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THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
 WEST COAST 
 
 OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 Illustrated with 940 Figures in Color-Photography of Butterflies 
 
 from the West Coast, nearly all of which were 
 
 captured by the Author, with accurate 
 
 data for each specimen 
 
 WITH COLORED FIGURES AND DESCRIP- 
 TIONS OF MANY NEW SPECIES AND 
 NEW VARIETIES NOW FIRST PUBLISHED 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM GREENWOOD WRIGHT 
 
 <^i)e OQIliitaker & Eap Company 
 
 (INCORPORATKD) 
 
 PUBLISHERS 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO 
 
 1905 
 
 Oi 
 
 Alrt/ 
 
5^x 
 
 Ctpyrighted igo5 
 
 h 
 
 W. G. fFright 
 
TO 
 WILLIAM H. EDWARDS 
 
 MY STEADFAST FRIEND 
 
PREFACE 
 
 THIS book is built upon twenty-five years' work among 
 the butterflies of the West Coast ; and although a quarter 
 of a century is a large portion of a man's life, yet the work 
 of studying out the butterflies is but just begun. A hundred 
 years would not suffice to finish it. 
 
 The Author regrets that the work is not more complete and 
 more nearly perfect than it is, for it touches him more nearly than 
 it can touch anyone else. It doubtless contains many errors and 
 mistakes, as all the works of man must necessarily be imperfect. 
 But nothing has been written for effect, or from fear or favor, 
 but, first and last, and all the time, to be in the right, and to place 
 things as future students will find to be correct. 
 
 This work is intended for the use and information of all who 
 wish to know about the Diurnals, or Butterflies, of the West 
 Coast, whether beginners or experts. The Author has expended 
 much time and money and has traveled thousands of miles especi- 
 ally to follow up and investigate in their own habitats new or 
 doubtful species, such as Anthochairis Morrisoni, Chionobas 
 Gigas, and Iduna, the Parnassians, and others ; and the results 
 of such work done years ago have always been held in abeyance 
 for the publication of this work ; so that herein are contained the 
 results of investigations made many years ago ; for this book was 
 planned twenty years ago, and everything has been conducted 
 with that idea as a pole star, for all these years. 
 
 The Author, then, sets down these things in all seriousness, 
 and more for the use of coming generations than for the present ; 
 believing that it will be many a long year before another man 
 will devote twenty-five years of the best part of his life to wres- 
 tling with the butterflies of the West Coast ; and believing further 
 that the labor of all these years will result in some good for the 
 student in years to come. 
 
 W. G. WRIGHT. 
 
 San Bernardino, Col., 
 
 May, 1905. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PREFACE ■? 
 
 GENERAL FEATURES OP BUTTERFLY LIFE 16 
 
 COMPLETE LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE UNITED 
 
 STATES *^ 
 
 LIST OF NEW SPECIES AND NEW VARIETIES, HEREIN 
 
 FIRST PUBLISHEID AND ILLUSTRATED 70 
 
 LIST OF SOME OLD BUT GENERALLY UNKNOWN SPECIES ... 70 
 BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST, DESCRIPTIONS AND 
 
 FIGURES 73 
 
 APPENDIX: DAY-FLYING MOTHS 266 
 
 INDEX 259 
 
LIST OF COLORED PHOTO- 
 GRAPHIC PLATES 
 
 VII. 
 VIII. 
 
 X. 
 
 XI. 
 
 XII. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 XIV. 
 
 XV. 
 
 XVI. 
 
 XVII. 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 XIX. 
 
 XX. 
 
 XXI. 
 
 XXII. 
 
 XXIII. 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 XXV. 
 
 XXVI. 
 
 XXVII. 
 
 XXVIII. 
 
 XXIX. 
 
 XXX. 
 
 XXXI. 
 
 XXXII. 
 
 Facing Page. 
 
 Parnaasius 76 
 
 Parnasslus 80 
 
 Paplllo 86 
 
 Papllio 90 
 
 Neophasla: Pierls 94 
 
 Plerls 100 
 
 Nathalis: Euchloe: Anthocharis 106 
 
 Anthocharls 112 
 
 Callidrya.s: Meganostoma 116 
 
 CoUas 120 
 
 Collas 124 
 
 Terlas:. Danals: Agraulis: Euptoleta: Argynnls 180 
 
 Argynnis 132 
 
 Argynnis 134 
 
 Argynnls 138 
 
 Argynni-s 142 
 
 Argynnls: Brenthl.s 144 
 
 Melltsea 152 
 
 Melltsea 166 
 
 Melltaja 162 
 
 Phyciodes: Eresia; Synchloe 170 
 
 Grapta: Vanessa; Pyrameis 178 
 
 Ijlmenltls: Apatura: Satyrus 186 
 
 Satyrus: Erebla 190 
 
 Neominols: Cnenonympha 196 
 
 Chionobas 200 
 
 I-^emonias: Thecia 208 
 
 Thecla: Chrysophanus 216 
 
 Lycaena 228 
 
 LyciBna: Phollsora: Copseodes: Pamphlla 240 
 
 Pampliila: Pyrgus 250 
 
 NLsoniades: Eudamus: Megathymus 256 
 
The Butterflies of the West Coast 
 
GENERAL FEATURES OF BUTTERFLY LIFE 
 
 § I. The West Coast. 
 
 In this book the West Coast is considered as including all lands 
 west of the continental divide, the waters of which more or less 
 directly flow into the Pacific Ocean. This region is so extensive 
 that in square miles it might well be considered an empire in 
 itself. As delineated on the map it covers nearly as much surface 
 as that part of the United States east of the Mississippi River, or 
 about 1,100,000 square miles; whereas, to the eye of the lepidop- 
 terist it is vastly larger, as the wide expanse in latitude, the influ- 
 ences of the ranges of high mountains, and of the arid interior 
 desert region, all combine, each in its own peculiar way, to give 
 variety and a larger number of species to relatively smaller ter- 
 ritory. 
 
 The Great Basin of Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming, is as yet 
 comparatively unknown ; this interior region is rather scantily 
 represented in this work, because, as just stated, it is a new coun- 
 try, and has not yet been explored ; but many new and striking 
 forms of desert life will be found there as soon as the butterfly 
 man's net begins to wave over that wide-spreading, sandy land. 
 But as the peculiar climate and desert environment is general, 
 over the whole region, the fauna will also be found to be less 
 broad and less varied than that of the more immediate coast 
 region, of high mountains and fertile valleys, and a more varied 
 flora. 
 
 § 2. Distribution by Altitude. 
 
 Increased altitude, as on mountains, has the same effect on the 
 ornamentation of butterflies as a more northern latitude. A 
 species which occupies both valleys and mountain heights will be 
 found to be darker in color in those examples from the mountains 
 than those living in the lower valleys. Take Meganostoma 
 
16 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 Eurydice: In the valley the female is light lemon-yellow, and the 
 male never has black on the hind wings, but at its upper range the 
 female is often a greenish-yellow, especially beneath, and the male 
 is more of a dusky-black, and sometimes has a black border to 
 the hind wings, and thus becomes variety Bernardino. 
 
 In a general way, those butterflies inhabiting only the heights 
 of mountains in the southern part of the State will be found 
 flying at sea-level in the Puget Sound region, if they go that far 
 north, as Vanessa Californka, which at the south does not come 
 below 5,000 feet altitude. So those butterflies which live only in 
 the low valleys of the south, and not flying far up the sides of the 
 mountains, do not in any case go far north, as Lemomas Virgulti, 
 and many others. They are tender and more tropical, and cannot 
 stand much altitude or northing. 
 
 Some species can endure and even enjoy a great range of alti- 
 tude and of northing, while others evidently cannot go far from 
 their chosen habitat, either in the way of altitude or of northing, 
 but just what it is that limits their range, is not known. 
 
 Then there are other kinds that inhabit high altitudes in the 
 southern regions, and still are not found, in any circumstances, in 
 the north. So that it is seen that each kind has its own peculiar 
 preferences, though no one has as yet told us much about what 
 those preferences are. Butterflies therefore are like gold : "They 
 are where you find them," and the butterfly hunter must go where 
 they are, and that is often in the most improbable and unexpected 
 places. 
 
 § 3. Distribution as to Latitude. 
 
 On the West Coast we find that those species which are pecu- 
 liarly indigenous to the immediate coast are likely to be very 
 limited in range north and south. Yet there are some that have 
 a wide limit in latitude. In these cases, going north, the size 
 decreases and the colors darken and become dusky and clouded, 
 until at length it is regarded as a different species, as, for instance, 
 Chryso. Helloides, and Dorcas, which I regard as really but one 
 species, but so changed by climatic environment that they must 
 be considered as two. 
 
 The rule, as stated above as to size, has many exceptions ; as, 
 Pieris Beckeri is larger and finer at the north than in the south ; 
 Anth. Stella also suffers no diminution in size by going north. 
 
GENERAL FEATURES 17 
 
 In the distribution of butterflies as to latitude (and altitude has 
 nearly the same effect, as I have explained,) on the West Coast, 
 those species which are peculiarly indigenous to the immediate 
 coast are likely to be quite local and restricted in range, and 
 only those that are in a way continental or cosmopolitan are of 
 wide range. To this ruling there are exceptions ; among others, 
 Lini. Lorqidni is strictly a coast species, yet has a wide range to 
 the north and south, flying in the mountains of Western Mexico 
 and into Alaska I know not how far, suffering but very little dark- 
 ening of color, but being much smaller in the north. 
 
 §4. Environment. 
 
 In the determination of sub-species and variations, it is neces- 
 sary to call in all the side-lights that bear upon the matter: The 
 circumstances of habitat, altitude, and season should all be fully 
 considered. These are all carefully weighed in the determination 
 of birds and mammals, and they should be still more carefully 
 studied in the case of butterflies, because of the previous larval 
 stage of the latter. It appears to me that this aspect of the matter 
 has been largely ignored, perhaps because the writer who is dis- 
 cussing the matter but seldom has any knowledge whatever of the 
 matter, and apparently cares less about these preliminary stages 
 than their value demands. For environment has much influence 
 on all animals, and cannot safely be ignored. 
 
 § 5. Range of Butterflies. 
 
 Range indicates the limits of flight of a species, in latitude or 
 altitude. Butterflies, more than birds, are dependent on plants 
 for one of the limiting causes of their range, for most species of 
 butterflies have but one larval food-plant, while birds can feed 
 anywhere, and can nest in any tree. The butterflies' double life 
 of the larva and the imago, both of which stages must usually be 
 fed, doubly limits the butterflies' range, as compared with that 
 of birds. 
 
 Occasionally a butterfly is hardy and omnivorous enough to live 
 almost anywhere, as Pyramcis Cardni, and Vanessa Antiopa, 
 and consequently they are found over all the world, but such are 
 the exception. In part, also, some butterflies do not feed at all, 
 either on water or on the nectar of flowers, and these, as might be 
 surmised, are the most strictly limited in range of all the varieties 
 
18 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 of butterflies, although their larval food-plant, grasses, is wide 
 spread. 
 
 Further, the food-plant limit is not the only limit ; there is a subtler 
 limit than that, as intimated in Sections 2 and 3, and 39; but the 
 butterflies have not yet told me what the secret is, and I do not 
 know, nor does any other man ; but the butterflies will not fly 
 beyond their natural limit, even where the ordinary food-plant is 
 present, and, further, when the climate apparently offers no hin- 
 drance. On this point I will offer but one example. — the Meli- 
 Iceas, voracious feeders, all of them, which suck the nectar from 
 many flowers, and the larvae of which feed on many scrcphulari- 
 ous plants, chiefly the pentstemons, and which plants grow all 
 over the Coast States from north to south, the southern Meli- 
 tceas do not go far north, nor do the northern Melitceas come far 
 south, although to our grosser senses any limiting causes are not 
 apparent, either in altitude, temperature, or larval food-plants. 
 
 § 6. Metropolis. 
 
 In a country like the States of the West Coast, — a land of hills 
 and valleys and mountains, — butterflies generally inhabit in the 
 greatest numbers, first, localities where some favorite flower 
 grows, upon the nectar of which flowers both sexes feed ; sec- 
 ond, the females are found where the proper larval food-plant 
 grows, upon which the eggs are placed as they mature ; third, the 
 males can always be found on the bare, open hilltops, where they 
 idly disport themselves, taking a pugnacious delight in worrying 
 and driving off other butterflies, or in playing with those kinds 
 with which they are at peace. 
 
 But, sometimes you will run upon a metropolis unexpectedly, 
 and in the oddest places, and if you are hunting in a strange 
 country you will in a moment, and unexpectedly, find yourself 
 face to face with a metropolis, and wrestling with a flying host 
 of the beauties which you have come so far to see. On this point 
 I could relate some interesting stories, but this is not a story book, 
 so I refrain. 
 
 § 7. Types. 
 
 A "Type" is the specimen or specimens upon which the written 
 description, constituting the "publication" of a species, is founded, 
 and which carefully describes that type specimen. A species 
 should be founded upon one male and one female specimen, of 
 
GENERAL FEATURES 19 
 
 average size and appearance; though frequently only one of the 
 sexes is represented ; those original examples then are "types," 
 and all the others which perhaps have been compared with them, 
 are "typicals." 
 
 The loss by fire or otherwise of a "type" is a serious and an 
 irremediable misfortune, as it can never be replaced, and in such 
 a case doubt will always exist as to exactly what the type may or 
 may not have been, in color or markings. In case of types that 
 have been reproduced by color-photography the seriousness of the 
 matter of loss is greatly mitigated, as the colored plates will 
 always remain in existence, for comparison, and will not fade, or 
 become damaged by time or its inevitable vicissitudes. 
 
 Many species have been described in inexcusably brief or am- 
 biguous language, seemingly with the intent not to tell it to any- 
 body, but this feature of practical entomology is, thank God, fast 
 disappearing. 
 
 §8. The Species is the Founmiation. 
 
 Students should bear in mind that the species is the foundation, 
 and that the genus and family names are more or less arbitrary, 
 the genera and the species contained in them being more or less 
 subject to change, as they become better known, and as wiser, or 
 less wise men set to work on them ; but the specific names, as 
 Rwtulus, can never be changed, and you may be sure that that par- 
 ticular name Rutulus will always belong to that particular yellow, 
 swallow-tailed butterfly, whether some one sees fit to place the 
 name among the Lycanas or not. When looking up a butterfly 
 in the index, therefore, you should always look for the specific 
 name, rather than the genus or family name, because these latter 
 names are found in all sorts of queer places, according to the fancy 
 of the man who writes the list. 
 
 § 9. Sub-Species. 
 
 Much difference of opinion may legitimately exist among men 
 as to the relative value of sub-species. In later years I have be- 
 come more of a believer in the value of small differences, if they 
 are constant, and to regard a small difference as positive and cer- 
 tain a thing as a wide one, and, of course, as of equal value ; e. g., 
 Phyciodes Pascoettsis. 
 
 In varieties, where the differences grade insensibly into one 
 another, and into the species which is supposed to be the stem or 
 
20 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 parent of them all, these differences are varietal only, and of far 
 less value than in sub-species, where slight differences are con- 
 stant. 
 
 Breeding seems to be the only way of establishing either the one 
 thing or the other, and I have learned by observation and by 
 experience that breeding generally tends to establish and augment 
 the value of sub-species, separating them, and raising them to the 
 rank of a species, rather than to lessen the value of them and 
 reduce them to the level of varieties. 
 
 A cent is just as certain a quantity as is a dollar; and you 
 cannot have the larger sum without the smaller ; so in butterflies, 
 we must have the smaller values as well as the broader ones. 
 
 § lo. Varieties. 
 
 A variety is a form of butterfly which varies more or less, and 
 sometimes widely, from its supposed parent, and the differences 
 are not constant, but grade insensibly into one another and into 
 the parent as well, the variations apparently having been caused by 
 some climatic environment or other cause unknown ; it is then 
 called a variety of the older or better known form or species. 
 When the variation is extremely broad and excessive, it may lead 
 to a form called aberration, later to be considered, as Meiitcea 
 Mirabilis. 
 
 I do not like the term variety, and would like to see a better 
 system prevail, for the so-called variety may perhaps be the stem, 
 and the older one the offshoot. For instance, Parnassins Smin- 
 theus was found at an early day, and thirty-four years later the 
 form Hermodur was found and was named as a variety of the 
 former ; when I fully believe that Hermodur is the stem and Smin- 
 theus the variety or offshoot. 
 
 The simple fact of priority of discovery should really count for 
 nothing. This following rule should prevail : When one particular 
 form prevails in great numbers, is marked, constant, and free 
 from variations, it is the stem to which that offshoot belongs 
 which is variable, inconstant, and to which we look for all manner 
 of queer markings. And that is just where Hermodur and 
 Smintheus stand today. 
 
 § II. Aberration. 
 
 This term is applied to a butterfly which while easily enough 
 placed in its genus, and which shows affrnity with some certain 
 
GENERAL FEATURES 81 
 
 species, is, nevertheless, widely different in ornamentation from 
 the typical specific form of its parents. Such a freak or 
 sport is, I believe, of the female sex, although itself prac- 
 tically sexless, or at any rate, infertile; and as its race is not con- 
 tinued, it is scarcely entitled to a place in the list of names, be- 
 cause, so far as known, there never was, and never will be, another 
 like it. Yet it is usually accorded a place in the catalogues, with a 
 status about on a par with a variety. 
 
 It is apparent that the female sex is more liable to be found mas- 
 querading under the guise of aberration than the male ; male aber- 
 rations are practically unknown. Therefore an unknown or 
 strange female specimen should not be readily accepted as a spe- 
 cies, but rather it should be held in abeyance till the affair 
 clears up. 
 
 Some species are especially given to aberration ; for instance, 
 Melitaa Hoffmmtni has many aberrations, someof which havebeen 
 named and others have not, and some of them are far, far away 
 from the type, as Mirabilis, in this volume. Another species which 
 is given to aberration is Lyccena Acmon, several eccentric forms 
 of which have been noted, and some of them named ; e. g., Mcli- 
 mona, a maleless variety. 
 
 § 12. Seasonal Forms. 
 
 Often, and probably, usually, the early appearing imagines are 
 darker in markings than the later ones. The reason for this is a 
 matter of speculation. Perhaps it is the colder nights which 
 ordinarily prevail in the early spring, though it seems to me that 
 this factor would have but slight influence, if any at all. And 
 there are contradictory circumstances ; as, for one, the early or 
 cold weather forms of Colias Eurytheme are paler than those 
 forms which appear in the warmer months of summer, so that the 
 term "seasonal forms" should be taken with some caution, until 
 the matter is followed out to its conclusion, or proved up by breed- 
 ing or by experiment. 
 
 § 13. Hybrids. 
 
 By "hybrids" is meant that race of butterflies that would pre- 
 sumably result from the pairing of butterflies of different species. 
 Not very much has ever been written upon this subject, and that 
 little is based altogether upon speculation, no facts bearing upon 
 the subject having ever been printed, that I know of, the discus- 
 
22 THE BUTTERFLIES OF TRIE WEST COAST 
 
 sion being merely guess-work as to the possibility or probability 
 of any such thing ever happening, and thus, perhaps, accounting 
 for some puzzling intergrades or variations. In this view Mr. 
 W. H. Edwards has written a few sentences, but as nothing was 
 positively known, no conclusions were reached ; and H. Edwards, 
 in 1876, described a butterfly which was thought to be a hybrid 
 between Atalanta and Carye, but, as before, nothing was posi- 
 tively known. But the opinion has always been advanced that the 
 progeny, if any there were, would be infertile, and so disappear, 
 in the next generation, if not in this. 
 
 And now let us have a couple of facts upon which to base con- 
 clusions. In 1895 I observed a pair of Theclas in copula. As is 
 usual in such cases, they were flying heavily, one flying away with 
 the other, and soon they alighted ; upon taking them I found the 
 male to be Dumetormn, and the female was Iroides. Again, in 
 1902, I saw a pair of Pierids similarly attached ; they were cap- 
 tured, and immediately mounted ; the male is Rapce, and the 
 female is Protodice. Thus in seven years I have captured two 
 pairs mismated, in full copulation, and the fact that such mis- 
 matings can and do occur is fully established. During the same 
 seven years I have taken in copula perhaps twenty pairs each year, 
 regularly mated. 
 
 At that estimate one pair in 140 is regularly mismated, or 
 irregularly mated ; at which rate, out of a thousand matings seven 
 would be irregular. Now, if that per cent be normal and con- 
 tinuous, we see at once that there can be no resulting fertile pro- 
 geny from the mismatings, for if there were intergraded varieties 
 following every mismating, the world would be full of hit-and- 
 miss butterflies in a few years. It therefore appears conclusive that, 
 as in other lines of the animal kingdom, the mismatings must be 
 infertile, either immediately or in the next generation. This is 
 one of those cases that can be proved only by the breeding of the 
 igg and the larvae of this year and of next year also, and those 
 difficulties that stand in the way of such breeding are so many 
 and so great that it is safe to say it will be many a decade before 
 it is accomplished ; and he who has bred butterflies knows this 
 very well. 
 
 § 14. Dimorphism. 
 
 Is a name given to white or black females, which in general 
 color differ totally from their normal-colored sisters. In Colias, 
 
GENERAL FEATURES 23 
 
 the dimorphic female is white ; in Argynnis she is black; with this 
 provision noted that where the black female is found, there is no 
 normal-colored female at all. Whether there ever was a normal- 
 colored female in these cases, no one knows. I believe, however, 
 that at one time the normal-colored female existed, and that she 
 has disappeared, just as at the present time the normal female of 
 Colias is being replaced by the albino, so that in a few decades, 
 a yellow-colored female will be difficult to find, if the present rate 
 of change shall be kept up. 
 
 In Colias, at any rate, if one can build upon twenty-five years' 
 observation, the orange-yellow female will shortly be difficult to 
 find, or will have been entirely supplanted by the white, so that, 
 like Argynnis Nokomis, Nitocris, and Leto, there will be no nor- 
 mal yellow female Colia.s at all. 
 
 § 15. Albinism. 
 
 This term is applied to the dimorphic, or secondary, white 
 females, as of Colias, many examples of which are illustrated here- 
 with. But one example of a white or albino male is recorded, 
 that one being the male of Philodice, from Western New York, 
 taken in the summer of 1891, and noted by the veteran butterfly 
 captain, W. H. Edwards. Philodice is considered to be the East- 
 ern form or representative of our Western Eurytheme. No other 
 white male or albino has ever been noticed anywhere, and but for 
 the faith that the name of such a man as W. H. Edwards com- 
 pels, I should disbelieve the statement of the existence of a male 
 albino. 
 
 § 16. Bisexual. 
 
 Is a term applied to such butterflies as have on the right-hand 
 the wings of one sex, and on the left-hand the wings of the 
 other sex. This variation appears to occur occasionally, every- 
 where. The only specimen ever taken by me was a Lyccena Pi- 
 asus, and which is figured on Plate XXX, in this book. I have 
 also heard of a Lyccena Sonorenisis so marked, also taken in 
 Southern California. Examples of bisexuals are illustrated in 
 Edwards's Butterflies of North America. 
 
 Bisexual individuals appear to be infertile, like the hybrids and 
 other mules ; it is not known whether they are of one sex or of 
 the other, or neither. No fact is known, upon which a theory may 
 be based, except the single one, that such butterflies are occasion- 
 
24 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 ally found, and not alone among the little ones, like the Lycwnas 
 mentioned, but also among the larger kinds, like Papilios, this 
 curious mix-up of the sexual ornamentation has been found. 
 
 § 17. Sex-Marks. 
 
 About half of the species of butterflies are readily determined 
 as to sex, at a glance, by some obvious differences, such as the 
 anal claspers, or the different pattern of ornamentation of the 
 wings ; but there are others, especially among the Nymphalidce, 
 which are difficult to determine. In these cases the "lappets," or 
 the aborted fore legs which are folded over the prothorax, usually 
 afford a good point; the lappets of the males are fully clad with 
 plenty of long hairs, while the lappets of the females are less fully 
 clad in shorter and scanty hairs. 
 
 The beginner is often puzzled to determine the sex of a speci- 
 men which later he would quickly know, as he became more 
 familiar with the complexion of butterflies in general. When 
 the butterflies are freshly emerged, and are unfed, and immature, 
 the sexes are more difficult of determination than later, when the 
 bodies of the females are developed and mature. 
 
 § 18. Gregarious Butterflies. 
 
 One species of butterflies, Danais Plexippus, is at times gre- 
 garious ; they gather together in thousands, alighting thickly to- 
 gether in one tree, or at least as near together as possible. I have 
 noted these gatherings in spring and in the fall ; on the shore of 
 the Pacific, near Lx)s Angeles, and in Texas, and they have been 
 noted in other parts of the country, by other persons. These 
 gatherings are peculiar to this one species of butterfly; no other 
 species has any similar habit. When the conclave is disturbed in 
 any way they arise in multitudes, and fly about in a confused, un- 
 certain way, and at length settle down again as closely as before. 
 Many writers have noted these gatherings, but no one has offered 
 any plausible reason for the funny proceeding. They do not ap- 
 pear to have any leader, nor to have any especial business to trans- 
 act, or to be engaged in any social pleasures ; but just to get to- 
 gether, — only this, and nothing more. 
 
 § 19. Freezing. 
 
 Butterflies can and do endure a freezing temperature without 
 suffering therefrom. In the high, alpine meadows of the Sierra 
 
GENERAL FEATURES 26 
 
 Nevadas I have seen the delicate Httle Lycanas, Acmon and Da- 
 dcdus cUnging to grass stems in the cold frosty mornings when 
 everything was stiff and white with frost, and large icicles hung 
 from the water troughs. I apprehend that the juice of their 
 bodies is so constituted that it does not freeze readily. At any 
 rate I know that they do endure freezing temperature, and that 
 they are not apparently injured by it. I have never heard of any 
 person trying to freeze a butterfly, but the feeding of the larvae, 
 and the keeping of the chrysalides in cold storage, as on ice, has 
 often been tried ; the only effect being to darken the resulting 
 butterflies. 
 
 § 20. Non-Feeding Species. 
 
 The Satyridcc, which seldom or never feed on flowers, or take 
 water, and whose individual lives are, therefore, short, are weak 
 of flight, and the butterflies themselves are seemingly lacking in 
 enterprise and vigor ; they do not wander far from the place where 
 they were born. They spend their lives in laziness and indolence, 
 caring for nothing but to mate, and die. Why, then, have they 
 the apparatus for eating, if they do not use it? 
 
 Some moths of the West Coast, both of the day-flying and of 
 the night-flying kinds, which do not feed on flowers, are aborted 
 in the usual feeding mouth-parts, having no proboscis or tongue, 
 presumably because they do not need to feed, or have neglected 
 to feed for so long a time that their feeding apparatus has become 
 atrophied or aborted, so that now they cannot feed if they would. 
 The query is, why, then, are not the similar organs of these non- 
 feeding butterflies also atrophied? Are butterflies a more recent 
 creation than moths? And will the feeding organs in these non- 
 feeding butterflies in like manner become useless and aborted, in 
 time? If so, then these Satyrids will be the first among butter- 
 flies to become tongueless, as they are now in some other respects 
 the most degraded and mothlike. 
 
 §21. FoUR-FoOTED BUTTEKFLIES. 
 
 About half of the genera of butterflies are six-footed, and the 
 rest of them are four-footed ; twenty-three genera are six-footed 
 and twenty-seven are four-footed. Commencing with the genus 
 Heliconia all are four-footed up to and including Libyth^a, and 
 the rest are six-footed. By this is meant that the feet are or are 
 not adapted for walking ; all of the so-called four-footed ones have 
 
26 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THTE WEST COAST 
 
 the fore legs in part, but the tarsus or hand is wanting, so that the 
 fore legs are useless for walking, and are merely folded over the 
 front of the thorax, and are called "lappets." 
 
 These lappets are useful in the determination of the sexes of the 
 butterflies, the males having lappets that are more completely 
 clad with long and dense hairs, and the females having lappets 
 that are scantily clad. Many of the four-footed butterflies are 
 very similar in appearance, as to the sexes, and the determina- 
 tion would be difficult but for the lappets. 
 
 The fact that a butterfly has six feet or only four is not deemed 
 of much importance, and does not count for anything in the classi- 
 fication of them ; in fact, one species exists wherein the one sex 
 has six feet and the other but four. 
 
 § 22. At Water. 
 
 Soon after a butterfly emerges from its chrysalis, in its habitat 
 on the plains or in the mountains, curiously enough it seeks water 
 to drink. Both sexes are found "at water," as it is called, but the 
 males are in greater proportion than the females. True, as we 
 all know, there are, as a rule, many more males than females, at 
 all times and all places, but it seems that but a small proportion 
 of the females, at any and all times, are to be found at water. 
 When butterflies are seen at water, on damp places in the road 
 or at sandy places by the brookside, they are always fresh and 
 bright, and are so busily engaged that they are easily taken in the 
 net. They have a habit of gregariousness, or of flocking together 
 at water, so that there will be dozens or even hundreds gathered 
 together in a bunch, as thick as they can stand, all absorbed in 
 sucking water from the damp sand. Different, and widely sepa- 
 rated species and genera are thus drawn together; Papilios and 
 Lyccenas, Vaitessans and Melitceas, — the more the merrier. 
 
 It would seem that these watering places might be good places 
 to catch a supply for the cabinet ; obviously so, but the trouble is 
 that always the females are the ones that are wanted, as males 
 are plenty enough at all times and places. The reason that the 
 females are so generally absent from the watering places, is, I 
 believe, because they are more inclined to feed on flowers. They 
 have to sustain and perfect their brood of eggs, and so require 
 more nourishment than do the males, and no real nourishment 
 can be found in water, while the nectar of flowers affords food 
 and water together. 
 
GENERAL FEATURES 27 
 
 § 23. At Night. 
 
 It is curious to note that when butterflies go to rest at night 
 they seem to have "a thought for the morrow," for, instead of 
 choosing a place in the warm sunshine of the afternoon, as would 
 seem to be the natural way, they select a place — by instinct, it 
 must be — where the warm sunshine of the morning will first 
 come; they seem to know that while the warmth of the sun at 
 evening may be agreeable to go to sleep by, the morning will be 
 cold, and the sunshine still more necessary to them than it is at 
 evening. I have noticed also that they often choose a dry bush 
 rather than a green one, for their sleeping place ; probably they 
 instinctively know that the dry one will be less damp and conse- 
 quently warmer than the green one, through the hours of dark- 
 ness. 
 
 § 24. Taming Butterflies. 
 
 Butterflies are easily tamed, and like birds, appear to enjoy the 
 pleasures of captivity, and yet, again, like birds, they are always 
 listening for the call of the wild, and the invitation of the open 
 door is never in vain. 
 
 A day or two will suffice to tame a butterfly so that when it 
 sees you coming it will walk towards you, waving its wings in 
 pleasure at your appearance, and gently unrolling its tongue as it 
 walks along, in anticipation of a sip of sweetened water ; then it 
 will climb upon your finger, all the time waving its great wings 
 as if it knew they were very handsome indeed, and feeling with 
 its tongue for the expected dainty. 
 
 The dominating taming influence with butterflies, as also with 
 bird, and beast, and man, is — hunger. You must always approach 
 the butterfly with gentle motions, with an absence of anything 
 new or strange or unexpected or unpleasant, when it is hungry, 
 and with food on your finger tips, and when you call it you must 
 each time do so with the same motions and the same tone of 
 voice. The females are more tractable and teachable than the 
 males. 
 
 § 25. Length of a Butterfly's Life. 
 
 This is largely dependent upon its habits and its native vigor. 
 Some kinds that are stout of body, and which feed abundantly 
 upon flowers, will live several months, and these will occasionally 
 live over winter, if in some sheltered and wooded canyon where 
 
28 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 they can find cover from the cold winds and the rains. The 
 Graptas, Vanessaois, and Pyrameis are the most notable examples 
 of this group, the long-lived species. Intermediate species, like 
 Argynnis, and Meiiicca, have a life of several weeks, or possibly 
 two months' duration. The Satyridcc are generally non-feeding, 
 are seldom or never seen feeding on flowers, or on the damp 
 ground taking water. They are slender in build of body, and 
 sluggish and lazy in habit, and the individual life of these non- 
 feeding kinds is, therefore, necessarily short, because they have 
 not a supply of nutriment in their scanty bodies to enable them 
 to withstand the stress of time and weather ; and their brief lease 
 of life is occupied solely in the business of propagation of their 
 kind. For instance : the annual flight of Chionobas Iduna is be- 
 gun and ended inside of ten days. One year I was able to stay 
 with them and to make particular note of their comings and go- 
 ings, being on the ground before the first one appeared, and re- 
 maining till the last one had disappeared ; and seven days saw the 
 first and the last of that year's flight. 
 
 § 26. Ultimate Fate of Butterflies. 
 
 The logical and natural end of a butterfly's life is that it be- 
 comes benumbed by cold, or in some way is disabled and falls to 
 the ground and is seized upon by the ever-present ant and eaten 
 up alive by that poison-fanged tiger. That such an innocent and 
 happy creature should meet with such a fate, the most terrible and 
 deplorable that we can conceive of, is sad, indeed, but such is the 
 inexorable law of Nature. The collector, therefore, who catches 
 his butterfly and mercifully kills it, and gives it a place in his 
 cabinet, gives it thereby a relative immortality, and it lives in 
 some one's museum for many years. Is not this relatively a 
 happy and a useful ending of its life? 
 
 § 27. Rubbing the Wings. 
 
 Theclas and Lycanas have a curious habit when at rest, or 
 when feeding on flowers, of rubbing their wings together with a 
 gentle, even motion, which recalls to the observer the habit which 
 houseflies have of rubbing their hind feet together. The wings 
 I think do not ever touch together during this rubbing process, 
 and what can be the use or object of the rubbing motion is a 
 mystery. I have never seen any reasonable explanation of this 
 curious habit oflFered by any one. No other kind of butterfly 
 
GENERAL FEATURES 29 
 
 behaves in this singular manner, but those named are sure to act 
 that way when they are not asleep. 
 
 § 28. Wings Opened Out Flat. 
 
 Many butterflies have a habit of alighting upon the ground and 
 opening out the wings flat, with their backs to the sun ; this is 
 more noticeable in the cool of the morning and toward evening. 
 Or in the case of skippers, they open out the hind wings only, 
 leaving the fore wings upright as usual. This opening of the 
 wings is for warmth, only; they never do it when the weather is 
 warm enough for them to be comfortable ; though of course, not 
 all kinds have the same requirement ; a tropical species will want 
 the heat of the sun when a colder one will not. On the West 
 Coast the species most given to warming his back in the sun's 
 rays, is Pyrameis Carye. 
 
 § 29. At Rest. 
 
 Butterflies have been classified into two groups : The "true but- 
 terflies," which always carry all wings upright or back to back 
 when at rest, and the "skippers," which usually carry the hind 
 wings horizontal when at rest. This classification is subject to 
 correction and amendment in relation to the West Coast butter- 
 flies, for not all the large, "true" butterflies carry their wings up- 
 right ; for example, BredovA, Lorqiiini, and Iduna usually carry 
 all their wings flat when at rest, and Papilios frequently do ; while 
 not all the skippers carry their hind wings flat, and some of them 
 never do. 
 
 This foregoing classification of upright wings is in contra-dis- 
 tinction to the nocturnal-flying lepidoptera or moths, the wings of 
 which are usually carried flat, or sloping both ways, like the roof 
 of a house. 
 
 § 30. Mimicry, or Simulation. 
 
 A good deal has been written about coloration, or the lack of 
 it, as a means of protection to butterflies, and of mimicry, or that 
 one species simulates .some other object or thing for their better 
 protection from birds, or from the attacks of other supposed ene- 
 mies. The most of this talk is mere guesswork and speculation, 
 indulged in by writers in order to show up the wisdom of Nature 
 to those less wise than themselves. I do not believe a word of this 
 mimicry theory : in general terms I know it to be false. 
 
30 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 The worldly rule, to eat and be eaten, applies to butterflies as 
 well as to all other animate things. But butterflies have not the 
 instinct of fear; they are happy in the absence of a knowledge of 
 what fear is, and they are happy in the possession of a power to 
 avoid their enemies by rapid flight. If you strike your net at one 
 and miss it, you alarm it, and it flies rapidly away, but it soon 
 stops to feed on a flower, or to flirt with a mate, without once 
 looking back to see if you are following it, for it has forgotten you. 
 
 Having no fear, they would not use mimicry, if they had it. 
 Butterflies are able to take care of themselves. During twenty- 
 five years' butterfly work I have seen but one attempt of a bird to 
 catch a butterfly; then it was a flycatcher bird chasing a Colias, 
 dashing after it many times, until, tired out, it stopped, and the 
 Colias escaped. But shall we assume that the butterflies of that 
 region, remembering that attack, will eventually develop simulat- 
 ing devices on their yellow wings? It is absurd. As it escaped, 
 it might more reasonably be expected the Colias would adopt still 
 more flaunting colors, to commemorate the victory, if they had 
 anything to do about it, which they have not. 
 
 Some butterflies habitually alight upon places that are concol- 
 orous with themselves ; most of the Satyridd do this. Take Chi- 
 onobas Gigas; its only alighting place is the bare gray rock, upon 
 which only a gray moss grows, the moss interspersed with 
 patches of lichen covered rock; and when it alights on such 
 a place you cannot distinguish it although you saw it alight 
 only three yards away. He alighted there, but not from 
 fear, and not to secrete himself by virtue of mimicry, for he is 
 only playing, and he dashes out to attack, or to play with, the first 
 butterfly that comes in sight of his rock. Some Satyrids, weak of 
 flight and stupid of habit, adopt as a means of escape from attack, 
 that familiar ruse, called simulation of death; they become ap- 
 parently lifeless, and drop into the grass or rubbish, and remain 
 motionless; but that is a ruse common to many of the smaller 
 forms of animal life, and is not mimicry. 
 
 If a large proportion of the species of butterflies mimicked 
 anything, then the rule or the proposition would stand some 
 chance to hold good, in some degree at least, but not one species 
 in a hundred can be said to mimic or simulate anything. The 
 idea, therefore, that butterflies simulate leaves or sticks or stones, 
 as a means of protection from their enemies, is evidently unten- 
 
GENERAL FEATURES 31 
 
 able. If it were necessary for one it would be so for all. On the 
 contrary, butterflies are generally distinctly and brightly colored, 
 and in their habits they delight to flaunt their glittering wings in 
 the face of the world. They fear nothing; and if attacked they 
 know how to escape. 
 
 As to birds, note that they are in perpetual fear for every mo- 
 ment of their waking lives ; not for one instant are they free from 
 caution as against their enemies ; it seems as if they wanted and 
 needed eyes that should look backwards and sideways as well as 
 forwards, for they are always trying to see in every direction at 
 once; why, then, are not birds protected by mimicry, for they 
 really seem to need it ; but butterflies do not need it. . 
 
 § 31. Movement of Butterflies. 
 
 By "movement" I mean the substitution of the abnormal female 
 for the normal ; the temporary or permanent disappearance of an 
 entire species; and the unaccountable appearance of lost or un- 
 known species ; in fine, the change from one state of things to an- 
 other state. 
 
 Where, now, are the normal-colored females of Argynnis Nito- 
 cris, Nokomis, Letof They are not in existence anywhere, but, 
 occupying their places are dimorphic or melanic females, wholly 
 dissimilar from what the normal females should be. 
 
 Observe Colias Eurytheme, and all of those species of Colias 
 that have an albino female. Like the males of the Argynnids just 
 mentioned the males are constant, there is no dimorphism in that 
 sex, but there are two females existing, the normal yellow, and 
 the white or albinic ; the latter increasing rapidly in proportion of 
 numbers as the years go by, until apparently it will be but a few 
 decades, or a few hundred years at most, when those species of 
 Calias will have no normal yellow colored females in existence. 
 Twenty-five years ago in California the albinic females of Eury- 
 theme were extremely rare ; but today they are common. The 
 same report also comes from Colorado. It has been suggested 
 that perhaps the increasing growth and use of alfalfa, (Medicago 
 sativa, a plant not a native of America but introduced from 
 Europe,) upon which plant the larvae of Colias now chiefly feed, 
 but upon which in former times they could not feed, is, to a greater 
 or less extent, the cause of the dimorphic change ; but I do not see 
 any weight in this suggestion. 
 
32 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THiE WEST COAST 
 
 As to the disappearance of species, I will cite cases : Lycana 
 Tejua, found in Southern California some thirty-five years ago, 
 was presumably common then, as it was taken cursorily or acci- 
 dentally, and in those days a butterfly hunter was very rare in- 
 deed ; but since then it has never been taken, it has utterly dis- 
 appeared. Lycana Xerces was fairly common in the early days of 
 California, being found in Lone Mountain Cemetery on the out- 
 skirts of San Francisco, but about thirty years ago it disappeared, 
 and for about twenty-five years was not seen, though diligently 
 sought by experienced men, and has been accounted extinct by 
 some writers ; but it is now again found in the same place as 
 formeily. Of Pamphila Melane three specimens only were taken 
 thirty years ago, accidentally, and was thereafter quite unknown 
 until rediscovered by me, seventeen years after its disappearance, 
 since which time it has become quite common everywhere over the 
 southern half of the State. Notwithstanding the more active col- 
 lecting in recent years as compared with the years when the fol- 
 lowing species were found, Cliionobas Nevadensis, Satyrus 
 Wheeleri, and Mechanitis Californica have become unknown, and 
 are apparently extinct. 
 
 On the other hand, many new forms are noted from time to 
 time, some of which, by all parity of reasoning, should have been 
 discovered long ago. Copccodes Candida was first taken in a favo- 
 rite hunting place frequented by me for years previous to the date 
 of actual capture, its food plant having just become introduced 
 into the country from the Gulf States ; but, though the plant came 
 from the Southern States the butterfly itself did not come from 
 that country, but apparently the butterfly could not appear till its 
 proper food plant was ready for it ; and even then its introduc- 
 tion was very gradual, for it was seven years after the capture of 
 the first specimen before I got a satisfactory series of specimens 
 upon which to base a new specific name, although its novelty was 
 noted when the first one was taken. The particulars of the dis- 
 covery of other new species in old and well-known fields, where 
 the butterfly net had been swinging for many years, can be found 
 in the body of this book. 
 
 About eighty plants have been noted as having been introduced 
 into California since the coming of the white man ; most of them 
 have come as weeds, or have introduced themselves and now are 
 wild and able to take care of themselves. And it is reasonable to 
 
GENERAL FEATURES 33 
 
 believe that some species of butterflies have become established 
 in this region, as a result of the increased variety of plants now 
 living here. 
 
 But whatever the reason may be, the fact remains ; species come 
 and go, forms prevail, and in time disappear ; apparently but few 
 things stand immovable. Perhaps for a century or two the move- 
 ment in most species is not observed, and yet, again, other species 
 move with great relative speed, until, for one, I am on the verge 
 of belief that in a thousand years, or in ten thousand (for a few 
 years more or less do not count), the changes in the butterflies of 
 the West Coast will be very great indeed. How or why the 
 changes come can be told only after much study and observation 
 through many years. Certainly, one man, or one generation of 
 men stands no chance of solving the question. The most that we 
 can do is to note down the things as we find them ; and an aggre- 
 gation of these notes after a series of years will afford a distinct 
 step forward in the investigation. 
 
 § 32. Dry and Wet Seasons. 
 
 When extremely unfavorable dry seasons occur, as in 1883, and 
 1898, birds will not nest, or perhaps will build nests but lay no 
 eggs in them ; bees will not swarm ; and butterflies do not properly 
 appear. It is not well known what becomes of the butterfly na- 
 tion in those bad years. Of course, there are many butterflies on 
 the wing, but some kinds do not appear at all, and other kinds are 
 very few in numbers. They must tide over the dry season, in 
 chrysalis, or die. And I think that in good part, they die. 
 
 I have known that sturdy and vigorous butterfly Papilio Zoli- 
 caon to be almost wiped out by a bad and rainy time when they 
 were just at the point of emergence. I was then engaged in get- 
 ting material for the illustration of Zolicaon for Edwards' But- 
 terflies of North America, and had in previous years secured most 
 of the required material, when a wet spring came on, and it rained 
 every day more or less for forty days ; and Zolicaon did not ap- 
 pear at all that year, and it was several years before they came in 
 from the outside, so to speak, so that I could supply the lacking 
 material. This is the reason that a hiatus of seven years appears 
 in Edwards' history of the species, and in the illustrations thereof ; 
 a hiatus never before explained. 
 
34 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 § 33. Food-Plants. 
 
 To many species of butterflies mentioned in this book, "The 
 Food-Plants" are noted down in the body of the work, as ascer- 
 tained by myself and also by many other observers, since the study 
 of butterflies began; but the student must not think that these 
 lists of names of plants are complete, and that there are no other 
 plants used as larval food-plants besides these as noted ; on the 
 other hand there are many caterpillars that are well-nigh omniv- 
 orous, and will eat almost any green thing rather than starve. 
 Yet it is true that a majority of caterpillars will only eat the leaves 
 of one particular plant, or at best, only the leaves of one group of 
 plants, as the Pentstemons. Other larvse feed on the immature 
 seeds of leguminous plants ; and still others feed on the pith of 
 some flower-stem ; and one kind live in the interior of a succulent, 
 juicy leaf. 
 
 Probably a majority of the species of larvae are unknown as to 
 their food-plants. To discover these plants, and to get eggs, and 
 rear the larvas through to pupation and to emergence, will furnish 
 employment for the working butterfly man of coming generations, 
 for many years. And the doing of these things will settle many 
 things, and many a disputed point, as nothing else will, as for in- 
 stance, the status or value of many so-called varieties and sub- 
 species. 
 
 § 34. The Army Worm. 
 
 The so-called "army worm" is composed chiefly of the larvae of 
 moths, and not of those of butterflies. But when the army 
 worm appears the season is certain to be a favorable one for but- 
 terflies, as well as for moths ; and if a drag-net be drawn it will 
 be sure to catch numbers of the larvae of butterflies, along with 
 those of moths. For many of the butterfly larvae are largely omniv- 
 orous, and will eat the leaves of most cultivated plants and 
 grasses. Pyrameis Cardui, P. Caryc and Colias Eurytheme are 
 the chief sinners, being everywhere abundant, and the larvae are 
 practically omnivorous, so that the larvae of those species are 
 oftenest caught in the company of the army worm proper, and so 
 receive undue blame. 
 
 Moths are almost always nocturnal, they fly by night, and the 
 caterpillars feed mostly by night and are, therefore, but seldom 
 seen, so that they escape notice, ordinarily, and the blame falls 
 
GENERAL FEATURES 35 
 
 upon the diurnal butterflies which are seen, although they are not 
 the chief oflfenders. But when the army worm appears, and 
 prevails, they both appear to forget their proper habits in the 
 mad rush for a fresh green leaf. 
 
 § 35. Getting Butterfly Eggs for Breeding. 
 
 It is generally understood that to get eggs from the female but- 
 terfly, the insect must be confined in a gauze bag along with the 
 proper larval food-plant, and that if all things are favorable, she 
 will lay her eggs, one by one, as they mature, upon the leaves of 
 the plant. This is generally true; but the matter can be greatly 
 simplified, as nearly half of the species do not require that the 
 larval food-plant be present at all. Females of the following 
 named genera will lay their eggs upon anything, even on the net 
 itself, if other matters, as proper shade, warmth, air, and quiet, 
 are agreeable to her: Parttassius, Argynnis, Euptoieta, Neo- 
 nympha, all the genera of the family SatyridcB, and in part, 
 some other genera. All the rest require their own peculiar larval 
 food-plant to be present, and the females will die rather than ovi- 
 posit without it. And it is necessary that the plant should be 
 fresh and bright, as the butterfly will not oviposit on a plant that 
 is at all wilted. 
 
 When out in the open fields the best way is to tie the gauze bag 
 upon a twig of the living plant, and then put the female in it, and 
 tie it up tight, and leave it in quiet ; a little shade will be neces- 
 sary if the sunshine is bright. Guard against ants, for they will 
 gladly kill and eat the butterfly ; look out also for birds, and for 
 boys. A small bag is better than a very large one. All butter- 
 fly eggs are a little sticky at first, and will adhere to any object 
 upon which they may be placed by the female butterfly ; but it is 
 best to have the bag of a fine mesh, so that the eggs cannot fall 
 through and be lost, if dislodged. 
 
 You can carry the mature butterfly a long distance, if she is 
 put into a can, as a baking powder can, and shut up in the dark- 
 ness. I once carried a female Leto 800 miles, in five and a half 
 days, and after that heart-breaking journey she gave me a fine lot 
 of fertile eggs. Another plan, and a good one, is to take the but- 
 terfly home in the tin can, and take a glass fruit jar of one or two 
 quarts capacity, and put in the jar some fresh twigs of the proper 
 plant, and then put the butterfly in, and close it up tight ; the seal- 
 
36 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 ing of the jar will keep the twig from wilting, and the stillness 
 and quiet are agreeable to the butterfly, and conduce to success. 
 If the butterfly is of the kind which require no plant, the same 
 processes are available, with the added facility of not having to 
 bother about the plant. You can catch the butterfly in the most dis- 
 tant mountains, and bring her home, and putting her in the jar, 
 get the eggs, with but little trouble, after you have become ac- 
 quainted with the little wrinkles of the process, although you may 
 live in the heart of a city. A proper amount of sunshine and 
 shade, of proper warmth, of utter quiet, are obligatory in any 
 case. 
 
 § 36. Breeding the Larv^. 
 
 Butterfly eggs hatch in from ten to twenty days, according to 
 the species. The caterpillar is at first but a small thing; really, if 
 it is of a very small butterfly it will be nearly invisible to the un- 
 aided eye ; the first thing the larva is likely to do is to eat its own 
 egg-shell, then after a while it wants to nibble at a leaf. All this 
 time it should be in the jar, as previously mentioned, as it is other- 
 wise likely to be lost. Young and tender leaves must be given it 
 every day, and after a week or two the jar must be washed out 
 daily, and so kept clean and sweet, as otherwise the larva will 
 die. 
 
 When the caterpillar has lived its appointed days, and gone 
 through its proper moults, it has arrived at maturity, and becomes 
 sluggish and stupid and ceases to feed ; but shortly it begins to 
 creep about, and if it is not carefully caged it will get away and 
 be lost ; to get away it will gnaw through cloth, and sometimes 
 they will go into the ground, and so become lost to you ; when the 
 wandering stage is over it will attach itself to a twig, and in two 
 days will have become a chrysalis. 
 
 In the pupa or chrysalis state it may remain for ten to twenty 
 days, or longer, perhaps all winter, according to circumstances. 
 And when the proper time has come it will emerge, a bright new 
 butterfly. At first it cannot fly, for its wings are as soft and limp 
 as a bit of wet tissue paper, but after a while the wings become 
 firmer, and soon it can fly, and you have a "bred" butterfly. 
 
 § 37. Breeding in Darkness and in Cold. 
 
 When caterpillars are bred or raised in darkness from egg to 
 imago, the resulting imago will be darker in color than the nor- 
 
GENERAL FEATURES 37 
 
 mal ; the dark spots and lines will be broader and more dense or 
 dusky, and the lighter ones will be sordid or dusky. But no ex- 
 cessive variation or deviation from the plan of the normal form 
 has ever been noticed, although the effort has many and many 
 times been made to create new forms by this method. 
 
 So, also, by cold. Caterpillars raised in an ice-house, or in cold- 
 storage, where the temperature is kept down as low as possible, 
 will never develop any radical variation, but the butterflies will be 
 darker than they would have been if raised in a normal temper- 
 ature. 
 
 § 38. Migration of Butterflies. 
 
 At times a so-called migration of a certain butterfly occurs, 
 when, for days together the air will be filled with millions of in- 
 dividuals of one species, all flying in the same direction, and ap- 
 parently never stopping to rest or to feed on flowers. These mi- 
 grations sometimes extend over a large territory, and continue 
 for a week or more. But little is known about them, really noth- 
 ing, in fact; and as to what the inducement is, or what the gain, 
 nothing is known, or even surmised. The flights are not always 
 in the same direction, though generally to the northward. I have 
 witnessed several such migrations, and all of the butterflies were 
 of the same kind, Pyrameis Cardui. One day, upon the top of 
 Grayback, at the altitude of 11,600 feet I encountered a migration 
 when the direction taken by the butterflies was due east ; they came 
 flying along up the slope of the mountain, a yard or two above 
 the ground, all going at the same rate of speed, say, six or seven 
 miles an hour, and upon reaching the top of the mountain, where 
 the crest dropped suddenly, instead of dropping down upon the 
 precipitous descent on the eastern side of the mountain, as might 
 have been expected, they kept straight on as far as the eye could 
 follow them, right up into the sky, and toward the moon, then in 
 full view in the eastern sky. 
 
 In 1901, in May, a grand migration of Cardui occurred in 
 southern California, which lasted eleven days, and covered the 
 whole southwestern part of the State. In this case the butterflies 
 came up from Lower California, as I learned from correspond- 
 ents in that part of the country, and in the months following, the 
 region of Canada just north of the American line and east of the 
 Rocky Mountains, was reported to be full of Cardui, — that they 
 
38 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 were everywhere, doing nothing, "just flying about and feeding 
 on flowers," and the residents were said to be apprehensive of the 
 "army worm," but I never heard that the army really did appear. 
 This migration, then, was over a known distance of about twenty 
 degrees of latitude, or, say, 1,400 miles. The rate of flight I esti- 
 mated at eight miles an hour, which would require one hundred 
 and seventy-five hours' actual flight for the journey ; but as they 
 could not fly more than eight hours a day, seventeen days' travel 
 would be required from Mexico across the United States to Can- 
 ada. It is quite possible, however, that the Mexican butterflies 
 may, many of them, have stopped in the States, and others from 
 the States have taken their places in the grand march for the 
 north. 
 
 § 39. Stranded Butterflies. 
 
 This term is by some writers applied to such species as inhabit 
 the tops of high mountains and not the intervening plains or val- 
 leys ; they are said to be stranded, being confined to those peaks, 
 and presumably not being able to cross over the warmer valleys. 
 For instance, Semidea is said to be "stranded" on the tops of the 
 White Mountains of New England ; Gigas may, therefore, be 
 said to be stranded on the bare rock knobs of Vancouver Island, 
 and Ivallda, and Indra, on the alpine peaks of the Sierra Nevada, 
 and so on, because they probably do not pass from one to another 
 of such heights, and do not live in the intervening valleys ; having 
 become inhabitants of these inhospitable localities during some 
 previous and colder climatic era, they are now apparently on the 
 ' verge of extinction, if the climate should, perchance, become yet 
 more moderate than it now is. 
 
 This opinion I do not share. Such butterflies live on these high, 
 inhospitable localities simply from choice. If they see but one 
 sunny hour during the week of fog and rain and gale, that one 
 hour is sufficient; they do not feed on flowers, therefore why 
 should they care for them? Their sole business is to mate and 
 to oviposit their eggs on the fine alpine grasses that grow in the 
 crevices of the rocks, and they then die, having lived their ap- 
 pointed lives in the places they like best. Reverse the case : the 
 butterfly which lives in the warm valleys only, is it "stranded" 
 there, and is it liable to extinction when a cold cycle occurs ? Oh, 
 no. Neither is the alpine butterfly stranded. The cold, barren 
 
GENERAL FEATURES 38 
 
 peak may seem inhospitable to us, but it is not so to them, it is 
 home, and they love their alpine home just as dearly and as 
 consistently as the inhabitants of the fertile plains and of the 
 tropical riversides love theirs. 
 
 § 40. Capitalization of Names. 
 
 "All proper names should be capitalized." The author believes 
 in this rule of grammar, and in the propriety of a capital letter, in 
 all cases, whether the name be founded on a person's name or not. 
 All specific and varietal names in this book are, therefore, capital- 
 ized. 
 
 § 41. Generic Names Omitted. 
 
 As in the matter of omitting authors' names, mentioned in a 
 following paragraph, so, too, largely, as to the mention of generic 
 names in the discussion of species, the genus name may well be 
 omitted for the sake of brevity, and to avoid repetition. It is al- 
 most unknown that the same specific name appears in more than 
 one genus, and, therefore, the mention of the specific name is suf- 
 ficient, without the continual repetition of the genus name. 
 
 The species name is the foundation. Originally, the genus 
 name was based upon the venation of the wing, but even as to 
 that base no two modern writers agree, in all cases, so that the 
 genus name has not the value that it once had, but is become a 
 matter of doubt and comparative inconsequence. 
 
 § 42. Authors' Names Omitted. 
 
 It is customary in scientific works, in discussing species, to care- 
 fully mention the author's name, thus: Agraulij Vanillcv, Linn., 
 as though more than one author had proposed that name for that 
 species and, therefore, mention of that particular author's name 
 must be made, for the proper identification of the species. This is 
 mostly unnecessary and superfluous. There are not half a dozen 
 instances in the whole list where a specific name requires the addi- 
 tion of the author's name for its identification. 
 
 The study of the butterflies is the essential point, and it is en- 
 tirely of secondary importance who the author of anj' one species 
 may have been. Names are given primarily to distinguish and 
 identify diflferent forms, and not for the identification of the au- 
 thor. In the Complete List I have given the authors' names, for 
 the use of those who care for them for further study, but else- 
 
40 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 where such names are omitted, as being superfluous, the repeated 
 mention of them serving no good purpose. 
 
 § 43. Nomenclature, and Sequence of Genera. 
 
 In the names of the genera, and the sequence of them I have 
 in this work followed pretty closely the classification of W. H. 
 Edwards, whom I consider by all odds the great butterfly captain 
 of his century, and his arrangement of them as sound and con- 
 servative, and based on a rock. I have, therefore, followed his 
 lead, and ignored the chaotic efforts of some later writers, in the 
 invention or adoption of new names, and in the changing about 
 of old names from one genus to another, as well as in the unnec- 
 essary and baseless sub-division of genera, and the general over- 
 turning of anything like order. I see no use or benefit in chang- 
 ing an old and accepted name for a new one, or in dividing a 
 moderate sized genus into many; it is too much like the child's 
 puerile play of piling up blocks or cards and knocking them down, 
 just for the pleasure of piling them up again. Science gains noth- 
 ing thereby ; knowledge is not increased, nor made more attractive 
 or accessible; but rather the contrary, it is obscured and covered 
 up, and the student is discouraged and disgusted. Moreover, no 
 two of the iconoclasts can agree among themselves, but each 
 heartily contemns the eflforts of the other. 
 
 In other branches of Natural Science, as in botany, or coleop- 
 tera, a genus may contain fifty or more specific names, and no one 
 complains ; whereas, in diurnals, the genera usually contain but a 
 few names, and only one genus has ever any ways approached the 
 number of fifty. Edwards' system I, therefore, consider sound 
 and sensible, and I follow it, with but few and minor alterations. 
 
 § 44. All Forms Named. 
 
 Names are given to butterflies to distinguish one form from 
 another; they have no other use. Therefore all distinct forms 
 should have distinctive names, but whether such names be specific, 
 varietal, or provisional, is of little moment, just now, at any rate. 
 But it is essential that every different form shall have a name that 
 belongs to it alone, and by which name it shall be known and 
 recognized, whether this author, himself, may happen to have one 
 specimen only, or a thousand. For, although any one form may 
 be rarely met with today, it may be common tomorrow, or may 
 be common today in some other place. 
 
GENERAL FEATURES 41 
 
 A name, or the lack of it never makes or unmakes a species or 
 a variety. If a certain butterfly is a species, it will continue to be 
 a species through the ages to come, whether you, or I, or the next 
 man may consider it so or not. Butterflies have a way of doing 
 as Nature teaches them, and the best that man can do is to accom- 
 modate himself to the facts of the case, and not try to make the 
 butterflies fit themselves to his own peculiar opinions or wishes. 
 Some men known possibly to this generation have come to grief 
 and ridicule by not heeding this precept. On the other hand, a fact 
 will stand, whether the first statement of it be believed or not: 
 "Time at last sets all things even." And on this rock have I built 
 this book. 
 
 § 45. Collecting Butterflies. 
 
 The tools and appliances required may be rough and crude, or 
 elaborate and complete, according to the amount of work pro- 
 posed. The best are the cheapest, in this pursuit, as in other 
 things. But, whether crude or elaborate, taste, and a dainty hand- 
 ling are imperative. And a plenty of these will overcome many 
 deficiencies in the apparatus. 
 
 The net-ring can be made of wire; brass wire, of spring tem- 
 per, is best, as it can be reinforced or strengthened by soldering 
 on a stiffening near the handle ; this reinforce should be first fast- 
 ened to the ring-wire by wrapping with brass or copper wire of 
 thread-like size, and then soldering the whole together. The ring 
 should be in diameter about 12 or 15 inches ; smaller for Lyccencs 
 and other small species of gentle flight, and larger, up to 20 in- 
 ches, for large and wide-flying species that have to be taken on the 
 wing, like most Papilios. 
 
 The net may be made of mosquito-bar, but is not satisfactory, 
 and lasts but a short time. Wash-blonde, a wide-woven, lace-like 
 goods of finer texture and a cell-like mesh, gives best satisfaction, 
 and is reliable, and will wear a long time. Make the net deep, 
 or long enough to securely retain the butterflies when they are 
 once caught, say, two feet deep for a small net, and three feet 
 deep for a large one, or about twice as long as the ring is wide. 
 Do not run the net down to a point at the bottom, like a V, but 
 rather let it have the shape of a U, and make it large enough at 
 the top that it may gather, or pucker a little as it is sewed on to 
 the ring, because it soon stretches with use, and if not gathered 
 
42 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 on the ring it contracts near the ring, and many of the smartest 
 butterflies will escape. 
 
 A staff or handle can be made from the butt of a fishing rod, 
 or from any stout and flexible wood. It must be provided with a 
 good ferrule, or it will split. 
 
 For a killing-bottle, any short and wide-mouthed bottle may be 
 used. Fit in it a deep cork, loosely. With your pen-knife dig a 
 cavity into the small end of the cork, and put in a piece of cyanide 
 crystal as large as a pea (bearing in mind that it is a deadly 
 poison), hold the lump of poison in the cork with two or three 
 large-headed brass nails such as upholsterers use, and it is ready 
 for use. To make it strong, so that it will kill quickly, touch a 
 particle of water to the cyanide. When with use the cyanide has 
 dissipated and become weak, you can put in another piece. It is 
 sometimes recommended to place the cyanide in the bottom of the 
 bottle, and then pour on plaster of Paris to hold it in place. This 
 is plausible in theory, but worse than useless in practice, and is 
 responsible for much profanity and for the loss of many butter- 
 flies, for it soon becomes weak and useless, and cannot readily be 
 renewed. If your butterflies are small and delicate ones, put in 
 your killing-bottle some fibres of raveled silk, or of cotton, or a 
 tangle of fine thread ; the butterflies' claws catch upon the fibres, 
 and hold the insects from battering against the glass, and from 
 rubbing one against another, and so spoiling themselves. 
 
 If you are about to climb a high hill or mountain, you will find 
 after an ascent of 2,cxx) or 3,000 feet, that your cyanide bottle is 
 wet inside, and that the fumes of the cyanide are very strong, 
 indeed ; that is caused by the "sweating" of the cyanide, and will 
 soon dissolve all the cyanide, and leave you without any killing- 
 bottle. The remedy is to open the bottle, place the cork in the sun, 
 remove and dry the cyanide, wipe out and dry the bottle, and when 
 thoroughly dry, replace the cyanide, and you are ready for work 
 again. The cause of the sweating of the cyanide is the diminished 
 pressure of the atmosphere, or the increased humidity of the 
 mountain air. 
 
 When you have caught your butterfly, if it is a small and deli- 
 cate one, slip the open bottle into the net, and let the butterfly fly 
 into it. See to it that the cyanide is strong enough to kill the in- 
 sect without delay. Many insects then have a way of flipping the 
 wings down over the feet, instead of over the back in the ordin- 
 
GENERAL FEATURES 4S 
 
 ary way. If the wings are down, they must be at once righted, or 
 the insect is ruined. Open the bottle and take the insect out, and 
 with a nippers, such as watchmakers use, lay it in your hollowed 
 hand, and with the nippers, open the wings and let them come to- 
 gether again over the back, in the ordinary way, when the wings 
 will then so remain. As soon as the insect is dead for certain, take 
 it out of the bottle and pin it on a long pin, sideways ; you can put 
 five or six small butterflies on one pin ; then place the loaded pin 
 in your collecting box, or in your hat. 
 
 If your butterfly is a large one, while it is yet in the net pinch 
 the thorax under the wings just enough to stun or benumb it, and 
 then it will not flutter and fray its wings when it is put into the 
 bottle. All butterflies should be taken out of the poison bottle as 
 soon as surely dead. If several are in the bottle at the same time, 
 they get rubbed, one against the other, and so damaged or ruined. 
 
 Extra large or vigorous species are best killed while yet in the 
 net, by piercing the thorax with a long pin or needle that has been 
 dipped in a saturated solution of the cyanide ; this kills them, in- 
 stantly and painlessly, and preserves the specimen uninjured. 
 
 Sometimes, as when you are upon the top of a high mountain, 
 and not able to get home at night, it is advisable to place the in- 
 sects, as soon as dead, into separate papers, in which to bring 
 them home. In that case, a tin can, fastened to your belt, or car- 
 ried in your pocket, will receive the papered specimens, and carry 
 them safely, to any distance. If that is your plan (and it is a good 
 one), provide papers already folded, and of different sizes, and 
 have them ready. 
 
 Setting-boards should be made with inclined sides, so that the 
 tips of the wings, when set, will be higher than the bodies. This 
 is the American style. The Ejiglish style is to have the wings lay 
 quite flat, or even a little drooping. But, in most climates, the 
 insects' wings will settle a little, and are sure to do so if the cli- 
 mate is at all damp, so that in a few months, or years, they are 
 likely to look very sad and despondent if set on the English plan. 
 In a very dry climate the wings will remain for years just as they 
 are placed when set. 
 
 In the middle of the setting-board is a channel made to receive 
 the pins ; this channel is to be filled at the bottom with a soft sub- 
 stance placed to receive the pins, and to hold the bodies steady 
 while drying. The pith of cornstalks makes the very best sub- 
 
44 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 Stance for this purpose, and the pith of yucca stems is the only 
 substitute worth mentioning. Provide plenty of setting-boards, 
 some with wide channels, for thick-bodied insects, and others with 
 narrow channels, for thin-bodied ones. 
 
 Entomological pins for butterflies are made in two lengths, and 
 in seven numbers, as to thickness. The short pin is best for all 
 except the largest specimens, and numbers two and three are suit- 
 able for by far the majority of specimens. Follow some well-con- 
 sidered plan ; and use always the same sized pins for the same but- 
 terflies. In pinning specimens, let the pins be all the same height 
 above the body of the butterfly, say, about one-half of an inch, or 
 a little less. 
 
 Having placed the pinned butterfly upon the setting-board, 
 with the bodies carefully placed at the proper height, so that the 
 wings will not bend over the edge of the board, nor be bent down 
 by the paper that is placed upon them to hold them down, place 
 narrow strips of tough and thick paper over the wings and close 
 up to the body ; and then arrange the wings as they are to remain. 
 Hold the strips of paper down with pins, for which use the large- 
 headed steel pins are much the best. Push the wings forward 
 evenly, one just as far as its mate. Taste and skill find opportu- 
 nity to get in their work at this stage. Only one rule is worth 
 mentioning, and that is, to place the fore wings so that the hind 
 edges are on a straight line across ; but there are many exceptions 
 to that one rule, as the shape of the wings differ, so that it is not 
 always proper to so place them. Then place strips of window 
 glass over the wings, to hold them down even and smooth; the 
 glass allows you to see at all times if the wings have become dis- 
 lodged, or moved, in which case, they can be altered or re-ar- 
 ranged while the specimen is fresh and soft. In this way a dozen 
 specimens can be arranged upon one setting-board. 
 
 Next, is the most important item of work to be done, to write 
 down the date, and the locality, on a small label or ticket, in small 
 letters, and lay the label alongside the specimens. The insect will 
 be dry in from one to three weeks, according to the weather, and 
 the size of the insect. When dry, it should be removed from the 
 setting-board, the ticket put upon the pin, and thereafter there is 
 no adequate reason for ever removing it from the pin, and the 
 ticket and the pin should never be separated. Do not remove the 
 insect from the board too soon; if you do, the wings will droop. 
 
GENERAL FEATURES 45 
 
 When properly set, and well dried before removal, the wings will 
 never droop, unless from undue dampness in the air. By "prop- 
 erly set" I mean that the body of the butterfly shall be neither too 
 high nor too low, as noted above. 
 
 When setting butterflies, attend carefully to the antennae ; see 
 that they are free and straight, and steady them with pins, if nec- 
 essary, and if they are near the wings they will stand less risk of 
 breaking. Sometimes the head will be turned a little, so that the 
 antennae are not even; then the head must be straightened, and 
 held with pins, if necessary. See that the body is straight and 
 level ; if drooping, it must be held up with a bit of cotton, or by 
 two pins crossed under it. Do not neglect the work at this stage 
 of setting. If you are not willing to attend patiently to a great 
 deal of work and drudgery at this point, do not catch butterflies 
 at all ; let them go. Don't get impatient and nervous. If you are 
 troubled with "nerves," I advise you to quit before you begin to 
 handle butterflies. 
 
 The next step is to place the set and dried specimens in the 
 boxes or drawers where they will be safe from dust, and children, 
 and curious visitors, and from the ever-present pests of mice, and 
 moths, and little beetles. It is no use to catch butterflies, and set 
 them, and care for them a while, and then let the museum-pests 
 get them. It may cost quite a deal of money to get a suitable 
 case of drawers, but it is better to let the butterflies alone, rather 
 than to try to get along with defective and inadequate case or 
 other safe storing place. Moth balls must be used freely and con- 
 tinuously, to keep the pests away, wherever they may be stored. 
 
 Drawers twenty inches wide, and twenty long, and deep enough 
 to receive the longest pin, and with glass tops, hinged, are best ; 
 the side pieces should be long and project back a foot or more, 
 or far enough to hold the drawer in place and allow the top to be 
 lifted, else every time you lift the lid you must find some table 
 or other place upon which to place it, while with this plan you 
 can have a dozen drawers open at the same time. Make a pocket 
 or cage in the center of each drawer, or at the corners, wherein 
 to place a perpetual supply of the moth balls. The drawers must 
 be well-made, with tight-fitting joints, and with closely-fitting lid 
 or cover, to keep the pests out. "The best is the cheapest." 
 
COMPLETE LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES 
 OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 A classification of all the species in the United States, under 
 their respective Generic Names, with the names of the authors and 
 dates of publication of each species, and the habitats of the various 
 species. 
 
 This complete list is published to show the relationship of our 
 Coast butterflies with those of the whole United States. 
 
 The names of the Coast species are set in full-faced type, and 
 are numbered consecutively, referring to corresponding numbers 
 attached to the various figures on the plates and to the descriptions 
 in the text. 
 
 Where a specific name is preceded by a hyphen it signifies that 
 such name is a variety of the preceding species, except No. 6. 
 
 Family PARNASSIID^ 
 
 FABNASSIUS 
 
 1. CloOlns, Menetrles, 1855. 
 
 2. -Clarlns, Boisduval, 1852. 
 
 3. -Altanms, Dyar, 1902. 
 
 4. -Uenetrlesl, H. Edwards, 1878. 
 
 5. -Baldur, Edwards, 1877. 
 
 6. -Hermodur, H. Edwards, 1881. 
 
 7. Smluthena, Doub.-Hew., 1847. 
 
 8. -Behrl, Edwards, 1870. 
 
 9. -Sayi, Edwards, 1863. 
 
 10. SigeT, n. v., Wright, 1905. 
 
 11. -Sedakovi, Menetrles, 1855. 
 13. -leanuB, Neumoegen, 1890. 
 
 13. -Magnna, n. v., Wright, 1905. 
 
 14. Eversmannl, Menetrles, 1S55. 
 
 15. Nomlon, Fischer, 1823. 
 
 Cal.; Dr.; Vane. Isl.; B. C. 
 
 Mountains of California. 
 
 Wyoming; California. 
 
 Sierra Nevadas of California. 
 
 Mountains of California. 
 
 Colo.; Mont.; British America. 
 
 Rocky Mountains; Sierra Nevadas. 
 
 Sierra Nevadas of California. 
 
 Rocky Mts.; Mts. of California. 
 
 Sierra Nevadas. 
 
 Rocky Mountains of Colorado. 
 
 British Columbia. 
 
 British Columbia. 
 
 Alaska; Siberia. 
 
 Alaska; Siberia. 
 
THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 Family PAPILIONID^E 
 
 Ajax, Linnaeus, 1767. 
 -Walshl, Edwards, 1871. 
 -AbbottI, Edwards, 1871. 
 -Telamoides, Felder, 1865. 
 -Marcellus, Bd.-Lec, 1833. 
 Slnon, Fabrlclus, 1775. 
 Pllumnus, Bolsduval, 1836. 
 Bannna, Boisduval, 1836. 
 Eurymedon, Bolsduval, 1852. 
 -Albanus, Felder, 1865. 
 Butnlua, Bolsduval, 1852. 
 -Arlzonensla, Edwards, 1883. 
 -Ammonl, Behrens, 1887. 
 Turnus, Llnnseus, 1771. 
 -Glaucus, Linnaeus, 1764. 
 -Australis, Maynard. 1891. 
 Palamedes, Drury, 1773. 
 Trollus, Linnaeus, 1764. 
 -Texanus, Ehrmann, 1900. 
 -Radlatus, Streclter, 1900. 
 Thoas, Linnaeus, 1777. 
 Cresphontinus, Martyn, 1797. 
 Maoliaon, Llnneeus, 1761. 
 -Allaaka, Scudder, 1869. 
 Bairdi, Edwards, 1869. 
 -Brucel, Edwards, 1895. 
 -Holland!, Edwards, 1892. 
 ZoUcaon, Bolsduval, 1852. 
 -ColoTO, Wriglit, n. v., 1905. 
 Oreg-onla, Edwards, 1880. 
 Americus, Kollar, 1860. 
 Indxa, Reakert, 1866. 
 Nltra. Edwards, 1883. 
 Fergfamna, H. Edwards, 1874. 
 Brevicauda, Saunders, 1869. 
 Aaterlaa, Fabrlclus, 1787. 
 -Asteroldea, Reakert, 1866. 
 -Calverleyl, Grote, 1864. 
 -Ampllcata, Menetrlea, 1857. 
 -Alunata, Skinner-Aaron, 1889. 
 -Semlalba, Ehrman, 1900. 
 -Curvlfascla, Skinner, 1902. 
 Phllenor, Llnnteus, 1771. 
 -Obsoleta, Ehrman, 1900. 
 -Wasmuthl, Weeks, 1901. 
 Acauda, Oberthur, 1880. 
 Polydamus, Llnnteus, 1769. 
 
 Atlantic States; Mississippi Val. 
 
 Atlantic States, 
 
 Atlantic States. 
 
 Atlantic States. 
 
 Atlantic States. 
 
 Florida; Antilles. 
 
 New Mex.; Ariz.; Mex. ; Cent. Am. 
 
 All States west of Mississippi Val. 
 
 All States west of the Rocky Mts. 
 
 All States west of the Rocky Mts. 
 
 All States west of the Rocky Mts. 
 
 Arizona; New Mexico; Colorado. 
 
 Nevada, 
 
 East of the Mississippi River. 
 
 East of the Mississippi River. 
 
 East of the Mississippi River. 
 
 Gulf States. 
 
 East of the Mississippi River. 
 
 Texas. 
 
 Gulf States. 
 
 Atlantic States. 
 
 Florida. 
 
 Alaska; Europe. 
 
 Alaska. 
 
 Arizona; Colorado. 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 Pacific C. States to Wrangel, Alas. 
 
 Colorado Desert of California. 
 
 Ore.; Wash.; Vancouver; Colo. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 California; Nevada; Wash.; Colo. 
 
 Montana; Rocky Mts. of Brit. Am. 
 
 Southern California. 
 
 Labrador; New Foundland. 
 
 Atlantic to Pacific. 
 
 Cal.; Nevada; Utah; Ariz.; Mex. 
 
 Long Island; Florida. 
 
 Eastern States. 
 
 Eastern States. 
 
 Eastern States. 
 
 Eastern States. 
 
 Eastern States; California; Mex. 
 
 Eastern States. 
 
 Eastern States. 
 
 New Mexico. 
 
 Florida. 
 
COMPLETE LIST 
 
 Family PIERIDiE 
 
 ARCHOnflAS 
 
 Lyceas, God.-Salvln, 1889. 
 XEFTAI^IS 
 
 Mellte, Llnnseus, 1867. 
 ITEOFHASIA 
 
 32. Menapla, Felder, 18E9. 
 
 33. -Suffaaa, Stretch, 1S85. 
 Terlool, Behr. 1869. 
 -Prlncetonia, Poling, 1900. 
 
 PIERIS 
 
 Ilalre, Godart, 1819. 
 -Neumoegenl, Skinner, 1894. 
 Amaryllis, Fabriclus, 1797. 
 Monuste, Linnaeus, 1764. 
 
 34. Beokerl, Edwards, 1871. 
 
 35. Sisymbrl, Boisduval, 1854. 
 
 36. -Plava, Edwards, 1881. 
 
 37. KelBonl, Edwards, 1880. 
 
 38. Occldentalla, Reakert, 1886. 
 
 39. -Calyoe, Edwards, 1870. 
 
 40. Frotodloe, Bols.-Lec, 1833. 
 
 41. -TemallB, Edwards, 1864. 
 
 42. Bryoiue, Ociisenhelmer, 1808. 
 
 43. -anlda, Edwards, 1869. 
 
 44. Ochaenbelmerl, Staudinger, 1886 
 
 45. Venosa, Scudder, 1861. 
 Oleracea, Harris, 1829. 
 Borealis, Grote, 1873. 
 Frlgida, Scudder, 1861. 
 Vlrglniensis, Edwards, 1870. 
 Acadica, Edwards, 1881. 
 
 46. PalUaa, Scudder, 1861. 
 
 47. Caatorla, Reakert, 1866. 
 Cruclferanum, Boisduval, 1836. 
 
 48. Bapffi, Linnaeus, 1758. 
 
 49. -Nov-Anglioe, Scudder, 1872. 
 
 50. -Immaculata, Skinner, 1889. 
 
 51. -Marginalia, Scudder, 1861. 
 KATHAI.IS 
 
 52. lole, Boisduval, 1836. 
 EUCHI^OE 
 
 63. Kanceolata, Boisduval, 1852. 
 
 54. Crensa, Dbl.-Hew., 1847. 
 
 55. Eyantla, Edwards, 1871. 
 Olympia, Edwards, 1871. 
 
 56. Boaa, Edwards, 1882. 
 
 Arizona; Mexico. 
 
 New Mexico; Mexico. 
 
 North Gal.; Or.; Wash.; 
 North Cal.; Or.; Wash.; 
 Arizona; Mexico. 
 Arizona. 
 
 Brit. Col. 
 Brit. Col. 
 
 Florida; Texas. 
 
 Florida; Texas. 
 
 Texas; Mexico. 
 
 Southern States. 
 
 Cal.; Or.; Wash.; Colo. 
 
 Cal.; Or.; Wash.; Colo. 
 
 Sierra Nevadas of California. 
 
 St. Michaels, Alaska. 
 
 West Coast States to Rocky Mts. 
 
 West Coast States to Rocky Mts. 
 
 United States, except New Eng. 
 
 United States, except New Eng. 
 
 Alaska, Chilicat, Sitka. 
 
 Alaska, Cliilicat, Sitka. 
 
 Alaska, Siberia. 
 
 Cape Mendocino to Alaska. 
 
 Northeastern States. 
 
 Labrador. 
 
 Northern British America. 
 
 Middle States. 
 
 New Foundland. 
 
 California, to British Columbia. 
 
 California, to British Columbia. 
 
 Northeastern States. 
 
 Atlantic to Pacific. 
 
 Atlantic to Paclflo. 
 
 Atlantic to Pacific. 
 
 Atlantic to Pacific. 
 
 All States west of the Mississippi. 
 
 Coast States; M:«x. to St. Mich., A. 
 Southern Cal.; Utah; Arizona. 
 Colo.; Ariz.; Southern Cal. 
 Middle Western States. 
 Western Texas; Arizona. 
 
50 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 XiTTCEXiOE — continued. 
 
 57. Ansonldea, Bolsduval, 1852. 
 -Coloradensis, H. Edwards, 1881. 
 -Lotta, Beutenrauller, 1898. 
 
 AKTSOCSABIB 
 
 58. Cethara, Felder, 1865. 
 
 59. -Uorrlsonl, Edwards, 1881. 
 
 60. -Deaertl, n. v., Wright, 1906. 
 
 61. Genutia, Fabrlcius, 1793. 
 
 62. BeoUrti, Edwards, 1869. 
 
 63. -Tliooaa, Scudder, 1878. 
 
 64. -JnUa, Edwards, 1872. 
 
 65. -Plora, Wright, 1892. 
 
 66. Sara, Bolsduval, 1852. 
 
 67. -IfolllB, n. v., Wright, 1905. 
 
 68. Stella, Edwards, 1879. 
 
 69. Flma, Edwards, 1888. 
 
 70. CaUente, n. s., Wright, 1905. 
 OAKiaBBTAS 
 
 Phllea, Linnaeus, 1766. 
 
 71. Enbnle, Llnnseus, 1766. 
 Statlra, Cramer, 1779. 
 Argante, Fabrlcius, 1775. 
 Agarlthe, Bolsduval, 18S6. 
 
 OONXFTEBTZ 
 
 Clorlnde, Godart, 182S. 
 KBICOOOmA 
 
 Lyside, Godart, 1819. 
 
 Terlssa, Lucas, 1852. 
 
 Lanlce, Lintner, 1884. 
 
 Fantasia, Butler, 1871. 
 
 Unicolor, God.-Salv., 1889. 
 UXQAirOBTOMA 
 
 72. SaryOlce, Bolsduval, 1855. 
 
 73. — Bemaxdino, Edwards, 1887. 
 
 74. -AmorphGB, H. Edwards, 1876. 
 
 75. Cseaonla, Stoll, 1790. 
 -Rosea, McNeill, 1889. 
 
 COI^IAS 
 
 76. Barytlieme, Bolsduval, 1852. 
 
 77. -Ariadne, Edwards, 1870. 
 
 78. -Zeewaydln, Edwards, 1869. 
 
 79. -Pallida, Cockerel], 1887. 
 
 80. -Intermedia, Cockerell, 1888. 
 
 81. -Antnmnalls, Cockerell, 1888. 
 
 82. -Famoaa, Strecker, 1900. 
 
 83. Brlphyle, Edwards, 1876. 
 Phllodlce, Godart, 1819. 
 
 All States west of the Rocky Mts. 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 Rocky Mountains oi; Colorado. 
 
 Southern California. 
 
 Kern River, California. 
 
 Colorado Desert of California. 
 
 Southern Atlantic States. 
 
 California. 
 
 Utah, Valley of the Virgin River. 
 
 Colorado; Nevada; Arizona; Cal. 
 
 Oregon; Washington. 
 
 Cal.; Utah; Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Southern California. 
 
 Cal. Mts.; E. Or.; E. Wash.; Idaho. 
 
 Arizona. 
 
 Colorado Desert of California. 
 
 Mississippi Valley. 
 United States, except New Eng. 
 Florida; Antilles; South America. 
 Florida; Texas; Mexico. 
 Mississippi Valley. 
 
 Texas; Mexico; South America. 
 
 Florida; Texas; Mexico. 
 
 Texas; Mexico. 
 
 Texas. 
 
 Texas; Mexico. 
 
 Texas; Mexico. 
 
 Arizona; California; Oregon. 
 
 Southern California. 
 
 California. 
 
 Southern States; Southern Cal. 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 States west of the Rocky Mts. 
 States west of the Rocky Mts. 
 States west of the Rocky Mts. 
 States west of the Rocky Mts. 
 States west of the Rocky Mts. 
 States west of the Rocky Mts. 
 States west of the Rocky Mts. 
 British Columbia; B. America. 
 Atlantic Coast to Mississippi Val. 
 
COMPLETE LIST 
 
 OOUAS — continued. 
 
 -Anthyale, Hubner, 1823. 
 
 -Melanlc, Edwards, 1876. 
 
 -Luteclncta, Wolcott, 1893. 
 
 -Miscldice, Scudder, 1889. 
 84. Harfordl, H. Edwards, 1877. 
 86. -Barbara, H. Edwards, 1877. 
 
 86. OooldentallB, Scudder, 1862. 
 
 87. Ctaryiomelas, H. Edwards, 1877. 
 
 88. Alexandra, Edwards, 1863. 
 
 89. Edwardal, Behr, 1870. 
 
 90. Cbrlitina, Edwards, 1863. 
 
 91. -Aatres, Edwards, 1872. 
 -Pallida, Lyman, 1884. 
 
 92. Emilia, Edwards, 1870. 
 Interior, Scudder, 1862. 
 
 91. Bcndderi, Reakert, 1865. 
 Pelldne, Bolsduval, 1832. 
 -Sklnnerl, Barnes, 1897. 
 Palasno, Linnaeus, 1767. 
 -Werdandl, Herr.-Sohaff., 1848. 
 
 94. KeaOl, Edwards, 1871. 
 
 95. -Ells, Strecker, 188S. 
 Hecla, Lefebre, 1836. 
 -Glaclalls, McLachlan, 1878. 
 -Hela, Strecker, 1880. 
 Pallida, Skln-Mengel, 1892. 
 Boothl, Curtis, 1836. 
 Nastes, Bolsduval, 1832. 
 -Rossi, Guenee, 1864. 
 -Streckerl, Grum.-Gr., 1895. 
 Molna, Strecker, 1880. 
 
 96. Bebrl, Edwards, 1886. 
 TBKZAS 
 
 Gundlachla, Poey, 1851. 
 Proterpla, Fabrlclus, 1776. 
 
 97. Kidppe, Cramer, 1782. 
 
 98. Mezloana, Bolsduval, 1836. 
 -Bolsduvallana. Pelder, 1865. 
 -Flava, Strecker, 1878. 
 Westwoodl, Bolsduval, 1836. 
 Euterpe, Menetrles, 1832. 
 -Alba, Strecker, 1878. 
 -Clappl, Maynard, 1891. 
 Linda, Edwards, 1884. 
 Delia, Cramer, 1782. 
 Jucunda, Bols.-Lec, 1833. 
 -Blakei, Maynard, 1891. 
 
 Atlantic Coast States. 
 
 Atlantic Coast States. 
 
 Atlantic Coast States. 
 
 Atlantic Coast States. 
 
 Southern California. 
 
 Southern California. 
 
 British Columbia; Vancouver Is. 
 
 Northern California; Utah. 
 
 Colorado; Montana; British Am. 
 
 California; Nevada; Utah; B. A. 
 
 Montana; British America. 
 
 Mont.; N. E. Cal.; E. Or.; E. Wash. 
 
 Montana. 
 
 Ore.; Wash.; British Columbia. 
 
 British America; Alaska. 
 
 Colo.; Mont.; Br. Am.; Br. Col. 
 
 Labrador; Arctic Europe. 
 
 Mont.; Wyoming; Idaho; Br. Am. 
 
 Labrador; N. Alaska; N. Asia. 
 
 Northern Alaska; Northern Asia. 
 
 Colorado; Mont.; Br. America. 
 
 British Columbia; Br. American 
 
 Arctic America; Arctic Europe. 
 
 Arctic America; Arctic Europe. 
 
 Northern Alaska. 
 
 Arctic America; Arctic Europe. 
 
 Boothia Felix. 
 
 Labrador; Hud. Bay; Arctic Bur. 
 
 Boothia Felix. 
 
 Hudson Bay. 
 
 Hudson Bay. 
 
 Central California, Alpine Mts. 
 
 Texas; Arizona; Mexico; Cen. Am. 
 
 Texas; Arizona; Mexico: Cen. Am. 
 
 Gulf States; Ariz.; So. California. 
 
 Texas; Arizona; Colorado; Mexico. 
 
 Arizona; Mexico. 
 
 Gulf States. 
 
 Texas; Mexico; Central America. 
 
 Atlantic States; Mexico. 
 
 Atlantic States. 
 
 Florida. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 Gulf States. 
 
 Gulf States; Mexico. 
 
 Southern Florida. 
 
52 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 Family HELICONID.E 
 
 HEI^COmA 
 
 99. Cbarltonla, Linneeus, 1767. Florida; Antilles. 
 
 Family DANAIDiE 
 
 DAITAIS 
 
 100. Flexippna, Linnseus, 1758. 
 
 101. Berenice, Cramer, 1782. 
 
 102. -Strlerosa, Bates, 1864. 
 CEKATIHIA 
 
 Lycaste, Fabricius, 1793. 
 MECHANITIS 
 
 103. Californloa,, Reakert, 1865. 
 DIBCENITA 
 
 Klugi, Hubner. 1837. 
 KTCOKEA 
 
 Cleobsea, Godart, 1819. 
 -Atergatis, Dbl.-Hew., 1847. 
 -Pales, Felder, 1862. 
 
 Cosmopolitan. 
 
 Southern States; Colo.; New Mex. 
 
 So. California; Arizona; Texas. 
 
 Southern California? 
 
 Southern California? 
 
 Texas; Mexico. 
 
 Florida. 
 Florida. 
 Florida. 
 
 Family NYMPHALIDiE 
 
 Julia, Fabricius, 1775. 
 Dellla, Fabricius, 1775. 
 AOBAUEJS 
 
 104. Vanillas, Llnnseus, 1764. 
 EUFTOIETA 
 
 105. Claudia, Cramer, 1779. 
 Hegesla, Cramer, 1782. 
 
 AKQTITinS 
 
 Diana, Cramer, 1779. 
 Idalia, Drury, 1775. 
 -Astharoth, Fisher, 1885. 
 Nokomis, Edwards, 1862. 
 HltocrlB, Edwards, 1875. 
 -Cserulescens, Holl, 1900. 
 -NigrocEerulea, Cock., 1900. 
 lieto, Behr, 1862. 
 -3;etls, n. v., "Wright, 1905. 
 Cybele, Fabricius, 1775. 
 -Baal, Strecker, 1878. 
 -Charlottl, Barnes, 1897. 
 Carpenterl, Edwards, 1876. 
 Aphrodite, Fabricius, 1793. 
 -Cypria, Edwards, 1886. 
 -Alcestls, Edwards, 1876. 
 
 106. 
 107. 
 108. 
 109. 
 110. 
 111. 
 
 112. 
 
 113. 
 
 Florida; Texas; Mexico. 
 
 Texas; Mexico; Central America. 
 
 Allan, to Pacific, south of lat. 40°. 
 
 E. States; Ariz.; Mont.; Utah. 
 Arizona; Texas; Mexico. 
 
 Southern States to the Miss. RIv. 
 
 Eastern States to the Miss. Rlv. 
 
 Eastern States. 
 
 Arizona; Southern Utah. 
 
 Southern Arizona to Nevada. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 New Mexico. 
 
 N. Cal.; Or.; Wash.; and E. to R. M. 
 
 Northern California. 
 
 Atlantic States to the Miss. Rlv. 
 
 Atlantic States. 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 Arizona to British Columbia. 
 
 Atlantic States to Miss. River. 
 
 Colorado; Ariz.; Mont.; So. Cal. 
 
 Middle States. 
 
COMPLETE LIST 
 
 ABOYNMIS — continued. 
 
 114. Nausiooa, Edwards, 1874. 
 Lais, Edwards, 1883. 
 Atlantis, Edwards, 1862. 
 
 115. Hlppolyta, Edwards, 1879. 
 
 116. -Oweni, Edwards, 1892. 
 Cornelia, Edwards, 1892. 
 Electa, Edwards, 1878. 
 
 117. Columbia, H. Edwards, 1877. 
 
 118. Heaperls, Edwards, 1864. 
 
 119. Bremnerl, Edwards, 1872. 
 
 120. Zerene, Bolsduval, 1852. 
 
 121. -Hydaipe, Bolsduval, 1869. 
 
 122. Montlcola, Behr, 1862. 
 
 123. -PnTpurasoeni, H. Eds., 1876. 
 
 124. Rhodophe, Edwards, 1874. 
 
 125. Behrexuii, Edwards, 1869. 
 Halcyone, Edwards, 1869. 
 
 126. CoronlB, Behr, 1862. 
 -Platlna, Skinner, 1897. 
 -Snyderl, Skinner, 1897. 
 
 127. CalUppe, Bolsduval, 1852. 
 
 128. Ifevadensla, Edwards, 1870. 
 -Meadi, Edwards, 1872. 
 
 129. Edwardsl, Reakert, 1866. 
 
 130. lillana, H. Edwards, 1876. 
 
 131. -Baronl, Edwards, 1881. 
 Chltone, Edwards, 1879. 
 
 132. Bupomtrl*, Behr, 1862. 
 132a. -Irene, Bolsduval, 1869. 
 
 133. I^anxa, Edwards, 1879. 
 
 134. I^anrlna, n. v., Wright, 1905. 
 
 135. Macarla, Edwards, 1877. 
 
 136. Semlramls, Edwards, 1886. 
 
 137. Xuomata, Edwards, 1872. 
 
 138. Adlajite, Bolsduval, 1869. 
 
 139. AtoHa, Edwards, 1890. 
 
 140. Enrynome, Edwards, 1872. 
 -Cunnlnghaml, Owen, 1893. 
 Artonls. Edwards, 1881. 
 Opls, Edwards, 1874. 
 
 141. Blaoboffl, Edwards, 1870. 
 
 142. Uontlvaga, Behr, 1862. 
 
 143. -Arg'e, Strecker, 1878. 
 
 144. -Brrinna, Edwards, 1883. 
 
 145. EgrleiB, Bolsduval, 1869. 
 BBEHTHIB 
 
 146. Myrlna, Cramer, 1779. 
 146a. -Fales, Denls-Schift.. 1776. 
 
 Arizona. 
 
 Asslnlbola. 
 
 Northeastern States. 
 
 Northern California; Oregon. 
 
 Northern California. 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 Colorado; New Mexico; Montana. 
 
 British Columbia. 
 
 Colorado; Utah; Montana. 
 
 British Columbia; Wash.; Ore. 
 
 California; Nevada. 
 
 California; Nevada. 
 
 Cal.; Ore.; Wash.; Nevada; Mont. 
 
 Cal.; Ore.; Wash.; Nevada; Mont. 
 
 British Columbia; Alberta. 
 
 Northern California. 
 
 Colorado; WVoming. 
 
 So. Cal. to Wash.; Utah; Mont. 
 
 Utah; Idaho. 
 
 Utah; Idaho. 
 
 Southern California. 
 
 Cal.; Nev.; Utah; Mont.; Alberta. 
 
 Nevada; Utah; Montana; Alberta. 
 
 Cal.; Or.; Colo.; Mont.; Alberta. 
 
 California; Utah. 
 
 California; Utah. 
 
 Southern Utah; Northern Arizona. 
 
 Northern and Central Cal.; Utah. 
 
 California; Utah. 
 
 Southern California. 
 
 Southern California. 
 
 Southern California. 
 
 Southern California. 
 
 California; Nevada. 
 
 Central California. 
 
 Southern California. 
 
 Colorado; Montana; B. America. 
 
 Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Nevada; Utah; Colo.; Wyoming. 
 
 British America. 
 
 Alaska, Coast; Sitka; St. Michael. 
 
 California; Nevada. 
 
 California. 
 
 Colorado; Montana; British Am. 
 
 California; Nevada. 
 
 Northeastern States; N. Alaska. 
 Northern Alaska; N. Europe. 
 
S4 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 BBENTHIS — continued. 
 
 147. Tiiclaila, Hubner. 1818. 
 
 148. Helena, Edwards, 1871. 
 Montinus, Scudder, 1862. 
 Chariclea, Schneld, 1794. 
 -Arctioa, Zetter., 1828. 
 -Obscurata, McLachlan, 1878. 
 -Butlerl, Edwards, 1883. 
 -Bolsduvali, Dupon, 1832. 
 
 149. Prelja, Thunberg, 1791. 
 -Tarqulnius, Curtis, 1835. 
 Polaris, Bolsduval, 1829. 
 
 150. Txiggti, Thunberg, 1791. 
 -Saga, Kaden, 1861. 
 -Improba, Butler, 1877. 
 Bellona, Fabrlclus, 1775. 
 
 151. Eplthore, Bolsduval, 1869. 
 
 152. -XremMld, Strecker, 1879. 
 Alberta, Edwards, 1890. 
 Astarte, Doub.-Hew., 1848. 
 
 SZASEIIU. 
 
 Mlslppus, Linnaeus, 1764. 
 
 Phaeton, Drury, 1767. 
 
 153. Cooperi, Behr, 1863. 
 
 154. Colon, Edwards, 1881. 
 166. Qnlno, Behr, 1863. 
 
 166. Baroul, H. Edwards, 1882. 
 157. Chalcedon, Doub.-Hew., 1847. 
 168. -Dwlnelll, H. Edwards, 1881. 
 
 -Fuslmaculata, Barnes, 1890. 
 
 -Mariana, Barnes, 1890. 
 
 159. McGIaahanl, Rivers, 1889. 
 
 160. Olancba, n. s., Wright, 1905. 
 
 161. Edltba, BoLsduval, 1852. 
 
 162. Bubioanaa, PI. Edwards, 1882. 
 
 163. atom, n. s., Wright, 1905. 
 
 164. TaylOTl, Edwards, 1888. 
 Maria, Skinner, 1899. 
 
 165. Aniola, Dbl.-Hew., 1846. 
 
 166. -Wheelerl, H. Edwards, 1881. 
 
 167. -Brncel, Edwards, 1888. 
 
 168. -Betuil, Skinner, 1897. 
 GlUettl, Barnes, 1897. 
 
 169. AneruBta, Edwards, 1890. 
 
 170. -AujruBtlna, n. v., Wright, 1905. 
 
 171. irnbierena, Behr, 1863. 
 
 172. KelvlB, Scudder, 1869. 
 
 173. Steropa^ Edwards, 1870. 
 
 Arctic Am.; Rocky Mts.; Labrador. 
 
 Rocky Mts. of Col. ; N. Mex, ; Mont. 
 
 White Mts. of New Hampshire. 
 
 Arctic Am.; Brit. Am.; Labrador. 
 
 Arctic America; Arctic Europe. 
 
 Arctic America. 
 
 Northwestern Alaska. 
 
 Brit. Col.; Brit. Am.; Labrador. 
 
 Rocky Mts. of Colorado to Alaska, 
 
 Rocky Mountains of Colorado. 
 
 Arctic America. 
 
 Arctic Am.; R. Mts.; Colo, to Alas. 
 
 Arctic America. 
 
 Arctic America. 
 
 Eastern Canada, south to Virginia, 
 
 Cal.; Nev.; Or.; Wsn.; Vane, to Al. 
 
 Arizona. 
 
 Alberta. 
 
 Alberta. 
 
 Atlantic States. 
 
 States East of Mississippi River. 
 
 E. Wash.; Or.; N. Cal. 
 
 Western Oregon; Northern Calif. 
 
 Northwestern California. 
 
 Northwestern California. 
 
 California, south and north. 
 
 California. 
 
 California. 
 
 California. 
 
 Central California. 
 
 Sierra Nevadas. 
 
 Central California. 
 
 Northern California. 
 
 Central California Mountains. 
 
 Vancouver Island. 
 
 Utah. 
 
 Cal.; Nevada; Colo.; Rocky Mts. 
 
 Nevada; Colorado. 
 
 Rocky Mountains of Colorado. 
 
 Rocky Mountains of British Am. 
 
 Wyoming. 
 
 Southern California. 
 
 Southern California. 
 
 Rocky Mountains of Colorado. 
 
 Alaska. 
 
 Oregon. 
 
COMPLETE LIST 
 
 mZXTJEA^-contlnued. 
 174. Qabbl, Behr, 1863. 
 
 Aoastui, Edwards, 1874. 
 
 Neumoegenl, Skinner, 1895. 
 
 Folia, Bolsduval, 1852. 
 
 Wbltneyi, Behr, 1863. 
 
 Eremita, n. s., Wright, 1905. 
 
 Hermoaa, n. s., Wright, 1906. 
 
 Colonla, n. s., Wright, 1905. 
 
 Satilna, n. s., Wright, 1905. 
 
 Hofrmaunl, Behr, 1863. 
 
 -Helclta, Bolsduval, 1869. 
 
 -Abnorma, n. v., Wright, 1905. 
 
 -MlrablllB, n. v., Wright, 1905. 
 
 Cyneaa, God.-Salv., 1882. 
 
 Xieona, n. s., Wright, 1905. 
 
 Albiplaga, Aaron, 1884. 
 
 Beanlra, Bolsduval, 1869. 
 
 -Obsoleta, H. Edwards, 1876. 
 
 Wrlgrhtl, Edwards, 1886. 
 
 Cerrita, n. s., Wright, 1904. 
 
 Alma, Streclter, 1877. 
 
 Harrisl, Scudder, 1862. 
 
 Elada, Hewitson, 1864. 
 
 Dymas, Edwards, 1877. 
 
 Theona, Menetrles, 1855. 
 
 Nympha, Edwards, 1884. 
 
 BoUl, EJdwards, 1877. 
 
 Deflnita, Aaron, 1884. 
 
 Tbecla, Edwards, 1870. 
 
 Mtnnta, Edwards, 1861. 
 
 Arachne, Edwards, 1869. 
 
 Cbaro, Edwards, 1883. 
 
 Fene, Edwards. 1882. 
 FHTCIOSES 
 197. ITyctels, Doub.-Hew., 1847. 
 
 -Faicoensi*, n. v., Wright, 1906. 
 
 -Druslus, Edwards, 1884. 
 
 Ismerla, Bols.-Lec, 1833. 
 
 Vesta, Edwards, 1869. 
 
 -Boucardl, God.-Salvln, 1879. 
 
 Phaon, Edwards, 1864. 
 
 Tbaroa, Drury, 1779. 
 
 -Morpheus, Fabricius, 1775. 
 
 -Packardl, Saunders, 1869. 
 
 -Marola, Edwards, 1868. 
 
 Batesi, Reakert, 1865. 
 
 Fratansls, Behr, 1863. 
 
 Orseis, Edwards, 1871. 
 
 175. 
 
 176. 
 
 177. 
 178. 
 179. 
 180. 
 181. 
 182. 
 
 183. 
 184. 
 185. 
 186. 
 
 187. 
 
 188. 
 189. 
 190. 
 
 191. 
 192. 
 
 193. 
 194. 
 
 196. 
 
 198. 
 
 199. 
 
 200. 
 
 201. 
 202. 
 
 California; Utah; Arizona. 
 
 Rocky Mountains; Calif.; Oregon. 
 
 Utah. 
 
 Rocky Mountains; Sierra Nevadaa. 
 
 California; Nevada. 
 
 Lake County, California. 
 
 Southern Arizona. 
 
 Northern Oregon. 
 
 Catallna Mountains of Arizona. 
 
 Sierra Nevadas; Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Sierra Nevadas, 7,000 ft., Calif. 
 
 Lake County, California. 
 
 Arizona. 
 
 Southern California. 
 
 Texas. 
 
 Northern California; Nev.; Mont. 
 
 Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Southern California. 
 
 Southern California. 
 
 Arizona; Utah. 
 
 Atlantic States. 
 
 Texas. 
 
 Texas. 
 
 Texas; Colorado. 
 
 Arizona; Mexico. 
 
 Texas; Arizona. 
 
 Texas. 
 
 Texas; Arizona; California. 
 
 Rocky Mountains of Colorado. 
 
 Rocky Mountains of Colorado. 
 
 California; Arizona. 
 
 Arizona. 
 
 Atlantic States to Mississippi Rlv. 
 
 Eastern Oregon. 
 
 Northern States to Mississippi R. 
 
 Canada; Southern and W. States. 
 
 Texas; Mexico. 
 
 Texas; Mexico. 
 
 Gulf States; Texas. 
 
 United States, except Pac. Coast. 
 
 United States, except Pac. Coast. 
 
 United States, except Pac. Coast. 
 
 U. S., except Ore.; Wash.; Alaska. 
 
 Middle States. 
 
 California; Oregon; Arizona. 
 
 Pacific Coast States. 
 
 i 
 
56 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 204. 
 204^. 
 
 205. 
 206. 
 
 ■211. 
 
 212. 
 
 FKTCIODIiS— continued. 
 203. CamiUna, Edwards, 1871. 
 
 -Bmissa, Edwards, 1871. 
 
 -Pallida, Edwards, 1864. 
 
 -Mata, Edwards, 1866. 
 
 Mylltta, Edwards, 18G1. 
 
 -Baxneal, Skinner, 1897. 
 
 Kontana, Behr, 1863. 
 
 Plota, Edwards, 1865. 
 EBESIA 
 
 Frisia, Poey, 1832. 
 
 207. Texana, Edwards, 1863. 
 Tulcls, Bates, 1864. 
 
 STITCHIiOi: 
 
 Janais. Drury, 1782. 
 
 208. I^aclnla, Hubner, 1837. 
 
 209. -Crocale, Edwards, 1874. 
 
 210. -Rufescens, Ckll., 1890. 
 -Nigregcens, Ckll., 1890. 
 Caltfomioa, n. s., Wright, 1904. 
 Erodyle, Bates, 1864. 
 
 CTSTIITETTBA 
 
 Amymone, Menetrles, 1857. 
 
 Florldana, Strecker, 1900. 
 OBAFTA 
 
 Interrogationls, Fab., 1798. 
 
 -Fabrlcl, Edwards, 1870. 
 
 -Umbrosa, Llntner, 1869. 
 
 Comma, Harris, 1842. 
 
 -Harrlsl, Edwards, 1873. 
 
 -Dryas, Edwards, 1870. 
 
 Satyms, Edwards, 1869. 
 
 -Kariyas, Edwards, 1870. 
 
 Hylas, Edwards, 1872. 
 
 215. Fannns, Edwards, 1874. 
 
 216. Bnstlons, Edwards, 1874. 
 
 217. -SUvlUB, Edwards, 1874. 
 
 218. Zephymi, Edwards, 1870. 
 
 219. QraolUB, Grote-Rob'., 1867. 
 
 220. SUenna, Edwards, 1870. 
 -Oreaa, Edwards, 1869. 
 Chxyaoptera, n. 8., Wright, 1905. 
 Progne. Cramer, 1776. 
 -Argenteum, Scudder, 1875. 
 J-Album, Bols.-Lec, 1833. 
 
 VAiniSSA 
 
 223. Antiopa, I.,lnnaeus, 1758. 
 
 224. -HlppoUta, Lyman, 1898. 
 -Hyglsea, Heydenrelch, 1851. 
 
 213. 
 214. 
 
 221. 
 222. 
 
 Wash.; Colorado; Mont.; Texas. 
 
 Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Cal.; Or.; Wash.; Colo.; Utah; Al. 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 California; Nevada, 
 
 Colorado; New Mexico; Ariz.; Tex. 
 
 Florida; Antilles; Mexico. 
 Texas; Mexico. 
 Arizona; Texas; Mexico. 
 
 Texas; Mexico; Central America. 
 Arizona; Texas; N. Mexico; Mex. 
 Arizona; New Mexico; Texas. 
 Arizona; New Mexico; Texas. 
 Arizona; New Mexico; Texas. 
 Colorado Desert of Southeast. Cal. 
 Texas; Mexico; Central America. 
 
 Texas; Mexico; Central America. 
 Florida. 
 
 States East of Continental Divide. 
 
 States East of Continental Divide. 
 
 States East of Continental Divide. 
 
 Northern States to Mississippi R. 
 
 Eastern and Middle States. 
 
 Eastern and Middle States. 
 
 States West of Continental Divide. 
 
 States West of Continental Divide. 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 U. S., ex. Cal.; Nev.; Ar.; N. M.; U. 
 
 Cal.; Or.; Wash.; Vane. Island. 
 
 California. 
 
 Cal.; O.; Nev.; Utah; A.;Mt.;N. M. 
 
 New England; Brit. Am.; Alaska. 
 
 Cal.; Or.; Wash.; Vane. Is.; Mont. 
 
 Cal.; Or.; Wash.; Vane. Is. ; Mont. 
 
 California. 
 
 States East of Mississippi River. 
 
 States East of Mississippi River. 
 
 Northern States; B. Possessions. 
 
 North America; Europe; Siberia. 
 British Columbia. 
 North America; Europe. 
 
COMPLETE LIST 
 
 ^/ 
 
 VAITEBSA — continued. 
 226. CaUfomlca, Bolsduval, 1862. 
 
 226. MUbertl, Godart, 1819. 
 -Furclllata, Say, 1825. 
 -Subpalllda, Cock., 1889. 
 
 FYBAUCEIS 
 
 227. Atalanta, Linnaeus, 1758. 
 
 228. Huntera, Fabrlclus, 1775. 
 -Pulvia, Dodge, 1900. 
 
 229. Cardul, Linnaeus, 1758. 
 
 230. -Minor, Cockerel], 1890. 
 -Elyml, Rambur, 1829. 
 -Ate, Strecker, 1878. 
 
 231. Carye, Hubner, 1806. 
 
 232. -Hybrid, H. Edwards, 1878. 
 
 233. -UueUerl, Letcher, 1898. 
 JUNOOriA 
 
 234. Coenia, Hubner, 1816. 
 
 235. Genoveva, Cramer, 1782. 
 VICTOBINA 
 
 Steneles, Linnaeus, 1768. 
 ANARTIA 
 
 Jatrophae, Linnaeus, 1764. 
 SVBEMA 
 
 Lethe, Fabrlclus, 1793. 
 EUinCA 
 
 Monlma, Cramer, 1782. 
 
 TatUa, Herr.-Schaff., 1862. 
 
 Coresla, Godart, 1823. 
 
 Petreus, Cramer, 1779. 
 
 CTilron, Fabrlclus, 1775. 
 
 Eleucha, Hubner, 1816. 
 AMFEICH&OBA 
 
 Fornax, Hubner, 1824. 
 
 Feronla, Linnaeus, 1764. 
 IiIMliMl'riS 
 
 Astynax, Fabrlclus, 1775. 
 
 236. -Arlzonenals, Edwards, 1882. 
 -Cerulea. Ehrman, 1900. 
 Arthemls, Drury, 1773. 
 -Prosperlna, Edwards, 1865. 
 
 237. Weidmeyerl, Edwards, 1861. 
 
 238. -Slnefaaola, Edwards, 1882. 
 Mlslppus, Linnaeus, 1764. 
 -Nig, Strecker, 1878. 
 -Pseudorlppus, Strecker, 1878. 
 -Florldensls, Strecker, 1878. 
 
 239. ObBoleta, Edwards, 1882. 
 
 States W. of R. Mts., ex. Ar.; N. M. 
 N. States; Pac. Coast States; Alas. 
 Kast of Mississippi River. 
 East of Mississippi River. 
 
 North Am.; Europe; Asia; Africa. 
 
 North America; South America. 
 
 United States. 
 
 Cosmopolitan. 
 
 United States. 
 
 Uncertain. 
 
 Eastern United States. 
 
 W. of Sierra Nev.; Vane, to Argent. 
 
 Pacific States. 
 
 California; Atlantic States. 
 
 North America. 
 Arizona; Mexico. 
 
 Florida; Texas; Mexico; S. Am. 
 
 Tex.; Florida; Mex.; Cent. Am. 
 
 Texas; Mexico; South America. 
 
 Florida; Texas; Mexico. 
 Florida; Mexico; South America. 
 
 Texas. 
 
 Florida; Mexico. 
 Texas; Mexico. 
 Florida; Texas. 
 
 Texas; Mexico. 
 Texas; Mexico. 
 
 States East of Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Arizona. 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 N. States; British Possessions. 
 
 Northern United States. 
 
 W. of R. Mts., and E. of Sierra Nev. 
 
 W. of R. Mts., ex. Coast States. 
 
 United States, except Pac. Coast. 
 
 Florida. 
 
 New York; Massachusetts. 
 
 Florida. 
 
 Arizona. 
 
S8 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 ^nomZTIS— continued. 
 
 240. I^oraolnl, Bolsduval, 1862. 
 
 241. -BaveBl, H. Edwards, 1878. 
 XETXKOCHBOA 
 
 242. Bredowl, Hubner, 1837. 
 
 243. -CalUomlca, Butler, 1865. 
 APATDKA 
 
 244. Celtla, Bols.-Lec, 1833. 
 -Alba, Edwards, 1875. 
 Antonla, Edwards, 1877. 
 
 245. -Uontis, Edwards, 1882. 
 
 246. Kella, Edwards, 1874. 
 Alicia, Edwards, 1868. 
 Clyton, Bols.-Lec, 1833. 
 -Prosperlna, Scudder, 1868. 
 -Ocellata, Edwards, 1876. 
 Flora, Edwards, 1876. 
 Codes, Lintner, 1884. 
 
 Karwlnskl, Hubner, 1826. 
 Odlus, Fabrlcius, 1776. 
 
 247. Andrla, Scudder, 1875. 
 
 248. -Uorrisoni, Edwards, 1883. 
 Portia, Fabrlcius, 1776. 
 
 Faclflc Coast States, N. to Sitka. 
 Pacific Coast States. 
 
 S. Cal.; S. Nevada; Ariz.; Mex. 
 California; Nevada. 
 
 Southern and Gulf States. 
 
 Southern States. 
 
 Texas. 
 
 Arizona; Colorado to Montana. 
 
 Arizona. 
 
 Florida to Texas. 
 
 States East of Mississippi Valley. 
 
 East of Mississippi Valley. 
 
 East of Mississippi Valley. 
 
 Florida; Texas. 
 
 Texas. 
 
 Texas; Mexico. 
 Florida; South America. 
 Mississippi Valley. 
 Arizona. 
 Florida; Antilles. 
 
 Family SATYRIDiE 
 
 SATTBUS 
 
 Pegala, Fabrlcius, 1775. 
 
 Alope, Fabrlcius, 1793. 
 
 -Texana, Edwards, 1880. 
 
 Stephens!, n. s., Wright, 1904 
 
 Oabbl, Edwards, 1870. 
 250a. Wheelerl, Edwards, 1873. 
 261. ITephele, Klrby, 1837. 
 
 BoopU, Behr, 1864. 
 
 Arlane, Bolsduval, 1862. 
 
 -Baronl, Edwards, 1880. 
 
 -Inoana, Edwards, 1880. 
 
 CEtni, Bolsduval, 1869. 
 
 Panlna, Edwards, 1879. 
 
 Cliaron, Edwards, 1870. 
 
 SUvestrli, Edwards, 1861. 
 
 Stehenele, Bolsduval, 1852. 
 OEIBOCHEI^rUS 
 
 Trltonla, Edwards, 1874. 
 EREBIA 
 
 Fasclata, Butler, 1868. 
 
 Dlscoldalis, Klrby, 1837. 
 
 Rossi, Curtis, 1836. 
 
 249. 
 250. 
 
 262. 
 263. 
 264. 
 266. 
 266. 
 257. 
 268. 
 269. 
 260. 
 
 South Atlantic States. 
 
 Northeastern Atlantic States. 
 
 Texas. 
 
 Northeastern Cal.; Nevada; Ore. 
 
 Oregon; Utah. 
 
 Eastern California; Ariz.; Utah. 
 
 New Eng., west to the Sierra Nev. 
 
 California; Oregon; Washington. 
 
 Northern Cal.; Oregon and East. 
 
 Northern California. 
 
 Washington; Northern California. 
 
 Northern California. 
 
 California; Nevada; Colorado. 
 
 Sierra Nevadas. 
 
 States west of the Rocky Mts. 
 
 San Francisco (extinct). 
 
 Arizona; Mexico. 
 
 Alaska; Boreal America. 
 Alaska; Boreal America. 
 Boreal America. 
 
COMPLETE LIST 
 
 EBEBIA — continued. 
 
 Dlsa, Thunberg, 1791. 
 -Manclnus, Dbl.-Hew., 1851. 
 Vldlerl, Elwes, 1898. 
 Tyndarus, Esper, 1871. 
 
 261. -CalUaa, Edwards, 1871. 
 
 262. Eplpsodeii, Butler, 1868. 
 -Brucei, Elwes, 1889. 
 
 263. Sofia, Strecker, 1884. 
 -Alaakensla, Holland, 1900. 
 
 264. Magdalena, Strecker, 1880. 
 
 265. -Tonntrl, Holland, 1900. 
 NEOJ) XMFBLA. 
 
 Canthus, Bolsduval, 1823. 
 Gemma, Hubner, 1818. 
 
 266. Henaliawl, Edwards, 1876. 
 
 267. Baydenl, Edwards, 1872. 
 Phoclon, Fabricius, 1781. 
 Eurytus, Pabrlclus, 1776. 
 Mitchell!, French, 1889. 
 Sosyblus, Pabrlclus, 1793. 
 
 268. Sabrtoata, Edwards, 1891. 
 EPIMEPHTUT! 
 
 269. Zloaane, Reakert, 1866. 
 JTEOMIirOIS 
 
 270. Kldlugal, Edwards, 1865. 
 
 271. Slonysins, Scudder, 1878. 
 CtEHOimffPHA 
 
 272. Californlca, Doub.-Hew., 1850. 
 
 273. -Qalactlnai, Bolsduval, 1852. 
 
 274. -Eryngl, H. Edwards, 1877. 
 
 275. -Cerea, Butler, 1866. 
 
 276. -PuUa, H. Edwards, 1881. 
 
 277. -Kodlak, Edwards, 1869. 
 
 278. Elko, Edwards. 1880. 
 
 279. Inomata, Edwards, 1861. 
 
 280. AmpeloB, Edwards, 1871. 
 
 281. Ocliraoea, Edwards, 1861. 
 
 282. Brenda, Edwards, 1869. 
 
 283. FampliUua, Linnaeus, 1758. 
 Typhon-ladon, Borkhausen, 1788. 
 
 DEBIS 
 
 Portland!, Fabricius, 1781. 
 
 Creola, Skinner, 1897. 
 CHIONOBAS 
 
 Macounl. Edwards, 1885. 
 
 284. ai{raa, Butler, 1868. 
 
 285. ireTadenala, Felder, 1867. 
 
 286. Callfomloa, Bolsduval, 1869. 
 
 Arctic America. 
 
 Alaska; Rocky Mountains. 
 
 British Columbia. 
 
 Colorado; New Mexico; Europe. 
 
 Colorado; New Mexico. 
 
 Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 Alaska. 
 
 Alaska. 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 Alaska. 
 
 I 
 Northeastern States. 
 
 South Atlantic States. 
 
 Arizona; Colorado; New Mexico. 
 
 Yellowstone Pk. ; Mont. ; Ida.; Wyo. 
 
 Atlantic States. 
 
 States east of Mississippi River. 
 
 Michigan; New Jersey. 
 
 States east of Mississippi River. 
 
 Texas; Arizona; Mexico. 
 
 Arizona; Mexico. 
 
 Colo.; Nev.; Mont.; Utah; Wyo. 
 Colorado; Arizona; Utah. 
 
 N. California; Nev.; Ore.; Wash. 
 
 Southern California. 
 
 Southern California. 
 
 Central California. 
 
 California Mountains. 
 
 Alaska. 
 
 Nevada; Eastern Washington. 
 
 Washington; Idaho; Mont.; East. 
 
 Nev.; Ore.; Wash.; Vane. Island. 
 
 Arizona; Wyo.; Mont.; Brit. Am. 
 
 Southern California. 
 
 Europe; Siberia; California. 
 
 Montana; Minnesota; Brit. Am. 
 
 States east of Rocky Mountains. 
 LiOuisiana; Texas. 
 
 Alberta. 
 
 Vancouver Island. 
 
 Nevada. 
 
 Cal.; Ore.; east of Cascade Mts. 
 
60 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 CHIONOBAS — continued. 
 2ST. Iduna, Edwards, 1S74. 
 
 Chryxus, Dbl.-Hew., 1851. 
 -Calais, Scudder, 1865. 
 
 288. Xvallda, Mead, 1878. 
 Jutta, Hubner, 1800. 
 -Alaskensls, Holland, 1900. 
 
 289. Uhlerl, Reakert, 1866. 
 
 290. Tamna, Edwards, 1882. 
 Alberta, Elwes, 1893. 
 Noma, Thunberg, 1791. 
 -Hilda, Quesnel, 1791. 
 -Celseno, Hubner, 1794. 
 -Bore, Hubner, 1825. 
 -Pearttse, Edwards, 1897. 
 
 291. -SnbliyaUna, Curtis, 1835. 
 Taygete, Hubher, 1824. 
 Semldea, Say, 1828. 
 -Katahdin, Newcomb, 1901. 
 
 292. -Bmoel, Edwards, 1891. 
 
 293. -Beanl, Elwes, 1893. 
 Daurla, Strecker, 1894. 
 
 Northwestern California. 
 Utah; Colorado; Rocky Mountains. 
 Hudson Bay; New Foundland. 
 Sierra Nevada, Alpine peaks. 
 Arctic America. 
 Alaska. 
 
 Rocky Mts. of Colorado and Mont. 
 Arizona; Mont.; Brit. America- 
 British America. 
 Arctic America. 
 Arctic America. 
 Arctic America. 
 Arctic America. 
 Victoria Land. 
 Arctic America. 
 Labrador. 
 
 White Mts. of New Hampshire. 
 Mt. Katahdin, Maine. 
 Colorado. 
 Colorado. 
 Southeastern Arizona. 
 
 Family LIBYTHEID^ 
 
 IiIBTTHXA 
 
 Bachmani, Kirtland, 1852. Atlantic States. 
 
 Carlnenta, Cramer, 1779. Texas. 
 
 -Larvata, Strecker, 1878. Texas. 
 
 Family 
 
 I^MONZAS 
 
 294. Uormo, Felder, 1859. 
 Duryl, Edwards, 1884. 
 
 295. Cythera, Edwards, 1873. 
 
 296. Vlrerultl, Behr, 1865. 
 
 297. Palmerl, Edwards, 1870. 
 
 298. ITals, Edwards, 1876. 
 
 299. Zela, Butler, 1870. 
 
 300. Cleis, Edwards, 1882. 
 CAI^BPKBUS 
 
 Csenius, Linnaeus, 1767. 
 801. Borealls, Grote-Rob., 1866. 
 
 302. Anstralls, Edwards, 1877. 
 
 303. iremesla, Edwards, 1871. 
 
 ERYCINID.E 
 
 Cal. ; Utah; Arizona; New Mexico. 
 New Mexico. 
 Arizona; New Mexico. 
 Southern California; Mexico. 
 So. California; Utah; New Mexico. 
 Arizona; Colorado; New Mexico. 
 Arizona; Mexico. 
 Arizona; Mexico. 
 
 Southern States. 
 
 N. Y. to Va.; Mich.; 111.; Cent. Cal. 
 Arizona; Texas; Mexico. 
 Southern California. 
 
 Family LYCiENID^ 
 
 BUIUEUS 
 
 Atala, Poey, 1832. Florida; Cuba. 
 
 Mlnyas, Hubner, 1806. Texas; Mexico; Central America. 
 
COMPLETE LIST 
 
 AT^ISES 
 
 304. Cryaalus, Edwards, 1873. 
 
 305. -Cltlma, H. Edwards, 1881. 
 
 306. Halesus, Cramer, 1779. 
 THECIiA 
 
 M-Album, Bd.-Lec, 1833. 
 Telea, Hewitt, 1862. 
 Martlalls, Herr.-Sch., 1864. 
 Hugon, Godart, 1843. 
 
 307. Jada, Hewlttson, 1862. 
 
 308. Mellnas, Hubner, 1818. 
 Favonlus, Sm.-Abb., 1797. 
 Autolycus, Edwards, 1871. 
 Alcestls, Edwards, 1871. 
 Acadica, Edwards, 1862. 
 
 309. Callfomlca, Edwards, 1862. 
 
 310. Dryope, Edwards, 1870. 
 
 311. Taoita, H. Edwards, 1881. 
 
 312. Ity». Edwards, 1884. 
 
 313. Anretomm, Boisduval, 1852. 
 
 314. Onmui, Boisduval, 1852. 
 316. SylTlnns, Boisduval, 1852. 
 
 316. Sseplum, Boisduval, 1852. 
 Edwards!, Saunders, 1869. 
 Wlttfeldl, Edwards, 1883. 
 Calanus, Hubner, 1806. 
 -Lorata, Grote-Rob., 1868. 
 Ontario, Edwards, 1868. 
 Liiparops, Bdl.-Lec, 1833. 
 Putnaml, H. Edwards, 1876. 
 
 317. Totra, Behr, 1870. 
 
 318. Chalcls, Behr, 1879. 
 -Pulvescens. H. Edwards, 1876. 
 
 319. IfelBonl, Boisduval, 1869. 
 
 320. -Ezoleta, H. Edwards, 1881. 
 
 321. -Mutrl, H. Edwards, 1881. 
 
 322. Elpluetorum, Boisduval, 1867. 
 
 323. Spadlx, H. Edwards. 1881. 
 
 324. Adenostomatls, H. Edwards, 1876 
 
 325. Blenlna, Hewitt, 1869. 
 Castalls, Edwards, 1871. 
 Mlrabelle, Barnes, 1900. 
 Damon, Cramer, 1782. 
 -Dlscoldalls, Skinner, 1897. 
 Simsethls, Drury, 1770. 
 Acts, Drury, 1773. 
 Cecrops, Fabrlclus, 1793. 
 Columella, Fabrlclus, 1793. 
 Leda, Edwards, 1882. 
 
 Arizona; Utah; So. California. 
 
 Arizona; Utah. 
 
 U. S., south of North Lat. 40°. 
 
 Southern and Gulf States. 
 Florida- 
 Florida. 
 Florida, 
 
 Arizona; Mexico. 
 United States, except Alaska. 
 Gulf States. 
 
 Texas; Missouri; Kansas. 
 Arizona; Texas. 
 
 Northern States W. of Sierra Nev. 
 California and Nev. to Vane. Is. 
 California; Nevada; Utah. 
 Cal., Lake Co., Greenhorn Mts. 
 Arizona. 
 California. 
 California; Nevada. 
 California; Nevada. 
 States west of Rocky Mountains. 
 Maine to Nebraska; Brit. Am. 
 Florida. 
 
 Atlantic and W. States; Ontario. 
 Atlantic and Western States. 
 New England; Ontario. 
 States east of Mississippi River, 
 Utah. 
 California. 
 California; Utah. 
 California; Ore.; Washington. 
 Central and So. California. 
 Central California. 
 Central California. 
 Northern California; Ore.; Wash. 
 Southern California. 
 . California, north and south. 
 Vancouver Island; Arizona; Mex. 
 Texas. 
 Texas. 
 
 Atlantic and W. States; Tex.; Ont. 
 Texas. 
 
 Texas; Mexico; Central America. 
 Southern Florida. 
 Southern States. 
 Florida; Texas; Mexico. 
 Arizona. 
 
62 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 THECIiA — continued. 
 
 326. Clytle, Edwards, 1877. 
 
 327. Inea, Edwards, 1882. 
 
 328. Avalona, n. s., Wright, 1906. 
 
 329. Behri, Edwards, 1870. 
 Augustus, Klrby, 1837. 
 
 330. Iroldei, Bolsduval, 1862. 
 
 331. -Moaal, H. Edwards, 1881. 
 832. Potl», Strecker, 1878. 
 
 Irus, Godart, 1823. 
 -Arsace, Bolsduval, 1833. 
 Henricl, Grote-Rob., 1867. 
 
 333. Eryphon, Bolsduval, 1852. 
 
 334. Hlpbon, Hubner, 1823. 
 
 335. Sametomm, Bolsduval, 1852. 
 
 336. -Afflals, Edwards, 1862. 
 
 337. Apama, Edwards, 1882. 
 Sherldanl, Edwards, 1887. 
 Laeta, Edwards, 1862. 
 Titus, FabVlclus, 1793. 
 
 FEinBECA 
 
 Tarqulnlus, Fabrlclus, 1792. 
 CHS-S-SOPHAVTJS 
 
 338. Arota, Bolsduval, 1852. 
 
 339. TlrglnlenBlv, Edwards, 1870. 
 
 340. Hexmei, Edwards, 1870. 
 
 341. ISaripoaa, Reakert, 1866. 
 
 342. Zantholdes, Bolsduval, 1852. 
 
 343. Qorgron, Bolsduval, 1852. 
 Dlone, Scudder, 1869. 
 
 345. Edltha, Mead, 1878. 
 Thoe, Bolsduval, 1832. 
 
 346. Zeroe, Bolsduval, 1869. 
 
 347. BO. Sua, n. s., Wright, 1905. 
 
 348. Helloldea, Bolsduval, 1869. 
 
 349. Dorcaa, Klrby, 1837. 
 Florus, Edwards, 1883. 
 Eplxanthe, Bd.-Lec, 1833. 
 Hypophleas, Bolsduval, 1852. 
 -Fleldenl, McLachlan, 1878. 
 
 360. Pnllloln*, Hulst, 1886. 
 
 361. Cnprena, Edwards, 1870. 
 Snowl, Edwards, 1881. 
 
 362. Knbidns, Behr, 1866. 
 
 353. Slxlas, Edwards, 1871. 
 STCSITA 
 
 354. FnUtrlnoia, Edwards, 1861. 
 
 365. Heteronea, Bolsduval, 1862. 
 
 366. Clara, H. Edwards, 1877. 
 
 Arizona; Texas. 
 
 Arizona. 
 
 Catallna Island. 
 
 Cal.; Nevada; Colo.; Oregon. 
 
 Eastern States; British America. 
 
 Ariz.; Cal.; 0.;Wh.; Vane. Is.; B.C. 
 
 Vancouver Island. 
 
 Arizona. 
 
 Atlantic and Western States. 
 
 Atlantic and Western States. 
 
 Northeastern Atlantic States. 
 
 California; Colorado. 
 
 Atlantic and W. States; N. Cal. 
 
 Cal.; Nevada; Colorado; Montana. 
 
 Cal.; Nevada; Utah; N. Arizona. 
 
 Arizona. 
 
 Montana; Colorado. 
 
 E. States; N. J.; Canada to Arle. 
 
 New Eng. to Arizona; Brit. Am. 
 
 States east of Mississippi River. 
 
 California. 
 
 California; Nevada; Colorado. 
 
 California; Nevada. 
 
 California; Colo.; Mont.; Brit. Am. 
 
 California. 
 
 California; Nevada. 
 
 Mississippi Valley. 
 
 California; Nevada. 
 
 Eastern and Northern States. 
 
 California; Nevada; Colorado. 
 
 San Diego County, California. 
 
 Cal.; Ore.; Wash.; Colo. 
 
 Alaska; British Am.; Labrador. 
 
 British America. 
 
 Northern States; British Am. 
 
 Arctic America. 
 
 Arctic America. 
 
 States west of Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Northern California; Oregon. 
 
 Colorado; Alberta. 
 
 Oregon; Nevada; Montana. 
 
 Arizona to Mont.; British Am. 
 
 California; Nevada; Utah. 
 California; Nevada; Utah; Colo. 
 Southern California. 
 
COMPLETE LIST 
 
 XiTCXIlf A— continued. 
 367. I^yoea, Edwards, 1S64. 
 358. Falla, Edwards, 1870. 
 369. Plierei, Bolsduval, 1862. 
 
 360. Icarloldea, Bolsduval, 1852. 
 
 361. Ssedalua, Behr, 1867. 
 
 362. -Maricopa,, Reakert, 1866. 
 
 363. Saplolaa, Bolsduval, 1852. 
 Arnica, Edwards, 1863. 
 Pembina, Edwards, 1862. 
 
 364. PtaUexoa, Bolsduval, 1869. 
 Ardea, Edwards, 1871. 
 
 366. Xodlak, Edwards, 1870. 
 
 366. Uela, Strecker, 1900. 
 
 367. Antlaola, Bolsduval, 1862. 
 
 368. -Behxl, Edwards, 1862. 
 
 369. -KertUa, Edwards, 1866. 
 
 370. Xerzea, Bolsduval, 1862. 
 
 371. Orcua, Edwards, 1869. 
 Afra, Edwards, 1883. 
 Lygdamus, Doub., 1842. 
 
 372. Oro, Scuddcr, 1876. 
 
 373. Sagrlttlfera, Felder, 1865. 
 
 374. Bonorenala, Felder, 186K. 
 
 375. Fodaroe, Felder, 1866. 
 Aqullo, Bolsduval, 1833. 
 Rustlca, Edwards, 1865. 
 
 376. Euoptea, Bolsduval, 1852. 
 Glaucon, Edwards, 1871. 
 
 377. Battoidea, Behr, 1867. 
 
 378. Sliaata, Edwards, 1862. 
 
 379. Mellaaa, Edwards, 1873. 
 
 380. Acmon, Dbl.-Hew., 1862. 
 
 381. -Chlorlna, Skinner, 1902. 
 SSla. -Nenxona, Skinner, 1902. 
 
 182. -Melimona, n. v., Wright, 1905. 
 Scuddcrl, Edwards, 1861. 
 
 383. KotiB, Llntner, 1879. 
 Aster, Edwards, 1882. 
 
 384. Anna, Edwards, 1861. 
 
 S8E. Amyutnla, Bolsduval, 1862. 
 
 386. Herri, Grinnell, 1901. 
 
 387. Annetta, Mead, 1882. 
 Arglolus, Sm.-Abb., 1797. 
 
 388. -I^noia, Kirby, 1837. 
 -Marglnata, Edwards, 1883. 
 
 389. -Vlolaoea, Edwards, 1866. 
 -Nigra, Edwards, 1868. 
 -Clnera, Edwards, 1883. 
 
 Colo.; Nev.; Mont.; Ariz.; N. M. 
 California; Oregon; Wash.; Vane. 
 Cal. ; Or. ; Wn. ; B. Col. ; Colo. ; Ariz. 
 California. 
 Southern California. 
 California. 
 
 Cal.; Nev.; Ore.; Wash.; B. Col. 
 British America. 
 British America. 
 Cal.; Nevada; Utah; Arizona. 
 Nevada. 
 Alaska. 
 
 Colorado; British Columbia. 
 California. 
 California. 
 Central California. 
 Lone Mountain, California. 
 Central California. 
 British America. 
 Middle States. 
 
 California; Colo.; New Mexico. 
 Wash.; Or.; Cal.; Idaho; Rocky Mt. 
 Southern California; Lower Cal. 
 California; Nevada; Colorado. 
 Arctic America; Labrador. 
 Colorado; Mont.; British America. 
 California; Ore.; Wash.; Ariz. 
 Colorado. 
 
 California; Nevada; Colorado. 
 Cal. ; Ore. ; Utah ; Nev. ; Mont. ; Colo. 
 Cal.; Ariz.; New Mex. ; Colorado. 
 States west of Rocky Mountains. 
 Southern California. 
 Southern California. 
 Southern California. 
 Northern Middle States. 
 Mendocino Co., California. 
 New Foundland. 
 'Cal.; Nev.; Ore.; Colo.; Mont. 
 W.Coast States f'm Mex.to Ar.Clr. 
 Cochise Co., Arizona. 
 Utah. 
 
 Eastern United States. 
 Alaska; B. C; B. A.; New England. 
 New England States. 
 Alaska; B. C; B. A.; Colo.;N. E. 
 Wlest Virginia; Colorado. 
 Atlantic States. 
 
64 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 tYCaWA^-contlnued. 
 
 -Neglecta, Edwards, 1862. 
 FlasuB, Botsduval, 1852. 
 -Echo, Edwards, 1864. 
 -Arlzonenaia, Edwards, 1SS3. 
 Gozora, Bolsduval. 1870. 
 Comyntas, Godart, 1823. 
 Uonioa, Reakert, 1866. 
 laola, Reakert, 1866. 
 Oyas, Edwards, 1871. 
 Cyna, Edwards, 1881. 
 Eanno, StoII, 1790. 
 SpacloBB, H. Edwards, 1876. 
 Ammon, Lucas, 1856. 
 Marina, Reakert, 1868. 
 SlSBona, n. s., Wright, 1905. 
 Theonus, Lucas, 1866. 
 ABtragala, n. s., Wright, 1906. 
 Striata, Edwards, 1877. 
 EzlUs, Bolsduval, 1852. 
 iBophttaalma, Her.-Schf., 1862. 
 
 390. 
 391. 
 392. 
 
 393. 
 394. 
 395. 
 
 397. 
 398. 
 
 399. 
 400. 
 
 401. 
 
 402. 
 403. 
 
 Northeastern States; Montana. 
 California; Arizona; Mexico. 
 So. California; Arizona; Mexico. 
 Arizona. 
 
 Arizona; Mexico. 
 Atlantic States to Rocky Mts. 
 Southern California. 
 Colo.; New Mex. ; Ariz.; Mex. 
 Arizona. 
 Texas. 
 
 'Gulf States; S. Cal.; Mex. 
 Southern California. 
 Southern Florida. 
 So. California; S. Colo.; Ariz. 
 Northern California. 
 Florida. 
 
 Southern California. 
 Texas. 
 
 Cal.; Ariz.; New Mex.; Colo. 
 Florida; Georgia; S. California. 
 
 Family 
 
 FHOIiISOBA 
 
 403a. Catullua, Fabrlclus, 1793. 
 Mexlcana, Reakert, 1866. 
 
 404. Fixua, Edwards, 1878. 
 
 405. Ceos, Edwards, 1882. 
 Hayhurstl, Edwards, 1870, 
 
 406. liliya, Scudder, 1878. 
 
 407. Alphena, Edwards, 1876. 
 
 408. I^ena, Edwards, 1882. 
 COF^IODES 
 
 409. FroorlB, Edwards, 1871. 
 
 410. -Waco, Edwards, 1868. 
 
 411. Candida, Wright, 1890. 
 
 412. Wrlghtl, Edwards, 1882. 
 
 413. UyrtlB, Edwards, 1884. 
 
 414. Eunns, Edwards, 1881. 
 
 415. Arene, Edwards, 1871. 
 THTSIEI^ICUS 
 
 Garlta, Reakert, 1866. 
 Poweschlek, Parker, 1870. 
 Edwardsl, Barnes, 1897. 
 FAMFHUiA 
 
 Massasolt, Scudder, 1862. 
 -Suftusa, Laurent, 1892. 
 Zabulon, Bdl.-Lec, 1833. 
 Hobomok, Harris, 1862. 
 
 HESPERID^ 
 
 United States, except Alaska. 
 Arizona; Mexico. 
 
 Colorado; New Mex.; Ariz.; Utah. 
 Arlzon.a; Mexico. 
 Southern States. 
 Southern California; Utah. 
 Nevada; Arizona; New Mexico. 
 Northern Arizona; Montana. 
 
 Arizona; New Mexico. 
 
 Arizona. 
 
 Southern California. 
 
 California Desert. 
 
 Arizona. 
 
 California Mountains. 
 
 Texas; Arizona. 
 
 Colo.; Dakota; Brit. America. 
 Iowa; Illinois; Colorado; Utah. 
 Colorado. 
 
 E. and Middle States; Neb.; Colo. 
 Eastern States. 
 Middle and Southern States. 
 Atlantic States. 
 
COMPLETE LIST 
 
 417. 
 418. 
 419. 
 
 420. 
 421. 
 422. 
 423. 
 424. 
 
 425. 
 426. 
 
 427. 
 428. 
 
 430. 
 431. 
 432. 
 433. 
 434. 
 435. 
 
 436. 
 437. 
 438. 
 
 . — continued. 
 -Pocahontas, Scudder, 1862. 
 Taxlles, Edwards, 1881. 
 Bntlcola, Boisduval, 1852. 
 Comma, Dlnnseus, 1758. 
 Jnba, Scudder, 1872. 
 -VlrlOls, Edwards, 1883. 
 Uanltoba, Scudder, 1874. 
 -Manltoboides, Fletcher, 1888. 
 Nevada, Scudder, 1874. 
 Colorado, Scudder, 1874. 
 Idaho, Edwards, 1883. 
 California, n. v., Wright, 1905. 
 Ore^onla, Edwards, 1883. 
 -Asslnlb'oia, Lyman, 1892. 
 -Laurentlna, Lyman, 1893. 
 Sylvanoldes, Scudder. 
 Colombia, Scudder, 1872. 
 Sassacus, Harris, 1862. 
 Harpalus, Edwards, 1884. 
 Pawnee, Dodge, 1874. 
 Ottoe, Edwards, 1876. 
 Lasus, Edwards, 1884. 
 Cabelus, Edwards, 1881. 
 Napa, Edwards, 1864. 
 Seudderl, Skinner, 1899. 
 Metea, Scudder, 1862. 
 Bhesns, Edwards, 1877. 
 Cams, Edwards, 1884. 
 Uncas, Edwards, 1863. 
 Holnus, Edwards, 1871. 
 Attains, Edwards, 1871. 
 Tnma, Edwards, 1873. 
 Snowl, Edwards, 1871. 
 Leonardus, Harris, 1862. 
 Meskel, Edwards, 1877. 
 ITemorum, Boisduval, 1852. 
 Agrrloola, Boisduval, 1852. 
 UUo, Edwards, 1883. 
 Pratlucola, Boisduval, 1852. 
 Teraa, Edwards, 1881. 
 CampeitrU, Boisduval, 1852. 
 Huron, Edwards, 1863. 
 Stigma, Skinner, 1896. 
 Morrlsonl, Edwards, 1878. 
 Fhyleeni, Drury, 1770. 
 BrettuB, Bols.-Lec, 1883. 
 Brettoldea, Edwards, 1883. 
 
 Northern States; Mlas. Valley. 
 
 Arizona; New Mex. ; Utah; Nev. 
 
 Central California, 
 
 Europe; Siberia; North America. 
 
 California; Colorado; Utah. 
 
 Northern California; New Mex. 
 
 Cal.; Wash.; Brit. Col.; Brit. Am. 
 
 Ontario, Canada. 
 
 Nev.; Colo.; Ariz.; B. C; B. A. 
 
 Colo.; Cal.; Oregon; Wash. 
 
 Cal.; Ore.; Wash.; Brit. America. 
 
 Southern California. 
 
 California; Nevada; Brit. America. 
 
 Reglna, Canada. 
 
 Quebec. 
 
 California. 
 
 California. 
 
 Northern States. 
 
 Nevada. 
 
 Nevada; Montana. 
 
 Nebraska; Oklahoma; Arizona. 
 
 Arizona. 
 
 Nevada; California. 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 Atlantic States. 
 
 Arizona; Colorado. 
 
 Arizona; Texas. 
 
 Middle States; Dakota; Brit. Am. 
 
 Texas. 
 
 Texas. 
 
 Arizona. 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 Atlantic States. 
 
 Florida; Texas. 
 
 California. 
 
 California; Nevada; Washington. 
 
 Oregon. 
 
 California; Washington. 
 
 Southern California, 
 
 Southern California; Aril. 
 
 Atlantic States; Mississippi Val. 
 
 Texas; New Mexico. 
 
 Colorado; Arizona, 
 
 Mid. & Gulf States, w. to Sierra N. 
 
 South Atlantic and Gulf States. 
 
 S. At. & Gulf States; S. Cal. 
 
66 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 FAMFHI^A — continued. 
 
 439. Cbusco, :Edwards, 1873. 
 Draco, Edwards, 1871. 
 Otho, Smith-Abb.. 1797. 
 -Egremet, Scudder, 1862. 
 Mystic, Scudder, 1862. 
 Slrls, Edwards, 1881. 
 Mardon, Edwards, 1881. 
 Cernes, Bdl.-Lec, 1833. 
 Alclna, Skinner, 1893. 
 
 440. Sabnletl, Boisduval, 18!>2. 
 
 441. CMspBi n. a., Wright, 1905. 
 Pecklus, Klrby, 1837. 
 Baracoa, Lucas, 1857. 
 Verna. Edwards, 1862. 
 
 442. Teitzla, Boisduval, 1852. 
 Metacomet, Harris, 1862. 
 
 443. Bellua, Edwards, 1884. 
 Osyko, Edwards, 1867. 
 Comus, Edwards, 1876. 
 Eufala, Edwards, 1869. 
 
 444. Aiabns, Edwards, 1882. 
 Fusca, Grote-Rob., 1867. 
 Oslari, Skinner, 1899. 
 
 445. irexeaa, Edwards, 1876. 
 Acclus, Smith-Abb., 1797. 
 Loamml, Whitney, 1876. 
 Horus. Edwards, 1871. 
 
 446. Deva, Edwards, 1876. 
 
 447. Zionaa, Edwards, 1884. 
 Hlanna, Scudder, 1868. 
 Maculata, Edwards, 1865. 
 Panoquln, Scudder. 1862. 
 Panoqulnoldes, Skinner, 1891. 
 Ocola. Edwards, 1863. 
 
 448. Errans, Skinner, 1892. 
 Ethllus, Cramer, 1762. 
 
 449. Flttacua, Edwards, 1882. 
 Khena, Edwards, 1877. 
 Blmaculata, Grote-Rob.. 1867. 
 Pontlac, Edwards, 1863. 
 Manataaqua, Scudder, 1862. 
 Tehl, Skinner, 1893. 
 
 Dion, Edwards, 1879. 
 Arpa, Bols.-Dec, 1833. 
 Pllatka, Edwards, 1867. 
 Byssus, Edwards, 1880. 
 
 Arizona. 
 
 Colorado; British America. 
 
 At. States; Miss. Val.; Tex.; Ont. 
 
 Atlantic States; Miss. Valley. 
 
 Northern States, west to Dakota. 
 
 Washington. 
 
 Washington. 
 
 N. U. S.; Mont.; Utah; Dak.; B. A. 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 California; Arizona; New Mexico. 
 
 Sierra Nevadas of California, 
 
 No. and Atlantic States; Ks. ; Ont. 
 
 Florida; Antilles. 
 
 Middle States. 
 
 Florida; California; Colorado. 
 
 Eastern States, New Eng. to Mont. 
 
 Southern Arizona. 
 
 Gulf States. 
 
 Texas; Colorado. 
 
 Florida; Texas. 
 
 Arizona. 
 
 Gulf States. 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 Arizona. 
 
 Gulf States. 
 
 Florida; North Carolina. 
 
 Texas. 
 
 Arizona; Southern California. 
 
 Southern Arizona. 
 
 Atlantic States. 
 
 Gulf States. 
 
 Gulf States. 
 
 Southern Florida, 
 
 Gulf States. 
 
 Central California. 
 
 Gulf States. 
 
 Arizona. 
 
 Southern Colorado. 
 
 Northern States. 
 
 Massachusetts to Nebraska. 
 
 United States; British America. 
 
 Tennessee; Georgia; Florida. 
 
 New York; New Jersey; Nebraska. 
 
 Gulf States. 
 
 Gulf States; Nebraska. 
 
 Florida; Texas. 
 
COMPLETE LIST 
 
 87 
 
 -continued. 
 
 452. Phylace, Edwards, 1S77. 
 Viator, Edwards, 1865. 
 Carolina, Skinner, 1892. 
 Vltelllus, Fabrlclus, 179S. 
 Streckerl, Skinner, 1893. 
 Howardl, Skinner. 1896. 
 Aaroni, Skinner, 1890. 
 
 453. Melane, Edwards, 1869. 
 Lagus, Edwards, 1881. 
 Arogos, Bdl.-Lec, 1833. 
 
 AMBI^TBCIBTISS 
 
 Vlalls, Edwards, 1862. 
 Nysa, Edwards, 1877. 
 Eos, Edwards, 1871. 
 Cella, Skinner, 1896. 
 Samoset, Scudder, 1862. 
 Aenus, Edwards, 1877. 
 
 454. Slmlas, Edwards, 18S1. 
 Cassus, Edwards, 1883. 
 
 455. Noimo, Edwards, 1882. 
 Textor, Hubner, 1825. 
 
 OABTEROCEFKAIiirS 
 
 Palaemon, Pallas, 1771. 
 
 Dara, Kollar, 1848. 
 ANCYI^OXYPHA 
 
 Numitor, Fabrlclus, 1793. 
 
 Longleyl, French, 1897. 
 EBTCIDBS 
 
 Urania, West.-Hew., 1852. 
 
 Lllea, Reakert, 1866. 
 
 Batabano, Lefebre, 1867. 
 
 Amyntas, Fabrlclus, 1775. 
 ACHTI.OOES 
 
 Thraso, Hubner, 1806. 
 STSTASEA 
 
 Pulverulenta, Felder, 1869. 
 
 Stlgmaticus, Mabille, 1883. 
 PYBaUB 
 
 456. Erlcetorum, Boisduval, 1852. 
 Macarla. Reakert, 1866. 
 Domlcella, Erlchson, 1848.. 
 -Nearchus, Edwards, 1882. 
 
 457. Teisellata, Scudder, 1872. 
 Montivagu.^, Reakert, 1866. 
 Centaura;, Rambur, 1839. 
 Phlletas, Edwards. 
 
 458. Ceeapltalls, Boisduval, 1852. 
 Xanthus, Edwards, 1877. 
 
 Southern Colorado; Arizona. 
 
 Atlantic and Gulf States. 
 
 North Carolina. 
 
 States east of Mississippi River. 
 
 Florida. 
 
 Florida. 
 
 South Atlantic States. 
 
 Southern California. 
 
 Texas; Colorado. 
 
 Gulf States; Nebraska; Iowa. 
 
 Maine; Mid. States; So. States. 
 
 Texas. 
 
 Georgia; Florida. 
 
 Florida. 
 
 No. and Middle States to Iowa. 
 
 Tex.; Colo.; New Mex.; Ariz. 
 
 Colorado; Arizona. 
 
 Southeastern Arizona. 
 
 Arizona. 
 
 Gulf States. 
 
 Alaska; Labrador; New England. 
 Colorado? California? 
 
 Atlantic and Gulf States. 
 Northern Illinois. 
 
 Texas; Mexico. 
 Texas; Mexico. 
 Florida; Cuba. 
 Florida; Arizona? Mexico. 
 
 Tex.; Mex.; Cent. America; S. Am. 
 
 Arizona; Texas; New Mexico. 
 Arizona; Mexico. 
 
 New Mex.; Ariz.; Southern Cal. 
 
 Arizona? Mexico. 
 
 Arizona? Mexico. 
 
 Arizona? Mexico. 
 
 Atlantic to Pacific. 
 
 Atlantic to Pacific. 
 
 Middle States. 
 
 Texas, 
 
 Cal.; Colorado; Nevada; Or.; Vane. 
 
 Southern Colorado. 
 
68 
 
 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 raous 
 
 459. Sorlptura, Bolsduval, 1862. 
 Nessus, Edwards, 1877. 
 
 460. PoUngl, Barnes, 1900. 
 HZSOHXASES 
 
 Brlzo, Bolsduval, 1833. 
 Icelus, Llntner, 1872. 
 Somnus, Llntner, 1881. 
 Luclllus, Llntner, 1872. 
 
 461. FeiBena, Scudder, 1862. 
 Ausonlus, Llntner, 1872. 
 Afranlus, Llntner, 1878. 
 Martlalls, Scudder, 1869. 
 
 462. Jnvenalls, Fabrlclus, 1793. 
 
 463. Fropertiaa, Llntner, 1881. 
 
 464. Clltn>, Kdwards, 1882. 
 Petronlus, Llntner, 1881. 
 Horatlus, Scud.-Burg., 1870. 
 Terentlnus, Scud.-Burg., 1870. 
 
 465. Knvlns, Llntner, 1881. 
 
 466. PaouvlnB, Llntner, 1878. 
 
 467. Tatdns, Edwards, 1892. 
 
 468. FnneiaUs, Scud.-Burff., 1870. 
 
 469. TrlBtlB, Bolsduval, 18B2. 
 
 470. Tlbnllm, Scud.-Burg., 1870. 
 Plautus, Scud.-Burg., 1870. 
 
 471. Pylade*, Scudder, 1870. 
 
 472. Mezloana, Herr.-Schsf., 1868. 
 Proteus, LlnnEeus, 1758. 
 Slmpllclus, Stoll, 1791. 
 Dorantes, Stoll, 1793. 
 Albofasclatua, Hew., 1867. 
 
 473. BoruB, Edwards, 1882. 
 Zllpa, Butler, 1901. 
 AlcEEUs, Hewltson, 1901. 
 
 474. TltyruB, Fabrlclus, 1775. 
 Melon, God.-Salvln, 1893. 
 Cellus, Bols.-Lec, 1833. 
 Hesus, West. -Hew., 1852. 
 Zestos, Hubner, 1832. 
 
 475. Ida*, Cramer, 1782. 
 Lycldas, Sm.-Abb., 1797. 
 Eplgona, Herr.-Schaf., 1868. 
 Coyote, Skinner, 1892. 
 
 476. Smalns, Edwards, 1883. 
 Outls, Skinner, 1894. 
 Hlppalus, Edwards, 1882. 
 
 477. Oalons, Herr.-Schsf., 1868. 
 
 California; Arizona; Montana. 
 
 Texas. 
 
 Arizona. 
 
 States east of Rocky Mountains. 
 
 States east of Mississippi River. 
 
 Florida. 
 
 Middle and Western States. 
 
 Atlantic to Pacific. 
 
 Middle States. 
 
 Southern Colorado; Arizona. 
 
 States east of Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Atlantic to Pacific. 
 
 California. 
 
 Arizona; Southern California. 
 
 Southern Florida. 
 
 Atlantic States. 
 
 Atlantic States. 
 
 Florida. 
 
 Arizona; New Mexico; Colorado. 
 
 Arizona. 
 
 Arizona; California. 
 
 California; Arizona. 
 
 California. 
 
 Florida. 
 
 Atlantic States; Dak.; Colo.; Cal. 
 
 Tex.; Ariz.; Colo.; California. 
 
 Atlantic States. 
 
 Tex.; Ariz.; Mex.; Cent. Am.; S. A. 
 
 Texas. 
 
 Texas; Arizona; Mexico. 
 
 Arizona; Mexico. 
 
 Mexico; South America. 
 
 Mexico; South America. 
 
 Atlantic to Faclflc. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 South Atlantic States. 
 
 Texas; Mexico. 
 
 Florida; Mexico. 
 
 Arizona. 
 
 Atlantic States. 
 
 Texas; Mexico. 
 
 Texas. 
 
 Southern Arizona; Mexico. 
 
 Texas. 
 
 Arizona; Mexico. 
 
 Arizona; Mexico; So. California. 
 
COMPLETE LIST 
 
 S17DAIXD8 — continued. 
 
 478. .Smllls, Skinner, 1S93. Oregon. 
 
 479. PTtlion, Edwards, 1882. Southern Arizona. 
 Bathyllus, Sm.-Abb., 1797. South Atlantic States. 
 Electra, Lintner, 1881. Ontario, Canada. 
 
 480. LACustra, n. s., Wright, 1905. Central California. 
 
 Family MEGATHYMID^ 
 
 FTBKKOFTOA 
 
 481. Axaxes, Hewltson, 1867. Southern Arizona, 
 
 482. Castns, Edwards, 1884. Southern Arizona. 
 BSEOATK y M U S 
 
 Tuccse, Bols.-Lec, 1833. Southern Arizona. 
 
 Cofaqul, Strecker, 1876. Colorado. 
 
 Streckerl, Skinner, 1895. Colorado; Texas; Arizona. 
 
 483. XaanuBgtal, Edwards, 1882. Arizona; Mexico; S. California. 
 
 484. Vnna, Poling, 1902. Arizona. 
 
 APPENDIX 
 Day-flying Moths 
 
 485. HenUlenoa Hevadenala, Stretch, 1872. Nevada. 
 
 486. Kemllenoa Callfoniloa, Wright, 1876. Southern California. 
 
 487. KmiUraoa, ElMtra, Wright, 1884. Southern California. 
 
LIST OF NEW SPECIES AND NEW VARIETIES 
 Herein First Published and Illustrated 
 
 Date of Publication, October lo, igo^ 
 10. Parnasslus Niger, n. v., 
 
 18. Parnasslus Magnus, n. v., 
 
 2S. Paplllo Colore, n. v., 
 
 60. Anthocharls Desertl, n. v., 
 
 67. Anthocharls Mollis, n. v., 
 
 70. Anthocharls Caliente, n. s., 
 
 111. Argynnls Letis, n. v., 
 
 134. Argynnls Laurlna, n. v., 
 
 160. Meliteea Olancha, n. s., 
 
 163. Melitaea Sierra, n. s., 
 
 170. Melitaea Augustlna, n. v., 
 
 178. Mellteea Bremita, n. s., 
 
 179. Melltaea, Hermosa, n. s., 
 
 180. Melltsea Colonia, n. s., 
 
 181. Melltsea Sablna, n. s., 
 
 183. Melltaea Abnorma, n. v., 
 
 184. Melltaea MirablUs, n. v., 
 186. Melltaea Leona, n. v., 
 189. Melltaea Cerrita, n. s., 
 
 198. Phyclodes Pascoensls, n. v., 
 
 212. Synchloe Callfornica, n. s., 
 
 222. Grapta Chrysoptera, n. s., 
 
 249. Satyrus Stephensl, n. s., 
 
 328. Thecla Avalona, n. s., 
 
 347. Chrysophanus Del Sud, n. s., 
 
 382. Lycaena Mellmona, n. v., 
 
 423. Pamphlla Callfornica, n. s., 
 
 441. Pamphlla Chlspa, n. s., 
 
 480. Nlsonlades Lacustra, n. s.. 
 
 Sierra Nevadas of California. 
 
 British Columbia. 
 
 Colorado Desert of California. 
 
 Colorado Desert of California. 
 
 Southern California. 
 
 Colorado Desert of California. 
 
 Northern California. 
 
 Southern California. 
 
 Sierra Nevadas of California, 
 
 Sierra Nevadas of California. 
 
 Southern California. 
 
 Central California. 
 
 Southern Arizona. 
 
 Southern Oregon. 
 
 Catalina Mountains, Arizona. 
 
 Sierra Nevadas of California. 
 
 Hills of Central California. 
 
 Central California. 
 
 Southern California. 
 
 Eastern Washington. 
 
 Colorado Desert of California. 
 
 California. 
 
 California; Oregon. 
 
 Catalina Island. 
 
 Southern California. 
 
 San Bernardino Mountains, Cal. 
 
 Southern California. 
 
 Sierra Nevadas, Cal. 
 
 Lake County, California. 
 
 LIST OF SOME OLD BUT GENERALLY UN- 
 KNOWN SPECIES, HEREWITH ILLUS- 
 TRATED OR DESCRIBED 
 
 Paplllo Pergamua. 282. 
 
 Pleris Flava. 383. 
 
 Euchloe Hyantis. 397. 
 
 Anthocharls Thoosa. 403. 
 
 Meganostoma Bernardino. 408. 
 
 Meganostoma Amorphae. 414. 
 
 Collas Barbara. 438. 
 Melitsea Qulno. 
 
 Coenonymplia Brenda. 
 Lycsena Lotls, 
 Lycaena Hanno. 
 Lycsena Isophthalma. 
 Pholisora Lena. 
 Copaeodes Eunus. 
 Pamphlla Brettoldes. 
 
The Butterflies of the West Coast 
 
The Butterflies of the West Coast 
 
 Description of all the species of butterflies of the West Coast 
 and of the illustrations on Plates I to XXXII, with notes in gen- 
 eral and in particular as to the occurrence, habits, etc., of each 
 species. 
 
 In order to save tedious repetition of facts for each species, gen- 
 eral statements are made under the genus heading, which are gen- 
 erally applicable to all the species included in that genus, as all the 
 species of a genus usually have the same habits. 
 
 Each figure in the plates is pedigreed as to the place and date of 
 capture, and the name of the collector. 
 
 Genus PARNASSIUS 
 
 This is a race of butterflies widely distinct from any other kind ; 
 low and moth-like in some of its stages, but grouped near the 
 Papilios because of the venation, in the absence of the inner vein. 
 All Parnassians are white, except one or two which are more or 
 less yellowish ; of medium to large in size ; thick-bodied ; and of 
 slow and deliberate flight. They feed on flowers, but their Hfe in 
 the imago state is short. They live in cold or cool climates, most 
 of them inhabiting the Arctic regions, or the higher mountains of 
 temperate climes, as the Rocky Mountains, and the Sierra 
 Nevadas. 
 
 When we first see a Parnassian it is climbing up a plant-stem, 
 limp-winged and unable to fly. If it be a female, mating takes 
 place at this time, usually before she can fly, and during the 
 lengthy mating process the curious abdominal pouch is formed. 
 Unmated females have no pouch ; males never have any ; nor has 
 any other butterfly in the world. This appendage is formed from 
 
74 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 a frothy secretion, but from which individual is not known ; it is 
 at first soft and white, frothy and transkicent, but soon becomes 
 hard; in the Qodius group it is very large, and remains white 
 after hardening, and in the Smintheus group it is small, and in 
 hardening becomes brown and horn-like. The office or use of the 
 pouch is apparently to prevent a repetition of mating. 
 
 The eggs are oviposited singly, wherever it happens, without 
 care for a food-plant for the young larvae. The larvas are solitary 
 and nocturnal, feeding by night and lying secreted by day, so that 
 the larval habits and food-plants are not readily observed. At 
 pupation the chrysalis is hidden away under dead leaves or rub- 
 bish, attached to some upright twig in some little place where there 
 is room for it to swing. Hibernation takes place at this stage. 
 
 I. Pamassius Clodius. 
 
 FOLATE I ; Figures i, b, c. 
 
 Fig. I, Male, Coldstream, Vancouver Island, July i, 1891 ; 
 Author. 
 
 b. Female, Coldstream, Vancouver Island, July 2, 1891 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c, Pouch of the female. 
 
 Clodius is the largest of the Qodius group, as it is also the 
 darkest in color, the dark markings and the translucent margins 
 being heavier than in any other species. On hind wing near anal 
 angle is a dark patch, or perhaps two patches fused together, but 
 without any red in them, and along the margin of hind wing are 
 a series of curved markings which are darker than in any other of 
 the group. There are two round red spots on each hind wing, 
 and usually the outer one is twinned or has a secondary small one 
 on the inside of the larger one. 
 
 The female is larger than the male, and all the spots and mark- 
 ings are heavier. 
 
 Sex-marks: The male has whitish hairs on the body, while the 
 female body is black and shiny, and without hairs ; also, after 
 mating, the female has the so-called pouch on the underside of 
 the body. 
 
 Food-plants: Supposed to be viola; probably also some other 
 plants, as sedum ; and possibly vaccinium, or dewberry. 
 
 Habitat: Qodius flies from the southern point of Alaska to 
 Vancouver Island, and along the coast nearly to San Francisco ; 
 
GENUS PARNASSIUS 75 
 
 also in the Sierra Nevadas at from 5,000 to 10,000 feet elevation, 
 south as far as Lake Tahoe. 
 
 a. Parnassius Clarius. Elsewhere illustrated only in 
 Edwards' Butt. N. A. 
 Plate I ; Figures 2, b, c. 
 Fig. 2, Male, Emigrant Gap, Cal., July 25, 1892; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Lake County, Cal., June 1894 ; Author. 
 
 c. Pouch of the female, Summit, Cal., 1892 ; Author. 
 Clarius averages a little smaller than Qodius, and is lighter in 
 
 color, there being fewer dark markings; and the red spots are 
 smaller, and never twinned ; the hind wings are nearly free from 
 dark markings, except the comma spot near anal angle. 
 
 No member of the Clodius group ever has any red on the upper 
 side of fore wing. 
 
 Sex-marks as in Qodius. 
 
 Larval food-plants, and stages are probably the same as in 
 Clodius. 
 
 Habitat : Clarius inhabits chiefly the higher mountains of Cali- 
 fornia, from the Siskiyou Mountains of Northern California south 
 to as far south as any Parnassian flies ; it is not often seen in 
 the interior mountains, nor ever, so far as I know, on the coast 
 mountains; and this female example, taken in the mountains of 
 Lake County, is an exception, not in appearance, but in locality. 
 
 3. Parnassius Altaurus. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate I ; Figures 3, b. 
 
 Fig. 3, Male, Eastern base Sierra Nevadas, July 27, 1892; 
 
 Author. 
 
 b. Female, Vancouver Island, July i, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 Altaurus is a Qarius with the red spots paled to orange or 
 
 yellowish, the same as Behri in the Smintheus group. This form, 
 
 although but recently named (in 1902) has been observed for 
 
 many years, and I had in former years often wondered that this 
 
 orange-spotted form should be unnamed while the same thing in 
 
 the Smintheus group was named, and considered a good variety. 
 
 This form, with preceding Clarius and following Menetriesi and 
 
 Baldur, are often spoken of as mere varieties of Qodius. This is 
 
 a matter of individual opinion ; my present effort is to show each 
 
 form as I find it, and every student can class them as species or 
 
 as varieties, as he pleases. Even as varieties, each form is entitled 
 
76 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 to a distinctive name. But it should be borne in mind that they are 
 variations of infinite degree, only a few being well marked, the 
 most of them being so indefinitely marked that it is puzzling to 
 assign them either to the one name or to the other. 
 
 4. Parnassius Menetriesi. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate I ; Figures 4, b, bb. 
 
 Fig. 4, Male, Emigrant Gap, Cal., June 25, 1892; Author, 
 b. Female, Lake Tahoe, Cal., July 10, 1892; Author. 
 bb. Female, Lake Tahoe, Cal., July 10, 1892 ; Author. 
 Smaller than Clarius ; the dark markings of fore wings pale, 
 but not obsolescent ; hind wings of male like those of Clarius ; of 
 the female with some dark along the margin ; in both sexes the 
 red spots are small, the outer ones twinned in the female, and in 
 all of them in both sexes the red is pale and inclined to pink or 
 orange. 
 
 I figure two examples of the female, showing variations. All 
 of these examples were taken in the typical habitats where the 
 Author, Mr. H. Edwards, captured his types of this form, and 
 I am not aware that any similar ones have been taken anywhere 
 else, though very likely some may have been taken elsewhere. 
 
 5. Parnassius Baldur. 
 
 Plate I ; Figures 5, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 5, Male, east base Sierra Nevadas, July 27, 1892; 
 Author. 
 
 b. Female, summit Sierra Nevadas, July 30, 1892; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside. Sierra Nevadas, July 30, 1892; 
 
 Author. 
 
 Baldur is same size as Clarius, but the base of all wings is 
 darker, and the red spots are larger, and twinned, or with at least 
 a small black dot inside the outer red spot of the female hind 
 wings. There is always much red in the black spot near anal 
 angle of hind wings, and on the underside the red is more obvi- 
 ous than on the upper, as shown in Fig. c. The male also usually 
 shows a little red on the underside of the wings, near anal angle, 
 but it does not show on the upper side of the wings, and so is 
 not seen in the plate. 
 
 As I see these varieties, Baldur appears the best of the lot, and 
 I think that it may well be called a full species. 
 
Butterflies of the West Coast. 
 
 / ^ . - ^ > 
 
 t 
 
 >-.^..\-^ 
 
 
 ^^/^ 
 
 a 
 
 % 
 
 \^ 
 
 
 
GENUS PARNASSIUS 77 
 
 6. Parnassius Hermodur. 
 
 Plate II ; Figures 6, b, c, d. 
 
 Fig. 6, Male, Mts. of Central Montana, June, 1890; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Mts. of Central Montana, June, 1890; Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Mountains of Central Montana, 
 
 June, 1890; Author. 
 
 d. Female, side view of the body, showing the pouch. 
 Hermodur is the chief variety of the Smintheus group, as that 
 
 species and group are now generally regarded; it is, in fact, so 
 prominent and consistent that it might well be called the stock 
 from which Smintheus and all the forms of Smintheus have 
 sprung. But Hermodur was unfortunately not recognized till 
 thirty-four years after Smintheus was found and named, and so 
 it naturally fell into second place, its rights not being duly appre- 
 ciated. It is not, perhaps, so widespread as Smintheus, but where 
 it prevails it is often present in great numbers, and it has the other 
 features that should characterize the stem of a series of variable 
 forms, namely, a constancy in markings everywhere, and espe- 
 cially an absence of variations among the members in its 
 metropolis. I regard Hermodur as the stem of the group and 
 have therefore placed it first on the plate. The male Hermodur 
 has never been named. 
 
 Hermodur does not appear on the immediate Pacific Coast, 
 except perhaps slightly in British Columbia, but it chiefly inhabits 
 mountain ranges of moderate height, isolated and "island" moun- 
 tains, from Colorado, through Montana, and into Canada on both 
 the eastern and the western sides of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 In the higher and colder localities of its habitat it is inclined to 
 be yellowed a little ; specimens from Yellowstone Park and from 
 other more northern places are quite yellowish. 
 
 The preliminary stages have not yet been fairly worked out, as 
 explained under the genus heading; and the larval food-plant is 
 also not determined. 
 
 7. Parnassius Smintheus. 
 
 Plate II ; Figures 7, a, b. 
 
 Fig. 7, Male, Sierra Nevadas of Cent. Cal., June, 1890; 
 Author. 
 
78 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 a, Male, underside, Sierra Nevadas of Cent. Cal., June, 
 
 1890; Author. 
 
 b, Female, Helena, Montana, July 20, 1891 ; Author. 
 Smintheus was named in 1847, being the first Parnassian of 
 
 America to be named. The males of all the members of the Smin- 
 theus group have all wings nearly covered with opaque white 
 scales, so that the wings are not so translucent as those of the 
 Clodius group preceding; but the wings of the females, while 
 darker, are more translucent than those of the males, and the 
 dark scales are so arranged that the females have a spotted 
 appearance. Smintheus females are rather inclined to show varia- 
 tions of different kinds ; all of them have some red spots on the 
 fore wings, two, three, four, or five of them. The pouch of all 
 females of the Smintheus group is small and dark, and rather 
 inconspicuous ; the perfectly fresh female having no pouch at all 
 until after mating. 
 
 The sex is sufficiently indicated by the difference in the color of 
 the wings, as shown on the plate, as also by the pouch, when it is 
 present, as it is sure to be, for the males never omit an opportunity. 
 
 Habitat: The Rocky Mountains, from Colorado far north into 
 British Possessions, and west to the Sierra Nevadas of California. 
 
 8. Parnassius Behri. 
 
 Plate H ; Figure 8. Male, Sierra Nevadas of California, 
 July 3, 1892; Author. 
 
 Behri is that rather common variety of Smintheus where the 
 red spots on hind wings are yellowish or orange instead of red. 
 The variety is found in both sexes, though more often in the 
 female than in the male ; it is variable, the yellowish tint often be- 
 ing only faintly perceptible, and, again, the round spots are more 
 or less white instead of orange, and so grading into the next 
 variety, Sayi. A large per cent of both Behri and Smintheus have 
 white pupils in the red and orange spots. 
 
 Sex-marks and food-plants are the same as in Smintheus. 
 
 Habitat: Utah, Nevada, and the Sierra Nevadas of California, 
 at an elevation of at least 5,000 feet. 
 
 9. Parnassius Sayi. 
 
 Plate H ; Figure 9. Sierra Nevadas, near Lake Tahoe, 
 July 10, 1892; Author. 
 
GENUS PARNASSIUS ■ 79 
 
 This variety of Smintheus is, according to the books, founded on 
 those Smintheus females that have the round spots on hind wings 
 mostly white instead of red ; the figure gives us a good example. 
 Nearly all of these white-spotted examples have the spots of 
 under side more white than on upper side. 
 
 Eggs, sex-marks, food-plants, and habitat, as in previous 
 numbers. 
 
 lo. Parnassius Niger, n. v. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 
 Plate II; Figure lo. Male, Summit, Cal, July, 1892; 
 Author. 
 
 This variety of Smintheus is in the male, only, and is founded 
 on the form here illustrated, where the red on all the wings is 
 absent, and only black appears, no red being present, even near the 
 body on the underside. This individual was found by the Author, 
 as a larva, probably nearly or quite mature, on the high moun- 
 tains, as stated above, and taken home to Southern California, 
 where the imago emerged the following spring. The climate at 
 Summit is severe, the altitude being over 7,500 feet, and snow and 
 ice prevail for many months ; the chrysalis, then, was wintered 
 in a warm climate, where it did not experience any cold weather 
 at all, but whether such a modification of environment caused the 
 unusual markings, no one at present can tell. To rear larvae on 
 strange food, and in very extraordinary environment, as in dark, 
 or cold, quarters, is known to vary the resulting imagines, mak- 
 ing them darker. But we can scarcely expect a bleaching effect 
 from wintering a chrysalis in a warm climate. The facts go to 
 show, therefore, a genuine variety. 
 
 In the absence of red spots on hind wing of the male, Niger is 
 like Nanus, but Nanus has a "prominent discal spot" which Niger 
 has not, and Niger is much larger than Nanus. Whatever other 
 differences there may be, except the wide difference of latitude 
 between the home of Nanus and that of Niger, I know not. The 
 difference in latitude is twelve degrees, or over 800 miles in a right 
 line. 
 
 II. Parnassius Sedakovi. 
 
 No figure. 
 This variety is a southern variety of the endless variations 
 of Smintheus, and was noticed at an early date, and described in 
 1855, by Menetries. It is now often ignored by some among those 
 
80 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 writers who did not themselves name it, but doubtless it is as good 
 a variety as some of those that are not omitted, as Behri, Sayi. 
 
 Sedakovi is found in Colorado, and possibly in the mountains 
 to the north of Colorado. It is rather small in size, being about 
 two to two and a half inches in expanse ; the female is dark, like 
 Hermodur, has no red on fore wing, but usually has red on hind 
 wings, after the ordinary Smintheus style. This form is very 
 likely to be found on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada Moun- 
 tains, and therefore is included in the fauna of the West Coast. 
 
 12. Parnassius Nanus. 
 
 No figure. 
 
 I have never seen an example of Nanus, nor a figure of one ; it 
 is described as being the smallest Parnassian in America, being 
 only one and three-fourths to one and seven-eighths inches in 
 expanse, which is much smaller than any figured in this book. 
 I can therefore only quote the description as I find it in the books : 
 That Nanus is of the Sedakovi type, "only more pronounced"; 
 the male has no red on either wing, and has a prominent discal 
 spot on hind wing. The female is after the Hermodur type, dark ; 
 has on costal of fore wings two faded red spots ; on hind wings 
 are red ocelli with whitish centers. 
 
 Like Sedakovi, Nanus is from the Rocky Mountains, the type 
 being from near Calgary, on the eastern slope of the moun- 
 tains, taken about 1892 ; and it is stated that it has also been taken 
 at Spence's Bridge in British Columbia, on the western slope of 
 the mountains, and so coming within the territory covered by this 
 work. 
 
 13. Parnassius Magnus, n. v. Never before illustrated. 
 Plate II; Figures 13, 13b. 
 
 Fig. 13, Male, Enderby, B. C. ; collector unknown ; 1880 ( ?). 
 
 13b, Female, Enderby, B. C. ; collector unknown; 
 
 1880 (?). 
 
 This pair was given to the Author at the museum at Victoria, 
 
 Vancouver Island, by the curator there, in July, 1891. The exact 
 
 date of collection is unknown. Both of the specimens were broken, 
 
 and have been mended. As the specimens stood in the case in the 
 
 museum, I recognized the strangeness of them, and the curator 
 
 kindly gave them to me, to my great joy. 
 
Butterflies of the West Coast. 
 
GENUS PARNASSIUS -81 
 
 This is the largest known variety of Smintheus, and I there- 
 fore call it Magnus ; it is also one of the most northern in habitat, 
 being in this respect exceptional, as the more northern forms are 
 usually the smaller. The male is darker on fore wings than any 
 other form of the Smintheus group. The female is also very 
 large and dark, and with very large red spots, and the discal spots 
 are with a white spot off from the center towards the outside. 
 
 14. Parnassius Eversmanni. Not elsewhere illus- 
 
 trated, except in Edwards' Butt. N. A. 
 Plate II ; Figure 14. 
 
 This figure is a photographic reproduction of a lithograph plate 
 issued in the Butterflies of Niorth America, an expensive work, 
 in 1874. The example from which the lithograph was made was 
 taken on the Yukon River, 200 miles below Fort Yukon, by Lieut. 
 Dall, June 15, 1864 ( ?). It is unique to this day, no others hav- 
 ing been taken since that time, that have ever been heard of. Very 
 likely it may be common enough in suitable localities, but, judging 
 from my experience among the butterflies, the banks of a river is 
 a very unlikely place to find Parnassians ; and, if one specimen 
 can be taken there, it is probable that there are plenty more in 
 some more suitable locality. 
 
 Thor is the name of a dimorphic female of Eversmanni, two of 
 which were taken at the same time and place as Eversmanni. It 
 has never been figured ; but is said to be white, instead of yellow, 
 and that it has golden-yellow hairs on the body, and some golden 
 color at the base of the wings. Further than that I have never 
 seen any description of it. 
 
 15. Parnassius Nomion. 
 
 No figure. 
 Nomion is said to have been taken at St. Michaels, Alaska, in 
 the old days, before that territory became an American posses- 
 sion, but no one has taken it since, that I know of; although a 
 good American collector, Mr. Nelson, was located there for sev- 
 eral months, on purpose to make collections, on account of the 
 Smithsonian Institution at Washington. The species has been 
 figured two times, in Europe, but never in this country. 
 
82 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 Genus PAPILIO. 
 
 Papilios — the "swallow-tailed butterflies" — cover the world. 
 In the tropics they abound in countless millions, of large size and 
 in gorgeous colors ; in the Arctic they are also found, but of mod- 
 est size and subdued colors ; and in the temperate regions they are 
 everywhere abundant, but never so brilliantly colored as in the 
 tropics. In the United States there are no species that are 
 notable for beauty. 
 
 The West Coast Papilios are especially modest in their size and 
 colorings; none are notable for beauty — yellow and black, black 
 and yellow, with a touch of blue or of red, that is all. 
 
 All Papilios are six-footed. 
 
 The caterpillars of Papilio have sixteen legs; some of them 
 have soft, retractile, orange-colored scent-organs, which when at 
 rest are hidden in the first Segment behind the head. The larval 
 life is about thirty days, the caterpillar frequently remaining hid- 
 den in a rolled-up leaf a good part of the time ; in chrysalis it 
 remains from ten to fifteen days, or perhaps hibernates in that 
 state, to emerge early in the next spring. 
 
 Sex-marks: The males are smaller, brighter, and lighter col- 
 ored than the females, and have a pair of claspers at the tip of the 
 body, which somewhat resemble a pair of clam-shells ; while the 
 female is larger, stouter of body, and the tip of the body lacks the 
 claspers, and tapers to a blunt point. 
 
 i6. Papilio Daunus. 
 
 Plate III ; Figure i6. Male, Santa Rita Mountains, South- 
 ern Arizona, June, 1887 ; Author. 
 Daunus is the largest and finest Papilio that flies west of the 
 Rocky Mountains. Its most peculiar feature is the three tails that 
 adorn each hind wing. Daunus is not after all a full-fledged West 
 Coast butterfly, as it does not come into the coast regions proper 
 west of the Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges of mountains, evi- 
 dently not much liking the cooler and damper sea air of the more 
 immediate coast, but keeps to the eastward of these ranges, pre- 
 ferring the warmer and dryer air of the interior, semi-desert 
 country. It inhabits the vast regions of the Great Basin, from 
 the Rocky Mountains on the east to the Nevadas on the west, and 
 from Canada on the north to far into Mexico on the south. 
 
GENUS PAPILIO ' 83 
 
 I have taken fine specimens near Spokane, and also in the Santa 
 Ritas, near the Mexican border, and it may be found in limited 
 numbers over all those vast semi-arid, intermediate regions ; but 
 I have never seen it abundant in any locality. One of my notes 
 reads that the larger and finer examples come from northern 
 rather than the southern localities. In flight it is tireless ; it seems 
 never to stop to feed or to rest, but is always in rapid flight, and 
 consequently it is difficult to capture. And when at length you 
 do succeed in taking one, the chances are that one or more of its 
 tails will be missing, and that therefore it is useless. 
 
 Sex-marks, as explained under genus heading. 
 
 Larval food-plants: Plum, cherry, the rubus group of plants, 
 and probably many desert plants of same order, such as hetero- 
 meles, Crataegus, fragraria, and many others. 
 
 17. Papilio Eurymedon. 
 
 Plate III ; Figure 17. Female, Greenhorn Mountains, Cal., 
 7,000 feet altitude ; June, 1888 ; Author. 
 
 Eurymedon is a mountain butterfly, frequenting the mountain 
 slopes and canyons, up to about 8,000 feet altitude, but never 
 coming down to the low-lying plains and valleys, except occasion- 
 ally in the more northern parts of its range. It is a good feeder, 
 and likes to feed on the tall blossoms of the cnicus thistle, as they 
 sway in the wind, and also on the more humble horse-mints, the 
 brodiaeas, and gilias, all of them plants beloved of the butterflies. 
 When you see Eurymedon flying, though you want it ever so 
 much, you may better let it go, and save your legs, for you will 
 not catch it; but when it is feeding, or when at water, it is 
 approachable, and then is readily taken. 
 
 In the north, it is darker than in the south, has shorter wings, 
 and the tails are broader. When living, and in flight, the tails are 
 usually twisted, as shown in the plate ; probably, indeed, always so. 
 
 Sex-marks : The anal claspers ; the males are smaller, and more 
 lightly colored than the females. 
 
 Larval Food-plant : Rhamnus Californica, or California Cof- 
 fee-bush. At present there is no other known food-plant. 
 
 Habitat : All States west of the Rocky Mountains, to the Pacific 
 Ocean; and from Mexico north far into Canada, on both the 
 eastern and the western slopes of the mountains. 
 
84 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 i8. Papilio Albanus. 
 
 No figure. 
 This is said to be the high mountain form of Eurymedon, 
 "smaller in size, of clearer white ground-color ; tails long and nar- 
 rower; marginal spots nearer the margin." The facts are that 
 Eurymedon, of any form that I have ever met, seldom comes 
 lower down than 2,000 feet, in California; possibly it may fly at 
 lower altitudes in the north ; and in the mountains about Lake 
 Tahoe it flies plentifully enough at 10,000 feet, at which locality 
 I have taken them, and apparently they would go far higher, if 
 there were any peaks for them to fly upon ; and from my exam- 
 ples, from widely different places, the characters given above do 
 not hold good, and I consequently regard this varietal name as of 
 little or no value. 
 
 19. Papilio Rutulus. 
 
 Plate III; Figure 19. Southern California, May, 1885; 
 Author. 
 
 Rutulus is the common and well-known yellow swallow-tail of 
 the West Coast. It has a wide range north and south, from 
 Alaska to Mexico, and from west to east as well, flying from tide- 
 water of the Pacific Ocean to the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. 
 
 It is essentially a plains species, living in the valley low-lands, 
 and flying about the willow copses, and along the banks of 
 streams where the water-willows grow, for it is upon the willow 
 leaves that the eggs are laid, and upon which the caterpillars feed ; 
 and the fine, great butterfly goes sailing up and down the willow- 
 bordered lanes, as luxuriously as though it owned the country; 
 as if, like Crusoe, it was monarch of all it surveyed, a grand but- 
 terfly ; yet, although they like to strut and to show off their ample 
 wings, they like as well to feed on the wild blossoms, or on the 
 flowers of the cultivated alfalfa, so that they are not very difficult 
 to take, when once you know their ways. 
 
 The eggs are laid singly on the underside of young willow 
 leaves, and as soon as the caterpillar is large enough, it draws the 
 edges of the leaf together with threads of silk, and so forms a tube 
 or cone in which it lies hidden all the time, only poking its head 
 out to feed. On this account the larvze are difficult to find. 
 
 Sex-marks, as already explained. 
 
 Food-plant: Willow. 
 
GENUS PAPILIO 85 
 
 20. Papilio Arizonensis. 
 
 Plate III ; Figure 20. Female ; from W. H. Edwards, 
 1885. 
 Arizonensis is a variety of the West Coast Rutulus, the mark- 
 ings being emphasized and otherwise modified by the influence of 
 the arid, semi-desert environment. This form is found only in 
 the higher mountains of Southern Arizona, the Catalinas, Santa 
 Ritas, and perhaps some others, and at rather high elevations. 
 
 21. Papilio Ammoni. 
 
 No figure. 
 
 This form of Papilio was described by Behrens (not Behr) as 
 a variety of Rutulus. I have never had a specimen of Ammoni, 
 and cannot, therefore, illustrate it. The description reads: "A 
 very peculiar form, in which the ground color of all the wings is 
 of deep but rather dull orange color, and the bands and marks 
 of the upper side are all rather broader and more distinct than in 
 the normal Rutulus. The orange color prevails also on the under 
 side, though a little mottled with lighter shades. Four specimens, 
 male and female. Nevada." No mention was made of date, nor 
 was any particular locality named. But the Author of this book 
 was at that time well acquainted with Mr. Behrens (since de- 
 ceased), and corresponded regularly with him, and knew gen- 
 erally of his goings and comings, in the butterfly pursuit, and 
 therefore feels warranted in saying that doubtless Ammoni was 
 taken near Reno, Nevada, in 1886 or 1887. 
 
 Now Nevada is not all a desert country, but it may be classed as 
 semi-desert, and give no oflfence to the residents thereof. Am- 
 moni, we may therefore call the desert variety of Rutulus, deeper 
 in yellow coloring, but not differing in any other way. I am 
 thus somewhat particular in speaking of Rutulus and Ammoni, 
 because further along you will find a case similar, in another group 
 of Papilios when I come to speak of Zolicaon, and Coloro, its desert 
 variety, with illustrations of both forms. 
 
 22. Papilio Machaon. 
 
 No figure. 
 The European species Machaon, which inhabits the more north- 
 ern parts of Europe and Siberia, is said to live also in Alaska, at 
 St. Michaels and elsewhere. I have never taken the species, and 
 will only say that it is very much like Zolicaon, being a little 
 
86 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 larger, and with shorter tails, if we may judge from the illus- 
 trations of it, for it has been figured many times in European 
 publications. 
 
 23. Papilio Aliaska. 
 
 No figure. 
 Aliaska has never been figured that I know of ; nor have I ever 
 seen a specimen. It is usually accounted as a variety of Machaon, 
 but wherein it diflfers I do not know. It is said to live in North- 
 western America, from Puget Sound northward, but as to any 
 particular locality history is silent. 
 
 24. Papilio Zolicaon. 
 
 Plate III ; Figure 24. Male, Tallac Peak, 10,000 feet alti- 
 tude, July 26, 1892 ; Author. 
 
 Zolicaon is what may be called an unlimited butterfly, flying 
 everywhere throughout the country west of the continental divide, 
 both north and south, and high and low, always in order. I have 
 taken it near the Mexican line, and at Wrangel, Alaska, and very 
 likely it goes to the Arctic Circle, on the Yukon. The more 
 northern specimens are smaller and darker than the southern ; 
 the ocelli are more red north and paler south, and the pupil of the 
 ocelli is larger south and smaller and elongated north. 
 
 This figured specimen I took on the top of Tallac Peak, where it 
 was frolicking about the topmost rocks and acting as though it 
 would like to fly a few thousand feet higher if there were only 
 some rocks up there for it to alight upon. But Zolicaon is just 
 that kind of a bird ; it likes to get to the top of a hill and then 
 amuse itself by chasing other butterflies away, and playing the 
 bully generally. It is the way it is built. But although it flies 
 at such great heights, it flies also at tide level, and all over the 
 hills and lower mountains, at home anywhere and everywhere, if 
 only its larval food-plant, the umbellifera, be present. Zolicaon 
 varies greatly in size, from 2 inches to 3J/2 in expanse. 
 
 25. Papilio Coloro, n. v. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate III ; Figure 25. Colorado Desert of Southeastern 
 
 California, June, 1883 ; Author. 
 I figure herewith a new form of Papilio, closely allied to Zoli- 
 caon, but of deep yellow color, so peculiar as to deserve a separate 
 varietal name; I therefore call it Coloro, from the Colorado 
 
Butterflies of the West Coast, 
 
GENUS PAPILIO 87 
 
 Desert, which is its home. This specimen was taken by main June, 
 1883, over a quarter of a century ago, since which time it has 
 stood in my cabinet, awaiting this opportunity to be seen by the 
 public. 
 
 Coloro apparently bears the same relation to Zolicaon as Am- 
 moni to Rutulus, as previously related. As indicated by these two 
 cases of Ammoni and Coloro, the desert environment causes a 
 deepening of the ground color; though in ornithology and in 
 mammalogy the accepted belief is that a desert habitat causes a 
 paling of the color of its inhabitants. But such a discussion is not 
 in place in this book. Here I will figure things as I find them, 
 and others may discuss things, if they wish to do so. 
 
 26. Papilio Oregonia. 
 
 Plate III ; Figure 26. Female ; sent me by W. H. Edwards, 
 in 1886 ; specimen taken in Eastern Washington. 
 
 As you see by the plate, this is similar to Zolicaon, but is larger 
 in size and lighter in color ; the tails are twice as broad, and the 
 ocelli are different in construction, and there are other differences, 
 as you see by the plate, which is a direct photograph from the 
 insects themselves. To understand this matter well the student 
 should have a series of these different forms, to place them along- 
 side each other, for there are some little variations that cannot be 
 averaged unless you have a series of them. 
 
 To those who, like the author, have had some experience in 
 breeding butterflies, the fact that the insects under discussion do 
 or do not use the same larval food-plant, has great weight. Now 
 Zolicaon larvae feed on daucus, or plants of the carrot family, and 
 Oregonia larvae feed on artemisia ; each kind of larvze refusing to 
 eat the other plants even though they starve to death. This fact 
 alone is sufficient to prove to the student that they are separate 
 species, for it is a matter of life or death to the butterflies. 
 
 This specimen here figured was sent me by that valiant captain 
 in American butterflies, Mr. W. H. Edwards, as a typical example 
 of the species. 
 
 27. Papilio Indra. 
 
 Plate IV ; Figures 27, b. 
 
 Fig. 27, Male, Tallac Peak, Cal., July 26, 1892 ; Author, 
 b, Female underside, Tallac Peak, Cal., July 26, 1892 ; 
 Author. 
 
88 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 Indra is strictly an alpine butterfly, at home on sharp, rocky 
 peaks of 10,000 to 12,000 feet in height, and so far as I have 
 observed in California, not coming down the mountain side lower 
 than 9,000 feet. It is peculiar in its habits as well as in its habitat, 
 in that while most Papilios are good feeders, Indra spends its time 
 on those high, bare rocks in sunning itself when the sun shines, 
 and in occasionally starting up energetically to flirt with or to 
 fight some other butterfly, but never wasting any time in feeding 
 on flowers to prolong its life. 
 
 It is the most difficult of all California butterflies to capture, as 
 it frequents the most inaccessible places, and is moreover exceed- 
 ingly wary. I have spent much valuable time (for on the top of a 
 peak 10,000 feet high, time is always valuable), in watching it to 
 learn if possible the secret of its food-plant, but always unsuccess- 
 fully. Because it does not feed on flowers, and for other reasons, 
 I believe that the life of the individual butterfly is very short, 
 indeed, say from three to eight days, according to the weather, 
 and that its life as a butterfly is wholly spent in play and in the 
 reproduction of its species. 
 
 The preliminary stages of egg, larvae, and chrysalis, are wholly 
 unknown, as also the food-plant. 
 
 28. Papilio Pergamus. Never before figured in any work. 
 Plate IV ; Figures 28, b. 
 
 Fig 28, Male, San Bernardino Mountains, May 12, 1888; 
 Author, 
 b, Female underside, San Bernardino Mountains, May 
 10, 1888; Author. 
 Here I have pleasure in showing you the upper and lower sides 
 of Papilio Pergamus, a rare butterfly, and one that has never 
 before been illustrated anywhere. The species was published by 
 H. Edwards, in 1874, but the butterfly has always been so rare 
 that but few people have ever seen a specimen of it. His descrip- 
 tion was written from one male specimen which was taken near 
 Santa Barbara in May, 1873, taken probably by himself; the 
 description moreover was brief and indefinite, possibly because 
 his example might have been worn or defective. For these rea- 
 sons, chiefly, as I suppose, and also because as years passed and 
 no others were taken, the impression gained credence that after all 
 perhaps Pergamus was only Indra; at any rate, Pergamus has 
 
GENUS PAPILIO 89 
 
 never been accorded its proper place in the catalogues as a full 
 species. And it is time it should be recognized. 
 
 Besides these two examples here figured, I have taken two 
 others, one of them at as late a date as 1902, and the four speci- 
 mens are alike in all their features. Pergamus is jet black, while 
 Indra is brown-black. Indra does not fly so far south as the San 
 Bernardino mountains by about 500 miles. 
 
 Pergamus flies in the lower mountains of Southern California, 
 at an elevation of from 2,000 to 3,000 feet, and frequents steep 
 side-hills and brushy places, seeming to know where they are safe ; 
 and at any rate they are very rare, as these four specimens men- 
 tioned are all that I have taken in twenty-five years' collecting, 
 although the locality is near by, and is a favorite hunting ground 
 for butterflies. 
 
 Eggs, larva, and chrysalis, as well as food-plant, are unknown. 
 
 29. Papilio Asterias. 
 
 Plate IV ; Figures 29, b. 
 
 Fig. 29, Male, received from Herman Strecker, October, 
 1882. 
 b, Female underside, received from Herman Strecker, 
 October, 1882. 
 Asterias is well-nigh a national butterfly. It inhabits the At- 
 lantic States and the Middle West States in great abundance, and 
 is common as far west as the Rocky Mountains. West of the 
 continental divide, however, it is much scarcer, and on the imme- 
 diate West Coast is quite unknown. So far as my experience goes, 
 west of the continental divide Asterias is largely replaced by 
 Asteroides ; this latter species being also absent on the immediate 
 coast, and, in fact, I have never seen either of them west of the 
 Sierra Nevadas. 
 
 In Arizona, near Tucson, I have taken Asterias of very small 
 size, so small in fact that it might almost be taken for another 
 species. 
 
 The egg, larva, and chrysalis are well known. 
 
 The food-plant is Daucus, various species of the carrot family. 
 
 30. Papilio Asteroides. Not figured elsewhere in accessible 
 
 form. 
 Plate IV ; Figures 30, b. 
 
90 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 Fig. 30, Male, Mount Shasta, Cal., August, 1890; Author, 
 b, Female underside, Mojave Desert, Cal, June 29, 
 1887 ; Author. 
 
 Much has been written about this species, as to whether or not 
 it is distinct from Asterias ; it has been claimed to be merely a 
 transient and more or less variable form or variation of Asterias ; 
 obsolescent as to the macular yellow band, or melanic, in that the 
 yellow is more or less obscured by black. In the Coast States west 
 of the Sierra Nevada range of mountains neither Asterias nor 
 Asteroides is present to any considerable extent, but in the semi- 
 desert regions east of the great mountain range, and west of the 
 Rocky Mountains, Asterias is scantily if at all represented, while 
 Asteroides is not rare ; and it is said to be common in Mexico, and 
 further south to Costa Rica. 
 
 In the Mojave Desert, where this second example b was taken, 
 they were rather common, flying about the grove of cottonwood 
 trees; but Asterias was not present. Asterias is, therefore, the 
 Eastern, and Asteroides the Western and Southern, or desert 
 form. 
 
 The preliminary stages are doubtless the same as for Asterias. 
 
 31. Papilio Philenor. 
 
 Plate IV; Figures 31, b. c. 
 
 Fig. 31, Male, Sonoma County, Cal., May, 1894; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Sonoma County, Cal., May, 1894 ; Author. 
 
 c, Female underside, Sonoma County, Cal., May, 
 
 1894; Author. 
 
 Philenor, also, as well as the two preceding species, is chiefly 
 an Eastern butterfly, and is as yet scarce on the West Coast. In 
 all my travels over the Coast States I have scarcely ever seen this 
 butterfly, two or three times, only : once, in the year above named, 
 along the road between St. Helena and Calistoga, I saw them in 
 abundance, but the occurrence was extremely local. 
 
 Philenor larvae are said to feed on Aristolochia, "the Dutch- 
 man's pipe," and a vine of this class is found, though rarely, be- 
 tween Monterey and Marin County, and also at Chico, and Red- 
 ding, and nowhere else has the vine been observed, though it must 
 be present at the locality where these butterflies were found. If, 
 therefore, as is likely, Philenor larvae feed exclusively on Aristo- 
 lochia, the butterflies will necessarily be much restricted in dif- 
 fusion. 
 
Butterflies of the West Coast. 
 
GENUS NEOPHASIA 91 
 
 At Mazatlan, on the west coast of Mexico, I have seen and taken 
 plenty of Philenor, and in the winter time, at that ; and there, too, 
 the Aristolochia vine is abundant. 
 
 The prehminary stages are already well known. 
 
 Genus NEOPHASIA 
 
 32. Neophasia Menapia. 
 
 Plate V ; Figures 32, a, b. 
 
 Fig. 32, Male, Sisson, Cal., July 25, 1885 ; Author. 
 
 a, Male, underside, Vancouver Island, July, 1891 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 b, Female, underside, Sisson, Cal., August, 1891 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 Menapia is a very tender and delicate butterfly. It flies in Ore- 
 gon and Washington in inconceivably large numbers, and extends 
 north into British Columbia in lesser numbers, as well as coming 
 south into the mountains of Northern California, extending along 
 the high peaks of the Sierra Nevadas as far south as the Lake 
 Tahoe region, which is its southernmost point. 
 
 The larv32 feed on the leaves of pine and fir, and are in places 
 so numerous that the leaves are stripped from whole forests. The 
 female appears in late July and August, laying its eggs on the 
 younger leaves of old pine trees, high up in the air ; the leaves are 
 placed in rows of ten or a dozen eggs on a leaf. When she be- 
 comes tired, or the supply of mature eggs is exhausted, she flut- 
 ters slowly down to the ground, to feed on flowers, looking, as she 
 descends, like a big snow-flake coming down. The eggs do not 
 hatch till the next spring ; the larval life is rapid, and when mature 
 they pupate on the bark of the trees ; but whether the chrysalides 
 ever disclose the same year or not is not known ; probably not, and 
 all the chrysalides probably hibernate on the bark till next sum- 
 mer ; if so, the preliminary stages occupy two years, from the lay- 
 ing of the egg to the disclosure of the butterfly. 
 
 33. Neophasia Suffusa. 
 
 Plate V ; Figures 33, b, c. 
 
 Fig- 33. Male, Sisson, Cal., July 25, 1885 ; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Sisson, Cal., July 27, 1885 ; Author. 
 
 c, Female underside, Sisson, Cal., July 27, 1885 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
92 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 Suffusa is a variety of Menapia, characterized by heavier dark 
 markings along the veins, and a tinge of red more or less obvious 
 on the margin of the hind wings. This is merely in degree, as all 
 Menapia that I have examined have a slight tinge of red on the 
 margin, and always this red is more obvious on the female. The 
 best specimens of SufTusa that I have seen are from the Mount 
 Shasta region of Northern California. 
 
 Genus PIERIS 
 
 The Pierids are all of them rather small in size, and with slender 
 bodies; wings mostly white, or lined and shaded dusky and 
 yellowish. The Genus covers the whole habitable world ; none are 
 very beautiful as butterflies go, but some of the tropical ones are 
 of good size. 
 
 The eggs are pear-shaped, yellowish, ribbed ; and hatch in quick 
 time, in from seven to ten days. The caterpillars are green, six- 
 teen-legged ; and the larval life is from eighteen to twenty-two 
 days' length ; the pupa state is about eleven days' length, or may 
 last over winter, so that the butterfly may emerge in spring. 
 
 Sex-marks : The pair of claspers at the tip of the body indi- 
 cate the males the same as in Papilio ; and the ornamentation of 
 the wings is generally obvious and distinctive. 
 
 The food-plants are numerous indeed ; the cruciferous plants 
 of all kinds, both wild and cultivated, the clovers, and leguminous 
 or pod-bearing plants of many kinds, and many others. 
 
 34. Pieris Beckeri. 
 
 Plate V ; Figures 34, a, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 34, Male, Cabazon, Cal., March, 1889 ; Author. 
 
 a. Male, underside, Southern California, March, 1890; 
 
 Author. 
 
 b. Female, Pendleton, Oregon, July, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Pendleton, Oregon, July, 1891 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 Pieris Beckeri is found all over the western part of the United 
 
 States, from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, and from 
 
 Mexico on the south to far up in British Columbia on the north. 
 
 It is rather a northern butterfly, however, for it is larger and 
 
GENUS PIERIS 93 
 
 finer in the north near the National boundary than it is in the 
 southern warmer and drier regions. The peculiar greenish-black 
 markings on the underside of the hind wings are so peculiar and 
 distinctive that no one can mistake the species after having once 
 seen a specimen or a plate of it. 
 
 I have observed Beckeri ovipositing on the desert plant Isom- 
 eris arborea, on the margin of the Colorado Desert in Southeast- 
 ern California. 
 
 35. Pieris Sisymbri. 
 
 Plate V ; Figures 35, a, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 35, Male, Summit, Cal., 7,500 feet altitude, June 26, 
 1892 ; Author. 
 
 a, Male, underside. Summit, Cal., 7,500 feet altitude, 
 
 June 26, 1892 ; Author. 
 
 b, Female, Paso Robles, Cal., March 16, 1894; Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Mt. St. Helena, Cal, April, 
 
 1894; Author. 
 
 On the West Coast Sisymbri flies from San Luis Obispo 
 County on the south to perhaps the northern line of the State of 
 California, and thence east through Nevada to Colorado, and 
 south to northern Arizona. It is rather a mountain butterfly, not 
 being found on the plains in any case, so far as I have observed, 
 but frequenting the hills and the higher mountains, up to at least 
 8,000 feet altitude. I have found it abundant enough in Central 
 California, but absent both in the north and the south. It has been 
 stated to be plentiful all over the State, but that is a mistake. It is 
 very peculiarly marked, but quite distinctively, when you become 
 acquainted with it. In life, the veins are not black, as has been 
 stated, but amber, or yellowish, and it is only after the lapse of 
 some years that the veins become black. 
 
 Egg is long, narrow, conical, both base and top flattened, ribbed, 
 yellow when fresh, and later, just before hatching, red. From 
 egg to chrysalis is from thirty to thirty-three days; the chrysalis is 
 dark-brown ; the larvae moult but three times. 
 
 36. Pieris Flava. Not elsewhere illustrated in accessible form. 
 
 Plate V ; Figures 36, b, bb. 
 
 Fig. 36, Female, given me by O. T. Baron, in 1879. No 
 data. 
 
94 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 b, Female, Summit, Cal., 1,500 feet altitude, June, 
 1892; Author, 
 bb, Female, underside, Tallac Peak, 10,000 feet alti- 
 tude, July, 1892; Author. 
 Flava is supposed to be a dimorphic female of Sisymbri, no 
 male having yet been found, and always yellowish in color, like 
 these figures. But it would not surprise me to know that there 
 is a male, and that it is a sort of a twin species to Sisymbri. It 
 seems to inhabit higher altitudes than Sisymbri by 2,500 to 3,000 
 feet, and to be absent at Sisymbri's lower ranges. 
 
 No one has ever bred the larvae of Flava, nor is the larval food- 
 plant known, though presumably it is any one of the cruciferous 
 plants ; the egg, also, has never been described ; it must, however, 
 be fertile, judging from analogy, for other dimorphic females are 
 always very prolific, tending to out-breed the normal-colored 
 females. 
 
 37. Pieris Nelsoni. Not elsewhere illustrated in accessible form. 
 
 P>LATE V ; Figure 37. 
 
 Of Nelsoni only one male specimen has ever been taken ; that 
 one by Mr. Nelson, at St. Michaels, Alaska. The figure here 
 shown is a photographic copy of a pen-drawing by Miss Colgan, 
 of the lithograph figure of Mr. Edwards, published in 1883, in his 
 Butterflies of North America, an expensive work, and inaccessible 
 to most people. 
 
 The right-hand wings are the upperside, and the left-hand ones 
 are the underside. The pen.-drawing is well done, as an error 
 which crept into the drawing made by the lithographer, as the 
 expert lepidopterist will perhaps notice, is faithfully copied. 
 
 38. Pieris Occidentalis. 
 
 Plate V ; Figures 38, b. 
 
 Fig. 38, Male, Ellensburg, Eastern Washington, May, 1890; 
 Author. 
 b, Female, Sierra Nevadas, Cal., 7,000 feet altitude, 
 1892 ; Author. 
 Occidentalis is a very common butterfly all over the whole west- 
 ern part of the United States, west of the Rocky Mountains ; being 
 rather a cold species, and loving the more northern parts bet- 
 ter than the southern. On the immediate Coast it is not seen much 
 
Butterflies of the West Coast. 
 
 '♦A 
 
GENUS PIERIS 95 
 
 south of the latitude of Monterey, and being quite absent in the 
 more southern counties, where Protodice takes its place. In its 
 range Occidentalis flies from the sea-coast, over the plains, and 
 high up into the mountains, being everywhere present. 
 
 39. Pieris Calyce. 
 
 Plate V ; Figures 39, b. 
 
 Fig. 39, Male, Tacoma, Washington, May 10, 1890; 
 Author, 
 b, Female, Lake Tahoe, Cal., July, 1892 ; Author. 
 Calyce is the cold-weather, or early brood of the preceding, 
 being smaller in size and darker in color or markings. Of course 
 there is no sharp dividing line between Occidentalis and Calyce, 
 but they intergrade insensibly, and many specimens could not be 
 separated, or would be determined differently, by different men. 
 
 40. Pieris Protodice. 
 
 Plate V ; Figures 40, b. 
 
 Fig. 40, Male, Slover Mountain, Cal., 1889; Author. 
 
 b, Female, Greenhorn Mountains, Cal., June, 1888; 
 Author. 
 Protodice is the southern representative of Occidentalis, ming- 
 ling with Occidentalis along the latitude of Monterey, but not 
 going so far north, and going far south into Mexico, where Occi- 
 dentalis does not go. It also goes well to the countries east of the 
 Mississippi River, being, in fact, one of the widest-flying species 
 of western America. 
 
 41. Pieris Vernalis. 
 
 Plate V ; Figures 41, b. 
 
 Fig. 41, Male, Riche Canyon, So. Cal., December 15, 1891 ; 
 Author, 
 b. Female, Mt. St. Helena, Cal., April 2, 1894; 
 Author. 
 This is the cold-weather form of Protodice, occurring mainly 
 in the cold seasons of winter and spring ; it is smaller in size, and 
 darker in markings than Protodice, and is, in fact, more of a sea- 
 sonal form than anything else ; no one supposes that it is separate 
 and distinct. 
 
 The underside of these four forms is not shown on the plates, 
 as the pattern of the ornamentation is the same on both sides. 
 
96 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 42. Pieris Bryonae. 
 
 Plate VI ; Figures 42, a, b, bb, c. 
 
 Fig. 42, Male, Juneau, Alaska, July 10, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 a. Male, underside, St. Michaels, E. W. Nelson, ex. 
 
 W. H. Edwards. 
 
 b. Female, Juneau, July 10, 1891 ; Author, 
 bb. Female, Juneau, July 10, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Chillkat, July 20, 1891 ; Author. 
 Bryonae lives in Alaska, coming south but little if any below 
 
 Sitka. It is essentially a cold-weather butterfly, and loves to fly 
 about in the neighborhood of snow-banks and glaciers, feeding on 
 the blossoms of the few and small Arctic cruciferous plants that 
 grow there. I found them more abundant at Pyramid Lake than 
 at any other locality ; they are a low-land kind, and are not found 
 up on the mountains at all. 
 
 The wings of Bryonae are almost always deeply yellowed, as 
 well as browned. The veins are always deeply marked or over- 
 laid with brownish-yellow, brown on the upper side, and yellow 
 on the under side. 
 
 43. Pieris Hulda. 
 
 Plate VI ; Figures 43, a, b, bb, c. 
 
 Fig. 43, Male, Juneau, Alaska, July, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 a, Male, underside, Chillkat, Alaska, July, 1891 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 b, Female, Juneau, Alaska, July, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 bb, Female, St. Michaels, Alaska, E. W. Ndson, ex. 
 W. H. Edwards. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Juneau, Alaska, July, 1891 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 Hulda is similar to the preceding, but a little smaller in size, and 
 more brownish than yellow ; Bryonae being the yellow form, and 
 Hulda the brown one ; and the veins of Hulda are not so heavily 
 overlaid with color, or in other words, not so distinctly marked. 
 
 In Figure a, for instance, the veins are not defined at all, if they 
 were, it would be classed as a Bryonae, I suppose, because it is so 
 yellow. I suppose that these two forms are really but one species, 
 just as Occidentalis-Calyce, and Protodice-Vernalis are but one; 
 but the two names serve to identify the two differing forms, as is 
 proper, for that is what names are used for. 
 
GENUS PIERIS 97 
 
 In this plate I have given a good series of the species figured, 
 to show the various forms, and the distinguishing characters of 
 each; as just one figure of each kind would not give the student 
 a fair idea of the distinguishing features of the different species. 
 
 44. Pieris Ochsenheimeri. 
 
 No figure. 
 
 I have never seen a specimen of this butterfly. It is said to in- 
 habit the country along the Pacific Ocean to the north of Puget 
 Sound, on the west coast of British Columbia. I have hunted but- 
 terflies along that coast, but did not get anything of this kind. 
 From the description it would seem to be a form of Rapae. The 
 description reads : 
 
 "White, costa blackish-gray, apices blackish ; a round black 
 spot in space between last costal and first discoidal nervure. 
 Nerves with faint gray scales. Bars of the wing black. Hind 
 wings white, with one spot on outer third of costa. A very nar- 
 row sub-marginal line on all wings. Underside, same as above, 
 apices yellowish, and an indefinite spot below the third discoidal 
 nervure. Hind wings have mixed gray and yellow spots as in 
 Bryonae. The female has veins rather more heavily marked with 
 gray, also the apices and the bases." 
 
 45. Pieris Venosa. 
 
 Plate VI ; Figures 45, a, b, c, cc. 
 
 Fig. 45, Male, Tenino, Wash., August 9, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 a, Male, underside, Tacoma, Wash., May 3, 1890; 
 
 Author. 
 
 b, Female, Tacoma, Wash., May 6, 1890; Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Tacoma, Wash., May i, 1890; 
 
 Author, 
 cc. Female, underside, Mt. St. Helena, Cal., April, 
 
 1894 ; Author. 
 All Pierids have a weak, gentle flight, stopping often to feed on 
 the blossoms of flowers, and so are easily taken, and Venosa is no 
 exception to the rule. The wings of Venosa are all white on the 
 upper side and have but few black scales at apices or elsewhere. 
 Beneath, all veins of the females are positively margined with 
 black scales, whence the specific name, Venosa, or veined, and all 
 wings are more or less tinted with yellow, especially the hind ones, 
 on underside. 
 
98 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 Venosa has a rather wide range on the sea-coast, from the 
 southern point of Alaska on the north, to Monterey on the south ; 
 but it does not extend far inland at any point, nor does it ascend 
 high up on any mountains ; yet I have taken occasional specimens 
 of it in Montana, on the eastern side of the continental divide, but 
 it is rare there. The northern examples are darker, usually, than 
 the southern. 
 
 46. Pieris Pallida. 
 
 Plate VI ; Figures 46, a, b, bb, c. 
 
 Fig. 46, Male, Tenino, Wash., May i, 1890; Author. 
 
 a. Male, underside, Tacoma, Wash., May 3, 1890; 
 
 Author. 
 
 b. Female, Tenino, Wash., August 9, 1891 ; Author, 
 bb, Female, Truckee, Cal., July, 1892; Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Tenino, Wash., August 9, 1891 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 Rillida is distinguished by the dark line along the inner edge of 
 the fore wing ; this is but slight in the male, but is prominent in 
 the female, and near the outer angle of the fore wing this dark 
 mark turns upward into a dusky patch, above which is another 
 patch or spot. This dark line along the edge of the wing is pecu- 
 liar to this butterfly, and is seen in no other kind. The upperside 
 of Pallida is daintily tinted with faint brownish-yellow, and the 
 underside with clear yellow ; these tints may have seemed "pallid" 
 to Dr. Scudder when he named it, I know of no other reason for 
 the pallid name. 
 
 Pallida has generally the same range as Venosa, restricted a 
 little at both the northern and the southern limits, so that it ranges 
 from Central California to Canada, west of the Sierra Nevada 
 Mountains, and running up into the high mountains to an altitude 
 of 7,000 feet. 
 
 47. Pieris Castoria. Not elsewhere illustrated in accessible 
 
 form. 
 Plate VI ; Figures 47, a, b, c. 
 Fig. 47, Male, taken at Oakland, Cal., June, 1894; Author. 
 
 a, Male, underside, Oakland, Cal., April 25, 1894; 
 
 Author. 
 
 b, Female, San Juan, Cal., April 16, 1894; Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Mt. St. Helena, April, 20, 1894; 
 
 Author. 
 
GENUS PIERIS 99 
 
 The key, or dominating characteristic of Castoria is the round 
 dark patch in the fore wing of both male and female, as shown on 
 the plate. The wings of both sexes are white upon the upperside, 
 except the small apical and marginal markings as shown, and on 
 the underside the veins of both sexes are margined with brown, 
 and slightly tinted with yellow, the wings of the female being 
 somewhat darker or more strongly tinted than those of the male. 
 Castoria, and half a dozen others are by some considered as vari- 
 eties of Napi, a European butterfly, and it may be possible to con- 
 sider all butterflies as related in some degree one with another. 
 Castoria, as delineated on the plate, is Castoria, and as such I 
 figure it, regardless of what its ancestry may have been, or of 
 what its present relations may be with other species. 
 
 Castoria has about the same range as Pallida, but not inhabiting 
 the mountains to any extent ; I have found it more common about 
 the Bay of San Francisco than anywhere else. 
 
 48. Pieris Rapae. 
 
 Plate VI ; Figures 48, b, bb, c, cc. 
 
 Fig. 48, Male, San Bernardino, Cal., 1895 ; Author. 
 
 a, Male, underside, San Bernardino, Cal., 1895 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 b, Female, San Bernardino, Cal., May, 1883 ; Author, 
 bb, Female, San Bernardino, Cal., 1902 ; Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, San Bernardino, Cal., 1896; 
 
 Author, 
 cc. Female, underside, San Bernardino, Cal., 1896; 
 
 Author. 
 Rapas is a European species, where it is known as "the cabbage 
 butterfly," and was introduced into the Eastern States in 1863; 
 thence it traveled westward and was taken in Nebraska about 
 1881, and the first one to be taken in California is the second fig- 
 ure, b, on this plate, in May, 1883. Fig. bb is the normal female 
 at recent date; fig. c is a peculiarly shaded specimen, the cell of 
 hind wing being dark ; cc is the normal female. 
 
 At the present time Rap.-e flies probably over the whole of the 
 West Coast, and will, evidently become a great pest, from its 
 habits of laying its eggs on cabbage plants. It is worthy of note 
 that this European species is the only one of the Pieris family to 
 feed on cultivated plants ; all our native species prefer the wild 
 
100 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 plants, and do not lay their eggs on any cultivated plants, unless 
 compelled to do so. I have raised Rapae larvae to imago from eggs 
 laid on common garden Nasturtium, the larvae being fed solely on 
 the leaves of that plant. 
 
 49. Pieris Nov-Angliae. 
 
 No figure. 
 
 This is a minor variation of Rapje, named for Nevi^ England, 
 where it was first noted, and it is set down in the lists as occurring 
 all over the United States wherever Rapae may fly. But there is 
 no account of this form ever having been seen on the West Coast. 
 The peculiarity of this form is that the wings are all yellowed on 
 both sides, whereas the typical Rapae is yellow only on the under 
 side of hind wings, and apices of fore wings. 
 
 Manni. This name stands for a pale yellow form of Rapae, and 
 presumably there is but little difiference between this and the pre- 
 ceding, but, as stated, these yellow forms have not yet been seen 
 on the West Coast. 
 
 50. Pieris Immaculata. 
 
 No figure. 
 This is another variation of Rapae, not yet seen on the Pacific 
 Coast ; the name indicates that it is not spotted with black. These 
 names are mentioned as it is possible that such forms may at any 
 time be found here. 
 
 51. Pieris Marginalis. 
 
 Plate VI; Figure 51, Male, Klamath River, Cal, 1891 ; 
 Author. 
 At about the same time that Rapae was introduced into the At- 
 lantic States from Europe, or, perhaps, a few years earlier, a simi- 
 lar species was found on one of the islands of Puget Sound, and 
 also near Crescent City in northwestern California ; these western 
 Rapae were given the names Marginalis, Yreka, Resedae, by dif- 
 ferent authors, but these names are now generally ignored. I will, 
 however, illustrate one example, and that one will be sufficient to 
 cover all of the names, I believe. 
 
 Genus NATHALIS. 
 
 52. Nathalis lole. 
 
 Plate VII ; Figures 52, b. 
 
 Male and female, So. CaHfornia, 1890; Author. 
 
Butterflies of the West Coast 
 
GENUS EUCHLOE 101 
 
 One genus alone constitutes this little class, and the species lole 
 fills the genus. It stands alone, widely different from any other 
 butterfly. The figure illustrates it so well and completely that any 
 description would be superfluous. lole is more common in the 
 southern part of the West Coast than in the northern. It inhabits 
 all the western part of the United States west of the Mississippi 
 River. 
 
 There are two broods of lole, one in May and the other in July. 
 The latter brood are found only along the streams and in damp 
 places, and they are very fond of feeding on water at damp places 
 by the roadside. 
 
 The larval food-plant is Erodium cicutarium, "alfilaria," 
 "filaree," or "Spanish needles." 
 
 Genus EUCHLOE. 
 
 In some technical points this genus is near genus Pieris, but the 
 butterflies differ widely from all Pierids in the marbling of the 
 wings on underside, which is so distinctive that it cannot be mis- 
 taken. The five members of Euchloe were formerly included in 
 Genus Anthocharis; but on account of the absence of orange 
 apices, and of the different pattern of marbling of underside of 
 hind wing, it is proper to class these five under the genus name of 
 Euchloe. 
 
 All the members of this genus are white-winged, with but slight 
 dark ornamentation, and all of them are slender-bodied and rather 
 delicate-looking butterflies, but nevertheless they are good flyers, 
 and hardy in all weathers. 
 
 Sex-marks are the same as in preceding genera, namely, the 
 anal-claspers of the male ; the female has no claspers, but the tip 
 of the abdomen is clad with grayish bristles or hairs. When dry 
 and shrunken it is sometimes difficult to discern the sex-marks, 
 and the student should without fail determine this point while the 
 specimens are fresh. A gentle nipping of the abdomen with the 
 tweezers while the specimen is fresh will be decisive. 
 
 The food-plants of all the members of Euchloe are the Crucifers, 
 of which there are thirty genera in California; the most favored 
 of which are Arabis, Streptanthus, Sisymbrium ; Brassica. 
 
102 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 53. Euchloe Lanceolata. 
 
 Plate VII ; Figures 53, b, bb, c. 
 
 Fig. 53, Male, City Creek, Cal., March 22, 1889; Author. 
 
 b, Female, City Creek, Cal., March 12, 1891 ; Author, 
 bb. Female, Emigrant Gap, June 23, 1892; Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Emigrant Gap, June 25, 1892 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 Lanceolata is a well-known species ; a true mountain-flyer, it is 
 never seen on the plains, or near the sea, but it is found on the 
 highest mountains, and likes to fly about the snow-banks of the 
 higher peaks when the whole country in that vicinity is cold and 
 wet and sodden with the melted snow-water. In the south, where 
 there is no snow, it is apparently hunting for it all the time. It 
 appears early in the spring among the first butterflies of the 
 season. 
 
 I have figured a good series, to show the variation ; 53 and b, 
 are the normal male and female of the south ; bb, the normal 
 female of the higher mountains of northern California ; and c, is 
 the underside of the northern female. You will notice that the 
 northern specimens are lighter in apical coloring than the south- 
 ern ; the underside agrees with the upper in this, and it is anoma- 
 lous, for the contrary is the rule, that northern specimens are 
 darker than southern ones. 
 
 Lanceolata has a range from St. Michaels, Alaska, to the Mexi- 
 can line, and doubtless it flies several hundred miles further south, 
 in the mountains of Lower California. 
 
 The food-plants are the crucifers ; arabis perfoliata being the 
 favored plant in California, according to my repeated observations. 
 
 54. Euchloe Creusa. 
 
 Plate VII ; Figures 54, a, b. 
 
 Fig. 54, Male, Slover Mountain, So. Cal., March 19, 1896 
 Author. 
 
 a, Male, underside, Tucson, Ariz., June 20, 1887 
 
 Author. 
 
 b. Female, Ellensburg, Eastern Wash., May, 1891 
 
 Author. 
 This, and the three following species always show the round 
 white spot near the apices. In Creusa the bar at end of cell is 
 broad, cut by a white line, and does not reach the costa, being bent 
 
GENUS EUCHLOE 103 
 
 inwards; on the underside the marbHng is dark emerald-green, 
 and is broken into large blocks leaving rather large, clear, pearl- 
 white spaces with clean-cut edges. Creusa flies from the Mexican 
 line to Canada, but not on the immediate Coast at any place, but 
 east of the Cascades, in the dryer and warmer air of that semi- 
 desert region in Eastern Washington and Oregon, and in the 
 warm and dry interior valleys of south. At Ellensburg I have 
 found them, small in size but abundant in numbers, in May. 
 Throughout its whole range it comes not to the sea-shore, but 
 keeps a range of mountains between it and the sea, as it likes not 
 the damp sea air. 
 
 55. Euchloe Hyantis. 
 
 Plate VII ; Figures 55, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 55, Male, Berkeley, Cal., March 14, 1894; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Bakersfield, March 10, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 c. Female, "West Washington," no date, W. H. 
 
 Edwiards. 
 
 Compared with Creusa, Hyantis is larger, the dark markings 
 at apices are heavier ; generally the round white spot is diffused ; 
 the bar at cell is less broad, reaches the costa by a small point, is 
 not bent inwards, and is not cut by a white line. And below, the 
 marbling is finer in grain, smoother, with fewer white spaces, and 
 with the edges not so clear-cut ; the marbling is more yellow- 
 green, looking as if the yellow were washed on after the green 
 was in place. 
 
 Hyantis is the cool-weather species, and Creusa is the warm- 
 weather brother ; Hyantis favors the damp, coast air, and Creusa 
 likes a dry, warm climate, and neither intrudes very far upon the 
 territory of the other, so far as my experience goes to show the 
 facts. 
 
 56. Euchloe Rosa. 
 
 Plate VII ; Figure 56, c. 
 
 Female, Napa, Cal., 1878; unknown collector. 
 The type of Rosa was found in Western Texas, and Rosa is not 
 known to occur elsewhere, until now this specimen from California 
 comes up. The yellowest Rosa yet known, as the typical Rosa has 
 but the merest touch of yellow on underside marbling of hind 
 wing. This Rosa was said to have been taken incidentally by an 
 
104 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 amateur collector, whose name I could not learn, and presumably 
 at or near Napa. 
 
 The two preceding figures, 56, b, are some variety of Ausonides, 
 occurring outside of the territory covered by this book, and are 
 erroneously placed before the figure of Rosa, c. 
 
 57. Euchloe Ausonides. 
 
 Plate VII ; Figures 56, b, 57, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 56, Male, Central Montana, June 25, 1890; Author, 
 b, Female, Tucson, Arizona, June, 1887 ; Author. 
 57, Female, Central Montana, June 23, 1890; Author. 
 
 b, Female, Central Montana, June, 1890; Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Vallejo, Cal., June 2, 1892; 
 
 Author. 
 
 By error the yellow Rosa was placed in the middle of this line 
 when it should have been placed first, and Ausonides following. 
 
 Ausonides inhabits the whole country west of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains, though it is not abundant in any one locality that I have 
 ever found, and it is only occasionally that a specimen can be 
 found. The Western examples are larger than the Eastern. I 
 regard the figures 57, b, c, as typical, and the preceding, 56, b, as 
 varying somewhat, from the regular form. The last one in the 
 line, c, is unusually large and very yellow. 
 
 Genus ANTHOCHARIS. 
 
 This genus comprises the "orange-tips" only. The orange-tips 
 are very readily distinguished by the orange patch at the apices of 
 the fore wing. The members of this genus are all of small size ; 
 mostly white, with dark ornamentation on upper side, and dark 
 or greenish or yellowish marbling on the under side of hind wings. 
 
 This group of butterflies finds its metropolis in California, where 
 some six species and several sub-species or varieties are found, 
 against one species on the Atlantic Coast, and two or three in 
 Europe. 
 
 The eggs of all the species are laid singly on the young leaves of 
 cruciferous plants, and they hatch in nine days if they hatch at 
 all, the first year. The larvae are very irregular in their habits, 
 according to the season ; but the pupae are the most irregular and 
 
GENUS ANTHOCHARIS 105 
 
 unaccountable in their behavior, for they sometimes go over to the 
 second or the third year before emerging. What the laws are that 
 govern the pupae in these matters, no one knows. 
 
 Sex-marks are the same as in Papilio, the claspers, and the 
 shape and size of the body; though most species show the sexes 
 by the different ornamentation of the apices of the fore wings; 
 this pattern in the female, consists in a series of small, white, dia- 
 mond-shaped or wedge-shaped spots between the orange and the 
 dark cloud which lines the orange on the outside, near the apices. 
 In some of the species, however, this series of white points is 
 nearly or quite absent, or so clouded over as to be indistinguish- 
 able, e. g., Pima. 
 
 58. Anthocharis Cethura. 
 
 Plate VII ; Figures 58, a, aa, b, bb, c. 
 Fig. 58, Male, East Riverside, Cal., March 22, 1895; 
 Author. 
 
 a. Male, Slover Mountain, April 10, 1896; Author, 
 aa, Male, underside. Little Mountain, April 15, 1896; 
 
 Author. 
 
 b. Female, Cabazon, Cal., April 6, 1899 ; Author, 
 bb, Female, Riche Canyon, March 12, 1895 ; Author. 
 
 c. Female underside, Mentone, April 28, 1895 ; 
 
 Author. 
 The members of the first group, Cethura, Morrisoni, and Des- 
 erti, as shown on this plate together, are found only in Southern 
 California. I give a series of six examples of each of these forms, 
 to show conclusively the variations, having, I suppose, an un- 
 equaled collection of them to select from. These are all good, 
 typical specimens, and not the extremes in any direction. The 
 butterflies are so well shown on the plate that there is little ne- 
 cessity for lengthy explanation ; about fifteen per cent are yellowed 
 more or less, males and females alike. The marbling on under- 
 side of hind wings is always bright yellow-green, and not dense. 
 
 59. Anthocharis Morrisoni. 
 
 Plate VII ; Figures 59, a, aa, b, bb, c. 
 
 Fig. 59, Male, Ferndale, Cal., March 20, 1895 ; Author. 
 
 a, Male, San Joaquin Valley, March 24, 1891 ; 
 Author. 
 
106 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 aa, Male, underside, San Joaquin Valley, March 24, 
 1891 ; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Ferndale, Cal., March 20, 1895; Author. 
 bb. Female, Ferndale, Cal., March 8, 1895 ; Author. 
 
 c. Little Mountain, March i, 1895; Author. 
 
 This form I have traveled hundreds of miles on purpose to get 
 the specimens from the typical locality, and I have spared no 
 trouble or expense to get what I went after. Pursuing this one 
 thing for a dozen years, I have succeeded in getting the best 
 there is. 
 
 Morrisoni is very like Cethura at first sight, but the six figures 
 given herewith will show the regular variation from Cethura, 
 which, as the eye becomes acquainted with the peculiarities, are 
 at once and certainly recognized ; the cell-bar in Morrisoni is nar- 
 rower ; the apical markings are lanceolate or linear, not confluent, 
 not reaching into the orange; the marbling of underside is less 
 yellow, and more dense. 
 
 60. Anthocharis Deserti, n. v. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate VII ; Figures 60, a, aa, b, bb, c, 60a. 
 Fig. 60, Male, Garnet Knob, Desert, March 2, 1895 ; 
 Author. 
 
 a, Male, Garnet Knob, Desert, March i, 1895; 
 
 Author. 
 aa, Male, underside, Caliente, March i, 1895; Author. 
 
 b, Female, Caliente, Feb. 25, 1887; Author. 
 
 bb. Female, Garnet Knob, March 2, 1895 ; Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Indian Wells, March 3, 1895 ; 
 
 Author. 
 60a, Ex. Dr. Behr, San Francisco, 1878? 
 
 This new variety is well illustrated by the seven figures above 
 listed. It is a desert form, smaller in size, and paler in ornamen- 
 tation than the foregoing forms of Cethura and Morrisoni, the 
 orange on the apices of the male is less deep, and on the female is 
 nearly or in some instances entirely absent and always pale yellow 
 when present ; the marbling of underside is scanty and dusky. I 
 have not seen any specimen of Deserti that is yellowed on the 
 upperside, except occasionally a little in rays from the base on 
 hind wings. The figure 60a was given me by Dr. Behr, the cu- 
 
Butterflies of the West Coast 
 
 
 t f 
 
 •f- 
 
 * ' ' ' ^ f 
 
 
 s:'^?^ 
 -> 
 
 ' vS^^^ 
 
 A?^ 
 
 
 t 
 
GENUS ANTHOCHARIS 107 
 
 rator at the Academy of Sciences in San Francisco many years 
 ago, date not noted, and he had no data for it, as he rarely noted 
 down data at that time. I had at that early date noted that there 
 was a desert species unrecognized, being in those days often on 
 the desert, and so I got this from him, to follow it up. 
 
 6i. Anthocharis Genutia. 
 
 Plate VII ; Figures 6i, male ; b, female. 
 This is the Anthocharis of the Eastern States, the only form 
 that is found on that coast. It is inserted here just for compari- 
 son, and to show the difference between the eastern and western 
 species. The females of the eastern kind never have any orange 
 on the tips ; one might almost class them as belonging to the genus 
 Euchloe, and the males Anthocharis. In Euchloe neither sex has 
 orange on the tips of the wings, and in Anthocharis both sexes 
 have orange tips, so that this eastern species appears to belong to 
 both genera. 
 
 62. Anthocharis Reakirti. 
 
 Plate VIII ; Figures 62, a, aa, b, bb, c. 
 Fig. 62, Male, Caliente, Kern County, March 29, 1892; 
 Author. 
 
 a, Male, San Bernardino, no date ; Author. 
 
 aa, Male, underside, S. B. foothills, April, 1887; 
 Author. 
 
 b, Female, S. B. Mountains, April 14, i8g6; Author, 
 bb, Female, Banner, San Diego Co., April, 1893 ; F. 
 
 Stephens. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Arrowhead Canyon, March 6, 
 
 1892 ; Author. 
 This is about the first butterfly to appear in spring on the west 
 coast ; Cethura, Morrisoni, and Deserti are on the wing at about 
 the same time, but Sara does not appear till a full month after- 
 wards. Reakirti lives on the plains and in the hills of the interior, 
 or not on the immediate sea coast, and flies sometimes up the 
 mountain sides to an altitude of 4,000 feet. It is found from 
 Mexico to Oregon. The males are occasionally yellowed a little, 
 chiefly on the hind wings, and more of the females are yellowed, 
 say to fifteen or twenty per cent, and some are deeply yellowed. 
 Some yellowed ones of both sexes are figured on the plate. All 
 
108 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 the species of Anthocharis are great feeders on flowers, but are 
 not often seen taking water from the damp ground. 
 
 63. Anthocharis Thoosa. Not illustrated elsewhere. 
 Plate VIII ; Figures 63, a, aa, b, bb, c. 
 Fig. 63, Male, Desert of Southeastern Cal., March, 1889; 
 Author. 
 
 a, Male, Desert of Southeastern Cal., March, 1889; 
 
 Author, 
 aa, Male, underside, Indio, Southeastern Cal., March, 
 1893 ; Author. 
 
 b, Female, both sides, Copy of Type, Ex. Dr. Scudder. 
 bb, Female, Seven Palms, Desert, Feb. 28, 1893 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Palm Springs, Colo. Desert, 
 
 1884; Author. 
 
 Smaller than Reakirti, but of the same group ; the orange patch 
 is decidedly paler ; the white of upperside is rather sordid ; on the 
 underside the marbling is greenish-bronze, fine-grained and 
 denser, of a negative aspect, not contrasting sharply, as in Reakirti. 
 
 This variety is the desert form of Reakirti, as Deserti in the 
 foregoing group is the desert form of Cethura. This is the first 
 illustration of Thoosa, although it has been known for twenty- 
 seven years. Fifteen years ago, in discussing the Anthocharis 
 with Mr. W. H. Edwards, who, it cannot be denied, understood 
 butterflies better than any other man in America, he wrote me 
 this : "Thoosa has no affinity with Cethura. I saw the specimens 
 at the time, and I regard it as a good species. Dr. Scudder has 
 the type." (I will explain that originally there were two or three 
 specimens of Thoosa, that Dr. Scudder kept his type, which is 
 now in the Harvard Museum, and that the others, one or two, 
 have disappeared, and are probably lost.) Therefore, in 1892, 
 having then the preparation of this book in hand, I wrote to Dr. 
 Scudder asking that Thoosa might be copied for me, in any way 
 that might please him, at my expense; and he caused Mr. Blake, 
 the entomological artist, to copy it for me; and after examining 
 the copy "point by point," Dr. Scudder certified that it was 
 "O. K." This pen-copy is photographed in this plate as the fourth 
 in the line, lettered b. The left-hand wings are the upperside, and 
 the right-hand ones are the underside. I am thus careful in giving 
 the pedigree of Thoosa, as a great deal of misapprehension is 
 
GENUS ANTHOCHARIS 109 
 
 abroad regarding it. Thoosa type was taken in the canyon of the 
 Virgin River, in southwestern Utah. My examples of Thoosa 
 were taken in the adjoining region of southeastern CaHfornia. 
 
 64. Anthocharis Julia. 
 
 Plate VIII ; Figures 64, a, aa, b, bb, c. 
 
 Fig. 64, Male, Central Montana, June 30, 1892 ; Author. 
 
 a, Male, Sierra Nevadas, 7,500 feet altitude, June, 
 
 1891 ; Author, 
 aa, Male, underside, Colorado Mountains, 1889; D. 
 Bruce. 
 
 b. Female, Western Colorado Mountains, 1889; 
 
 D. Bruce. 
 
 bb. Female, Shasta Mountains, no date ; Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside. Rocky Mountains, 10,000 feet al- 
 titude ; D. Bruce. 
 Size of Thoosa ; much the same aspect, the black markings are 
 a little less heavy ; and the marblings on underside are "foliated," 
 but the two forms are similar; especially when we consider that 
 Thoosa is a warm desert form and that Julia is a high moun- 
 tain species, and might well be expected to be very different in 
 appearance. Julia is chiefly a Colorado butterfly, but is occa- 
 sionally seen on the high mountains of Central California, at an 
 altitude of not less than 7,000 feet. It seems to be an alpine 
 species throughout its range, in Colorado as well as in the Sierra 
 Nevadas. It is usually seen flying on the mountain sides and 
 peaks in places that are partially clad with pine and other trees; 
 being in this respect somewhat remarkable, as only three or four 
 other butterflies have similar habits. 
 
 65. Anthocharis Flora. 
 
 Plate VIII ; Figures 65, a, aa, b, bb, c. 
 
 Fig. 65, Male type, Tenino, Wash., May, 1890; Author. 
 
 a, Male, Mountains of Southern California, 5,000 feet 
 
 altitude, Feb., 1888. 
 aa, Male, underside, Portland, Ore., May 2, 1890; 
 Author. 
 
 b, Female type, Tenino, Wash., May, 1890 ; Author, 
 bb. Female, San Gorgonio Pass, Cal., March, 1895 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Portland, Ore., May, 1890; 
 
 Author. 
 
110 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 Flora is a mountain and northern form or variety of Reakirti, 
 and is characterized by a large size ; deeper black and more of it 
 on both upper and under sides ; by stronger colors of red and 
 green on both sides ; by black clusters of scales at the ends of the 
 nervures of hind wing on upper side ; and by a zig-zag arrange- 
 ment or grouping of the blocks of marbling at the ends of the 
 nervures beneath. 
 
 Flora is occasionally seen in the mountains of Southern Cali- 
 fornia at an elevation of 5,000 feet, but never in the southern 
 valleys ; while in Oregon and Washington it almost or wholly re- 
 places Reakirti, flying there at sea-level, and in great abundance, 
 and the specimens are larger and finer than those found in the 
 south. It is not now known how far north Flora flies ; I did not 
 see it at Wrangel at either time that I was there, but I believe that 
 it does fly there; and probably in the interior, behind the moun- 
 tains, it goes much further north. 
 
 The male of Flora is not yellowed at all, while the female is al- 
 ways strongly yellow, the lightest one I have ever seen is the figure 
 bb, of the plate ; I give it to show the extreme, not as a typical 
 form. 
 
 66. Anthocharis Sara. 
 
 Plate VIII ; Figures 66, a, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 66, Male, San Pablo Bay, Cal., June 2, 1892 ; Author. 
 
 a. Male, underside, S. Cal. ; Oct. 22, 1887 ; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Pacific Beach, S. D. Co., May i, 1892; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Berkeley, Cal., April 25, 1894; 
 
 Author. 
 
 Sara is the largest of the California Anthocharis. It flies most 
 plentifully on the immediate coast, and but less commonly in the 
 interior, at any point, disappearing entirely at no great distance 
 from the sea. Its habitat overlaps that of Reakirti, both species 
 being found at some common grounds some miles inland ; but in 
 those localities common to both, Sara does not appear in the spring 
 till a month later than Reakirti. Of all the species, Sara is unique 
 in that it sometimes is seen in the autumn, in October; no other 
 form of Anthocharis is ever seen in the fall. 
 
 Because the metropolis of each form is quite out of the range 
 of the other, I think they are separate species. If they were 
 
GENUS ANTHOCHARIS 111 
 
 seasonal forms of the same parents they would both be most 
 abundant in the same localities common to both, which is far from 
 the truth ; the reverse is true, that neither form is abundant where 
 the other one is found at all. 
 
 67. Anthocharis Mollis, n. v. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate VIII ; Figures 67, b. 
 
 Fig. 67, Male, Riche Canyon, S. Cal., Oct. 27, 1887 ; Author, 
 b, Female, San Diego County, Cal., April, 1881 ; 
 Author. 
 
 This new form or variety of Sara is shown in typical style on 
 the plate. The apical black is sordid and indefinite, being reduced 
 by orange or yellow scales, and the orange is pale in color, and 
 lacks the sub-marginal black which in all other females of the 
 group separates the orange patch from the light sexual series of 
 spots near the margin, the series of sexual spots is yellow, while 
 the wings are white, and all the colors run into each other without 
 the ordinary definite separation. I therefore call it Mollis. 
 
 I have taken Mollis several times each year, in Southern Cali- 
 fornia only, in the spring and in autumn also. It is simply a va- 
 riation of Sara, though I know not its limits, whether they be 
 seasonal, or climatic, or of habitat. 
 
 68. Anthocharis Stella. 
 
 Plate VIII ; Figures 68, a, aa, b, bb, c. 
 
 Fig. 68, Male, Ellensburg, E. Wash., May 8, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 a. Male, Rocky Mountains of Colorado, 1890; D. 
 
 Bruce, 
 aa, Male, underside, Webber Lake, Cal., July, 1892 ; 
 Author. 
 
 b. Female, Summit, Sierra Nevada, 7,500 feet, 1892 ; 
 
 Author, 
 bb, Female, Western Colorado, 1890; D. Bruce. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Spokane, Wash., May, 1890; 
 
 Author. 
 This species has a pretty wide range, from Central California, 
 on the mountains at 7,000 feet elevation, north to British Colum- 
 bia, and how much further north it goes no man can tell. In the 
 southern parts of its range it is, as stated, alpine in its habitat, but 
 further north, as at the national boundary, it flies in the valleys as 
 
113 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 well. Stella is a mountain butterfly, and is never seen on lowlands 
 near the coast, nor on any mountains near the salt water, but 
 always east of the high range of the Sierra Nevadas and the 
 Cascades ; at Spokane, Wash., I have found them abundant, fine, 
 large ones, more so than at any other place in all my travels. 
 
 The males are spoken of as always white, yet the hind wings 
 are sometimes yellowed a little, and the females are always and 
 everywhere yellow. Stella is like Flora in that the females are 
 always yellow. The pattern of the marbling is different from that 
 of Sara, as you see by the plate. 
 
 69. Anthocharis Pima. 
 
 Plate VIII ; Figures 69, a, b. 
 
 Fig. 69, Male, Phoenix, Arizona, April, 1897; Dr. R. E. 
 Kunze. 
 
 a, Male, underside, Tucson, Arizona, April, 1887 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 b, Female, Phoenix, Arizona, April, 1897; R- E. 
 
 Kunze. 
 
 Pima is from Southern Arizona, flying all over that vast desert 
 territory. It is almost always found on the hilltops, flitting about 
 the places where its food-plant is to be found, but it never flies 
 more than a little distance down the hillsides, and is never found 
 on the plains at the base of the hills ; in this peculiarity it simu- 
 lates the habits of some other butterflies, though the males of 
 many species are given to this method of diversion, to play with, 
 or to fight with, the males of the same or other species. 
 
 As shown on the plate, both sexes are deeply yellow. The 
 sexes are very much alike, and after the specimens are dry and 
 shrunken and hard it is difficult to always tell which are males or 
 which females. That matter should be attended to while the 
 specimens are soft and fresh. 
 
 70. Anthocharis Caliente, n. s. Here first illustrated. 
 Plate VIII ; Figure 70. Female, Colorado Desert, March, 
 
 1889; Author. 
 Caliente, here figured, is unique, having no mate, although it 
 has stood in my cabinet for many years, all the while recognized 
 as a new species. I took it in the Colorado Desert of California, 
 far to the west of Yuma, in a locality difficult of access ; and in 
 those days when Pima was young I thought possibly it might be 
 
Butterflies of the West Coast. 
 
 e^. 
 
 
 
 /I 
 
 V / P^: 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 r-i'-r 
 
 
 
 (11! - - - V . . ^ 
 
 m 
 
 
 . v; ff^'^'siii^ 
 
 
 T> t 
 
 %. 
 
 
 I, 'i.i. 
 
 ^ 
 
GENUS CALLIDRYAS 113 
 
 a dimorphic female of Pima, to which group it evidently belongs. 
 But I now conclude that it is a new species, and publish it as such, 
 under the name Caliente, because of the torrid desert which is its 
 home. 
 
 In the shape of the wings Caliente differs from Pima ; all the 
 wings are moderately yellow ; and the marbling of the under side 
 is more bronzy and of different pattern, but I do not see fit to 
 break off the wings of one side in order to show the underside, 
 as in this case it is of but secondary importance, as the pattern of 
 ornamentation of upperside is sufficiently distinctive. 
 
 Like all other desert Anthocharis, Caliente is of extremely rapid 
 flight, and it was only after a desperate chase that I at length 
 succeeded in capturing it. 
 
 Genus CALLIDRYAS. 
 
 All the species of this genus are of moderate size, and all of 
 them are yellow, greenish-yellow, or orange-colored, and are with- 
 out prominent markings. Only one species is found on the West 
 Coast. 
 
 Sex-marks : The claspers, as in Papilio. 
 
 The larvae are citron-yellow, with black dots, and a blue line on 
 each segment. 
 
 Food-plant : Cassia. 
 
 71. Callidryas Eubule. 
 
 Plate IX ; Figures 71, Male ; b, Male, underside. 
 This butterfly inhabits in vast numbers the Eastern States to the 
 Mississippi River, extending south to tropical countries, but on 
 the West Coast it is but scantily represented, being seen only in a 
 few places in the southern part of the State of California ; in fact, 
 I have seen more of them flying in the streets of Los Angeles than 
 everywhere else altogether. I suppose that there is some cassia 
 plant cultivated in the gardens there that affords them a larval 
 food-plant, as cassia alone is used by Callidryas caterpillars. The 
 wild plants of cassia are not represented at all in California, except 
 in one place in the Mojave Desert, and consequently there is no 
 wild plant for them to feed upon, and they are barred from the 
 State, except for the possible cultivated garden plant. 
 
114 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 Figure c is under side of male C. Senna, taken by me at Mazat- 
 lan on the west coast of Mexico, in the winter ; it is not known in 
 this part of the country, but is liable to be found at Yuma and 
 along the Colorado River, if there is any plant there for it to feed 
 upon. 
 
 Genus MEGANOSTOMA. 
 
 This small genus is by many writers considered as a part of 
 genus Colias, the technical points as to some of the preliminary 
 stages being similar, but the shape of the wings, and the orna- 
 mentation of them is very different from any true Colias. The 
 Meganostomas are rather of a tropical habit, while many of the 
 Coliads are quite arctic. 
 
 Usually the members of a genus will all have for a larval food- 
 plant the same kinds of plants, but in this respect the Meganos- 
 tomas are anomalous, for they do not use the same plants, and 
 apparently would die if forced to eat each the other's plant, the 
 plants being wide apart botanically. 
 
 72. Meganostoma Eurydice. 
 
 Plate IX ; Figures 72, a, b, c. 
 
 Fig. ^2, Male, San Bernardino Mountains, April 26, 1891 ; 
 Author. 
 
 a, Male, underside, San Bernardino Mountains, April 
 
 24, 1887; Author. 
 
 b, Female, San Bernardino Plains, March 11, 1896; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Mt. St. Helena, Cal., April 20, 
 
 1894 ; Author. 
 The male of this species is called the most beautiful butterfly on 
 the West Coast, and its pet name is "The Flying Pansy," from its 
 bright violet, yellow and black colors. It flies from Mexico to a 
 hundred miles north of San Francisco, a distance of about six 
 hundred miles, and it flies on the plains and up the mountain 
 sides to some 3,000 feet altitude. The males have upon the fore 
 wings a most lovely iridescent violet changeable luster, playing 
 upon both the black and the yellow, but it will fade. Both sexes 
 fly swiftly and widely, and cannot be taken on the wing except 
 accidentally, but both are good feeders on flowers, and are fond 
 
GENUS MEGANOSTOMA 115 
 
 of taking water at damp places on the ground, where they are 
 gregarious, and are easily taken. 
 
 The larval food-plant is Amorpha Calif ornica, an anomalous 
 plant having a one-petaled blossom. The plant is limited in range, 
 and the butterfly is thereby also limited in range. 
 
 73. Meganostoma Bernardino. Not elsewhere illustrated in 
 
 accessible form. 
 Plate IX ; Figures 73, a, b, c. 
 Fig. 73, Male, San Bernardino Mts., April, 1888; Author. 
 
 a, Male, underside, San Bernardino Mts., June 10, 
 
 1889; Author. 
 
 b, Female, Highlands, Cal., March 16, 1896; Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside. City Creek Canyon, S. B. Mts., 
 
 Feb. 26, 1888; Author. 
 
 Bernardino is a variety of Eurydice ; was separated by W. H. 
 Edwards in 1887, from material sent him by me ; and the variety 
 was based upon the following points : Smaller size, absence in part 
 of the violet reflection on fore wings, black border on hind wings, 
 as to males; and in the female, the smaller size, and the series 
 of small points near the margin of all wings, on both upper and 
 under sides. 
 
 This last point, as I have shown, does not always hold good. 
 Mr. Edwards thought that Bernardino was an early appearing 
 form; that, in fact, it was the early brood of Eurydice; but I 
 think it is rather the altitude than the season that counts in this 
 matter, for Figure a was taken in June ; and I have never taken a 
 Bernardino down on the low plains at any season. 
 
 Preliminary stages as in Eurydice. 
 
 74. Meganostoma Amorphae. Not elsewhere illustrated in 
 
 accessible form. 
 Plate IX; Figures 74, b, bb. 
 
 Fig. 74, Female, City Creek, S. B. Mts., March 10, 1892; 
 Author, 
 b. Female, Arrowhead Canyon, S. B. Mts., April 29, 
 1896; Author, 
 bb. Female, Mormon Pass, S. B. Mts., June 22, 1897; 
 Author. 
 Amorphae is a dimorphic female of Eurydice. There is no male 
 of this form ; but it is simply one of those freaks, more or less 
 
116 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 persistent, which are found among the female butterflies of many 
 groups. 
 
 At one time I was of the opinion that Amorphse was a hybrid 
 between Eurydice and Csesonia. My opinion was based on the 
 facts that Amorphse is only found at the south, where both Eury- 
 dice and Csesonia meet, and not at the north, where Eurydice 
 lives, but where Caesonia does not go ; that in early days Amorphse 
 was said to have a male as well as a female ; and that, as a wooer, 
 Eurydice is exceptionally energetic and persistent, not hesitating 
 to ignore all rules of propriety, of species, and of genera. But of 
 late years, as no male Amorphas is known, I have concluded that 
 Amorphse is simply a dimorphic female. But this possibility of 
 a hybrid form will be a delightful study for some future student. 
 
 I give a good series of three individuals; and you will notice 
 that the early seasonal form is the deepest, and the latest or sum- 
 mer form is the palest of the series. 
 
 75. Meganostoma Caesonia. 
 
 Plate IX ; Figures 75, a, b. 
 
 Fig. 75, Male, Palm Springs, Cal., April 20, 1885 ; Author. 
 
 a, Male, Palm Springs, Cal., July, 1887; Author. 
 
 b, Female, Colorado Desert, July, 1887; Author. 
 Csesonia is only found on the West Coast in the southeastern 
 
 part of California. It is common in some parts of the Southern 
 Gulf States, but has never yet got much of a foothold on the 
 Pacific Coast. 
 
 The preliminary stages are well known. 
 
 The larval food-plant is trifolium, the clovers, and allied plants. 
 
 Genus COLZAS. 
 
 A large genus, inhabiting the temperate and arctic zones ; me- 
 dium to small in size ; colors almost always yellow, with strong 
 black border, to fore wings always, and to hind wings in part only. 
 The antennae are short, straight, and increase insensibly to ter- 
 minate in an obtuse cone, and are somewhat rosy. 
 
 The sex is always unmistakably indicated in the pattern of the 
 ornamentation of the wings. 
 
 The egg is fusiform, whitish when fresh, crimson later, and 
 black just before hatching. 
 
Butterflies of the West Coast. 
 
 \ / 
 
GENUS COLIAS 117 
 
 The food-plant of the entire genus is trifolium of various spe- 
 cies, and also in part, legumes. Possibly, also, other plants at 
 present unknown as such. In a general way, alfalfa is now the 
 usual food-plant ; and it is also the chief blossom upon which the 
 common species Eurytheme and Keewaydin butterflies feed. 
 
 76. Colias Eurytheme. 
 
 Plate X ; Figures 76, a, b, bb, c. 
 
 Fig. 76, Male, Tehachapi Mountains, Aug. 10, 1876; 
 Author. 
 
 a, Male, underside. Highlands, Cal., Oct. 4, 1897; 
 
 Author. 
 
 b, Female, Greenhorn Mountains, Cal, June, 1888; 
 
 Author. 
 bb. Female, white, dimorphic, S. Cal., July, 1889; 
 Author. 
 
 c, Female, white, dimorphic, underside, S. Cal., July, 
 
 1900; Author. 
 
 Eurytheme is considered the type of the orange Colias of the 
 West Coast, as it was noticed and named twenty-six years before 
 the so-called seasonal varieties Ariadne and Keewaydin were 
 found. This, however, is an error that has crept in, for Keeway- 
 din is the stem of the species, and Ariadne and Eurytheme are the 
 varieties. Keewaydin can be taken in any month of the year, in 
 some place or other, but Eurytheme and Ariadne are limited in 
 season. 
 
 The dimorphic female. Fig. bb, has never been named; it is 
 merely called Alb. or Alba. It is now quite common, though 
 twenty-five years ago it was a great rarity, and it was accounted 
 a feat to secure one of them, and if the present rate of increase of 
 the blonde form shall go on, in a few hundred years the normal 
 orange-colored female will be extinct and unknown. At present 
 half-whites are abundant; they vary from those having a mere 
 whitening dust on the apices to the full-colored white specimen 
 shown as Figures bb, c. 
 
 77. Colias Ariadne. 
 
 Plate X ; Figures "]"], a, aa, b, c, d, e. 
 Fig. TJ, Male, plains near San Bernardino, Jan. 14, 1900; 
 Author. 
 
118 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 a, Male, plains near San Bernardino, Jan. 14, 1900; 
 
 Author, 
 aa, Male, underside, plains near San Bernardino, Jan. 
 15, 1900; Author. 
 
 b, Female, plains near San Bernardino, Jan. 18, 1900; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, plains near San Bernardino, 
 
 Jan. 18, 1900; Author. 
 
 d, Female, white, dimorphic, plains near San Bernar- 
 
 dino, Jan. 23, 1900; Author. 
 
 e, Female, underside, plains near San Bernardino, 
 
 Jan. 5, 1898; Author. 
 
 I have given a full series of Ariadne, so complete that but little 
 remains to be written ; the figures explain themselves. Ariadne 
 is the winter form, small in size, and pale in the orange flushing 
 on the disk of the fore wings ; occasionally there is no orange to 
 be seen. 
 
 The white female, as in Eurytheme and Keewaydin, is present in 
 constantly increasing numbers ; it has not been named, although 
 all distinct forms are supposed to be named. 
 
 The larval food-plant that is preferred by Ariadne is a wild 
 lupine, Lupinus Minima. Ariadne is not often seen flying about 
 the alfalfa fields ; it seems to be in a wild or uncivilized state, as 
 yet, and chooses the wild plant. 
 
 78 Colias Keewaydin. 
 
 Plate X ; Figures 78, a, b, c, d, e. 
 
 Fig. 78, Male, S. B., foothills of mountains, Nov. 28, 1891 ; 
 Author. 
 
 a, Male, underside. Arrowhead Road, 4,000 feet alti- 
 
 tude, Jan. 29, 1900 ; Author. 
 
 b, Female, S. B. foothills, Feb. 5, 1896; Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, S. B. foothills, Oct. 10, 1896; 
 
 Author. 
 
 d, Female, white, dimorphic, Bakersfield, April i, 
 
 1891 ; Author. 
 
 e, Female, white, underside, San Bernardino plains, 
 
 Dec. 12, 1895; Author. 
 Keewaydin is intermediate in size and color between Eurytheme 
 and Ariadne, and is called the spring brood, but really it is found 
 
GENUS COLIAS 119 
 
 at all seasons, but is probably more abundant in spring and au- 
 tumn than in either summer or winter. It is a fully civilized spe- 
 cies, and frequents the cultivated alfalfa fields in preference to the 
 wild pastures of the plains and hillsides. 
 This albino female is also unnamed. 
 
 79. Pallida. 80. Intermedia. 81. Autumnalis. 82. Fu- 
 mosa. 
 These are names that have been given to minor varieties of the 
 Keewaydin form of Eurytheme, but I esteem the varieties as very 
 minor indeed, for Keewaydin, the basis of them all, is itself but a 
 variety, as generally considered. 
 
 83. Colias Eriphyle. 
 
 Plate X ; Figures 83, a, b, bb, c. 
 
 Fig. 83, Male, Chinook, Montana, June 6, 1890; Author. 
 
 a. Male, underside. East Washington, no date; from 
 
 W. H. Edwards. 
 
 b. Female, Chinook, Montana, June 6, 1890; Author, 
 bb. Female, Pueblo, Colorado, no date; from W. H. 
 
 Edwards. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Pueblo, Colorado, no date ; from 
 
 W. H. Edwards. 
 
 Eriphyle never has any orange on the wings, but is one of the 
 clear yellow Coliads ; the key to the form is the deep Indian-yellow 
 color of the underside of hind wings, shown in the Figures a, c; 
 being about the same deep yellow as is seen on the same wing of 
 another species, Chrysomelas, on another Plate, XI, and by this 
 color the species is at once recognized. You will notice that the 
 females vary greatly in size ; the two selected are the extremes in 
 that direction, that my cabinet affords. 
 
 Eriphyle is not known on the West Coast to the south of the 
 Canada line ; the type came from British Columbia, and the spe- 
 cies extends eastward through Montana, and south to Colorado; 
 but it is quite likely that it may be found plentifully enough in 
 some parts of East Washington, East Oregon, and Idaho. 
 
 Nothing is known as to its habits, or its food-plants, except in a 
 general way, as a member of the Colias family. 
 
120 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 84. Colias Harfordi. Not elsewhere illustrated in accessible 
 
 form. 
 Plate X ; Figures 84, a, b, bb, c. 
 
 Fig. 84, Male, Mormon Pass, S. B. Mts., June 22, 1897; 
 Author. 
 
 a, Male, underside, S. B. Mts., May 20, 1882 ; Author. 
 
 b, Female, San Bernardino plains. May 24, 1895 ; 
 
 Author. 
 bb, Female, San Bernardino plains, June 7, 1897; 
 Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, San Bernardino plains, July 23, 
 
 1900; Author. 
 
 Harfordi, and the next species, Barbara, are twin forms ; were 
 discovered the same year, in the same region, and by the same 
 collector, Mr. H. Edwards, who, in later years came to the con- 
 clusion that they wfere but different forms of the same species. 
 I have myself followed this butterfly continuously for many years, 
 and have arrived at the same conclusion, although there are some 
 unexplained points still remaining. Originally, Harfordi was 
 supposed to be the paler species, and Barbara the darker, deeper 
 yellow form, and on that plan I have arranged them on this plate. 
 
 Harfordi is extremely local, being found only in the San Ber- 
 nardino and Santa Barbara Mountains ; and Barbara has the 
 same habitat. 
 
 The larval food-plant is Astragalus crotolarae, popularly known 
 as "rattle-weed," because when ripe the seeds rattle in the pods; 
 it is also known as "loco weed," loco meaning crazy or insane, 
 because the use of it as food for horses causes them to act as if 
 poisoned, and their eyesight to become affected as if short-sighted, 
 so that they stumble at an obstacle before they have reached it. 
 Bees, also, feeding on the blossoms become stupefied, and die. 
 
 85. Colias Barbara. Never before figured, except in Edwards' 
 
 costly work. 
 Plate X ; Figures 85, a, b, bb, c. 
 
 Fig. 85, Male, Arrowhead Road, S. B. Mts., Jan 29, 1900; 
 Author. 
 
 a, Male, underside, S. B. Mts., foothills, Nov. 23, 
 
 1897 ; Author. 
 
 b, Female, foothills S. B. Mts., no date; Author. 
 
Butterflies of the West Coast. 
 
GENUS COLIAS 181 
 
 bb, Female, Potato Canyon, April 22, 1891 ; Author, 
 c, Female, underside, Banning, Cal., April 3, 1891 ; 
 Author. 
 The colors of the upper side of these two forms have been de- 
 scribed as canary-yellow for Harfordi, and lemon-yellow for Bar- 
 bara; with the further distinction of Indian-yellow for the 
 underside of hind wings of Barbara. I have a large series of both 
 forms, and I find that the black border on Barbara is uniformly 
 broader than on Harfordi; all this is fairly shown on the plate, 
 so that you can form your own conclusions. It appears to me 
 that there are two good forms shown, and that, although the two 
 forms are known to intermarry, and behave altogether as one 
 species, as I proved abundantly many years ago, and as stated in 
 Edwards' work, there is no good reason why the two forms should 
 not bear their own separate names ; for, as I have said before, 
 names are of no use but to designate and identify different forms. 
 
 86. Colias Occidentalis. Previously illustrated only in 
 
 Edwards' Butt. N. A. 
 Plate XI ; Figures 86, b, bb, c. 
 Fig. 86, Male, Vancouver Island, June 21, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Vancouver Island, June 21, 1891 ; Author, 
 bb, Female, Victoria, B. C, July 2, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Tacoma, Wash., July 10, 1891 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 Occidentalis and Chrysomelas the next species, are much alike 
 on the upper side, but beneath Occidentalis is gray, and Chryso- 
 melas is Indian-yellow. Occidentalis is the more northern species, 
 inhabiting Vancouver Island and other adjoining regions, but not 
 coming far into the States south of Puget Sound. I have never 
 found it abundant, nor even common in any place, and count it a 
 rarity everywhere. 
 
 Nothing is known about its habits or particular food-plant. 
 
 87. Colias Chrysomelas. 
 
 Plate XI ; Figures 87, b, bb, c. 
 
 Fig. 87, Male, Mendocino County, Cal, June 14, 1891; 
 
 Author, 
 b. Female, Northern California, May 24, 1891 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
122 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 bb, Female, Vancouver Island, July 2, 1891 ; Author, 
 c, Male, underside. Lake County, Cal., June, 1894; 
 Author. 
 Chrysomelas I have found to be rather widely spread, and have 
 taken it from Vancouver Island on the north to Lake County on 
 the south, as noted in the data above given. It is much more 
 common than Occidentalis, and in some places it is rather com- 
 mon, and several specimens can be taken in a half-day. Many 
 examples cannot be separated from Occidentalis by the upper side, 
 but the underside is always distinct in its peculiar deep yellow 
 color, when contrasted with the gray of Occidentalis. 
 Nothing is known of the habits of Chrysomelas. 
 
 88. Colias Alexandra. 
 
 Plate XI ; Figures 88, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 88, Male, Pendleton, Eastern Washington, Aug. 10, 
 1890; Author. 
 
 b, Female, Colorado, no date ; from Dr. Barnes. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Shoshone, Idaho, Aug. i, 1890; 
 
 Author. 
 
 This, and the next, Edwardsi, are twin species, like the two pre- 
 ceding, and are very similar in appearance, so that sometimes they 
 are difficult to separate. Generally, Alexandra is a little larger in 
 size, the hind wings are broader, the discal spot is pearly, and the 
 underside of hind wing is somewhat chalky-white. 
 
 The range of Alexandra is from the Rocky Mountains to the 
 Sierra Nevadas, but its southern limit is about the north line of 
 Utah. On the West Coast, therefore, the only place to find this 
 species is Eastern Washington and Oregon. 
 
 89. Colias Edwardsi. Not previously figured in accessible 
 
 form. 
 Plate XI ; Figures 89, b. 
 
 Fig. 89, Male, Portland, Oregon, Aug 20, 1890; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Portland, Oregon, Aug. 20, 1890; Author. 
 
 Generally a trifle smaller than the preceding (though the female 
 
 here is unusually large, and is therefore misleading,) ; the wings 
 
 are more pointed in shape, and the discal spot on underside of 
 
 hind wing is orange instead of pearly. 
 
 Edwardsi is sometimes considered as a western variety of 
 Alexandra, and if it occupied the same territory with Alexandra 
 
GENUS COLIAS 123 
 
 the statement might have more force, but so far as I know the two 
 species inhabit quite different locaUties, neither intruding upon the 
 territory of the other, the Cascade Range of mountains forming 
 a barrier between the two species. 
 
 Edwardsi is a rare species, and I have never taken very many 
 of them in any place. 
 
 90. Colias Christina. Not elsewhere illustrated in accessible 
 
 form. 
 Plate XI ; Figures 90, b, bb. 
 Fig. 90, Male, Central Montana, July 10, 1890; Author. 
 
 b, Female, Shoshone, Idaho, July 24, 1890; Author, 
 bb, Female, albino, Shoshone, Idaho, July 24, 1890; 
 Author. 
 The Author of this species says of it that, "It is the most vari- 
 able Coliad in America." The deep orange of the male Christina 
 is similar to that of Eurytheme, but the pattern of it is unlike, in 
 that the orange of Christina is deepest at the margin, and evenly 
 grows less deep till near the base there is little or no orange, but 
 only the regular yellow ground-color of the wings. The albino 
 females prevail, and the normal-colored one is extremely rare, 
 being apparently nearly extinct. On the underside the hind wings, 
 especially of the females, are thickly dusted with black scales. 
 
 Christina inhabits British America immediately east of the 
 Rocky Mountains, and comes south into Montana a little, but not 
 far. It may be looked for in the region west of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains and east of the Cascade Range, in Idaho, Oregon and Wash- 
 ington, though I am not aware that any specimens of it have as yet 
 been taken in those regions. 
 
 91. Colias Astrae. Not figured elsewhere except in Butt. 
 
 N. A. 
 Plate XI; Figures 91, b. 
 
 Fig. 91, Male, Central Montana, July, 1890; Author. 
 b. Albino Female, Montana, July, 1890; Author. 
 Astrae is believed to be the paler, southern, form or variety of 
 Christina, but the fact is yet to be proved. It inhabits generally 
 the same territory, but does not go so far north and comes much 
 further south than Christina, even to Northeastern California, but 
 it is quite rare, and not enough is at present known about it or its 
 range to enable me to say positively much about it. I do not know 
 
124 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 of any normal-colored female, but only the albino; it therefore 
 appears that the normal has become extinct, as I have predicted 
 the normal females of all Coliads will eventually become. The 
 underside of Astrae is dusted with black scales still more thickly 
 than Christina. 
 
 Astras, like Christina, may be looked for in Eastern Washington 
 and Oregon, on the smaller mountains and foothills, in June and 
 July, as I already have specimens taken in Northeastern California 
 by Mr. Stephens in 1894. 
 
 92. Colias Emilia. 
 
 Plate XI ; Figures 92, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 92, Male, Ellensburg, Wash., May 10, 1890; Author. 
 
 b, Female, Tacoma, Wash., May 4, 1890; Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Ellensburg, Wash., May 10, 
 
 1890; Author. 
 
 Emilia has the narrowest black margin of any Coliad that I 
 know of in the world ; some of the males have but a mere line of 
 black on the margin, much less than the example here figured. 
 Many kinds of Coliads show that the veins are free of black, and 
 cut across the black margin, showing the yellow vein through the 
 black, but the veins of Emilia carry the black and are lined with it 
 on the yellow disk and inside the margin proper, as you see by this 
 female figure b. 
 
 All the examples that I have of Emilia were taken within the 
 State of Washington, as noted in the preceding data. 
 
 Nothing is known as to the habits or the food-plant of Emilia. 
 
 93. Colias Scudderi. 
 
 Plate XI ; Figures 93, Male ; b. Yellow Female ; c. White 
 Female. 
 All these examples were taken by me in the Judith Mountains 
 of Montana, in July, 1890. I have never seen the species on the 
 West Coast, within the territory covered by this work, but in 
 some books it is said to occur in British Columbia, and therefore 
 I give the accompanying figures of it to cover the possibility of 
 such an occurrence. 
 
 94. Colias Meadi. 
 
 Plate XI ; Figures 94, Male ; b, Female ; from T. L. Mead. 
 
 This butterfly is not known to fly elsewhere than in the Rocky 
 
 Mountains of Colorado ; but I think it is likely to be found in the 
 
Butterflies of the West Coast. 
 
GENUS TERIAS 125 
 
 high mountains of the West Coast, and will therefore give a figure 
 of it. Meadi is quite strongly tinted with green, which color 
 is more especially seen on the underside. 
 
 95. Colias Elis. 
 
 No figure. 
 An arctic species, said to greatly resemble Meadi, and by some 
 authorities thought to be the same. May be found in Alaska, 
 possibly. 
 
 g6. Colias Behri. 
 
 Plate XI ; Figures 96, Male ; b, Female ; c, Underside of 
 Female. 
 This queer little Coliad is an Alpine thing, from the high, cold 
 valleys of the Sierras, from Yosemite, northward, at an altitude of 
 about 10,000 feet. It is small enough and dusky enough to be an 
 exile from the north pole itself, apparently. All these examples 
 were taken by Mr. Lembert, my correspondent and friend, who 
 lived there a hermit's life, and at the last died there a hermit's 
 death, and whose cowardly, Mexicanesque ambushment and 
 assassination remain to this day unavenged. 
 
 Genus TERIAS. 
 
 This small genus is similar in some points to Pieris; and in 
 some resembles Colias. It is less arctic in habit, and never has the 
 round silver spot on underside of hind wing that distinguishes 
 all the members of the genus Colias. Some of the species have the 
 same food-plant, trifolium. 
 
 97. Terias Nicippe. 
 
 Plate XII ; Figures 97, Male ; b. Female. 
 
 Nicippe is almost universal all over the United States, being 
 rare in the New England States, and wholly absent in the north- 
 west part of the country west of the Cascades, being present on 
 the Coast only in Southern California, and is seen there only in 
 limited numbers. 
 
 The food-plant is cassia, and other leguminous plants. 
 
 98. Terias Mexicana. 
 
 Plate XII ; Figures 98, Male ; a, Male. 
 Terias Mexicana is found in the United States only in the south- 
 ern part of Arizona, and therefore is not of great interest gener- 
 
126 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 ally. It is a tropical species that finds its northern limit in Ari- 
 zona. It has never been taken in any other place north of the 
 Mexican border, that I know of. 
 
 gg. Heliconia Charitonia. 
 
 Plate XII ; Figure 99, Male, Mazatlan, Mexico, Jan., 
 1887; Author. 
 This is a tropical species, and is very rarely seen north of 
 Mexico, though, as it flies there in the winter, it seems as if it 
 might come north along the Colorado River into Arizona and 
 Southern California in the summer. 
 The larval food-plant is passion-vine. 
 
 100. Danais Plexippus. 
 
 Plate XII; Figure 100, Female; Southern California, 
 1899; Author. 
 
 This is one of the best-known butterflies in the whole country, 
 it is very large, and is tame, flying about the habitations of men 
 without fear. It has been introduced from this country into 
 England, where it is welcomed and made much of as being the 
 largest butterfly in the British Isles. The sex-mark by which it 
 can be recognized is a black spot near the middle of hind wing, 
 as seen in example number 102. The figure of Plexippus, being 
 a female, shows no such spot, but all the males have the spot on 
 upper side of hind wing. 
 
 The larval food-plant is asclepias, the milkweeds. 
 
 Habitat: All the United States except the northern tier of 
 States across the continent. 
 
 loi. Danais Berenice. 
 
 Plate XII; Figure loi, Female; Mazatlan, Mexico, Jan., 
 1887; Author. 
 Berenice is a species belonging to the tropical countries, and is 
 but scantily represented in the Southern or Gulf States, and pos- 
 sibly, in still more limited numbers, in Arizona. West of Ari- 
 zona it is- replaced by the variety next following, as Berenice does 
 not fly in California or any of the West Coast States. 
 
 102. Danais Strigosa. 
 
 Plate XII ; Figure 102, Male ; Southern California, 1903 ; 
 Author. 
 Strigosa is common in Southern California, but its northern 
 flight is limited by the Tehachapi Mountains, beyond which I have 
 
FAMILY NYMPHALID^ 127 
 
 never seen it flying. It is very much like Berenice, the only dif- 
 ference being the light lines along the veins of the hind wing. 
 I call it the Desert Danais, as it likes best the dry border lands near 
 the desert proper. 
 
 FAMILY NYMPHALID^. 
 
 This marks a grand division, and now we come to the Nymphs. 
 This family includes most of the more showy and beautiful but- 
 terflies, and consists of four genera of four-footed, and one genus 
 of six-footed species. The fact that a butterfly has six feet, or only 
 four, as the case may be, does not count for much, being appar- 
 ently merely a minor point. In the four-footed species the front 
 pair of legs are aborted, and exist only in part, being represented 
 only as a pair of "lappets." 
 
 Sex-marks : In most of these genera the apparent difference 
 between the sexes is very small, and it is sometimes difficult to 
 determine the sex; in these cases the lappets afford some help; 
 the vestiture of the male lappets being much more dense and long 
 than that of the females, so that by a comparison of several speci- 
 mens a conclusion is arrived at. 
 
 103. Mechanitis Californica. 
 
 No figure. 
 
 This species is erroneously included in the fauna of California, 
 as it does not exist here. It was stated to have been found near 
 Los Angeles, but there must have been a mistake about it, as for 
 the last forty years no specimen has been taken. 
 
 To give an understanding of the matter, I will state that the 
 appearance of the butterfly is somewhat like that of Heliconia, 
 being a little smaller, the wings being similar in shape ; the fore 
 wings are black, with orange spots, and the hind wings are red, 
 with a central patch of black, similar in shape to the long white 
 spot on the hind wings of Heliconia. 
 
 104. Agraulis Vanillae. 
 
 Plate XII ; Figures 104, Male ; a, Underside of Male. 
 Vanillae is a very common butterfly in the Southern or Gulf 
 States. It is not a native of the West Coast, but was introduced 
 into the country over the Southern Pacific Railroad, soon after 
 
128 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 that was opened up across the interior country to New Orleans, 
 about 1885. Since that time it has become very abundant in Cali- 
 fornia, especially in the southern part, and has become a pest, as 
 the larvae feed upon the leaves of the passion-vine, so that the 
 vine becomes a nuisance on account of the caterpillars, and has to 
 be removed. 
 
 Many introduced plants prove to be more vigorous and aggres- 
 sive than the native ones ; and so it is with this introduced butter- 
 fly; it is hardy and restless and, like another introduced species, 
 Rapae, it flies at all times and at all seasons, seemingly bent on 
 conquest. And now it is, like Rapae, so well established that it has 
 become a fixture for all time ; just the same as in ornithology, the 
 English sparrow has become a permanent inhabitant of America. 
 
 105. Euptoieta Claudia. 
 
 Plate XII; Figure 105, Male; Central Montana, July, 
 1890; Author. 
 This species is said in some books to inhabit Southern California 
 and Arizona ; and I insert this plate of it on that account ; but I 
 have never seen one of them flying west of the Sierra Nevada 
 divide, and I think that it is not found in any part of the West 
 Coast territory. Yet it is likely to be found in the warmer parts of 
 the Coast States, in the dry, hilly sections, at any time. As the 
 figure shows, it has the same system of spotting as the Argynnids, 
 but no American Euptoieta ever has any silver on any spots, and 
 all the markings of both sides have a pale and washed-out appear- 
 ance. 
 
 Genus ARGYNNIS. 
 
 This group of butterflies, many of them large and handsome, is 
 of well-nigh universal occurrence, being found high up on the 
 mountains at timber-line, and so on down to the lower heights, 
 and to the level of the sea. They are moreover very evenly dis- 
 tributed, in that no one group of large ones or of small ones are 
 found solely at high or low altitudes. From 3,000 to 5,000 feet 
 elevation, however, is where they do most abound, and on the 
 breezy, upland slopes of the hills and mountains, rather than on 
 the plains. All the Argynnids are fond of feeding on flowers. 
 
GENUS ARGYNNIS 129 
 
 In ovipositing, some kinds walk about on the dead leaves and 
 rubbish under the small bushes, and push the ovipostor down in 
 among the debris and oviposit just like a grasshopper; others 
 drop their eggs while flying over suitable places. At the time 
 when the eggs are laid, the grass and small plants are all dry and 
 dead, so that there is nothing for the young larva to feed upon if 
 it should hatch. The egg is thimble shaped, white at first, but 
 turns black in twenty days, or just before hatching, and the larva 
 can be seen through the transparent shell before it is hatched. 
 In hatching, the larva eats its way through the egg-shell, de- 
 vouring all of it usually ; it then goes into lethargy without eat- 
 ing anything else, and thus it hibernates, a tiny thing, not half 
 so big as a pin-head, naked, without any cocoon or other cover- 
 ing, in the wet and frozen rubbish, till the leaves of its plant shall 
 grow in the spring, some eight or nine months of sleep. A most 
 marvelous story. 
 
 The larvae feed on Viola, it is said, but I am sure that there 
 must be some other food-plant. Like the larvae of Parnassius, 
 the Argynnids are nocturnal, and thus the difficulty of observing 
 them is increased, and there is yet much to learn about them. 
 
 Sex-marks : The lappets, and the abdomens ; the tip of the male 
 body is somewhat knobbed, and has a sort of fringe on upperside 
 as is well shown on Plate XIII, Fig. 115, a. The body of the 
 female is larger and tapers to a point. The female is always paler 
 than the male, except those species the females of which are black. 
 
 106. Argynnis Nokomis. 
 
 No figure. 
 Nokomis is a very large butterfly from Arizona; it is of the 
 same group as Leto, and might easily be mistaken for Leto ; the 
 female is of the black kind, same as Leto, there being no normal- 
 colored female. The male is somewhat redder on the upper side 
 than Leto, and the upper side of the female is rather brown than 
 black. 
 
 107. Argynnis Nitocris. 
 No figure. 
 
 Nitocris is another of the Arizona Argynnids that have black 
 females ; it is also of the Leto type, similar to Nokomis, but with 
 stronger and more contrasting colors, the upper side of the female 
 being blackish rather than brownish. All of these three species. 
 
130 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 Nokomis, Nitocris, and Leto, are so much alike that if you have 
 only one specimen, you may be puzzled to decide which one of 
 the three it is. 
 
 110. Argynnis Leto. 
 
 Plate XII; Figures no, a, b, c. 
 
 Fig. no, Male, Sisson, Cal., July 20, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 a. Male, underside, Mt. Shasta, July, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Portland, Oregon, Aug. i, 1890; Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Portland, Oregon, Aug. i, 
 
 1890; Author. 
 Leto has no normal female but all the females are like the one 
 here shown, black, or more strictly, brown-black, with sub-mar- 
 ginal band of bright golden-yellow. The question whether there 
 ever were any normal-colored females in these three species, is an 
 interesting one. Leto is a fair type of these three species having 
 only black females. All these three were evidently at one time 
 but one species, but climatic or other influence of environment 
 has caused some small differences in their markings and has sep- 
 arated them somewhat in territory, for between Leto and the 
 other two there is a wide strip of unoccupied territory, not inhab- 
 ited by any one of them. 
 
 111. Argynnis Letis, n. v. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XII; Figure in, Male; Sisson, Cal., August, 1891 ; 
 
 Author. 
 Letis appears to be a variety of the preceding, Leto, in which 
 the dark markings are obsolescent, especially on the apices of fore 
 wings and over all of the hind wings, as is shown very well on the 
 plate. There is no known female, either normal or black, for 
 this variety. I have taken many of the ordinary black females, 
 but no one of them shows a corresponding obsolescence. 
 
 112. Argynnis Carpenteri. Elsewhere illustrated only in 
 
 Edwards' Butt. N. A. 
 Plate XIII ; Figures 112, a, b. 
 Fig. 112, Male, Vancouver Island, July, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 a. Female, underside, Vancouver Island, July, 
 
 1891 ; Author. 
 
 b, Female, Vancouver Island, July, 1891 ; Author. 
 This species is by some accounted as a western representative 
 
 or variety of the eastern Cybele ; it is a good deal smaller than 
 
Butterflies of the West Coast. 
 
GENUS ARGYNNIS 131 
 
 Cybele, and the markings are modified or diflferenl, so much so 
 that it seems unreasonable to suppose that they both are equiva- 
 lent to one species. Carpenteri is a low-land flyer, inhabiting the 
 plains and valleys, and never being found in the mountains ; and 
 it is also a wide-flying species, being found scantily over wide 
 areas of country, and not abundant in any one place. The dark 
 basal area extends about half way across the wings. 
 
 113. Argynnis Cypris. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XIII ; Figures 113, a, b. 
 
 Fig. 113, Male, Greenhorn Mountains, Cal., 8,000 feet al- 
 titude, June, 1885 ; Author. 
 
 a, Underside of Female, from W. H. Edwards, 
 
 1886. 
 
 b, Female, no data, from W. H. Edwards, 1886. 
 Cypris is sometimes called the western form of the eastern 
 
 Aphrodite. It is smaller than Aphrodite, and the markings are 
 generally lighter than the eastern form. I may here remark that 
 the modern tendency, as to these, and other so-called "representa- 
 tive" species, is to a complete severing of the relationship and the 
 establishment of all such forms as different species, as is right 
 and proper and inevitable eventually. 
 
 Cypris is a true mountain butterfly, and inhabits the mountains 
 up to the tops or utmost heights, and is not seen on the lower 
 slopes and valleys, being just the reverse of Carpenteri, although 
 the two species may at first sight look a little alike. On the West 
 Coast Cypris is very scarce, insomuch that in twenty-five years 
 I have taken only half a dozen males, and never yet a female 
 example. 
 
 114. Argynnis Nausicaa. 
 
 Plate XIII ; Figures 114, a, b. 
 
 Fig. 114, Male, Senator, Arizona, 1897; Dr. R. E. Kunze. 
 a, Male, underside, Arizona, 1897; Dr. R. E. 
 
 Kunze. 
 b. Female, Arizona, 1897 ; Dr. R. E. Kunze. 
 This magnificent butterfly is known only from Arizona; there 
 it is common enough. It would seem as if this species were a 
 close relative of Nitocris and Nokomis, and that like those two it 
 ought to have a black female, but no dimorphic female of Nausicaa 
 is known at this day. 
 
132 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 115. Argynnis Hippolyta. 
 
 Plate XIII; Figures 115, a, b. 
 
 Fig. lis, Male, Portland, Oregon, July, 1889; Author. 
 
 a, Male, underside, Portland, Oregon, July, 1889; 
 
 Author. 
 
 b, Female, Portland, Oregon, July, 1889; Author. 
 Hippolyta is a high mountain species, and inhabits all the higher 
 
 mountains of Northern California and Oregon, and perhaps of 
 Washington also; it is only found at great heights, about 9,000 
 feet elevation, and not on the lower slopes or elevations. 
 
 116. Argynnis Oweni. 
 
 Plate XIII ; Figures 116, Male; a, Male, underside. Mount 
 Shasta; Owen. 
 
 This typical example of Oweni was taken on Mt. Shasta by 
 Prof. Owen, for whom it was named, at about 10,000 feet eleva- 
 tion, and later it was sent to me by Mr. Edwards, the Author of 
 the species, soon after it was named. 
 
 It appears that Oweni is a variety of the preceding, Hippolyta, 
 the differences being but slight, and often you cannot decide 
 whether a specimen belongs to the one or to the other ; but that is 
 the case with nearly all variations. 
 
 117. Argynnis Columbia. 
 
 No figure. 
 Columbia was named in 1877 t>y H. Edwards, from specimens 
 from Lakes La Hache and Quesnelle. It is rather a large-sized 
 and a pale-colored butterfly for that northern locaHty. The key 
 to the species seems to be the spots in the middle of the upper 
 side of hind wing, which spots are curved into crescents, or the 
 upper ones are bent into V-shaped angles. The spots are a little 
 obsolescent, so that the crescents and angles are connected to- 
 gether but little, or not at all. 
 
 118. Argynnis Hesperis. 
 Plate XIII; Figures 118, a. 
 Fig, 118, Female. 
 
 a, Male, Colorado, 1880; Nash. 
 This is a Colorado species, and is credited to Utah and Mon- 
 tana; it does not come into our territory, except Utah, though 
 probably it may be taken in Nevada, and perhaps in eastern Ore- 
 
Butterflies of the West Coast 
 
GENUS ARGYNNIS 133 
 
 gon and Washington. The basal part of the wings are, as you 
 see, very dark, and this seems to be its most prominent charac- 
 teristic. 
 
 119. Argynnis Bremneri. 
 
 Plate XIII ; Figures 119, a, b. 
 
 Fig. 119, Male, Puget Sound, Wash., August, 1891 ; 
 Author. 
 
 a, Underside of Male, Puget Sound, Wash., Au- 
 
 gust, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 b. Underside of Female, Puget Sound, Wash., 
 
 August, 1891 ; Author. 
 Bremneri is the darkest of all our Argynnids on the underside, 
 the males being almost black near the center of the wing. It flies 
 on the low lands along the sea coast, and never, so far as I know, 
 at any considerable height on the hills, nor at a great distance 
 from the ocean. 
 
 V. Sordida, n. v. ovj.a**7 «— 4*-«j»« <v*«. ^*-.--C» 'St . 
 
 I have taken in that locality a variety, indistinguishable on the 
 upper side, but which on the underside of hind wings is very 
 different, the white or buff spots being almost obliterated, and 
 the whole wing suffused with a sordid rusty color. This form I 
 tentatively call Sordida. It bears the same relation to Bremneri 
 that Hydaspe does to Zerene ; each variety being a rusty or cin- 
 namon-colored variety of the parent species, we may call them. 
 The figure of Sordida was crowded out at the last moment by 
 other figures which could not possibly be left out. 
 
 120. Argynnis Zerene. 
 
 Plate XIV ; Figures 120, a, b. 
 
 Fig. 120, Male, Northern California, no data, 1882 ; W. H. 
 Edwards. 
 
 a, Female, underside, Lake County, Cal., June, 
 
 1894; Author. 
 
 b, Female, Lake County, Cal., June, 1894; Author. 
 Zerene is one of the prominent species of mountain Argynnids 
 
 of Northern California, being very abundant everywhere in the 
 mountains of California and Oregon, and extending south in the 
 high Sierras to Lake Tahoe, which locality seems to be its southern 
 limit. The spots on the underside of hind wing are large, and buff 
 in color, and are not silvered in either sex, as a rule. 
 
134 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 121. Argynnis Hydaspe. Never before illustrated. 
 Plate XIV; Figure 121. 
 
 Fig. 121, Male, underside, Sisson, Cal., 1891 ; Author. 
 Hydaspe is a variety of Zerene, in which the underside is obso- 
 lescent as to the buff spots, and the whole wing is suffused with a 
 cinnamon color, as is well shown by the Plate. Both sexes afford 
 this variety, which is found wherever Zerene may be common. 
 The spots are never silvered in this variety. 
 
 122. Argynnis Monticola. 
 Plate XIV; Figures 122, b. 
 
 Fig. 122, Male, Lake County, Cal., June, 1894; Author. 
 
 b. Underside of Female, Sisson, Cal., June, 1891 ; 
 Author. 
 Monticola is a common Argynnid of Northern California, being 
 abundant everywhere in the mountains, and it also extends in 
 more limited numbers through Oregon, Washington, Idaho and 
 British Columbia. On upper side it looks similar to Zerene, but 
 on the underside it is pinkish in color of the hind wing, the spots 
 being straw-colored in the male, and usually silvered more or less 
 in the female. 
 
 123. Argynnis Purpurascens. 
 
 Plate XIV ; Figures 123, b. Females both, Sisson, 189T ; 
 Author. 
 This is a variety of the preceding, the female only being the 
 subject of the variation. This variation manifests itself in an 
 exuberance of size, and of color, both on the upper and on the 
 underside, the underside being suffused with a purplish tint on the 
 underside of hind wing. The large purple specimens are es- 
 pecially splendid when fresh, but the purple tint soon fades. 
 
 124. Argynnis Rhodophe. 
 
 Plate XIV ; Figures 124, a. Males, Vancouver Island, 
 July, 1892 ; Author. 
 A very dark species, allied, apparently, with Bremneri, and 
 found in the same latitude, but more in the interior, and on the 
 mountains, while Bremneri is on the plains, and near the coast. 
 The dark spots on upper side are very black and large, and those 
 of the median band are all connected together. On the underside 
 the disk or center of the hind wing is very dark, like Bremneri, 
 
Butterflies of the West Coast. 
 
 I 
 
GENUS ARGYNNIS , 135 
 
 and sometimes a brown blotch obliterates all markings except the 
 straw-colored spots. 
 
 125. Argynnis Behrensi. 
 
 Plate XIV; Figures 125, a, Males, Mendocino County, 
 Cal., June, 1892; Author. 
 Behrensi is a very local species, and if you want to find it you 
 must visit the hilltops and hog-back ridges of Mendocino County, 
 in July. It was discovered by Mr. James Behrens, a San Fran- 
 cisco collector, who accidentally ran upon it, and it was named 
 for him by Mr. Edwards, to whom it was submitted. I have al- 
 ways found it very scarce in its local habitat, and never succeeded 
 in getting but few specimens in any one season. The Plate illus- 
 trates the species so well that it is not necessary to add words of 
 description. 
 
 126. Argynnis Coronis. 
 
 Plate XIV; Figures 126, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 126, Male, Southern California, June, 1886; Author. 
 
 b, Female, Mount Shasta, August 15, 1890; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c. Underside of Female, Tehachapi Mountains, 
 
 July, 1889; Author. 
 Coronis is a very common and wide-spread species in Califor- 
 nia and adjacent countries ; in fact, it might be difficult to say 
 just where in all this region it is not to be found. But that is not 
 the worst of the matter ; it is inconstant, as perhaps so wide-spread 
 a species has a right to be, and, as Mr. Edwards once wrote me, 
 "for every degree of latitude it puts on a new face." But there 
 is one typical character which it carries everywhere, north and 
 south, east and west, and that character can be found on the under- 
 side of the hind wing ; the band. I mean the wide, sub-marginal 
 band of clear golden color, just inside the outer series of silver 
 lunules. Coronis is moreover one of the three species of the West 
 Coast that shows a little green on the underside of hind wing; 
 see 128; 129. 
 
 127. Argynnis Callippe. 
 
 Plate XIV; Figures 127, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 127, Male, Southern California, June 25, 1886; 
 Author. 
 
136 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 b, Female, Southern California, June 17, 1903 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Ventura County, Cal., July, 
 
 1894; Author. 
 Callippe is the most tropical Argynnis that we have; it flies 
 further south than any other, and is not found at the north at all ; 
 I have never seen it north of the locality noted above, Ventura 
 County. It is a plains species, and never can be found far up on 
 the hills and mountains, but in the little, dry, hot, valleys, it lives 
 and seems to like the torrid temperature of a hot June day. Its 
 life as a butterfly is very short, the shortest of any Argynnid that 
 I know of, being only a few days in length. 
 
 128. Argynnis Nevadensis. 
 
 Plate XV ; Figures 128, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 128, Male, Truckee, Cal., July, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 b, Female, Truckee, Cal., July, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Truckee, Cal., July, 1891 ; 
 
 Author. 
 Nevadensis is extremely common, it flics along the foothills of 
 the Sierra Nevadas in countless numbers, in Eastern California 
 and Nevada. The key-note of this species is the green underside 
 of hind wing, it being the greenest of the three species which show 
 green about the silver spots beneath, these three being Coronis, 
 Nevadensis, and Edwardsi. In this species the green is seemingly 
 washed on the whole wing after the other colors are in place. 
 
 129. Argynnis Edwardsi. 
 Plate XV ; Figures 129, b. 
 
 Fig. 129, Female, Central Montana, July, 1890; Author, 
 b. Female, underside. Sierra Nevadas, 7,500 feet 
 altitude; Author. 
 Edwardsi is the grandest Argynnid that flies on the mountains 
 of the West Coast. It is a true mountain butterfly, and is not ever 
 seen on the lowlands or in the valleys. As you may guess from 
 the great broad wings, it flies with the most rapid flight, and it 
 is also very scarce, and apparently never alights, so it is evident 
 that it is not easily captured. This is the third species that shows 
 green on hind wing beneath. It is not uncommon to see it fly- 
 ing over the snow-banks that in July remain yet unmelted about 
 the alpine peaks where it lives. 
 
GENUS ARGYNNIS 137 
 
 130. Argynnis Liliana. 
 
 Plate XV; Figures 130, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 130, Male, Central California, June 26, 1894; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Central California, June 26, 1894; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside. Central California, June 26, 
 
 1894 ; Author. 
 This is one of the most elegant and showy of all our Argynnids, 
 though on the Plate it looks much like any of the others. It is 
 a hill species, inhabiting neither the mountains nor the plains, but 
 the more moderate hills, and around the bases of the greater 
 mountains. It is very local, and although not one is in sight, yet 
 there may be a plenty of them only a short distance away from 
 you. Their flight is gentle and slow for an Argynnid, and they 
 are very easily taken, for they love to stop and feed on all the 
 flowers that they see, and they are not at all wild, insomuch that 
 you may at times catch them in your fingers as they sip the 
 blossoms. 
 
 131. Argynnis Baroni. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XV; Figures 131, b. 
 
 Fig. 131, Male, given me by O. T. Baron, 1881. 
 
 b. Female, Central California, June, 1894; Author. 
 When first named Mr. Edwards thought this was an aberrant 
 form of LiHana, and so set it down in his catalogue of 1884, but 
 later he must have revised his opinion. At any rate it is a good 
 variety or sub-species, for I have hunted them out on their native 
 grounds to my complete satisfaction. Baroni is a most striking, 
 melanic variety, or else a distinct and separate species. This male 
 specimen was given me by Mr. Baron himself, at the time it was 
 named, or soon after ; and in later years I have visited the typical 
 locality several times and have studied the matter exhaustively. 
 All the lines and spots are heavier, and are run together into 
 maculate bands, so that it has decidedly a dark appearance, and 
 on the underside there is an excess of silver, outlined with black. 
 
 132. Argynnis Rupestris. 
 
 Plate XV ; Figures 132, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 132, Male, Shasta Mountains, June, 1890; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Shasta Mountains, June, 1890; Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Shasta Mountains, June, 
 
 1890; Author. 
 
138 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 Rupestris is a mountain species, found everywhere in the higher 
 altitudes of the Northern California mountains, and extending 
 doubtless into Oregon, and along the Sierra Nevadas to the north, 
 but not far to the south, but possibly to the latitude of Lake 
 Tahoe, though I have no data extending that far south. The un- 
 derside is very rusty looking, and the spots are seldom silvered at 
 all, though occasionally a few of the apical and marginal spots 
 are slightly silvered. Rupestris is variable, and in different lo- 
 calities will bear different aspects, so as to puzzle the collector. 
 
 132a. Argynnis Irene. 
 
 No figure. 
 Irene is a variety, sometimes set down to Zerene, and again to 
 Rupestris, by different writers. It is that variety which has all 
 spots on underside of hind wing well silvered. Neither typical 
 Zerene nor Rupestris has silver on the spots beneath. I incline 
 to the belief that Irene is a variety of Rupestris, and so place it. 
 
 133. Argynnis Laura. 
 
 Plate XV; Figures 133, a, b, c, S. Cal. Mountains, June, 
 1888; Author. 
 Laura is of a reddish tint ; the dark markings are not broad, but 
 are distinctly cut, and not obsolescent. The underside is light- 
 yellowish, the spots large and well silvered, and the dark or black 
 lines and shadings seen on some other kinds are absent. The 
 species is well represented on the plate, except that the silver of the 
 underside is not brightly shown, as that shining of the silver seen 
 in nature is one of those things that cannot be caught by the 
 camera, nor shown by the illustrator's ink. 
 
 134. Argynnis Laurina, n. v. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XV; Figure 134, Male, taken with Laura, June 20, 
 
 1888; Author. 
 Laurina is an unsilvered Laura. It flies with Laura, occurring 
 in both sexes, and on the upper side cannot always be dis- 
 tinguished from Laura, but on the underside both the fore and 
 the hind wings are very different, as is fairly well shown by the 
 Plate, the apices of fore wings and the margins of hind wings 
 being overlaid with a buffy color that covers up the spots and 
 markings, and the usual silver spots of hind wings are not silvered 
 at all, being flat buff, as pallid as in Adiante ; though in the female 
 a few of the apical spots will occasionally show a faint silvering. 
 
Butterflies of the West Coast 
 
 /.fiw. 
 
 WA'^W^'M 
 
GENUS ARGYNNIS 139 
 
 This variety was discussed by Mr. Edwards and myself for 
 some time before he retired from the pursuit of butterflies, and 
 it was his intention to pubHsh it as Argynnis Wrighti ; but as he 
 never did so publish it, I will now give it the varietal name 
 Laurina. 
 
 135. Argynnis Macaria. 
 
 Plate XV ; Figures 135, a, aa, b, c. 
 
 F>g- 135. Male, Greenhorn Mountains, June, 1888; 
 Author. 
 
 a, Male, Greenhorn Mountains, June, 1888; 
 
 Author, 
 aa, Male, underside. Greenhorn Mountains, June, 
 1888; Author. 
 
 b, Female, Greenhorn Mountains, June, 1888; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside. Greenhorn Mountains, June, 
 
 1888; Author. 
 As compared with Laura, Macaria is a trifle larger in size, and 
 is paler in color. There is a peculiar feature in Macaria that does 
 not appear in any other California Argynnis, namely, that in some 
 specimens there is a paling or a fading out of the basal part of all 
 wings from the body half way across the wings ; this paling is 
 apparent in the Plate in figT.ire a; the female, h, also shows a little 
 of the same paleness at base. This feature is seen in about one- 
 third of the specimens of Marcaria that I have ever taken, and, 
 being not uncommon, is, evidently, part and parcel of the species. 
 
 136. Argynnis Semiramis. 
 
 Plate XVI ; Figures 136, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 136, Male, San Bernardino Mountains, May, 1887; 
 Author. 
 
 b. Female, San Bernardino Mountains, June, 1899 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, San Bernardino Mountains, 
 
 June, 1902 ; Author. 
 Semiramis was discovered by the Author about twenty years 
 ago, on the San Bernardino mountains, and was named by Ed- 
 wards in a year or two afterwards. No other Argynnid flies on 
 these mountains, but Semiramis is abundant enough, and holds 
 complete possession. I have not taken this species on any other 
 
140 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 mountain, so that it is apparently more restricted in range than 
 any other Argynnid of the West Coast. The key to the species is 
 the peculiar obsolescence of the markings on upper side of the 
 hind wings, especially near anal angles. Semiramis is very fond 
 of feeding on flowers, particularly the blossoms of thistles, 
 brodiaeas, and a species of dwarf vaccinium that grows in dense 
 masses on the mountain top, and the scattered plants of yerba 
 santa. The range in altitude is from 3,500 to 6,000 feet elevation. 
 
 137. Argynnis Inornata. 
 
 Plate XVI ; Figures 137, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 137, Male, Tenino, Wash., August 10, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Tenino, Wash., August 10, 1891 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside. Mount Shasta, Cal., August 
 
 25 ; Author. 
 Inornata is a butterfly that can live on the plains or upon the 
 mountains, as it chooses, being exceptional in that respect. In 
 size Inornata is rather large, and both sexes have strong dark 
 markings on upper side, and strong and distinct beneath. It is 
 quite a question as to where the "inornate" cognomen applies, 
 unless it may be in the absence of silver on the spots beneath. It 
 is the darkest butterfly on the West Coast, the markings being very 
 broad and black, and the basal parts of the wings also very dark. 
 
 138. Argynnis Adiante. 
 
 Plate XVI ; Figures 139, b, c, aa. 
 
 Fig. 139, Male, Coast Mountains of Central California, 
 June, 1893 ; Author. 
 
 b, Female, Coast Mountains of Central California, 
 
 June, 1893 ; Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside. Coast Mountains of Central 
 
 California, June, 1889; Author, 
 aa, Male, aberrant. Coast Mountains of Central 
 California, June, 1889; Author. 
 Adiante is very peculiarly marked; on the upper side it re- 
 sembles Semiramis, and on the under side it emphasizes the pallid 
 obsolescene of Laurina, neither of which species lives anywhere 
 near to Adiante's habitat, and both of which are interior mountain 
 species, while Adiante inhabits a narrow strip of sea coast hills 
 near San Francisco, and is not found outside that restricted dis- 
 
GENUS ARGYNNIS 141 
 
 trict, the hills of which are only a few hundred feet in elevation. 
 Adiante has a weakness for sipping water at damp places by the 
 roadside, and most of my specimens were taken under those con- 
 ditions. 
 
 Figure aa of the Plate is photographic copy of a peculiar aber- 
 rant form, in which the pallid overwashing of the underside seems 
 to have overflowed upon the upper. At the time of collection I 
 noticed the abnormal appearance of the butterfly as it was flying 
 about, and chased it desperately till I got it. 
 
 139. Argynnis Atossa. 
 
 No figure. 
 Atossa is a species that I have never met, although I have 
 hunted over the ground where it is said to fly, many times, both 
 before and after it was found. It is after the pattern of Adiante, 
 with the upper side obsolescent, and the underside still more pallid 
 or covered over with the overwash that obliterates the spots of 
 the underside that are usually silvered. Atossa is said to fly in 
 the Tehachapi Mountains, at the altitude of about 4,500 feet. 
 
 140. Argynnis Eurynome. 
 
 Plate XVI ; Figures 140, a, b. 
 
 Fig. 140, Male, Middle Park, Colorado, no date; Dr. 
 William Barnes. 
 
 a, Male, underside, Middle Park, Colorado, no 
 
 date; Dr. William Barnes. 
 
 b. Female, Central Montana, July 22, 1892; 
 
 Author. 
 Eurynome inhabits the mountains and high plateaux of the in- 
 terior country east of the Cascade Range, in Colorado, Montana, 
 and British America, and it may be found in the whole of the 
 interior region up to the Cascades, though I have never heard of 
 such an occurrence, therefore I have included it in the list of our 
 fauna. It has a greenish tint on underside of hind wings. 
 
 141. Argynnis Bischoffi. 
 
 Plate XVI ; Figure 141, Male, Yukon River, from B. 
 Neumcegen, 1881 (?). 
 Bischofii has somewhat the appearance of the preceding, Eury- 
 nome, and has been called the northern form of that species ; it 
 has also on the underside the greenish or olive-greenish tint that 
 marks Eurynome; it is a little smaller, and darker, as befits its 
 
142 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 more northern habitat. The green of underside occurs in rounded 
 spots, rather than in lines and stripes, as in the three green 
 species before mentioned. 
 
 Bischoffi was first taken at or near Sitka, but I did not see one 
 while I was there, in July, though I looked for some. Probably 
 it was too early in the season. 
 
 142. Argynnis Montivaga. 
 
 Plate XVI ; Figures 142, a, b. 
 
 Fig. 142, Male, Truckee, Cal., July, 1893 ; Author. 
 
 a, Male, underside, Truckee, Cal, July, 1893; 
 
 Author. 
 
 b. Female, Truckee, Cal., July, 1893 ; Author. 
 Montivaga is a mountain butterfly, inhabiting the slopes and 
 
 low»r heights of the Sierra Nevadas, particularly on the eastern 
 side, and is found at an elevation of nearly 8,000 feet, though its 
 favorite habitat is lower down the slopes. It is very abundant in- 
 deed in some places. 
 
 143. Argynnis Arge. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XVII ; Figures 143, a, b. 
 
 Fig. 143, Male, Truckee, Cal., July, 1892; Author. 
 
 a, Male, underside, Truckee, Cal., July, 1892; 
 
 Author. 
 
 b, Female, Truckee, Cal., July, 1892 ; Author. 
 Arge was named by Strecker, who claimed to have a large num- 
 ber of them, but who, nevertheless, seemed to be in doubt some- 
 what about this form. As his writings are not readily available, 
 I will quote his remarks: "Smaller than Eurynome; expanse i]^ 
 to I ^ inches ; more red in color ; sometimes mistaken for Mon- 
 tivaga; may be a Pacific coast variety of Eurynome. Beneath, 
 the fore wings are tinged with red, except along costa; some- 
 times three or four marginal lunules nearest apex are silvered, 
 oftener not. Hind wings beneath are reddish-buff, palest be- 
 tween the marginal lunules and the last row of silver spots, but 
 nowhere dark; spots comparatively smaller than in Eurynome, 
 all silvered, but not as heavily as in Eurynome ; no tinge of green 
 whatever in any example." 
 
 Now in all my experience I have never taken an Argynnid as 
 small as i^ inch in expanse. As to Eurynome, the green of the 
 hind wings beneath is one of the cardinal features, and when 
 
Butterflies of the West Coast. 
 
GENUS BRENTHIS 143 
 
 Strecker cut that line he divorced Arge from Eurynome forever. 
 Arge, therefore, is a form of Montivaga, "for which it is some- 
 times mistaken." The color of underside of hind wing is 
 flesh-red. 
 
 144. Argynnis Erinna. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XVII ; Figures 144, a, b. 
 
 Fig. 144, Male, Summit, Cal., 7,500 feet altitude, July, 
 1892; Author. 
 
 a, Male, underside. Summit, Cal., 7,500 feet alti- 
 
 tude, July, 1892; Author. 
 
 b, Female, Summit, Cal. 7,500 feet altitude, July, 
 
 1892 ; Author. 
 This is a mountain butterfly, like the two preceding and the 
 following species, and inhabits the same range of mountains. The 
 characters of Erinna, as compared with its allies, are smaller size, 
 deeper color, base of wings darker, black markings more heavy, 
 and on underside of hind wing the spots are buffy and unsilvered, 
 with the band scarcely less paler than the disk. 
 
 145. Argynnis Egleis. 
 
 Plate XVII ; Figures 145, a, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 145, Male, Truckee, Cal., June, 1886 ; Author. 
 
 a. Male, underside, Truckee, Cal., June, 1886; 
 
 Author. 
 
 b. Female, Donner Lake, Cal., June, 1886; Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Truckee, Cal., June, 1886; 
 
 Author. 
 Similar to the preceding ; a trifle larger in size, with the colora- 
 tion similar to Arge; on underside the flesh-red of Arge is re- 
 placed with brownish or yellowish ; the marginal lunules of the 
 female are silvered, but usually no others are silvered in either sex, 
 but are palest buff. In the Plate the pair of undersides shows 
 effectually the variation of colors in the sexes. 
 
 Genus BRENTHIS. 
 
 This genus is composed of six species belonging to our fauna, 
 all of them rather small in size, and all very similar in appearance 
 and in size. The aspect of the group is somewhat like that of 
 
144 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 Argynnis, but yet there are material differences on both sides, 
 which justify the separation of this group from the Argynnids, 
 although many writers include this group with the Argynnids. 
 The species of Brenthis are nearly all of them arctic, or nearly so, 
 in habitat. The sexes are indicated in the same way as the 
 Argynnids. 
 
 146. Brenthis Myrina. 
 
 Plate XVII ; Figures 146, a. 
 
 Fig. 146, Male, Nipegon, Ontario, no date ; D. Bruce. 
 
 a, Male, underside, no data ; from W. H. Edwards. 
 This little butterfly is found in British America, and also in 
 
 Alaska, at St. Michaels. It is very well known, but I have never 
 seen it in flight, though presumably it flies within the territory 
 treated of in this book. 
 
 146a. Brenthis Pales. 
 
 No figure. 
 This is merely a variety of the preceding, and it is a form with 
 which I am unacquainted, and there is no literature in American 
 publications referring to or describing it. 
 
 147. Brenthis Triclaris. 
 
 Plate XVII ; Figures 147, b. 
 
 Fig. 147, Male, Colorado Mountains, no data ; from W. H. 
 Edwards. 
 
 b. Female, underside. Middle Park, Colo. ; from 
 
 Mr. Nash. 
 This species is not yet noted as having been taken within our 
 territory, but it is common in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, 
 and I know of no reason why it should not be taken on the moun- 
 tains of the West Coast, or of British Columbia. 
 
 148. Brenthis Helena. 
 
 Plate XVII ; Figures 148, a. 
 
 Fig. 148, Male, from Colorado, no data ; received from 
 W. H. Edwards, 
 a, Male, underside, from Colorado, no data; re- 
 ceived from W. H. Edwards. 
 Helena is, like the preceding, from the Rocky Mountains, and 
 it is very likely that it will be found in many of the mountains of 
 the West Coast, in good time. 
 
Butterflies of the West Coast. 
 
GENUS BRENTHIS 145 
 
 149. Brenthis Freija. 
 
 Plate XVII ; Figures 149, a, b. 
 
 Fig. 149, Male, Rocky Mountains of Colorado, no data; 
 Dr. Barnes. 
 
 a, Male, underside, Rocky Mountains of Colorado, 
 
 no data; W. H. Edwards. 
 
 b. Female, Middle Park, Rocky Mountains, no 
 
 data; Dr. Barnes. 
 This is strictly an arctic butterfly, and is found from Labrador 
 across the continent to near Behring Straits, and St. Michaels is 
 the most southern point at which it has ever been taken that I have 
 heard of, yet it is common apparently in Colorado, at no great alti- 
 tude ; there is no visible reason why it should not be abundant in 
 the mountains of the West Coast, south of St. Michaels. 
 
 150. Brenthis Frigga. 
 
 Plate XVII; Figure 150, Male, Western Colorado, no 
 data ; Dr. Barnes. 
 This is another of those Rocky Mountain species that has not 
 yet been taken in the mountains of the West Coast, although there 
 is no apparent reason for its absence. 
 
 151. Brenthis Epithore. 
 
 Plate XVII; Figure 151; Vancouver Island, June 21, 
 1891; Author; 151 b. Female, underside. 
 This is a common thing on the West Coast, being found as far 
 south as Mendocino County, on the hills, everywhere in fact except 
 the plains and the high mountains. It flies north to St. Michaels, 
 Alaska, and doubtless to the Arctic Ocean. It is of very gentle 
 flight, and is easily taken. In the more southern part of its range 
 it becomes lighter in coloration, and is then known by another 
 name, as follows : 
 
 152: Brenthis Kremhild. 
 
 Plate XVII; Figure 152, Male, San Francisco Mts., Ari- 
 zona, 1887; F. Stephens. 
 Kremhild is the southern form of Epithore, and is found in 
 Utah and Arizona; but it seems to be separated from the places 
 where Epithore is found by some few degrees of latitude and of 
 longitude; a sort of neutral ground, wherein neither form will 
 live. That singular feature, however, is not peculiar to this 
 
146 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 butterfly alone, but other species, as closely allied as these two, ap- 
 parently, have the same peculiarity, and will not occupy adjoining 
 territory, but maintain a strip of neutral territory which neither 
 will inhabit. 
 
 Genus MELITiEA. 
 
 This genus, like Anthocharis, is chiefly western ; only two 
 species are found in the Eastern States, while on the West Coast 
 very many diflEerent species are found, the mountains especially 
 being rich in the various forms. I have much pleasure in introduc- 
 ing to the world in this book several hitherto unknown and beau- 
 tiful species of Melitsea, some of them, in fact most of them, hav- 
 ing lain dormant in my cabinet for many years, awaiting this 
 opportunity. 
 
 The genus characters are similar to those of Argynnis. 
 
 The sex-marks of all the Melitaeas are : The male has a circular 
 hairy brush at the tip of the abdomen ; the female lacks the brush, 
 the abdomen runs to a point, and has a sort of step or notch on the 
 underside, which, in the larger kinds is quite marked. 
 
 Most or all of the Melitaeas lay their eggs in masses on the plant, 
 and in the early stages the larvae are gregarious, later separating. 
 
 The food-plants are chiefly those of the scrophularia family, the 
 pentstemons being perhaps the one plant especially favored by 
 them, but many other plants will be eaten by the larvae before they 
 will starve. 
 
 153. Melitaea Cooperi. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XVIII; Figures 153, b, c. 
 Fig. 153, Male, Spokane, Wash., May 16, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 b, Female, Northern California, June, 1892; Author. 
 
 c, Male, underside; from' O. T. Baron, 1887 (?). 
 Size, 1.7 inches; brown-black on upper side, the light spots be- 
 ing light buff. There is a marginal row of red lunules around 
 both wings, on hind wings sometimes obsolescent. The key to the 
 species is the single row of light spots sub-marginal on hind 
 wing, the second or inner row of light spots being absent. It is 
 said that the types were taken on Mt. Hood, but when I was there 
 I did not see the species, although I looked for it, hoping to set- 
 tle a doubt. 
 
GENUS MELIT^A 14T 
 
 154. Melitaea Colon. 
 
 Plate XVIII ; Figures 154, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 154, Male, Eel River Bridge, Cal., May, 1894; Author. 
 
 b, Female, Mendocino County, Cal., June 20, 1893 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c, Male, underside, Mendocino County, Cal., June 
 
 22, 1894; Author. 
 
 Colon is a hill species of Northern California, inhabiting the 
 open places in the partially wooded country, where it is common. 
 The types are said to have been taken on Mt. Hood, but I believe 
 that the collector made a little mistake about that locality. 
 
 Colon is two inches or more in expanse ; it is black in color 
 rather than brown-black ; the light spots are a little more dark 
 buflf than the preceding Cooperi ; and the key to the species is the 
 double row of sub-marginal light spots on upper side of hind 
 wing, and the obsolete marginal red lunules on both wings, though 
 sometimes the second row of light spots is obsolescent, more or 
 less, as all these species are variable. 
 
 155. Melitaea'Quino.j Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XVIII; Figures 155, b. 
 
 Fig- 155, Male, Mendocino County, Cal, June, 1893; 
 Author, 
 b, Female, underside, Mendocino County, Cal., June, 
 1894; Author. 
 Quino is the largest, the most strikingly marked, and the least- 
 known Melitasa of all the old species of California. Male, expanse 
 two inches ; brown-black on upper side, or, as Henry Edwards 
 writes, "Black abounds, and overshadows both white and red ; 
 and Quino has all the markings of underside broadly and con- 
 spicuously edged with black." And Mr. Edwards, of all men, 
 was best acquainted with Quino, and best able to describe it. Be- 
 fore Dr. Behr's death I applied three times to see Quino, without 
 success, so that I concluded he had no Quino examples ; and now 
 that Dr. Behr is dead, his successors appear to be unable to 
 identify Quino. The description of Quino is so brief and so indef- 
 inite that it is of but little value in a complex genus like Melitaea, 
 so that the words above quoted are the best description extant of 
 Quino. Students are referred to Papilio, 1881, p. 52. 
 
 
148 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 156. Melitaea Baroni. 
 
 Plate XVIII ; Figures 156, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 156, Male, Mendocino County, Cal, June, 1891 ; 
 Author. 
 
 b, Male, Mendocino County, Cal., June, 1894; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c. Female, Mendocino County, Cal., June, 1878 ( ?) ; 
 
 O. T. Baron. 
 Size, 1.75 inches; above, black, not brown-black, all spots 
 small ; underside, intense reddish over the whole ; the red color 
 is not adequately represented on the plate ; the black lines usually 
 present are obsolescent, or mostly absent. Fig. 156 is one of the 
 less red on upper side, and Fig. & is a redder example ; the third, 
 c, is a typical, given me about 1879, by Mr. Baron, who discovered 
 the species and for whom it was named. In later years I have 
 often visited the typical locality and have taken many fine exam- 
 ples. When fresh, the red color is peculiarly bright and intense, 
 but unfortunately the red fades immediately, and after a while 
 the color is not much different from the red of Rubicunda. In 
 this statement as to fading I include the upper and under sides, 
 but as the under side has much more red on it, the fading is more 
 obvious there. 
 
 157. Melitaea Chalcedon. 
 
 Plate XVIII ; Figures 157, b. 
 
 Fig. 157, Male, Southern California, May, 1890; Author. 
 
 b. Female, underside, S. B. Mts., June 10, 1889; 
 
 Author. 
 
 In Southern California Chalcedon is the most common butterfly 
 
 that waves its wings in the air. It flies in countless millions. It 
 
 inhabits the plains, and the hills, and the mountain sides to an 
 
 elevation of 5,000 feet, finding its larval food-plant wherever it 
 
 goes. For the larvae are feeders on the most common plants, that 
 
 grow everywhere, namely, the scrophulariaceae, which in some 
 
 form or other grows universally. In Lower California I 
 
 found the larvae on a little wild rose, R. minutifolia, and I raised 
 
 the larvae to find what the species was that fed on rose. The 
 
 larval habits vary with the environment ; in the warm valleys, 
 
 where there is but little winter weather, the larvae are solitary, 
 
 and hibernate without protection, but on the cold mountain heights 
 
GENUS MELIT^A 149 
 
 where snow and ice prevail for several months during the winter, 
 the larvae are gregarious, and hibernate in a web. The butterfly 
 Chalcedon is perhaps the oldest of our butterflies, having been 
 named in 1847, ^"d has been illustrated several times in various 
 works, and once, by mistake, doubtless, erroneously. 
 
 158. Melitaea Dwinelli. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 
 Plate XVIII; Figures 158, a. Males, S. Cal., May (?), 
 June (?), 1885 (?); Author. 
 
 Dwinelli is a variety of Chalcedon in which the fore wings are 
 suffused with red or yellow ; I figure one example of each. The 
 variety was first observed in 1881, in some specimens from the 
 Mount Shasta region of Northern California, collected by Mr. 
 Herman Dwinell, a young man of promise, who, unfortunately, 
 soon died, leaving this name as his only monument. At that time 
 the variety was found in both sexes, but I have never seen any 
 but male specimens ; though this is contrary to the ordinary hap- 
 penings of such things, as usually the female sex is much more 
 addicted to variations of all sorts than the males. The exact date 
 of the capture of these specimens is uncertain, and is now merely 
 guessed at. Three or four are all that I have ever taken, and all 
 of them were taken in Riche Canyon, near Colton. 
 
 Fusimaculata is the name given by Dr. Barnes to a variety of 
 Chalcedon, said to have come frorri California, but no data are 
 given as to time or place. This variation is on the fore wings, 
 where the three outer rows of spots are fused as if rubbed together 
 in a horizontal way; no spots in cell; hind wings have long, 
 rectangular yellow spots between the nerves. Beneath, the fusion 
 is more marked than above ; the basal spots are black instead of 
 yellow. 
 
 Mariana is another name given by the same author to another 
 variation of Chalcedon, and again, no data of time or place given. 
 It is called a black Chalcedon, having only a marginal row of red 
 spots. The description does not mention any yellow spots on fore 
 wing, but notes a row of small mesial yellow spots on hind wing; 
 apparently, therefore, it is almost wholly black, unless some yellow 
 spottings are to be taken for granted. 
 
 159. Melitaea McGlashani. 
 
 Plate XVIII ; Figures 159, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 159, Male, Truckee, Cal, June 26, 1893; Author. 
 
150 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 b, Female, Truckee, Cal, June 27, 1893; Author. 
 
 c, Female underside, Truckee, Cal, June 27, 1893 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 McGlashani is a trifle more red on fore wings than Chalcedon, 
 but the species might easily be mistaken for Chalcedon, as the sys- 
 tem of markings is similar on each. These examples were taken 
 by me in the typical locality of the species, which is quite local. 
 
 The larvae feed on a species of pentstemon, a small plant less 
 than a foot in height, and on which I have secured eggs in abun- 
 dance, by confining the mature female in a small gauze bag, over 
 the plant. 
 
 160. Melitaea Olancha, n. s. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XVIII ; Figures 160, b. 
 
 Fig. 160, Male, Olancha Peak, Cal., August, 1891 ; F. 
 Stephens, 
 b. Female, underside, same place and same date. 
 
 Expanse, i^ to 1% ; black ; red marginal lunules to all wings ; 
 large chalky-white spots, on the Chalcedon plan, with four red 
 spots on the costal half of fore wing ; hind wing has three rows of 
 chalky-white spots ; basal area very black, with three or four small 
 white spots. Underside, all spots chalky-white, arranged as in 
 Chalcedon, all, except at inner angle of fore wing, lightly out- 
 lined with black ; on fore wing, between cell and apices, a large 
 black oval transverse spot. 
 
 A high mountain species, the highest known to me, taken at 
 about 11,000 feet elevation, on Olancha Peak, some thirty miles 
 south of Mt. Whitney ; a most difficult region ; on the dividing 
 line between the desert and the wooded, mountainous region of 
 the crest of the Sierra Nevadas. Taken by Mr. Stephens, the 
 California mammalogist and ornithologist. 
 
 161. Melitasa Editha. 
 
 Plate XVIII, Figures 161, a, b. 
 
 Fig. 161, Male, Tahoe, Cal., no data; received from Prof. 
 J. J. Rivers. 
 
 a, Male, underside, Tahoe, Cal., no data ; received 
 
 from Prof. J. J. Rivers. 
 
 b, Female, Tahoe, Cal., June 29, 1892 ; Author. 
 Editha and Rubicunda, the next species, are closely allied ; the 
 
 chief diiTerence seems to be in the tint of the red color ; Editha 
 
GENUS MELIT^A X51 
 
 spots are pale, or yellowish-red, and Rubicunda is a deeper, redder 
 red. I have placed these allied species close together here for 
 convenience of comparison, as always, through the book, where- 
 ever possible. Editha is smaller in size, and all the spots on upper 
 side are relatively larger, so that Rubicunda has a darker appear- 
 ance. 
 
 Editha ranges from Yosemite, north to the Oregon line, along 
 the eastern base of the Sierra Nevadas. I have it from Madeleine 
 Plains, in Northeastern California, taken by Mr. Stephens. 
 
 162. Melitaea Rubicunda. 
 
 Plate XVIII ; Figures 162, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 162, Male, Russian River Valley, Cal., June 10, 1894; 
 Author. 
 
 b, Female, Russian River Valley, Cal., June 10, 
 
 1894; Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Russian River Valley, Cal., 
 
 June 10, 1894 ; Author. 
 The most common Melitasa of Northern California, flying in 
 uncounted millions all over the northern parts of California, 
 chiefly on the plains and hills, not so commonly on the higher 
 mountains. Larger than Editha, and looks blacker because the 
 red and yellow spots are smaller and do not cover so much of the 
 black ; and the red spots are of a deeper red color, as stated in 
 Editha. Rubicunda is affected with the same variability as de- 
 lineated in Dwinelli, where the fore wing is suffused with a 
 brownish-yellow ; I have specimens of this variation, but do not 
 think them worthy of a place here, having already figured a simi- 
 lar suffusion. 
 
 163. Melitaea Sierra, n. s. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plati; XVIII ; Figures 163, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 163, Male, Sierra Nevadas, July, 1892 ; Author. 
 
 b, Female, Sierra Nevadas, July, 1892; Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Sierra Nevadas, July, 1892; 
 
 Author. 
 
 Size, large ; expanse, i^ to 2 inches ; very red in color, both 
 
 wings nearly covered with pale red, and most of the buffy spots 
 
 overwashed with the red, the female particularly being very red, 
 
 even the base of hind wings is invaded with a large red spot, so 
 
153 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 that it is half red. On underside, both wings are evenly covered 
 with same tint of pale red, and all buffy spots faintly outlined with 
 black. 
 
 This charming red beauty I found on the slope of the moun- 
 tains, at an altitude of about S,ooo or 6,000 feet. It is apparently 
 a member of the Editha group, with the same plan of markings, 
 but two or three steps redder, being, in fact, the reddest large 
 Melitaea that is known to me. It is rather active in flight for a 
 Melit^ea, and led the hunter a lively race. I have much pleasure 
 in presenting these illustrations of this exquisite new species, and 
 in introducing to the public this new and hitherto unknown mem- 
 ber of the butterfly family. 
 
 164. Melitsea Taylori. 
 
 Plate XVIII ; Figures 164, b, Male and Female ; Vane. 
 Island, July, 1890; Author. 
 This is a northern species, belonging to the Rubicunda group, 
 but much smaller in size, and the red and buffy spots are much 
 more sharply cut and distinct than Rubicunda, so that the colors 
 look bright and contrasty. It is abundant in the Puget Sound 
 country, on Vancouver Island, and on the mainland adjoining. 
 
 165. Melitaea Anicia. Not elsewhere illustrated in America. 
 
 Plate XIX; Figure 165, Male; no data, from Colorado; 
 T. L. Mead. 
 
 Anicia inhabits the Great Basin between the Rocky Mountains 
 and the Sierra Nevadas, and in the more northern countries along 
 the Canadian border it is said to come west into Washington and 
 British Columbia, but I have never taken it myself in any part of 
 the West Coast territory. 
 
 This species has several different forms, and to illustrate them 
 I will figure four of the different varieties, those which are most 
 likely to be met with in our West Coast mountains, namely, Anicia, 
 Wheeleri, Brucei, and Beani. All of these forms are strictly 
 mountain butterflies, with a high altitude habitat. 
 
 This figure of Anicia is a good illustration of the male ; the 
 female is larger and paler, as in all Melitseas. Although this is one 
 of the very oldest species to become known, singular to say, it has 
 not before this been illustrated in America. 
 
Butterflies of the West Coast. 
 
GENUS MELIT^A 153 
 
 i66. Melitaea Wheeleri. Not illustrated elsewhere. 
 
 Plate XIX; Fig. i66, Male, from Colorado; Dr. Barnes. 
 This has by one or two writers been classed as a variety of 
 Nubigena, but it belongs here, as a variety of Anicia. It is pecu- 
 liar in having a creamy base to the hind wings, this part being 
 almost universally black in all buterflies, and this is about the only 
 exception to the rule. Wheeleri may be looked for on the Sierra 
 Nevadas, and any of the higher mountains of Oregon and Wash- 
 ington, and in the Yellowstone Park. 
 
 167. Melitaea Brucei. Not illustrated elsewhere. 
 
 Plate XIX ; Fig. 167, Female, Rocky Mountains of Colo- 
 rado; D. Bruce. 
 This is another of the varieties of Anicia; it comes from the 
 high mountains of Colorado, and is likely to be met with on the 
 higher elevations of the Northwestern States, Wyoming, Idaho, 
 Oregon and Washington. Little is known about it ; indeed, I am 
 not aware that any collector but Mr. Bruce ever took the variety ; 
 he first found it and it was named for him. 
 
 168. Melitaea Beani. 
 
 Plate XIX ; Figure 168, Rocky Mountains of Alberta ; 
 from Dr. Barnes. 
 This, the third and last variety that I shall illustrate of the dif- 
 ferent forms of Anicia, is found on the eastern slope of the Rocky 
 Mountains along the line of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, well 
 up on the alpine peaks. Found by, and named for, Mr. Bean, an 
 official of the road in that region. It is very dark, as befits a cold 
 mountain species. Presumably it will sooner or later be found on 
 some of the mountains of the western slope, in British Columbia 
 or Washington. 
 
 i6g. Melitaea Augusta. 
 
 Plate XIX ; Figures 169, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 169, Male, Potato Canyon, Cal., April 22, 1890; 
 Author. 
 
 b, Female, San Bernardino Mts., May, 1886; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c. Female, San Bernardino Mts., June, 1903; 
 
 Author. 
 
154 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 Augusta is a local, southern Melitaea, and is known only from 
 the southern counties of the State of California, and especially 
 from the three counties of San Diego, Riverside, and San Ber- 
 nardino, in which counties it is quite abundant in the proper sea- 
 son, particularly along the sea coast of San Diego County, and 
 in the mountains of San Bernardino County. I believe it to be 
 more abundant in the Mexican State of Baja California than in 
 any place in the State of California. 
 
 There are three broods ; an early one from chrysalides that have 
 wintered over in the pupa state, and two later ones, the last one, 
 in June, forming the chrysalides that will winter over for emer- 
 gence in the early spring of the next year. The early brood is 
 much smaller, and is markedly darker in color, especially on the 
 fore wings, insomuch that at some future day it may be known 
 by a separate name, as a seasonal form of Augusta; this early, 
 dark form is not represented on the plate. In it, the black of fore 
 wings is broadened or emphasized at the expense of the red and 
 white. 
 
 This species was discovered by the Author in the foothills about 
 San Bernardino, and in 1890 Mr. Edwards named it for Mrs. 
 Wright, who had then passed on to the butterfly lands of the 
 next world. 
 
 The larval food-plant, as ascertained by Mrs. Brandegee, of 
 San Diego, is Plantago patagonica, a small, grass-like plant only 
 two to four inches high. I have myself never been able to observe 
 the ovipositing of the eggs or the feeding of the larvae. 
 
 170. Melitaea Augustina, n. v. Not illustrated elsewhere. 
 
 Plate XIX ; Figures 170, a, S. B. Mts., April, 1891 ; 
 Author. 
 Augustina was taken with Augusta at a time and place when 
 there were no other Melitseas in flight, and undoubtedly it is a 
 variety or aberration of Augusta. As the specimen is unique, I 
 had to detach the left wings in order to show the underside ; the 
 photographic figure shows a very singular plan of markings, 
 unlike anything I have ever seen elsewhere. The example is male ; 
 and males are seldom liable to aberration or variation, but it has 
 the appearance of an aberration, being almost too extreme for a 
 merely variant form. I have named it "the little Augusta." 
 
GENUS MELIT;EA 155 
 
 171. Melitaea Nubigena. 
 Plate XIX ; Figures 171, a. 
 
 Fig. 171, Male, Colorado, no data; received from D. 
 Bruce. 
 
 a. Male, underside, no data; received from D. 
 
 Bruce. 
 
 Nubigena is a mountain butterfly, inhabiting the Rocky Moun- 
 tains and the mountains of the Great Basin, in Utah, Nevada, and 
 all the States to the north, and the southern provinces of Can- 
 ada. I do not know that it has ever been taken in any of the West 
 Coast States proper, but it is very probable that it may be found 
 in the mountains of Idaho and of Eastern Oregon and Washing- 
 ton. 
 
 V. Capella, Barnes, a variety of Nubigena, occurring in Colo- 
 rado, has been named Capella, but I know nothing of it. Pre- 
 sumably it is a local form, not coming to the West Coast region. 
 
 172. Melitaea Helvia. 
 
 No figure. 
 Helvia was taken at Ramparts, on the Yukon River, probably in 
 the year 1868; the collector's name is unknown to me; but one 
 specimen was taken, and that one is supposed to have been lost in 
 the great fire at Chicago, so as it never was figured, it is lost com- 
 pletely. For, in a complex genus like Melitaea a description in 
 words only will scarcely suffice to hold the name. 
 
 173. Melitaea Sterope. 
 
 No figure. 
 "Size, 1.80 to 1.90. Blackish-brown above, with light mark- 
 ings. Beneath, hind wings, marginal crescents with edging of 
 black on both sides, and within this row is a black band that con- 
 tains a series of yellowish dots, each white-pupilled ; base, yellow- 
 ish, with six white spots." As this is a species quite unknown to 
 me, I have given the main points of the description. I have hunted 
 butterflies in Oregon a good deal, but I never happened to meet 
 this butterfly. It has never been figured. 
 
 174. Melitaea Gabbi. 
 
 Plate XIX; Figures 174, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 174, Male, Southern California, 1885; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Southern California, 1899; Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside. Southern California, 1903; 
 
 Author. 
 
156 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 Gabbi is a southern species, being found in southern California 
 and in the southern parts of Nevada, and Utah, and in Arizona. 
 It is the first one of the three "pearly spots," the light spots on the 
 underside of hind wing being so lustrous that they might almost 
 be called silver. This pearly luster is not properly shown on the 
 plate, as it is one of those things that cannot be caught by the 
 photographic process. 
 
 Gabbi is an early spring bird, very slow and gentle in flight, 
 and stopping often to rest, alighting on the ground and waving 
 its wings wide open, as if enjoying itself greatly. It frequents 
 the foothills and the lower canyons and open valleys, but is never 
 seen on the hilltops or in exposed places. 
 
 175. Melitaea Acastus. 
 
 Plate XIX ; Figures 175, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 175, Male, Pasco, Eastern Washington, July, 1891 ; 
 Author. 
 
 b. Female, Pasco, Eastern Washington, July, 1891 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Pasco, Eastern Washington, 
 
 July, 1891 ; Author. 
 This species is of more northern habitat than Gabbi ; it is not 
 seen south of the Tehachapi Mountains. I have taken it on the 
 Tehachapi, and the Greenhorns, and thence northward to the 
 plains of Eastern Washington ; and as the conditions hold good, 
 it is likely to go far north into the provinces of Canada at the 
 eastern base of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 176. Melitaea Palla. 
 
 Plate XIX; Figures 176, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 176, Male, Sierra Nevadas of Central California, July, 
 1892; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Summit, Cal., June 30, 1892 ; Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside. Summit, Cal., June 30, 1892; 
 
 Author. 
 
 Palla is a still more northern species than the last ; it flies from 
 the mountains of Central California through all the intermediate 
 countries to Alaska at St. Michaels. The spots of underside are 
 less pearly than the two preceding species. It is altogether a 
 mountain flyer and is not seen in the plains and valleys of the 
 States, but, of course, it flies on the plains at the far north. 
 
Butterflies of the West Coast 
 
GENUS MELIT^A 157 
 
 177. Melitaea Whitneyi. 
 
 Plate XIX; Figures 177, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 177, Male, Summit, Cal., June 28, 1892; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Summit, Cal., June 28, 1892 ; Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside. Summit, Cal., June 28, 1892; 
 
 Author. 
 This is a mountain butterfly like the two preceding, but its range 
 is quite limited as compared with those two ; it is common about 
 Lake Tahoe, and it comes as far south as the Greenhorn Moun- 
 tains, and it is also common in Nevada, or at least, that part of 
 Nevada that lies next to California ; it is not known far to the east 
 of the Sierra Nevada range of mountains. 
 
 178. Melitaea Eremita, n. s. Not illustrated elsewhere. 
 Plate XIX; Figures 178, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 178, Male, Central California, June, 1894; Author. 
 
 b, Female, Central California, June, 1894; Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Central California, June, 
 
 1894; Author. 
 
 Expanse, 1.60 to 1.85; ground-color, brownish-black; a thin 
 marginal line of red spots, and a sub-marginal line of small or- 
 ange angled or lunular spots across both wings, an inner line 
 or row across both wings of yellow or red ; discal band of yellow- 
 ish oval spots ; base, black with obsolescent spots. Beneath, fore 
 wing marked after the pattern of Whitneyi, but clearer and with 
 more black, the hind wing after the pattern of Whitneyi, and with 
 the row of red spots outside the mesial band ocellated with yellow. 
 
 This fine new species was taken by me in a hilly region in Cen- 
 tral California. These two examples are all that were taken, 
 perhaps because at the time I did not realize the value of the 
 prize that had fallen to my net. The right-hand wings of the 
 female were broken off to show the underside, as I have no other 
 specimen. I have named it The Hermit because it kept itself hid- 
 den so long, in a favorite butterfly hunting ground. 
 
 179. Melitaea Hermosa, n. s. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XIX ; Figures 179, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 179, Male, Southern Arizona, July, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 b, Female, Southern Arizona, June, 1889; Author. 
 
 c, Male, underside. Southern Arizona, June, 1889; 
 
 Author. 
 
158 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 Expanse, 1.60 to 1.80. Both wings salmon-red color, with 
 markings of black and of pale buff, and in the male, of white. 
 Margins reddish ; the male has two sub-marginal rows of white 
 spots on a black ground on fore wing, with several costal and 
 cellular white spots, and all the other spots are salmon or flesh- 
 color. The female has no white spots, all the spots on the female, 
 and on hind wing of male, are pale flesh or buflfy. Beneath, the 
 spots of the male are white, with black lines, on a reddish ground. 
 
 This elegant new species was taken by the Author in Southern 
 Arizona, as noted above, and these three, together with three other 
 males, have stood in my cabinet all these years, labeled, "n. s., 
 undescribed," patiently awaiting this opportunity of displaying 
 their beauties to the world. The colors of the ornamentation are 
 different from any other Melitzea; the red is paled to salmon or 
 flesh color, and the yellow to nearly white. It is indeed a peculiar 
 thing, and one that only Arizona could furnish. 
 
 The name Hermosa is used as signifying handsome or beautiful, 
 for as I look at butterflies, this is the most exquisite Melitaea that 
 flies in America today. 
 
 180. Melitaea Colonia, n. s. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XX ; Figures 180, a, b. 
 Fig. 180, Male, Mt. Hood, Oregon, August, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 a, Male, underside, Mt. Hood, Oregon, August, 
 
 1 891 ; Author. 
 
 b, Female, Mt. Hood, Oregon, August, 1891 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 Expanse, 1.50 to 1.55; ground color, black; a marginal series 
 of red lunules on both wings, confluent in the female ; a sub-mar- 
 ginal line of buflf-and-red linear dots across fore wings ; an inner 
 sub-marginal row of buff spots across both wings ; inside, another 
 row of red spots ; followed by the discal series of buff, and the 
 red and buff spots in the black base. Beneath, fore wings reddish, 
 with buff spots, not obsolete at base ; on hind wings the outer 
 series of buff spots is immediately followed by a red series, con- 
 fluent, forming a red band, and moreover, on upper side of female 
 hind wings, as well as on both sexes beneath, this red band reaches 
 inward and covers a third part of the usual mesial band of buff 
 spots, a peculiar feature, and not seen in any other Melitaea known 
 to me. 
 
GENUS MELIT^A 159 
 
 The types of Colon and this species being from the same place, 
 I have named this smaller and more beautiful one The Little Sis- 
 ter of Colon. Only these two figured examples were taken ; there- 
 fore, to show the peculiar overflow of the red over the buff, I had 
 to detach the left-hand wings of the male, for use on this plate. 
 
 i8i. Melitaea Sabina, n. s. Never before figured. 
 
 Plate XX; Figure i8i. Female, Catalina Mountains; Ari- 
 zona ; Carpenter. 
 
 Expanse, 1.65; all wings pale reddish, broadly spotted with 
 large buflfy-red spots, after the pattern of Palla, which seems to be 
 its closest relative. Beneath, the spots on hind wing are pearly- 
 white, like all the species of the Palla group. 
 
 This example was taken in the Catalina Mountains of South- 
 ern Arizona, by Mr. Carpenter, the exact date unknown, and sent 
 to me by W. H. Edwards, in 1889, with the injunction to "look 
 it up and publish it, as it is certainly a new species." It is a very 
 old and worn specimen, and for years I hoped to get others like it, 
 but it has remained all these years in my cabinet, alone, as I have 
 never seen another like it. The ornamentation is peculiar. 
 
 I have named it Sabina, after the canyon where it was taken, in 
 the Catalina Mountains. 
 
 182. Melitaea Hoffmanni. 
 
 Plate XX; Figures 182, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 182, Male, Sierra Nevadas of California, July, 1892 ; 
 Author. 
 
 b. Female, Sierra Nevadas of California, July, 
 
 1892; Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside. Sierra Nevadas of California, 
 
 July, 1892; Author. 
 Hoffmanni is a mountain species, frequenting the little valleys 
 about the high mountains. It is said to be found in the moun- 
 tains of nearly all the States of the Great Basin, between the Sierra 
 Nevadas and the Rocky Mountains. It is the mountebank among 
 butterflies, as it has all sorts of disguises and masks, showing many 
 strange variations and aberrations, two of which are depicted here 
 following. 
 
160 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 183. Melitaea Abnorma, n. v. Not elsewhere figured. 
 Plate XX; Figure 183, Female; b, same, underside, 
 
 Truckee, Cal., June, 1893 ; Author. 
 This is doubtless an aberration or extraordinary form of the 
 preceding, Hoffmanni, as it seems to bear the hall-mark of that 
 species, but it was found in a different habitat, as I have never 
 taken any Hoffmanni at this particular locality. 
 
 184. Melitaea Mirabilis, n. v. Not illustrated elsewhere. 
 Plate XX ; Figures 184, Female ; b, same, underside. 
 
 Lake County, Cal., May, 1894; Author. 
 This marvelous thing is perhaps another and an extreme aber- 
 ration of Hoffmanni, though the locality of capture is some two 
 hundred miles away from any known habitat of Hoffmanni ; still, 
 as in the preceding figure, it seems to bear the face of a Hoff- 
 manni, and so I consider it an aberration of that species. 
 
 185. Melitaea Cyneas. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 
 Plate XX; Figure 185, Female, Huachuca Mts. of Ari- 
 zona; Dr. Barnes. 
 This is properly a Mexican species, as it only enters American 
 territory a little at the southern boundary of Arizona. 
 
 186. Melitaea Leona, n. v. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XX ; Figures 186, b. 
 
 Fig. 186, Female, San Rafael, Cal., June, 1894; Author. 
 
 b. Female, underside, San Rafael, Cal., June, 1894; 
 Author. 
 
 Expanse, 1.90: The general appearance of the upper side is 
 that of a melanic Leanira, the buff spots on fore wing smaller, 
 and on hind wings obsolete or wanting ; on underside the yellow- 
 ish spots are quite unlike, as the curved row of six round spots is 
 absent altogether. 
 
 Leona appears to be a variety of Leanira, was taken in the terri- 
 tory of Leanira, incidentally, by the roadside, while passing 
 through the country on a camping butterfly hunt, in fact, was 
 supposed to be a Leanira until it was examined, later, at camp. 
 The example is unique, and, as in several other cases, one pair of 
 wings had to be detached in order to show the underside, because 
 in this butterfly, as in most instances, the marked variation is on 
 the underside. 
 
GENUS MELIT^A 161 
 
 187. Melitaea Leanira. Not correctly illustrated elsewhere. 
 Plate XX ; Figures 187, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 187, Male, no data, unknown collector. 
 
 b, Female, Northern California, 1880? O. T. Baron. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Lake County, Cal., June, 
 
 1892 ; Author. 
 
 This figure of the male was obtained by me from an unknown 
 collector at San Francisco, and is given here because of its small 
 size, it being the smallest I have seen ; the figures of the females 
 are of large sized examples, showing a wide variation. Leanira 
 flies in Northern California, and is the most northern member of 
 this group. It is rather solitary in habit, and is never found com- 
 monly or in numbers, as many kinds are ; this feature holds good 
 also with the other members of this group, that they are scatter- 
 ing, and nowhere abundant. 
 
 The group consists of Leanira, Wrighti, Cerrita, Alma. Cyneas 
 should be included if it were an American species ; also the varie- 
 ties Leona, previously illustrated, and Obsoleta, from the Rocky 
 Mountains. 
 
 188. Melitaea Wrighti. 
 
 Plate XX ; Figures 188, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 188, Male, Little Mountain, So. Cal., March 25, 1895 ; 
 Author. 
 
 b. Female, Riche Canyon, April 10, 1882; Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside. Foothills, S. B. Mountains, 
 
 1885 ; Author. 
 This is the Southern California representative of this group, 
 being more abundant here than elsewhere, and not extending far 
 from this particular region. It flies in spring and summer, but 
 is not seen on the wing in the later months. Not common any- 
 where, and only occasionally taken under the best circumstances. 
 
 189. Melitaea Cerrita, n. s. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XX ; Figures 189, a, b. 
 
 Fig. 189, Male, Southern California, May 19, 1896; 
 Author. 
 
 a, Male, underside, Southern California, May 19, 
 
 1896; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Southern California, May 19, 1896; 
 
 Author. 
 
162 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 Expanse, 1.20 to 1.50: Orange ground, paler in the male, with 
 indefinite blackish markings after the pattern of Wrighti, and 
 with whitish spots ; veins bordered blackish, heavily so in the 
 female. Beneath, fore wing is paler orange, spots light, obsolete ; 
 hind wing, white ground with scattering scales of brown ; black 
 band near base, as in Wrighti, enclosing a sub-quadrangular 
 white spot ; a narrow, blackish, mesial band enclosing six sub- 
 quadrangular white spots. 
 
 This seems to be the southern, sub-tropical member of this 
 group, and is allied to Alma, being redder, spots more obsolescent, 
 white, not yellow, basal area not yellow, and all black markings 
 indefinite. 
 
 The pair of examples here figured are uniques ; they were taken 
 while I was hunting for Wrighti, and in company with that 
 species. 
 
 190. Melitaea Alma. 
 
 Nio figure. 
 Only one male and one female known, one of them from Nor- 
 thern Arizona and the other from Southern Utah. The male is 
 figured in Strecker's Rho.-Het., Plate XV, 1876. According to 
 those figures Alma is patterned similar to Cerrita ; the upper side 
 is orange, with lighter, yellow spots, sharp edged black markings, 
 base black and bright yellow ; on underside the fore wing is col- 
 ored same as the upper side, with heavy yellow and black mark- 
 ings about same as on upper side, and very much heavier than on 
 Cerrita ; the hind wing is light-yellow, not white, like Cerrita ; the 
 base is clear yellow, without the sub-basal band of black, or any 
 spots or markings whatever similar to the black on Cerrita. 
 
 191. Melitaea Nympha. 
 Plate XX; Figure 191. 
 
 Fig. 191, Male, Southern Arizona; H. K. Morrison, 1880? 
 Nympha is properly a Mexican species, coming into American 
 territory only along the Southern Arizona border. 
 
 192. Melitaea Belli. 
 Plate XX ; Figure 192. 
 
 Fig. 192, Male, Southern Arizona, 1880? H. K. Morrison. 
 
 This little Melitaea flies in Arizona and Texas. I have never 
 
 seen it in flight ; this example was sent to me by that reliable col- 
 
Butterflies of the West Coast 
 
GENUS MELIT^A 163 
 
 lector, Mr. Morrison, under this name of Bolli, but I believe that 
 it is the same as the next species, Thekla ; if so, as Thekla was 
 named seven years earlier than Bolli, the latter name must be 
 dropped. 
 
 193. Melitaea Thekla. 
 
 Plate XX; Figure 193. 
 
 Fig. 193, Southeastern Arizona, 1880 ( ?) ; H. K. Morrison. 
 From the same locality, and evidently the same species as the 
 preceding. This is, I think, a female, and evidently makes a good 
 pair, so that I should say the name Bolli should be merged into 
 Thekla. I have retained both names because all the catalogues 
 contain both, and I am seeking to depict things as I find them. 
 
 194. Melitaea Minuta. 
 
 Plate XX ; Figures 194, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 194, Male, Southern Arizona, 1880? H. K. Morrison. 
 
 b. Female, Southern Arizona, 1880? H. K. Morri- 
 
 son. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Southern Arizona, 1880? H. 
 
 K. Morrison. 
 This is another species from the southern part of the Great 
 Basin country, where so many species are found that more prop- 
 erly belong in Mexico. Minuta is said to fly to Colorado, and 
 New Mexico. 
 
 195. Melitaea Chara. 
 
 Pirate XX; Figures 195, b. 
 
 Fig. 195, Male, Colorado Desert, April, 1891 ; Author, 
 b, Female, Colorado Desert, April, 1891 ; Author. 
 The word chara signifies "joy" ; this charming little butterfly is, 
 therefore, appropriately named. Chara lives in semi-desert places, 
 or, perhaps, it would be more correct to say that it lives in little 
 fertile nooks and bye-places which are surrounded by deserts and 
 desert mountains, in Southeastern California, Nevada, Utah, 
 Colorado and Arizona. The pattern of ornamentation is very 
 similar to that of Minuta, though the butterfly is of much smaller 
 size. 
 
 The larval food-plant of Chara is Beleperone Californica, a bush 
 three to five feet high, and bearing showy red flowers; the flowers 
 are used as a dye by the Indians. 
 
,.o^-» 
 
 164 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 196. Melitaea Perse. 
 
 Plate XX; Figure 196. 
 
 Fig. 196, Male, Southern Arizona, 1880? H. K. Morrison. 
 This is another, and the last, of those Mexican species that 
 sometimes come over the border into America, and are found 
 along the line in Arizona. 
 
 Genus PHYCIODES. 
 
 This genus is similar to the Melitaja, and at one time the Phyci- 
 odes were classed in with the MeHtaeas. The Phyciodes are all of 
 them about the same size, none very small nor any large, and all 
 look much alike, as you see by Plate XXI. 
 
 All the species are fond of feeding on flowers. They are of 
 gentle flight, stopping often to rest. When resting on the ground 
 or on twigs they have a habit of holding their wings out flat and 
 waving them up and down, as if fanning themselves. 
 
 Nearly all of the species are valley and foothill inhabitants, only 
 one of them going up into the mountains to any great height. 
 
 The sexes are so dissimilar that the ornamentation aff^ords usu- 
 ally sufficient identification ; the more technical points are similar 
 to the Melitaea genus. 
 
 The food-plants are not very well understood, and are noted in 
 the species paragraphs, wherever known, as the known plants are 
 of widely separated genera, in which point the Phyciodes are 
 somewhat out of the ordinary, as they should apparently use plants 
 of a particular order, as do the MeHtaeas. But their ways are not 
 as the Melitaeas' ways. 
 
 197. Phyciodes Nycteis. 
 
 ^V*"" Plate XXI ; Figure 197. 
 
 Fig. 197, Male, underside, Minnesota, 1880; H. Strecker. 
 The figure is a male of the eastern species Nycteis, that flies 
 from New England to Maryland, and west to the Rocky Moun- 
 tains, not being known to the westward of that range. It is shown 
 here to show the diiTerence between it and the Western form taken 
 by me at Pasco, Eastern Washington ; this latter being shown at 
 Fig. a, following. 
 
GENUS PHYCIODES 
 
 198. Phyciodes Pascoensis, n. s. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XXI ; Figures 198, a. 
 
 Fig. 198, Male, May 10, 1890; Author. 
 
 a, Male, underside, May 10, 1890; Author. 
 
 Pascoensis is the Western Nycteis. The upperside is very simi- 
 lar to Nycteis, being a little less dark, as the black markings are 
 less broad. On the underside the dark markings and clouds are 
 obsolescent and faint, and much less obvious than in Nycteis, as is 
 well shown on the plate. 
 
 The female of Nycteis is much larger than the male, and is also 
 differently and more strikingly marked, insomuch that it looks like 
 another species ; so, when the female of Pascoensis is found it will 
 probably be much larger than this figure of Pascoensis, much 
 handsomer, and so different that you may think it another and 
 larger species; but at present the female of Pascoensis is not 
 known. 
 
 Pascoensis will be found over all the interior, semi-arid region 
 of Eastern Washington and Oregon and Idaho. 
 
 Food-plant: Actinomeris, probably. 
 
 / 
 
 199. Phyciodes Tharos. 
 
 Plate XXI ; Figures 199, a. 
 
 Fig. 199, Male, Southern Arizona, 1885 ; Author. 
 
 a, Male, underside. Lower California, 1896; F. 
 Stephens. 
 Tharos is considered an eastern species, but of late, say since 
 1892, it has become common, or at least, occasional, all over Ari- 
 zona and Southern California. I have specimens from Northern 
 and Southern Arizona, Yuma, the Mexican State of Baja Cali- 
 fornia, at the head of the Gulf of California, and as far north as 
 Santa Barbara ; none of them differ from the eastern species. This 
 fact establishes the point that a species can be the same, east and 
 west ; therefore, when forms do differ, they should be recognized 
 as different, and have separate names, as in the case of the preced- 
 ing, Nycteis and Pascoensis. 
 
 Food-plant: Actinomeris helianthoides. 
 
 200. Phyciode^ Marcia.^ 
 
 Plate XXI ; Figures 200, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 200, Male, San Bernardino, Cal., October, 1894; 
 Author. 
 
166 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 b, Female, San Bernardino, Cal., October, 1896; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, San Bernardino, Cal., Octo- 
 
 ber, 1896; Author. 
 This species, like the preceding, Tharos, used to be thought an 
 Eastern species, but it is now found over the same territory as is 
 Tharos. Marcia was once called the winter form of Tharos, but 
 on this Coast they both appear at all times of the season, so that 
 the old theory of seasonal forms does not hold good ; and I see no 
 reason why the one is not just as good a species as the other. Cer- 
 tainly, neither form is a seasonal variety of the other, here on the 
 West Coast. 
 
 201. Phyciodes Pratensis. 
 
 Plate XXI; Figures 201, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 201, Male, Lake County, Cal., June, 1894; Author. 
 
 b, Female, Oregon, 1892; Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Helena, Mont., June, 1891 ; 
 
 Author. 
 Pratensis is a widely-diffused species, of rather northern habi- 
 tat, as it never comes south of the latitude of San Francisco, so 
 far as I know, although it is credited to Arizona, but erroneously, 
 I think. At one time Pratensis stood for a good part of all the 
 varied species of Phyciodes on the West Coast, and any new form 
 was set down as "one of the endless varieties of Pratensis," by a 
 certain learned gentleman of the East, who could not believe that 
 there was room for more than one species, in all this vast West- 
 ern country. 
 
 202. Phyciodes Orseis. 
 
 Plate XXI ; Figures 202, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 202, Male, Ellensburg, Wash., May, 1890; Author. 
 
 b, Female, Tehachapi Mountains, So. Cal., 1892 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Ellensburg, Wash., May, 
 
 1890; Author. 
 Orseis enjoys a vast range. It is a mountain form in the south- 
 ern part of its range, as in the Tehachapi Mountains, and in Ari- 
 zona and Mexico, but it inhabits the plains and lowlands in the 
 more northern countries. It has the same type of markings as 
 Pratensis, but is much darker on the upper side ; and much lighter 
 
GENUS PHYCIODES 167 
 
 on the underside, being a smooth, pale yellow beneath. Some 
 writers have theorized that Orseis was a mountain form of Pra- 
 tensis, but Orseis flies a thousand miles south of any locality of 
 Pratensis. 
 
 203. Phyciodes Camillus. . 
 Plate XXI ; Figures 203, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 203, Male, Pendleton, Oregon, July, 1890; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Colorado, no data, 1886? Nash. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Tucson, Arizona, June, 1893 ; 
 
 F. Stephens. 
 
 This common species covers the whole country west of the 
 Rocky Mountains, from Mexico to Canada, with a probable over- 
 flow to the north and to the south, with the exception that it is not 
 found on the immediate Coast near the Pacific Ocean. Like most 
 wide-spread species, examples from widely separated localities 
 vary somewhat, but on the whole, it is quite constant and uniform 
 in its appearance. 
 
 Food-plant : Aster, various species. 
 
 204. Phyciodes Mylitta. 
 
 Plate XXI ; Figures 204, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 204, Male, Portland, Oregon, June, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 b, Female, San Bernardino, Cal., May, 1897; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, San Bernardino, Cal., June, 
 
 1899; Author. 
 
 Mylitta resembles the preceding in a good degree, but is much 
 lighter having fewer dark spots, and the ornamentation is inclined 
 to be indistinct or obsolescent. The range of Mylitta is about the 
 same as that of Camillus ; I have taken it near the Mexican line 
 on the south and at Puget Sound at the north, and in Montana; 
 and it goes eastward to Colorado. It differs from Camillus in that 
 it flies to the edge of the sea, and does not go far up into the 
 mountains, even at the south. 
 
 Food-plant : Carduus, thistles. 
 
 204a. Phyciodes Barnesi. 
 
 Plate XXI ; Figures 204a, aa. 
 Fig. 204a, aa, Colorado, no data, from Dr. Barnes. 
 In Colorado is found "a large, pale, Mylitta," that is named 
 
168 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 for Dr. Barnes. It is called a variety of Mylitta, but I think it 
 will yet be recognized as a species. It is not known to the west- 
 ward of Colorado, at present, but it is likely to be found up to 
 the eastern base of the Sierra Nevadas, and, therefore, I give it 
 place here. It will some day be found in Eastern Oregon and 
 Washington. 
 
 205. Phyciodes Montana. 
 
 Plate XXI ; Figures 205, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 205, Male, Sierra Nevada Heights, 7,000 feet, 1892; 
 Author. 
 
 b. Female, Sierra Nevada Heights, 7,000 feet, 
 
 1892; Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside. Sierra Nevada Heights, 7,000 
 
 feet, 1892; Author. 
 This, of all Phyciodes, is the high mountain species, not flying 
 at a less elevation than 6,000 feet, and from that up to 9,000 feet. 
 It is mostly found on the Sierra Nevadas of California ; I have 
 never taken it on any other mountains, though there is no visible 
 reason why it should not be taken in Oregon and Washington. 
 
 206. Phyciodes Picta. 
 
 Plate XXI ; Figures 206, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 206, Male, Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, July, 
 1892 ; F. Stephens. 
 
 b, Female, Greaterville, Arizona, June, 1885 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Santa Rita Mountains, July, 
 
 1892; Stephens. 
 Picta is a species belonging to the Middle West, being found 
 in Nebraska, and thence south through the Rocky Mountain re- 
 gion to the Santa Ritas of Southern Arizona, which is, so far as 
 I know, the most western locality, the only point upon the West- 
 ern slope inhabitated by this butterfly. 
 
 Genus ERESIA. 
 
 Only one species of Eresia is found on the West Coast ; and 
 that one is found only in Arizona along the Mexican line, at 
 Yuma and other points on the Lower Colorado River. 
 
GENUS SYNCHLOE 169 
 
 207. Eresia Texana. 
 
 Plate XXI ; Figure 207. 
 
 Fig. 207, Male, Phoenix, Arizona, July, 1885 ; Author. 
 This species is abundant in Southern Arizona, which locality is 
 its most northern point. It is of gentle flight, and easily caught. 
 It has but small interest for West Coast people. I have found 
 it very common at Mazatlan, in the winter. 
 
 Genus SYNCHLOE. 
 
 All are medium sized butterflies; of black or orange colors. 
 Most Synchloes are of semi-tropical habitat; nearly all Ameri- 
 can species are from Texas, and only one comes west as far as 
 California, so that the list for the West Coast is a short one, and 
 Synchloe has but little interest for the butterfly hunter of the West 
 Coast. 
 
 The sex-marks are as in Melitaea. 
 
 Food-plant of all the species is Helianthus, the common sun- 
 flower. 
 
 208. Synchloe Lacinia. 
 
 Plate XXI ; Figure 208. 
 
 Fig. 208, Male, Southern Arizona, June, 1885 ; Author. 
 This butterfly is credited with being the most variable species 
 in America, being very inconstant, and showing all possible varia- 
 tions. The forms figured here and numbered 208, 209, 210, and 
 211, are supposed to be really but varying forms of one species 
 only ; I cannot say that the three higher numbers are forms of the 
 first, for that first one may be as properly called a form of some 
 one of the others. But each form can and should have a name of 
 its own, whether it may be closely or but remotely related to some 
 other. 
 
 209. Synchloe Crocale. 
 Plate XXI ; Figure 209. 
 
 Fig. 209, Male, Phoenix, Arizona, 1885 ; Author. 
 
 This is the best known and representative form of the Arizona 
 
 species of Synchloe. It is very abundant among the jungles of 
 
 the sunflower about Phoenix, and can be caught in any quantity. 
 
 You will get there all of these three forms, this and the two fol- 
 
170 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 lowing, and you will scarcely find half a dozen examples alike, but 
 each runs into the other, as is the case with variant forms every- 
 where. 
 
 210. Synchloe Rufescens. 
 
 Plate XXI; Figure 210. 
 
 Fig. 210, Male, Phcenix, Arizona, June, 1885; Author. 
 This name is published as the name of the form with small 
 orange spots on both wings, the small outer points being white. 
 The figure here is an average one ; and of course there are many 
 examples that will be diificult to assign to either name ; that is to 
 be expected in all cases. 
 
 211. Synchloe Nigrescens. 
 
 Plate XXI ; Figure 211. 
 
 Fig. 211, Female, Phoenix, Arizona, June, 1885; Author. 
 This name is given to those specimens that are nearly devoid 
 of spots of any color, especially on the hind wing, so that the 
 whole surface is nearly black. I have never seen a Crocale that 
 did not show more or less spots ; this figured example is a good 
 sample of those that are as black as can well be found. 
 
 212. Synchloe Californica, n. s. Never before illustrated. 
 Plate XXI ; Figures 212, a, b, bb, c. 
 
 Fig. 212, Light colored Male, Colorado Desert, April 2, 
 1892; Author. 
 
 a, Dark colored Male, Colorado Desert, 1893; F. 
 
 Stephens. 
 
 b, Light Female, Colorado Desert, April, 1890; 
 
 Author, 
 bb. Dark Female, Colorado Desert, April, 1895; 
 Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Colorado Desert, April, 1895 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 Expanse, 1.40 to 1.70: Color, yellowish-orange on both wings; 
 brownish black at base to costa, with variable yellowish spots ; a 
 blackish sub-marginal band across both wings, containing six or 
 seven whitish dots on each wing; a yellowish maculate marginal 
 band around both wings, cut by the nervures. Beneath, similar 
 to upperside. 
 
 This is a new species, discovered by the Author nearly fifteen 
 years ago, and now first published and figured, as it has been held 
 
Butterflies of the West Coast. 
 
GENUS GRAPTA 171 
 
 in abeyance awaiting the publication of this book. This new 
 species is very different from any other known Synchloe; and it 
 is a departure from the Arizona tangle of the species of the inter- 
 grading, Crocale type, for it is quite true and constant, not dif- 
 fering essentially at any point; in fact, these examples here fig- 
 ured are the extreme forms, illustrated to show the outside varia- 
 tions. 
 
 It is, so far as now known, an exclusively Californian species, 
 not having been taken in Arizona, or any other State, nor in 
 Mexico. 
 
 The food-plant has not been positively determined, but presum- 
 ably it is helianthus. 
 
 Genus GRAPTA. 
 
 All Graptas that are found in Western America are very similar 
 in size and in appearance on the upper side, insomuch that fre- 
 quently you can scarcely tell a species by the upper side alone ; 
 but by the underside the determination is chiefly to be made. No 
 small sized Graptas are known anywhere. All Graptas are noted 
 for the deeply-excavated margin of both wings, and by the silver 
 crescent or comma, as it is called, in the center of hind wing on 
 under side. All Graptas are noted for being always constant and 
 true, any variation or aberration being unknown. The shape and 
 size of the silver crescent is constant in each species, but each dif- 
 fers from every other species in that peculiar mark, so that it af- 
 fords a good pointer as to what species the specimen belongs to. 
 
 Western Graptas are found in places that are more or less for- 
 ested, in canyons, on hill sides, among scattered trees, and in wil- 
 low copses ; never out on the open plain, or on exposed places. 
 Graptas frequently live through the winter, by hiding away in 
 sheltered places. 
 
 The West Coast Graptas appear to go in pairs of species, or 
 that two similar species of each type are found, these two closely 
 resembling each other, and being widely diflferent from any 
 others ; as Satyrus-Marsyas ; Faunus-Rusticus ; Zephyrus-Gra- 
 cilis; Silenus-Oreas ; and only the new species Chrysoptera, stands 
 alone. 
 
172 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 The sexes are much alike, and often difficult to determine ; the 
 females are larger, and paler, and the abdomens are larger ; and 
 the matter can be determined best by comparison of these features. 
 
 The larval food-plant of all Graptas is nettles. 
 
 213. Grapta Satyrus. 
 
 Plate XXII ; Figures 213, a. 
 
 Fig. 213, Male, Southern California, i88g; Author. 
 
 a. Female, underside. Central California, 1894; 
 Author. 
 Satyrus is very wide-spread, covering most of temperate Amer- 
 ica except the Southern Atlantic States ; and on the West Coasf 
 it flies from Mexico to far north into British Columbia. The un- 
 derside is beautifully marked in various shades of brown, height- 
 ened by yellowish lines. Satyrus flies nearly the whole year 
 around. 
 
 The larval food-plant is nettles. 
 
 214. Grapta Marsyas. 
 Plate XXII ; Figure 214. 
 
 Fig. 214, Female, underside, Vancouver Island, July, 
 1891 ; Author. 
 It is a theory with some that Marsyas is a cold weather form 
 or variety of Satyrus, being a little darker both above and beneath 
 than Satyrus, but I do not believe such to be the fact; and you 
 can see for yourself by the plate that the darker form is a sum- 
 mer brood. So I conclude that in this country, at any rate, there 
 are two constant forms, and that they neither of them pay much 
 attention to the weather; that, in fact, they both are good and 
 separate species. If they were not, they would soon become homo- 
 geneous and indistinguishable. 
 
 215. Grapta Faunus. 
 
 Plate XXII ; Figure 215. 
 
 Fig. 215, Male, near Mullan Pass, May, 1892; Author. 
 Faunus is one oi the darker-colored Graptas, and its wings are 
 extremely angular and with many bold projections. This, and 
 the next are closely allied, they seem like brothers. 
 
 Faunus flies in New England, and through the Northern Mid- 
 dle States, and to the Pacific Coast at Puget Sound, and thence 
 north to St. Michaels in Alaska. I have found this species to be 
 quite rare, in all the places where I have found it. 
 
GENUS GRAPTA 173 
 
 The underside of hind wings is highly variegated, the lighter 
 outer parts contrasting sharply with the darker base, and with 
 small spots of green near margin, and it is in this point that one 
 difference between it and the next species, lies. 
 
 2x6. Grapta Rusticus. 
 
 Plate XXII ; Figure 216. 
 
 Fig. 216, Female, underside, Portland, Oregon, May, 
 1892 ; Author. 
 The upper side of Rusticus is very similar to Faunus ; the un- 
 derside is less variegated than Faunus, with less light color on the 
 outer part of margin of the wing, and less contrasty. 
 
 This butterfly is very rare, and I have found it a diflitult one to 
 capture, when at length one is discovered. 
 
 217. Grapta Silvius. 
 
 No figure. 
 Silvius was named from one example, bred from the larva of 
 Rusticus, and was supposed to be an aberrant form, and not a dis- 
 tinct species, and never should have been put in the catalogues as 
 a species. It is scarcely necessary to speak at length on such a 
 specimen, and it is only mentioned here to account for the name 
 as it appears in the catalogues. Students will find the text, what 
 little there is of it, in Edwards' Butt. N. A., 2, VIII, 1879, after 
 text of Rusticus. 
 
 218. Grapta Zephyrus. 
 Plate XXII ; Figure 218. 
 
 Fig. 218, Female, underside, Truckee, Cal., July i, 1893; 
 Author. 
 Zephyrus and the following, Gracilis, are similar in many as- 
 pects, and they are put side by side here for the comparison of the 
 main points of difference, which you will find on the under side, as 
 figured on the plate. There is no appreciable difference on the 
 upper side. 
 
 219. Grapta Gracilis. 
 
 Plate XXII; Figure 219. 
 
 Fig. 219, Female, underside, Tacoma, June, 1889 ; Author. 
 
 Gracilis has the underside of a bluish tint, and the silver C is 
 
 larger than in Zephyrus. The wings of Gracilis appear more 
 
 deeply concaved than Zephyrus, but the two forms are very much 
 
174 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 alike, in fact, the general tint of underside is the strongest feature 
 of difference between the species, and probably that will fail you 
 when you come to assort and identify your specimens, and there 
 will be some which you cannot assign with confidence. 
 
 220. Grapta Silenus. 
 
 Plate XXII ; Figures 220, a. 
 
 Fig. 220, Female, Tacoma, Wash., June, 1890; Author. 
 
 a. Female, underside, Portland, Oregon, June, 1890; 
 
 Author. 
 This is a dark. Northern butterfly, dark on upper side, and al- 
 most black on the underside. It is found in Oregon and Wash- 
 ington. It frequents partially forested hillsides, and other scantily 
 wooded places. This Figure 220 a, was taken on Mt. Tabor, at 
 that time a wooded highland, where I found fine butterfly hunt- 
 ing ; but I hear that in later years the whole hilltop is cleared cfT 
 and that fine dwellings have been built there, so, of course, the 
 butterfly ground is spoiled. 
 
 221. Grapta Oreas. 
 
 Plate XXII; Figure 221. 
 
 Fig. 221, Male, underside, Mt. Shasta, 1890; Author. 
 As compared with Silenus, the colors are smoother and less 
 variegated, and the tint of underside is brownish-black against 
 the blacker black of Silenus, and the silver C is smaller, and less 
 conspicuous. Oreas I have found to be rare, and in twenty years 
 I have taken but two examples, and these two were on high moun- 
 tains where one is not expected to go very often. I suppose that 
 Oreas may be called the high mountain or more northern Grapta 
 of the Coast. 
 
 222. Grapta Chrysoptera, n. s. Not illustrated elsewhere. 
 Plate XXII ; Figures 222, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 222, Male, Lake County, Cal, June, 1894; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Lake County, Cal., June, 1894 ; Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Mendocino County, Cal., 
 
 June, 1894; Author. 
 Expanse, 2. to 2.50: Generally golden color; the fore wings 
 of male redder, with dark margin of medium width ; the male 
 
GENUS VANESSA 175 
 
 hind wings and both wings of the female are concolorous, and 
 the dark margins are obsolescent, or in part wanting altogether; 
 the usual light sub-marginal spots are but faintly indicated. Un- 
 derside, golden color, the male a little darker than the female ; 
 border faint, wholly wanting at apices and inner angles, no border 
 on hind wings ; the whole underside delicately penciled in light 
 brown, the basal part but slightly darker than the marginal ; the 
 silver C is long, slender, curved, barbed at both ends, but in the 
 type of the male the barbs are wanting. 
 
 This is the largest Grapta in California, or on the West Coast, 
 and the lightest in color, well deserving the name, "Golden- 
 wing." It is a lowland species, flying on the hills and in the val- 
 leys, but not on the mountains, nor on the wide plains. 
 
 Genus VANESSA. 
 
 This is a genus of five species ; all of them are short-bodied 
 and broad-winged butterflies, of extremely strong and rapid 
 flight. Some of the species are world-wide in flight, and all of 
 them, except Californica, are well-nigh continental in range. 
 
 The various species have different food-plants. 
 
 223. Vanessa Antiopa. 
 
 Plate XXII ; Figure 223. 
 
 Fig. 223, Male, Southern California, 1886; Author. 
 
 This is a very common and a world-wide species, well known 
 to every one who is at all acquainted with butterflies. The female 
 is very much like the male, a little larger, and the blue spots are 
 larger and more of them, on both wings. 
 
 Food-plants are the leaves of willow and cottonwood trees, but 
 the willow is preferred. 
 
 There is a variety or an aberration in the East that has the 
 golden band wider, and extending inward over the space usually 
 occupied by the blue spots, the blue spots being absent in that case. 
 This variety has not been named. 
 
 Hippolyta. In Canada there is another variety, or aberration, 
 in the female only, where there is no golden band, the brownish- 
 black extending outward to the edge of the wings, with only a 
 
176 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 sub-marginal row of yellow spots across both wings. This 
 variety is named Hippolyta. 
 
 I have never seen a variety of any kind, sexual or other, on the 
 West Coast. 
 
 225. Vanessa Californica. 
 Plate XXII ; Figure 225. 
 
 Fig. 225, Male, Mountains of So. Cal., 5,500 feet altitude, 
 June, 1889; Author. 
 
 This is strictly a high mountain butterfly in the south, but in the 
 north, about the Canada line, it flies at sea-level. In the south it 
 never, at any season, comes lower than 4,000 feet elevation. It is 
 a strong flier, and is the most pugnacious of all Coast butterflies, 
 delighting to fight any other species at sight ; and to the collector 
 he is a pest, as he likes to drive oS any more desirable kind. 
 
 In the growing days of early summer it likes to feed on the 
 viscid dampness or gum that is found on the young leaves of the 
 young balsam tree, Abies concolor, preferring that balsam to the 
 nectar of flowers. 
 
 The larval food-plant is Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, the California 
 lilac. 
 
 Variety, unnamed. I have noticed a variety of Vanessa Cali- 
 fornica, where the apices of fore wing in both sexes are faded or 
 paled, so that no markings are visible, but the variety is scarcely 
 worth noticing. 
 
 226. Vanessa Milberti. 
 
 Plate XXII ; Figures 226, a. 
 
 Fig. 226, Male, Juneau, Alaska, July i, 1891 ; Author, 
 a, Male, Vancouver Island, June, 1891 ; Author. 
 I figure here two examples of Milberti to show the effect of a 
 northing in the habitat, the second and the whiter one living 
 about a thousand miles to the southward of the first, darker, one ; 
 and another thousand miles' southing makes the sub-marginal 
 band nearly all white, instead of orange. 
 
 In the south, near the Mexican line, the species is strictly a high 
 mountain one, like Californica, and is never seen at a lower ele- 
 vation than 4,000 feet, but at the Canada border it flies at sea 
 level. I have never found this butterfly at all common at any 
 place. 
 
GENUS PYRAMEIS 177 
 
 Genus PYRAMEIS. 
 
 A small genus of nearly world-wide flyers. Similar in most 
 points to the Vanessans, and at some time classed with them 
 under the genus name of Vanessa, but now generally considered 
 a separate genus. 
 
 These, like the Vanessans, are short-bodied, and strong flying 
 butterflies ; they are great feeders on flowers, and are individually 
 long-lived and vigorous. 
 
 The indications as to sex are the same as in the Vanessans. 
 
 227. Pyrameis Atalanta. 
 
 Plate XXII ; Figure 227, Male, Southern California, 
 1890; Author. 
 This is so common and well known that no words are required. 
 It flies over almost the whole world, and is known to nearly every 
 race of men. 
 
 Larval food-plant is nettles. 
 
 228. Pyrameis Huntera. 
 
 Plate XXII ; Figure 228, Male, Southern California, 1888; 
 Author. 
 The figure shows the underside of the male, as the large ocelli 
 on the hind wing are the most significant points in the determin- 
 ation of the species. On the upper side it looks much like the next 
 species, but it is much scarcer. It is in the south a mountain flyer, 
 and in the north as well, though not to so great a degree. Hun- 
 tera flies over the whole of the United States, being, as stated, 
 rare ; it is, however, very wary, and not easily caught, so that it 
 is not so very rare as at first appears. 
 
 229. Pyrameis Cardui. 
 
 Plate XXII ; Figure 229, Male, Southern California, 1890; 
 Author. 
 
 This also is almost universal, being known practically every- 
 where. It was named Cardui on account of its being found feed- 
 ing on carduus or thistle, but rather unfortunately so, as the larvae 
 feed on very many plants, and of them all thistle seems to be about 
 the last one that is used, and then, as a last resort ; this, at least, 
 on the West Coast. Here, amsinkia is the plant which is pre- 
 ferred. 
 
178 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 Cardui has a habit of occasionally migrating in endless numbers, 
 as written upon in another part of this book, under the head of 
 Migrations. 
 
 231. Pyrameis Carye. 
 
 Plate XXII ; Figure 231, Male, Southern California, 1895 ; 
 Author. 
 
 This species resembles somewhat the preceding, on both the 
 upper and lower sides, but it can be recognized at a glance on 
 account of the tip of the fore wing being cut off square, and not 
 rounded. It is not anything like as universal as the preceding, 
 being found only on the West Coast of both Americas, and in the 
 United States not going east of Nevada, or perhaps Utah. 
 
 The larval food-plant is Malva rotundifolia. This fact I have 
 proved many times. 
 
 Hybrid. No figure. Many years ago Mr. H. Edwards noted a 
 hybrid of Carye and Atalanta. It seems scarcely worth mention. 
 
 Muelleri. No figure. A variety known as Muelleri is of occa- 
 sional occurrence ; in this variety all wings are blurred or flushed 
 with fulvous, at the expense of the black markings, and the white 
 spots are elongated and obsolescent. 
 
 234. Junonia Coenia. 
 
 Plate XXIII ; Figure 234, Southern California, June, 
 1880; Author. 
 
 The figure is that of a male. CcEnia is a plains and valley butter- 
 fly, where they are very abundant from spring to fall ; but they 
 do not frequent the hills and mountains. Coenia is somewhat com- 
 mon over most of the temperate States of the Union, also in Can- 
 ada, and Mexico, to some extent. 
 
 The sexes look much alike ; the determination is by the lappets, 
 and by the size and shape of the body. 
 
 The preliminary stages are well known ; the larvae feed on 
 antirrhinum, plantago, and some other plants ; probably on the 
 Coast the antirrhinums afford most of the food for the larvae. 
 
 235. Junonia Genoveva. Not elsewhere illustrated in 
 
 America. 
 Plate XXIII; Figure 235, Mazatlan, Mexico, Jan. 10, 
 1888; Author. 
 Genoveva is mostly a Mexican butterfly, but comes north far 
 enough to get within Arizona territory along the southern boun- 
 
Butterflies of the West Coast. 
 
GENUS LIMENITIS 179 
 
 dary, and ought to be taken at Yuma, and along the Colorado 
 River, but there are no notes of any such capture ; yet it may be 
 looked for at any time. 
 
 The sexes, as in Coenia, look much alike, and are to be deter- 
 mined same as Coenia. The figure is a male. 
 
 Genus LIMENITIS. 
 
 The species of this genus are all of medium or large size, and 
 mostly black in color, with white or yellow markings. The an- 
 tennae are nearly as long as the body, the club being an insensible 
 enlargement ; the wings never have any ocelli, nor any tails. The 
 eggs are placed singly on the tip of the leaf, and the larva lies hid- 
 den along the midrib, during its early stages. 
 
 The sexes are much alike, and determination is diflficult until you 
 become acquainted with the several features which help in the 
 matter. 
 
 236. Limenitis Arizonensis. 
 No figure. 
 
 This is a variety of the Eastern Limenitis Astynax ; the whole 
 upper side of the wings being bluish-black, even the submarginal 
 white spots seen on Astynax being suffused or over-washed with 
 the ground-color, so that there is scarcely any white to be seen. 
 The form known by this name is rare, and is not known outside of 
 Arizona that I know of, so that it has but Httle interest for West 
 Coast people. 
 
 237. Limenitis Weidmeyeri. 
 
 Plate XXIII; Figure 237, Northern Arizona, July, 1890; 
 F. Stephens. 
 
 Weidmeyeri inhabits the countries of the Great Basin, all the 
 States between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevadas, 
 from Canada to Mexico ; but it is not seen to the west of the Sierra 
 Nevadas in the States of the Coast, proper ; unless at the eastern 
 base of the range, in Southeastern California, or in the semi-desert 
 regions of Eastern Oregon and Eastern Washington. 
 
 As in the previous species, the sexes look much alike, and are 
 to be determined in the same way. 
 
180 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 The preliminary stages of Weidmeyeri are not yet made known. 
 
 The food-plants are probably salix, populus, and perhaps some 
 others, as some of these desert butterflies are inclined to be om- 
 nivorous. 
 
 238. Limenitis Sinefascia. 
 
 No figure. 
 Sinefascia is a variation of Weidmeyeri, similar to what Arizon- 
 ensis is of Astynax, namely, a form in which the median band of 
 white spots becomes obsolete, or at least obsolescent, and the whole 
 wing is covered with the black ground-color, no white spots being- 
 present. 
 
 239. Limenitis Obsoleta. 
 
 Plate XXIII; Figure 239, Tucson, Arizona, June, 1887; 
 Author. 
 
 This is a figure of a male. Obsoleta is a very peculiar looking 
 thing for a Limenitis ; it looks much more like a Danais ; in fact, 
 it is often mistaken for Danais Berenice, being the same color and 
 the same size ; but the peculiar venation, with the cell of the hind 
 wing open, places it in with the Limenitis. This has always been 
 rather rare, and still is so, although it has been sought after so 
 much of late years that it is not now so rare as formerly. 
 
 Obsoleta is found in Southern Arizona only. It is fond of sail- 
 ing around the cottonwood trees, and so high up that the collector 
 needs a ladder to climb up on to get them. In flight they more 
 resemble a Danais than a Limenitis ; they do not sail around with 
 wings extended out flat, as do the Limenitis proper, with that 
 twitching of the wings which is so peculiar. 
 
 The preliminary stages of Obsoleta have never been studied out. 
 
 The larval food-plant is, doubtless, populus, the leaves of the 
 cottonwood tree ; possibly, also, willow. 
 
 240. Limenitis Lorquini. 
 
 Plate XXIII ; Figure 240, Vancouver Island, June, 1891 ; 
 Author. 
 Figure, male. This example is selected from among many 
 others to show the effect of climate, in causing the apices to be so 
 scantily reddened, for in those specimens taken at the south the red 
 apices are much more obvious ; it is also small in size, as befits 
 that cold region, and the band of white spots is smaller, in har- 
 mony with the small red apices. 
 
GENUS HETEROCHROA 181 
 
 Lorquini has the regular Limenitis manner of flight — a series of 
 short, twitching motions, with the wings out fiat, saihng about in a 
 very leisurely manner, apparently having nothing to do but to sun 
 itself, and to have a good time. 
 
 The larval food-plant is salix lasiolepis, or common water- 
 willow ; and the female lays one egg solitarily on the tip of a 
 young leaf. The egg is white, long, and spindle-shaped. I do 
 not know that any one has ever followed out the stages of larva 
 and chrysalis, though it would be quite easy to do so. 
 
 241. Limenitis Eavesi. 
 
 No figure. 
 Eavesi is a variety of Lorquini, with the red of the apices obso- 
 lete or not present, and sometimes some indications of white sub- 
 marginal spots on hind wing. It is said to be rather common in 
 British Columbia and Alaska, and has been given varietal names 
 by different writers, Eavesi being one, and Burrisoni another. It 
 is simply a cold-weather form of Lorquini, and found only in cold, 
 northern localities. 
 
 Genus HETEROCHROA. 
 
 This genus is made for a single species and a variety, the two 
 names are Bredowi, and Californica; though it would be diffi- 
 cult to say which of them is the stem and which the variety, as they 
 are simply climatic varieties, Bredowi of the north, and Californica 
 of the south. 
 
 The sex-marks are difficult to distinguish, for the beginner. 
 
 The food-plant is quercus, the evergreen oak tree leaves. 
 
 242. Heterochroa Bredowi. 
 
 No figure. 
 Bredowi is like unto the next species, Californica, except that 
 the band of spots across both wings is white instead of yellow, as 
 in the Figure 243. The average size of the two forms shows 
 Bredowi to be the smaller of the two, and its habitat is to the 
 northward. 
 
 243. Heterochroa Californica. 
 
 Plate XXIII ; Figure 243. 
 Californica is a mountain butterfly, inhabiting the canyons 
 along the mountain sides rather than the higher slopes and crests. 
 
182 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 Its manner of flight is to sail along with the wings out horizontal, 
 giving little twitches of the wings to help it along, and circling 
 about, to watch the visitor, and soon returning to the place whence 
 it started, as it has places of vantage from which it can observe 
 everything that goes on in its neighborhood. They are very fond 
 of sipping water at wet places on the ground, but they do not 
 hover together so gregariously as do some other species. 
 
 The sexes are very similar in appearance, and must be deter- 
 mined by the lappets, and the body, the same as most of this class 
 of butterflies, as has been already explained. 
 
 The larval food-plant is quercus, oaks of the evergreen, or 
 chrysolepis order or type. 
 
 Genus APATURA. 
 
 There are no Apatura butterflies on the West Coast proper, 
 and but two varietal forms are found on the mountains of Eastern 
 Arizona, so that this genus has very little of interest for us. I give 
 two figures, to show the style of these Eastern species, more than 
 for anything else. Apaturas live on trees and bushes, such as 
 prunus and celtis, that is, the larvje do. 
 
 244. Apatura Celtis. 
 
 Plate XXIII ; Figure 245, from Colorado ; T. L. Mead. 
 This is a typical Eastern form. The Apaturas differ one from 
 another in size, and in color a little, but the chief key is the ocellus 
 in the hind part of the fore wing; some have none, others have 
 one, and others two. Celtis has but one. 
 
 245. Apatura Montis. 
 
 No figure. 
 Montis is a Western form of the Texan species Antonia ; the 
 typical species does not come to Arizona, but Montis is found in 
 the eastern mountains. Montis is larger and darker than the figure 
 of Celtis, foregoing, and has on the fore wing two ocelli, the upper 
 one being pupilled with white so broadly that the ocellus is nearly 
 obliterated. 
 
GENUS PAPHIA 183 
 
 246. Apatura Leila. 
 
 Plate XXIII ; Figure 246, Male. 
 This figure is a good one of Leila, which is found sparingly in 
 the mountains of Eastern Arizona. The female is larger in size, 
 and lighter in color, than the male. 
 
 Genus PAPHIA. 
 
 This is a sub-tropical genus, distinguished by their falcate 
 wings and their bright red coloring. There is no Paphia on the 
 West Coast, and I give Figure 247 and b only to show the 
 peculiarity of the species. 
 
 247. Paphia Andria. 
 
 Plate XXIII; Figures 247, Male; b. Female; from 
 Herman Strecker. 
 This species is not represented in any of the countries west of 
 the Rocky Mountains, and but slightly west of the Mississippi 
 River, except in Texas. 
 
 248. Paphia Morrisoni. 
 
 No figure. 
 
 Morrisoni is found in Eastern Arizona, only, not being known 
 from any other locality. It is paler than Andria, and the sexes are 
 both marked with a sort of lighter band, like that on Figure 247b, 
 the female Andria, near the margin of both wings ; the band be- 
 ing cut by black so that the band is a series of spots rather than 
 a band proper. 
 
 This name stands in the catalogues as that of a good and full 
 species, but it never was described by any one. Mr. Edwards 
 speaks of this butterfly, and says that he will describe it under 
 this name, but never has done so. 
 
 Genus SATYRUS. 
 
 A large and interesting group of butterflies, well represented on 
 the West Coast. All the species of Satyrus have, to a large degree, 
 a similar appearance, on both upper and under sides ; some differ- 
 ent species are so nearly alike on the upper side that by that side 
 
184 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 alone they could not be separated, but the determining features 
 are found on the under side ; this feature, however, is not confined 
 to this class of butterflies alone, but is present in other genera, as 
 well. 
 
 Satyrids seldom or never feed on flowers, but spend their time 
 in sitting idly on the ground, doing nothing. All of them have a 
 habit of alighting on the ground as a resting-place ; usually each 
 individual has a particular spot to which it will return again and 
 again. Several of the species, when alarmed, will fly precipitately 
 to the cover of some thorn-bush, or hide by alighting in some 
 inaccessible place, rather than fly about, so that they are rather 
 vexatious things to hunt for. All are of weak flight, and they 
 do not attempt to escape their enemies by flight alone, but will 
 hide and remain quiet and still, simulating death as much as any 
 butterflies can do. 
 
 All satyrid larvae feed on grasses, I believe; and if confined, the 
 females will lay their eggs on the enclosing net, or on any object 
 that is at hand. 
 
 The sex -marks are larger size, and more ocelli, on the female 
 vnng, and also the abdomen of the female is larger and heavier 
 that that of the male. 
 
 249. Satyrus Stephensi, n. s. 
 
 Plate XXIII ; Figures 249, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 249, Male, Northeastern California, 1894; F. Ste- 
 phens. 
 
 b. Female, Northeastern California, 1894; F. Ste- 
 
 phens. 
 
 c, Female, underside. Northeastern California, 
 
 1894; F. Stephens. 
 
 As the plate shows so well, this is the grandest Satyrus of the 
 West Coast, or, for that matter, of any coast of North America. 
 The examples have been in my possession since the date above 
 cited, ten years, awaiting this opportunity to be shown to the 
 world. 
 
 Characters : 2j4 to 2I/2 inches expanse ; basal half of both 
 wings, gray-brown, not darker at base ; light buflf band nearly half 
 an inch broad across both wings, not varying, except narrower and 
 dusky near anal angles ; two dark brown, white-pupilled ocelli 
 on fore wings, the apical one in the female is slightly twinned; 
 
GENUS SATYRUS 185 
 
 and on hind wings one similar ocellus, with one, two, or three small 
 blind ocelli on each ; dark brown margin in two lines, on both 
 wings, the inner one darker, and cut by the nervures. 
 
 Underside, both wings, base light brown, with fine brown mot- 
 tlings disposed transversely ; a brown, obtuse V in cell of hind 
 wing ; the outer half of fore wing nearly as above ; the outer half 
 of hind wing is lighter than the basal part, but is similarly mottled, 
 and includes six white-ringed and white-pupilled ocelli, arranged 
 in two series of three each, the middle ones in each series being 
 larger than the others. 
 
 The country whence this species comes, as I understand from 
 Mr. Stephens, was at one time volcanic, and now is a sort of Dead 
 Sea region of wide, sandy wastes, draining into dead salt lakes 
 and marshes that have no outlets. The whole country adjoining, 
 in Nevada and in Oregon, seems to be similar: a dreadful salt 
 desert, wherein this beautiful butterfly is perhaps the only object 
 of beauty. 
 
 250. Satyrus Gabbi. 
 
 Plate XXIII ; Figures 250, b. 
 
 Fig. 250, Male, Northeastern California; F. Stephens, 
 1894. 
 b, Male, underside. Northeastern California; F. 
 Stephens, 1894. 
 The figures of the male given herewith are the subjects of 
 illustration, because the male has never before been figured. The 
 female, as in all Satyrids, is larger and paler, both above and be- 
 low, than the male. 
 
 Gabbi is one of the rare species of the country ; it is a very 
 fine and handsome species, and, with Stephensi and Wheeleri, is 
 noted for the size of the six perfect ocelli on the hind wing. Gabbi 
 was taken prior to 1880, in which year it was named ; since which 
 time it seems to have become lost, and well-nigh unknown. I 
 have never seen the living insect. 
 
 250a. Satyrus Wheeleri. 
 
 No figure. 
 This is one of the "lost butterflies." It was found in 1872, 
 along the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, by a 
 Government expedition, but has never been seen by any one since 
 that time. 
 
186 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 The appearance of Wheeleri is similar to the preceding, Gabbi, 
 and might easily be mistaken for that species ; it has more of a 
 white-and-black appearance, and is not so red as Gabbi, and the 
 apical ocelli are supposed to be all of them twinned, or to have 
 an echo on the lower side ; and on under side of fore wing both the 
 ocelli are twinned, the echoes being between the two large ocelli. 
 But probably not enough of them have ever been taken to make 
 sure of these things, as the Satyrids are subject to variations 
 among themselves, on these minor points. 
 
 Wheeleri was illustrated by Edwards, in Butt. N. A., in 1877 ; 
 by Mead, in Wheeler's Expedition Report, in 1875 ; and by 
 Strecker, in Lep., pi. 4, 1873, and pi. 8, 1874, under the name of 
 Hoffmanni. 
 
 251. Satyrus Nephele. 
 
 Plate XXIII ; Figures 251, b. 
 
 Fig. 251, Male, New York State, no data; H. Strecker, 
 1880. 
 b, Male, underside. New York State, no data; H. 
 Strecker, 1880. 
 Nephele inhabits the New England and Middle States, and is 
 said to fly as far west as the Sierra Nevadas and the Cascade 
 Range of mountains in Oregon and Washington ; or, as one 
 writer says, to the Pacific Ocean. I have never taken it in the 
 western parts of the Pacific States, and do not believe that it flies 
 so far west ; moreover, I think it a very rare thing west of the 
 Rocky Mountains. 
 
 The number of ocelli on underside of hind wings varies from 
 one to six ; this figure, b, shows as many ocelli as are ever present. 
 
 252. Satyrus Boopis. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XXIV ; Figures 252, b. 
 
 Fig. 252, Male, Tenino, Washington, Aug. 1891 ; Author. 
 b, Male, underside, Mt. Shasta, Cal., 1891 ; Author. 
 Boopis is one of the Ariane group, and is quite widely distribu- 
 ted over the northern parts of the States of the West Coast, on the 
 mountains of moderate height, as well as near the sea-coast. Like 
 so many Satyrids, it is variable, especially as to the ocelli. The 
 chief characteristic or key is the wide indefinite yellow halo around 
 the ocelli on fore wing. 
 
Butterflies of the West Coast. 
 
GENUS SATYRUS 187 
 
 253. Satyrus Ariane. 
 
 Plate XXIV ; Figures 253, b. 
 
 Fig. 253, Male, Shoshone, Idaho, July, 1891 ; Author. 
 b, Female, Truckee, Cal., July, 1893 ; Author. 
 Ariane is the most abundant Satyrid of the Coast ; it is espe- 
 cially abundant on the lower slopes of the high mountains, where it 
 flies in countless millions, on the mountains of Northern Califor- 
 nia, Oregon and Washington, as well as to the east, in Idaho and 
 Montana. It is also said to be abundant in all the northern States 
 of the Mississippi Valley. 
 
 254. Satyrus Baroni. 
 
 Plate XXIV ; Figures 254, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 254, Male, Portland, Oregon, July, 1890; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Northern Cal., July, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Portland, July, 1890; Author. 
 Baroni is very dense, smoky black on upper side, and dark on 
 
 underside, yet all the markings are distinct. Baroni was taken in 
 Northern California, by O. T. Baron, for whom it was named, 
 about 1879. This species is one of the Ariane group, but the 
 yellow halo about the ocelli of the fore wings is absent. 
 
 255. Satyrus Incana. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XXIV ; Figures 255, a. 
 
 Fig. 255, Male, Tenino, Washington, Aug. 9, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 a, Male, underside, Northeastern California, 1894; 
 
 F. Stephens. 
 This is a rare butterfly, not often taken, and heretofore only 
 known from Washington ; but this second figure is from a speci- 
 men taken in the desert region of Northeastern California, a very 
 different environment from that of the damp, fertile lowland about 
 Puget Sound, where Incana is usually found. Incana is a mem- 
 ber of the Ariane group, and is separated by the whitish outer part 
 of the hind wing on the under side. 
 
 256. Satyrus CEtus. 
 
 Plate XXIV ; Figures 256, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 256, Male, Tehachapi Mountains, California, 1890; 
 Author. 
 
 b, Female, Tehachapi Mountains, California, 1890; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Tehachapi Mountains, Cali- 
 
 fornia; Author. 
 
188 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 This is a very pale and faded-looking butterfly ; it is the light- 
 est of all the Satyrids, having a washed-out appearance, even 
 when fresh and bright. The upper side has a satiny gloss, and ^ 
 light bronzy reflection which is peculiar, in fact unique, in a 
 Satyrid, and which is not adequately shown on the plate, as it is 
 one of those elusive colors that escapes the photographic lens. 
 The peculiar twinning of the ocellus of Figure c is an oddity; 
 several of the females in my cabinet have twinned ocelli, sometimes 
 the apical one, and again the inner one is twinned ; they seem to 
 have no fixed plan about it. 
 
 257. Satyrus Paulus. 
 
 Plate XXIV ; Figures 257, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 257, Male, Southern CaHfornia, Riche Canyon, 1885 
 Author. 
 
 b. Female, Glenwood Spring, Colorado, Aug., 1892 
 
 W._ H. Edwards. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Truckee, Cal., July, 1890 
 
 Author. 
 Paulus is rather a dry-land, tropical species ; it loves hot, semi- 
 desert places, and I have generally found it in localities where the 
 grass is all dry and dead, and apparently the eggs must wait till 
 the next spring before they hatch, as there is no green grass for 
 the larvae to feed upon in the localities where the butterflies live. 
 Paulus is a lazy thing, it never flits about, or sips on the flowers, 
 but just sits still and you do not see it till it starts up at the 
 approaching footfall, when it takes refuge at once under some 
 friendly bush, where it cannot be reached by the net. 
 
 258. Satyrus Charon. 
 
 Plate XXIV ; Figures 258, b, a. 
 
 Fig. 258, Male, Mountains of Central California, 1891 ; 
 Author. 
 
 a, Male, underside. Mountains of Central Califor- 
 
 nia, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Helena, Montana, June, 1890; Author. 
 Charon is very abundant, and widespread as well. It lives at 
 
 moderate elevations, in the valleys and among the foothills of the 
 larger mountains, but is never seen on the plains. The figures 
 show this species very well indeed. It is sometimes mixed with 
 
GENUS EREBIA 189 
 
 or confounded with the next species, so they are put close together 
 for comparison. 
 
 259. Satyrus Silvestris. 
 
 Plate XXIV ; Figures 259, a. 
 
 Fig. 259, Male, Truckee, Cal., 1890; Author. 
 
 a, Male, underside, Truckee, Cal., 1890 ; Author. 
 This has been called a variety of the preceding, Charon, but it 
 is abundantly distinct. The whole butterfly is darker, and espe- 
 cially on the underside the difference is well marked. I have fig- 
 ured the underside of the male of each species, and have placed 
 them as close together as possible, for the purpose of compari- 
 son. The underside of Silvestris is a homogeneous dusky or 
 brownish-black, quite different from any other Satyrus. 
 
 260. Satyrus Sthenele. 
 
 No figure. 
 
 This species is now considered extinct. It was taken on Lone 
 Mountain, to the westward of the city of San Francisco, in the 
 early days of that city, and was at that time common ; but eventu- 
 ally it disappeared, at about the same time as another species, 
 Lycaena Xerces, and it has not returned, although the Xerces, 
 after being absent about thirty years, has reappeared. So it is 
 probable that Sthenele will in time also come back again, at some 
 nearby place, if not in that particular spot. 
 
 The description is: "Expanse, 1.2 to 1.5 inches; brown; fore 
 wings with two white-pupilled ocelli, circled with yellow ; hind 
 wings without spots ; under side ashy-gray, deepest at base ; fore 
 wings with two large pupilled ocelli circled with yellow ; hind 
 wing crossed by broad angular band, and marked near anal angle 
 with two little ocelli." 
 
 Genus EREBIA. 
 
 The species comprising this genus are all rather small in size, 
 very dark brown in color ; usually eyed on one or on both wings. 
 Most of them are arctic in habitat, or found on the high mountains 
 in the temperate regions. 
 
 There are none of them now known on the immediate West 
 Coast, and only one in the Yellowstone Park and Alaska, though 
 
190 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 it is likely that one or more species will yet be found on some of 
 the higher peaks of the Sierra Nevadas or the Cascades. 
 Sex-marks for Erebia are same as for Satyrus. 
 
 261. Erebia Callias. 
 
 Plate XXIV ; Figure 261, Male, from Colorado; D. Bruce. 
 Callias has not yet been found on the West Coast, but it would 
 not be surprising if it were to be found at any point along the 
 Sierra Nevadas, from Mt. Whitney northward. 
 
 262. Erebia Epipsodea. 
 
 Plate XXIV; Figure 262, Male, Spokane, Washington, 
 1892; Author. 
 Epipsodea is common all along the Rocky Mountains, from the 
 peaks in New Mexico and Colorado to Alaska ; the species is 
 especially abundant in Eastern Washington, where it is found on 
 the lowlands, as about Spokane, where it frequents localities that 
 are scantily wooded, and the brushy hillsides. There is no appar- 
 ent reason why the species may not be looked for on the Cascades, 
 on such mountains as Mt. Hood, or Mt. Baker, or on the Olym- 
 pian Mountains. 
 
 263. Erebia Sofia. 
 
 Plate XXIV ; Figure 263, Male, from Yellowstone Park ; 
 
 Dr. Barnes. 
 
 Sofia is as yet known only from the Yellowstone Park, and from 
 
 Alaska, although there seems to be no apparent reason why it 
 
 should not be found to the westward of the Park, in the Cascades, 
 
 and the Olympians. 
 
 264. Erebia Magdalena. 
 
 Plate XXIV; Figure 264, Female, from Colorado, 
 
 1890 ( ?) ; D. Bruce. 
 
 This is a large-sized Erebia, and it is peculiar in that there are 
 
 no eye-spots on either wing. At present it is not known from any 
 
 other locality than Colorado, but, as with other Erebias, it should 
 
 be looked for on mountains further west, and north. 
 
 265. Erebia Youngi. 
 
 No figure. 
 This is a variety of Magdalena, from Alaska, with which I am 
 not acquainted. On both fore and hind wings are submarginal 
 
Butterflies of the West Coast. 
 
 Plate XXIV. 
 
GENUS NEONYMPHA 191 
 
 series of eye-spots of red, pupilled with black, similar, apparently, 
 to Epipsodea. 
 
 266. Neonympha Henshawi. 
 Plate XXV ; Figures 266, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 266, Male, Santa Rita Mountains, Ariz., 1892; F. 
 Stephens. 
 
 b, Female, Santa Rita Mountains, Ariz., 1892 ; F. 
 
 Stephens. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Santa Rita Mountains, Ariz., 
 
 1892; F. Stephens. 
 This species flies in Colorado, New Mexico, and Southern Ari- 
 zona ; it can scarcely be considered as belonging to the West Coast 
 fauna, and has but little, if any, interest for us. 
 
 267. Neonympha Haydeni. 
 
 Plate XXV ; Figures 267, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 267, Male, Yellowstone Park ; no data. 
 
 b, Female, Yellowstone Park; no data. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Yellowstone Park ; no data. 
 Haydeni is a species similar in many respects to the preceding; 
 
 it inhabits a more northern region, not coming so far south at any 
 point as Henshawi ; in fact, being semi-arctic in habitat, living on 
 high mountains and at a northern habitat. Both sexes have 
 beautiful little gem-like eyes or ocelli on the margin of hind wing, 
 beneath. 
 
 268. Neonympha Rubricata. 
 
 Plate XXV; Figure 268, Male, Santa Rita Mountains, 
 
 1892; F. Stephens. 
 
 In habits, habitat, and everything except color, this species is 
 
 similar to Henshawi, which stands just above it on the plate. The 
 
 same eye-spots shown on the upper side appear on the underside, 
 
 and some smaller ones also. 
 
 269. Epinephele Xicaque. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XXV; Figure 269, a, Male, underside, Arizona; 
 
 Dr. Kunze. 
 This is quite new to American territory, having recently been 
 found in Southern Arizona. It is properly a Mexican species, and 
 has little interest for us, except for the fact that it comes over the 
 line a few miles. 
 
192 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 270. Neominois Ridingsi. 
 Plate XXV ; Figures 270, b. 
 
 Fig. 270, Male, Colorado, no data; Mr. Nash. 
 
 b. Female, Central Montana, July, 1892 ; Author. 
 
 This is a Great Basin butterfly, inhabiting all the States between 
 
 the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevadas, being found in the 
 
 hills and smaller mountains, but not on the plains. It may be 
 
 looked for in Eiastern Oregon and Washington. 
 
 271. Neominois Dionysius. 
 
 Plate XXV ; Figures 271, b. 
 
 Fig. 271, Male, Western Colorado, no data; from W. H. 
 Edwards, 
 b. Female, Western Colorado, no data ; from D. 
 Bruce. 
 Dionysius is another Great Basin butterfly; is not now known 
 west of Utah, but there is no apparent reason why it should not be 
 found at the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, and up 
 to the Cascades. 
 
 Genus CCENONYMPHA. 
 
 This genus, like the Anthocharis, finds its metropolis on the 
 West Coast of the United States, and, to be more definite, in Cali- 
 fornia. Of the twelve species on the West Coast only one ranges 
 through the northern States of Montana and Minnesota, and 
 thence through Canada to New Foundland ; so that all the North- 
 eastern, Middle and Western States have none at all ; while fur- 
 ther south one species reaches eastward to Kansas. The Rocky 
 Mountains are scantily supplied with them ; also the vast regions 
 of the Great Basin, up to the Sierra Nevadas. California probably 
 has more Ccenonymphas than all the rest of the United States. 
 
 Ccenonymphas fly on the plains and in the valleys and on the 
 foothills, but do not go high up on any mountain ; about 4,500 
 feet is the limit. All these species fly in an uncertain, gentle man- 
 ner, and they are easily caught. When in confinement, as in a 
 net, for the purpose of getting eggs, they are tractable, and will 
 lay their eggs on the net which secures them, or upon anything 
 else that comes handy, like all Satyrids, not requiring any kind 
 of a food-plant on which to oviposit them. 
 
GENUS CCENONYMPHA 193 
 
 272. Cc3enonympha Californica. 
 Plate XXV ; Figures 272, b. 
 
 Fig. 272, Male, Mendocino County, Cal., June, 1893 ; 
 Author. 
 b, Female, underside. Central Cal., June, 1893; 
 Author. 
 The first five species illustrated, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 
 are very much alike, being perhaps seasonal or local sub-species 
 or varieties of the same stock, being similar on upper side, and 
 only minor differences appearing on the under side, and all the fea- 
 tures are in good degree variable, and merge into one another. 
 But I take things as I find them, and will illustrate all the forms 
 according to the distinctions as they are handed down to us by the 
 authors. 
 
 Californica is sometimes called the summer form. I would 
 rather call it the northern form, as it is common in Central Cali- 
 fornia, but does not appear in the southern part of the State at all. 
 
 273. Ccenonympha Galactinus. 
 Plate XXV; Figures 273, b. 
 
 Fig. 273, Male, Southern California, May, 1889; Author. 
 
 b, Female, underside, Southern California, May, 
 
 1889; Author. 
 
 Galactinus is the southern local form, abundant in the south, and 
 
 not flying in the north ; a little smaller, and browner on the under 
 
 side, and with fewer eye-spots. 
 
 274. Ccenonympha Eryngi. 
 
 Plate XXV ; Figures 274, b. 
 
 Fig. 274, Male, San Diego County, 1889; F- Stephens. 
 
 b. Female, underside, Riche Canyon, S. Cal., 1891 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 This form is still a size smaller than the preceding; somewhat 
 
 yellowish on the upper side, especially on apices and margins, with 
 
 a satiny luster, and yellowish over all the under side, blackish at 
 
 base of hind wings ; more eye-spots. 
 
 275. Ccenonympha Ceres. 
 
 Plate XXV; Figures 275, b. 
 
 Fig. 275, Male, Southern California, 1890; Author. 
 
 b. Female, underside, Southern California, 1890; 
 Author. 
 
194 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 Small in size, white above, with satiny gloss ; on under side the 
 male has no eye-spots on either wing, and the female has one or 
 two very small ocelli, or perhaps only dots, on hind wing. Beneath 
 the shading is dusky, the base but little darker than margin ; the 
 discal dash on fore wing is broad, but not contrasting, extending 
 half way across the wing ; on hind wing the dash is broken, with a 
 spot at anal angle. 
 
 276. Coenonympha Pulla. 
 
 Plate XXV ; Figures 276, a. 
 
 Fig. 276, Male, no data, 1880 ( ?) ; Author. 
 
 a, Male, underside, no data, 1880 ( ?) ; Author. 
 Small size, white, somewhat sordid, not having satiny gloss; 
 
 under side very dark, with a reddish tint ; on fore wing no discal 
 dash, and on hind wing only a spot to indicate it ; the male has 
 two or three eye-spots on hind wing, and the female usually has 
 an apical one also. Pulla is rare, and all my specimens were taken 
 many years ago, before I realized the value of data. 
 
 277. Coenonympha Kodiak. 
 
 Plate XXV ; Figures 277, b. 
 
 Fig. 277, Male, Pyramid Harbor, Alaska, July, 1892; 
 Author. 
 
 b, Female, underside, Pyramid Harbor, Alaska, 
 
 July, 1892 ; Author. 
 Size of Galactinus; white above, with no markings except as 
 the discal dash of under side shows through the white wing; 
 under side dusky-brownish, the inner part of fore wing much 
 lighter ; two eye-spots on fore wing beneath ; and Kodiak is the 
 only white species that shows the eye-spots of fore wing more 
 prominently than those on hind wing; discal dash slight. 
 
 278. Coenonympha Elko. 
 
 Plate XXV ; Figures 278, b. 
 
 Fig. 278, Male, Spokane, Washington, May, 1890; Author. 
 
 b. Female, underside, Washington, May, 1890; 
 
 Author. 
 
 Elko is average size ; pale orange-yellow with a faint discal 
 
 flush, but otherwise the color is even over both wings. Under 
 
 side the hind wing is darker than the fore wing ; the discal dash 
 
 is inconspicuous on fore wing but strong and angular on the hind 
 
 wing ; one apical, and one anal eye-spot. 
 
GENUS CCENONYMPHA 195 
 
 279. Coenonympha Inornata. 
 Plate XXV ; Figures 279, b. 
 
 Fig. 279, Male, Central Montana, June, 1892; Author. 
 
 b. Female, underside, Central Montana, June, 1892 ; 
 Author. 
 Inornata is rather a northern species, and is not at present 
 known on the West Coast, south of the Canada line ; it should be 
 found in British Columbia, and thence east through Canada to 
 New Foundland ; is known in our Northern States only in Mon- 
 tana and Minnesota. 
 
 280. Coenonympha Ampelos. 
 Plate XXV ; Figures 280, b. 
 
 Fig. 280, Male, Victoria, Vancouver Island, July, 1891 ; 
 Author, 
 b. Female, underside, Vancouver Island, July, 1891 ; 
 Author. 
 Ampelos is of a buffy color, dusty or sordid, somewhat, and the 
 underside is very dark, the darkest of all the species ; there are no 
 eye-spots on either wing. Ampelos is chiefly from Vancouver 
 Island, and is said to have been taken in Nevada, Montana, Ore- 
 gon and Washington, but I think that some of these localities are 
 theoretical only. 
 
 281. Coenonympha Ochracea. 
 
 Plate XXV; Figures 281, b. 
 
 Fig. 281, Male, Colorado; sent me by Dr. Barnes. 
 
 b. Female, San Francisco Mts. of Arizona, 1892; 
 Stephens. 
 This is the deepest ochre-colored species of all the Coenonym- 
 phas, whence the name. On the underside it is the most orna- 
 mented of any of the species. It is found on the Rocky Mountains, 
 and in Arizona, and perhaps all of the States of the Great Basin, 
 but does not come west of the Sierra Nevadas. 
 
 282. Coenonympha Brenda. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XXV ; Figures 282, a, b. 
 
 Fig. 282, Female, Sisson, Northern California, 1890 ( ?) ; 
 Author. 
 
 a, Male, underside. Greenhorn Mountains, June, 
 
 1888; Author. 
 
 b, Female, underside, Mts. of Southern Cal., 1892 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
196 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 This fine species was published in 1869, and, as shown above, is 
 widespread, yet is one of the rarest butterflies of the West Coast. 
 The figures show the beautiful insect very well; it is not white, 
 but there is a delicate tint of chocolate-brown all through, on 
 upper and under side, quite unlike any other Coenonympha. It is 
 a mountain species, and flies higher on the mountains than any 
 other Coenonympha. 
 
 283. Coenonympha Pamphilus. 
 
 Plate XXV ; Figures 283, b. 
 
 Fig. 283, Male, Judith Mountains, Montana, July, 1892; 
 Author, 
 b, Female, underside, Judith Mountains, Montana, 
 July, 1892; Author. 
 This species scarcely comes within our limits, as it is a Great 
 Basin species, although set down in the books as a Californian 
 species, but I have never taken one in California, nor have I ever 
 seen one that was taken here ; yet, of course, it may have been. 
 It is said to live in Utah, and as I have taken it in Montana, it 
 probably inhabits all of the States of the Great Basin. 
 
 Genus CHIONOBAS. 
 
 Medium-sized, wood-brown butterflies ; remarkable for color, 
 flight, and habits. All the species have a characteristic family like- 
 ness, so that no one of them can well be mistaken as belonging to 
 any other genus. These butterflies seldom or never feed on 
 flowers, or sip at water in damp places. Evidently their individual 
 lives must be short, and are spent solely in play and in the repro- 
 duction of the species. They pass the time during the sunny 
 day hours in sunning themselves upon the bare rocks, or on the 
 spots of bare ground in the grassy places where they live, starting 
 up now and then to pursue any flying thing that may come along, 
 returning to the same place again. Their manner of alighting is 
 peculiar, hesitating, as if in doubt whether it may be safe or not, 
 and then with wings all upraised, they drop upon their favorite 
 perch. 
 
 The determination of species is chiefly by the under side. 
 
 The determination of sex, is by the ocelli, the size of abdomen, 
 and relative size of the specimen ; also the female usually has more 
 
Butterflies of the West Coast. 
 
 t 
 
 <^ 
 
 ? Q^ ^ 
 
 ■-Cx. 
 
 1 
 
 -r 
 
 \- 
 
 -t 
 
 r~ 
 
 Hax.'2«' ^ 
 
 w 
 
 ■J Ml 
 
 # 
 
 'V0' 
 
GENUS CHIONOBAS 197 
 
 blind ocelli or dots on the wings than the male, and the tip of the 
 
 abdomen is differently shaped, as seen in the Figures 288(1 and c. 
 
 Like all the Satyrids, the female will ovipost on the net which 
 
 confines her, just as well as on a plant. The larvae feed on grass. 
 
 284. Chionobas Gigas. 
 
 Plate XXVI ; Figures 284, a, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 284, Male, Vancouver Island, July 3, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 a, Male, underside, Vancouver Island, July 3, 1891 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 b, Female, Vancouver Island, July 3, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Vancouver Island, July 3, 
 
 1891 ; Author. 
 
 Gigas is found about the bald knobs of the mountain tops which 
 largely form the elevations of Vancouver Island ; the mountains 
 are heavily forested with fir trees, and these bare rocky knobs are 
 the only open places on the heights. There are little open, grassy 
 valleys on the lowlands, but Gigas never goes there. The males 
 stay about those bare rock-knobs, flirting and playing during the 
 few sunny hours that shine upon the rocks in that cloudy, raw 
 climate ; the females are more quiet, keeping about the base of the 
 rocks, and lay their eggs upon the fine grass-blades that spring up 
 about the rocks. I conclude that the butterfly can not live more 
 than four or five days in the best of weather. The paragraph on 
 "stranded butterflies," in another part of this book, applies pecu- 
 liarly to this species. 
 
 The determination of species is almost wholly from the under 
 side, the striations being uneven, or, as I call it, congested. 
 
 285. Chionobas Nevadensis. 
 
 No figure. 
 The name of Nevadensis standing in the catalogues, was pub- 
 lished two years prior to that of Californica. Both names were 
 published by foreigners, and the types, if they yet remain, are 
 probably in France, and are not readily seen, or compared with 
 recently-taken specimens. I have never seen an authoritatively- 
 labeled Nlevadensis, but I believe that it stands for the same but- 
 terfly that I call Californica; and whenever that shall be estab- 
 lished as a fact instead of being merely guessed at, as at present, 
 the name Californica will have to be dropped and Nevadensis 
 used instead, as priority governs in such cases. 
 
198 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 286. Chionobas Califomica. 
 
 Plate XXVI ; Figures 286, a, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 286, Male, Klamath River Basin, 1890; Author. 
 
 a. Male, underside, Klamath River Basin, 1890; 
 
 Author. 
 
 b. Female, Northeastern California, 1894; F. 
 
 Stephens. 
 
 c. Female, Northeastern California, 1894; F. 
 
 Stephens. 
 
 CaHfornica inhabits the grassy foothills where the pine and 
 oak trees are scattered scantily about, and the soil is covered 
 with scanty grasses, which, at the time that the butterfly is in 
 flight are dried up and dead for that year. The butterflies alight 
 upon spots of dried ground or among the dead herbage, as stated 
 under the genus heading. 
 
 The male here figured was taken by me in the Klamath country, 
 and was sent to Mr. W. H. Edwards, and returned named "Cali- 
 fomica," being one among many so returned. 
 
 This is not one of the "stranded butterflies," and is never seen 
 on cold or alpine heights, but frequents warm and sheltered places. 
 
 The determination of this species is chiefly by the under side, 
 the striations being even, smooth, not contrasting. 
 
 287. Chionobas Iduna. 
 
 Plate XXVI ; Figures 287, a, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 287, Male, Northwestern California, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 a, Male, underside. Northwestern California, 1891 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 b, Female, Northwestern California, 1894 ; Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside. Northwestern California, 
 
 1894; Author. 
 Iduna inhabits the evergreen forests of Northwestern Califor- 
 nia. They never eat nor drink, and I know from personal obser- 
 vation that the flight lasts but a week. The male Iduna has habits 
 that remind one of the Limenitis ; they sail along with horizontal 
 wings, and as they go they flicker their wings with a twitching 
 flutter to keep up their motion, and then sail again on horizontal 
 wings. The male Iduna has a fancy for alighting on the end of a 
 twig, and sitting there with the wings out flat like a Limenitis; 
 when thus on the watch, they will fly in alarm if the butterfly- 
 
GENUS CHIONOBAS 199 
 
 hunter comes within ten yards of them. The female is rarely seen ; 
 she has a furtive, rapid flight when hunting for a place to lay her 
 eggs, and at other times remains hidden. 
 
 The determination of this species is from the under side, the 
 striations being as depicted in the plate, somewhat intermediate 
 between the two preceding species. But the collector is never in 
 doubt, for Iduna's habitat is entirely different from that of 
 any other species, and no two species of these large Chionobas are 
 ever found in any one locality. 
 
 288. Chionobas Ivallda. 
 
 Plate XXVI ; Figures 288, a, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 288, Male, Sierra Nevadas, 10,000 feet elevation, 
 1891 ; Author. 
 
 a, Male, underside. Sierra Nevadas, 10,000 feet ele- 
 
 vation, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 b, Female, Sierra Nevadas, 10,000 feet elevation, 
 
 1891 ; Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside. Sierra Nevadas, 10,000 feet 
 
 elevation, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 Ivallda has much the same habits as Gigas, in that they live on 
 bare, rocky peaks, spending their whole time of the few days that 
 they have to live in flitting about to one rock after another, having 
 favorite alighting places on each rock. Such bare, wind-swept 
 pinnacles seem to be inappropriate abiding places for such crea- 
 tures as butterflies, but they simply will not live in any other place. 
 These butterflies are very wary, too, and if you miss one it drops 
 over perpendicular precipices where only winged things and fly- 
 ing machines can go, and there they stay. Ivallda is another 
 species of "stranded butterflies." 
 
 The eggs are laid singly on or among fine grasses ; the eggs 
 hatch in twelve days ; the larvae are nocturnal, feeding by night 
 and lying secreted by day. 
 
 289. Chionobas Uhleri. 
 
 Plate XXVI ; Figure 289, Female, Colorado ; from T. L. 
 Mead. 
 Uhleri is a Rocky Mountain species, and is noj at present known 
 to fly on the mountains of the Coast. Yet it may be found on 
 mountains of moderate height, in any of the semi-desert localities 
 of the Great Basin or in Eastern Washington or Oregon. I mean 
 there is no apparent reason why it should not be so found. 
 
200 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 290. Chionobas Varuna. 
 
 Plate XXVI ; Figure 290, Female, Belt Mountains, Mont., 
 1890; Author. 
 
 Varuna is much like Uhleri, but is larger, browner, and all the 
 markings are stronger and more positive, and it lives in a more 
 northern habitat. It never feeds on flowers, but, like all Satyrids, 
 is short-lived, and has no other business but to play, and to carry 
 on the work of populating the grassy slopes and vales where it 
 lives. 
 
 Like Uhleri, Varuna should be found on foothills and moderate 
 elevations quite up to the eastern base of the Cascades. 
 
 291. Chionobas Subhyalina. 
 
 Plate XXVI ; Figures 291, b. 
 Fig. 291, Male, Rocky Mountains; from D. Bruce, 
 b. Female, Rocky Mountains ; from D. Bruce. 
 This species is from the mountains of British America, north of 
 the United States, and is not supposed to live within our territory. 
 I am not aware that it has ever been taken in Alaska, even ; but 
 if I were a butterfly-hunter, I would look for it on any of the high 
 mountains of the Puget Sound country, or to the northward. 
 
 292. Chionobas Brucei. 
 
 Plate XXVI ; Figure 292, Male, Rocky Mountains of Colo- 
 rado; D. Bruce. 
 Brucei is apparently the southern form of the preceding, Sub- 
 hyalina, the chief difference being the median band on underside 
 of hind wing, as well shown in the Plate. 
 
 Like the preceding species, this may be looked for on the moun- 
 tains of the West Coast, although it is not yet known from any 
 other than the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Genus LEMONIAS. 
 
 This is a small genus of beautiful little butterflies, three species 
 of which live on the coast proper, and three others are from 
 Arizona. The coast species have a reddish ground-color, with 
 white spots scattered over both wings, and the Arizona species 
 have a dark ground with blackish spots, except Cleis, which has 
 white spots. 
 
Butterflies of the West Coast. 
 
 Plate XXVI. 
 
GENUS LEMONIAS 201 
 
 All Lemonias are of gentle flight, feed freely of flowers, and 
 live mostly on the plains and foothills, though some go up the 
 mountain side to an elevation of 7,000 feet. 
 
 294. Lemonias Mormo. 
 
 Plate XXVII ; Figures 294, b. 
 
 Fig. 294, Male, Colorado Desert of California, 1885; 
 Author. 
 b. Female, Greenhorn Mountains, California, 1888; 
 Author. 
 The upper side of Mormo has never been illustrated previously. 
 The species is not a recent one, having been named in 1859, but 
 the butterfly is today a rare one, at least in California, and con- 
 sequently it is not well known. In twenty-five years' collecting 
 on the West Coast I have found it at two localities only, and those 
 two are of widely differing environment, as noted above, one be- 
 ing a desert place approximately at sea level, and the other at 
 7,000 feet elevation on a forested mountain top. Mormo is said 
 to be found in Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, as well as in Cali- 
 fornia, and it may be that Mormo is more plentiful at some point 
 where I have not been. 
 
 295. Lemonias Cythera. 
 
 Plate XXVII ; Figure 295, Female, Santa Rita Moun- 
 tains, June, 1885 ; Author. 
 This is the largest of the white-spotted Lemonias. It is found 
 on some of the mountains of Southern Arizona, as the Santa 
 Ritas, the Catalinas, Huachucas, and others, but always, I believe, 
 at an elevation of several thousand feet; thence southward into 
 Mexico, as it is somewhat of a tropical species, and these Arizona 
 mountains are its most northern points. 
 
 296. Lemonias Virgulti. 
 
 Plate XXVII ; Figures 296, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 296, Male, Southern California, 1890; Author. 
 
 b, Female, Southern California, 1890; Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside. Southern California, 1890; 
 
 Author. 
 This species, though rather local, is abundant, and it flies in its 
 favorite restricted localities in countless numbers; it is an all- 
 
202 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 season butterfly, of spring and summer and autumn alike, on the 
 small hills and foothills and the mountain sides up to a moderate 
 elevation. 
 
 The eggs are oviposited on the leaves of Eriogonum fascicu- 
 latum. 
 
 297. Lemonias Palmeri. 
 
 Plate XXVII ; Figures 297, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 297, Male, Colorado Desert of California, 1899; 
 Author. 
 
 b, Female, Colorado Desert of California, 1899; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Colorado Desert of Califor- 
 
 nia, 1899; Author. 
 Palmeri is not an orthodox coast dweller, as it lives in the 
 deserts of the interior, at the bases of desert mountains. In its 
 own localities it is extremely abundant, and flies in numbers about 
 the bushes of Beleperone Californica, its larval food-plant. The 
 bright red flowers of the plant are used by the Indians to make 
 dye, red in color, but which fades to a yellow if not fixed by a 
 mordaunt. 
 
 298. Lemonias Nais. 
 
 Plate XXVII ; Figures 298, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 298, Male, Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, June, 
 1903 ; F. Stephens. 
 
 b, Female, Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, June, 
 
 1903 ; F. Stephens. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Santa Rita Mountains, 
 
 Arizona, June, 1903 ; F. Stephens. 
 I illustrate the male, female and the underside of this beautiful 
 species. These were taken in the Santa Ritas, although it is 
 stated that Nais lives only on the east side of the continental divide, 
 so that statement is incorrect, for the Santa Ritas are in the basin 
 of the Salt River, a tributary of the Colorado. I have no data as 
 to the elevation at which these examples were taken, but it must 
 have been at 5,000 to 7,000 feet altitude. 
 
 299. Lemonias Zela. 
 
 Plate XXVII ; Figure 299, Santa Rita Mountains, June, 
 1893 ; Stephens. 
 
GENUS CALEPHELIS 203 
 
 The sexes of Zela are very much aHke, and one figure will 
 sufficiently illustrate the species, especially as this Arizona form 
 has but slight interest for us in the coast region. 
 
 300. Lemonias Cleis. 
 
 Plate XXVII ; Figure 300, Female, Santa Rita Moun- 
 tains, 1903 ; Stephens. 
 This also is a mountain form from the Arizona mountains. It 
 seems to be a Mexican form, just happening in American terri- 
 tory, as it is not known from any other locality than southern 
 Arizona. 
 
 Genus CALEPHELIS. 
 
 A most charming group of very small butterflies, all of them 
 distinguished by having two rows of plumbeous spots, like dull 
 silver, on both sides of both wings, but most plainly seen on the 
 under side. Two species are eastern, one of them coming west to 
 California, and two are western, going eastward only to Arizona 
 and Texas. 
 
 301. Calephelis Borealis. 
 
 Plate XXVII; Figure 301, Female, Lake County, Cal., 
 June, 1894 ; Author. 
 This example here figured was taken by the author in Central 
 California, as noted, and it is the only one ever mentioned as 
 captured west of Illinois. Presumably it is invading the West 
 Coast, as some other species have done, and may in a few years 
 become common. This specimen was taken in the mountains at 
 an estimated elevation of 3,000 feet. 
 
 302. Calephelis Australis. 
 
 Plate XXVII ; Figures 302, b. 
 
 Fig. 302, Male, Yuma, Arizona ; October, 1883 ; Author, 
 b. Female, Yuma, Arizona, October, 1883 ; Author. 
 Australis and the next. Nemesis, are much alike ; Australis is 
 the darker, and smaller, and generally marked by a dark band or 
 curved shading across the middle of both wings, with the basal 
 part darker than the marginal. I have found Australis more 
 plentiful at Yuma than at any other point, although it is occa- 
 sionally taken all over southern California. The dark fringes on 
 
204 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 both wings are interrupted by white in three places, one near 
 apices, again in the middle, and near inner angles, but these inter- 
 ruptions are shown on the plate rather indistinctly, 
 
 303. Calephelis Nemesis. 
 
 Plate XXVII ; Figures 303, Female ; c, Female, underside. 
 Lighter in color than Australis, especially on the under side, and 
 about the same size, or a little larger, but you may find some speci- 
 mens which you are unable to satisfactorily assign to either name. 
 The white breaks in the dark fringes of Australis are not so appar- 
 ent in Nemesis, but the dark fringe is lightened somewhat with 
 white hairs, often along the whole margin, with nearly always at 
 least a faint white part near inner angle of fore wing, but prac- 
 tically we may regard the white interruptions as obsolescent or 
 wanting in Nemesis. 
 
 Genus ATLIDES. 
 
 Two tropical species, extremely high-colored and tropical-look- 
 ing, only one of which comes to the West Coast. Six-footed ; 
 bodies short and stout; extremely rapid flyers. Sex-mark, a 
 "stigma" on the fore wing, seen in the figure of the male, 306, as 
 a black spot on fore wing. 
 
 304. Atlides Crysalus. 
 
 Plate XXVII ; Figure 304, Male, underside, from Colo- 
 rado; D. Bruce. 
 
 Crysalus is a gorgeous, handsome butterfly ; I have shown the 
 underside, as that is more distinctive than the upper. It is from 
 Colorado, and is said to fly also in Utah, Arizona, and is credited 
 to Southern California, but this latter locality is an error, being 
 merely guesswork, as I believe. 
 
 Citima, a variety, is set down for Arizona, and if correctly so 
 assigned, is an inhabitant of the West Coast; but I doubt the 
 statement, and think that it is not seen west of the continental 
 divide. 
 
 306. Atlides Halesus. 
 
 Plate XXVII ; Figure 306, Male, Slover Mountain, Cal., 
 1890; Author. 
 This is one of the handsomest of butterflies, the metallic, glisten- 
 ing scales fairly sparkle in the sunshine. Really, it is tropical in 
 
GENUS THECLA 205 
 
 its habitat, as it does not go further north than the Gulf States, 
 where it is common, and westward to Arizona and Southern Cali- 
 fornia. It is rapid and tricky in flight, but it does not go far away 
 from the trees whereon its plant grows. When feeding on 
 flowers it is tame and readily approached. Halesus has two tails, 
 a thread-like one, and a broad, spatulate one that is always twisted, 
 or turned edgewise. 
 
 The larval food-plant is mistletoe, usually found growing on 
 Cottonwood trees. 
 
 Genus THECLA. 
 
 Rather small-sized butterflies; bodies stout; six- footed; the 
 hind wings usually terminated with thread-like tails. Flight, rapid 
 and eccentric. 
 
 Sex-mark, the same as in the previous genus, namely, the male 
 is marked with a "stigma" near costa, in the middle of the wing, 
 the female has no such mark, but the abdomen of the female is 
 larger, usually noticeably so. 
 
 308. Thecla Melinus. 
 
 Plate XXVII ; Figures 308, Male ; b, Female. 
 This is a very common species all over the United States, and is 
 known in some places as Thecla Humuli. In the Eastern States it 
 is said to feed on the common hop-vine, the caterpillars being 
 called "green, downy caterpillars" ; but in California the eggs are 
 oviposited on the flower-buds of Malva rotundifolia. As I have 
 taken this butterfly in desert localities, where there are no hop- 
 vines nor malva plants within many miles, I am sure that the larvae 
 are rather omnivorous, and feed on many different plants. 
 
 309. Thecla Californica. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XXVII ; Figures 309, a. 
 
 Fig. 309, Male, Central California, no data; from Prof. 
 
 Rivers. 
 
 a, Male, underside, Sisson, Cal., 1898; Author. 
 
 This is a northern species, inhabiting the mountainous parts of 
 
 Central and Northern California. The colors are rather neutral, 
 
 and the key to the species is the small fulvous spot on upper side 
 
 at anal angle and the blue spot with differently colored lunules 
 
 on either side on the under side of the wing, as shown on the plate. 
 
206 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 310. Thecla Dryope. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XXVII; Figures 310, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 310, Male, Greenhorn Mountains, 7,000 feet eleva- 
 tion, 1888; Author. 
 
 b, Female, San Bernardino Mts., May 24, 1895; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, San Bernardino Mts., June 22, 
 
 1896; Author. 
 Dryope is a very peculiarly colored Thecla, being somewhat of 
 a pale mouse-color, with the disks of all wings paled, or in the 
 female, flushed as well as paled ; on under side all wings are 
 chalky-white, with an anal lunule, as well shown on the plate. 
 Dryope is a very rare species, and it is quite a feat to capture one 
 of them, not that they are wary, but that you may walk a thou- 
 sand miles without seeing one to try your net at. 
 
 311. Thecla Tacita. 
 
 Plate XXVII; Figures 311, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 311, Male, Lake County, Cal., June, 1894; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Greenhorn Mountains, June, 1888; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside. Greenhorn Mountains, June, 
 
 1888; Author. 
 Tacita is allied to Dryope, being smaller, and darker in color, 
 but the flushings on the wings are at the inner angles, and not on 
 the disks, as in Dryope. The figures give a good illustration of 
 the species better than many words could do. Tacita is a moun- 
 tain flyer, very widely scattered, and not plenty at any place. 
 
 313. Thecla Auretorum. 
 
 No figure. 
 This is one of the few Californian butterflies which I know 
 nothing about. It has never been figured, and the literature about 
 it is scanty. Apparently little is known about it. 
 
 314. Thecla Grunus. 
 
 Plate XXVII ; Figures 314, a. 
 
 Fig. 314, Female, San Bernardino Mts., 3,000 feet alti- 
 tude, June, 1886; Author, 
 a, Male, underside, Sisson, Cal, July, 1892 ; Author. 
 Grunus is the third, and the palest of the group to which it be- 
 longs, the other two being Dryope and Tacita ; I have grouped 
 
GENUS THECLA 207 
 
 them all here together for convenience of comparison. The cheeks 
 of Griinus are flushed, like those of Dryope, and in other aspects 
 it carries the same face as the other two, but on underside there 
 are no markings whatever, all the dots usually seen are paled out 
 entirely. 
 
 316. Thecla Saepiutn. 
 
 Plate XXVII ; Figures 316, c. 
 
 Fig. 316, Male, Truckee, Cal., July, 1892; Author. 
 
 c, Male, underside, Truckee, Cal., July, 1892; 
 Author. 
 Brown above; black-brown beneath, with a small ashy-blue 
 spot at anal angle of hind wing, which spot is the best key to the 
 species ; there are other species that resemble Saepium, but the 
 blue spot is distinctive ; it is not well shown in the figure, being 
 overshadowed by the black at that point. 
 
 318. Thecla Chalcis. 
 
 Plate XXVII ; Figures 318, a. 
 
 Fig. 318, Male, Greenhorn Mountains, Cal., July, 1888; 
 Author, 
 a, Male, underside, San Bernardino Mts., June, 
 1889; Author. 
 On upper side wine-red, with a dark violet luster when fresh; 
 on under side much as in Saepium, yet different, especially as the 
 blue spot of Saepium is absent in Chalcis ; the whole under side is 
 of a peculiar smoky tint, or in the female, bronzy. Chalcis is a 
 mountain species, and is not found on the lowlands at any place ; 
 apparently about 5,000 feet elevation is where it most abounds. 
 
 319. Thecla Nelsoni. 
 
 Plate XXVII ; Figures 319, a. 
 
 Fig. 319, Male, San Bernardino Mountains, June, 1897; 
 Author, 
 a, Male, underside, San Bernardino Mountains, 
 June, 1889; Author. 
 This is a rare species, not being often seen. It flies on the high 
 mountains at 5,000 to 6,000 feet elevation. The under side is 
 peculiar in that it has a curved row of spots on the fore wing, a 
 feature that belongs more usually to the Lycaenas than to the 
 Theclas. 
 
208 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 320. Thecla Exoleta. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 
 Plate XXVII ; Figure 320, Female, Central California, 
 1894; Author. 
 Exoleta is supposed to be a variety of the preceding, Nelsoni, 
 being practically the same on the upper side, and with but minor 
 points of difference on the under side. I figure the under side 
 because it is there that the differences, such as they are, are located. 
 Because the curved row of dots on fore wing is absent I am of 
 the opinion that it is separate and distinct from Nelsoni. 
 
 321. Thecla Muiri. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 
 Plate XXVII; Figure 321, Male, Central California, 
 1897; Author. 
 Muiri is a variety of 319, Nelsoni ; much smaller, and the spots 
 of under side in good part faint or absent. On the upper side there 
 is no difference apparent except in size. 
 
 322. Thecla Spinetorum. 
 
 Plate XXVII ; Figures 322, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 322, Male, EUensburg, Wash., May 20, 1896 ; Author. 
 
 b. Female, EUensburg, Wash., May 20, 1896; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c, Male, underside, EUensburg, Wash., May 20, 
 
 1896; Author. 
 This is a member of the group to which the preceding Nelsoni 
 and Muiri belong, being very similar, and having on the under 
 side the same type of markings, including the discal bar or series 
 of dots on fore wing; the markings of hind wing are of Nelsoni 
 type, and are more distinct and obvious than in Nelsoni, or Muiri. 
 
 323. Thecla Spadix. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XXVII ; Figures 323, a. 
 
 Fig. 323, Female, Central California Mts., August 5, 1890; 
 Author, 
 a, Male, underside, Central California Mts., August 
 5, 1890; Author. 
 Spadix is very plain dull mouse-color, on both upper and under 
 side with scarcely a line or a mark for ornamentation. The female 
 sometimes has a faint chestnut shade on the disk of wings, but 
 often has not. It is a rather large-sized butterfly, and lives in the 
 mountains, at an elevation of about 4,000 feet. 
 
Butterflies of the West Coast. 
 
 Plate XXVII. 
 
GENUS THECLA 209 
 
 324. Thecla Adenostomatis. 
 
 Plate XXVII ; Figures 324, b. 
 
 Fig. 324, Male, Central California, no data. 
 
 b, Female, underside. Central California, no data. 
 On upper side this butterfly is very much like the preceding, 
 being plain mouse-color, and without any marks for identification ; 
 but, like many others, the under side is different, having a thin, 
 hoary whiteness overspread, and the median band is apparent as 
 a thin white line, merely, across both wings, together with some 
 small marks at anal angle of hind wing. 
 
 326. Thecla Clytie. 
 
 No figure. 
 Qytie is now thought to be the same as Ines. The differences, if 
 any, are that Clytie is a little larger in size, and the blue of hind 
 wing extends over the hind part of the fore wing. 
 
 327. Thecla Ines. 
 
 Plate XXVIII ; Figures 327, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 327, Male, Santa Rita Mts., Arizona, Oct., 1892 ; 
 F. Stephens. 
 
 b. Female, Santa Rita Mts., Arizona, Oct., 1892; 
 
 F. Stephens. 
 
 c. Female, underside. Southern California, Oct., 
 
 1903 ; Author. 
 This beautiful little Thecla comes from Arizona and from that 
 part of California adjoining. It is very rare, and not often found 
 in collections, perhaps because of its habit of appearing in the 
 autumn rather than in the spring, as is usual with most butterflies. 
 In Arizona they have summer rains, which cause the plants to 
 enjoy a sort of second spring, and that would seem to offer a sort 
 of reason for the fall appearance of this butterfly, but in California, 
 adjoining, there is no summer rain, and yet Ines comes out at the 
 same time as in Arizona. 
 
 328. Thecla Avalona, n. s. Not illustrated elsewhere. 
 Plate XXVIII ; Figures 328, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 328, Male, Catalina Island, summer of 1885; F. 
 Stephens. 
 
 b, Female, Catalina Island, summer of 1885 ; F. 
 
 Stephens. 
 
 c, Male, underside, Catalina Island, summer of 
 
 1885 ; F. Stephens. 
 
210 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 Expanse, .8 to i inch. Male, blue ; female, dusky-blue ; small 
 black and faint fulvous lunules at anal angle. Under side ashy- 
 blue, dusky at apices; a median band across both wings, deeply 
 indented twice on each wing, the band is somewhat after the pat- 
 tern of the band on Behri, on which account I have placed Avalona 
 next to Behri on the plate. 
 
 It is a matter of great grief to me that the males of these figures 
 were in a wretched condition, so rubbed as to be almost valueless, 
 but I had no others. This charming new species was taken on 
 Catalina Island in 1885, as noted on the data, and I have named it 
 for the chief town on the island, near which the specimens were 
 taken. It might well have been named for Mr. Stephens, but 
 neither Mr. Stephens nor the Author favors personal names. This 
 new species was recognized as new long ago, but has been held in 
 abeyance till now that it might appear in this book. 
 
 329. Thecla Behri. 
 
 Plate XXVIII ; Figures 329, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 329, Male, Truckee, Cal., July, 1901 ; Author. 
 
 b, Female, Truckee, Cal., July, 1901 ; Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Truckee, Cal., July, 1901 ; 
 
 Author. 
 Behri is a lovely little butterfly, and in the Tahoe region and 
 along the Truckee River it is very abundant indeed. It is set down 
 for several of the States of the Great Basin, and as far north as 
 Oregon, so it is probable that it flies in every State of the Basin 
 north of Arizona. 
 
 330. Thecla Iroides. 
 
 Plate XXVIII ; Figures 330, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 330, Male, Southern California, April, 1895 ; Author. 
 
 b, Female, Greenhorn Mountains, 7,000 feet alti- 
 
 tude, 1888; Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Greenhorn Mountains, 7,000 
 
 feet altitude, 1888 ; Author. 
 Iroides is very common in Southern California in early spring; 
 it likes to feed on the flowers of the early-flowering ceanothus. 
 This species enjoys a wider range in altitude than most butterflies, 
 as it flies on the plains, and up to an elevation of 8,000 feet ; and it 
 also reaches over the whole of the West Coast, from Arizona to 
 Vancouver Island, and perhaps still further north. 
 
GENUS THECLA 211 
 
 4iclics 33^- Thecla Mossi, Not figured elsewhere. 
 
 Plate XXVIII; Figure 331, Female, underside, Puget 
 Sound, May i, 1890; Author. 
 Mossi is sometimes spoken of as the Western form or repre- 
 sentative of the Eastern species, Irus, which lives in the Atlantic 
 and the Western States. Mossi was taken on Vancouver Island 
 in 1880, and ten years later this figured example was taken by me 
 in the same region. Between this locality and the habitat of Irus 
 in the Western States is a vacant space two thousand miles wide, 
 in which neither Irus nor Mossi are seen, and, considering this 
 fact, and also the differences between the forms, I conclude that 
 Mossi is a good and sufficient species. 
 
 The essential peculiarity of Mossi is the bleached, washed-out 
 appearance of the underside of hind wings, "giving it a most pecu- 
 liar aspect," as the description truly says, and as shown on the 
 plate. 
 
 333. Thecla Eryphon. 
 
 Plate XXVIII ; Figures 333, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 333, Male, Sierra Nevadas near Lake Tahoe, July, 
 1892; Auhor. 
 
 b, Female, Sierra Nevadas near Lake Tahoe, July, 
 
 1892 ; Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside. Sierra Nevadas near Lake Ta- 
 
 hoe, July, 1892 ; Author. 
 The key to this species is the evenly-curved band near the mid- 
 dle of fore wing, in contradistinction with the next species, Ni- 
 phon, in which the band is sharply angled or dentated; though 
 the underside of Niphon is much lighter than Eryphon. 
 
 334. Thecla Niphon. 
 
 Plate XXVIII ; Figures 334, b, c. 
 
 Fig- 334. Male, Mendocino County, Cal., June, 1891 ; 
 Author. 
 
 b, Female, Mendocino County, Cal., June, 1891 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Mendocino County, Cal., 
 
 June, 1891 ; Author. 
 Niphon is much like the preceding Eryphon, being lighter, espe- 
 cially on under side, and the banding beneath is more angulated. 
 
218 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 335. Thecla Dumetorum. 
 
 Plate XXVIII ; Figures 335, a, aa. 
 
 Fig. 335, Male, Southern California, May, 1903 ; Author, 
 b, Male, Central Montana, July, 1892; Author, 
 a, Male, Truckee, Cal., July, 1891 ; Author. 
 Figure 335 is the typically colored male of the West Coast, and 
 Figure b following is of an example taken in the extreme eastern 
 part of its range, and shows much bronze-color; Figure a is an 
 average specimen, showing the white dots crossing the wing ; some- 
 times these dots are on both wings, or on either. These white dots 
 are the line of separation between Dumetorum and the following, 
 Affinis. 
 
 336. Thecla Affinis. 
 
 Plate XXVIII ; Figures 336, b. 
 
 Fig. 336, Male, Southern California, 1890; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Southern California, 1895 ; Author. 
 Affinis is a variety of Dumetorum, in which there are no white 
 dots on either wing on under side. There are but few examples 
 that are fully and fairly marked with the dots across either wing, 
 most specimens have one or more dots on one of the wings, but in 
 that case they are a sort of intergrades, belonging to neither form. 
 
 337. Thecla Apama. 
 No figure. 
 
 Apama is an Arizona species resembling Dumetorum, on 
 under side greenish in color, and having a more elaborate orna- 
 mentation. It is properly a Mexican species, only in limited num- 
 bers coming across the line. 
 
 Genus CHRYSOPHANUS. 
 
 A group of sixteen species belonging to the West Coast, larger 
 than the Theclas or the Lycaenas, and of apparently intermediate 
 structure; generally reddish males and yellowish females, 
 freckled above and beneath with black spots, and figured with 
 colored lines and lunules. At one time these were considered as 
 Lycaenas, and were listed with them. 
 
GENUS CHRYSOPHANUS 213 
 
 338. Chrysophanus Arota. 
 
 Plate XXVIII ; Figures 338, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 338, Male, Santa Clara County, Cal., July, 1892; 
 Author. 
 
 b, Female, Santa Clara County, Cal., July, 1892; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Santa Clara County, Cal., 
 
 July, 1892; Author. 
 This was one of the first butterflies of the West Coast to be 
 named ; it flies in the vicinity of San Francisco Bay, and so early 
 fell into the hands of the French collector during the first gold 
 fever, and sent to France, where it was named by Boisduval. 
 Arota and the next, Virginiensis, are much alike, and will puzzle 
 to separate if the locality labels are missing ; I have a good series 
 of both, but find no feature that can be relied on in all cases, as 
 each character seems comparative, only. 
 
 339. Chrysophanus Virginiensis. 
 
 Plate XXVIII ; Figures 339, b, c. 
 
 Fig- 339. Male, Sierra Nevadas of California, July, 1892; 
 Author. 
 
 b. Female, Madeleine Plains, Cal., July, 1894; F. 
 
 Stephens. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Portland, Oregon, August, 
 
 1890; Author. 
 This is a mountain butterfly, seen only at high elevations, except 
 at the north, where northing counts as elevation. The example b 
 above, is the darkest one I have, showing less white on hind wing ; 
 others taken south in California have nearly as much white be- 
 neath as Arota. 
 
 340. Chrysophanus Hermes. 
 
 No figure. 
 I have never been able to distinguish this species. The descrip- 
 tion is as follows : "Size, about one inch ; sexes much alike ; upper 
 side, pale fulvous ; margin brown ; an irregular row of brown 
 discal spots. Under side, fore wings pale buff, spots large and 
 distinct ; hind wings base grayish, margin clouded gray ; a row of 
 discal black spots ; at anal angle a black spot, and near it others 
 obsolete ; a long, tapering tail." 
 
214 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 341. Chrysophanus Mariposa. 
 
 Plate XXVIII; Figures 341, b. 
 
 Fig. 341, Male, Sierras of Central California, July, 1892; 
 
 Author. 
 
 b. Female, Sierras of Central California, July, 1892; 
 
 Author. 
 
 Mariposa is a small-sized butterfly, for one of this genus, and it 
 
 has no sign of a tail, so that, although it looks much like others 
 
 in point of color and markings, it is readily separated. It is a 
 
 mountain species, and I have found it to be quite rare everywhere. 
 
 342. Chrysophanus Xanthoides. 
 
 Plate XXVIII ; Figures 342, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 342, Male, Southern California plains, June, 1895 ; 
 Author. 
 
 b. Female, Southern California plains, June, 1895 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside. Greenhorn Mountains, July, 
 
 1888; Author. 
 This is the largest Chrysophanus of the West Coast. It is gen- 
 erally a plains species, though later in the season it can be found 
 well up on the hills and mountains of moderate height. It is quite 
 easy to confuse the females of this and the next, Gorgon, but if you 
 note the lines and dots at the anal angle on the under side of hind 
 wing, you will not get them mixed. 
 
 343. Chrysophanus Gorgon. 
 
 Plate XXVIII ; Figures 343, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 343, Male, Riche Canyon, S. Cal., June, 1899 ; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Cabazon, Southern California, 1898; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Mendocino County, Cal., 
 
 June, 1894; Author. 
 Gorgon, the male, in the south is a fiery-red fellow, looking like 
 red-hot iron glossed with violet. More to the north the color is 
 subdued. The female Gorgon is tinted with coffee-color on the 
 under side of both wings, and all the submarginal dots and lunules 
 are separate, and not tied together with white lines, or lines of any 
 color. 
 
GENUS CHRYSOPHANUS 215 
 
 345. Chrysophanus Editha. 
 
 Plate XXVIII ; Figures 345, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 345, Male, Truckee, Cal., June 20, 1892 ; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Truckee, Cal., June 22, 1892 ; Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Tahoe, Cal., June, 1892; 
 
 Author. 
 Editha inhabits the plains and valleys some thousand feet below 
 the crests of the higher mountains, and is very common every- 
 where in suitable locations. 
 
 346. Chrysophanus Zeroe. 
 
 Plate XXVIII ; Figures 346, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 346, Male, Portland, Oregon, July, 1890; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Sierra Nevadas of California, July, 1892 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Sierra Nevadas of California, 
 
 July, 1892; Author. 
 This is a similar species to the preceding, and found in similar 
 environment, but extending further to the north, into Oregon, 
 and perhaps into Washington, but I have never taken it that far 
 north. The key to Zeroe is the white, blank, underside of hind 
 wing, which is peculiar to this species alone. 
 
 347. Chrysophanus Del Sud, n. s. Not illustrated elsewhere. 
 Plate XXVIII ; Figures 347, b. 
 
 Fig- 347. Female, San Diego, Cal., 1896. 
 
 b, Female, underside, San Diego, Cal., 1896. 
 
 Expanse, i.i inch; color of the female, upper side brown- 
 ish, with pale orange on fore wing near inner angle, and black 
 spots, as in Arota, but less prominent ; hind wing without spots, 
 except a line of reddish at anal angle ; a small tail ; under side 
 yellow on both wings, the fore wing whitish on the disk, with five 
 black spots irregularly placed ; no spots on hind wing, except two 
 minute ones inside the middle. 
 
 This fine and peculiarly-marked Chrysophanus was taken near 
 San Diego by Mr. Carl Field, and given to Mr. F. Stephens, who 
 sent it to me for determination. No male was taken ; I have done 
 what I could in the years since this example came into my pos- 
 session to get a male of the species, but without avail. Del Sud 
 (of the South) is probably a Lower California butterfly, just hap- 
 
216 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 pening over the line ; in that case it ought to be taken at Yuma, 
 evidently. 
 
 348. Chrysophanus Helloides. 
 
 Plate XXVIII ; Figures 348, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 348, Male, Southern California, 1900; Author. 
 
 b, Female, Vancouver Island, 1892 ; Author. 
 
 c, Portland, Oregon, 1892; Author. 
 
 This is very common and wide-spread, and everybody knows it 
 if they know any of the smaller butterflies. 
 
 The larval food-plant is Polygonum aviculare, common "knot- 
 grass." 
 
 349. Chrysophanus Dorcas. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XXVIII; Figures 349, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 349, Male, Sitka, Alaska, July, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 b, Female, Sitka, Alaska, July, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Sitka, Alaska, July, 1891 ; 
 
 Author. 
 Dorcas I consider to be a far northern variety or form of 
 Helloides ; smaller, and much darker, as becomes it in that north- 
 ern habitat, but all the ear-marks show it to be the same thing. 
 It is rather common about Sitka, especially out near the lake that 
 supplied the old Russian saw-mill with water ; there it was seen 
 flitting about over the deep moss that covered the meadow, but it 
 was difficult to see or to take, because so dusky, and so concolorous 
 with the moss. 
 
 351. Chrysophanus Cupreus. Not illustrated elsewhere ac- 
 cessibly. 
 Plate XXVIII ; Figures 351, b, c. 
 
 F'&- 35 1' Male, Sierra Nevadas of California, July, 1892; 
 Author. 
 
 b. Female, Colorado, no data ; D. Bruce. 
 
 c. Female, underside. Sierra Nevadas ; Author. 
 This gorgeous little butterfly is quite a rare thing ; it is noted 
 
 in the books as taken only in two localities, at Mt. Shasta, and in 
 Oregon. I never saw it at Shasta, although I have hunted there a 
 good deal ; indeed, I have taken only three or four anywhere. 
 
 i 
 
Butterflies of the West Coast. 
 
 Plate XXVIII. 
 
GENUS LYCi^NA 217 
 
 352. Chysophanus Rubidus. 
 
 Plate XXVIII ; Figures 352, b, g. 
 Fig. 352, Male, no data. 
 
 b, Female, no data. 
 
 c, Female, underside, no data. 
 
 The male on upper side is very like Cupreus, though larger, and 
 the female is darker than the female of Cupreus, a peculiar white- 
 and-dusky color, without much red or yellow. It is set down in 
 the books as living in Oregon, Nevada and Montana, but all I can 
 say about that is that I have not ever seen one in any one of those 
 States. 
 
 353. Chrysophanus Sirius. 
 
 Plate XXVIII ; Figures 353, b. 
 Fig. 353, Male, from Western Colorado ; D. Bruce, 
 b. Female, from Western Colorado ; D. Bruce. 
 Sirius is said to inhabit some of the States of the Great Basin, 
 from Arizona to British America ; it ought to be found in Eastern 
 Oregon and Washington, east of the Cascades, but I have not 
 heard of any such habitat having been established. 
 
 Genus LYCffiNA. 
 
 A large genus, of world-wide distribution. "The Blues" are 
 everywhere, in the springtime, on plain and on mountain aHke, for 
 generally these little butterflies are in flight in the spring only, 
 although several are summer and autumn-flying species, so that 
 we have them with us at all times except during the cold months. 
 
 All Lycsenas have the peculiar habit when at rest or when feed- 
 ing on flowers, of rubbing their wings up and down with a gen- 
 tle motion, which reminds us of the way flies have of rubbing their 
 feet together; the wings do not touch together, nor do they rub 
 against anything else, and it is unknown what the object of the 
 motion may be. If from any cause the butterfly becomes disturbed, 
 it at once stops the motion until the distrust is removed. All 
 Theclas also have the same habit. 
 
 The eggs of all Lycaenas are nearly globular, greenish-white, 
 the egg itself being green, but covered with a white network or 
 film which can be peeled off. 
 
218 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE. WEST COAST 
 
 Some Lycaena larvae have a strange habit of feeding in seclu- 
 sion by hiding away, as in a pea-pod, and of spinning a web to 
 close over the aperture by which they entered, so that no other 
 thing can enter. In this queer, moth-like habit of feeding, Amyn- 
 tula, Sonorensis, and Hanno have been identified by the Author, 
 and probably many other species have the same habit, as the Ly- 
 caenas are fond of plants of the leguminous order, laying their eggs 
 on the flower-buds, generally. 
 
 354. Lycaena Fuliginosa. 
 
 Plate XXIX ; Figures 354, b. 
 
 Fig- 354. Male, Peters' Valley, N). E. Cal., July 10, 1894; 
 Stephens. 
 b. Female, underside, Peters' Valley, N. E. Cal., 
 July 10, 1894 ; Stephens. 
 Smoky-black on upper side, and smoky-brown beneath ; it is a 
 very odd-looking butterfly; it should have been named "indef- 
 inita," for that is the most appropriate name. 
 
 355- Lycaena Heteronea. 
 
 Plate XXIX ; Figures 355, b, c. 
 
 F'g- 355. Male, Lake Tahoe Basin, July 8, 1896; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Lake Tahoe Basin, July 8, 1896; Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Mendocino County, 1885 ; J. 
 
 Behrens. 
 This is a beautiful, large-sized Lycaena, perhaps as large as any 
 on the West Coast. The upper side of the male is a bright, glossy 
 blue, with a shining, dewy appearance, and the veins all stand out 
 visibly. The female is brown, overlaid with blue. The under side 
 of both sexes is covered with long white hairs, which sometimes 
 obscure the black spots. 
 
 356. Lycaena Clara. 
 
 Plate XXIX ; Figures 356, c. 
 
 Fig. 356, Male Tehachapi Mountains, Aug. 5, 1890; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Tehachapi Mountains, Aug. 
 
 5, 1890; Author. 
 
 Qara has very thin and transparent wings, so that the spots of 
 
 under side show through on the upper. The wings are dusky, 
 
 thinly overlaid with blue scales; the male more blue than the 
 
GENUS LYC^NA 219 
 
 female. The under side is sordid white, and the dots on hind wing 
 are scarcely visible. 
 
 357. Lycaena Lycea. 
 
 Plate XXIX ; Figures 357, b. 
 
 Fig. 357, Male, Colorado ; T. L. Mead. 
 
 b. Female, underside; T. L. Mead. 
 Lycea is readily distinguished by the very large black spots 
 on under side of fore wing, all spots of both wings being heavily 
 irised with white. So far as I know, no example of Lycea was 
 ever taken in any Coast State, but it inhabits the States of the 
 Great Basin, from Arizona to Montana, and doubtless flies up to 
 the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, and thus comes 
 well within our territory, and should be found along the eastern 
 base of the mountains to Eastern Oregon and Washington. 
 
 358. Lycaena FuUa. 
 
 Plate XXIX ; Figures 358, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 358, Male, Sierra N'evadas, 7,000 feet elevation, July, 
 1896; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Sierra Nevadas, 7,000 feet elevation, 
 
 July, 1896; Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Sierra Nevadas, 7,000 feet 
 
 elevation, July, 1896; Author. 
 Fulla is a rare mountain butterfly from the high Sierras of 
 California. The male is dusky, thinly glossed over with blue, 
 and the female is still more thinly glossed over ; the under side of 
 both wings is chalky-white, with large black dots on the fore 
 wings, but it would be impossible for a trained eye to confuse this 
 with the preceding. 
 
 359. Lycaena Pheres. 
 
 Plate XXIX ; Figures 359, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 359, Male, Coldstream, Vancouver Island, July 6, 
 1892; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Coldstream, Vancouver Island, July 6, 
 
 1892 ; Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Coldstream, Vancouver Island, 
 
 July 6, 1892; Author. 
 This is a northern butterfly, from near the Canada line ; I have 
 taken it at Spokane and on Vancouver Island, and it is said to fly 
 in many of the States of the Great Basin as far south as Colo- 
 
220 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 rado, on the heights of the Rocky Mountains. Pheres is a little 
 less blue than Fulla, so that on the female there is no blue to be 
 seen, except close toward the body ; and on under side the white is 
 sordid, and the spots are very small. 
 
 360. Lycaena Icaroides. 
 
 Plate XXIX ; Figures 360, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 360, Male, Lake County, Cal., May 29, 1894 ; Author. 
 
 b, Female, Emigrant Gap, June 30, 1892 ; Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Mendocino County, Cal., 
 
 June, 1889; Author. 
 Icaroides is one of the oldest names, having been taken in the 
 days of the first gold excitement, and named in 1852. It is very 
 wide-spread, and is captured by every butterfly hunter, and every- 
 body prints something about it, and it is often mixed up with some 
 other species ; but that was before the days of photographic color- 
 printing. With these plates before you there will be no occasion 
 for mistake. 
 
 361. Lycaena Daedalus. 
 
 Plate XXIX ; Figures 361, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 361, Male, Emigrant Gap, California, June 28, 1892; 
 Author. 
 
 b, Female, San Bernardino Mountains, June 10, 
 
 1889; Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Mount Shasta, Cal., June, 
 
 1890; Author. 
 Daedalus has had troubles of its own, having been called Icaro- 
 ides, ^haja, Rufescens, and Ssepiolus, till the poor thing might 
 well have become discouraged in trying to maintain a separate 
 individuality. The male is bright pruinose-blue, with wide dusky 
 margin, and white under side ; the female is red-brown, often 
 with a bronze flush on hind wings, and beneath is of dark coflfee- 
 color; both sexes with two parallel rows of marginal points on 
 hind wing, with many other points on both wings, all of them being 
 large and positive. 
 
 362. Lycaena Maricopa. 
 No figure. 
 
 With this species I am not acquainted under that name. The 
 description reads : "Brown, glossed violet ; beneath, ash-brown, on 
 fore wing a median sinuate row of seven large spots ; hind wing, 
 
GENUS LYC-ENA 221 
 
 three transverse maculate bands, the inner one of eight large round 
 black spots bent twice at right angles ; the second, of smaller, and 
 sagittiform, and running parallel with border ; the third, mar- 
 ginal, indistinct ; all irised white." And that description applies 
 fairly to the next species, Saepiolus ; therefore I believe that there 
 is no Maricopa, and as the name was applied fourteen years after 
 Saepiolus was named, it therefore must be dropped. 
 
 363. Lycaena Saepiolus. 
 
 Plate XXIX ; Figures 363, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 363, Male, Lake County, California, June 19, 1894; 
 Author. 
 
 b, Female, Emigrant Gap, Cal., June, 1892 ; Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Emigrant Gap, Cal., June, 
 
 1892; Author. 
 Silvery-blue, a size smaller than the preceding, being somewhat 
 similar as to many points, yet so well shown on the plate that no 
 one could well be mistaken as to the species. 
 
 365. Lycaena Kodiak. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XXIX ; Figures 365, b, c. 
 Fig. 365, Male, Juneau, Alaska, June 10, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 b, Female, Juneau, Alaska, June 10, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 c Female, underside, Juneau, Alaska, June 10, 1891 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 Small size, about one inch expanse ; male, blue of a deep violet 
 
 tint ; female, brown with more or less blue at base. No lunules 
 
 on hind wing on either sex. Beneath, male, grayish with obscure 
 
 yellowish lunules on hind wing ; female, dull brownish, yellowish 
 
 obscure lunules at margin of all wings, becoming obsolete at apices. 
 
 Only a few of these were taken in the canyon above town, and 
 
 alongside of the river of glacial water that comes tumbling down 
 
 in such a haste that it is a continual cascade. 
 
 367. Lycaena Antiacis. 
 
 Plate XXIX ; Figures 367, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 367, Male, Southern California, May 20, 1895 ; 
 Author. 
 
 b. Female, Southern California, March 10, 1893 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside. Southern California, June i, 
 
 1896; Author. 
 
222 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 This is one of the most abundant "blues" in California in the 
 spring. It is of a lustrous, dewy blue, with visible veins, as in 
 Heteronea. It is a valley species, not going into the mountains. 
 
 The larval food-plant is Lupinus, of several species. 
 
 368. Lycaena Behri. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 
 Plate XXIX; Figure 368, Female, underside, Spokane, 
 May 16, 1890; Author. 
 The distinctive points of Behri are on the underside, so I have 
 figured the female, which shows the variation better than the male. 
 The figure shows all the spots of under side about the same size, 
 and ringed with white. Behri I suppose to be the northern rep- 
 resentative of the southern Antiacis, darker every way, and all 
 spots more prominently irised with white. 
 
 369. Lycaena Mertila. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 
 Plate XXIX ; Figure 369, Male, underside, San Francisco, 
 1890; C. E. Cottle. 
 Mertila is a variety of Antiacis, with all the round dots on under 
 side half covered with the white iris which surrounds them. This 
 variety seems to be quite local. 
 
 370. Lycaena Xerces. 
 
 Plate XXIX ; Figures 370, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 370, Male, San Francisco, 1890; C. E. Cottle. 
 
 b, Female, San Francisco, 1890; C. E. Cottle. 
 
 c, Female, underside, San Francisco, 1890; C. E. 
 
 Cottle. 
 In this species the peculiarities of Mertila are still more evi- 
 dent ; the black margin is wider, and on under side the spots are 
 all completely covered over with the white iris, so that they look 
 like white spots. This beautiful butterfly was lost for thirty 
 years, and was believed to be extinct, but of late years it has 
 reappeared in the same locality where it formerly was so com- 
 mon, namely, Lone Mountain Cemetery, near San Francisco, and 
 it is said that it is becoming quite plentiful in that locality, though 
 unknown in any other place. 
 
 371. Lycaena Orcus. 
 No figure. 
 
 Orcus I suppose to be the same as Mertila. It is said to be from 
 Central California, having the same habitat as Mertila, and from 
 all I can learn is the same form. 
 
GENUS LYC^NA 223 
 
 372. Lycasna Oro. 
 
 No figure. 
 This is said to be the Western form of the Eastern Lygdamus, 
 a species which flies from Michigan to Georgia. Lygdamus is 
 peculiar in having one row of spots of same size on both fore 
 and hind wings, as is shown in the Figure 368, on this plate. 
 From what I know of it and of Oro, Oro is the same as Behri, 
 illustrated in Figure 368. 
 
 373. Lycaena Sagittigera. 
 
 Plate XXIX ; Figures 373, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 373, Male, Spokane, Washington, May 10, 1890; 
 Author. 
 
 b, Female, Southern California, May 30, 1902 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Spokane, Wash., May 10, 
 
 1890; Author. 
 
 This elegant butterfly is so peculiarly marked that it cannot be 
 mistaken for any other. It is very wide-spread, but is larger and 
 finer at the north than at the south. 
 
 The plant used to oviposit eggs upon is Lupinus. The eggs are 
 put upon the flower-buds, and doubtless the larvae feed on the 
 immature seeds. 
 
 374. Lycaena Sonorensis. 
 
 Plate XXIX ; Figures 374, b, a. 
 
 Fig. 374, Male, Southern California, May, 1890; Author, 
 b. Female, Southern California, May, 1890; 
 
 Author, 
 a, Male, underside. Southern California, May, 1890; 
 Author. 
 This lovely little Lycaena is noted as being the most exquisite 
 "blue" that flies in America. I have taken it on the peninsula of 
 Lower California, where it is more plentiful than in any other 
 locality; in the State of California it flies as far north as Gilroy, 
 and to Yosemite, in the mountains. It is not abundant in any 
 locality except that it was plenty enough in Lower California. 
 
 The eggs are oviposited on the leaves of cotyledon, and when the 
 larva; are hatched they eat their way into the interior of the thick 
 leaves and burrow therein until mature, when they come out to 
 
224 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 pupate in rubbish on the ground. I have had several years' ex- 
 perience in breeding them. 
 
 375. Lycaena Podarce. 
 
 Plate XXIX; Figures 375, c. 
 
 Fig. 375, Male, Emigrant Gap, July 22, 1892 ; Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Pendleton, Oregon, July, 
 1890; Author. 
 Podarce is a mountain butterfly, found at 6,000 to 8,000 feet 
 elevation in the Sierras of Central California. It appears not to go 
 far north, but it goes east to the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. 
 Podarce is a dusky damsel with wide dusky borders to both wings, 
 the disk being lightly blued. The hind wings show a marginal 
 series of lunules, each one surrounded with pale blue. The veins 
 are emphasized by a narrow line of dusky scales. On under side, 
 ashy-grayish, all spots small and indefinite, and placed angularly, 
 after the Piasus pattern. 
 
 376. Lycaena Enoptes. 
 
 Plate XXIX ; Figures 376, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 376, Male, San Bernardino Mountains, 3,000 feet al- 
 titude, June, 1890; Author. 
 
 b, Female, Mt. Hood, Oregon, July 20, 1892 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Mt. Hood, Oregon, July 20, 
 
 1892 ; Author. 
 
 The male is blue with a violet luster ; no orange lunules on hind 
 wing. Female brownish, glossed on disk with blue, with five 
 round black spots and an inner row of orange lunules connected 
 in a band and only cut by the nervures. Beneath, both sexes 
 are grayish. 
 
 Enoptes is a mountain flyer, and, as noted above, is wide-spread, 
 but always in the mountains, and never in the valleys. 
 
 377. Lycaena Battoides. 
 
 No figure. 
 Battoides is same size as Enoptes, blue, and has two black dots 
 at hind margin of hind wings, the dots supported inside by bright 
 orange, and with two tail-like projections ; the distinct colors and 
 the tails lend a sort of Thecla-like aspect to the butterfly. 
 
GENUS LYCy^NA 22S 
 
 378. Lycaena Shasta. 
 
 Plate XXIX ; Figures 378, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 378, Male, Lake Tahoe Basin, July 12, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Lake County, Cal., July, 1894 ; Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Mt. Shasta, Cal., 1892 ; 
 
 Author. 
 Larger than the preceding, and the female has much less orange 
 on the margin of hind wing. A wide-spread, mountain butterfly, 
 found from Central California to Oregon and Washington. 
 
 379. Lycaena Melissa. 
 
 Plate XXIX ; Figures 379, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 379, Male, Greenhorn Mountains, 7,000 feet altitude, 
 July, 1888 ; Author. 
 
 b. Female, San Bernardino Valley, 1895 ; Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Mojave Desert, 3,000 feet 
 
 altitude, Aug. 12, 1887; Author. 
 
 This well-known and handsome species is wide-spread, flying 
 in valleys, on mountains, and in deserts, wherever it pleases to 
 go. The species ranges from Arizona to British America, and 
 from California to the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 The larval food-plant is Hosackia, and doubtless other legu-< 
 minous plants. 
 
 380. Lycaena Acmon. 
 
 Plate XXIX ; Figures 380, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 380, Male, San Bernardino Valley, 1890; Author. 
 
 b, Female, Spokane, Wash., May, 1892 ; Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, no data. 
 
 Acmon is a universal species, and ranges over the whole coun- 
 try. The food-plant is Hosackia. Probably other leguminous 
 plants, as well. The female Acmon is liable to variations, in differ- 
 ent localities. 
 
 381. Lycaena Chlorina. Not elsewhere figured. 
 
 Plate XXIX ; Figure 381, Female, Tehachapi ( ?), i89o( ?), 
 Author. 
 Chlorina was described in 1892, from apparently one female, 
 the sex being noted, but nothing whatever is said about the male, 
 wherefore we must conclude that at that time the male was un- 
 known. In March, 1905, before this book was published, I sub- 
 
226 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 mitted a copy of this figure to the Author of Chlorina, asking if 
 it was Qilorina, and he replied, "It may represent the female of 
 Chlorina, but I can't be sure, as my three specimens are males." 
 I myself have never seen the male of Chlorina, although I have 
 hunted butterflies in the typical habitat many seasons. Indeed, 
 from the description of Chlorina, as printed in Ent. News, Jan., 
 1892, I had always supposed that Chlorina was a variant female 
 of Acmon, but now that the male is found, it must be a full species. 
 
 381a. Lycaena Neurona. 
 
 No figure. 
 
 Neurona is described from several female specimens, the male 
 not being mentioned. The fore wings black, "with the nerves 
 of the wings orange, terminating in swellings or slight expansions 
 parallel to the outer margin ;" the hind wings black, with an 
 orange border, in which are five small black dots parallel to the 
 margin, and the nerves toward base are orange for a short dis- 
 tance. 
 
 This appears to be a variant female Acmon. I am well ac- 
 quainted with the type locality ; it is a high mountain valley, 6,500 
 feet in altitude, the northern and eastern sides being bordered by 
 the Mojave Desert. But few forms of butterfly life are present 
 there, but the few which do occur may well be variations of one 
 kind or another. The locality is Doble, at the upper end of Bear 
 Valley, in San Bernardino County, Cal. ; the grassy valley is sur- 
 rounded with pine-clad mountains. 
 
 382. Lycaena Melimona, n. v. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XXIX ; Figures 382, b, c, cc. 
 
 Fig. 382, Female, San Bernardino Mts., June, 1886; 
 Author. 
 
 b, Female, San Bernardino Mts., June, 1895 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, San Bernardino Mts., June, 
 1895 ; Author. 
 
 cc. Female, underside, San Bernardino Mts., June, 
 1889; Author. 
 I give four figures of a new form of variant female of Acmon, 
 over which I have puzzled many years ; at first I thought it a hy- 
 brid of Melissa and Acmon, and so gave it a name from both of 
 the supposed parents, but later I came to see that it is only a 
 
GENUS LYC^NA 227 
 
 variant female. I find it every year at one spot, Acmon prevailing 
 in May, Melimona in June, and in July only Melissa is seen. In 
 1887 I sent some specimens to W. H. Edwards, and he said it was 
 "only a variety of Acmon." The locality of Melimona is a little 
 open mesa on the southern slope of the mountain, at an altitude of 
 3,500 feet, and there I find it every year in June, but at no other 
 time. There is no male Melimona. 
 
 The larval food-plant is Hosackia purshiana, a slender, pro- 
 cumbent species, which grows among the grass in damp places. 
 
 383. Lycaena Lotis. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XXIX ; Figures 383, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 383, Male, Mendocino County, Cal., 1887; from 
 James Behrens. 
 
 b. Female, Blue Lakes, Cal., May, 1894 ; Author. 
 
 c, Male, underside, Mendocino County, June, 1887 '< 
 
 Behrens. 
 This is one of the rare butterflies of California, so rare that these 
 figures show all that I have obtained in twenty-five years of butter- 
 fly hunting. The male is deeply violet-blue with a changeable 
 luster of lighter blue; the female is darker blue and without a 
 changeable gloss. The under side of both sexes is grayish ; the 
 discal row of spots on fore and hind wings together forms the 
 segment of a circle, if the wings are properly spread ; at anal angle 
 is a black spot split into one large and one small spot, the larger 
 one covered with metallic blue-green scales, and above this a 
 marginal row of yellow-brown lunules, becoming obsolete at outer 
 angle. 
 
 384. Lycaena Anna. 
 
 Plate XXIX ; Figures 384, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 384, Male, Sierra Nevadas of California, July, 1892 ; 
 Author. 
 
 b, Female, Sierra Nevadas of California, July, 1892 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Sierra Nevadas of CaHfornia, 
 
 July, 1892 ; Author. 
 
 This is a large and showy butterfly, somewhat like Melissa in 
 
 point of markings, but Anna is not so blackish, either above or 
 
 beneath, and is always much larger in size. Anna is a mountain 
 
 species, and rather of a northern one as well; it flies from the 
 
228 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 mountains of Central California to far into British America, and 
 east to the Rocky Mountains of Montana. 
 
 385. Lycaena Amyntula. 
 
 Plate XXIX ; Figures 385 b, c. 
 
 Fig. 385, Male, Riche Canyon, S. Cal., March 29, 1880; 
 Author. 
 
 b, Female, Portland, Oregon, May 3, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Tenino, Washington, May, 
 
 20, 1891 ; Author. 
 Amyntula is spread over all the West Coast States, from Mex- 
 ico to Juneau, Alaska, and very likely still further north than 
 Juneau, perhaps to the Arctic Circle. In the south Amyntula lays 
 its eggs on the young seed-pods of Astragalus crotolarse, and when 
 the larvae hatch, they eat their way into the pod and live there 
 secreted till mature, if there are enough immature seeds there to 
 suffice; if not, they come out and enter another pod and seal the 
 aperture behind them. When mature, they come out to pupate 
 in rubbish on the ground. 
 
 386. Lycaena Herri. 
 
 No figure. 
 This is a variety of Amyntula, from Arizona, differing from 
 type in having a black margin on the wings of the male, and the 
 female has a narrow black band instead of the usual dark area on 
 fore wings, and on under side of both sexes the markings are all 
 heavier than on the type. 
 
 387. Lycaena Annetta. 
 
 No figure. 
 Annetta is from Utah, and is unknown from the Coast States 
 proper, or from any other locality than Utah ; it is therefore rather 
 a Great Basin species than a Coast States form. The male is bright 
 lustrous blue, resembling the male of Melissa, and the female is 
 lighter or paler, having around the margins of all wings a whitish 
 appearance, and on hind wings are a series of dots similar to those 
 seen on the hind wings of Echo. 
 
 388. Lycaena Lucia. 
 
 No figure. 
 Lucia is a small winter variety or varietal form of Argiolus 
 which type I do not recognize on the West Coast, though four or 
 
Butterflies of the West Coast. Plate XXIX. 
 
 37U I, ^"^ . ^f 3;;t ^^F i, ^ . 374 ^ ^^ ^^ 
 
 
GENUS LYCyENA 229 
 
 five varietal forms of that type are found here, as Lucia, Violacea, 
 Piasus, Echo, etc., the stem or type Argiolus being absent. Lucia 
 is said to fly in Alaska and in British Columbia, but I have never 
 seen it on the wing. The fringe is interrupted, so that the edges 
 of all wings appear to be toothed, something like Sagittigera ; and 
 there is a dark patch in the middle of hind wings on the under side. 
 
 389. Lycaena Violacea. 
 
 No figure. 
 Violacea, like the preceding, Lucia, is chiefly an Eastern form 
 of the same type, Argiolus, and is noted in the books as flying in 
 limited numbers in Alaska, and the Provinces of Canada, and 
 along the Rocky Mountains southward to Colorado. It is a little 
 larger than Lucia, and resembles Piasus somewhat, but is of a 
 lighter and more delicate violet color on upper side ; and it is not 
 so prominently toothed on the edges of the wings, from the in- 
 terruptions of the fringes. 
 
 390. Lycaena Piasus. 
 
 Plate XXX ; Figures 390, b, c, d. 
 
 Fig. 390, Male, Juneau, Alaska, June, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 b, Female, San Bernardino, Cal., Jan. 31, 1901 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, San Bernardino, Cal., Feb. 28, 
 
 1888; Author. 
 
 d, Bi-sexual, San Bernardino, Cal., Jan. 24, 1901 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 Piasus is the earliest spring butterfly. It flies all over the West 
 Coast, from Mexico to St. Michaels, and likely to the Arctic Ocean. 
 The northern examples that I have taken in Alaska show no differ- 
 ence from those taken in the south. The spots on underside are all 
 of them elongated, and are placed angularly on the wing, the 
 spots are not black, simply dusky. The fourth figure, d, is a bi- 
 sexual individual, the right-hand wings being female, and the left- 
 hand ones male. This is the only bi-sexual butterfly that I have 
 ever taken. Other examples have been figured in other works, so 
 that other instances are not unknown, but they are very rare 
 indeed. 
 
230 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 391. Lycaena Echo. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 
 'Plate XXX; Figure, 391, Female, Lake County, Cal., 
 
 June, 1894; Author. 
 
 Echo is a variety of Piasus, showing a series of dots on outer 
 
 margin of hind wings. The female only has this variation ; it is 
 
 not a seasonal form, but appears at any time during the flight of 
 
 the species. 
 
 392. Lycaena Arizonensis. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XXX; Figure 392, Female, Southern Arizona, 1881 ; 
 
 Author. 
 This is another and possibly a climatic variation of Piasus, con- 
 sisting mainly in the increased duskiness of both fore and hind 
 wings, and, so far as my observation extends, in the presence of 
 the Echo-like ocelli on hind wing in every instance. This form is 
 found in the hilly or mountainous parts of southern Arizona. 
 
 393. Lycaena Monica. 
 
 No figure. 
 In 1866 a small tailed Lycsena from southern California was 
 named, and later was figured by Strecker, the figure looking like 
 a small-sized male Amyntula, with two small black dots on the 
 wing just above the tail, the tail thread-like, similar to the tail of 
 some Thecla. Since those early days no one has seen Monica, and 
 some writers have even dropped the name from the list. I know 
 nothing about it, and have no faith in it ; I think Monica was a 
 small Amyntula, and should be dropped. Lyccuna Tejua is an- 
 other name that has still less claim upon the list for a place therein ; 
 Tejua was figured on the same plate with Monica ; it was shown as 
 the same style as Monica, but with one dot on each hind wing, 
 and very long and slender tails, longer and slenderer than any 
 known Lycaena carries today. I have no faith in Tejua, but I men- 
 tion the name simply to account for all known names and forms. 
 
 394. Lycaena Isola. 
 
 Plate XXX ; Figures 394, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 394. Male, Southern California, June 10, 1897 ; 
 Author. 
 
 b. Female, Tucson, Arizona, June 3, 1903; 
 
 F. Stephens. 
 
 c. Female, underside. Southern California, June 17, 
 
 1897; Author. 
 
GENUS LYC;ENA 231 
 
 Isola has not heretofore been known to occur west of Arizona, 
 but for several years I have taken it in Southern California. It 
 has heretofore been known as a Mexican species, having been first 
 taken near Vera Cruz, and only rarely found in Arizona along the 
 Mexican border. The key to the species is the regularly curved 
 row of large spots on underside of fore wing, and the large soli- 
 tary spot on hind wing. 
 
 395. Lycaena Gyas. 
 
 No figure. 
 This is apparently another Mexican species, and is named for 
 the male only, and has not been taken since the publication in 1871. 
 The description calls for "A pale violet-blue, immaculate, a fuscous 
 point near anal angle. Under side, brown, washed whitish, a 
 straight row of median spots across fore wing; hind wing with 
 a median row of spots and faint row of marginal spots, of which 
 two near angle are distinct and blackish." 
 
 397. Lycaena Hanno. 
 
 Plate XXX ; Figures 397, a, b. 
 
 Fig. 397, Male, Yuma, Arizona, May, 1893 ; Author. 
 
 a, Male, underside, Yuma, Arizona, May, 1893 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 b. Female, underside, Yuma, Arizona, May, 1893; 
 
 Author. 
 This species is somewhat like the preceding, Isola, but lacks the 
 prominent row of spots which designates Isola, and the spots 
 beneath on hind wing are different ; I figure the underside of both 
 the male and the female as the spots near anal angle are different 
 in the sexes, the male having but one, while the female has two or 
 three. These spots, with the absence of prominent spots on fore 
 wing constitute the key to the species. I have taken this pretty 
 little species only at Yuma. It is a Mexican butterfly, and ranges 
 south to Central America, and Yuma is its most northern station. 
 
 398. Lycaena Speciosa. 
 
 No figure. 
 Speciosa is smaller than Hanno, is blue on upper side and on 
 underside of fore wing there is an angulated row of large black 
 spots, while the hind wing has no prominent spots, and only several 
 
232 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 inconspicuous ones ; no colored lunules, nor any of the usual angle 
 spots on hind wing. Speciosa comes from the mountains of Kern 
 County, California. 
 
 399. Lycaena Marina. 
 
 Plate XXX ; Figures 399, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 399, Male, Southern California, August 20, 1892; 
 Author. 
 
 b. Female, Southern California, August, 1890; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside. Southern California, Nov. 9, 
 
 1902; Author. 
 Marina is not one of the "Spring Blues," for it does not appear 
 until summer, and then it flies till frost, being the only one of 
 all the "blues" to fly so late in the season. Marina is fond of feed- 
 ing on the flowers of the cultivated alfalfa, and the female lays its 
 eggs on the flower buds of alfalfa, and on other leguminous plants ; 
 the figure fc is of a female which was ovipositing on the buds of 
 lathyrus, wild-pea. The egg is pale green, and hatches in from 
 sixteen to eighteen days. The male is especially splendid in change- 
 able colors of brown and blue, in solid effects, but these colors 
 soon fade after the insect is killed. 
 
 400. Lycaena Sissona, n. s. Not figured elsewhere. 
 
 Plate XXX ; Figure 400, Female, Sisson, Cal., July, 1892 ; 
 Author. 
 
 Elxpanse, .95 inch ; color, black-brown, without blue scales at 
 base; no spots except a very obsolete lunule near anal angle of 
 hind wings. Under side gray, with a tint of brown; six discal 
 spots in two sections, six more indefinite marginal ; hind wing, two 
 basal, two costal and two discal round black spots ; four less dis- 
 tinct oblong spots ; a fulvous lunule near anal angle. 
 
 This elegant little new species was captured by the Author at 
 Sisson ; it is unique ; the male is unknown. 
 
 401. Lycaena Astragala, n. s. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XXX ; Figure 401, Male, San Bernardino, Cal., Aug. 
 
 2, 1889; Author. 
 Expanse, .85 inch ; violet -blue ; a black spot near anal angle. 
 Under side grayish or dove-color; on fore wing is a cell-bar, a 
 broken discal series of oblong spots, and a double row of dusky 
 
GENUS LYC^NA 233 
 
 curved marginal lunules ; on hind wing are two round black basal 
 spots and a costal one, and nine dark, oblong, wavy spots, corre- 
 sponding to those on fore wing; at anal angle is a twinned jet- 
 black spot well glossed over with blue-green metallic scales, and 
 above this are two larger round black spots with metallic scales 
 on the outside only. 
 
 This male is unique. No female is known. This type was bred 
 by me from the seed-pods of astragalus, which I was manipulating 
 for the larvae of Amyntula, and along with Amyntula I got this 
 beautiful new species. 
 
 402. Lycaena Exilis. 
 
 Plate XXX ; Figures 402, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 402, Male, San Bernardino, August 12, 1889; Author. 
 
 b. Female, San Bernardino, October 20, 1902; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, San Bernardino, October 20, 
 
 1902 ; Author. 
 Exilis is a tropical butterfly, not going north of latitude 35 
 degrees, or say, to Santa Barbara, thence it extends south through 
 Mexico to Central America. It is a mid-summer species, appear- 
 ing in July and flying till frost comes. In California Exilis has 
 for a larval food-plant atriplex bracteosa, a malodorous plant 
 which grows by the roadsides and along the streets in the gutters. 
 Exilis and the next species are much alike; the key to Exilis is 
 a small white spot in the fringe of fore wings near inner angle. 
 
 403. Lycaena Isophthalma. 
 
 Plate XXX ; Figures 403, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 403, Male, Greenhorn Mountains, June, 1888 ; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Greenhorn Mountains, June, 1888; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Greenhorn Mountains, June, 
 
 1888 ; Author. 
 This little species, the smallest in the world, has not heretofore 
 been known except from Florida and the country bordering on the 
 Gulf of Mexico. It is quite a surprise, therefore, to find it on 
 the top of a mountain 8,000 feet high, in the latitude of California. 
 These examples were taken by myself; at the time of capture I 
 thought that they were Exilis, and gave them no particular atten- 
 tion, and only took a few, just for locality identification, for at 
 
234 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 that time I had never known Isophthalma. This species has not 
 the white space in the fringe of fore wing just above inner angle, 
 and can be separated from Exilis in that way. 
 
 Considering that Isophthalma is a semi-tropical, low-land 
 species, it is probable that upon fuller examination and compari- 
 son of a series this Californian alpine form will prove to be a 
 separate species. 
 
 Genus PHOLISORA. 
 
 404. Pholisora Catullus. Erroneously numbered 403 on the 
 plate. 
 
 Plate XXX ; Figures 404, a. 
 Fig. 404, Male, Southern California, no data; Author. 
 
 a. Male, underside, Greenhorn Mountains, June, 
 
 1888; Author. 
 This is a common butterfly all over the United States, but I 
 have not met it in the more northern parts of the West Coast. It 
 flies on the plains and to 8,000 feet elevation on the mounttins, 
 this figure a was taken at 7,000 feet. 
 
 406. Pholisora Libya. 
 
 Plate XXX ; Figures 406, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 406, Male, Fish Spring, Mojave Desert, April 8, 1889 ; 
 Author. 
 
 b. Female, Colorado Desert, Lone Palm, May 2, 
 
 1889 ; Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Colorado Desert, Lone Palm, 
 
 May 3, 1889 ; Author. 
 Libya is a true desert butterfly. In general the deserts are not 
 adapted to butterfly life, and but few are ever seen in a real desert, 
 although several species are found around the borders of the dry 
 and sandy wastes, but Libya is an exception, and is oftenest found 
 in the thoroughly desert locations, and seldom found in any less 
 rigorous locality. I observed the females ovipositing on the leaves 
 of Atriplex canescens, a small desert shrub, in the Colorado desert, 
 May 2, 1889. Libya is reported to be found in some parts of Utah, 
 and presumably may be seen in the intervening regions of Nevada. 
 
GENUS COP^ODES 235 
 
 407. Pholisora Alpheus. 
 
 Plate XXX ; Figures 407, b. 
 
 Fig. 407, Male, Yuma, Arizona, May, 1887; Author, 
 b. Female, Yuma, Arizona, May, 1887; Author. 
 Alpheus is a Mexican species, and only comes into the United 
 States a little along the border. Nothing is knowji about the pre- 
 liminary stages of this butterfly ; it has but little interest for us as 
 it is scarcely belonging to our territory. 
 
 408. Pholisora Lena. Not ever previously illustrated any- 
 
 where. 
 Plate XXX ; Figures 408, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 408, Male, Northern Arizona, May, 1893 ; F. 
 Stephens. 
 
 b. Female, Central Montana, June 30, 1887 ; Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside. Central Montana, June 30, 
 
 1887; Author. 
 Lena is one of the rarest butterflies of the United States; but 
 few collections have it, and even the Government Museum at 
 Washington has it not. Yet it is not local at all, for these two 
 localities noted above are about 800 miles apart as the bird flies, 
 and doubtless Lena can be found in any of the States of the Great 
 Basin. It is not at present known to live in the West Coast 
 States proper, but may very likely be found in Nevada, and along 
 the eastern base of the Sierra Nevadas, and north into Oregon 
 and Washington, east of the Cascades. 
 
 Genus COP.^ODES. 
 
 The species of this genus are all of small size, all similar, one 
 to another, all golden-yellow in color. Formerly these species were 
 all listed in with the Pamphilas, but about i860 Dr. Speyer of 
 Germany separated this group from the Pamphilas, on account of 
 the size, the short antenna;, the long fore wings with acute apices, 
 and the triangular shape of hind wing, and the lack of the black 
 discal mark common to all Pamphilas. 
 
 The sex-mark is, for the male, a short, straight, diagonal line 
 near the middle of fore wing, as shown in Figures 411, 412; in 
 the males of the other species this sex-mark is not visible. 
 
 Our fauna contains four species of Copceodes. 
 
236 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 409. Copaeodes Procris. 
 
 Plate XXX ; Figures 409, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 409, Male, Tucson, Arizona, June, 1887; Author. 
 
 b, Female, Santa Rita Mountains, June, 1903 ; 
 
 F. Stephens. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Tucson, Arizona, June, 1887; 
 
 Author. 
 
 Procris was first made known in 1870, from specimens taken 
 near Tucson. It is found on the plains and hills and on the moun- 
 tains to a height of 6,000 feet, as on the Santa Ritas, and the Santa 
 Catalinas. It is quite a warm-blooded little thing, enjoying the 
 hot, dry air of the semi-desert country when the mercury dallies 
 with the 100 mark. Procris is quite local, not going eastward into 
 New Mexico, nor westward towards Yuma, nor to the northward. 
 No one has noted the food-plant, but doubtless it is grass of some 
 sort. 
 
 Variety Waco. There is a small-sized form, supposed to be a 
 form of Procris, that has received the name of Waco ; it is much 
 smaller, but of about the same color, and with the same lack of 
 distinguishing marks. It has the same habitat as Procris. 
 
 411. Copaeodes Candida. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XXX; Figures 411, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 411, Male, San Bernardino Valley, August 26, 1897; 
 Author. 
 
 b. Female, San Bernardino Valley, August 5, 1895 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, San Bernardino Valley, April 
 
 10, 1896; Author. 
 
 This species was first found in 1883, and was published by the 
 Author in 1890, from the female only, as the male was not known 
 at that time, although I had a dozen examples of the female. 
 Candida is a size larger than Procris ; the male is darker than any 
 Procris, and has a sex-mark, an angular dash near the middle of 
 fore wings, which Procris has not. The underside of Candida is 
 flushed with orange, as shown on the plate, as Procris never is. 
 
 The larval food-plant is cynodon dactylon, "Bermuda grass," a 
 grass not native of California, but introduced about 1880, soon 
 after the completion of the Southern Pacific Railroad to Louisiana, 
 where the grass is common ; and soon after the grass became intro- 
 
GENUS COPi^ODES 237 
 
 duced this butterfly first appeared. I do not try to explain these 
 things, I simply state the facts without comment. 
 
 412. Copaeodes Wrighti. 
 
 Plate XXX ; Figures 412, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 412, Male, Mojave Desert, June 29, 1881 ; Author. 
 
 b, Female, Mojave Desert, June 29, 1881 ; Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Mojave Desert, June 29, 
 
 1881 ; Author. 
 All these examples figured here were taken by me at the time 
 the species was discovered, twenty-four years ago. I captured 
 eighteen on that day, but have not been back to the locality after 
 more since. I found the butterfly feeding on the flowers of 
 Bigelovia intricata, and I thought at the time that it probably was 
 the larval food-plant. Wrighti, male, has the sex-mark, the same 
 as Candida. And there is another mark, not heretofore mentioned, 
 that is peculiar, namely, the lighter-colored rays from base to 
 margin, on the underside of hind wing, as shown on the plate, in 
 figure c. These rays are raised above the general surface of the 
 wing, like ribs. The same feature, still more marked, is seen in 
 the figure of Eunus following. 
 
 413. Copaeodes Myrtis. 
 
 No figure. 
 Myrtis is from Arizona, where it is but scantily found. I have 
 never taken one, nor have I one in my cabinet. It is said to 
 greatly resemble Procris, but is a little darker. It is probably 
 a Mexican species. 
 
 414. Copaeodes Eunus. Never previously illustrated. 
 Plate XXX ; Figures 414, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 414, Male, Sierra Nevadas of Southern California, 
 June, 1888; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Sierra Nevadas of Southern CaHfornia, 
 
 June, 1888; Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside. Sierra Nevadas of Southern 
 
 California, June, 1888; Author. 
 
 Eunus is the largest Copaeodes of the country, and it is very 
 
 rare as well. In my cabinet there is no male that shows the discal 
 
 sex-mark, and I think that Eunus has not the discal dash, as 
 
 Procris has not. The underside in figure c shows the raised, light- 
 
238 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 colored rays very distinctly. Nothing is known as to the prelimi- 
 nary stages, nor as to the food-plant. One cannot know every- 
 thing ; I deem myself fortunate in being able to show you the fine 
 series of figures of the species, it is so rare ; and am willing that 
 some one else should name the plant. 
 
 Genus PAMPHILA. 
 
 The genera in butterflies are all small in the numbers of the 
 species they contain; only Genus Pamphila contains a fair num- 
 ber of names ; for it is absurd to think of every species carrying 
 a generic name. Some attempts have been made to divide this 
 genus into many, but there are no manifest lines for such division, 
 and any attempt made has been met by dissent and counter 
 division, and whatever one author may do in the way of genus- 
 dividing is promptly contradicted by the next writer. All this 
 tends to confusion and to the disgust of the student, accomplish- 
 ing no good whatever, but only harm. 
 
 I therefore in this book follow essentially the system of classifi- 
 cation of W. H. Edwards, the most competent captain of butter- 
 flies that this country has ever seen, and I shall adhere to it until 
 a better one is found, and one competent enough to acquire and 
 retain a following. For this old system has stood the test of time 
 for a century, more or less, and is good for a century to come. 
 Let the Pamphilas stand. 
 
 The eggs of the "Skippers" are mostly dome-shaped, or hemi- 
 spherical, and are laid singly on the proper plants, which are 
 mostly grasses of various kinds. These butterflies will not lay 
 their eggs when in confinement without their proper plant is 
 present. 
 
 416. Pamphila Ruricola. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XXX ; Figures 416, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 416, Male, Sisson, Cal., August 20, 1891 ; Author. 
 i^tfi^ b. Female, Sisson, Cal., August 20, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 c. Female underside, Sisson, Cal., August 20, 1891 ; 
 Author. 
 Ruricola is one of the first of California butterflies to be given 
 a name, as it was found and named in 1852 ; yet although it has 
 
GENUS PAMPHILA 239 
 
 been known for half a century, it has never been figured either in 
 Europe or America up to this day. The type locahty is given in 
 the books as Napa County, Cal., but I place no great dependence 
 upon the localities noted in those early days, for usually the name 
 "California" was sufficient to cover a multitude of places. For 
 myself I have never taken a Ruricola in Napa County, but have 
 found them further at the north, most of them bear the data 
 Sisson. 
 
 417. Pamphila Juba. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XXX ; Figures 417, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 417, Male, Pasco, Washington, May 10, 1890; 
 Author. 
 
 b, Female, Mt. Shasta, Cal., August, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Mt. Shasta, Cal., August, 
 
 1891 ; Author. 
 This species, and the next, Viridis, are the largest of the West- 
 ern Pamphilas, and they are very robust and vigorous, fond of 
 feeding on flowers, and that is the time to take them, for their 
 flight is very rapid, so that you do not see them until they halt 
 to feed on the blossoms of some favorite plant. There are some 
 differences in the markings on the upper side of the female, but 
 the most prominent species-mark is on the underside of hind wing, 
 the inner third of which is buffy, blank. The square white spots 
 are more or less connected together. 
 
 418. Pamphila Viridis. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XXX ; Figures 418, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 418, Male, Sisson, Cal., August, 1891 ; Author. 
 "Jjlfl^ b. Female, Sisson, Cal., August, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Sisson, Cal., August, 1891 ; 
 Author. 
 This is the largest of all the Western Pamphilas ; it is a moun- 
 tain species, and not seen on the lowlands at any point. Viridis 
 is a shade darker on upper side than Juba, and the black discal 
 dash in middle of fore wing is not broken, as it is in Juba ; and on 
 underside of hind wing the color is greenish ; it was on account of 
 this greenish color that Viridis was separated from Juba. But 
 it seems to me that the broken dash on fore wing is a more im- 
 portant feature, for sometimes the green color is scarcely to be 
 depended upon. 
 
240 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 419. Pamphila Manitoba. 
 
 Plate XXX; Figures 419, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 419, Male, Sierra Nevadas of California, June, 1893 ; 
 Author. 
 
 b. Female, Sierra Nevadas of California, July, 
 
 1893; Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Sierra Nevadas of California, 
 
 July, 1893; Author. 
 Manitoba is a high mountain species, usually frequenting 
 heights about 6,000 to 8,000 feet elevation. The female on upper 
 side is very blackish, with distinct spots, contrasting strongly with 
 some which follow, and which are by some writers supposed to 
 belong to the same group, as 420 b and 421 b. On underside of 
 Manitoba, on the hind wing, the white spots are pearly-white, and 
 all connected together; this point, and the blackish upperside of 
 the female constitutes the key to the species. 
 
 420. Pamphila Nevada. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XXX; Figures 420, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 420, Male, Southern California Mountains, June, 
 1885 ; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Central California Mountains, July, 
 
 1892; Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside. Central California Mountains, 
 
 August, 1892 ; Author. 
 Nevada is a little smaller than the preceding; the female is 
 even and smooth in colorings and the spots are indistinct, and the 
 spots of the underside are smaller, white, angular, and connected 
 together. This is a high mountain form ; the male was taken at an 
 altitude of 5,000 feet, the female at 10,000 feet, and the third at 
 7,000 feet elevation. The form of spottings on underside of hind 
 wing, combined with the softness of coloring of the female, con- 
 stitute the determinating points. 
 
 421. Pamphila Colorado. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XXX ; Figures 421, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 421, Male, Pasco, Washington, May, 1890; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Sierra Nevadas of Central California, 
 
 1892 ; Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside. Greenhorn Mountains, June, 
 
 1888 ; Author. 
 
Butterflies of the West Coast. 
 
 
 
 
 45 
 
GENUS PAMPHILA 241 
 
 Colorado is a mountain butterfly, widely scattered over a large 
 territory. The female is variable; this example here figured is a 
 very softly colored one, that does not show^ the stigma and spots 
 on the upper side so much as some do; the key of the species is 
 the underside of hind wing, it is griseous-green, with white, 
 squarish spots, well connected together except at the angle of 
 the spots where the line of spots is cut above the outer spot. 
 
 422. Pamphila Idaho. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XXXI ; Figures 422, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 422, Male, Helena, Mont., June, 1890; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Western Oregon, August, 1892; Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside. Western Oregon, August, 
 
 1892; Author. 
 Idaho has essentially the same markings, but of a much lighter 
 color, being a light-yellow both above and beneath ; it is called 
 "the yellow Colorado." The spots of underside of hind wing are 
 smaller and less contrasty. In this group the white spots of 
 underside form the best key to the various species, but in this 
 species the clear light-yellow of the male is also a good point. 
 
 423. Pamphila California, n. s. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XXXI ; Figures 423, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 423, Male, Southern California, May 20, 1896; 
 Author. 
 
 b. Female, Southern California, May 20, 1896; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside. Southern California, May 20, 
 
 1896 ; Author. 
 
 Eixpanse, i.i to 1.4 inch; dusky-fulvous; stigma of the male 
 broad, cut ; female stigma broken, obsolete, only the apical part 
 present ; no spots on hind wing. Underside about the same color 
 as female upper side ; three or four indistinct apical points ; hind 
 wing darker ; a very small silver angular comma, and two to five 
 silver-white spots in a line, not connected except the two outer 
 ones are usually joined together to form one, and one or two or 
 three smaller silver spots, each smaller than the preceding, all in 
 a line at right angles to the body. 
 
 I have named this species California, to conform with the system 
 customary in this comma group, and because it is found here in 
 
242 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 California. This is the most southern member of the comma 
 group of the West Coast Pamphilas. 
 
 424. Pamphila Oregonia. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XXXI ; Figures 424, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 424, Male, Tenino, Washington, May, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Northeastern California, 1894; F. Ste- 
 
 phens. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Sisson, Cal., July, 1891 ; 
 Author. 
 
 Stigma narrow, broadly cut ; female stigma scarcely present ; the 
 spots on underside of hind wing are not white, hardly light, but 
 are just light enough to be visible. There are no dominant points 
 by which to identify this species, but the most peculiar one is that 
 the dusky apices of the female include the extension of the 
 stigma, so that the stigma itself is not apparent, being obscured 
 by the general duskiness of the wing. 
 
 425. Pamphila Sylvanoides. 
 
 Plate XXXI ; Figures 425, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 425, Male, Truckee, Cal, June, 1892 ; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Lake Tahoe, Cal., June, 1892 ; Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, "Cala.," no data, from W. H. 
 
 Edwards, 1886. 
 
 Sylvanoides, as I see the species, is the northern form of the 
 species, as Columbia, next following, is the southern, the two 
 being, as I believe, only slightly differing forms of the same spe- 
 cies. Compare the two series, 425, b, c, and 426, b, c, and form 
 your own opinion. 
 
 The species Sylvanoides can be identified by the curved, almost 
 circular, row of light spots on under side of hind wing; most 
 others are angulated; these spots are never pearly-white, only 
 whitish. 
 
 426. Pamphila Columbia. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XXXI ; Figures 426, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 426, Male, Southern California, June, 1885 ; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Southern California, June, 1885 ; Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Southern California, June, 
 
 1885; Author. 
 Columbia and the preceding, Sylvanoides, are very similar and 
 can scarcely be separated by the upper side; beneath, the chief 
 
GENUS PAMPHILA 243 
 
 point of difference is the color of the spots on hind wing, white in 
 Sylvanoides, and yellowish in Columbia; the shape of the curve 
 of the spots is the same. 
 
 Columbia is very abundant on the mountains of Southern Cali- 
 fornia, flying abundantly on the scantily-forested crests and 
 heights, and represents the more northern species, Sylvanoides, 
 although Sylvanoides itself is present, but Columbia does not go 
 far north. 
 
 427. Pamphila Rhesus. 
 
 No figure. 
 This is a Mexican species, which comes over the line into Ari- 
 zona, but I have never seen it, and it has little or no interest for us. 
 
 428. Pamphila Carus. 
 
 No figure. 
 Carus is another Mexican butterfly, which is occasionally seen 
 in Texas and Southern Arizona. 
 
 430. Pamphila Nemorum. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XXXI ; Figures 430, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 430, Male, Pendleton, Oregon, July, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Sisson, Cal., August, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside Southern California, May, 
 
 1889; Author. 
 This and the next, Agricola, are in some respects similar, but 
 generally, and especially on the underside, in Nemorum the col- 
 ors are more uneven, being both lighter and darker, or contrasty ; 
 and there is a difference on the underside of fore wing, the cloudy 
 patch being strong in Nemorum and nearly absent in Agricola. 
 Nemorum is a wide flyer, and covers practically the whole coast. 
 
 431. Pamphila Agricola. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XXXI; Figures 431, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 431, Male, Greenhorn Mountains, Cal., June, 1888; 
 Author. 
 
 b. Female, Southern California, no data, 1890; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, "Washington Terr." ; from 
 
 W. H. Edwards, 1885. 
 This is a well-known species ; was named in France in the early 
 days of California, yet Agricola has never before been figured in 
 
244 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 any country. Similar to Nemorum, but clearer and yellower, es- 
 pecially beneath ; there are no spots on underside of hind wing, 
 this being the only Pamphila that has no spots, except the next 
 species. This third figure is photographed from a specimen sent 
 me by Mr. Edwards, in the early days before Washington became 
 a State. Agricola is a wide-spread species, like Nemorum, occu- 
 pying about the same territory. 
 
 432. Pamphila Mile. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XXXI ; Figures 432, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 432, Male, "Or.," no other data; from W. H. Ed- 
 wards, 1885. 
 
 b. Female, Mt. Tabor, near Portland, May, 1891 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Mt. Tabor, near Portland, 
 
 May, 1891 ; Author. 
 This species was separated from Agricola by Mr. Edwards in 
 1883, and in 1885 he sent me the male example here figured, for 
 identification purposes. Milo is smaller than Agricola, and in 
 general coloration, both on upper and lower sides, is more even, 
 or less contrasty. It has never been found outside of Oregon, 
 that I have ever heard of. 
 
 433. Pamphila Pratincola. 
 
 Plate XXXI ; Figures 433, b, c. 
 
 Fig- 433. Male, Tenino, Wash., May, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Sisson, Cal., August, 1891 ; Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Pendleton, Oregon, Aug., 
 
 1892; Author. 
 This also is one of the early birds, named by Boisduval in 1852, 
 and never yet figured. Pratincola is at once distinguished by the 
 chocolate color on the underside of hind wings ; the example fig- 
 ured in the plate is not exceptionally deep colored ; the color may 
 be in some degree dependent upon the season, or the elevation. 
 Pratincola flies from Northern California through Oregon and 
 Washington, and probably well up into British Columbia. 
 
 434. Pamphila Varus. 
 
 No figure. 
 This name is set down for Southern California, but I have never 
 seen it, and do not know of any one who has ; it seems to be an 
 unknown quantity, hidden away in some obscure spot. 
 
GENUS PAMPHILA 245 
 
 435. Pamphila Campestris. 
 
 Plate XXXI ; Figures 435, b, c, cc. 
 Fig. 435, Male, Southern California, March 30, 1896; 
 Author. 
 
 b. Female, Southern California, Sept. 22, 1890; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside. Southern California, April 10, 
 
 1890; Author, 
 cc. Female, underside, Southern California, Oct. 30, 
 1892 ; Author. 
 
 Campestris and the Eastern Huron are similar, the males of 
 both having the big broad stigma or black spot on middle of fore 
 wing; the female is quite different from the male, the stigma 
 is smaller, and has a translucent spot at the outer end ; the figure 
 on the plate tells all about it better than many words could do. 
 Figure c is a normal female beneath, being light-colored, and cc 
 is a late, autumn species, much darker than at an earlier date. 
 
 Campestris is known on the West Coast only in Southern Cali- 
 fornia; it is marked similarly to Huron, and by some writers is 
 considered to be the same, but is easily separated by its brighter 
 and more contrasty colors, and because the spots and markings 
 are more definite and positive, while Huron is obscure and indef- 
 inite in those particulars. 
 
 The larval food-plant is Cynodon dactylon, Bermuda grass, but 
 it must be able to use other grasses, as it lived in California for 
 years before Bermuda grass came into the country. 
 
 437. Pamphila Brettus. 
 
 Plate XXXI; Figures 437, b, Male and Female; from 
 H. Strecker. 
 Brettus is an Eastern species, inhabiting the Atlantic States 
 from New England to Florida. The figures of this pair of Bret- 
 tus are inserted here for comparison with Brettoides, next fol- 
 lowing. Brettus does not fly on the West Coast. You see the 
 sexes are widely different in color. 
 
 438. Pamphila Brettoides. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XXXI ; Figures 438, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 438, Male, received, named, but without data; from 
 Henry Edwards, 1885. 
 
246 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 b, Female, Southern California, Sept. 15, 1889; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Southern California, Sept. 
 
 15, 1889; Author. 
 
 The male was described in 1883 by W. H. Edwards, from two 
 males, one from Texas and the other from Eastern Arizona ; the 
 female has never before been described or figured. There is a 
 little valley in Southern California where this species is found ; I 
 have taken the pairs in copula many times, and have had the spe- 
 cies under observation for many years. It is extremely local. The 
 female Brettoides, as shown above, is very different from the male, 
 yet not so widely as in Brettus. The female greatly resembles 
 the female Campestris, so much so that by the upper side alone 
 you cannot always separate them, but the underside is peculiar, 
 and unlike any other Pamphila, the hind wing having six or eight 
 little brown dots on a plain buffy ground, and no light spots at all. 
 
 In spring of 1897 I observed a female Brettoides ovipositing 
 on rose leaves, and captured it to make sure of the species, as that 
 is a plant unknown as a larval food-plant for Pamphilas. If any 
 one else had reported the fact, I should have doubted. Many years 
 ago Mr. W. H. Edwards mentioned Brettoides to me, and sug- 
 gested that I look out for the female, saying that it probably was 
 black, like Brettus. But it is now apparent that Brettoides has 
 nothing to do with Brettus; even the similarity of names can- 
 not tie them together. 
 
 440. Pamphila Sabuleti. 
 
 Plate XXXI ; Figures 440, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 440, Male, San Bernardino Valley, June, 1889; 
 Author. 
 
 b. Female, Southern California, Aug. 28, 1890; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside. Southern California, Aug. 28, 
 
 1890; Author. 
 Sabuleti does not need much description, as it is different from 
 any other, and the figures depict it very well. In Southern Cali- 
 fornia, where Sabuleti is most abundant, it is found on lowlands 
 along the grassy banks of streams, frequenting salt-grass flats 
 and alkaline plains, where nothing but salt-grass grows, and where 
 no other butterfly is seen. On this account I conclude that it 
 
GENUS PAMPHILA 247 
 
 breeds on salt-grass, although I have never seen it ovipositing on 
 such grass, but on the contrary have seen it ovipositing on Ber- 
 muda grass ; yet I believe it uses salt-grass when the better grass 
 is not at hand. 
 
 441. Pamphila Chispa, n. s. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XXXI; Figures 441, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 441, Male, Sierra Nevadas of Central California, 
 June, 1892; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Sierra Nevadas of Central California, 
 
 June, 1892; Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside. Sierra Nevadas of Central 
 
 California, July 3, 1892 ; Author. 
 
 Expanse, .8 to i inch ; smallest Pamphila of the West Coast ; 
 short and broad stigma; wide dusky margins; the markings of 
 the female patterned after Brettoides; on under side both wings 
 are dusky, with white markings, those of hind wing connected in 
 an angular band. 
 
 This new species is a mountain flyer, living at elevation of 
 6,000 to 8,000 feet, on scantily forested heights and in little moun- 
 tain valleys. It is a charming little thing, and I have named it 
 Chispa, "a precious little nugget." 
 
 442. Pamphila Vestris. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 
 Plate XXXI ; Figure 442, Male ; from W. H. Edwards, 
 1885. 
 This species is set down for the Pacific Coast, in California. 
 I have not seen it during the twenty-five years that I have hunted 
 butterflies, and I very much doubt that it comes here; but it is 
 possible that it does, and so I figure it, for the benefit of some 
 lucky man who may perhaps come upon it unexpectedly. It 
 comes from Florida and Colorado. 
 
 443. Pamphila Bellus. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 
 Plate XXXI; Figure 443, Male, Huachuca Mts., Ariz., 
 1895 ; E. R. Kunze. 
 This black fellow needs but little description in words ; black 
 wing, spotless above and beneath, with bronzy gloss on upperside, 
 and with orange fringe. 
 
248 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 444. Pamphila Arabus. 
 
 No figure. 
 Arabus is from Arizona ; it was named from one female speci- 
 men taken in Southern Arizona, probably in 1881, and so far as I 
 know, not seen since. The female is glossy dark brown, with 
 five small translucent spots in fore wing; beneath it is grayish- 
 brown, without spots. 
 
 445. Pamphila Nereus. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XXXI ; Figures 445, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 445, Male ; received from C. F. McGlashan, in 1889. 
 
 b, Female, Yuma, Arizona, June, 1890; Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, Yuma, Arizona, June 1890; 
 
 Author. 
 Nereus is brownish-black and has two, or three, or four small 
 white spots on fore wing, and sometimes one or more similar ones 
 on hind wing, though often not any. The spots are more plainly 
 seen on the underside, extending in a straight line across both 
 wings near the middle. It is common enough at Yuma, but does 
 not come further west. 
 
 446. Pamphila Deva. 
 
 No figure. 
 Deva is named in the catalogues as inhabiting Arizona and 
 Southern California, and therefore I mention it, although I have 
 never seen it, and do not believe it ever was seen in California; 
 presumably it is a Mexican species that is very limited in its 
 flight on American soil, and I suppose that it was set down to 
 California from guess-work rather than actual knowledge. 
 
 447. Pamphila Lunus. 
 
 No figure. 
 This is similar to Deva. Presumably Mexican, and of no inter- 
 est. It is of very large size, 1.8 inches; dark brown on both 
 upper and undersides, or a little grayish beneath, with a few small 
 translucent spots, and two indefinite black-brown dashes. 
 
 448. Pamphila Errans. 
 No figure. 
 
 Expanse, i]!4 inch; dark brown, with six small yellowish 
 spots on fore wing, no spots on hind wing; underside a little 
 lighter, and the same spots show. Apparently named from the 
 male, or the sexes may be alike. From Yosemite. 
 
GENUS AMBLYSCIRTES 249 
 
 450. Pamphila Python. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 
 Plate XXXII ; Figure 479, Male, Santa Rita Mts., Ariz., 
 
 1893 ; F. Stephens. 
 
 By unavoidable incident this figure was obliged to be inserted 
 
 on a plate out of regular order. Python is found only in a strip 
 
 of country along the Mexican line; it is scarcely an American 
 
 species. 
 
 482. Pamphila Cestus. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 
 Plate XXXII ; Figure 482, Santa Rita Mountains, 1893 ; 
 F. Stephens. 
 This figure is inserted out of regular order. The name is stand- 
 ing among the Pamphilas, but I think erroneously, and I include 
 it among the Pamphilas under protest. 
 
 453. Pamphila Melane. 
 
 Plate XXXI ; Figures 453, b, c. 
 
 F'g- 453' Male, Southern California, 1895 ; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Greenhorn Mountains, June, 1888; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c. Female, underside, San Bernardino, Cal., 1899; 
 
 Author. 
 
 This fine large Pamphila was named in 1869, after which it was 
 not seen for sixteen years, and the species was thought to be 
 "lost," but in 1885 it was rediscovered by the Author, and it was 
 then accounted to be a dimorphic female of Campestris, but after 
 effort to establish the male sex, during which investigation it was 
 dissected by Dr. Scudder, it was at length placed in its proper 
 position. Since these early days the species has spread over the 
 whole of the south end of the State, and has become quite common. 
 
 The egg is white, sub-globose, smooth, and is oviposited on Ber- 
 muda grass, but there must be some other food-plant, for the 
 butterfly was found before the late-coming Bermuda grass became 
 introduced into California about 1880. 
 
 Geuns AMBLYSCIRTES. 
 
 454. Amblyscirtes Simius. 
 
 Plate XXXI ; Figures 454, b, Male and Female, underside, 
 Arizona. 
 There are no species belonging to this genus on the Pacific 
 Coast proper. These two species are figured here because they are 
 
250 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 Arizona fornxs and therefore really belong to the West Coast fauna, 
 but more to show what these foreign species look like, for com- 
 parison. Simius is found in Colorado also. The sexes of the spe- 
 cies in this genus look much alike, and these two forms will 
 suffice. 
 
 455. Amblyscirtes Nanno. 
 
 Plate XXXI ; Figure 455, Male, from Arizona. 
 This species in the shape of the wings and in color looks like 
 some other genus, and has, I believe, been classed elsewhere, but 
 is now included in the Genus Amblyscirtes. It is found only in 
 Arizona. 
 
 Genus PYRGUS. 
 
 456. Pyrgus Ericetorum. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XXXI ; Figures 456, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 456, Male, Southern California, April 20, 1889 ; 
 Author. 
 
 b, Female, Southern California, July, 1903 ; Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Southern California, June, 
 
 1889; Author. 
 This is an old species, named in 1852, but is yet quite scarce 
 and little known. It is fairly widely spread ; its flight is rapid, 
 and it cannot be taken on the wing, but can be caught when at 
 water, or when hovering about the food-plant. The plant is Mal- 
 vastrum thurberi, a tall and slender bush, bearing lavender blos- 
 soms that appear sometimes before the leaves are seen. The egg 
 is white, globular, and laid on the young leaves. I have noted the 
 ovipositing of the egg in November. 
 
 457- Pyrgus Tessellata. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XXXI ; Figures 457, b, c. 
 Fig. 457, Male, Southern California, May, 1889; Author. 
 
 b, Female, San Joaquin Valley, June, 1888 ; Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, San Bernardino, July 20, 
 
 1895; Author. 
 This little skipper, published in 1872, has never been figured, 
 except a wood-cut by French, of the male. Tessellata flies over the 
 whole United States, except New England, and the States of Ore- 
 gon, Washington, and Idaho, where Caespitalis appears to take 
 
Butterflies of the West Coast. 
 
GENUS NISONIADES 251 
 
 its place, as I have not ever taken Tessellata in either of those 
 States. It flies all the season through, early and late, living closely 
 up to the frost line in spring and in autumn. 
 
 The larval food-plant is Malva rotundifolia. The egg, like those 
 of most skippers, is nearly globular, light -green in color, and is 
 oviposited on the leaf-buds. 
 
 458. Pyrgus Caespitalis. 
 
 Plate XXXI ; Figures 458, b, c. 
 
 Fig. 458, Male, "Mendocino," no further data ; W. H. 
 Edwards, 1886. 
 
 b, Female, Donner Lake, Cal., June 25, 1891 ; 
 
 Author. 
 
 c, Female, underside, Tehachapi Mountains, June 
 
 10, 1900; Author. 
 This is rather a northern species. I have not met it further 
 south than the Tehachapi Mountains, and in the Northern States 
 of the West Coast it is abundant. Especially near Portland, Mt. 
 Tabor used to be full of them. I have taken it in Eastern Wash- 
 ington at Ellensburg. 
 
 459- Pyrgus Scriptura. 
 
 Plate XXXI ; Figure 459, Male, Yuma, Arizona, May, 
 1899 ; Author. 
 This little species is one of the rare things of our fauna; it is 
 not common anywhere, or if it is, then I have never found that 
 place. In fact, I think it is one of the most rare butterflies of the 
 whole hst, for this specimen here figured is the only one I have 
 ever captured during twenty-five years' search. Possibly in 
 Mexico it may be more common, although at Mazatlan, and in the 
 mountains of the interior of Mexico, I have found Tessellata, but 
 not Scriptura. 
 
 Genus NISONIADES. 
 
 This is a genus of thick-bodied and stout-winged butterflies of 
 universal occurrence, dusky and unhandsome, and difficult to 
 handle when captured. This group is at present in an unsatisfac- 
 tory state, and needs revision, by a competent hand ; if the hand 
 be not competent, it is better as it is. 
 
252 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 461. Nisoniades Perseus. 
 
 Plate XXXII ; Figure 461, Male, San Bernardino Mts., 
 July, 1899; Author. 
 This butterfly is found flying on the plains and also on the 
 mountains of moderate height ; one of the most common species, 
 and a voracious feeder on flowers, seemingly always hungry, and 
 never satisfied. It is common all over the United States west of 
 the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 The food-plant is said to be willow, but there must be some 
 other plant as well. 
 
 462. Nisoniades Juvenalis. v p<: »■ "* ' "'^ ^ ^ 
 
 Plate XXXII ; Figure 462, Female, Lake County, Cal, 
 June 20, 1894 ; Author. 
 This species is common at the East, but is more rare on the West 
 Coast, being occasionally met with in the southern parts, but not 
 present in the more northern portion of the Coast States. 
 The food-plants are the leguminous or pod-bearing plants. 
 
 463. Nisoniades Propertius. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XXXII ; Figure 463, Male, San Bernardino Valley, 
 
 1903 ; Author. 
 This is sometimes considered to be the Western form of the 
 Eastern Juvenalis ; it is one of the most uninteresting species, and 
 is usually not taken when it is met with, and so the localities are 
 not well filled out ; at present it is credited only to California and 
 Vancouver Island, but doubtless inhabits Oregon and Washington 
 as well. 
 
 464. Nisoniades Clitus. ^ jJ)^ ^. " 
 
 Plate XXXII ; Figure 464, Female, Southern California, 
 June, 1891 ; Author. 
 Clitus is a strong-flying and active butterfly, and is usually 
 taken while feeding on flowers, as it is difficult to catch while in 
 flight. It is a southern species, and is not found north of the 
 Tehachapi Mountains. The chief feature of this species is the 
 wide white fringe to hind wings. 
 
GENUS NISONIADES 253 
 
 468. Nisoniades Funeralis. 
 
 Plate XXXII ; Figure 468, Female, San Bernardino Val- 
 ley; Author. 
 This is more brownish and less black than Clitus ; it has a wide 
 white fringe to the hind wings, but it is not quite so marked as in 
 Clitus. This also is a southern form, and found only in California 
 and Arizona. 
 
 469. Nisoniades Tristis. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 
 Plate XXXII ; Figure 469, Female, Central California, 
 
 1894; Author. 
 
 Tristis is the most abundant species of all the numbers of this 
 
 sad group ; I have taken it from Spokane to the Mexican line, and 
 
 it seems to occupy the plains and the mountains, everywhere 
 
 present. 
 
 The food-plant is Hosackia. 
 
 470. Nisoniades TibuUus. 
 
 No figure. 
 This name is given in the catalogues as inhabiting California, 
 but it is unknown to me. 
 
 480. Nisoniades Lacustra, n. s. Not elsewhere illustrated. 
 Plate XXXII ; Figure 480, a. 
 
 Fig. 480, Male, Blue Lakes, California, May 10, 1894; 
 Author, 
 a, Male, underside, Blue Lakes, California, May to, 
 1894; Author. 
 Expanse, 1.15 inches ; fore wings blackish, crossed by an extra- 
 discal black line, outside of which is a line of small points ; hind 
 wings dark brown ; a few indistinct light points sub-marginal. 
 Underside blackish, both wings alike in color; a series of light 
 points sub-marginal on hind wing. 
 
 The fine black lines across fore wing are peculiar, and are not 
 seen in any other West Coast species. I was compelled to place 
 this figure on the plate out of its proper order. 
 
254 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 Genus EUDAMUS. 
 
 471. Eudamus Pylades. 
 
 Plate XXXII; Figure 471, Female, Santa Rita Moun- 
 tains, 1903 ; Stephens. 
 Pylades is an Eastern species, and only appears within Western 
 territory in the torrid mountains of Southern Arizona. 
 
 472. Eudamus Mexicana. 
 
 Plate XXXII ; Figure 472, Female, Sierra Nevadas of 
 California, 1891 ; Author. 
 This species was once thought to be a dwarfed variety of the 
 preceding, Pylades, but at present is conceded to be a separate 
 species, though there is not much apparent difference, except in 
 size ; but the habitat of the two forms is vastly different, the latter 
 being a high mountain form, of the cooler, coast region. 
 
 474. Eudamus Tityrus. 
 
 Plate XXXII ; Figure 474, Female, San Bernardino 
 Mountains ; Author. 
 I figure the underside of the female, as the marks are more 
 distinct and peculiar than on the upper side. This strongly 
 marked form is found over the most parts of North America, and 
 flies in South America as well. The egg is laid on the leaves of 
 leguminous plants. 
 
 477. Eudamus Caicus. 
 
 Plate XXXII ; Figure 477, Female, "Arizona" ; H. K. 
 Morrison, 1886. 
 This species is a Mexican bird, and comes not west of Tucson. 
 It has a wide white fringe to hind wings. 
 
 478. Eudamus iSmilia. 
 
 Plate XXXII ; Figure 478, Male, Tehachapi Mountains, 
 June 10, 1891 ; Author. 
 This rather peculiar form is found in the Klamath Valley of 
 Oregon and California, and south to the locality noted above, 
 which is the most southern point yet noted. 
 
GENUS PYRRHOPYGA 255 
 
 Genus PYRRHOPYGA. 
 
 481. Pyrrhopyga Araxes. 
 
 Plate XXXII; Figure 481, Female, Southern Arizona, 
 1903 ; Stephens. 
 This Araxes was taken in the Santa Rita Mountains near 
 Tucson, in July, I believe, at an estimated altitude of 5,000 feet. 
 It is another Mexican species, and comes not west of the moun- 
 tains where this one was taken. 
 
 Genus MEGATHYMUS. 
 
 483. Megathymus Neumcegeni. 
 
 Plate XXXII ; Figure 483, Female, Southern California, 
 
 July, 1903; Stephens. 
 
 This Megathymus is not previously noted as coming from any 
 
 locality but Arizona, but it has been taken for several seasons 
 
 along the border of the Colorado Desert in California, where the 
 
 larvae feed upon the pith inside the stems of Yucca Deserti. 
 
 The eggs of Megathymus and of Pyrrhopyga are pitted or 
 indented like a thimble. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 DAY-FLYING MOTHS 
 
 485. Hemileuca Nevadensis. Elsewhere illustrated only by 
 
 Stretch, the Author of the species. 
 Plate XXXII ; Figure 485, Male, Dayton, Nevada, 
 August, 1872. 
 
 Figure 485 is a photograph of the uncolored lithographic figure 
 by Mr. Stretch, the Author of Nevadensis, issued in 1872. I copy 
 as follows from the text: "Both wings in Nevadensis are black 
 and pale yellowish ; the discal lunule of fore wing is transverse, 
 long and narrow, surrounded by a blackish halo, with a whitish 
 transverse center; hind wings, discal spot dusky, small, with 
 whitish transverse center. Described from two males taken at 
 Dayton, Nevada, in August. Though apparently not rare in 
 Nevada, this insect has not been detected in California." (Zygae- 
 nidse and Bomdycidse of North America, by R. H. Stretch, Parts 
 I to 9, 1872 to 1873. Plate 4, page 108.) The discovery of 
 Nevadensis is not dated exactly, but it must have been in 1872, I 
 think. Californica was first seen by me in 1873, though not col- 
 lected for distribution till a few years later. 
 
 In comparing these different forms, it should be borne in mind 
 that my figure of Nevadensis is copied from an uncolored litho- 
 graph, and so the wings are represented as being white ; while the 
 text describes the color as "yellowish." Nevadensis is yellowish, 
 and Californica is white. 
 
 486. Hemileuca Californica. 
 Plate XXXII ; Figures 486, b. 
 
 Fig. 486, Male, San Bernardino, Cal., November 5, 1,889; 
 
 Author. 
 
 b, Female, San Bernardino, Cal., November 20, 
 
 1903 ; Author. 
 
 This is a local form, flying in October and November. When 
 
 I first discovered Californica, in 1873, I was not then ac- 
 
Butterflies of the West Coast. 
 
APPENDIX 857 
 
 quainted with Nevadcnsis, but took it for granted that Cali- 
 fornica was Nevadensis, and sent it out as such ; later, when I 
 came to see the figure of Nevadensis as herewith presented, I 
 noted the difference, and published the Californian form as Cali- 
 fornica, giving at the same time a full life history, in the Canadian 
 Entomologist. The form Nevadensis has always been practically 
 unknown, and is to this day ; the publication in which Nevadensis 
 was christened had very small circulation, and is today out of 
 print and well-nigh unknown. Chiefly on account of my having 
 sent out Californica as Nevadensis, a confusion has arisen, the real 
 Nevadensis being unknown. These figures and this text will, 
 I hope, set the matter straight. 
 
 487. Hemileuca Electra. 
 
 Plate XXXII ; Figures 487, b, a. 
 
 Fig. 487, Male, Southern California ; Author. 
 
 b. Female, Southern California ; Author. 
 
 c, Male, underside, Southern California ; Author. 
 The figures given herewith are good illustrations of this fine 
 
 Hemileuca. The first specimen I ever saw was flying, and I fol- 
 lowed it desperately until I caught it, for I recognized it as some- 
 thing new ; and from that day to this, although I have acquired a 
 few examples in one way or another, I have not seen another 
 specimen on the wing, nor do I now know the food-plant. That 
 first one that I saw was evidently out of its latitude, for I could not 
 ever find another in that place, and it appears probable that the 
 home of the species is nearer the sea coast. The first one was 
 taken about eighty miles from the sea, in the valley of the Santa 
 Ana River. 
 
 Later, I have received information from Mrs. Brandegee, of San 
 Diego, that the larval food-plant of Electra is Erigonun fasci- 
 culatum, popularly known as "wild buckwheat," a shrubby plant 
 which grows about three or four feet high, and which is abundant 
 everywhere, both on the coast and in the valleys of the interior. 
 
INDEX 
 
 Figures Immediately following words indicate the consecutive num- 
 ber of the species, in the Complete List, in the text, and on the plates, 
 alil<e. Flgmres at the end of lines Indicate the paere. 
 
 Page 
 
 Aberrations 30 
 
 Abnorma, 183. 
 
 Aborted mouth-parts 25 
 
 Acastus, 175. 
 
 Acmon, aber. of, 380 20 
 
 Acmon, Lye, 380, freezing 25 
 
 Adenostomatis, 324. 
 Adlante, 138. 
 JEhSija., Lye, 361a. 
 .flSmllia, 478. 
 Afflnls, 336. 
 
 AgrauUs, genus 52, 127 
 
 Agrlcola, 431. 
 Alaskensls, 263a. 
 Albanus, 18. 
 
 Albinic Collads, 77d, e 23 
 
 Albinlc females, 7Gbb 31 
 
 Albinism discussed 23 
 
 Alexandra, Col., 88. 
 
 Alfalfa, larval food-plant 31 
 
 Aliaska, 23. 
 Alma, 190. 
 Alpheus, 407. 
 Altaurus, 3. 
 
 Altitude, dist. by 15 
 
 Amblyscirtes, genus (>7, 249 
 
 Ammoni, 21. 
 
 Amorpha, plant 115 
 
 AmorphaB, 74. 
 Ampelos, 280. 
 Amyntula, 385. 
 Andria, 247. 
 Anicla, 165. 
 Anna, 384. 
 Annetta, 386. 
 
 Anthocharls, genus 50, 104 
 
 Antiacts, 367. 
 
 Antiopa, Van., 223 17 
 
 Appliances for collecting 41 
 
 Apama, 337. 
 
 Apatura, genus 68, 182 
 
 Arabus, 444. 
 
 Page 
 
 Arene, 415. 
 Arge, 143. 
 
 Argrynnis, genus 52, 128 
 
 Argynnids, dimorphic 23 
 
 Ariadne, 77. 
 Arlane, 253. 
 Arizonensis, Llm., 236. 
 Arlzonensls, Lye, 392. 
 Arizonensis, Pap., 20. 
 
 Army worm 34 
 
 Arota, 338. 
 Asterias, 29. 
 Asteroldes, 30. 
 Astrse, 91. 
 Astragala, 401. 
 Atalanta, 227. 
 
 Atlldes, genus 61, 204 
 
 Atossa, 139. 
 
 At rest 29 
 
 Augusta, 1G9. 
 
 Augusta, n. v., of 154 
 
 Augustina, 170. 
 Auretorum, 313. 
 Ausonldes, 57. 
 Australis, 302. 
 
 Authors' names 39 
 
 Autumnalls, 81. 
 Avalona, 328. 
 
 Baldur, 6. 
 Barbara, 85. 
 Barnesl, 204a. 
 Baronl, Arg., 131. 
 Baronl, Mellt., 156. 
 Baroni. Sat., 254. 
 Battoides, 377. 
 Beanl, Mellt., 168. 
 Beckeri, Pieris, 34. 
 Behrensi, 125. 
 Behri, Col.. 96. 
 Behri, Lye. 368. 
 Behri, Parn.. 8. 
 
Page 
 Behrl, Thee, 329. 
 
 Beleperone, plant 163 
 
 Bellus, 443. 
 Berenice, 101. 
 Bernardino, 73. 
 
 Birds preying on but 30 
 
 Blschoffl, 141. 
 Bisexual, figured, 390d. 
 
 Bisexuallsm discussed 23 
 
 Blenlna, 325. 
 Bolll, 191. 
 Boopis. 252. 
 Borealis, 301. 
 Bredowi, 242. 
 
 Breeding butterflies 35 
 
 Breeding in cold 37 
 
 Breeding larva; 36 
 
 Bremnerl, 119. 
 
 Brenthls, genus 53, 143 
 
 Brenda, 282. 
 
 Brettoldes, 438. 
 
 Bretttus. 437. 
 
 Brucel, Chlon., 292. 
 
 Brucel, Melit., 167. 
 
 Bryonse, 42. 
 
 Butterfly nets 41 
 
 Caespltalis, 458. 
 Cserulescens, 108. 
 Cssonla, 75. 
 Caicus, 477. 
 
 Calephells, genus 60, 203 
 
 Callente, 70. 
 California, Pam., 423. 
 Callfornlca. Chion., 286. 
 Californlca, Coe., 272. 
 Callfornlca, Hemi., 486. 
 
 Callfornlca, Het 58 
 
 Californlca, Mech., 103. 
 Callfornlca, Syn., 212. 
 Callfornlca, Thecla, 309. 
 
 Callfornlca, Van., 225 15 
 
 Californlca, Van., var., 176. 
 Callias, 261. 
 
 Callidryas, genus 50, 113 
 
 Calllppe, 127. 
 Calyce, 39. 
 Camillus, 203. 
 
 Candida, 411 32 
 
 Capella, 171a. 
 
 Capitalization of names 39 
 
 Cardui, 229 17 
 
 Cardul, migration of 37 
 
 Carpenteri, 112. 
 
 Carrying living butterflies 35 
 
 Carus, 428. 
 Carye, 231. 
 
 Carye-Atlanta, hyb'. 178 
 
 Cases for storing 44 
 
 Page 
 
 Castoria, 47. 
 Catullus, 404. 
 
 Ceanotlius, plant 176 
 
 Celtis, 244. 
 Ceos, 405. 
 Ceres, 275. 
 Cerrita, 189. 
 Cestus, 482. 
 Cethura, 58. 
 Chalcedon, 157. 
 Chalcis, 318. 
 Charon, 258. 
 Chara, 195. 
 Charltonia, 99. 
 
 Chlonobas, genus 59, 196 
 
 Chlspa, 441. 
 Chlorlna, 381. 
 Christina, 90. 
 
 Chrysalis 36 
 
 Chrysomelas, 87. 
 
 Chrysophanus, genus 62, 212 
 
 Chrysoptera, 232. 
 Chusca, 439. 
 Clnera, 389a. 
 Citlma, 305. 
 Clara, 356. 
 Clarlus, 2. 
 Claudia, 105. 
 Cleis, 300. 
 Clltus, 464. 
 Clodlus, 1. 
 Clytle. 326. 
 Coenla, 234. 
 
 Coenonympha, genu.s 59, 192 
 
 Collecting butterflies 41 
 
 Cold, breeding in 25, 36 
 
 Cold, effects of 37 
 
 Coliads, dimorphic 23 
 
 CoUas, genus 51, 116 
 
 Colon, 154. 
 Colonia, 180. 
 Colorado, 421. 
 Coloro, 25. 
 Columbia, Arg., 117. 
 Columbia, Pam., 426. 
 
 Complete list 47 
 
 Contents table 9 
 
 Cooperl, 153. 
 
 Copapodes, genus 64, 235 
 
 Cornstalk pith 44 
 
 Coronis, 126. 
 Creusa, 54. 
 Crocale, 209. 
 
 Cruciferous plants 101 
 
 Crysalus, 304. 
 Cupreus, 351. 
 Cybele, 112a. 
 Cypris, 113. 
 Cyneas, 185. 
 Cythera, 295. 
 
 ♦ 
 
INDEX 
 
 Page 
 
 Dsedalua, 361, freezing 25 
 
 Danals, genus 52, 126 
 
 Darkness, breeding In 36 
 
 Daunus, 16. 
 
 Death, simulation of 30 
 
 Del Sud, 347. 
 Desertl, 60. 
 Deva, 446. 
 
 Dorcas, Chryso., 349 16 
 
 Dorus, 473. 
 
 Dimorphic Argynnids 23 
 
 Dimorphic Collads 23 
 
 Dimorphism discussed 22 
 
 Dlonyslus, 271. 
 
 Disappearance of sp 31 
 
 Distribution by alt 15 
 
 Distribution by lat 16 
 
 Drawers, storing 44 
 
 Drusius. 476. 
 
 Dry and wet seasons 38 
 
 Dryope, 310. 
 Dumetorum, 335. 
 Dwinelli, 158. 
 
 Eaten by ants 28 
 
 Eavesl, 241. 
 
 Echo, 391. 
 
 Edltha, Chryso., 346. 
 
 Edltha, Mellt., 161. 
 
 Edwardsl, Arg,, 129. 
 
 Edwardsl, Col., 83. 
 
 Eggs for breeding 35 
 
 Egleis, 145. 
 Electra, Hemi., 487. 
 Ells, 95. 
 Elico, 278. 
 Emilia, 92. 
 
 English style 43 
 
 Enoptes, 376. 
 
 Environment, effects of 17 
 
 Eplnephele, genus 59, 191 
 
 Epipsodea, 262. 
 Eplthore. 151. 
 
 Erebia, genus 58, 189 
 
 Eremita, 178. 
 
 Eresla. genus 56, 169 
 
 Erlcetorum, 456. 
 Erinna, 144. 
 Erlphyle, 83. 
 Errans, 448. 
 
 Eryclnidse, Family 60 
 
 Eryngi, 274. 
 Eryphon, 333. 
 Eubule, 71. 
 
 Euchloe, genus 49, 101 
 
 Eudamua, genus 68, 254 
 
 Eunus, 414. 
 
 Euptoleta, genus 52, 128 
 
 Eurydlce, Meg., 72 15 
 
 Eurymedon. 17. 
 
 Page 
 Eurynome, 140. 
 
 Eurytheme, 76, colors of 21 
 
 Eversmanni, 14. 
 Exllis, 402. 
 Exoleta, 320. 
 
 Facts will stand 41 
 
 Fate of butterflies 28 
 
 Faunus, 215. 
 
 Fearless, butterflies 30 
 
 Feet, four or six 26 
 
 Females, aber 21 
 
 Flava, 36. 
 Flora, 65. 
 
 Food-plants, larval 84 
 
 Forms all named 40 
 
 Forms, seasonal 21 
 
 Fotls, 332. 
 
 Four or six feet 25 
 
 Freezing 24 
 
 Frelja, 149. 
 
 Frigga, 150. 
 
 Fullginosa, 354. 
 
 Fulla, 358. 
 
 Fulllolus, 350. 
 
 Fumosa, 82. 
 
 Funeralis, 468. 
 
 Fuslmaculata 149 
 
 GabbI, Mellt., 174. 
 Gabbl, Sat. 250. 
 Galactinus, 273. 
 
 Genera, sequence of 40 
 
 Generic names 89 
 
 Genoveva, 235. 
 Genutla, 61. 
 
 Glgas, Cliion., 284 SO 
 
 Glgas, stranded 38 
 
 Glass setting strips 44 
 
 Gorgon, 343. 
 Gracilis, 219. 
 
 Grapta, genus 56, 171 
 
 Great Basin 15 
 
 Gregarious at water 26 
 
 Gregarious butterflies 24 
 
 Grunus, 314. 
 Gyas, 395. 
 
 Halesus, 306. 
 Hanno, 397. 
 Harfordi, 84. 
 HaydenI, 267. 
 Helena, 148. 
 Hellconla, 99. 
 
 Hellconidee, Family B2 
 
 Helloides, 348 16 
 
 Helvla, 172. 
 
 Hemileuca, Moth 69 
 
 Henshawl, 266. 
 Hermes, 340. 
 
INDEX 
 
 Page 
 
 Hermodur, 6 20 
 
 Hermosa, 179. 
 Herri, 386. 
 
 Hesperidae, Family 64 
 
 Hesperls, 118. 
 
 Heterochroa, genus 58, 181 
 
 Heteronea, 355. 
 
 Hibernating 27 
 
 Hlppolyta, Arg., 115. 
 Hlppolyta, var. of 223. 
 Hoffmann!, 182. 
 
 Hoffmannl, aber. of 182 20 
 
 Hulda, 43. 
 Huntera. 228. 
 Hyantls, 55. 
 Hybrid, 232. 
 
 Hybrids, discussed 21 
 
 Hydaspe, 121. 
 
 Icaroldes, 360. 
 
 Idaho, 422. 
 
 Idas, 475. 
 
 Iduna, Chlon., 287... 
 
 Immaculata, 50. 
 
 Incana, 255. 
 
 Indra, 27, stranded.. 
 
 Ines, 327. 
 
 Inornata, Arg., 137. 
 
 Inomata, Coe., 279. 
 
 Intermedia, 80. 
 
 lole, 52. 
 
 Irene, 132a. 
 
 Iroldes, 330. 
 
 Isola, 394. 
 
 Isophthalma, 403. 
 
 Itys, 312. 
 
 Ivallda, 288, stranded. 
 
 Jada, 307. 
 
 Juba, 417. 
 
 Julia, 64. 
 
 Junonla, ^enus .... 
 
 Juvenalls, 462. 
 
 Keewaydin, 78. 
 
 Killing bottles 
 
 Kodiak, Coenc, 277. 
 Kodiak, Lye, 365. 
 Kremhild, 162. 
 
 Laclnia, 208. 
 banceolata, 53. 
 Lappets, sex-marks . 
 
 Larvae raising 
 
 Latitude, dist. by . . 
 Laura, 133. 
 Laurina, 134. 
 Leanlra, 187. 
 Length of life 
 
 Page 
 Leona, 186. 
 Leila, 246. 
 
 Lemonlas, genus 60, 200 
 
 Lena, 408. 
 Letls, 111. 
 Leto, 110. 
 Libya, 406. 
 
 Llbythelda;, Family 60 
 
 Life, length of 27 
 
 LlUana, 130. 
 
 Limenltls, genus 57, 179 
 
 Limit of range 18 
 
 List of colored plates 11 
 
 List of new species 70 
 
 Lotls, 383. 
 
 Lorqulnl, 240 17 
 
 Lost ibutterflles 31 
 
 Lucia, 388. 
 Lunus, 447. 
 
 Lycoenas rub wings 28 
 
 Lycaenidse, Family CO 
 
 Lycssna, genus 62, 217 
 
 Lycea, 357. 
 
 Macarla, 135. 
 Machaon, 22. 
 Magdalena, 264. 
 Magnus, 13. 
 
 Maleless varieties 21 
 
 Manitoba, 419. 
 Marcla, 200. 
 Marginalis, 51. 
 
 Mariana 149 
 
 Maricopa, 362. 
 Marina, 399. 
 Mariposa, 341. 
 Manni, 49a. 
 Marsyas, 214. 
 Meadl, Col.. 94. 
 
 Meganostoma, genus 50, 114 
 
 Megathymus, genus 69, 255 
 
 Mertila, 369. 
 Mela, 366. 
 
 Melane, Pam., 453 32 
 
 Melimona, 382 20 
 
 Mellnus, 308. 
 Melissa, 379. 
 
 Meiitiea, genus 54, 146 
 
 Menapia, 32. 
 Menetrlesl, 4. 
 
 Metropolis IS 
 
 Mexicana, Ter., 98. 
 Mexicana, Fudam., 472. 
 McGlashanl, 169. 
 
 Migration 37 
 
 Mllberti, 226. 
 Mllo, 432. 
 
 Mimicry 29 
 
 Mlnuta, 194. 
 
INDEX 
 
 Page 
 Minor, 230. 
 
 Mlrabllls, 184 21 
 
 Mollis, 67. 
 Monica, 393. 
 Montana, 205. 
 Montlcola. 122. 
 Montis, 245. 
 Montlvaga, 142. 
 Mormo, 294. 
 Morrlsonl, Anth., 59. 
 Morrlsonl, Paphla, 248. 
 Mossl, 331. 
 
 Moulting 36 
 
 Movement of 31 
 
 Mueller!, 233 178 
 
 Mulrl, 321. 
 
 Museum pests 45 
 
 Mylltta, 204. 
 Myrlna, 146. 
 Myrtls, 413. 
 
 Naevlus, 465. 
 Nals, 298. 
 
 Names, Authors' 39 
 
 Names capitalized 39 
 
 Names for all forms 40 
 
 Names, generic 39 
 
 Nanno, 455. 
 Nanus, 12. 
 
 Napl 99 
 
 Nathalls, genus 49, 100 
 
 Nauslcaa, 114. 
 Nelsonl, Pier., 37. 
 Nelsonl, Thecla, 319. 
 Nemesis, 303. 
 Nemorum, 430. 
 
 Neomlnols, genus 59, 192 
 
 Neonympha, genus 59, 191 
 
 Neophasla, genu.sj 49, 91 
 
 Nephele, 251. 
 Nereus, 445. 
 
 Nets, collecting 41 
 
 NeumoegenI, 483. 
 Neurona, 381a. 
 Nevada, 420. 
 Nevadensls, Arg., 128. 
 
 Nevadensls, Chlon., 2S.''i 32 
 
 Nevadensls, Heml., 485. 
 
 New species, list of 70 
 
 Nlclppe, 97. 
 Niger, 10. 
 
 Night-time behavior 27 
 
 Nlgrescens, 211. 
 Nigroccerulea, 109. 
 Niphon. 334. 
 
 Nlsonlades, genu.s OS. 251 
 
 Nltocrls, 107. 
 Nokomls, 106. 
 Nomenclature 40 
 
 Page 
 
 Nomlon, 15. 
 
 Non-feeding butterflies 26 
 
 Northern limit 18 
 
 NovangUae, 49. 
 
 Nublgena, 171. 
 
 Nyctels, 197. 
 
 Nympha, 191. 
 
 Nymphalldse, Family 127 
 
 Obsoleta, 239. 
 Occldentalls, Col., 86. 
 Occldentalls, Pier., 38. 
 Ochracea, 281. 
 Ochsenhelmerl, 44. 
 CEtus, 256. 
 Olancha, 160. 
 
 Orange Tips 104 
 
 Oreas 221. 
 Orous, 371. 
 Oregonia, Pam., 424. 
 Oregonla, Papll., 26. 
 Oro, 372. 
 Orsels, 202. 
 Oweni, 116. 
 
 Pacuvlus, 466. 
 Pales, 146a. 
 Palmerl, 297. 
 Palla, 176. 
 Pallida, CoUas, 79. 
 Pallida, Pier., 46. 
 
 Papers for carrying 43 
 
 Paphla, genus .")8, 183 
 
 Paplllo, genus 82 
 
 Parnasslldse, fam 47, 73 
 
 Parnasslus, genus 47, 73 
 
 Pascoensis, 198. 
 
 Pamphlla, genus 65, 239 
 
 Pamphllus, Coe., 2s:;, 
 Paulus, 257. 
 
 Pentstemons 34 
 
 Pergamus, 28. 
 Perse, 196. 
 Perseus, 461. 
 
 Pests 45 
 
 Pheres, 359. 
 Phllenor, 31. 
 Phlleros, 364. 
 
 Phollsora, genus 64, 234 
 
 Phyclodes, genu.i 55, 164 
 
 Phylace, 452. 
 Phyla^us, 436. 
 Piasus, 390. 
 Plcta, 206. 
 
 Plerldae, Family 49 
 
 Plerlds, hybrid.-J 22 
 
 Pleris, genus 49, 92 
 
 Pima, 69. 
 
 Pins, Insect 44 
 
INDEX 
 
 Page 
 
 Pinning butterflies 43 
 
 Pirus. 404. 
 
 Pith, cornstallc 44 
 
 Plttacus, 449. 
 
 Plants, Introduced 32 
 
 Plexlppus, 100. 
 
 Plexlppus. gregarious 24 
 
 Podarce, 375. 
 
 Poisoned pins 43 
 
 Pouch of Parnas 74 
 
 Pratensls, 201. 
 Pratlncola, 433. 
 
 Preface 7 
 
 Procrls, 409. 
 Propertlus, 463. 
 Protodlce, 40. 
 Pulla. 276. 
 
 Pupa 36 
 
 Purpurascens, 123. 
 
 Pyramels, genus 67, 177 
 
 Pylades, 471. 
 
 Pyrgus, genus 67, 250 
 
 Pyrrhopyga, genus 69, 265 
 
 Python, 479. 
 
 Qulno, 155. 
 
 Range of butterflies 17 
 
 Rapee, 48. 
 Reaklrtl, 62. 
 
 Reappearance of lost 31 
 
 Resedse, 51a. 
 tlhesus, 427. 
 Rhodophe, 124. 
 Ridlngsl, 270. 
 Rosa, 56. 
 
 Rubbing wings 28 
 
 Rufescens, 210. 
 Rublcunda, 162. 
 Rubldus, 352. 
 Rubrlcata, 268. 
 Rupestrls, 132. 
 Rurlcola, 416. 
 Rusticus, 216. 
 Rutulus, 19. 
 
 Sabina. 181. 
 Sabuletl, 440. 
 Sroplolus, 363. 
 Sffiplum, 316. 
 Saglttlgera. 373. 
 Sara, 66. 
 
 Satyrldse, Family 68 
 
 Satyrlds, non-feeding 25 
 
 Satyrlds, lazy 25 
 
 Satyrus, 213. 
 
 Satyrus, genus 58, 183 
 
 Sayl, 9. 
 Serlptura, 459. 
 
 Page 
 
 Scudderl, 93. 
 
 Seasonal forms 21 
 
 Sedakovl, 11. 
 Semlramls, 136. 
 Sennse, 71c. 
 
 Sequence of genera 40 
 
 Setting boards 43 
 
 Setting butterflies 43 
 
 Shasta, 378. 
 
 Skippers 29 
 
 Sexless forms 21 
 
 Sex, determination of 24 
 
 Sierra, 163. 
 Sllenus, 220. 
 Sllvestrls, 259. 
 Sllvlus. 217. 
 Slmlus, 454. 
 
 Simulation 29 
 
 Slnefascla, 238. 
 Slrlus, 363. 
 SIssona, 400. 
 Slsymbrl, 35. 
 
 Six-footed kinds 26 
 
 Sleeping arrangements 27 
 
 Smlntheus, 7. 
 Sofia, 263. 
 
 Sonorensis, 374 2S 
 
 Sonorensls, blsex 23 
 
 Sordlda, 119a. 
 
 Southern limit 18 
 
 Spadix, 323. 
 
 Species the foundation 19 
 
 Speclosa. 398. 
 Splnetorum, 322. 
 Stella, 68. 
 Stephensi, 249. 
 Sterope, 173. 
 Sthenele. 260. 
 
 Stranded, 284 38, 197 
 
 Strlgosa, 102. 
 
 Sub-species, value of 19 
 
 Suffusa, 33. 
 Subhyallna, 291. 
 
 Sweating, bottles 42 
 
 Sylvanoldes, 425. 
 
 Sylvlnus, 315. 
 
 Synchloe, genus 56, 169 
 
 Taclta, 311. 
 
 Taming butterflies 27 
 
 Tatius, 467. 
 Taylorl, 165. 
 
 Tejua 32, 230 
 
 Terlas, genus 51, 125 
 
 Tessellata, 457. 
 Tetra, 317. 
 Tharos, 199. 
 
 Thecia, genus 61, 305 
 
 Theclas, hybrid 22 
 
Page 
 
 Theclas rub wings 28 
 
 Thekla, Melit., 193. 
 Thor, 14a. 
 Thoosa, 63. 
 Tlbullus, 470. 
 Tltyrus, 474. 
 Trlclarls, 147. 
 Trlstls, 469. 
 
 True butterflies 29 
 
 Types, discussed 18 
 
 Typicals, discussed 19 
 
 Uhlerl, 289. 
 
 Ultimate fate 28 
 
 Ursus, 484. 
 
 Vanessa, genus 56, 175 
 
 Vanlllae, 104. 
 
 Varieties, discussed 20 
 
 Varuna, 290. 
 
 Venosa. 45. 
 
 Verus, 434. 
 
 Vernalls. 41. 
 
 Vestrls, 442. 
 
 Vlolacea, 389. 
 
 Virldls, 418. 
 
 Vlrglnlensls, 339. 
 
 Vlrgultl, 296 16 
 
 Page 
 
 Waco, 409a. 
 
 Water, gregarious at 26 
 
 Warming In sun 29 
 
 West Coast, area of 15 
 
 Weldmeyerl, 237. 
 Wheelerl, Mellt., 166. 
 Wheelerl, Sat., 250a, 
 Whltneyl, 177. 
 
 Winter forms dark 21 
 
 Wlng-rubblng kinds 28 
 
 Wrlghti, Cop., 412. 
 Wrightl, Mellt., 188. 
 
 Xantholdes, 342. 
 
 Xerces, 370 32 
 
 Xlcaque, 269. 
 
 Youngl, 265. 
 Yreka, 51a. 
 Yucca pith . . . 
 Tuma, 429. 
 
 Zela, 299. 
 Zephyrus, 218. 
 Zerene, 120. 
 Zeroe, 346. 
 ZoUcaon. 24 . . 
 
nn