and 60,000 feet of clapboards per year. Charles E. Carruth's flouring-mill, located on road 38, has three runs of stones and grinds 15,000 bushels of grain per year. None of the original grantees ever resided in the town, and but three, John L. Chandler, and Elisha and Andrew Brown, were ever known to visit here. The most of them lived in Cranston, Providence and Johnson, R. I. One of them, Charles Murray, lived in London, England, and never saw America. Samuel Knight, one of the voters of the organization of the town, settled in 1806, on a part of No. 5, ist division of the right of said Murray. Some time after, others began to settle on the same lot. Murray then brought a suit against them and was acknowledged by the court as the rightful owner, as original proprietor of all the lot, excepting what said Knight had gained by possession. A few of the descendants of the original proprietors came here about 183 1, and settled on their grandfather's "rights." General James Whitelaw surveyed the town into ninety-eight lots, making each lot 196 rods in length, and 192 rods in width, receiving $256.00 for his services. According to this first survey the town was fourteen lots long and seven lots wide, the longest way of the lots being lengthwise of the town. Afterwards sixty-nine of these lots were made by draft at Providence, R. I., into first division lots, each containing 236^ acres. Abner AUyn surveyed the second division into sixty-nine lots, making each just one-third as large as the first division lots. The third division was surveyed by Charles Cum- mings into sixty-nine lots, each containing ten acres and thirty rods. A first, second and third division lot, consisting of 325 acres and fifty-six rods, con- stituted a share or "right." For the benefit of the settlement of the town, thirteen of the proprietors TOWN OF CHARLESTON. ,,, gave fifty acres of land on each of the following lots, viz. : Nos. 4, 8, 12 14 24, 31. 44, 46, S3, 58 and 94 of the first division, and Nos. 9 and 23 of the second division. The first three roads were located by the proprietors ac- cording to written contract, for the benefit of these lots and the settlements thereon; the first from Brownington to Holland; the second, called the Westmore county road, passed from Burke through Westmore and the center of this town, on the west side of Echo pond, thence by Seymour pond and Morgan Four Corners, to Barnston, C. E. The third road from No. 4, on the Browington and Holland road, passed through Nos. 11, 17, 24, 31 44 73, 80 and 94. These three roads united the settlements of the town. In 1816, the fishermen and hunters, who were accustomed to come into the town, drawn thither principally by the abundance of muscalonge and other fish found in Echo pond, discovered that their route might be shortened from Mr. Wellman's, two miles north of Burke Hollow, on the Westmore road through Charleston on the east side of Echo pond, connecting with said ■Westmore county road south of Z. Senter's, in said town. Through their efforts this new county road was laid, which was a great help for both East and West Charleston. The proprietors and agents, together with the settlers on the gift land, entered into a written contract agreeing to have two sets of mills, one in the east, the other in the west part of thfe town. Col. Christopher Olney, of Providence, R. I., who owned two rights of land here, gave fifty acres on lot No. 9, second division, as an inducement for building the first grist-mill at West Charleston, provided he could have for the benefit of the settlement of East Charleston his pitch on No. 33, second division, instead of a draft said lot containing the mill privilege — and also have the pine lot No. 88 left out of the draft of the second division. By this means the first mills in both East and West Charleston were erected some years after. The first settlement was commenced by Abner AUyn. In June, 1802, he felled the first trees in the town, on lot No. 4, first division, and planted potatoes the 5th of August, which he brought on his back from Barton, a distance of twelve miles. He had a good yield of large potatoes, which were well preserved in an out-of-door cellar until the next spring, when he planted them and had early potatoes, and also sowed grain. In July, 1803, he moved his family here from Barton, where they had lived preparatory to their more pioneer life in the wilderness. During his residence in Barton, he had been an active citizen in all that pertained to the public good, and was first town clerk of that town. He moved into a log house in Charleston, the floor of which was made of hewed logs, and the roof covered with bark. Andrew McGaffey moved his family into town, from Lyndon, in the summer of 1803, a few weeks before Allyn moved his here ; but Allyn being here one year previous, made the first clearing and raised the first crop. McGaffey having seen No. 11, adjoining No. 4, found an arm on the great swamp from Brownington line, on the line between No. 4 and ti, containing twenty-five 224 TOWN OF CHARLKSTON. acres of swamp. Here he took John L. Chandler, one of the original pro prietors, and kept him in the swamp nearly all day, thus succeeding ir making him suppose that such was the face of the greater part of the lot and he sold to McGaffey his whole right for an old $30.00 horse. McGaffey's wife was sick with consumption when they moved into the town, and died in October, 1803, the first death in the town. Before the snow fell that year McGaffey moved back to Lyndon, leaving Abner Allyn for the two succeed; ing years with no neighbor nearer than Judge Strong, in Brownington, four and one-half miles distant. Joseph Seavey moved his family into town in 1804, locating on No. 58, first division, two miles from the Westmore settlement, and five miles from AUyn's. In 1805, Orrin Percival moved his family on to lot No. 12, one mile from Abner AUyn's. Robert H. Hunkins moved on to lot No. 7, in 1806. On March 31st, of that year, the town was organized by Elijah Strong, justice of the peace from Brownington. The voters then were Abner Allyn, Joseph Seavey, Orrin Percival, Lemuel Sturtevant, Robert H. Hunkins, Samuel Mor- rison, Amos Huntoon, Jonathan Richards, and Samuel Knight. The follow- ing officers were chosen, the meeting being held at the house of Robert H. Hunkins: Amos Huntoon, moderator; Abner Allyn, town clerk; Robert H. Hunkins, Amos Huntoon and Jonathan Richards, selectmen ; Robert H, Hunkins, treasurer; Abner Allyn, Orrin Percival, and Lemuel Sturtevant, hsters; and Orrin Percival, constable. The first justices were Abner Allyn and Robert H. Hunkins, in 1807. Mr. Allyn was elected representative that year. Lemuel Sturtevant and Stephen Cole built the first grist-mill at West Charleston, in 1810. Stephen Cole also built the first frame house at West Charleston, 181 1. The first saw-mill at East Charleston was erected by Jonas Allen in 1824. Stephen Cole put a small run of stones in the lower part of his saw-mill in 1827. John Cushman built a good grist-mill here in 1834. The first saw-mill at West Charleston was built by Jonas Warren, in 1809. The first hotel at West Charleston was erected and kept by Ira Richards, in 1822. The first hotel in the eastern part of the town was kept by John Cushman, in 1827. The first carding-machine and clothing works were erected at East Charleston in 183 1, by Harvey Holbrook, and run by Harvey H. Cloud, both of Waterford, Vt. The first merchant was Ira Richards, in 1823. Lewis C. Bates was the first merchant in the eastern part of the town, in 1831. The first physician in West Charleston was Ezra Gushing, in 1822. The first physician in East Charleston was Cephas G. Adams, in 1855. The first lawyer was F. C. Harrington, who was also editor of the " North Union," the first newspaper printed in town. The first military company was formed in 1822, with Ira Richards, captain. The first blacksmith was Timothy Hazeltine, who moved into East Charleston in 1828. The first shoemaker was Chauncey Fuller, who moved into West Charleston in 1824. The first two marriages were of Ebenezer Bartlett and Eunice Cole, and Elisha Parlin TOWN OF CHARLESTON. 225 and Elizabeth Warren, February 3, 1815, by Ira Levens, justice of the peace, of Morgan. The first birth was that of Orrin Percival, Jr., about 1803. The first school was kept in Orrin Percival's barn. The first school-house was erected in 1822, where the West village now is. Philip Davis was an early settler, locating where Milo Gay now resides. He paid twenty-five cents per pound for nails to build his first house. He died in 1868. Martin Barney, from New Hampshire came to this town about 1825, and located on road 34, where his grandson, Curtis Barney, now resides. He resided here about twenty-five years, then returned to New Hampshire. Nelson Barney came here with his father, being then about twenty years of age. He married Fanny Stacy by whom he reared nine children, five sons and four daughters, and died January 1, 1869. His widow resides on the old homestead. James Barney, brother to Martin, came here several years subsequent to Martin's settlement. He married Nancy Reed and had two children, a son and a daughter. The son, William N., married a daughter of Nelson, and now resides on road 32. Michael Bly came to Charleston, from Westmore, in 1825, and located on the farm now occupied by Oscar Elwood. He had a family of six children and died in Derby in 1873. Two of his children, John and Mrs. George W. Pierce, reside here. John married Ann Catharine, and has five children. Theodore L. Tripp, from Maine, came to Charleston in 1826, and located upon the farm now owned by his son, B. F. Tripp. Seven of his ten chil- dren are living, one only in Charleston. David Royce, many of whose descendants now reside here, located in the western part of the town in 1828, coming from Lyndon, Vt. One of his sons, Clark Royce, is one of the present selectmen of the town. Samuel Waltham, from New Hampshire, located near West Charleston in 1829, and died here in 1879, aged seventy-eight years. Only one of his four children, C. F. Waltham, resides here. Emerson Wolcott, from Barnet, Vt, came in 1829, and located on road 34, where George Pierce now resides. He had a family of nine children, of whom William and Hiram reside on road 34, near the old homestead. Mr. Wolcott came here two or three years before he moved his family on, and built a small frame house, which is now occupied by the present incumbent of the farm. He died March 27, i860. James G. Barnard came here, from Wethersfield, Vt, about 1830, and set- tled at West Charleston, where he carried on the blacksmith business until his death. Five of his eleven children are Uving, though but one, Rufus H., resides in this town. Rufus married Eunice Ruggles, who died in 1877, and has six children. Jasper Robinson, from Brownington, located at West Charleston about 1830. He had a family of eight children, only one of whom, Mrs. Philander Balch, is living. One of th^ sons, John M., father of E. H., was a merchant 2 26 TOWN OF CHARLESTON. here and died in 1870. Another son, Elijah, was a physician here for many years. Daniel Streeter, from Concord, Vt., located near East Charleston about 1830, and died in 1872. Three of eight children are living, S. C, in this town. Wilham Sawyer, from Waterford, Vt., located in the eastern part of the town in 1831, where he cleared a farm and reared a family of five children. He died April 28, 1874. Calvin Dunton came to Charleston from Littleton, N. H., in 1832, and located upon the farm he still occupies, at the age of seventy-three years. Alvin Shedd, father of Lewis Shedd, of this town, settled in Derby about 1837, and was engaged in tanning until. his death, in 1842. He reared a large family of children, of whom one son lives in Derby, and Lewis in this town. Mrs. Shedd is Hving^in California. Loren W. Clark was born in Wethersfield, Vt. in 1807, and came to Charleston in 1839, and established himself in the mercantile business at West Charleston. Mr. Clark was one of the most active business men of the town until about six years ago, when he received a shock of paralysis. He has been a justice of the peace thirty-nine years, represented the town twice in the legislature and was assistant judge eight years, being now seven- ty-five years of age. He has had a family of six children, three sons and three daughters. One son, Wilham, was killed at Spotsylvania, July 2, 1864; George is in Portland, Oregon ; and Charles died in this town. The daugh- ters, Mrs. E. C. Bennett, Mrs. A. T.Whipple, and Mrs.W. A. Leland, are living. Charles Carpenter, youngest son of Chester Carpenter, was born in Derby, Vt, October 7, 1828. He attended school at Derby academy, and when eighteen years of age went to Burlington, and entered the store of Sion E. Howard, remaining seven and one-half years. In 1853, he came to Charles- ton and opened a store, remaining in trade until 1874, since which time he has beer, treasurer and managing director of the Vermont Emery Wheel Co. Mr. Carpenter is a deacon of the Congregational church, represented the town in the legislature of 1872-73, was State senator in 1876, and has held other offices of trust. He was married in 1854, to Miss Betsey Hinnian, a granddaughter of Hon. Timothy Hinman, an early settler in Derby. The following pensioners of the Revolution have resided in the town : William Sawyer, David Streeter, Samuel Spaulding, and Martin Barney. Parker Langmayd was a pensioner of the Mexican war. During the late civil war Charleston furnished 121 enlisted men, thirty-five of whom were killed in action or died from the effects of wounds or disease contracted while in the service. The Baptist Church of West Charleston was organized by its first pastor. Rev. Joseph Whittemore, June 7, 1863, with fourteen members. Their church edifice, a granite structure, was built in 1842, at a cost of $2,000.00, about its present value. The society now has sixty members, with Rev. D. L Quint, pastor. The Union Church, located at East Charleston, was built in 1856. It is a wood structure capable of '"' ' — ' — ' -'■ * " "" TOWN OF COVENTRY. 227 COVENTRY. HOVENTRY, located a little north of the central part of the county, in *^ lat. 44° 53', and long. 4° 54', is a township of about thirty-five square f|T miles in area, being in form an irregular quadrangle, no two sides being of equal length ; and bounded northeast, six and one-quarter miles, by New- port and Derby; southeast, four and three-quarter miles, by Brownington ; southwest, five and three-quarter miles, by Irasburgh ; and northwest, four and one-half miles, by Newport. The charter was granted November 4, 1 780, to Maj. Ehas Buel,— in honor of whom the town was named after his birth- place, — and fifty-nine others. The boundaries being defined in the charter deed, as follows : — " Beginning at a beech tree, marked ' Irasburgh corner, September 26, 1778,' being the northwesterly corner of Irasburgh, and running north 36° east, six miles and sixty-three chains, to Lake Memphremagog ; then south- easterly on the shore of said lake, about twenty-seven chains, to a hemlock tree, marked 'Salem Line, 1778'; then south 45° west, two miles and two chains, to a great hemlock tree, marked ' Salem West Corner, September 30, 1778 ' ; then south 45" east, six miles and twenty-one chains, in the southerly line of Salem, to a stake five links northwest, from a cedar tree, marked ' Coventry Corner ' ; then south 36° west, four miles and four chains, to the north Hne of Irasburgh ; then north 54° west, five miles and sixty chains, to the bounds begun at." Within these limits were supposed to be contained 16,767 acres, or about twenty-six and one-fifth square miles. To make up the six miles square usually included in a township, there were granted 2,000 acres directly south of Newport, called Coventry Gore, which still belongs to the town, and 4,273 acres in Chittenden county, east of Starksboro, called Buel's Gore. The northern part of Buel's Gore was annexed to Huntington in 1794, and it all now practically belongs to that town. That part of Coven- try which bordered on Lake Memphremagog, being in the form of a slip, 108 rods wide on the lake, and two miles, four rods long, was called Coventry Leg, somewhat inappropriately, as it was narrowest where it joined the body of the town, and widened as it extended north. In 1816, it was annexed to Newport. Five rights were reserved by the charter, one for the benefit of a college in the State, one for the benefit of a county grammar school, one for the benefit of schools in the town, one for the first settled minister, an d one for the support of the ministry, as the inhabitants should direct . November 3,1841, the name of the town was changed to Orleans, and altere d back to Coventry November i, 1843. 2 28 TOWN OF COVENTRY. The surface of Coventry is somewhat uneven, though not mountainous with a very arable soil. Near the lake it is, in some places, clayey, and on Black river it is somewhat sandy, but through the township generally the soil consists of a deep, rich loam. The timber is mostly maple and beech, with some elm, basswood, birch, hemlock, spruce, fir, cedar, etc. Black river flows a northerly course through the central part of the town, into Lake Memphremagog. Barton river flows through the eastern part, parallel with the former, also emptying into the lake. These streams are from four to eight rods wide and very deep near their mouths. They have several tribu- taries, all of which united afford the town a number of good mill-sites. The other waters of the territory are South bay of Lake Memphremagog, in the northern part, and two small ponds, Bowley's and Daggett's, in the western part. The geological structure of the town is composed of rocks of the cal- ciferous mica schist, limestone, and clay slate formations. The two latter rocks being disposed in parallel ranges through the center of the town from north to south. No minerals of importance have been discovered. The products of this rich farming country, and also the manufactured goods, are aff'orded a convenient mode of transportation in. the Passumpsic railroad, which extends through the eastern part of the town, with a station at East Coventry. In 1880, Coventry had a population of 911, and in 1882, was divided into nine school districts and contained ten common schools, employing two male and eighteen female teachers, to whom was paid an aggregate salary of $1,208.86. There were 232 pupils attending common school, while the en- tire cost of the schools for the year, ending October 31, was $1,895.35, with C. F. Branch, superintendent. Coventry, a post village located in the southwestern part of the town, on the falls of Black river, was commenced in the autumn of 182 1, by Calvin and Daniel W. Harmon, when all that part of the town was a dense forest. It now contains two churches (Methodist Episcopal and Congregational), an hotel, two stores, one tannery, a saw-mill, two blacksmith shops, a harness ghop, shoe shop, and about 150 inhabitants. East Coventry (p. o.), a hamlet located in the eastern part of the town, is a station on the Passumpsic railroad. G. S. Herman's saw-mill, located on road 15, is operated by water-power, employs seven men, and cuts 1,000,000 feet of lumber annually. Israel Trudo's Tannery, located at Coventry village, was established by B. T. Hubert at an early day, and operated by him and Charles Hubert until 1878, when it was purchased by its present proprietor. He employs four men and tans 2,500 hides and 12,000 calf-skins annually. Seymour Lane' s flotiring-mill, located at Coventry village, is managed by Seth Fisher, who grinds about 15,000 bushels of grain annually. Samuel BurbanKs starch-mill, located on road 18, was established by Elijah Cleveland, in 1838, who carried on the business about sixteen years, TOWN OF COVENTRY. 229 then sold out to the present proprietor. He manufactures seventy-five tons of starch annually. At the time Coventry received its charter Orleans county was destitute of inhabitants and inaccessable by roads or thoroughfares of any kind, so the lands were of no value except for speculative purposes. In September, rygg. Samuel Cobb and his son Tisdale visited the township with a view to settle- ment, and, deciding favorably, proceeded to build a log house and returned for their famiUes. In the following March they brought their famihes, making the first settlement in the town. Samuel's family consisted of his children, Samuel, Jr., Nathaniel and Silence. Tisdale had only his wife. They started from Westmoreland, N. H., March 15th, traveling on horseback as far as Brownington, which being the end of the road, they left their horses, and made the rest of the journey on foot. Samuel pitched on lot No. 1 1, the farm now occupied by Stillman Church. Tisdale located on lot No. 12. In the following June, Samuel Cobb's wife, Silence Barney, born February 21, 1756, and his younger children, who had remained in Westmoreland while preparations were being made for their reception, joined their father. As soon as the Cobb's had fairly established themselves, they built a log-shop, in which they carried on blacksmithing. They were the only men of the trade in the northern part of Orleans county, and so had customers from all the region around. There were no roads, no neighbors within two miles, no grist-mill nearer than West Derby, and facilities for procuring the most ordinary necessities, not to say comforts of life, were scanty indeed. The young men used to carry grain on their shoulders to Arnold's mills, in West Derby, there being no road that could be traveled by horses. In the winter they had an easier conveyance, by hand-sled on Lake Memphremagog. By most diligent toil, in which all the members of the families bore their parts, each man made a small clearing in the season of 1800, and raised grain and potatoes enough to secure them from fear of actual want. Each family had a cow which gained its living as best it could in the forest. It was the work of the younger girls to find the cows at night, and drive them home — oftentimes a laborious task requiring them to search the woods for miles around. To provide for the cows during the winter was a problem of no easy, solution. No hay was raised, but a scanty supply was brought from Barton, and with the help of browse, which was abundant and close at hand, they were comfortably win- tered. So ended the first year of the infant settlement. In 1 801, Samuel Smith, of Brownington, built a saw-mill on Day brook. This was a great convenience to the settlers, as it obviated the necessity of going to Barton for boards and planks, or of using planks roughly spKt from logs, which was not an unusual kind of flooring in the early days. A grist- mill was lacking for some years longer, and, in the meantime, most of the grain was sent to Arnold's mills at West Derby, it being floated down Barton river and through South Bay, in canoes. At length David Kendall built a grist- 230 TOWN OF COVENTRY. mill on Day brook. It was driven by an: overshot wheel, and as the brook was small and the supply of water sometimes insufficient, the miller was occa- sionally compelled to supply the lack of water by treading the buckets of the wheel after the fashion of a tread-mill. The stones of this mill were made of the nearest granite, and as there was no bolt in the mill, the meal which it made was of the coarsest kind. Many of the former townsmen of the Cobbs came to visit them and their new settlement, and several famihes were added to the little colony in 1801 and 1802. Among those who immigrated from Westmoreland were Jotham Pierce, Asa Pierce, William Estey, Simon B. Heustis, John Farnsworth, and John Mitchell, j fAil the settlers prior to 1803; in the strictest sense of the phrase, " squatter sovereigns," having no deeds of any kind, but taking possession where they pleased, and procuring deeds when they could. Deeds were executed to them early in 1803. Jotham Pierce pitched on lot No. 15. He was a man of great energy, and became an influential citizen of the town. He was the first captain of miUtia, and magnified his office not a little, as was suitable he should in those days, when a captain was of more consequence than a brigadier general now is. William Estey pitched on lot No. 13, now owned by Luke Day. Simeon B. Heustis located on lot No. 50, John Mitchell on lot No. 51, and John Farnsworth on lot No. 52 ; Farns- worth brought with him the first ox-cart ever seen in the town. Daniel B. Smith came in the autumn of 1802, and made a clearing on lot No. 53, the first made west of the Barton river. He took an active part in town affairs, but remained only till 1805, when he sold to Samuel Boynton and removed' The first frame house in the town was built by him. About 1802, Joseph Marsh and Timothy Goodrich, both from Addison county, made the first settlement in the western part of the town. A log cabin was built by Jabez G. Fitch near the upper falls, and in this cabin Goodrich resided, having as boarders Marsh and his family, and some other persons, who like himself, were employed by Fitch in clearing and building. Timothy Woodbridge, from Waltham, Vt., came in the autumn of 1802, and purchased lots No. 23, 24 and 47. He was a son of Hon. Enoch Wood- bridge, of Vergennes, and married Lydia Chipman, daughter of Darius Chip- man, and neice of Hon. Nathaniel Chipman, one of the first settlers of Mid- dlebury, Vt. After a few years he sold his first purchase and bought a part of lot No. 156, on^which he made a clearing and built a cabin, but in 1807, he sold out and left the town. Amherst Stewart pitched on lot No. 3, resided there a few years, then removed to Brownington. John Wells, Jr., began on what is now known as the Peabody farm. He was the first justice of the peace appointed in the town. Perez Gardner, from St. Johnsbury, came in 1802, and pitched on parts of lots No. 9 and 10. During this year the first hay made in Coventry was cut on lot No. 7, where Quincey Wellington, a son-in law of Samuel Cobb, had begun a clearing. He abandoned it the next year and it returned to wilderness, and so remained till 1817, when TOWN OF COVENTRY. 23 1 Zebulon Burroughs reclaimed it, enlarged the clearing and erected buildings. In June, 1802, John Ide, Jr., began a clearing, either on lot No. 55, or 56. both of which he had purchased for $500.00. For many years he was a leading man in the town and did much to give it form and character. The settlers thus mentioned constituted the adult population of the town- ship in March, 1803, when it was deemed expedient that the town be regu- larly organized. Accordingly, application was made to Luke Chapin, Esq., of Newport, who issued a warrant for a town meeting to be held at the residence of Samuel Cobb, Thursday, March 31, 1803. The meeting was duly convened, when the town was organized by the election of the follow- ing officers: John Wells, Jr., moderator; Joseph Marsh, clerk; Timothy Woodbridge, constable ; Samuel Cobb, treasurer ; Samuel Cobb, Daniel B. Smith, and John Ide, Jr., selectmen ; Perez Gardner, John Wells, Jr.. and Joseph Marsh, Hsters; Joseph Marsh, Samuel Cobb, John Wells, Jr., and Samuel B. Smith, highway surveyors ; and Perez Gardner, grand juror. The first justice of the peace was John Wells, Jr., in 1802. Joseph Marsh was the first representative, in 1 803. The town slowly increased in population till, in r82i, there were about 300 inhabitants, many of whom were in comfortable circumstances. But capital and enterprise were sadly lacking. At that date there were only two saw-mills, and those quite dilapidated, and no grist-mill deserving the name, no store, mechanic's shop, public house nor house of worship. There was no semblance of a village except at the Center, where there were four or five dwellings and a school-house, and the roads for forty rods each way laid one rod wider than through the rest of the town. All the trade went to Barton, Brownington, or Derby, occasioning great inconvenience and labor, and much loss of time. But in 1822, Calvin Harmon and his brother Daniel W., located where the village now is and immediately commenced operations on an extended scale. A store was built and stocked with mer- chandise and a saw-mill erected on the site of the present mill. A postofifice was also established during this year, commencing business May 22, with Isaac Parker, postmaster. In January, 1823, the first school-house was built in the village, by voluntary contribution and labor of the inhabitants. The first cooking-stove was brought to the town by Rev. Lyman Case, March 10, 1823. The first birth in the town took place July 28, rSoi, when a daughter was born to Tisdale Cobb. Her original name was Harriet Fitch, bestowed on account of a promise of Jabez G. Fitch to give a lot of land to the first-born child; but he failed to fulfill his promise, and the name was changed to Bet- sey. In the summer of 1803, a saw-mill, the second in the town and much better than the first, was built on the upper falls of Black river, by Jabez G. Fitch. This and the adjacent cabin of Goodrich and Marsh constituted a center of civilization in the western part of the town, as the Cobb settlement did in the eastern part. The first freemen's meeting was held September 6, 1803, when sixteen votes, the unanimous vote of the town, were given for 232 TOWN OF COVENTRY. Isaac Tichenor for governor. In 1804, the first birth of a male child, the first marriage, and the first death took place. The birth was that of George B., son of John Ide, Jr., February 17th. The marriage was that of Silence Cobb to Col. David Knox, March nth, solemnized by Elijah Strong, Esq., of Brownington. The death was that of Mrs. John Earnsworth, December 4th. In October and November, 1 805, the first public roads were laid out. Until that time the roads were mere paths cut through the woods, with refer- ence mainly to private convenience, and no wider than was absolutely neces- sary for a single team, and not always as wide as that. When John Earnsworth came into town with his ox-cart, the whole population had to perform extra work on the road from Brownington, to allow the passage of so wide a vehi- cle. In June, 1806, the first road from east to west was laid out. It extended from the upper falls of Black river, through the center " to the west side of Jotham Pierce's opening.'' The first law suit in Coventry took place in the winter of 1805. It was held at the house of D. B. Smith, Esq., who was the magistrate in the case. William Baxter, Esq., of Brownington, was plaintiff and attorney, and Joseph Marsh, Esq., of Coventry, was defendant and attorney. The action was founded on a note payable to Perez Gardner, and the defense was that the note was given for beef which proved not to be sweet. But the plaintiff proved that Marsh took the beef "for better or for worse," so the defense failed. In 1813, Abithar Dean, Jr., made eight sleighs, the first that were made for use in the town. The first cap- ital operation in surgery was performed February 27, 1825, by Dr. F. W. Adams, of Barton, who amputated Jonathan Baldwin's leg, which had been crushed the day before by a falling tree. Within less than a year from that date Dr. Adams amputated three other legs in Coventry; one of Francis Sis- coe, a lad whose ankle had been crushed ; one of Isaac Baldwin, on account of afever sore ; and one of Nathaniel Dagget, February 14, 1826, on account of a white swelling. The first lawyer was Samuel Sumner, from St. Albans, who established himself here November 13, T828. The person who attained the greatest age was Timothy W. Knight, who died in June, 1882, aged ninety-six years. One of the first frame buildings erected was a barn built by Ebenezer M. Gray, the first shoemaker in the town, in 18 12, which is still stand- ing, in good repair. The nails used in its construction cost twenty-four cents per pound, and were paid for with butter at eight cents per pound. The first hotel was kept by Heber Hamilton, on the site now occupied by the dwelling of W. W. Frost. John Mitchell, born at Boston, in 1780, came to this town in 1801, and located upon the farm now owned by Samuel Parker. Here he worked summers and returned to Westmoreland winters, until 1804, when he mar- ried* Sarah Walker and came to Coventry in January, 1805. From Brown- ington Mrs. Mitchel came on horseback. When within a mile of her new home, while fording a brook, she fell from the horse into the water. Not- withstanding the cold, the lady was obliged to retain her wet garments until TOWN OF COVENTRY. 233 a fire could be kindled in the log house whereby to dry them, for all her other clothing had been left behind in Brownington'. This was rather a cool reception to her wilderness home, though she and her husband passed many happy years therein. Two of their family of three children are now living, Warren, of Coventry, and Nancy W., of Brownington. Mr. Mitchel died in 1867, aged eighty-seven years. Ebenezer Willson, one of the early settlers of Coventry, was born at Keene, N. H., in 1786, and when quite a«young man assisted his father, Aaron Will- son, in erecting the first grist-mills in Glover, Vt. When "Runaway pond" burst through its banks and emptied its waters into the valley below, these mills, together with other improvements were swept, away causing the finan- cial ruin of his father. After this disaster he returned to his native place, but soon located in Westminster, Vt., at which place he married Lucy, daughter of Colonel Ichabod Ide, she being a cousin of the first Baptist minister in Coventry, the Rev. John C. Ide, whose son. Rev. George B. Ide, attained great prominence as an eloquent and talented preacher in the Baptist church. In 1820, Mr. Willson, with his young family, removed to Coventry, where he engaged in house-building, which, along with other mechanical occupations, employed his time during a long series of years. His skill as a mechanic was of great value to the early settlers, as he could construct or repair anything made of wood from a vioHn to an ox-sled. Later on he removed to the vil- lage of Barton Landing, where he died at the advanced age of 92 years, form- ing one of a trio of aged men, consisting of himself. Judge Parker, and Col. Cyrus Eaton, who, having been warm friends in their younger days, lived in close companionship until the snows of ninety winters whitened their scanty locks. Death found him ready for the change, and he passed away in 1878, respected and esteemed by all his neighbors and friends. Joseph Day and his son Luke, from Vergennes, Vt., made the first settle- ment upon the farm now owned by Andrew L. McFarland. Deacon Perez Gardner, from St. Johnsbury, Vt, made the first settlement upon the farm now owned by Ralph Burroughs. William and Anna Esty, from Westmoreland, N. H., came to Coventry in 1803, and located on road 37. Wilham died in 1843, aged eighty-three years. Their family consisted of eight children, six sons and two daughters. Deacon Jonathan True, from Andover, Mass., was among the early set- tlers. He married Mary Gram and reared a family of eight children, Reuben, Daniel, Bartlett, Levi, Moses, Rhoda, Hannah, and Nancy, of whom Moses is the only one now living. George W., son of Daniel, and Silas R., son of Bartlett, reside in Coventry. Samuel Boynton, son of Joseph Boynton, was born at Westmoreland, N. H., in 1777, where he resided until 1805, when with his wife, Clarissa Gleason, he came to Coventry and purchased of Daniel Smith the farm now owned by his son, Ira Boynton, on road 29. There was a small frame house and a frame barn on the place. The barn is still in a good state of preservation. 234 TOWN OF COVENTRY., Frederick W. Heermon, a German, while on a visit to England in 1776 went aboard a man-of-war, when, with six others, he was pressed into the British service and brought to America. When near Portland he deserted and joined the Americans, serving until the close of the war. In 1808, he came to Coventry and located upon the farm now owned by his son, Hartson W. Heermon. Isaac Baldwin, born in Westminster, Vt., in 1780, came to Coventry in 1808, and made the first settlement upon the farm now owned by Henry F. Black, upon which he resided until his death, in 1838. Thomas Guild, a native of Swanzey, N. H., born in 1786, married Keziah Foristall, of Troy, N. H., and came to Coventry in 1808, making the first settlement upon the farm now owned by Job Guild, on road 43. He reared a family of seven children, of whom Dan, of Northfield, Vt., Job, of this town, Ezra, of Coventry, and Sarah K. Alden, of Irasburgh, are still living. When Mr. Guild came here he brought a back-load of boots and shoes to sell, and was probably the first dealer in town. Isaac Parker, born in Cavendish, Vt, in 1790, came to Coventry in 1808, and located upon the farm now owned by Clark Morse, there being at that time only a small clearing made on the place. Mr. Parker graduated from Middlebury college with Silas Wright, married Arabella Cobb, daughter of Samuel Cobb, and reared a family of eleven children, nine of whom are living, and died July 30, 1882, aged ninety-two years. Timothy W. Knight, born in New Hampshire in 1786, came to Coventry in 1809, and located upon the farm now owned by Bailey, where he resided until 1825, when he located where his daughter, Mary Niles, now resides. He died in June, 1882, aged ninety-six years. Dea. Ebenezer M. Gray, son of Joseph, was born in Townshend, Vt., in 1781. He learned the shoemaker's trade when quite young, and followed boating summers, and worked at his trade winters until 1810, when he came to Coventry and made the first settlement upon the farm now owned by G. H. Gorham. Here he made a small clearing and erected a rude log cabin and returned to Westmoreland, where, in the following year, he married Lavina Reed and came back to Coventry. They reared a family of six chil- dren, four of whom, Nathaniel W., Lavina Fairbrother, Azro, and Hubbard, are living. Mr. Gray was a prominent citizen, a deacon of the Methodist church, and held many of the town offices. He was the first shoemaker in the town, and did all the work for four adjoining towns for many years. His death occurred May 27, 1854, at the age of seventy-three, years. Zebulon Burroughs, a native of New Hampshire, was born August n^ 1794. He immigrated to Caledonia county with his father, and in 1811 came to Coventry and purchased the farm now owned by his son, Albert. W. He married Martha Reed, by whom he reared a family of ten children, sever of whom attained an adult age, and five are still living. His death occurred in 1879, at the age of eigthy years. TOWN OF COVENTRY. 235 Winslow Berry, born at Westminster, Vt., in 1789, came to Coventry in 181 6, and purchased a hundred acre lot on road 32, where he died at the age of thirty-nine years, leaving a family of five children to the care of his eldest son, Jesse, who was then fifteen years of age. Jesse remained here until 185 1, when he removed to Barton Landing, where he died a few years later. Mrs. Job Gould, of Barton Landing, and Kenelin W. Berry, who oc- cupies the homestead in this town, are the only surviving ones of the family. William Flanders, son of Philip Flanders, was born in Salem, Mass., in 1805, and while yet a small boy moved with his father to Brownington, where he resided until 18 19, when they came to Coventry and located upon the farm now owned by B. W. Flanders. There was a frame house on the farm, built by Jotham Pierce, which is still standing. Philip resided here until his death, when the farm passed into the hands of William, who made it his home until 1875, when he removed to Barton Landing, where he died September 27, 1882. Timothy Black, from Westminster, Vt., came to Coventry in 1822, and purchased the farm now owned by Mrs. Black, on road 22. He married Al- mira Baldwin and reared seven children, three of whom, Henry F., Ellen A. Huntington, of Randolph, and Ann E. Babcock, of New York City, are liv- ing. His death occurred in 1856. Thomas Wells came from New Hampshire in 1807, and was one of the early settlers of Troy, locating about a mile west of North Troy, upon the farm now owned by H. C. Wilson, whose wife is a niece of Mr. Wells. He represented Troy in the legislature several times, and held other offices. His son, Thomas, Jr., was born in Troy, and in 1840, came to this town and purchased a hundred acre lot overlooking South Bay on road 2 1 , which now forms a part of his home farm of 225 acres. At the age of forty-three years he enlisted and served his country in Co. H, 15th Vt. Vols. His grandfather, Samuel Wells, was a captain in the Revolutionary war, and died in Boston, about 1828. Dea. Loring Frost, born in Brattleboro, Vt., December 24, 1793, married Abigail M. Bosworth, of Beekmantown, N. Y., November 24, 181 7, and came to Coventry in the winter of 1822-23, where he engaged in teaching school, and passed the remainder of a long life. He organized the first Sabbath school in Orleans county. Asa Ryther came to this town February r2, 1839, and settled on road 9, where he died February 12, 1859, just twenty years from the time he located there. Only one of his children, Charles V., is now Hving. Daniel P. Walworth was born in Caanan, N. H., March 25, 1808. In 1829, he located in Washington, Orange county, as a clerk, and after two years became a partner in the firm of Dickinson & Stone. In 1834, he sold his interest there and came to Coventry, opening a general store at Coventry village, where he remained in trade, excepting two years, until 1876. Since that time he has not been actively engaged in business. He represented the 236 TOWN OF COVENTRY. town in 1870-74, has been selectman and justice of the peace several ye and is the present town agent, having held that position a number of ye He married Mary Bartholomew, the union being blessed with three childi though only one, Jennie E., is now living. Hon. Elijah Cleveland, son of Elijah P. Cleveland, was born in Hanc N. H., June 29, 179S, and immigrated with his father to Waterford, when five years of age, where he remained until 1816, then removed to ] sumpsic village and remained until 1825, when he came to Coventry and gaged in mercantile pursuits. He kept a store twenty-five years, built first grist-mill of importance, where the present mill stands, and operated first starch factory for several years. He was one of the charter member the Passumpsic railroad company, and in 1848, was elected a director of same, which oflSce he held twenty-five years, and in 1854, was appointed retary of the company, which office he still holds. He was also presiden the Bank of Orleans, at Irasburgh, ten or twelve years, succeeding Ira Allen to that position. He was several times elected a judge of the co\ court, and held most of the town offices, was one of the presidential elec when Zachary Taylor was elected, was a member of the State senate years, and is now a wonderfully well preserved man of eighty-eight y« Our engraving represents him at the age of fifty-five years, when he was p: dent of the bank and actively engaged in the railroad enterprise. Two s Henry C, occupying the old homestead, and Charles B., of Newport, are only children now living, he having buried one son. Rev. Phny Holton White was a man too well known, not only in thistc but throughout the State, to need an extended notice in this short sketc the good old town of Coventry. As a writer and historian he ranked and was widely knowri ; but as a true man and a Christian, his memory rar still higher in the hearts of his townsmen. His forcible pen was never ; and to his excellent and ably written history of Coventry, in Miss Hen way's Gazetteer, we are largely indebted for the materials of this sketc the town. He covered all the points and exhausted all the materials taining to the history of his adopted town, and no man was better fittec the task, or could have performed it in a more satisfactory manner. He born at Springfield, Vt., October 6, 1822, the son of John and Bethia He White. At the age of three years he was left fatherless and in poverty, before he was fifteen was made an orphan. He had always a predispos to learning, and a great thirst for knowledge. His early education received at Limerick (Me.) Academy, where he was a student from his ei to his fifteenth year. He then spent a few years as a clerk in a sto Walpole, N. H., his leisure hours being assiduously devoted to reading study, developing those peculiar traits of industry that characterized his £ life. He studied law with Hon. William C. Bradley, at Westminster, and having access to his well selected library, he was afforded excellen portunities for the cultivation of his taste for reading and literature, anc ="#aT=d V -,r_ B„^„ ^^^ ,^ r„.f^e,,"'^' ru ■'--C^C^ '';^_^( TOWN OF COVENTRY. 237 well known historical tastes of his instructor probably gave direction and de- velopment to his own natural inclination toward historical inquiry, wherein he became so justly celebrated. November 24, r 843, he was admitted to the Windham county bar, and practiced his profession from April 15, 1844 until 1851, when he became editor of the Bratthboro Eagle. He severed his connection with that paper in December, 1852, and in January, 1853, he, removed to St. Johnsbury, engaging as a clerk in the establishment of Messrs. Fairbanks, in whose employ he remained until August, 1857. From St. Johnsbury he went to Amherst, Mass., where he was connected, from Au- gust 15, 1857, to May 7, 1858, with the publication of the Hampshire and Franklin Express. Having for a long time privately pursued theological studies, he was licensed to preach, and preached his first sermon at West- minster, Vt., April t8, 1858. After preaching a few Sabbaths each at Ber- nardson, Mass., and Putney, Vt., he came to this town and commenced his labors as acting pastor of the Congregational church, August 8, 1858, and was ordained February 15, 1859, Rev. George N. Webber preaching the ser- mon. He continued its pastor until his death, April 24, 1869. Mr. White also held several public positions connected with the general assembly. He was second assistant clerk of the house of representatives in 185 1; was ap- pointed secretary of civil and military affairs under the first administration of Gov. Fairbanks, in 1852; represented the town of Coventry in i862-'63 ; in November, 1862, he was appointed a member of the board of education, and held the office for successive years until 1868; was chaplain of the sen- ate in 1864-65, and '66; superintendent of the recruiting service in Orleans county from 1863, to the close of the war; and was superintendent of schools in St. Johnsbury in 1857, and in Coventry from 1862 to 1864. Mr. White was also a valued correspondent of all the papers of Vermont, and, in 1866, was elected president of the Vermont Historical Society, a position ably filled until his death. The military history of the town takes its date from September, 1807, when a company of militia was organized, and had its first training. Ebenezer Hosmer, was chosen captain ; Jotham Pierce, Keutenant; andTisdale Cobb, ensign. This organization was maintained till the destruction of the militia system by the statute of 1844. In 1856, a statute was enacted permitting of volunteer and uniformed companies, and under that statute a company, which took the name of " The Frontier Guards," was organized, December 16, 1857. The officers elected were Azariah Wright, captain j Hartford Han- cock, Augustine C. West and John H. Thrasher, lieutenants; and Dr. D. W. Blanchard, clerk. When the war of i86i, came upon us, the officers of this company, and many of its members, did good service, either as recruit- ing agents or as soldiers, or in both capacities. About the old guard, as a nucleus, was formed another company of " Frontier Guards," which, under that name, went into service with full ranks, and formed a part of the Third Vermont Regiment. 238 TOWN OF COVENTRV. The Congregational church, located at Coventry village, was organized \ Rev. Seth Payson, with seventeen members, October 2, i8ro, Rev. Lyms Case being the first pastor. The church building was erected in 1820 wood structure capable of seating 400 persons. It original cost was $2,750.01 though it is now valued, including grounds, at $6,000.00. The Methodist Episcopal church, located at Coventry village, was organize by Rev. W. R. Puffer, in 1877. The building was erected during that yea a wood structure capable of seating 300 persons, and is valued at about i original cost, $2,400.00. The first pastor was Rev. O. D. Clapp. The si ciety now has forty-two members, with Rev. Lucius E. Taylor, pastor. TOWN OF CRAFTSBURY. 210 CRAFTSBURY. IrAFTSBURY lies in the southern part of the county, in lat. 44° 39', and J long. 4° 32', bounded northeasterly by Albany, southeasterly by Greens- 1^ boro, southwesterly by Wolcott, and northwesterly by Eden. It contains an area of about six miles square, or 23,040 acres, granted by the State to Ebenezer Crafts, Timothy Newell, and sixty-two associates, November 6, 1780, and chartered by the name of Minden, August 23, 1781. The name of Minden was retained until October 27, 1790, when it was altered to Craftsbury, in honor of Ebenezer Crafts, the first settler in the county and one of the principal grantees. The surface of the town is much broken into hills and valleys, though not to such an extent as to retard the cultivation of the soil, which varies from alluvial meadows to clay and gravel, there being almost as many grades and varieties of soil as there are farms in the township. Taken all in all, how- ever, it is considered a good farming and dairying town, susceptible of pro- ducing good crops of all the grains and grasses indigenous to northern Ver- mont. The territory is well watered by numerous streams and ponds, there being five of the latter, as follows : Elligo, lying partly in Greensboro and partly in this town. It is about two miles long and half a mile wide, and has two outlets, one to the north and the other to the south. The northern outlet constitutes one of the head branches of Black river ; the southern, after passing through Little Elligo pond, communicates with the Lamoille in Hardwick. The scenery about Elligo pond is romantic and beautiful. The eastern shore presents abrupt, and, in some places, perpendicular rocks of considerable height, while the western rises gradually, and is covered with a luxurious growth of forest trees which contrast finely with the naked cliffs of the opposite shore. Near the center of the pond are two small islands. It was formerly a favorite hunting-ground of the St. Francis Indians, to whom is due its name, Elligo Scoolon, which is sometimes improperly written Elligo Scotland. The others are Great Hosmer, lying partly in Albany, Little Hosmer, and two other small ponds. Black river, having its source as above mentioned, forms, with its numerous tributaries, the principal water-course. }t was called by the Indians Elligo-sigo. Its current is in general slow, the whole descent from its source to Lake Memphremagog, including the falls at Irasburgh and Coventry, being by actual survey only 190 feet, hence it affords but few good mill sites in its whole course. Wild branch, a tributary of the Lamoille, rises in Eden and flows through the western part of this township. The valley of Black river, in this town, is a muck bed averaging 240 TOWN OF CRAFTSBURY. a quarter of a mile in width, upon which is grown a great quantity c meadow-hay. Though Black river lacks mill privileges, the deficiency i made up in the other streams, where several good water-powers are founc a few of which are utilized by saw, grist, and other mills. Considerabl timber is-yet standing in the town, mostly spruce, maple, and beech, intei spersed with elm and birch. The climate is delightful, the air being in vigorating and healthful. Geologically, the town varies in its structure to an unusual degree. I the eastern hordtxs granite appears, then gneiss, then tnica slate; and thesf in the central portions, are displaced by argellaceous slate of a very dark c plumbago color, alternating with silicious limestone. The rocks on the wes side of Black river are hardly more uniform ; strata of mica slate, argelk ceous, and chlorite slates, and limestones, give place to each other in rapi succession. Near Craftsbury village is an extensive body of gray granifi very much broken on the surface. This rock is filled with nodules of Mac mica and quartz, in concentric lamina. These are about the size of butternuts and, in many of the specimens, are so numerous that an hundred may b counted within a circle two feet in diameter. In some parts of the ledge thes- nodules are very much flattened, as if subjected to an immense vertica pressure when the mass was in a semi-fluid state. A rock similar to this i is believed, has not been found in any other place in this country or ii Europe. In 1880, Craftsbury had a population of i,38r, and in 1882, was divide( into fourteen school districts and contained fourteen common schools, em ploying one male and twenty-two female teachers, to whom was paid an ag gragate salary of $1,306.82. There were 299 pupils attending commoi school, while the entire cost of the schools for the year, ending October 31 was $2,445.69, with J. C. Taylor, superintendent. Craftsbury, a post village located in the southern part of the town, is th( most important settlement, although it is very young when compared witl " The Common, " as North Craftsbury is familiarly called. When quite i thriving settlement was flourishing at that point, the site of Craftsbury villag( was a dense, tangled forest. The first settlement was made in 1818. I now contains one church (Methodist Episcopal), an hotel, four stores, a tin shop, blacksmith shop, grist-mill, saw-mill, sash and blind factory, a woolei factory, and about thirty dwellings. The Eagle Hotel, located on Mail street, was built by Amasa Scott. After his removal the property was Ownec by different parties until 1864, when it came into the hands of I. T. Patter son, the present proprietor. As soon as he came into possession of the prop erty he enlarged the building, adding another story, and refurnished il throughout in a neat and comfortable style. North Craftsbury is a post village located near the central part of the town on an elevated plain affording an extensive prospect. It is principally situa ted around an open square, forty rods north and south, by twenty-four rodi TOWN OF CRAFTSBURY. 241 east and west, where all the general trainings were wont to be held, having been donated to the town for that purpose, and from which the familiar terrn of " The Common " is derived. The village has a history as old as the town itself, having been settled by the earliest pioneers, and was for many years the center of business and trade, not only for Craftsbury, but for Eden, Lowell, Albany, and portions of all the neighboring towns. Much historical lore that is of interest to Craftsbury people clusters about the old place, though the arrogance of its prosperous youth has passed to its younger neighbors. Aside from its old-time business supremacy and its never-to-be- forgotten "training days," all the public and religious meetings were held here, and it also enjoyed the dignity, in company with Brownington, of being the seat of the county government, for, until 1815, when Irasburgh became the shire town, the Orleans county courts were held alternately at Craftsbury and Brownington. The village now contains one church (Congregational), Craifts- bury academy, one hotel, one store, a carriage shop, paint shop, blacksmith shop, and about twenty dwellings. The academy is situated at the right of and facing the common, a pleasant and desirable location for an institution of the kind. It was incorporated in October, 1829, with the advantage of the avails of half the grammar school lands in the county, amounting to about 2,600 acres. This land the institution leased for a number of years, but owing to mismanagement on the part of those in charge, it has lost control of a large portion of this public property. The first building was erected in 1832, a two-story brick structure, which, owing to poor workmanship in its construc- tion, became, after.a few years, unfit for school purposes, and, in 1868, was superseded by a wood structure. This building, together with most of the school furniture, was destroyed by fire in 1879. With the insurance money and the subscriptions of the townspeople the present building was soon after erected a convenient, well arranged structure, designed to accommodate about eighty pupils. Since 1880, the school has been under the able charge of Mr. Leland E. Tupper, a graduate of the University of Vermont, assisted by an efficient corps of teachers. Instruction is given in the classi- cal and English courses, preparatory to college entrance. East Craftsbury is a small post village located in the eastern part of the town, near the Greensboro line. It contains one church (Union), one store, a blacksmith shop, huUing-rnill, and about a .lozen dwellings. Mill Village is a hamlet located in the northern part of the town, on Hosmer pond. Its name was derived from the mills erected at this point early in the town's history, by Col. Crafts. It now contains a saw and grist- mill, a store, blacksmith shop, and half a dozen dwellings. A sub-postoffice is located here for distributing the mails sent from North Craftsbury. Branch is a postofifice located in the western part of the town for the ac- commodation of the families in that section. This office was established March 25, 1883, with George Merrill, postmaster, the office being located at his house. 242 TOWN OF CRAFTSBURY. Garvin Alston's huUing-mill, located at Mill Village, was built by Jol Patterson in 1 842. Mr. Patterson run the mill for a few years, when he wi unfortunately caught in the machinery and killed. Thomas Moody the purchased and improved the property and put in new machinery, operatir the mill until 1866, when it came into the hands of the present proprieto who does a large and successful business. John Mc Roy's blacksmith shop, located on road 32, was built by Jerom Burdick in 1842, and came under the control of the present proprietor i 1879. William P. Kaiser's blacksmith shop, located on Main street, was estat lished by Charles G. Doty in 1852, and was purchased by the present pre prietor in 1872. Jacob O. Douglass's blacksmith shop, located at North Craftsbury, wa built by the present proprietor in 1878. I. i^ A. Kent's woolen mills, located on Black river, were built by Jame E. Burnham, in 1849, ^'^^ ^''^ riow operated by James Anderson, who em ploys ten workmen, producing from fifty to seventy-five yards of woolen clotl per day. A. A. Randall's grist and saw-mill, located on the outlet of Hosme pond, near the site of the old mill built by Col. Crafts, was built by th Craftsbury Mill Co. in 1867, and was purchased by Mr. Randall in Decern ber, 1878. He does mostly custom work. JV. H. Kinney's sash and blind factory, located on road 38, was purchasei by him in 1869. He now employs from four to seveft men. In 1877, th entire works were destroyed by fire, involving a loss of over $4,ooo.oc During the following summer he built the present factory, a building 42 b 60 feet, three stories in height, and furnished it with new and improve machinery. Mr. Kinney has also on his farm a trout pond, or spawning bee where he breeds brook trout for the New York and Boston markets. A. C. Collins' s saw-mill, located on road 11, was built by him in 185c Mr. CoUins employs from six to ten men and manufactures about 500,00' feet of lumber per annum. The first settlement in the town was made in the summer of 1788, by Co' Ebenezer Crafts, who opened a road from Cabot, eighteen miles, cleare< during the summer ten or twelve acres of land where Mill Village now ii built a house and saw-mill, and made considerable preparation for a grisi mill. In the spring of 1789, Nathan Cutler and Robert Trumbull move their families into the township. In the ensuing autumn Mr. Trumbull, b reason of the sickness of his family, went to Barnet to spend the winter, bi Mr. Cutler's family remained through the season. Thus was begun the firs settlement within the bounds of Orleans county. In February, 1791, Co Crafts, having previously erected a grist-mill and made considerable addition to his improvements, returned to the town with John Corey, Benjamin Jei nings, Daniel Mason, John Babcock, and Mills Merrifield, with their familiei TOWN OF CRAFTSBURY. 24^ from Sturbridge, Mass. After arriving at Cabot, they found it impossible to proceed any further with their teams, on account of the great depth of snow- it being about four feet deep. They were obliged to provide themselves with snow-shoes and draw the female members of the families on hand-sleds a dis- tance of eighteen miles. These settlers were soon after followed by several other families from Sturbridge and other towns in Worcester county. ' The town was organized in March, 1792, the meeting being held at the residence of Col. Crafts, who acted as moderator. Samuel C. Crafts was elected clerk, and held the office until 1829; Ebenezer Crafts, Nathan Cut- ler and Nehemiah Lyon, selectmen ; and Joseph Scott, constable. The first justice of the peace was Samuel R. Crafts, in 1792. The first representative was Ebenezer Crafts, elected the same year. The first freemen's meeting was held in September, of that year. The first child born was Betsey Cutler Au- gust 22, 1791. The first physician was Dr. James Paddock. Col. Ebenezer Crafts was born in Pomfret, September 3, 1740, and gradu- ated from Yale college in 1759. At the commencement of the Revolutionary war he organized a company and joined the army at Cambridge in 1775. He was a man of great energy and firmness of character, and resided here until his death, May 24, 18 10, aged seventy years. Hon. Samuel C. Crafts, son of Ebenezer Crafts, was born in Woodstock Conn., October 6, 1768, graduated from Harvard college, in July, 1790, and- came to this town with his father. In 1792, he was elected clerk of the town which office he held by yearly elections until 1829, when he declined it, after having served the town faithfully for thirty-seven years. In r793, he was ■elected a member of the convention to revise the constitution of the State and in 1796, was elected a member of the legislature. The two following years he was chosen clerk of the same, and was subsequently elected to the legislature in 1800, 1801, 1803, and 1805. From 1800 to 1810, he held the office of assistant judge of the county court, and after that time, till i8r6, was chief judge. From 1807, to 1813, he was a member of the council of the State, and in 18 16, was elected a member of the house of representatives in congress, being continued a member eight years. He was again elected to the State council, and also chief judge of the county court three years, and was then elected governor of the State, holding that office for 1829-30 and 1831. In 1829, he was a member of the constitutional convention and was elected . president of that body. Soon after retiring from the office of gov- ernor, he was appointed on a committee to decide on a place for the State House, the materials of which it should be built, etc. In 1842, he was appointed by the executive committee of the State to a seat in the senate of the United States in place of Judge Prentiss, who had resigned. At the next meeting of the legislature he was elected by that body for the remainder of the term for which Judge Prentiss had been elected. He died November 19, 1853, 3.ged eighty-five years. Dr. James Paddock, from Massachusetts, came to Craftsbury in 1793, and 2 44 TOWN OF CRAFTSBURY. after a course of medical lectures located at North Craftsbury, where he pr; ticed until his death, in 1809, aged forty-four years. He married Augui Crafts, daughter of Col. Crafts, by whom he had two sons, James A. a WilUam E. William became a merchant and lived in the town until 1 death, in the summer of 1855. James A., born in 1798, graduated from f University of Vermont in 1823, studied law, and was admitted to the bar 1825, remaining in practice in this town until his death, in 1867, aged six nine years. He held most of the town offices, and was an assistant judge the county court. In the earlier years of his life his health was not goc which prevented his taking the active part in public affairs that he othi wise would have done. He reared a family of four children, all of whc resided for a time in the town. The youngest, Augustus, born June 25, 18; enHsted in Co. D., Vt. cavalry, in 1862, and served until the close of t war. He is now a merchant of Craftsbury village, where he has been trade since the autumn of T865. Nehemiah Lyon, one of the earliest settlers of the town, came here frc Sturbridge, Mass., and located upon the farm now owned by his great grar son, on road 20, where he cleared five acres of land, to which he brought 1 family, consisting of nine children, the following year. He was a blacksmi and followed the trade here until his death, October 21, 1836, aged eighi three years. Nehemiah M. Lyon, his seventh child, born in 1789, was alsc blacksmith, and died here in 1852. William H., third son of Nehemiah J born in 1821, also was a blacksmith, and died here in 1874, having reared fi children, all of whom now reside in the town. Royal M., his only son, ii justice of the peace and one of the present selectmen. He has three cl dren, the fifth generation born here. Benjamin Jennings, from Brookfield, Mass., came here in 1791, and ma a settlement on road 4 ; but owing to the hard times and poor markets returned to Massachusetts soon after. Anna, his second child, was ni months old when her parents came here, and remained with the family Hiram Mason when they returned to Massachusetts. In 1827, she marri William Perham and had three children, Needham M., Lucy M., and Hira Lucy M., widow of W. A. Kilburn, resides on road 49. Benjamin Hoyt, from Massachusetts, came to Craftsbury in 1794, with 1 wife and two children. The family was subsequently increased to thirte children, many of whose descendents are living. Wyman, the second chi born in 1789, had also a family of thirteen children, eight of whom are 1 ing. Job, the fourth child, was a, leading member of the Methodist churc having held the office of steward over sixty years. All of his seven childr are living. The youngest, Charles C, served in Co. I, First Vt. Cav., a was a prisoner of war eight months. He occupies the old homestead. Samuel Stratton came to Craftsbury, from Brookfield, Mass., about t year 1794, and located on road 58, where his son William now resides, whf he died in 1857, aged eighty-six years. Three of his ten children, Samu TOWN OF CRAFTSBURY. 241; Jr., William and Horace, located on portions of, or near, the old farm. Hor- ace now lives with his eldest son, Edwin S. Samuel Ephraim Morse came from Massachusetts at an early day and located where East Craftsbury now is, and resided there until his death in 183 +, aged sixty-six years. He brought the first wagon into the town, a vehicle that would not be worth $25.00, but which at that time was not only quite valuable, but was also very much of a curiosity. Mr. Morse was suc- cessively engaged in farming, distilling, and hotel-keeping. Two of his three children settled in the town. The youngest, Samuel, born in 1794, resided on the old homestead until his death, in 1848. He had a family of nine children, three of whom became residents of the town. The youngest, Sam- uel E., born August 27, 1837, now occupies the farm. Samuel French, from Massachusetts, came to the town previous to 1800 and located on East hill, upon the farm now owned by Dea. Datin, where he died September 28, 1854, aged eighty-eight years. Only one of his eight children, Alvah R., born in 1798, located in the town. His death occurred in 1876, at the age of seventy-eight years. Marion R. Marcy came to Craftsbury from Boston, Mass., at an early day, and located at North Craftsbury. One of his three children, Ephraim B., born in 1842, still resides here. He served in Co. D, 5th Vt. Vols., three years during the late war, was wounded at Savage Station and taken prisoner, remaining in the Richmond prison, however, only twenty-one days. Jesse E. Merrill, from Corinth, located in this town at an early date, re- siding here most of the time until his death, following the mason's trade. He served the town in several official capacities, among which as a representa- tive in the legislature. He had five children, three of whom settled here. His second son, George, born in 1833, now resides on road 42. Daniel Davison, a Revolutionary soldier, came to Craftsbury, from Massa- chussetts, in 1795, locating in the southern part of the town where he kept an hotel, and subsequently kept an hotel at The Common. He died in Novem- ber, 1854, at the great age of ninety years. His father also died here, aged ninety years. Two of his four children located in the town. Emory, the eldest, born in 1789, reared seven children and died here in 1868, aged seventy-nine years. His second son, Emory, Jr., born in 1830, still resides here. He represented the town in 1861. Daniel Reaver, a Revolutionary soldier, from Petersham, Mass., came here in 1796, and located in the western part of the town, on road 23, where he died in 183 1, aged seventy-eight years. James, the fifth of his twelve chil- dren, born in 1791, reared seven children, and died here in 1859, aged sixty- eight years. His oldest child, William, born in 1823, is still a resident of the town. James Coburn came here, from Sturbridge, Mass., in 1800, and located on road 40, upon the farm now owned by his grandson, Silas W. Coburn, where he died, in December, 1861, aged eighty-two years. He served in the 246 TOWN OF CRAFTSBURY. war of 1 812, and held the office of constable and collector for a number oj years. James, Jr., the fourth of his nine children, born in 181 1, died here in 1877, aged sixty-two years. Silas W., his second son, who now occupies the old farm, was born in 1846. Samuel Works, a native of Massachusetts, came to Craftsbury previous tc 1800, and located in the eastern part of the town. His son Samuel, born ir 1783, made Craftsbury his home during the remainder of his life. His three children, George, Lucia W., wife of P. V. Scott, and Harriet, wife of S. B, Robbins, are living. Caleb Harriman, from New, Hampshire, came to this town in 1802, anc died here in 1848, aged seventy-two years. Hamilton Z., son of Ziba, and grandson of Caleb, was born in 1854, and now resides on road 35. Benjamin Squires came to Craftsbury, from Massachusetts, in 1807, and located at The Common. He had a family of seven children, only one of whom, Abigail N. (Mrs. Lawrence), born in i8ro, is living. She resides with her daughter, Mrs. S. Searls, on road 55. Mrs. Lawrence has been totally blind for the past nine years, yet is able to spin, knit, and do house-work with great facility. Ephraim Wylie, from Hancock, Vt., located in the eastern part of Eden in 1808, and, in 1 829, came to Craftsbury, and located on road 55, where his eldest son, Wyman, now resides. Charles R., son of John, and grandson of Ephraim, resides on road 4. Elijah Scott, from Fitzwilliam, N. H., came to Craftsbury in 1809, reared a family of ten children, and died in T840, aged sixty years. Amasa, the third son of Elijah, was born in 1809, and has been a resident of the town since his father moved here. He has one of the finest residences in the town, and has been engaged in mercantile pursuits since r83o. He has one daugh- ter. Mar)' A., born in 1858, who resides at home. She graduated from Fitch- burgh college in 1878. William J. Hastings, from St. Johnsbury, Vt., came here in 1817, anc learned the tanner's trade, but after a few years he purchased three hundred acres of land on road 40. He held the office of town representative in 1836 '37, '38, '48, and '49. He was also county commissioner and associate judge two years. Two of his family of four are living, Ehza H., wife of Willian Chamberlin, of Dexter, Iowa, and Edward L., residing on road 12. William Robbins, from Dunstable, Mass., came to Craftsbury in J822, anc located on road 50, with a family of twelve children. His fourth and fifth sons, twins, James Madison and Thomas Jefferson, born in r8i2,have always resided here. Gersham W. Harriman came to Craftsbury with his father, Enoch, at the age of two years, and resided here until his death, in 1850, aged thirty-eighl years. David G., his only child now living, born in 1845, resides on road 27. William Randall came to Craftsbury, from Greensboro, in 1 825, and operated a saw-mill here for a number of years, then returned to Greensboro, where he TOWN OF CRAFTSBURY. 347 passed the remainder of his life. Amasa A., the third of his eight children, born in 1820, has been a resident of this town since his fifth year. Hiram Merrill, from Lisborn,N. H., came here in 1827. He has two children, one having died in infancy. Sarah J., his only daughter, born in 1834, resided here until her marriage with John L. Dodge, in 1863, when she removed to Irasburgh. His second son, William H. H., born in 1840, resides on road 4. George F. Sprague, born in Claremont, N. H., in 1807, came to Crafts- bury, from Peacham, in 1829, locating on road 47. Three of his five children, William F., George H., and Martha A. (Mrs. O. M. Tillotson), are living. Mr. Scott has held, among other offices, that of justice of the peace for thirty years. John Chase came to Craftsbury, from New Hampshire, in 1831, locating in the southern part of the town. He died in 1880, aged seventy-eight years. Seven of his ten children are now living. George, his fourth son, born in 1828, has resided on the farm he now occupies since 18 153. Liberty Mclntyre, of East Craftsbury, located here in 1831, coming from Massachusetts. He married Jane Patterson in 1849, ^""^ ^^^ two children. Matthew McRoy, a native of Ireland, located as a blacksmith at East Craftsbury, in 183 1, where he died in 1879, aged eighty years. John, the oldest of his five children, born in 1832, still resides here. He served four years during the late war, was wounded twice, and was in Libby prison three months. Joseph Allen, from Burke, Vt., located upon a farm in the northeastern part of the town in 1833, where he resided until his death, rearing a family of seven children. James J., his third son, born in 1832, now resides on road 22. Job W., the second son of Joseph, was born in 1828, and has lived here since he was five years of age. L. Carlos Bailey located at Craftsbury village in 1835, followed blacksmith- ing there until 1856, then removed to South Albany, where he remained until his death, in 1863. Four of his five children are now living. Dr. Henry Huntington, of North Craftsbury, was born in Greensboro, June 3, 1818, a son of Henry, Sr., who was one of the earhest settlers of that town. Dr. Henry was educated at Craftsbury academy, and at Albany, N. Y., medical college. He practiced medicine in Champlain, N. Y., two years, in Craftsbury two years, and then went to Atlanta,Ga., where he practiced dentistry fourteen years. In 1864, he left the south to avoid conscription in the con- federate army, and after five months separation from his family they joined him in Iowa. Here, in Des Moines, he practiced dentistry a number of years. In 1882, he returned to Craftsbury, where he now resides. His wife, Martha M. (Duston) Huntington, is a neice of the late Gov. Crafts. John Udall, from Hartford, Conn., came to Wolcott about 1840, locating near the center of the town. Six of his eight children are now living, two in this town. 248 TOWN OF CRAFTSBURY. Henry H. Button, from Royalton, Vt., located upon the farm he now occupies, in 1845. He has three sons, two of whom are residents of the town. Levi Glidden, son of Joseph Ghdden, one of the early settlers in Greens- boro, came to this town in 1848, locating upon a farm in the northern part of the town, where he resided until 1867, then removed to the farm now owned by his son, Frank J., on road 41, and thence located in Craftsbury village, where he died, in 1878, aged sixty-one years. Horace Andrus, born at Newbury, Vt, in 1829, came to this town and located on road 40, where he kept a hotel three years, and also kept a hotel at Craftsbury village two years. He has been a Methodist layman for a number of years, and pastor of the church in Eden two years. Henry Douglass, from Waterbury, Vt., came to Craftsbury in 1855, and now occupies the house where Gov. Crafts died. He has served as assistant judge, and has been elected justice of the peace nearly every year since he came to the town, and has been engaged in the insurance business forty years. Daniel Mason, born at Sturbridge, Mass., came to Craftsbury in 1790. He became a successful farmer and accumulated a fair property; but when about fifty years of age he left his farm and entered the ministry of the Calvinist Baptist church, remaining in that vocation until old age warned him to re- tire. He also held most of the town offices, being a justice of the peace thirty years. His death occurred at the age of seventy-five years, he having been the father of ten children. His son Tyler commenced life as a farmer) but at the age of twenty-four years commenced the study of medicine with Dr. F. W. Adams, of Boston, and subsequently with Dr. Allen Smith, of Hardwick, and finally graduated from Burlinton medical college. He has had a successful practice of sixty years, being now eighty-five years of age. The soldiers who v/ent from the town during the war of 1812, so far as known, were WilKam Hidden, Moses Mason, Captain Hiram Mason, James Coburn, Amory Nelson, John Towle, John Hadley, and Elias Mason. In the war for the Union, the town furnished 128 enlisted men, five of whom were killed in action, six died of wounds, fifteen died of disease, five in rebel prisons, and one by accident. The expenses of the town for the support of the war were as follows: bounties paid to volunteers, $13,268.00; expenses in enhsting recruits, $69.40 ; subsistance of recruits, $19.67; transportation of recruits, $17.20; for further expenses of same nature, $90.15, aggregating $13,464.42. In addition, the selectmen incurred additional expenses in transporting recruits amounting to $14.25, which the adjutant- general allowed and paid. There was also raised by subscription in 1862, the sum of $161.50 and paid as bounties to eight volunteers, for nine months service, and the further sum of $875.00 was subscribed to aid in procuring recruits, of which sum about $650.00 was collected and paid out, which, added to town bounties and other expenses, makes an aggregate of $14,275.92. TOWN OF CRAFTSBURY. 249 The Congregational church, located at North Craftsbury, was organized July 4, 1797, with twenty-four members. Rev. Samuel Collins was the first pastor. The church building was erected in 1820, though it has been re- modeled since, so that it will accommodate 250 persons, and is valued, in- cluding grounds, at $5,000.00. The society has 112 members, with Rev. Francis Parker, pastor. The flourishing Sabbath school connected with this church is one of the oldest in Vermont, its existence dating back to the summer or autumn of 18 14. Its founders and first teachers were Lucy Corey and Clarissa Clark, both of whom were members of this society over fifty-six years. One result of these and other faithful workers is seen in the continuous existence and hearty support of the school down to the present time. The First M. E. church of Craftsbury, located at North Craftsbury, was organized by its first pastor, Wilbur Fisk, in 1818. The first church edifice was erected in 1829, and gave place to the present building in 1852, which will comfortably seat 400 persons and is valued including grounds, at $3,700.00. The society now has 150 members, under the charge of Rev. W. H. Worthen. The Reformed Presbyterian church of Craftsbury, located at East Crafts- bury, was organized about 1830, with sixty members. Rev. Samuel M. Wil- son was the first pastor. The building was erected in 1830, rebuilt in 1858, and is now valued at $15,000.00. The society has sixty-five members, with Rev. J. C. Taylor, pastor. 25° TOWN OF DERBY. DERBY. ililERBY lies in the northern part of the county, in lat. 44° 58', and long. "^m 4° 50', bounded north by Canada, east by Holland, southeast by Mor- W gan and Charleston, southwest by Coventry and Brownington, and west by Lake Memphremagog, which divides it from Newport. It was chartered by Vermont, October 29, 1779, to Timothy Andrus and fifty-nine associates, with an area of 23,040 acres. This area, however, has been increased and the original bounds greatly changed, as given above, by the late annexation of the township of Salem, which was effected by an act of the legislature of 1880, and took effect March i, 1881. This wedding has made the "two one," though each has its separate history. So we will here briefly outline the history of Salem, up to the time it was annexed to Derby, then speak of the surface, settlement, etc., as simply the one town of Derby. Salem was an irregular, five-sided town, lying in lat. 44° 54', and long. 4° 46', with an area of 17,330 acres, bounded north by Derby and a small part of Morgan, southeast by Charleston, and southwest by Brownington and Coventry. It was originally granted to Josiah Gates and others, November 7, 1780, upon condition that unless the granting fees, _;^5 40, were paid before February i, i78r, the grant would be void. The fees were not paid, there- fore Gov. Thomas Chittenden authorized Noah Chittenden and Thomas Tolman to sell the township to any persons who would pay the granting fees. Col. Jacob Davis, of Montpelier, and sixty-four others became the purchasers, and a charter was issued to them August 18, 1781, the charter bounds being fixed as follows : — " Beginning at the southwest corner of Navy [now Charleston], then northeast in the northwest line of Navy to an angle thereof, supposed to be about six miles, and carrying back that breadth northwest so far that a parallel line with the northwest line aforesaid will encompass the contents of six miles square." A survey of the land thus bounded, however, disclosed the fact that 5,710 acres of the territory were within the bounds of Derby. This caused an un- certainty to rest upon the title to these lands, and discouraged settlements in both towns, and algo led to long controversies between the respective proprie- tors. But in 1 79 1, the legislature confirmed the grant to Derby, thus leaving Salem nearly a fourth part smaller than a full township. The proprietors of Salem made repeated applications to the legislature for the return of a por- tion of the purchase money, and in 1799, ^^^ S"™ ^^ $1,116.26 was refunded to them. A large part of the lands also proved unavailable on account of TOWN OF DERBY. 251 being covered by the lake, and an application was made to the legislature for compensation, but with what success no records show. In 1816, the town was made still smaller by the annexation to Newport of all that part of Salem lying west of the lake. Notwithstanding so large a part of its granted lands were under water, Salem, had it been allowed to retain its original boundaries, would have become sec- ond to no other town in the county in population and wealth ; but all its best water privileges, its best village sites, and its most valuable lands, were outside of the limits within which it was at last circumscribed. The thrifty village of Newport, the village of West Derby, and a considerable part of Derby Center, are on territory once granted to the proprietors of Salem. The first settlement was made by Ephraim Blake, March 15, 1 798. The population increased very slowly, amounting in 1820 to only eighty, and the town re- mained unorganized until April 30, 1822, when an organization was effected by the choice of the following named officers ; Noyes Hopkinson, moderator and treasurer; Samuel Blake, town clerk ; Ephraim Blake, J. Lyon, and Na- thaniel Cobb, selectmen ; John Houghton, constable ; Noyes Hopkinson and Orrin Lathe, grand jurors ; Abel Parlin, Samuel Blake, and Asa Lathe, listers ; and Nathaniel Cobb, Ephraim Blake, and Abel Parlin, highway surveyors. At the time of its annexation to Derby, however, it had no village, store, mechanic shop, postoffice, house of worship, nor office of a professional man within its limits. A telegraph line passed through the eastern part of the town and the Passumpsic railroad extended through the western part, but neither of these had a place of business except a wood station on the railroad. Its change of name and jurisdiction must have been considered rather in the light of an improvement than a misfortune. Here we leave Salem and from this' time forward speak of both as Derby. The surface of Derby is quite level, there being no elevations worthy of note except in the southern part, where are found Sugar, Elm, and Salem hills. Clyde river forms the principal water-course, flowing through' the town from east to west, affording many excellent mill-seats. The soil is fertile and • abundantly productive. The timber is principally rock-maple, and other hard woods, except in the vicinity of the lake, where white and Norway pine abounds, interspersed with red oak, hemlock, fir, cedar, etc. Cedar swamps from one to ten acres in extent are found in various parts. Cakiferous viica schist is the principal rock of the geological formation, though there is some clay slate along the lake shore. In the central part of the town there is a large bed of granite. A valuable quarry is worked on road 26, owned by Curtis Willey. It was first opened by Nathan Wheeler, about 1832, the farm upon which it is located being then owned by Asel Hyde. It was never worked to any extent, however, until 1869, when it came into the present owner's possession. The stone is susceptible of a high polish, and as it con- tains no iron nor other minerals, is valuable for monumental and decorative purposes. 252 TOWN OF DERBY. In 1880, Derby had a population of 2,549, and in 1882 was divided into twenty school districts and had nineteen common schools, employing one male and twenty-six female teachers, to whom was paid an aggregate salary of $1,994.64. There were 553 pupils attending common schools, while the entire cost of the schools for the year, ending October 31st, was $2,133.12 with C. A. Smith, superintendent. Derby, a post village located near the center of the town on Clyde river, contains three churches (Methodist, Congregational and Baptist), one hotel, academy building, one general store, a drug store, two furniture and under- taking stores, a grist-mill, saw-mill, wagon shop, marble shop, and about 250 inhabitants. Derby Line, a post village located on the line between this town and Canada, contains one church (Universalist), a bank, hotel, four stores, pho- tograph gallery, livery stable, millinery store, wagon shop, and about 250 in- habitants. It is reached by a branch of the Massawippi railroad. West Derby, a post village located on the Clyde river about a mile east of Newport, contains one church (Baptist), one store, one grocery, a paper-mill, veneer-mill, grist-mill, and about 300 inhabitants, Beebe Plain, a post village located on the Canada line about two miles west from Derby Line, contains one store, an hotel, and about a dozen dwell- ings. JNorth Derby (p. o.) is a hamlet and station on the Passumpsic railroad, located in the northwestern part of the town. The National Bank of Derby Line was originally incorporated by the State in 1850, as the People's Bank of Derby Line, with a capital of $50,000.00. In 1857, this capital was increased to $75,000.00, and again in 1865, it was increased to $150,000.00, and changed to a National bank. It now has a surplus fund of $38,000.00. The presidents of the institution have been Harry Baxter, from 1850 to 1852 ; Portus Baxter, 1852-63; Levi Spalding, 1863-71 ; Austin T. Foster, from 1871 to the present time. The cashiers have been N. T. Sheafe, i8si-'53 ; D. B. B. Cobb, 1853-55 ; Stephen Fos- ter, from 1S55 to the present time. The International Company, manufacturers and dealers in lumber, located in this town, with an office at Newport, was chartered by the State in 1882, and organized with a paid up capital of $100,000.00, Jauuary 22, 1883, with John L. Edwards president; H. E. Folsom, treasurer; and L. C. Grandy, manager. The company was formed by the consoUdation of several interests, the principal of which was the Lyndonville Dressing-Mill. The new mill is a building 120 by 36 feet, two stories in height, while their large lumber yard is admirably situated for both lake and railroad transportation. The company deals largely in all kinds of lumber, especially in Quebec and hardwood floor- ing, and manufactures boxes and chair-stock extensively. M. A. Adams's grist and flouring-mill located at Derby village, has four runs of stones and grinds 15,000 bushels of grain annually. TOWN OF DERBY. 253 J. H. Searle's veneer-mills, located on road 64, are operated by steam-power and are supplied with one lumber-saw, four bench-saws, one swing-saw, one veneer cutter, a drag-saw, and two machines for making baskets. Mr. Searles employs thirty men and manufactures fifty car-loads of chair-stock, 500,000 feet of veneer per month, and 1,000,000 baskets of different kinds per annum. Ira A. Adamis woolen-mill, located on road 46, was built in 1845, and came into the present proprietor's hands in 1865. It is operated by water- power and has the capacity for manufacturing seventy-five yards of cloth per day. A. J. Allbee's sash, door, and blind factory, located at Derby village, gives employment to six hands, and turns out about $5,000.00 worth of stock per year. The Memphremagog Machine Shop and Boat-yard, located on the eastern shore of the lake manufactures steam yachts, row-boats, and steam engines. The Clyde River Paper-Mill, located at West Derby, P. S. Robinson, proprietor, employs eight hands and manufactures about $15,000.00 worth of paper per year. The West Derby Flouring Mill, Lane & Davis, proprietors, was built in 1835. The mill has four runs of stones and does several thousand dollars worth of business per year. The first permanent settlement was made in 1795, by Judge Timothy Hinraan, who came on from Southbury, Conn., with his family, and located upon the farm now owned by Charles Johnson and others. He was one of the original proprietors, and the only one of them who ever settled here. In the autumn of 1790, he came to the town and located his farm, though he did nothing towards improving it until 1795. From Greensboro, a distance of thirty miles, he made the journey on horseback, leaving his nearest neigh- bors at that point. In the autumn of that year, however, he was joined by Henry Buzzell, from Danville, who located upon the farm now owned by Mr. Blake, and John, Joseph and Henry Merritt made a settlement upon the farm now owned by Carlos Daggett, and Rufus Stewart, from Brattleboro, came in 1797, and settled upon the farm now owned by George Eaton. Mr. Hinman was one of the most prominent men of the town for many years, being the first town clerk, first justice of the peace, and first representative. He married Phoebe Stoddard and reared a family of eleven children, two of whom, Mrs. Horace Stewart and Mrs. Clarissa Forbes, are living. His death occurred in 1850. In 1794, a Mr. Strong came on from Connecticut and built a saw-mill where West Derby now is, to which was added a grist-mill not long after. Benjamin Hinman, from Southbury, Conn., who was so long prominently identified with the interests of the town, came on with men who built the mill in the capacity of cook. He returned to Connecticut with them in the autumn, stayed through the winter, and then came on and made the first settlement upon the farm now owned by Mr. Watson. The settlement of 254 TOWN OF DERBY. the town rapidly increased, so that in 1800, it had a population of 178. Th -first town meeting was held at the house of Timothy Hinman, March 25 1798, when the following officers were elected: Timothy Hinman, modei ator and clerk ; Isaac Hinman, Elisha Lyman, and Henry Buzzel, selectmen Rufus Stewart, constable ; Samuel Hill, grand juror ; James Greenleaf, Isaa Hinman, and Ehsha Lyman, listers; Aaron Vilas, Henry Buzzell, Eliphale Bangs, and Elisha Lyman, surveyors of highways ; Jehiel Broadman, seale of weights and measures ; and Samuel Hill and Aaron Vilas, fence viewers The first freemeji's meeting was held September 4, 1798, when nine vote were cast for Paul Bingham for governor, and Timothy Hinman elected re presentative. The first hotel was kept by Timothy Hinman, where Charle Johnson now resides. Ezra Hinman, son of Judge Hinman, was the firs male child born, and Rachel Buzzell, daughter of Henry Buzzell, was thi first female born. Levi Bigelow kept the first store. The first deaths wen two children of Solomon Ashley, in 1800. The first school was kept b; David Bebee, on the farm of Timothy Hinman. The first physician wa Luther Newcomb, who came from Massachusetts in 1798. The first deec recorded in the town was given to Ebenezer Strong, of Southbury, Conn., b; Moses Robinson, of Bennington, bearing date of January 12, 1790, an( acknowledged January 18, 1791. The first settled Congregational ministe was Luther Leland, about 1808, and the first Baptist clergyman was Samue Smith. Both came about the same time and the right of land set aside fo; the first settled minister was divided between them. Major Rufus Stewart, born in 1776, came to Derby in 1797, and made th( first settlement upon the farm now owned by George S. Eaton, where hf resided until 1812, when he removed his family to Morgan and joined th( American army, ranking as captain. He served three years, was at the battle of Plattsburgh, and, in 1816, returned to Derby and purchased the farm now owned by his son, Emery Stewart, where he died in June, 1846, aged seventy-one years. His wife died in 1842. Two of their six childrer are living — Emery, on the old homestead, and Nancy, widow of Aaron Hin- man, at Derby village. Horace Stewart, son of Major Rufus, who died at Beebe Plain, May 25, 1883, was born here September 25, 1804. About 1826, aftei alternating between the farm and an indifferent experience in trade, he weni to Beebe Plain and erected the plain, yet comfortable and substantial build- ings which still stands unimpaired by time. He soon rose in the esteem of those around him and came to be regarded as one of the first business men in the county. It is a little remarkable that notwithstanding his large business, extending from the Connecticut river far into Canada, and involving dealings with all kinds of men, he never was charged with violating an agree- ment or indulging in a trick. February 3, 1830, he married Catharine Hin- man, a woman of remarkable kindness and benevolence, who survives him, There were four children born to them, only one of whom, a daughter, is ^7-^-^X '?/c ■fi-7. TOWN OF DERBY. 255 living. With the death of Mr. Stewart, Derby lost not only one of its most enterprising business men, but one of the most kindly, courteous, and hos- pitable gentlemen of the town, while his family has to mourn the departure of a most considerate husband, father and brother. Mr. Stewart was a man of commanding figure and gentlemanly deportment, of very even temper, ever having a kind word for all, yet strict and rigid in rules of business. Phineas Stewart, brother of Rufus, went from Brattleboro, Vt., to Plain- ville, Ohio, where he died in 187 1. His daughter, Sophia D., married R. S. Brown, of Brattleboro, who is now living in Malone, N. Y., she having died in October, 187 1. Their daughter Annie married Rufus P. Stewart, son of Horace Stewart, in May, 187 1. One son, Harry B., now resides at Beebe Plain. Charles Kingsbery was an early settler in Derby. His lineal ancestors came from England about 1650, settled at Ipswich, Mass., and had seven sons. Henry Kingsbery, the seventh, with his wife, Susannah, settled at Haverhill, Mass., where, in 1656, their son Joseph was born. In 1679, Joseph married Love Ayres, also of Haverhill, and had two sons, Joseph and Nathaniel, and several daughters. The sons married Ruth and Hannah Dennison, sisters, of Ipswich, Mass. Nathaniel settled in Andover, Conn. Joseph and Ruth, soon after their marriage, in 1705, removed to Norwich, Conn. Their son Joseph was the father of Sanford Kingsbery, and grand- father of Charles, the subject of our sketch. Sanford was educated at Yale college, married Ehzabeth Fitch, and died at Claremont, N. H., in 1834, aged ninety-six years. Charles, his eldest son, came to Derby in 1790, mar- ried Persis Stewart, and reared a family of nine children, viz. : Mary Ann, born in 1801 ; George, in 1804; Sanford, in 1805; Lucius, in 1807; Eliza, in 1809; Charles, in 181 2; Persis, in 18 13; Emera, in 1815 ; and Henry, born in 18 1 6. Of these, George, Sanford, Charles, Eliza, and Henry, settled in the western part of the State of Georgia, while the others remained in Der- by, and married as follows : Mary Ann became the wife of Levi Child and had seven children,— Charles B., Susan, Ann, William, John, Katharine, and. Ruth. Lucius married Jane E. Drakely, and had two children,— Helen A. and George D. Persis became the wife of Lewis Patch, M. D., and had no issue. Emera married Mary Forbes, and reared three children, — Persis, Charles, and William. Charles, or Esq. Kingsbery as he was familiarly known, suffered all the vicissitudes and privations of a pioneer. The first three years he worked on his clearing, living in a bark shanty and sleeping upon a bed of hemlock boughs. His winters, however, he spent in Clare- mont, N. H. In 1800, the clearing having become sufficiently large to yield crops' of value, he built a house and barn, and on the T7th of September married Persis Stewart, daughter of Gen. Stewart, of Brattleboro, Vt., and brought his wife to their new home. His first deed is dated in 1797, being for a piece of land located nearly half way between the center of the town and the Canada line, and about eighty rods east of the present traveled road. 256 TOWN OF DERBY. Upon this piece of land he planted the first apple trees in the town, andmad( the first cider, which orchard still bears fruit. In i8iz, he removed to afarn about half a mile east of Derby Center, and, in 1820, he located opposite thi present site of the Congregational church, known as the Kingsbery place where he died, in 1843. Mr. Kingsbery was an early town representative holding the office three successive years, and was also elected to that office ii 1828, '29, '38, and '39. He also held the office of town treasurer from 181: to 1833, was a justice of the peace from the organization of the town to 1829 lister from 1806 to 1826, and overseer of the poor three years. Esq. Kings bery lived a life that reflected no discredit upon his ancestors, and handec an unsullied name down to his posterity. Samuel Colby, from Thornton, N. H., came to Derby in 1797, and madi the first settlement on the farm now owned by Ralph Kelsea, where hereare( a family of five children. Nehemiah, the oldest son, kept a store nearly al his life, and was postmaster nearly thirty years, where his son, George Colby now resides. Dr. Luther Newcomb, the first physician in the town, came here in 1797 He married Milley Conant, of Glover, and died in 1831. His son Orem was a merchant here for many years, and a leading man of the town. He diec in 1854. His widow, and son Orem survive him. David Dustin, son of Timothy, a descendant of Hannah Dustin, of Haver hill, Mass., was born in Claremo&t, N. H., May 29, 1777, came to Derb) in 1799, and purchased the farm now owned by his son, Joel R., and re turned to Claremont. In 1800, he came back and felled the first tree cut or the farm, and lived here alone in a camp five years. He then built a house and married Amelia Broadman, by whom he had a family of five children During the war of 18 12, he served as captain of cavalry. His wife died ir February, 1824, and he subsequently married Fanny E. Robinson, of Brattle- boro, by whom he had three children. Joel R., the youngest, occupies the homestead. Charles Sias, from Danville, Vt, came here a short time previous to 1800 and located on road 40. About the same time his son, John Sias, came or and located near him. John had a family of nine children, four of whoa are living, and died in i860. His wife died one year previous. Of the chil dren, Roxana, widow of Freeman Miller, and Louisa, wife of Solomon Fields, reside in Newport. Cyrus S. and Marshall reside in Derby. Marshall mar- ried Susan Cummings and reared two children, of whom Martha, wife oi Jackson G. Kendall, resides in Newport. Joseph Benham, born at Middlebury, Conn., in 1769, came to Derby in 1800, and made the first settlement upon the farm now owned by A. D. Bates, where he resided until his death, in 1856, aged eighty-seven years. Deacon Nathan S. Benham, son of Japeth, born in 1802, is now the oldest native born citizen of the town. Sylvanus Bates came from Woodstock in 1800, and made the first settle- TOWN OF DERBY. 257 ment on the farm now owned by Mrs. Betsey Orcutt. It was on this farm that General Whitelaw camped during the "dark day," while surveying the town. WiUiam Forbes, from New Haven, Conn., settled upon the farm now owned by W. F. Kingsbury, in 1804. He was twice married, and died in 1850. His son, Sherman, now resides here at the advanced age of eighty- eight years. He married Alice Houghton and had a family of eight children, three of whom are living — WilUam, in Boston, Mary, wife of Emera Kings- bery, and EUza, wife of T. P. Vanderwater, of Charleston. John Wilson, born in Massachusetts, February 15, 1775, came to Derby about 1804, and settled upon the farm now owned by his son, Lewis Wilson. He had a family of seven children, and died August 29, 1839, aged sixty-four , years. His wife died December 26, 1869, aged eighty-four years. David Hopkinson, Jr., from Guildhall, Vt, came to Derby in 1802, and purchased the farm now owned by David Hopkinson. Col. Noyes Hop- kinson, brother of David, Jr., came in i8i8, and exchanged farms with David, Jr., who returned to Guildhall. The farm is now owned by David, son of Noyes, who represented the town of Salem in the legislature four times. He has in his possession an old clock purchased by his grandfather in 1 809, for a watch worth $46.00. He also has a copy of Spooner's "Vermont Journal," published at Windsor in 1796. David Hopkinson, Sr., came here with Noyes in 1818, and died in 1830, aged seventy-nine years. Noyes died in i85o, aged seventy- two years. Col. Chester Carpenter was born in Randolph, Vt., and came to Derby in 1807, making the first settlement on the farm now owned by Edward Martin, where he resided until 1815, then sold out and removed to Derby village, purchasing the site of the present hotel, together with two hundred acres of land, and kept a hotel until 1840. In 1824, he became a member of the Baptist church and became a prominent instrument in building the church and academy. He gave all his surplus money, $4,000,00, to aid in erecting the church and school building, and donated the grounds for the church, par- sonage and cemetery, and also donated all lands for the building of roads that passed through his farm. Mr. Carpenter was the first volunteer from this town for the battle of Plattsburgh. He died at Derby village, December 31, 1872, aged eighty-five years. Charles C. Lunt, born in Newburyport, Mass., in 1767, came to Derby from Stanstead, P. Q., in 1808, locating at Derby village, and after a few years removed to Rochester, N. ¥., where he subsequently died. His son Johnson settled in Holland, married Sarah Paynton, of that town, reared a family of eleven children, and now resides with his daughter, Emma Nye, of Charleston, aged eighty-seven years. His wife is seventy-seven years of age. Charles Lunt resides in Derby, on road 7. He represented the town in 1870 '71, and is one of the present selectmen. Ira M. Foss was born in New Hampshire, September 26, i8ii, and came 258 TOWN OF DERBY. to Derby in October, 1831. March 23, 1835, he married Hannah Heath, and has had a family of eleven children, eight of whom are Hving. Mrs. Foss died February 9, 1882, aged sixty-seven years. Israel Williams, from Guildford, Vt., went to Stanstead, P. Q., about 1800, During the war of 1812, his sons were drafted into the British army; but not wishing to serve on that side of the cause they came to Derby. One. son, Joel, returned to Canada after the war, remained a time, then came back to Derby and built a house on the farm now owned by his son Sylvester, where he remained until his death, in 1874, aged eighty-four years. His wife died in 1876, aged seventy-seven years. Six of their children are now living, one in this town. David M. Camp was born at Tunbridge, Vt., in 1788, graduated from the University of Vermont in 1810, and came to Derby in 1813, as a customs officer. Mr. Camp was president of the first senate held in the State, in 1837, which office he held five years, and also served as county superintendent of schools for several years. He died in February, 1871, aged eighty-three years. Nathan Morgan, from Norwich, Conn., came to Morgan in 1799, and made the first settlement on the farm now owned by Ceylon Wilcox, where he reared a family of thirteen children. Calvin, the oldest son, was a captain in the American army during the war of 1812, and came to Derby in 1814 remained until 1820, when he removed to Stanstead, P. Q., and died there in 1869, aged eighty-eight years. Frank Place was born near London, England, in 1792. When quite young he enlisted as a bugler in the British army, and during the war of 1812 came to America with his regiment. While in Quebec, he, in company with a non-commissioned officer by the name of Tim McDaniels, deserted. After many days of weary travel through the wilderness, and many narrow escapes from recapture, they reached Derby Line. While camping in the woods here they heard a team approaching. McDaniels immediately plunged into the thicket and was never heard from after. Place remained, found friends and work and became a resident of the town, dying in 1867, aged seventy-five years. On one occasion he was induced to go to Stanstead to play the bugle at a grand drill. There he met his old colonel who immediately arrested him. Place requested permission to go into a store and get a glass of hquor,. which request was granted, and slipping out of a rear door effected his escape. He married Philinda Dwyer and reared a family of three children, two of whom, Elvira Powers, of this town, and Catharine McDougal, of Barton, are now living. Chauncey Wilson, son of John, was born in this town July 12, 1814. June 15, 1844, he married Harriet Blodgett, by whom he has reared a family of six children, viz. : John B., Frank B., Mary A., (died February 18, 1863,) Henry M., WilHe E., and Emma E. Mr. Wilson has been an extensive farmer and stock breeder. He represented the town in the legislature of 18^2-73, and has held the office of selectman and lister. TOWN OF DERBY. 3 eg Isaac Robbins came from Canton, N. H., in 1815, and purchased the farm now owned by John Kelley, where he lived about fifteen years, when the farm passed into the hands of his son, Alvin, and he moved to what is now Derby Center, and engaged in the manufacture of furniture, which business he followed as long as age permitted. He died in 1866, aged •eighty-four years. James Jenne, a native of New Hampshire, came to Derby in 181 5, and made the first settlement on the farm now owned by A. A. Green. He mar- ried Betsey Carey, of Hartland, reared a family of ten children, five of whom are living, viz. : Tolman, Thomas, and Betsey, in Derby, George in Morgan, and Stillman, in Newbury, Vt. Thomas was born here December 11 1812 and has resided upon the farm he now occupies since he was four years of age. He has a family of six children, one of whom Loren M., is principal ■of Newport Academy. Jedediah Dane located at West Derby in 1815, and resided there until his death, in November, 1866, aged eighty-two years. His wife died during the previous March, aged seventy-six years. Four of their six children are now living. One son, Nathaniel G., born September 18, 1829, resides at West Charleston. He married Martha Walker and has four children. David Kittridge was born in Danville, Vt., in 1782, and came to Derby in 1815, making the first settlement on the farm now owned by his son, Lyndal M. Kittridge. Daniel D. Holmes was born in Stonington, Ct., in 1787, and came with his father to Derby in 1817^ locating upon the farm now owned by H. D. Holmes. Josiah Lyon was born December 3, 1772, at Woodstock, Conn;, married Polly Cole January 4, 1798, and came to this county in 1803. He first located in the northern part of Troy where he cleared a small farm and re- ;sided until 1818, then came to Derby. He reared a family of twelve chil- dren, four of whom are now living, and died in 1866, aged ninety-four years and six months. Mrs. Lyon died in 1865, aged eighty-eight years. Mr. Lyon represented the town of Salem a number of years, and held all the ■other town offices many terms. He was also a deacon of the Baptist church at Derby Center over forty years. Porter Lyon, his son, born February 27, 1806, now resides on road 51. He married Elvira Morse, January 9, 183 1, and has had a family of nine children. Four of his sons were in the late ■civil war, and one, Harrison, lost his hfe in the service. John Grow was born in Hartland, Vt., and came to Derby in 1820, and located upon the farm now owned by John, Daley. He resided there two years, then removed to the farm now owned by his son, Calvin S., on road 75, and cut the first tree on that place. Four of his sons are now living, Calvin S., aged seventy-five years, on the old homestead ; John M., with John M., Jr. ; Leland A., in Johnson ; and Marcus A., in Wheelock, Vt. Francis Gardner a soldier of the war of 18 12, was born at Roxbury, Mass., 26o TOWN OF DERBY. in 1791, and came to Derby about 1820. He married Sally Foss and reared a family of four children, of whom Franklin M. and Susan reside in this town, Samuel in Holland, and Russell H. in Bethlehem, N. H. Mr. Gard- ner died from the effects of a sabre wound received at Chateaugay, N. Y. Thomas Collier came from Hardwick, Vt., in 1821, and settled upon the farm now owned by L. N. Collier, where he died in 1849. His son, Levi L., came to the town with him and resided on the homestead until his death, in 1878, aged seventy-five years. Levi was for many years engaged in teaming from Derby to Boston, Mass. Francis House, from Fairlee, Vt., was one of the first settlers in Stan- stead, P. Q., in 1798. His son, Hiram, was born there in 1801, and in 1822 he came to Derby, making the first settlement on the farm now owned by C. B. Buell. In 1868, he removed to road 20, where he now resides. Moses Blake, son of Israel, was born in Campton, N. H., September 27, 1783. He married Nancy A. Story and came to Holland in 1814, remained there until 1823, then came to Derby and purchased the farm now occupied by his son Moses. He died October 28, 1861, aged seventy-eight years. John Lindsay was born in Newbury, Vt., in 1797, and removed from there to Stanstead, P. Q., in 1815. He was a carpenter by trade, and built the first house erected between West Derby and the Canada line, which is now occupied by Edward Ball. In 1823, he removed to Derby. He married Pleuma Ball, of Stanstead, and reared a family of five children, three of whom, Marshall, Harriet, and Hinman now reside here. Freeman Haskell, from Lyndon, Vt., removed to Rock Island, P. Q., in 1823. He there built the oil-mill, saw-mill, cloth-mill, and other business places, and died from injuries received in falling upon a saw in the mill, in 1828. He married Fanny Kaltear, who died in 1878, and had two children, Carlos F. and Fanny. Carlos F. married Martha M. Stewart, and settled at Derby Line and carried on the mercantile business, dying in 1865. He had one son, H. Stewart, who now is a resident of the town. John Macomber was born at Bridgewater, Mass., December 8, 1800, and settled at Derby Center in 1858. He married Carrie R. Booth, of New Bed- ford, Mass., and had a family of five children, one of whom, Ella, wife of Gen. Davis, resides in the town. Mr. Macomber died March 27, 1883. Col. Joseph Morse was born in Newbury, Mass. When quite young he removed to Bridgewater, N. H. In 1823, he came to this town. He helped to build the road on the west side of Salem pond, and was the first postmaster in Salem, and also had a school taught in his house. He married Abigail Thomas and reared a family of ten children, seven of whom became promi- nent men. Rev. C. F. Morse, a Congregational minister, W4s a missionary in Turkey fourteen years, and now resides at Mclndoes Falls. Rev. S. B. Morsels a Baptist minister, of Providence, R. I. Alvira, wife of Porter Lyon, resides in this town. Mr. Morse died in September, 1873, aged eighty-six years. His wife died October 8, 1873, aged eighty-three years. TOWN OF DERBY. 361 Joshua Blodgett, Jr., son of Joshua Blodgett, who was a Revolutionary sol- dier, came to Derby in 1822, locating upon the farm now owned by Frank Eddy. Joshua, Jr., was a soldier of the war of 1812. Stephen Foster, father of Stephen, Jr., and Austin T., were born in Roch- ester, Mass., July 30, 1772. He was the fifth descendant of Thomas Foster, who came to Massachusetts in 1635. January 3, 1802, he married Mary King, daughter of Jonathan King, and shortly afterwards, with his wife, came to what is now known as East Montpelier, where he had already prepared a home. Mr. Foster died April 3, 1850, leaving a family of seven children. Stephen Foster, born in i8o6, came to Derby Line in May, 1828, and engaged in trade with Col. James H. Langdon, of Montpelier, under the style of Langdon & Foster. In 1833, Levi Spalding purchased the interest of Col. Langdon, the new style being Spalding & Foster, and so continued till 1844, when his brother, Austin T. Foster, purchased his interest and continued the firm un- der the same name. He moved into Canada in 1 831, was mayor of the county of Stanstead, P. Q., in 1855, and had the honor of receiving Earl Head, governor-general of Canada, on his visit to Stanstead in that year was appointed cashier of the People's Bank of Derby Line, in 1855, and holds that office now in the National Bank of Derby Line, and being, with one ex- ception — Wm. P. Black, of Manchester — the oldest cashier in Vermont, has held many offices of honor and trust and is now in his 77th year. Austin T., when in his fifteenth year, left East Montpelier and entered his brother Stephen's store, at Rock Island, as a clerk. In his 19th year he was ad- mitted as a partner in the firm of Spalding & Foster. From this time till 1882, he continued in business either alone or with a partner, first at Rock Island, and finally at Derby Line. In 1865, he opened a boot and shoe manu- factory at Rock Island. He served two terms in the Vermont legislature, 1862-63. In 1872, he became president of the National Bank of Derby Line, having been a director in that and the State bank since 1852. He married AmeHa Way, Sept. 19, 1848, who died Nov. 9, 1850. His second wife was Sarah H. Oilman, daughter of Capt. John Oilman, of Stanstead, P. Q., by whom he has a family of four children. Harriet married Frank M. House, of Somerville, Mass., July 26, 1877 ; John Oilman is a lawyer at Derby Line ; Mary J. resides at home ; and Stephen A. is attending school. James Kelsey, Jr., whose father was an early settler in Danville, Vt., came to Derby in 1832, and located upon the farm now owned by Moses M. Kel- sey, where he died, in 1878, aged eighty-five years. This farm was originally settled by Charles Sias, Jr., and was known as the great swamp. It has been owned by the Kelsey family since 1824. Asa Carlton, born at Luenburg, Mass., in 1764, was engaged in the Revo- lutionary war, and came to Derby in 1824, locating upon the farm now owned by Auretus F. Adams. Ruth, widow of Levi P. Adams, and daughter of Asa, also resides on the farm with her son, being ninety years of age. John AUbee came to Derby in 1835, locating- in the eastern part of the 262 TOWN OF DERBY. town, where he died in 1862. His son, A. J. AUbee, still resides here, en- gaged in manufacturing pursuits. James Morrill, from Danville, Vt., came to Derby in 1838, and located upon the farm now owned by Charles Marston, and died here in 1 846. His son James located upon the farm now owned by A. J. Morrill, in 1838, and died in 1875, aged sixty-six years. A. J., son of James, Jr., married Martha Paine, and has one son, Charles F. Nelson Davis, son of William Davis, of Royalton, Mass., came to Derby in December, 1841. He carried on a saw-mill at West Derby until 1881^ and also manufactured lead piping, pumps and starch, being now proprietor of the grist-mill of that place. He married Sarah Coburn, of Westfield, Vt., and has three children. Parker Dodge, from Hopkinton, Mass., was one of* the early settlers of Hartland, Vt. His son William came to Derby in 1842. Levi Spalding was born in Sharon, Vt., in 1805, and went to Montpelier when twelve years of age, to live with his brother, John Spalding. He finally became a clerk in the store of Langdon & Spalding, and afterwards be- came a partner. In 1833, he sold out and moved to Canada, entering into business with Stephen Foster at Rock Island. This co-partnership lasted ten years, during which time he, Foster, and George R. Holmes carried on a business at Derby Line, under the style of Foster, Holmes & Co. In 1845, he removed to Derby Line, where he died, in June, 187 1, aged sixty-five years. Ahira Green, son of Edmond Green, an early settler in Danville, was born ax that place in r8o8. In 1828, he married Roxanna T. Mears, and in 1830, removed to Charleston. After residing in that town and in Canada a number of years, he came to this town in 1846, locating upon the farm he now occupies. John Tinker, son of Joel Tinker, an early settler in Chelsea, Vt., came to Derby in June, 1848, locating at Derby Center, where he carried on the fur- niture business a number of years, and subsequently moved to Beebe Plain, where he now acts as postmaster, having held the position since 1867. Mr. Tinker has also held the office of high sheriff, and was a custom-house officer two years. He was born September 3, 1811, married Emily Ross, of Willr iamstown, Vt, and has had a family of seven children, six of whom are living. Moses Darling was born in Hopkinton, N. H., served in the Revolution- ary war, and about t8oo, moved to Ryegate, Vt., resided there two years, then located in Wheelock, where he died, in 1822. Only two of his fourteen children, Edward N., of Hudson, Wis., and Joseph, of Mt. Pleasant, Iowa, are hving. His grandson, Ezra F., son of David, resides in this town, on road 16. Furber A. Goodwin, from New Hampshire, settled in Sheffield about 1810. His son Warren, now lives in Derby, on road 19. TOWN OF DERBY. 263 John Lynch was born in Ireland in 1800, and came to this country in 1847, locating at Plymouth, N. H. Two years later he came to this town and purchased the place he now occupies with his son Daniel. Martin Adams, from St. Johnsbury, was one of the first settlers in New- port, his son Abial being the first male child born in that town. He married Irene Gray and reared a family of fourteen children, eleven of whom are now hving. His son, Ira A., is proprietor of the woolen-mill on road 46, of this town. During the late war Derby performed her full share in suppressing the rebellion, and, in 1866, erected a fine granite monument at Derby Center in honor of her brave ones who fought our battles. The monument is located on a little knoll fifteen feet high, about eight rods back from the road. The front side of the die contains in heavy raised letters the following inscription : "In Memory of the Volunteers from Derby, who Lost their Lives in the Great Rebellion, 1861-65." The south side contains the names of the four officers, and underneath their names a sunken shield with the raised letters " U. S." On the east side are the names of twenty-four privates, and on the north side the names of twenty-five privates, which completes the list of fifty-three men whom Derby sacrificed in the war. The Congregational church, located at Derby, was organized in 1806, with sixteen members, Rev. Luther Leland being the first pastor. The church building is a wood structure, built in 1849. It will comfortably accommodate 300 persons, cost $2,500.00, and is now valued, including grounds, at $6,000.00.' The society has ninety-eight members, with no regular pastor. The Methodist Episcopal church, located at Derby, was organized in 1830. The church is a wood structure, erected in 1845, capable of seating 250 per- sons, costing $1,350.00, and is valued, including grounds, at $2,600.00. The society has sixty-three members, with Rev. C. A. Smith, pastor. 264 TOWN OF GLOVER. GLOYER. ^^LOVER lies in the southeastern part of the county, in lat. 44° 40', and long. 4° 45', bounded northeasterly by Barton, southeasterly by Shef- field, in Caledonia county, southwesterly by Greensboro, and north- westerly by Albany. It contains an area of 23,040 acres, granted June 27, 1781, to Gen. John Glover and his associates, and was chartered November 20, 1783. Gen. Glover was a distinguished officer in the Revolutionary army, ranking as brigadier-general under Gen. Washington, having worked himself up to that position from the ranks. He was the son of Jonathan and Tabitha B. Glover, born at Salem, Mass., in 1732, and died at Marblehead, Mass., in 1797. The people of Marblehead, where he passed a number of the years of his hfe, still venerate his name as a brave soldier and a good and worthy man. Thus this town which perpetuates his name was granted to him by congress as a reward for his distinguished mili- tary services. The surface of the town is quite uneven, being broken into hills and valleys, making a very pleasing picture, but causing some inconvenience in cultivating the soil. The highest elevation is Black hill, a small mountain in the south- ern part. In the middle and western portions of the territory the soil is, in general, wet and cold, but very good for grazing purposes. Along the river it is dry and warm, and well adapted to the production of grains. The terri- tory is well watered by the head branches of Barton river, and branches of the Passumpsic, Lamoille, and Black rivers, which have their sources here. Four ponds of considerable size also are found here, Parker pond, in the northern part. Stone's and Clark's pond, in the southern and central parts, and Sweeney pond in the western part. Another pond was located here previous to 1810, but took to itself not wings, as riches are said to sometimes do, but legs, and ran away, hence it has since been known as Runaway pond. The body of water was known as Long pond, situated in the southern part of the town, at an elevation of fourteen or fifteen hundred feet above the level of the sea, furnishing the head waters of the Lamoille river, and flowing south. It was nearly two miles in length and from one-half to three-quarters of a mile in width, and, excepting near the outlet, was very deep. About one hundred rods north of this pond was another body of water, having about half the area and about 150 feet lower, discharging its waters into Lake Memphremagog. For about five hundred yards from its southern extremity, Long pond was very narrow and the water not more than ten or fifteen feet deep, but it then made a sudden descent in its bed to a depth of one hundred feet TOWN OF GLOVER. 265 or more, and opened rapidly to a breadth of half a mile, and then more grad- ually to three-quarters of a mile, the depth also increasing to 150 feet, in the broadest part, and did not diminish in depth till within a short distance of the northern extremity, where its width was about half a mile. On the east and west the shores were bold, and rose into hills of considerable height. Be- tween these hills, on the north end, was a plain of one or two acres, a few feet higher than the pond. This plain, perhaps twenty rods north of the pond, terminated in an abrupt descent of about one hundred feet, and then more gradually to Mud pond. The northern shore consisted of a narrow belt of sand and a bank of light sandy earth. Here had been formed a deposit, re- sembling frozen gravel, two or three inches in thickness, and extending into the pond for five or six rods. This deposit formed the only solid barrier to the waters — alone preventing them from descending into Mud pond. The bottom of Mud pond was a mass of thick, deep mud, which became very solid when dry. Barton river, its outlet, flowed very rapidly for two miles, through a rough uneven territory, and then more gradually to Barton village, three miles further north. The country was covered with an unbroken forest) except where grist and saw-mills, owned by a Mr. Wilson, had been erected. Some clearings had been commenced near the stream in Barton, and other mills had been erected some miles below on the stream, near Crystal lake. The stream where Wilson's mills stood was insufficient for turning the wheel during the dry season, and this inconvenience occasioned the proposal to cut a channel from Long pond toward Mud pond, and thus increase the volume of water in the latter and the stream which flowed from it. On June 6, 18 10, the inhabitants of Glover and adjoining towns who were interested in the matter, assembled to the number of about sixty at Keene's Corners, and thence proceeded to the northern shore of Long pond and com- menced digging a channel, through which was to flow the water considered necessary for the comfort of those residing on the banks of Barton river. The channel was commenced about three feet from the waters of the pond) and descended to the point where the descent was rapid towards Mud pond. When all was ready the connection with the pond was effected by removing the barrier which had been left, and the water issued through the opening with only moderate force, but to the surprise of the workmen it did not fol- low the channel dug, but descended into the sand beneath. It appears they had not observed that under the deposit of " frozen gravel," or hard pan, was a species of quicksand, and the stream, sinking through the broken de- posit, began to wash away the earth. In a short time so much sand was car- ried away, thereby weakening the hard pan, that the pressure of the water widened the channel into a deep gulf, down which a large stream rushed to- wards Mud pond. The workmen now becoming alarmed retreated to a safer distance from the constantly increasing stream, though some barely escaped. The waters having finally demolished the hard pan, which, with the quicksand had held them, rushed with an impetuous force towards Mud pond, tearing 266 TOWN OF GLOVER. and destroying whatever impeded their progress, leaving but a yawning chasm and wide-spread desolation behind. In their course they excavated a chan- nel nearly a quarter of a mile in width, and from eighty to one hundred feet in depth. With such rapidity did the immense body of water pursue its wild flight, that but a few moments elapsed before Long pond had entirely dis- appeared from its bed. Rushing down through Mud pond, tearing away part of its barrier, and gaining additional strength from its tributary waters, the torrent swept down the channel of Barton river, and made a rapid descent toward the meadow lands in Barton. Through all this distance it tore up the forest trees, and bore them onward as trophies of its power, while huge stones were moved from their places, and often carried for a great distance by the force of the deluge. So powerful was the force that after a course of seventeen miles a huge rock, estimated to weigh one hundred tons, was moved several rods from its bed. The path hollowed out by the waters was thirty or forty rods wide, and, in some places, from twenty to sixty feet deep. Not only were the mills swept away, with the mill-dams, but also the ground for many feet around, and even the bed of the river found a new channel for itself. As the mingled mass of water, sand, and timber reached the more level country, it expanded itself, but still marched onward in its devastating career, reaching Lake Memphre- magog in about six hours. The largest trees were torn up, and in some places where clearings had been made, the torrent left them buried many •feet deep in debris, so that for years they were unreclaimable ; but as the alternate dry seasons came on, year after year, the debris decayed and was burned out, until they are now rich alluvial flats. Such is the history of Runaway pond. The geological structure of Glover is composed almost entirely of rocks of the calciferous mica schist formation. In the central part, extending the whole length of the territory from north to south, is a narrow bed of horn- blende schist, and in the extreme western portion there is a considerable bed of granite. Some iron ore has been discovered, and sulphur springs are common, also several beds of marl suitable for manufacture into lime. In 1880, Glover had a population of 1,066, and in 1882, was divided into ten school districts and contained eleven common schools, employing five male and sixteen female teachers, to whom was paid an aggregate salary of $1,198.00. There were 276 pupils attending common school, while the en- tire cost of the schools for the year, ending October 31st, was $1,517.27, with W. F. Clark, superintendent. Glover, a post village located on the eastern part of the town, on Glover brook, contains two churches (Universalist and Congregational), one hotel, two stores, furniture shop, butter-tub manufactory and about twenty dwellings. West Glover, a post village located in the northern part of the town, on the outlet of Parker pond, contains a church (Union), one store, a saw-mill, grist-mill, and about twenty dwellings. TOWN OF GLOVER. 267 J. E. DwineU's cabinet shop, located on road 30, was built for a wheelwright shop in 1830. Joseph H. Dwinell, father of the present proprietor, con- verted it into a cabinet shop in 1840, and in 1854, J. Elmer Dwinell purchased the property. The machinery is operated by water-power. Mr. Dwinell employs four hands and manufactures all kinds of furniture. C. S. Leonardos tub factory, located on road 30, was built by him in 1878, and run as a box factory until 1879, when he put in machinery for the manu- facture of tubs. He employs from two to five hands and manufactures about 12,000 tubs and 3,000 boxes annually. L. H. Nye's tannery, located on road 30, was built in 1840, and purchased by Mr. Nye in 1844. He employs three hands and turns out about $5,000.- 00 worth of stock annually. Martin Abbott's carriage factory, located at Glover, was originally built for a cloth dressing mill, and was purchased by Mr. Abbott in 1865, who does a general business in the manufacture of all kinds of carriages, wagons and sleighs. Horace A. Whitney's saw, shingle and grist-mill, located on the outlet of Parker's pond, turns out 5,000 feet of lumber and 8,000 shingles per day. The grist-mill does custom work. Eli B. Partridge, located on road 27, is engaged in distilling oils from cedar, hemlock, tansey, etc. It was not until many years after its charter was granted that anything was done towards the settlement of the town. In 1793, JamesVance passed through the town on his way to Canada, and, it seems, became impressed with the idea that the soil was peculiarly rich and fertile, and that the town would make a very pleasing home for a pioneer. Accordingly, some time after his journey, he purchased 160 acres in the northern part of the township, where his son, Samuel, now resides, upon which, in 1798, he commenced a settle- ment, opening the march of civilization and progress to the wilderness town. Mr. Vance was then twenty-nine years of age, and came from Londonderry, N. H. He and his wife, Hannah Abbott, of Dracut, N. H., spent the remainder of their long lives here, leaving a numerous progeny in this and surrounding towns. Mr. Vance died November 26, 1864, aged ninety-five years. Ralph Parker was the next settler. He came from New Haven, Vt., soon after Mr. Vance, and located at the southern extremity of Parker's pond, where he immediately opened a public house. Mr. Parker became the first town representative, and held other positions of trust. He was also agent for the sale of lands in the town, so became quite a prominent man among the settlers who came after him, and also quite popular. Mrs. Parker is described as a very superior woman, known and loved by the people far and wide. She died in August, 1811, her funeral sermon being preached by Rev- Salmon King, of Greensboro, from which sermon we learn that Mrs. Parker "died in the thirty-fifth year of her age, leaving a disconsolate husband, four 2 68 TOWN OF GLOVER. sons and two daughters, and numerous acquaintances to mourn her loss. One of these sons, Daniel Penfield ^arker, was the first child born in thi town. Soon after the death of his wife Mr. Parker removed to Rochestei New York. Samuel Cook, the next settler, came during the year 1799, made a cleai ing, and brought his family on in March of the following year, the snow bein four feet in depth. In 1805, he was elected captain of the first militar company formed in the town. Samuel Bean and Jonas Phillips also located here in 1800, so that it gav the town in that year a population of thirty-eight souls. After this settler came in more rapidly, so that in 1807, there were ^bout seventy residen families, numbering about 250 individuals. Owing to the loss of the record it is impossible to give the early proceedings of the inhabitants. The firs town meeting, however, was held not far from the year 1800, probably ii 1803, the following persons being present: Ralph Parker, James Vance Andrew Moore, John Conant, Asa Brown, and Levi Partridge. Mr. Parke was the first justice of the peace and first representative, elected to the latte office in 1803. Jonas Phillips came from Athol, Mass., and located on road 12, where hi resided until his death, July 12, 1849. He reared a family of twelve chi] dren, seven of whom are now living. Hiram, the fourth child, born in i8og has always resided here. He helped to build the first church in the town and has seen the building of every house in the village, has held nearly all the important town offices, and has never been confined to the house 01 account of sickness. Samuel, the fifth child, born in 1812, is now a retiree farmer. Silas Wheeler, from Connecticut, came to this town about 1800, and set tied upon the farm now owned by E. A. Norton, where he built a log housi and resided a number of years. About 1812, he removed to the place nov owned by Samuel PhilUps. He died about i860. His wife, Cloe, died 1 few years previous. Of their seven children, only Silas, Jr., and Ira are liv ing. Silas, Jr., born December 13, 1810, resides at South Glover, and i prominent in local mihtary affairs. He married Mary Parker and has sevei children. Ira is a resident of Albany. Benjamin Spaulding came from Plainfield, Vt, about i8ro, and settled ii the eastern part of Craftsbury, where he remained until his death. His son Noah, married Phebe Pendell, of Saratoga, N. Y., and resided in Craftsbur about thirty years. He represented that town in the legislature, was a jus tice of the peace twenty-five years, and was known as one of the best schoc teachers in the county. He finally came to this town and died here at th age of eighty-three years. His wife died at the age of eighty -nine years. Hi brother, Benjamin M., now resides here, aged eighty-three years. Ira Colburn came to Glover, from New Hampshire, in March, 1804. Hi reared a family of thirteen children, five of whom are now living, and died i TOWN OF GLOVER. 269 1861, aged seventy-nine years. His wife died in 1838, aged fifty-seven years. Luther Colburn was born in July, 1819, married Jane Scott, of St. Johnsbury, and has lived in the same school district fifty-eight years, never having been over thirty-three miles from his place of birth. He has a family of nine daughters. Michael Ufiford came to this town about the year 1800, married Marcia Nelson and reared four children, none of whom are living, and died in 1865. His only son, T. J. Ufford, married Sophia Cutler and had a family of five children, all of whom are living. He died in 1880. His widow resides with ens of her sons at* Barton village. Nattian Norton, from Strafford, Vt., came here in 1803, and located on road 43, where he built the second frame house in the town and kept an hotel for a number of years. Nathan, Jr., the third of his nine children, ran the hotel several years after the death of his father, and died in 1865, aged seventy years. He held most of the town trusts, and reared seven children, three of whom settled in Glover, Elijah A., Dana, and Sarah W., the wife of Amos Clark. Jonathan Movers came to Glover, from New Hampshire, at an early date, and located upon a farm in the western part of the town. From there he removed to Canada, where he died in 1842. Only one of his five children, Peter, located here. He was born in 1795, and, in 1826, located upon the farm now owned by his daughter,- Almira, where he died, in 1874, aged seventy-nine ye^rs. Almira was born in 1828. She had one brother, William, who died some years since. Nathan Cutler, whose father was one of the earliest settlers in Craftsbury, came here from that town about 1800, and located on the farm now owned by his son, Charles. He died in 181 8, aged forty-five years, having reared a family of six chilnren, all but one of whom are living. Charles, the second son, born in 1810, has always been a resident of the town, excepting a few years spent in Barton. He has had a family of six children, two of whom, Emily H. (Mrs. David Baker), and Charles F., reside here. Henry Cutler, first son of Nathan, born in 1808, has been a resident of the town since 1851. John Sherburne, from Canada, came to Glover in 181 2, locating upon a farm in the central part of the town. He died in Sheffield at the age of eighty-two years. Two of his eight children settled in Glover. John, Jr., his third son, born in 1804, has always been a resident of the town, and five of his six children now reside here. Noah Leonard, from Keene, N. H., came to Glover at an early date, locating at the village. He reared six children, four of whom settled in the town, and died in 1874, aged seventy-five years. Charles S., his second son, born in 1830, has always been a resident of the town. Zenas French, from Keene, N. H., with his father, Silas, located in Greensboro in 1804, on road 9. Zenas was born in 1795, and in 1818, came to this town, locating upon the farm now owned by his second son, Lindol, 270 TOWN OF GLOVER. and the following year built the house and barn noiv standing thereon, th« barn being the oldest in the town. Lindol is the only one of the fourteen children now residing in the town. He has held the effice of selectman since 1875, and has eight children living. Lindol, the youngert son of Silas, born in 1 802, Uved in Glover from the time he was four years of age until his death, in 1880. He held several of the town offices, among which that of representative a number of years. Miss Amanda Frost, a descendent oi the French family, lives in the first frame house built in the village. Joseph Owen, a son of Hon. Daniel Owen, an ex-governor of Rhode Island, came to Barton at an early day to look after his father's interests in that and adjoining towns, and finally made a permanent settlement in this town. Mr. Owen became quite prominently identified with the public inter- ests of the county, and seven of his children now live here. Philander, his second son, born in 1809, made it his home in Glover from early boyhood until his death, in 1882. He was engaged in farming and miUing, and took an active part in the public affairs of the town and county. His father located in this town on account of the flooding of his Barton property by Run- away pond. Clarence P., the only child of Philander, was born on the place he still owns in 1844. He has held the office of United States inspector of customs at Keokuk, Iowa, for two years. He has two children living at home. Charles E. Graves, from Maine, came to Glover at an early date and located upon a farm in the western part of the town, and finally located in the northern part, where he died, in 1844, aged sixty-five years. Four of his twelve children located in Glover. George W., one of his younger sons, born in 1823, has always resided here. Nathan E., the youngest of his five children, born in 1857, has resided here all his life. Gabriel Patterson, a native of Scotland, came to Glover about sixty years ago, and, in 1825, located upon the place now owned by his son, John M. He and his wife celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of their wedding day in 1875, and both are now living, enjoying excellent health. Seven of their ten children are living, and four, John M., Luther W., and Gabriel, Jr., own ad- joining farms in Glover. I. T. Patterson, another son, is the present sheriff of the county. Joseph Bardwell, from Canada, located at an early date upon the farm now owned by his grandson, Edwin, where he died, in 1845, aged sixty-three years. Four of his seven children located in the town. John Crane, a native of Tolland, Conn., came to Glover, from Williams- town, with his family, in £810, locating near road 33. One of his children was the first person buried in the cemetery on road 33. Mrs. Mary E. Dar- ling and Mrs. Lydia F. Dwinell are the only descendants of John living in the town. Mr. Crane was always known as " Squire Crane," having held the office of justice of the peace for many years. Solomon Dwinell, from Keene, N. H., came to Glover in 1818, and located TOWN OF GLOVER. 27 1 upon the farm now owned by his son Joseph and grandson Dwight J. He held most of the town offices, and that of associate judge of the county court. Three of his family, Albert, Cornelia, and Joseph, now reside in the town. Nathaniel Drew, from Wolfsboro, N. H., at the age of ten years came to Glover with his father, in 1818, locating upon the farm now owned by John O. Drew. Two of his seven children still reside here. Cephas Clark came to Glover in 1816, and located upon a farm in what was long after known as the Clark neighborhood. Five of his eleven children still reside in the town. Cephas C, the second son, was seven years of age when his father came here, and remained a resident until his death, in 1869, aged sixty years. Ezra L., the youngest child of Cephas C, born here in 1855, married Addie A. Skinner, in May, 1880, and now resides on road 24. William and Garvin Anderson, from Ayrshire, Scotland, came in 1820, and located in the western part of the town. Garvin now has a family of six children and owns one of the best farms in that part of the town. John An- derson, brother of Garvin, came in 1831, and has resided on the place he now occupies for forty years. Isaac Drew, from Eton, N. H., came to Glover in 1820, locating in the central part of the town, where Mr. Norton now resides. Six of his eight children are living, five in Glover. Rufus L., the fourth child, born in 1835, now resides with his wife and three children on road 20. He was engaged in mining in California seven years, and during the late war served in Co. D, 6th Regt. Vt. Vols. Thomas Baker, from Keene, N. H., came here m 1821, locatmg m the northern part of the town on road 7, where he died in 1850, aged fifty-seven years. Two of his five children are living. David, the fourth child, born in 1830, has reared a family of eight children, and resided upon the farm he now occupies since 1868. Samuel Day, from Acton, Me., came to Glover in 1828. He had a family of seven children, of whom Edward B., the eldest, born in 1850, resides on Toad 48. E. Loomis Stanton, son of Harrison Stanton, who located in Barton about 1850, is now on road 25, manager of one of the largest stock-farms in the town. During the season of 1882, he wintered 113 head of cattle. William Hallo way, a native of England, came to Glover in 1836. Two of his children now reside here. Edward, the oldest, has resided on the place he now occupies twenty-six years. James Simonds, from Landoff, N. H., came to Glover village in 1833, and in company with his brother, Enoch B. Simonds, purchased the country store of Gray & Drew, the only one in the place. James was soon after elected town lister, which office he held thirty-four years; he also repre- sented Glover in the legislature three terms, has been town clerk and treasurer twenty-eight years, only resigning in 1883, on account of failing health. He was chosen assistant county judge two terras, and has been a 272 TOWN OF GLOVER. justice of the peace many years. When he came here Glover village con- sisted of a few dwellings, the Universalist church, a store, and small saw and grist-mill. Arthur Gilmour, from Scotland, came to Glover in 1842. He married Elizabeth E. Miller and reared a family of eight children, six of whom now live at home with him. John Salmon, a native of Scotland, came to Glover in 1844, and located on road 20, where he resided until his death, October 16, i88i, aged sixty- eight years. Six of his eleven children are now living in the town. John, Jr., his second son, has resided here since five years of age. John Borland, from Ayrshire, Scotland, settled in the northwestern part of the town in 1849, and subsequently purchased the farm he now occupies, on road 1 2. Mr. Borland has two sons, and has been a deacon of the Congre- gational church a number of years. Lewis A. Chase was born in Westminster, Vt., January 20, 1818. When twelve years of age he removed with his father to St. Johnsbury, where he remained six years, and from that time, 1836 to 1843, he resided in different towns in Caledonia county. He then located in Barton, remained five years, then after an absence of two years, returned and bought the farm now owned by Asahel Buswell. After spending two years on this farm he sold out and purchased the place he now occupies, on road 17, in this town. He has a family of six children. One son, A. C, owns with him the farm of 320 acres. Another son, Bradford, is assistant secretary of Oberlin (O.) college. Hon. Dr. Wilbur F. Templeton, a native of Sanborton, N. H., was bom in 1836, graduated from the Eclectic Medical College, of New York city, of which he has since been for several years a trustee, and located in Glover in December, 1864, where he has since been engaged in the practice of hts profession. The Vermont State Eclectic Medical Society has chosen him its president four successive years, and he has held various other offices in that organization. In 1876, '78, and '8o,- he represented the tOwn in the legisla- ture, and is now a State senator from Orleans county. During the late war. Glover furnished ninety-five enlisted men, nineteen of whom were killed or died from wounds or disease contracted while in the service. The expense to the town for procuring men was $19,875.00, to which should be added $3,300.00 paid by eleven men for commutation, equal- ing $23,175.00. The close of the conflict, however, found Glover free from war debt. The First Congregational church, located at Glover and West Glover, was organized July 12, 1817, by Rev. Samuel Goddard and Rev. Luther Leland, with sixteen members. Rev. Reuben Mason was the first pastor. In 1830, a church building was erected at Glover, and one in 1832 at West Glover. In 1853, the house at Glover was given up to other denominations and a new structure built there, while the expense of the West Glover building was partly borne by the Methodist society. The building at Glover will seat 300 TOWN OF GLOVER. 273 persons, and the West Glover building 250 persons, the whole property being valued at $4,500. The society now has 104 members, with Rev. B. S. Adams, pastor. The Methodist Episcopal church, located at Glover village, was organized as a station on the Craftsbury circuit in 1818. and as a separate charge in 1861. The society occupies a church at Glover in connection with the Congrega- tional church, and also owns, in connection with other denominations, a house at West Glover. Rev. J. Thurston is pastor. The Spiritualist Society of Glover village was organized by Lyman Darling, with thirty-three members, November 13, 1878. The society now has about the same number of members, with no regular preacher, their naeetings being held in the Universalist church. The First Universalist church, located at Glover village, was organized by John Crane, Warren Sartwell, Lindol French, Silas Wheeler and others, with twenty-five members, in 1833. A church building was erected during the same year, and was replaced by the present building in 1856, a wood struct- ure capable of seating 250 persons and valued at $3,500. John Crane came to Glover, from Williamstown, Vt., in 1810. He was a very zealous and earnest believer in the Universahst doctrine, and it was through his influence different ministers of the gospel visited the town and preached their doctrines, making their stay principally at his house. Rev. William Farwell preached the first Universahst sermon in town, and Revs. Babbitt, Loveland, Palmer, and Watson supplied occasionally for several years, after which behevers were so numerous that they employed and settled a minister, Rev. I. W. Ford, who labored hard for the society, and cause of Christ during his stay of five years ; was always blessed with a good choir leader, Joseph H. Dwinell, a fine tenor singer, and always at his post. In 1848, Rev. S. W. Squares was settled as pastor, and was succeeded by Rev. T. J. Tenney, in 1852, who finished his earthly pilgrimage here in 1855, having left memories behind precious in the hearts of many. After him Rev. George Severance was settled as pastor for the term of fourteen years, with the exception of two years by Rev. A. Scott. The so- ciety was then destitute of a settled preacher from 1869 to 1876, when it was reorganized by Rev. W. E. Copeland, who remained one year. After him Rev. E. W. Pierce was engaged as pastor, remaining four years. He was a good, fa.ithful, earnest worker, both in the society and Sabbath school. For the past year Rev. B. M. Tillotson has officiated a quarter of the time. He is a very able man, one to whom all denominations Uke to listen, and he always has a large congregation. 18 374 TOWN OF GREENSBORO. GREENSBORO. ^^REENSBORO lies on the southern extremity of the county, in lat. 44° f"^^* 36', and long. 4° 41', bounded northeast by Glover, southeast by Whee- lock and Goshen Gore, in Caledonia county, southwest by Hardwick, in Caledonia county, and northwest by Craftsbury. It contains an area of 23,040 acres, granted November 6, 1780, and chartered by the name of Coltshill, to Harris Colt and sixty-six associates, August 20, 1781. The name given in honor of Mr. Colt, however, soon became considered not sufficiently euphonical for the dignity of the infant town, so it was changed to the one it now bears, given in honor of Mr. Green, another of the grantees. The surface of Greensboro is quite uneven, though its elevations are not generally abrupt, and the whole town is said to have the highest altitude of any in the State. For this reason its winters are longer than in many of the neighboring towns, and for the same reason the summer months are unusually cool and delightful. Numerous streams and ponds abound, lending a pleas- ing diversity to the landscape. The largest body of water is Caspian Lake, sometimes called Lake Beautiful and Silver Lake, located in the southern part of the town. It is indeed a " beautiful lake," its shores being hned in some places with forest trees, at others with highly cultivated farms. It is nearly three miles in length, averaging about a mile in width. Fed by springs beneath its surface and tributaries from the surrounding hill-sides, it is the natural home of the speckled trout, the angler's especial pride. The lake is also a favorite resort for camping parties and pic-nicers. EUigo pond lies in the western part of the town, extending into Craftsbury, and there are several small ponds in the northern part of the town. The ponds and sprmgs form the sources of the headwaters of the Black and Lamoille rivers. West branch and Mill branch in the southern-central and eastern parts of the town are the largest streams, though there are several others of almost equal import- ance, that afford many excellent mill-sites. The soil is strong and produc- tive, and except that it is somewhat cold might be considered of an unusu- ally fine quality, generally speaking. The timber is principally of the hard wood varieties, though in some locahties it is entirely hemlock, spruce, cedar and fir. Maple is especially abundant and the manufacture of its sap into sugar forms an important factor in the industries of the township. Upon the farm of James B. Calderwood are two mammoth maples, or rather one, or two in one, as it were, sort of Siamese twins, that are a fine illustration of the ■curious freaks nature sometimes indulges in. The boles or trunks of the TOWN OF GREENSBORO. 275 trees stand about six and one-half feet apart, the larger being five feet in circumference at its base, and the smaller three and one-quarter feet. Sev- enteen feet above the ground they unite, forming a trunk five and one-half feet in circumference. ^ The rocks entering into the geological structure of the territory are princi- pally of the calciferous mica schist formation, though there is a large bed of a species of granite in the western part. Huge bowlders are scattered over the surface of the town, which bear unmistakable evidence of the abrasion of ice and water, and it is quite probable they were dropped to their pres- ent beds from some mighty iceberg at a remote age when the whole of this territory was covered with water. Upon the farm of Thomas Gebbie, in the northern part of the town, is a huge bowlder known as the "rocking stone." It rests on another large rock, and is so nicely balanced that it can be set in motion by the pressure of the hand. Upon the farm of Alexander McLaren is another curiosity, known as the " big rock." This mighty bowlder is forty feet in length, thirty feet wide, and twenty in height, its sides being nearly perpendicular and its general outline reminding one much of the hull of a ship. A ladder has been placed against one of its sides, by means of which ■one may gain its top, where is a level space large enough to aff'ord seating room for fifty or more persons. In 1880, Greensboro had a population of 1,061, and in 1882, was divided into twelve school districts and contained twelve common schools, employing one male and twenty-one female teachers, at an aggregate salary of $1,258.40. There were 247 pupils attending common school, while the entire cost of the schools for the year, ending October 31st, was $1,571.87, with J. A. Crane, superintendent. Greensboro is a handsome little post village located on the outlet of ■Caspian Lake. It was formerly a center of considerable importance, and even now its fine water-power affords unusual facilities to the manufacturer. It contains three stores, a grist-mill, butter tub manufactory, blacksmith shop cabinet shop, Caspian Lake hotel, town hall, and about thirty dwellings. Greensboro Bend, a post village and station on the St. J. & L. C. R. R., is located in the extreme southern corner of the town. It contains three stores, an hotel, Tolman, Simpson & Co.'s mills, a blacksmith shop, and about fifteen dwellings. Its history, however, bears a comparatively recent date, being coincident with the advent of the railroad. East Greensboro is a postoffice located in the eastern part of the town. North Greensboro is a postoffice located in the northern part of the town, for the accommodation of the farmers in that section. The Caspian Lake hotel, located at Greensboro village, within a few rods of the beautiful little lake that Prof. Hall describes as the highest body of water of its size in the State, and in the vicinity of some of the most exquis- ite scenery and the best trout fishing grounds in the State, thus being a most 276 TOWN OF GREENSBORO. desirable summer resort. The present proprietor, William B. Sawyer, a popu- lar host, has been in possesion since 1880. The Greensboro Bend hotel via.5 built in 1877, by A. P. Folsom, to accom- date the operatives of the steam mills, but was subsequently changed to an ordinary hotel. In 1880, it was purchased by the present proprietors, W. E. & A. D. Hopkins. Tolman, Simpson i3n Co.'s saiei and shingle-mill and box factory, located at Greensboro Bend, was built by the present firm in 1873, upon the site of the mill destroyed by fire the year previous. The mill is operated by steam employs from thirty-five to forty hands, manufacturing all kinds of lumber and shingles, and also a large number of boxes. William Engall's cabinet shop, located on the outlet of Caspian Lake, was built by the present proprietor in 1862, who now carries on a good busi- ness. The machinery is driven by water-power. Sargent Dow's sash and blind factory, located on road 52, was built by a Mr. Pinney in 1832, for a fulling-mill, and was remodeled for its present use by Samuel Dow, father of Sargent. J. O. Cutler's carriage shop was built in 1804, by Eli Austin, for a card- ing-mill, for which purpose it was used forty-nine years. Smalley &■ Martin's butter-tub factory, located on the outlet of Caspian lake, is furnished with machinery capable of turning out 200 tubs per day. A. A. Caldwell's saw, shingle and planing-mill, located near road 49, was built by Gov. Miles in 1878, and purchased by the present proprietor in 1882, who made several improvements, so that he is now able to manufacture 10,000 feet of lumber, and 10,000 to 15,000 shingles per day. Henry Edwards' saw-mill, located on the head waters of the Lamoille river, was built by Dwight Jocelyn in 1867, and was purchased by Mr. Edwards in March, 1879. I* has the capacity for manufacturing 5,000 feet of lumber and 5,000 shingles per day. H. H. Hills saw and shingle-mill, on road 48, has the capacity for manufacturing 10,000 feet of lumber and 10,000 shingles per day. Among the farm buildings in the town that are worthy of special mention is the finely appointed stock barn of D. C. Melvins, on road 46. This building is 44x109 feet and thirty-six feet in height. Above a good cellar for storing roots, etc., is a basement capable of stabling thirty-eight head of cattle, and above this is the main barn-room, with the capacity for storing 150 tons of hay. Everything about the building is arranged after modern ideas of convenience, so that it will compare favorably with the best. It was not until eight years after the town was granted that the first settle- ment was commenced. As early as 1779, however, the old military road was opened through the township, upon which, at different points along its entire length, were erected small forts or block -houses. One of these was located on the western shore of the Caspian. In 17 81, Capt. Nehemiah Loveland, of Peacham, sent a scouting party of four men over this road. TOWN OF GREENSBORO. 277 They proceeded as far as this block-house, where they were surprised by a party of Indians, and two of their number. Bliss, of Thetford, and Moses Sleeper, of Newbury, were killed and scalped, and the other two carried into Canada as prisoners. (For a more detailed account of this affair see page 186.) Other than these military expeditions the territory is not known to have been visited by white men, except hunters, and by two men by the name of Tolman and Wood. Thomas Lyford, a famous hunter of Cabot used to spend a great deal of time here in the vicinity of Caspian lake, where he had camps built at several different points, the precise location of some of which, it is said, can be pointed out at the present day. In one of these camps Messrs. Tolman and Wood spent three days. In December of the following year, 1788, a meeting of the proprietors was held in Cabot. Timothy Stanley, one of the proprietors, on his journey to attend the same, had his limbs frozen so badly that amputation of a portion of one of his feet became necessary. The operation was performed, owing to the want of proper instruments, with a mallet and chisel. Uncouth as the instruments were, it is said the operation was quite successful. During the spring following this meeting of the proprietors, the first actual settlement was commenced. Ashbel and Aaron Shepard, with their families came on from Newbury. Both families consisted of five persons, Ashbel and his wife, and Aaron and his wife, and one child. P'rom Cabot Plain, a dis- tance of sixteen miles, the women had to make the journey on foot, the fur- niture for both families being drawn on the three hand-sleds. Aaron occupied the block-house, and Ashbel erected a log cabin a little south of it. In August Aaron returned to Newbury with his family, leaving his brother and his sister- in-law the only inhabitants of the town during that winter. Their nearest neighbors were Benjamin Webster, in Cabot, and Nathan Cutler, in Crafts- bury, the latter being, with his family, the only inhabitants of that town, and both families forming for a time the entire population of the territory now in- cluded within the limits of the county. During that winter Mr. Shepard brought all his grain from Newbury, more than fifty miles, sixteen miles of which he drew it upon a hand-sled, the snow being four feet deep. In this manner also he drew hay for the support of his cow from a beaver meadow three miles distant. About the middle of March Mrs. Cutler paid a visit to Mrs. Marsh, and during that visit the first child in the county was born, William Scott Shepard. March 25, 1790, to whom the proprietors voted a hundred acres of land near the center of the town. About this time Aaron Shepard returned with his family, and with them Horace Shepard and his family, and also their sister. Miss Susan Shepard, who came to reside in the family of Ashbel. She after- wards became the wife of Col. Levi Stevens. The same year, also, came Timothy Stanley, who erected a saw-mill near the outlet of the lake. Soon after, his brother, Joseph, a blacksmith, came on and started ashpp. During the following year, 1791, John Law, Dea. Feleg Hill, Peleg Hill, Jr., and 278 TOWN OF GREENSBORO. James Hill and their families, and probably some others came on. About this time Timothy Stanley erected a grist-mill. On the 25th of July. 1793, in a frame house standing on the eminence west of the road about half way from the mills to the Congregational meeting- house, was performed the first wedding ceremony in the county, uniting in matrimony Joseph Stanley, of Greensboro, and Mary Gerould, of Craftsbury, the ceremony being performed by Timothy Stanley, Esq. To this wedding all the inhabitants of the town were invited, and it is believed they were all present, with the exception of five adults and a few children. This newly married couple constituted the fifteenth family in the town. In 1795, ^^'^ years later, this number had increased to twenty-three famiUes and 108 per- sons. In 1796, came Mr. Walton, as miller, and lived in the mill-house. In 1797, came Dr. Samuel Huntington, Samuel Elkins, and Amos Blanchard. In 1798, came John Ellsworth, commencing a settlement two miles east of the lake, and, in 1799, Aaron Farnham made a settlement towards the northern part of the town, and in February of the same year WilHard Lincoln suc- ceeded Josiah Elkins on his farm. Thus the settlement advanced, so that the census returns for 1800 show the town to have had a population of 280. In 1799, or early in 1800, Ephraim Strong and Ashbel Hall established themselves here as merchants, commencing trade in a large bed-room in Timothy Stanley's new frame house. During the year 1800, however, they built the large house still standing a short distance south of the village, near the forks of the roads leading to Hardwick street, the southwest room of which they fitted up for a store. They did business here two or three years, then moved their goods into a new store they had just completed, a little below the house and nearer the road. During the following year Asa- hel Washburn estabhshed himself here as a clothier. The town was organized and the first town meeting held, March 29, 1793, at the house of Ashbel Shepard. The early records were all destoyed by fire, however, together with the store and an extensive stock of goods belonging to Storrs & Langdon, August 9, 1830, so it is impossible to tell who the first oflficers were : Nathan Cutler was the first town clerk, holding the office twelve years. Timothy Stanley was the first justice, in 1791, and also the first representative, elected in 1795. There was another large fire December 6, 183 8, destroying the large store of Babbitt Sz: Gleason, and seven or eight other buildings. The first public road laid through the town after its settlement was the old road to Glover, formerly known as the Norton road. The first school was held in Aaron Shepard's barn in 1794, taught by Anna Hill, and the following year was held in the barn of Ashbel Shepard. In the same place soon after, Eunice Stoddard taught a school. She afterwards became the wife of Col. Elkins, of Peacham. The third teacher employed was Jane Johnson, who occupied the first school- house, built upon an eminence on the old road leading from Greensboro vil- lage to Hardwick street. This house, not many years after, was destroyed by fire. TOWN OF GREENSBORO. 279 The Scotch settlers in this town, though they cannot be ranked among the early settlers, coming only from thirty to fifty years ago, deserve honorable mention among the permanent settlers, for their characteristic industry and frugality has secured to them, with few exceptions, comfortable homes and farms whose appearance betoken the thrift of their possessors. John Urie was the pioneer, coming from Paisley in 1830, locating in the northwestern corner. John Simpson came the same year, from Glasgow. They were fol- lowed, in 1832, by John Gebbie, from Ayrshire, and in 1839, by David Cal- derwood, from the same place. In 1843, James Simpson and Bruce H. Cuthbertson came. In 1 849-50, came George and Alexander Young and wives, Matthew Marshall, Andrew Jardine, and Clark Brownlie, from Glas- gow, and were followed later by David Logan, John Findlay and others. Thomas Tolman, from Attleboro, Mass., came to Greensboro in 1795, and located upon a farm on road 36, where he died in 1842, aged eighty-six years. Mr. Tolman was a Revolutionary soldier having held an office of minor rank in the Continental army. During his later years he was a Con- gregational clergyman, and always more or less connected with State affairs, and was also a prominent mason. His father came to reside with him in 1817, at the age of ninety years. He reared a family of ten children. Enoch, the third son, born in 1787, died herein 1846. Only one of his thirteen children, Henry S., the fourth son, settled in Greensboro. He now occupies the old homestead and is the largest landowner in the town. He represented the town in 1866-67, and was State senator in 1874, and has also held most of the other town trusts. Charles Cook, from the southern part of New Hampshire, came here in 1796, locating upon the farm now owned by his grandson, John B., on road 35, where he resided the remainder of his life. Only two of his seven chil- dren are now living. Charles, Jr., born in 1805, was a resident of the town until his death, in 1865. When his father located upon the old homestead it consisted of a farm of forty acres, but at the death of Mr. Cook he and Charles, Jr., had increased it to 328 acres. This entire farm was then owned by the latter. John B., the oldest of Charles, Jr.'s three children, born in 1832, has resided here all his life. He served in the 6th cavalry all through the war, and has three children, all residing at home. John Ellsworth came to this town, from Windsor, Conn., in 1798, and located upon a farm on road 46, where he resided the remainder of his life. He was the first county judge, and held the office of county clerk for a num- ber of years, together with the different town offices. Two of his seven children are now living. William Wallace Goss, a grandson of Mr. Ells- worth, and tenth child of Sophia B., resides on road 41. Jason White, from Oakham, Mass., removed to Craftsbury with his father, James, about 1800, and after becoming of age he resided in various places in the county, finally dying with a son in Barton. Royal, the oldest of his ten children, born in 1814 resided in Craftsbury twenty-five years, then came to this town, where he now resides, on road 5. TOWN OF GREENSBORO. Ezekiel Rand, from New Hampshire, came to Greensboro about 1800 locating in the northern part of the town, and subsequently removed to the eastern shore of the lake. He held most of the town ofifices, among which that of representative. Five of his ten children are now living. The youngest. Nelson, born in 1824, resided here until nineteen years of age, when he begaa the study of law. In 1848, he entered into mercantile pur- suits in Craftsbury, following the same about twenty years, then resumed his profession. He had four children. Luther Scott, from Hartford, Vt, came to Greensboro in 1 803, locating upon the farm now owned by E. R. Hanson, on road 2. He died at the residence of his son, John M.. in 1824, aged sixty years. Mr. Scott reared a family of twelve children and was for many years an active member of the Baptist church then located in Craftsbury. Three of his sons became Methodist clergymen, two of whom are Uving. Nathan W., his second son, born in 1813, has always resided here. In 1842, he purchased the farm he now occupies. Samuel W. Rice came to this town, from Norwich, Vt, with his parents in 1801, locating on road 4. He now enjoys excellent health at the age of eighty-four years, his wife being eighty-three years old, they having been married fifty-eight years. Two of their children, Eveline, wife of James B. Calderwood, and Harvey A., reside in the town. Elijah Austin, from Tunbridge, Vt., came here in 1804, in company with his older brother, Eli, a blacksmith, who erected a wool carding machine, one of the first in the county. Elijah, at the age of ten years, commenced work in the carding-mill for his brother, and at the age of twelve years could take entire charge of the works. Mr. Austin has led an active business life, held many of the town oflSces, and kept hotels in seven different cities of Vermont Massachusetts and New York. He is also one of the oldest masons in the State, having joined that order in 1819. Both of his children, S. Stanley and Lorina A., reside here, John L. Porter, from Danville, Vt., came here with his father, Amos, about i8t2, and located upon a farm in the western part of the town, where he resided until he was of age, then removed to the farm now owned by his son George, where he still resides. Two of his three children are residents of the town. Romanus E. Crane, from Fitzwilliam, N. H., come to this town with his parents at the age of nine years, in 1819, and his been a resident of the town since. Joseph A., his only living child, is town superintendent of schools, residing on road it. Jabez Pinney, from Royalton, Vt., came to Greensboro in 1822, and en- gaged in the clothing business and farming. He soon became interested in public affairs and was elected sheriff twenty-eight consecutive years, holding various other offices at the same time ; has been town treasurer over twenty years, represented the town in 1842, '48, and '49 and was also postmaster a TOWN OF GREENSBORO. long time. He is a highly respected citizen of the town, aged eighty-four years, fifty-five years of which he has spent with his most estimable wife. Five of their ten children are now living, three in this town. Sumner P., their eighth child, with whom the aged couple reside, occupies the old home- stead. The house was built in 1828, and the well from which they draw their water was dug by Col. Asabel Washburn in 1801. John Noie, from Paisley, Scotland, came to America in 1 830, and worked for a number of years at carpet weaving in Lowell, Mass., where, it is said, he wove the first piece of carpet by machinery in the United States. He finally came to this town and resided until his death, in 1865. Eight of his ten children are now living, five in this county. Thomas, the eighth child, resides in this town on road 5. John Simpson, from Glasgow, Scotland, came to Greensboro in June, 1830, locating upon the farm now owned by his son, William B. Nine of his twelve children are living, two, William B. and John in this town. Thomas W. Smith, from Kilmarnock, Scotland, came to Glover in 1827. John M., the second of his six children, born in 1816, was for a number of years one of the leading men of Greensboro. He represented the town in i864-'65, and died in 1880, aged six-four years. John Gebbie, from Ayrshire, Scotland, came to Greensboro in 1832, locating in the western part of the town. Five of his children now reside here, Thomas W., the third child, born here in 1845, resides on road 5. Nathan Keniston came to Greensboro, from Cabot, in 1837, and located in the southern part of the town, where he remained about a year, then moved to Massachusetts, staid there five years, then came back to this town. David Calderwood came from Ayrshire, Scotland, in 1839, when he was twenty years of age. In 1843, he married Eliza C. Scott, and located upon a farm in the central part of the town, and has resided in that vicinity since. He has reared a family of seven children, five of whom are living, three in this town. Harvey S., his oldest son, is a practicing physician in St. Johns- bury. ZaccheusJ. Thompson, from Woodstock, Vt., came here in 1841, and, with his father, John, who came here a few years previous, located upon a farm in the eastern part of the town. He died in July, 1879, aged seventy-four years. Three of his nine children now reside here. Carlos W., the sixth child, born in 1840, has always resided here, and served in the nth Vt. Vols, three years. His brother, Isaiah C, also served in the same regiment. Thomas Smith, from Ryegate, Vt., came here in 1842, locating on road 38, upon the farm now owned by his son, T. Frank Smith, where he died, in 1879, aged sixty-four years. He reared a family of ten children, all of whom now reside in the town. James Simpson, from Ayrshire, Scotland, came here, in 1843, on a visit to his friends, and remained three years. He then returned to Scotland, and, in 1849, came back to America, locating at East Craftsbury as a shoemaker. 282 TOWN OF GREENSBORO. Finally he purchased a farm in this town and has since resided here. He has four children, all residing in Greensboro. Bruce H. Cuthbertson, from Ayrshire, Scotland, came to Greensboro in May, 1843, following the carpenter trade twenty-four years, building many of the houses now standing in the town. In 1867, he began a mercantile business where his sons, H. M. and G. M., are now located. He is at pres- ent the principal dealer in flour, grain and lumber in the town. Albert Chesley was born in Barnstead, N. H., married Lydia J., daughter of Charles D. Ayers, and in 1848, came to this town and located upon the farm he now occupies. Mr. Chesley has held various town offices, and has been postmaster at North Greensboro since 1863. His father-in-law, Charles D. Ayers, came here in 1834, and resided here until his death, January 6, 1883, aged eighty-six years. Matthew Marshall came from Scotland in 1849, and after a few months spent in New York city, came to this town. He has resided upon the farm he now occupies since 1855. Aaron Hill, from Connecticut, came to Greensboro when eight years of age with his father, Peleg, and located on road 28, and resided there until his death. Aaron was a carpenter by trade, and many of the older houses of the town now remain as monuments of his industry. Seven of eight children are living, and three, Aaron R., Samuel, and Ephraim P., in this town. George Young, with his wife and ten children, came from Ayrshire, Scot- land, in 1849, and located on road 5, where he died, in 1865. Six of the children, Jane, Alec, George, James, Mary, and William W. now reside here. Andrew Jardine came from Ayrshire, Scotland, with his father, Peter, in 1850, and located upon a farm in the western part of the town, where Peter died in 1852. Alexander Young, from Scotland, came to Greensboro in 1850, and located upon a farm in the northern part of the town. He has reared four children, two of whom now reside in the town. Claud Brownell, from Glasgow, Scotland, came here in 1850, but remained only one year, then returned to Scotland, remaining seven years, when he again came back to this town and is now located on road 3. David Logan, from Ayrshire, Scotland, came here in 1852, and located upon the farm now occupied by his sons, and where he died, November 25, i88r. Four of his six children now reside here. John Findley came here, from Ayrshire, Scotland, in 1873, and now resides on road 3. During the late war 114 Greensboro men enlisted in the service, of whom six were killed in action, seven died from wounds, and nineteen of disease. The Congregational church of Greensboro, located at Greensboro village, was organized by Revs. Leonard Worcester and Samuel Collins, with twenty- one members, November 24, 1804. The first pastor was Rev. Solomon King. The church building was erected in 1827, repaired in 1852 and 1866, TOWN OF GREENSBORO. 283 and is now a comfortable structure capable of seating 300 persons, and valued at $3,000.00. The society has seventy members, with Rev. S. Knowlton, pastor. The Methodist Episcopal church, located at Greensboro Bend, was organ- ized by Revs. Thurston and Udall, with twenty members, in 1880, with Rev. Xenophon Udall, pastor. The society now has thirty members with Rev. G. Wheeler, pastor. The United Presbyterian church, located at Greensboro village, was organ- ized by Rev. Thomas Goodwillie, with twenty members, January 13, 1845. Rev. G. Campbell was the first pastor. The church building, a wood structure capable of accommodating 200 persons, was built in 1845, and is now valued at $1,600.00. The society has fifty-one members, with Rev. A. McBride,. pastor. 284 TOWN OF HOLLAND. HOLLAND. |OLLAND lies in the northeastern corner of the county, in lat. 44° 58', and long. 4° 55', bounded north by the Canada line, east by Norton in Essex county, south by Morgan, and west by Derby. It contains an area of 23,040 acres, granted by the State, March 8, 1787, and chartered October 26, 1789, to Timothy Andrus and associates. The surface of the township is considerably uneven, as it lies on the slope of land on the east of Lake Memphremagog, the eastern boundary being properly the eastern ridge of the Green Mountains. Still there are no eleva- tions prominent enough to be called mountains, except Mt. John, in the southeastern part of the town. All of the elevations, except perhaps the one mentioned, however, are susceptible of cultivation to their very summits, and have a soil equal in richness to that of other parts of the territory, which is all of an excellent quality, producing excellent crops of grasses and grains. The principal stream is Barlow river ; which flows a northwesterly course from Holland pond into Canada. Another stream of considerable importance rises near the central part of the town and flows northwesterly into Canada. Both of these streams afford some excellent mill-sites. There are also several other minor streams throughout the town. Several ponds also are found. A cluster of five are located in the northeastern corner, the largest of which is Holland pond. Another small pond hes in the southwestern corner. The rock of the territory are mostly granite and mica schist, cut by a small vein of hornblende schist. In 1880, Holland had a population of 913, and in 1882, was divided into eight school districts and contained eight common schools, employing one male and ten female teachers, to whom was paid an aggregate salary of $713.20. There were 365 pupils attending common school, while the entire cost of the schools for the year, ending October 31st, was $940.67, with S. R. Fletcher, superintendent. Holland, a post village located in the central part of the town, contains one church (Methodist Episcopal), the town-house, a school-house, etc., and half a dozen dwellings. West Holland (p. o.) is a hamlet located in the western part of the town. It consists of a store and postoffice, and a half dozen dwellings. Russell A. Moulton's saw and shingle-mill, located on road 19, was built in 1878. It has the capacity for cutting 8,000 feet of lumber and about 10,000 shingles per day. TOWN OF HOLLAND. 285 Fitzgerald &> Grindie's saw and shingle-mill, located on road 7, has the capacity for cutting 10,000 feet of lumber and 8,000 shingles per day. Moulton dv Washburris carriage and repair shop is located in the northern part of the town. They carry on a general blacksmithing and repairing business. G. R. Caswell's saw-mill, located on road 16, was built in 1850, by William Racket, and rebuilt in 1867. It gives employment to twenty-five men and cuts about 2,000,000 feet of lumber per year. G. H. Fitzgerald's saw-mill, located on the outlet of Holland pond, was built by James Boothman in 1880, and purchased by the present proprietor during the same year. It gives employment to twenty-five men and cuts 2,000,000 feet of lumber per year. George H. Tice's saw and shingle -mill, located on road 13, was built by Huntoon & Hall in 1866, and came into the possession of the present pro- prietor in 1880. It employes twelve men and cuts 1,000,000 feet of lumber and 800,000 shingles per year. Joseph A. Burbeck's carriage shop is located on road 16. He manu- factures about ten wagons per year, and does a general repairing business. The first meeting of the proprietors of which there is any record was held at Greensboro, June 8, 1795, at the house of Timothy Stanley. This meet- ing was adjourned to June 13th, and on the 13th the meeting adjourned to meet at Derby, June 29th, at the house of Isaac Hinman. A number of meetings were held at Derby, until, at a meeting held at the house of Eben Strong, it was voted that Col. Benjamin Hinman, Jonathan Gozley, Sheldon Leavitt, Timothy Andrus, William Sabin, Jr., Daniel Holbrook, and Eben Strong, be allowed to pick lots of land, on condition that they each clear off four acres each for five successive years — they giving a bond of ;^ioo each for the fulfillment of the condition — one fifth of the bond to be collected for each year of failure, and the first year to end the first day of January, 1798, and etc. The lots picked according to this vote were Nos. i, 2, 3 and 4 in the first range, by Col. Benjamin Hinman, Jonathan Gozley, and Sheldon Leavitt, respectively ; lot No. 6, in the second range, by Eben Strong ; lots No. 5 and 7, in the third range, by G. Andrus and W. Sabin ; and lot No. 6, in the fifth range, by Daniel Holbrook. The first settlement was commenced in 1800, by Edmund Elliot, from New Hampshire, and Joseph Cowell, from Connecticut, both locating in the south- western part of the town. In 1802, several families came on, among whom were Eber Robinson, from Connecticut, who took up the lot adjoining Mr. Elliott on the south, and Jesse Willey, who occupied the lot north of Mr. Elliott, and Mr. Goodenough, who settled on the lot north of Mr. Cowell, since known as the Ferrin place. During that summer Adam and Jason Hinman also took up lots in the southwestern part of the town, though they did not permanently reside here until two years later. From this time for- ward settlers came in more rapidly, so that the census reports of 181 o, show 286 TOWN OF HOLLAND. the town to have had a population of 128. The town was organized an the first town meeting held March 14, 1805, with Timothy Hinman, mode: ator. Eber Robinson was chosen town clerk ; Joseph Cowell, Jesse Willei and Eber Robinson, selectmen ; Jonas Smith, treasurer ; Erastus Hatcl Asa Goodenough, and Freeman Vining, listers ; and Erastus Hatch, gran juror. The first justice of the peace was Eber Robinson, in 1615, and h was also the first representative, about 1806. The first birth was that c Royal, son of Joseph Cowell, probably in 1801. His death was also the firs in town, caused by his drinking lye in mistake for maple sap, when he wa about four years old. The first marriage was that of Jonathan P. Robinso and Hadros Spafford, by Eber Robinson, justice of the peace. The firs saw-mill was built at West Holland. There was also a grist-mill and stare factory erected there, which were destroyed by fire. The first school wa taught by a Mrs. Worth, in Edmund Elliott's barn. The first winter schoc was taught by Jason Hinman. The first freemen's meeting was held on th first Tuesday in September, 1805, there being present, Eber Robinson, Pai menas Watson, Luther Wilcox, Freeman Vining, Jesse Willey, William Ne] son, Asa Goodenough, and John Worth. At the freemens' meeting in i8o£ there were seventeen present. Eber Robinson, the third settler in the town, was born in Windham county, Conn., October 7, r759. He served in the Revolutionary war, hold ing the office of quartermaster, was wounded and afterwards received a pen sion. In July, 1802, he came to Holland with his family, and moved int< the house with Edmund Elliott's family until he constructed a log house his own. He soon cleared for himself a farm and became one of the lead ing men of the town in politics and rehgion. He was the first town clerk first justice, first representative, and delivered the first Fourth of July ora tion, about the year 181 1. He died October 28, 1838, aged seventy-nin( years. His son, Josiah C. Robinson, born here January 23, 1804, is now th< oldest native resident of the town. He, too, has taken a leading part in public affairs, having been a justice of the peace nearly forty years, represented hii townsmen in the legislature, and all the other town offices except clerk. Jason Hinman, one of the earliest settlers of the town, was born in Wood bury (now Southbury) Conn., in 1782. He was one of the eldest of e family of fifteen children — was fitted for college, but knowing it was the expectation of his friends that he should practice law, he declined entering college, leaving these advantages to his brothers, of whom several became distinguished barristers, and came on foot to Vermont and located upon the farm now owned by his son-in-law, J. H. Marsh, Mrs. Marsh being the onlj one of his ten children now living in the town. He took the freeman's oatli in 1806, was chosen town clerk in 1809, and held the office until r824 ; was a member of the constitutional convention in 1836 and in 1850 ; represented the town in 1814, '23, '25, '36, '37, '38, and '43. He died in 1862, aged seventy-nine years. TOWN OF HOLLAND. 287 William Moon came to Holland, from Barnet, Vt., about 1802, and located upon the farm now owned by Sanford G. Pinney. He was born at Haver- hill; N. H., May 3, 1777, and in his twenty- fourth year married Abigail Wood, of Barnet, where he then resided, and brought his wife and two chil- dren to Holland in 1803. He died here July 18, 1859, in his eighty-eighth year, having reared five children. His son Hiram, born in 1804, was a jus- tice of the peace a number of years, superintendent of schools, etc., and died in 1876, aged seventy-two years. Elijah AUbee, from Rockingham, Vt., came to Holland in 1802, locating where David Brewer now resides. B. B. AUbee is a grandson of Elijah. Joseph, Benjamin and Nathaniel Hall, brothers, came to Holland, from Bartlett, N. H., at an early day. Joseph located on road 29, upon the farm now owned by Oliver Kidder. Benjamin located in the western part of the town, upon the farm now owned by Joseph Burbeck. His great-grandson, Daniel Hall, resides on road 24. Nathan was a minister of the gospel and preached here a number of years. Micah Ferrin was born in Grafton, N. H., March 22, 1787. At the age of twenty-one years he came to Holland and located upon the place now occupied by L. C. Heath. He married Rachel Wilcox, of this town, who survived her wedding only a year. In 181 5, he married Lucinda Conant, of Westfield, Mass., and had born to him ten children, four pf whom are now living, viz. : Dr. C. M. Ferrin, of Essex, Vt. ; Martin C, of this town; Mrs. William McRea, of Colchester, Vt. ; and Mrs. John Tabor, residing in Colorado. Mr. Ferrin represented the town in the general assembly in i847-'48, held most of the other town offices, and died in March, 1863. Josiah Waterman, from Connecticut, came to Holland just after the close of the war of 1812, in which he served, and located on road 29, where M. C. Ferrin now resides. He had a family of eight children, only one of whom, Mrs. Sarah Newton, of Waterford, Vt., is hving. Two of his sons, Warren and Thomas, spent their lives here. Thomas had a family of three children, of whom Joshua F., of this town, and William, of Charleston, are living. Henry Pinney came to Holland, from Barnstead, P. Q., about 1822, locating in the southern part of the town. He afterwards removed to the place he now occupies. Mr. Pinney is a large land-owner and has held most of the town offices. His son, Eugene E,, is the present representative. Joseph Fletcher was born in Maine in 1803, and came to Holland in 1823. He has been town clerk a number of years, postmaster thirty years, and now, at the age of seventy-nme years, resides with his son, S. R. Fletcher, who is one of the assistant judges of the county. His wife, Lucinda Robinson, died in 1878, aged seventy-nine years. Gershom Fletcher was born in Westford, Mass. After some years spent in Maine, where he married Mary Danforth, he came to Holland about 1825, with his wife and seven children. Three of the children are now living, two, Joseph, the eldest son, and Sarah (Fletcher) Mead, in this town. His TOWN OF HOLLAND. grandson, Sidney Fletcher, the present town clerk, has held the office twenty three years, and has also held most of the other town offices. John Boynton, from Derby, came to Holland in 1835, and died here it 1867. His son, G. C. Boynton, is the present constable and collector of thi town. Cornelius D. Tabor, from Barton, came to this town in 1828, locatinj about a mile north of the village. About i860, he removed to Kansas where he now resides. His son, L. R. Tabor, came here with his father, am and has been a resident since. He was a representative to the legislature ii 1878, has been selectman four years, and a justice of the peace six years. George H. Green was born at Danville, Vt., in 1820, and came to Holland in 1838. He represented the town in 1866-67, and has held most of th other town offices. George Bryant, a native of New Hampshire, came to Holland about 184; married Sybil Pinney, and soon afterwards returned to New Hampshire. Ii 1854, he came back to Holland and located where Joseph Smith now resides on road t8. Charles Eastman came to this town, from Hartland, Vt, in 1847, locatinj where his son, Eugene W., now resides, and died here October 8, 1882. Hi wife, Lucy A., daughter of Thomas Wheeden, of Hartland, survives Him. Leander C. Heath was born in Stanstead, P. Q., in 1823, and came to thi town in i860. He has been a justice of the peace seventeen years, andtowi treasurer seven years. Solomon Davis, born in Bolton, P. Q., in 1825, came to Holland in 1863 Jabez S. Farr, whose father, William R. Farr, was an early settler in Derby has been a resident of this town about eighteen years. George C. Kimball was born in Stratford, N. H., his father, George, beinj an early settler in that town. In 1869, George C. married Sylvina Fletcher daughter of Joseph Fletcher, and in 1882, came to this town and purchasec the farm corner of roads 24 and 23. Eli D. Rice came from Franklin county to Newport about 1853, remove( to Holland in 1869, remained twelve years, and then went to Stanstead, P Q., where he now resides. His son, W. H. Rice, resides on road 5. Edward Burbeck, born in Newburyport, Mass., in 1788, removed to Camp ton, N. H., where he remained until twenty-one years of age, then went t( Campton, P. Q., among the early settlers of that town. He was the fathe of eight children, five of whom are now living. James, the second son, cam( to Holland in 1869, and now resides on road 31. Through James's effiDrtsthi postoffice was established at West Holland, about four years ago. Josepl A., son of James, is located on road 16 corner 13, engaged in the manufac ture of carriages. Eber Robinson and Isaac Clements were both Revolutionary soldiers There was also another lived here, by the name of Holt. He lived a sor of hermit's life in a little hut by himself, and when he became so infirm h( TOWN OF HOLLAND. '288 could not supply himself with food, the neighbors looked after him. He died at an advanced age. The following were soldiers of the war of 1812 : George Robinson, Benjamin Hall, Daniel Abbey, Peter Bailey, and Samuel Rogers. During the late civil war, Holland furnished fifty-three enUsted men, eleven of whom were killed or died from wounds or disease contracted while in the service. The Methodist Episcopal church, located at Holland village, was organized in 1820. The church building was erected in 1844. It will accommodate 200 persons, cost $goo.oo, and is n<)w valued, including grounds, at $3,000,- 00. The society has fifty-one members, with Rev. WiUiam S. Jenne, pastor. The Congregational church, located in the western part of the town, was organized by its first pastor, Rev. Jabez T. Howard, November 30, 1842, with six members. The building was erected in 1844, a wood structure capa- ble of seating 250 persons. The society now has forty-seven members, with Rev. John Fraser, pastor. TOWN OF IRASBURGH. IRASBURGH. RASBURGH, the shire town of Orleans county, was granted by Ver- mont, February 23, 1781, to Ira Allen and sixty-nine associates. Itthen I consisted of a tract of 23,040 acres, lying in lat. 44° 48', and long. 4'' 42', bounded north by Coventry, south by Lutterloh (Albany), and east and west by unappropriated and unnamed lands. It is now bounded northeast by Coventry, southeast by Barton, southwest by Albany, and northwest by Lowell and Newport. The surface of the towfiship is diversified by gentle hills and valleys, forming a charming landscape. The soil is also various, and in general is easy to cultivate and produces good crops. Black river, the principal water- course, flows through the town in a northerly direction, receiving a number oi small streams, but its current is generally slow and affords but few mill-privi- leges. Barton river just touches upon the eastern corner. The Passurapsic railroad also crosses the eastern corner. In 1880, Irasburghhad a population of 1,064, a-nd in 1882, was divided into twelve school districts and contained twelve common schools, employing five male and nineteen female teachers, to whom was paid an aggregate salary of $1,354.18. There were 401 pupils attending common school, while the entire cost of the schools for the year, ending October 31st, was $1,530.33, with George B. Rowell, superintendent. Irasburgh is a post village very pleasantly situated near the center of the town on Black river, which stream here affords a very fair water-power for the extensive saw-mills of George W. Parker, the grist-mills of W. T. Morey, and another saw-mill. The village also contains two churches (Congregational and Methodist), court-house and jail, two hotels, three stores, about fifty dwellings, and 250 or 300 inhabitants. In 1812, the legislature of the State passed an act constituting Irasburgh the shire town of the county, provided the inhabitants of Irasburgh would erect a court-house and jail at their own expense. The buildings were completed in 1816, as mentioned on page 173. This gave a new dignity to the town and proved a great impetus to the growth of the village. In 1830, The Bank of Orleans was estabUshed here, and the village bade fair to become the most important in the county. But the rapid growth of other villages, with their superior mill-privileges and facilities for transportation, gradually drew the business from Irasburgh until they are now far ahead of it. The bank was removed to Barton in 1875, and is now the National Bank of Barton. TOWN OF IRASBURGH. s^gg n^. T. Morey's grist-mill, located at the village, has three runs of stones a smut-mill and corn cracker. Mr. Morey does custom grinding and deals in meal, flour, etc. William T. Brewster's saw-mill, located at the village, manufactures spruce hemlock, and hardwood lumber, turning out annually about 200,000 feet, giv- ing employment to six men. George W. Parker's lumber-mill, formerly owned by the Boston Mill Co. are also located at the village. Mr. Parker manufactures spruce, hemlock .and hardwood lumber, and shingles, also having planing and dressing machin- ery. He turns out 1,500,000 feet of lumber annually, employing eight men. Bozille Laguness's carriage and blackspiith shop, located at the village, was built in the spring of 1873. Mr. Laguness manufactures wagons, carriages and sleighs, and does all kinds of blacksmithing work. It is claimed that when the Aliens wanted a new township granted they merely obtained a few bona fide proprietors, and filled up the required number of grantees with assumed names from some at that time distant point, paid the first grantees dues, and afterwards professedly bought up these claims. But be that as it may, previous to 1789, Ira Allen had received conveyances from all of the original proprietors, so that the whole township, except the public rights, belonged to him, subject to the conditions of the grant. When Jerusha, eldest daughter of Gen. Roger Enos, engaged herself to Gen. Allen the father of the affianced bride required, in accordance with the usages of these days, a marriage settlement for his daughter. Thus very much as a matter of form and honorable custom, the township of Irasburgh, then a primeval wilderness, was deeded to her as such settlement, for, to use Mrs. Allen's own words, "she did not at that time consider it worth a rush." In 1792, he employed James Whitelaw, Esq., to survey the township, who com- pleted the task in 1793. The township was laid out in 210 lots, each contain- ing, according to the plan of the survey 117 acres. According to the conditions of the charter, there should have been a family upon each respective right in the summer of 1797, in order to have the titles valid. But nothing appears to have been done by the proprietors towards making a settlement until the autumn of 1801, when a notice ap- peared in the " Rutland Herald," warning the proprietors to meet at the dwelling of Ralph Parker, in Glover, on the 1 2th of November. This notice also appeared in the columns of Spooner's " Vermont Journal" and in those of the " Green Mountain Patriot," signed by Ralph Parker, justice of the peace. At a meeting held in Glover, December 28, 1801, the proprietors voted that the account of James Whitelaw for surveying be allowed, princi- pal and interest,and that a tax of $6.25 be assessed on each proprietor's share in the town. Roger Enos, Jr., was elected collector of said tax. None of the proprietors appeared to pay the tax, and December. 25, 1802, Mr. Enos advertised the lands for sale, the vendue to come off March 4, 1803, at 'Glover, when all the lands, except the nuhlic rights, were sold at auction, TOWN OF IRASBURGH. and, March 14, 1804, deeded to Heraau Allen. In 1797, the legislature assessed a tax of three cents per acre on all the land of Irasburgh for the purpose of building roads, bridges, etc. Joseph Scott, collector, advertised the land to be sold at public auction for this tax, March 9, 1803, at the house of Royal Corbin, in Craftsbury. The land was sold and again bid off to Heman Allen, who thus became owner by virtue of vendue deeds from two collectors, and was authorized to convey them by statute laws. Ira and Jerusha Allen had, previous to these sales, leased several lots to various individuals, some of whom were occupying them at this time. Hemon Allen was one of the trustees who collected the rents for them, and, after he became legal owner, caused occupants under such leases to quit-claim their lots to him, and again leased them in his own name. But it turned out that Heman Allen, Roger Enos, Jr., and Ralph Parker, Esq., were simply man- aging Jerusha Allen's business, so that in the end she . became sole owner of the town, except the public rights. Settlers held their land under leases, and it was not until after Ira H. Allen, her son, came here in 1814, that any lands were conveyed by deed. Roger Enos, Jr., Jerusha Enos, and Jerusha Enos, Jr., the wife of Ira Allen, were the only original proprietors who ever resided in the town. The first settlement was made by Caleb Leach in 1798. He built a log house, into which his family moved that year, in the eastern part of the town on the Barton line. James Leach came soon after and located near Caleb. Levi Sylvester came in 1799, and located upon what is now known as the brick house farm. It was the custom for landed proprietors to give the first settler a lot of land in consideration for the hardships which the first pio- neer must endure. This custom gave to Caleb Leach the easterly half of No. 108, as marked on the original survey. Mr. Leach's and Levi Sylves- ter's families were the only ones in the town in 1800, the census showing a population of fifteen. During this year Foster Page, Simon French, Orlando Bowley, Amos Conant and his son, Samuel, made settlements in the town. It is not known how many moved here during the years 1801 and 1802, the only records showing that any intended to settle being the dates of leases from Ira and Jerusha Allen to various individuals, some of whom settled here in 1803, '04 and '05. Nearly every lot in the eastern and northeastern part of the town was leased during these years. It appears that the proprietors leased lots to men who had never seen them, because several of the lots leased in 1802, are wild and unimproved at the present time. Among those who took leases in 1802-03, were the Burtons, Morrills, Baileys, Curriers, Utleys, and Peter Thatcher, and some others who were residents of the town for many years. February 13, 1803, Foster Page, Caleb Leach, Levi Sylvester, James Leach, and Simon French signed a petition directed to Amos Conant, a justice of the peace, requesting him to issue his warrant, and notify all the inhabitants who were legal voters to meet and organize the town. The meeting was duly TOWN OF IRASBURGH. SjSS warned to meet at the dwelling of Caleb Leach, on Monday, the 21st of March. Foster Page was chosen moderator ; Caleb Leach, Levi Sylvester and Foster Page, selectmen; and Samuel Conant, constable. Amos Con ant was the first justice of the peace, in 1802. Caleb Leach was the first repre- sentative, in 1 804. Ralph Parker built the first grist and saw-mill, uoon the site now occupied by the grist-mill. These mills were built for the Aliens, and remained in the family until 1869. During this year, 1803. Capt. James Richardson settled on lot No. 80. A few years after, roads were opened by his place — one from Amos Conant's northwesterly by Richardson's to Troy, and one from Burton's hill, by the Allen place northerly to Morrill hill, thence to Coventry and Derby. His buildings stood at four corners, where he kept the first tavern opened in the town. This, which was one of the most impor- tant points from 1804 to 18 1 2, is now an old pasture with no road within half a mile. Later, a road was opened from Caleb Leach's to Parker's mills, pass- ing a McFarland's, who located on lot No. 113. Also one pasisng from Burton hill to Capt. Richardson's, passing this place, and another from Amos Conant's to McFarland's, making five corners. This place was thought, at that time, to be the place where the village would be located. Town and religious meetings were held here in 1810, when Eber Burton built a large frame house. A burying-ground was established on the hard, gravelly knoll on the top of the hill north of the road. The militia of the town held their annual June trainings at this place for several years, and it was the business center until the court-house was completed, in 18 16. Joshua Johnson, a native of Maine, was born in 1764, and came to Iras- burgh in 1806, where he resided a great many years and reared a large family of children. During the war of 181 2, he served in the American army. During his absence, a tory neighbor at one time attempted to drive oflf a fat cow from Mr. Johnson's farm, for the use of the enemy. Mrs. Johnson raised a window and pointed a gun at the intruder, warning him to depart, which he did. Mr. Johnson died in Albany, aged ninety-three years. Joseph Kidder, born in Lyndeborough, N. H., April 7, 1780, came to Irasburgh in February, 1807. He occupied a part of a neighbor's house for a few weeks, while he was constructing a log house of his own, to which, as soon as completed, he moved his family, a distance of three miles, upon the farm now owned by Freeman Metcalf. He was the first permanent settler west of Black river, and, as near as can be ascertained, the twelfth or thir- teenth family in the town. Mr. Kidder made the journey from New Hamp- shire, a distance of two hundred miles, with two yoke of oxen. Years after, Mrs. Kidder informed her daughter Mary (Mrs. Ware), that the summer after she came here, there was not a blade of grass about their dwelling, and that her brooms she manufactured herself, from hemlock boughs. Bears were numerous and troublesome, rendering it necessary to watch their stock at night. At the breaking out of the war of 181 2, several neighbors who had settled near them, left through fear of the Indians, leaving this family alone. TOWN OF IRASBURGH. In 1836, Mr. Kidder sold out, intending to go west; but, in 1837, Mrs. Kidder died and he abandoned the project and purchased an adjoining farm where he died, in 1853. Two of his five children are now living, Mrs. Joseph S. Kidder, of Coventry, and Mrs. Mary Ware, of this town. Ira H. Allen came here in 1814, and remained until his death, in April, 1866. The lands of the town belonged to his mother, and at her decease, in 1838, they came to him as the only surviving heir. In the management of the estate, which had for years previous to his mother's death devolved upon him, Mr. Allen exhibited those excellent traits of character which made him so popular. His mildness of manner, courteous and gentlemanly deport- ment, made him accessible to the humble, and honored and respected by the exalted. In all his business transactions, he never gave any man reason to doubt his word, and oftentimes when he had promised to convey real estate for a stipulated sum, other parties would offer more for the property and the offer not be accepted. He took a leading part in town affairs, and his towns- men honored him with many positions of trust. He was town clerk in 1816 andi8i7; selectman from 1820 to 1826, inclusive; town representative in 1818, '19, '20, '22, '23, '27, '35, '37, '38, and '40. In 1822, he held the office of probate judge ; represented the county in the council in 1828, '29, '30, '31, and '32; and was elected to the council of censors in 1848, and was also appointed aide-de-camp on the Governor's staff with the title of colonel, January 13, 1842, he martied Sarah C. T. Parsons, of Highgate, a lady of great amiability and worth. She died February 29, 1844. July 8, 1848, he married her sister, Frances Eliza. Samuel H. Howard was born in Holland, Mass., in March 1813. During his childhood his father, Eleazer Howard, moved to Cambridge, Vt., where he remained about two years, then came to Irasburgh village where he fol- lowed shoemaking about ten years, then engaged in tanning, which occupa- tion he followed until his death, in 1852. Samuel H. has Uved at the village since he was six years of age, being now over seventy. He was a membei^ of the constitutional convention in 1870, and has been a justice of the peace for the past thirty-one years. William Kidder, from Lyndeborough, N. H., came to Irasburgh in 1821, locating upon the farm now owned by his sons Charles and William. He accomplished the journey in twelve days with two yoke of oxen. He died on the old homestead in 1863, aged seventy-eight years. Seven of nine chil- dren are living, all in this town, as follows : Charles, William, Mrs. James Hancock, Benjamin A., Josiah, Mrs. George R. Bryant, and Faxson. Ephraim Farrington from Westford, came to Irasburgh in T822, and in 1823, located upon the farm now owned by Albert Alger. Seven or eight years later he sold out and purchased the farm where his son. Miles J., now resides, where he died, September 3, 1867, aged sixty-nine years. Three of his four children are living. Stephen Bryant was born in Bolton, Mass., in 1774, and came from Weath- TOWN OF IRASBURGH. '288 ersfield, Vt., to his town, in March, 1822, and engaged in milling at the vil- lage. Here he remained about two years, then moved to the place now occupied by T. Harlow, remained about two years, then sold out and returned to the village, remained there three years, then located in the southern part of the town where his son, George R. Bryant, now resides, and where he died, November 11, 1855, aged eighty-one years. He was the father of eight children, six of whom are living, three, George R., Abigail (Mrs. W, Edmonds), and Clarinda (Mrs. George Ordway), in this town. He was mar- ried November 15, 1805, to Miss EUzabeth Hoyt, of Windsor, Vt. Nathaniel Bryant, from Bath, N. H., came to Irasburgh about 1824, and settled upon the farm now owned and occupied by his grandson, Azro C. Bryant. He was the father of eight children, only two of whom are now living, Ira Bryant, on the old homestead, aged seventy years, and Mrs. Rosa- mond Morrill, aged seventy-six, in Union, Mich. Mrs. Bryant died Decem- ber 29, 1855, aged seventy-six years, and Nathaniel died June 3, 1862, aged eighty-two years. Chandler W. Dewey was born in Piermont, N. H., September 14, 1800. At the age of fifteen years his father emigrated to Waterford, Vt. Here Chandler resided until twenty-four years of age, when he married Deigratia Buck, and the following year settled in this town upon the farm now owned by John Priest. Mrs. Dewey became the mother of twelve children, and died in 1851. In 1852, he married Mrs. Lucinda Wood, with whom he still hves, aged eighty-three years. Mr. Dewey enjoys the confidence and esteem of his townsmen, and has been called by their votes to hold many of the offices in their gift, having been justice of the peace fourteen years. Abel N. Hawley was born at Middlebury, Vt, February 10, 1799, where he spent the years of his early life. In 1822, he married Miss EHza Hawley, of Cambridge. She died in the autumn of 1831, leaving two sons. In April, 1842, he married Eliza Bissell, a cousin of Hon. Ira Allen, and located in Irasburgh. In company with Albert W. Dow he commenced the business of harness and saddle-making, which they continued about three years. He then engaged in farming, following it until the autumn of 188 1, when he re- tired from active life. His second wife died in 1861, and in January, 1863, he married Mrs. Ann M. Bryant, who died in May, 1867. December 23, i868, he married his present wife. Mr. Hawley has held many of the town offices, and at the age of four score years and four has his mental faculties unimpaired and his health well preserved. David Webster, born in 1786, came to Irasburgh from Littleton, N. H., about 1830, locating on road 4, where his son, David H., now resides. The farm had been previously occupied but had no improvements, except a log house which Mr. Webster occupied about ten years. As was the case with most of the settlers, he had no means and purchased his home on credit, necessitating a long, hard struggle to support his large family of eleven chil- dren, subdue the forest, and pay for the farm. Patience and economy over- 288' TOWN OF IRASBURGH. came all obstacles, however, and he gained a moderate competence. Hewai a steward of the Methodist church for many years, and died in 1849, agec sixty-three years. Albert A., his oldest son, settled here about the time hii father did, upon a farm in the neighborhood, reared a family of ten children, served in several town offices, and died a highly respectable farmer about ten years since. Of the surviving children of David one son and two daughters reside in Boston, and one, David H., on the old homestead. Henry Somers, from Huntington, Vt., came here in 1854, and located on road 24, where his son, H. H. Somers, now resides. He resided on the farm about sixteen years, then removed to Irasburgh village, where he now resides. Mr. Somers has held most of the town offices, having been overseer of the poor over twenty years, lister at least twelve years, selectman for the past ten years, and representative in 1865-66. He has extensive farming interests in this and adjoining towns, owning over 450 acres of land. During the late civil war Irasburgh furnished 104 enlisted men, twenty- four of whom were killed or died from wounds or disease contracted while in the service. The Methodist Episcopal church, located at Irasburgh, was organized in 1835, Rev. N. W. Aspinwall being the first pastor. The first church building was erected m 1836, and was succeeded by the present structure in 1874. It is a wood structure capable of seating 250 persons, and valued, including other property, at $4,200.00. Rev. A. B. Blake is the present pastor of the society. ^gfli^*-*..^ TOWN OF JAY. "288 JAY. I AY is located in the northeastern corner of the county, in lat. 44° 57', and " long. 4° 25', bounded north by the Canada line, east by Troy, south by Westfield, and west by Richford, in FrankUn county. It contains an area of 23,040 acres, and was originally granted by the State, under the name of Carthage, March 13, 1780. Nothing was done towards a settlement under this charter, nor were the bounds laid out until 1789, when it was surveyed by James Whitelaw, consequently, under the conditions of the grant, the charter was made void, and the land reverted to the State. In 1792, the legislature decided that " the tract of land called Carthage is an uncommonly good one, and that it should be erected into a township by the name of Jay." One third of the territory was granted to Gov. Thomas Chittenden, and the remaining two thirds to John Jay and John Cozine, of New York. The Chit- tenden grant was chartered November 7, 1792, as follows : — " The Governor, Council and General Assembly of the State of Vermont. " To all to whom these presents shall come — Greeting : Know Ye, That whereas His Excellency Thomas Chittenden, Esquire, our worthy friend, has by petition requested a grant of unappropriated lands within this State, for the purpose of settlement, We have therefore thought fit, for the due encouragement of his laudable designe and for other causes and val- uable considerations us hereunto moving, do, by these presents, in the name and by the authority of the freemen of the State of Vermont, give and grant unto the said Thomas Chittenden, Esquire, and to his heirs and assigns for- ever, all that certain tract or parcel of land, situate in the County of Chittenden, in the state aforesaid, described and bounded as follows, viz. : Beginning at a stake and stones, being the Southwest corner of Carthage ; thence South 82° 20' East, six miles in the North line of Westfield to a birch tree standing in the Northeast corner thereof, marked 'Carthage, Westfield 1789;' thence North two miles to a stake sixteen links Northeast from a spruce tree marked ' 2, 1789 ;' thence North 82° 20' West, six miles to a fir tree standing on the West side of a mountain marked ' M. 4, 1789;' thence South to the first bound, containing seven thousand and six hundred acres of land, reserv- ing out of said tract of land five hundred and ninety acres to be appropriated for pubhc uses, in manner and form as is usual and customary in other town- ships, granted by the State, and to be divided and laid out in like manner in quantity and quality and be disposed of, for public and pious uses agreea- ble to the usual customs aforesaid, and which tract of land is to be compre- hended within the township of and forever hereafter to be called and known by the name of Jay and the inhabitants that now do or shall hereafter inhabit said township tract within the township of Jay aforesaid are declared to be enfranchised and intitled to all the privileges and immunities that the inhab- itants of other towns within the State do and ought, by the laws and constitution thereof to exercise and enjoy. TOWN OF JAV. " To have and to hold the same granted premises as above expressed with all the privileges and appurtenances unto him the said Thomas Chittenden, Esquire, atid to his heirs and assigns forever, upon the following conditions and reservations, viz. : That the said Thomas Chittenden, Esquire, his heirs and assigns shall plant and cultivate five acres of land and build a house, at least eighteen feet square upon the floor, or have one family settled on each respective right or share, or on each three hundred and sixty acres within the time limited by law of this State made and provided for that pur- pose on penalty of the forfeiture thereof, according to the usual custom in grants made by this State aforesaid, and the same to revert to the freemen of this State, to be by their representatives regranted to such persons as shall appear to settle and cultivate the same and that all pine timber be reserved for the use of a navy for the benefit of the freemen of this State. "In testimony whereof, we have caused the seal of this State to be here- unto affixed, in Council at Rutland, this 7th day of November, A. D., 1792. "Thomas Chittenden. " By his Excellency's command. "Joseph Fay, Secretary." The remaining two thirds of the town was granted November 28, 1792, to John Jay and John Cozine, of New York city, the following being a copy of the charter deed : — " The People of the State of Vermont, "By the Grace of GOD Free and Independent: " To all to whom these presents shall come, Greeting : Know Ye, That we have given, granted and confirmed and by these presents do give, grant and confirm unto the Honorable John Jay, of the city of New York, Esquire, and to John Cozine, of the same place. Esquire, as Tenants in common and not as joint Tenants, all that certain tract or parcel of Land situate, lying and being in the County of Chittenden, in the State of Vermont, Beginning at the North Easterly corner of a Tract heretofore called Carthage, being a stake and stones, standing in the North Line of the said State, fifteen links north from a Beech Tree, marked 'Carthage 1789' and running thence North eighty-two degrees and twenty minutes West, six miles in the North line of the State to a Beech Tree, marked ' Richford, Carthage, October 17, 1789.' Thence South four miles in the East Hne of Richford to a pine or fir Tree on the west side of a small mountain, marked ' M. 4, 1789.' Then South eighty-two degrees and twenty minutes East, six miles to a stake six- teen Hnks northwest from a spruce Tree, marked ' M. 2, 1789.' Then north in the East line of said Tract to the place of Beginning, containing fifteen thousand three hundred and sixty acres, statute measure, being six- teen Thousand acres of land straight measure, be the same more or less in the following proportions, viz. : Fourteen fuU equal and undivided sixteenth parts (the whole into sixteen equal parts to be divided) unto the said John Jay, and the residue and remaining Two full and equal undivided sixteenth parts (the whole into sixteen equal parts to be divided) unto the said John Cozine, together with all and singular the rights Heriditaments and appurtenances to the same belonging, or in any wise appertaining, excepting and reserving to ourselves all Gold and Silver mines. And also all that certain piece of land or parcel of the tract hereinbefore described: Beginning at the northwest corner of a tract of land granted to his Excellency, Thomas Chittenden, in the East line of Richford : Thence along the north bounds of the Tract so granted to Thomas Chittenden, south eighty-two degrees and twenty minutes East, TOWN OF JAY. "288 three hundred and ten rods : Thence north three hundred and ten rods : Thence north eighty-two degrees and twenty minutes West, three hundred and ten rods to Richford aforesaid. Thence south in the East hne of Rich- ford three hundred and ten rods to the place of Beginning, for public uses. "To have and to hold the said fourteen full and equal undivided sixteenths (the whole into sixteen equal parts to be divided) of the said above mention- ed and described Tract of Land and premises unto the said John Jay his heirs and assigns forever, as a good and indefeasible Estate of Inheritance in fee simple. And to have and to hold the residue and remaining two full and equal and undivided sixteenth parts (the whole in sixteen equal parts to be divided) of the above mentioned and described tract of land and prem- ises unto said John Cozine his heirs and assigns forever, as a good and inde- feasible Estate of Inheritance in fee simple ; and on condition nevertheless, that within the term of seven years to be computed from the first day of January next ensuing the date hereof, there shall be one actual settlement made for every six hundred and forty acres of the said Tract of land hereby granted, otherwise these our Letters Patent and the Estate hereby granted shall cease, determine and become void; and we do by these presents Con- stitute, erect and create the tract of land hereby granted and chartered, together with another tract of Seven Thousand acres to the south of and adjoining thereto, granted to the before mentioned Thomas Chittenden and bounded westerly on Richford, southerly on Westfield, and easterly partly on land granted to Samuel Avery and others, a township to be forever hereafter distinguished, known and called Jay, with all and singular the powers, privi- leges. Franchises and immunities to other mcorporated Townships within the State of Vermont — " In witness whereof we have caused these our letters to be made Patent, and the Great seal of our said State to be hereto affixed — "Witness our trusty and well beloved Thomas Chittenden, Esquire, Gov- ernor of our said State, General and Commander-in-Chief of all the militia of the same. "At Williston, this twenty-eight day of December, in the year of our Lord, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-two, and in the sixteenth year of our Independence. Thomas Chittenden. "Passed the Secretaries office this 28th day of December, 1792. " By his Excellency's command, ' Joseph Fay, Sec'y." A copy of the Charter was filed for record in the office of the Secretary of State, January 29, 1806. In the Chittenden grant is situated nearly all of the intervale, and nearly all the streams of water run through it, which unite in this town to form what is known as Jay branch, which empties into the Missisquoi river in Troy, and is the largest tributary thus far in the course of that river. Jay Peak, the highest point of the Green Mountain range north of Mt. Mansfield, is also situated in the Chittenden grant, and is 4,018 feet above sea level. Its summit is twenty rods or more north of the north line of Westfield, and one hundred rods or more east of the east line of Richford. The Green Mountain range covers nearly one-third of the town on the west side, presenting a formidable barrier to loads, and none have ever been 288''' TOWN OF JAY. built across it ; but there are two quite feasible routes, one of which is througl the notch south of the Peak, and it will probably be utilized before a grea while. The other is some distance north of the Peak, opening into the set tlement on the west si(Je of the mountain, known as West Jay, and East Rich ford. The range forms a vast semi-circle, commencing on the line betweei Jay and Westfield, about two miles west of the east hne, and running on thi line between the two towns nearly all the way west, rounding up the south west corner of the town, as it swings around to the north, and then followin] along between Jay and Richford a couple of miles, and then bending arorin( to the east to within about two miles of the east line of the town, makini room for the settlement of West Jay, and thus completing the semi-circle From this point the mountains swing back again to the west, forming anothe and smaller curve, crossing the Canada line. There is a vast amount o spruce and hardwood timber on the sides of these mountains, and there wa formerly considerable pine timber in the town, but the navy was never bene fitted by it, notwithstanding the charter. A pine tree was cut on the raeado\ of lot No. 12, in the 2d range, which made 5,250 feet of inch boards. I stood 135 feet high, and was five feet m diameter at its base. The firs branches started twenty-five feet from the ground, and were three feet through These again branched out so that the continuous length of saw-logs takei from the tree was two hundred and fifty feet. The tree was sold on thi stump for $5.00. Another remarkable pine was cut on the little meadov just> above the " duck pond" on lot No. 11, in the first range. It was bu twenty-two inches through on the stump, though it was 125 feet high, straigh as an arrow, and the first limb eighty feet from the ground. The whole of the eastern part of the town is comparatively level, contain considerable intevale land, and is susceptible of producing excellent crops grains and grasses. In this section the geological structure is quite varied the rocks being disposed in alternate parallel veins, of narrow extent, extend ing north and south. They consist ai serpentine clay slate, steatite, and tai cose schist, while in the residue of the township the rocks are almost entirel; of this latter formation. The serpentine contains large quantities of chrorai iron, of excellent quality, which is found in veins, somewhat irregular, c which the largest is from one to two feet wide. An early use of this ore wa made by Prof. A. C. Twining, of Middlebury college, who obtained a larg percentage of chrome yellow from the ore without exhausting the chromi oxide of the latter. Small quantities of gold have been found here., but nc to any great value. In 1880, Jay had a population of 696, and in 1882, it was divided into si school districts and contained six common schools, employing one male an six female teachers, to whom was paid an aggregate salary of $596.96. Ther were 202 pupils attending common school, while the entire cost of the school for the year, ending October 31st, was $667. 61, .with A. A. Macomber, supei intendent. TOWN OF JAY. Jay, a post village located in the southeastern part of the town, on Jay branch, contains a church (Baptist), an hotel, a school-house, one store, a a steam saw and shingle-mill, tannery, blacksmith shop, and eleven dwelHngs. The Chittenden grant was surveyed into lots of xoo acres each, by Curtis Elkins, in 1803-04, and numbered from one to seventy-six consecutively, beginning at the southeast corner of the grant, numbering back and forth, north and south, being one-half mile long and 100 rods wide, east and west. Most of the lots, however, overrun in width, some of them being 140 rods wide. This land has all passed out of the possession of the Chittenden heirs, the last sale being made to B. F. Paine, of this town, by George W. Chittenden, of Boston, Mass., on April i, 1874. In July, 1805, John Neilson, justice of peace of Ryegate, published a warning in Spooner's Vermont Journal, in the Rutland Herald and in the Green Mountain Patriot, warning the proprietors of that part of Jay that was chartered to John Jay and John Cozine to meet at the dweUing of Thomas Tolman, of Greensboro,- on August 29, to choose officers to see if the pro- prietors will vote to allot or divide said tract in severalty, and to transact any other necessary business. The proprietors met at the appointed time and chose Curtis Elkins, moderator ; Thomas Tolman, proprietor's slerk ; and Charles Azarius, treasurer. It was also voted to allot the whole of said tract and divide the same " in severalty, into lots of one hundred and three acres each strict m.easure." Curtis Elkins was appointed surveyor, and took the necessary oath for the faithful execution of the trust, when the meeting adjourned. Several meetings were held subsequent to this, all at the same place, but no business of importance was transacted until July 30, 1806, when the fol- lowing transactions occurred : — " Voted, That the proprietors do accept the Report and Plan of the survey of the lots made and presented at this time by Curtis Elkins, surveyor and committee. " Voted, That Louisa Tolman, an indifferent person, be and is appointed to draw the numbers in the Draft." John Jay drew 112 lots and John Cozine sixteen. Under date of December 19, 1806, the following entry appears in the proprietor's records : — " Draft of that Part of the Northern Division of the township of Jay that was drawn to John Jay, Esquire, by the proprietors of said part of Jay and now divided between John Jay, Esq., and Azarias WiUiams, this 24th day of November, 1806. " In this draft each party drew fifty-six lots. Samuel Palmer was the first settler of Jay, as a bond for a deed from Azarias Williams, now in the possession William WiUiams, of Troy, locates Palmer in Jay the i6th day of July, 1807, and Mr. Williams is confident that Palmer came to town in 1803. He settled on lot No. 6, in the third range, and left town before it was organized. TOWN OF JAY. Luther Bailey and his brother, Philander, came about 1806. Luther set tied on the place now owned by J. E. Chase, and when he came there was a party of Indians, fourteen in number, camped on the meadow. They lefl that summer, though occasionally one came back but not to stop long. When they left they told Mr. Bailey that they had more dried moose meal than they wanted, and left him about forty pounds. Mr. Bailey cleared a couple of acres, put up a log hut, and when harvesting time came went back to Peacham to work on a farm owned by his father, leaving his wife alone in the wilderness for three weeks, though his father, who lived in Potton, came over on horseback through the woods every Sunday to see how she got along. Mr. Bailey sold out to Madison Keith, about 181 1, and went to Canada and was drafted there. He took his equipments and came this side of the line and afterwards bought out a man by the name of Whitcomb, where HoUis Manuel now lives, and was living there when the battle of Plattsburgh was fought and heard the guns. He was present at the organization of the town, being elected one of the auditors. He sold out to Adna Crandall, December 16, 1830, and left town in 1831 ; but was living in town again between the years 1836 and 1840. He had four sons born in Jay, viz.: Charles F., in 1820, who was second heutenant of Co. D. 6th Vt. Vols., wounded at the battle of Lee's Mills, Va., April 16, 1862, and died May i, 1862, having enlisted from Troy ; Chandler, born in 1823, now lives in Troy ; Luther, Jr., born in 1825; and John, born in 1829. Philander Bailey made a pitch on the lot now owned by H. S. Ovitt, and built a log house ; but had no family there and did not remain in town a great while. Robert Barter came on in 1807, and began on lot No. 2, in the third range, and it is said, and probably truly, that his was the only family that remained in town during the panic created by the war of 1 8 1 2. It is said he would have gone, only his wife had just put a web into the loom to weave, which had to be finished and the cloth made into garments for the children before they could go, by which time the scare was over. He was the father of twenty-four children, many of whom are living. The fact of his having so large a family caused a traveler who was passing through the town and happened along at the log school-house at noon-time, to enquire if " Mr. Barter lived there." He died in 1856, aged about ninety years. The Keith family, James and his sons Madison, Bela, James, Jr., and Nahum, came to town about 181 1, from Bridgewater, Mass. Madison bought out Luther Bailey, and Nahum began on lot No. 12, in first range, but left before the town was organized, and all but James went to the State of New York previous to 1845. James went to Troy, residing there until his death. Joseph Hadlock came with his sons, Hiram, Ithamar, and Joseph, Jr., about 1820, and settled on what is called Hadlock hill. Ithamar soon after took up lot No. 10, in the second range, jiow owned by E. J. Blair, Joseph Hadlock, Sen., was found dead in his field one Sunday afternoon in TOWN OF JAY. "288 the summer of 1849, and his mother, many years before that, died instantly while sitting in her chair knitting. Other Hadlocks soon followed them to the town, until there were about as many Hadlocks as all the other settlers combined. Their names, in addition to those already given, were Samuel, Stephen, Amos W., Jonathan, Jonathan, 2d, Hazen, Henry D., Archibald, Jonathan, Jr., and Adams B., most of whom had large families. Several of them died in town, while others moved away. Hazen was shot and instantly killed on the night of February 27, 1838, at the house of Samuel Elkins, of Potton, P. Q., while engaged, with about thirty others from Jay and Troy, in making a raid on Elkins' house for guns and equipments. Eli, Appleton, and Nathan Hunt, Abner Whicher, Asa Wilson, John Bell, Abel Alton, Elisha Upton, and Jehu Young were settlers in town previous to its organization. The town was organized and the first town meeting held, March 29, 1828, at the house of Jehu Young, pursuant to a warning issued on the 15th of the same month, by Ezra Johnson, Esq., of Troy. Asa Wilson was chosen moderator; Abner Whicher, town clerk; Abel Alton, Madison Keith, and Joseph Hadlock, selectmen ; Madison Keith, treasurer ; Madison Keith, Abner Whicher, and Joseph Hadlock, listers ; Madison Keith, Stephen Hadlock, and Abner Whicher, highway sur- veyors; Joseph Hadlock, Stephen Hadlock, and Madison Keith, fence viewers ; Abel Alton, sealer of leather ; Madison Keith, sealer of weights and measures ; Abel Alton, Madison Keith, and Abner Whicher, school com- mittee ; Abner Whicher, Elisha Upton, and Joseph Hadlock, overseers of the poor; Luther Bailey, Appleton Hunt, and Asa Wilson, committee to settle with tj-easurer; Nathan Hunt, constable and collector ; Samuel Hadlock, tything man ; Nathan Hunt, Eli Hunt, and John Bell, haywards ; Jehu Young, pound keeper; Abner Whicher, and Abel Alton, grand jurors; and Nathan Hunt, Madison Keith, Hiram Hadlock, and Stephen Hadlock, petit jurors. John Blair was born at Paisley, Scotland, and emigrated to this country, locating at Ryegate, Vt., in March, 1817. In 1818, he came to Jay, hav- ing a capital of seventy-five cents, and now has a good farm of 240 acres. Mr. Blair is noted for his rigid ideas of honesty, and now enjoys a hale old age of sixty-six years. He first located in a log house where F. B. Wakeman now resides. At a freeman's meeting held on September 2, 1828, the town was divided into school districts, as follows : District No. i comprised the Chittenden grant. District No 2, tivo miles north, or to the line between lots 6 and 7, in each range, and District No. 3, north to the Canada line, making each dis- trict two miles wide and six miles long. There were twenty-one votes cast for governor at this meeting, but it is not stated who they were for. Madison Keith was elected representative. In 1829, the vote for governor stood for Samuel C. Crafts, 17 ; for Hemail Allen, 2. In 1830, Samuel C. Crafts had 288'" TOWN OF JAY. Eli Hunt kept the first school, in the winter of 1823, in a log house that was built on the point or blufif east of the pond where the Ball mill stood. School was afterwards kept in a log house on the meadow east of C. R. Bartlett's present residence, with Emeline Lamb, daughter of the Rev. Silas Lamb, of Westfield, and afterwards wife of Bradley Sanborn, teacher. The first frame school-house was built at the Center, as it was called, in 1831, where it still stands. It served also for a town-house and meeting-house, and is now used for town and school purposes. In the first district, a log school- house was built on the road leading west from the postoffice, upon the flat on the north side, west of the stream. Afterwards a frame house was built at the foot of the hill, farther west, and in i860, the present house was built at the Corners, south of the postoffice. There are now five school districts on the east side of the mountain, and a fractional district on the west side. The first church was built in i88o, by the Methodist society. It was located at the Center, contrary to the better judgment of most of the society, who wished to have it at the south end of the town, where the business enterprise is centered. There has been and effort made to move it to that point which may yet prove successful. The first store was opened by T. A. Chase, in the spring of 1867, by fi nishing off the wood-shed, a room 1 4 by 20 feet, in the ell of the house built by A. B. Chamberlin. On February 3, 1873, H. D. Cham- berlin took possession of the store by purchase, remaining until the spring of 1877. In Nbvember, 1880, the building was burned, being then the property of B. F. Paine. In 1881, H. D. Chamberlin purchased the building lot, and, in the summer of 1882, began to build a hotel, which is not yet completed, but is intended to be open for summer boarders in 1884. The building is 30x48 feet, two stories in height, with a French roof, and is designed to accommodate from twenty to thirty boarders. The post- office and town clerk's office are located in this building. In 1881, H. G. Banister built a store and dwelling combined, commencing trade in the winter of 1882, and is now doing a thriving business. His store is situated just across the stream, south of the hotel and postoffice. The first saw-mill was built in 1822, by Solomon Wolcott, on the Branch, twenty or thirty rods below the present mill site and below the covered bridge. It was car- ried off the following summer by high water, and was never rebuilt. The house was built upon the bluff on the south side of the stream, and was occupied by a man by the name of White, who run the mill. The next built was a saw-mill erected by Ithamar Hadlock, on the Cook brook, just below the present dam. The precise date cannot be acertained, but was about 1830. Hadlock sold Ebenezer Brewer a half interest, April 16, 1835, and the whole interest June 22, 183S. Brewer sold to Solomon Sheldon, March, 18, 1839, and he in turn to Willard Walker, September 25, 1841. Walker, although one of the leading men of the town, had but little respect for the Sabbath and did most of his sawing during low water time in the summer on that day. It was so rare for him to saw "on a week day, that when he did TOWN OF JAY. "288 SO once, a neighbor's little girl went to the mill and inquired of Mr. Walker if it was Sunday. Walker sold the mill to T. M. and Josiah Caswell, Feb- rury 26, 1857, and they sold to S. D. Butler, March 10, 1858. Butler deeded the property back to them March 4, 1859, and they in turn deeded it to Z. O. Sargent January 7, i860, and he to Willard Walker, March 2, 1867, Walker sold to S. S. Huntley, March i, 1872. Huntley built a new mill below the bridge and conveyed the water in a tube. The next saw-mill was built by James Peck in 1834, where B. F. Paine's upper mill now stands, on what is called South branch. It was afterwards owned by Chester Hovey. In 1858, B. W. Lee became the owner of the property, and put up a new mill, adding a circular-saw, the first in town, and also put in the first clapboard-mill which he afterwards run in the starch factory. In i860, Lee deeded the property to George E. Percy, but again became the owner in 1864, by a deed from 8. M. Field, who obtained his title from Thomas Reed, in 1862, Lee again deeded to Root & Paine, in 1866, and the next year Dwight Root put in a dam a short distance below the old mill, and also put up a clapboard- mill which is now owned and run by B. F. Paine. The upper mill has gone out of use. In 1834, Maj. Orin Emerson became an extensive land owner in Jay, by way of his uncle, Thomas Reed, of Montpelier. He owned twenty lots in the north division, thirty-five whole lots and parts of two others in the south division, from Martin Chittenden, and in 1835 he was deeded by Truman Galusha seven whole lots and parts of two other lots, and by Truman Chit- tenden fifteen whole lots and part of a lot. Soon after, on one of these lots No. 22, Emerson built a forge, where A. W. Honsinger's mill property is now situated. This forge contained a trip hammer, operated by water-power, and all the appliances for manufacturing iron. It was run until about 1848, when it passed into the hands of Thomas Reed, who sold it to I. P. Hunt, in De- cember, 1 85 1. Here also the fourth saw-mill was built, by the said Hunt, in 1852, and was sold to John Magraw in 1853, being destroyed byfireduring that year. Another was erected on the same site by I. P. Hunt, that autumn, which he sold to Alfred Hunt, in 1857, and he to Daniel Burt, in 1858. Burt put in a circular saw in i860, and deeded it back to Hunt in 1861, and the same year Hunt deeded it to Horace Squire, and Horace Squire to Amini Squire, in 1864, Amini Squire deeded it to John Young, of Troy, Septem- ber 5, 1866, who, on the 15th day of September, 1866, deeded it to John Young, of Derby, and J. T. Allen. In the spring of 1870, Young & Allen deeded it to D. Y. Clark. Clark put up a new mill a few rods below the old one, in 1872, and in the spring of 1873, sold a half interest to his brother, F. E. Clark. They run the mill together and did considerable business till the fall of 1874, when F. E. Clark retired from the firm. D. Y. Clark run the business alone for a couple of years, or till February, 1877, when it went into the hands of Hildreth & Young, who disposed of it to G. S. Butler, in March of the same year. Butler sold it to R. M. Dempsey, in the spring of 1881 ; TOWN OF JAY. but Dempsey failed to fulfill his part of the contract, and it went back agai into Butler's hands, and in the fall he sold it to A. W. Honsinger, who sti owns it. He has torn down the old mill, which had not been used for year: In 1853, John Hamilton, of Troy, built a starch factory which he run fc several years. In 1864, the dry-house connected with it was burned whil being used by M. S. Chamberlin, for drying lumber. The factory is noi used by William Porter for a tannery. In 1875, Brown & Kimball built large steam mill in West Jay, to be used for a saw-mill and the manufactur of trays and other wooden-ware. In connection with the mill they owned large tract of timbered land, employing a large amount of help in taking th timber from the stump and manufacturing it into lumber. In Septembei 188 1, Brown & Kimball dissolved partnership, Kimball retiring, and in th summer of 1882, the mill was burned. In 1876, A. O. Brainerd, of Sf Albans, who had been interested in the steam mill, built a factory for th manufacture of acetate of hme. This did not prove a good investment, an( the mill is now lying idle. It was built a few rods below the steam mill a West Jay. In the same year H. D. Chamberlin commenced to build a saw mill and tub factory, completing it in the spring of 1877. The dam wa built about twenty-five rods below the tannery, the water being conveyed t the mill in a large wooden tube 6go feet long, giving a head of sixteen fee: The mill did not long remain in Chamberhn's hands, however, as he wa forced to go into bankruptcy, August 31, 1877. He took the job of mani facturing the butter-tub stock remaining on hand, making about ten thousani tubs. On May 1, 1878, the property was sold to B. F. Paine, and the tu contract to J. W. Currier. Chamberiin continued to live in the house an run the mill for Paine until the house was burned on November 25, i88c In the fall of 1881, the water-power was exchanged for steam, which add greatly to the facihties for cutting lumber. The concern is furnished with board-mill, edger, planer and matcher, clipper, shingle-mill, and a full set c machinery for making boxes, with band-saws for cutting chair-stock. Th building of this mill proved the means of starting a village, of concentratin; business, of greatly increasing the grand list of the town, and will doubtles prove a strong factor towards drawing the new railroad from Johnson ti North Troy, by this place. In 1868, a clapboard-mill was built where th( dam now stands, below Mr. Blair's, by M. W. Shurtleff, of Waterbury, am C. P. Stevens, of Troy. They run the mill for two years, when Shurtlef bought out Stevens, and took in a partner by the name of Ball, from Canada They run the business one year, then Ball bought out Shurtleff and run th mill alone until it was burned, in the fall of 1874. The site is now thi property of the Waterloo (P. Q.) Bank. In 1844 or '45, Moses C. Cutler came into town and built a general repai shop operated by water-power. It stood about where A. D. Hinkson's saw mill now stands. Mr. Cutler did wheelwright work and cabinet work, am made coffins as they were needed. He also put in a run of stones for grindin| TOWN OF JAY. provender and corn, the first iu town. The prdperty was afterwards owned by the Caswells, who also owned the saw-mill above, but it was not used very much after that. The Caswells sold to Mr. Butler, who used the building as a cooper shop, doing quite a large business in the manufacture of starch barrels. The Hunts also had a run of stones in their saw-mill previous to i860. They had also a planing machme, the first in town. In 1861 A. W. Burt leased of David Johnson a piece of land lying on the Branch where Henry West and Henry Trim's buildings now are, and built a dam across the stream, putting up a wheelwright and repair shop, with a planing machine and spUtting-saw. This he run for about ten years, when the high water car. ried away the dam and the shop became useless. The planing machine was taken to S. S. Huntley's mill. About 1870, a shingle-mill was built by Albert Everts, on the brook just below A. Youngs. The shingles were cut by a knife, but it did not prove a successful experiment, and is not now in iise. In 187s, James Willard put up a shingle-mill on the brook west of Wm. Ryans, in North Jay, operated by an overshot wheel, and supplied it with the first machinery for sawing shingles in town. He also made fancy boxes. He lived in the mill and was found dead there on the 19th of March 1877, dying from the effects of over indulgence in rum. The mill has never been used since and has partly gone to decay. G. S. Butler bought the shin- gle machinery and put it into the mill now owned by A. W. Honsinger. S. S. Huntley built the next shingle-mill, in 1877, setting it just below his saw-mill and putting in a dam where the old Cutler dam was located. It is now owned by A. D. Hinkson. A new steam mill is to be built this summer, {1883,) at West Jay, to take the place of the one that was burned last year, L. D. Hazen, of St. Johnsbury, being the owner of the property. The lum- ber business is quite extensively prosecuted on the east side of the mountain, by P. F. Paine, whose mill will cut this year about 4,000,000 feet of lumber. On the west side the business is carried on by L. D. Hazen, and formerly Kimball & Co. Willard Walker, born in 1708, came to Jay from Fletcher, Vt., in 1841, becoming a prominent man in town affairs. He held the office of town clerk 16 years in all, was representative four terms, and a member of the constitu- tional convention in 1850. He also held various other town offices and was postmaster during Lincoln's administration. He had one son, Gilbert D., who now lives in Albany. In 1873, he moved to Newport Center and died there in 1880, aged 82 years. William Williams was born in Bath, N. H., Feb. 5, 1802, and came to Jay in 1829. March 22, 1832, he married Martha Sanborn, the first marriage on record in Jay. He held the office of selectman eleven years, and various other town offices. He moved to Troy, where he now lives, in i860. Ebenezer Sanborn was born in Bath, N. H., October 13, 1772, and came to Jay in 1828, locating on the place now occupied by E. K. Hunt. He was town clerk from 1831 to 1835, and represented the town twice. He 286'"' TOWN OF JAY. married Mary Child, January 8, 1795, and died October 28, 1839, aged sixty- seven years. His wife survived him several years and died at the advanced age of eighty-four years. Lanson Sanborn was born in Bath, N. H., November 26, 1797, and came to Jay with his father, Ebenezer Sanborn, in 1828. He was town clerk seven years, and represented the town once, besides holding other minor offices. He was the first postmaster, but at what time he was appointed we are unable to state. He died November 26, 1882, aged eighty-five years. Bradley Sanborn was born December 2, 1805, in Bath, N. H., and came to Jay, with his father, Ebenezer. He was selectman several times, and rep- resented the town three years. He sold out in 1849, and went to Lowell, Vt., where he died, November 28, 1852. Walter Charlton came from Littleton, N. H., in 1834, and located on the place where Jerry Deaett now lives. The next year he was elected town clerk, which office he held ten years. He was a very neat penman, and un- doubtedly would have held the office longer had he remained in town. He was also selectman and town treasurer several years, or until he went to Hano- ver, N. H., in 1845. David Jonson was born in 1807, and came to Jay in 1833, locating on the place wljere S. S. Huntley now lives. He represented the town two years, and went to Westfield to live, in 1868, dying there in 1880. Joshua Chamberlin was born in Bath, N. H., March 8, 1802, and came to- Jay in 1835, having lived in Troy twelve years previous to that. He married Sophia Smith, of Georgia, Vt., July 11, 1823. He was selectman four years, and held other town offices, and was a deacon of the Baptist church at North Troy and Jay for several years. His wife died April 26, 1867, and, in 1870,. he went to Nashua, N. H., and married a Mrs. Baker, and died there Sep- tember 4, 187 1. Martin S. Chamberlin, son of Joshua, was born in Troy, Vt., October 29, 1824, and came to Jay with his father, in 1835, and has resided here ever since. He has held various town offices, representing the town two years, is a deacon of the Baptist church, and has been superintendent of the Sunday school here for twenty-two years. Henry D. Chamberlin, son of Joshua, was born in Jay July 11, 1841. He served as a private in Co. B, 3d Vt. Vols., and was discharged December 10, 1862, has been superintendent of common schools five years, from 1866 to 187 1, justice of the peace ten years, town clerk nine years, postmaster twelve years, represented the town at the biennial session of 1874, and at the extra session of 1875, was first lieutenant, and afterwards captain of Co. H, 5th Regt. Vt. militia, composed of the towns of Jay, Lowell, Troy and West- field. Hiram and Pascal Wright, the first settlers in West Jay, came here in 1831, locating upon the farms now owned by their sons, Elias H. and Alonzo. Pascal died in 1880, aged seventy years, and was buried on the farm now occupied by his son Elias H. Hiram resides with his son Alonzo. TOWN OF JAY. Newton Chase was born in Croydon, N. H., March 5, 1807, and came to Jay from Cambridge, Vt., in 1849. He at once took a prominent position in town affairs, and the following spring was elected constable and one of the board of selectmen. He represented the town in 1859, has been school super- intendent and justice of the peace. He now lives with his daughter, Mrs. W. N. Du Bois, in Troy. His father, Jonathan Chase, came to town with him. He was born at Sutton, Mass., July i, 1787, and died July 20, i860. T. Abel Chase, son of Newton, was born in Fletcher, Vt, October 9, 1832, and came to town with his father in 1849. He served as corporal and ser- geant of Co. B, 3d Vt. Vols., and was discharged December 16, 1862. He learned -the surveyor's profession, which he practiced in this and adjoining towns. He lived in Troy awhile after the war, and, in 1867, bought H. D. Chamberhn's house and lot, and in the spring commenced keeping a store continuing the business till he sold back to Chamberlin in 1873. He then went to North Troy, as a station agent. He was school superintendent sev- eral years previous to the war, was elected town clerk in 1868, and held the office till he went away; represented the town at the annual session of 1869, and at the biennial sessions of 1870 and 1872. He is now in the custom house at Island Pond, Vt. Jonathan E. Chase, son of Newton, was born in Fletcher, Vt., November 3, 1838, and came to town with his father in 1849. He enlisted in Co. H, 2d Regt, Vt. Vols., May i, 1861, from which he was discharged September 21, 1863. He afterwards enlisted in 2d U. S. S. S., Co. E., December 9, 1863, was transferred to Co. G, 4th Vt. Vols., and received a severe wound in the ankle considered equal to the loss of his leg below the knee, on account of which he draws a pension of $24.00 per month. He is now town treasurer, and represented the town in 1880. C. R. Bartlett was born in Sutton, P. Q., June 17, 1836, and came totown with his father, Enos Bartlett, in 1849. He has held the office of selectman ten years, and has been lister several times, also constable and collector, and represented the town two years, 1867, '68, and has also held two other town offices. Jehu Young came to Jay in 1826. He was born in Lisbon, N. H., in 1791, and located on the place where H. S. Ovitt now lives, the town being organ- ized at his house two years later. This is also the same lot that Philander Bailey settled on. He died in 1845, aged sixty-four years. John Young was born at Lisbon, N. H., June 11, 1816, and was ten years old when he came to Jay with his father, Jehu Young. His farm was the next one north of the one his father located on. He was honored with the dif- ferent town offices and represented the town in 1853 and '54. He sold out September, 26, 1864, and went to Troy, where he still resides. B. F. Paine, son of Amasa Paine, of Lowell, Vt., was born in Lowell, October 29, 1838, and came to Jay in 1870, where he has been engaged in the manufacture of lumber ever since. Hejienresented Lowell in 1863- '64, TOWN OF JAY. and was State senator from Orleans county in 1878, the only county officf ever held by a citizen of Jay. He has also served as selectman, lister, towr grand juror, and justice of the peace. Joshua Hunt was born in 1791, married Eunice Chamberlin, sister oi Joshua Chamberlin, and came to Jay in 1829, locating on the farm wherf Romiiier Morse now lives; but he lived in the log school-house on thf " meadow " when he first came. He reared a large family of children, hii sons being as follows : Israel P., Alfred, Wallace W., Edward K., and FrankUn B. He died in 1853, aged sixty-two years. His widow is stit living, at the advanced age of eighty-eight years. Jay now has a bonded indebtedness of $7,000.00, given in aid of the M. & C. R. R. R., upon which it pays an annual interest of five per cent., payable semi-annually. The grand list for 1883, is $1,730.00, or about double what it was when the town was bonded. The other liabilities, including interest on bonds, for this year amounts to $r, 125.00, to meet which a tax ol $1,730.00 is raised. During the late war Jay furnished sixty-five enlisted men, who nobly per- formed their share in sustaining the honor of our old flag. The Baptist church. — The Baptists hold their meetings at the south school-house. The society is a branch of the Baptist church at North Troy, and consists of about twenty members. They had the first settled minister. Rev. Prosper Powell, the present pastor being Rev. George H. Parker. He was born in Montgomery, Vt, April 5, 1841. At the age of twenty years, August 26, 1861, he enlisted in Co. A, 5th Vt. Vols., and was mustered in as corporal September 16, 186 1. He was severely wounded in his side by a fragment of a shell during the seven day's fight before Richmond, June 27, 1862, and in consequence of it was discharged January 6, 1863. He was educated at New Hampton Institution, Fairfax, Vt., and ordained as an evangelist January 30, 1867, at Montgomery, Vt. He represented the town of Reading, Vt., in 1876, and began his present labors here last May, but had preached here three years previous. The Methodist church. — The Methodists have a meeting-house at the center and hold their meetings there. Their first resident minister was probably Enos Putnam. The society is a branch of the Westfield church, and is considerably larger than the Baptist society. E. A. Emery suppUes the pulpit, though he is not an ordained minister. The Christian church. — Rev. H. C. Sisco is the pastor of the Christian society, and they hold their meetings at the school-house in North Jay, where their pastor resides. TOWN OF LOWELL. LO^WTELL. «OWELL lies in the southwestern part of the county, in lat 44°47', and ■ ^ long. 4° 2i', bounded north by Westfield and Troy, east by Irasburgh Y and Albany, south by Eden, and west by Montgomery, having an irregular outline much in the form of a triangle. It was granted March 5, 1787, and chartered by Gov. Thomas Chittenden to John Kelley, Esq., of New York, from whom it received its original name, Kelleyvale. In two charters, the first for 6,000 acres, being dated June 6, 1791, and the second, for 31,000, June 7, 1791. November i, 1831, the name of Kelleyvale was altered to the one it now bears. Immediately after its charter the township passed into the hands of Mr. Kelley's creditors, who sold it to a William Duer for $4,680.00, and a considerable portion of the territory still remains in the hands of non-residents. The town is hemmed in by mountains and hills on three sides. Upon the southern border are Mts. Noiris, Hadley and Belvidere. A high range of hills skirt the western border, so abrupt that five ranges of lots on this bor- der were set to Montgomery, owing to the abrupt mountain between them and the center of Lowell. And in the eastern part of the town is a moun- tain which affords only two places for a road, one is the old Hazen road, and the other is the Irasburgh route. Serpentine hill, in the northern part of the town, is also an abrupt elevation. The whole eastern and central portions of the town are very rough and mountainous, yielding generally but scanty returns for the husbandman's labor. The northern part of the township is a fertile, sandy plain, watered by the branches of the Missisquoi river which has its source here, forming the most available farming land in the township. The numerous springs and streams that unite to form the Missisquoi are waters of an exceptionably pure quality, and are peopled with beautiful speci- mens of speckled trout. Large quantities of hard and soft wood timber are standing in the forest, while excellent mill privileges are afforded, and it only needs a convenient mode of transportation to make Lowell an exceedingly busy lumbering town, and this desired consummation is Hkely soon to be realized in the Burlington & Northeastern railroad. The main rocks entering into the geological formation of the territory are of the talcose schist variety, though there are narrow veins of clay slate and ,steatite throughout the eastern part of the town. Among the hills and val- ley are found serpentine, feldspar, amianthus, pudding-stone, and asbestos. Iron has also been dug from the swamp land and worked at Troy. A min- TOWN OF LOWELL. eral spring, impregnated with iron and sulphur, also exists in the northern part of the town. In 1880, Lowell had a population of 1,057, and in 1882, the town was divided into seven school districts and contained eight common schools, giving employment to four male and nine female teachers, to whom was paid an aggregate salary of $1,142.29 There were 274 pupils attending common school, while the entire cost of the schools for the year, ending October 31st, was $1,261.28, with Rufus King, superintendent. • Lowell, a post village located near the central part of the town, on the Missisquoi river, contains three churches, (Congregational, Baptist, and Ro- man Catholic,) a tasty public school building, two stores, a grist-mill, saw- mill, tub factory, starch factory, sash, door and blind factory, a tin shop, two blacksmith shops, two carriage shops and about forty dwellings. The village also has a literary association, established in 1864, which now has 300 books in its circulating library, and is in a flourishing condition. Parker &= Kinney's saw-mill, located on the Missisquoi river, occupies the site of a mill built in 1805, by Col. E. Crafts, the first erected in the town. In 1867, Mr. Parker purchased the property of D. E. Works, and in in 1880 Mr. Kinney bought a half interest. The mill has the capacity for manufacturing about 1,500,000 feet of lumber annually. B. E. Work's grist-mill, located at Lowell village, contains a flour mill and corn crusher and does custom work. E. B. Edwards's saw-mill XocsXsA on road 21, gives employment to three hands, and turns out about 400,000 feet of lumber per annum. T. W. Jones's sash, door and blind factory, located at the village, was built by Edson Kinney, in 1876, upon the site of the mill destroyed by fire during that year. In 1877, it was purchased by the present proprietor, who now does a flourishing business. Harding &• Thayer's tub factory, located at the village, was originally built for a clapboard-mill, by Dwight Root, in 1867, and became the prop- erty of the present owners August 16, 1872. They employ twelve hands and turn out about 35,000 tubs per annum. Lewis Skufelfs shingle and clapboard-mill, located at Lowell village, em- ploys two hands in the manufacture of these goods. A great portion of the town is at present newly settled, and the rough log cabins of pioneers are quite numerous. The first settlement was com- menced by Maj. William Caldwell, from Barre, Mass., who began improve- ments on his land in 1803, but did not move his family to the town until April, 1806. Maj. Caldwell is said to have been one of the richest young men in Barre, but in consequence of becoming surety for friends, lost his fortune and came to the wilderness of Vermont to commence life anew. He became a prominent man here, as he had been in Barre, and his memory is kindly cherished by many. In the spring of 1807, John Harding came to the town, drawing, with the assistance of four others, his family and goods on TOWN OF LOWELL. "288 three hand-sleds. He was followed soon after by others, and the infant set- tlement was fairly begun. On March 12, 1812, a petition signed by nine of the inhabitants was ten- dered to Medad Hitchcock, Esq., requesting him to warn a meeting of the inhabitants for the purpose of organizing the town. The meeting was held March 31st, at the house of Capt. Asahel Curtis when the following officers were elected : William Caldwell, moderator ; Abel Curtis, town clerk ; Asahel Curtis, William Caldwell, and John Harding, selectman ; Ebenezer Wood, treasurer ; Elijah Buxton, Horatio Walker, and Daniel Sanborn, listers; John Harding, constable; Joseph Butterfield, grand juror; John Harding and WilUam Caldwell, surveyors ; David Stewart, and Ebenezer Wood, fence viewers ; Asahel Curtis, pound keeper; Samuel Stewart, sealer of leather; Benjamin Wood, sealer of weights and measures; Jonathan Power, tithing man ; Samuel Steward, Jr., and James Butterfield, haywards. The first justice of the peace was Calvin Eaton, in 1810. The fist repre- sentative was Asahel Curtis, in 18 10. The first postmaster was Abel Curtis, in i8ig, who held the position twenty years. The first birth and death was that of a son of John Harding. The first marriage on record is that of Jonathan Powers and Relief Stewart, December 3, 1812. The first grist- mill was built by Asahel Curtis, in 1812, a little above Mr. Works present mill. Abel Curtis built the first frame house, which he tore down in 1842, to build on the same site. The first church was built by the Methodists and the Congregation alists, in 1842. The first settled minister was Rev. Jubilee Wellman, who drew the ministerial lot, settled in 1849. The first school numbered twelve scholars, taught by Asahel Curtis. Abel Curtis, from Tunbridge, Vt., came here in 1810, and located in the central part of the town, where his son Don now resides. He taught the first school, built the firs,t grist-mill, was the first justice of the peace, first postmaster, serving in that capacity until 1838, when the new stage route left his dwelling remote, and he resigned. Mr. Curtis was also town clerk twen- ty-seven consecutive years, and also a member of the constitutional convention. He died in 1879, aged ninety-four years. Don, the second of his four children, was born in 1823, and has always been a resident of the town, with the excep- tion of four years spent in Troy, Vt. He has held the office of town clerk since 1866. Nathan Parker came to Lowell among the early settlers of the town. Mr. Parker was a captain in the American army during the war of 181 2, and was on his way to Plattsburgh when the news of the victory reached him. All but one of his large family of eleven children are living. Harry B., his fifth child, born in 1835, is the senior partner in the firm of Parker & Kinney. Jonathan Stewart, from Amherst, N. H., came here among the early set- tlers and located on road 13, upon the farm now occupied by his son Harley, who is the only one of his six children now Uving. He was born in 18 19, and has two sons, Albert J. and Henry P. TOWN OF LOWELL. John Harding, from Barre, Mass., came here about 1810. He was town representative a long term of years, assistant judge, and also held the other town offices. Three of his nine children are living. Laban S., a grandson of John, son of Hiram L., was born on road 13, where he now lives. Herod Farman, from Bath, N. H., came to Lowell about 1820, and bought a tract of 400 acres in the northeastern part of the town, though he soon after located where his fourth son, Freeman, now resides. Mr. Far- man was prominent among his townsmen, and served in most of the town offices. John Stebbins, from the southern part of England, came to Westfield about 1822, and a few years later located in this town on road 12, upon the farm now occupied by his second son, John. He held most of the town offices and reared a. family of six children, five of whom are living. WiUiamKnapp was born in Springfield, Vt., January 8, 1797, and came to Lowell in 1829, locating on road 31, near the Notch, where he still resides at the age of eighty-six years. He taught school here several winters, having had considerable experience as a teacher in New Hampshire. Mr. Knapp has been a prominent man of the town, held most of the town offices, and now in his advanced age is respected and honored by all. Amasa Paine, son of Jacob, was born in Pomfret, Vt., March 12, 1810. When about one year old his parents removed to Hardwick, where his father died, December 12, 1854, aged seventy-two years. Amasa, in 1838, moved to this town, locating at the village, where he still resides. He kept a hotel twelve years, and has been largely engaged in deahng in real estate and live stock. He has also held most of the town offices, has been postmaster, U. S. collector, and assistant judge. B. F. Paine, of Jay, is his only son. Roswell Allen was born at Lyme, N. H., July 13, i8oi, came to Lowell about 1836, locating on West hill, and died here in i86o, aged fifty-nine years. His only son, William, was engaged in the late civil war, and died thirteen days after his discharge, from disease contracted while in the service. H. C. Quincey was born in Jericho, Vt., in 1819. At the age of nineteen years he commenced teaching school, and with the proceeds of this labor he purchased the farm he now occupies, on road 22. In 1874, he built his present handsome, commodious residence. Hosea Sprague came here from Massachusetts a'' an early date. He reared a family of seven children, two of whom settled in the town. Laban, his youngest son, born in 1 800, followed the carpenter trade^ dying here in 1865, aged sixty-five years. Laban had but one daughter, who is now the wife of Carlos Farman, to whom she was married in 1866. Rev. Jubile^ Wellman came here from Proctorsville, Vt., in 1850. He was a Congregational minister and preached here until his death, in 1855, aged sixty-three years. Only one of his four children, L. Richardson, en- gaged in mercantile pursuits here, is living. Nathaniel F. Hutchinson, a native of Hartford, Vt., located in Lowell in TOWN OF LOWELL. "288 1852, and in the autumn of 1854, was elected town representative. During the following spring he returned to Windsor county, and did not come back to this town until 1867, purchasing the farm he now owns,, on road 13. Mr. Hutchinson has held most of the town trusts, has always been an earnest supporter of the Congregational church, and a hard worker in the Sabbath schools, of which he has been superintendent eight years. Silas Works, son of Isaac, was born in Ridge, N. H., November 17, 1794, married Rosalinda Baldwin, of Cavendish, Vt, February 20, i82r, andin 1855, came to Lowell, where his son, Daniel E., and daughter, Mrs. N. F. Hutchinson, had located in 1852. He purchased a large farm near the village, and in i860, erected the grist-mill now operated by his son, Daniel K, and died here August 11, 1879, aged eighty-five years. William N. Blake, was born in Stratford, Vt., January 17, 1802, where his grandfather settled at an early date. His father, Jonathan Blake, settled in Milton, Vt., in 1806. May 8, 1855, he came to this town, and resided here until 1882, when he removed to Georgia. He was a deacon and clerk of the Baptist church a great many years. Lathrop WiUis, son of Roger Willis, was born in Hardwick, September 20, 1804. When he was seventeen years of age his father moved to Albany, and died there in August, 187 1, aged ninety-four years. In i860, Lathrop came to Lowell and located where he now resides, on road 9, aged seventy-nine years. He has had a family of six children, three of whom are living, one, LaFayette, on the home farm. Don L., the oldest son, was killed at the battle of the Wilderness. Thomas S. Fisher was born in Keene, N. H., March 6, 1809. His father, Thomas Fisher, was born in the fort at Keene during an Indian siege, Sep- tember 15, 1758. Thomas located at Mclndoes Falls, Vt., in 1836, and in January, 1862, he came to Lowell, locating on road 10. Mr. Fisher has three sons and two daughters. Two of the sons, Thomas C. and Charles W., live at home with their father, while the other, William H., resides in Irasburgh. Dunng the war of 181 2, a panic among the inhabitants, in general with those of the other northern towns, was caused. A fort was erected near the present site of the Congregational church, which was afterwards used as a pound. During the late war, the town furnished sixty enlisted men, nine of whom were killed or died from the effects of wounds or disease contracted while in the service. Lewis J. Ingalls enhsted from Hyde Park in the 8th Vt. Vols. In 1862, he was among those who occupied Bayou Des Allemands, thirty-two miles from New Orleans, whence they received their supplies. On September 4th, with a party of seventy-five comrades, Mr. Ingalls left on a train for New Orleans. When about eight miles from their camp they dis- covered that they had been ambushed by a large party of rebels, who had turned a switch so as to throw the train into a ditch. Ingalls, comprehend- ing the danger in a moment, leaped from the engine and reversed the switch, 288^^° TOWN OF LOWELL. exposing himself as a target for 400 rebel muskets. The switch-post was fairly riddled with bullets, while five of the balls were lodged in his body. He was pulled aboard the train, however, which passed the danger, and he now Hves in this town, on road 8, to tell the story. The First Congregational church of Lowell, located at Lowell village, was organized by Rev. Nathaniel Rawson, of Hardwick, and Rev. James Parker, of Enosburgh, with six members. January 10, t8i6. Rev. Jubilee Wellman being the first settled pastor, in 1850. The church building is a wood struct- ure, built by the Congregational and Methodist societies in 1842, and after- wards owned entirely by this church. It will seat about 225 persons, and is valued, including other property, at $2,000.00. The society now has eighty- nine members, with Rev. Rufus King, pastor. The First Baptist church, located at Lowell village, was organized by an ecclesiastical council appointed for that purpose, January 7, 1846, Rev. J. Walden being the first pastor. The church building, erected in 1867, is a wood structure capable of seating 250 persons and is valued, including grounds, at $5,000.00. The society now numbers about fifty members, with no regular pastor, the minister who had been with them about eighteen years having died about a year ago. The Roman Catholic church of Lowell, located at Lowell village, was or- ganized in 1853. Preaching had been conducted here, however, since 1S40, from that year until 1850, by Rev J. O. Callaghan, then by Rev. G. R. N. Caissey from 1864 to t868, when, during this latter year. Rev. Father Mc- Auley was appointed parish priest, remaining until 1875. Rev. Father Mi- chaud, of Newport, supplied the pulpit until 1879, then it was supplied, until 1880, by Rev. Joseph Calidean. Rev. Peter Matthew is the present incum- bent. The church building was erected in 1868. It will seat about 250 per- sons, and is valued at $2,500.00. TOWN OF MORGAN. "aSS MORGAN, ^KORG AN, a triangularly outlined town, lies in the eastern • part of the •^^ county in lat. 44° 50', and long. 5° 5', bounded north by Holland, W east by Warner's Grant and Brighton, in Essex county, and southeast by Charleston and a small part of Derby. It consists principally of what was originally chartered by the name of Caldersburgh, to Col. Jedediah Elderkin and sixty-three others, November 6, 1780. October 19, 1801, Brownington and Whitelaw's Gore were annexed to this town, while the southeasterly por- tion was set off to Wenlock, a long, narrow town then extending nearly across the center of Essex county, but which has since been taken to form other towns. The name of Caldersburgh was also changed to Morgan, the new name being given in honor of John Morgan, one of the original grantees, of whom the first settlers purchased their lands. That part of the town formerly Caldersburgh contains an area of 15,000 acres, Brownington Gore 3,000 acres, and Whitelaw's Gore 2,000, giving the township an area of 20,000 acres. The surface of the town is m some parts comparatively level, or gently sloping, while in others it is pleasantly broken into hills and valleys, there being no very prominent elevations, the principal being Eion and Bear hills. Elon hill received its name from a settlement commenced by Elon Wilcox, and Bear hill received its name from the circumstance of a bear having been seen upon it, by a passing stranger, before the settlement of the town. Ferrin's river. Sucker brook, and Mill brook are the principal streams, though tJiere are many minor rivulets. Sey- mour lake, a beautiful sheet of water about four miles long and two miles wide, lies in the central part of the town. Toad pond is a small body of water lying in the northeastern part of the town, and Mud pond, another small collection of water, lies in the northwestern part. The soil is in gen- eral easily wrought and very productive. The timber is principally maple, birch, beech, elm and ash, interspersed with hemlock, spruce, fir, tamarack, and cedar. The rocks in the eastern part of the town are almost entirely granitic, while in the western part they are of the caldferous mica schist formation, cut by a narrow vein of hornblende schist. Some beautiful speci- mens of crystal quartz have been found. No minerals of value are known to abound. The Grand Trunk railroad crosses a small portion of the extreme eastern part of the territory. In 1880, Morgan had a population of 711, and in 1882, was divided into TOWN OF MORGAN. seven school districts and contained seven common schools, employing one male and eleven female teachers, to whom was paid an aggregate salary oi $629.60. There were 138 pupils attending common schools, while the entire cost of the schools for the year, ending October 31st, was $705.52, with J. C. Cobb, superintendent. Morgan Center, a post village located in the central part of the town, on Seymour lake, contains one church (Union), one hotel, two stores, black- smith shop, tub factory, steam saw-mill, granite and marble shop, and about 100 inhabitants. Morgan (p. o.), a hamlet located in the western part of the town, contains one church (Union), one store, a blacksmith shop, and about fifty inhab- itants. Joseph A. Gray's saw-mill, located at Morgan Center, was built in 1879, and purchased by the present proprietor in 1882. He employs ten men, and manufactures 1,000,000 feet of lumber per year. Thompson 6^ Howard's saw-mills, located on road 8, were built by that firm in 1880 and 1881. The first mill, erected in 1880, manufactures 2,000,000 feet of coarse lumber, 500,000 feet of clapboards, and 3oo,ooofeet of chair stock, per annum. The second mill, connected with the. first by a horse railway, cuts about 2,500,000 feet of lumber, 500,000 shingles, 2,500,- 000 lath, and 200,000 feet of chair stock per annum. They give employ- ment to from 50 to 150 men. J Williams &f Son's mills, located on road 19, cut about 1,000,000 shingles, 100,000 feet of clapboards, and 100,000 bobbins per annum, em- ploying five men. W. S. Ransom's cooper shop, located on road 20, came into the possession of the present owner in 1874, who makes about 2,500 tubs and 1,000 sap buckets per year. D. T. Turner's granite shop is located at Morgan Center. He manu- factures all kinds of granite work from granite of an excellent quality taken from a quarry opened by him in this town in 1880. His business, owing to a fine grade of granite, is constantly increasing. J. M. Butters mills, located on road 27, were built in 1881, upon the site of a mill previously destroyed by fire. The mills cut 5,000,000 feet of coarse lumber, 300,000 shingles, and 400,000 feet of clapboards per year, employing seventy-five men. Francis Elliott's saw-mill, located at Morgan Center, cuts about 250.000 feet of lumber per year. Nathan Wilcox was the first settler. He moved his family here from Killingsworth, Conn., in 1802. He was born in Killings worth, Conn., No- vember 16, 1757, married Rachel Bennett, of East Hampton, L. I., and died here June 21, 1840, aged eighty^four years. His children were Benjamin, Calvin, Jeremiah, Luther, Nathan, Jr., Deborah, Lydia, Thankful, Rachel, and Lucy. The next settler, Christopher Bartlett, came in 1805, with a TOWN OF MORGAN. family of seven, viz.: Lyman, Samuel, Jarvis, Austin, John, Artimitiaand Polly, and two other, Zenas and Byron, were born here. Three of his grandchil- dren now reside here. From 1802 to 1807, the only legal voters were Nathan, Benjamin, Calvin, and Jeremiah Wilcox, Christopher Bartlett, WiUiam D. Weeks, and Ebenezer Bayley. The first town meeting was warned by Eber Robinson, Esq., of Holland, March 25, 1807, which met in pursuance thereof, when Christopher Bartlett was chosen moderator and town clerk; Elon Wilcox, Nathan Wilcox, and Ebenezer Bayley, selectmen; William D. Weeks, constable ; Christopher Bartlett, grand juror ; Benjamin Wilcox, Calvin Wilcox, and W. D. Weeks, listers ; and Christopher Bartlett, keeper of the keys. The first justice of the peace was Nathan Wilcox, in 1807. The first representative was Rufus Stewart, in i8n. The first birth was that of John Morgan Wilcox, a son of Nathan and Rachel Wilcox, October 7, 1805. The first marriage was that of Luther Wilcox and Lucinda Dean, of Grafton, N. H., the ceremony being performed by Eber Rob- inson, Esq., of Holland, July 25, 1807. The first death was that of Lucy, youngest daughter of Nathan and Rachel Wilcox, March i, 1809, aged thirteen years and sixteen days. The first frame house was built by Maj. Rufus Stewart, about half a mile north of the Four Corners. Dr. Nathaniel J. Ladd was the first physician in the town. Christopher Bartlett was born in Stafford, Conn., February 26, 1767, mar- ried Anna Buck, of Somers, Conn., born August 4, 1765, and came to Mor- gan in 1805, locating at the head of the lake, upon the farm now occupied by H. R. Chadwick, where he died December 27, 1842. He reared a family of nine children, only two of whom, Austin, on road 4, and Byron, at the Center, now reside in the town, though there are numerous descendants. Byron is the present town clerk, has represented the town in' the general as- sembly twice, and has been a justice of the peace thirty years. John Bartlett is said to have kept the first store in the town, at the Corners. William Cobb came to Morgan, from Hartland, Vt, May 7, 1806, and settled upon the farm now owned by his son William. ^ He had a family of seven children, four of whom are now living, and three, William, J. C, and Adalade, in this town. William, Sr., died February 18, 1852, aged sixty- seven years. Ira Levens came to Morgan at an early date and located in the north- western part of the town. Squire Levens, as he was familiarly known, was one of the prominent men of the town, held most of the town offices, and died in 1842. His son Harrison, who died here about five years ago, came herewith his father, and also took an active interest in town aftairs. Jacob Taylor, a Revolutionary soldier, came to Derby at an early date, and subsequently located in Morgan where he died in 1841. His son James came at the same time, but afterwards removed to Caledonia county, where he died in 1864. Orrin, son of James, was born in 182 1, and now resides on road II corner of 17. He was assistant judge of the county court from 1872 TOWN OF MORGAN. to 1876, represented the town in 1876 and 1879, was sheriff of Orleans county two years, and is the present constable and collector of the town. David Hamblet came to Morgan, from Danville, Vt., at an early day, and located upon the place now owned by William WilHs. He was thrice mar- ried, reared a family of eighteen children, and died in 1862, Six of the eighteen children are now living, one of whom, J- L. Hamblet, resides on road 14. David S. Morse came to Morgan, from Barnet, in 1820, and located upon the farm now owned by William Dimmick. He died in 1882, aged seventy- six years. WiUiam Wilson came to Morgan, from Danville, Vt., in June, 1823, locating upon the farm now owned by Andrew Wilson, on road 22. He reared a family of thirteen children, seven of whom are nowHving, and died in Charles- ton September 16, 1866, aged seventy-six years. William D., son of William, was three months old when his father came here. He married Sophia Ingalls, and now resides in Charleston with a family of six children. John Wilson, brother of William, came here in 1854, locating on road 22, and died here August 20, 1863. Three of his thirteen children, Mrs. James Dudley, Rufus L., and Andrew J., reside in Charleston. William Little, from Campton, N. H., came to Morgan in 1824. He has resided on the farm he now occupies fifty-three years. John Whitehill came to Morgan, from Ryegate,Vt., in 1829, locating upon the farm now owned by his son, Matthew. He was twice married, reared a family of twenty children, and died in 1850, aged sixty-four years. Ithiel Cargill came to Morgan, from Brunswick, Vt., about 1834, and located on road 19 ; but after a few years he removed to road 24, where his son, George M., and grandson, Ithiel C, now reside, remaining there until his death, in 1840. He was the first settler east of the lake, and his son-in- law, Odhn Sanborn, was the first settler on road 27, locating upon the farm now owned by M. Whitehill. WiUiam F. Cargill, residing on road 12, is also a grandson. , Thomas H. Lord came here, from Derby, in 1836, with his son Samuel. The latter now resides on the farm upon which he first located. Samuel Daggett, a younger son of Nathaniel Daggett, an early settler in Newport, married Emily Eager, daughter of an early resident of Derby, came to Morgan in 1847, locating on road 5, and subsequently upon the farm now owned by his son-in-law, W. F. Cargill, where he died in 1866, aged fifty-five years. James Dudley was born in Newport, N. H., January 17, 182 1, and came to Morgan in 1849, remained ten years, then removed to Charleston, where he now resides. Three of his family of five children are living, — Mrs. J. C. Page, John W., in Derby, and Ella, residing at home. During the war of r8i2, Ephraim Stiles and John Bishop, of this town, were drafted to guard the frontier. Ruel Cobb, was drafted from Derby, and after TOWN OF MORGAN. "288 the war settled here. Maj. Rufus Stewart, of the mihtia, received a captain's commission, and entered the regular service, and William Harvey, Samuel Killam, Enos Bishop, Erastus Hatch, James H. Varnum, and Silas Wilcox, of this town, enlisted under him. During the war of 1861-65, the town furnished forty-seven enlisted men, thirteen of whom were killed or died from the effects of wounds or disease contracted while in the service. The Advent church of Morgan Center was organized by its present pastor. Rev. Isaac Blake, with eighteen members, October 16, 187 1. The church building was erected during that year, in union with the Methodist society. It is a neat wood structure capable of seating 170 persons, having cost $1,400.00, about its present value. The society now has twenty-five mem- bers. The Methodist Episcopal church of Morgan Center was organized by Rev. W. R. Puffer, with forty-eight members, April 18, 1876. The first regular pastor was Rev. William Hackett, while the society now, numbering about forty members, is supplied by Rev. W. S. Jenne, of Holland, on alternate Sun- days. The church building was erected in 1870, in union with the Advent society. 19— . until recently, when he located in this town with his sons, J. W. and Levi 1 y^^-z^c TOWN OF NEWPORT. "288 on road 2. He was one of those who aided in building the present Congre- gational church at North Troy. He has nine children now living, of whom fcarlos W., of Newport Center is the oldest. H. A. Larabee came to Newport, from Berkshire, Vt., in 1852, and located on road 10. He married a daughter of Hiram Rublee, one of the early set- tlers of Berkshire, and has a family of five sons and one daughter. Austin Loverin came to Newport, from Berkshire, Vt, in i860, and located upon the farm now owned by his son, L. D. Loverin. Thomas Farrant, proprietor of Vine Haven Fruit and Flower Farm, came here from England, where he was gardener for Lady Charlotte Dennison, of Ossington Hall, in 1851. He has one of the finest greenhouses in this part of Vermont. Dr. Charles L. Erwin was born in Sheldon, Vt., and in 1859 went to Nashua, N. H., remained there two years, then came to St. Albans and enUsted in Co. L, ist Vt. Cav., serving until the close of the war. He then spent two years at the University of Vermont, graduating therefrom with the class of '67, locating in Newport where he has practiced his profession since. Emmons Raymond who has been so prominently identified with the rail- road interest of Newport, was born in Franklin county, Mass., September 23, 1806. After a number of years' experience in mercantile pursuits in Boston, Mass., he retired, in 1858, and located in Cambridge, Mass., where his home now is. He became connected with the Passumpsic railroad from its incep- tion, in 1846, became a director in 1850, and president of the corporation in 1870, which position he still retains. Rev. Robert V. Hall, who has taken a great interest in both the material and spiritual interests of Newport, was born at Stanstead, P. Q., in 1810, graduated from the Auburn Theological Seminary, and has been settled in this town twelve years. Mr. Hall has been twice married, to Laura A. Newton, of Brattleboro, by whom he had five children, and to Adelia L. ElHs, daughter of Col. Benjamin Ellis, the latter marriage occurring June 10, 1861. John L. Edwards was born in Walden, Vt., in 1819, read law, was admitted to the bar in 1848, and came to Newport in 1872, where he is now at the head of the law firm of Edwards, Dickerman & Young. Hon. Edward A. Stewart was born in Brownington, Vt., June 13, 1834, read law with John L. Edwards and was admitted to the bar in 1858, and located at the village of Newport in 1872, where he has since resided. He was assistant clerk of the legislature in 1860-61, clerk in 1862-63, and was elected judge of probate in 1865, holding the office eleven years. He was editor and part owner of the " Express and Standard" from 1872 to 1881, when he sold out to D. M. Camp. Silas Angler, born in Weathersfield, N. H., was a blacksmith by trade, and located in Troy about 1822, where he took wp and cleared a piece of land which he afterwards sold, and removed to Troy village, opening a shop which was for many years the only one there. He was chosen captain of a com- TOWN OF NEWPORT. pany during the war of 1812, but it was organized too late to take part in the war. Of his family of eight children, Rawson, residing in this town on road 38, Newell, of Westfield, Asa H., of Potton, P. Q., Mrs. Calista Hodg- kins, of Westfield, and Mrs. Hodgden, of Troy, are living. Dr. Joseph C. Rutherford was born at Schenectady, N. Y., in 1818. His parents came to Vermont in 1826, and settled at BurUngton in 1830. At an early age he manifested a strong love for the fine arts, painting in partic- ular, but as his taste could not be indulged to any great extent from lack of means, he was obhged to turn his attention to the more substantial means of subsistance. In 1842, he entered the office of Dr. Newel, then of Lynden, and late of St. Johnsbury^ as a student of medicine. The following year (1843) he went to Derby, where he became acquainted with Miss Hannah W. Chase, youngest daughter of Jacob Chase, Esq., and was married to her the same year. In 1844, he resumed the study of medicine in the office of Dr. M. F. Colby, of Stanstead, P. Q., and graduated at Woodstock, Vt., in 1849. In 1 85 1, he went to Massachusetts to practice his profession, where- he remained about five years, when he went to lUinois with a view of mak- ing a home ; but business of a domestic character called him back to Ver- mont, where he has resided ever since. In i860, he located in Newport, where he now resides. In 1862 he was commissioned assistant surgeon of the loth Vt. Vols., and followed the fortunes of that regiment to near the close of the war, when he was promoted surgeon of the 17th Vt. Vols. Soon after the close of the war he received a commission from the govern- ment as U. S. examining surgeon for pensions, which office he has held to the present time. He has discharged the duties of his office in such a man- ner as to receive the approbation and esteem of his superior officers, and there is no man who has a stronger hold on the affections of the veteran soldiers of the late war than he, as he has always been ready to lend assistance to them at any apd all times. In 1880, he was chosen by the Vermont legislature supervisor of the insane, which office he held for two years. At the battle of Locust Grove, Va., November, 1863, the Doctor received a wound which crippled him for life. Capt. George W. Fogg, who came here in 1840, and has done so much towards navigation enterprises, etc., as to be often styled the "father of Newport, '' was born in 1824. Left an orphan at an early age, he resided with a Mr. Asa Lillie until he reached his majority, then engaged in staging between Skowhegan and Bangor, Me. In 1840, he commenced running a ferry between Georgeville and Knowlton Landing, continuing in this occu- pation until 1850. In 1850, he built the steamer " Mountain Maid, " the first on the lake, and in 1880, built the new " Mountain Maid. " In 1867, he formed a company and had the beautiful boat " Lady of the Lake " built in Clyde, Scotland, and has had charge of the boat since. He owns a fine place in Derby, called the Lake View farm. The First Baptist church of Newport, located at Newport village, was TOWN OF NEWPORT. organized by Rev. John Ida, with twelve members in 1817. Rev. Mr. Clark was the first pastor, though the society had been supplied by Rev. Messrs. Ide, Nathaniel Daggett, and others. The first house of worship was a wood structure built in union with the Congregational society, in 1846. It stood about a mile south of the cemetery, on the Lake road. The entire interest was purchased by the Baptists in 1861, who tore down the building and removed it to the village. The society now has about forty-five members with Rev. Joseph Freeman, pastor. The First Congregational church of Newport, located at Newport village, was organized by Rev. R. A. Watkins, with seven members, February 23, 183 1, Rev. Reuben Mason being the first pastor. The Union church was used until 1 86 r, when a new house was built on Main street, a pleasant struct- ure capable of seating 300 persons. The society is now in a flourishing con- dition, has 153 members, with Rev. E. P. Wild, pastor. The Methodist Episcopal church, located at Newport Center, was organized by its first pastor, Rev. Mr. Nason, about 1832, with fifteen members. The church building was not put up until 1861. It is a wood structure capable of seating 250 persons, cost $1,000, and is valued at $1,600.00. The society has eighty members, with Rev. Daniel Lewis, pastor. The Freewill Baptist church of Newport Center was organized by the first pastor. Rev. Charles S. Roberts and Rev. M. A. Amsden, with sixteen mem- bers, November 7, 1855. The church building, dedicated in 1870, is a wood structure capable of accommodating 250 persons, and is valued at $2,600.00. The society numbers eighty-five members, under the pastoral charge of Rev. S. W. Cowell. The Newport Methodist Episcopal church, located at Newport village, was organized by Rev. A. T. Bullard, with about twenty-five members, in 1863, Rev. C. Liscomb being the first pastor. The building was erected in 1869, a wood structure capable of seating 400 persons. It cost $8,000.00, though it is now valued at only $5,000.00. Rev. Daniel Lewis is the present pastor, the society having about one hundred members. The Methodist Episcopal church of Newport village was organized in 1866, with about twelve members, Rev. H. A. Spencer being the first pastor. The building, a wood structure valued at $6,000.00, was built in 1869. The so- ciety has eighty members, with Rev. Ehsha Folsom, pastor. St. Mary's Star of the Sea Roman Catholic church, located on Pleasant street, Newport village, was organized by its first pastor, Rev. John Michaud, in 1873. The church building was erected in 1875, a wood structure capa- ble of seating 250 persons, at a cost, including grounds, of $6,135.37. The society has about 700 members, with Rev. Norbert Proulx, pastor. St. Marias Protestant Episcopal church, located at Newport village, was organized by the Rt. Rev. Bishop Bissel, in 1879, the church building erected in 1882. The society numbers twenty-five members, with Rev. Benjamin Atwell, pastor. TOWK OF TROY. TROY. ^^ROY lies in the northwestern part of the county, in lat. 44° 55', and long. "^ 4° 36', bounded north by the Canada line, east by Newport, south by # Lowell, and west by Jay and Westfield, thus inclosing an oblong, irregu- larly outlined township eleven and one-half miles long from north to south, its north line being about five miles long and its south Hne only about two miles in length. The tract was chartered by Vermont in two gores, the southern gore containing 1 2,000 acres, to John Kelley, of New York city, October 30, 1792, and the northern, containing 11,040 acres, to Samuel Avery, October 27, 1792, making in all a territory of 23,040 acres. On Octo- ber 28, 1801, these two grants were incorporated into a township by the name of Missisquoi, which name was retained until October 26, 1803, when it was altered to Troy. The surface of the town is generally moderately level, as it lies almost en- tirely in the valley of the Missisquoi river, one of the most fertile and pic- turesque valleys in the State. This river, with its tributaries, forms the water- course of the territory, affording ample irrigation to the soil and several excel- lent mill-sites. The soil is various, the river being generally lined with a suc- cession of rich alluvial intervales, much of which is overflowed by the spring freshets, and produces luxuriant crops of grass and most kinds of grain, par- ticularly Indian corn. Ascending from these intervales, east and west, are large plains or gently elevated hills composed of sand, clay, and gravel, or loam in which sand generally prenominates, the whole being often well mixed. The plains and hills are also exceedingly productive, easily ^'illed, and well adapted to most kinds of produce. The principal rock entering into the geological formation of the township is talcose schist. This is cut by ranges, or veins, of steatite, serpentine and clay slate, narrow in width and extending through the whole length of the town from north to south, while detached or isolated beds of steatite and granite are occasionally met with. Quartz rock which is gold bearing to a small percentage is also found. Iron ore in large quantities and of an excellent quality has been discovered. The principal mine was unearthed in 1833. It hes in a high hill in the central part of the town, about three quarters of a mile east of the river. Some years previous, specimens of the ore had been found in detached rocks or bowlders which had attracted atten- tion, and had been pronounced by some scientific men to be iron, and the existence of it in large veins or large quantities in the vicinity had been con- jectured. But the discovery of the mine was made in 1833, by Mr. John TOWN OF TROY. Gale. Mr. Gale was a blacksmith, and had resided in Troy for a few years previous to the war of 1 812. While living here he discovered a rock which from its color and weight attracted his attention and led him to sus- pect it might be iron. After he left Troy, he resided some years in the iron region west of Lake Champlain, and, from the knowledge he then acquired of ore, was confirmed in the belief that the ledge he saw in Troy contained iron. Returning to this vicinity on a visit, he, with Hovey Scott, Esq., of Craftsbury, commenced search for this ore, in which they were joined by Thomas Stoughton, Esq., of Westfield. After searching some days, Mr. Gale discovered the vein of ore lying, as he thought, at or near the spot where he had discovered it more than twenty years before. He broke off some speci- mens of the rock and tested their value by melting them down in a black- smith's forge and hammering them into horse-shoe nails. This discovery occasioned great excitement in the vicinity, and extravagant expectations were formed of the value of the mine. The owner of the lot, Fletcher Put- nam, gave a deed of one half of the ore to the discoverers, according to the promise he had made them when they commenced the search. Mr. Putnam had a short time before purchased this lot of land for $500.00, and shortly after the discovery of the ore sold the land and his half of the ore for $3,000.00. Mr. Stoughton, after keeping his interest in the ore for several years, sold for $2,000.00. Mr. Gale realized but Httle from his ore, and Mr. Scott nothing at all. So their dreams of a great fortune accruing from the mine were never realized. A forge was erected at Phelps Falls, just north of Troy village, in 1834, by several individuals in Troy, and the reduction of the ore commenced. The owners of the forge soon became discouraged, however, and, in the winter following, sold their forge, ores and machinery to Messrs. Binney, Lewis & Co., of Boston. These gentlemen obtained an act of incorporation from the legislature, and commenced making wrought iron, but with little success, and they soon abandoned the business. The forge has fallen into a heap of ruins. In 1835, another company was formed and incorporated by the legislature, under the name of the Boston and Troy Iron Co. This firm purchased three-fourths of the ores, and twenty acres of land on the lot where the ores were situated, for which they gave $8,000.00, also about 1,200 acres of other land. They commenced operations, built a furnace, a large boarding-house and other buildings, in 1837. After expend- ing large sums of money without realizing much profit, the company failed in 1841, and land, ores and buildings passed by mortgage into the hands of Francis Fisher, of Boston, Mass. In 1844, Mr. Fisher put the furnace again in blast, and commenced the manufacture of iron with the prospect of making it a permanent and profitable business; but these expectations were destroyed by the alteration of the tariff in 1846, and like many other iron estabUshments in the United States, the operations of this furnace were sus- pended, and have not since been resumed. There is, however, some pros- pect of a revival of the enterprise with satisfactory results. 288'° TOWN OF TROY. In 1880, Troy had a population of 1,522, and in 1882, was ddivide into thirteen school districts and contained fourteen common schools, employing five male and fourteen female teachers, to whom was paid an aggregate salary of $1,842.00. There were 390 pupils attending common school, while the entire cost of the schools for the year ending October 31st, was $1,982.25, with J. N. Walker, superintendent. North Troy is a pleasant post village located in the northern part of the town, on the Missisquoi river, and also a station on the Southeastern railway. It has three churches, (Congregational, Baptist and Episcopal,) one academy, one newspaper office, one hotel, three general stores, one wholesale store, two clothing stores, two groceries, two furniture stores, two millinery stores, the usual complement of livery stables, tin, blacksmith,, barber and other mechanic shops, and about 800 inhabitants. Its professional men are five lawyers, four physicians, and one dentist. Its manufactories consist of grist- mill, excelsior mill, wool carding-mill, foundry and machine-shop, and the extensive lumber mills of J. W. Currier. The village has a beautiful loca- tion, surrounded by well cultivated and finely kept farms. It was incorpo- rated by an act of the legislature approved November 28, 1876. Several fires have Occurred to retard the progress of the place, among which were the following : April^ 1868, fire was discovered in P. Baldwin's store, on Main street, which, before it could be subdued destroyed the store, hotel, a gro- cery, dwelling and two barns. The hotel was rebuilt the same year. A year later the store opposite the hotel, owned by Clark Hunt, was burned. Again, March 2, 1882, occurred another disastrous fire. It originated in the second story of Forsaith's furniture store, the building being the property of H. B. Parkhurst. The flames spread rapidly and soon enveloped the store and dwelling of Mr. Parkhurst, G. W. Seaver & Son's store, and Mr. Park- hurst's livery barn and sheds. Much of the contents of the buildings were Saved, but the buildings themselves were all consumed, entaiUng a loss of a number of thousands of dollars. While this fire extended over less territory than that of 1868, it was much more destructive. Mr. Parkhurst has since erected a fine three-story building, with a Mansard roof and basement, con- taining two fine stores and his dwelling. Troy, usually designated as South Troy, is another handsome post village, located in the southern part of the town, just west of the river. It has three churches, (Baptist, Congregational and Methodist,) one hotel, grammar school, two steam mills, two general stores, a boot and shoe store, two drug stores, a grocery store, hardware store, miUinery, blacksmith, shoe shop, etc., and is all in all an enterprising village. Phelps Falls is a hamlet located on the river about two miles north of Troy village. F. S. Forsaith commenced the furniture business at North Troy in Feb- ruary, 1878, locating on Railroad street. For the first year and a half he conducted the business without help, then moved into Parkhurst's building, TOWN OF TROY. "288 where the increase of business demanded the help of two persons. Here he remained until the fire of March, 1882. During the summer following he erected the large, commodious store he now occupies, which is elegantly fitted up in ash, maple and walnut, with all modern conveniences, being one of the handsomest furniture stores in the state. He has a large stock, em- ploys three hands, and his business is continually increasing. The North Troy grist-mill, Orrison P. Hadlock, proprietor, is furnished with all the modern improvements in machinery, and is supplied with four runs of stones and five water-wheels, giving the mill the capacity for grind- ing 300 bushels of grain per day. Mr. Hadlock does custom work and deals in flour of all grades, meal, provinder, etc. The North Troy Excelsior Manufactory, engaged in the manufacture of excelsior for filling mattresses, furniture etc., was established by E. Hapgood & Sons, of Lowell, Mass., in 1880. It turns out ten tons of excelsior per week, giving employment to six men. C. P. Stevens &^ Co.'s lumber, clapboard, shingle, and packing box manu- factory, located at Phelps Falls, was established in October, 1870. The firm now manufactures here 3,000,000 feet of lumber, 200,000 shingles, and about $15,000.00 worth of packing-boxes per year. The firm also has mills in Richford, Newport, and Potton, P. Q., aggregating a business of about $250,000.00 per year. George S. Porter's saw-mill, located on Jay branch, was built by John Dubois, about twelve years ago, and bought by the present proprietor in 1880, who manufactures 500,000 feet of lumber and a large amount of shingles per year. George W. Aikin's steam saw-mill, located at Troy village, was built in 1860. It turns out 200,000 feet of lumber, which is manufactured into box shooks at the mills, 1,500,000 feet of clapboards, and 1,000,000 shingles per annum, giving employment to from twenty-five to thirty men. The North Troy saw and planing-mills, J. W. Currier, prop., at North Troy, are supplied with modern improved machinery, and under the charge of J. R- B. Hunt do an extensive business in sawing and planing lumber each year. The Eastman Machine Co., also does a prosperous business at North Troy, in all kinds of machine work, iron founding, and also deals in iron, steel and coal, employing a number of hands. Darius T. Johnson's starch factory, located on Jay branch, manufactures about 15,000 bushels of potatoes into starch each year. The Missisquoi Valley Academy, at North Troy, a two story building, has been much improved during the last winter by the substitution of modern desks and seats in place of the old dilapidated ones which had so long been a disgrace to the school, and also by other repairs. The lands of Troy, as, indeed, were most others of this part of the State, were granted to speculators. They were gotten by the proprietors with no expectation on their part of effecting a settlement thereon, but simply, as we 288'" TOWN OF TROY. said, as a speculation. Their hopes of speedy fortune accruing therefrom however, were, in most cases disappointed, while vendues for taxes, sales levies of executions, etc., caused titles to become exceedingly insecure, thus disparaging the efforts of honest settlers who desired to reclaim the wilder- ness land and make for themselves and their posterity a home. The north gore of Troy was sold by Mr. Avery to a Mr. Atkinson, an English merchant of Boston. It is said that Avery received $i.oo per acre for his lands ; if so he doubtless made a handsome profit, but how Atkinson fared in the trade may be inferred from the fact that these lands commonly sold for $2.00 per acre, and that after sustaining the expense of agencies and innumerable land taxes for more than half a century. A few of these lots remain unsold, and are still in the hands of heirs and descendants. Kelley sold his grant to Franklin & Robinson, a firm in New York. They failed, and the grant passed into the hands of a Mr. Hawxhurst, of New York. His speculations proved about as successful as Atkinson's, and, until lately at least, a few of the lots yet remain in the family. The military road made by Col. Hazen during the Revolutionary war, from Peacham to Hazen's Notch, in Lowell, had a tendency to extend the knowledge of this section, and create an interest in the fertile meadows of Troy and Potton. Josiah Elkins, of Peacham, a noted hunter and Indian trader, in company with Lieut. Lyford, early explored the northern part of the county. Their route was to follow Hazen's road to the head of Black river, and thence to Lake Memphremagog, where they hunted for furs, and traded with the St. Francis Indians, who then frequented the shores of that lake. In 1796 or '97, a party of several men from Peacham, of whom Capt. Moses Elkins, a brother of Josiah Elkins, was one, came up and explored the country. They were so much pleased with what they saw that they agreed to come hither and settle, but none of them except Capt. Elkins had the hardihood to carry this resolution into effect. He started from Peacham June 7, 1 797, with his furniture in a cart drawn by a yoke of oxen and a yoke of bulls, and one cow driven by his son Mark, a boy nine years old, and two hired men. He located just north of Troy, in Potton, P. Q. Mrs. Elkins followed them some days after, riding on horseback with a child three years old, attended by a hired man. In the autumn of 1798, Josiah Elkins moved his brother, Curtis Elkins into Potton who located about half a mile north of the State line. In Feb- ruary, 1799, Josiah joined his brother, moving into the same house with him. In the mean time a Mr. Morrill had located upon a lot and built a house about half a mile east of the present village of North Troy. And during the winter or spring of 1799, James Rines and Mr. Bartlett settled about a mile south of the village, on the meadows below the great falls. Mr. Hoyt also came in and settled about half a mile north of the village site, and Eleazer Por- ter settled near the Canada line. These families were soon after joined by others from Peacham and that vicinity. ^ n CD w a i-i n -jprfp" J TOWN OI- TROY. About the year iSoo, Josiah Elkins moved from his farm in Potton and located at what is now North Troy, and soon after commenced the erec- tion of a grist and saw-mill. He carried on his mills here for many years, becoming a large land owner, and held most of the town offices. Mr. Elkins was born at Peacham in 1766, married Miss Anna Sawyer, of Haverhill N. H., and reared a family of twelve children, five of whom are now living, three in this town, as follows : Jonathan, aged seventy-four, years, Sally P. (widow Whittier), and Ruth (Mrs. T. J. Sartwell). Curtis Elkins, son of Josiah, is represented here by two sons, Curtis and William G., the latter a wholesale dealer at North Troy. The sons of Jonathan are Col. O. N. Elkins, postmaster and an enterprising business man at Noth Troy, and Oscar Elkins, a veterinary surgeon of the same place. Mr. Sumner says in his "History of the Missisquoi Valley:" "The town of Troy, or as it then was Missisquoi, was organized in March, 1802. According to the town record the inhabitants were warned to meet on March 25, 1802^ at nine o'clock in the forenoon, to organize the town and choose the neces- sary town officers. The record also shows that they met agreeable to the warning, chose a moderator, and then voted to adjourn until the next day, at ten o'clock in the forenoon. No reason appears on record for this adjour- ment, and we can scarce suppose the affairs of the infant settlement were so intricate as to require a nights reflection before they could proceed to act, or that the number of their worthies was so great that they could not make a selection of officers for the town. But it appears that they did adjourn, and tradition has it that they were as drunk as lords, and could not proceed any further in the business of the meeting. It appears however, by the records of the town, that the good citizens did meet the next day, agreeable to adjournment, and chose the usual batch of town officers, including a tything man, and voted £(i of lawful money to be expended on roads, and $10.00 to defray the expenses of the town for the year. From that time the town of Troy has had a regular corporate existence, notwithstanding it came so near, in its first town meeting, being strangled in its birth." Curtis Elkins was the first town clerk, and Alpheus Moore the first rep- resentative, who was also the first justice chosen to the latter position in iSoi. In 1807, the town had thirty tax payers, and in 1810, the population amounted to 281 souls, which has since increased to 1,522. Eleazer Porter's was the third family to settle in the town. He came on from Lyme, N. H., in 1789, with his wife and three children, locating on road I, near the Canada line. The last twenty miles of his journey was through a dense forest, and for a long time he had to go to Brownington to mill, a distance of nineteen miles. Mr. Porter reared a large family of six- teen children here. Benjamin Porter, his oldest son, born at Lyme, N. H., ■September i, 1797, still resides here, a hale, hearty old gentleman of eighty- six years. He married Lydia Abbott, October 3, 18 19, who is also living, aged eighty-three years. This aged pair have been blessed with six children, ^ . €^t.-Z^t--^c-^^^^ TOWN OF TROY. "288 Frederick Fuller, born in Vershire, Vt., came to Troy about i Six, and located where Mr. Purinton now resides. He commenced a clearing, but soon after enlisted in the American army and was wounded at Fort Erie, un- fitting him for service. Previous to this he had taken part in the battle of Lundy's Lane. After the close of the war he returned to his farm and lived thereon for many years, then sold it and removed to the farm now owned by his son, Adna, on road 23, and died there December 26, 1870, aged eighty- four years. His wife, Mary Fuller, died in 1862, aged sixty-five years. They had five children, Orinda, Adna, Dana, Frederick J., and Harriet A., only one of whom, Dana, resides here. John Hamilton was born at Bath, N. H., and came to Troy with his father Peltiah, in 1820. They settled on the farm where John now lives with his son-in-law, H. A. Johnson. Mr. Hamilton has been engaged in farming, the manufacture of starch and brick, and is now a hale old man of seventy-five years, tipping the scales at 200 pounds. Michael Kennedy, born at Waterford, Ireland, in 1799, came to America in 1817, and in 1822, came to Troy and located on road 28, upon the farm now occupied by his widow and their son, C. C. Kennedy, where he died, February 27, 1880. Erastus West, from Bath, N. H., came to Troy in 1827, and located upon the farm he now occupies. Mrs. West, whose maiden name was Maria Marsh, was born in Canada. While she was yet an infant the war of 1812 broke out. Her father, not being loyal to the British cause, had to flee to the States. Some time during the winter following Mrs. Marsh took her children, and with two spirited horses crossed the St. Lawrence on the ice, at night. Mr. Marsh and others h ere on the shore to meet them, enveloped in sheets so that their dark clothing, with its contrast to the snow, would not discover them to the British. William Buggy, who now resides at North Troy, was born in this town in 1837. About three years ago he started for California, and was stopped at Jackson, Mich., by the memorable railroad accident that occurred at that place October 10, 1880, when twenty-seven passengers were killed and twen- ty-nine wounded. Mr. Buggy was one of the latter. His injuries consisted of four compound fractures of the right leg, dislocation of the right hip, with the bone splintered three inches, three broken ribs, the right wrist broken, and a deep gash about three and a half inches in length in one of his thighs. Notwithstanding all these injuries, strange to say, he survived. For all his suffering and consequent disabihty, the raihoad company allowed him $6,148.00. Madison Stebbins, born in Westfield, came to Phelps i'alls in the spring of 1841. In company with Curtis Phelps he purchased the water-power, mills and forge, and 300 acres of land. In 1847, they divided the property, Steb- bins taking the saw-mill, with the privilege of manufacturing all kinds of lum- ber, while Mr. Phelps took the woolen-mill with the privilege of running two 2 88" TOWN OF TROY. sets of machinery for manufacturing cloth. He conducted the business until 1871, when he sold out to C. P. Stevens & Co. Owen Donagan, a native of Ireland, came to America in 1833, ^^d settled in Troy in 1850, where he remained until his death, March a, 1882, aged nearly sixty-six years. He had a family of five children, all of whom are now living. Moses Clough came to Troy, from Albany, Vt, in 1851, locating at North Troy, where died in 1854. Mrs. Clough still resides here, aged seventy-one years. Seven of their eight children are living, one having lost his life in the late war. Nathaniel Hammond came from Peacham at an early date and located about half a mile north of Troy, in Canada, where he reared a large family. His son, Simpson B., settled in Troy about 1845, and died here October 24, i88r, aged sixty years. Nathaniel came here to live with him in 1846, and died about 1849. Minerva, widow of Simpson, resides in North Troy. Luke Aiken was born in Wentworth, N. H., April 23, r8oo, and in 1845, was elected register of deeds for Grafton county, removing to Haverhill, the county seat. He held this office four years, and, in 1851, came to Troy, residing here until his death, in 1874. Here he has held most of the town offices. Two sonSj G. W. and J. B., now reside here, the only surviving ; members of the family. ; /' David Johnson was an early settler in Jay, and died in Westfield in iS'y^r—'d" One of his sons, Hiram A., came to Troy in 1857, and now resides jn road \ 15. Another son, Darius T., came here in 1869, and now resides c.i road 14. John Wheeler, born at Dorset, Vt., has taught school about ',hirty years. He taught the reform school at Chicago, 111., two and one hal" years, and' was assistant superintendent of that institution one year, and alsa taught at Lansing, Mich. He is now running a farm on road 15. « During the war of 18 12, though there was a great deal of danger anticipated, none ever came. A fort was erected for the protection of the inhabitants in case of an invasion by the enemy. This fort consisted of a rude palisade, constructed of logs about a foot in diameter and 'twelve or fifteen feet in height, placed perpendicularly, one end being inserted in a deep trench dug into the earth. The ruins of the structure remained for twenty years. When the late war came upon us, Troy did her full share and stood not a whit behind her neighbors in patriotism and courage. T/ie Congregational church, located at North Troy, was organized by its first pastor. Rev. Luther Leland, with twelve members, in 1818. The present neat wood structure, capable of seating 250 persons, was built in 1862, and is valued at $3,500.00. The society has seventy-five members, with Rev. Joseph N. Walker, pastor. The Baptist church of Troy, located at Troy village, was organized by Rev. Levi Parsons, in 1 818. In 1842, the society was reorganized by its first resident pastor, Rev. N. H. Downs. The church building was erected TOWN OF TROY. "288 in 1842, and is now mostly used by the Seventh Day Adventists, as the Bap- tist society has no regular pastor and does not meet regularly. The Baptist church of North Troy is under the charge of Rev. G. H. Parker, who resides in Jay. The Methodist church of Troy, located at North Troy, was organized as one of the Westfield circuit charges, February 22, 1831, Rev. A. C. Smith being the first resident pastor. The church building was erected in 1879-80, at a cost of $1,475.00, and is now valued, including grounds, at $r,8oo.oo. The society has about sixty members, under the charge of Rev. G. W. Goodell, of Westfield. The Congregational church of Troy village was organized in 1845, a division of the church at North Troy. The church building was erected in 1863, capable of seating 185 persons and valued at $2,200.00. The society has about twenty members, with Rev. Joseph N. Walker, of North Troy, pastor. St. Augustine Protestant Episcopal church of North Troy. — Mission ser- vices were first held here about two years ago, by Rev. Mr. Putnam of St. Johnsbury, Vt., who held services occasionally until Rev. B. W. Atwell, of St. Marks' parish of Newport who has officiated monthly since he came here. During the past winter, 1882-83, a very neat little church building has been erected, at a cost of about $1,500.00 The Seventh Day Advents, are quite numerous and have several ordained ministers, though they have no organized society. TOWN OF WESTFIELD. YIKSTYIKUB. fESTFIELD lies in the western part of the county, in lat. 44° 52' and ^P'° long. 4° 30', bounded north by Jay, east by Troy, south by Lowell, TO and west by Montgomery, in Franklin county. It contains an area of 23,040 acres, chartered by Vermont to Daniel Owen and fifty-nine associ- ates May 15, 1780. The eastern part of the territory is level, lying in the fertile valley of the Missisquoi river, while the western part extends up upon the main chain of the Green Mountains, being a succession of tugged mountain peaks from Montgomery mountain in the southern part, to Jay peak in the northeastern part. South of Montgomery mountain, between it and the north line of Lowell, the range is made passible by Hazen's Notch, a gap several hundred feet in depth. Its name was derived from Gen. Hazen who built the Hazen road in revolutionary times. The beautiful views and romantic scenery of this section are mentioned on page 164. The principal stream is the Missisquoi river, which runs in a northeasterly direction through the south- east corner of the town, receiving several tributaries which form an acces- sion to its waters equal to nearly the original amount on entering the town. The first of these is called Coburn brook. It rises near the line of Jay, and, running in a southeasterly direction into Jay, enters the Missisquoi near the south village. The next branch of importance is Mill brook, which runs in a southeasterly direction through the village. The next runs in a south, and then in a northeily direction, . uniting with Mill brook near the Troy line. This stream received its name from Lyman Taft, who erected the first grist and saw-mill in town, upon its banks. The most southerly stream is called Burgess brook,- from one of the settlers who lived near it on West hill. It rises in the southwestern part of the town, flows a southeasterly course and joins the river near the south line. Another stream is formed by the conflu- ence of two brooks in the southern part of Troy and runs a short -distance in Westfield into the Missisquoi. These streams afford many excellent mill- sites, while the broad meadows of their valleys afford large ranges of excel- lent farming land, the soil being of an alluvial character; The timber of the town is that common to Northern Vermont. The rocks entering into the geological structure of the territory are principally of the talcose schist formation, though there are, in the eastern part, some considerable beds of clay slate and serpentine. Several large bowlders of granite abound, which have been used for building purposes, etc. The serpentine rocks extend from Lowell through the southeast corner of TOWN OF WESTFIELD. the town into Troy, forming numerous bluffs of several feet in height. In connection with this range, chromate of iron, bitter spar, talcose slate, and specimens of asbestos have been found, and also veins of amianthus, a variety of asbestos having long threads like flax. On road 21, near Hazen's Notch, some St.- Albans parties are opening a soapstone quarry and an asbes- tos mine which give promise of success. In 1880, Westfield had a population of 696, and in 1882 was divided into seven school districts, and contained six common schools employing two male and eight female teachers, to whom was paid an aggregate salary of $439.75. There were 138 pupils attending school, while the entire cost of the schools for the year, ending October 31st., was $483.65, with E. H. Belyea, superintendent. Westfield, a post village located in the eastern part of the town, contains two churches (Methodist Episcopal and Congregational,) a school building, town hall, two stores, a blacksmith shop, wheelwright shop, and about 250 inhabitants. Hoyt &= Wakefield' s lumber and starch mill, located on Taft brook, road 15, manufactures potato starch, and spruce, hemlock and hardwood lumber, employing ten men. All or nearly all, of the original proprietors resided in Rhode Island, and but one, Thomas Burhngame, ever lived in town and he only remained a few months. The town was surveyed by Gen. James Whitelaw, of Ryegate in rrSo. Nothing was done towards the settlement of the town, however, until eighteen years afterward. In 1798, Jesse Olds, from Massachusetts, came into the town and commenced a settle ment on the West hill. For nearly a year this family lived here with no neighbors nearer than West Troy, twelve miles distant. The next year, in 1799, WiUiam Hobbs, Anthony Burgess knd John Hartley came to the town with their famihes. These four families constituted the population for about four years. On March 29, 1802, the first town meeting was held at the residence of Mr. Olds, when the following list of officers were elected : Jesse Olds, town clerk; William Hobbs, Anthony Burgess, and Warren Mason, selectmen ; William Hobbs, treasurer; William Hobbs, Jesse Olds, and Warren Mason, listers; Anthony Burgess, constable; William Hobbs, grand juror ; Jesse Olds and Anthony Burgess, highv/ay sur- veyors; Warren Mason and William Hobbs, fence viewers; Anthony Bur. gess, pound keeper; Jesse Olds and Warren Mason, sealers of weiijhts and measures; WiUiam Hobbs and Anthoriy Burgess, tything men; Anthony Burgess and Jesse Olds, haywards ; and WiUiam Hobbs, Warren Mason, Anthony Burgess, James Coburn, John Hartley, and Samuel Walker, petit jurors. At this period there was no grist-miU nearer than Craftsbury. A few of the proprietors of Westfield, wishing to encourage the settlement of the infant town, made a grant of land to Lyman Taft, of Montague, Mass., on condi- tion that he would build a saw-miU on the lot. The miU was built in 1803, 288" TOWN OF WESTFIELD. on Taft's brook. It was in operation only a short time, however, when it was destroyed by fire. In the summer of 1803. David Barber moved into town and settled on a farm on Taft's brook. Here his eldest child, Lucina, was born, the first birth in the township. Mr. Barber lived in the town for over half a century, and raised a large family of children, dying in 1855. About this time Thomas Burlingame, one of the proprietors, moved into the town, locating on the Missisquoi river, though he remained but a short time. In November, 1803, Rodolphus Reed, from Montague, Mass., commenced a settlement here. He reared a large family ofchildren and died in 1841. His wife died in 1867. These families constituted the population of the town in 1 803 and '04, with the addition of two or three unmarried men, and a mulatto, James Prophet, who lived with Mr. Olds. In the spring of 1804, Capt. Medad Hitchcock, from Brimfield, Mass., moved into town with his three sons, Thomas, Heber and Smith, and settled where the village of Westfield now is. In the course of a year or two Capt. Hitchcock erected a saw-mill. It stood a few rods above the starch factory of WiUiam Richardson. His son, Thomas, built a grist-mill about the same time, a few rods below the site of the present saw-mill. These mills supplied a want that had long been severely felt, as the settlers had been obliged to carry their grain either to Craftsbury or Richford for grinding. In 1804, Rosea Sprague, from Brimfield, Mass., came into the town. He was a soldier of the revolution, and had fought in many or the principal battles of that war. He subsequently removed to Lowell, where he died about 1840. The next year, 1805, Jacob Stebbins, a son-in-law of Capt. Hitchcock, came into the town. He reared a large family of children, and died in Sunderlaad, Mass., about 1852. From this time forward, until the war of 181 2, settlers came in quite rapidly. In 1806, the main road from Westfield to Lowell was laid out very near where the present stage road runs. This was a great convenience to the inhabitants, as previous to this the only road leading to Craftsbury ran over West hill, an exceedingly tedious and uncomfortable route. The first school- house was built on West hill, about i8o4-'os, the first teacher being Sally Hobbs. The next school-house was built in 1806, about six or eight rods east of where the academy now stands. Mrs. Thomas Hitchcock was the first teacher. The academy was built in i860. In 1 818, Jerry Hodgkins moved from Belvidere to Westfield and opened a small store. This was a great convenience to the people, as previous to this their trading was all done at Craftsbury. He took black salts in exchange for his goods, and manufactured them into pearlash. He continued in trade only about two or three years. In October, 1838, Orlando Winslow and Russell S. Page opened a store under the title of Winslow & Page, about twenty rods north of the residence now occupied by Aaron C. Hitchcock. Just before opening the store they both went to Boston, each with a team TOWN OF WESTFIELD. "288 and heavy wagon, carrying a load of butter, and each brought back a load of goods. In the following March Mr. Page purchased Mr. Winslow's interest and continued the business alone. Mr. Winslow then opened a store in the southern part of the town, where F. Andrews now lives, and continued business at that location four or five years. In October, 1845, he purchased the store at Westfield village, of Arad Hitchcock, which Mr. Page had occupied, and continued in trade until 1853, when he resold to Mr. Hitch- cock. All this time Mr. Winslow owned and managed his farm in the south- ern part of the town, to which he returned in 1853, where he remained until i860, then sold out to his son, and returned to the village. About two years later he, in company with his son-in-law, Ashley Farman, bought a farm of 123 acres near the village, which is now occupied by D. E. Wright. In 1872, Mr. Winslow sold this interest and retired from business, and is now living at the village, aged eighty-three years. The people were without a mail route or a postoflSce for nearly thirty years. About 1830, a mail route was established between Craftsbury and St. Albans. The road ran over the high mountain between Albany and Lowell, and then over the mountain between Lowell and Montgomery, through Hazen's Notch. Bradley Sanborn was stage driver. Soon after, a branch route was estab- lished between Lowell and North Troy. Ezra Johnson carried the mail twice a week, usually on horse-back. A postoffice was then established in Westfield, and Henry Richardson appointed postmaster. Previous to this people went to Craftsbury for their mails. Jacob Stebbins, from Brimfield, Mass., came to Westfield in 1804, and obtained a lot of land where M. C. Hitchcock now resides. Here he cut down a piece of timber, built a log house, and in the autumn returned to Massachusetts. The next year he married Patty Hitchcock and brought her to his new home. This union was blessed with seven children, only two of whom, Jacob and Smith, are living. About two years after he located here Mr. Stebbins was joined by his father, who lived with him during the remain- der of his life. Luke Miller, from Westmmster, Vt, came here in 1816 and located upon the farm now occupied by his nephew, Albert Miller. By constant industry he succeeded in clearing this farm and making a home for his family, tliough he experienced many hardships, being obliged at times to spend a whole day in finding a half-bushel of corn or wheat to supply bread. About 18 14, he married Miss Ursula Hitchcock, the union being blessed with eight children, and by a second marriage the eight was increased to eleven. The oldest of these, Josiah H. Miller, was brought here when six months of age and now resides on road 1 1 at the age of sixty-seven years. All along the years from the early settlement to the improvements of to-day, he has marked the changes and transactions in his town, and none loves it better than he. Luke was a town officer for many years and died in 1842, aged fifty-three years. Samoson Miller, from Westminster, came here in 1824, and located upon TOWN OF WESTFIELD. the farm, now owned by Mrs. Emeline Clark, where he carried on farming a number of years, then formed a copartnership with his brother Henry, in the manufacture of pails. He died in October, 1848. Of his large family of thirteen children only three now reside in the town. Of the others living, one resides in Troy, one in Craftsbury, one in Springfield, Mass., and one in Michigan. Edson Farman was born at Bath, N. H., May 27, 1808. He received a' common school education, and, at the age of twenty years, came to Troy and worked at farming with his brother, Safford, who had located there a year previous. He next went to Lowell, Vt., and purchased a lot of wild land and commenced to clear a farm, but remained only a few years. He then sold his improvements and went to Lyman, N. H. About five years subsequent to this latter change, he returned to Troy and purchased a farm near the South village, where he remained fourteen years. In 1832, he came to this town and located on road 12, where he now resides. He married Mary Ann Farman, of Troy. Vt., in 1830. Only two of their large family of children are living, viz. : Ozro, in Eden, and Mrs. Lois Miller of this town. Mr. Farman served his townsmen in many positions of trust, among which that of representative, in 1869-70. Lyman Taylor, from Springfield, Vt, came to Westfield in 1836, locating upon the farm now owned by Bethuel Stone, and now resides on road 17. Mr. Taylor is the father of seventeen children, only two of whom, a son and a daughter, are living. The son resides in Oregon, the daughter, Mrs. Charles Tillotson, in Lowell, Vt. Thomas Trumpass, born in England, in 1817, came to America at the age of seventeen years, and located in Westfield in 1837. Three years later he settled on the farm where he now resides. The farm was then nearly all a wilderness, only about five acres being chopped but not cleared. On this clearing or " slashed " lot, he built a log house and commenced improve- ments. He now has a finely cultivated farm of 170 acres, well furnished with farm buildings, etc. His father, mother, and three sisters made their home with him, and the mother is still living, aged eighty-four years. He is the father of three children, the only son residing at home with him. One daughter lives in Troy, and the other in Lowell. From a capital of fifty cents, Mr. Trumpass has thus accumulated a competence and now has an excellent farm and a good home in his old age. Oscar P. Wright, son of Philander Wright, an early settler in Newport, was born in that town February 15, 1846, and, in 1872, came to this town as a teacher in the pubHc schools. In the following autumn he permanently located where he now resides, on road 5, cor 3. Since then he has taught school in Newport, Coventry and Jay. David Johnson, from Ludlow, Vt., located in Jay, on road 18, in 1831. He reared a family of seven children, five of whom are now living, and all have followed school teaching to some extent. The youngest, Isaac D., resides in this town on road 13. TOWN OF WESTFIELD. '^288 The war of 1812 proved a severe check on the growth and prosperity of the town. Though the people were never molested by the enemy, the effects of the war upon the community were disastrous. Settlers no longer came in at the rate they formerly did. Property depreciated in value and a great stagnation seemed to settle upon the general business and prosperity, and many of the inhabitants left for other localities. After the battle of Platts- burgh, in 18 14, many who had left gradually returned to their farms, though quite a number never came back. In September, 1814, a military company was organized, the first in the town. Maj. Cornell, of Derby, assisted by Capt. Samuel Hovey, of Troy, presided over the organization. Thomas Stoughton was elected captain, Jairus Stebbins, ensign, and Thomas Hitch- cock, orderly sergeant. Every able-bodied man in town joined the company, but the number was so small that but two commissioned officers were ap- pointed. This organization, together with a company of government soldiers stationed at North Bay about this time, tended greatly to reassure the people and quiet their alarm. When the great rebellion came upon us, Westfield was not found wanting in patriotism and public spirit. Volunteering was encouraged and liberal bounties were raised to reward those who were willing to offer themselves on the altar of liberty. Forty-three of Westfield's sons went to the front, and eleven of them are now resting under the green turf they died to save. All honor to their memory and peace to their ashes. The Congregational church, located at Westfield village, was organized by Rev. Levi Parson, with twelve members, April 19, 18 18, the first regular pastor being Rev. Reuben Mason. The first house of worship was built in 1828, and was superseded by the present structure in 1848, a wood building capacable of 200 persons, and valued, including other property, at $1,500.00. The society now has fifty-five members, with Rev. Rufus King, pastor. The Methodist Episcopal church of Westfield, located at Westfield village, was organized February 22, 1831. The church building was erected in 1869, a wood structure capable of accommodating 250 persons. It cost $2,000.00, about its present value. The society has about thirty-three members, with Rev. George Goodell, pastor. TOWN OF WESTMORE. "WKSTMORE. „„™j?ESTMORE lies in the eastern part of the county, in lat. 44° 45' and '^S'° long. 4° 57', bounded northeast by Charleston and Brighton, south- W east by Newark, southwest by Sutton, and northwest by Brownington and Barton. It contains an area of 23,040 acres, granted by the State, November 7, 1780, and chartered August 17, 1781, by the name of Westford, to " Uriah Seymour and his associates," who were named as follows : Samuel B. Webb, Heber Allen, Samuel Williams, James Camp, Justus Riley, Lor- raine Allen, John Humphrey, Daniel Buck, Asahel Williams, Joseph Merrill, Mary Allen, David Humphrey, Ira Allen, Josiah Willard, Thomas Ives, John Knickerbocker, Stephen Williams, Paul Dewey, Jershom Wolcott, Solomon Woodruff, Barnabas Dean, Joseph Tiff, Levi Robbins, Simeon Dean, Andrew Huntington, David Robinson, Mary Washburn, Ezekiel' Williams, Bezalul Latimore, Abraham Sedgwick, Josiah Robbins, Harris Loomis, Joseph Webb, Roswell Hopkins, Ebenezer Huntington, Moses Goodman, Nathan Perkins, Josiah Buck, Jr., Josiah Buck, 3d, Stephen Lawrence, William Slade, Eben- ezer Dewey, Solomon Lee, Moses Tryon, Elijah Owen, Thomas Chittenden, Phineas Loomis, John Owen, Daniel Meggs, Josiah Moore, Elias Case, Silas Robinson, Martin Smith, Wait Robbins, Joseph Kingman, Benjamin Mills, Chester Wells, Ezra Wilson, Ebenezer Burr, Nehemiah Lawrence, Eliphalet Ensign, and Samuel Tibbals. The name of Westford was subsequently changed to Westmore, as there were two Westfords in Vermont. As Westmore is almost wholly upon the eastern branch of the Green Mountains, the surface is quite broken, though there is considerable fine level land, while the soil in general is susceptible of a high degree of cultivation. The principal peaks are Mt. Pisgah and Mt. Hor, in the southern part, and Westmore and Haystack Mountains and Bald Hill in the northern part of the territory. These mountains, with many brooks and ponds, and the beautiful Willoughby lake, unite in forming a very charming landscape. Wil. loughby lake, which is described on page 167, is reckoned among the prin- cipal attractions of this section of the country, and attracts many tourists each season. Long pond lies in the central part of the town, and Bald Hill pond and Job's pond lies in the eastern part. The geological structure of the town is mostly gramftc, except in the northern and southern parts, where the rocks are of the cakiferous mica schist formation. In i88o,West!more had a population of 480, and in 1882, was divided into six school districts and contained six common schools, employing one male and thirteen female teachers, to whom was paid an aggregate salary of TOWN OF WESTMORE. $S54-8S- There were 119 pupils attending common school, while the entire cost of the schools for the year, ending October 31st, was $593.97, with S. A. Hunt, superintendent. Westmore, a post village located on the eastern side of Willoughby lake, contains one store, a hotel, two saw-mills, a whetstone factory, and about seventy-five inhabitants. J. C. Page's saw-mill, located on Page brook, was built by Page & Cheney in r866. It cuts about 300,000 feet of lumber per year. J. C. Orne' s whetstone factory at Westmore was established in 1 861, by L. F. Hay ward, and purchased by Mr. Orne in 1865, who manufactures about 1,500 gross of whetstones per year. Wendell Silsby's saw-mill, located on road 18, manufactures 500,000 feet of lumber and 1,000,000 shingles per year. A. A. Brown's saw-mill, located on Mill brook, was built by Chester Al- drich in 1867. It cuts about 800,000 feet of lumber and clapboards per year. Rufus AveriUs saw-mill, at Westmore, cuts 1,000,000 feet of lumber and 1,000,000 shingles per annum. Very few if any of the original grantees ever settled in the town, and there is no record of the precise time, nor by whom, the first settlement was made. But some six or eight families came into the town from Windsor and Orange counties in 1795, and made a settlement, among whom were Jabez Hunter, Allen Wait, James Lyon, Jerethmel Cummings, Lot P. Woodruff, David Porter and Abel Bugbee. The town had not been allotted at this time, and they settled on such lands as best suited them, and others soon came and made a beginning. A proprietors' meeting was held at Ryegate, March 7, 1800, when it was voted to survey and allot the town, and John Johnson was employed to make ■ the survey. He completed the work that spring, as far as the first divisions were concerned. Another meeting was then held, at Danville, September 17, 1800, which received and accepted the allotment and survey of Mr. Johnson, and made a draft of lots and agreed that those who had settled in the town should have the lots on which they lived. An offer of 200 acres of land was made to David Porter if he would build the first saw-mill, and 200 more if he would build the first grist-mill, which were accepted and the mills were built and in good running order in the year 1804. The population gradually in- creased by immigration, and March 19, 1805, the town was organized and the first town meeting held. Jabez Hunter was chosen town clerk ; Jerethmel Cummings, Allen Wait, and Lot P. Woodruff, selectmen; and Lot P. Woodruff, constable. The first freemen's meeting was held September 3, 1805. State offices were voted for, but no representative was chosen as it exempted the town from paying State taxes. The settlement progressed and all was prosperous until the war came on, when fear of the British and Indians depopulated the township. After the war until about 1830, but few settlements were made. About that time, 2 8S'° TOWN OF WESTMORE. however, the town again began to be settled, some locating on the neglected farms and others making new settlements in various parts of the territory. In 1833, the town was reorganized, with David Wilson, town clerk ; John C. Page was sent to the legislature that year, the representative from the town. The population increased very slowly. There was no public road leading through the town, and its appears to be a back and out-of-the-way place. The towns north and south of it had become quite thickly populated, and then arose a demand for a highway north and south through the township. There was no practicable route except along the eastern shore of Willoughby lake and there for several miles the land rose so abruptly from the shore and was so rough and rocky the town was not able to build a road there. But the demand for the road was so great that, in 1850, the court, by their com- missioners appointed for the purpose, laid out the road and assessed the towns north and south to help make it. Peter Oilman, of Westmore, took the con- tract to make the road and completed it in 1852. The opening of this road offered new inducements for settlers. The same year, Alonzo Bemis & Co. of Lyndon, built an elegant hotel at the south end of the lake, which is now known as the Willoughby Lake House, and another hotel was subsequently built on the eastern side of the lake. A Httle village soon sprung up on the east side of the lake, and the town has gradually increased in importance since. There is no house of worship in the town, the inhahitants depending upon the adjoining towns, or hold services in school-houses. The following is the record of Westmore in the late war of the rebelHon : C. T. AlJrich, Chauncey Allard, and Ambrose Allard, 9th Regt; Mark A_ Amsden, loth Regt., (vounded ; Marshall Burt, Walter Bickfordj died May 14, 1863, 8th Regt.; William Bruce, loth Regt.; Ebenezer J. Bruce, enlisted August 6, '62, and served thirty-four months ; Lyman Brown, loth Regt.; Hiram Cummings, nine months' man ; James M. Cummings, nine months' man ; Leander Davis, taken prisoner, confined in Andersonville prison, died soon after his release; Joseph P. Dutton, roth Regt.; James M. Craig, Loami C. Bean, W. C. Fogg, nine months' men after- words drafted, and run to Canada ; George R. Farr, drafted and run to Canada; WilHam Chappell, drafted and accepted, run to Canada; Ira Chappell, drafted and accepted, run to Canada; E. S. Gilmore, loth Regt.; Joseph Gilmore, John Hunt, 4th Regt.; Bradbury Hunt, loth Regt., report- ed dead, wounded and carried from the battle field, not heard from after- wards; F. W. Root, loth Regt.; Morrill Shepard, died October 20, '64; Willam H. Silsby, two years in service ; John C. Page, two years in service ; David J. Orne, Wesley Hayward, Henry and Elijah B. Hayward, not for this town, but lived here; Ivory Goodin two years in service; and S. B. Duke, and Harry Cheney. E. J. Bruce, of this town, enlisted from Brownington, served two years and ten months. DISTANCE TABLE — LAMOILLE COUNTY. '288 ggOOBB "> 3' 3. f^ w " Soe CO O T< 3. om: ' ^ . '-im . ' • . a- . I : : S^* ; : : ^2.' I : ||: :!l2i -^>F>-^^oMe>eocDi*.opao^w (BelvJdere F. O.) il^ff oi5»SoSm> WW 5»c) ^151^*3 1 Cambridge Borough, rf^hih=[o*-ff..oou.Ui«i-i;^i^o)i^SoiM Cambridge Center. o 'eo'o'ca'tt^ cftbi ii^ bi'03 'u 'm o'cQ ^ o o o (JeflersonYille I crs*.a.ww*Aoiww-5-3*».*._oo-i_o Centerville. {SS — ~^ H-l 1^ tS -^ I-. K- — '(DOC7I — —"cno' tp M c; m 't e o CO o -30 — "-'l-'CO-^-J East Elmore. Soajot^- I Eden Corners, 'qa'cp'co'p^tp'ow'>fc'oi-j'c;i I (fcideP Jr. O.) ?='f'f'F?'^^T^ • North Hyde Park. cp m -3 -3 -J -^ if^ OP I cc-3cn*^aiuijo North Wolcott. to 00 CO t^ cfl I-* 00 I 0G5; I Stowe Center. ..inS I (Stowe P.O.) > ; t-« B ■ w « .0 s : 1-3 c^ 1-3 I — « CD O •-tD I— «- CD £• Eg D f - g-aoo I Wolcott Village. ■ °-^-^ I (Wolcott F. O.) Khi I Morristown Corners, ^■p I (MorriBtown P. O.) 5» MorrisvlUe. c-t- o CD 02 DISTANCE TABLE ORLEANS COUNTY. 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